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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
GEORGE M. DAWSON, C.M.G., LL.D., F.8:S.; Director.

| CATALOGUE
CANADIAN BIRDS.

PART t.

WATER BIRDS, GALLINACEOUS BIRDS, AND ~
PIGEONS.

INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING ORDERS ;

PYGOPODES, LONGIPENNES, TUBINARES, STEGANOPODES,
ANSERES, HERODIONES, PALUDICOL, LIMI-
COLA, GALLINZ#, AND COLUMBA&.

BY

JOHN MACOUN, M.A. FRSC.

Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada.

OTTAWA:
PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUEEN’S MOST
2 EXORLLENT MAJESTY.
1900.

No. 692.

a

PRICE TEN CENTS.

“S

fp % 5
; Rix GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
Groner M. DAWSON, C.M.G., LL.D., ERS. DIRECTOR.

CATALOGUE

OF

SAN ADIAIN BIRDS.

PA TE) 4E

WATER BIRDS, GALLINACEOUS BIRDS, AND
PIGEONS.

INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING ORDERS :

PYGOPODES, LONGIPENNES, TUBINARES, STEGANOPODES,
' ANSERES, HERODIONES, PALUDICOLA:; LIMI-
Van LIN A AND COLUM BAS.

BY

JOEL MM ACOUIN, | MCA. PIRS.C,

Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada.

OTTAWA:
PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUEEN’S MOST
EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
i900.

No. 692.

In the Catalogue of Canadian Birds, of which this is the first
part (pp. 1-218) it is intended to enumerate all the birds of the
Dominion systematically and to bring together the principal
known facts in regard to their distribution, migrations and breed-
ing habits. It is intended to complete the Catalogue in a second

part, which will be prepared and published as soon as possible.

GEORGE M. DAWSON.

Orrawa, April 2nd, Igoo.

Mb bPACE,

In compiling this catalogue of the birds of Canada, the author
has endeavoured to bring together facts on the range and nesting
habits of all birds known to reside in, migrate to or visit, the north-
ern part of the continent. In addition to the Dominion of Canada
he has therefore included Newfoundland, Greenland and Alaska.

The nomenclature and the numbers given in the latest edition
and supplements of the Check-list published by the American
Ornithologists’ Union have been made the basis of arrangement
of the catalogue. The order followed in the notes on each bird
is from east to west. Greenland is generally cited first and British
Columbia and Alaska last.

As the catalogue is intended to be a popular and practical one,
the English names of the birds are placed first, but the species are
arranged in their scientific order and in accordance with the latest
nomenclature. While recognizing the differences upon which
many of the technical names have been based, the writer holds
that some of them, depending as they do upon local and almost
upon individual variations from a common type, possess from any
practical or educational standpoint but a minor value. To an
investigator of changes resulting from environment such differ-
ences are of great interest, but to any one anxious only to obtain
the facts in regard to the distribution of our birds as readily
determinable, they are unimportant.

Since the publication of the Fauna Boreal Americana by Swain-
son and Richardson, in 1831,no attempt has been made to produce
a work dealing with the ornithology of the region now embraced
in the Dominion of Canada. In the work referred to, the authors
include separate notices of all birds that had been recorded north
of Lat. 48°. Two hundred and forty species are described and
twenty-seven additional West Coast species are added, making a
total of two hundred and sixty-seven species known at that date.

No attempt was subsequently made to catalogue the birds of
Canada as a whole until 1887, when Mr. Montague Chamberlain,
of St. John, New Brunswick, published A Catalogue of Canadian
Birds with Notes on the distribution of the Species. Previous to this

iv

Mr. Thomas Mcllwraith, of Hamilton, Ontario, published his
Birds of Ontario, which included the birds known to occur in that
province only. The second edition of this work was published in
1894 and included 317 species. The bzrds of Manitoba, by Mr-
Ernest Seton-Thompson, of Toronto, was published by the
Smithsonian Institution in 1891, and, as its name implies, covered
little more than that province. Mr. C. E. Dionne, of Quebec, pub-
lished a catalogue of the birds of that province, with notes on their
geographical distribution, in 1880, and lately (in 1896) Mr. Ernest
D. Wintle has published in Montreal a valuable little work
entitled Birds of Montreal. Mr. John Fannin, the curator of the
Provincial Museum in Victoria, British Columbia, has published
a Catalogue of the Birds of British Columbia, the second edition of
which was issued in 1898. in this catalogue he includes his own
extensive knowledge and that of all other observers in the pro-
vince.

While others were engaged in gathering and publishing the
valuable information contained in the above-mentioned works,
the writer, although attending to other subjects which claimed
most of his time, had constantly before him the necessity
of the present work, and has been collecting notes and observa-
tions for it during all his journeys since 1879. The summers of 1879
and 1880 were spent on the prairie west of Manitoba, the season
of 1881 in northern Manitoba, the summers of 1882 and 1883 along
the lower St. Lawrence, that of 1884 around Lake Nepigon; that
of 1885 in the Rocky and Selkirk mountains on the line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway. The summer of 1887 was spent on
Vancouver Island, and that of 1888 on Prince Edward Island.

In 1889 Mr. W. Spreadborough was engaged, under the super-
vision of the writer, and stationed for two months at Hastings and
Agassiz on the Lower Fraser, British Columbia. The remainder
of that season was spent between Spence’s Bridge and the Colum-
bia River. The next season Mr. Spreadborough began work in
March at Revelstoke, on the Columbia, and spent the summer in
the mountains to the south and east. The spring of 1891 found
him at Banff in the Rocky Mountains before the birds began to
move, and there he remained all summer. As Mr. Seton-Thomp-
son had already covered Manitoba with his excellent work, it was
considered best for Mr. Spreadborough in the following year to
visit Indian Head, in the prairie country to the west of that

Vv

province, noting all the migrants, obtaining skins and recording
the summer birds of that district. In the spring of 1893 he
accompanied the writer to Vancouver Island, and there also large
collections were made. In March, 1894, he examined the district
around Medicine Hat and eastward to Crane Lake in western
Assiniboia and remained in the field until July. The summer of
1895 was spent by him on the prairie south of the line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway, where the summer birds of the prairie
region were noted and records of their breeding habits made. In
ali these years Mr. Spreadborough worked under the direction of
the writer. The summer of 1896 Mr. Spreadborough spent in
Labrador and the summers of 1897 and 1898 in the Rocky Moun-
tains between the Crow’s Nest Pass and the Yellow Head Pass
in Lat. 54°.

The notices of Greenland birds are derived principally from
the Arctic Manual, published in London in 1875. In this work all
records pertaining to Greenland birds were brought up to the
date of publication. In 1898 Herluf Winge published in Copen-
hagen a conspectus of the bird fauna of Greenland, and his obser-
vations have been added to those above mentioned. Many years
since Mr. Henry Reeks published a catalogue of the birds of
Newfoundland, and this has been used for that island. Mr.
Andrew Downs, of Halifax, Nova Scotia, is the chief authority
for that province. Mr. Montague Chamberlain, of St. John, is
quoted for New Brunswick. For Quebec all available material
has been employed, besides the works of Mr. C. E. Dionne and
Mr. Ernest D. Wintle. In addition to the Birds of Ontario,
mentioned above, local lists, both manuscript and printed, of the
birds of certain parts of Ontario have been freely used. For the
province of Manitoba, Mr. Ernest Seton-Thompson’s work is
quoted, supplemented by observations made by the writer and
by Dr. Coues on the southern boundary of the province.

From the western part of Manitoba to the Pacific I have
drawn on my own observations and those of Mr, John Fannin,
supplemented by a manuscript list of Fraser River birds by Mr.
Allan Brooks. For Alaska, works by Elliott, Nelson, Turner
and Murdoch have been avzilable and are frequently cited in the
following pages. In regard to northern stations, the work of Mr.
Roderick Macfarlane takes first place, and the value of his collec-

vi

tions and observations on the nesting habits of birds within the
Arctic cannot be overestimated.

In addition to the works specially cited above I have used
manuscript lists and notes on nesting habits of birds from Mr.
George White, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. Young, Lansdowne, Leeds
Co., Ont.; Mr. J. Dippie, Mr. J. C. Fleming and Mr. Walter Raine,
Toronto, Ont.; Mr. William Saunders, London, Ont.; Mr.
Robert Elliott, Plover Mills, Middlesex Co., Ont.; Mr. P. A.
Tavernier, Bracebridge, Ont.; Mr. A. P. Low, Mr. J. M. Macoun,
Dr. Robert Bell, Mr. J. B. Tyrrell and Mr. R. G. McConnell, all
of the Geological Survey Staff; and lastly various lists and reports
from Mr. Wm. Spreadborough, of Bracebridge,-Ont.

The whole series of the Transactions of the Natural History
Society of Nova Scotia ; the Bulletin of the Natural Eistory Soctety of
New Brunswick ; the Canadian Naturalist and Canadian Record of
Science, Montreal ; Ottawa Naturalist ; Journal of the Canadian
Institute, Toronto, and the Awk, published in New York, have
been drawn upon for notices of rare species and local lists by
various contributors.

It is proposed to complete the second part of the Catalogue
next winter, and the writer asks ornithologists who may receive
the present publication to communicate to him any additional
facts they may have observed respecting the birds included in it.
Such additions will be attached as a supplement to the second
part.

JOHN MACOUN.

Orrawa, March 26th, 1900

vil
Els) OF WAU PHORMIBSVeITED OR REFERRED: TO.

Arctic Manual and Instructions for the Arctic Expedition, 1875.

Chamberlain, Montague. A Catalogue of Canadian Birds, 1887.

Coues, Elliott. Field Notes on Birds observed along the goth
Parallel, 1873-74.

Dionne, C. E. Catalogue of the Birds of Quebec, 1889.

Downs, Andrew. Catalogue of the Birds of Nova Scotia, 1887.

Elliott, Henry W. Report on the Seal Islands of Alaska, 1884.

Fannin, John. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of British
Columbia, 1808.

Hagerup, Andras. The Birds of Greenland, 1801.

Kumlien, Ludwig. Contributions to the Natural History of
Arctic America, 1870.

Lord, John K. A Naturalist in British Columbia, 1866.

Macfarlane, Roderick. Proced. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 18or.

MclIlwraith, Thomas. Birds of Ontario, 1894.

Murdoch, John. Report of the Expedition to Point Barrow,
Alaska, 1885.

Nelson, E. L. Report upon Natural History Collections in
Alaska between 1877-81.

Packard, Alpheus S. The Labrador Coast, 1891.

Raine, Walter. Bird Nesting in North West Canada, 1892.

Reeks, Robert. Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland, Canadian
Naturalist, new series, Vol. V, 1870.

Richardson, Sir John. Fauna Boreali Americana, 1831.

Ross, Bernard. On the Birds of Mackenzie River District, Can-
adian Naturalist, Vol. VII, 1862.

Seton-Thompson, Ernest. The Birds of Manitoba, 1801.

Streator, Clarke’ P. On a Collection of Birds made in British
Columbia in 1889.

The A. O. U. Check-list of North American Birds, Second Edition,
1895.

Turner, Lucien M. Contributions to the Natural History of
Alaska, 1886; List of the Birds of Labrador, 1885.

Winge Herlof. Conspectus of the Birds of Greenland, 1808.
Wintle, Ernest D. The Birds of Montreal, 1806.

Ne
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PYGOPODES” Divine: Birps.
Famity I. PODICIPIDAS. Greses.

I. AXCHMOPHORUS. Covzs. 1862.
1. Western Grebe,
Lichmophorus occidentalis (LAwR.)

Accidental in Quebec. Mr. Cowper states in Canadian Sports-
man, Vol. II., that he has seen several specimens on the market
in Montreal. (Dzonne.) Some time before 1881 a pair was shot
at the mouth of the North Nation River, Ont. (O# Nat.) Oc-
casionally shot in the Red River valley, Man. Found in 1881 in
great numbers breeding in some of the western bays of Lake
Manitoba and on Waterhen River and Waterhen Lake.

Our knowledge of the migration of the Western Grebe is still
incomplete, but on May 8th, 1891, specimens were shot at Banff
in the Rocky Mountains. The next year it reached Indian Head,
500 miles to the east, on May 12th. At that time the stomachs
of the birds shot contained nothing but feathers. Two days later
one was shot that had an amphibian (Amblystoma mavortium)
10% inches long in its stomach. By the 30th May they had all
disappeared, having gone north to Waterhen, or some other lake,
Lorpreed:

A common winter resident along the Pacific Coast. (Fannin.)
Tolerably common in the Fraser valley below Yale in the spring
and autumn migrations. A few remain all winter at Okanagan

Eake, B.C. (Brooks:)

Fairly numerous on Buffalo Lake, Alberta, July 7th, 1895 ;
downy young taken at the same time. (J7ffie.) I have found
this bird breeding at Shoal Lake, Manitoba. The nests found
June 18th, 1894, mostly contained five eggs each. (Raine.)

BREEDING Noress.— Early in June, 1894, a large colony of these
birds was found breeding in Crane Lake, Assiniboia, about 100
miles east of Medicine Hat. The colony was located in a large
patch of bullrushes (Scirpus lacustris) about 100 yards from the
shore and in about three feet of water. The eggs were placed

I

2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

on nests made of mud and the old and broken reeds of the last
season; these nests were very rudimentary in form, but in all
‘cases there was a slight depression in the centre where the eggs
rested, about six inches above the water. None of the nests had
more than five eggs, most of them but four, which seemed to be
the usual number. The nests were so placed that they would
rise and fall with the water, as indeed is the case with all Grebes.
No other birds were breeding in the vicinity and the water around
the breeding ground was swarming with individuals which dived,
swam, or sunk themselves in the water so that nothing but their
curving necks and long sharp bills protruded above it. They
doubtless breed in many other lakes in Assiniboia and Alberta,
but no other breeding grounds are known to the writer. It is
claimed to be a summer resident of British Columbia by Streator
and Fannin, but neither of them cites a locality.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Our specimens are a male and female taken at Indian Head,
Assiniboia, May 16th, 1892, by Spreadborough. Two sets of
eggs—four each—taken at Crane Lake, Assa., June 18th, 1894,
by the writer.

Il. COLYMBUS. Linnvus.
2. Red-necked Grebe. Holbell’s Grebe.
Colymbus holbellit (REINH.) Ripew. 1884.

This is a very widely distributed species and extends as a
‘straggler from Greenland ( Arc/. Man.) across the continent to the
North Pacific. It is a rare migrant in Nova Scotia (Downs);
occasionally seen in New Brunswick (Chamberlain) ; large flocks
seen on Prince Edward Island, August 8th, 1888 (AZacoun) ; Beau-
port, Quebec. (Dionne.) Seems to be common in Ontario, having
been taken at Ottawa (Oz. Nat.), at Mitchell’s Bay, Lake
Huron (Saunders), and one taken from a flock of fifteen near
Plover Mills, Ont. (R. dott) Is a regular spring and fall visitor
in Ontario. (Mclllwraith.)

This bird arrived in Prince of Wales Sound, Hudson Strait,
about June 20th, 1885, and was often seen during the summer.
(/ ayne.) Summer resident chiefly of the shallow fish-frequented
lakes of northern Manitoba. (T7kompson.) Breeding in great

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 3

numbers in Waterhen Lake and the southern end of L ike Winni-
pegoosis. It is found in most lakes of the prairie regi sn but pre-
fers the lakes in the forest country north of the Saskatchewan.
In 1892 it arrived at Indian Head in eastern Assiniboia on May
11th. At that time their stomachs contained feathers, water-
insects and a specimen of Amblystoma mavortium seven inches
long. Early in June a nest was taken containing eight eggs of a
dirty white colour. The nest was made of bullrushes (Scirpus
lacustris) and floated on the surface of the water. It has been
found breeding by Macfarlane in Lat. 68° 30’, Long. 128° west, so
that its breeding grounds extend from Lat. 50° to the Arctic Sea.
Nelson states that it breeds on the Yukon and at Norton Sound,
and Fannin that it breeds throughout northern British Columbia,
so we may conclude that its breeding grounds are co-extensive
with the lakes of the northern forest. It is a winter resident
along the Pacific coast of British Columbia. On April 27, 1887,
it was seen in large flocks in Nanaimo harbour and along the
whole coast toComox. A few days later they all disappeared.
Reported by Brooks to be a common winter resident on Okana-
Sag dale, B.C.

BREEDING NoTres.—Common at Indian Head, Assa., in the
spring of 1892. Breeding in pairs in the reeds along the margins
of the lakes. Nest made of reeds, grass and mud, attached to the
growing reeds or masses of dead vegetable matter. (Spreadborough.)
Breeds alongthe margin of Snake Lake, Alberta. (Dippie.) At
Shoal Lake, Manitoba, on June oth, 1894, I found this species
breeding abundantly. The nests contained an average of five eggs
each. All the nests had the eggs covered with weeds, which is
the usual habit of this family, for all the Grebes cover their eggs
in the daytime, but when suddenly disturbed from their nests the
bird has not time to take this precaution. Two or three pairs
breed at Long Lake, Manitoba, and this species also breeds
abundantly at Gull Lake, northern Alberta. (Razne.) My notes
record but two nests of this Grebe, one contained four and the
other five eggs, and both were found at a distance of some 40 or
50 miles south of Fort Anderson. (JMJacfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS. ;

Our specimens are three males and one female obtained at
Ottawa, Ont., Toronto, Ont., and at Indian Head, Assa. Oneset
of seven eggs taken June Ioth, 1892, in a small lake at Indian

Head, Assa., by Spreadborough.
1%

4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

3. Horned Grebe.

Colymbus auritus LINN. 1766.

A few immature specimens have been taken in southern Green-
land. (Arct. Man.) Taken occasionallyin Nova Scotia. (Dozwas.)
An uncommon summer visitant in New Brunswick. ( Chamberlain.)
A few taken in Quebec. (ZDvonne.) Generally distributed in On-
tario, breeding notably at St. Clair Flats. (Wcliwrath.) One
seen in a small pond at East Point, Magdalen Islands, N.S., 1887 ;
undoubtedly breeds. (Azshop.) Rather common at Plover Mills,
Ont., in September and October. (2. Allott.)

Saunders and Morden found this bird breeding abundantly at
St. Clair Flats, Ontario. Thompson says it is very common in
Manitoba, breeding in all the small ponds, and Macfarlane pro-
cured eggs on the borders of a small lake about 60 miles south-
east of Fort Anderson, north of the Arctic Circle. Dr. Bell found
it breeding at Fort Churchill on Hudson Bay, and Nelson and
Turner say that it breeds in Alaska. Brooks found it on Okan-
agan Lake, B.C. during the whole winter. The writer has found
it breeding from Manitoba to Kamloops in British Columbia, so
that its breeding ground practically covers the whole northern
part of the continent.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds commonly around all small lakes
in Alberta. (Dzppie.) Common at Crane Lake in June, 1884.
Breeding in pairs in all the marshes and sloughs. Nests composed
of reeds, grass and mud, attached to the reeds, or on floating
masses of sticks and sedges. They were also common at Indian
Head, Assa., and at Bracebridge, Ont. (Spreadborough.) On June
15th, 1893, I found a colony of this Grebe nesting on an island
in a small lake seven miles north of Rush Lake, Assiniboia; I
have also found it breeding at Long Lake and Shoal Lake, Mani-
toba. This species lays from five to eight eggs, five or six being
the usual number. A few pairs breed at St. Clair Flats, Ont. I
have received several clutches of eggs from there. (Razne.)

This is a northern species, and rarely breeds in the St. Lawrence
valley. I found a nest containing two fresh eggs at Escott Pond,
Leeds Co., Ont., 29th May, 1890; also four eggs at the St. Law-
rence on the 18th June, 1896. On the occasion of my visit to
the Magdalen Islands, in June, 1897, I met with three pairs of
this bird in a large pond of water—which at times is brackish—

t

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 5

near the east point, and discovered a nest with two fresh eggs
on June 22nd. This nest exactly resembled the one I found on
Escott Pond. It was constructed in an exposed position amongst
a few rushes, scarcely concealed at all, and the decayed vegetable
matter of which it was made was completely soaked with water.
The birds are readily identified, but most of the eggs present no
obvious difference from those of the Pied-billed Grebe ; a few of
them, however, are Jonger and a trifle larger. (Rev. C./. Young.)
Breeds in the St. Clair marshes, and in smaller numbers in marshes
at Point Pelee, Lake Erie. (W. Saunders.)

On June 15th a few nests were seen in a marsh near Crane
Lake, Assa. This species, so far as I know, does not breed in
colonies. The nests at Crane Lake were placed on small mounds
of mud on reeds floating on the water, and the three taken con-
tained four, five and eight eggs respectively.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

We have six skins representing this species, three of which
were obtained at Toronto, Ont., and three taken at Indian Head,
Assa., in May, 1892, by Spreadborough. Our eggs consist of two
sets taken by Spreadborough at Crane Lake, Assa. One set of
eight was taken June 15th and another of nine June 12th, 1804.

4, American Eared Grebe.
Colymbus nigricollis californicus (HEERM.) Ripew. 1885.

A specimen in the flesh sent to Dr. Yarmir of Lucknow, Bruce
Co., Ont., from Colpoy Bay, Lake Huron. (Mc/ilwraith.)

A common summer resident in Manitoba, breeding in great
numbers in many of the lakes and ponds. They make their nests
on rushes, composed of the same material. We found as many
as Six eggs in some nests, but in the greater number of nests only
four. (Zhompson.) This bird is found in all parts of the prairie
region where there is suitable water and cover; it occurs as far
north as Great Slave Lake, (Ross) and is found all through
the southern part of British Columbia. Unlike the Horned Grebe
it breeds in colonies or groups of a dozen or more nests, and the
writer has often looked down on them in the small lakes of the
interior as they sat on their nests with the water all around them.
In nearly all cases the eggs were partly covered by water.

6 ‘ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

BREEDING Notes.—A colony was breeding in a small pond
near Crane Lake, Assiniboia, in June 1894. The outer margin
of the pond was chiefly sedge (Carex artstafa) but within was a
growth of bullrushes (Scvipus dacustris), and on the old stems of
these the nests were made. The floating nests were almost ona
level with the water, and not infrequently the eggs lay partly in
the water. No down or feathers was ever seen about a grebe’s
nest. Each nest contained from three to four eggs, usually the
smaller number. Another colony was seen on a small lake in
July 1895, on the Milk River Ridge, Alberta. The nests were all
floating and the eggs could be easily seen from the shore, which
was high. (Macoun.) Breeding in numbers at Burnt Lake,
Alberta. A number of sets taken June 14th and 15th, 1806.
(Dippie.)

I have found this species breeding abundantly at Long Lake
and Shoal Lake, Manitoba. On. June goth, 1894, I found a nest
containing as many as nine eggs at Shoal Lake, but six or seven
is the usual number of eggs laid. (azne.)

Breeding in colonies in sloughs in many parts of the prairie region
and British Columbia. Found breeding in lakes at Kamloops,
B.C., June 16th, 1889. (JZacoun.) On June 13th, 1894, saw hun-
dreds of nests in a marsh at the west end of a small lake east of
Crane Lake, Assa. The nests were composed of rushes and mud,
floating amongst the rushes in about two feet of water. Most of
the nests had three eggs in them, others four, and some five,
while many had one or two, Evidently the sets were, in many
cases, not complete. (Sfreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Our specimens are three in number, taken, one in Manitoba
and two at Kamloops, B. C., in June, 1889, by Spreadborough.
Three sets of eggs of five each taken at Crane Lake, June 14th,
1894, by Spreadborough.

Ill. PODILYMBUS LEsson.
6. Pied-billed Grebe. Dab-chick. Hell-diver.
Podilymbus podiceps (LINN.) LAwR. 1858.

Occasionally obtained in the autumn in Nova Scotia. (Dowyzs.)
A common summer visitant in New Brunswick ; breeds. (Cham-
berlain.) Rather common in Quebec. (Dionne; Hall.) Quite

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. i

widely distributed in Ontario, but most common in the autumn.
Breeding from the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes to Hudson
Bay, and west to Great Slave Lake. Abundant in all parts of
Manitoba, and specially numerous in August and September on
the head-waters of Swan River and the surrounding lakes and
marshes. Although so common in the wooded portions of Mani-
toba it has seldom been observed in the prairie region. One
individual was seen near the Dirt Hills, Assa.,in October, 1881, by
Mr. W. Spreadborough, and Dr. Coues saw it at Turtle Mountain,
Assa. Lord, Fannin and Brooks report it as common in British
Columbia. Spreadborough reports seeing three in Victoria harbour
in April, 1893. It is evidently a forest bird as it is seldom seen on
the prairies.

BREEDING Nortes.-——I have found this bird breeding at Long
Lake, Manitoba, and, like the Eared and Horned Grebes, it often
lays as many as seven or eight eggs. I find that all the Grebes
cover their eggs with weeds during the day, and the weeds are
removed at dark by the bird, which incubates the eggs until the
morning sun relieves her of her task. (Razne.)

This species commences to build its nest near Ottawa, Ontario,
about the first week in May. The nest is built on the edge of a
marsh and is about the size of a bushel basket. It is composed
of moss, grass, roots and mud. Eggs, five or more in number,
are whitish, clouded with green. The nest is very difficult to
find, as the old birds cover it over when they leave. (G..R. White.)

The Pied-billed Grebe is very common in the River St. Law-
rence between Kingston and Brockville. I have seen a number
of nests. The nest of this species is a more substantial structure
and better concealed than that of the Horned Grebe. In one
instance I have known a colony breeding together ; this was on
June Ist, 1897, where, in a space less than a quarter of an acre,
in a retired bay off the River St. Lawrence below Rockport, |
found four nests close together—one with seven eggs, one with
eight, and two with nine eggs each. These nests, though floating
structures, were quite substantial, and were in about three feet of
water ; all the eggs were covered with weeds and were incu-
bated from a week to ten days. Nowhere else have I found more
than eight eggs in the nest, and that number only once. The
usual number is seven. (Rev. C./. Young.)

8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

This species is more common on the St. Clair Flats and at
Point Pelee than the Horned Grebe. Both species build a float-
ing nest among the rushes, and both cover their eggs when they
leave the nest. Set 4-6. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

We have four representatives of this species in our collection.
Two, a male and female, were shot at Ottawa, Ontario, by Mr.
G. R. White, in 1884, another at Toronto in 1875 and the fourth
in Victoria harbour, B.C., January 24th, 1890, by Spreadborough.
One set of five eggs taken on St. Clair Flats, Ontario, June 12th,
1893, received from Mr. Raine.

Famity I]. GAVIIDA. Loons.
IV. GAVIA. Forster. 1788.

led

i. Great Northern Diver. Loon.
Gavia imber (GUNN.) ALLEN. 1897.

This is one of our most widely distributed birds, breeding from
Greenland (Arct. Man.) in the east to Alaska (Turner) in the west.
Macfarlane found it breeding at Fort Anderson, in Lat. 68° 30’,
and it is frequent as far south as Lat. 49°, so that it is to be found
throughout the whole northern part of the continent. Nearly
every small lake throughout the country, except in the prairie
region, is tenanted in summer bya pair or more of these birds,
and the larger lakes by many pairs. All the members of the
Geological Survey staff who have found loons’ nests agree with
Macfarlane that they lay only two eggs, and that no nest is built,
but a small depression made in the gravel close to the waters of
the lake. In the Laurentian country the eggs are always placed
on greenish gravel and are hard to see. In two cases only have
nests been found on rock and these were close to the water.

BREEDING Notes.—Nest always placed near the water, and
composed of a little grass. Eggs two. Young usually hatched
the last week in June or first week in July. The young are quite
helpless fora few days, either riding on the mother’s back or
hanging on to her tail. I have paddled up to them in a boat on
several occasions, and they have sat upon the water as helpless
as a leaf until I have taken them up in my hand. They soon
become able to take care of themselves and can swim and dive

- CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 9

nearly as well as the old one. Common throughout Labrador ;
one nest found, July 25th, 1896, on Clearwater Lake, containing
two eggs in an advanced state of incubation. (Spreadborough.)

This bird breeds at the south end of Lake Manitoba. I have
also received the eggs from Morley in Alberta. It breeds com-
monly on the islands in the Muskoka Lakes, Ontario. A clutch
of two eggs in my collection was taken on an island in Lake
Donaldson, near Buckingham, Quebec. The eggs were taken
June 24th, 1895, by Mr. Warwick. This bird is a late breeder.
(Raine.)

The nest of this species, if nest it can be called, is only a
slight hollow in the earth or ground withina short distance of the
water's edge. One found on the 21st June, 1897, at Lake of the
Woods, was within six inches of the water’s edge. It was only a
slight hollow in the sand, and the two eggs were placed therein.
(G. R. White.)

The loon is a common summer resident in Ontario. It still
breeds in many of the retired lakes, and a pair or two frequent
the River St. Lawrence for this purpose between Kingston and
Brockville. I have found many of their nests and noticed that
they return to the same locality year after year even when their
eggs have been repeatedly taken. The situation chosen varies ;
sometimes it is on the shore of some out-of-the-way island, two
or three feet from the water’s edge. Several nests I found con-
sisted of a mass of weeds and bullrushes piled up in three feet of
water, so that a boat could be rowed alongside. They are very
punctual in their time of laying ; in one locality in the county of
Leeds, Ont, I have found the two eggs four years in succession
on the 23rd, the 24th, the 25th and the 24th of May. On the
River St. Lawrence a little later, from the Ist to the 6th of June.
By the great resemblance each set of eggs has borne to the pre-
‘ceding one, I have no doubt but that the same pair of birds
returns to the same locality year after year. They generally
arrive at the end of April and leave again in September or October.
I noticed two pairs of these birds at the Magdalen Islands in
June 1897, and think they breed on the fresh-water ponds of the
eastern islands. (Rev. C./. Young.)

Found breeding at Lake St. Clair and in the small lakes in the
Bruce Peninsula; also at the Pelee Marsh, Lake Erie. Nest at

if) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the edge of the water but on a solid foundation. Eggs, two.
(W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Our collection contains two males, both taken at Toronto by
Mr. D. A. Herring in 1891. Of eggs we have two sets of two
each. One taken by Mr. A. E. Barlow at Snare Lake, Nipissing
District, Ont., July 1oth, 1895; the other by Mr. W. McInnis at
Crow Lake, Rainy River, northwestern Ontario, July 2nd, 1897.

8. Yellow-billed Loon.
Gavia adamsii (GRAY) ALLEN. 1897.

Abundant at Great Slave Lake. (Aoss.) During the breeding
season this species abounds in Franklin and Liverpool bays on
the Arctic coast, where severalfexamples were shot. (Macfarlane.)
This fine species, the least known of the Loons, is not a rare
summer resident about the head of Kotzebue Sound. (JVe/son.)
This species seems to prefer the extreme northwesterly part of
the continent and islands from Liverpool Bay on the east to the
mouth of the Yukon on the west.

BREEDING Notes.—Selawik Lake and Kunkuk River are the
places where it is claimed the greater number breed. The shore
of Norton Sound is a breeding place for a few pairs, as is the low
coast of Behring Strait from Golovina Bay to Port Clarence.
(Welson.)

9. Black-throated Loon,
Gavia arcticus (LINN.) ALLEN. 1897.

Occasional on the coast of Labrador but apparently common
on the shores of Hudson Bay, where they breed. Male and
female and young, nearly full grown, shot on Nottingham Island,
Hudson Strait, August 28th. 1884. (R. Bell.) Not common at
Lake Mistassini, but a few breed. (J. MZ. Macoun.) Occurs in
winter at Grand Manan in the Bay of Fundy. (Herrick.) A
pair was taken near Toronto and sent to the Paris Exhibition of
1866. (MWcllwraith.) Recorded by Andrew Murray from Severn
House, Hudson Bay. (Zhompson.)

This species is known to breed on the margin of small lakes,
and very likely also close to the sea, from Cumberland Gulf on the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 12

east (Kwmelin) along the whole Arctic coast (Kichardson), and
very abundantly along the shore of Behring Sea and in the in-
terior of Alaska as far as Fort Yukon. (JVe/son.) A few have
been taken at Burrard Inlet, B.C.; also at Dease Lake, Cassiar,
B.C. (annin.)

BreEpinc Norrs.—In spring the Black-throated Loons arrive
rather late, coming to the vicinity of the Yukon mouth from the
Isth to 25th May. They appear singly, and are soon after found
scattered in pairs among the numberless ponds in the marshes
along the coast. The eggs are usually placed upon some small
islet in a secluded pond. There is no attempt at a nest, and
frequently the eggs lie in a spot washed by water when the wind
blows from the right quarter. In spite of this, however, the
young are duly hatched, and by the first of July may be found
swimming about with their parents. The eggs are dark olive,
blotched with black spots, which are generally confluent at the
larger end. Very frequently the spots are crowded into a black
patch at the very apex of the larger end. (WVelson. )

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen—a male—obtained by Dr. R. Bell in Hudson
Bay in 1884.

10. Pacific Loon.

Gavia pacificus (LAWR.) ALLEN. 1807.

A single specimen obtained at St. Michael, Alaska, August
2sth, 1876. (Zwrner.) Quite common at Point Barrow, and evi-
dently breeding. The greater number, however, pass to the
eastward. (Murdoch.) North to Arctic coast. (Ross.) Only
once observed this bird in the lower Fraser valley, during very
cold weather, and shot it. (Bvooks.)

BREEDING Nores.—This is the most abundant diver in the
region investigated. Nests were discovered in the wooded coun-
try, in the Barren Grounds, and on the shores and islands of the
Arctic Sea. In all about one hundred and sixty-five nests, most
of which contained two eggs, were secured in the course of the five
seasons from 1862 to 1866 inclusive. (Macfarlane.) This species
arrives early in June at Point Barrow, and, as the ponds open, the
birds make themselves at home there, and evidently breed in

i2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

abundance though we were unable to find the nest. One of their
breeding grounds was evidently a swampy lagoon, some five or
six miles inland, but the nests were inaccessible. (MWurdoch.)

11. Red-throated Loon.
Gavia lumme (GUNN.) ALLEN. 1897.

This species is a common summer migrant throughout the
northern part of the continent. It breeds in Greenland in both
Inspectorates (Arct. Man.), and in Newfoundland in small ponds in
the marshes, placing its nest in a tussock of grass surrounded by
water. (Keeks.) A not uncommon summer resident in New Bruns-
wick. (Chamberlain.) Abundant in Labrador, and breeding around
Hudson Bay and westward, north of the Arctic circle, to Alaska,
where it is the most abundant species of Loon. (JVe/son.)

Two specimens were taken in Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver
Island in March, 1891; in my experience this bird is rare in
British Columbia. (Fannin.)

It is rarely met with in Quebec, Ontario or Manitoba, and has
not been observed in the prairie region or the Rocky Mountains.

BREEDING Nores.—From the first of June until the first of July
fresh eggs may be found. The nesting-sites chosen are identical
with those of the Black-throated species. Like the latter species,
also, the eggs, two in number, are laid directly upon the ground,
and the spot chosen is often wet and muddy. One nest was
found on frozen ground, and ice was floating in the pond. The
young are led to the streams, large lakes, or sea-coast as soon as
they are able to follow the parents, and they fall an easy prey to
the hunters until with the growth of their quill-feathers they
obtain some wisdom. (JVe/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

There are three specimens of this species in the collection.
One—a young male shot at Ottawa in 188s, another at Toronto
in 1884, anda third by Dr. R. Bell at Kingston, Ont., in 1882.

Of eggs we have four specimens, two taken at Cape Prince of
Wales, in June, 1885, by F. F. Payne, and two collected at Repulse
Bay, and received from A. P. Low.

if
,
4

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 13

Famity III. ALCIDAS. Avxs, Murres, Purrins.
V. LUNDA Pattas. 1826.

12. Tufted Puffin.
Lunda cirrhata (PALL.) 1826.

This species is tolerably common along the coasts of Vancouver
Island and the mainland of British Columbia ; breeds in the Gulf
of Georgia, (Fannin.) It is acommon species along the whole
coast of British Columbia and Alaska and breeds in suitable loca-
lities for nearly the whole distance. Turner says it is particularly
abundant on the Aleutian Islands and the whole Alaskan coast.
Breeds amongst rocks and lays only a single egg. The nest
usually on damp earth at the bottom of a crevice in the rock.
(Velson.) Common onthe Prybiloff Islands. (/. WZ. Macoun.)

BREEDING HABITS.

This bird has the same habits as the Horned Puffin, and arrives
about the same time. It lays asingle large white egg of a round-
ed oval shape. (£d/otz.)

The nesting habits of this Puffin resemble those of the Horned
Puffin. My own observations show that the former prefers the
cliffs and edges of bluffs overgrown with grass which has made
an accumulation of soil on the tops and edges of some bluffs to
a depth of several feet. This soil is a perfect network of holes
and burrows of these birds. The nest is usually the bare earth,
whereon a single egg is laid. The young take to the water before
they are able to fly. The parent assists the young to the water.
(Welson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

We have three specimens of this species two males and
one female—collected by Mr. J. M. Macoun, in September, 1896,
on St. Paul Island, Behring Sea.

Of eggs we have three also—two collected on St. Paul Island
in 1897 by Mr. J. M. Macoun ; and another collected on Queen
Sharlotte: Sound, B.C, 28th. June, 1890. The latter specimen
received from Mr. Raine, Toronto.

14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
VI. FRATERCULA Brisson. 1760.

13. Puffin.
Fratercula arctica (LINN.) SCHAFF. 1789.

This species breeds from the Bay of Fundy northward to the
islands in Disco Bay, Greenland. It isnot recorded from Hudson
Bay.

Found breeding in numbers at Bryon Island, one of the Mag-
dalen Islands; in large numbers on Bird Rocks ; also at Wreck
Bay, Anticosti, and on Parroquet Island, near Mingan Harbour.
(Brewster.) Common on Greenland coast up to Lat. 70° at least ;
breeds plentifully on the Hunde and Green Islands, Disco Bay.
(Kumelin.) A young bird of this species was shot on the Ottawa
River towards the end of October, 1881. (O¢. Vat.)

BREEDING Nores.—This species breeds abundantly on Gannet
Islands on the coast of Labrador. Mr. Dicks collected for me a
number of eggs on July 2nd, 1895, on these islands. The nests
consisted of holes in the ground and the single egg is laid at the
end of the burrow. (Raine.)

This bird breeds sparingly at Bryon Island, the most northerly
of the Magdalen group, and plentifully on Great Bird Rock,
eleven miles distant. J met with three nests at the former place,
23rd June, 1897. One egg was laid in a hole in the crumbling
rock, and at that date incubation had commenced. No nest is
formed, the egg being laid on the bare earth. At Bryon Island
the breeding holes are difficult to reach, and as the bird sits
closely there may be more of them than I supposed. One nest
was as much as three feet from the entrance of the hole. (Rev.
C. J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two males are in our collection, both obtained on the coast of
Labrador by Mr. A. P. Low in 1894.

We have one egg taken by Mr. Guy on the Labrador coast in
1896; and another taken on the same coast July Ist, 1892,
received from Mr. Raine.

13a. Large-billed Puffin.

Fratercula arctica glacialis (TFumM.) Biastus. 1862.

Coasts and islands of the Arctic ocean from Spitzbergen to
Baffin Bay. (A. O. U. List.) One obtained at Grand Manan, New

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 15

Brunswick. (Azdubon.) Not common in Greenland; does not
breed further south than Lat. 63° 30’ N. (Arct. Man.

BREEDING Hapits.—I have eggs of this species in my collec-
tion which were taken in Greenland, June 20th, 1889. The eggs
are considerably larger than those of the common _ puffin.

( Raine.)
14. Horned Puffin.

Fratercula corniculata (NavuM,) BRANDT. 1837.

Coasts and islands of the North Pacific from the Kurile Islands
to British Columbia. (A. O. U. List.) Breeding abundantly on
all the rocky islands in Behring Sea. (JVelson.) This species is
abundant on all the shore-line of Alaska, south of the Arctic circle,
and in favored localities it abounds in incredible numbers. All
the Aleutian Islands with their east and west extensions area con-
tinuous breeding-ground of these birds for over 1000 milesjin
length. The Prybiloff Islands, St. Matthew and St. Lawrence
islands are also great breeding places. (Zwrner.) Common on
the Prybiloff Islands. (/. 7. Macoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—This mormon comes up from the south
about May ioth to the Prybiloff Islands and always in pairs. It
makes its nests of dried sea-ferns, grass and moss, slovenly laid
together, far back in some deep or rocky crevice, where, when the
egg is laid, it is ninety-nine times out of one hundred cases inac-
cessible. The nest contains but a single egg, large, oblong, oval,
and pure white. (£//o?t.)

The nests of this species are placed on the ledges of the highest
cliffs of those islands where foxes are found, and on islands where
foxes are not found these birds breed generally at the base of the
bluff under the large rocks which have become detached and
fallen down. Their nests are composed of just whatever happens
to be there, be it sticks, stones, or earth. A single egg of clear
white colour is laid on the bare gravel or earth. The egg is very
large for the size of the bird and when cooked is tolerable eating.
The bird sits long at a time on the egg and does not leave it until
hunger compels her to seek food. (Zzurner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

We have two specimens, a male and female, procured by Mr.
J. M. Macoun on St. Paul Island, September 14th and 16th, 1806.

16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

Of eggs we have two specimens, both taken by Mr. J. M.
Macoun, on St. Paul Island, Behring Sea in June, 1897.

VII. CERORHINCA Bonaparte. 1828.
15, Horned-billed Guillemot. Rhinoceros Auklet.
Cerorhinca monocerata (PaLi.) Cass. 1858.

Coasts and islands of North Pacific, breeding southward along
the British Columbian coast. (A. O. U. List.) Found in the Gulf
of Georgia and breeds on the islands around Vancouver Island.
(Lord.) Coasts of Vancouver Island. (R&. Brown.) Bischoff
secured nine specimens of this species at Sitka during the Tele-
graph Exploration. (/Ve/son.) j

VIII. PTYCHORAMPHUS. Branpr. 1837.

16. Cassin’s Auklet.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus (PALL.) BRANDT. 1837,

Pacific coast of North America, from the Aleutian Islands to
Lat. 49°. (A. O.U. Last.) Breeds on the Aleutian Islands and is
rather common on some of them. (Zzrner.) This species was
seen in the Gulf of Georgia between Salt Spring Island and
Nanaimo and one shot May 7,1887. (Macoun.) Seenin numbers
and one shot on Queen Charlotte Sound. (Dr. G. M. Dawson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One male collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, Queen Charlotte
Sound. B.C. Septasss:

IX. CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kavpr. 1820.
17. Paroquet Auklet.
Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus (PALL.) STEJN.

This species is extremely common in Behring Strait and
southward through the whole length of the Aleutian Islands,
as well as on the Prybiloff Islands, St. Matthew and St. Lawrence
islands. (Ve/son.) Abundant on the Aleutian Islands, and breeds
in all suitable places. (Zurner.) Common on the Prybiloff
Islands. (/. WZ. Macoun.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 17

Br&EDING Notes.—It comes to the Prybiloff Islands early in
May, mute and silent, locating its nest in a deep chink or crevice
of some inaccessible cliff, where it lays a single egg, of a pure
white colourand oblong-ovate in shape, on the bare rock or earth.
(Elhott.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

A male and a female of this species procured by Mr. J. M.
Macoun on St. Paul Island, Behring Sea, Aug. 15th, 1891.

X. SIMORHYNCHUS Merrem. 1810.
18. Crested Auklet.
Simorhynchus cristatellus (PALL.) Bonap, 1838.

Breeding in great numbers on the islands in Behring Straits,
but their breeding grounds are the whole of the Aleutian Islands ;
nesting on cliffs among loose stones, only one egg to each bird.
(Welson.) Only observed on two occasions at St. Michael; in
considerable numbers at Bristol Bay, Alaska ; and among the
Aleutian Islands extremely abundant. (Zzrner.) Found in num-
bers on the Prybiloff Islands. (/. WZ. Macoun.)

BREEDING Hasits.—This bird makes its appearance early in
May and repairs to chinks and holes in the rocky cliffs, or deep
down below rough basaltic shingle or a large boulder, to deposit
its egg, upon the bare earth or rock. Its egg is pure white and
rather rough with frequent discolorations. (/lott.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

A male and a female, both procured by Mr. J. M. Macoun on
St. Paul Island, Behring Sea ; the male on Aug. 12th, 1891 ; the
female Sept. 16th, 1896.

One egg is in the collection, taken on St. Paul Island, June
18th, 1897, by Mr. J. M. Macoun.
19. Whiskered Auklet.
Simorhynchus pygm@us (GMEL.) BRANDT. 1869.

Coasts and islands of the North Pacific from Unalaska through
pie wileutian chain toy, Kamchatka, «(A: O. U. Zest.) Breeds
abundantly on the Nearer and Commander islands. (JVe/son.)
Breeding on Atka Island, 1879. (Zurner.)

2

18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

20. Least Auklet.

Simorhynchus pusillus (PALL.) COUES. 1862.

Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan
northward. (A. O. U. List.) The most abundant water-fowl in
Behring Sea. Breeding in immense numbers on the Aleutian
Islands. It laysa single white egg under loose boulders in a
crevice on the cliff. (Ve/son.) Common along the whole chain of
Aleutian Islands and as far east as Kadiak ; abundant on St.
George Island in Behring Sea. ( Zzrner.)

BREEDING Notes.—They breed in greatest numbers on about
five miles square of basaltic shingle on St. George Island. They
make no nest, but lay a single egg far down below amongst the
loose rocks. The pure white egg is exceedingly variable in
size and shape, usually oblong-oval with the smaller end pointed.
(Elhott.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Our collection has three representatives of this species, all
taken on St. Paul Island by Mr. J. M. Macoun. One was taken
August 16th, 1891 ; and the other two August 15th, 1896. Four
eggs are inthe collection, taken by Mr. J. M. Macoun on St.
Paul Island in June, 1897.

XI. SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Branpt. 1837.
21. Ancient Murrelet. Grey-headed Auk.

Synthliboramphus antiquus (GMEL.) 1788.

St.George Island, one of the Pribyloff group, and at Sitka; breeds
abundantly on the Nearer Islands where a few are resident; also
at the Chica Islets, in Akutan Pass, near Unalaska. (/Velson.)
One specimen obtained at Atka Island, June 12th, 1879 ; breeds
in holes made inthe turf in the northeast part of the island.
(Turner.) Sitka Bay, Alaska. (Dr. Bean.) One specimen taken
at Cape Beale, on the west coast of Vancouver Island in Novem-
ber, 1888. (Fannin.)

BREEDING Hapits.—I have a series of 20 eggs of this bird that
were taken on Sannak Island, Alaska, on June 26th, 1894. Up
to that time very few eggs of this bird had been taken. Mr.
Littlejohn found the nests under bunches of rank, matted grass,
the nests consisting of a slight excavation, and the eggs resting on

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 19

a few blades of grass. The eggs of this species consist of two
to the clutch and are unlike the eggs of any other sea-bird. The
ground colouris of a deep buff colour, with small longitudinal
markings of light-brown and lavender-grey, size, 2°35 x 1°45. The
bird sits close on its eggs and in some cases has to be forced off
the nest with a stick. (Razne.)

I was informed that this species breeds plentifully on Atka
Island, one of the Aleutian Islands. They breed in holes made
in the turf or sod overhanging the brow of the cliffs. (Zzner).

XII. BRACHYRAMPHUS Branpr. 1837.
23. Marbled Murrelet.

Brachyramphus marmoratus (GMEL.) BRANDT. 1837.

Large numbers of this species were taken at Sitka by Bischoff ;
Dall found them in the Aleutian Islands ; and the writer found
them near Unalaska in May, 1877. They probably reach their
northern limit in this chain, where they breed. (MVelson.) Found
in small flocks in Sitka Bay, Alaska. (Dr. Bean.) An abundant
resident along the coast of British Columbia; breeds on Van-
couver Island and on some of the smaller islands in the Gulf of
Georgia and on inlets of the mainland. (Fannin.) Abundant in
Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April, 1889; shot on Barclay Sound, Van-
couver Island, August, 1887. (AZacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Our collection contains five specimens of this species—four
males and one female. Four of the specimens were taken on
Burrard Inlet in April, 1889, and the other at Comox, Vancouver
Island, June 20th, 1893—all by Spreadborough.

24. Kittlitz’s Murrelet.
Brachyramphus kitthtzit BRANDT. 1837.

The first example of this rare bird known to exist in any
American museum was secured by the writer in Unalaska har-
bour the last of May, 1877. (Velson.) One specimen was obtained
April 24th, 1879, at Iliuliuk Village, Unalaska Island—said by
the Indian who brought it to me to be abundant throughout the
year at Sannak Island, breeding there ; not rare on Amchitka
Island and in the neighbourhood of Old Harbour, on Atka
Island, Aleutian Islands. (Zzrner.)

2%

20 ‘GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

BREEDING Notes.—The native who brought me the specimen
mentioned above told me the bird laid a single pure white egg.
The nest is placed amongst the roots of the large tussocks of
grass on the edges of bluff and cliff ledges. (Zwurner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One young bird collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, Queen Char-
lotte Sound, B. C., September, 1885.

XIII. CEPPHUS Patras. 1769.
27 Black Guillemot.
Cepphus grylle (LiNN.) BREHM. 1831.

This species is common along the Atlantic coast from the Bay
of Fundy (Chamberlain ; Downs) northward to Newfoundland
(Reeks), and very numerous on both coasts of Greenland, and
said to remain longer than any other bird. Plentiful on Melville
Peninsula, but not so common in the Polar Sea. (Arct. Man.)
Generally distributed, but nowhere breeding in numbers in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. (4vrewster.) Common in Hudson Strait ;
also east and south shores of Labrador. (Packard.) Breeds
abundantly in scattered colonies on most of the Magdalen
Islands. (Szshop.) Seen throughout the year on Prince of Wales
Sound, Hudson Strait. (Payne.) Common at Quebec. (Dionne.)
One shot in Burlington Bay, Hamilton, Ontario, many years ago.
(Mclwraith.) A specimen was shot at Toronto, Ont,, about 1885 ;
itis now in Mr. John Maughan’s collection. (/. H. Fleming.)

BREEDING NoTeEs.—A large series of eggs of this bird was
collected for me by Mr. Dicks on Pig Island, Coast of Labrador,
June 2oth, 1895. Another large series was collected for me in
Ungava Bay, Labrador, on July oth, 1896. This bird lays two
eggs in crevices of sea cliffs. I have also eggs in my collection
collected on Grand Manan, New Brunswick. (Raie.) This isa
common species in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, breeding in suitable
localities as far west as the mouth of the Saguenay. Numbers of
them breed on the Magdalen Islands as well as near Tignish, at
the west point of Prince Edward Island. On the 23rd and 24th
June, 1897, we found a number of their eggs inthe cliffs of Bryon
Island. The eggs were mostly fresh, or only incubated a few
days at that date. Each bird lays two eggs ina crevice of the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 2I

rock, sometimes as much as two or three feet in. No nest is
formed the eggs being laid on the bare earth. They do not vary
much, but where the soil is damp and its colour red they soon
become stained and discoloured. This was the commonest
species of sea-fowl I found breeding at the above islands, though
on the Bird Rocks several other species are more plentiful. (Rev.
C.J. Young.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens are in the collection, both males, taken by Mr.
A. P. Low in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1894.

We have 14 eggs, all from the coast of Labrador and Hudson
Strait, collected by Payne, Bell, Low and Forde.

28. Mandt’s Guillemot.

Cepphus mandti (Licut.) Bonap. 1856.

This species abounds in the arctic seas and straits from Mel-
ville Island down to Hudson Bay. (Richardson.) Occurs occa-
sionally in Hudson Strait ; plentiful on the eastern coast of
Labrador ; also at Fort George, James Bay. (Packard.) Severn
House, Hudson Bay. (Zhompson.) Quite common in Hudson
Bay, remaining the whole year, wintering out in the open water.
Breeds in large numbers on the outer islands, under loose stones
and boulders, laying one or more, commonly two, eggs. Eggs
laid on bare rock, without any appearance of nest. (A. P. Low.)
This species occurs on the Arctic and Behring Sea coasts of
Alaska and about the islands in these waters. (Ve/son.) Occurs
rarely at St. Michael; not observed on the Aleutian Islands.
(Turner.) Rare during the season of open water at Point Barrow,
but in November and December they were seen in small flocks.
(Murdoch.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.
One male taken in the North Atlantic, purchased with the
Holman collection.

29. Pigeon Guillemot. Western Guillemot.

Cepphus columba PALu. 1826.

This species is one of the most numerous among the larger
water-fowl of Alaska. It occurs in great abundance wherever
the coast is bordered by bold headlands or where there are

22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

precipitous islands. Breeds abundantly throughout the whole
region. (Velson.) Occurs sparingly at St. Michael, but is abun-
dant on the Aleutian Islands and breeds in great numbers on the
newly upheaved island of Bogoslov. (Zurner.) An abundant
resident from Race Rocks, Strait of Juan de Fuca, to Alaska ;
breeds throughout its range. (/a@znin.) In large flocks in Burrard
Inlet, B.C. in April, 1889. (dZacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken at Sooke, Vancouver Island, July 3oth,
1893, by Spreadborough. Our collection includes two eggs taken
on Sea Bird Island, Barclay Sound, west coast of Vancouver
Island, June Ist, 1896, by Dr. C. F. Newcombe.

XIV. URIA Brisson. 1760.
30. Common Guillemot. Murre.

Unia trovle (LINN.) LATH. 1790.

Common in winter at Grand Manan, Bay of Fundy. (Cham-
berlain), and on the coast of Nova Scotia. (Dowms.) Very common
and breeding on the islands off the north coast of Newfoundland
and Labrador. (eeks.) Common onthe eastern and southern
coasts of Labrador, not observed in Hudson Strait.’ (Packard.)
A few breed in Greenland. (Arct. Man.) Found breeding in only
two localities in the Gulf of St. Lawrence—at Bird Rocks and
Parroquet Islands. (Arewwster.) Found at the Mingan Islands.
(Dionne.) Common in Hudson Bay. (Richardson.) Sometimes
found after a storm on Burlington Bay, Ont. (Mcflwraith.) I
have a specimen shot by Mr. George Pierce at Toronto, Ont., in
August, 1897. (/. H. Fleming.)

BREEDING Notres.—Mr. Dicks collected for mea large series of
eggs of this bird at Gannet Islands, coast of Labrador, July 2nd,
1895. It lays one large egg on ledges of the sea-cliff. (Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Our collection contains two specimens of this species, both
taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by Mr. A. P. Low in 1894.

Ten eggs are in the collection. Six of these are from Labrador
Coast, received from Mr. Raine, the other four were procured by
Mr. A. P. Low in Labrador in 18g6.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 23

30a. Californian Guillemot. Murre.

Unia troile californica (BRYANT) Ripew. 1884.

An abundant resident along the entire Aleutian chain and the
mainland coast of the Pacific. Elliott found them to occur on
the Prybiloff Islands in small numbers ; birds and eggs have been
taken at Sitka and Kadiak Island. (JVelson.) Observed as far
north as St. Matthew Island. (Zzrner.) Abundant in Cook’s
Inlet, Alaska. (Dr. Bean.) The same distribution as the Pigeon
Guillemot but not nearly so abundant ; appears to be more com-
mon, however, at Victoria, B.C., in the winter months. (Fannin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eces.—One egg, said to be collected on the west coast of Van-
couver Island, received from Mr. John Tolmie ; also five others
taken at Fort Wrangle, Alaska, by Dr. Otto Klotz in July 1889.

31. Brunnich’s Murre. Thick-billed Guillemot.
Uria lomvia (LINN.) BRYANT. I86I.

Abundant in the Bay of Fundy during winter. (Chamberlain.)
Quite common along the coast of Newfoundland. (Reeks.)
Doubtless the commonest bird on the Greenland coast, but said
not to breed farther south than Lat.64°N. (Arct. Man.) Plenti-
ful on the eastern and southern shores of Labrador, where it
resides and breeds. (Packard.) Breeds abundantly on Great
Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands. (Szshop.) This Guillemot fre-
quents the most remote Arctic American seas that have been
visited, Greenland and Hudson Bay, and goes south in winter.
(Richardson.) From Resolution Island to Grinnell Bay and
Frobisher Strait they are common, even as far as the mouth of
Cumberland Gulf, but apparently rare in its waters. There are
large breeding places about capes Mercy and Walshingham ; the
largest ‘‘rookery ”’ being on the Padlic Islands, in Exeter Sound,
(Kumelin.)

A bird that has become plentiful the last few years in places
between Kingston and Brockville. They usually appear in the
month of December, and as they are very tame and come almost
up toa boat, they are readily slaughtered. Two menkilled forty
in a short time near Rockport, Ont.,in December 1806, just before
the River St. Lawrence froze up. None of the common species
have been observed in this locality. This bird was seen about

24 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Kingston, July 8th, 1897, and was captured. The nearest breed-
ing ground is the Bird Rocks, 1,200 miles away. (Rev. C./.
Young.)

The first record I know of this species for Toronto was a speci-
men shot in the bay on November 29th, 1893; it is now in my
collection. From this date to the middle of December the birds
were abundant, about 4o being killed. They have continued
coming every winter since, and in 1894 they were very numerous,
but have been growing steadily less in numbers, till this winter
(December, 1897) I have heard of only half a dozen. The
remarkable facts marking the migrations from 1893 to 1897 were
the utter absence of food in the stomachs of all specimens
examined, their weak condition, and the ease with which they
were procured. Many were found dead on the lake shore—pre-
sumably from lack of food. A full report of the first occurrence
of these remarkable migrations is given in Vol. I. of the Bzological
Review of Ontario, January, 1894. (/. H. Fleming.)

In December, 1897, there were many large flocks of this species
seen around Ottawa and numerous specimens were taken. No
such migration had been recorded in previous years. (J/acoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds in countless numbers at Cape
Wolstenolme, Hudson Bay, also in lesser numbers on Digges
Island and at Cape Hopes Advance. Their nesting places are on
the upturned edges of the ledges, where they straddle their solitary
egg in myriads and when disturbed by the discharge of a gun rise
so quickly that many of the eggs are dislodged, and fall into the
sea. They remain on the bay all the year wintering in the open
water. (A. P. Low.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

This species is represented by three specimens, all taken in
Ontario and Quebec. One, a male, was shot on the Gatineau
River at Wakefield, Quebec., in November, 1887. Another, taken
at Kingston, Ontario, February 4th, 1897, was received from the
Rev. C. J]. Young. . The third was captured on the ice on the
Ottawa River, close to the city of Ottawa, December 12th, 1897,
by Mr. W. T. Lawless.

We have two eggs, collected on the coast of Greenland,
received from Mr. Raine; six from the coast of Labrador (one
white) procured by Mr. A. P. Low in 1896 and four from Davis
Inlet received from Mr. Guy in 1806.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 25
3la. Pallas’s Murre. Western Thick-—billed Guillemot.

Uria lomvia arra (PALL.) RipGw. 1884.

Wherever the coasts and islands of Alaska are bordered by
rugged cliffs and rocky declivities, this bird is found in great
abundance. It occurs at Kadiak and along the adjacent coasts
from Sitka to the peninsula of Alaska. Common around the
Prybiloff Islands and the other islands in Behring Sea, and in
Norton Sound ; it breeds in small numbers in Chamisso Inlet
and Kotzebue Sound and on the cliffs near Cape Lisburne. (/Ve/-
son.) Extremely abundant at Bogoslov where they breed in
millions,and throughout the Aleutian Islands. TZzrner.) Only
reaches Point Barrow asa rare straggler. (Murdoch.)

BREEDING Notes —This bird lays its single egg upon the points
and narrow shelves, on the faces of the cliff-fronts of the Prybiloff
Islands, straddling over the eggs side by side, as thickly as they
can crowd, making no nests. Its curious straddling by which
the egg is warmed and hatched lasts nearly twenty-eight days
and then the young comes out with a dark thick coat of down,
which is supplanted by the plumage and color of the old bird, in
less than six weeks. (Ed/o?t.)

Ate liec. Island, about ten jmiles from the) entrance. of St.
Michael Harbour many of these birds breed every year on the
bluffs and ledges. The egg is laid on the bare rock without any
pretense of anest. Only one egg is laid in a season if undis-
turbed, but will be renewed if the season is not too far advanced.
The egg is very large, having a bluish-green ground with dark-
brown mottlings of variable outline. (Zwrner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
We have four eggs of this species collected on St. Paul Island,
Behring Sea, in June, 1897 by Mr. J. M. Macoun.
XV. ALCA Linnzus. 1758.

32. Razor=billed Auk.
Alca torda LINN. 1758.

Occurs occasionally near Point Lepreau and Partridge Island ;
also common near the Grand Manan, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Not
very commonin N.S. in winter, (Yowns.) Common throughout
the summer and autumn along the Newfoundland shores. (Aeess.)

26 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

Not observed in Hudson Strait ; abundant and breeding on the
eastern and southern shores of Labrador. (Packard.) Not rare
in West Greenland, but unknown in East Greenland. (Arct. Wan.)
Breeds, but not in large numbers, on the Great Bird Rock, Bryon
Island and Entry Island, Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence.
(Bishop.) Common along the St. Lawrence at Kamouraska, Que.
(Dionne.) Common from the middle Labrador coast to Frobisher
Straits ; they are not found in Cumberland Gulf, but are by no
means rare onthe west coast of Greenland. (Kwmelin.)

The first notice we have of the occurrence of this species in
Ontario is in the published proceedings of the Canadian Institute.
The specimen there recorded was taken on December Ioth, 1889 ;
a second specimen was taken near the west end of Lake Ontario
in November, 1871, and Mr. J. H. Fleming mentions another as
having been taken near Hamilton.

BREEDING Nores.—This species breeds abundantly at Gannet
Islands, coast of Labrador. Mr. Dick collected a number of eggs
for me on July 2nd, 1895. Like the common Murre, this bird
lays its egg on a ledge of the sea-cliff. This species, like the
Black or Pigeon Guillemot, sometimes lays two eggs, but one is
the usual number. (Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen obtained on the Atlantic coast, purchased with
the Holman collection.

Four eggs are in the collection. Two of these were obtained
by Mr. A. P. Low at Davis Inlet, coast of Labrador ; two others
were received from Mr. Raine, who obtained them from Labrador.

XVI. PLAUTUS Brunnicu. 1772.
33. Great Auk.

Plautus tmpennis (LINN.) STEENSTR. 1855.

Formerly very abundant around Newfoundland, but now ex-
tinct. Last living specimen seen in 1852; a dead specimen
picked up in Trinity Bay, 1853. (Reeks.) First discovered in
Greenland in 1574; last specimen killed by Eldey off the south-
west point of Iceland in 1844. (Arct. Man.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 27
XVII. ALLE Linx. 1806.
34. Dovekie. Little Auk.

Alle alle (LINN.) STEIJN. 1885.

Winter resident at Grand Manan, N.B. (Chamberlain.) For-
merly common but now rare along Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) A
very common periodical migrant in October along the New-
foundland coast. (Reeks.) Common in Hudson Strait ; occurs
plentifully along the eastern coast of Labrador. (Packard.) Said
to breed no further south in Greenland than lat. 68° N., common in
Baffin Bay but rare in the PolarSea. (Arct. Man.) Common on
the coast of Labrador off Resolution Island, Grinnell Bay and
Frobisher Straits, but did not see any in Cumberland Gulf; they
are abundant off Exeter Sound and to the northward on the west
coast of Baffin Bay. (Kwmelin.) Godbout, River St. Lawrence,
Quebec. (Dionne.)

BREEDING Nores.—I have a number of eggs of this bird from
Iceland. Dr. Shufeldt has stated in his Comparative Orders of
North American Birds that this bird lays two eggs, but my col-
lector in Iceland has never found more than one egg to a clutch,
and has been collecting for fifteen years. Most British Ornitho-
logical writers state this bird only lays one egg. It deposits its
single pale greenish-blue egg in crevices of the sea-cliffs. Breeds
in Greenland on Smith Sound. (azne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One male from the Atlantic coast, purchased with the Holman
collection. One egg taken on Disco Island, coast of Greenland,
in 1894, received from Mr. Raine.

ORDER. LONGIPENNES. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS.
Famity IV. STERCORARIIDA® Sxuas ann JAEGERS.
XVII]. MEGALESTRIS Bonaparte. 1856.
35. The Common Skua.

Megalestris skua (BRUNN RIDGW. 1880.

Seen twice on the south coast of Greenland by Holbeell. (Avct,
Man.) One seen sitting in the water in the Straits of Belle Isle.
June 22nd, 1882. (Packard.) Not very common in winter and

28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

spring around Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Seen off the coast of New
Brunswick. (Adams.) Occasional in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
(Dionne.) Great Slave Lake, very rare. (oss.) Appears to be of
frequent occurrence on “the George’s,’ Newfoundland, and Nova
Scotian banks in winter ; seen near Lady Franklin Island, Hudson
Strait, in Sept.; they then had young ones on the rocks. (Kwmelin.)

XIX. STERCORARIUS Brisson. 1760.

36. Pomarine Jaeger.

Stercorarius pomarinius (TEMM.) VIEILL. 1819.

Said to be the commonest species of the genus in the north;
breeds in northern Greenland and has been seen at the Parry
Islands and Regent Inlet. (Avct. Man.) A rare autumn visitor
along the whole Atlantic coast of Canada and Gulf of St. Law-
rence. This bird is occasionally seen in company with the large
gulls which spend a short time during the severity of the winter
around the west end of Lake Ontario. (Mc//wraith.) Great Slave
Lake, very rare. (Ross.) Not uncommon in the Arctic seas and
northern outlets of Hudson Bay where it subsists on putrid fish ; it
goes south in winter reaching Hudson Bay in May. (2Richardson.)
Taken at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, 1845. (Dr. Gillespie, Jr.)
Rather common on Hudson Bay'in the summer of’ 1899 but no
breeding place seen, (A. P. Low.) These birds were first observed
at Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, in August, and from this point
northward to lat. 71° they were common at nearly all points,
and from Belle Isle to Hudson Strait they were abundant.
(Kumelin.) On the Pacific coast they reached the Yukon mouth
May 13th and became more common until the last of the
month; abundant at St. Lawrence Island and everywhere in
Behring Strait ; very numerous along the Arctic coast on the
borders of the ice-pack. (JVelson.) Arrives at St. Michael
by the first week in June; it is a resident of the drier portions of
the lowlands, usually solitary, but several may be seen together
at one time in the neighbourhood. (7wrner.) A regular summer
visitor at Point Barrow, but the least common of the three species.

(Murdoch.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One procured at Great Slave Lake by Mr. Macfarlane in 1887.

.CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 29
37. Parasitic Jaeger.

Stercorarius parasiticus (LINN.) SCHAFF. 17809.

Breeds in both Inspectorates of Greenland, but more commonly
in the southern ; also on the west coast of Davis Strait and in the
Polar Sea. (4ret. Man.) Along the Atlantic coast, in spring and
autumn, as far south as Grand Manan. (ferrick.) Gulf of
St. Lawrence. (Livonne.) A single specimen was seen July 2oth,
18—, near Mingan harbour. (Avewster.) South to Fort Simpson,
lat.62° 30’; rare. (Ross.) Not uncommon onthe Barren Grounds
and at Franklin Bay. Nests occasionally procured in‘these loca-
lities. (JZacfarlane.) This species inhabits the Arctic sea-coast
of America. Numerous specimens were taken on Melville Penin-
sula and North Georgian Islands, as well as in Baffin Bay.
Specimens were also taken on the Barren Grounds and at Fort
Franklin, lat. 65° 15’ N. (Richardson.) A specimen of the melan-
istic form taken at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, 1845. (Dr.
Gillespie, Jr.) This bird occurs about the entire coast line of
Behring Sea, but is most numerous along the low marshy coast
of Norton Sound and thence south to the Kuskoquim River.
Its breeding range covers the entire region from the Aleutian
Islands north to the extreme part of the mainland. (We/son.)
A frequent visitor to the Aleutian Islands, and tolerably common
at St. Michael. (Zurner.) Not common at Point Barrow ;
none breed. (Mzurdoch.) This species has the same general

distribution as the Pomarine Jaeger, but is not so common.
(Kumelin.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have a clutch of two eggs that were
taken at Skonntzaz, Greenland, on June 11th, 1890. (Raine.)

Birds in the black plumage are rare in the spring, but are some-
times seen; and at the Yukon mouth, on May 31st, I found a pair
in this plumage mated. The eggs are laid upon the mossy knolls
or uplands in their haunts about the 5th of June. The nest is
merely a depression in the moss, containing two eggs indistin-
guishable from the next species. (J/Ve/son.)

38. Long-tailed Jaeger. Buffon’s Skua.

Stercovarius longicaudus VIEILL., 1810.

Said not to breed farther south than lat. 70° N., in Greenland.
(Arct. Man.) A very few of these birds visited the upper waters

30 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

of Cumberland Gulf in June, 1871, and soon disappeared ; I
doubt if they breed there. (Kwmelin.) Occasionally seen from
Greenland south along the Labrador coast (Packard); Newfound-
land (Reeks); coast of Nova Scotia (Downs); in the Bay of
Fundy (Boardman) ; Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dionne) ; occasionally
taken in Hudson Bay (Jy. &. Bell); south to Lapierre’s House
on the Mackenzie River. (Ross.) Quite abundant along the Ander-
son River and on the Barren Grounds, and also on the Arctic
coast. (Macfarlane.) This is the most common of the Jaegers
on the Alaskan coast ; rare on the Prybiloff Islands. They are
abundant on the low coast of Behring Strait, but, except at
Kotzebue Sound, they are not common beyond that point. (Vel-
son.) Arrives earlier at St. Michael and in greater numbers than
its congeners ; rarely seen on the eastern Aleutian Islands, but
a few pairs are said tobreed near St. Michael. (Zarner.) This is
the most common species of Jaeger at Point Barrow, and is rather
abundant, but none breed. (Mzurdoch.) Once shot and several
times seen during September, 1890 and 1891, at Sumas Lake, B.C.
(Brooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—The pairing occurs with a great amount
of noisy demonstration on the part of several rivals, but once
paired the birds keep by themselves and early in June deposit
their eggs in a depression on the mossy top of some knoll upon a
rising ground. (JVe/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen procured at York Factory by Dr. R. Bell.

One egg taken at George River, Ungava Bay, Labrador, by J.
Forde, 1896.

Famity V. LARIDA GutLts Aanp TERNS.
XX. PAGOPHILA Kavp._ 18209.

39. Ivory Gull.
Pagophila alba (GuNN.) COUES. 1897.

A very rare periodical migrant on the northwest coast of New-
foundland. Three shot in Parson’s Pond January 1867-68.
(Reeks.) One specimen observed in Halifax harbour prior to
1869. (/Jones.) Rare along the Nova Scotia coast. (Dozas.)
An immature bird shot at St. John; a winter visitant at Grand

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 31

Manan, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Coast of Labrador. (Dionne.) Seen
on the edge of the ice in Hudson Bay near Great Whale River in
spring and winter. (4.P. Low.) Occasionally seen on Lake Ontario.
I succeeded after two season’s work in obtaining a fine specimen
of an adult male by getting the fishermen to attach a long line
to the stern of their boat with a hook at the end baited with
cisco. (Mcllwraith.)

Circumpolar ; eggs obtained on Cape Krabbe, lat. 77° 25’ N.
(Arct. Man.) This beautiful gull frequents Davis Strait, Baffin
Bay, and various parts of the northern shores of the American
continent, breeding in great numbers on the high perforated
cliffs which form the extremity of Cape Parry, in lat. 70°. (Rich-
ardson.) A rare visitor at Point Barrow ; only two being seen in
the spring, but more common in the autumn. ((Muwurdoch.) Very
common in Kingwah Fjord and vicinity just before it froze up,
for a few days only; none seen in spring ; does not breed in
Cumberland Gulf. (Kwmelin.) One specimen taken at Dease
Lake, Cassiar, B. C., by Mr. James Porter, in September, 1889.

( Fannin.)
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

The specimen in our collection was taken on the Atlantic coast
in 1884.

XXI. RISSA STEPHENS. 1825.
40. Kittiwake Gull,
Rissa tridactyla (LINN.) Bonar. 1838.

Breeds in both Inspectorates, but more commonly in the south-
ern part of Greenland. (Arct. Man.) Common along the Atlantic
coast, south from Greenland, especiallyin winter. A rather com-
mon resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Breeding in
considerable numbers at Bird Rocks and on the limestone cliffs
at Wreck Bay, Anticosti. (Brvewster.) Breeds plentifully on the
northern portions of the Atlantic coast of Labrador ; Verrill
reports them breeding in immense numbers on the eastern and
northern shores of Anticosti. (Packard.) Common off Great
Whale River, Hudson Bay, on the edge of the ice in the winter of
1898-99. (A. P. Low.) Quite common on the River St. Lawrence.
Di onne), and reaching the western end of Lake Ontario in con-
siderable numbers. Mcllwraith.)

32 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

This species abounds in the interior of the Northwest Terri-
tories and on the shores of the Arctic Sea, where it breeds.
(Richardson.) First observed in the Strait of Belle Isle on our
outward passage in August, 1877 ; from this point northward they
were constantly with us and extremely abundant until the ice
covered the water ; they are altogether absent from Cumberland
Gulf in spring and summer. (Kzwmelin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

In our egg collection we have two specimens, one taken on
Disco Island, Greenland, by Inspector Anderson in 1894 ; another
in Davis Strait ; both received from Prof. D’Arcy Thompson.

40a. Pacific Kittiwake.
Rissa tridactyla polliicaris Ripaw. 1884.

Found along the coast of Vancouver Island and in the Gulf of
Georgia. (Lord.) The entire coast line of Alaska, with all its
numerous islands, both near the mainland and far out at sea, are
inhabited by this beautiful gull ; it nests abundantly at the head
of Norton Bay. (/Ve/son.) A common bird at St. Michael when
the ice breaks up after the middle of May. The great breeding
eround of the species is further south; on the Prybiloff Islands
and some of the western Aleutian Islands this species breeds in
thousands ; breeds sparingly at St. Michael. (Zzurner.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird has the same habits as R. brevi-
rostris. \n building its nests it uses more grass and less mud-
cement than that species does. The eggs are more pointed at
the smaller end and lighter in ground colour, with numerous
splotches of dark brown colour. (£//o@z.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two fine specimens taken on St. Paul Island, Behring Sea, by

Mr. J. M. Macoun.
41. Red-legged Kitiwake.
Rissa brevirostris (BRucH) LAwrR. 1858.

Seen in considerable numbers at Unalaska, May 26, 1877;
abundant on the Prybiloff Islands, especially on St. George
Island, where they congregate in thousands and breed. (/Ve/son.)
Not a common bird at St. Michael; the Aleutian and Prybiloff
islands are its home. (Zwrner.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 33

BREEDING Hapits.—This bird reaches the Prybiloft Islands
about May gth for the pupose of breeding. It uses dry grass
and moss cemented with mud which it gathers by the fresh
water pools and ponds scattered over the islands. The nest is
solidly and neatly put up, both parents working. The nests are
placed on inaccessible shelves and points of mural rocks and can
scarcely be reached except a person be lowered by a rope. Two
eggs are the usual number, though occasionally three will be
found in the nest. The eggs are the size and shape of hens’ eggs,
but covered with a dark gray ground spotted and blotched with
sepia spots. (E/hoitt.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One fine egg taken by Mr. J. M. Macoun on St. Paul Island,
Behring Sea, Sept. 16th, 1896. Seven eggs, some of which are
of this species and some of the last, were also brought from
St. Paul Island by Mr. Macoun, but as they were procured from
natives their identity is uncertain.

XXI. LARUS Linnazvs. 1758.
42. Glaucous Gull. Burgomaster.

Larus glaucus BRUNN. 1764.

The most common large gull in Greenland, breeds with the
other gulls. (Arct. Man.) Not rare on Hudson Strait; breeds
plentifully on the eastern and southern coasts of Labrador.
(Packard.) Common along the Atlantic coast from Greenland to
Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Southward it is rare and only in winter.
(Jones.) One shot in St. John harbour, N. B. (Chamberlain.) Com-
mon in the river and gulf of St. Lawrence. (Dzonne ; Dr. Hall.)
During the winter months this bird is not an infrequent visitor to
Lake Ontario. It was shot at Toronto in 1884 and in 1889. (Mc-
Ilwrath.) Abundant on Great Slave Lake. (Ross.) A great
many of these gulls nest in Cumberland Gulf and are common in
other places. (Kumelin.) Large numbers were found breeding
on the ledges of high cliffs at Richmond Gulf, Hudson Bay, in
July, 1898. (A. P. Low.)

BREEDING NoteEs.—Altogether some twenty nests of this
species were gathered, chiefly on sandy islets in the bays of
Franklin and Liverpool; a few of these were also found on
islands on the Lower Anderson. Fifteen of the nests contained

29

Pe)

34 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

two eggs each, but five had as many as three. The nest was
usually a shallow depression in the beach. In one of them we
discovered an egg of the Black Brant. (Macfarlane.)

In the summer of 1896 this species was found breeding by the
large lakes in northern Labrador. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken off Resolution Island, Hudson Strait, in
1885 by Dr. Bell.

There are 14 eggs of this species in our collection Two taken
at Disco, Greenland, six at Cape Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait ;
three from an island near Great Whale River, Hudson Bay, and
three from James Bay.

42a. Point Barrow Glaucous Gull. Western Glaucous
Gull.
Larus barrovianus Ripew. 1886.

All the islands of Behring Sea and all its dreary coast-line are
familiar to this great gull. In summer it occurs from the Aleutian
Islands north to the farthest points reached by the hardy naviga-
tors in the adjoining Arctic ocean. Common in the Yukon delta.
(Nelson.) This gull is the earliest to arrive at St. Michael ; few
breed here, but on the Aleutian Islands it breeds in thousands ;
at Karluck on Kadiak Island it was in countless thousands in
August, 1881. (Zzrner.) Abundant at Point Barrow. (JZurdoch.)
Abundant at Cape Lisburne, Arctic Sea. (Dr. Bean.) They do
not breed on the Prybiloff Islands, but in large numbers on Walrus
Island, about six miles from St. Paul Island, to which island
they come to feed on the dead carcases of seals, and from which
they carry food to their young on Walrus Island. It is reported
that they destroy the young seal pups by picking out their eyes.
(J. M. Macoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird breeds on Walrus Island where
there are no foxes. It builds neat nests of sea-ferns and dry
grass placed among the turfy tussocks on the centre of the
island. It lays early in June three large eggs of a spherically
oval shape, which have a dark grayish-brown ground with irre-
gular patches of darker brown-black. (/7dhoitt.)

This gull nests in a tussock of grass that may grow in the mid-
dle of a pond in the lowlands, otherwise foxes might disturb it.
The nest is built of grass and other material. The eggs are

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 35

deposited early in June and are two or three in number. Should
the eggs be removed the parent will renew the complement, but
only one or two will be laid. The period of incubation is
about three weeks. The young are downy and pure white on
their first appearance, but soon change to gray with darker mot-
tlings. (Zwurner.)

On June 4th, near St. Michael, the first nest was found. It
was placed ona small islet, a few feet across, in the centre of a
broad, shallow pond. The structure was formed of a mass of
moss and grass, piled up a foot or more high, with a base three
feet across, and with a deep central depression lined with dry
grass. There was a single egg. The female as she sat on the
nest was visible a mile away, and not the slightest oppor-
tunity was afforded for concealment on the broad surrounding
flat. Other nests were of the same character and contained from
one to three eggs. (Velson.) Mr. Macfarlane’s note under ZL.
glaucous probably refers to this species.

43. Iceland Gull. White-winged Gull.
Larus leucopterus FABER. 1882.

Breeds in both Inspectorates of Greenland, but more commonly
in the southern; also observed on the east coast, and said to
breed on the Parry Islands. (Avct. Wan.) Common in the autumn
and winter from Greenland to Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Rare on
the coast of Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) A pair shot in St. John
harbour in 1881. (Chamberlain.) Godbout River, St. Lawrence
River, Quebec. (Dionne.) A single specimen taken at Toronto
is in the collection of Mr.J.H. Ames. (/. H. Fleming.)

Several nests of this species, and the parent bird, were procured
on the shores of Franklin Bay, arctic coast, early in July, 1863
and 1864. (MJacfarlane.) During Captain Ross’s and Sir Edward
Parry’s first voyages many specimens of this gull were obtained
in Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, and at Melville Island. (Richara-
son.) This species is far less common in Cumberland Gulf than
the Glaucous Gull; on the Greenland coasts, however, it is the
most common species except the Kittiwake. (Awmelin.)

44. Glaucous-winged Gull.
Larus glaucescens NAvM. 1840.
During May, 1877, this bird was abundant about Unalaska,

and also upon the Akutan and Sannak islands to the east. It
3%

36 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

breeds abundantly on the Near Islands, and has been taken at
Sitka and Kadiak, and extends south to California. The centre
of abundance of this species during summer may be located
along the Aleutian Islands. (Welson.) Occurs sparingly at St.
Michael, but is more common on the Aleutian Islands and
Kadiak. (Zurner.) Common at Port Clarence, Alaska. (Dr.
Bean.)

An abundant resident in British Columbia; breeds on some of
the islands in the Gulf of Georgia; frequents our harbours
during the winter months. (/a@aun.) An abundant winter resi-
dent in the Lower Fraser valley and on Lake Okanagan, B. C.
(Brooks.) Abundant in Burrard Inlet, B.C.,in April, 1889; very
abundant in the Gulf of Georgia from Victoria to Comox in
April, 1887. (dZacoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—The usual nesting places of this Gull are
the faces of rugged cliffs, at whose base the waves are continually
breaking, and where the coast exposes its wildest and most broken
outline. On the other hand, Mr. Dall relates that about the 18th
of July, at Coal Harbour on the Shumagins, on a peculiar, high,
round island, abundance of eggs were found, but most of them
pretty well incubated. In this case, the island being covered with
tall rank grass, the nests were almost concealed, and, either from
the dead grass naturally occurring in the depressions, or otherwise,
all of them had more or less dry grass in and about them. The
gulls built solely on the top of the highest part of the island, in
the grass, and never on the lower portions near the shore, nor on
the shelves of the rocky and precipitous sides. (JVe/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Three fine specimens, taken by Mr. John Fannin near Victoria,
Vancouver Island, January, 1896.

Three eggs, or a full set, of this species were taken on Mittle-
natch Island, off the west coast of Vancouver Island, by Dr. C. F.
Newcombe, June 18th, 1896.

45. Kumlien’s Gull,

Larus kumlient BREWST. 1883.

This species is quite common in the upper waters of Cumber-
land Gulf, where it breeds; arrived with the open water and
soon began nesting ; the nest was placed on the shelving rocks

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 2h

on high cliffs ; two pairs nested very near our harbour, but were
torn down by the ravens. (Awmelin.) A few specimens taken in
the Bay of Fundy, N.B. (Chamberlain.) North Atlantic coast
of North America. (4. O. U. List.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen, procured at St. John, N. B., by Mr. Chamberlain.

48. WNelson’s Gull.

Larus nelsont HENSH. 1884.

Type specimen captured at St. Michael, June 2oth, 1877.
(Velson.) Apparently not taken since ; the writer can find no
further record.

47. Great Black-backed Gull.
Larus marinus LINN. 1758.

Breeds generally throughout Danish Greenland, but most com-
monly between lat. 63° and 68° N. (Arct. Man.) Reeks says
that in Newfoundland it builds its nest of grass or rushes most
commonly in freshwater ponds or lakes ; it is said to breed com-
monly in Labrador and Brewster saw young on Anticosti and be-
lieves it breeds there. Jones says it breeds on islands off the
coast of Nova Scotia. It is common along the Atlantic coast,
and Chamberlain says it resides in New Brunswick. Common in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and ascending the river to Lake Ontario
where it is occasionally seen. One has been seen in the vicinity
of Ottawa, Ont.

BREEDING Notes.—This species breeds on Gannet Island, coast
of Labrador, where Mr. Dicks collected for me a number of
clutches on June 15th, 1895. The nests were built on the rocks
and made of sea-weed and usually contained three eggs each.
Sometimes only two eggs are found ina nest. (Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen procured at St. John, New Brunswick, by Mr.
Chamberlain.

Seven eggs, one taken on Disco Island, Greenland, by Inspec-
tor Anderson in 1894 ; three on Isle de Haute, Nova Scotia, by
the light-house keeper, June toth, 1894 ; two from Grand Lake,
Nova Scotia, taken May 24th, 1890, by Col. Egan ; one taken on

38 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Hamilton River, Labrador, by Mr. A. P. Low, 1894 ; two sets of
three each taken in Nova Scotia May 29, 1898, by H. F. Tufts.

48. Slaty-backed Gull.
Larus schistisagus STEJN. 1884.

In September, 1880, Capt. C. L. Hooper, of the Corwin, took
the first example of this bird known, from the west coast of Am-
erica, at the Diomede Islands, Behring Straits. (/Ve/son.) Abund-
ant, feeding at the mouth of the river falling into the head of
Chernoffsky Bay, Unalaska, October Ist, 1880. (Dr. Bean.) As
Stejneger found it breeding on the Asiatic coast, it is doubtless
commoner than its present limited known range indicates.

49, Western Gull.

Larus occidentalis Avuv. 1839.

Found along the Vancouver Island coast and in the Gulf of
Georgia. (Lord.) A resident of British Columbia ; very abund-
ant on the coast during the winter months; found breeding
in the Similkameen Valley. (/@nnin.) Common in Burrard Inlet
in April 1889; large flocks were seen at Comox May 2nd, 1887,
and a few between Comox and Nanaimo on May 6th. (Macoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two eggs taken on the west coast of Vancouver Island, on 16th
June, 1894, received from Mr. Raine,
50. Siberian Gull.
Larus affints REINH. 1853.

Northern Asia. AccidentalinSouthern Greenland. (Aidgway.)
Only North American as occuring in Alaska and accidentally in
Greenland. (Cowes.)

51. European Herring Gull.

Larus argentatus BRUNN. 1764.

Exceedingly rare bird in Greenland and not known to have
occurred further north than Gotthaab. (dArct. Man.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 39

5la. American Herring Gull.
Larus argentatus smithsonianus Cours. 1873.

This species is the most widely diffused of all our gulls and is
as much at home breeding in the far inland lakes as along the
coast of the Atlantic, around Hudson Bay, along the shores of
the Arctic seas or on the Upper Yukon.

We have records of its breeding in Newfoundland, Labrador,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba,
throughout the whole prairie region and north to Hudson Bay and
the Arctic sea, and across the Rocky Mountains to the Upper
Yukon, where Dall found it breeding in numbers. Fannin
reports it breeding on the coast of British Columbia and also in
the interior.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeding in large numbers on an island in
Crane Lake, Assa., between June gth-18th, 1894. Nest, a shal-
low hole in the ground lined with dry grass and weeds. Eggs,
three as a rule; never more. A number of the young were
hatched by June gth, but the greater number about the 18th,
when many young were running about the island, and some took
to the water and swam away. (JJacoun.)

The men on Crane Lake Farm said that the old birds killed
gophers (Spermophilus Richardson) and fed them to their young.
(Spreadborough.) This species breeds in numbers at Buffalo Lake,
Alberta. (Dzppfie.)

I found this species breeding abundantly at Shoal Lake, Mani-
toba, on June 18th, 1894. The nests were built on the ground on
the islands, were composed of weeds, and contained three eggs
each. (Raine.)

The American Herring Gull is a common species along the
St. Lawrence. A few years ago it used to breed on Pigeon Island
and the Lower Ducks, Lake Ontario, but owing to constant dis-
turbance it no longer breeds in those places, and I doubt if any
now nest around Lake Ontario. It is still plentiful in the neigh-
bourhood of Parry Sound, Lake Huron, and on other lakes in
Northern Ontario. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

This gull breeds on the small islands off the coast of Bruce
Co., Ont., in the Georgian Bay and off Manitoulin Island. Nest
in a dry situation. The fishermen take the eggs for food in con-
siderable quantities. I have one egg taken by them which is of

40 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

a light blue colour, and unspotted. No eggs that I saw were
other than this species, though it seems probable that the Ring-
billed Gull, which is very common in Georgian Bay, may also breed
in the same localities. (W. Saunders.)

In July, 1868, the writer found this species breeding on small
islands in Gull Lake, Victoria Co., Ontario, and in 1870 on a
small rocky island in Gull Lake, Barry Township, Addington Co.,
Ontario. All the “ Gull” lakes in Ontario were no doubt named
after this gull.

The writer made a trip on June 22nd to the island in Crane
Lake, where Mr. Spreadborough obtained the eggs on the gth of
the same month. After a drive of five miles we reached the
margin of the lake, and, as the island was a quarter of a mile
from shore, we divested ourselves of part of our clothing and
waded out—taking care not to stand long enough to sink in the
white mud of the bottom. We had scarcely reached the shore
before we were surrounded by multitudes of common Terns,
Ring-billed and Herring Gulls, Cormorants and various waders.

The south end of the island was the lowest, and here the Terns’

had their little nests placed on the ground amongst the short
grass. By far the greater number contained three eggs, but none
had four. Passing more to the north, and on a higher level, we
found the Ring-billed Gull breeding, also in multitudes, and as
we approached their nests they rose screaming, and did not cease
till we left the island. Ascending a little higher, but passing to
the north, we came among the Herring Gulls but many of their
nests were empty, and the downy young were either hidden in
the grass or running to the water as fast as possible, while many
were swimming about. On the highest point of the island we
found 29 nests of the Double-crested Cormorant. The nests,
fully a foot high, were built on regular bases of broken sticks.
These nests formeda group by themselves, and evidently formed
the line of separation between the Herring Gulls and the Ring-
billed. The sticks had all been carried for a long distance, as no
willows grew within a couple of miles of the lake.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken at Toronto by S. Herring, 1884. Our collection of
eggs of this species numbers eighteen. Six of these were taken
on Sturgeon Island, Lake Winnipeg by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell on Ist

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 41

June, 1889 ; thirteen on an island in Crane Lake, June oth, 1894,
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

52. Vega Gull.
Larus vege@ (PALMEN) STEJN. 1888.

Behring Sea and adjacent waters, south in winter to California
anc japan. (4.°O) U. Lisi.)

58. California Gull.
Larus californicus LAwr. 1854.

Great Slave Lake, abundant. (oss.) Quite a number of speci-
mens with eggs were received from Eskimos of the Lower
Anderson, lat.68° 30’. (Macfarlane.) Found along the Vancouver
Island coast and in the Gulf of Georgia. (Zord.) An abundant
resident ; breeds in the interior of British Columbia ; a winter
resident along the coast, during which time it appears in great
numbers in our harbours. (/annin.) Common in the Lower
Fraser valley and on Lake Okanagan, B.C., in winter. (Svooks.)

54. Ring-billed Gull.
_ Larus delawarensis Orp. 1815.

Common throughout the summer at Newfoundland. (Reeks.)
Apparently rare around the coasts of Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, and not very common in the River and Gulf of St.
Lawrence. Very common on Lake Ontario at its western end
during the winter. (Mcllwraith.) Common at Lake Mistassini,
Que., where it breeds. (/. WM. Macoun.) Breeds in the vicinity of
Hamilton Inlet, east coast of Labrador. (A. P. Low.) Breeds
in the small lakes in northern Ontario ; found in the northern
part of Addington Co, in 1870, and near Minden, in Victoria Co.
in 1868. It bred on islands in the lakes just as it does now in the
prairie region, where it is abundant in all large lakes and ponds
from Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains and northward. One
specimen was taken on Loon Lake, B.C., and it was common on
Shuswap Lake, in June, 1889. (Macoun.) A winter resident on
the coast of British Columbia ; breeds in the interior, especi-

42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ally to the northward. I found it on Dease Lake during the
summer. (Fannin.) Common in the Lower Fraser valley, and on
Lake Okanagan, B.C.,in winter. Svooks.)

BreEebDInG Nores.—Very abundant and breeding in great num-
bers on an island in Crane Lake, Assa. Nests on the ground
made of dry grass, smaller than those of the Herring Gull.
Eggs, never more than three, while a few nests contained only two.
A number of the young were hatched by June goth, and the bulk of
the nests had young by the 18th June, 1894. This species breeds
later than the Herring Gull. A few were observed breeding at
Deep Lake, near Indian Head, Assa., June 3rd, 1892. (Spread-
borough.) This species breeds at Buffalo Lake, Alberta. (Dzppre.)
I have found this species breeding at Rush Lake, Assiniboia,
and at Shoal Lake, Manitoba. It makes its nest on the ground
and lays three eggs. (Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
One taken at Toronto, Ont., by S. Herring in 1882.

Sixteen eggs. Two of these were taken on an island in Lake
Manitoba by Mr. Dippie in 1893, and fourteen from an island in
Crane Lake by Mr. W. Spreadborough on gth June, 1894. We
have also three eggs from Labrador taken in 1896.

55. Short-billed Gull.

Larus brachyrhynchus Ricw. 1831.

A specimen shot in the vicinity of Quebec is now in the museum
of Laval University. (Déonne.) More numerous and widely dif-
fused than the other gulls. Many nests were procured at Fort
Anderson, lat. 68° 30’. (Macfarlane.) Type specimen killed on
Bear Lake, May 26th, 1826. (Richardson.) This elegant species
is abundant over a large part of the Alaskan mainland. Dall
found it at Sitka and Kadiak, and from Fort Yukon to the sea
along the Yukon River. It is found nesting from the pen-
insula of Alaska north to the head of Kotzebue Sound and from
the sea coast region it breeds interiorly over Alaska into
British Columbia. (/Ve/son.) Abundant on the Aleutian Islands.
Turner.) A winter resident on the coast of British Columbia ;
during the early part of May 1891 I saw quite a number on the
lakes of the Cariboo district where it probably breeds. (Fannzn.)
Common in the Lower Fraser valley, B.C. (vooks.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 43

BREEDING Nores.—At the Yukon mouth and St. Michael
May 14th is the earliest date they were noticed in spring. Asa
rule they are rare until the 20th or 25th May, about which time
they find the ponds and sluggish streams open in the coast
country. They undoubtedly reach interior localities earlier in
the season, as spring is considerably earlier there.

They nest, like the Glaucous Gull, upon small islets in ponds
and lakes. A bulky nest is prepared of grasses and mosses early
in June, in which two or three eggs are laid. (JVe/son.)

The nest of this species is usually a small cavity in the sand
by the side of a stream or sheet of water. It also frequently
builds on a stump or tree, and in such cases dry twigs, hay and
mosses are used in its construction. A good many sets of eggs
were taken at Fort Anderson, lat. 68° 30’. (Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

A fine pair taken in Victoria harbour in January, 1896, by Mr.
John Fannin.

56. Mew Gull.
Larus canus LINN. 1758.
Accidental im Labrador. CAO! U., List.)

57. Heermann’s Gull. White-headed Gull.
Larus heermannt Cass. 1852.

Found in the Gulf of Georgia and along the coasts of Vancouver
Island. (Lord.) Not common in the Gulf of Georgia, though
they appear to remain during the summer. Four specimens, the
young of the year, were taken off the mouth of Esquimault Har-
bour in the latter part of July by Dr. Hazell, of Victoria. (/an-
nin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS,

One taken in 1885 on Malcolm Island, Gulf of Georgia, B.C.
by Dr. G. M. Dawson ; a fine pair taken at Esquimault in January,
1896, by Mr. John Fannin.

58. Laughing Gull.

Larus atriclla LINN. 1758.

On May 23rd, 1890, a gull was brought to my store. It had
been shot on Toronto Island, and, being unlike any of our native

44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

species, I had it thoroughly examined, and it proved to bea male
Laughing Gull. This, I believe, is the first record of this bird in
Ontario. (William Cross.) Coast of Nova Scotia. (A.O.U.List.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One bought with Holman collection in 1885.

59. Franklin’s Rosy Gull.
Larus franklint Sw. & RicH. 1831.

Accidental on Hamilton Bay, Ont., two specimens shot, one in
1865, the other later. (MWcllwraith.) Although no specimens of
this species were taken, I am inclined to believe that they breed
in the Anderson River district. (Macfarlane,) This is a very
common gull in the interior of the Northwest Territories, where
it frequents the shores of the larger lakes. It is generally seen
in flocks and is very noisy. It breeds in marshy places. (Aechara-
son.) Shot by Spreadborough at Indian Head, Assa., on May
20th with stomachs full of grasshoppers, showing they had come
from far to the south. They are very abundant throughout the
marshy parts of Manitoba during summer, breeding in nearly all
large marshes. In Assiniboia they are also abundant and breed
in great numbers as far west as Cypress Lake, where there are
marshes. Later in the season they gather in great numbers
around the larger salt lakes, and mix with the Ring-bill and
Herring Gulls.

After they arrive in Manitoba they follow the farmers in the
fields and gather ‘cut-worms’ and other larve turned up by the
plough. (Percy Selwyn.)

BREEDING Nores.—This species, unlike the Herring Gull and
the Ring-bill, breeds in communities in marshes. Hundreds of
nests were found June 13th, 1894, in a marshy lake about three
miles southeast of Crane Lake; incubation was far advanced.
The nests were very bulky, made of reeds placed on the marsh,
and floating in about two and a half feet of water. Eggs in each
case, three. (Spreadborough.)

Breeds abundantly in the marshes at the south end of Lake
Manitoba. (Raine.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five specimens taken at Indian Head, Assa., in June, 1892,and
at Crane Lake in June, 1894, by Spreadborough.

}

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 45

Twenty-two eggs of this species taken in a marshy lake near
Crane Lake, Assa., on June 14th, 1894, by Spreadborough.

60. Bonaparte’s Gull.
Larus philadelphia (ORD) GRay. 1863.

Frequent on the Atlantic coast as far north as Newfoundland.
Apparently quite common in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and not
rare in Hudson Bay. A spring and fall migrant in Ontario.

This species is found from Manitoba to the Pacific and a few
doubtless breed in the prairie region, but its range is generally
north of that of Larus franklini. No doubt the two are often
confounded. Its breeding range is inthe wooded country extend-
ing from Hudson Bay westward to the marshes of the Yukon
where Dall found it breeding. It is rare on the coast of Alaska
but common along the British Columbian coast and very common
on all the lakes of the interior of that province.

BREEDING Notes.—Thirty-seven nests were taken between June
1oth and July roth, in the wooded country, in the vicinity of
Fort Anderson and on the Lower Anderson River. The nests
were all built on trees,from four to twenty feet from the ground,
and with one exception were made of small sticks and twigs
lined with hay and mosses. (Macfarlane.)

Dippie reports this species breeding at Buffalo Lake, Alberta,
July, 1895.

On June 11th, 1891, I found a few pairs of this little gull
breeding in company with Herring Gulls, Avocets and Common
Terns on an island in a small lake north of Rush Lake, Assini-
boia. (See “ Birdnesting in North West Canada,” page 57.) One
specimen of the bird was procured to prove identity. This bird
usually makes its nests in bushes and willows near the water,
but in localities where there are no bushes it makes its nest on
the ground like the other gulls. The eggs are similar to those of
Franklin’s Gull, but are smaller in size. (Razne.)

I noticed one of these birds flying overhead among a num-
ber of common Terns on the 11th June, 1893. I was visiting some
rocks on the St. Lawrence below Rockport, Ont., at the time, and
from the way in which it hovered along with the Terns thought

46 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

it possible it might be breeding there, though I failed to find any
sign of a nest. This is the only time I have observed the bird so
late in the season. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen shot at False Bay, Lasqueti Island, Gulf of
Georgia, B.C., by Dr. G. M. Dawson, 1885 ; two taken at Toronto
and Ottawa, and three at Indian Head, Assa.

Of eggs of this species we have only one, taken at Black Lake,
Assa., June loth, 1891, by Mr. Raine.

60.1. Little Gull.

Larus minutus PaLL. 1771.

A specimen obtained on Sir John Franklin’s first expedition,
was determined by Mr. Sabine to be a young bird of the first
year of this species, exactly according with Mr. Temminck’s
description. (Richardson.)

XXII. RHODOSTETHIA Maccitrivray. 1842.
61. Ross’s Gull, Cuneate-tailed Gull.

Rhodostethia rosea (Macait.) Bonar. 1850.

This is both a rare anda far northern species. Four specimens
have been received by the Museum at Copenhagen, from Green-
land, three of which were shot in Disco Bay, and the fourth near
the Sukkertop. (Arct. Man.) Two specimens of this gull were
killed on the coast of Melville Peninsula, on Sir Edward Parry’s
second voyage. Commander Forster also found this species in
Waygate Strait, which is probably one of its breeding places.
(Richardson.) Found breeding at Ekomiut, in the district of
Christianshaab, Greenland, August 15th, 1885. (Zhe Auk, April,
7885.) A young bird of this species was taken near St. Michael,
Norton Sound, on October 15th, 1879. (Velson.) Abundant at
Point Barrow, autumn visitors only. They appeared in large, loose
flocks, coming in from the sea from the southwest and evidently
going northeast. None seen to return in the spring. They
likely breed north of Wrangel Island. (Muzurdoch.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 47

XXIV. KEMA Leacu. 1819

62. Sabine’s Gull. Fork-tailed Gull.

Xema sabinit (Sas.) LEACH. I8I9g.

Said not to breed further south in Greenland than Lat. 75° 30’
N. ; also common at Sabine Island, Melville Bay, Lat. 75° 30’
N. (Arct. Man.) Occasional as far south along the Labrador
coast as Cow Head, Newfoundland. (Reeks.)

Quite a large number of nests were found on the shores of
Franklin Bay, anda few eggs were also received from the Esqui-
mo of Liverpool Bay onthe Arctic coast. (Wacfarlane.) Breed-
ing on low islands off the west coast of Greenland and westward
to Melville Peninsula. (Richardson.) Found breeding abundantly
in the low grounds between St. Michael and Bristol Bay, Alaska.
(Turner.) This gull is especially numerous along the Alaskan
coast from the Kuskoquim mouth to Kotzebue Sound, and occurs
in small numbers at St. Lawrence Island. (JVe/son.)

BREEDING Notes.—On June 13th, 1880, about twenty miles
from St. Michael while egging in company with some Eskimo,
we found a pondsome 200 yards across, in the middle of which
were two small islands. A gun-shot caused at least one hundred
of these gulls to rise like a white cloud over the islet and showed
us that we had found a breeding place. On going to the largest
island my Eskimo called out that the ground was covered
with gull’s eggs. The Eskimo found the water waist deep and
under it a solid bed of ice of unknown depth. He carried me
over on his back, as I desired to see the nests of these birds,
never having seen them. The island was very low, and the
driest spots were but a little above the water. Built on the
driest places were twenty-seven nests, containing from one to
three eggs each, and as many others ready for occupancy. Four
or five nests were frequently placed within two or three feet of
each other. In about one half the cases the eggs were laid
upon the few grass-blades the spot afforded, with no alterations
save a slight depression made by the bird’s body. In the
majority of the other nests a few grass-blades and stems had been
arranged circularly about the eggs, and in the remainder only
enough material had been added to afford the merest apology
fora nest. (Welson.)

48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
XXV. GELOCHELIDON Brexm. 1830.

63. Gull-billed Tern. Marsh Tern.
Gelochelidon nilotica (HASSELQ.) STEJN. 1884.

Accidental on southern coast of New Brunswick. One shot at
Grand Manan, New Brunswick, August 1879. (Loardman.)

XXVI. STERNA Linnaus. 1758.
64, Caspian Tern.

Sterna tschegrava LEPECH. 1770.

A tolerably common summer migrant and breeds on many of
the islands off the coast of Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Very rare
in Nova Scotia. One specimen shot at Cole Harbour. (Dowzs.)
One specimen procured at Moose Factory, Hudson Bay. Pack-
ard.) Not uncommon in the spring and autumn around Hamil-
ton Bay, Ont. (M/cllwraith.) Rare on Great Slave Lake. (Koss.)
This species occurs as an occasional visitant to the coast of
Behring Sea, from the Yukon mouth to St. Michael at least, and
is undoubtedly found still more frequently south to the known
haunts of the species along the Pacific coast of Asia. (JVelson.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird is occasionally shot in Toronto
marsh. It breeds abundantly on small islands in Lake Michigan.
On June toth, 1894, Mr. Van Winkle collected a number of
clutches for me on Gravel Gull Islands, Lake Michigan. Nests
singly in hollows in the sand, containing mostly three eggs each.

Mr. MclIlwraith in “Birds of Ontario,” says this species nests
singly, but he is mistaken, as it breeds in large colonies like
other Terns. (Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen, bought with the Holman collection. We have
two eggs purchased from Mr. Raine, said to have been taken on
Sewell Island, west of Manitoulin Island, Georgian Bay, Lake
Huron, July 2nd, 1801.

65. Royal Tern.
Sterna maxima Bopp. 1783.

Northward to Massachusetts and the Great Lakes. (4.0.U.Lisz.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 49

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One purchased with the Holman collection, said to have been
taken on Lake Erie ; also one egg from the Bahamas.

67. Cabot’s Tern.
Sterna sandvicensts acuflavida (CaBot) Ripew. 1884.
Accidental along the Great Lakes,

In the spring of 1882 Dr. Garnier noticed three individuals of
this species coursing around a mill-pond not far from his resi-
dence at Lucknow, Ont. He shot one and the writer saw it after
it was mounted. (Mcllw ath.)

_ 69. Forster’s Tern.
Sterna forstert NUTT. 1834.

Only a casual visitor on Lake Ontario in spring and fall. (Mc-
Ilwrath.) Common; breeds abundantly on St. Clair Flats.
(Saunders & Morden.) Summer resident about the large lakes
of Manitoba; nesting among the reeds. (Zhompson.) In the
summer of 1881 the writer found them abundant on lakes Mani-
toba, Water-hen and Winnipegoosis where they were breeding in
numbers in the bordering marshes. West of Manitoba their place
is chiefly taken by the Common Tern, as only one pair was seen
by Spreadborough at Indian Head in a residence of three months
in 1892, None have been noted further west. Richardson says
they extend northerly to lat. 57°.

BREEDING Notes.—On June 18th, 1894, I found an immense
colony of these birds breeding on an island in Shoal Lake, Man-
itoba. The nest was made in a hollow in the sand, and con-
tained three eggs, resting on a few straws. (Dizpfie.) It is not
common at St. Clair Flats, Ont., but nests have been taken there
by Mr. J. A. Morden, but only a few nests of this species to
many of the next. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Two eggs taken by Mr. Dippie at Lake Manitoba, June 22nd,

1893.
4

50 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

70. Common Tern.
Sterna hirundo LINN. 1758.

This is truly the ‘‘ Common Tern,” as it breeds abundantly from
the coasts of Labrador southward to the Grand Manan, N.B., on
all islands and coasts of Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick. It is also common in the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, breeding on the Magdalens, Anticosti and Prince Edward
Island. Ascending the St. Lawrence, it nests on the Thousand
Islands, where its nest was found by Rev. C. J. Young, in June,
1895. Stragglers are found throughout Ontario, and Saunders
and Morden report that this species breeds at St. Clair Flats.

A summer resident in Manitoba and breeding. It is common
on all the large lakes of Assiniboia and breeds in suitable places.
A few breed near Indian Head, but the greatest numbers were
found at Crane Lake, about 100 miles east of Medicine Hat ; it
was also seen in 1895 at Cypress Lake and southwestward to
Waterton Lake near Chief Mountain, and north to Lac Ste. Anne,
Alberta.

One specimen taken at Cowichan Gap, September 15th, 1806,
by R. D. McClure, Sidney, Vancouver Island. (/annin.)

BREEDING Notes.—Breeding extensively on the shores of the
Arctic Sea as well as on islets in many of the inland lakes of the
forest region and “ Barrens.” (Macfarlane.) Breeding in large
numbers on a small island in Crane Lake, Assiniboia, June
gth-20th, 1894. Nest, a shallow hole in the ground lined with dry
grass. Of the hundreds of nests that I saw each contained three
eggs, except two, and they had four. A number of the young
were hatched by June 20th. A few were found breeding by Deep
Lake, Indian Head, Assa., June 3rd, 1892. Common from Moose
Factory to Richmond Gulf, Hudson Bay ; breeding in June, 1806.
(Spreadborough.)

On June 18th, 1894, on an island in Shoal Lake Manitoba, |
found thousands of this Tern breeding ; their nests were hollows
in the sand, lined with bits of drift-weed and contained three
eggs each. I found it breeding under like conditions on many of
the lakes of Assiniboia in June 1891 and 1893. (Razne.)

This species was formerly very plentiful in the River St.
Lawrence from Kingston eastward. Numbers bred on Salmon

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. SI

Island, a bank of shingle, etc., near the foot of Amherst Island,
Bay of Quinte. I found one egg in June 1895, a solitary pair of
birds being all that were left of the many that formerly bred
there. I have not heard of any being met with since that date.
Another locality a little below Kingston was the ‘ Spectacles,”
three small islands in mid-channel. Many pairs also bred at the
foot of Wolfe Island, but all these localities have been deserted
for some years. Further down the river, below Rockport, a few
pairs still breed. They frequent some rocky islets near Chimney
Island. In 1893 there were about 30 pairs of birds, but since that
date they have gradually diminished until in 1896 there were not
more than 12 pairs, and in a few more years this locality also will
be deserted by these birds.

Two or three eggs complete a set. I have seen numbers of
Terns’ nests and never saw more than three eggs in the same
nest. When the eggs are laid on rocks, a few stalks of grass
or bits of bark are collected and formed into a nest. Sometimes
there is no attempt at nest-building at all, but the eggs are laid on
the bare rock or ground, usually between the first and third weeks
of June. On the Magdalen Islands great numbers of these birds
breed on the sand-bars ; in June 1897 I found them abundant on
Grosse Isle, where on the 22nd June I saw about 60 eggs, most of
them recently laid. The nests were made in the short grass and
on the beaches near the sea. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

Besides breeding in numbers in the St. Clair marshes, this
species breeds on islands in Lake Ontario. The nest is on
gravelly or rocky ground, and built of slight material. Eggs,
from two to four. (W. Saunders.)

During July and August of. the present year (1899) the writer

. spent five weeks on Sable Island, which is situated nearly one

hundred miles southeast of Nova Scotia. The breeding season
was nearly over, but Common, Arctic and Roseate Terns were
still incubating, though thousands of young birds were flying
around, and still younger ones were hidden in depressions in the
sand or behind any convenient cover, while the clamour of the
parents overhead was deafening. The chief breeding-ground
was on the south side of the island, and this was a wide sand-
flat extending for ten miles or more in an _east-and-west
direction. Over this flat were scattered patches of Avenaria
ages and a few hummocks of sand-grass (Ammophila
4%

52 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

arundinacea), and occasionally remains of old wrecks. In
these localities the nests were placed very thickly, and young
birds were in multitudes. Most of the nests were just depressions
in the sand, but others were lined with anything that came handy,
as broken shells, grass, seaweed, egg-cases of squid, and other
materials.

All the species bred together ; but the Common Tern was
by far the most abundant, while the Arctic came next, and the
Roseate in much smaller numbers. Owing to the presence of
foxes on the island, the birds are much disturbed on their breed-
ing-grounds, and this year many nests were placed on the sand-
hills near the stations, where foxes dare not come. Onthe sand-
hills where grass was plentiful the nests were still mere depres-
sions in the sand, and hardly any had even a slight lining of
grass.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

We have specimens taken at Indian Head and Crane Lake,
Assa. Of eggswe have 27specimens. Fourof these are from an
island in Lake Winnipeg, taken by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell ; and twenty-
three taken June 20th, 1894, on an island in Crane Lake, Assa.,
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

71. Arctic Tern.
Sterna pavadis@a BRUNN. 1764.

This Tern, although an arctic bird, seems to be little known in
Greenland but breeds in Ungava Bay and southward to Nova
Scotia. (Downs.) Brewster reports it breeding abundantly on the
Magdalens, and in June 1897 the Rev. C.J. Young found it there,
and it has been found breeding in other parts of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. Chamberlain says it is rare in New Brunswick and
only asa straggler. MclIlwraith says it is of rare occurence in
Ontario, and all our researches in the western territories never
revealed this bird east of the Columbia River. Numbers were
seen on Upper Arrow Lake, Columbia River, B.C., June 5th, 1890,
but they went north a few days later.

Breeds as extensively as the Common Tern and extends as far
north. (MWacfarlane.) This species breeds very abundantly on the
shores of Melville Peninsula and on the islands and beaches
of the Arctic Sea. (Richardson.) On the sandy islands east of

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 53

Point Barrow. (M/urdoch.) They breed in great numbers throughout
all northern Alaska, both on the coast and in the interior, and on
the islands in Behring Sea and on the Aleutian Islands. (We/son.)
Fannin has seen it off the Pacific coast of British Columbia, and
reports it from Dease Lake in Cassiar and south to Okanagan.

BREEDING NOTES.—On July 15th, 1895, Mr. Dicks collected some
clutches of this Tern for me on Green Island, Sandwich Bay,
Labrador. Nests in a hollow in the rocks, containing two or three
eggs each. This bird also breeds on the islands of Mackenzie
Bay, Arctic Ocean, where eggs were collected for me on June 2oth,
1894. Nests, holes in the sand. (Raine.)

The Arctic Tern is one of the earliest birds to arrive at St. Michael,
Alaska. They become very abundant by the middle of May.
They breed on the low grounds, preferably on a low, damp
island, such as those at the northern end of the “canal.”
On this place hundreds of nests were discovered in 1876. The
nest is merely a bare spot on the ground ; sometimes on y a few
blades of grass surround the margin of the nest, but these seem
to be more the result of cleaning off a bare spot than an attempt
to construct a nest. The eggs vary from one to two, never more.
( Turner.)

On June 12th I found a nest upon a small wet islet near St.
Michael, The island was covered with short grass. The nest
was lined with a few dry grass-stems and contained two eggs, and
the female bore another ready to deposit. Another nest similarly
situated was lined with material procured within a few feet, and
the ground was turned up in small spots all about where the
birds had uprooted the grass, many small bunches being half
uprooted and left, the task proving too heavy. (/Velson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

We have two specimens taken on Sable Island, N.S., August
16th, 1899.

Our egg collection contains one set of eggs from the coast of
Labrador procured from Mr. Raine; one from Cape Prince of
Wales and another egg from Repulse Bay, Hudson Strait, taken
by Mr. Guy in 1896. In July 1894, Dr. Klotz, Astronomer of the
Department of the Interior, took a nest containing two eggs on
the border of the Baird Glacier, Thomas Bay, Alaska. There
was no pretense of a nest, only a hollow in the ground.

54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

72. The Roseate Tern.
Sterna dougalli MONTAG. i813.

Rare on the coast of Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) Recorded on the
authority of Col. Thomas Egan, who assures me a specimen was
lately obtained and is now in the possession of Mr. John Rowe, of
Halifax, N.S. (/ones.) Not uncommon, and breeding on Sable
Island, N.S., August, 1899.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two skins taken on Sable Island, N.S., August 12th, 1899, by the
writer.

73. Aleutian Tern.
Sterna aleutica BAIRD. 1869.

The Aleutian Tern arrives at St. Michael, Norton Sound, by
June Ist and remains until the latter part of August. It is very
abundant in the vicinity, breeding plentifully on a small island
just at the northern end of the “canal.” (Zurner.) These birds
extend their range to the head of Norton Bay and reach the
Siberian coast at Behring Strait. They undoubtedly winter in
the vicinity of Kadiak Island and the coast of the Northern
Pacific adjacent thereto. (/Ve/son.)

BREEDING Notes.—The Arctic Tern is so intimately associated
with the Aleutian Tern, both in nesting habits and procuring food,
that the remarks for the one will apply to the other. Their
nests are sometimes placed within two feet of each other, and
apparently without causing animosity between the species.
(Zurner.) This species is strictly limited to the sea-coast, and
breeds upon small dry islands along the coast. The birds reach St.
Michael from May 2oth to 30th and are found scattered along
the coast in company with the Arctic Tern for a short time, but
early in June they gather about the islands where they nest. One
of these islands is about a mile from St. Michael, in the mouth
of a tide-channel known as the “canal.” This island is about half
a mile across, rises about thirty feet from the beach in a sharp
incline, and has a rather level top covered with a thick mat of
grass, moss and other vegetation. The upland is dry, and here
the birds breed, laying their eggs directly upon the moss, with

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 55

no attempt at lining, which would be entirely unnecessary there.
About twenty pairs were found on this island and about forty
pairs on another island about 18 miles to the eastward. (/Vedson.)

74. Least Tern.
Sterna antillarum (LESS.) CouEs. 1862.

Accidental on our Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes.

Apparently very rare around Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Very
rare in Nova Scotia. One shot at Polly Bog. (Downs.) Audubon
reported it abundant and breeding on the Coast of Labrador.
(Packard.) Occasionally taken on Lake Erie and the south-
western corner of Lake Ontario. (MWcl/wraith.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen bought with Holman collection, locality un-
known. Three eggs procured from Mr. Raine.

XXVII. HYDROCHELIDON Bote. 1822.
77. Black Tern.

Hydrochehidon nigra surinamensis (GMEL.) STEJN. 1882.

Accidental in New Brunswick ; three shot at Grand Manan
August, 1879. (Boardman.) A few taken at Quebec. (Dvzonne.)
It is a common spring and autumn migrant in Ontario, but more
common west of Toronto. Saunders and Morden report it breed-
ing abundantly in St. Clair Flatsand marshes. Its chief breeding-
grounds, however, are the marshy districts of Manitoba and
eastern Assiniboia, where every marsh has many or few nests, and
westerly along the boundary to Waterton Lake and Lake Okana-
gan. B.C. It extends northwesterly in diminishing numbers, and
breeds in marshes. One nest was taken and reported by Dall at
Fort Yukon, in Alaska. We have never noticed it in the moun-
tains, but Fannin observed it on Burrard Inlet, Gulf of Georgia,
in January, 1882, and also in the interior of mainland.

BREEDING Notes.—Abundant at Raeburn, Manitoba and at
Buffalo Lake, Alberta. Specimens and eggs taken at both locali-
ties. (Dippie.) Nests very small, floating upon the water among
the grass in sloughs and marshes. Begins to breed about the mid-
dle of June in Assiniboia ; usual number of eggs, three. On

56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

June 15th, 1894, saw a number of their nests in a marshy lake
near Crane Lake, Assa. The nest was a few pieces of rushes
with a little grass mixed in to keep it from floating apart and
letting the eggs fall through. Some of the nests were so small
and so much sunken that the eggs were about one quarter in the
water. (Spreadborougnh.)

I found it breeding at Long Lake and Shoal Lake in Manitoba.
It also breeds plentifully at Swan Lake in northern Alberta. It
is a late breeder, seldom having eggs before the middle of June.
The nests are usually built on dead, floating rushes in shallow
water and contain three eggs each. (Razne.)

This Tern is a summer resident in the St. Lawrence valley. In
the County of Leeds, Ont., I first noticed it near Gananoque Lake
in 1893, about six miles north of the St. Lawrence, where on the
7th July, I found a nest among the flags, containing three eggs on
the point of hatching.’ Each year since I have found two or three
nests in the same locality. The birds choose very wet, miry
places to lav in. Two nests were found on old musk-rat houses,
another on a log of wood in a pool far out in the marsh,
others in equally swampy places. Three completes the set of
eggs, which are usually laid between the 7th and 14th June. In
the spring of 1894 these birds were very plentiful ; since that time
not so much so. I noticed a number of them in the Bay of
Quinte in July, 1896, and Dr. C. K. Clarke, of Kingston, tells me
that a number of pairs nested in Cataraqui marsh in 1897. (Rev.
Cal Young)

This species-breeds in all the large marshes that I have visited
in Western Ontario, and nests on the dilapidated musk-rat houses
and other débris, laying from two to four eggs. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

In our museum are three skins of this species. One of these
was shot on the Ottawa in 1885, and another at Toronto the same
year. The other specimen was taken at Indian Head, Assa., June
1892.

There are seven eggs in the collection. Three were taken by
Mr. J. B. Tyrrell on Lake St. Martin, Man., and the others were
taken in a marshy lake near Crane Lake, Assa., on June 15th, 1894,
by Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 57
78. White-winged Black Tern.

LHydrochelidon leucoptera (MEIssn. & SCHINZ.) Bole. 1822.

Six specimens of this species, or rather what I believed to be
this species, were seen for hours one morning about the last of
August, 1881, flying over a lake on the western flank of Porcupine
Mountains in northwestern Manitoba. One of the birds was shot,

but owing to our difficulties at the time (we were hauling our

boats over a height of land) it spoiled before it was skinned.

On June oth, 1896, I again had the good fortune to see a pair
of these birds, which were evidently mated, but after watching
them for an hour IJ could find no nest. They were circling around
a small marshy pool across the road opposite to the entrance to
the Experimental Farm at Brandon, Manitoba. I had no gun, and
when I returned six weeks afterwards I saw no signs of terns
around the pool.

I take the following from my note-book, written at the time.
‘“To-day was again surprised by seeing a pair of Black Terns
with the bends of both wings evidently quite white. I watched
them for a long time and found them to be identical with those
I saw by the pool at Stony Mountain on the 4th inst. When the
bird rested and its wings closed it seemed to have a white collar
around the black head. There was a marked contrast between the
plumbeous back, the white collar and the black head.” On June
4th I saw a number of specimens circling over a pool by the road-
side not far from the hotel at Stony Mountain, 14 miles from
Winnipeg, Manitoba. The white was on the dend of doth wings in
all the birds seen. (Macoun.

Famity VI. RYNCHOPIDAL. Skimmers.
XXVIII. RYNCHOPS Linnazus. 1758.

80, Black Skimmer.

Rynchops nigra LINN. 1758.

Accidental on the South Atlantic coast. A large flock seen in

the Bay of Fundy, 1879. (Boardman.)

oC
S

58 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ORDER TUBINARES. ‘T'UBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.

Famity VII. DIOMEDEIDA. ALBATROSSEs.
XXIX. DIOMEDEA Linnus. 1758.

81. Black-footed Albatross.
Diomedea nigripes AUDUBON. 1839.

Off the coast of British Columbia to Lat. 51° N. (JVelson.)
Common as far north as. Lat. 52°: N. in) the open sea, A few
reported 300 miles south of Unalaska. (Dr. Bean.) West coast
of Vancouver Island. (Fannzn.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have no doubt but that this bird breeds
in some locality among the Aleutian Islands, for it is found there
from the early part of May to late October. (TZurner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One taken about 100 miles northwest of the north end of
Vancouver Island, B.C., July 1891, by Dr. G. M. Dawson.

82. Short-tailed Albatross.
LDiomedea albatrus PALL. 1769.

From Lat. 50° N.in the North Pacific,this fine bird becomes more
or less numerous and thence north replaces the preceding species;
it is found throughout the Aleutian Islands and is numerous
in Behring Sea and extends north to Behring Strait. (Ve/son.)
From Lat. 52° N., this species increases in numbers as we go north,
but the mouth of Cook’s Inlet and the Barren Islands seem to be
its favorite resort. (Dr. Bean.) Tolerably common on both coasts
of Vancouver Island, but more abundant on the west coast ; have
been taken in Victoria Harbour. (Fannin.)

Mr. W. Spreadborough found one dead on the beach at
Esquimault, Vancouver Island, June 4th, 1893.

BREEDING Notes.—Turner believed that this species breeds in
the neighbourhood of Cape Newenham, near Bristol Bay, Alaska,
as he saw numbers of them there in June, flying and sitting on
rocks.

——
SL T_T

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 59

XXX. THALASSOGERON Rineway. 1884.

83. Yellow-nosed Albatross.
Thalassogeron culminatus (GOULD) Ripew. 1884.

Accidental on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. One example taken
at the River Moisie, Quebec, August 20th, 1885. This bird is
now in the museum of Laval University in Quebec city. (Dzonne.)

FamiLy VIII. PROCELLARIIDA. Furmars & SHEARWATERS.
XXXI. FULMARUS STEPHENS. 1826.

86. Fulmar,

Fulmarus glacialis (LINN.) STEPH. 1820.

Said to breed no further to the south in Greenland than lat.
69° N., occurs alsoin East Greenland. (dArct. Man.) Apparently
common in its migrations along the coast of Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Rare onthe coast of Nova Scotia. (Dowuns.) On the
fishing-grounds off Grand Manan, N.B.,in autumn. (ffervick.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two taken on Resolution Island, Hudson Strait.

86a. Lesser Fulmar.
Fulmarus glacialis minor (K}#R.) BONAP. 1856.

One shot at Beauport, Quebec, in 1890. (Dionne.}

866. Pacific Fulmar.
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa STEN. 1884.

A very common species in the North Pacific. This is the
common Fulmar of the North Pacific, and numbers of speci-
mens have been obtained at Unalaska. (Ve/son.) Hundreds
of thousands of these birds were seen off Unimak Pass and
the eastern end of Unalaska Island, in fact, they covered acres
of water ; they are also numerous around many of the Aleutian
Islands. (Zzrner.) One specimen taken at Chemainus, Vancou-
ver Island, November, 1895, (Fannin.)

BREEDING Nores.-—This species breeds on the Commander
Islands, on the west side of Behring Sea. It nestsin the greatest

60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

abundance on the high cliffs and promontories rising from the
sea. The eggs are dull white. (Ve/son.)

86c. Rodger’s Fulmar.
Fulmarus glacialis rodgerstt (CASS.) COUES. 1872.

All of the Behring Sea islands situated off shore and north of
the Aleutian Islands are frequented by this form during the
breeding season; it was common to the north of the Aleutian
Islands and about the Prybiloff Islands in the summer of 1877;
in the summer of 1881 it was very numerous in Behring
Strait, and it was also found at St. Lawrence Island. (JVe/son.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species repairs to the cliffs, especially
on the south and east shores of St. George Island in Behring
Sea. It comes early in the season and selects some rocky shelf,
secure from all enemies, save man, where, making no nest what-
ever, but squatting on the bare rock itself, it lays a single large,
white oblong oval egg and immediately commences the duty
and the labour of incubation. It is of all the water-fowl the
most devoted to its charge, for it will not be scared from the egg
by any demonstrations that may be made in the way of throwing
rocks or yelling, and it will even die as it sits rather than take
to flight, as I have frequently witnessed. The fulmar lays from
the Ist to the 5th of June. The egg is very palatable, fully equal
to that of our domestic duck, indeed it is somewhat like it.
(Elhott.)

XXXII. PUFFINUS Brisson. 1760.

89. Greater Shearwater.
Puffinus gravis (O’RiELLY) SALVIN. 1896.

Marked by Holbcell and Reinhardt as breeding in the southern
part of Greenland. (Arc¢. Man.) Abundant from Belle Isle to
Resolution Island. (Awmelin.) Rather common on the west
coast of Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Met with off the shores of Nova
Scotia; not seen in the Gulf. (Svews¢er.) A winter visitor off
New Brunswick. (Dr. Adams.) Specimen taken on the coast of
Labrador, 1872. (Dzonne.)

90. Manx Shearwater.

Puffinus puffinus (BRUNN.) LicHTS 1854
One skin received from Greenland. (Avrct. Man.) Common from
Belle Isle to Grinnell Bay. (Awmelin.) Tolerably common on

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 61

the west coast of Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Off the coast of New
Brunswick. (Dr. Adams.) Bird of passage. (Winge.)

92.1. Allied Shearwater.
Puffinus assimilts GOULD. 1837.

Accidental on Sable Island off the coast of Nova Scotia. (a.
O. U. List. Ninth Supplement.)

93. Black-vented Shearwater.
Puffinus opisthomdas Cours. 1864.

Several specimens have been taken off the Outer Wharf, Vic-
toria, Vancouver Island. (Fannin.)

94. Sooty Shearwater.

Puffinus fuliginosus STRICKLAND. 1832

Common on the banks of Newfoundland, but rather rare in
the Strait of Belle Isle. (Reeks.) Rare on the coast of Nova
Scotia. (Dowzns.) Occurs in winter on Grand Manan, New Bruns-
wick. (Herrick.) Coues states he saw a few individuals of this
species, on the coast of Labrador, August 19th, 1860. (Packara.)

95. Dark-bodied Shearwater.
Puffinus griseus (GMEL.) FINScH. 1874.

During the fall of 1895, Dr. C. F. Newcombe, found this species
in great numbers off the west coast of Queen Charlotte Islands.
(Fannin.)

96. Slender-billed Shearwater.
Puffinus tenuirostris (TEMM.) Trem. & ScHLEG. 1840.

One specimen was secured by Dall which was killed in Kotze-
bue Sound; single specimens have been taken at Unalaska,
Sitka and Kadiak islands. (Ve/son.) A dead bird believed to be
this species was picked up on Amchitka Island, and this species
is said by the natives of Attu to breed on the Semichi Islands.
(Lurner.) One specimen taken off Albert Head, near Victoria,
Vancouver Island, Oct. 24th, 1891. (Fannin.) Shot off the coast
of Queen Charlotte Islands by Dr. Newcombe in August 1894

62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

XXXIII. ASSTRELATA Bonaparte. 1856.
98. Black-capped Petrel.
AE strelata hasitata (Kun1) Cours. 1866.

On the 30th October, 1893, the dead body of a Black-capped
Petrel was picked up on the shore of the island at Toronto, Ont.
(Mcllwraith.) Only known record, for our limits.

100. Fisher’s Petrel.
Ee strelata fishert RipGw. 1883.

Described from a specimen taken on Kadiak Island by Mr.
Fisher, June 11th, 1882. (JVelson.) Mr. Nelson saw a petrel—
which was possibly this bird—while passing the Aleutian Islands.

XXXIV. BULWERIA Bonaparte. 1842.

101. Bulwer’s Petrel.
Bulweria bulwert (JARD. & SELBY) BOUCARD. 1876.
Only one specimen known from Greenland, which was received

from the Moravian missionaries. (Arct. Man.)

XXXV. PROCELLARIA Linnaus. 1758.
104. Stormy Petrel. Mother Carey’s Chicken.

Proceilaria pelagica LINN. 1758.

Two specimens taken in the Greenland seas. (Arct. Man.) A
common summer migrant, breeding on the islands around the
coast of Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Common all the year. Breeds
on St. Paul Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and other favourable
localities ; nest ina bank. (Downs.) One specimen found at St.
John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Specimens were taken in Ungava Bay,
1882. (Packard.)

XXXVI. OCEANODROMA ReIcHensaAcnH. 1852.
105. Forked-tailed Petrel.
Oceanodroma furcata (GMEL.) REICH. 1852.

The Aleutian Islands form the main home of this elegant bird.
It is seen in the North Pacific for one or two hundred miles south

teas
e

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 63

of the islands; it is sometimes found on the Lower Yukon
and has been seen in Behring Strait and about St. Lawrence
Island ; two specimens Fave been taken in Kotzebue Sound, so
its range reaches the arctic circle. (/Ve/son.) A winter resident
along both coasts of Vancouver Island, but more abundant on
the west coast ; has been taken in Victoria harbour. (Fannin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One, taken in Gardiner Channel, Gulf of Georgia, in 1885, by
Dr. G. M. Dawson.

106. Leach’s Petrel.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa (ViEILL.) STEJN. 1885.

Constantly observed near the coast of Greenland to Lat. 64° or
65° N.; most common about the entrance to Gotthaab Fjord.
(Arct. Man.) Found southward along the whole Atlantic coast,
and in all parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Reeks says they
probably breed around the coast of Newfoundland ; and Bishop
reports that they breed in small numbers on Great Bird Rock,
Bryon Island, and possibly others of the Magdalen Islands.

On the Pacific coast from California to some distance north
of the Aleutian Islands. (Ve/son.) According to Dall they breed
in considerable numbers on the southern Aleutian Islands.
Fannin took one specimen off Beacon Hill, Victoria, Vancouver
island. November, 1893,

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds on the Magdalen Islands in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence and on many of the islands off the Labrador
coast. It also breeds on the Alaskan coast. I have a series of
eggs taken on Sannak Island, Alaska, June 30th, 1894. (Razne.)
J never saw this bird until the summer of 1897, when I found a
few pairs breeding on Bryon Island, the northernmost of the
Magdalen Islands. Here I found three nests; no doubt there
were many more, but as the bird is nocturnal in many of its
habits the nest is not easy to find. On the 24th June, a beautiful
day, hearing that this bird was to be met with on the island, I
walked toward the east point, and after looking about for some
time at length found a burrow under a stunted spruce bush about
fifty feet from the edge of the cliff. I detected the birds by the
musky odour in the neighbourhood of the bush. This burrow
extended horizontally about two feet under the tree. After

64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

digging down I came to the nest—a mass of withered grass and
bits of bark and wood—in which was one egg, incubation just
commencing. The bird was on the nest, and when handled
ejected an oily fluid, very rank smelling. After measuring and
identifying the bird I let it go. The other two nests I found were
of the same character and under the same conditions, and some
distance from the edge of the cliff. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Our egg collection consists of three specimens. Two of these
were procured on the Magdalen Islands, on July 1oth, 1897. The
third specimen was taken at the end of a burrow in the ground
on Green Island, Lunenburg Co., Nova Scotia, June 28th, 1894,
by Mr. P. A. Thomas.

XXXVII. OCEANITES Kevsertine & Brasius. 1840.

109. Wilson’s Petrel.
Oceanites oceanicus (Kun) LicutT. 1854.

Traced as far north as Resolution Island on our outward voyage;
on the homeward, first seen about one hundred miles south of
Cape Farewell. (AKwmelin.) Common, and said to breed, on
several of the islands along the coast of Newfoundland, especi-
ally at Port au Port. (eeks.) Observed everywhere between
Annisquam and the Gut of Canso and they were common and
generally distributed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (vewster.)

ORDER STEGANOPODES. ToTIPALMATE SWIMMERS.
Famity IX. PHAETHONTIDAR. Troric Birps.
XXXVIII. PHAETHON Linnaus. 1758.

112. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird.

Phaéthon americanus GRANT. 1897.
Accidental in Nova Scotia. One individual of this species was
taken after a storm at Shubenacadie. (Dozzs.)
113. Red-billed Tropic Bird.
Phaéthon ethereus LINN. 1758.

One specimen taken on the Newfoundland Banks. (Chamber-
lain.)

ae

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 65
Famity X. SULIDA. GaAnnets.
XXXIX. SULA Brisson. 1760.

117. Gannet. Solan Goose.

Sula bassana (LINN.) Bote. 1822.

Accidental and rare in Greenland. (Arct. Man.) From Green-
land south to New Brunswick and throughout the Gulf of St.
Lawrence this species is common, breeding abundantly on the
southern coast of Labrador and on the Nova Scotia coast and on
Bird Rocks in the Gulf. Accidental in Ontario. MclIlwraith
mentions the occurrence of two individuals.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds at Bird Rocks, Gulf of St. Law-
rence. (Raime.) I saw numbers of these birds on the rocky
ledges of Bonaventure Island off the Gaspé coast in June, 1897.
They had apparently just commenced to lay. Great numbers are
also to be met with around the Magdalen Islands, their principal
breeding resort there, as is well known, being the Great Bird
Rocks, where still a considerable number hatch their young
every year. I was unsuccessful in reaching their breeding-ground
on June 25th, owing to a dense fog, and had much difficulty in
finding the land after a hard day’s work. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, bought with
the Holman collection ; also one egg taken on Bird Rocks, Gulf
of St. Lawrence, July, 1886. Received from Mr. Raine.

Famity XI. PHALACROCORACIDA®, Cormorants.
XL. PHALACROCORAX Brisson. 1760.

119. Single-crested Cormorant.
Phatacrocorax carbo (LINN.) LEACH. 1816.

Said by Holbeell to breed from the Godthaab Fjord northward;
observed also on the east coast of Greenland. (Arct. Man.)
Plentiful and breeding along the whole coast of Labrador and
Newfoundland. It also breeds on the coast of Nova Scotia,
(Downs) and on islands in Mace’s Bay, New Brunswick. (Cham-
berlain.) Common in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dionne) and

5

66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ascends the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, stragglers being
taken at Ottawa, Kingston and, according to Mcllwraith, as far
west as London, Ont.

120. Double-crested Cormorant.

Phatacrocorax dilophus (Swatn.) Notr. 1834.

Equally abundant with P. carbo and breeds in colonies along
Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Breeds in numbers along the Atlantic
coast and is of frequent occurrence in the Gulf and up the St.
Lawrence and throughout Ontario, though we have no account
of its breeding in that province.

Abundant and breeding from Lake Winnipeg, in the eastern
part of Manitoba, westward to Old Wives Lake and Crane Lake in
Assiniboia. It extends northward to Great Slave Lake, but is
FAneen (ACOSS.))

BREEDING Notres.—On an island in Crane Lake, Assiniboia,
June goth, 1894, I observed twenty-seven nests. The nests, built
with sticks and weeds, were from six inches to a foot in height.
Only nine of the nests contained eggs, and these had but one
each. <A few days later (June 20th) all the nests had from one to
four eggs in them, and two additional nests had been built.
(Spreadborough.) Manitoba and Shoal lakes, Manitoba ; and in
Buffalo Lake, Alberta. (Dippie.)

On June 8th, 1894, I found this bird nesting on islands in Shoal
Lake, Manitoba. Nest of sticks and weeds containing from four
to five eggs. (Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen shot at Indian Head, Assa.,in May 1892 by Mr. W.

Spreadborough. The egg collection consists of twelve specimens

taken on June 20th, 1894, from an island in Crane Lake by Spread-
borough.

1206. White-crested Cormorant.
Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus (BRANDT) RipGw. 1880.

This bird is a visitor at St. Michael, Alaska, by June toth. It
does not occur in great numbers ; only a few breed there. At
Besborough Island, some 40 miles north of St. Michael, this bird
breeds in abundance on the walls of that inaccessible island.

‘a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 67

(Turner.) From Race Rocks to Alaska, including Howe Sound
and Burrard Inlet and both coasts of Vancouver Island ; it occa-
sionally enters the mouth of the Fraser River, andis tolerably com-
mon. (fannin.) Common on both coasts of Vancouver Island.
(Spreadborough.)

122. Brandt’s Comorant.
Phatacrocorax pencillatus (BRANDT) HEERM. 1854.

Two specimens of this species were killed off Beacon Hill,
Victoria, Vancouver Island, April 19th, 1897, by Mr. D. E. Camp-
bell and presented to the museum. (/annin.)

123, Pelagic Cormorant.
Phatlacrocorax pelagicus PALL. 1826.

This comorant was found abundantly on the Aleutian Islands
in May, 1877, and in the autumn of 1881. (JVelson.) In some
localities of the Aleutian Islands this form is extremely numerous ;
it breeds on all the principal islands. Along these islands the
bird is aconstant resident, apparently more numerous in winter
than in summer. (7urner.)

BREEDING Notes.—The nest is usually placed on a ledge of
some bold-faced rock ; in some instances about forty feet above
the sea. It is large, built of sea-weed, a few grass stalks, and an
abundance of its own excrement. The eggs number three or four,
blue of pale shade to white in colour. ( Zzrner.)

1232. Violet-green Cormorant.
Phatacrocorax pelagicus robustus RIDGW. 1884.

This is the most abundant cormorant in Alaska. It occurs
everywhere on the coast from Norton Sound to Sitka, and breeds
on almost every rocky promontory. (JVe/son.) This species is
very common near the entrance to St. Michael. (Zurner.) An
abundant resident on the coast of British Columbia, taken as far
north as Port Simpson; it breeds on the islands close to Sidney
Island, about fifteen miles from Victoria. (/annin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

A fine specimen of this species, taken near Port Simpson, on
the Pacific coast of British Columbia.

5%

68 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

124. Red-faced Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax urile (GMEL.) Ripew. 1884

This is a resident species on the Prybiloff Islands. It isa more
or less common summer resident on St. Matthew and St. Law-
rence islands as well as upon all the cliffs on both shores of
Behring Strait and the islands in the strait. (JVe/son.) A single
specimen of this bird was obtained at St. Michael. I did not
see it elsewhere. (Zurner.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species is the earliest of the birds in
Behring Sea to lay its eggs. Two eggs from a bed on “‘the reef,”
St. Paul Island, June Ist, 1872, nearly hatched, which is nearly
three weeks in advance of the other waterfowl, almost without
exception. The nest is large, carefully rounded up, and built on
some jutting point or narrow shelf along the face of a cliff or
bluff; in its construction sea-ferns (Sertularid@), grass, etc., are
used, together with a cement made largely of excrement. The
eggs are usually three in number, sometimes four, and, compared
with the size of the bird, are exceedingly small. They are oval,
of a dirty whitish-gray, green and blue colour, but soon become
soiled, for although this bird’s plumage is sleek and bright, yet
it is very slovenly and filthy about its nest. (//zo¢z.)

FamiLy XII. PELECANIDA:. PE icans.
XLI. PELECANUS Linneus. 1758.
125. American White Pelican.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos GMEL. 1788.

Accidental in New Brunswick; one shot at Point du Chéne
and another at Cape Spenser. (Chamberlain.) Stragglers are
occasionally taken on Lake Ontario and others on Lake Erie,
but there are no accounts of its breeding in any part of Ontario.

Found on all the large lakes throughout northern Manitoba
and Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. According to Thompson they
formerly bred on Shoal Lake in Manitoba, but the settling of the
country has caused them to move farther north. The writer has
found them on Lake Winnipegoosis, Long Lake, Old Wives Lake,
the Great Quill Lakes and Crane Lake, where they were breeding

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 69

in numbers. Farther north they breed in still greater numbers.
First seen at Indian Head, Assa., April 18th, 1892; in May they
came in large flocks and went north to breed. As soon as the
breeding season is over they come back and feed in the larger
likes in the district ; the greater number of those that return are
males. They were breeding in numbers at Long Lake, to the
northwest of Indian Head, in 1879, and a few on Lake Ste. Anne,
Alberta, 1898. (Spreadborough.) North to Big Island on the
Mackenzie River. (Ross.) Not common in British Columbia.
One specimen taken at Shuswap Lake, October, 1890, by Col.
Forester. Said to breed in the Chilcotin country. (Fannin.) Mr.
James McEvoy, of the Geological Survey, saw one on Kamloops
Lake in October, 1894, and Dr. Dawson saw numbers in lakes in
the Chilcotin country in June. 1878. These are the only records
we have of its occurrence in British Columbia.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeding on Lake Manitoba and Shoal
Lake, Manitoba, and on Buffalo Lake, Alberta. (D¢pfie.) On
June 18th, 1894, I found a colony of these birds nesting on a sandy
island in Shoal Lake, Manitoba. Nest, a hollow in the gravel,
containing two eggs each. Dr. Shufeldt in his monograph on the
Pelican, states the bird lays but one egg, but this is an error as
far as my observation goes. (Raime.) Richardson says they
deposit their eggs on small rocky islands, and this accords with
our own knowledge as in the cases mentioned above they were
breeding on islands. Their nests are merely depressions in the
gravel or sand, generally lined with an algoid matting that is
often found blown up on the shere. Eggs, one to three, very
much like that of the Canada Goose, but the surface of the shell
is rougher.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken on Lake Winnipeg, July, 1884, by Mr.
Thomas Weston. Four eggs of this species taken on a small
island at the western end of Lake Winnipegoosis, Manitoba, by
Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, in June, 1880.

126. Brown Pelican.

Pelecanus fuscus LINN. 1766.

On the 31st May, 1885, a Brown Pelican was seen to alight on
a salt-water marsh at River John, Pictou Co., Nova Scotia, where

7G GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

it was approached without much difficulty and killed. Upon
examination the body was found to be emaciated and the pouch
entirely empty. This specimen is now in the Museum of Pictou
Academy. On the first of June, 1893, an adult male of the same
species was shot on Pictou Island by Mr. J. W. Hogg. A third
specimen was shot by the same gentleman on May 15th, 1895, at
the east end of Pictou Island.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

The third specimen mentioned above is now in the museum of
the Geological Survey.

127. California Brown Pelican.
Pelecanus californicus RipGw. 1884.

I was informed by a close observer that a Brown Pelican
frequented Sumas Lake, Fraser Valley,B.C.,forsome time. (Bvooks.)
Not common; one taken at the mouth of Fraser River by Mr. J.
C. Hughes in November, 1880. Since then one was killed near
Race Rocks, and in September of the following year, I shot and
wounded one on the flats above Seymour Creek, Burrard Inlet,
B.C., but failed to secure it. (Fannin.)

Famity XIII]. FREGATIDAX, May-O’-Wax Birps,
XLH. FREGATA Brisson. 1760.

128. Man O’ War Bird.
Fregata aquila (LINN.) REICH. 1852.

Accidental on the coast of Nova Scotia and in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. One shot at Cole’s Harbour, Nova Scotia, after a
southerly gale. (Dowwzs.) One shot at Godbout on the St.
Lawrence by M. Comeau in 1884. (Dvzonne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One egg of this species taken in Yucatan, Central America,
April roth, 1890:

aaa

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 71
ORDER ANSERES. LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS.
Famity XIV. ANATIDA®. Ducks, GEESE AND Swans.
XLII], MERGAWNSER Brisson. 1760.

129. American Merganser. Goosander.
Merganser americanus (CAss.) STEJN. 1885.

This species breeds in New Brunswick (Chamberlain), in New-
foundland (Aeeks), in Labrador (Low), Prince Edward Island
and Sable Island (J/acoun), and is a common summer resident in
Quebec and Ontario.

Breeds in the northern part of Manitoba and northwesterly
to the Barren Grounds. (Macfarlane.) Nelson and Turner report
it as only a visitor in Alaska, but both Brooks and Fannin report
it breeding in British Columbia and wintering abundantly on
Okanagan Lake. Found breeding at Canmore and Banff, Rocky
Mountains, May, 1891, and at Jasper Lake, Alberta, in 1898.

BREEDING Notes.—Mr. A. P. Low found it breeding on the
shores of small lakes in Labrador ; eggs were taken with the bird
from under small spruces on the upper part of the Hamilton
River, in the summer of 1806.

Fairly common in Alberta, downy young killed June 24th, 1896,
at the forks of Blindman River and the Red Deer. (Dippre.)

This is a summer resident at Norway Lake, Renfrew Co., Ont.;
although I never obtained the nest. I have seen the bird, how-
ever, fly into a cavity in a pine tree about forty feet from the
ground. I have learned that a pair bred every year in the bole
of a decayed pine tree on an island in Bolis Lake, Frontenac Co.,
Ont. I have reason to believé that this species prefers in Ontario
inland lakes bordered by woods and not large expanses of open
water. (Kev. C.J, Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken by Mr. S. Herring in Toronto marsh and another in
the harbour of Victoria, B.C., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Mr, A P. Low took a nest of this species from under low-
spreading spruce trees on the Upper Hamilton River, Labrador,
in June, 1894. The eggs are in the Museum.

72 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

130. Red-breasted Merganser.

Merganser serrator (LIXN.) ScHAFF. I 780.

This species breeds in Greenland and across the whole of the
wooded region from Newfoundland to the Aleutian Islands. It
does not breed in the prairie region, but prefers the clear lakes
and streams of the north. Not very common in British Columbia,
but breeds in suitable places; breeding at Deer Park and Pass
Creek, Columbia River, B.C., June, 1890. (Macoun.) Winters on
Okanagan Lake, B.C. (Lvooks.)

BREEDING NotEes.—Nests on rivers and lakes. Breeding at
Buffalo Lake, Alberta, also at Lake Manitoba, 1896. (Dzpfre.)
Breeds at Shoal Lake and Lake Manitoba. (Rame.) On an island
in the Yukon Delta, Dall found six nests of this bird. They were
all carefully concealed under dead leaves, and were generally
sheltered by a log of driftwood, in a small hollow, lined with
down from the parent’s breast. They contained from six to ten
rich cream-coloured eggs.

On the Alaskan coast they breed everywhere in suitable places
from Sitka north to Icy Cape, and perhaps to Point Barrow. The
first eggs are laid early in June, and the site for the nest, on the
marshes, is ordinarily the same as that chosen by other species of
ducks with the usual foresight as to concealment and proximity
toa pond. (JVelson.)

This species used to breed frequently among the Thousand
Islands, River St. Lawrence. Only a few pairs now remain to do
so, the majority going east and north. In June, 1893, I saw a
flock of upwards of twenty about fourteen miles above Brock-
ville ; of course, all adults. In the following year, in the last week
in June, I saw a flock of about the same number at the ‘The
Ducks,” Lake Ontario. I have met with the nest twice at the
east end of Lake Ontario, on islands, on the 27th June, 1896,
and on the 30th June the same year. On the first occasion I had
landed on a rocky island, and while passing some cedars a Mer-
ganser flew from underneath. I concluded there was a nest and
by searching soon found it, containing six eggs. This nest was
well hidden away among thick branches of cedar, and was found
in a depression of the rock, it was made of dried grass and well
lined with down of the bird. Incubation had commenced seven
or eight days. The other nest was in a somewhat similar posi-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. The

tion, well concealed in a dry place among the rocks, perhaps ten
feet above the water ; this one contained ten eggs, and was pre-
cisely as the first. This species is very common on the Magdalen
Islands in summer. I saw numbers of them in June, 1897, and
obtained fresh eggs on the 22nd of that month. They select
there an island or dry spot around the brackish pools at the north-
east point of the island, and the eggs were deposited in precisely
the same way as those found on Lake Ontario. (Rev. C. /. Young.)

This bird builds a nest of dry grass, warmly lined with down
and feathers. The eggs, nine or more in number, are of a creamy
buff colour. From a nest situated at the Lake of the Woods, ten
young were successfully hatched on the 20th June, 1897, the
young birds were as large asa quail. (G. R. White.)

Several nests of this, not particularly numerous Merganser,
were obtained in the vicinity of Fort Anderson, and also in the
wooded parts on both sides of the river, north and south of the
post. One was found on the borders of the ‘“ Barrens,” to the
east, under a fallen tree, close to a small lake. It was a scooped-
out hole, lined with feathers and down and contained six eggs.
Ten was the maximum number taken ina nest. (Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring and two others
by Mr. W. Spreadborough in the harbour at Victoria, B.C., January
25th, 1890. Mr. A. P. Low took several nests of this species on
the borders of small lakes in Labrador in June, 1894. The eggs
are in the Museum.

XLIV. LOPHODYTES ReEIcHEnBacu. 1852.

131. Hooded Merganser.
Lophodytes cucullatus (LINN.) REICH. 1852.

This species is reported as a spring and autumn migrant along
the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick to Labrador as well as
in Quebec and Ontario. We have no records of its breeding in
any of these provinces, except that an Ottawa writer says it is
“known to breed ;” and Mr. Elliott, of Plover Mills, Middlesex
Co., Ont., reports that a male flew out of the woods on the 28th
June, 1889, and alighted on Plover Pond, and from this fact
believes it breeds in southwestern Ontario.

74 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Its centre of abundance seems to be northern Manitoba and
the districts towards the mouth of the Saskatchewan; here it
finds dead trees and flooded ground, which seem to be its chief
requisites when breeding. After pairing, the males come south
and congregate on the lakes and ponds while the females are
hatching. Many broods have been seen, but very few accom-
panied by more than one parent. It seems to be a common
summer resident in the Rocky Mountains, as an old bird with
her young brood was seen at Waterton Lake, Lat. 49°, in July,
1895, and in July, 1897, in Crow Nest Pass, thirty miles farther
to the north. Breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains, May, 1891,
and at the mouth of the Illecillewaet, B.C., May 20th, 1890;

also found breeding in small ponds at Téte Jaune Cache, B.C., by

Spreadborough, in July, 1808.

This species is common throughout British Columbia; and
Fannin and Brooks say it is common on the Pacific coast and in
Fraser River valley and winters on Okanagan Lake. Only occa-
sional in Alaska, where Dr. Bannister reported a flock at St.
Michael in October, 1885, and shot one.

BREEDING Notes.—A pair has built in an elm stub for years,
at about thirty feet from the ground, at the mouth of Sharp’s
Creek, Bracebridge, Ont. The stub is on the bank of the stream.
The old bird carries her young from the tree to the water in her
bill. At first the young are rather helpless and are very easy to
catch, but in a few days they are well able to take care of them-
selves. A pair of these birds was seen on Moose River, between
the Canadian Pacific Railway and James Bay, June 5th, 1806;
another pair was seen in the interior of Labrador on July 16th
the same year. (Spreadborough.) Seen, and believed to be breed-
ing, at Reaburn, Manitoba, June 8th, 1893. (Dzppie.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven specimens. Takenat Toronto, Ont, by Mr. S: Herne;
at. Ottawa, by Charles Saunders ; and at Indian” Head, Assan
Banff, Alberta,and at Kamloops, B.C., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

XLV. CASARCA Bonaparte. 1838.
141.1. Ruddy Sheldrake.

Casarca casarca (LINN.) ALLEN. 1806.

In 1892 the Geographical Society of Berlin sent an expedition
to West Greenland, which was accompanied by Dr. Vanhoffen as

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 75°

naturalist. He reports seeing a skin of this species in a small
collection of birds skins made at Augpalartok, in the District of
Uppernavik, which was collected in that vicinity in 1892. (J. A.
Allen in The Auk, Vol. XII, p. 244, 1890.)

XLVI. ANAS Linnezus. 1758.

132. Mallard.
Anas boschas Lixn. 1758.

Breedsin both Inspectorates of Greenland and is not rare.
(Arct. Man.) A rather common bird ; most common in the winter
months, a few breed at Ivigtut, Greenland. (Hagerup.) It is
very rare in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and only occasional
in New Brunswick. It becomes more common in Quebec, espe-
cially in the Montreal district, and in western Ontario, as a
migrant, it assembles in great flocks and feeds in the marshes
along Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair, where a few pairs remain to
breed.

This is the most abundant duck in the Northwest Territories and
British Columbia, breeding near ponds and lakes from Lat. 49° to
the borders of the Barren Lands. It is not a bird of the sea-coast,
but prefers the ponds and lakes of the interior. It was breed-
ing in Vermillion Lake at Banff, 1891, and in Eagle Pass in the
Gold Range, B.C., in May, 1890. It is quite common in Alaska
and breeds as far north as Kotzebue Sound, according to Nelson.
On the Alaskan shores it is not common, but the Aleutian Islands
and Unalaska are the feeding grounds of great numbers in
winter. One or two pairs breed on St. Paul] Island, Behring Sea,
each year. A few winter at Vernon, B.C. (Bvooks.)

BREEDING Notres.—On May oth, 1892, at Deep Lake, near In-
dian Head, Assa., found a nest containing eight eggs about fifty
yards from the lake, in a bunch of weeds, it was made of dry
grass, lined with down from the bird’s breast. I have found many
nests of this duck in various parts of the country. Sometimes
they are quite near the water, and at other times several hundred
yards away. The nest is ina hole in the ground, rather bulky,
made of grass and weeds, lined with down. Some of them breed
very early in the spring, so early in fact, that I have found eggs
cracked with the frost.

76 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

On May ath, 1894, at Medicine Hat, Assa., discovered a nest of
this species on the bank of a creek. Nest, a hole in the sand,
lined with dry grass, amongst rose-bushes. There were only two
eggs ; on June 18th another nest was taken under the same con-
ditions at Crane Lake ; this nest contained ten eggs. June 7th,
1897, at Edmonton, Alberta, found a nest in a small clump of
willows, about three hundred yards from water, the young had
not left the nest and the old bird almost let me put my hand upon
her before she left ; also found breeding at Sooke Lake, Vancou
ver Island, in 1893. (Spreadborough.) A few pairs breed in the
large marshes in western Ontario, especially at St. Clair Flats.
(W. Saunders.) This is the earliest duck to breed. Breeding
everywhere I have been in the Northwest Territories. (Dzppve.)
Breeds throughout Manitoba, Assiniboia and Alberta. (azne.)

Dall, at Nulato, Alaska, found a set of eight eggs of the Mal-
lard laid on the rotten wood in the hollow top of a stump about
six inches from the ground. They were concealed under a layer
of leaves andfeathers. (JVe/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five specimens taken at Toronto, Ont., Indian Head, Assa.,
Edmonton, Alberta; Revelstoke and Agassiz, British Columbia.

We have eggs of this species taken in Manitoba, at Indian
Head, Assa., at Edmonton, Alberta ; and on Vancouver Island.

133. Black Duck.
Anas obscura GMEL. 1788.

This is the common wild duck of Newfoundland and the Mari-
time Provinces. Found breeding in a marsh near Brackley Point,
Prince Edward Island, in June, 1888, by the writer, and in the
marshes bordering fresh-water ponds on the Magdalen Islands by
Bishop. Although not a common bird in Labrador, Spread-
borough found it breeding there July 7th, 1896. In Quebec and
Ontario it still breeds in diminished numbers, but evidently its
chief breeding-grounds are towards the Atlantic coast and Hud-
son Bay. A few stragglers reach Manitoba, but the writer never
observed any west of the Red River valley. Macfarlane obtained
the birds at the Anderson River, Mackenzie valley, but no eggs.

<<

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. Tigh

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds at Rice Lake, south of Peterboro’,
Ontario. (Raine.) A few birds of this species were seen in the
northern part of Labrador, July 7th, 1896. On this date anest was
taken, containing four eggs, nearly hatched. (Spreadborough.)
The Black Duck builds generally on the ground at the foot of a
tree or low bush. The nest is composed of weeds and grass,
nicely lined with feathers,apparently from the breast of the mother
bird. The eggs are usually eight or nine in number, and are of a
pale, dirty-yellowish drab. A nest found near Ottawa, Ont.,
on the 24th May, 1897, had eleven eggs init. It was built at
the foot ofa little pine tree about 20 yards from the water.
(G. R. White.)

A very common species in the St. Lawrence valley, where it
breeds abundantly. I have seen young broods in the counties of
Leeds and Lanark in the month of June. This bird breeds early,
commencing to lay sometimes in April. I found a nest contain-
ing twelve eggs on the 24th May, 1897, under singular circum-
stances. Anxious to know whether the loon had again returned
to its breeding-ground in a small lake about fifteen miles from
Brockville, Ont., I went to the place and procured a boat. There,
sure enough, was the nest on the edge of a floating bog and clump
of flags, and whilst I was examining that nest and the two eggs in
it, out flewa Black Duck from amongst the last year’s flags, not an
oar’s length from the loon’s nest. Feeling sure the eggs were
there, I managed to reach the spot, though the bog was very
shaky, and saw the nest with the number of eggs mentioned. The
place where the nest was made was not exactly wet, as there was a
matted foundation of dry weeds among which it was well conceal-
ed, composed of dry grass and well lined with the down of
the bird. Incubation had commenced about a week, which would
make the time of commencing to lay about the first week in May
inthis case. (Rev. C./. Young.) A few pairs breed in the large
marshes in Western Ontario. (W. Saunders.) At Wolfville, Nova
Scota, a nest of this species was found, ina slight hollow in the
ground, lined with dry rushes, and sheltered by a clump of briar
bushes. The nest contained two eggs which were only slightly
incubated on May 27th, 1897. These eggs were taken by Mr. H.
F. Tufts and are now in the Museum at Ottawa. A nest of this
species was found at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, on
June 21st, 1885, with nine young just hatched. The nest was ona
hummock in a small marsh near the sandhills.

78 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen of this species is in the collection, taken at Ot-
tawa, by Mr. Whitcher, in 1884. One set of the eggs taken on the
Upper Hamilton River, Labrador, by Mr. A. P. Low, May 25th:
1894. Another set of seven from Wolfville, N.S., taken May 27th,
1898, by Harold F. Tufts.

XLVI]. CHAULELASMUS BownaparTe. 1838.
135. Gadwell. Grey Duck.

Chaulelasmus strepera (LINN.) Bonar. 1838.

This species is rarely seen during the migration along the
Atlantic Coast ; it is also rare in Quebec and Ontario, and MclIl-
wraith says that the pair in his collection are the only ones he has
heard of being taken in the latter province, though the bird has
been shot at Ottawa by Mr. W. F. Whitcher.

Mcllwraith in his ‘* Birds of Ontario,” page 70, seems to doubt
my statement that they are ‘‘abundant throughout the interior.”
He says they are nowhere abundant and no person has made that
statement but myself. Dr. Elliott Coues, in writing of the birds
observed by him on the International Boundary says: ‘ Abun-
dant throughout the region, where it breeds, like nearly all the
Anatine. Young still unfledged were observed late in August.”
I found them abundant on the prairie in 1880, but in the wooded
country in 1881 shot only one specimen. This is the species that
breeds almost exclusively in the prairie region, and more than
half the nests seen in 1895 in making a traverse from the boundary
of Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains were of this species. This
and the Lesser Scaup were the common ducks of the southern
prairie. Richardson says it breeds in numbers to Lat. 68°, and
Macfarlane says he believes it breeds as far north as Anderson
River.

It is generally a rare bird in Alaska and British Columbia,
but Turner reports it common in summer in the Yukon Delta.

BREEDING Nores.—-A pair of this species reached Deep Lake,
Indian Head, Assa., on April 18th, 1892, and by May 6th they
were common ; on June 24th founda nest ona small island in the
lake, containing eight eggs. It was made of dry grass lined with
down from the female’s own breast. In 1895, nests of this species

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 79

were taken at Twelve-mile Lake, near Wood Mountain, on June
4th, and on June 29th on an island in Cypress Lake, 150 miles
further west. The latter nests were in clumps of Elymus conden-
satus. Number of eggs in a set ranged from 7 to I1 ; breeds in large
numbers at Edmonton, Alberta. On June oth, 1894, at Crane
Lake, Assa., took a nest of thisspecies containing thirteen eggs,
seven of which were of the Lesser Scaup. (Spreadborough.) Fairly
common on Lake Manitoba, where both eggs and specimens were
taken ; also common on Buffalo Lake, Alberta, July, 1895.
(Dippie.)

I have found this species breeding at Long Lake, Shoal Lake,
and Lake Manitoba, in Manitoba ; also at Rush Lake and Crane
Lake, Assiniboia. In fact it breeds throughout the country
stretching from Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountain foot-hills. It is
a late breeder and lays from ten to twelve pale, buff-coloured

eggs. It makes its nest on the ground and prefers islands in the
small lakes. (Razne.

Ona small knoll ina marsh at Crane Lake the writer found a
nest of this species ina tuft of grass on June I1th, 1894. The
nest contained five fresh eggs, while at the same time young of
the Mallard, of a good size, were swimming around.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two pairs. One specimen was taken in Toronto marsh and the
three other at Indian Head, Assa. Several sets of eggs, part taken
at Crane Lake, June, 1894, and part at Cypress Lake, Assa., June
29th, 1895.

XLVII]. MARECA SrepHens. 1824.
136. Buropean Widgeon.
Mareca penelope (LINN.) SELBY. 1833

A young drake sent by Holbcell to Denmark in 1851; Rein-
hardt has seen two others that were killed in South ee
(Arct. Man.) Accidental in Greenland. (Winge.) Accidental in
Nova Scotia. (Downs.)

In Alaska they seem to be more common. A few individuals
were obtained by Mr. Elliott on the Prybiloff Islands during two
years’ residence. It was never in pairs and seemed to be a winter

80 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

visitor only. As it has never been seen to the north I am in-
clined to believe that it breeds on some secluded island of the
Aleutian Islands. (/Ve/son.)

137. American Widgeon. Baldpate.
Mareca americana (GMEL.) STEPHENS. 1824.

Reported as a common migrant in Newfoundland (Aeefs) and
southern Labrador. (Packard.) Rare migrant in Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick and Quebec; extending its range to Moose River,
where one was observed by Spreadborough in June, 1896, and
the south shore of Hudson Bay at Fort Churchill. It is rather
more common in Ontario, but only as a migrant.

This is a late duck to arrive in the prairie region, and yet,
according to Richardson, it breeds abundantly as far north as
Lat. 68°. It breeds abundantly in the marshes of the southern
part of the prairie region, and is still more abundant to the north.
It isa common species in Manitoba, and northwesterly. One pair
was found breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in May, 1894.

Fannin and Brooks report it common in the Fraser valley and
interior of British Columbia, while Nelson and Turner say that
it is a comparatively rare-breeding duck in Alaska, though it
breeds as far north as Kotzebue Sound, according to Nelson.

From the species coming late to Manitoba and yet breeding
as far north as Lat. 68°, I am led to believe that the race which
breeds in Manitoba is different from that which is found in

northern Alaska and the Barren Grounds, and that the latter
race has its winter home on the Pacific side of the continent.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeding in the vicinity of Lake Manitoba,
1896. (Dippie.) This species also breeds throughout Manitoba
and Assiniboia. The eggs are similar to the Gadwell, but average
smaller in size. I haveaclutch of teneggsin my collection which
I took at Shoal Lake, Manitoba, June 18th, 1894. (Razne.) A few
reached Edmonton, Alberta, by April 17th, 1897, but not until
May 5th were they common. On June Ist found a nest contain-
ing eleven eggs ina clump of willows about a quarter of a mile
from water. The nest was of the usual character, and, like all
other ducks’ nests, was lined with down. (Spreadborough.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 8I

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One pair, taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough. One set of eleven eggs of this species, taken
at Edmonton, Alberta, June Ist, 1897, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.
Also other eggs taken by Mr. Raine at Rush Lake, Assa.

XLIX. NETTION Kavp. 1829.

138. European Teal,
Nettion crecca LINN.) Kaup. 1829.

Accidental on the eastern coast of the Dominion. A few ex-
amples have been killed in Danish Greenland. (Arct. Man.) Coues
obtained a female in Labrador, July 23rd, 1860. (Packard.) Very
rare in Nova Scotia. Only one specimen taken as far as I am
aware. (Downs.) A male of this species was procured by me at
Atka Island, June 28th, 1879. It was the only specimen I ever
observed. (Zurner.)

139. Green-winged Teal.
Nettion carolinensis (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1858.

Four specimens are known to have been taken in South Green-
land prior to 1860. (dArct. Man.) Since 1860 one male and two
females have been taken in Greenland. (Winge.) It is a sum-
mer resident on the coast of Labrador, in Newfoundland and
New Brunswick, but seems to be rare inland, although it has
been taken at York Factory and Churchill. It may breed in
Quebec, but though moderately common in Ontario is not known
to breed there.

From Manitoba to the Pacific Coast this bird is common and
breeds in greater or lesser abundance from Lat. 49° to the Arctic
Sea and throughout British Columbia and Alaska. It is rare in
the Rocky Mountains, but was breeding on Vermilion Lakes at
Banff, in May, 1891 ; and at Téte Jaune Cache, B.C., in June,
1898. It seems to prefer the valley of the Mackenzie for its north-
ern range, as it is known to be rare to the eastward of that valley,
and Macfarlane says that it is the rarest of the breeding ducks at
Fort Anderson. Its centre of abundance is from Lat. 50° to 56°
in the territories.

82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Breepinc Notes.—Breeding in suitable places throughout the
northwest. (Dippie.) Breeds throughout Manitoba and Assiniboia.
I found a nest containing eggs at Crane Lake, Assiboinia,
June 5th, 1893. It is not so plentiful as the Blue-winged Teal.
(Raine.)

Dall notes this species as one of the first arrivals on the Yukon
_in spring, and one of the first to lay its eggs. One set of eggs
was taken from a nest of dry grass in a sedge tussock, on May
20th, at Nulato. (JVe/son.)

This species was breeding in great numbers in willow thickets
and sparsely wooded ground around Edmonton, Alberta, in the
spring of 1897. The nests were hard to find as they were far
away from water. The first arrivals were about April 17th and
by the 24th these birds were common. On May 25th found a nest
in a clump of willows about a quarter of a mile from water. Nest
made of grass lined with down. It contained nine eggs, quite
fresh. Another nest of the same character was found under a log,
on June Ist, about 150 yards from water. This nest contained
seven fresh eggs. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens, one taken at Toronto, by Mr. S. Herring, in
1886 ; and a pair taken by Spreadborough at Indian Head, Assa.,
in 1892.

Of eggs, we have two sets of seven and nine respectively, taken
at Edmonton, Alberta, in the spring of 1897, by Spreadborough.

L. QUERQUEDULA. STEPHENS. 1824.

140. Blue-winged Teal.
Querquedula discors (LINN.) STEPHENS. 1824.

This is a rare birdin Newfoundland and in Nova Scotia, except
in the autumn migrations. Chamberlain says it is a common
summer resident near St. John, New Brunswick. It seems to be
moderately common in Quebec and Ontario during the migra-
tions, and a few pairs are reported still to breed on the St. Clair
Flats. Wintle says a few may probably breed near Montreal.

Thompson says it is very abundant in Manitoba, and our own
observations show that it is so westward as well, but it becomes

—

er

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 83

specially so in the mixed prairie and copse country north of
Lat. 50°—52°. Richardson found it plentiful on the Saskatchewan,
but not extending north of Lat. 58°. Ross found it on the south
side of Great Slave Lake. Nelson and Turner found it very rare
in Alaska, and Fannin says it is a very rare bird in British
Columbia. Brooks claims, however, that it is a common summer
resident in the Lower Fraser valley.

Only one pair was observed in Labrador, at Clearwater Lake,
July 11th, 1896. They were evidently breeding. This species
was common at Edmonton, Alberta, in the spring of 1897. It
was first observed on April 28th, and was common by May 2nd.
On May Ioth found a nest far from water, built exactly like that of
the Green-winged Teal. It contained two fresh eggs. Bird shot as
she rose fromthe nest. (Spreadborough.) A pair occasionally re-
mains to breed in the St. Lawrence valley, but the greater number
pass to the north. The nest hasbeen found at Gananoque Lake,
and one is recorded from a marsh at the west end of Amherst
Island, Lake Ontario. (Rev. C./. Young.) A nest of this species
was taken June 14th, 1896, at Burnt (Swan) Lake, Alberta. It was
in a hollow in atuft of grass, lined with fine grass and down, about
twenty yards from edge of water. Nest contained twelve eggs,
now in the Museum at Ottawa. (Dippie.) <A few pairs of this
species breed in the marshes at Lake St. Clair ; nests have also
been taken at Rondeau, Lake Erie. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Our collection includes five specimens, taken at Toronto, Ont.,
Indian Head, Assa., and Kamloops, B.C.

One set of twelve eggs, obtained from Mr. Dippie.

141. Cinnamon Teal.
Querquedula cyanoptera (VIEILL.) CASSIN. 1855.

A very rare straggler in Manitoba, only a few specimens
having been taken in fifteen years residence. (R. H. Hunter.)

Fannin, Lord and Brooks say it is a regular summer visitor in
British Columbia.

Only two specimens came under our notice on the prairies.
These were in southwestern Alberta, near the mountains.

6%

84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One male taken at Kamloops, British Columbia, in June, 1889,
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

LI. SPATULA Bole. 1822.

142. Shoveller. Spoon-bill.
Spatula clypeata (LINN.) BOIE. 1822.

This species is a summer migrant in Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, but we have no
record of its breeding, except that McIlwraith says that Dr. Mac-
allum observed one leading its young within half a mile of Dunn-
ville, at the mouth of the Grand River, Lake Erie, and Saunders
and Morden say it may breed on the St. Clair Flats.

This is one of the commonest ducks in the prairie region, from
Manitoba to the mountains and from Lat. 49° to the Barren
Grounds, where it becomes rare, as Macfarlane says only a couple
of specimens were collected at Fort Anderson in six years.
Between Lat. 51° and Lat. 54° it is specially abundant, and is
found in the autumn in immense numbers in every pond and
lakelet. A few pairs were breeding on Vermilion Lakes, at Banff,
in May, 1891 ; and at Lake Ste. Anne, Alberta, June, 1898.

It is a rare species in Alaska, though Nelson reports it breed-
ing as far north as Kotzebue Sound. Fannin says it is an
abundant summer resident on the mainland of British Columbia,
east of the Coast Range, and Brookssays it isa common resident
in the Lower Fraser valley about Sumas Lake.

BREEDING NotTes.—Common near Reaburn, Manitoba, and also
at Buffalo Lake, Alberta, where both eggs and birds were taken.
(Dippie.) One of the commonest ducks of northwest Canada.
Breeding abundantly throughout Manitoba and Assiniboia, but
rarer in Alberta. It lays from ten to twelve eggs, making a nest
in the grass not far from water. (azne.)

This species breeds with other water-fowl on all the marshes
from Kotzebue Sound to the mouth of the Kuskoquim. The eggs
are deposited the last of May and first of June in a dry spot near
some pond or stream, and the nest is usually lined with grass and
feathers, the latter from the parent’s breast. (/Ve/son.)

a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 85

This species was found breeding plentifully near small streams
descending from the Cypress Hills and by small marshy lakes at
Crane Lake, Assiniboia, June gth, 1894. While beating rose-
thickets for nests the writer flushed a female off a nest containing
ten eggs, too much incubated to be taken ; shortly after I flushed
another nesting in the same manner, but there were only eight
eggs in the set, quite fresh. Both nests were under rose-
bushes on dry ground and lined with grass and down. On the
11th June, in some patches of rose-bushes, I found two more nests,
one having eleven and the other nine eggs.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight specimens taken at Toronto, Ont., Indian Head, Assa.,
Edmonton, Alberta, and Kamloops, British Columbia.

Several sets of eggs taken at Indian Head, Assa., in 1892, and
at Crane Lake in June 1894.

LII. DAFILA STEPHENS. 1824.

143. Pintail. Springtail.
Dafila acuta (LINN.) Bonar. 1838.

Very rare in Newfoundland; more common in Nova Scotia, and
Chamberlain reports a few breeding in New Brunswick. It has
been taken in Davis Strait and in Hudson Bay at York Factory.
Spreadborough saw a number ona small island in James Bay,
June 16th, 1896. It is not a rare migrant in Quebec and Ontario,
and according to Saunders a few breed on St. Clair Flats.

This species breeds in numbers throughout the Northwest Ter-
ritories, and extends its breeding range from Lat. 49° to the Arctic
coast. Richardson and Macfarlane both speak of its abundance
in the Barren Grounds. Nelson and Turner say that this is the
commonest duck in Alaska, and Murdoch reports it breeding
quite close to Point Barrow on the Arctic Sea. This species is a
resident in British Columbia and breeds on the mainland. Fannin
says they congregate in great flocks in some localities on the
coast in winter, but more especially on the Lower Fraser.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeding commonly in Manitoba and As-
siniboia. It seldom lays more than nine eggs and nests in similar
situations to the Shoveller. Its eggs can be distinguished from
those of the Shoveller by their larger size. Two clutches of nine
eggs each are in my collection taken at Rush Lake, Assiniboia,

86 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

May 25th and 28th, 1893. Both nests were in hollows in the
grass, were lined with down, and found near water. (azne.)

This is about the first water-fowl to commence nesting. The
date when the first eggs are laid varies from May 18th to 25th,
according to the season. The eggs are placed ina depression on
some tussock or among the grass and other vegetation beside a
pool, usually where it is pretty well concealed. The eggs num-
ber from six to twelve in a set.” Dhey are rather small} vand
usually pale olive-green when fresh. The nest is lined with grass-
stems and feathers. When the young are hatched the parent
leads them to the adjacent pool, and they keep in the most
secluded parts of the marsh until able to take wing. (JVelson.)

Breeding in some numbers at Edmonton, Alberta, although no
nests were taken ; two nests of this species were taken at Twelve-
mile Lake, near Wood Mountain, Assa.,on June 5th, 1895; the nest
in one case was made of the dried stems of Aleocharis palustris and
lined with down. It contained ten eggs almost fresh. Another was
taken amongst some sage-brush a little distance from the water.
This nest held seven fresh eggs. A few nests of this species were
taken on an island in Cypress Lake, south of the Cypress Hills,
June 29th, 1895 ; the nests were in clumps of rye-grass (Elymus
condensatus),and one female was shot as she rose from the nest.
(Spreadborough.) This species breeds at St. Clair Flats and in
fewer numbers at Rondeau, Lake Erie. (W. Saunders.) Quite
abundant in the ‘‘ Barrens.” The nest was usually a small cavity
or depression in the ground, lined with down, withered leaves, and
afew feathers. It lays from six to eight eggs. It deserts the
nest immediately the eggs are hatched and young and old take
to the water. (Wacfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Four specimens taken in Toronto marsh by Mr.S. Herring,and
at Kamloops, British Columbia, by Spreadborough.

One fine set of eleven eggs taken at Twelve-mile Lake, Assa.,
and others taken at Rush Lake, Assa., by Mr. Raine.

LIV. ATX Bore) 182s:

144. Wood Duck.
Aix sponsa (LINN.) BoNnaP. 1838.

Rare. A few breed in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) A rare summer
resident. Breedsin New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Stearns reports

me

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 87

it as common inthe interior of Labrador, but none of our explorers
have ever seen a specimen there. Wintle says not many breed
around Montreal, but they are plentiful in the autumn and mostly
young birds. Summer resident around Ottawa, and breeds in
Dow’s Swamp, close to the city. Breeds in suitable places
throughout southern Ontario. That it occurs, perhaps in abund-
ance, in northwestern Ontario is indicated by its occurrence in
numbers in eastern Manitoba and along the shores of Lake Win-
nipeg. Thompson shows that it occurs as far west as Carberry,
over one hundred miles west of Winnipeg, and it has been seen

on Lake Winnipegoosis, and shot at Cumberland House, in Lat.
°

54.

We have never observed this species on the prairie or in the
Rocky Mountains, but after crossing the Coast Range and des-
cending to the Lower Fraser, at Agassiz, we found it breeding.
Fannin reports it abundant and breeding along the Lower
Fraser at Sumas, Chilliwack, and Burnaby Lake; and Brooks
says that an odd bird or two often remains all winter.

This is another species that has an eastern and a western race
that are not known to interbreed.

BreEDING Notes.—For several years a pair used to breed ina
soft-maple stub, about twenty feet from the ground, on the bank
of a creek near Bracebridge, Ont. I never saw the nest, so cannot
describe it, but have seen the old bird carry her young to the
water in her bill. (Spreadborough.) This species builds in holes
in trees and places where large branches have broken away. The
nest is composed of dry grass and feathers. The eggs—six to
twelve or more—are something between a buff and a pale green
in colour. When the nest is built on a broken branch it is
composed of dry sticks, grass and feathers. About the first of May
is the time when they begin to lay at Ottawa, Ont. (G..R. White.)
A few years ago this handsome duck was quite common in the
latter part of summer in many creeks that run into the St. Law-
rence. In these same localities now (1898) I scarcely see any
birds. A few pairs breed every year at Escott Pond and else-
where in the County of Leeds, and I have seen young birds in
June, though I have never seen the nest. (Rev. C./. Young.)
Regularly distributed throughout western Ontario. Breeds along
marshes and rivers. (W. Saunders.)

88 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens; one taken at Ottawa, another at Toronto,
and the third—a fine male—at Agassiz, B.C., May 15th, 1889, by
Spreadborough.

LIV. “AYTHY A Bore) 1822;
146. Red-head. Pochard.
Aythya americana (Eyt.) Bairp. 1858.

Rare migrant in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and also rare
on the coast of Labrador, none seen in the interior. Rather
common in the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, and, according to
MclIlwraith, often abundant in Ontario during the migrations.
Saunders reports them breeding in the large marshes at Lake
Se Clair.

This species is very common in Manitoba and in the marshes
to the north and west. It is found in more or less abundance all
through the prairie region but is more common as we approach
the large weedy marshes north of Lat. 51°. This and the next
species are so much alike that they are easily mistaken for one
another. Our experience, however, is that this duck is more
southerly and easterly in its distribution than the Canvas-back.
It is a winter resident on the coast of British Columbia, and both
Streator and Fannin report it breeding in small numbers around
small lakes inthe interior. It has not been reported from Alaska.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeding everywhere I have been through-
out the northwest. (Dzppie.) The writer has never found the nest
of this species anywhere but among the reeds on the margins of
sloughs. The nests are bulky, being made of reeds and grass
lined with down.

Breeds throughout Manitoba, Assiniboia and Alberta, and
makes its nest in shallow water. It is a remarkable fact that
the Red-head and Canvas-back often lay their eggs zm one nest.
I have never seen this statement recorded in any ornithological
work. This was first brought to my notice on June 18th, 1891,
when I found a nest at Long Lake containing eight eggs of the
Canvas-back and four of the Red-head. There was consider-
able difference in the eggs of the two birds. The eggs of the
Canvas-back were larger than those of the Red-head and of a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 89

different tint, being of the usual ashy green, while the four eggs of
the Red-head were smaller than those of the other and were of a
buff-drab tint and very glossy. There was not the slightest
doubt about the eggs being laid by both species. Since then my
collectors have frequently found nests containing eggs of the
Canvas-back and Red-head in the same nest. On May 2oth,
1897, Mr. Baines found a nest at Crescent Lake, Manitoba, con-
taining nine eggs of the Canvas-back and seven of the Red-head.
The nest was built in rushes in shallow water. (Raie.) <A very
common migrant in western Ontario. Some breed in the large
marshes, especially at St. Clair Flats. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one taken in Toronto marsh, two at Indian Head, Assa.,
and the other at Edmonton, Alberta. Several sets of eggs are in
the collection, taken at Indian Head and Crane Lake, Assa.

147. Canvas-back Duck.
Aythya vallisneria (Wits.) Bo1E. 1826.

Rare migrant in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; more plen-
tiful in Quebec, and increasingly so in Ontario,

Although this species breeds in the same ponds with the Red-
head in Manitoba and Assiniboia, itis rare in eastern Manitoba,
but becomes more common as one passes to the west; west of
the 110th Meridian it almost supersedes the Red-head. At
Edmonton, on the Saskatchewan, in 1897, Spreadborough found
this species very common, and the Red-head rare and late in
arriving; in 1898, he found it breeding in small lakes between
Edmonton and Lake Ste. Anne, Alta.

Macfarlane and Ross record it on Great Slave Lake, and the
former says a few sets of eggs were taken near Fort Anderson in
the Barren Grounds. Dall found it breeding at Fort Yukon, in
Alaska, in great abundance, though Nelson says he never saw any
evidence of it on the west coast. Spreadborough, Brooks and
Fannin all mention that it is plentiful in winter around Victoria
and at the mouth of the Fraser, and Fannin says it breeds in
the interior of British Columbia ; Brooks says it winters on Lake
Okanagan.

As the writer has seen it in immense numbers on Lesser Slave
Lake and in the Peace River country, he is satisfied that it breeds

gO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

from Indian Head northwesterly to Fort Yukon in Alaska. The
country northwest of Edmonton suits it well, as there are many
marshes full of Scevpus lacustris and tall grasses,among which it
likes to breed.

BREEDING Notes.—Fairly common at Reaburn, in Manitoba,
and at Buffalo Lake, Alberta. In both places eggs and birds were
procured. (Dpfie.) Nests are always in the reeds growing in
the water; they are very bulky, and made of grass and reeds
lined with down. A nest of this species was found on a musk-
rat house ina marsh at Crane Lake, June 15th, 1894. It contained
seven eggs. (Sfreadborough.) 1 have found this species breeding
at Long Lake and Shoal Lake in Manitoba, and at Crane Lake
in Assiniboia. It breeds also throughout Alberta. The only
other species of ducks’ eggs they can be compared with are
the American and Barrow’s Golden-eye, which they greatly
resemble, both in regard to size and tint. The Canvas-back is a
late breeder, nesting toward the latter partof June. I found a
nest containing seven eggs at Long Lake, Manitoba, June 2oth,
1893. The nest was built, as usual, in the centre of a tuft of rushes
in shallow water, as this duck seldom nests in the grass like the
Pintail, Shoveller, and Teal. (Raine.)

Scaups, Canvas-backs and Red-heads undoubtedly breed in the
same marshes, and with them the Ruddy Duck. In the marshes
at Crane Lake, between June 12th and 2oth, the writer found nests
of all four species, with eggs of one or two other species in them.
The bulky nest mentioned under the Greater Scaup was likely
built by a Canvas-back, but the larger number of the eggs were
those of a Scaup.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens. One female and two males. One was shot
in Toronto marsh; one at Edmonton, Alberta, and the other in
Victoria Harbour, Vancouver Island, the last two by Spread-
borough.

Three sets of eggs, taken at Edmonton, Alberta, in the spring
of 1897.
148. American Scaup Duck. Big Black-head.
Aythya martla (LINN.) BoIE. 1822.

A very rare straggler in Newfoundland ; rare migrant in Nova
Scotia, and occasionally taken in New Brunswick. Spreadborough

—*

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. g!

observed a few on James Bay and in the interior of Labrador in
1896. Quitelcommon in Quebec, and abundant in southwestern
Ontario during the spring and fall migrations. A few are said by
Saunders to breed on the St. Clair Flats; not rare in the St. Law-
rence valley in the spring and autumn.

A few breed at Lake Winnipeg (Gunn), and the writer found
them breeding on Lake Winnipegoosis, but evidently the greater
number go north, and doubtless breed around the large lakes
north of Lake Winnipeg. It is a common duck in Alaska and
along the whole Aleutian chain, and, according to Turner, remains
the entire year.

An abundant resident in British Columbia; breeds chiefly east
of the Coast Range; winters on the coast. (Hannin.) Tolerably
common in the Lower Fraser valley, and wintering on Lake
Okanagan, B.C. (4rooks.) Breeding in small lakes between
Edmonton and Lake Ste. Anne, June, 1898. (Spreadborough. )

BREEDING Notes.—Eggs taken at Buffalo Lake, Alberta, June
14th, 1896. Seems to breed in most localities. (Dzppie.) Nest
always near water ; it is a shallow hole in the ground, lined with
grass and down. (Sfreadborougn.)

Breeds throughout northwestern Canada, but is rarer than most
other ducks ; breeding more commonly further north. On June
1oth, 1891, at Rush Lake, Assiniboia, I found a nest containing
nine eggs, built on the ground amongst grass, near water. The
eggs are distinguished by their large size and drab tint. (Aazne.)

At St. Michael and the Yukon Delta this species arrives about
the 8th or loth May. The nesting sites chosen are such as the
Pintail and most other ducks choose—a dry, grassy tussock or
knoll close to some pond; the only difference being that
this species appears to desire a position nearer to the water,
and the nest is frequently at the point of some small jutting cape,
and so near the water that the parent can swim to and from the
mest. The eggs are large for the size of the bird, and rarely
exceed eight in number. The nest is composed of dry grass-
stems, gathered close at hand, and a large fluffy bed of down
plucked from the parent’s breast. The first week in June is the
time usually chosen for depositing the first eggs, but some are
not laid until nearly a month later. (Ve/son.)

Q2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

On the Magdalen Islands in June, 1897, I met with this species
at East Cape, Grosse Isle, breeding, and secured its eggs. A
few pairs breed on the small, boggy islands in the large ponds,
not far from the sand-banks that separate these ponds from
the sea. The eggs are about the size of those of the Merganser,
but are more ofa buff colour, and their peculiar shape, which
is almost invariable, best distinguishes them. They are not
laid until late in June. A correspondent wrote me about two
nests he found in July, after I left the islands, as follows :—
“T found a Blue-bill’s nest in a strange place, after you left me.
It was ina bunch of rushes at the head of the bay, growing in
water that took me up to my middle to reach them. There were
two nests, one with two and the other with five eggs. The two
were fresh and the others badly incubated.” (Rev. C. /. Young.)
A very common migrant. A few pairs breed at St. Clair Flats.
(W. Saunders.) Both the Greater and Lesser Scaups breed at Crane
Lake and in and near the adjoining marshes. On June 15th, 1394,
the writer found a nest of this species, containing ten eggs, it was
in a hole in the ground and lined with feathers and grass. Three
days later another nest of eleven eggs was taken under the same
conditions. Ina marsh on the 14th a large nest containing eleven
eggs was found among rushes (Scerpus lacustris) ; nine of these
belonged to the Scaup, and two larger and quite blue eggs were
referred to the Canvas-back. Passing out of the rushes I flushed
another Scaup out of the grass and found a nest made of dried
grass and lined on the sides with down. This nest contained
twelve eggs, and still another had twenty-one fresh eggs,
evidently of three species—Lesser Scaup, Red-head and Ruddy

Duck.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One male, taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring.
One set of six eggs, taken on James Bay, near Whale River,

June 16th, 1896, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

149. Lesser Scaup Duck. Blue-biil.
Aythya affinis (Eyt.) STEJN. 1885.

A pair was shot in June on Inosusulik, an islet about ten miles
from Egedesminde ; it may breed in Greenland. (Arct. Man.)
A male and a female taken in Greenland in 1872 and a female in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 93

1891. (Winge.) Breeds in large numbers on Nottingham Island
in Hudson Strait ; and at Churchill and York Factory, Hudson
Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) A rare summer migrant in Nova Scotia. Once
captured a brood of young ones on Grand Lake. (Dowyus.) In
New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, this is only a migrant, and
I strongly suspect that some of the breeding stations mentioned
above are those of the Greater Scaup, which is certainly a more
eastern bird than this species. It is one of the commonest ducks
in the prairie region and northward to the very edge of the Bar-
ren Grounds. It breeds in all the ponds and by the little lakes
from Lat. 49° to the Arctic Circle and beyond. Nelson says this
is a very rare straggler in Alaska. Fannin and Brooks report it
tolerably common in British Columbia. The latter says it winters
on Lake Okanagan, B.C.

BREEDING Notes.—This species was first seen at Deep Lake,
Indian Head, Assa., on April 16th, 1892, at which time eight indi-
viduals were observed ; they very shortly after came in great
numbers, and a pair shot had their stomachs full of water-insects,
which are very abundant in the lake. On June 23rd found a nest
containing nine eggs. The nest was in the middle of a “ slough”
in a mass of last year’s rushes (Scevpus lacustris), lined with down
from the bird’s own breast. (Spreadborough.) Three sets of eggs
taken at Burnt Lake, Alberta, June 14th and 15th, 1896; breeds
also in Manitoba, but nowhere common. (Lizffie.)

More numerous than the preceding species, breeding through-
out northwestern Canada. In Assiniboia it usually nests on the
small islands in the lakes. On June 15th, 1893, I found three
nests on a small island where a colony of Avocets was nesting.
The nests were built on the grass in hollows, lined with down.
The eggs, like the preceding species, are dark drab, but of course
much smaller in size. (Razne.)

Over a dozen nests of this species were secured. They were
usually found in the midst of aswamp,a mere hole or depression
in the centre of a tuft of turf or tussock of grass, lined with more
or less down, feathers and hay. Nine was the general number of
eggs ina nest, though a few contained not more than six or seven.

(Macfarlane.)

On the 29th June, 1895, this species was found breeding in com-
pany with the Pintail and Gadwell on an island in Cypress Lake,

94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

on the south side of Cypress Hills, Assa. Of three sets taken,
two contained eight and one nine eggs.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

We have ten fine specimens of this species taken in various
places. One was shot in Toronto marsh; five were taken at
Indian Head, Assa.; one at Edmonton, Alberta ; two at Kicking
Horse Lake, Rocky Mountains, and one at Kamloops, British
Columbia.

A number of sets of eggs of this species are in the collection
taken at Crane Lake, in June, 1894, and at Cypress Lake, Assa.,
on June 20th, 1895.

150. Ring-necked Duck.
Aythya collaris (DoNov.) Ripew. 1885.

Reported to be rare in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick. It becomes more common in Quebec and still more
so in southwestern Ontario. It seems to be onlya migrant in all
the eastern provinces. Manitoba and the ponds, lakes and marshes
to the north of it seem to be its summer home. We have never
observed it in the prairie regions and only know of one breeding
haunt—the marshes around Waterhen Lake, Manitoba. Owing
to its eastern migration I believe it to breed in great numbers
both north and east of Lake Winnipeg. Ross has noticed it occa-
sionally as far north on the Mackenzie as Lat. 62° 30’. Turner
says this bird is not common in the vicinity of St. Michael. In
this locality he never found nest or eggs, but it undoubtedly
breeds there. It is rarely seen about the Aleutian Islands.

Common in the valley of the Lower Fraser. None of the Red-
heads, Canvas-backs or Scaup Ducks were ever found breeding
by me in the Fraser valley. This species winters on Lake Okan-
agan, B.C. (Bvooks.)

BreepinG Notes.—Rarer than either of the preceding species.
On June tgth, 1891, I found a nest containing nine eggs at Long
Lake, Manitoba. The nest was made of sedges and lined with
grasses, feathers and down, a basket-shaped structure, built in
the centre of a tussock of rushes. The eggs are olive-gray with a
buffy tinge and are very similar to eggs of the Scaup Duck in
size and colour. (Razne.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 95
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen bought with the Holman collection.

LV. CLANGULA LeEacu. 18109.

151. American Golden-eye. Whistler.
Clangula clangula americana Faxon. 1806.

An abundant winter resident on the Atlantic coast. Often
breeding in trees in Newfoundland. (Reets.) Seen on the Moose
River and James Bay in June, 1897; none seen in the interior of
Labrador. (Spreadborough.) Specimens taken in Ungava Bay and
at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay ; seen passing north of Lake Mis-
tassini by Mr. J. M. Macoun on May 3rd, 1885. In Ontario and
Quebec it is a common migrant, but we have no records of it
breeding in these provinces.

This species is tolerably common in Manitoba and in the wooded
part of eastern Assiniboia, where it breeds, and northerly to Nor-
way House, north of Lake Winnipeg, where it was found by Dr.
R. Bell. Without any doubt its chief breeding-ground is toward
the mouth of the Saskatchewan, and down the Nelson and
Churchill rivers. As it breeds chiefly in poplar trees, it will be
found ‘generally breeding where these trees are in profusion.
The writer has found this bird breeding on Buffalo Lake, near
Methye Portage, in Lat. 56° N. Ross says it extends to the Arctic
coast in the Mackenzie River valley, and is not rare.

This is an extremely rare bird on the western and northern
coasts of Alaska. In four years I saw only four birds. It isa
common duck in the interior, and reaches the mouth of the Yukon
in the breeding season. (JVe/son.) It winters on the west coast
from Unalaska (7urner) to the Fraser River and Lake Okanagan,
where it is abundant. (Lvooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—Fairly common in Manitoba and Alberta.
Downy young shot at Reaburn, Manitoba, July 4th, 1893. (Dzppie.)
In June, 1892, at Deep Lake, Indian Head, Assa., various nests of
this species were taken in hollow trees. One was found in a
hollow cottonwood, about fifteen feet from the ground, and
another in a hollow elm tree, about twenty-five feet from the
ground. This nest was made of rotten wood lined with down.

96 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Another was in an elm stub, and the hole by which the bird enter-
ed was about five feet from the ground. The nest itself was on
a level with the ground, and made of rotten wood without any
down. I think they do not use down until after they begin to sit,
and that it is added to keep the eggs warm when away feeding. I
also found a nest in a hollow cottonwood log on the ground.
None of the nests were more than seventy-five yards from the
water, and some only a few feet from it. (Spreadborough.)

Breeds throughout Manitoba, northern Assiniboia and Alberta,
laying its eggs in holes in trees. (tazne.)

A small flock of these birds was observed about the Bay of
Quinté, Lake Ontario, in August, 1897, and two or three were
shot a little later; it is very probable a pair or two nested not
far ott. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

This bird prefers to nest in a tree some fifteen or twenty-five feet
fromthe ground. The nest is composed of grass, leaves and moss,
lined with feathers. The eggs, eight or more in number, are of
an ashy-green colour. It lays about the middle of May, or later.
In 1894 a pair of these birds built near a large pond within a
short distance of Templeton, Que., a few miles from Ottawa,
and raised a small brood of five. Onthe 23rd of June these
youngsters were quite able to dive and follow the old bird twenty
yards under water. (G. R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen ; taken at Toronto in 1865.
Two sets of eggs,taken at Indian Head, Assa., in June, 1892.

152. Barrow’s Golden-eye.
Clangula tslandica (GMEL.) Bonap. 1842.

Breeds in South Greenland only, apparently not further north
than Godthaab. (Arct. Man.) Stragglers have been taken all
along the Atlantic coast from Hudson Strait south to the Bay of
Fundy. They are more abundant to the north and become rare
in the Gulf, though they are taken in the St. Lawrence and on
Lake Ontario and Lake Huron.

Dr. Elliott Coues records in his ‘ Birds of Montana and Dakota,’
the occurrence of a brood of this species on Chief Mountain Lake,
Waterton Lake, Rocky Mountains, on the United States side of
the International Boundary. In 1895 the writer sawa few speci

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 97

mens at the north end of the same lake, and in July, 1885, a
female and young were obtained in Kicking Horse Lake, Rocky
Mountains. Dr. Richardson named the species from a specimen
taken in the Athabasca Pass, and Macfarlane took two speci-
mens as far north as Fort Anderson. It is of rare occurrence in
Alaska, but young were taken at Chilcat as early as April 24th
by Nelson.

Regular visitor in British Columbia. (ZLord.) During the breed-
ing season of 1891 I found this duck very abundant on nearly
every lake along the Cariboo road; it has also been taken by Mr.
W. B. Anderson at Port Simpson, on the coast of British Colum-
bia. (fannin.) Rare inland except in summer, but common on
the coast of British Columbia. (Svooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—I! have had eggs sent me which were taken
out of a hollow tree at Devil’s Lake, near Banff, Rocky Moun-
tains. (Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One fine male taken on the coast of British Columbia by Mr.
John Fannin.

LVI. CHARITONETTA StTeEjNEGER. 1885.

153. Buffle-head. Spirit Duck.
Charitonetta albeola (LINN.) STEJN. 1885.

One taken in 1827 at Godthavn and another at Frederikshaab
in 1891. (Winge.) Rare migrant in Newfoundland and Nova
Scotia. Chamberlain says it is a common resident in New Bruns-
wick, and supposes it breeds there. Rather common migrant in
Quebec and Ontario, and reported by Saunders to breed at St.
Clair Flats. This species, like the Golden-eye, prefers the vicinity
of lakes and deep ponds and river valleys where there is tim-
ber. It is a summer resident in all the forest country from Mani-
toba northwesterly to the Rocky Mountains, and according to
Ross descends the Mackenzie River tothe Arctic Sea. Nelson
and Turner report it as a rare bird in Alaska, but more common
on the Upper Yukon. Streator, Fannin and Brooks report it
common and breeding in British Columbia, and wintering on the
coast, and the latter says it winters on Lake Okanagan, B.C.

BREEDING Notres.—Rare in Alberta but breeds there. Three
downy young were shot June 2oth, and five more June 22nd, 1896,

7

98 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at a small lake about eight miles northwest of Red Deer, Alberta.
(Dippie.) Breeds throughout northwestern Canada. One of the
rarer ducks. I have both eggs and young taken in the downy
stage at Long Lake, Manitoba. A set of seven eggs in my col-
lection was taken out of a tree at Long Lake. It appears that
when trees are scarce, as in Assiniboia, along the Missouri Céteau,
this bird will lay its eggs in a hole in a bank as the Belted King-
fisher does. There are no trees in that part of Assiniboia, which
accounts for this little duck laying its twelve eggs at the end of a
Gopher burrow, in a bank along the side of a small lake one mile
north of Rush Lake. Another clutch of ten eggs was taken out
of a hole in a tree at Oak Lake, Manitoba, May 25th, 1890. The
eggs are more rounded than those of any other duck. The
eggs of the Buffle-head are larger than those of the Teal and
of a darker and warmer tint. (Razme.) A common migrant. It
breeds at St. Clair Flats, Ont. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight specimens. Two taken in Toronto marsh, two at Indian
Head, Assa., two at Edmonton, Alberta, and two at Agassiz,
British Columbia.

LVI]. HARELDA STEPHENS. 1824.

154. Old-squaw. Long-tailed Duck.
Harelda hyemals (Linn.) C. L. BREHM. 1855.

Common on the whole coast of Greenland, breeds also on
the Parry Islands, and on the land westward of Davis Strait.
(Arct. Man.) Very common along the whole Atlantic coast
south of Greenland. Breeds in Ungava Bay (7urner), and doubt-
less north of Hudson Bay. Spreadborough noticed a pair off
Cape Jones, in June, 1896. Payne found them very common in
Prince of Wales Sound, Hudson Strait, reaching there about
June Ist, 1885. Common in the Gulf and River St. Lawrence and
westward to Lake Ontario, and occasionally as far west as London,
Ont. Raine reports that in the winter of 1898 thousands of these
ducks might have been seen any day in Toronto harbour.

Richardson, Ross and Macfarlane report it breeding along the
Arctic coast, and Macfarlane says i: breeds in large numbers on

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 99

the Anderson River. Turner, Nelson and Murdoch say that this
isa common duck from the mouth of the Mackenzie westward
all around the whole coast of Alaska. It winters along the
entire Aleutian chain and down the Pacific coast of British Col-
umbia, where Fannin says it is frequent in winter.

BREEDING Nortes.— This bird is a sea-duck, breeding northerly.
A clutch of seven eggs in my collection was taken at the mouth
of Mackenzie River June 20th, 1894. The nest was built on the
ground under a small willow. (Razne.

From the Yukon Delta along the coast, in each direction, their
nests are almost invariably placed in close proximity to a pond
or tide-creek—the sloping grassy bank of the ponds being a
favorite situation. The earliest set of eggs secured by me num-
bered five and was taken on May 18th at St. Michael. From
that date until the end of June fresh eggs may be taken, but the
majority of the young are out by the last of that month. The
parents always keep in the immediate neighbourhood of the nest
and swim about in the nearest pond when the nest is approached.
An unusual amount of dry grass-stems, and down plucked from
the parent’s breast, compose the nest, and if the eggs are left they
are carefully hidden in the loose material. (/Ve/son.) During the
breeding season, at Point Barrow, each pair seems to adopt a
pool of its own, and drives out all intruders. They breed in con-
siderable numbers all over the tundra, but the nests are scattered
and not easy to find. The nest is always lined with down
and generally near a pool. (MWurdoch.) This species breeds in
great numbers in the neighbourhood of Fort Anderson, along the
Anderson River, on the Barren Grounds and the shores of the
Arctic Sea. Considerably over one hundred nests were taken,
and the eggs varied from five to seven, the latter being the
maximum number recorded in any one instance. In its make the
nest is very similar to that of Dafila acuta. From personal ob-
servation, also, I have come to the conclusion that the usual
quantity of down taken from the duck’s breast depends on the
number of eggs in the set. (Macfarlane.) Several pairs breed
each year on St. Paul Island, Behring Sea. One nest was found
in 1897 beside a path leading to a well which was visited many
times during the day. The female seldom left the nest when
people passed along the path ; indeed, no one else knew of the
nest when I took five eggs from it. Unless the bird were looked

72

100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at she did not move. I several times passed within a foot of the
nest without looking toward it, then walking back would look at
the bird, when she rose immediately. (/. W. Macoun.) Before
or about the time that the young are hatched and brought to the
ponds by their mothers, the males have forsaken their usual
haunts on these and have left for the open sea. This occurs
early in August. The nests are placed almost anywhere on the
flat ground near the ponds, usually on a little rise. On June 12th
I found a nest and nine fresh eggs about forty feet from the village
pond on St. Paul. Island. It was placed on a little hillock on the
killing-ground. When flushed, about ten feet off, the bird flew
directly to its mate. Leaving the eggs, I returned soon to find
that she had been back, had covered them completely with
down and dry short grass, and returned to the pond. June 17th,
before 8 a.m., I found a nest—merely a few pieces of short
grass-stems—containing one egg. Each morning thereafter at
the same time I found another egg and more nest-material,
including, from the second morning, an addition of black down,
which was always placed on and around the eggs, not beneath,
and which was evidently from the bird’s own breast. (William
Palmer.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens. One taken at Toronto by Mr. S. Herring,
another in Hudson Bay by Dr. R. Bell, and the third at St. John,
New Brunswick, by Mr. Chamberlain.

Our eggs of this species were taken at Whale River, Ungava
Bay, Labrador, June 16th, 1896, by Mr. G. Boucher.

LVIII. HISTRIONICUS Lesson. 1828.

155. Harlequin Duck.
Fitstrionicus histrionicus (LINN.) BoucarpD. 1876.

Observed on the east coast of Greenland; most common
between Lat. 62° to 65° N. ; rarertothe northward. (Arct. Man.)
Breeds at Godhavn, Vestbjord and other places in Greenland.
(Winge.) A common summer migrant in Newfoundland, breed-
ing on the borders of lakes andrivers. (eeks.) A rare winter
migrant around Nova Scotia. (Dowas.) Axrare spring and autumn
visitant in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.)

|
' |

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. IOI

Abundant in Hudson Strait—breeds in Ungava Bay ; plentiful
on the eastern coast of Labrador. (Zurner.) This bird was most
numerous during the month of June at Cape Prince of Wales,
Hudson Strait. Apparently it does not breed, as it disappeared
after that date. (Payne.) Occasional in Quebec and Ontario.

Richardson and Ross both speak of this being a rare bird
toward the north and along the Arctic coast. Richardson says
it frequents eddies under cascades and in rapid streams in the
north. Dr. Coues found it breeding in turbulent streams
entering Chief Mountain Lake (Waterton Lake), near the agth
parallel; and the writer, in July, 1885, found a mother and a
young brood in a very rapid stream entering Kicking Horse Lake
at Hector, Rocky Mountains, on the Canadian Pacific Railway,
at an altitude of 5,000 feet. Spreadborough found this species
breeding at Canmore, near Banff, Rocky Mountains, in June,
1891. A pair was shot, and others seen. During the summer of
1898, this species was seen in many of the mountain tributaries of
the Athabasca by the same observer. Both Nelson and Turner
mention this bird as very common in the bays and along the
coasts of Alaska, but it does not breed on the coast. Nelson
says it breeds on the clear streams of the interior, which agrees
with our knowledge further to the south. Fannin says: “ An
abundant resident; breeds along the creeks close to the salt
water at Burrard Inlet and Howe Sound, and also in the interior
of British Columbia.” Brooks says a few breed in the valley of
the Lower Fraser.

BREEDING Notes.—This species breeds at the mouth of the
Mackenzie River, for one of my collectors sent me eight eggs
with the skin of the parent bird. The nest was found on June
igth, 1894. It was built on a high bank, near some ice-floes,
under sticks piled up by overflow water in the spring. One of
the eggs in the nest is a runt, one-third the usual size. The
eggs of this bird have seldom been obtained in North America.
It breeds in Iceland, and lays from six to eight eggs, seldom
more. They are similar to those of the Gadwell and Baldpate,
but average larger, and are of a deeper buff tint. (azne.)

The nest and eggs of this species were not procured by me,
and the only nest I ever saw was near Iliuliuk village, on Unalaska

102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Island. Two immense blocks of rocks had become detached from
the cliff above, and when they fell their edges formed a hollow
place beneath. Under these rocks I discovered a deserted nest,
which the native who was with me asserted was that of a bird of
this species. The form was similar to that of the nest of #7.
hyematts, and in fact so closely resembled it that I persisted in it
being of this bird until the native asked me if I did not know
that the ‘‘ Old Squaw ” did not build in such places. (Zzrner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens. One procured in Hudson Bay by Dr. R. Bell;
the other shot at Banff, Rocky Mountains, by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

LIV. CAMPTOLAIMUS Gray. 1841.

156. Labrador Duck. Pied Duck.

Camptolaimus labradorius (GMEL.) GRAY. 1841.

Now extinct. Formerly abundant on the Labrador coast. Mr.
William Dutcher, in an able paper published in The Avk, tor
January, 1894, shows, although 1852 has been given as the date
when the last specimen of this species was killed, that, from
that date to 1875, occasional specimens were taken and vouched
for as being seen in the flesh. He can find no trace of the bird
being seen since 1875 so that he reluctantly concludes it is extinct.

LV. ENICONETTA Gray. 1840.
157. Steller’s Duck.

Eniconetta stelleri (PALL.) GRAY. 1840.

The coasts and islands of Behring Sea may be given as the
eastern range of this duck. Westward from there it breeds
in tens of thousands on the coast of Siberia. Throughout the
Aleutian chain it is acommon resident, very abundant in winter,
but less common in summer. It also breeds upon St. Lawrence
Island and a nest has been taken on Unalaska. (JVelson.) This
duck is rare at St. Michael ; on the southern and eastern shores
of Bristol Bay and the northern shores of Alaska it is plentiful.
Among the Aleutian Islands it is rarely seen in summer, In winter

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 103

it abounds at Unalaska. (Zzrner.) This beautiful little duck is
far from a rare bird during the late spring and summer at Point
Barrow and vicinity. Their breeding-ground appears to be some
distance off, as they leave to breed about the end of June.
(Murdoch.)

BREEDING NotEs.— Dall says the pairing season of this species,
in Alaska, commences about May Ist, and thence through the
breeding season they are found in pairs. He also states that if
a nest is visited it is abandoned at once. He found a nest on
May 18th, 1872, ona flat part of a small island near Unalaska.
It was built between two tussocks of dry grass, and the depression
was carefully lined with the same material. The nest was en-
tirely concealed by overhanging grasses, and was revealed only
by the bird flying out at his feet. The nest contained a single
egg. (lVelson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen shot on Kadiak Island, on the Alaskan coast,
September, 1894.

LX. ARCTONETTA Gray. 1855.
158. Spectacled Eider.
Arctonetta fischert (BRANDT) BLAKISTON. 1863.

The Spectacled Eider has until very recently been credited
with a very restricted range on the Behring Sea coast of
Alaska. My own observations show this species to be strictly
limited to the salt-marshes bordering the east coast of Behring
Sea, thus favoring the shallow, muddy, coast waters, which
appear to be distasteful to Steller’s Duck. (WVe/son.) This bird is
common in the vicinity of St Michael, where it arrives early in
May. Along the coast of Bristol Bay it is very abundant ;
it occurs among all the Aleutian Islands, where it breeds and is
a constant resident, but extremely shy. (Zzrner.) This bird was
found to be a regular, though rather rare, summer visitor at Point
Barrow. It evidently breeds not far from the station, as a female
was taken in June, 1883, with an egg in the oviduct just ready for

laying. (Murdoch.

BREEDING Notes.—In the vicinity of St. Michael this species
rarely arrives before the 15th of May. Very soon after reaching

104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

their destination the flocks disband and the birds quietly pair,
but the first eggs are rarely laid earlier than the first of June.
Most of my eggs were taken fresh between the toth and 2oth of
this month, and I obtained the young just out of the egg on July
23rd. When first paired the birds choose a pond in a marsh,
and are henceforth found in its vicinity until the young are
hatched. When the grass commences to show green and the snow
andice are nearly gone, these ducks choose some dry, grassy
spot close to a pond, and making a slight hollow with a warm
lining of grass, they commence the duties of the season, al-
though the other denizens of the marsh are already well on with
their house-keeping. One nest found on June 15th was on abed
of dry grass on the border of the pond, within a foot of the
water, and when the female flew off, the single egg could be seen
20 yards away. Tussocks of dry grass, small islands in ponds,
and knolls close to the water’s edge are all chosen as nesting
places, and as a rule the nest is well concealed by the dry grass
standing about. The eggs usually number from five to eight or
nine in a set and are small for the size of the bird. In colour
they are of a light olive-drab. (/Ve/son.

LXI. SOMATERIA Leacu. 1819.

159. Greenland Bider. Northern Eider.

Somateria mollissima borealis C. L. BREHM. 1830.

Common along all the coasts of Greenland ; northern limit
unknown. (Arct. Man.) A resident at Ivigtut and very abundant.
(Hagerup.) Abundant in Hudson Strait ; breeds in Ungava Bay.
(Packard.)

160. American Eider.
Somateria dresseri SHARPE. 1871.

The most abundant species of duck in Newfoundland, but
rapidly growing scarce owing to the destruction of eggs. (Reeks.)
Common. Breeds on Isle Haut, Bay of Fundy. Downs.)
Common inwinter on the south coast of Labrador, in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, and up the St. Lawrence to Quebec. (Déonme.)
Eider Ducks in immature plumage, which I take to be this species,
have been occasionally shot at Montreal in the fall. (Win#le.)
Common in Hudson Strait, and seen at York Factory and Churchill

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 105

and on the East Main coast of Hudson Bay. (Drv. R. Bell.) Com-
mon from a short distance north of Moose Factory to Richmond
Gulf, June, 1896. (Spreadborough.) Casualon the Ottawa River.
Mr. G. R. White, on November 7th, 18809, after a strong easterly
gale, shot a young male of this species on the Ottawa River, near
the city. Mr. J. H. Fleming, of Toronto, doubts the occurrence
of this bird at Toronto. All specimens seen by him are King
Eiders.

BREEDING Notes.—Mr. Fraser found the Eider Duck breeding .
on the small islands along the coast of Labrador. The nest was
built in a hollow among soft, short grass, or at the foot of a
rock where it was sheltered from the wind. It was composed of
grass, and lined with slate-coloured down from the breast of the
bird. (Mcllwramth.) Breeding on rocky islands in Richmond Gulf,
Hudson Bay. Nest composed of weeds and grass, lined with
down from the bird’s breast. (Spreadborough.) Breeds abundantly
along the Labrador coast. Sets of eggs in my collection were
taken July gth, 1896, in Ungava Bay. (Raine.) Breeds in great
numbers on sandy islands off the mouth of George River, James
Bay. (J. MW. Macoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens, both procured by Dr. R. Bell, at Fort Churchill,
Hudson Bay.

There are 25 eggs of this species in our collection. Two sets
were taken in James Bay, June 16th, 1896, by Mr. W. Spread-
borough ; four other sets were taken at the mouth of Whale River,
Ungava Bay, on the same date, by Mr. G. Boucher.

161 Pacific Eider.
Somateria v-nigra GRAY. 1855.

Along the coast of the North Pacific, both shores of the Aleu-
tian Islands, and all the islands of Behring Sea and the coast of
the adjoining Arctic Ocean to the northern limit of the mainland,
is the broad area over which the breeding range of this bird
extends. (WVe/son.) This bird is to be found in all parts of Alaska
that have come under my observation. (7wrner.)

A male specimen of this species was shot by the writer at
Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake in 1858, and a female was
obtained by Mr. Alexander Mackenzie in 1861 at the same place.
(Ross.) This interesting bird breeds in immense numbers on the

106 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

shores of Franklin Bay; it is also very abundant on the coast
and islands of Liverpool Bay. (MJacfarlane.) This species is
quite common at Point Barrow during the migrations, but does
not breed there, going farther to the eastward. (Murdoch.)

BREEDING Notres.—At St. Michael this species breeds in con-
siderable numbers, and there prefers the open tundra for a nesting
place. A nest was found with eleven eggs on the hillside about
half a mile back of ‘the redoubt.” The nest which was made in
a mossy situation, consisted of a few blades of grass and was well
lined with sooty-coloured down from the abdomen of the bird
itself. Along the Aleutian Islands this bird prefers the steep slopes
heavily clothed with rank grasses, such as wild rye (Elymus),
which grows in huge tussocks, among which the nest is hidden.
A slight depression is scratched out ; the eggs are placed on the
bare ground, the down being used as a cover for the eggs
when the parent is absent from the nest, it is plucked from the
breast for that purpose only, and increases in amount as the
increased complement of eggs demands a greater amount of
covering. ~The eggs are never placed on the down; Phe
nest, when first scratched, is usually left to dry-out several days
before it is used, as the bare spots were seen sometimes a week
before an egg was deposited. With the first egg, only a little
down is found in the nest, and it will be replaced two or three
times if removed. When the nest is full of eggs, and they, with
all the down, are removed, the bird seeks some other locality for
again laying fewer eggs, generally not more than five for the
second nest. (7urner.)

This bird breeds in immense numbers on the coast and islands
of Liverpool Bay. The nest is usually a shallow cavity in the
ground, more or less plentifully lined with down. The eggs are
generally five, and but rarely six or seven, in number, of a pale
sea-green colour with a tinge of olive. We found some nests on
a sloping bank at a distance of three or four hundred feet from
the sea. Others were found onthe mainland, but the bulk of those
secured by us were obtained from sandy islets in the bays. (Jac-
Jarlane.)

162. King Eider.
Somatertia spectabilis (LINN.) LeEacuH. 1819.

Said not to breed further south than Lat. 67°, but in some
numbers at Lat. 73° ; also on the east coast of Greenland and on

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 107

the western shores of Davis Strait ; breeds abundantly on the
Parry Islands. (Arct. Wan.) Abundant on the Atlantic coast of
Labrador, where it is reported to breed ; nest and eggs found
near Mingan. (Packard.) Common aiong the coast of New-
foundland and a rare winter visitant along the coasts of Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick. One specimen taken on Lake Mis-
tassini in May 1885, by Mr. J. M. Macoun. Arrives in Prince of
Wales Sound, Hudson Strait, about May 5th and begins to breed
as soon as the ice is off the small islands. (Payne.) A single
specimen taken in James Bay, June, 1896, by Mr. A. P. Low.

Occasional specimens, of young birds chiefly, are taken on
Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. (Mcllwraith.) An adult male of
this species was taken near Toronto, Ont.,in November, 1895, by
Mir. C..W: Nash.

Occasionally noted in the interior of Alaska, where Dall found
a dead specimen. During the months of July and August it
was found in large numbers near the ice-fringed coast of Alaska
from Icy Cape to Point Barrow and thence eastward. It is
also common in Behring Strait and on St. Lawrence Island and
to the northwest of the strait. (WVelson.) This is by all
means the most abundant bird at Point Barrow. They appear
early in spring at a distance from shore and pass steadily and
swiftly past Cape Smythe to the northeast, following the coast.
It is probable that they turn east after passing the point, as they
return from the east in the autumn. (Murdoch.) An immature
male was shot at Calgary, Alberta, on November 4th, 1894 ; it was
in company with another described as very white. (Dizppre.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species breeds sparingly at St. Michael.
I never obtained its nest, but saw the birds under circumstances
that cause me to assert that it breeds there. (Zwrner.)

At Point Barrow the majority of this species are paired by the
middle of May, and the flocks are made up of pairs flying alter-
nately. Early in June straggling pairs and small parties settle
about the tundra pools and breed sparingly in the neighborhood
of the station. (Murdoch.)

This species is tolerably common in Franklin Bay, where fully
200 eggs were procured between 1862-1865. The nest is similar
to that of the Pacific Eider and when not disturbed the female lays
from four to six eggs. In colour they are generally of a light
shade of olive-gray, and some are of a grayish-green. (Wacfarlane.)

108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen procured at York Factory, Hudson Bay, by Dr.
R. Bell. Of this species we have seven eggs. Three of these were
taken at Cape Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait, in 1885, by Mr. F.
F. Payne, one on Cary Island, Baffin Bay, and a set of three, one
large and two small, taken at Nachvak, Labrador, by Mr. G.
Forde, in 1897.

LXII. OIDEMIA FLEmING. 1822.

163. American Scoter.

Oidemia americana SWAINS. 1831.

Obtained at the mouth of the Koaksoak River. Abundant in
Hudson Strait and on the eastern shore of Labrador, where it is
reported to breed sparingly. (Zurner.) Common throughout the
year around Newfoundland. (Reeks.) A common migrant in Nova
Scotia. (Downs.) An uncommon spring and autumn migrant at
St. John, New Brunswick. (Chambcrlain.) Passed north of Lake
Mistassini, Northern Quebec, May 15th, 1885. (/. WV. Macoun.)
Common in June, 1896, from Cape Jones to Richmond Gulf,
Hudson Bay. (Sfreadborough.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay.
(Wright.) Not uncommon onthe Gulf of St. Lawrence and up
the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers.

Casual on Lake Ontario and lakes Huron and Erie. It 1s
not rare in Manitoba, but never breeds, passing to the north for
that purpose. We have no detailed account of its breeding-
grounds in the east but believe they are around Hudson Bay.
Richardson says this species frequents Hudson Bay, breeding
between the 50th and 6oth parallels. Macfarlane says it undoubt-
edly breeds in the Anderson River country, although he never
received any well authenticated eggs.

Along the Alaskan shores of Behring Sea and Kotzebue Sound
these Scoters are abundant summer residents. They breed
abundantly about the mouth of the Yukon and other suitable
localities around the various islands. (We/son.) This species
breeds at St. Michael, but more abundantly further up the coast ;
among the Aleutian Islands it is to be found throughout the year.
(Turner.) It is not a common visitor in British Columbia, but it

—

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 10G

has been found on the coast and in the interior by Fannin, who
saw a small flock on May Ioth, 1891, at 108-mile House on the
Cariboo Road.

BREEDING Nores.—At the mouth of the Yukon, Dall found
a nest of this species ina bunch of willows on a small island,
on June 17th. It contained two white and rather large eggs,
and was well lined with dry grass, leaves, moss and feathers. At
St. Michael these ducks are never seen until the ice begins to
break up off shore. May 16th is about the earliest date of arrival
I have recorded. The mating is quickly accomplished, and a
nesting-site chosen on the border of some pond. The spot is
artfully hidden in the standing grass, and the eggs, if left by the
parent, are carefully covered with grass and moss. As the set of
eggs is completed, the male gradually loses interest in the female,
and deserts her to join great flocks of his kind along the sea-
shore, usually keeping in the vicinity of a bay, an inlet, or the
mouth of some large stream. (JVe/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Two specimens, both taken near Ottawa, Ont., in September,
1897.
164. Velvet Scoter,
Oidemia fusca (LINN.) STEPH. 1824.

Accidental (?) in Greenland. (A. O.U. List.) Collected in
South Greenland and now in Copenhagen Museum. (Winge.)

165. White-winged Scoter,
Ordemia deglandi Bonar. 1850.

Common around Newfoundland and may breed ; a winter
migrant around Nova Scotia and a migrant in spring and autumn
in the Bay of Fundy. Flocks were seen in July 1888 off the gulf
coast of Prince Edward Island, and Bishop speaks of a flock
remaining for weeks off Grindstone Island, Magdalen Islands, in
1887. Reported by Audubon to breed on the east coast of
Labrador.

Abundant from Moose Factory to Richmond Gulf, Hudson
Bay, June 1896. (Spreadborough.) It is common on the St. Law-
rence and frequent on the Ottawa River, and not a rare migrant
on Lake Ontatio and Lake Erie.

1m fe) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

A common migrant in Manitoba and stays so late that undoubt-
edly some breed near the larger lakes. First seen at Deep Lake,
Indian Head, Assa., May 13th, 1892 ; common by June 5th; shot
a female June 22nd that had an egg in her oviduct nearly ready to
be laid ; must breed there as I saw them on Deep Lake every
day up to July Ist, when I left. Common on Lake Ste. Anne,
north of Edmonton, Alta., June 9, 1898. (Spreadborough.) There
can be no doubt that it breeds all the way north to Hudson
Bay, as it has been seen on all the large lakes in summer.

Breeds throughout the districts around Fort Anderson (Mac-
farlane) and on the Arctic coast towards the mouth of the Mac-
kenzie. (Aichardson.)

This species is less common than the American Scoter or the
Surf Scoter. It breeds in very small numbers about the mouth
of the Yukon, and in other localities ; at St. Michael it is not
rare and becomes more common in the autumn. (JVe/son.) I
found this Scoter to be rare in all localities visited by me.
(Turner.)

Abundant resident in British Columbia; winters on the coast,
and found during the summer both on the coast and in the
interior of the mainland. I have no record of its breeding place.
(Fannin.) Remains all winter on Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Svooks.)

A small flock of this species was seen by the writer on Upper
Arrow Lake, Columbia River, June 16th, 1890, and a few pairs
were probably breeding in the vicinity ; others were seen at Banff,
Alberta, on May 8th, 1891.

BBEEDING Notes.—Audubon found this species breeding in
Labrador. The nests were built by the sides of small lakes, two
or three miles distant from the sea, and usually placed under low
bushes. They were formed of twigs, mosses and various plants
matted together, and were large and almost flat, several inches
thick, and lined with feathers. (J/c//wraith.) This species breeds
in both Manitoba and Alberta. On June 16th, 1896, 1 shot a
female at Burnt Lake, Alberta, which contained a fully develop-
edegg. (Dippie.

On June 26th, 1893, Mr. G. F. Dippie and myself found a nest
containing nine eggs on an island at the south end of Lake Mani-
toba. The nest was built between loose boulders and consisted

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. WA

of a hollow in the sand lined abundantly with dark down. The
eggs were very large and ofa deep, rich, buff colour. The bird sat
very close upon the nest and did not fly up until I almost trod
upon her. It appears to bea late breeder, nesting late in June on
the islands of lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg. Mr. Neuman sent
me an egg of this bird which he took from a female he had shot
at Swan Lake, Northern Alberta, on June 25th, 1897. (Raine.)

It breeds in large numbers throughout the region under review,
as several nests were found in the “Barrens,” some near the
fort, and a fewon the Lower Anderson and in other parts
of the wooded sections ; these were always depressions in the
ground, lined with down, feathers and dry grasses, and placed
contiguous to ponds or sheets of fresh water, frequently amid
clumps of small spruce or dwarf willow and fairly well concealed
from view. The number of eggs found in a nest varied between
five and eight. (Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens, one taken in Toronto marsh and the other shot
near Indian Head, Assa., May 1892, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

166. Surf Scoter. Sea Coot.
Oidemia prespicillata (LINN.) STEPH. 1824.

A few specimens obtained from the Danish settlements in
Greenland. (Arct. Man.) Breeding sparingly along the coasts of
Labrador. (Zurner.) Common along the coast of Newfoundland,
especially during the breeding season. (Reeks.) Migrant along
the coasts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; also in the Gulf
and River St. Lawrence. It is a rare migrant near Ottawa, Ont.,
but more common on Lake Ontario.

Rare in Hudson Strait, but quite common from Cape Jones to
Richmond Gulf in Hudson Bay, June, 1806. (Spreadborough.)
This is a common species on the arctic coast, and breeds
abundantly both there and on the “ Barrens’’ along the Anderson
River, near Fort Anderson. (Macfarlance.)

Abundant everywhere on the coast waters of British Columbia.
(Hanmn. Remains on Lake Okanagan throughout the winter.
(Brooks.) Common about Burrard Inlet during the latter part of
April, 1889. (Szreator.)

112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Nelson and Turner both report this as a very common duck in
Alaska, but seem to know little of its breeding habits. Its great
breeding-grounds are very likely the “tundra” bordering the
arctic coast southwest of Point Barrow.

BREEDING Nores.—This species breeds commonly on the
marshes along the Yukon, even above Fort Yukon. The main
breeding-ground of this species remains unknown to me, for
although females and young were not rare in summer, yet they
were not numerous enough to account for the vast number of
males to be found. From the fact that immense flocks of the
males are constantly seen. off the coast in summer it 1s evident
that the females assume the duty of incubating the eggs and
rearing the young. (/Ve/son.) The remarks made under O. deglandi
happen to be, in almost every respect, equally applicable to the
present species—the only difference noted being that generally
less hay and feathers was observed in the composition of its nest.
(Macfarlane.) Audubon observed this species breeding in Labra-
dor. He found anest in a freshwater marsh, among the tall grass
and weeds. It was composed entirely of withered weeds, lined
with the down of the birds, and contained five eggs of a pale-
yellowish or cream colour. (Mcllwraith.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

There are two in the collection, one taken in Hudson Bay, the
other at Comox, Vancouver Island, June roth, 1893, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

LXIIl. ERISMATURA Bonaparte. 1832.
167. Ruddy Duck.

Evismatura jamaicensis (GMEL. SALVAD. 1896.

A rare and uncertain visitor on the Atlantic coast, though
reported from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
More common in Quebec, and according to McIlwraith, generally
distributed in Ontario. Abundant migrant nearLondon. A few
pairs breed in the marshes at St. Clair Flats. (Saunders & Morden.)

This is a common summer resident in Manitoba and Assiniboia,
breeding in all the deep and reedy ponds. Stragglers have been
taken on Hudson Bay, and Richardson says it breeds as far north
as Lat. 58°; Ross says that it goes north to Great Slave Lake, but

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 113

is rare. It is a regular summer resident in the interior of British
Columbia, having been found breeding in the lakes along the
Cariboo road by Fannin in 1891. Brooks says it is a rare autumn
visitor in the Lower Fraser valley.

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds on Lake Manitoba, and on Buffalo
Lake, Burnt Lake and many others in Alberta. On June rqth,
1896, took a nest with two eggs and one egg of the Canvas-back.
(Dippie.) I have never found the nests of this species except in
reeds and tall grass growing in water on the margin of lakes and
sloughs. Nest rather bulky, made of grass, Saw a female
with four young, about a week old, on June 2Ist, 1896, in North-
ern Labrador. This species was found breeding sparingly from
Richmond Gulf to Ungava (Spreadborough.) 1 found this species
breeding on Shoal Lake, Manitoba, June 8th, 1894. (azne.)

This species lays a beautiful, and for the size of the duck, a
large egg, andlays a great number, unless two or more lay in the
same nest, which is probably the case. It was common in 1894
at Crane Lake. The nest was usually amongst ‘cat-tails”
(Typha latifolia), while the Scaups and Red-heads preferred to
breed among rushes (Scirpus lacustris.) One nest was taken con-
taining seventeen fresh eggs, fourteen of which belonged to the
Ruddy Duck, two to the Canvas-back and one to the Red-head.
Bluish-green and creamy white eggs in the same nest made quite

a contrast.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two taken on the Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring. Eight
eggs taken at Crane Lake, Assa., June 15th, 1894.

LXIV. CHEN Bole. 1822.

169. Lesser Snow Goose.
Chen hyperborea (PALL.) Bore. 1822.

This handsome goose is uncommon on the coast of Norton
Sound and about the Yukon mouth. It arrives in spring, between
the 5th and 15th of May, according to the season, and after
remaining a short time passes north. (Ve/son.) This species
occurs only sparingly in the vicinity of St. Michael, and remains
but a few days till it goes farther north. I am not aware that it

breeds south of the arctic circle. (Zurner.) All the Snow Geese
8

Il4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

taken at Point Barrow were of this species. They are not at all
common, but are occasionally met with during the spring migra-
tions. (Murdoch. A winter resident on the coast of British
Columbia. Tolerably abundant. During some winters large
numbers congregate off the mouth of Fraser River. (Fannin.)
The rarest of the geese in the Fraser valley. (Brooks.) Havea
specimen shot at Calgary, Alberta, in the spring of 1893. (Dzppie.)

BREEDING Notes.—These birds seek a nesting-ground along
the course of the Lower Anderson River and the neighbouring
region along the arctic coast. (/Velson.) The Eskimos assured
us that large numbers of “‘ White Waveys” annually breed on the
shores and islands of Esquimaux Lake and Liverpool Bay, but
strange to say we never observed any on the Barren Grounds
proper or on the shores of Franklin Bay. The Eskimos
brought in to Fort Anderson about one hundred eggs, which
they claimed to have discovered among the marshy flats and
sandy islets on the coasts of Esquimaux Lake. Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One fine specimen, shot at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April
28th, 1897.

1692. Greater Snow Goose.
Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.) Ripew. 1884.

A few young birds are taken occasionally in Greenland, in
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia; accidental in New Brunswick.
The same may be said of its occurrence in Quebec and Ontario.
A very abundant migrant in Manitoba and eastern Assiniboia
in the spring. In the autumn it migrates farther west and goes
south, chiefly through Alberta and western Assiniboia.

BREEDING Notes.—The remarks made by me under Chen hyper-
dorea belong in part to this species, as at the time the eggs were
collected the forms were not separated. (Macfarlane.) Breeding
in immense numbers in the Barren Grounds along the arctic
coast. (Rzchardson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen, shot on Black Island, Lake Winnipeg, by Mr.
J. B. Tyrrell. A set of three eggs taken on one of the Twin
Islands, James Bay in 1898, received from Mr. A. P. Low.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 115
169.1. Blue Goose.
Chen cerulescens (LINN.) GUNDL. 1865-66.

Two females and a male of this species were shot 11th October,
1886, within a few miles of Ottawa, Ont.,by Mr.G. R White. The
bills and feet were black instead of being lake-red as in Dr. Coues
description, but the birds correspond with it in every other parti-
cular. (O¢. Nat.) A typical specimen was shot by Mr. A. Ralph
on the River Thames, 16th November, 1888. As one foot was
missing and the tissues completely healed over, the bird was
probably an adult and certainly agrees in every particular with
the description given in Ridgway’s Manual. The bird has been
preserved and isin London, Ont. (2. A/o¢7.) A transient visitor in
Manitoba. (Seton-Thompson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen bought with the Holman collection in 1885.

170. Ross’s Snowy Goose,
Chen rossu (CASSIN) RipGw. 1880.

According to Cassin this is the ‘‘ Horned Wavey,” described
by Hearne, in 1795. After the description, Hearne says :—

“This species is very scarce at Churchill River, and I believe is
never found at any of the southern settlements, but about two or
three hundred miles to the northwest of Churchill I have seen
them in as large flocks as the Common Wavey or Snow Goose.”

Nothing more was heard of this species until Mr. Robert Ken-
nicott and Mr. Bernard R. Ross of the Hudson Bay Company
sent specimens taken on Great Slave Lake to the Smithsonian
Institution and Mr. Cassin recognized it as a new species and
named it after Mr. Ross.

This goose has been taken at the mouth of the Fraser River,
and also on Shuswap Lake, and on Kuper Island, B.C., but I am
inclined to think that its occurrence here is rare. (annin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One procured at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, by Dr. R. Bell.
82

116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
LXV. ANSER Brisson. 1760.
171. White-fronted Goose.
Anser albifrons (GMEL.) BECHST. 1809.
Casual in Eastern Greenland? (A. O. U. List.)
1v7ia. American White-fronted Goose. Laughing Goose.
Anser albifrons gambeli (HARTL.) CouEs. 1872.

Not rare in fresh water between Lat. 66° and 68° 30’ N. in
West Greenland. (Arct. Man.) Very rare around Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) This species has been noted at Montreal and one was
shot at Lac Jacques Cartier, north of Quebec, in the autumn of
1870. (Dionne.) A friend and myself came across three indi-
viduals of this species on the Isle de la Paix, Lake St. Louis,
near Montreal, but failed to secure specimens. (Wzntle.) Only
a casual visitor in Ontario.

From the middle of April, or a week later, to the middle of
May this species is quite common in western Manitoba and East-
ern Assiniboia. It is then passing to its breeding-places which
Richardson says are in the wooded districts, skirting the
Mackenzie River to the north of the 67th parallel, and the islands
in the Arctic Sea. Macfarlane found it breeding on Frank-
lin Bay, Murdoch at Point Barrow, Dall all along the Yukon, and
Turner in its delta, Nelson along the Arctic coast and Fannin
says it breeds on the mainland of British Columbia and that
young fledglings have been taken on Cowichan Lake, Vancouver
Island. The breeding range of this bird is therefore the whole
northwestern part of the continent and its peculiar spring migra-
tion accounted for.

BREEDING Notes.—A clutch of four eggs in my collection
was taken on an island in Mackenzie Bay, west of the
mouth of Mackenzie River, June 5th, 1895. The nest con-
sisted of a hollowinthe sand lined with down. (Razne.) When
the White-fronted Goose first arrives in the north, the lakes are
but just beginning to open and the ground is still largely covered
with snow. The last year’s heath-berries afford them sustenance,
in common with most of the other wild-fowl, at this season. The
mating season 1s quickly ended, however, and on May 27th, 1879, I
found their eggs at the Yukon mouth. From this date on, until

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. FL,

the middle of June, fresh eggs may be found, but very soon after
the latter date downy young begin to appear. These geese
choose for a nesting place the grassy border of a small lakelet,
a knoll grown over with moss and grass, or even a flat sparingly
covered with grass. Along the Yukon, Dall found them breeding
gregariously, depositing their eggs in a hollow scooped out of
the sand. At the Yukon mouth and St. Michael they were found
breeding in scattered pairs over the flat country. Every one of
the nests examined by me, in these places, had a slight lining of
grass or moss, gathered by the parent, and upon this the first egg
was laid ; as the complement is approached, the female always
plucks down and feathers from her breast until, when incubation
commences, the eggs rest in a soft warm bed. The eggs vary
considerably in size and shape. Some are decidedly elongated,
others are decidedly oval. In colour they are dull-white, but
ordinarily present a dirty-brown appearance from being stained
in the nest. (/Ve/son.

This species arrives at Point Barrow, Alaska, about the middle
ot May, and for a couple of weeks is generally found in small
parties along the lagoons and the small pools which have opened
along the crown of the beach. As the snow cleared off—early
in June—they scattered in pairs over the tundra, occasionally
feeding together in small parties of half a dozen or more. The
eggs are always laid in the black muddy tundra, often on top of
a small knoll. The nest is lined with tundra moss and down.
The number of eggs appears to be subject to considerable
variation, as we found sets of four, six and seven, all well
advanced in incubation. The last egg is laid generally in the
middle of the nest, and may be recognized by its white shell
-unless incubation is far advanced, the eggs being soiled by the
birds coming on and off the nest. (Muzrdoch.)

A considerable number of the nests of this ‘Gray Wavey ” were
discovered in the vicinity of fresh-water lakes in timber tracts as
well as along the Lower Anderson River to the sea. Some were
taken on the Arctic coast, and several, also, on islands and islets
in Franklin Bay. In all, about one hundred nests were secured.
The nest, which was always a mere shallow cavity in the ground,
in every observed and reported instance had more or less of a
lining of hay, feathers and down, while the maximum number
of eggs in no case exceeded seven. (Macfarlane.)

118 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

Our representative of this species was shot at the Red Deer
River, Alberta, September 12th, 1896, by Mr. Dippie.

1710. Bean Goose.
Anser fabalis (LATH.) SALVAD. 1895.

Accidental in Greenland. (Winge.)

LXVI. BRANTA Scopoti. 1769.

172, Canada Goose.
Branta canadensis (LINN.) BANNISTER. 1870.

A common migrant in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It
breeds in Newfoundland, in Labrador, in northern Quebec, and
on the island of Anticosti, where the writer saw flocks of old
and young feeding in bogs on the berries of Ampetum mgrum in
August, 1883.

This species is a migrant as far as known in Ontario, but west-
ward it breeds from Manitoba and the prairie region to the
Pacific coast. A few pairs breed in almost all the prairie lakes
having islands in them and where the water on the outer fringe of
a marsh is over 30 inches deep. It was found breeding, by
Spreadborough, at Henry House, Athabasca Pass, 1898. Found
breeding in the marshes along the Bow River at Banff in 1891,
in the marshes of the Columbia below Golden in 1885 and near

Revelstoke, B.C., in 1890. Farther to the north it becomes more -

abundant and breeds in greater numbers throughout the whole
wooded country. It is not common in Alaska but breeds in the
interior and throughout British Columbia. Brooks reports that
a flock of Canada Geese winters every year on Shuswap Lake, B.C.

This species breeds throughout the entire wooded region of
the Mackenzie River basin. Nests were discovered in the vicinity
of Fort Anderson and to the borders of the forest on the east and
west sides of the river of that name. None were met with on the
‘‘ Barrens” nor on the Arctic coast. Severals deserted hawk’s
nests were found occupied by incubating females. (J/acfarlane.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. IIg

BREEDING NotEes.—Have seen several nests, some on the
ground and others upon old musk-rat houses. Nests made of
grass lined with down. Breeds early ; have seen the young the

first week in June, but also found eggs perfectly fresh June goth,

1894. (Spreadborough.) A nest with six eggs, incubated about
one week, was found near the Red Deer River, Alberta, May rith,
1888. Between Athabasca Landing and Fort McMurray, two
females with young about a week old were seen June 1ith.
(J. M. Macoun.)

Breeds in Assiniboia and Alberta and is one of the earliest
breeders. Its eggs are often taken and put under fowls to hatch.
I have seen broods of young Canada geese that were hatched
and reared by turkeys at Rush Lake. When the first clutch is
taken the bird lays another, sometimes on the same island. On May
25th, 1893, I found seven eggs in a nest built on an island ina
small lake north of Rush Lake. A Canada Goose had nested on
this island for several years. It is a remarkable fact that in
Alberta this goose often lays its eggs in the nests of Buzzards.
Mr. Neuman sent me a set of five eggs he took from a Buzzard’s
nest on April 25th, 1896. The nest was built in a dead cotton-
wood tree 45 feet from the ground and the bird was flushed off
the nest and shot. I have a photograph of the nest. (Razne.)

This species is one of the earliest to arrive in the Northwest.
It was first seen in 1894 at Medicine Hat on April 7th, by Spread-
borough, and was common by the 16th. It seems to have no
fixed place to breed as it has been found nesting on old musk-rat
houses in marshes, on masses of dead reeds, in Buzzards’ nests
on low trees along streams, and in two instances it nested in trees
at least forty feet from the ground. In one case the nest was in
that of a Fish Hawk, in the other in an old nest of the Bald eagle.
Also breeding on rocks along Milk River, Alberta.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One fine specimen taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May 1894,
and another purchased with the Holman collection.

Four eggs taken at Crane Lake, June oth, 1894. Two taken on
Whale River, Ungava Bay, Labrador, June 11th, 1896, by Mr. G.
Boucher.

.

120 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
1724. Hutchin’s Goose.

Branta canadensis hutchinsit (RICH.) COUES. 1872.

This species, in company with the Brant and Snowy Goose,
arrived in great numbers on Prince of Wales Sound, Hudson
Strait, September 6th, 1885, but was gone in a few days. (Payne.

Common in spring and fall in Manitoba. (.Seton-Thompson.)
First seen in small flocks at Deep Lake, Indian Head, Assa., April
29th; it never became common and all were gone by May I5th.
(Spreadborough.) This species is very common in Alaska, breed-
ing abundantly in the Yukon Delta and northward. Fannin and
Brooks report it as an abundant spring and fall migrant, wintering
on the coast of British Columbia. The former claims it as a resi-
dent, and if so it breeds.

This species is very common around the shores and on the
islands of the Arctic Sea, and does not frequent the fresh-water
lakes of the interiorin summer. (X2chardson.)

BREEDING Nores.——Over fifty nests of this species were found
on the Lower Anderson River as wellas on the shores and islands
of the Arctic Sea; almost all were placed on the earth and com-
posed of dry hay, feathers and down. The usual number of eggs
was six. (Macfarlane.)

Dall says they choose, in Alaska, the hill-tops for their breeding
places. He secured eggs on June 15th and the unfledged young
July roth. The nesting-habits, notes, and general mode of life of
Hutchin’s Goose are identical with those of 2. minima, so they
need not be specially referred to here. (Ve/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two, procured by Dr. R. Bell at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay.
One egg obtained in Repulse Bay, Hudson Bay.

1726. White-cheeked Goose.
Branta canadensis occidentalis (BAIRD) Ripew. 1885.

During my residence on the coast of Behring Sea this bird was
not seen and as hundreds of the two other related species were
examined both at St. Michael and the Yukon mouth, it appears
evident that it is foundin Alaska asa straggler or not at all.

~~
a —_—

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 121

Dall records specimens taken at Sitka. (/Velson.) Much rarer
than the Canada Goose in the Lower Fraser valley. (Srvooks.)
Pacific coast region, from Sitka south, in winter, to California.

(ay 0..U.. List.)

172¢. Cackling Goose.
Branta canadensis minima Ripew. 1885.

Nelson and Turner report this as being the most generally dis-
tributed goose in Alaska. Brooks and Fannin speak of it as a
winter resident on the coast of British Columbia.

BREEDING Notes.—The Upper Yukon District, the Yukon
Delta, and south to the Bristol Bay District abound with these
birds in the breeding season. They remain in these places until
about the first of October, while in the Aleutian Islands they
remain until the middle of November. This bird does not winter
in any part of Alaska. The eggs vary from seven to thirteen ;
they are laid in a carelessly-arranged nest composed of dead
erasses and a few feathers. The young remain with the parents
until the latter moult by the 2cth August, by which time the
young are able to fly. The chief food of the birds is the berries
of the Vaccinium. (Turner.)

The last week of May finds many of these birds depositing
their eggs. Upon the grassy borders of ponds, in the midst of a
bunch of grass, or ona small knoll these birds find a spot where
they make a slight depression and perhaps line it with a scanty
layer of grasses, after which the eggs are laid, numbering from
five to eight. The eggs, like the birds, average smaller than
those of other geese. As the eggs are deposited the female
gradually lines the nest with feathers plucked from her breast
until they rest ina bed of down. When first laid the eggs are
white but by the time incubation begins all are soiled and dingy.
The female usually crouches low on her nest until an intruder
comes within one hundred yards or so, when she skulks off
through the grass or flies silently away, close to the ground, and
only raises a note of alarm when well away from the nest. The
young are hatched from the middle of June until the middle of
July. (WVelson.)

122 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
173. Brant.
Branta bernicla (Lixn.) SCopoyi. 17609.

Said ‘not to breed in Greenland lower than Lat. 70° but does so
in great numbers in the Polar Sea. (Arct. Man.) This species
breeds in numbers on the coasts and islands of Hudson Bay and
the Arctic Sea, and is rarely seen in the interior. (Azchardson.)

This species is a very abundant migrant on the whole Atlantic
coast, filling at times the heads of all the bays and feeding on sea-
weed, chiefly of the genus Ulva. It is quite frequent in the
St. Lawrence and is known to ascend the Ottawa to thirty miles
below the city. It is casual in Lake Ontario and said to be a rare
migrant in western Ontario. Occasionally seen in Manitoba ; not
seen to the west of that province.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen shot at St. John, New Brunswick, by Mr. Cham-
berlain.

174. Black Brant.
Branta nigricans (LAWR.) BANNISTER. 1870.

About the middle of May this goose makes its appearance
about the mouth of the Yukon, and after a week or ten days
passes northward to breed. Its breeding-ground lies consi-
derably to the north, for during the cruise of the Corwen, in the
summer of 1881, we first met it in the vicinity of Point Barrow,
where the Eskimos brought many of them on board. (/Ve/son.)
About the middle of May a great stream of these birds pours
northward between St. Michael Island and Stewart Island. Few
are seen in the faJl asthey then pass through the interior going
south. (7Zzrner.) This bird appears at the end of the main spring
migration of the water-fowl, but not in considerable numbers. A
few remain to breed and are seen flying about the tundra during
June. After the middle of August they begin to fly across the
isthmus of Pergmiak coming west along the shore of Elson Bay,
crossing to the ocean and turning southward along the coast.
(Murdoch.) An abundant winter resident along the coasts of
Vancouver Island and British Columbia. (Faznzn.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 123

BreEepDING Notres.—The nest of this bird} is placed in rather
marshy ground and is a simple depression, lined with down with
which the eggs are completely covered when the bird leavesthe
nest. They sometimes begin to sit on four eggs and sometimes
lay as many as six. (Murdoch.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One pair shot at Kadiak Island, Alaska.

175. Barnacle Goose.
Branta leucopsis (BECHST.) BANNISTER. 1870.

A regular autumnal visitor at Julianshaab, and may perhaps
breed in Greenland ; recorded also from the east coast. (Arez.
Man.)

LXVII. PHILACTE Baynister. 1870.

176. Emperor Goose.
Philacte canagica (SEVAST.) BANNISTER. 1870.

Among the various species of birds, more or less peculiar to
Alaska, this goose is perhaps the most noteworthy. The limited
area covered by its migrations, its narrow range, reaching only
across the area bounded by the Aleutian Islands to the south,
and the vicinity of Behring Strait on the north, and the little
known of its life-history caused me to give it much attention at
St. Michael. (We/son.) The habitat of this goose is strictly littoral-
maritime, frequenting only the reefs, rocks and shoals of the salt-
water and brackish lagoons of the mainland coast. It is never
found in fresh-water localities excepting those contiguous to the
sea, such as the lower Yukon Delta, mouth of the Kuskoquim
River, and the bars lying off the mouth of the Nuskagak River.
(Turner.) Occurs regularly on the Pribyloff Islands in summer,
but does not breed. (Zowzsend.) One specimen killed at Che-
mainus, Vancouver Island, December, 1894. (/annin.)

BREEDING Notes.—On May 22nd my Eskimo hunter brought
inthe first one, a magnificent male in fine plumage. From that
time on’they became more common daily until the first of June,
when they arrived in full force. Soon after their arrival they
began to pair, and were seen flying in couples, keeping close to
the ground, rarely flying twenty or thirty yards high, and often
barely keeping. clear ot \the) surface.) Early in June they
begin depositing their eggs on the flat, marshy islands bordering

124 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the sea. They nested most abundantly on the salt-marshes adja-
cent to their feeding-grounds and their eggs were often placed
among fragments of drift-wood below the mark of the highest
tides. Stray pairs were found nesting further inland in the marshy
meadows also frequented by other species of geese, but on the
salt-flats, near tide-water, the Emperor Goose held undisputed
possession. The majority of the nests found contained from
three to five eggs, the full complement ranging from five to
eight. As the complement of eggs approached completion the
parent made a soft bed of fine grass, leaves, and feathers plucked
from her own breast. Asa rule, when driven from her eggs, the
female flew straight away and alighted at some distance, some-
times half a mile from the nest, showing very little concern.
( Nelson.)
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One, shot twenty miles south of Kadiak Island, Alaska.
LXVIII. OLOR Wacter. 1832.
79. Whooping Swan,

Olor cygnus (LINN.) BONAPARTE, 1850.

Occasional in Southern Greenland. (A. O. U. List.)

s
80. Whistling Swan.
Olor columbianus (ORD) STEJN. 1882.

This species is a rare and accidental visitor along the Atlantic
coast from Newfoundland southward. It is not uncommon in
the Gulf and River St. Lawrence and is a regular visitor on Lake
Erie and the Great Lakes generally. Migrants in all parts of
Manitoba and westward over the prairie, apparently not breeding
south of the Arctic circle:

This species breeds on the coast of the Arctic Sea within the
Arctic circle and is seen in the interior only as a migrant.
(Richardson.) Both Nelson and Turner speak of this bird being
a common species in Alaska. Mr. Turner says it migrates
about the middle of October and at this time the migration is
always to the northward from St. Michael and directed towards
the head of Norton Sound. From there it evidently crosses
to the Yukon and passes up it tothe Rocky Mountains. A com-
mon migrant in British Columbia, and according to Fannin very

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 125

abundant during the summer in some portions of the mainland
interior. The young have been taken on Vancouver Island.
Brooks says that a swan, (apparently this species) winters in suit-
able localities in the Okanagan district, B.C.

BREEDING Notes.—This species builds on the ground and the
nest usually contains five eggs; several were also found on the
coast and islands of Liverpool and Franklin bays in the Arctic
Ocean. (Macfarlane.) The birds arrive on the coast singly or in
small parties, and directly after scatter to their summer haunts.
At Nulato, Dall found them laving their eggs by May 2!st, but
on the sea-coast, May 30th 1s the earliest date I have of their eggs
being taken. Dall states that they lay two eggs, but this must
refer to a single nest, for the ordinary number is from three to
six. The nest is usually upona small island in some secluded
lakelet, or on a rounded bank close to the border of a pond.
The eggs are deposited in a depression made in a heap of rubbish
gathered by the birds from the immediate vicinity of the nest,
and is composed of grass, moss, and dead leaves, forming a
bulky affair in many cases. On June 14th, 1880, a swan was seen
flying from the side of a small pond on the marsh near St. Michael,
and a close search finally revealed the nest. The eggs were com-
pletely hidden in loose moss, which covered the ground about
the spot, and in which the bird had made a depression by pluck-
ing the moss and arranging it for that purpose. The site was so
artfully chosen and prepared that I passed the spot in my search,
and one of my native hunters coming close behind, called me
back, and thrusting his stick into the moss exposed the eggs.
(Nelson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One fine specimen taken on Lake Winnipeg by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell.

An egg, which is supposed to be that of this species, from
Mackenzie River.

181. Trumpeter Swan.
Olor buccinator (R1cH.) WAGLER. 1832.
Stragglers are occasionally seen on the north side of Lake Erie

and doubtless on Lake Ontario, but by many observers this species
is referred to the more common Whistling Swan.

Occasionally seen passing over Manitoba, flying high in the
spring. More plentiful inthe autumn. Only a few specimens
noted by Spreadborough at Indian Head, Assa., in the middle of

4

126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

April, 1892. Seen passing over Revelstoke, B.C., from 18th to 20th
April, 1890. This is the most common swan in the interior of the
North West Territories. It breeds as far south as Lat. 61°, but
principally within the Arctic circle and in its migrations generally
precedes the geese by a few days. (Azchardson.) North to the
Arctic circle, on the Mackenzie River, breeds along the river.
(Ross.) Very rare in Alaska, but is not uncommon in northern
British Columbia, according to Fannin.

BrEEDING Nores.—Several nests of this species were met with in
the Barren Grounds, on islands in Franklin Bay, and on the beach
one was taken which contained six eggs. It was composed of a
quantity of hay, down and feathers intermixed, and this was the
general mode of structure of the nests of both swans. (Mac-
farlane.) A pair remained at Sumas Lake, B.C. throughout the
summer of 1891 and swans (apparently this species) winter on
Lake Okanagan, B. C. (Svooks.) It occasionally breeds in
Assiniboia, although its natural breeding-grounds are much
further north. A pair was found breeding at Buffalo Lake, Alberta,
on April 7th, 1891. The nest contained five eggs. Mr. Spaulding
described the nest as being a large structure, three feet in diameter,
composed of sods, grass and rushes and lined with feathers and
down. Mr. Sanderson who has lived all his life in Assiniboia and
Saskatchewan informs me that wild swans used to breed on some
of the lakes in Northern Assiniboia and Saskatchewan before the
Canadian Pacific Railway was built. The last nest he found was
during the spring of 1885, during the Northwest rebellion. It
was at Sounding Lake in Assiniboia, and contained four fresh
eggs (Ratne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One fine specimen shot on the St. Clair Flats, Ont., in Novem-

ber, 1884, by Mr. G. Warin.

OrpER HERODIONES. Herons. Srorks. IBIsks, &c.
Famity XV. IBIDID:. Isises.
LXIX. PLEGADIS Kavp. 1829.
186. Glossy Ibis.

Plegadis autumnalis (HASSELQ.) STEJN. 1885.
A flock ran the gauntlet and came along the coast as far north
as Country Harbour, Nova Scotia. (Dowys.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 127

Mr. John Bates shot a pair at the end of May, 1857, on a creek
near Hamilton water-works. These are the only birds of this
species ever seen in Ontario. (Mcl/wraith.)

187. White-faced Glossy Ibis.
Plegadts guarauna (Linn.) Rripew. 1878.

Found as a rare stragglerin British Columbia. Only two speci-
mens known to have been taken in that province; one on Salt
Spring Island in the Gulf of Georgia, and the other at the mouth
of the Fraser River. (Fannin.)

Famity XVI. ARDEIDA Herons, Bitrerns, &c.
LXX. BOTAURUS Hermann. 1783.

150, American Bittern.
Botaurus lentiginosus (MONTAG.) STEPH. I81Ig.

This species is only a straggler in Greenland but is a summer
migrant in Newfoundland. It breeds in Prince Edward Island,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario and _ north-
ward to Hudson Bay, in all suitable localities.

Westward it becomes more abundant and is found commonly
from Manitoba to the Pacific, never being seen in flocks but
turning up in all marshes and in weedy brooks. Richardson
Says it is common in the interior up to the fifty-eight parallel,
and Bernard Ross says it descends the Mackenzie to the Arctic
Sea. Although it is abundant in British Columbia we have no
record of its occurrence in Alaska.

BREEDING Nores.—Nests in the reeds and grass in nearly all
marshes. On June 29th, 1892, found anest at Indian Head, Assa.,
containing five eggs. The nest was built on a mass of last year’s
rushes about eighteen inches above th2 water and consisted of
the same materials. The bird feeds upon mice, snakes, frogs and
almost anything that has life and that it is able to swallow.
(Spreadborougn.)

A pair breeds every year in Ashbridge’s Bay, Toronto, Ont.
This species lays five eggs, occasionally six. (Raine.)

I have found the nest of this species four times in the County
of Leeds, Ont. The bird lays its eggs very regularly about the

128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

24th of May apparently being little influenced by the season,
just as in the case of the Loon. It also has a preference for
the same locality year after year, even though the eggs are
taken. The first three nests I found were in small ponds in
a meadow nearly surrounded by woods, and were built three
successive years in one or other of the two ponds among the
flags of last year’s growth, in one case floating in two feet of
water. The complement of five eggs, once of six, was laid by the
26th of May, and in one case incubation had commenced some
days previously. The fourth nest I found was in an open, but wet
meadow, and the nest was formed of grass in a springy place,
very unlike the others. Onthe 3rd of June the five eggs were
much incubated. (Rev. C./. Young.)

This species is rather common in the large marshes in western
Ontario. It makes a bulky nest in a dry portion of the marsh
and lays four or five eggs. (W. Saunders.) Breeding in large
numbers at Crane Lake, Assa., in the marshes. The nest is gen-
erally on old dead grass in one or two feet of water, but one con-
taining two eggs partly incubated was found on dry ground on
June 9th. On the 20th I found many nests but in nearly all the
eggs were so much incubated that they were unfit to take. Most
of the nests contained four or five eggs. One nest was taken
which had five eggs in it, one of which was that of the Lesser
Scaup.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two mounted specimens taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. 5S
Herring. Three unmounted, one of which was taken at Ottawa
by Mr. G. R. White, another at the same place by Dr. Charles
Saunders, and another at Banff, Alberta, by Mr. Spreadborough.
Several sets of eggs taken in the marshes around Cees Lake,
between June oth and 16th, 1894.

LXXI. ARDETTA Gray. 1842.

191. Least Bittern.
Ardetta exilis (GMEL.) GUNDL. 1856.

A rare summer resident along the Bay of Fundy between Black
River and Mispec, New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Accidental
at Quebec. (Dionne.) Rare in the district of Montreal but per-
haps more plentiful than we think, as it is retiring in its habits.

Ac

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 129

(Wintle.) A summer resident near Ottawa. Known to build.
(Ot. Nat.) A regular summer resident in Southern Ontario.
(Mcllwrath.) Accidental in Manitoba. (Thompson.) One
specimen taken at Crane Lake, Assa., in June, 1894, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

BREEDING Notes.—At Hamilton Bay, Ontario, it is a regular
summer resident, raising its young in the most retired parts of
the marsh. The nest is large for the size of the bird, a platform
being made for its support by bending down the flags till they
cross each other a foot or more above the water-level. The
whole affair is very loose and readily falls asunder at the close of
the season. (Wcllwraith.) The Little Bittern breeds in Ash-
bridge Bay, Toronto, and lays five eggs. (Razne.)

A bird that is met with sparingly in suitable places near the St.
feawrence, for example, at Escott Pond, Leeds Co., Ont. ; the
neighbourhood of Gananoque Lake, and around Kingston, Ont.
It is not a regular visitant ; some years scarcely one is noticed, for
this bird makes its presence evident by its peculiar call. The
nest is hard to find. I found one at the first-mentioned place, the
gth June, 1892. It was built amongst a very thick growth of last
year’s flags, about eighteen inches above the water, supported by
the matted vegetation and formed of the dead flag leaves, but quite
dry. It contained at that date six bluish-white eggs, quite fresh.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) Not uncommon in all the large marshes in
western Ontario. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring in 1867; also
one set of eggs taken on St. Clair Flats, near Chatham, Ont., June
Ist, 1896. Presented by Mr. W. Saunders.

191.1. Cory’s Least Bittern.

Ardetta neoxena Cory. 1886.

Mr. Cory published the description of this bird in 1886 and on
May 18th, 1891, Mr. Wm. Cross of Toronto procured a specimen
which had been shot in Toronto marsh. A second specimen was
taken in the same place on May 2oth, 1893, by a fisherman named
Ramsden, as recorded by Mr. MclIlwraith, and Mr. Raine inform-
ed me, in the spring of 1898, that “upwards” of a dozen

9

130 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

specimens have been obtained in Ashbridge marsh at Toronto.
I have no doubt that a few come there to breed and indeed may
succeed in doing so. Other specimens were taken at Toronto,
in October, 1899.

LXXII. ARDEA LINN. 1758.

194. Great Blue Heron.
Ardea herodias LINN. 1758.

Breeds in colonies in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince
Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Assiniboia and
British Columbia.

Richardson says that it is only accidental in the North West
Territories and it seems to be rare in Alaska but likely breeds
along the Yukon or its branches.

BREEDING Norres.—Downs reports a large heronry on Mount
Uniake, Nova Scotia, in the tops of birch trees. A few breed
near Rustico in Prince Edward Island. There is a large heronry
on the Quebec side of the Ottawa twenty-fiv > miles below the city
of Ottawa. Mr. Seton-Thompson in his Lirds of Manitoba, mentions
the discovery of a heronry on Riding Mountain in Manitoba, at
the head of Bird Tail Creek, in the summer of 1880, and the
writer, in June 1894, saw a small one on Skull Creek, a small
brook that descends from the Cypress Hills in Assiniboia.

The following description of the heronry on the Ottawa is taken
from Mcllwraith’s Birds of Ontario, page 110:

“ The heronry is located in the centre of a thick swamp which,
on the occasion of our first visit, was so deeply submerged as to
bar all ingress. On the tgth July, however, the water was but
knee-deep. After proceeding about half a mile into the swamp,
our attention was arrested by a peculiar sound which we at first
thought proceeded from some distant saw-mill or steamer on the
river. As we advanced, however, the sound resolved itself into
the most extraordinary noises, some of which resembled the
yelping of dogs or foxes. On penetrating still deeper into the
swamp, we discovered that the noises proceeded from an immense
number of herons, some perched on branches of trees, some
sitting on nests, and others flying overhead. The uproar was

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 131

almost deafening and the odour arising from the filth with which
the trees and ground were covered was extremely disagreeable.
We tramped all through the heronry and calculated that it must
extend about half a mile in each direction. The nests were all
of the same pattern, great cumbersome piles of sticks, about a
foot thick, with but a very shallow cavity and no lining.”

The heronry on Riding Mountain, Man., is thus descr:bed by Mr.
E. Seton-Thompson :—

“We hadstruck a heronry ; hundreds of these birds were passing
toand fro, and, on going forward a hundred yards or sc, we found
the tops of the poplars covered with their nests, the young birds,
full grown but not able to fly, perched on the highest trees. The
nests were made of the small dead branches of the poplar and
were placed as near the tops of the trees as possible.

“These mountains are full of small ponds and deep marshes
which swarm with lizards and small fish, on which the herons feed.
On getting to an open space near the heronry we could see the old
birds coming and going in every direction. Those coming home
were stuffed to the bill with food for their young, making them
present a very ungainly figure, as they lazily flapped their way
towards the woods.”

A few years ago this species bred in the township of Escott,
Ont., and some of the old nests were still left in 1895. In the next
township—Yonge—a few birds still breed near MacIntosh Mills,
and their nests may be noticed on some tall pine trees. A large
heronry existed in a bush near the River Tay, Lanark Co., in 1885.
The nests were built mostly on ash trees, three or four nests often
in one tree. It still breeds in the township of Elizabethtown,
where there is a large heronry near Graham Lake. Two sets of
eggs, five of each, were taken from this heronry on May 6th, 1899.
(Rev. C. J. Young.)

In Muskoka, Ont., they build in tall pine trees. One tree on
an island in alake about twelve miles from Bracebridge had
between fifteen and twenty nests init. They used to breed in
Muskoka in great numbers, but have been driven farther back
and are rather scarce now. I have known one to sit upon a heap
of floating mud in a small lake, for thirty-six hours, catching fish,
They upon frogs and fish. At Crane Lake, Assiniboia, I

972

132 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

counted thirteen nests in a clump of Negundo aceroides on June
16th, 1894. Breeds also on Vancouver Island. (Sfreadborough.)
Heronries are now generally deserted in the vicinity of London,
Ont., and the birds are much less common than formerly. Single
nests are now more and more the rule. Eggs, four and five, some-
times spotted with deep black. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken near Ottawa, by Mr. G. R. White ; another in Tor-
onto marsh by Mr. S. Herring. One set of eggs taken at Chat-
ham, Ont., April 30th, 1880, and received from Mr. Raine.

195. European Blue Heron.
Ardea cinerea LINN. 1758.

Said by Crantz to have been seen in South Greenland, August
27th, 1765 ; a young bird found dead near Nenortalik in 1856
was sent to Copenhagen. (Arct. Man.) Several specimens taken
since 1856. (Winge.)

196. American Egret.
Ardea egretta GMEL. 1788.

Casual in summer in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) One shot at
Grand Manan, New Brunswick, in 1878. (C./. Maynard.) This
species was seen by Mr. Comeau at Godbout on the St. Lawrence
in 1882. (Dzonne.) A rare visitor in the Montreal district. <A
pair was observed at Beauharnois in the fall of 1889 and one
shot ; another example was taken in the summer of 1891 at Isle
aux Noix, forty miles from Montreal. There is a record in The
Auk, vol. Il., page 110, of a pair seen at Rockliffe, onthe Ottawa
River, in the spring of 1883. The male was obtained and is now
in the Museum at Ottawa. These were adults, but the specimen
in my collection, which was obtained at Rondeau, near the west
end of Lake Erie, and others which I have heard of along our
southern border, were all young birds. (cl/wraith.) An adult
specimen of this species was shot on Duck Bay, Lake Winnipe-
goosis, in 1888, by Mr. David Armit. This I believe is the north-
ernmost record for the species. (Seton-Thompson in The Auk,
Volt, p40)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 133
MUSEUM SPECIMEN,

One taken on the Ottawa River.

197. Snowy Heron.
Ardea candidissima GMEL. 1788.

Casual visitor in Nova Scotia ; one specimen shot in a marsh
near Halifax, another at Musquodoboit. (Dozwzs.) Saw one shot
at Combermere, Renfrew Co., Ont., in August, 1892. (Rev. C /.

‘oung.) Accidental in British Columbia. Two specimens taken
at Burrard Inlet, B.C., May, 1879. (Fannin.)

200. Little Blue Heron.
Ardea cerulea LINN. 1758.

Accidental and very rare in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) There
was brought to me at Quebec a specimen of this bird, killed on
the St. Lawrence by an amateur in October, 1881. (Dzonne.)

201. Green Heron.
Ardea virescens LINN. 1758.

Occasional in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) A summer resident, but
rare, at St. John, New Brunswick; commoner in the northern
counties. (Chamberlain.) A scarce summer resident at Montreal.
May breed, as young birds were seen at Caughnawaga, on Sep-
tember 1, 1887. (W2zntle.) This handsome little Heron finds its
northern limit along the southern border of Ontario. According
to Dr. Macallum, it breeds regularly on the banks of the Grand
River, near Dunnville, and has also been observed, occasionally,
near Hamilton and at St. Clair Flats. (MWcllwraith.) Often shot
in Ashbridge Bay, Toronto. (Razne.)

The writer, thought he saw a number of specimens of this
species on the Assiniboine River, near the mouth of Shell River,
Manitoba, on the 26th September, 1881, but never having seen
any since believes now they were the next species. Seton-
Thompson records this species in his Birds of Manitoba, on my
authority and that of Mr. Hunter, but as neither of us mentions
the next species, I believe we mistook our bird and the Night
Heron was the bird we saw.

134 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

BREEDING Nores.—A rare visitant in eastern Ontario. I have
met with the bird twice ; the second time near MacIntosh Mills,
Ont., in May, in a locality where there was a possibility it might
be paired and was breeding. The bird was very tame, and
alighted on the dead limbs of trees. Their principal place of
resort on the St. Lawrence is Charleston Lake, where I found a
small colony breeding. On May 2oth, 1899, I found two nests,
one with three eggs, the other close by, with one. On June 14th
I saw a nest with five eggs and another one in which the eggs had
been destroyed. (Rev. C./. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One mounted specimen, obtained near London, Ont., in 1864,
and bought with the Holman collection; also a pair shot at
Ottawa by Dr. Charles Saunders.

LXXIHI. NYCTICORAX SrepHens. 1819.
202. Black-crowned Night Heron.

Nycticorax nycticorax nevius (BoDD.) ZELEDON. 1885.

A rare visitor in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) A summer resident
in New Brunswick; reported abundant at Bathurst and River
Charlo. (Chamberlain.) Abundant in September, 1882, at Port
Daniel, Bay of Chaleur, Quebec. (M/acoun.) A single specimen
taken at Lake Mistassini on 6th August, 1885. (/. WZ. Alacoun.)
Not uncommon at Beauport and River St. Lawrence, Que.
(Dionne.) Shot in the fall at Ashbridge Bay, Toronto, Ont. (Razne.)
Common in western Quebec and eastern Ontario, where it 1s
known to breed. The young of this species have been taken at
Ottawa in July by Mr. G.R. White.

Not uncommon in Manitoba, breeding in marshes, but not
found in Assiniboia or Alberta.

BREEDING Notres.—Nest in great numbers in the reeds around
Shoal Lake. They fix their nests to the reeds, about eight or
nine inches above the water, and deposit in each four or five
roundish blue eggs. I think this is the only place in Rupert’s
Land where this species is found. (D. Gunn, vide Mcllwraith.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One mounted specimen, taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S.
Herring in May, 1867.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS 135

A set of four eggs taken at Swamp Lake, Manitoba, on June
6th, 1893, by Mr. Raine.

ORDER PALUDICOLA. CRANES. RAILs, &c,
Famity XVII. GRUIDAS. Cranes.
LXXIV. GRUS Pattas. 1766.
204. Whooping Crane.
Gris A (Linn.) VIEILL. 1817.

Thirty years ago this species was found in all the large marshes
from the Red River to the Rocky Mountains, but with the build-
ing of the Canadian Pacific Railway and increased population, it
is gradually retiring northward. A few still breed in eastern
Assiniboia, but most pass northward into the Saskatchewan and
Athabasca districts and further north. A pair was found, likely
breeding, on Twelve-mile Lake, Wood Mountain, June 6th, 1895.
Richardson wrote many years ago that this bird frequented all
parts of the Northwest traversed by him, and Macfarlane writes
that though he never found any nests he observed flocks both in
spring and fall flying over Fort Anderson near the Arctic Sea.
The only record of the occurrence of this species in Ontario I
find in McIlwraith at page 116. He says that a single specimen
was taken in the township of Camden in Addington County on
the 27th September, 1871, by Mr. Wesley Potter.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

A fine pair presented by Mr. Thomas McKay of Red Deer
Hill, near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, taken in the spring of
1893. One egg collected at Oak Lake, Manitoba, May 2iIst, 1893.

205. Little Brown Crane. “Sandhill Crane.’’

Grus canadensis (LINN.) TEMM. 1820.

One obtained near Igloolik, in Greenland, June 2oth, 1869. (Arcz.
Man.) Owing possibly toa misapprehension this species has been
overlooked in Manitoba and hence Seton-Thompson only includes
Gyrus mexicana in his catalogue of Manitoba birds. Sir John
Richardson on the other hand does not include Grus mexicana in
his Hauna Boreali Americana, but says that some individuals are

136 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

larger and have longer bills. The Sandhill Crane reached Carle-
ton House April 28th, 1887, and Dr. G. M. Dawson recorded it at
Dufferin, Man., between April 25th and 30th, 1874.

In The Auk for January, 1893, Mr. E. Seton-Thompson speaks of
a specimen of this bird being killed on the Ou’Appelle River. On
September 16th, 1881, the writer shot a specimen near Fort Pelly
which was certainly the Little Brown Crane as it was much
smaller than the one taken on the prairie in 1872. More light is
needed on the distribution of the two species named Sandhill
Cranes by the people generally. Either this species or the next is
scattered over the country from the 4oth parallel to the Arctic
Ocean and is specially abundant in Alaska and British Columbia.

BREEDING Notres.—As a rule this species is not seen on the
Lower Yukon until about May 7th or later, when the ground 1s
half bare and the cranes can search every hillside for last year’s
heath-berries, which, with an occasional lemming or mouse, con-
stitute their food at this season. The site for the nest is usually
on grassy flats, where the drier portions or the slight knolls
afford them suitable places. The spot usually has an unobstructed
view on all sides, and it is common to see the female’s long neck
raised suspiciously at the appearance in the distance of anything
unusual. The nest is frequently a mere hollow in the ground, and
is commonly lined with more or less coarse grass-stems and
straws. In one instance a nest was found on a bare flat and was
lined with a layer of straws an inch deep, all of which must have
been brought some distance ; this is unusual, however. The two
eggs which this bird always lays, are generally deposited during
the last few days of May or early June. (We/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

206. Sandhill Crane.

Grus mexicana (MULL.) VIEILL. 1817.

Mr. MclIlwraith in his eras of Ontario gives two instances of
the breeding of this species in southwestern Ontario and men-
tions the killing of another specimen at Rondeau, Lake Erie, in
1869.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 137

I have carefully read Mr Ernest Seton-Thompson’s account of
Grus mexicana in his Birds of Manitoba, and am of the opinion
that some of his “Sandhill Cranes” were Grus canadensis. Indeed
in quoting Dr. Coues he says that he (Coues) found this species
breeding west of Pembina when in reality Dr. Coues says it was
the Brown Crane he found there. See Coues on Birds of Dakota
and Montana, page 646. It is possible, however, that Dr. Coues
gave the wrong name to his species.

In my earlier explorations I was mislead in this same way by
both cranes being called “Sandhill Cranes.” In 1872 aspecimen
of this species was caught with a lasso by one of our men, who
ran him down, when moulting in August of that year. This
specimen was much heavier than the 10 lb. specimens of Mr.
Seton-Thompson. Richardson’s specimen, killed on Great Slave
Lake in 1822, was forty-eight inches long, so,that it was certainly
this species also. Fannin and Brooks say that it is a summer
resident in Southern British Columbia, but chiefly east of the Coast
Range, though not so common as the Little Brown Crane which
is, however, chiefly a migrant.

BREEDING Notres.—The Sandhill Crane comes to southern
Manitoba about the end of April, circling around high in the blue
and uttering its peculiar call. When mating it repairs to some
hillock or knoll and executes a sort of war dance by dancing
around and flapping its huge wings. It usually breeds on some
tussock of decaying vegetation in a marsh, building quite a large
nest of moss and rushes. I have never seen more than two eggs
in the nest. These are shaped and coloured very much like those
of the Loon, though perhaps, a little more pointed. The young
leave the nest almost immediately after hatching. They are
clothed with a thick ferrugineous down, and have legs about four
inches long. If caught when very young they are easily tamed,
readily eating bread or scraps of meat, and are of great service to
a gardener. I have seen one about a month old go down a line
of onions and take up every cut-worm from their roots, as if an
inch and a half of mould were perfectly transparent. After the
young are fully grown they gather into flocks of from twenty to
thirty and migrate southwards in the early autumn. (Cecil
Selwyn.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One fine specimen purchased with the Holman collection in

1885.

138 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
Famity XVIII. RALLIDA® Raits, GALLInuLes, Coors.
LXXV. RALLUS Linnzus. 1758.
208. King Rail.
Rallus elegans AUD. 1835.
Casual around Montreal in summer. JDronne.)

This large and handsome Rail, which until recently was con-
sidered to be only a casual visitor to Ontario, is now known to
breed plentifully in the marshes all along the River St. Clair. It
has also been found at other points in southern Ontario, but the
St.) Clair (Flats.seem to be itsifavourite *breedinge place.) lt
arrives in May and leaves in September. (Wc/lwraith.) Observed
once at Plover Pond, Middlesex Co., Ont. (R. Eliott.)

Mr. Hine and Mr. E. Seton-Thompson have seen this species
in Manitoba, where it is evidently a casual.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen purchased with the Holman collection in 188s.

212. Virginia Rail.
Rallus virgintianus LINN. 1766.

A common summer migrant in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain,)
Not uncommon along the St. Lawrence. (Dzonne.) A casual on
the coast of Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Com-
mon in western Quebec and eastern Ontario, where it breeds.
Generally distributed throughout Ontario. A common summer
resident in eastern Manitoba. Not seen to the west of that pro-
vince, in the prairie region. Found on both the mainland and
Vancouver Island; not common; breeds. Fannin.) Tolerably
common summer resident in the Lower Fraser valley ; winters at
Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Brooks.)

,

BREEDING Nores.—A nest was brought to me from a slough
near Carberry, Manitoba, July 30th, 1884. It was found in a
tussock of coarse grass, and was built of dry stems of the same.
The eggs, eight in number, were quite fresh, and differed from
the Carolina Rail only in being of a hghter colour and with
reddish instead of umber spots, these chiefly about the larger end.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 139

The nest was of rushes, and built precisely like that of the Caro-
lina bird, but it was situated rather in a damp meadow than a
marsh. (Seton-Thompson.) This is the commonest rail in the St.
Lawrence valley and breeds annually in the marshes along the St.
. Lawrence and inland. It frequents larger marshes than the
Sora, though occasionally they are found breeding in the
same localities. I have found several nests; two of these were
in wet places, formed by rank grass, etc., and placed simply in
tussocks of marsh grass. The third was near Gananoque Lake
among a cluster of flags and bullrushes, and was formed of last
year’s stems of the latter, fastened among the rushes and floating
in about eighteen inches of water, like a Gallinule’s. They are
late breeders. The first nest I found, containing nine eggs, on
the 17th June, incubation only commencing ; the last one, six eggs,
incubation advanced, on the 15th July, 1896. (Rev. C./. Young.)
This is a rare bird in Manitoba. On the 12th June, 1893, I found
a nest with one egg at Reaburn, Manitoba, and shot the parent.
(Dippie.) This species breeds wherever there is a sufficiently
large marsh, a small one of an acre being enough to please, and
sometimes even less will do. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; two taken in Toronto marsh, and the third at Ottawa by
Dr. Charles Saunders.

One set of eggs taken in a marsh near Ottawa, by Mr. A. L.
Garneau, on May 2oth, 1896 ; another set taken at St. Clair Flats,
June 11th, 1893, received from Mr. Raine.

LXXVI. PORZANA VIEILLor. 1816.
213. Spotted Crake.

Porzana porzana (LINN.) Boucarp. 1876.

One specimen of this species is said to have been shot at Fred-
erickshaab, Greenland some years ago. (f/agerup.) One obtained
at Godthaab, September 28th, 1841 ; a second taken at Nenortalik
was sent to Copenhagen in 1856. (Arct. Wan.) Taken again in
1878. (Winge.)

214. Carolina Rail. Sora.
Porzana carolina (LINN.) Batrp. 1845

Casualin Greenland. One killed at Sukkertop, October 3rd,
1823. (dzct. Man. Several taken in recent years in Greenland.

140 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

{Winge.) A summer migrant in Newfoundland, rare in Nova
Scotia, breeding in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Que-
bec and Ontario, apparently increasing in numbers to the west.
Stragglers are found on Hudson Bay and Spreadborough found
them breeding at Moose Factory, James Bay, June oth, 1896.

This is a common species, breeding from Manitoba westward
through the prairie region, Rocky Mountains at Banff, and north
to Lat. 55°. British Columbia, from Kamloops to the Pacific Coast.
Sir John Richardson places its northern limit at Lat. 62°, and
Bernard Ross places it en the Mackenzie River at Big Island in
nearly the same latitude. This species is unknown in Alaska.

BREEDING Nores.—Nesting in clumps of rushes and grass
growing in water. Nest rather compact consisting of grass placed
from six inches to one foot above the water. Young leave the
nest as soon as hatched. A nest was taken at Deep Lake, Indian
Head, Assa., on June 29th, 1892, which contained three eggs and
one young one just hatched, the young one was dark slate on the
back, below rather lighter, a chin patch of bright orange, almost
red, bill light horn-colour, except the base which was red.
(Spreadborough.) A well-known species in Ontario and more gen-
erally distributed than the Virginian Rail, though apparently not
breeding so plentifully in the St. Lawrence district. I met with
the bird on the Magdalen Islands in June, 1897, when on the
22nd of that month I found among bullrushes a nest containing
six eggs and young ones just hatched. The nest was a neat affair
constructed of last year’s reeds and fastened to the stalks, in
water that was knee-deep and only a short distance from a sandy
bar, that divided a large pond from the sea. The first nest I
found in 1895, near the St. Lawrence, was built of grass stalks
in a tussock, where there was not much water. We have therefore
three species, the two Rails and the American Bittern that vary
their nesting location as well as the material they use, thus
showing that one must have considerable experience before lay-
ing down as hard and fast facts, the site and construction of nests.
(Rev, C.J. Young.) Found breeding at Reaburn, Manitoba, and
Buffalo Lake, Alberta. (Dzppie.) This species, like the Virginia
Rail, breeds in all marshes of sufficient size throughout Western
Ontario. (W. Saunders.)

Ina marshy lake grown up with Carex aristata, within a couple
of miles of Crane Lake, Assa., the writer took a number of nests

Pai.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. Iq!

of this species on June gth, 1894. Thenests were near the water
and constructed of dead Carex leaves. The eggs ranged in
number from nine to sixteen and were but slightly incubated.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; two taken in Toronto marsh, by Mr.S. Herring ; and
the other at Ottawa by Mr. W. P. Lett, in 1887. A fine series
of eggs taken at Crane Lake, Assa., and Edmonton, Alberta.

215. Yellow Rail.

Porzana noveboracensts (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1845.

Rare in autumn in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) A rare autumn
visitor in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Rare migrant in
Quebec. (Dionne.) A rare migrant in Ontario ; occasionally
taken in Toronto marsh. (Mc//wraith.) Of late years this bird
has been taken at Toronto, Ont., every year and must occur
more commonly than is supposed. (/. //. Fleming.)

This species seems to be a far from rare summer resident in
Manitoba. Ernest Seton-Thompson in his Birds of Manitoba,
gives many instances of its occurence and the writer’s own obser-
vations agree with his expressed opinions. A small Rail that
seemed to jump out of the sedge, with legs hanging down, and
just as suddenly drop again has been observed as far west as
Moose Jaw, but in no case was a specimen obtained.

The following is Hutchin’s manuscript notice of the bird
written in 1777. ‘‘This elegant bird is an inhabitant of the
marshes on the coast of Hudson Bay near the eflux of the Severn
River, about 150 miles south of York Factory, from the middle
of May to the end of September. It never flies above sixty
yards ata time, but runs with great rapidity among the long grass
near the shores. In the morning and evening it utters a note
which resembles the striking of a flint and steel ; at other times
it makes a shrieking noise. It builds no nest but lays from ten
to sixteen perfectly white eggs among the grass.”

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens, both taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Her-
ting. ;

142 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

216. Black Rail.
Porzana jamaicensts (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1845.

The following notes from MclIlwraith’s zrds of Ontario include
every authentic record of the occurence of this bird in Canada:

“Dr. Cottle of Woodstock, Ont., claims to have found a bird of

this species at Ingersoll in 1856, and from my knowledge of Dr.
Cottle I am satisfied his identification is correct.” A Mr. Nash,
who collected in the Dundas marsh in 1874, writes Mr. McIlwraith
as follows in January 1894:
“ Aug. 18th, 1874.—Shot four of these birds this evening at the
upper end of Dundas marsh. My dogs put them up where the
rushes had been mowed. This Is the first time I ever noted them
here. After this date I saw several others about the same place,
during this year (1874). I also shot a few Yellow Rails, and saw
many.”

Mr J. H. Fleming of Toronto doubts the occurrence of this
bird in Ontario,

LXXVII. CREX BEcHSTEIN. 1802.
217. Corn Crake.
Crex crex (LINN.) SHARPE. 1884.

A rare casual in Greenland. One obtained at Godthaab and
sent to the Museum of Copenhagen in 1851. (Arct. Man.) Taken
in Greenland in 1887, 1892, 1893 and 1894. (Winge.)

In Zhe Auk for January, 1899, Mr. James McKinley, of Pictou,
Nova Scotia, records the shooting of a specimen of this species
in a marsh near Pictou nearly twenty-five years ago. The speci-
men remained unidentified until a recent visit paid to Pictou by
Mr. Frank M. Chapman, who at once identified it.

LXXVHI. IONORNIS Reicuensacu. 1852.
218. Purple Gallinule.
Tonornis martinca (LINN.) REICH. 1852.

A very rare casualin Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. (Downs.
Chamberlain.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 143

MclIlwraith records the capturing of one individual at Pickering,
Ont., in April, 1892.

The above are all the records we have of this species.

LXXIX. GALLINULA Brisson. 1760.

219. Florida Gallinule.
Gallinula galeata (LICHT.) BOoNnap. 1832.

A rare casual in New Brunswick. One shot at Dick’s Lake,
September, 1879. (Chamberlain.) A not uncommon summer visi-
torin Quebec. (Dionne.) A commonsummer resident at Montreal,
but more plentiful in the autumn. (W2ndle.) Not an uncommon
summer resident in Ontario, and breeds from Ottawa to Lake
Erie.

BREEDING Notes.—A nest of this species with seven eggs,
partly incubated, was taken at Kars, on the Rideau River, Ont.,
oth July, 1890, by Messrs. W. and F. A. Saunders.

A few years ago this was a common bird in many parts of
Ontario but is becoming scarcer every year—not by reason of
hunters only, but because of the draining and drying up of many
of its former haunts. It still breeds in the inland marshes
between Kingston and Brockville, and occasionally along the
River St. Lawrence. It constructs in the water a nest of last
year's stems of bullrushes, well surrounded by a growth of the
same. Except in one case I have been able to row in a boat to
all the nests I have found. The eggs are usually laid from the
middle of May onward, the largest number I have found in one
nest being eleven. They exactly resemble in size and colour the
well known ‘‘Moor-hen” of Britain, as does the location of the
nest. (Rev. C. J. Young.) This species builds in the larger marshes
only. I have found it, however, in the marsh at Toronto. The
nest is built like that of a Rail, fastened to the surrounding
rushes, and usually high enough to escape the moisture. Eggs
six to ten. (W. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring. Two
sets of eggs, one taken by Rev. C.J. Young, on May 27th, 1892.

144 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
LXXX. FULICA Linnaéus. 1758.
220. European Coot.

Fulica atra LINN. 1758.

Accidental in Greenland. (A. O. U. Liszt.) Collectedin South
Greenland, and now in the Copenhagen Museum. (Winge.)

221. American Coot. Mud-hen.
Fulica americana GMEL. 1788.

Twice obtained in Greenland in the same year (1854) ; once at
Godthaab and once at Disco Bay. (Arct. Man.) One shot on
a lake near Nain, Labrador, several years ago. (Packard.) Not
very common in the autumnin NovaScotia. (Dowmns.) A summer
visitant, increasing in numbers in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain. )

Breeding in the valley of the St. Lawrence and western Quebec
and throughout Ontario, and westward to the Pacific coast and
Vancouver Island. The writer found it scattered throughout
the prairie region, generally in large flocks, but often only a
few pairs, or one pair, in small ponds. The chief breeding-
grounds are in Manitoba and northwestward. It was breed-
-ing in Vermilion Lakes at Banff, Rocky Mountains, May
Iith, 1891. Richardson says its northern limit is Lat. 53°, and
Bernard Ross puts its limit at Fort Simpson, on the Mac-
kenzie, in Lat. 62° 30’. Although quite common in British
Columbia, only one specimen is recorded by Nelson as taken in
Alaska.

BREEDING Notes.—The Coot builds on a mass of old reeds.
The nest is composed of small pieces of reeds and marsh
grass, with no particular lining. The eggs, six or more in
number, are of a clear clay colour, dotted all over with specks
of dark brown. As the old bird has a habit of covering the nest
over whenever she leaves, it is very hard to find. Breeds in the
marshes around Ottawa, Ont. (G. R. White.) Breeds inthe same
localities with the Florida Gallinule, and constructs its nest in the
same manner. (IW. Saunders.) Nests in reeds and grass growing
in the water along the margins of lakes and ponds. The nest is
composed of reeds and grass, and rather small and shallow. The
young leave the nest assoonasthey are hatched. Found breed-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS 145

ing in marshes at Indian Head and Crane Lake, Assa., a! Banff,
Rocky Mountains, and at Kamloops, B.C. (Spreadborough.) In
a marsh at Crane Lake, composed chiefly of Carex aristata anda
few clumps of Scirpus lacustris, the writer, in the course of an
hour’s wading, discovered eighteen nests of this species, nearly
all of which contained eleven eggs. From ten to twelve was the
usual number. The young hatch out very irregularly, and as fast
as they come from the shell they leave the nest and take to the
water. The nests were all made of the dead Scirpus and lined
with the broad leaves of the Carex.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken by Mr. S. Herring in Toronto marsh, and two others
at Kamloops, B.C., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

A set of twelve eggs, taken by Mr. Dippie at Long Lake, Man,
Also a set containing six eggs of the Coot and two of the Lesser
Scaup, taken at Burnt Lake, Alberta, June 14th, 1896, and pre-
sented to the Museum by the same gentleman.

OrDER LIMICOLA. SxHoreE Birbs.
Famity XIX. PHALAROPODIDA. Puararopes.
LXXXI. CRYMOPHILUS VIeE.tior. 1816.
222. Red Phalarope.
Crymophilus fulicarius (LINN.) STEJN. 1885.

Said to be the latest summer bird to arrive in Greenland ; very
rare in the south and not known to breed below Lat. 68° N., but
thence northward, common. (Arct.Man.) It isa common migrant
in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec, but
rare in Ontario and prefers the coast to the more inland waters.
It is abundant on the shores of Hudson Strait and a few breed
there according to Turner. Only two specimens have been seen
on the prairies by the writer, one shot on Long Lake, in July,
1879, and another on Old Wives Lake, in May, 1895. Fannin
mentions the species as being taken in British Columbia at Bur-
rard Inlet and at Chilliwack only.

This species abounds in high northern latitudes, breeds on
the North Georgian Islands and Melville Peninsula, and was

often seen by northern expeditions swimming in the sea far
10

146 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

from land. (Aechardson.) This bird is fairly abundant on the
shores of Franklin Bay, where nests were obtained on marshy
flats in the first week of July, 1864. (MMWacfarlane.) This species
arrives at the Yukon mouth and adjacent parts of the Behring
Sea coast during the last days of May and the beginning of
June. It breeds abundantly on all the coasts and islands and
far into the interior. (/Ve/son.) The Red Phalarope arrives at
St. Michael about the beginning of June. It is not abundant at
any time but is rather more common on the mainland than on
the island of St. Michael. In the neighborhood of the Yukon
Delta it is abundant throughout the summer. (Zwrner.) One
of the commonest birds at Point Barrow, and remaining till late
in October when the sea begins to close. (MJurdoch.)

BREEDING NoTrs.—Very early in June, at St. Michael, Alaska,
the eggs are laid ina slight depression, generally on the damp
flats where the birds are found. There is rarely any lining to the
nest. Towards the end of June most of the young are hatched
and by the middle of July are on the wing. The sites chosen for
this bird’s nest are very similar to those taken by P. dobatus,
except that the latter may pick dryer situations. One nest was
taken on June 8th within six feet of a brackish pool, the eggs
being deposited in a nest of dried leaves under a dwarf willow.
(Nelson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring.
LXXXII. PHALAROPUS Brisson. 1760.
223. Northern Phalarope.
Phalaropus lobatus (LANN.) SALVAD. 1872.

Seems to be the commonest species of Phalarope in Greenland,
and possibly very far to the northward. (Arct. Man.) Breeds on
islets in Ungava Bay and is common along the northern coast
of Labrador. (Zzrner.) Observed about a dozen in asmall pond
on an island in James Bay, June 16th, 1896, where they were
evidently breeding. None were seen in the interior of Labrador.
(Spreadborough.) A migrant in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick.

In Quebec and Ontario it is acommon migrant andis doubtless
common in summer in all parts of Hudson Bay, where it undoubt-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 147

edly breeds in large numbers, although it seems to be a rare
migrant in Manitoba. Dr. Coues found this bird in numbers in a
pool near the base of the Rocky Mountains, not far from the In-
ternational Boundary, on August 16th, 1874, and thought it might
breed there. It was very abundant at Indian Head, Assa., in 1892.
Spreadborough says it was first seen there May 15th, but by May
25th to 30th there were thousands at Deep Lake, yet on June 3rd
they were all gone. On June 3rd, 1895, specimens were shot at
Thirty-mile Spring, and on June 6th others at Twelve-mile Lake,
near Wood Mountain, Assa. They seemed to be breeding. Rich-
ardson, Ross and Macfarlane agree in saying that this species
occurs in immense numbers in the breeding season both in the
wooded country and Barren Grounds and extends right up to the
Arctic Coast. Nelson and Turner both say that this is a very
common species in Alaska, breeding throughout most of the coun-
try, but especially along the marshy northern coast. In British
Columbia it is a common migrant, and Mr. Fannin has taken it in
July on Burrard Inlet, so it is probable that a few pairs breed there.

BREEDING Nores.—This species arrives at St. Michael, Alaska,
about May 25th. Its food consists entirely of aquatic worms,
slugs, larve and flies. It breeds in June. The nest is placed
among the grasses and consists of a lot of grass-blades arranged
with little care. Four or five eggs, of greenish ground, thickly
bloched with dark, are laid. The young are able to fly by the
first of August. (Zwurner.) The usual number of eggs is four,
which vary considerably in exact colouration. The ground-
colour in the very large series before me, obtained in the vicinity
of St. Michael, shades by every degree from greenish-clay colour
to warm, buffy, olive-brown. The spots and markings are very
irregular in size and shape, but are usually larger about the large
end of the egg. (WVelson.) The nest, like that of the Red Phala-
rope, isa slight depression in the ground, lined with a few dry
leaves and grasses, and is almost invariably situated on the
margin of small pools or sheets of water. Upwards of seventy
nests were secured, the number of eggs being always four. (Mac-
Jarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine in number ; one taken on Unimak Island, Behring Sea,
August 6th, 1891, by Mr. J. M. Macoun; three at Indian Head, Assa.,
one at Twelve-mile Lake, Wood Mountain, Assa., three at Banff

10%

148 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

and one at Kicking Horse Lake, Alberta, by Mr. W. Spread-
borough ; two others were taken at Toronto, Ont., by Mr. S. Her

ring.

LXXXIII. STEGANOPUS Viettior. 1819.

224. Wilson’s Phalarope.
Steganopus tricolor VIEILL. 1819.

Occasional in Quebec. (Dionne.) An accidental visitor in
Ontario. (Mcllwraith.) This is a common species throughout
the whole prairie region, breeding by marshy ponds in all suitable
places, from Pembina to the Rocky Mountains. Richardson says
it does not extend to the north farther than Lat. 55°. Fannin has
not seen it and Brooks only once positively identified it in the
Fraser River valley, at Chilliwack.

BREEDING Nores.—This species was first seen May 18th, 1892,
at Indian Head, Assa., but never became common, although it
breeds in large numbers in the “ sloughs’’ to the south of Deep
Lake. Its habits are much like those of-the Sandpipers as it
runs up and down the shore like them and swims very little. On
June 23rd, a young one had three black stripes on the back, one
reaching from the base of the bill to the rump. The rest of the
body was bright buff, almost orange. This species is common
from Indian Head to Edmonton, Alberta, nesting among short
grass inlow damp ground near water. Nest, a shallow hole in
the ground, lined with a little grass. Young leave the nest as
soon as hatched. (Spreadborough.) This species breeds at Rea-
burn, Man., Rush Lake, Assa., and Buffalo Lake, Alberta. (Dzppie.)
A number of nests of this species were taken by the writer on
June 5th and 6th, 1895, at Twelve-mile Lake, near Wood Mountain,
Assa. They contained from three to four eggs each. The nest
was a small hole in the ground, generally between bunches of old
grass, ina dry spot, either in or on the borders of a marsh. One
nest was in a tuft of wild barley (Hordeum jubatum.) Quite com-
mon at Crane Lake, Assa., and breeding, 1894. Found a nest with
eggs nearly hatched on June 7th. Nest on the ground beside a
tuft of grass; breeding also in a marshy pond at the east end of
Cypress Hills, June 26th, 1894, and at Cypress Lake and Sucker
Creek, Assa., June 30th, 1895.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 149
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six fine specimens ; one taken in Alberta by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell,
two taken at Indian Head, Assa., two at Twelve-mile Lake, Assa.,
and one at Edmonton, Alberta, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs taken at Twelve-mile Lake, near Wood Moun-
tain, Assa., June 6th, 1895.

Famity XX. RECURVIROSTRIDA® Avocetrs anp StILts.
LXXXIV. RECURVIROSTRA Linnzus. 1758.
225. American Avocet.
Recurvirostra americana GMEL. 1788.

A single specimen of this bird was killed at St. John, N.B.,
and is in Mr. Carnal’s collection. (Chamberlain.) I am aware of
three individuals of this species having been taken at different
times at Rondeau, on the north shore of Lake Erie, but these
are all I have heard of in Ontario. (MWcllwraith.)

Quite rare in eastern Manitoba, but common throughout the
prairie region—chiefly on the borders of brackish ponds, where it
breeds in great numbers. Its chief range is from the International
Boundary north to Lat. 54°, but it has been taken as far north as
Fort Rae on Great Slave Lake.

BREEDING Notes.—The breeding range of this species, accord-
ing to my observation, is from Indian Head to within a few miles
of the Rocky Mountains. It was first seen at Deep Lake, Indian
Head, Assa., on May 14th, 1892; by June 3rd it was breeding in
numbers on a long point of land that ran far out into a small
lake in Township 16, Range 13. At various times after June 13th,
took numerous nests; one was taken with two eggs, none with
more than four. The nest, in nearly every case, was a shallow
depression in the sand between three or four stones, and was
lined witha few pieces of grass. The chief nesting places are on
the borders of alkali ponds, and the nest is always near the water.
Breeding generally commences the last week in May, and the
young leave the nest as soon as hatched. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight fine specimens; all taken at Indian Head, Assa., in the
spring of 1892 by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Many eggs; one set taken by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell at Sounding
Lake, Alta., in June, 1886. All the others were taken at Crane
Lake, Assa., by Mr. W. Spreadborough, on June goth, 1894.

Famity XXI. SCOLOPACIDA® Snipes, SanppiprErs, &c.
LXXXV. SCOLOPAX Linnaeus. 1758.

227. European Woodcock.
Scolopax rusticola LINN. 1758.

A single specimen is said to have been killed in the neighbour-
hood of St. Johns, Newfoundland, in January, 1862. (Reeks.) A
specimen was shot at Chambly, Quebec, on the 11th November,
1882, by a French Canadian, and was secured by Mr. Brock
Willett. Itwassent tothe late Mr. William Couper to be stuffed,
who recorded its occurrence in the Canadian Sportsman and Natu-
valist. (Wintle.)

LXXXVI. PHILOHELA Gray. 1841.

228. American Woodcock.
Phitohela minor (GMEL.) GRAY. 1841.

Several persons stated they had killed Woodcock on the east-
ern shores of Labrador. (Packard.)

This species is common in Nova Scotia and breeds early in
spring Downs.) Anabundant summer resident in New Bruns-
wick where it also breeds. (Chamberlain.) Found breeding at
Georgetown, Prince Edward Island, August 17th, 1888 ; common
in Quebec and Eastern Ontario, but more abundant in the western
part of the province. It breeds throughout its range. Not so
common as formerly in most parts of Ontario.

This species is a rare summer resident in Manitoba, and pro-
bably does not extend farther west than Brandon, as no specimens
have ever been seen or recorded beyond that place—150 miles
west of Winnipeg.

BREEDING Notes.—A pair nested in a field near Bracebridge,
Muskoka, Ont., a few years since, but the species is rare in this
district. (Spreadborough.) It is becoming scarcer every year in

ast

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. I5I

the St. Lawrence valley. <A few birds breed in the vicinity of the
lake near MacIntosh Mills, Ont. I met with a nest on June 3rd,
1891. It was made on a little mossy hillock in a small clump of
second-growth trees, near a large grove, and at no great distance
from the edge of the lake. At that date the eggs—four in number
—were greatly incubated. They exactly resembled those of the
old-world species. (Rev. C.J. Young.) On May 2oth, 1895, Mr.
Robert Johnson of the Geological Survey found a nest of this
species in a piece of swampy ground on the left of the Chelsea
road, south of the crossing of the Gatineau Valley Railway. It
was on a hummock in the swamp and was merely a depression
lined with grass and sheltered by cedar bushes. The locality is
about four miles from Ottawa.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens, one presented by Dr. Charles Saunders, the
other purchased in 1885 with the Holman collection.

LXXXVIIL GALLINAGO Leacu. 1816.
229. European Snipe.
Gallinago gallinago (LINN.) Licur. 1854.

One received from Dr. Paulsen in 1845, but the species has been
so often fobserved in Greenland that it may very likely breed
there. (Arct. Man.) This species and the next are, according
to Winge (Greenland Birds, p. 176) about equally numerous in
Greenland. Neither is common. He thinks they may perhaps
breed.

230. Wilson’s Snipe.
Gallinago dehicata (Ord) A.O.U.List. 1886.

A common summer migrant and breeds in Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and abundantly on
all the islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as well as in Quebec
and eastern Ontario. Spreadborough found it breeding in a
marsh at Moose Factory, James Bay, and at Great Whale River,
Hudson Bay, where he saw one with a young brood in July, 1896.

In the west, it is found throughout the whole prairie region,
especially in all marshes in the wooded country, but never in con-
siderable numbers. Seldom more than two pairs are seen in the

152 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

same locality in summer. This species is found in British Colum-
bia, from the International Boundary to Alaska, and on Vancouver
Island, where it breeds, and according to Brooksa few winter on
Lake Okanagan, B.C. Both Turner and Nelson report it of wide
distribution in Alaska, and Macfarlane found it breeding on the
Anderson River.

BREEDING Nores.—A few pairs still breed in the county of
Leeds, Ont. Early in June, 1892, a nest with four eggs was ob-
tained at “ Black Pond” near Brockville ; on the gth, June 1896,
I saw one of these birds perched on a stump ina wet meadow ;
no doubt the female was nesting in the vicinity. The place where I
have noticed this species breeding most commonly was on the Mag-
dalen Islands. There it may still besaid to be plentiful. I obtained
three eggs, incubated, early in June, 1897. It breeds principally in
boggy places not far from the sea, and in the breeding season is
quite noisy and soon makes its presence known. The nest on the
Magdalen Islands is not, asarule, placed in the wettest part of the
bog but near the edge of the growth of spruce, where a stunted tree
struggles to live here and there in the shaking bog. Alongside
one of these, or even under a branch, a nest may be found, in
which respect as far as the selection of a breeding-site goes, it
differs somewhat from its very near relative, the European Snipe.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) Jam informed by Mr. John Burk, a farmer
near Rondeau, Lake Erie, and an accurate observer, that he has
of late years found several nests of this species near the marsh.
(W. Saunders.)

The favourite haunts of this bird are the open grassy sloughs or
bogs which intersect Manitoba. The position of the only nest of
this species that I found was in a slightly-elevated tussock or sod
in the middle of a wide muskeg. The nest consisted of a slight
hollow, with a few straws for lining and was raised only a few
inches above the water. This was in the third week in July, and
by the 27th of that month the four young ones were hatched and
immediately left the nest. (Seton-Thompson.)

In August, 1894, the writer saw a female and young birds of this
species in the marsh at St. Patrick’s Street bridge, Ottawa, Ont.;
early in May, 1890, he founda nest beside a log in a small bog
close to the Canadian Pacific Railway water-tank at Revel-
stoke, B.C. The nest was close to the water and any one
walking along the railway could see the bird, but she hatched out

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 153

her young and led them off in safety. Another nest was found
in a bog a little south of Donald in the Columbia valley, B.C., in
July, 1885 ; this contained four eggs almost incubated. Breeding
at east end of Cypress Hills, Assa., on June 24th, 1894. Young
ones able to fly. Mr. Fannin writes that the eggs of this species
were taken near Enderby, south of Shuswap Lake, B.C., May,
1891, by Mr. De Blois Green.

This species is not particularly numerous in the Anderson River
country, as we found comparatively few nests. I may here
remark that the nests of all the snipes and sandpipers are much
alike in composition, number of eggs, and situation, (Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four specimens; one taken near Ottawa, Ont-, “by NciS:
Herring, in 1886; two taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains, and one
at Edmonton, Alberta, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

We have a few eggs in the collection. One received from the
Rev. C. J. Young, taken on the Magdalen Islands, June 21st, 1897 ;
the others taken in Assiniboia and received from Mr. Raine.

230.1. Greater Snipe.

Gallinago major (GMEL.) KocnH. 1816.

Accidental in North America. Taken in Hudson Bay. (Cowes,
Auk, vol. XIV., p. 209, 1597.)

LXXXVIII. MACRORHAMPHUS Leacu. 1816.
231. Dowitcher. Red-breasted Snipe.

Macrorhamphus griseus (GMEL.) LeEAcH. 18106.

Occasional in Greenland. One sent from Fiskenaes to Copen-
hagen in 1824. (Arct. Man.) Rare at Fort Chimo, Ungava.
Common in southern and western portions of Labrador. (7urnev.)
A summer migrant in Newfoundland and breeds. (Reeks.) Fort
Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Wright. Not uncommon in Quebec.
(Dionne.) Occurs in small flocks along the Richelieu River near
St. John, Que., but is rarer near Montreal on the St. Lawrence
River. (Windle.) A pair was shot at Ottawa, Ont., by Mr. G.
R. White, May 22nd, 1890, and a few others recorded. Mc-
Ilwraith says it is a straggler in Western Ontario.

154 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Its breeding-grounds seem to be to the north and northwest of

Hudson Bay.
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring in 1884.
232. Long-billed Dowitcher, 3
Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say) Lawr. 1852.

This species takes the place of WW. griseus from Manitoba west-
ward, Although not common in eastern Manitoba it becomes
abundant to the west, and during migration this species is very
plentiful throughout the prairie region. As it arrives in great
numbers on the prairie in August its breeding-places are likely
south of the Arctic Circle. Besides covering much country east
of the mountains it is very abundant in Alaska, breeding as far
north as Point Barrow, where Murdoch says it is not common in
the breeding season. It is very rare in the Rocky Mountains, only
one being taken at Banff in 1891. Both Lord and Fannin say it
breeds in British Columbia, and Brooks found it common in
autumn in the Fraser valley. Spreadborough found it in large
flocks at Stubb Island, west coast of Vancouver Island, August,
1893.

BREEDING Notes.—This species arrives quite early at the Yukon
mouth, often by the roth May. Towards the end of the month
it is plentiful and is beginning to breed. On June 16th, while cross-
ing a tussock-covered hill-top, over a mile from any water, I was
surprised to see a female of this species flutter from her nest
about six feet in front of me and skulk off through the grass
with trailing wings and depressed head for some ten or fifteen
yards. She stood, nearly concealed by a tuft of grass, and
watched me as I pillaged her nest of its treasures. The eggs,
four in number, rested in a shallow depression formed by the
bird’s body in the soft moss, and without a trace of lining.
Other nests taken were of the same character. By the last of
July the young birds can fly with their parents. (/Ve/son.) A few
nests of this species were taken between the 21st June and July
ist. The eggs were always four in number. (Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven specimens taken at Indian Head, Assa., and Edmonton
and Banff, Alta., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 155
LXXXIX. MICROPALAMA 9Bairp. 1858.
233. Stilt Sandpiper.

Micropalama himantopus (BONAP.) BAIRD. 1858.

Not common at Cow Head, Newfoundland. One specimen
killed in September, 1867. (Reeks.) Three seen and one shot at
Courtenay Bay, New Brunswick, September 8th, 1881. (Chamber-
fain.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Wrghkt.) A number of
specimens have been taken in Ashbridge Bay, Toronto, Ont.
one as late as July 28th, so that it is possible a few pairs may
breed.

It seems to be rare in Manitoba, as Seton-Thompson records
only one positive capture, but Spreadborough found it common at
Indian Head, Assa.,in September, 1891. In the following spring it
was first seen on the 18th May, and had disappeared by June
5th. Dr. Coues obtained specimens in a pond near the
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains on August 16th, 1874, in
Lat. 49°. Sir John Richardson says it is not uncommon up to
the 60th parallel and still farther north. It is frequent in
the interior in the breeding season, and resorts to the shores of
Hudson Bay in autumn, before going south. It was found by
Ross on the Mackenzie as far north as Fort Simpson, but rare.
Our records of this species are scanty, but its chief breeding-
haunts are likely along the southwest side of Hudson Bay.

BREEDING Notes.—The Stilt Sandpiper was fairly abundant on
the shores of Franklin Bay, where a number of nests with eggs
and young were discovered. It is, however, very rare in the
interior, only one nest being taken at Rendezvous Lake on the
borders of the wooded country east of Fort Anderson. (Mac-
farlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Of this species there are six specimens ; one taken in Toronto
marsh in 1875 by Mr. S. Herring, and the others at Indian Head,
Assa., in May, 1892, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

XC. TRINGA Linneus. 1758.
234. Knot. Grey-back. Robin Snipe.
Tringa canutus LINN. 1758.

Rare in the south of Greenland but often met with in the
north ; believed not to breed below Lat. 68°; reported to have

156 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

been found breeding on Melville Peninsula and Parry Islands.
(Arct. Man.) A migrant in Newfoundland ; a rare winter visitant
in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Rare in Quebec and
Ontario. On the 4th June, 1890, Mr. Ernest White, of Ottawa,
Ont., obtained eight specimens out of a flock of about seventy,
but, strange to say, it has never been taken since. <A few
specimens are recorded from Hamilton, Ont., by Mr. McIlwraith.
Dr. Coues records taking a few specimens in immature plumage
at Henley Harbour, Labrador, in 1860. A tolerably common
migrant in Manitoba but rare farther west. It is common
in summer along the shores of the Arctic Sea and on the
islands to the north. In Alaska it is common in some localities
and rare in others. According to Fannin it is abundant along
the coast of British Columbia during migration.

BREEDING Nores.—The Knot breeds on Melville Peninsula and
in other parts of Arctic America, and also in Hudson Bay, down
to Lat. 58°. It lays four eggs in-a withered’ tuit of @rass:
( Richardson.)

Major Henry W. Feilden, naturalist to the Nares Arctic Expe-
dition, says he was not so fortunate as to obtain the eggs of the
Knot during his stay in the Polar regions, though it breeds in
some numbers along the shores of Smith Sound and the north
coast of Grinnell Land. On July 30th, 1876, however, three sea-
men walking by the border of a small lake, not far from the ship,
came upon an old bird accompanied by three nestlings, which
they brought to Mr. Feilden. Lieut. A. W. Greely, U.S.A., com-
mander of the late expedition to Lady Franklin Sound, succeeded
in obtaining the long-sought-for egg of this species. The specimen
of the bird and egg were obtained in the vicinity of ‘‘ Fort Conger,”
Lat. 81° 44’ N. The egg was ofa light pea-green colour, closely
spotted with brown in small specks about the size of a pin’s head.
(The Auk, vol. I, pp. 312-313.)

235. Purple Sandpiper.
Tringa maritima BRUNN. 1764.

Occurs in winter off the coast of Greenland, if the sea be open ;
breeds on Melville Peninsula and west side of Davis Strait.
(Arct. Man.) Common in winter, and a few breed at Ivigtut,
Greenland. (Hagerup.) This species abounds on the Atlantic

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 157

coast to the north and south of Labrador in spring and fall.
(Turner.) Only one was procured or seen at Prince of Wales
Sound, Hudson Strait, in 1885. (Payne.) A summer migrant,
but rare, at Cow Head, Newfoundland ; an uncommon winter
resident on the Nova Scotia coast ; not rare on the coast of
New Brunswick in winter; occasional at Beauport, Montreal,
and other points on the River St. Lawrence. Occasional at
Ottawa, Ont.—one taken by Mr. N. Forbes on the Rideau
River, October 28th, 1885, and another by Mr. G. R. White. The
same year one specimen was taken at Hamilton, Ont., by Dr. K.C.
Mcllwraith, and a few others since. It has never been noticed in
the west, and seems to be solely a northeastern bird.

BREEDING Noters.—This species breeds so far to the north that
we can add nothing to what Sir John Richardson said so many
years ago—that it breeds abundantly on Melville Peninsula and
the northern shores of Hudson Bay.

236. Aleutian Sandpiper.
Tringa couest (RipGw.) HarrLaus. 1883.

This bird nests throughout the Aleutian chain from the western-
most island east to the Shumagin group, south of Aliaska. In
its autumnal wanderings it extends all along the eastern shore of
Behring Sea and even along the coast of the Arctic Sea. Its
winter range includes the Aleutian Islands and the coast of
Kadiak, with the mainland to Sitka and probably farther south.
(Welson.) This species arrives at St. Michael early in May, and
is then strictly littoral-maritime, resorting to the larger boulders
and rocky shelves covered with sea-weed, among which the birds
search for slugs and other marine worms. (7wruner.)

BREEDING Notres.—The Aleutian Sandpiper arrives at St.
Michael early in May of each year and in considerable numbers,
being generally, on its arrival, in the dark. plumage, which is
changed for that of summer by the first of June in this locality.
By the middle of June it is rare tosee one of these birds in the
winter plumage. On assuming the summer plumage, their habits
are entirely changed. They build their nests on the dryer places
of the marshy ground, and are usually seen singly or in pairs.
The nest is comfortably made of dry grasses and a few feathers,
placed on a dry tuft of grass, perhaps, surrounded by water.

158 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

The young are able to leave the nest by the roth of July. The
number reared in a nest is four or five. They follow their parents
until they assume the winter plumage, in the latter part of August
or September or even later. (Z7urner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens taken by Mr. J. M. Macoun in Behring Sea in
1891—one on St. Matthew Island and the other on Unimak Island.

237. Thick-billed Sandpiper. Prybiloff Sandpiper.
Tringa ptilocenemis Cours. 1873.

Mr. H. W. Elliott, the discoverer of this species, speaking of its
range, says that besides the Prybiloff Islands, he found it just as
abundantly on St. Matthew Islandin 1874, 200 miles to the north,
where it was breeding in large numbers as it does on the
Prybiloffs. A single pair was found nesting (by myself) on the
south shore of St. Lawrence Island in June, 1881. Krause, in winter,
secured three specimens at Portage Bay, which is on the main-
land near the end of Chilcat Peninsula, but saw no large flocks
until April, so that it is probable they winter south along the
coast of Alaska and possibly British Columbia. (Ve/son.)

BREEDING NotrEs.—I may say that this is the only wader that
incubates on the Prybiloff Islands, with the marked exceptions of
a stray couple now and then of Phalaropus hyperboreus. It makes
its appearance early in May and repairs to the dry uplands and
mossy hummocks, where it breeds. The nest is formed by the
selection of a particular cryptogamic bunch. It lays four darkly-
blotched pyriform eggs, and hatches them within twenty days.
The young come from the shell in a thick, yellowish down, with
dark-brown markings on the head and back, getting the plumage
of their parents and taking to wing as early as the 1oth of August.

(Elliott)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One pair taken on St. Lawrence Island, Behring Sea, by Mr.
J. M. Macoun, on August 12th, 1891.
238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
Tringa acuminata (HoRsr.) SWwIinH. 1863.

On September 16th, 1877, near St. Michael, I had the pleasure of
securing a handsome young female of this bird, thus adding this

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 159

species to our fauna. Afterwards it was found to be the most
common species of snipe at St. Michael, frequenting the borders
of brackish pools and tide-creeks in company with other species.
At Port Clarence and Kotzebue Sound, single specimens have
been taken and these, with those taken by the writer at St.
Michael, include all the specimens up to date. (Velson.) Taken
at Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., Dec. 27th, 1897, by
Rev. J. H. Keen. (Fannin.) A species of Eastern Asia and evi-
dently breeding near the mouth of the Yukon.

239. Pectoral Sandpiper. Jack-snipe.
Tringa maculata VYEILL. 1819.

One was received from Greenland in 1851 by the Copenhagen
Museum, and two others were sent there from near Disco in 1859.
(Arct. Man.) Occasional in Greenland. Several skins have been
taken since 1860. (Winge.) A common migrant along the whole
Atlantic Coast from Cape Chudleigh south to New Brunswick,
and in Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba, but rare farther west.
Only one specimen was seen by Mr. Spreadborough at Indian
Head, Assa., in the spring of 1892, and further west, along Milk
River, a female was shot, July 16th, 1895.

Nelson and Murdoch say that it is common in Alaska, breeding
in numbers as far north as Point Barrow. North of the Mackenzie
River and along the Anderson River, farther east, it is quite rare,
as Macfarlane saw very few and obtained no nests. Fannin and
Brooks report that it is not common in the migrations in British
Columbia. On Stubb Island, on the west coast of Vancouver
Island, Spreadborough killed ten at one shot in August, 1893.

BREEDING Nores.—This species arrives at Point Barrow about
the end of May or early in June, and frequents the small ponds
and marshy portions of the tundra along the shore, sometimes
associated with other small waders, especially with the Buff-
breasted Sandpiper, on the high banks of the Nunava. They
begin pairing soon after their arrival,and are frequently to be
seen chasing each other in the air with a loud chatter. The nest
is always built in the grass, with a decided preference for high
and dry localities, such as the banks of gullies and streams. It is
sometimes placed at the edge of a small pool, but always in grass
and in a dry place, never in the black clay and moss, like the

160 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Plover and Buff-breasted Sandpiper, or in a marsh like the
Phalaropes. All the complete sets contained four eggs. (Mur-

doch.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens ; one taken at Ottawa, Ont., in October, 1884, by
Mr. Ernest White, the other shot by Mr. W. Spreadborough on
Milk River, Alberta, July 16th, 1895.

240. White-rumped Sandpiper.

Tringa fuscicolts NEILL. 1810.

Believed by Holbcell to breed near Julianshaab, Greenland,
where both old and young birds have been seen. (Avct. Man )
A fewskins taken in Greenland since 1840. Perhaps a few breed.
(Winge.) A common migrant along the whole Atlantic coast and
Gulf of St. Lawrence as well as the river up to Montreal, becom-
ing scarcer in Ontario and increasing again in Manitoba where it
is common asa migrant. A few seen as far west as Crane Lake,
Assa. A few must breed around Indian Head, Assa., as they
were observed tiiere from May goth to July Ist, 1892, when
Spreadborough left. Sir John Richardson says this species is not
infrequent on the shores of the small lakes that skirt the
Saskatchewan plains. Murdoch records the shooting of two birds
of this species at Point Barrow which is the only Alaskan record.
Payne says they occur in large flocks in late summer at Cape
Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait,. but “do not breed’) Bore
Spreadborough and Turner found them in large numbers in
Ungava Bay, Labrador, in the autumn, and Macfarlane found a
few breeding on the shores of Franklin Bay, Arctic Sea. Their
chief breeding-ground would seem to be north of Hudson Bay
and northwesterly along the shores of the Arctic Sea to the
mouth of the Mackenzie River.

BREEDING Notes.—Several nests of this Sandpiper were taken
on or near the Arctic coast of Franklin Bay. One taken July 3rd
contained four eggs with very large embryos. Another discover-
ed on the following day held but three eggs. A third found in
the Barren Grounds on the 29th June was, like the rest, ashallow
depression in the ground, lined with a few decayed leaves, con-
taining four eggs, also having very large embryos. <A fourth, on
the banks of a small river, held four eggs. (Macfarlane.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 161

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

A pair, taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring, in October,
1884.

241. Baird’s Sandpiper.
Tringa bairdit (CovES) SCLAT. 1867.

Accidental at Digby, Nova Scotia. Gilpin.) Rare visitor at
Montreal, one shot out of a flock of Semipalmated Sandpipers,
September 17th, 1892. (Winitle.) Prior to 1886, only one speci-
men of this species had been recorded in Ontario. One specimen
was taken on the 23rd of August, 1886, and two more on the Ist
of September. These fotr are the only specimens known to the
writer. (Wcellwraith.)

This isa common migrant in Manitoba and westward to the
Rocky Mountains. It was first seen at Indian Head, Assa., on
May goth, 1892, was common by the 16th and disappeared on the
2nd of June. Rather rare in Alaska, but more common as we
proceed to the north. Nelson found it at places along the
Arctic coast, north of Kotzebue Sound and at Point Barrow in
August, 1881. Brooks found it abundant at Sumas Lake, on
the Lower Fraser River, B.C., in the fall, but rare in the spring,
on account of the inundation of their feeding-grounds. Spread-
borough shot three out of a flock of ten on the 23rd August, 1893,
on Stubbs Island, west coast of Vancouver Island. Mr. E. An-
derson took it on Lake Okanagan, B.C., in October, 1897.

BREEDING Notes.—On the 24th of June, 1864, a nest contain-
ing four eggs was found in the Barren Grounds in a swampy
tract between two small lakes. It was composed of a few decay-
ed leaves, placed ina small cavity in the ground shaded with
grass. It is very uncommon in the north, though nests were
discovered. (Macfarlane.) This species arrives at Point Barrow
about May 30th. After the tundra becomes clear of snow
it retreats from the beach and is especially to be looked for
on dry grassy portions of the tundra. It is never very com-
mon and is always solitary or in pairs. The nest was always
well hidden in the grass and never placed in marshy ground or
on the bare black portions of the tundra ; it consists merely of a
slight depression in the ground, thinly lined with dried grass. All

the eggs we found were obtained from the last week in June to
II

162 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the first of July, a trifle later than the other waders. (Murdoch.)
There is no doubt that the breeding-ground of this species
extends from the west side of Hudson Bay along the Arctic coast
to Point Barrow. Spreadborough saw three on a small island in
James Bay on June 16th, 1896, and believes they were breeding.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine specimens ; seven taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May,
1892, and two on Stubbs Island, west coast of Vancouver Island,
August 23rd, 1893, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

242. Least Sandpiper.
Tringa minutilla NIEILL. 1819.

One shot in the spring of 1867 on Noursoak Peninsula, Green-
land. (Arct. Man.) One taken at Disco Fjord, 1878. (Winge.)
A common summer migrant along the whole Atlantic coast,
including the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and doubtless breeds in
small numbers in eastern and northern Labrador as well as
on Anticosti and the Magdalen Islands. It is a common migrant
in Quebec and Ontario, and extends as a migrant across the con-
tinent to the Pacific coast, where it was seen in large flocks on
Stubbs Island, west of Vancouver Island, 1893. It is also found in
the interior of Alaska, and may be said to bea bird of general dis-
tribution, although very little is known of its breeding habits.
Mr. Dippie collected specimens at Reaburn, Man., on June 15th,
1893, and believes a few pairs breed there.

BREEDING Notres.—Audubon, Vol. V., p. 282, states that he
found the nest and eggs July 20th, 1833, in Labrador. Turner
believes that a few pairs breed at the mouth of the Koksoak
River, Ungava Bay. Spreadborough believes it breeds in James
Bay and at Indian Head, Assa. Dr. Coues suspects that it breeds
at Turtle Mountain, on the boundary of Manitoba. The writer
found young birds on Anticosti, near Southwest Point, in August,
1883, and very young birds at the east end of the Cypress Hills,
Assa., on August 2nd,1880. One nest was taken on Sable Island
last summer (1899) by Mr. Boutillier, superintendent of life-saving
stations.

This species was found breeding abundantly at Fort Anderson,
on the borders of, as well as in, the Barren Grounds, and on the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 163

near Arctic coast. (Macfarlane.) 1 met with this species on the
Magdalen Islands, and was successful in finding its nest there on
June 22nd, 1897. We were driving along the edge of the sand-
hills, towards East Cape, on that date. When passing a grassy
flat near salt water, a bird of this species rose into the air. I hid
myself, and soon had the satisfaction of seeing the bird alight
in a dry place in the salt meadow I at once walked almost to
the nest, and the bird fluttered away from the four eggs at my
feet. They lay with the pointed ends together in a small nest of
dried grass, slightly concealed. Incubation had progressed
about a week. I noticed a small flock of these birds at the
Magdalen Islands on July Ist, 1897. They were running about,
among bunches of sea-weed, feeding. It occurred to me these
were possibly non-breeding birds, or else males, the females nest-
ing in the neighbouring bog. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six specimens, taken at widely separated localities. Three,
at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892 ; two on Stubbs Island, off
the west coast of Vancouver Island, B.C., August, 1893,by Mr. W.
Spreadborough ; and one on Unimak Island, Behring Sea, by
Mr. J. M. Macoun, in August, 1801.

242.1. Long-toed Stint.
Tringa damacensis (HORSF.) SWINH. 1863.

Asia, breeding toward Arctic coast; accidental on Otter Island,
Behring, Sea, Alaska. (A..0. U. Lest.)

243. Dunlin.
Tringa alpina LINN. 1758.

Bird of passage. Taken occasionally in Greenland. (Winge.)
Accidental in eastern North America, west side of Hudson Bay.

CA5. 0. U. List!)
243a. Red-backed Sandpiper.
Tringa alpina pacifica (Cours) A. O.U. List. 1886.

A rare migrant along the Atlantic coast but commoner in

Quebec and Ontario. According to Seton-Thompson it is tolerably
I1y%

164 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA

common in Manitoba, but the writer has never seen it nor heard
of its being seen west of that province. It seems to be common
in summer on Hudson Bay and along the Arctic coast generally,
especially in northern Alaska, where it breeds in great numbers,
but never far from the sea. Both Brooks and Fannin speak of
this species as being common on the British Columbia coast in
spring and fall.

Breepinc Nores.—tThis bird breeds plentifully on the Arctic
coast. Its eggs are oil-green marked with irregular spots of liver-
brown, of different sizes and shades, confluent at the obtuse end.
(Richardson.) This species is common at Point Barrow, Alaska,
and breeds abundantly, although the nest is exceedingly hard to
find as the nesting birds are very wary and use every possible
strategem to mislead one when looking for the eggs. It
arrives about the end of May. Some of them, perhaps, arrive
paired, but the majority are pairing soon after their arrival, to
judge by their actions. As the tundra gradually clears of snow
they become more scattered and spread further inland, deserting
the shores of the beach lagoons, although they hardly confine
themselves as much to the dry portions of the tundra as Baird’s
Sandpiper is in the habit of doing. The nest, which is like that
of all the rest of the waders, is always placed in the grass, some-
times in dry and sometimes in rather swampy places, but never
like the Phalaropes, onthe black tundra or on the isthmuses be-
tween the ponds. Both parents share in the work of incubation,
though we happened to obtain more males than females with the
eggs. (Murdoch.)

In early seasons the first of these birds reach the Yukon mouth
and shores of Norton Sound by the r1oth of May, and by the 25th
of that month they are in full force. They arrive in full breeding
plumage, and are generally in small flocks, which soon break up
and the birds scatter in twos and threes over the moss and grass-
grown tundra to pair and attend to their summer duties. They
nest from the first of June to the first of July, and in 1877, I secur-
ed a set of four fresh eggs on the 3rd of the latter month. They
generally choose some dry knoll, or other slight elevation, over-
looking the neighbouring lakes and pools. Here, upon a bed of
last year’s grasses, but without the trouble of arranging a formal
nest, the female deposits three or four large eggs of a pale green-
ish varying to pale brownish clay colour, with dull chocolate and
umber-brown spots and blotches. (Ve/son.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 165

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.
One specimen taken in Toronto marsh by Mr. S. Herring.

244. Curlew Sandpiper.
Tringa ferruginea BRUNN. 1764.
Occasional in Eastern North America and Alaska.

Very rare in Nova Scotia One purchased on Halifax market.
(Downs.) Seen at Halifax in October 1864. (Gil/pfin.) I had the
good fortune to capture a male in full breeding plumage, the
only one seen, at Point Barrow, on June 6th, 1883. It was in com-
pany with a good sized flock of 77inga maculata. (Murdoch.)

Mr. J. H. Fleming of Toronto, Ontario writes that Mr. Ernest
Seton-Thompson identified a specimen in the old Toronto Gun
Club as this species. The bird was taken at Toronto.

LXXXV. EURYNORHYNCHUS Nitsson. 1821.
245. Spoon-bill Sandpiper.

Eurynorhynchus pygm@us (LINN.) PEARSON, 1830.

Accidental on the coast of Alaska. The presence of this
little Sandpiper in the list of Birds of Alaska is due to the cap-
ture of a single specimen at Chloris Peninsula, during the sum.
mer of 1849 by the captain of the British ship Plover. Chloris
Peninsula is a sandy spit which extends out into the head of
Kotzebue Sound and is covered with pools of water. (Ve/son.)

LXXXVI. BREUNETES ILticer. 181).

246. Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Ereunetes pusillus (LINN.) Cass. 1860.

A common fall migrant along the whole Atlantic coast and
Gulf of St. Lawrence. In Quebec and Ontario it is equally abun-
dant as a migrant, and also in Manitoba and westward, at least
as far as the Rocky Mountains.

In the spring of 1892 Mr. W. Spreadborough found the first
birds at Indian Head, Assa., on May 16th. He remained there
until July Ist and they were still there, so that he believes they
breed there. On May 25th, 1895, a pair was seen at a pool on
the prairie near Old Wives Lake and later, on June 6th, a large

166 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

number were seen and a few specimens taken at Twelve-mile Lake,
near Wood Mountain, Assa.

Their great numbers in the east during the migrations and their
late and dilatory spring movement in the west, point to their
chief breeding grounds being on the southern and western shores
of Hudson Bay, between James Bay and York Factory, as here
there is a low marshy shore just suited for nesting. The Severn,
where Hutchins found them breeding, is in this district. West-
ward of Hudson Bay it extends to Point Barrow in Alaska, where
Murdoch says it arrives in large flocks in July and leaves in
August. All came from the east and the specimens taken were
young birds.

One male taken at Ducks, near Kamloops, B.C., August 18th,

1889, by Clark P. Streator. Not uncommon in the Lower Fraser

valley. (Svooks.)

BreepiInc Nores.—Occurs sparingly at the mouth of the
Koksoak River, Ungava Bay, Labrador, and from its actions indi-
cated breeding. Audubon Vol. V., 278, states that he found them
dispersed in pairs and having nests early in June in Labrador.
(Zurner.) Mr. Hutchins in 1770 writes as follows :—‘ This species
arrives at Severn River (about 150 miles south east of York
Factory) by the middle of May in large flocks, builds a nest early
in June of withered grass, and lays four or five black and white
spotted eggs. Towards the autumn it has a chirruping note, and
in September it retires to the southward.” (Azchardson.)

Fairly abundant in the Barren Grounds, but more so on the
shores of Franklin Bay, where a number of specimens with eggs
were procured. (Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine specimens. One, taken at Toronto, purchased with the
Holman collection; two at Indian Head, Assa., in June, 1892;
two at Thirty-mile Spring and two at Twelve-mile Lake, Wood
Mountain, June 3rd and 6th, 1895; one at Crane Lake, Assa., June
12th, 1894; and one at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in May, 1891,
all by Mr. W. Spreadborough,

247. Western Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Ereunetes occidentalis LAwR. 1864.

As soon as the snow disappears on the low ground about Norton
Sound, Alaska, these little birds arrive on the shore of Behring

—o

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 167

Sea, in the vicinity of St. Michael and the Yukon mouth. It
frequents the Arctic coasts of Alaska in addition to being found
throughout the interior along streams where suitable flats occur.
(Nelson.) Abundant in all the Aleutian Islands and at St. Michael
outnumbers all other waders. (Zzrner.) A male taken at Ducks,
near Kamloops, B.C., August 22nd, 1889. (Séreator.) An abun-
dant resident; it is found throughout the year at Victoria,
Vancouver Island. (/annin.) Abundant in the fall at Sumas
Lake, in the Lower Fraser valley. (Svooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species arrives at St. Michael by the
middle of May. About the first of June it begins to build its
nest among the dry mosses found on the low grounds. The nest
is only a slight depression in the moss, containing a few feathers.
Four or five eggs are laid. The male assists in incubating, as the
first specimen which I obtained fluttered from the nest as if it were
wounded. His fluttering wings, low piping note, and limping gait
caused me to detect the nest almost at my feet. (7wrner.) By the
Ist of June, and earlier in some seasons, they have eggs, and in one
instance young were found as early as June 7th. Their nests are
usually on the drier part of the tundra, generally on a mossy
hummock or slight swell. A sheltering bunch of dwarf willow
or a few grass stems, in a tuft, form a favorite cover. The eggs
are sometimes placed on a thin layer of dead grass-stems, or
willow leaves, loosely arranged, but very commonly the mat of
dry grass or willow leaves afforded by the spot chosen serves as
the nest without special arrangement. (/Ve/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens—a male and female, both taken on Stubbs
Island, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, August 29th, 1893,
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

LXXXVII. CALIDRIS Cuvier. 1799-1800.
248. Sanderling.

Calidris arenaria Linn.) LEACH. I816.

Scarce, and said not to breed further south in Greenland than
Lat 68°, but the young have been obtained at Godthaab ; breeds
at Sabine Island and Parry Islands. (Arct. Wan.) Winge reports
it from several localities in Greenland. It is said to be a much
commoner migrant in the autumn than in the spring on the

168 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

whole Atlantic coast, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec and
Ontario along the rivers and lakes. It is alsoa common migrant
in Manitoba. It was found there as late as June 12th, 1881, on
the shore of Lake Manitoba by the writer, and in the autumn as
early as the beginning of August by Nash fide Seton-Thompson.
It doubtless breeds on Lake Manitoba or Lake Winnipegoosis in
small numbers. It has seldom been noticed by us further west
than Indian Head, Assa., and it was rare here in the spring of
1892, and at Thirty-mile Spring, near Wood Mountain, Assa., June
3rd, 1895.

It occurs all around Hudson Bay and along the Arctic coast,
being recorded by Ross, Richardson and Macfarlane. Neither
Nelson, Murdoch nor Turner found it in Alaska, but Dall says it
is very common at Nulato, and on the Yukon to the sea. Speci-
mens have, however, been taken at Sitka, in Alaska, and it has
been taken at Port Simpson, British Columbia. Brooks says it is
rare in the lower valley of the Fraser.

BREEDING Notes.—This bird breeds on the coast of Hudson
Bay as low as the 55th parallel. Mr. Hutchins informs us that
it makes its nest in the marshes rudely of grass, and lays four
dusky-colored eggs spotted with black, incubation commencing
in the middle of June. It feeds on marine insects. (2chardson.)
On June 29th, 1863, we discovered a nest of this species (the only
one at the time known to naturalists) on the Barren Grounds,
about ten miles west of Franklin Bay. The nest was composed
of withered hay and leaves placed in a small depression in the
ground. It contained four eggs which were quite fresh. (Mac-
farlane.) Parry found them breeding on the North Georgian
Islands. and they undoubtedly breed along the barren Arctic
coast east of Point Barrow. (JVelson.) Mr. W. Spreadborough
observed a pair ona small island in James Bay on the 16th of
June, 1896, which were doubtless breeding. As the mouth of the
Severn River, where Hutchins found it breeding, is 500 miles to
the north-west, this bird probably breeds on the west and south
shores of Hudson Bay and on some of the large interior lakes.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four specimens ; one taken in Toronto by Mr.S. Herring, two
at Indian Head, Assa.,in May, 1892, and the fourth at Thirty-mile
Spring, near Wood Mountain, June 3rd, 1895, by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

=

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 169
LXXXVIII. LIMOSA Brisson. 1760.
249. Marbled Godwit.

Limosa fedoa (LINN.) SABINE. 1823.

This species is only a periodical visitor in Newfoundland,
especially in the autumn; very rare in Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick ; rare in Quebec and Ontario, and always as a migrant.
It isa common summer resident from eastern Manitoba to the
Rocky Mountains, seeming to prefer the margins of brackish
lakes and pools. It is more plentiful north of the Canadian
Pacific Railway than south of it, and is particularly abundant on
the plains south of Battleford, Alberta.

First seen at Indian Head, Assa., April 29th, 1892; after this
they kept arriving up to June 24th, when I saw a number ina
large marsh. They appeared to be breeding, but I failed to find
any nests. (Sfreadborough.) Fannin reports this bird from
southern British Columbia, in the Similkameen district, and
says it breeds east of the Coast Range.

BREEDING Notres.—We have never succeeded in finding the
eggs of this species, but it breeds abundantly in the prairie
region between Lat. 51°-52°.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen purchased with the Holman collection ; three
taken at Indian Head, Assa., May, 1892; and two taken at Medi-
cine Hat, May, 1894, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

250. Pacific Godwit.
Limosa lapponica bauert (NAUM.) STEJN. 1885.

This bird was found by Dall to be plentiful at the Yukon
mouth ; found by me common at Unalaska and St. Michael in
the early part of May. Jelson.) Met with as a migrant on the
Aleutian Islands when on their way to the north. It doubtless
breeds at St. Michael, but I did not obtain eggs. (Zurner.) This
species only occurs at Point Barrow as a straggler after the
breeding season. (Murdoch.

BREEDING Notes.—This species frequents open grassy parts
of the country about St. Michael, and is quick to protest against

170 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

any invasion of its territory. Its nest was not found, but Dall
informs us that it lays two light olivaceous spotted eggs in a
rounded depression in a sedge tussock, lined with dry grass.
(Nelson,)

251. Hudsonian Godwit.
Limosa hemastica (LINN.) COovuEs. 1874.

This species is a common migrant in spring and fall in New-
foundland ; an autumn migrant in Nova Scotia; occasionally in
both spring and fall in New Brunswick; rather rare in Quebec
but more so in Ontario. Its line of migration is from the Atlantic
coast to Hudson Bay, as it is frequently taken at Churchill and
York Factory. It is rare in Manitoba and Assiniboia, and none
remain to breed. It was first seen by Spreadborough at Indian
Head, Assa., on May 11th, 1892, afterwards a few stragglers
passed north but none remained. Richardson says this species
breeds abundantly on the Barren Grounds and on the shores of
the Arctic Sea and migrates southward in the autumn.

One single specimen from Nulato and two from the Yukon
mouth are all the records we have of the occurrence of this
species in Behring Sea. A few have been taken in other parts of
Alaska but only as stragglers. (/Ve/son.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species is not very common on the
Barren Grounds, although several nests were taken near the post
on the Lower Anderson River. The nests were all mere depres-
sions or small holes scooped in the earth, thinly lined with
decayed leaves, and in almost every instance they contained four
eggs. (Macfarline.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken on Toronto Island in 1865, purchased with
the Holman collection, and two taken by Mr. W. Spreadborough
at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892.

252. Black-tailed Godwit.

Limosa limosa (LinN.) Ripew. 1885.

Occasional in Greenland.—Winge.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 171

LXXXIX. TOTANUS BEcuSTEIN. 1803.
254. Greater Yellow-legs.

Totanus melanoleucus (GMEL.) VIEILL. 1816.

This species is a common migrant in both spring and fall along
the whole Atlantic coast. Inthe Gulf of St. Lawrence and on
the Labrador coast it breeds in some numbers. In Quebec and
Ontario it isa common migrant, but there are no records of its
breeding. It is an abundant migrant in spring, late summer and
fall in Manitoba, but not very common to the west of that pro-
vince, although taken all across the continent. It was found by
Ross as far north as Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie, and neither
Macfarline nor Richardson found it near the Arctic Sea. A few
specimens have been taken on the Pacific coast at Sitka, but no
others in Alaska.

An abundant resident along the British Columbia coast in
winter; I found it breeding in the summer of 1891 around the
lakes at Clinton, B.C. (Famnmn.) Abundant in the Lower Fraser
valley ; probably breeds. (vooks.)

BREEDING Nortes.—Audubon, Vol. V., 319, states he found
this species breeding in June in Labrador. (7wrner.) Found in
abundance on Anticosti, where it was evidently breeding ; about
the mouth of the Mingan River it is said to breed regularly.
(Brewster.) A pair observed on Moose River, northern Ontario,
June 7th, 1896; none seen elsewhere that year, Resident on
Stubbs Island, west coast of Vancouver Island. Breeding in
wet meadows among the woods north of the prairie, and in the
foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. I have seen young, scarcely
able to fly, in July. When the old birds are disturbed they will
often settle in trees. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight specimens. One taken at Toronto purchased with the
Holman collection ; one taken at Ottawa in May, 1885, by Mr. E.
White; one taken at Ottawa by Mr. Fred. Saunders in May, 1892 ;
four taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892; and one taken
at Victoria, Vancouver Island, by Mr. W. Spreadborough in March,
1890.

172 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

255. Lesser Yellow-legs.
Totanus flavipes (GMEL.) VIEILL. 1816.

One sent from Greenland to Copenhagen in 1854. (Arct. Man.)
This is a common spring and autumn migrant in Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, but rarer than the preced-
ing. Reeks says it is a summer resident in‘'Newfoundland, arriv-
ing in May, and leaving in October. Spreadborough observed a
number about a small salt marsh on the shore of James Bay on
June 15th, 1896, and was sure they were breeding. They have
been observed on Hudson Bay at other points, and, no doubt,
breed there. Mr. J. M. Macoun sawa pair evidently breeding on
Lake Mistassini, Northern Quebec, in 1885. This species is a
common migrant in Manitoba and westward through the whole
prairie region and is found in the Rocky Mountains and through-
out British Columbia as a migrant, though Fannin found it at
Burrard Inlet all summer. Spreadborough saw it first at Indian
Head, Assa., on April 25th, 1892. By May Ist it was common.
A few remained to breed as they were seen up to July when he
left. Richardson says :—“ This is a very common bird in the
North-west Territories, and is seen either solitary or in pairs on
the banks of every river, lake and marsh up to the northern ex-
tremity of the continent.”’ Previous to going south from Hudson
Bay they gather in small flocks on the shores.

On the’ Lower Yukon, in Alaska, this bird is not common, and
is very rare along the shores of Behring Sea. In the Upper
Yukon region it is, however, more or less common, and skins were
brought to me procured at Fort Reliance. Specimens have been
taken at Sitka and Kadiak Island, and Mr. Lockhart secured its
eggs at Fort Yukon. (WVelson.

BREEDING Notes.—This is probably the most abundant and
certainly the noisiest of all the waders met with at Fort Ander-
son, in the Barren Grounds. Nests were taken at Fort Anderson,
on the Lower Anderson, in the wooded country, and along the
rivers which flow through the Barren Grounds. (Macfarlane.)
Mr. Spreadborough thought a few pairs bred at Indian Head, —
Assa., in July, 1892 ; and in June, 1897, at Edmonton, in Alberta,
he saw them often sitting in dead poplars and upon stubs on
the borders of wet meadows, but he could never find any nests.
Mr. Dippie writes me that he believes they were breeding at

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 173

Reaburn, Man., in June, 1893, and at Buffalo Lake, Alberta, in
July, 1896. On the 15th June, 1897, about 30 miles from Calgary,
Alberta, the writer came upon a small flock at a grassy pond in
the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and from the actions of
the birds it seems certain they were breeding, but no nests were

found.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven specimens ; one taken near Toronto, in 1865, purchased
with the Holman collection. Mr. W. Spreadborough took four
at Indian Head Assa., in May, 1892, and two: at Edmonton,
Alberta, in May, 1897.

One set of eggs, taken at Fort George, James Bay, in June,
1888, by Mr. Miles Spencer.

XC. HELODROMAS Kavp. 1829.
256. Solitary Sandpiper.
Flelodromas solitarius (WILS.) SHARPE. 1896.

A migrant in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

A common summer resident in New Brunswick. Mr. Banks
took a nest at Lily Lake in June, 1880. (Chamberlain.) The
writer saw several pairs, which were evidently breeding, in July,
1888, along Black River, Prince Edward Island. Brittain and
Cox found this bird in the valley of the Restigouche, N.B., in
summer, evidently breeding. Mr. J. M. Macoun found it a com-
mon summer resident at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec, in
1885. In other parts of Quebec it is reported as a migrant. It
is recorded as a summer resident at Ottawa, and is known to
breed in the vicinity. There is still doubt regarding its occur-
rence in summer in western Ontario, and observers there are
asked to procure its eggs if possible

In Manitoba, Hine and Nash—both close observers— state that
this bird breeds there and is abundant. Mr. Spreadborough only
saw a straggler at Indian Head, Assa., in the spring of 1892. Inthe
spring of 1897 he saw numbers at Edmonton, Alta, on the borders
of bogs, and as they took to the trees he believed they were breed-
ing. He also found them breeding at Jasper Lake, Alta., in July,
1898. While making a traverse of the northern part of Labrador
on July 24th, 1896, he shot a specimen from the top of a spruce

174 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

tree near a peat bog close to Seal Lake; none were seen after
this. Bernard Ross says that it extends as far north as Fort
Simpson on the Mackenzie River. Macfarline does not mention
it, but Sir John Richardson says it has been shot as far north as
eatvo4 30’;

Nelson, in his Birds of Alaska, says that a few skins of this
species were brought to him from Anvik and Nulato, both on the
Lower Yukon, and their occurrence here involves their occurrence
on the Upper Yukon. Fannin and Brooks record it as being
tolerably common in British Columbia.

BREEDING Notres.—We have very little actual knowledge of
the breeding habits of this bird other than that it is solitary in
its habits and has a tendency to take to trees when in proximity
to its nest. Hutchins found the nest on the shores of Hudson
Bay ; and according to Richardson its eggs were deposited on
the beach and no nest formed. This tallies exactly with the con-
ditions under which its nest was found near Castleton, Vermont,
by Mr. J. Richardson, in May, 1878. In the latter case, the single
egg was placed in a small depression in the ground, without any
attempt at a nest,

In July, 1881, the writer, when leading an exploring expedition
up the Red Deer River, which empties into the head of Lake
Winnepegoosis, came upon a pair of these birds on a point of
bare rocks which jutted into the stream, and shot one. On the
report of the gun,a young bird —still in the down—jumped up and
ran, but was soon caught. On July 6th, 1896, while collecting
plants in a swamp near Prince Albert, on the Saskatchewan, I
saw a bird of this species sitting on a small birch, but could
neither raise the other bird nor find the nest, The next day I
visited the same place and found two birds sitting on trees, but
failed to find the nest.

On July 1gth, 1895, I came across a pair near Calgary, Alberta,
which undoubtedly had young in the grass, one bird kept flying
within a few yards of me as long as I stayed in a certain locality.
I also observed this species in summer at Buffalo Lake, Alta. It
was also seen at Manitoba House, Man., at the end of June, 1895.
(Dippe.)

Dr. Clarke of Kingston, Ont., in Ze Auk, Oct. 1898, and the Rev.
C.J. Young in Zhe Ottawa Naturalist, Dec. 1899, give detailed
accounts of the finding of a nest of this species. Mr. Young thus

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 175

describes the nest and eggs: ‘‘The nest was in a tolerably dry
sandy place, and each time the bird left it, she flew to the creek,
where she skulked and hid among the long grass, behaving in a
manner unlike its habit during the spring and fall migration.
It was constructed of bits of bark, moss, grass and rootlets, a
considerable quantity of material being used. The three eggs
are bluntly pyriform, the ground-colour drab, and the texture of
the shell very fine and delicate ; in fact so much so that they
required very tender handling in blowing. They are spotted all
over, the spots and specks varying in size from a pin’s head to a
small pea; there are no blotches, but a few shell markings.
These eggs are a trifle larger than Spotted Sandpiper’s, averaging
25x 1.00) meh. 7

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six specimens in the collection, one taken at London, Ont.,
purchased with the Holman collection; one taken at Ottawa
by Mr. Fred Saunders ; one taken on Toronto Island by Mr. S.
Herring ; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892, and
another at Kicking Horse Lake, Rocky Mountains, August 13th,
1890, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

256a. Cinnamon Solitary Sandpiper.
Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (BREWSTER) A. O.
U. Como, Ms., 1899.

Summer resident in the interior of British Columbia ; at Ducks
near Kamloops, I saw individuals that were not yet able to fly.
and must have been hatched in the vicinity. (S¢veazor.)

257. Green Sandpiper.

Helodromas ochropus (LINN.) Kaup. 1829.

An individual of this species exists among a collection of birds
from the North-west Territories, sent to the British Museum by
the Hudson’s Bay Company. Pennant says he also observed it
among birds collected by Mr. Kuckan in North America. (2ich-
ardson.) Accidental in Nova Scotia. (A. O. U. Lis?.)

176 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

XCI. SYMPHEMTA Rarinesoue. 181g.

258. Willet.
Symphemia semipalmata (GMEL.) HarTL. 1845.

A common spring and autumn migrant in Ncv oundland.
(Reeks.) Common in summer and fall in Nova Scotia. Breeds
at Port Petpiswick. (Downs.) Rather common at Grand Manan,
New Brunswick. (Herrick.) Very little is known of this species
in Ontario. Ontwo occasions I have seen it brought in from
the Hamilton marsh by gunners, but I never saw it alive. (Mc-
Lwraith.)

2582. Western Willet.
Symphema semipalmata tnornata BREWST. 1887.

This is a common species in the prairie region west of Mani-
toba. It frequents the margins of saline ponds and brackish
marshes from western Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains, and
from Lat:"49° to 56°. It breeds throughout its rance. One
specimen taken at Clover Point, Victoria, August 8th, 1898, by
Mr. J. Henley. (Fannin.

BREEDING NoTeEs.—First seen at Indian Head, Assa., May 6th,
1892. It was quite common a few days later, and spread itself
through the marshes where it breeds in considerable numbers ;
breeding also in great profusion in the marshes around Crane
Lake in June, 1894. (Spreadborough.) On May 23rd, 1883, on the
Alkali Plain, north of the land office at Turtle Mountain, I started
a Willet from her nest, which was placed in a slight hollow,
shaded on one side by the skull of a buffalo and on the other by
a tuft of grass. It contained four eggs, ground color, dark olive-
brown, with heavy, round, dark spots of brown and purple, evenly
distributed without any approach to a rind about the large end.
(Thompson.) This species breeds in both Manitoba and Alberta.
In the latter Province, at Buffalo Lake, I found the young in the
grass on July 4th, 1895. (Dzppe.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven specimens ; two taken at Sounding Lake. Alberta, by
Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, in June, 1886. .All the others were taken by Mr.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 7)

W. Spreadborough at Indian Head and Crane Lake, Assa.,and at
Edmonton, Alberta, in the spring of 1897.

XCII. HETERACTITIS Stejnecer. 1884.

259. Wandering Tatler.
Fleteractitis incanus (GMEL.) STEJN. 1884.

This bird has been noted over the entire Pacific north of the
equator. It is met with sparingly along the coast of Alaska, and
seems to prefer the rock-bound portions. From the records
obtained it must breed nearly, if not quite, to the Arctic circle.
(Nelson.) This species was found to be a rare bird in that part of
Alaska visited by me. The natives report that they breed on
Whale Island, near St. Michael, and from their actions I believe
this to be true. (Zwrner.)

Mr. Fannin finds this species common along the whole coast
of British Columbia. where it breeds and is tolerably common.
The writer obtained both young and old birds on rocky ledges
in Barclay Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, in
August, 1887.

XCIT. PAVONCELLA Leacu. 1816.
260. Ruff.

Pavoncella pugnax (LINN.) LEACH. I816.

Accidental in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) This species
was killed on Toronto Island in the spring of 1882, and is the
only instance I know of its occurrence in Ontario. (Mc/wraith.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two—a male and female—shot on Toronto Island by a Mr.
Humphrey in the spring of 1875. Mr. Samuel Herring vouches
for their having been killed there.

XCIV BARTRAMITIA Lesson. 1831.

261. Bartramian Sandpiper.

Bartramia longicauda (BECHST.) Bonar. 1857.

Occasionally met with in Newfoundland in the spring migra-
tions. Casual in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and a rare
2

178 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

migrant in Quebec. The only point in Southern Ontario at which
I have heard of these birds being seen lately is on the Lake Erie
shore not far from Dunville, where Dr. Macallum is aware of at
least two pairs having raised their broods during the two past
summers—1893-94. (Mcllwraith.)

This species is an abundant summer resident in the whole
prairie region extending from the Lake of the Woods to the
Rocky Mountains, and from the International Boundary to lat.
54° in the eastern part of the region, and northwesterly to far
north of the open prairie of the Peace River. According to
Fannin one specimen was taken at Comox, Vancouver Island,
August 28th, 1895, by Mr. W. B. Anderson. Its occurrence in
Alaska is accounted for by its northwest extension on Peace
River. Only a few specimens taken at Fort Yukon are recorded
from Alaska.

BREEDING Notes.— For some years past I have seen a few pairs
of these birds every year in the neighbourhood of Kingston, Ont.
Favorite resorts are Simcoe Island and Amherst Island, Lake
Ontario, as well as eastward. A few sets of eggs are found
yearly in the month of May; in June 1894 a pair hatched out a
brood in a pasture field near Lansdowne Station, on the Grand
Trunk Railway. A dry rough field is its favorite abode; in this
respect it differs from other members of the family. It makes a
nest of withered grass which it partially conceals amidst the dry
growth of last year, and lays four eggs, resembling the wood-
cock’s, but larger. (Rev. C./. Young.) Its breeding centre is in
Western Manitoba and Eastern Assiniboia. This species is
quite rare in Western Assiniboia and Southern Alberta, and
prefers well grassed prairie to that with a thin sod and little
water.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five specimens ; one taken on Toronto Island by Mr. S. Her-
fing ; one at Nose Creek,,Alberta, by Mri. Bl yrrell one at
Indian Head, Assa,; one at Medicine Hat, Assa.; and one at
Edmonton, Alberta, by Mr. W. Spreadborough. Our collection
of eggs is not large. One set of four was obtained by Mr. J. B.
Tyrell in Northern Alberta, on July Ist, 1886; another was taken
at Grenfel, Assa., by Mr. Lake in June, 1894.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 179

XCV. TRYNGITES Casanis. 1856.
262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Tryngites subruficolis (VIEILL.) Ripew. 1885.

This is a migrant along the whole Atlantic coast and in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, as well as along the river itself. Although
a rare migrant in Ontario its eggs have been taken near Dunville,
Lake Erie, by Dr. Macallum. (Mc//wraith.)

Seton-Thompson says it is a rare migrant in Manitoba and no
specimens have been observed by the writer west of that province.
On the Mackenzie, Bernard Ross reports this bird to be rare
while on the Barren Grounds to the northeast Macfarline says it
is common.

Murdoch found it common at Point Barrow, while Nelson saw
only a few specimens at the Yukon mouth. On the other hand
Mr. Fannin reports it as tolerably common throughout British
Columbia and also a resident. Mr. Brooks says it is a rare
migrant in the Lower Fraser valley in the autumn.

This species is common on the Arctic coast and on the Barren
Grounds east of Horton River. Between the 26th June and the
gth July upwards of twenty sets of eggs were secured, end there
were four in every nest, which was a mere depression in the soil,
scantily lined with a few withered leaves and dried grasses.
When the nest was approached the female usually made a low
flight to a short distance. (Macfarline.) This is an abundant
summer resident at Point Barrow, and was more plentiful in the
season of 1883 than it was the year before. They arrived in both
seasons in a body about the same time (June 6th to 8th), and
were first seen on the dry banks below the village feeding
greedily on the flies and beetles which were out sunning them-
selves. By the middle of June they had spread pretty well over
the dryer parts of the tundra, but always confined themselves to
high and dry banks, or what we called the black tundra. The
eggs as might be inferred from their colours, are laid in the latter
locality, as a rule, where they harmonize very well with the black
and white ground and moss. Like the rest of the waders this
bird builds no nest but deposits the four eggs small end down in
a shallow depression in the ground lined with moss. Four is the
usual number of eggs in a complete set, though we collected one
set with five. (Murdoch.)

12%

180 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

The nest described by Dr. Macallum in MclIlwraith’s Bords of
Ontario as of this species, is evidently referable to the next.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen, purchased with the Holman collection, Said to
have been taken at Toronto, Ont.

XCVI. ACTITIS ILLIGER. 1811.
263. Spotted Sandpiper.

Actitis macularia (LINN.) NAUMANN. 1836.

This is a common species in Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec and
Ontario. In all these provinces it breeds, either by the sea,
shores of lakes or banks of rivers, but never in colonies. Seldom
more than one pair is found in the same place.

From Manitoba to the Pacific it is found breeding in suitable
situations, both in the mountains and on the plains. According
to Ross and Macfarline it extends almost to the Arctic Sea,
being common on the Barren Grounds and in the Mackenzie
River valley. Only a few specimens have been taken in Alaska,
along the Yukon, but there is no reason why it should not breed
there.

BreEDING Nores.—Found breeding from Muskoka, Ont., to
Victoria, Vancouver Island, and northeast to Ungava, in Labra-
dor. Nest, a hole in the ground lined with grass, and placed
beneath a tuft of old grass or small bush, always near water.
The young leave the nest as soon as hatched. (Spreadborough.)
This species, besides breeding inland in all suitable places, is
especially common near the St. Lawrence River. I have found
numbers of their nests in June along the gravel bar at the foot of
Amherst Island, Lake Ontario ; also on the small islands down
the river. They usually construct a nest in a bunch of weeds, of
dried grass, chips or anything to hand, concealing it well. I
have found the nest twice in a field of grain, away from water
and once under a bush among trees on an island ina lake. The
first eggs are usually laid about the 20th May, but are occasionally
met with as late as July Ist. I met with this bird frequently
breeding in the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS ISI

found a nest with four eggs on June 26th, 1897, built in a dry
grassy place amongst spruce bushes in just such a place as one
would occupy in Ontario. (Rev. C. /. Young.) The writer has
found this species breeding in the sandhills at Brackley Point,
Prince Edward Island, and on Cape Forteau, near Yarmouth, N.S.,
where a nest containing four eggs was taken on June 23rd, 1883.
On June 29th, 1895, a nest containing four eggs was taken on the
shore of Cypress Lake, Assa. The nest was of dried grass con-
cealed under a tuft of old grass close to the lake and was only
discovered by flushing the bird.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten specimens ; two taken at Toronto, Ont., by Mr. S. Her-
ring; the others by Mr. W. Spreadborough at Indian Head,
Assa., at Canmore and Banff, Alberta, and at Revelstoke,
Griffin Lake and Spence’s Bridge, B. C.

We have eggs taken on the Upper Hamilton River, Labrador,
by Mr. A. P. Low, June 25th, 1894; and another set taken at
Repulse Bay, Hudson Strait, by Captain A. Manny in June, 1896;
a third set was taken by the writer at Cypress Lake, Assa, June
29th, 1895.

XCVII. NOUMENIUS Brisson. 1760.
264. Long-billed Curlew.
Numenius longirostris \NILS. 1814.

. Arare migrant in Newfoundland, and still rarer in Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick. Rather more common in Quebec and
Ontario, but only known asa migrant. In Manitoba this bird is
comparatively rare as a breeding bird, but in Assiniboia and
Alberta it is common, and extends its breeding-grounds across
the Rocky Mountains into British Columbia, where Mr. Fannin
found it breeding at Okanagan and Similkameen. Its range to
the north is limited, as we have no notices of it from north of
the prairie districts, and only one specimen is recorded from
Alaska. A few specimens have been taken at Victoria and in
the Lower Fraser valley, B.C.

BreEpING Nores.—A nest of this species was taken by Col.
Wyndham on the Bow River, about fifty miles southeast of Cal-
gary, Alta. Nest just a hollow in the ground, on the bare prairie
lined with a few straws. (Dippie.)

182 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

This bird nests on the open prairie and its nest is exceedingly
hard to find. The male flies towards any intruders and makes
the air resound with its cries. It is soon joined by other birds
from a considerable distance, who join in attracting attention by
their noise and actions. The young are easily found, as at least
one parent keeps in their vicinity. This species was found breed-
ing at Wood Mountain in June, 1895, and for 150 miles to the
west towards the Cypress Hills, upon which numbers were breed-
ing in 1894. In the summer of 1897 it was found in southern
Alberta, and was breeding, or rather caring for its young, west of
Fort McLeod, in the latter part of July. In June, 1880, it was
found breeding on the dry hills south of Kamloops, B.C.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four specimens. One taken at Fort McLeod, Alta., by Mr.
A. F. Grant, in 1888; the others by Mr. W. Spreadborough at
Crane Lake and Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, and at Kam-
loops, B.C., June 16th, 1880.

Three eggs taken by Mr. Raine near Rush Lake, Assa., June
Ist, 1893, and a set taken by Col. Wyndham near Calgary, Alta.

265. Hudsonian Curlew.

Numenius hudsonicus LATH. 1790.

Occasional in Greenland. Abundant in Newfoundland during

the migrations, but does not breed on this island. An uncommon‘

autumn visitor in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Brewster
saw several large flocks of curlews, which he took to be this
species, at East Point, Anticosti, on July 7th. Said not to breed
on that island. it is a scarce migrant in Quebec and rather more
common in Ontario, but is becoming scarcer according to MclIl-
wraith. This species is not mentioned by Seton-Thompson in his
Birds of Mamtoba, nor has the writer seen it in any part of the
Northwest. It is occasionally seen on the coast of British
Columbia, but appears to be far from common, only two speci-

mens having been taken. Hudson Bay and westward along the.

Arctic coast seem to be its summer haunt. It was common at
Fort Churchill in 1884, according to Dr. R. Bell; and Herne says
it was common on the shores of the bay in his time. Macfarlane
says it is by no means rare on the Barren Grounds, but is more

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 183

common to the west. From May 18th to 25th these birds
begin to make their appearance on the coast of Norton Sound,
Alaska, where, however, only a very few pairs remain to nest, the
others passing on still farther to the north to the extended open
country bordering the shores of the Arctic Sea.

BREEDING NotEes.—The chief breeding haunts of this bird
seem to be still unknown, but the fact of Hutchins speaking of it
shows that many of the eastern migrants must breed along the
south shore of Hudson Bay.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens of this species, all taken on the island at
Toronto, Ont., by Mr. S. Herring.

266. Eskimo Curlew.
Numenius borealis (Forst.) LatTuH. 1790.

By far the most common species of Curlew on the coast of
Newfoundland, but a periodical visitor. (Aeeks.) Casual in Green-
land, and not uncommon in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
Island, but a rare autumn visitor in New Brunswick. A rare
migrant in Quebec. Accidental in Ontario; Mr. MclIlwraith says
he is aware of only three specimens being taken in Ontario in
twenty years.

Mr. L. M. Turner observed several large flocks of this species
flying over the mouth of the Koksoak River, Ungava Bay; plen-
tiful in the fall in southern Labrador, but the flocks do not stop.
Mr. Spreadborough saw none when he made a traverse of Labra-
dor in. July, 1896. It was found in large numbers in August, 1884,
by Dr. R. Bell, at Fort Churchill on Hudson Bay.

Macfarlane found it breeding in great numbers on the Barren
Grounds. It is an irregular visitor at Point Barrow, and not a
common one, but Murdoch says it is well known to the natives.
Mr. Nelson reports this species to be the comnionest of the
curlews in northern Alaska, more especially along the coasts of
Behring Sea and Kotzebue Sound.

BREEDING Notes.—This curlew frequents the Barren Lands
within the Arctic circle in summer, where it feeds on grubs and

184 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

freshwater insects and the fruit of Ampetrum mgrum. On the
3th June, 1822, I found one of these curlews hatching on three
eggs on the shore of Point Lake. (Richardson.)

This species breeds abundantly in the Barren Grounds to the
eastward of Fort Anderson—and, except when otherwise described,
these are the “‘ Barrens” which are invariably referred to, right up
to the Polar Sea. The nests, in every observed instance, were
mere holes or depressions in the ground. Great difficulty was
frequently experienced in finding them, as the eggs closely re-
sembled the surrounding vegetation, and the bird glided off
while we were still at some distance. Thirty sets of eggs were
gathered, including several from the aforesaid Lower Anderson
“Barrens.” (Macfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens of this species, said to have been taken on
Toronto Island, Ontario, in 1864. They were purchased with the
Holman collection.

267. Whimbrel.
Numenius pheopus (LINN.) LATH. 1787.

Nearly a dozen examples sent from all parts of Greenland have
been received at Copenhagen. Although Holbcell doubts its
doing so, Prof. Reinhardt thinks that this species may breed in
Greenland. (Arct. Man.) An example of this species was shot
near Assuk, Greenland, on May 25th, 1885. (Hagerup.) Winge
believes that this species may sometimes breed in Greenland and
cites many instances of its having been taken in recent years.

268. Bristle-thighed Curlew.
Numenius tahitiensis (GMEL.) RipGw. 1880.

On May 24th, 1880, a pair of these birds settled near by, where
I was shooting black brant, on a rising stretch of land covered
with large tussocks. I secured the male, which was in fine plu-
mage, but could not find the female, although mortally wounded.
This is the second known instance of this bird’s occurrence on
the shores of Alaska, the former record resting on the capture of
a specimen at Kadiak Island by Bischoff. (Vedson.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 185
Famity XXII. CHARADRIIDAS. Ptovers.
XCVITI. VANELLUS Brisson. 1760.
269. Lapwing.
Vanellus vanellus (LINN.) LicHT. 1854.

One obtained 7th January, 1820, near Fiskenzs, Greenland ; a
second received at the Museum in Copenhagen from Julianehaab
in 1847. (Arct. Man.) On the islands in Norton Sound, Alaska.
CAS OG L7st).

XCIX. CHARADRIUS Linnzvus. 1758.
270. Black-bellied Plover.

Charadrius squatarola (LINN.) Naum. 1834.

Rare in Greenland, but found in both Inspectorates ; said to
breed on Melville Peninsula. (Avct. Wan.) A common autumn
migrant in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. A
migrant in Quebec and Ontario in both spring and fall. Reversing
its line of migration this bird appears in Manitoba, Assiniboia and
Alberta in spring, and has been killed by Dippie at Reaburn,
Manitoba, as late as June Ist. On Hudson Bay it is common,
and extends its range thence westward including the whole
Arctic coast and all Northern Alaska and down the Pacific coast
to the southern boundary of British Columbia.

BREEDING Nores.—Our first introduction to this handsome and
somewhat rare Arctic plover was on Island Point, in Franklin
Bay, on July 4th, 1864. The nest contained four eggs and was
composed of a small quantity of withered grass placed in a
depression on the side or face of a very gentle eminence. Both
parents were seen and the male shot. On the following day
another nest with four eggs was discovered and a third also met
with. In 1865 seven nests were gathered by our party in the
same quarter. (MJacfarlanc.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens ; one purchased with the Holman collection ;
another taken on Toronto Island by Mr. S. Herring, and a third
at Edmonton, Alberta, in May, 1897, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

186 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

271. Golden Plover.

Charadrius apricarius LINN. 1758.

One specimen, taken in summer plumage, was shot in the
spring of 1871, on the Noursoak Peninsula ; and believed by Dr.
Finch to breed in East Greenland. (Arct. Man.) The Director
of the colony of Frederickshaab reports taking a young bird of
this species in August, 1887. (Hagerup.)

272. American Golden Plover.

Charadrius dominicus MUuLL. 1776.

Somewhat rare in Greenland, but possibly breeds there as it
does in considerable abundance on swampy places in the Parry
Islands. (Avrct. Wan.) A common autumn migrant in Newfound-
land, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Que-
bec and Ontario. It is rarely seen in the spring and we have no
account of its breeding in any of these provinces. In Manitoba
and the other prairie provinces it is both a spring and autumn
migrant and leaves for the north the last week in May, returning
about the middle of August. It is not known to breed in Labra-
dor but doubtless does along the western coasts of Hudson Bay.
Its breeding grounds are from Hudson Bay westward, including
the Barren Grounds and the coasts of the Arctic Sea, to the north
of the Mackenzie, Point Barrow and south-westward around the
whole northern coast of Alaska, where it seems to meet the Siberian
form. It is said to breed in northern British Columbia, and the
specimens taken, although not referable, according to Mr. S. N.
Rhoads, to C. fu/vus,are darker underneath than eastern specimens.

BREEDING Notes.—The breeding quarters of this well-known
bird are the Barren Grounds and the coasts and islands of the
Arctic Sea. It hatches early in June, and retires southward in
August. (Richardson.) This beautiful species is very numerous
in the Barren Grounds from the outskirts of the forest to the
shores of the Polar Sea. The nests were found to be precisely
similar to those of C. sguatarola. They were also as difficult to
detect, and for the same reason, a harmonizing resemblance of
the egg markings to the surrounding soil and a timeous depar-
ture of the female bird from her nest. I find 170 nests recorded
in my notes. Except when there was reason to believe that the

——

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 187

full number had not been deposited four eggs were always met
with. In one case there were five and in another only one.

(Macfarlane.)

This species arrives on the shores of Norton Sound, Alaska,
about the end of May. They soon pair and disperse, so that a
few days after the main arrival their nests may be looked for.
The nests are generally in small depressions which may be found
among the moss and dried grass of a small knoll, and at times a
slight structure is made of dried grass. The grass, and perhaps,
a few dead leaves of the dwarf willow are arranged in a circular,
saucer-shaped form, about four or fiveinches across,and contain four
eggs, which have a pale, yellowish ground colour, with very dark
well-defined umber-brown spots scattered rather profusely over
the shell, especially about the larger end. (JVelson.) The Golden
Plover arrives at Point Barrow about the end of May. It was
nesting before June 20th, both seasons I was at Point Barrow,
though I was unable to find its nest before the 22nd. The nest
is exceedingly hard to find although it is not concealed at all,
but is simply a depression in the bare black clayey tundra, lined
with a little dried moss. The only vegetation on this part of the
tundra is white and grayish moss, which harmonize so extraor-
dinarily with the peculiar blotching of the eggs that it is almost
impossible to see them unless one knows exactly where to look.
A favourite nesting place is on the high banks of the gullies or
small streams. No nests were found in the grass or in swampy
ground. (Murdoch.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight fine specimens ; one purchased with the Holman collec-
tion; one from the Yukon River, presented by Dr. Bell; four
taken at Indian Head, Assa, in May, 1892, and two at Edmonton,
Alberta, in May, 1897, all by Mr. Wm. Spreadborough.

272a. Pacific Golden Plover.
Charadrius dominicus fulvus (GMEL.) RipGw. 1880.

This form and the eastern one seem to grade into each other
on the northern Alaskan coast, but C. fulvus is the commoner
toward Behring Strait, and breeds along the coasts of both con-
tinents around the northern shores of Behring Sea. No speci-
mens of this form have been taken on the American coast south

188 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

of Alaska. It is not uncommon on the islands off the coast,
and Turner speaks of it being taken on the Aleutian Islands.
Nelson says that on the Siberian Coast of Behring Sea the typi-
cal Asiatic form is common, and is of much rarer occurrence on
the Alaskan Coast, from the peninsula of Alaska north to Point
Barrow.

C. AHGIALITIS Bore. 1822.

273. Killdeer Plover.
(Egialitis vocifera (LINN.) Bonar. 1838.

This is a rare migrant in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick and Quebec. In Ontario it is much more common, and
breeds in suitable localities throughout the province. Throughout
Manitoba and the whole prairie country this bird breeds abun-
dantly. It is also common in the Rocky Mountains and British
Columbia, and breeds almost to the coast. Its northern limit is
very likely the sub-arctic forest, as it seems to prefer open plains
where brackish marshes are of frequent occurrence.

BREEDING Nores.—This bird is to be met with in those parts
of Ontario that are in any way adapted toits habits. Its favourite
haunts are rough pastures with here and there a few scrubby
bushes scattered about; if there are a few stones and gravel, so
much the better; the birds take kindly to such spots. I meet
with a few pairs of this species every year, and notice that they
breed comparatively early, the full complement of four eggs
sometimes being laid as early as the 26th of April. I have found
a number of their eggs, and notice that for a nesting place they
usually choose a small stoney or gravelly patch in a pasture ;
once I found a nest among small stones and rock close to a quarry
where the year before I had taken two nighthawk’s eggs. (Rev.
C. J. Young.) The Killdeer Plover breeds in small numbers all
over western Ontario. It lays four eggs, which are so placed as
to be very difficult of discovery. (W. Saunders.) This species
nests in the gravel at the margin of lakes and ponds, also on
bare ground on the prairie and in ploughed fields throughout the
whole prairie region. The nest is a hole in the gravel or ground,
usually not far from water. Eggs, four, always standing upon the
small end in the nest. (II. Spreadborough.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 189
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight specimens. ; two taken on Toronto Island by Mr. S.
Herring ; the others at Indian Head, Assa., Edmonton, Allta.,
Revelstoke and Spence’s Bridge, B.C., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Of eggs we have several sets taken at Indian Head, Assa.,
June 27th, 1892, and Edmonton, Alta., May Ioth, 1897, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough ; and others from Reaburn and Grenfel, Man.

274. Semipalmated Plover.
Egiahitis semtpalmata Bonar. 1838.

This species is a summer migrant in Newfoundland, Labrador
and the islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, breeding more or
less abundantly. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island, Quebec and Ontario it is reported as a migrant only; yet,
as Mr. Young shows, it breeds in Ontario, and doubtless in the
other provinces also. In Manitoba and eastern Assiniboia it is a
common migrant, and breeds sparingly. The writer saw young
birds of this species at the salt springs at the head of Lake Winni-
pegoosis on 22nd July, 1881.

This bird may be said to make its summer home and bring
forth its young from Ungava Bay on the northeast coast of Lab-
rador to Alaska on Norton Sound. It is, however, more plentiful
east of the Mackenzie than west of it. It is known only asa
rare migrant in British Columbia, and not known to breed.

BREEDING Notes.—This bird is found every fall and spring
on the gravelly bars at the foot of Amherst Island, Lake Ontario.
There, on the 24th of June, 1895, I found a nest containing four
fresh eggs. It was built on a gravelly beach, at no great distance
from the water, amongst a spring growth of a little grass and
sedge, and in the early spring would probably have been within
reach of the high water. I met with two pairs of these birds at
the Magdalen Islands in June, 1897, but could not locate the nest
though I knew they were breeding. (Rev. C. /. Young )

This bird is quite common on parts of the Arctic coast and
along the Anderson and Lockhart rivers, as well as in the coun-
try between Fort Anderson and Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie
River. Most of the twenty nests taken contained four eggs, and
several but two or three. When closely approached, the female

190 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

glided from the nest and ran a short distance before flying, occa-
sionally drooping her wings and pretending lameness. The nest
is a mere cavity in the sand, lined with a few withered leaves and
grasses. (Macfarlane.) In June, 1896, this species was found to
be common from Moose Factory, James Bay, to Richmond Gulf,
Hudson Bay. On the 18th June Mr. A. P. Low found a nest con-
taining four eggs. Nest in sand, beside a stone, composed of a
little dry grass. This bird was observed throughout the interior
of Labrador in summer wherever there were large lakes with
sandy shores. (W. Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens, both taken at Indian Head, Assa., by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

Four eggs taken in Labrador by Mr. A. P. Low, and eight by
Mr. Payne in Hudson Strait in the spring of 1885, and others
taken at Whale River.

275. Ring Plover.
Egialitis daticula (LINN.) Bor. 1822.

Breeds generally in Greenland and found on Clavering and
Sabine islands ; said to be abundant on the shores of Possession
Bay and Regent Inlet. (Avct. Man.) This species was observed
on August 15th, 1886, near a shallow lake, about 1100 feet above
sea level ; a nest and eggs were found near Godhaven, Greenland,
on June 14th, 1880. (Hagerup.)

276. Little Ring Plover.
Egiahtis dubia (Scop.) SwinH. 1871.

Accidental on the coast of Alaska. (A. O. U. List.)

277. Piping Plover.
Egialitis meloda (ORD) Bonar. 1838.

This species, besides being a migrant, breeds in suitable places
in nearly all the eastern provinces. It was found breeding by
Downs at Port Petpiswick, Nova Scotia; by Bishop, near high
water-mark on the Magdalen Islands; and by W. Saunders
on Pelee Point, Lake Erie. It is not a widely distributed species
and seems to prefer the sea coast.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. Ig!

BREEDING NoteEs.—A very noisy species that is quite abundant
at the Magdalen Islands, where I found four nests in 1897, but I
have not observed it in Ontario. It is an interesting bird running
along the sandy beach at a great speed and stopping now and
again to utter its shrill note. Being so much lighter in color it
is at once distinguished from @. semipalmata, as well as by its
note. The first nest I found was on the 16th of June. It was on
one of the sandy bars of Grindstone Island. The nest consisted
of a little hole scooped out on a small hummock of sand, and was
tessellated as it were with broken pieces of clam shells, after the
manner of the Ring Plover of Great Britain. No grass or bits
of bark are used as with @. semipalmata. ‘The other nests were
identical, the eggs being fresh in the second week in June. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) In the latter part of June, 1888, the writer found
three nests of this species on the sands of Brackley Beach, Prince
Edward Island. They were mere holes in the sand or rather
fine gravel and broken shells and without any lining whatever.
The bird and its surroundings were so much alike that it was only
by accident that any nests were found. Mr. W. Saunders writes
that he has an egg which is probably of this species from Long
Point, Lake Erie, and also a young bird, only a few days old,
taken on Point Pelee, Lake Erie, and that the birds are still to be
found in these and other suitable localities in summer.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens, taken at Toronto, Ont., by Mr. S. Herring.
One set of four eggs taken on Grindstone Island, Magdalen
Islands in June Igth, 1897, by the Rev. C J. Young.

277a. Belted Piping Plover.
Eeialitts meloda circumcincta’ RipGw. 1874.

This form is quite common on Sable Island nearly 100 miles
east of Canso, N.S., and breeds there in numbers every year.
The writer procured specimens on the island in August
1899 and saw no difference between them and those taken at
Indian Head, Assa., in 1892. No doubt this is the form men-
tioned under the head of Piping Plover by Seton-Thompson in
his Birds of Manitoba. This species did not reach Deep Lake,
Indian Head, Assa., until May 16th, 1892. In three days they
were common. Shortly after they dispersed to breed, only a few

192 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

pairs remaining atthe lake. Iam informed by Mr. Dippie that a
nest of this species containing four eggs was taken at Manitoba
House, Manitoba Lake, in June, 1895, and that downy young have
been taken also,

This species is occasionally taken at Toronto,Ont. I have two
undoubted specimens in my collection taken at Toronto. (/. H.
Fleming.)

BREEDING Notes.—On June tgth, 1895, Mr. Oliver Spanner
found a nest of this species on Birch Island near the west shore
of Lake Manitoba. The nest consisted of a depression in the
sand lined with bits of drift-weed and contained three eggs,
which are similar to those of the common Piping Plover; the
ground colour is pale buff which is finely spotted with black and
purple and gray. The eggs average in Size 1°25 x 1°00 inches.
Both eggs and skin of the parent are now in my collection. Mr.
Spanner also obtained young birds in the down at the same time.
He saw several pairs of the plovers in company with Solitary
Sandpipers, which were no doubt nesting in the vicinity, (Reaine.)

On June 18th a nest containing three eggs was discovered ona
long point extending into Deep Lake, near Indian Head, Assa.
It was in ashallow hole in sand behind a large stone, and no grass
or weeds within twenty feet of it. (Spreadborough.) Breeding
north to Lake Winnipeg. (A. O. U. List.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five specimens; a pair taken on Sable Island, August 1899, by
the writer ; three specimens taken in May, 1892, at Deep Lake,
Indian Head, Assa.; also one set of three eggs taken on the
shore of Deep Lake in June of the same year by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

278. Snowy Plover.

Egialitis nivosa Cass. 1858.

A casual straggler from the western United States. A specimen
of this bird was shot at Toronto, Ont., in May, 1880, by Mr. J.
Froman of that city, and identified by Mr. Ernest E. Seton-
Thompson. See MclIlwraith’s Birds of Ontario, page 166. There
is a specimen in Mr. J. H. Ames’ collection taken at Toronto,
July 6th, 1897. (J. H. Fleming.)

Mee!

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. _ 193
279. Mongolian Plover.
Egiahtis mongola (PALL.) SWINH. 1870.

This handsome addition to the Plovers of North America was
made by the captain of the ship Plover, during his visit to Kotze-
bue Sound, in the summer of 1849, when he secured two speci-
mens upon Choris Peninsula. It is a common summer resident
on the Commander Islands where it was found breeding by
Stejenger. (JVe/son.)

BREEDING NoteEs.— Nests of this bird were found by Stejenger
early in June. A nest was found on June 4th and contained three
eggs. It was in a hollow between the stems of four specimens of
Angelica archangelica and lined with dry fragments of leaves and
stems of the same plant.

280. Wilson’s Plover.
Eeviahtis wilsonta (ORD) Bonar. 1838.
Casual north to Nova Scotia. (A. O. U. List.)

281. Mountain Plover.
Ggialitis montana (Towns.) Cass. 1858.

Chiefly the plains, from Central Kansas to the Rocky Moun-
tains, north to the British Boundary, breeding from Kansas
northward. (A. 0O.U. List.) Dr. Elliott Coues found this species
at the mouth of Frenchman River and westward to near the
Sweet-Grass Hills in July, 1874. In June, 1895, the writer was
on Frenchman River, Assa., for many miles and did not see a
trace of the bird so that lat. 49° must be close to its northern
limit.

Famity XXIII. APHRIZIDAG, Surr-Birps AND TuRNSTONES.
C. APHRIZA Auvpuson, 1839.
282. Surf Bird.
Aphnza virgata (GMEL) GRAY. 1847.

Four specimens of this bird were taken in the vicinity of Sitka
by Bischoff. It is a wide-spread Pacific species, occurring only
13

194 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

as a rare summer or fall visitant on the shores of the North
Pacific and Behring Sea, reaching the vicinity of Behring Straits
in Norton Sound. A pair were seen one autumn at St Michael
and a few others at various times. (Vel/son.) Not uncommon
along the whole coast of British Columbia. It has been taken
in Howe Sound by Mr. R. V. Griffin, at Port Simpson by Mr. W.
B. Anderson, and at Nanaimo and Fort Rupert by Lord. It was
also found very abundant on Stubbs Island on the west coast of
Vancouver Island, in August 1893 by Mr. W. Spreadborough ; it
very likely breeds there.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four specimens, all taken on Stubbs Island, off the west coast
of Vancouver Island, by Mr. W. Spreadborough in August, 1893.

Cl. ARENARIA Brisson. 1760.

283. Turnstone.
Arenaria interpres (LINN.) VIEILL. 1819.

Not common, according to Holbcell,in Greenland. It breeds,
however, generally along the coast of Greenland, as well as on
Sabine Island and at Cape Broer Ruys; also recorded from
Winter Island in June, and breeds on the Parry Islands. (Arez.
Man.) This species is a common autumn migrant in Newfound-
land, less so in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It ismore rare
in the Gulf and along the River St. Lawrence, and still rarer in
Ontario where it is only an occasional visitor. Not uncommon
in Manitoba and eastern Assiniboia as a spring and autumn
migrant. It was first seen at Indian Head, Assa., May 15th, 1892,
and finally left for the north on June 2nd. Its breeding grounds
may be said to extend from Hudson Bay westward around the
whole Arctic coast of North America and up tothe 75th parallel.
It also extends along the whole coast of Alaska, breeding in
some places, but as a migrant in others. On the British Columbia
coast it is always a migrant and not a common one.

BREEDING Nores.-—In June, 1864,a dozen birds were observed
at Fort Anderson, and one was shot. This species breeds on the
shores of Liverpool and Franklin bays, and on the Lower Ander-
son River. Several nests were secured in the latter region; but

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 195

none were met with in the Barren Grounds. Four was the maxi-
mum number of eggs in a nest, which was similar to that of the
other waders. Macfarline.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four specimens ; one taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May 1892
by Mr. W. Spreadborough ; one at York Factory by Dr. Bell, and
two at Toronto Island by Mr. S, Herring.

284. Black Turnstone.
Arenaria melanocephala (ViGc.) STEJN. 1884.

This species is far more plentiful on the coast of Behring Sea
than the preceding species and is one of the most abundant
waders from Sitka north along the mainland and coast of Alaska.
I found it also along the coast of the Arctic Sea from Behring
Straits to Point Barrow, and it was also observed sparingly on St.
Lawrence Island. It breeds among the brackish pools on St.
Michael Island, and is found scattered over the brackish flats
everywhere. (JVelson.) Although I did not find the nest and
eggs of this bird, it breeds along the entire coast of the mainland
of Alaska. It is one of the earliest arrivals in the vicinity of St.
Michael and after the ice has left the shores it is ever on the
alert for food along the beach. (Twrner.)

According to Mr. John Fanning this species breeds along the
shores of British Columbia and is more or less common on the
shores of Vancouver Island. Mr. W. Spreadborough saw several
specimens on Stubbs Island, Clayoquet Sound, in August 1893.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two fine specimens taken on the coast of British Columbia by
Dr. G. M. Dawson in the summer of 1885. One specimen was
taken on Foster Island and the other in Queen Charlotte Sound.

Famity XXIV. HAtMATOPODIDAR. Ovster-CatTcHERs.

Cll. HASMATOPUS Linnaeus. 1758.
285. American Oyster-catcher.
Hematopus paliiatus TEMM. 1820.

Aud. Vol. V, page 237, says he found several pairs breeding in
Labrador. (Zurner.) North to Grand Manan, N.B. (4. O. U.
List.)

13%

196 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

286. European Oyster-catcher.
Hematopus ostralegus LINN.

One specimen was sent to Copenhagen from Julianehaab in
1847, another in 1871 from Godthaab, and a third from Nenortalik

in 1859. (Arct. Man.)

287. Black Oyster-catcher.

Hematopus bachmani Avvd. 1839.

This bird is found abundantly at Sitka and Kadiak and Dall
found it a summer resident on the entire Aleutian chain. Its
range is not known to extend to the north beyond the Aleutian
Islands. (Ve/son.) This species is found on the islands of
Alaska that lie south of the peninsula of Alaska and as far east
as the Shumagin Groupand to the westward as far as Kiska Island
of the Aleutian chain and is a constant resident of this area. It
is strictly littoral in its habits and always flies over the sea when
moving from point to point. (Zzrner.) An abundant resident
along the coasts of British Columbia. (/annzn.)

BREEDING Notres.—This bird breeds throughout its range.
The eggs are laid on the bare rock, just above high water wash.
The number of eggs varies from one to three, usually two, and
are laid about the 10th June. (Zzrner.) Dall found two nests on
the Shumagin Group June 23rd, 1872. In both cases the eggs
were placed directly on the gravel of the beach; one contained
two eggs, the other one. Mr. John Fannin says that the eggs are

generally two and laid on the bare rocks close to the water.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken on Stubbs Island, off the west coast of
Vancouver Island, in August 1893, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.
Two eggs taken on Sea Bird Island, Barclay Sound, west coast of
Vancouver Island, by Dr. Newcombe, on June Ist, 1896. Also a
set taken on Mittlematch Island, off Valdez Island, in the Gulf of
Georgia, by Mr. Percy Smith, in June 1895.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 197
OrDER GALLIN 4. GALLINACEOUS Brrbs.
Famity XXV. TETRAONIDA®. Grouse, PARTRIDGES, &C.
CIHN. COLINUS Lesson. 1828.
289. Bob-white Quail.
Colinus virginanus (LINN.) STEJN. 1885.

The Bob-white may be claimed as a permanent resident in
southern Ontario, which is the northern limit of its range, but it
has hard work to hold its own against the many influences that
are continually operating against it. (Mcllwraith.) Breeds all
through the southern part of the western peninsula of Ontario,
commonly below Lat. 43° and more rarely up to Lat. 44°. (W.

Saunders.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One pair taken near Chatham, Ont., in May, 1885, by Mr.S. Her-
ring. One set of seven eggs taken at St. Clair Flats, Ont., May
2Ist, 1889, received from Mr. Raine.

CIV. OREORTYX Batrp. 1858.
292. Mountain Partridge.
Oreortyx pictus (DoucuL.) Barrp. 1858.

Quite common on Vancouver Island. Introduced from Cali-
fornia. (Fannin.) Saw a small flock of this species on the Sooke
hills, about 25 miles from Victoria, V. I., in September, 1893.
(Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One fine specimen taken on Vancouver Island by Mr. John
Fannin and presented to the Museum. Two eggs taken near
Victoria, presented by the Rev. Geo. Taylor.

CV. LOPHORTYX Bonaparte. 1838.
994. California Partridge.
Lophortyx californicus (SHAW) BonaP. 1838.

Vancouver Island. Introduced from California. (Fannin.)
They were quite numerous in the autumn of 1892, but the winter

198 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

of 1892-93 being very severe a great number died. In the spring
of 1893 I only saw one at Victoria, but at Sooke, in the autumn
of that year, 1 saw many fine birds, and learned from the resi-
dents that they sheltered during the severe weather under the
broom (Sarothamnus scoparius), which grew in abundance on Mr. J.
Moore’s farm, and lived on the seeds of the broom. (Sfread-
borough).

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One pair of fine birds, taken on Vancouver Island, and pre-
sented to the Museum by Mr. John Fannin. Three eggs taken
near Victoria by the Rev. George Taylor.

CVI. DENDRAGAPUS Et tior. 1864.

297. Dusky Grouse.
Dendragapus obscurus (SAY) ELLioT. 1864.

We have no specimens of this Grouse in our collections, nor
are we sure that this form occurs in Canada. It is more than
probable, however, that it is partly the Blue Grouse of southwest-
ern British Columbia. In the United States it has been taken in
Montana and Idaho and hence may cross the British Columbia
boundary.

297a. Sooty Grouse.
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus RipGw. 1885.

Bischoff secured seven of these birds in the vicinity of Sitka, and
Hartlaub records it from Portage Bay. There is no doubt that
this bird occurs considerably farther north than Sitka along the
coast region. (JVelson.) On my arrival on the coast of British
Columbia,in the month of April, 1889,the calls of this species
could be heard nearly throughout the day. (Stveator.) West of
the Coast Range, in British Columbia, including all the larger
islands, an abundant resident. (Fannin.) Abundant on the western
slope of the Coast Range, B. C. (Srooks.) Common in all parts
of Vancouver Island; begins to call about April Ist ; quite com-
mon at Hastings, B.C., in April, 1889, when it made the woods
resound with its almost constant calls. (Spreadborough.)

» -— =

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 199
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen, a male taken at Hastings, B.C., April 20th, 1880,
by Mr. W. Spreadborough. Two eggs taken on Vancouver
Island by Rev. George Taylor.

297). Richardson’s Grouse.
Dendragapus obscurus richardson (Douc.) Ripew. 1885.

For a notice of the occurrence of this species in Ontario I am
indebted to Mr. C. J. Bampton, of Sault Ste. Marie, who has fre-
quently seen it brought into market at that place. (Mcl/wraith.)
This large grouse inhabits the Rocky Mountains up to Lat. 649.
(Richardson.) North to Fort Halkett on the Mackenzie River ;
only in the mountains. (Aoss.) Seen along the trail from Jasper

’ House to Camp River, B. C.; also at timber line on the moun-

tains in the summer of 1898. (Sfreadborough.) East of the Coast
Range, including the Rocky Mountain districts. An abundant
resident. (/annin.) This species was found to be a common
resident of the interior, and takes the place of the Sooty Grouse.
( Streator.)

This species is general throughout the mountains from the east
side of the Coast Range to the eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains in Alberta. It is found in company with Franklin’s
Grouse at from four to seven thousand feet altitude, and in
British Columbia even lower.

BREEDING Nores.—One nest of this species was taken on the
slope of the mountain near Revelstoke, B.C. It was placed
on the ground close toa partly rotten log, and the nest was made
chiefly of dead wood. There were six eggs perfectly fresh on
May 22nd, 1890, when the nest was discovered, and from the con-
stant calling and drumming both this and the Gray Ruffed
Grouse must have been quite plentiful.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; one a fine male, taken in the Bow River Valley, Alberta,
in June, 1882, by Mr. R.G. McConnell; the others, a female,
taken on the mountain at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., May 28th, 1889,
and a fine male taken at Revelstoke, B.C., May 2nd, 1890, by Mr.
W. Spreadborough. Six eggs taken at Revelstoke, B.C., May
22nd, 1890, by the writer.

200 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

CVII. CANACHITES Grant. 1893.

298. Canada Grouse.
Canachites canadensis (LINN.) GRANT. 1893.

A very rare and uncertain straggler from Labrador to Newfound-
land. (Reeks.) A common resident in Nova Scotia, but will
soon be exterminated on account of itstameness. (Downs) A
resident in New Brunswick, but rather rare in the St. John dis-
trict. (Chamberlain.) An abundant resident throughout the
wooded parts of Labrador, the whole Province of Quebec, and
northern and northwestern Ontario. According to Seton-Thomp-
son it is common at Lake Winnipeg, and extends northwesterly in
the spruce forests ; indeed its range is the spruce forests of the
Atlantic coast, and thence across the Sub-Arctic forest to the
mouth of the Yukon. Nelson says it is found on the shores of
Behring Sea where the spruce forest touches the coast. Its
range includes the whole northern spruce forest from the Pacific
to the Atlantic, and seems to be almost co-incident with that of
the Canadian Ruffed Grouse.

Saw a female with young at Richmond Gulf June 30th, 1896.
None observed elsewhere in Labrador. Said to be plentiful a
short distance up the river from Fort Chimo. (Sfreadborough. )
Breeds in the northern part of the Bruce Peninsula of Ontario.
W, Saunders.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens ; one taken near Ottawa by Mr.S. Herring, and
one procured at York Factory, Hudson Bay, by Dr. R. Bell, the
third at Bracebridge, Ont., by Mr. W. Spreadborough. One set
of eggs, taken at the Grand Falls of Hamilton River, Labrador,
by Mr. A. P. Low, June Ist, 1894.

298a. Labrador Spruce Grouse.

Canachites canadensis labradorius BANGS. 1899.

Rigolette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. (/. A. Allen in Auk, Vol.
XVI, 340.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 201

299. Franklin’s Grouse.

Canachites franklin (DovuGL.) GRANT. 1893.

Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to
the coast ranges of Oregon and Washington, and northward in
British America, reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska,
Cieat iGOr Nei (Aco. C. Lasz) Thisrbicd inhabits thei valleys of
the Rocky Mountains from the sources of the Missouri to those
of the Mackenzie. (Xechardson.) Throughout the wooded por-
tion of the interior of British Columbia, east of and including the
Coast Range north to Cassiar. An abundant resident. (Fannin.)

This grouse was quite common along the line of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, in the Rocky Mountains, in the Bow River Pass
and westward, in 1885. It is so tame that it is named the “ fool
hen,” and many are killed with sticks as they sit on the low
branches. Reported as common about Jasper House, on the Atha-
basca River, in the summer of 1898, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

BREEDING NoTres.—-This species seems to nest exactly like the
Otleq orouse., One nest tound at the base.of a tree at: Hector,
Rocky Mountains, on July 29th, 1885, contained eight eggs. The
young were just emerging from the shell and would evidently
leave the nest at once, as indeed two of them attempted to
do as we stood by them.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens; one taken by Mr. R. G. McConnell in Bow
iver bass, june, 1862.) the other at Revelstoke, B.C:, May Ist,
1890, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CVIII. BONASA STEPHENS. 1819.

300. Ruffed Grouse, “ Partridge.”
Bonasa umbellus (LINN.) STEPH. 18109.

From all I have observed, I think that we have in Ontario in-
dividuals of both Bonasa umbellus and Bonasa umbellus togata, that
these two intergrade and produce a mixed race which is found
throughout southern Ontario, but cannot properly be classed
with either of the varieties. (Mcllwraith.)

202 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

The writer can add nothing to this except that more than one
form is yet awaiting a name, as between Manitoba and the
Pacific, so far as our observation goes, it is extremely hard to say
to what form many of the b’rds belong.

3004, Canadian Ruffed Grouse.
Bonasa umbellus togata (LINN.) RipGw. 1885.

Common on Moose River, James Bay. None observed in Lab-
rador in 1896. I think they go very little further north in Labra-
dor than the birch and poplar. (Spreadborough.)

This is an abundant resident in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Ontario. It seems to range
all through southern Labrador with stragglers well to the north.
Westward from Ontario it extends across the whole wooded
country, being found in the spruce forest north of the prairie
region to the boundaries of the Barren Grounds. The Rocky
Mountain district may have this species in considerable numbers,
but having no specimens from there its distribution is still uncer-
tain.

East of and including the Coast Range, an abundant resident.
(Fannin.) Typical birds of this sub-species as well as B. sabinet
occur in equal numbers as well as every intergradation between
them in the Lower Fraser valley (4vooks.) Common in the
interior ; found about thickets that border running water in
British Columbia. The specimens are identical with those from
New Brunswick. (S¢-eator.)

BREEDING Nores.—In the sunny weather towards the begin-
ning of April if there be a crust on the snow the Ruffed Grouse
resort to the hillsides facing the sun and the males strut about
with their tails spread out to their fullest extent and their wings
trailing on the ground like a turkey cock. If the spring be early
the males soon begin to drum and continue drumming from a
month to six weeks. Inthe meantime the females have chosen
nesting sites on the ground, usually at the root of a tree but
sometimes under a log or beneath a bush. The eggs in a nest
vary from nine to thirteen. Upon leaving the nest the female
always covers the eggs with dry leaves. In summer the young
and old feed upon larve, insects and berries, and are very fond of
clover. In the autumn they feed upon black cherries, haws,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 203

mountain-ash berries and rose-hips. In winter they feed, in flocks
of from ten to twenty or more, on the buds of birch, maple or
ironwood, and seem to prefer the latter. During the winter they
feed but twice a day in cold weather. These times are at dawn,
indeed almost before it is light, and just as it is getting dark.
As soon as they have eaten their fill, they dive under the snow
and remain there until their next time of feeding. (Spreadborough.)
It breeds early, usually commencing to lay in April. In April,
1897, Isaw an egg as early as the 14th. Sometimes a strange
locality is chosen for a nest. Once I found one containing twelve
eggs at the foot of a beech tree, against the trunk and protected
by it ; forty feet up was.a red-shouldered hawk’s nest, which in
due time hatched out, as didthe grouse at the foot. (Rev. C. /.
Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens, one taken at Ottawa in 1885 by Mr. George
White, one at Toronto in 1882 by Mr. S. Herring, and one, a very
good JB. togata, at Revelstoke, B.C., April 23rd, 1890, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough. Two sets of eggs, one taken by Dr. James
Fletcher near Hull, Que., and the other near Niagara Falls, Ont.,
by the Rev. George Taylor.

3006. Gray Ruffed Grouse.
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (DouGu-) Batrp. 1858.

According to the A. O.U. List this form ranges from the United
States northward into British America, north to Alaska and east to
Manitoba. Mr. Seton-Thompson, in his Birds of Manitoba, makes
this form the resident of the aspen woods of Manitoba, and the
writer believes this to be the species found in all parts of the wood-
ed portions of the western prairie and the foothills of the Rocky
Mountains, including the aspen forests on the Peace River and
northward down the Mackenzie. Mr. W. Spreadborough reports
this form to have been common from Edmonton to Jasper
House in the Yellow Head Pass in 1898. In Alaska, however,
Nelson states that this form is the only one, and that it has its
home in the spruce forests and goes north as far as these forests
extend. He also asserts that all specimens from north of Great
Slave Lake, excepting the coast form, found along the Pacific, are
referable to the gray northern form. By a careful sifting of the

204 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

statements of the various observers it will be seen that the range
of the Gray Ruffed Grouse and the Canadian Ruffed Grouse are
not well defined, and that these forms are so closely related that
Mr. Seton-Thompson’s line of demarcation seems to be the true
test of the form, or rather colour, and that the resident of the
aspen woods is Sb. wmbelloides, while that of the spruce forests is
B. togata. This leaves the true B. wmbellus on the Atlantic coast
and £4. sabint on the Pacific coast.

BreFpinc Notes.—Two nests of this species were taken by
the writer at Revelstoke, B.C., on the 13th and 18th of May, 18g0.
Both nests were in the same situation, on a burnt-hillside beside
a fallen log. One contained six and the other seven eggs.
Both sets were quite fresh, but in each case the old bird rose
from the nest or near it. All the birds shot around Revelstoke
were of this form, except one which is good B. éogata. This
specimen may be a young bird only a year old, and might have
changed to “rue B. umbelloides at the next moult.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two fine specimens taken at Revelstoke, B.C., April 12th, 1890,
and another at Edmonton, Alberta, April 20th, 1897, all three by
Mr. W.Spreadborough. One set of six eggs taken at Revelstoke,
B. C., May 18th, 1890, by the writer.

300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse.

Bonasa umbellus sabint (DouGu.) COouEs. 1872.

A few specimens of this bird were taken about Sitka by Bis-
choff, and others have been found in British Columbia, so that
there is no doubt it occurs along the northwest coast as far as the
heavily wooded region in the vicinity of Kadiak and the adjoin-
ing mainland. (JVelson.) One of the most abundant birds of the
coast region of British Columbia, including all the islands in the
Gulf of Georgia, Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands.
To me this form is quite distinct, but yet I have been told by
sportsmen that three varieties have been found inthe same covey.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two fine specimens presented to the Museum by Mr. John
Fannin, taken on Vancouver Island, 1885. Five eggs taken on
Vancouver Island May 23rd, 1882, by the Rev. George Taylor.

—

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 205

CIX. LAGOPUS. Brisson. 1760.
301. Willow Ptarmigan.

Lagopus lagopus (LINN.) STEJN. 1885.

This species and the Rock Ptarmigan with their sub-species are
found throughout the whole northern part of the American con-
tinent including all the islands on the Atlantic side from New-
foundland westward. Both species breed to the north of the
thickly wooded country but the Willow Ptarmigan is more
southern and less elevated in its range. In winter it enters the
sub-arctic forest and often descends to the margins of the northern
settlements, but the Rock Ptarmigan is much less common.

The breeding range of this species extends across Labrador
and the region west of Hudson Bay and stretches northward into
the Barren Grounds and southward into the spruce forest along
their southern border. In Alaska it is also abundant but is
restricted in summer to the barren sea-coast or on the open
grounds of the interior. Its winter range is less defined as it is
found much further south in some winters than in others. Mr.
Brewster found this species with young birds at Fox Bay, Anti-
costi, in summer, so that the southern breeding limit may extend
much further south than is indicated above.

A transient visitor about Montreal in winter, but common in
eastern Quebec north of the St. Lawrence. We have no account
of its occurrenee in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia. A casual
visitor on the Gatineau north of the city of Ottawa, and at the
Sault Ste. Marie, Lake Superior. The three points cited above
show that it may be looked for in winter in all the northern
forest. Mr. Tavernier writes that Mr. Herring of Toronto showed
him a freshly killed specimen taken at Whitby June 18th, 1899.
Its winter range westward of Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg is
not well defined but Mr. Seaton-Thompson cites many instances
of its occurrence in northern Manitoba and west and east of Lake
Winnipeg. Thence westward its winter range seems to be con-
fined to spruce woods, seldom coming south of Lat. 53° in the
Saskatchewan country. Nelson and Turner unite in stating that
it is a plentiful resident on the entire mainland coast of Alaska in
summer ; in winter it retires to the forest. The only notice of

206 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

its occurrence in British Columbia is at Dease Lake, in the
northern part of the province.

BREEDING Notes.—Mr. A P. Low has taken many eggs in
Labrador and says that the set ranges from nine totwelve. There
is nothing peculiar about the nest that would separate it from
that of the Ruffed Grouse. It was always found in a sheltered
place, however. First observed in Labrador on June 23rd a short
distance north of Fort George. Mr. A. Young on that date
found a nest with thirteen eggs. Incubation pretty far advanced.
After this a few were seen every day on islands in the bay until
Richmond Gulf was reached. From there across Labrador to
Ungava Bay they were very numerous and numbers of young
were running about by the first week in July. I have very little
doubt that they pair in the breeding season as we always found
both old birds with the young brood, and the male makes just as
much fuss as the female if one happens to go near their young.
(Spreadborough.)

‘MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five specimens ; four were taken at Fort George, James Bay,
by Dr. R. Bell, and the other at Fort Chimo, Labrador, by Mr.
A. P. Low. Four sets of eggs ranging from four to eleven, all
taken in Labrador by Mr. A. P. Low in 1894 and 1806.

301la. Allen’s Ptarmigan.

Lagopus lagopus allent STEJN. 1885.
Very abundant throughout the year, and the only lowland
species indigenous to Newfoundland. (eeks.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One taken in Newfoundland in December, 1894, and presented
to the Museum by Mr. J. H. Fleming, of Toronto.

302. Rock Ptarmigan.
Lagopus rupestris (GMEL.) LEACH. 1817.

The range of this species is more alpine and more northern than
that of the Willow Grouse and hence its breeding range is more
northerly and its southward movement little beyond the margin
of the open country or Barren Grounds. This species is very
abundant on both sides of Hudson Strait, breeding in vast num-

~s

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 207

bers on the islands to the north of the Strait. No authentic
records of its being taken in Ontario or southern Quebec have
been seen, and the same statement may be made of Manitoba and
westward.

This bird is found around Hudson Bay, on Melville Peninsula
and the Barren Grounds, seldom going further south in winter
than Lat. 63° in the interior, but descending along the coast of
Hudson Bay to Lat. 58°, and in severe seasons to Lat. 55°.
(Richardson.) North of the Mackenzie to the Arctic coast rather
rare. (Xoss.) This species is not nearly so plentiful as the Willow
Ptarmigan, and we only met with it in any considerable numbers
from Horton River Barren Grounds, to the shore of Franklin
Bay. Very few nests were found to the eastward of that river or
on the coast or ‘‘ Barrens” of the Lower Anderson. (Macfarline.)
This beautiful bird is a common resident of the Alaskan main-
land, from Behring Straits to the British border on the east, in-
cluding the entire north and south extent of the mainland.
(Welson.) This species is found on all the hills and higher ground
along the entire coast region of Alaska. In the interior it is
found only on the mountain chains. It is abundant within the
Arctic circle down to Kadiak Island. It is the only species of
Ptarmigan found on the eastern Aleutian Islands. (Zwrner.)
‘his species is a much less plentiful resident at Point Barrow
than the Willow Ptarmigan. It breeds not far from the station,
but I never found its nest. (Murdoch.) In crossing Labrador
from Richmond Gulf to Ungava Bay, in 1896, only two young
ones were seen, and these were near Ungava Bay, on Sept. 14th.
Spreadborough. )

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens ; one taken at Cape Prince of Wales by Mr.
F. F. Payne in 1885 ; two taken at Port Burwell, Hudson Strait,
by Dr. R. Bell, in 1884. One set of eggs taken at the summit of
Chilcoot Pass, Dalton Trail, N.W.T., June 14th, 1898, by Mr. J. B.
Tyrrell; one set of eleven eggs, taken at Ungava Bay, Labrador,

June 21st, 1896, by Mr. F. Boucher, and a set taken at Repulse
Bay by Mr. A. P. Low.

302a. Reinhardt’s Ptarmigan.
Lagopus rupestris reinhardtii (BKEHM) Buasius. 1862.

The only species of the genus that inhabit Greenland, where
it occurs equally on the east as on the west coast, found on both

208 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA

Sabine and Clavering islands ; in great abundance on Parry
Islands and Melville Peninsula. (Avct. Man.) A resident at
Ivigtut, but most abundant in winter. (Hagerup.) According to
Sabine, this bird inhabits the islands lying on the south-west side
of Baffin Bay. (2ichardson.)

302b. Nelson’s Ptarmigan.

Lagopus rupestris nelsont STEJN. 1884.

The types of this race were taken by Mr. Nelson, in spring, at
Unalaska, and Dall collected winter specimens at the same place.
This Ptarmigan is common on the Aleutian islands at least from
Unalaska eastward, where it frequents the mountain tops and
slopes, breeding there in June. (/Ve/son.)

302c. Turner’s Ptarmigan.
Lagopus rupesiris atkhensts (TURNER) NELSON. 1883.

This Ptarmigan is quite plentiful on Atka, Amchitka and Attu
islands ; it frequents the lowlands and hills of the western islands
of the Aleutian chain. The nest is built amongst the rank grasses
at the bases of the hills and lowlands near the beach. (Zzrner.)

302d. Townsend’s Ptarmigan.
Lagopus rupestris townsenda ELLiot.

Kyska and Adak islands, Aleutian chain. The specimens, a
male and female, upon which this sub-species is founded were
taken on the 8thJune, 1894, on Kyska Island, and on the 4th
July, 1893, on Adak Island, by Mr. Townsend. (Zhe Auz, Vol.
XIII, pp. 26-20, 1896.

302.1. Evermann’s Ptarmigan.
Lagopus evermann ELuiotT. 1896.

Seven specimens, five males and two females, from Attu
Island, one of the NearIsland Group, brought by Prof. B. W.
Evermann, Mr. C. H. Townsend and Dr. S. I. Call are all the
representatives of this species yet obtained. The specimens
described were taken in May 1892, and June 1894. (The Auk. Vol.
XIII, pp. 24-26, 1896.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS 209

303. Welch’s Ptarmigan.
Lagopus welcht BREWST. 1885.

A truly alpine species in Newfoundland, rarely found below
the line of stunted black spruce, (eeks.) When Mr. Reeks
wrote as above he believed this form to be the common Rock
Ptarmigan. Since then Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge,
Mass., obtained specimens from Newfoundland, collected in
1883 by Mr. Welch, which led him to separate this form from the
Rock Ptarmigan. Mr. Brewster says that according to Mr.
Welch these ptarmigans are numerous in Newfoundland, where
they are strictly confined to the bleak sides and summits of
rocky hills and mountains in the interior. Unlike the Willow
Grouse of that Island, which wander long distances and fre-
quently cross the Gulf to Labrador, the Rock Ptarmigan are very
local, and for the most part spend their lives on or near the hills
where they were reared.

304. White-tailed Ptarmigan.
Lagopus leucurus. (SwAtns. & RICH.) 1831.

Mr. Drummond obtained four specimens of this bird in Lat.
54°, and another was obtained nine degrees further to the north
by Mr. Macpherson. They inhabit the summits of the Rocky
Mountains. (Rzchardson.) North on the Mackenzie to Lapierre’s
House in the mountains. (Ross.) Observed on the mountains
above timber line both east and west of McLennen River, Lat.
54°, B.C., in July and August of 1898, (Spreadborough.) Summit
of most of the mountains of the mainland; Beaver Pass, Mr.
George Hyde; Cassiar, Mr. James Porter. (Fannin.) Resident
on mountain tops. (4rooks.)

BREEDING NotEes.—This species was found on thé summits of
all the western mountains which have been ascended by the
writer. On July 18th, 1887, a hen bird with a brood of chicks was
found at an altitude of 6,000 feet on Mount Arrowsmith, Van-
couver Island; on August 8-12th, 1889, numerous broods were
seen on the Gold Range, B.C., at an altitude of 7,500 feet; on
August 24th, 1885, three large broods were seen on the summit
of Avalanche Mountain, near Glacier, B. C.; and lastly a brood
was seen on the summit of Sulphur Mountain, close to Banff,

14

210 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Rocky Mountains, on September Ist 1897. In all the cases cited,
the birds were quite tame and the chicks had no apparent fear.
In only one case was the nest found. It was a slight depres-
sion by a large stone with a lining of grass and a few feathers.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine fine specimens in both winter and summer plumage are
in the collection. A pair in winter plumage taken at Banff
Feb. 24th, 1896, and purchased from Mr. Dippie. Three taken
on the summit of the Gold Range, B. C., Aug. 8th, 1889, also
four others taken in the Selkirk Mountains in August, 1899, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CX. TYMPANUCHUS GLocer. 1842.
305. Prairie Hen, or Pinnated Grouse.
Tympanuchus americanus (ReEIcH.) Ripew. 1886.

In the first week of May, 1886, one specimen was shot on
Hamilton beach; from various sources I have learned that this
species is still seen along the southwestern frontier of Ontario, but
their numbers are decreasing. (Wcl/wraith.) Mr. E. Seton-Thomp-
son in his Birds of Manitoba gives a circumstantial account of the
introduction of this bird into Manitoba, and shows that its first
recorded appearance was in 1881 when one specimen was shot
near Winnipeg. In the autumn of 1882 one specimen was shot
at Portage la Prairie. From that time on it became more and
more abundant in Manitoba, and in the autumn of 1895 the writer
saw one in the flesh killed at Indian Head in Assiniboia. This
species seems to bea true prairie bird as observers speak of it
always being found in the open even in the severest weather.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One fine specimen killed near Winnipeg, Man., in the spring of
1889. One set of five eggs procured from Mr. Raine.

CXI. PEDIOCAiTES Bairp. 1858.
308. Sharp-tailed Grouse

Pediocates phasianellus (LINN.) ELuiotr. 1862.

One specimen taken at the Saguenay River ; another was ex-
posed for sale in the market of Quebec, 1887; Mr. Cooper says

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 201

it has been taken in the valley of Lake St. John. (Dionne.)
Reported as being found on the market at Sault Ste. Marie by

Mr. Bampton. (Mcllwraith.) Only one observed during the trip

to Labrador in 1896. This specimen was shot, June 18th, a short
distance south of Fort George. Said to be common at Moose
Factory and Fort George in winter. On Oct. 13th, 1896, a speci-
men was brought to me at Beaumaris, Muskoka Lake, Ont. It
had been killed within a mile of the place. Shortly afterwards
I heard of two more being taken by Mr. Fraser, of Port Cock-
burn, at the head of cake Joseph. Also of one or more at
Bracebridge and several at Parry Sound. The bird I handled
was a very dark bird and is evidently to be classed with the
northern variety. Since the above captures I have not heard
of any other birds being taken in Muskoka district. (Spread-
borough.)

Mr. A. P. Low puts its northern limit in Labrador at Lat.
57°. It has been killed in winter at Great Whale River. Since
the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway this bird has been
seen frequently on the line between Mattawa, on the Ottawa >
River, and Fort William, west of Lake Superior. It has been sup-
posed to be the prairie species working east, but its dark colour
shows that it is the northern bird. It is extremely probable
that in coming years it will be a common species in the sparsely
settled parts of Northern Ontario.

The northern limit of the range ot this grouse is Great Slave
Lake, on the OIst parallel. It abounds on the outskirts of the
Saskatchewan plains,and is found throughout the wooded dis-
tricts of the Northwest Territories. (Achardson.) This grouse
breeds in the pine forests on both sides of the Lockhart and
Upper Anderson rivers, where one or two nests were met with.
(Macfarline.) This birdis mentioned by Dall as a not uncommon
species at Fort Yukon and for 200 miles down this river to the
Ramparts, below which it was not found. (Ve/son.)

BREEDING Notes.—These birds keep in pairs or small flocks
and frequent the juniper plains all the year. The buds of these
shrubs are their principal food in winter,as their berries are in
summer. They generally remain about the same’spot, unless dis-
turbed ; their flights are short. They frequently walk on the
ground and when raised will fly to the top of an adjacent tree.
In June they make a nest on the ground with grass and feathers.

212 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

They lay from four to seven white eggs with colored spots.
(Hutchins vide Seton-Thompson.)

308¢. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Pediocetes phasinellus columbianus (ORD) Cours. 1872.

Very abundant at Indian Head, Assa., 1892, found feeding in
stubble fields and around old straw-stacks. The males collect in

large numbers on some hill about the end of April or beginning

of May to have their annual dance which they keep up for a
month or six weeks. It is almost impossible to drive them away
from one of their hills when they are dancing. One day about
the middle of May, I shot into a dancing party killing two and
wounding another which flew a short distance, I went to get it and
before I got back to pick up the dead birds the others were back
dancing around them, | fired into them again, killing two and in
less than five minutes they were back dancing again as though
nothing had happened. (Sfreadborough.) An abundant resident
east of the Coast Range ; I found this bird very abundant along
the Cariboo Road, from Pavilion Mountain to the 108-Mile post.
(Fannin.) Common in some places in the interior, but said by
settlers to be constantly diminishing in numbers. (S¢veator.) This
form is very abundant from Manitoba westward, but is not a true
prairie species as in the fall and winter it loves the poplar copse,
willow thickets and margins of prairies or coulees where there is
brush. We have taken it in the foothills, but not high up on the
mountains. Mr. Spreadborough reports seeing the last of these
birds 25 miles west of Edmonton, Alberta, in 1898. The same form
is found at Kamloops and Spence’s Bridge, B.C., and is doubtless
common in southern’ British Columbia.

BreEpING Notes.—The nest of this species is placed in the
long, rank grass under some tuft that will aid in its concealment,
and is usually not far from a tract of brush-land or other cover.
It is little more than a slight hollow in the ground, arched over
by the grass. The eggs are usually fourteen, but sometimes
fifteen or sixteenin number. Immediately before expulsion they
are of a delicate bluish-green ; on being laid they show a pur-
plish grape-like bloom ; after a few days exposure they become
of a deep chocolate brown, with a few dark spots. After a fort-
night has transpired they are usually of a dirty white ; this
change is partly due to bleaching, and partly to the scratching

Poe.
{

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 213

they receive from the mother’s bill and feet. (Seton-Thompson.)
Our eggs of this species are exactly the size of the Upland Plover,
beingsry75 X/1°25.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens; one taken at Indian Head, Assa., in April,
1892, the other at Medicine Hat, Assa., April 11th, 1894, by Mr.
W.Spreadborough. One set of eggs taken at Grenfel, Assa., in
May, 1894, and presented to the Museum by Mr. R. Lake.

3086. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.
Pedwocetes phasianellus campestris RipGw. 1884.

Plains and prairies of the United States, east of the Rocky
Mountains ; north to Manitoba. (A. O. U. List.) We have no
knowledge of this form. All our birds killed in 1895, when on
the southern prairie, were pale grayish in colour.

CXIl. CENTROCERCUS Swainson. 1831.
309. Sage Grouse.
Centrocercus urophastanus (BONAP.) SWAINS. 1831.

In June, 1895, while the writer was making an examination of
the prairie region north of the International boundary between
Wood Mountain, Assa., on the east and Chief Mountain in the
west, special efforts were made to map out the range of the Sage
Hen. It had been found in the valley of Frenchman River by
the Boundary Commission in 1874, where it was recorded by Dr.
G. M. Dawson. On June 14th we went into the ‘“ Bad Lands,”
south of Wood Mountain and had the good fortune to come upon
about a dozen males where there was a little sage brush (Arée-
musta cana.) ‘They all escaped and a whole day was spent trying
to locate the females but none were seen. A week later we reach-
ed the valley of the White Mud or Frenchman River, a tributary
of the Missouri, and before an hour had seen a number of old
birds with young, and located a nest under sage brush where the
chicks were just emerging from the shell. From this nest I ob-
tained two nearly perfect eggs. Specimens were procured and
later we traced the birds up the valley of the White Mud to its
source in the Cypress Hills. In no case was any bird found away
from Artemisia cana. At Osoyoos Lake where the species has

hy by ay oe 7
er aq
‘

v

214 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

been taken, the true sage brush (Artemisia tridentata) occurs in
some quantity. We saw no signs of this species in the Upper
Milk River valley although we travelled along it for more than
100 miles.

Three specimens were taken by Mr. G. B. Martin, M.P.P., at
Osoyoos Lake, B.C., in October, 1864. Mr. Charles de B. Green,
writing from Osoyoos, March 21st, 1896, said he had two most
reliable reports of the occurrence of Sage Hens in this locality.
(Fannin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four taken in the valley of White Mud River, Assa., in June,
1895, by Mr. W. Spreadborough. Two imperfect eggs taken by
the writer on June 21st, 1895.

XXVI. Famiry PHASIANIDA. Pueasants, Turkeys, &c
CXIII. MELEAGRIS Linnaus. 1758.
310. Wild Turkey.

Meleagris gallopavo LINN. 1758.

Wild Turkeys were formerly quite common in southwestern
Ontario, but are now getting rare. In 1880 Dr. Garnier, of Luck-
now, killed two males “at Leguis farm near Mitchell’ Bay,”
and in 1884 saw a dead female at Chatham station which had just
been killed. (Mcllwraith.) Almost extinct. A few may still
be left in the western counties of Ontario, but I have been unable
to hear of any in the last two or three years. (W. Saunders.) Last
Specimen seen alive at Plover Mills, Ont., was in 1870. (R.
Elhott. )

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two fine birds taken near ;Windsor, Ont., by Mr. S. Herring.
CXIV. PHASIANUS Linneaus. 1858.

310¢. Ring-necked Pheasant.
Phastanus torquatus LINN. 1858.

Introduced from China; now thoroughly acclimatized on Van-
couver Island and portions of the Mainland of British Columbia.
(Fannin.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 215

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One pair taken on Vancouver Island and presented to the
Museum by Mr. J. Fannin.

ORDER COLUMB. PIGEons.
XXVIII. Famity COLUMBIDA. Piceons.
CXV. COLUMBA Linnzvs. 1758.
312. Band-tailed Pigeon.
Columba fasciata SAY. 1823.

Never seen in large flocks in British Columbia. (Lord.) A
very common summer resident in the coast district ; flocks of
several hundred have been seen sitting in the trees at one time.
(Streator.) Irregular through the southern portions of British
Columbia ; a summer resident ; tolerably common. (/amnin.)
Abundant summer resident in Lower Fraser valley. (Bvooks.)
Abundant on the south end of Vancouver Island. A summer
resident also on the mainland and in the valley of the Fraser
River. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken at Agassiz, B. C., May 8th, 1889, by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

CXVI. ECTOPISTES Swainson. 1827.
315. Passenger Pigeon.
Ectopistes migratorius (LINN.) SWAINS. 1827.

At one time breeding in Nova Scotia, but now scarcely if ever
seen. (Downs.) Very seldom seen in New Brunswick now, but
formerly abundant. (Chamberlain.) Specimens obtained at Moose
Factory, Hudson Bay, by Drexler, August, 1860. Verrill saw a
single individual at Heath Point, Anticosti, in 1860. (Packard.)
Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) Charlesbourg, possibly
breeds in Quebec. (Dzonne.) Common migrant in the district of
Montreal, in 1862. (Dr. Hall.) Transient visitor ; scarce. Two
were shot the latter end of August, 1883, at Chambly, and
one was shot September 15th, 1885, on the spur of Mount Royal ;

216 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

and two were shot at the latter place by myself, one, September
roth, 1886, and the other one September Ist, 1888, both of which
are now in my collection of bird’s skins. Mr. C. W. Johnson, of
Lachine, says he shot fifteen wild pigeons in the woods, four
miles north of that place on the 9th December, 1888. The speci-
mens I shot appear to be a female and young male bird. I saw
a female or immature passenger pigeon in a tree on Mount
Royal Park, June 4th, 1891. (Wznile.) A summer resident ;
breeds. (O#. Nat.) A few straggling pairs are still seen in
southern Ontario where they probably breed, but the large
annual migrations have entirely ceased. (Mcllwraith.) Breed-
ing in an aspen grove at North-west Angle, Lake of the Woods,
Man., 1873. (G. WZ. Dawson.)

This celebrated pigeon arrives in the Northwest Territories in
the latter end of May, and departs in October. It annually reaches
the 62nd parallel in the warmer central districts, but reaches the
58th parallel on the shores of Hudson Bay in fine summers only.
(Richardson.) North, on the Mackenzie, at Fort Norman ; not
common. (Ross.) Probably now extinct in British Columbia.
(Frannin.)

Our latest notices of this species are taken from Mr. Seton-
Thompson’s Birds of Manitoba. \n this work he shows that itstill
breeds in considerable numbers in northern Manitoba, as late as
1887, and as far as the writer is aware may do so still. While
making an exploration in northern Manitoba, in the summer of
1881, the writer had the good fortune to discover a small breeding
place of these birds on the 23rd June. It was on the left bank of
the Waterhen River, a deep stream which connects Lake Mani-
toba with Lake Winnipegoosis. There were less than a score of
nests which were variously placed, some of them less than ten
feet from the ground, and not in large trees. They were such
flimsy structures that the eggs were clearly seen through the
interstices from below, and one old bird was shot as she sat. Only
two eggs were taken.

In the latter part of August and early in September of the
same year, on the Swan River, above Livingstone, and also on the
upper Assiniboine, we saw large flocks and as food was scarce we
shot large numbers for the pot. The low flats along the river
were covered with Cornus stolontfera, and on the ripe berries of
this shrub they were feeding.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 217

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One pair taken in Ontario many years ago. A set of eggs
taken at Moose Factory, James Bay, June, 1888, by Mr. Miles
Spence.

CXVIIl. ZHENAIDURA Bonaparte. 1854.

316. Wiourning Dove.
Zenadura macroura (LINN.) RipGw. 1885.

Appears to be becoming common. A few killed every year
in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Occasionally taken in New Brunswick.
(Chamberlain.) Taken at Chateau Richer, Montmorency Co.,
three specimens at Godbout, one at St. Joachim, and one at Que-
bec. (Déonne.) One killed in the district of Montreal, in June,
1838. (Dr. Hall.) The Mourning Dove breeds sparingly through-
out southern Ontario. ((/cllwraith.) More common to the west
of London, Ont., than in its vicinity. Sometimes comes into the
outskirts of the city and breeds in gardens. (W. Saunders.) Occa-
sionally seen in winter at Plover Mills, Ont. (A. Adott.) A rather
common summer resident in Manitoba, but rarer westward in the
prairie region, though not uncommon. Mr. Spreadborough
reports a few stragglers (males) during the last days of May at
Indian Head, Assa., in the spring of 1892.

Never seen in large flocks in British Columbia. (Lord.) Not
uncommon in the interior; more were seen near the coast.
(Streator.) Mainland and Vancouver Island ; nowhere common.
(Fannin.) Tolerably common summer resident in the Lower
Fraser valley. (Srooks.) The writer has found this bird numerous
at only two points, between Manitoba and the Pacific coast.
These were Medicine Hat, Assa., and Spence’s Bridge, B.C. In
both places they were evidently breeding but no nests were
taken.

BREEDING Nortes.—A tolerably common summer resident near
Portage la Prairie, Man., breeding in small wild plum trees. It
arrives about the first of May. Nest found containing two eggs,
on which the bird was sitting, June 7th, 1885. (Wash vide Seton-
Thompson.) On July Ist, 1899, Mr. Robert Fraser, of Plover Mills,
Ont., found a nest of this species in the middle of his clover
meadow. This is the first that has come under my notice of this

15

ce ae
_ bird nesting on the ground. I examined the nest a saw
shells of the two eggs. Nest a poor affair of a few small
eax. Eliot.) ‘ xe

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven specimens ; five taken in May, 188g, at Spence’s Bridge,

“GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ROBERT BELL, M.D,, Sc.D., (Cantap.), LL.D., F.RS.

CATALOGUE

OF

CANADIAN BIRDS.

PALO <UL.

BIRDS OF PREY, WOODPECKERS, FLY- CATCHER |
CROWS, JAYS AND BLACKBIRDS. ;

INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING ORDERS :

RAPTORES; COCCYGES, PIC: MACROCHIRES, AND PART |
OF THE PASSERES.

BY

JOHN MACOUN, M.A, FRSC,

Naturalist to the Geologieal Survey of Canada.

OTTAWA :
PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST
EXCELLENT MAJESTY. ait
1903. No. 822.

PRICE TEN CENTS

~ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

PeenpeRT RELL, M.D, ScD) (Canzas.), LL.D. FBS.

CATALOGUE

OF

wauNADLAN BIRDS:

PAE Te

BIRDS OF PREY, WOODPECKERS, .FLY-CATCHERS:,
: CROWS, JAYS AND BLACKBIRDS.

‘i INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING ORDERS :

RAPTORES, COCCYGES, PICI, MACROCHIRES, AND PART
4 OF THE PASSERES.

BY

JOHN MACOUN, M.A, FRSC,

Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada.

& asa ; Jp

“nStereemipaa as r=

OTTAWA :
PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST
EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
1903,

The interval which has elapsed since the publication of Part I.
of the Catalogue of Canadian Birds has enabled the author to
embody in his work the results of observations made during the
past three years by members of the Geological Survey staff and
others. The concluding part of the Catalogue, which will con-
tain an index to the three parts, is almost ready for printing and

will be published next autumn.

ROBERT BELES
Ottawa, April 25th, 1903.

PRE WA @E.

Three years have elapsed since the publication of Part I of this
Catalogue. During that time many further facts have been
gathered and recent publications received, so that the part now
published will give a somewhat more comprehensive sketch of
the geographical distribution than was possible when the first
part was published.

Our knowledge of the avi-fauna of Alaska, northern British
Columbia, Labrador and the Hudson Bay region has been very
much increased by the valuable papers mentioned in the accom-
panying list. Certain omissions were also made in the list of
authorities which are included in this.

Mr. Spreadborough has been busy during the past three sum-
mers, and has as usual added much to our knowledge of the whole
fauna in the districts where he has been at work, The summer
of 1900 he spent in Algonquin Park, Ont., under the direction of
the writer; in Igor he collected in the Coast Range, B.C., chiefly
around Chilliwack Lake ; and in 1902 between Trail and Cascade ©
on the International Boundary, B.C. During these two seasons
he collected under the direction of Mr. J. M. Macoun, Naturalist
to the Boundary Commission. Many of the observations credited
to Mr. Spreadborough were made by the writer, but as the work
was done in company and all the specimens collected by Mr.
Spreadborough, some confusion and repetition has been obviated
by the omission of the author’s name for the years when Mr.
Spreadborough was with him. The same may be said of Mr.
J. M. Macoun for the years Ig01 and 1902 when Mr. Spread-
borough acted as his assistant.

Valuable manuscript notes have been received from Mr. C. R.
Marte: Mr. Harold Tufts, Wolfville, N.S.; Mr. W. H. Moore,
Scotch Lake, N.B.; Mr. J. Hughes-Samuel, Toronto, Ont.; and
Mr. J. H. Fleming, Toronto, Ont., and many additional ones from
some of the gentlemen mentioned in Part I.

The manuscript for the remainder of the work isnearly ready
for the printer but other duties claim my attention during the
coming summer and the remainder of the work will be published

Iv

next winter. In the meantime, however, the writer asks ornitho-
logists and collectors to send in any other notes they may have on.
the nesting habits of the /vimgzllde and following families, so
that they may appear in their proper place in the concluding part
of the work. An addendum will also be published with Part II]
in which will be included such additional information as may
come to me.

An index and a complete bibliography of the authorities con-
sulted will be embodied in Part ITI.

JOHN MACOUN.
Ottawa, April 22nd, 1903.

a

List OF AUTHORITIES SUPPLEMENTING THAT PUB-
LISHED IN PART I:

Osgood, W. H. Birds of Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C.; and
Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, N. A. Fauna, No. 21.

Brooks, Allan. Various papers on British Columbia Birds in the
Auk and Ottawa Naturalist.

Bigelow, Henry B. Birds of the Northeastern Coast of Labrador,
The Auk, Vol. XIX.

Ridgway, Robert. Birds of North and Middle America, Parts I
and II, Igo1, 1902.

Grinnell, Joseph. Birds of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska; Birds of
Sitka, Alaska.

Rhoads, Samuel N. Notes on British Columbia Birds.
Stone, Witmer. Birds of North Greenland.

pen cera tbe if Desai wall cpani
ns a AGAMA ht

Asal) iy? gh Wis ibivilt

z Pau lr 5

ceedtues Sh fs taka fy pore

; ok f
p vat sivey

iy Bart 2: HSE Y

a i ie ‘

Ai

mi ips f\ i

RARTORES: Birps orf Prey:
Famity XXVIII. CATHARTIDA. AmeERIcAN VULTURES
CXVIII. PSEUDOGRYPHUS Ripeway. 1874.

324, California Vulture.
Pseudogryphus californianus (SHAW) Ripew. 1874.

A rare visitant at the mouth of the Fraser River, B.C., appar-
ently attracted by the dead salmon.

In September 1880 I saw two of these birds at Burrard Inlet.
(frannin.) This species was said by David Douglas to be a com-
mon species as far north as the goth parallel in 1826. At that time
it was extremely abundant in the valley of the Columbia between
the Grand Rapids and the Pacific. (Azchardson.) Seen on Lulu
Island (in the Fraser River near its mouth) as late as “three or
four years ago” by Mr. W. London. None seen since 18g2.
(Rhoads.) On the toth September, 1896, I saw between Calgary
and the Rocky Mountains two fine specimens of the California
Vulture. (/. Fannin in The Auk, Vol. XIV, p. 89.) As the speci-
mens were not collected I am inclined to doubt the occurrence of
this species so far east.

CXIX. CATHARTES ILticer. I81t.

325. Turkey Buzzard.
Cathartes aura (LINN.) SPIx. 1825.

One specimen recorded as taken in New Brunswick by Mr.
~ Boardman. (Chamberlain.) About 1oth January,1884,some farmers
in the neighbourhood of Nequac, an Acadian village on the
northern shore of Miramichi Bay, New Brunswick, observed what
they took to be a stray turkey feeding almost daily around their
houses and farm yards. The imposture was discovered when it
was found feeding on a dead sheep, and it was killed on the 29th
of the same month. Towards the middle of September, 1886, I
was astonished to learn that another Turkey Buzzard had been
captured by Mr. David Savoy of Black Brook, about 20 miles from
Nequac in a direct line. I am also informed bya gentleman who

saw the bird after it was killed that a Turkey Buzzard was shot
I

220 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

five years ago in the vicinity of Kingston, Kent Co. (Philip Cox,
Jr.,in The Auk, Vol. 1V. 205.) The Bishop of Moosonee informed
me that a specimen was taken at Moose Factory, on James Bay, in
June, 1898, by one of his men. (/. . Fleming.) As far as I am
aware this species has been observed only in the southwestern
part of the province of Ontario; Mr. Wagstaff writes that he has
frequently seen it in Essex Co. and once at Baptiste Creek, some
years since. (W/c/wraith.) Mr. John Sullivan of Kerwood, Lamb-
ton Co., has found the nest of this bird, and as it is common in
the three western counties it doubtless breeds in fairnumbers. I
once saw Ig individuals in a single field at Forest, Ont. (W. E.
Saunders.) In Upper Canada near Sandwich and Lake St. Clair,
in 1823, | saw vast numbers of C. aura (Turkey Buzzards) and had
every opportunity of watching their habits. (David Douglas.)
The above extract taken from Richardson’s Fauna Borealt will
show the change that has taken place since then.

A tolerably common summer resident in many parts of the
prairie region extending from Winnipeg, Man., to the Rocky
Mountains. Thompson-Seton in his“ Birds of Manitoba” says that
it breeds near Qu’Appelle, and as others have seen it in pairs it
doubtless breeds in other localities. In May, 1895, the writer
found it breeding near Home’s Ranch at the mouth of Old Wives’
Creek in Eastern Assiniboia. In June of the same year a few
pairs were seen in the Cypress Hills at Farewell Creek, and
occasional birds were noticed at Medicine Hat, Crane Lake, at
West Butte and along the Milk River; three were seen at different
times at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897 by W. Spreadborough,
One was seen at Banff in 1891, and they were seen in numbers at
Deer Park on the Columbia River in June 1890; a few observed at
Vernon, B. C., in July, 1889. (Macoun.) Distributed throughout
British Columbia but nowhere common, though in September,
1887, I saw about a dozen together at the mouth of Harrison
River. (Fannin.) One seen at Nanaimo July 11th, 1893, and in
the autumn of 1889 about a dozen at Victoria, Vancouver Island ;
in June, 1901, eight were seen at Chilliwack, B.C. (.Spreadborough.)
Fannin on page 34 of the catalogue of the museum at Victoria,
B.C., describes two vultures in the park at Beacon Hill. He has
since written me that they developed into this species.

BREEDING Notes.—I never saw the Turkey Vulture in Mani-
toba, but have often seen it in Assiniboia where it breeds. A set

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 221

of two eggs in my collection was taken near Moose Jaw, Assa.,
May 12th, 1897. I also found it breeding at Rush Lake in May,
1893. It lays 2 eggs on the ground, usually on the sloping bank
of astream. (IV. Raine.) Nest on the ground, or in a hollow
log or stump. (J/cllwraith.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken at Old Wives Creek, Assa.; one at Indian Head,
Assa., and another purchased with the Holman collection.

Two sets of eggs; one taken at Moose Jaw, Assa., May 17th,
1898 ; the other at Rush Lake, Assa., June 25th, 1893. In the
last case there was no nest and the eggs were laid on the ground
at the side of a coulée.

CXX. CATHARISTA VIEILLOT. 1816.

326. Black Vulture.

Catharista atrata (BARTR.) GRAY 1869.

About half a dozen specimens taken near St. Stephen, N.B.,
by Mr. Boardman. (Chamberlain.) A Black Vulture was shot at
Pugwash, Cumberland Co., N.S., on Jan. 12th, 1896, and was
brought to Halifax where I identified it. (Harry Piers in The
Auk, Vol. XV., 196.) On the 28th October last a Black Vulture
was killed on the beach at Beauport, about six miles from
Quebec ; the bird was flying towards carrion. This is, I believe,
the first record of a bird of this species being found so far north.
It was an adult male. (C. &. Dionne in The Auk, Vol. XV., 53.)

Famity XXIX. FALCONIDA, Fatcons, Hawks, EActes, &c.
CXXI. ELANOIDES VIEILLoT. 1818.
327. Swallow-tailed Kite.

Elanotdes forficatus (LINN.) COUES. 1875.

Casual. One specimen was observed through a glass by Mr.
G. R. White, perched on a flag-staff at the rifle range at Ottawa
prior to 1881, (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V, p. 38.) Mr. Hay
reports one as having been seen at Port Sidney, Ont., on July
I5th, 1897; it sailed several times about his place, and was dis-
tinctly seen. I have also an old specimen taken many years ago
in Ontario. (J. H Fleming.)

17%

222 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

CXXII. CIRCUS LaAckEpEDE. 1801.

331. Marsh Hawk. Marsh Harrier.

Circus hudsontus (LINN.) VIEILL. 1807.

Rare in Newfoundland. Only once seen at Cow Head. (Reeks.)
Audubon saw it in Labrador. (Packard.) The following are our
most northern references to this bird: Moose Factory, James
Bay, where Spreadborough saw it on June 11th, 1896; Dr.
Robert Bell records it from York Factory, Hudson Bay ; Clarke
mentions its occurrence at Fort Churchill, on the west side of the
Bay, and Richardson places its northern limit at Great Bear
Lake, in Lat.65°. Bernard Ross, on the other hand, places its
northern limit at Great Slave Lake, and says that it is scarce
there.

It is a summer resident and generally distributed in Prince
Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, Quebec and Ontario, and is very abundant throughout the
whole prairie region, breeding as far north as Great Bear Lake.

Rather rare in the mountains, but not uncommon in the Colum-
bia Valley from Revelstoke south. Rather common westward,
and becoming abundant at Sicamous and westward to Spence’s
Bridge, B.C. (Macoun.) Abundant on the mainland of British
Columbia at Sumas, Chilliwack, mouth of the Fraser, and east of
the Coast Range. Partially migratory. A few are found through-
out the winter in the neighbourhood of Ladner’s, near the
mouth of the Fraser. (/annin.) These birds are numerous
throughout northern Alaska during the migrations. They are
seen frequently along the barren coast of Behring Sea, and have
been recorded as rather uncommon in the interior. (JVe/son.)
This bird appears to be a resident of the Yukon district only
between the early part of April and late November. The species
is a rare summer visitor on Attu Island. (Zurner.) Observed in
winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Brooks.) Noted at every stopping-
place in British Columbia. Nowhere abundant. (/hoads.) I
saw this species at Cape Blossom, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, on
two occasions. Marsh hawks were frequently noted at our
winter camp on the Kowak the last of August. (Grinnell.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species breeds frequently in the
neighbourhood of Ottawa. Its nest is composed of dry grass

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 223

‘

with a few dry sticks, probably to strengthenit. There is aninner
lining of feathers few and far between to form a bed for the eggs,
which are from four to six in number, of a dull white with the
faintest shade of green and soiled, but no decided spots on them.
The nest is built on the ground, or at the base of a low bush near a
marsh, about the middle of May. (G. R. White.) Besides in the
large marshes and the small ones, this bird will even breed in an
uncultivated field at times, and is, if anything, more common
than formerly. Nest on the ground, among shrubs, generally in
a swampy place. Eggs four or five, white, rapidly soiled. (W.
E. Saunders.)

This is a well-distributed summer resident in the counties of
Renfrew, Leeds and Lanark in Eastern Ontario. It arrives in
the early part of April and does not leave until October. I have
found its nest, on several occasions, in marshy places. Once ina
small marsh, Township of Escott, Leeds Co., near a public road.
This was on the 22nd May, 1893. The nest contained five eggs
almost as much spotted as those of the Red-shouldered Hawk.
The nest was built on the end of an old log that was partly cov-
ered with moss and other growth and surrounded by rushes. It
was formed of sticks, and grass stalks were used for lining. This
species breeds every year at the head of Wolfe Island and lower
down the St. Lawrence. Its eggs are seldom laid before May
18th in Eastern Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Breeds in abund-
ance on the prairies, but prefers bushy places for nesting in. Its
nest is built, on the ground, of sticks and lined with coarse grass.
Mr. Spreadborough found two nests near Medicine Hat in May,
1894. Both were located amongst a low growth of snow-berry
(Symphoricarpus racemosus) and contained four eggs. (MWacoun.)

I have found this bird breeding throughout Manitoba, Assini-
boia and Alberta. It makes its nest on the ground, consisting of
a heap of marsh hay, and lays from 5 to 7 eggs. I took a set of
mmcecsiat Crescent Lake, Assa.,.on, June 5th; 1901. I have
another set of 7 eggs taken in northern Alberta, May 24th, 1808.
(W. Raine.)

In June, 1865, an Eskimo snared a female bird on her nest in a
willow bush along the lower Anderson River, about Lat. 68° 30’.
It contained five eggs. In June, 1866, a nest composed of twigs
and grasses, &c., was found in a similar position; there were six
eggs in this nest. (Vacfarlane.)

224 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADAé

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six ; one taken at Britannia Bay, six miles from Ottawa, Oct.
oth, 1887, by Mr. G. R. White; one purchased with the Holman
collection, and four others taken at Indian Head, Assa., at
Medicine Hat, Assa., at Edmonton, Alta., and one at Chilliwack,
B.C., September 19th, 1901, by W. Spreadborough.

One set of six eggs taken near Edmonton, Alta., June 2nd, 1897 ;
nest on the ground made of grass and weeds. Another set of
four eggs taken May 27th, 1894. Both taken by W. Spreadborough.

CXXIII. ACCIPITER Brisson. 1760.

332. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Accipiter velox (WILS.) VIGORS. 1824.

This is one of the commonest hawks we have in the greater
part of the Dominion.

Spreadborough saw only one, when exploring, in northern
Labrador, July 8th, 1896. Richardson records the taking of one
at Moose Factory on James Bay, and these .two records cover
our knowledge of its occurrence in the Hudson Bay region.
Reeks records it as acommon summer resident in Newfoundland,
the writer found it common on Prince Edward Island, Downs
says it is equally so in Nova Scotia and Chamberlain says »
it is the commonest hawk in New Brunswick. All observers
agree that in Quebec and Ontario it is acommon summer resident.
Thompson-Seton makes it a common species in the wooded parts
of Manitoba, and the writer found it everywhere on the prairie
regions where there was brush or trees. Ross says it is common
on the Mackenzie to Lat.62° at Fort Simpson. With the above
records we are sate in saying that it is found in all the wooded
country south of Lat. 60°. Our mountain records show that it is
common at Banff and in the whole valley of the Columbia, more
especially at Revelstoke and Arrow Lakes, also in the valley of
the Thompson River from Eagle Pass to Kamloops. Fannin and
Brooks report it common west of the coast range in British Col-
umbia, while the writer and Mr. Spreadborough found it common
on Vancouver Island. Turner and Nelson say that it is common in
the wooded parts of Alaska, straggling northward into the tundra.

Several sharp-shinned hawks were seen about our winter
quarters on the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, the last
week in August. (Grznneld.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 225

BREEDING Noies.—In the vicinity of Ottawa this species gen-
erally builds about the end of May or first of June in a hemlock
tree about 20 feet from the ground. The nest is made of dry
sticks lined with some kind of soft bark and nearly resembles a
crow’s nest. The eggs, four or five in number, are white with a
slight purplish tint marked with splashes of various shades of
brown. (G. 2. White.) This species breeds, in small numbers only,
in the vicinity of London, Ont. The nest is usually in pine trees
and the eggs four to six. (W.Z. Saunders.) A nest of this species
was taken at the corner of Dow’s swamp near the canal close to
the city of Ottawa, July 6, 1900. It was in a balsam fir about
fifteen feet from the ground, built of sticks and lined with cedar
bark, (Zhauya occidentalis). This species is quite common in
-Assiniboia, and a number of nests were taken in June, 1895. On
June 12th a nest was taken ina willow thicket at the police station,
Wood Mountain. It was in the crotch of a willow less than ten
feet from the ground, built of sticks and lined inside with finer
material of the same character. There were four eggs partly
incubated, light greenish incolour and heavily spotted with brown.
Another nest in a spruce tree was taken, built of the same class
of material, on Farewell Creek, Cypress Hills, June 27th. In this
nest the eggs were half incubated. (JZacoun.) I have clutches of
eggs of this little hawk taken near Toronto, also others taken in
Muskoka, Manitoba and Assiniboia. It builds its nest in tree
tops and lays from four to six handsomely marked eggs. (W.
Raine.) his bird has always been regarded as a rare summer
resident near London, Ont., but during the summer of 1900 six
nests were found by three observers and it may prove to be more
common than was supposed. Its silent unobtrusive manner may
have been its shield from observation. These nests, as well as
four others taken in previous years, were all in conifers, five of
the ten being in tamarac. All of them were built of twigs and
many had a few flakes of bark as a lining. One nest was on an old
foundation but all the others were entirely new. In height from
the ground they varied from 15 to 30 feet. The birds were in
some cases fairly silent and peaceful, and in others very noisy
and aggressive, in one case particularly the male would attack a
man 100 yards distant, although the nest was not found. All the
sets of eggs taken, varying from three to six to the set, are very
handsome, particularly one set of six fresh eggs in which the colour
of the markings isa very bright reddish brown. (W. £. Saunders.)

226 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven ; two taken at Ottawa, Ont., by F. A. Saunders, August
2nd, 1890, and September 12th, 1891 ; three at Ottawa by G. R.
White in 1884, 1885 and 1888; two taken at Chilliwack, B.
C., by W. Spreadborough, August 11th and September 7th, Igor.

One set of four eggs, taken at Wood Mountain, Assa., June 12th,
1895. Nest in a small tree about ten feet from the ground.

333. Cooper’s Hawk.

Accipiter cooperit (BONAP.) GRAY. 1844.

This species is either unequally distributed or not readily sep-
erated. from other species

An uncommon summer migrant in Newfoundland. (Reeks.)
Very rare in Nova Scotia. Col. Egan procured and mounted one
specimen. (Gz/pin.) Not common at Wolfville, King’s Co., N.S.;
absent in winter. (47. 7zf¢s.) A pair seen in Brackley Point woods,
Prince Edward Island. (A/acoun.) An uncommon summer resi-
dent in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Common in the Resti-
gouche Valley and sparingly distributed through the whole St.
Lawrence Valley and and westward throughout Ontario. (/acoun.)
This species is a summer resident in Manitoba and extends north
to the Saskatchewan. (Zkhompson-Seton.) J havea mature bird,
taken on April 25th, 1896, at Banff, Alberta. (/. H. Fleming.)
Apparently rare in the Rocky Mountains. Not common in the
Columbia Valley, but was taken at Revelstoke May 5th, 1890, and
seen later at Nelson on Kootanie River. ((/acoun.) Met with,in
British Columbia, only at the Ducks, near Kamloops. (S¢veator.)
Tolerably common summer resident in the lower Fraser Valley.
(Brooks.) Found both on Vancouver Island’and on the southern
mainland east and west of the Coast Range. (/annin.) Dis-
tribution general. Breeding at Lake La Hache, B.C., and in the
Rocky Mountains at Field. Alt. 7000 feet ; rare. (ARhoads,)

BREEDING Notes.—This species comes early in the spring and
leaves late in the autumn. It is far from common and its nest is
seldom taken. I have met with the nest twice. First in a small
grove in the township of Escott, Leeds Co., May 15th, 1895.
This nest was in a tamarac tree (Larix Americana) and contained
three fresh eggs. The other nest was in the township of Lans-
downe, Leeds Co.,and contained four fresh eggs on the 8thof May.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 227

On the 1st of May this nest contained one egg. It was built in
the crotch of a yellow birch (Betula lutea). The eggs are hardly
distinguishable from those of the Marsh Harrier. (Rev. C. /.
Young.) Not acommon bird around London, but breeds spar-
ingly in the western part of Ontario. (W. Z. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen purchased with the Holman collection.

One set of eggs, taken at Lansdowne, Leeds Co., Ont., June Ist,
1895, by Rev. C. J. Young, Another of two eggs taken in North
Toronto, May 2oth, 1889.

334. American Goshawk.
Accipiter atricapillus (WiLS.) SEEBOHM. 1883.

iakenat York Factory, Hudson Bay, (Dr. KR. Bell.) One
observed at Seal Lake, Ungava District, July 24th, 1896, and
another a short distance above Ungava Bay, August 23rd, the
same year. (Spreadborough.) Resident in Ungava District.
(Packard.) Settlers report the occurrence of this hawk in New-
foundland. (Reeks,) This is the commonest hawk in Nova
Scotia (Downs) and winters, as a pair did at Digby Gut in the
winter of 1880. (Gz/pin.) Resides in New Brunswick throughout
the year and breeds. (Chamberlain.) Common winter visitant in
Quebec. (Déonne.) In Ontario this bird is an irregular winter
visitor, sometimes appearing in considerable numbers and again
being altogether wanting. (MWcl/wraith.) A tolerably common
fall and winter visitant in Manitoba usually appearing in August.
Not seen during the breeding season. (Zhompson-Seton.) Not
observed on the prairie or inthe Rocky Mountains nor in southern
British Columbiain summer. Not uncommon at Edmonton, Alta.,
where they were evidently breeding in June, 1897. (MMJacoun.)
Seen only at Vernon in British Columbia. (Rfoads.) Rather
common in the interior of British Columbia, the coast bird may
be the next species. (Stveator.) Has been taken on Vancouver
Island and on the mainland east and west of the Coast Range.
(Fannin.) Have taken this form both east and west of Coast
Range, the only hawk observed in the Cariboo District in winter.

(Lrooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—Permanent resident at Scotch Lake, York
Co., New Brunswick. Breeds. (W. H. Moore.) Immature

228 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

goshawks come regularly to Toronto in the autumn and often
remain all winter. Until 1896 full plumaged birds were almost
unknown, certainly I was not aware of any records of mature
birds for ten or fifteen years previous to that date. In October,
1896, a remarkable migration of mature birds took place. They
spread themselves all over Ontario in large numbers, and I
believe the New England States were invaded in like manner. I
received the first mature bird on October 26th from Toronto, and
from then till December the birds continued to come in. The
deer hunters reported that the hawks were playing havoc with
the patridges and hardly a shooting party returned in November
without one or more mature goshawks. I fancy that the sudden
inroad of the sharp-tailed grouse into Muskoka and the migra-
tion of the goshawks were likely caused by the same necessity—
lack of food. Both species appeared in Muskoka together. Never
a scarce bird in the districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka ; the
number of breeding birds has greatly increased since the autumn
of 1896. (/. A. Fleming.) The only nest I ever saw of this
species in Muskoka was in the fork of a large black birch
(Betula lenta) about 40 feet from the ground. It was made of
sticks lined with leaves and clay. In it I*found four young
ones all differing in size which leads me to think that they are
not all hatched at the same time. In the nest I found a blue-
jay and hairy woodpecker which had been plucked by the old
birds. Beneath a maple log that was lying about 100 yards away
from the tree having the nest, and several feet from the ground,
I found a large quantity of feathers which the old birds had
plucked from barn-yard fowls and other birds. It was evident
that the old birds had carried their prey here and picked it before
taking it to their young. The nest was within half a mile of
Bracebridge and about 300 yards from the south branch of the
Muskoka River. They are more plentiful in Muskoka in winter
than in summer. (Spreadborough.) A not uncommon bird in win-
ter in Ontario but as a rule going north to breed. I found a
nest of this species near Otty Lake in the county of Lanark, Ont.,
in 1885. It was a large structure built in the fork of a beech tree,
about 30 feet from the ground, and on the 3rd of May contained
three almost bluish white eggs, incubation commenced. In
addition to the breeding of this bird in the county of Lanark,
Ont., I find that it nested regularly in the township of
Oso in Frontenac Co., Ont., up to 1g01 but will probably soon

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 229

cease to do so as the larger timber is rapidly being cleared away.
It seems to affect woods where beech and black birch are plenti-
ful, not far, however, from a growth of evergreens. (fev. C./.
Young.) :

This bird is generally distributed in the forest country north
of the prairie. Richardson records it from Jasper House in the
Rocky Mountains and describes one shot from the nest on the
Saskatchewan, May 8th, 1827. He also speaks of another taken
at York Factory, Hudson Bay, Aug. 14th, 1822. Apparently it
has the same range yet. (Macoun.) This species is confidently
believed to breed, in small numbers however, between Fort Good
Hope and the Anderson, Mackenzie District. (Macfarlane.)

I have eggs from Oak Lake and Crescent Lake in Assiniboia
and also sets from Alberta. I have aset of two eggs that was
taken by Mr. Wenman at Stedman’s River, Alberta, the female
was shot and isnowin my collection. I have another set of three
eggs collected by Dr. George in northern Alberta, May Ioth, 1894.
The female of this nest was also shot by Mr. Wenman. Dr.
George also took a clutch of four eggs out of this same wood in
May, 1893. It makes a large nest of sticks, weeds and roots and
builds in the highest tree tops. The American Goshawk is a
rare summer resident in northern Manitoba, but is more plentiful
in northern Assiniboia and Alberta. The eggs are bluish white,
unmarked, although they are sometimes nest-stained. (W. Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two ; one purchased with the Holman collection, and the
other taken at Toronto, Ont., in 1885 by Samuel Herring.

A set of two eggs taken at Great Whale River, Hudson Bay,
June 18th, 1896, by W. Spreadborough. Nest built on top of a
large tamarac, which was nearly two feet across. It was made
of tamarac branches and lined with a couple of green spruce
branches and a few ptarmigan feathers. A nest taken at Fort
Saskatchewan, Alta., contained three eggs. Nest in spruce tree
about fifteen feet from the ground ; it was built of sticks and
lined with weeds.

334a. Western Goshawk.
Accipiter atricapillus striatulus RipGw. 1885.

Tolerably common throughout British Columbia. More abun-
dant west of the Coast Range. (Fannin.) One seen at Sooke,

230 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Vancouver Island, Aug. 2nd, 1893. (Spreadborough.) This seems
to be the form that breeds in southern British Columbia, where I
have noticed it in summer as far east as Arrow Lakes, Columbia
Riverwn: Mat. 60° +. Brooks.)

CXXIV. BUTEO Cuvier. 1779-1800.

337. Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo borealis (GMEL.) VIEILL. 1816.

We have no records of this species being seen in the District of
Ungava (Labrador), but it breeds in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario.
Mr. Spreadborough saw three specimens on Moose River, near
James Bay, June 6th, 1896, and Dr. Bell took it at Fort Churchill,
Hudson Bay. This species is abundant in the wooded portions
of Manitoba, especially in the Riding Mountains, Duck Moun-
tains, Porcupine Hills and northward to the Saskatchewan.
Westward, Spreadborough found it nesting at Indian Head in
Assiniboia, and at Edmonton, Alta., and along the foothills to
Crow’s Nest Pass, but not being a prairie species it disappears with
the wood. I agree fully with Thompson-Seton in his “ Birds of
Manitoba,” when he says on page 529 : ‘‘ This species seems to be
the complement of Swainson’s Hawk in Manitoba, adhering to
the forest regions, while the latteris found only in the more open
places. The differences of habit presented by these two species
are slight but quite appreciable.” As no specimens of Krider’s
Hawk have been recorded from southern Manitoba all the east-
ern prairie region and the northern forest up to Lat. 60° are
included in the range of the Red-tail.

This species is common in the Northwest Territories which it
visits in summer. Specimens were shot in the Rocky Mountains,
on the plains of the Saskatchewan, and at York Factory, Hudson
Bay between Lat. 53° and 57°. (Richardson.) ‘This species is far
outnumbered at London, Ont., by the Red-shouldered Hawk.
More common in the more remote districts. (W. £. Saunders.)

BREEDING Notes.—This is a rare bird along the St. Lawrence.
In eleven years I am only certain of having seen one specimen.
In the counties of Lanark and Renfrew it is common and I used
to see it every year. Within afew miles of the village of Ren-

&
¥
+

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 231

frew it breeds. (Rev. C.J. Young.) The red-tail breeds in scat-
tered pairs about one to four of the red-shouldered. It nests a
little earlier and lays two to three eggs. (W.£. Saunders.) This
bird breeds in Welland Co. and throughout southern Ontario.
(W. Raine.) On May 3iIst, 1891, I took a nest of this near Indian
Head, Assa. The nest contained three eggs and was built of
sticks in adead poplar (Populus tremulordes) about 30 feet from the
ground. This species feeds chiefly on gophers and mice. At
Edmonton, on the North Saskatchewan, in 1897, I observed a
a number of nests mostly along the river and small streams.
These were nearly always in cottonwood trees (Populus balsamt-
fera) but I think it is on account of these trees having large
branches near the top that they seem to prefer them than from
any other cause, as I also observed a few in poplar trees (Populus
tremuloides) where the branches were suitable for them to build
upon. The nests were scarcely ever less than thirty feet from
the ground. In the summer of 1891 it was common at Banff and
hence breeds there. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four ; one purchased with the Holman collection; another
taken near Toronto, Ont., by S. Herring; one taken in poplar
woods near Fort Pelly, Man., September 3rd, 1881, by the writer,
and one at Hyde Park, Ont., by W. E. Saunders.

A nest taken near Edmonton, Alta., by W. Spreadborough,
May 17th, 1897, contained two eggs. The nest was in a poplar
tree, built of sticks and lined with bark and twigs. Another set
taken at Chatham, Ont., on April 30th, 1888, contains two eggs.

3376. Western Red-tailed Hawk.
Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.) RrpGw. 1873.

I have obtained from Mr. M. J. Dodds, St. Thomas, Ont., a fine
adult of the Western Red-tail, which was killed near there in the
fall of 1885, by Mr. John Oxford. This appears to be the first
recorded occurrence of this species in Ontario. (W. E. Saunders
in The Auk., Vol. V., 203.) Mr. J. Hughes-Samuel took a specimen
of this form at Toronto on November 4, 1895. (J. 1. Fleming.)

The only known instance of the occurrence of this bird in
Alaska is recorded by Dr. Bean, who secured a young bird near
Sitka, June 5, 1880. (/Velson.) Rare; a few seen at Kamloops

232 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

and Ducks in central British Columbia in June, 1889. (S¢reazor.)
Very abundant east and west of Coast Range. (/annin.) Resi-
dent at Chilliwack, B.C., and tolerably common; rather rare in
winter at Lake Okanagan. (Lvooks.)

This species was common at Revelstoke, B.C., in the spring of
1890. First observed on the oth April, and became common
before the end of the month. On 30th May two pairs were found
nesting in the cliffs at Deer Park, Arrow Lake, Columbia
River, B.C., and a female shot. Another nest was found in a cliff
at the mouth of Pass Creek, near Robson, B.C., 1902. A few were
seen near the 4gth parallel between Trail and Cascade. Scen on
Vancouver Island at Victoria, oth Sept, 1893. (Spreadborough.)
Distribution and abundance like that of the eastern form. Breed-
ing near the summits of the Rocky Mountains at Field, B.C.
(Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken at Agassiz, B.C., May 17th, 1889, by W.
Spreadborough.

339. Red-shouldered Hawk.

Buteo lineatus (GMEL.) VIEILL. 1816.

This species may reach Newfoundland occasionally, as it has
been taken in northern Nova Scotia. It is rare in New Bruns-
wick, though Chamberlain says it may breed near St. John. In
Quebec it becomes more common, and in the St. Lawrence Valley
it is far from rare. Quite acommon summer resident in Ontario,
breeding freely, and extending westward to eastern Manitoba.
Our most northern reference is York Factory on Hudson Bay,
where it was collected by Dr. R. Bell. This seems to be an east-
ern species with its centre of distribution in Canada, north of
Lake Ontario. It is much more restricted in its range than the
Red-tail.

Have met with these birds occasionally in December and
January, and know of at least one having been taken in the latter
month. On the 8th January, 1g00, I saw two. While wintering
they seek the shelter of deep ravines. (7. Hughes-Samuel.) Our
most common hawk in summer at London, Ont. (W. &.
Saunders.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 233

BREEDING Notres.—This species builds about the middle of
April. The nest closely resembles a crow’s, but is larger and very
untidy. It is composed of coarse sticks loosely placed together
with fine ones, and lined with bark of a vine (probably grape vine),
and pieces of rough bark. The nest is placed near the trunk of
the tree at from 20 to 60 feet from the ground. The eggs, three
or more in number, are yellowish white, with blotches of yellowish
brown and slate. A nest found on 30th April near the mouth of
the Gatineau River at Ottawa, Ont., was built in a swamp ash
(Fraxinus sambucifolia) about 20 feet from the ground. The old
bird was sitting at that date. (G. R. White)

Strangely enough this is the most common hawk along the St.
Lawrence between Kingston and Brockville, though I never saw
it in the counties of Renfrew and Lanark. It seems to just take
the section of country where the Red-tailis absent. It is an early
breeder, returning to the same woods year after year, even
though disturbed. It usually builds or repairs a nest in a beech
tree, but I have seen nests in maple, ash, oak, pine, elm, and once
ina hemlock. The earliest éggs I have seen were_a set of four
on Apri] 14th, 1898, an unusually early date ; the latest was May
23rd. The average time of laying is about April 25th; the
favourite tree for nesting, a beech. This bird becomes rare in
Eastern Ontario, 15 to 30 miles north of the St. Lawrence, and
50 miles back, is almost unknown, its place seeming to be taken
by the Broadwinged Hawk. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Rather com-
mon, breeding in all suitable woods in the vicinity of London,Ont.
(W. E. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ; two
taken at Toronto by Samuel Herring.

A nest taken at Lily Lake, Peterborough Co., 25 miles
north of Port Hope, Ont., by Mr. N. H. Meeking, on April 24th,
contained four eggs. A set of three eggs was taken in the county
of Leeds, Ont., April 21st, 1901, by Rev. C. J. Young. Another
set of three taken near London, Ont., by J. E. Keays, April, u7th,
1897.

3396. Red-bellied Hawk.

Buteo lineatus elegans (Cass.) Ripew. 1874.

Not very common. I have taken it at Burrard Inlet, B.C. Mr.
W. B. Anderson found it at Port Simpson, B.C., and Mr. Brooks

234 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Chilliwack. I have no record from Vancouver Island. (Fannin.)
Only noticed west of the Coast Range ; rare. (Svooks.) Hawks,
presumably of this species, were thrice seen in the British Columbia
interior. (Ahoads.)

342. Swainson’s Buzzard.

Buteo swainsont. BONAP. 1838.

Accidental visitant ; rare. A few examples of this large hawk
have been shot at Montreal, Que. I saw a fine dark specimen
which was shot early in the spring of 1894 near the city, and was
stuffed by Mr. Bailly, taxidermist. (Wntle.) Rare around
Toronto, Ont. I have two specimens taken at Toronto, Ont.,
both in the dark plumage. (/. H. Fleming.) This species arrives
on tle southern prairie in March, and soon becomes abundant.
It is the characteristic hawk of the prairie, and is found in every
part of that extensive region. Although a prairie bird it ranges
in the valley of the Mackenzie beyond the Arctic Circle, and has
been taken at Nulato on the Yukon. Itis very rare in the Rocky
Mountains ; only one pair was seen in four months residence of
Mr. Spreadborough, at Banff, in 1891, and only one, a female,
was seen and killed at Revelstoke by him in 18go.

On British Columbia mainland and Vancouver Island. Nowhere
common. (fannin.) I once observed a flock of some hundreds,
all of the dark phase, at Chilliwack, B.C., and have seen young
birds in the autumn ; this dark form is a common breeder on all
the mountains, at high elevations, being only found in open or
park-like country. The only pair of white-breasted birds I ever
saw in British Columbia was breeding on a low mountain at
Vernon. (Svooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—Thompson-Seton in “ Birds of Manitoba,”
on page 532, says: “The nest of this bird is not peculiar. I have
examined about fifty altogether, and have hitherto failed to find
one that answers the published descriptions, which credit the bird
with using a lining of hair and other fine material. All the nests
examined early in the season were merely masses of sticks and
twigs, with a slight hollow to contain the eggs, and had no special
lining. But nests examined after the growth of leaves—usually
about the end of May—were more or less lined with twigs plucked
with green leaves on them, and these when slightly wilted readily
flatten down and form a wind-proof screen.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 235

‘In general appearance this nest is much like that of the red-
tail, but the position is different, being usually less elevated. I
have seen many that I could not reach from the ground. The
favourite sites are the crown of a dense clump of willows, or the
highest fork of a low scrub oak ; occasionally I have observed the
nest at a height of 20 or even 30 feet, in some poplar, but this is
unusual.

“ The eggs are commonly three but sometimes four in number ;
they are more or less spherical and vary much in colour. The
young, when hatched, are the purest and downiest looking of
innocents, and it is only on examination of the tiny though promis-
ing beak and claws that one can credit that little snowball with the
makings of a ruthless and bloodthirsty marauder.”

First seen on April 4th, 1892, at Indian Head, Assa.; common
by the 16th. May 25th found a nest with one egg, nest in live
poplar, made of sticks, lined with a few twigs from the living
poplar trees with the leaves on. All the nests that I saw later
were built in the same way and all contained the green twigs and
leaves. They invariably repair the old nests and only one new
nest was seen during the season. Nests contained 2-4 eggs.
Farther west they build their nests chiefly in clumps of willow
along the banks of streams and the edges of sloughs and scarcely
ever in thick woods. Where there are no willows or trees they
will build their nest in a clump of rose bushes or upon a‘“‘cut bank”
(a cliff of earth by astream). Their principal food is gophers
and mice, of which they kill a great number. They are a great
benefit to the farmer but he does not seem to know it, for in
southwestern Manitoba last autumn (1891) I counted no less than
nine dead buzzards along a trail in less than half a mile. Found
two nests in trees at Crane Lake, Assa., in June, 1894. The
nests were built of sticks and lined with dried grass. One had
two eggs, the other three. I shot one of the old birds as it came
from the nest and it proved to be a male showing that both
took turns at the nest. This species is a very late breeder and
only in one case did I find eggs before the first of June. (Spread-
borough.)

The writer has taken many nests of this species in Assiniboia
and has found that a tree is preferred to nest in but that they
change the site to agree with changed conditions. Where oak
scrub exists they prefer oak, farther west poplar (Populus

tremuloides) and on treeless plains they descend to low bushes and
2

236 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

last of all cut banks where they often make a bulky nest. In the
summer of 1895 nests were taken in box elder (Vegundo aceroides)
on Old Wives’ Creek. These were lined with the outer bark of
dead trees of this species. Each nest contained only two eggs,
both fresh, May 27th and June Ist. A nest was taken at the
forks of the creek on June 2nd. This was under a cut bank about
six feet below the summit. This nest was lined with green poplar
twigs having young leaves. Later, nests were taken at Wood
Mountain, Assa., in willow clumps and under banks, and
towards the last of the month on the Cypress Hills in choke-
cherry bushes. In the Milk River country the nests were chiefly
under banks. (MJacoun.)

In July, 1861, we discovered a nest of this species which was
built on a spruce tree along Onion River, the principal tributary
of the Lockhart. It contained two well-grown birds. Both
parents were about and made a great ado in endeavouring to pro-
tect their offspring. The male was shot. In June, 1865, another
nest was found on the top crotch of a tall pine in a ravine some
20 miles southeast of Fort Anderson, Lat. 68° 30’. In composi-
tion it was similar to the nest of an Avchibuteo. The female was
shot as she left the nest, which contained but one egg in a well
developed stage. The male was not seen. (JMacfarlane.)

This bird breeds commonly throughout Manitoba, Assiniboia
and Alberta, seldom having eggs before the third week in May
and is, therefore, a late breeder. Between June 5th and 13th,
1901, I examined close upon thirty nests in northern Assiniboia.
All these nests just contained three eggs each,no more or no less,
showing that three eggs is the number laid. Incubation was
advanced at this time but I did not find a single nest containing
young. Some of the nests were built in fire-killed willows and so
low that I could reach the eggs from the ground. A few nests
were in poplars and built from 10 feet to 20 feet from the ground.
I never found two pairs of birds occupying the same bluff, and the
nests are usually a quarter of a mile from each other. This hawk
has a habit of lining its nest with green poplar leaves and the eggs
look very pretty lying on the green leaves. It is a most useful
bird to the farmer, devouring an immense quantity of gophers
and mice. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five ; one taken in the Moose Mountains, Assa., June, 1880, by
the writer. Four others taken at Indian Head, Assa., one in

a
cae

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 237

September, 1891, and three others in May, 1892, by W. Spread-
borough.

One set of two eggs taken at Indian Head, Assa., June 4th,
1892 ; one of three taken at the eastern end of the Cypress Hills,
Assa., June 18th, 1894; three others each containing two eggs
taken at 12-Mile Lake, Assa., June 6th, 1895, Wood Mountain,
Assa., June 14th, 1895, and on White Mud River, June 22nd, by
W. Spreadborough.

343. Broad-winged Hawk.

Buteo platypterus (V1EILL.) Faxon. 1901.
This species probably occurs in Newfoundland. (eeks.) It

_ is very rare in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) A rather rare summer

resident in New Brunswick, but increasingly common as we go
west in the valley of the St. Lawrence. It is found all over
Ontario and extends westward to Winnipeg where it breeds. As
a straggler it has been seen by Thompson-Seton at Carberry in
Manitoba. Sir John Richardson records its occurrence at Moose
Factory on James Bay, and in June, 1896, Mr. Spreadborough
found it common on Moose River, but none were seen north of
Moose Factory. This may be considered the northern limit.

BREEDING Notes.—I observed three of these hawks, old and
young, 24th July, 1887, circling round above Mount Royal Park,
Montreal, and heard them uttering a note very much like that of
a cowbird. I also saw a pair in the trees near the same place on
June 4th of the same year, and probably they bred there. I have
observed this species here from March 30th to October tgth.
(Wintle.) This species breeds about the middle of May, and
seems to prefer a hemlock or swamp ash tree to nest in. The
nest is placed about 20 feet or more from the ground, is composed
of dry sticks and lined with pieces of bark and dead leaves and
is rather larger than a crow’s. The eggs, two or more in number,
are of a dirty yellowish or grayish white with blotches of reddish
brown. The species is not rare around Ottawa, Ont. (G..R. White.)

The writer shot a female of this species as she rose from her

nest, which was on a swamp ash in what was then Stewart’s Bush
within the limits of the city of Ottawa. This was on 24th May,
1884. Since then the city has extended over a mile to the south
of this locality and night hawks nest on the roofs of the houses
built on the same spot.

2%

238 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

This is a hawk whose young are commonly met with near the
St. Lawrence in September and October. Only once have I met
with its nest there—24th May, 1899. This nest was built against
the trunk of a maple and contained two fresh eggs. It is a late
breeder, seldom laying before the last week in May, though once
I found the eggs earlier. It is the commonest hawk in the
county of Renfrew, near the Ottawa River, and is also common
in the county of Lanark. Unlike the red-shouldered it is partial
to thick swampy woods near creeks and builds its nest more
often against the trunk than among the limbs of atree. I have
seen five nests. Four of these were in birch trees and one in a
maple. The earliest date for its eggs was 8th May, 1886, and
the latest 3rd June, 1888. The average time is about 24th May.
The favourite trees selected seem to be black or yellow birch.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) Common in Parry Sound and Muskoka dis-
tricts. A large number breed. Found a nest at Emsdale, Parry
Sound District, 27th May, 1897; it was apparently an old nest
and contained three eggs. It was built about 30 feet from the
ground in a birch. (J. H. Fleming.) We found this bird nesting
at Woodlands, Manitoba, June 11th, 1894. The nest contained
two eggs. (W. Raine.)

Very common in the woods around Muskoka lakes. Always
builds its nest in the large black birch trees. I have never seen one
in any other tree and I have taken many nests. The nest is made of
sticks lined with leaves and bark. The food of the young ap-
peared to be chiefly frogs. A person will scarcely ever miss
seeing one or more sitting upon a stub of a dead tree just above
the water in which frogs are plentiful in spring. They also catch
mice and a few young birds. On one occasion I saw one carrying
a snake more than two feet long. I think that the reason they
prefer the birch is on account of thick foliage and the forked
nature of the tree near the top, which makes a very suitable place
to nest in. I have always found the nests in thick woods and as
I have never seen a nest anywhere except in Muskoka they have
always been near water as it would be hard to be otherwise.
(Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Three ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

One taken at Toronto, Ont., by S. Herring, and one taken at
London, Ont., by W. E. Saunders, May 3rd, 1884.

“eo

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 239
CXXV. ARCHIBUTEO Brexm. 1828.
347. Rough-legged Hawk.
Archibuteo lagopus (BRiNN.) GRAY. 1841.

Several specimens from St. Michael and one obtained by me
on Unalaska are indistinguishable from European birds contained
in the National Museum collection. On the northern coast of
Alaska, including tne shore of Behring Sea and the Arctic, and
thence in the interior along the entire course of the Yukon,
many specimens of the Rough-legged Hawk have been taken, but
none from this region are in the melanistic phase so common
among birds from the Hudson Bay country. In fact all the
specimens from northwestern Alaska appear referable to the Old
World form, as certainly are the examples mentioned. (JVe/son.)

347a. American Rough-legged Hawk.
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis {GMEL.) COUES. 1872.

This species is the common hawk of Ungava and the barren
grounds extending west from Hudson Bay. It breeds especially
in the northern part of its range and eastward to Newfoundland.
It is a winter migrant in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
Mr. Wintle remarks that it is a transient visitor at Montreal
especially in November.

A spring and autumn migrant in Ontario. (Wcllwraith.) A
remarkable migration of these hawks took place in October, 1895,
and a considerable number was killed at Toronto. The flight was
simply enormous. I could have bought over one hundred had
they been any use to me. [I obtained four or five of the black
form. (jJ. H. Fleming.) This bird is far from common in
Manitoba, and so far as noted it is found only in the spring and
fall. (Zhompson-Seton.) The only specimens of this bird I have
seen west of Manitoba were one taken at Indian Head, Assa., in
the spring of 1892, and one observed at Edmonton, Alta., in
April, 1897. (Spreadborough.) Richardsan, Ross and Macfar-
lane found it in the northern forest in summer but in all my
wanderings south of the Saskatchewan or in the mountains I have
never met with it. I am led to believe that the following refer-
ences belong to a race distinct from the eastern bird which seems
to have its centre of migration in Ontario. (Macoun.)

240 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

No examples. of this bird were secured by me in northern
Alaska, nor haveI seen any. Several specimens from Kadiak are
the only ones known from Alaska. (Velson.) Both on the main-
land and Vancouver Island, B.C. In my experience rare. (Fan-
nin.) Tolerably common migrant at Chilliwack, B.C.; rather
scarce in the Cariboo district of British Columbia in winter.
(Brooks.) Sumas and Osoyoos Lake. (Lord.) One seen at
Vernon and a specimen seen at the same place in the collection
of Mr. Pound. Another shot on Vancouver Island is in the pos-
session of Mr. Lindley of Victoria. Considered a very rare bird
on the Pacific Coast. (hoads.)

BREEDING NoTes.—First observed on Hudson Bay north of
Great Whale River, 28th June, 1896. It breeds on nearly all the
high cliffs all the way across Ungava District from James Bay
to Ungava Bay. On 13th July, Mr. Russell found a nest with
three eggs, incubation far advanced. I found a nest on a cliff
at east end of Seal Laké 3rd August in which the young were
about half grown. The nest was a mere mass of sticks lined with
dry grass. This is the common large hawk of the country.
(Spreadborough.)

This form of A. /agopus is abundant in the Anderson district as
specimens have been obtained from all parts of the surrounding
forest to the borders of ‘‘ the barrens,” as well as from the Arctic
coast. Over seventy nests were collected during the period of
exploration treated of by these notes. About fifty-five of them were
built in the crotches of trees not far from the top and at a height
of 20 to 30 feet from the ground. They were externally of sticks,
twigs and small branches, rather comfortable, lined with hay,
mosses, down and feathers. The remaining fifteen were situated
near the edge of steep cliffs of shady rock on the face of deep
ravines and on declivitous river banks, and these were usually
made of willow sticks and twigs, but with a thicker lining of hay,
moss and other soft materials. The eggs varied from three to
five, never more than the latter number, and their contents were
like those of some other birds’ eggs gathered by us, in different
stages of incubation in the same nest. (Macfarlane.)

A rare summer resident in northern Assiniboia and northern
Alberta from where I have received both eggs and skins. I have
sets of eggs taken by Mr. L. Dicks at Hamilton Inlet, Labrador,

. CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 241

May 17th, 1897, also sets taken by Mr. Stringer at Mackenzie Bay,
Arctic America. (W, Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS,

Three ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ;
two taken near Toronto, Ont., by S. Herring.

A set of three eggs taken at the mouth of Whale River, Hudson
Bay, Ungava, by W.Spreadborough, July 13th, 1896. Three other
sets of three and one of two taken at Fort Chimo, Ungava, June
20th, 1896, by Mr. G. Bouchier. One nest found on Artillery
Lake, north of Great Slave Lake, by Bishop Lofthouse, on June
4th, t9g00, contained three eggs.

348 Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.

Archibuteo ferrugineus (LICHT.) GRAY. 1840.

Apparently rare in Manitoba as Thompson-Seton does not
record it in his “ Birds of Manitoba.” In Zhe Auk, Vol. X, 49, how-

ever, he states that a fine specimen of this bird is now in the Mani-

toba Museum, taken by Mr. Hine. Dr. Coues found it breeding
in the Pembina Mountains on the International Boundary in
July, 1873.

This is not a rare species in the prairie region. In 1895 the
writer found it at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa. Two nests were taken
at this point-on 27th May, eggs in one just hatched. The species
was seen at Wood Mountain and everywhere on the prairie west
to the Cypress Hills and south to Milk River. It was common in
the West Butte and along St. Mary River north of the 4gth
parallel. It seems to be purely a prairie species, not being
recorded from the Saskatchewan.

BREEDING NoTes.—A pair was seen at Indian Head, Assa., on
Ist May, 1892. On 16th I shot a fine female that had a nest ina
dead poplar about 12 feet from the ground. The nest was made
of sticks and lined with dry grass and contained five eggs.
Another nest in live poplar had the same number of eggs and
was lined with the inner bark of dead poplar. This bird was
tolerably common all summer. In May and June, 1894, a number

-of nests were found in box elder (Negundo aceroides) at Medicine

Hat, Crane Lake, and along Skull Creek, and in the Cypress Hills.
In the summer of 1895, they were found breeding in the same

242 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

situation. I have found their nests in poplar, cottonwood, box
elder, upon “cut banks” (clay cliffs) of streams, and upon clay
domes in the “bad lands” south of Wood Mountain. In the
spring of 1894 one pair built a nest upon the tower of a windmill
at Langevin on the C. P. Ry. west of Medicine Hat. It had to
be taken down, however, as it interfered with the working of the
mill. The highest nest I have seen was not more than 30 feet
from the ground. Nests were always near water, but I think that
this is more because the cut banks and trees are usually along the
streams and not for any preference that they have for it. On 11th
June, 1894, took two nests at Crane Lake, Assa. Both contained
young ones. The nests were very large. One was built of sticks
and cow dung lined with dry grass; the other of sticks alone
lined with dry grass. The young are white when first hatched.
Their chief food is gophers, of which I have seen a number in the
nests, as well as at the foot of the tree or bank where the nest
was. (Spreadborough.)

This species builds avery large nest and seems to prefer the
old one to a new structure. All the nests seen were composed
of large sticks for the body of the nest, then the droppings of
horses and cattle to consolidate the margins, and lastly lined
inside with the inner bark of dead box elder and poplar. Two
nests were taken on 27th May, 1895, each had three eggs
originally, but in one the young were just hatched. Each nest
was in the fork of a box elder about 10 feet from the ground.
(Macoun.)

I have examined about a dozen nests of this bird in northern
Assiniboia. It is an early breeder, laying its eggs early in May,
and building a very large nest in the highest trees it can find. It
lays from three to five handsomely marked eggs. Most of the
nests I have examined contained dead gophers, proving that this
is another useful hawk to the farmer. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; amale and a female. The latter was taken at Indian
Head, Assa., in May, 1892, by W. Spreadborough. The male was
taken on the Cypress Hills, Assa., by the writer, Aug. 2nd, 1880.

A set of three eggs taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892;
and another of three taken at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., June 26th,
1895, by W. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 243
CXXVI. AQUILA Brisson. 1760.
349. Golden Eagle.

Aquila chrysaétos (LINN.) DuMont. 1816.

Specimens procured in the Ungava District. Breeds in the
northeast portions among the hills. A pair also breed at the
“Forks ” in the Ungava District. (Packard.) Saw what I took
to be an example of this species near the ‘‘ Forks” above Ungava.
While at Fort Chimo, September, 1896, saw the skin of one that
the Indians had shot a few days before on the river. (Spread-
borough.) Not acommon bird in Nova Scotia, but breeds there
and resides throughout the year. (Gz/pim.) Only one specimen
known to have been taken in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.)
Taken at Beauport; a summer resident in Quebec. (Dzonme.)
“Transient visitant”” at.Montreal ; rare. Saw a fine specimen of
this eagle in the Bonsecours market in the month of May, 1891.
It was evidently shot near Montreal. (Wntle.)

A female was shot 30th October, 1883, at Casselman, near
Ottawa, Ont., by Mr. J. S. Casselman, and another was seen near
the same place shortly afterwards. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
It breeds in the Laurentian Hills. (G. R. White.) Breeds in the
rugged hills of eastern Canada, and is frequently taken at Hamil-
ton and Toronto, but chiefly young birds. (Mcllwraith.) A
golden eagle was killed at Toronto, Ont., on October, 24th, 1896.
The only record in many years. I received a golden eagle shot at
Loring, Ont., about the first of March, 1897. One was killed at
Lake Scugog, Ont., on October 20th, 1897. I received two females
from Dunchurch, shot in March, 1898 and three more from Loring,
two females and a male. It is a remarkable fact that till 1896 I
had not met with a single golden eagle from Parry Sound. Bald
eagles always abundant but no golden eagles. (/. H. Fleming.)
Very rare in Manitoba. Possibly resident. (Zhompson-Seton.) A
rare species in Assiniboia, but was seen in the “ bad lands ” south
of Wood Mountain in June, 1895, and in July of the same year on
the West Butte and at “ Writing on Stone” on the Milk River.
Mr. Spreadborough believed it was breeding in the above locality.
(Macoun.)

This powerful bird breeds in the recesses of the sub-alpine
country which skirts the Rocky Mountains and is seldom seen
farther to the eastward. (Richardson.) Extends north in the

244 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Mackenzie valley to the Arctic coast. (Ross.) Throughout a
large portion of Alaska, especially that part which is more or less
heavily wooded and interspersed with mountains, the golden
eagle is found. The Point Barrow party secured a single speci-
men taken by the natives east of Colville River, It extends its
range west along the Aleutian chain, having been obtained by
Dall on Unga Island, who mentions it as a common resident on
the Aleutian chain as far west as Unalaska. (JVe/son.)

The golden eagle is not rare in the vicinity of St. Michael. It
is more [frequently seen further north in the vicinity of Norton
Bay, and in the hills back of Pastolik than on St. Michael Island.
On the Aleutian Islands it is quite a common bird. At Unalaska
they are fully as common as the bald eagle, and are reported to
breed in March on the high bluffs on Makushin Point. (Zzrner.)
The twhole of British Columbia, but chiefly east of the Coast
Range, where it is a resident ; rarely west to Vancouver Island.
(fannin.) Resident but not common in the Lower Fraser valley.
Not common in winter in the Cariboo district, B.C.; also in
the winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Svooks.) Rare in British
Columbia. A few specimens seen around the higher mountains
at Ducks and Kamloops. (S¢treator.) Seen two or three times on
the interior mountains. As rare in British Columbia as on the
Atlantic seaboard. (Rhoads.)

BREEDING NoTes.—From various points along the valley of
Anderson River Lat. 68°—69°30’ to its outlet in Liverpool Bay and
from the mouth of the Wilmot Horton in Franklin Bay, an aggre-
gate of twelve nests of this eagle was obtained by us in the course
of the seasons from 1862 to 1865, inclusive, Ten of this number
were built against the face of steep and almost inaccessible '
banks of shale or earth at a height of 70 to 80 feet, and from 20 to
30 feet below the summit. One thus examined, in 1864 was found
to be of considerable size ; it was composed of a large platform
of built-up twigs and sticks, having a bed of -hay, moss, and
feathers in the centre, and, as this and other similarly constructed
nests appeared to be annually renovated prior to reoccupation,
they must ultimately assume vast proportions, Pillaged nests are»
however, frequently deserted for a period, but in one instance
where the female had been snared upon her nest and the eggs
taken it was found occupied the following season probably by the
widowed male and another mate. In two instances only were the

eS oe
—_

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 245

nests constructed near the top fof tall spruce trees; the sandy
nature of the soil in their vicinity was not favourable to building
on cliffs. (Macfarlane.)

In the spring of 1891 Mr. Hine of Winnipeg found this noble
bird breeding in a cliff on the Winnipeg River. In June, 1893, I
saw a golden eagle at Morley in Alberta and was informed a pair
nested in the Rocky Mountain foothills, My collection contains
36 eggs of this eagle collected in Californiaand Montana. It lays
2 eggs, sometimes 3, and some are very heavily marked like buz-
zard’s eggs. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS
Four fine specimens from various parts of Canada.
CXXVII]. HALIAETUS Savieny 1809.

351. Gray Sea Eagle.
Flahi@etus albicilla (LiNN.) LEACH 1816

General in Greenland; has been taken in many places. (Herluy
Winge.) Inhabits generally and breeds in the whole of Danish
Greenland, including the eastern coast. Its northern range not
as yetdetermined. (Arct. Man.) A common resident at Ivigtut,
Greenland, and breeds there; more common in winter. (Hag-
erup.)

BREEDING Notes.—At Ivigtut, Greenland, Mr. Hagerup,
obtained a clutch of eggs on May 15th that had been taken from
the nest two weeks previously ; they had been sat upon about one
week. On June 1oth another clutch was secured that had been
taken about three weeks before, and these were almost wholly in-
cubated. It is probable that nests with fresh eggs can be found
in April. (Chamberlain in The Auk, Vol. V1., 292.)

I have a set of three eggs taken at Godthaab, Greenland, April
20th, 1898 ; the nest was built on the ledge of aseacliff. I have
another set of two eggs taken in South Greenland, June 15th,
1890. (W. Raine.)

352. BALD EAGLE.
Flaheetus leucocephalus alascanus C. H. Townsend. 1899.

A pair of this species was seen on August 17th, 1896, by Mr. A.
P. Low near Ungava Bay. Though far from common, it breeds
in suitable situations in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-

246 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

wick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and westward to the Pacific.
In its northern range in the Mackenzie River valley it descends
to the Arctic coast. It is extremely common on the coasts of
British Columbia and very common in the interior of the province.
Passing to the north it becomes still more abundant on the
Aleutian Islands.

While collecting on the Bay of Chaleurs at Port Daniels near
Gaspé in August, 1882, I amused myself watching a fish hawk
trying to supply its young with flat fish caught in the shallow
. waters of the bay. At some distance from the shore on the margin
of the forest were a series of large trees that had been killed by fire.
In a tall one of these an eagle usually stationed himself and kept
an eye on the hawk. As soon as the hawk caught a fish the eagle
wouid move out in pursuit and then would commence a series of
gyrations by both birds. The aim of the eagle was to get above
the hawk and if he failed to accomplish this the hawk won. If
the hawk was beaten the eagle would come down on him, the fish
was dropped, the eagle caught it and each would sail away, the
eagle to the forest, the hawk to the sea. Day after day this
performance was repeated and the hawk’s nest was located but
that of the eagle was not seen.

In June, 1893, the writer was collecting at Comox, Vancouver
Island, and observed the same thing to a less extent, but besides
getting a supply from the hawks the eagle fished for himself.
Not by diving, however, but by going to stony flats at Cape Lazo
and fishing for himself. Shallow pools were left when the tide
was out and in them numerous small fish chiefly under stones.
We had been collecting seaweeds and small fish and a “ singing
fish’, we were told, was found there. This fish certainly made a
booming noise and guided us to its retreat, and numerous speci-
mens were collected. The eagle seemed to be guided by the
sound for he, too, obtained specimens under our very eyes. All
my observations are against this form killing birds. I have seen
him catch snakes and fish, steal fish from the fish hawk and eat
carrion, but beyond that I never saw him go. All observers
report this speeies as breeding near water and it seems to know
that it is an advantage to build its nest as near the food supply as
possible.

BREEDING Notes.—This bird is fast becoming scarce in east-
ern Ontario. Up to the year 1895 there was a nest every year in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 247

a tall pine about seven miles east of Gananoque and a mile from
the St. Lawrence. There is still (1901).a nest every year near
Charleston Lake, about 10 miles from Lansdowne. It also breeds
on Simcoe Island, opposite Kingston, Ont. I was present at the
taking of its eggs on 28th April, 1900, two in number and almost
ready to hatch. As the seventy acres of woodland in which this
nest is situated are being cleared of timber it is probable that the

bird will shortly be banished from this locality, but it still nests

undisturbed on the Duck Islands and Timber Island, Lake Ontario.
(Rev. C. J. Young.)

This species nests regularly, though rarely, along the shores of
Lake Erie, and along other large bodies of water in Ontario where
the country is not too thickly settled, but I have never heard of
nor seen it breeding away from the water. (W. £. Saunders.)
At Shuswap Lake, British Columbia, in July, 1889, I saw a nest
in a large cottonwood tree about forty feet from the ground,
near the shore of the lake. Nest very large, made of sticks and
must have been three feetin diameter. The young were as large
at this time as old birds. The young feed a good deal on dead fish
that float ashore and also upon carrion. Common throughout Van-
couver Island. At Comox shot many specimens both young and
old. At this time, June, 1893, they were feeding on the singing
fish which they caught from under stones when the tide was out.
(Spreadborough.)

Several nests were found with eggs and young in them on Lock-
hart and Anderson rivers. They were built on high trees close to
the river banks and composed of dried sticks and branches lined
with deer hair, mosses, hay and other soft materials. There were
from two to three eggs in eachnest. In one instance the parents
made hostile demonstrations when their nests were being robbed,
but they generally flew away and kept at a safe distance. They
are not very numerous, and it is very doubtful if any breed to the
northward of Fort Anderson. Lat. 69° 30’. (Macfarlane.)

This bird nests in Muskoka and in northern Alberta. I have
six clutches of eggs,some of which were taken in northern
Ontario and the others in northern Alberta. (W. Raine.) May
16th, 1897, a set of two partly incubated eggs was taken from a
nest on Raza Island, Toba Inlet, Gulf of Georgia, B.C., by Charles
Collier. The nest was in a tree about 90 feet from the ground.
It was at least 4 feet across and built of sticks. In the middle on

248 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA

he level top there was an inner nest about 16 inches across with a
slight depression in the centre where the two eggs lay. The inner
nest was almost entirely composed of moss. (W. Harvey.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two mature birds. One set of eggs taken at Sheet Harbour near
Halifax, Nova Scotia, and another set of two taken on an island
in the Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, by W. Harvey.

CXXVIII. FALCO Linnezus. 1758.
353. White Gyrfalcon.

Falco tslandus BRUNN. 1764.

Common in Greenland. (Herluf Winge.) In summer more
common in the northern inspectorate of Greenland than in the
southern, but occuring according to Dr. Finsch also on the eastern
coast. The limits of its breeding-range in either direction have
not been determined (Avctic Manual.) Common at Ivigtut.
(Hagerup.) Taken at McCormack Bay, and at Disco Island,
Greenland, by the Peary and Relief expeditions. (Witmer Stone.)
Common at Fort Chimo and east coast of Labrador. Resident in
northern portions, breeds at Fort Chimo. (FPackard.) Pretty
regular in its fall migrations but does not breed in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) A casual visitor to Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Occasionally
seen in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Two specimens killed
at Port Burwell, Hudson Strait, July, 1884. (Dr. R. Bell.) A very
fine male of this species was shot at Point des Monts, eastern
Quebec, and another seen in the spring of 1885 by Mr. N. A.
Comeau. (Zhe Auk, Vol. II, 315.) We have received a specimen
of this species from Ungava Bay, Ungava District, shot by Mr.

Thomas Mackenzie in 1890. (/. A. H. Brownin The Auk, Vol. -

VIII, 236.)

‘““Accidental visitant ;” rare at Montreal. Mr. Kuetzing says
he has purchased four examples of this species in the Bonsecours
market. I have not heard of any gyrfalcons occurring here in recent
years. (Wintle.) A very rare visitor at Ottawa, Ont.; one fine
specimentaken. (G.R. White.) The gyrfalcon isaconstant resident
in the Hudson Bay territories, where itis known by the name of the
“Speckled Partridge Hawk” or by that of the ‘‘ Winterer.” I
have ascertained that it is occasionally seen as far south as Lat.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 249

52. Itis found northward to the coast of the Arctic Sea, and
probably in the most northern Georgian Islands; it is a well-
known inhabitant of Iceland and Captain Sabine observed it on
the west coast of Greenland, as high as Lat. 74°. (Richardson.)

During my residence in the north I secured: only a single
specimen of this bird, an Eskimo skin taken at Cape Darby on
the Alaskan shore of Behring Strait. (JVe/son.) A single specimen
of this species was killed at St. Michael, 15th May, 1877. It is
not a common bird in this vicinity, and oftener seen in spring than
at other seasons. (Zurner.) |

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three fine specimens, all procured at Fort Churchill, Hudson
pay, by Dr. R. Bell.
354. Gray Gyrfalcon.

Falco rusticolus Lixn. 1758.

The darker form of Great Northern Falcon, by some held to be
distinct both from F. ¢slandus and F. gyrfalco. Yhe northern

limits of its breeding range have not yet been determined. A

young male falcon killed 24th September, 1872, on the Fiskenes,
referred by Dr. Finsch to F. gyrfalco probably belonged to this
form. (Arct. Man.) Common in north Greenland. (Herlut Winge.)
Winter specimens only obtained at Fort Chimo. Not known to
breed in the Ungava District. (Packard.) Common resident in
Greenland and breeding at Ivigtut. (Hagerup.) Probably
occurs in Newfoundland. (Reeks.)

Casual. One specimen of this species was shot by Mr. E. White
on the banks of the Rideau, below Cummings’ Bridge, Ottawa, on
3rd December, 1890 ; another was shot by G. R. White some years
before. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Since the year 1885, I
have received over 30 sets of the eggs of this fine bird from Ice-
land. It lays from 3 to 4 handsome eggs, making a slight nest on
ledges of the sea cliff. (W. Raine.)

354a. Gyrfalcon.

Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (LINN.) STEJN. 1885.
There is no doubt but that this form was included in F. zslandus
by Sir John Richardson as he found the birds nesting not far from
where Macfarlane found this species 40 years later.

250 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Seen from 6th to 20th September, 1884, flying south at Prince
of Wales Sound, Hudson Strait. (Payne.) Taken at Fort
Churchill, west side of Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) York Factory,
Hudson Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) One specimen taken at Disco,
Greenland, 1891. (W2ztmer Stone.)

Throughout all Alaska, from the Aleutian Islands north, both
along the coast and through the interior, extending from Behring
Strait across the northern portion of British America, the
present falcon is the commonest bird of prey. It frequents the
vicinity of cliffs and rocky points about the sea coast, or the
rocky ravines of the interior during the breeding season, and the
remainder of the year, especially in the fall, it is found wandering
over the country everywhere that food can be obtained. (/Ve/son.)
Several specimens of this gyrfalcon were obtained in the vicinity of
St. Michael, where it is a constant resident, with probably excep-
tions during protracted periods of very severe weather. The
natives assert that this bird breeds on the high hills, either on a
rocky ledge or on the moss-covered ground. (Zurner.) The
only hawk obtained at Point Barrow was of this variety. Hawks
were seen in 1882 and 1883, but were always very wild and diffi-
cult to approach. (M@Murdoch.) Observed numerous individuals
along the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, during 1899. (Grennell.)
Two specimens taken at Point Barrow, Arctic Sea, Alaska,
September, 1897. (Witmer Stone.) A regular though scarce
fall and spring visitor at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—This gyrfalcon is common in the wooded
country on both sides of the Anderson River. Over 20 nests
were secured, and with only two exceptions which were built one
on a ledge of rocks and the other against the side of a deep ravine,
they were found close to or near the top of the tallest trees in the
neighbourhood. They are similar in composition, but smaller in
size than those of the bald eagle ; and while the number of eggs
was either three or four, their contents were frequently found
in different stages of development. The earliest date for finding
a nest was May ioth. The eggs were quite fresh, though one
taken five days later contained partially formed embryos. In a
few cases young birds were in the same nest along with the eggs,
the contents of which were but little changed, and in another an
egg perfectly fresh was found with several ready to hatch. This
falcon is supposed to be a “ winterer” in the northern parts of

V
.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 251

Canada where its prey is said to consist chiefly of ptarmigan.
The allied /. susticolus or probably F. zslandus breeds in small
numbers in the same region, as the indians often spoke of a large
hawk, twice observed by myself, which had successfully eluded
all attempts to capture itself or its eggs. (Macfarlane.)

354). Black Gyrfalcon.
Falco rusticolus obsoletus (GMEL.) STEJN. 1885.

Abundant at Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay. Eggs obtained 24th
May. Very rare in winter. (Packard.) Rare at Port Manvers,
Labrador ; one taken Ig01. (Szgelow.) One specimen was taken
pie Long Island,)Kine’s Co., N.S. Jan. 8th, 1898.) 177. Tajfis.)r A
number of individuals of this species have been taken at Godbout,
on the Lower St. Lawrence, by Mr. Comeau, and I have known
two individuals to be taken at Quebec. (Dvzonne.) This species
was common in the river below Fort Chimo, Ungava Biy, Sep-
tember 18th, 1896. (Spreadborough.) I have a specimen taken on
the St. Clair Flats, Ont., some years ago. (/. H. Fleming.)
Thompson-Seton, in his ** Birds of Manitoba,” doubtfully refers
this bird to that province as a winter visitor. Later, in Zhe
Auk, Vol. X, p. 49, he says: ‘Since I wrote the ‘ Birds of Mani-
toba,’ two fine specimens have been taken, and are now in the
Manitoba Museum.” In the opinion of the writer his quotations
from Hearne and Hutchins refer to the preceding subspecies and
not to this one.

For the nesting of this bird see Bendire’s‘' Life Histories of
North American Birds,” Vol. I, p. 286.

In 1896 Mr. John Burton, of Hamilton, presented me witha
skin of this bird which he obtained at Long Point, Lake Erie, in
the fall of 1893. This is the only record of this bird occurring in
Ontario. Mr. McIlwraith, of Hamilton, in his work, “ Birds of
Ontario,” has no record of this bird, although at the time he
wrote his book there was the above skin at the home of Mr.
Burton in Hamilton. This skin is now in the possession of Mr.
Fleming, of Toronto, whose collection is rich in rare Ontario
birds. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
One set of three eggs taken at Fort Chimo, Ungava, June,

1897, by G. Bouchier.
3

v
4
\

252 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

355. Prairie Falcon.
Falco mexica.us, SCHLEG. 1841.

The first time the writer observed this species was in Septem-
ber, 1885, at Rush Lake, Assa., on the line of the C.P.Ry. The e
were a number of them and they seemed tobe quite tame. Each
telegraph pole was occupied, and as the bird was new to me I
shot one. For years after this I saw no more, but in the spring
of 1892 Mr.Spreadborough shot one at Indian Head, Assa. Inthe
summer of 1895 none was seen on a traverse of 600 miles or
until we reached the West Butte. At the police station named
Pend d’Orielle, on the Milk River, they were numerous and doubt-
less they bred there.

One specimen was taken at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C.,
June 9, 1890. (Spreadborough.) Formerly a regular fall and
winter visitor and may breed in the mountains in the lower Fraser
Valley, B.C. (Bvrooks.) Taken at Comox, Vancouver Island,
December, 1894, by Mr. W. Harvey. (/annin.)

BREEDING Nores.—At one of our astronomical stations, on the
west branch of the ‘ Two Forks” of Milk River no less than four
species of large hawks had their nests within sight of each other,
and only a few hundred yards apart. These were Swainson’s and
the Ferruginous buzzards, the common falcon and the present
species. * i The nest to which I now refer was
discovered 18th July, 1874, on the perpendicular face of the “ cut
bank” of the stream. It contained three young scarcely able to
fly. Two of these were shot on the wing close to the nest, and the
third was brought to me alive by a soldier. This nest was built
behind an upright column of earth, partly washed away from the
main embankment, in such a position that no full view of it could
be obtained from any accessible standpoint. But it was certainly
placed directly on the ground, in a little water-worn hollow of the
bank, behind the projecting mound, so that it was almost like a
burrow. (Cowes on Birds of Dakotah and Montana.)

I have a set of four eggs taken in southern Alberta, May 17th,
1897. The nest is merely eggs simply laid on the gravel ina
hollow on the high bank of a river. (W. Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Rush Lake, Assa., by the writer, Septem-
ber 16th, 1885. The other taken at Indian Head, Assa., in Sep-
tember, 1891, by W. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 253

One set of eggs taken at the Elbow River about 50 miles south-
west of Calgary, Alta, by Colonel Windham, May 24th, 1806.
Nest very slight, a hollow in the cliff of the river bank.

356. Duck Hawk.
Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.) Buasius. 1862.

A common species in Greenland. (Herluf Winge.) Said to
breed generally throughout Greenland, certainly up to Lat.
69° N.and in many of the lands to the westward of Baffin
Bay. Examples obtained by Dr. Walker of the “ Fox” R.Y.S.,
at Port Kennedy, Lat. 72° N., are specifically indistinguishable
from European specimens. (Arctic Manual.) Frequently observed
in the vicinity of Ivigtut. (Hagerup.) On Marble Island and at
York Factory, Hudson Bay, September, 1885. (Dr. R. Bell.)

This species is rare in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia as a mig-
rant. Reported to breed in New Brunswick by Chamberlain and
known to breed in Quebec and Ontario: Probably breeds in
northern Manitoba, but is rare on the prairies. Only three speci-
mens were seen by Mr. Spreadborough at Indian Head, Assa., in
the spring of 1892. It is commonly met with in the wooded
country north of Lat. 52° in the autumn. It is rare in the moun-
tains as no specimens were ever seen between Calgary and Kam-
loops, B.C. It is not a rare bird west of the Coast Range and is
a resident on Vancouver Island. Apparently common throughout
Alaska and breeding.

BREEDING Notes.—Abundant at Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay,
nesting on cliffs. Eggs obtained May 24th. (Packard.) Said to
breed at St. Martins, on the Bay of Fundy, N.B. (Chamberlain.)
One old bird and two young ones shot on Marble Island, Hudson
Bay, Ist September, 1884. (Dr. R. Bell.) Said to nest on the
cliffs along the Humber river, Newfoundland. (ZL. H. Porter.)

Yamaska Mountain, at Abbottsford, about 4o miles east of
Montreal, has been a breeding place for this species for many
years. Mr. Fisk reports that a pair of these hawks had a
nest on the west side of the mountain, and he has observed
this species there every year for forty years past. He took two
eggs of the duck hawk in April, 1891, there, from under a rocky
ledge ; no material was used for the nest, only a slight hollow
scratched out by the hawks under a shelving rock. (Wintle.) A pair

3%

254 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

nest on Lake Muskoka, Ont., regularly. Mr. Tavernier took a set
of four eggs from the nest on 24th May, 1898 ; it formerly bred on
the Bruce Peninsula. (/. H. Fleming.) On 15th April, 1894, saw
a pair that were breeding in a hole in the high“ cut bank ” of the
Saskatchewan at Medicine Hat, Assa. (Spreadborough.)

This falcon constructs no nest whatever so faras I know. It
lays its eggs on the most inaccessible ledge of a river cliff
of earth or rock. Four is the usual number, and in some
instances the eggs were larger than in others. All of the dis-
covered nests were found in the country to the southward of the
post, and it is doubtful if they breed much beyond Lat. 68° north.
Early in August, for several successive years, young birds of the
season, fully fledged, but still attended by their parents, were
noticed alon: the limestone and sandstone banks of the Mackenzie
River. ((Macfarlane.)

This bird breeds rarely in eastern Ontario. I saw it in April,
1899, and the following year. A nest containing four eggs was
taken near the Blue Mountain, Leeds Co., Ont., by Mr. W. G.
Shelbourne. I visited the locality on the 23rd April, 1901, and
saw the birds but they had not yet laid their eggs. The nest was
secured later, on the gth May, and it and the eggs are now ina
private collection in Kingston. The nest has also very recently
been found in the Muskoka Lake district, and when in Toronto
I saw the eggs from there. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

I have eight clutches of eggs of this bird, taken in Muskoka and
northern Alberta. One set of 4 eggs was collected by P. A. Taver-
nier,at Muskoka Lake, May 22nd, 1898. The nest was on a ledge of
a cliff overhanging the water, 25 feet from the top of the cliff and
70 feet above the water. The nest was only a slight hollow ona
ledge 2 feet wide, the half-devoured remains of a ruffed grouse
and pileated woodpecker were lying on the ledge near the nest.
Mr. Wenman has collected for me two sets of eggson the banks of
Blindman’s River, Alberta. There was no nest in either case, the
eggs being simply laid on the gravel. A pair nest on Scarboro
cliffs seven miles west of Toronto and three miles from my house
but the nest is inacessible. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; two procured at York Factory, Hudson Bay, by Dr..

R.Bell. Anothertaken at Edmonton, Alta., by W.Spreadborough,
May 15th, 1897.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 255

One set of 3 eggs taken 8 miles northwest of Red Deer,
Alberta, by J. W. Dippie, June 13th, 1896. Two sets of 3 each
taken at Fort Chimo, Ungava, by G. Bouchier, in June, 1898 ; and
one egg from Repulse Bay.

356a. Peale’s Falcon.

Falco peregrinus pealet Ripew. 1880.

Along the southwestern coast of Alaska from Kadiak to Sitka
this dark handsome variety of the duck hawk is found, perhaps
entirely replacing its more eastern and northern relative. It has
not been recorded from the interior or northern portion of the
territory to the north of the Alaskan Mountains ; but it is known
to extend to the extreme western end of the Aleutian chain.
(Nelson.) This falcon was frequently observed on Amchitka
Island in the month of June, 1881; and on Attu Island during
1880 and 1881. It breeds on nearly all the islands of the chain,
and is a winter resident of the Nearer Group at least. On Agattu
it is reported to be very common; and on Amchitka I knew of
three nests on the ledges of the high bluffs hanging over the sea.
(Turner.) Mainland of British Columbia and on Vancouver
Island. Chiefly coastwise. (Fannin.) Mounted specimens of
this form were seen in the shop of Mr. Inglis, Vancouver, B.C.
(Rhoads.)

357. Pigeon Hawk.
Falco columbarius LINN. 1758.

This species was scattered all across the District of Ungava
from the mouth of Whale River almost to Fort Chimo in the
summer of 1896, and others were taken off Cape Chidley in
Hudson Strait. (Spreadborough.) Audubon, Vol.1, 89, states that
eges and nest were found in Labrador about June Ist. Coues
met with it (p. 216) on two occasions at Groswater Bay on 5th
August and on 25th of same month at Henley Harbour. (Packard.)

This species is more or less common, breeding in suitable places
on Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New
Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. It is also common in the wooded
parts of Manitoba, extending north to Fort Churchill on Hudson
Bay, where it was taken by Dr. R. Bell. Richardson says it
makes its appearance on the coast of Hudson Bay in May about
York Factory in Lat. 57°. He also saw what he took to be the

256 GEOLOGIGAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

same species at Great Bear Lake in Lat. 66°. This was in the
spring of 1825. Ross records it north to Lapierre’s House in the
valley of the Mackenzie. It is a common species in the wooded
portion of Alaska and extends west to Unalaska according to
Turner. It descends south into British Columbia east of the
Coast Range where it is fairly common though rare on the coast,
according to Fannin. A mated pairseen at Lake La Hache, B.C,,
by Mr. Rhoads.

On the prairie it is seldom seen but one was taken at Medicine
Hat in May, 1894, and a pair in the Cypress Hills in the same
year. A few were observed on Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in 1895.
None were seen in the mountains by Mr. Spreadborough in 1890,
1891, 1897 and 1898, but a pair were found breeding by him in the
summer of 1902 at Cascade, B.C., on the 4gth paraliel, and a nest
was taken by him at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897.

I found the pigeon hawk quite common during August along
the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. (Gvennell.)

BREEDING Notres.—We have few authentic records of the
nesting of this bird.

It breeds every year in the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, selecting a thick bushy place. (Rev. C./. Young.)
A {pair built regularly on an island in Lake Joseph, Mus-
koka, Ont. (/. H. Fleming.) This falcon ranges along the
Anderson River almost to the Arctic coast at Liverpool Bay.
Several of their rests had apparently been built by them on pine
trees, and others on the ledges of shaly cliffs. The former were
composed externally of a few dry willow twigs, and internally of
withered hay or grass, etc., and the latter had only a very few
decayed leaves under the eggs. I would also mention the follow-
ing interesting circumstance. On May 25th, 1864, a trusty
Indian in my employ found a nest placed in the midst of a thick
branch of a pine tree at a height of about six feet from the
ground. It was rather loosely constructed of a few dry sticks
and a small quantity of hay. It then contained two eggs. Both
parents were seen, fired at and missed. On the 31st he revisited
the nest which still had two eggs, and again missed the birds.
Several days latter he made another visit thereto, and to his sur-
prise the eggs and parents had disappeared. His first impression
was that some other person had taken them. After looking care-
fully around he perceived both birds at a short distance and this

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 257

led him to institute a search which soon resulted in finding that
the eggs must have been removed by the parent birds to the face
of a muddy bank at least forty yards distant from the original
nest. A few decayed leaves had been placed under them, but
nothing else in the way of lining. A third egg had been added
in the interim. There can hardly be any doubt of the truth of
the foregoing facts. (d/acfarlane.)

I have sets of eggstaken in Muskoka and southern Labrador, also
others from northern Manitoba and northern Assiniboia. One of
the sets was taken at Lake St. Joseph, Muskoka, Ontario, by
J. D. McMurrick. The nest was built in a tall pine and contained
four handsome eggs. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one taken at Ottawa, Ont., by G. R. White, and one
taken at Toronto by S. Herring. Two others were taken by W.
Spreadborough, one at Edmonton, Alta., May 6th, 1897, and one
at Huntington, B.C., October Ioth, 1891.

One set of four eggs taken in Muskoka, Ont., May 24th, 1890.
Received from W. Razne.

8574. Black Merlin.

Falco columbartus suckleyt RipGw. 1873.

A common summer resident along the coast of British Colum-
bia. Abundant on Vancouver Island. (Fanmin.) Resident in
the Lower Fraser valley; commoner than the pigeon hawk.
(Brooks.) One seen at Sooke, Vancouver Island, August, 1893.
(Spreadborough.) Examples seen on the coast should be classed
under this name, though Mr. Fannin has both forms west of the
Coast Range. A specimen from Victoria is in the collection.
(Rhoads.)

358. Richardson’s Merlin.

Falco richardson Ripew. 1870.

One specimen, the only individual of this species observed,
was taken on the headwaters of the Mouse (Souris) River (near
the International Boundary Lat. 49°), 8th September, 1873.
(Coues.) One specimen was shot by the writer at “ the elbow” of
the South Saskatchewan, Assa., gth September, 1880.

aiak

258 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

A single pair was seen in the neighbourhood of Carlton
House in May, 1827, and the female was shot. In the oviduct
there were several full-sized white eggs, clouded at one end with
a few bronze-coloured spots. The specimen killed at Carlton
House is, beyond doubt, an old female merlin just beginning to
have its new feathers. (Richardson.) Carlton House was situated
about Lat. 53° on the North Saskatchewan about 100 miles north
of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Macfarlane had no certainty
of the occurrence of this species on the Anderson River and I am
inclined to believe that only stragglers reach the North Saskat-
chewan.

Taken at Chilliwack on the Fraser by Mr. Brooks and
near Victoria by Mr. A. H. May. (Fannin.) Occurs in migrations
only, both east and west of the Coast Range, B.C.; a few individ-
uals seen at Lake Okanagan in the winter of 1897-98. (Bvooks.)
One shot at the head of Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Rhoads.)

BREEDING NoTes.—Breeds in Alberta and western Assiniboia.
The first authentic set on record is in my collection. It was taken
by Mr. Roy Ivor, south of Moose Jaw, Assa., on May 2oth, 1893.
The nest containing four eggs was made of sticks and weeds and
built in a poplar tree-top. The next set recorded was found by
J. E. Houseman at Calgary, Alberta, May 12th, 1894. Mr. House-
man kindly sent me these eggs to make drawings of some time
after he collected them. It is a handsome clutch and is now in
the collection of Mr. Crandell. Mr. Dippie has also taken eggs,
young birds and parents near Calgary. A handsome set in my
cabinet was taken at Fort Saskatchewan, May 17th, 1899, showing
this bird usually has eggs by the middle of May. It is rather
singular that there is no record of the nesting habits of this bird
in Bendire’s “ Life Histories of N. A. Birds,” probably on account
of the author having such a vague knowledge of the birds nesting
in northwest Canada. (W. Raine.)

358.1. Merlin,

Falco merillus (GERINI.) OBERHOLSER. 1899.

A specimen caught at sea,Lat. 57° 41’ N., Long. 35° 23’ W., in
May, 1867, by Mr. E. Whymper, and by him presented to the
Norfolk and Norwich Museum, seems to have reached the most
western limit of the species known. (Arctic Manual.) A speci-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 259

men of this species was shot at Cape Farewell, Greenland, on 3rd
May, 1875, which is now in the collection of the Public Museum
at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (Bendire, Vol. 1., 304.)

359.1. Kestrel,
Falco tinnunculus, LINN. 1758.

One said to have flown on board ship off Cape Farewell, south
of Greenland, on Parry’s first return voyage, and killed. (Arctic
Manual.)

360. American Sparrow Hawk.
Falco sparverius, LINN. 1858.

Dr. Coues saw a single individual of this species in Labrador.
It is not rare in Newfoundland, and breeds in Nova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. By many
observers its occurrence in small numbers and breeding is re-
corded. Dr. R. Bell took a male at York Factory, Hudson Bay.
Thompson-Seton shows the species to be very plentiful in Mani-
toba, and the writer’s own observations and those of Mr. Spread-
borough give the same result for the whole prairie region includ-
ing Assiniboia and Alberta. It is acommon species in the valleys
of the Rocky Mountains at Banff and westward. Abundant at
Revelstoke,on the Columbia,where it was first seen in 1890, on April
oth. Later it became quite plentiful and was abundant down the
Columbia to Robson. This species is abundant westward through
British Columbia, but doubtless becomes mixed with the desert
sparrow hawk in the country around Lake Okanagan. Mr.
Fannin reports it common on the coast and Vancouver Island.

Richardson places its northern limit in Lat. 54°, but Ross
found it as far north in the Mackenzie River valley as Lapierre’s
House, though rather rare. In Alaska it is very rare, as Nel-
son says only one specimen was known until Krause found them
numerous on Chilcat River near the end of August.

BREEDING Notres.—This is the commonest of our small hawks
and breeds every year in suitable places in eastern Ontario. It
selects a hole, usually a flicker’s, in a dead pine or some other
tree, and lays its eggs about 15th May. I have seen the young
able to fly in July. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Breeds in Toronto, Ont.,
and around the city, as well as in the Parry Sound District.

y) q ]
260 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

(J. H. Fleming.) This bird seems to prefer holes in trees, the
old nests of the flicker are probably the ones used. The eggs,
five in number, are of a buff or pale yellowish brown, with
splashes of dark brown all over, but most numerous at the
greater end. About the first week in May, the nest maybe looked
for in the neighbourhood of Ottawa. (G. R. White.) Breeds
always in cavities in trees—eggs 4-6. (W. £. Saunders.)

This species was first seen in 1892 at Indian Head, Assa., on
16th April, and was common by the 24th. It breeds in the woods
and in trees in the stream valleys. A nest was found in an old
flicker’s nest in a poplar, June 5th; it contained five eggs. In April,
1894, it began to breed on the 17th in holes in poplars. On the
27th May, 1895, a nest was discovered in a flicker’s hole in a box
elder tree on Old Wives’ Creek, Assa. The female sat so close
that she had to be shoved witha stick before she would move.
The nest contained five eggs of a deep cinnamon buff, but becom-
ing brown or cinnamon at the larger end. This species is also
common on Vancouver Island, always breeding in holes. It feeds
upon mice, young birds, grasshoppers and other insects and on
one occasion I saw one catch a small snake. I have seen nests
from 60 to 70 feet above the ground. (Spreadborough.) It breeds
in the interior at least as far north as Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake,
in Lat. 62° N. (Sendire, Vol. 1., 309).

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen ; of these two were taken at Toronto, Ont., by S.
Herring ; two at Ottawa by F. A. Saunders ; the others by W.
Spreadborough at Indian Head, Assa., Banff, Rocky Mountains,
and Revelstoke onthe Columbia River, B.C.

A set of five eggs taken near Edmonton, Alta., May 31st, 1893;
another set taken on Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., by W. Spread-
borough, May 27th, 1895.

360a. Desert Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverius deserticolus MEARNS. 1892.

Near the mouth of Milk River, Montana, June 30th, 1874, col-
lected by Dr. Coues. (Mearns in The Auk., Vol. 1X, 266.) Abund-
ant resident ; Mr. Brewster informs me that my Chilliwack speci-
mens of sparverius belong to this form. It is a permanent resident
throughout the southern part of British Columbia ; a few remain

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 261

at Lake Okanagan all winter. (Brooks.) Our specimens from
Medicine Hat, Assa., from the 4gth parallel between Trail and
Cascade, B.C., and those taken at Huntington in the Fraser River
valley are of this subspecies. (Vacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six ; three taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., two at Cascade, B.C.,
on the goth parallel, and one at Huntington in the Fraser River
valley on the goth parallel, all collected by Mr. Spreadborough.

CXXIX. POLYBORUS VIEILLoT. 1816.

362. Audubon’s Caracara.
Polyborus cheriway (Jacg.) Cas. 1848.

The occurrence of this species on the north shore of Lake
Superior, not far from Port Arthur, on July 18th, 1892, is reported
by Mr. George E. Atkinson, to the Natural History Society of
Ontario. (Wiliam Brewster in The Auk, Vol. X, 364.)

CXXX. PANDION Savieny.
364. American Osprey.

Pandion halaétus carolinensis (GMEL.) RipGw. 1870.

A single specimen was obtained at Godhavn, Greenland, by
Mr. E. Whymper and sent to the Museum at Copenhagen. (Avc-
tic Manual.)

This species is a common summer resident and generally dis-
tributed along rivers or the borders of lakes, in Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec and
throughout Ontario. Westward it is found under the same con-
ditions throughout the prairie regions and the mountains to the
Pacific coast. Northward it is found in all the forest country and
beyond the Arctic Circle in the valley of the Mackenzie. In
Alaska, Nelson places its breeding range beyond the Arctic
Circle so that it breeds almost throughout its range.

BREEDING Notes.—About the beginning of May the osprey
commences to build. Its nest is built near the top of a tall tree
and is apparently occupied year after year by the same birds.
Fach year a fresh layer of dry sticks is laid on top of the old nest
and it soon becomes a very bulky structure. The female lays

262 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

two or more eggs. A nest found at Lake of Islands north of
Ottawa, Ont., would be nearly six feet across and is apparently
made of large ‘sticks, weeds, cornstalks and bark. (Geo. R.
White.)

This bird is becoming very scarce along the St. Lawrence.
During the last ten years I have only seen a few examples. A
nest was found on May 23rd, I1g00, at Gananoque Lake, built on
top of a large broken pine, which contained three eggs. This is
the only case I know of its breeding in the County of Leeds,
Ont., but I formerly saw its nest frequently in the counties of
Lanark and Renfrew, built on the top of pinestubs. (Rev. C./.
Young.) Generally distributed in the Muskoka and Parry Sound
districts. I met with a nest in the centre of a heronry in Parry
Sound. (J. H. Fleming.)

Three specimens were observed on Moose River near Moose
Factory, James Bay, June 7th, 1896. A pair were breeding in the
top of a dead spruce tree. None were observed further north.
(Spreadborough.) The fish-hawk breeds about four miles up
Northwest River} above Hudson Bay Company’s station,
Labrador. (Packard.)

An abundant summer resident throughout British Columbia.
Its nest is usually on the broken top of a tree, not far from water.
(Fannin.) Common throughout Vancouver Island. Nest very
bulky and generally placed on the broken top of a tall dead tree.
I have seen a few nests, however, on living trees. The food of
this species consists principally of fish. I have watched them,
after flying slowly over a shallow bay, stop and hover for a few
seconds, then close their wings and drop like a meteor upon some
luckless fish which they seldom fail in catching. On a few occa-
sions I have seen them with snakes. Their nest is a huge heap of
sticks, usually placed on the top of a tall stub, scarcely ever less
than fifty feet from the ground. (Spreadborovgh.)

Breeds amongst the lakes of Muskoka, Ont. In June, 1893, we
shot a specimen at Banff, Rocky Mountains, and Mr. Fear in-
formed me a pair had a nest behind Tunnel Mountain. I havea
series of 200 eggs of the osprey and they are the most handsome
of all hawk’s eggs; this bird usually lays three eggs, but occa-
sionally four. (W. Raine.) Almost invariably there is a fish-
hawk nesting with the great blue heron at Sydney, Cape Breton
Island. At the heronry I visited, the hawks chased the herons

i

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 263

whenever they came near the nest, but Bayley tells me that the
hawks have been with the herons for several years. Later I
was told of several former colonies, and in each case a fish-
hawk nested among the herons. (C. R&. Harte.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Four ; these were taken at Billings Bridge, near Ottawa, Ont.,
at Toronto, and in British Columbia.
A set of three eggs taken at Portland Lake, near Halifax,
Nova Scotia, June 14th, 1895; also one taken by A. P. Low on
the Upper Hamilton River, Ungava, June Ioth, 1894.

Famity XXIX. STRIGIDA. Barn Owts.
CXXXI. STRIX Linneus. 1758.

_365. American Barn Owl.

Strix pratincola Bonar. 1838.

Apparently rare in Newfoundland, only one specimen taken.
(Reeks.) In May, 1882,a specimen was killed by young Mr. Reid,
gardener, York St., Hamilton, and in the fall of the same year
another was found in an empty out-house near the canal leading
to Dundas. Dr. Garnier of Lucknow, Ont., saw one some years
ago; and Mr. C. J. Brampton of Sault Ste. Marie reports having
seen two at that place. (Mcllwraith.) A specimen was captured
alive on acoal dock near the bay-front, Toronto, on September
7th, 1899. The bird soon died and proved to bea male. This is
the only Toronto record of which Iam aware. (J. H. Fleming in
The Auk, Vol. XVII., 177.) In the Bryant collection in the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy there is an American barn owl
taken by Mr. Louis Cabot at Long Point, Ontario, early in Nov-
ember, 1899. The specimen (No. 1482) was secured for the col-
lection by Mr. H. B. Bigelow. (Reginald Heber Howe, jr., in The
Auk, Vol. X1X., p. 79.)

Famity XXX. BUBONIDA#. Hornep Owts, &c.
CXXXII. ASIO Brisson. 1760.
366. American Long-eared Owl.

Asio wilsonianus (LESS.) COUES. 1882.

This species, like most of the owls, is so retiring in its habits
that their absence from a district is more apparent than real. On

7

264 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

this account we conclude that it breeds in its range from New-
foundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick,
Quebec and Ontario. We have records of its occurrence in all
these provinces but not as being anywhere common.

After long watching I at last found a small colony of these
birds (seven in number) in a cedar swamp some miles from the
city of Ottawa, Ont., and secured a fine pair on the Ist November,
1901. (G. Rk. White.)

This is a tolerably common summer resident in Manitoba, and
evidently breeds throughout the province. (Zhompson-Seton.)
One seen at Indian Head, Assa.,on April 13th, 1892, and not seen
again until June. The one killed had a white-footed mouse and
some large beetles in its stomach. On May 8th, 1894, a pair was
seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., and others were seen on Old Wives’
Creek, Assa., May, 1895; it was not observed anywhere in the
Rocky Mountains but was not uncommon in the woods at Edmon-
ton, Alta.,in May, 1897; later, I found a nest, with six eggs, in a
spruce tree about ten feet from the ground, composed of sticks and
lined with dried grass and leaves; a pair seen at Sicamous, B.C., in
July, 1889. (Spreadborough.) This bird has been found as far
north as Lat. 60°, and probably exists as far north as the forest
extends. It is plentiful in the woods skirting the Saskatchewan
plains, and frequents the shores of Hudson Bay only in summer.
(Richardson.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie; rare.
(Ross.) Common throughout British Columbia. (ZLord.) Rare ;
I have taken it on Vancouver Island only. (/annin.) Not com-
mon in the Lower Fraser valley; resident; not uncommon on
Lake Okanagan in the winter of 1897-98 ; resides in the Cariboo
district of British Columbia throughout the winter. (vooks.)
Rare everywhere but likely to turn up anywhere in British Col-
umbia. (Rhoads.)

BREEDING NoTes.—Rarely observed in eastern Ontario. One
specimen shot near Lynn, Leeds Co. in the fall of 1893. (Rev. C.
J. Young.) Not common, breeds in old crows’ nests. Eggs five or
six. (W. E. Saunders.) May 2oth, 1881, found a nest in a clump
of willows about 20 miles west of Winnipeg, Manitoba; nest, a
small bundle of sticks lined with the inner bark of the willow,
about eight feet from the ground; eggs, three. Also found a
nest not quite finished at Medicine Hat in the spring of 1894 in
a Manitoba maple; nest about the same height from the ground

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 265

as the first. Also found a nest at Edmonton in the spring of
1897 in a black spruce tree ; all the nests were alike and near
water. The long-eared owl feeds upon mice and small birds,
also upon insects ; I have found a number in their stomachs.
(Spreadborough.) On May 22nd, 1893, I founda nest at Oak Lake,
Manitoba, that was only five feet from the ground ; it contained
five eggs. This bird is an early breeder and usually has fresh
eggs by the end of April or early in May, but the next species—
the short-eared owl—is a late breeder and seldom has eggs
before June. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885,
another taken at Ottawa, Ont., by Mr. G. R. White. Five others
were taken at Indian Head, Assa., at Medicine Hat, Assa., at
Edmonton, Alta., and at Victoria, B.C., by W. Spreadborough.

A set of six eggs taken near Edmonton, Alta., by W. Spread-
borough, May 15th, 1897. Another set of two eggs taken at
Grenfell, Assa., by Richard Lake, 1894.

367. Short-eared Owl.
Asto accipitrinus (PaLL.) NEwtT. 1872.

A scarce species in Greenland, but perhaps breeds there,though
not further to the south than Lat. 65°. Its northern range alto-
gether unknown, but it has been shot on the Green Island in Disco
Bay, Lat.68° 50.’ (Arct. Man.) This species is a summer resi-
dent at Fort Chimo, Labrador ; specimens obtained in Davis
Inlet ; plentifulon the east shore of Hudson Bay. Not known
to winter in the Ungava District. (Packard.) Rather common at
Port Manvers and Nachvak, Labrador in September. (Bzgelow.)
A summer resident but not common in Newfoundland. (Reeks.)
Not common in Nova Scotia, but breeds there. (Dowans.) Com-
mon on the Grand Pré, near Wolfville, N.S., from April to the
middle of December. (7. Tufts.) Rare at St. Johns, New,Bruns-
wick. (Chamberlain.) Not uncommon some years ago at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) On July 22nd, 1889, two
were seen by Mr. Gardenain, on Niapisca Island, one of the
Mingan Group, Quebec. (Brewster.) Fort Churchill, Hudson
Bay. (Clarke.) Fort Churchill and York Factory, Hudson’ Bay.

266 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

(Dr. R. Bell.) An owl believed to be this species was seen in
the marshes on the Magdalen Islands. (Szshop.) Summer resi-
dent in Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common, but transient visitant at
Montreal ; more plentiful in the autumn. Specimens taken at
Montreal in October, 1889 and 1890, and others seen at Boucher-
ville Island in October, 1892. (Wintle.) A pair. was shot October
6th, 1883, by Mr. G. R. White, and one was seen the same month
by Mr. W. L. Scott; these are the only records. (Ottawa Natur-
alist, Vol. V.) This isa commoner species than the long-eared
owl and is likely more northern in its range. I have often observed
this species skimming noiselessly over the inlets and moist
meadows along the shore of Hamilton Bay. (Mcllwraith.) The
only records I have heard of in the districts of Parry Sound and
Muskoka are of two found at Port Sidney by Mr. Hay. Common
in the autumn at Toronto, Ont. (/. H. Fleming.) These birds
visit us in varying numbers at Toronto each fall. During
October, 1896, they were particularly abundant and while walk-
ing on the island it was not at all unusual to see upwards of a
dozen on the wing at the same time. Everywhere on the island
their advent was clearly marked by {the vast numbers of bird
remains scattered around, among which I noticed those of many
of the woodpeckers. I also noticed the remains of several smaller
owls which leads me to conclude that they are not altogether
innocent of cannibalism. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)

This species is tolerably common in Manitoba, but is a dweller
amongst the marshes and is seen there chiefly. It breeds through-
out the province. (Zhompson-Seton.) Two individuals were seen
at Indian Head, Assa., April 6th, 1892; soon afterwards they
became common, and began to breed, They fly often in the day
time in bright sunlight and on one occasion I saw one fly aimlessly
about for over an hour and clapping its wings together so rapidly
that they sounded like a rattle ; quite common at Medicine Hat
and Crane Lake, Assa., in May and June, 1894 ; in July, 1895, they
were common along Milk River and on the West Butte, Lat. 49°,
Alta.; a few individuals seen at Edmonton, Alta, in May,
1897 ; not observed in the Rocky Mountains, but seen in the Fraser
valley at Agassiz in May, 1889. (Spreadborough.)

This owl is asummer visitor in the Northwest Territories, arriv-
ing as soon as the snow disappears and departing in September.
We observed it as far north as Lat. 67°, and a female killed at

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 207

Fort Franklin on the 20th May, contained several pretty large
“eggs nearly ready for exclusion. (Richardson.) North of Fort
Simpson on the Mackenzie ; common. (Ross.) This species is a
regular and common migrant and summer resident at St. Michael
and is found as far north as Kotzebue Sound where skins were
procured in 1880. (/Ve/son.) This is the commonest bird of prey
in Alaska. It is to be found on all of the mainland and Aleutian
islands. (Zurner.) Sumas and Chilliwack prairies. (Lord.) Found
only on the coast ; a male was taken at mid-day at New West-
minster. (S¢veator.) Abundant, both on the island and on the
mainland ; remains on the coast throughout the winter. ( Fannin.)
Abundant resident in the Lower Fraser valley, B.C.; rather com-
mon in the Okanagan district in winter; occurs in the Cariboo
district in winter. (Svooks.) Vancouver and Lulu islands and
about the lakes of the interior. (Ahoads.) The short-eared owl
was noted everywhere during the summer from the vicinity of
Cape Blossom up to the Kowak, at Kotzebue Sound, Alaska.
(Grinnell.) A series of nine specimens from Point Barrow,
Alaska, collected in June, 1898, are considered a new race by
MeeWitmer Stone in Proc., Acad,.)Nat. Sci:, Phila., Vol. 41,

ps 475.

BREEDING Notres.—Not uncommon in the fall in eastern
Ontario. Onespecimen shot near Lansdowne, Ont.,in 1891. Breeds
every year on the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence. This
bird forms a slight nest on the ground amongst Carex, sedge, etc.,
sometimes among low bushy shrubs, and lays from five to nine
eggs in the month of June. I have a set of nine eggs taken June
14th, 1898, in the northernmost part of the islands, and have no
doubt a few pairs breed there every year. A nest containing
seven eggs was found in Cataraqui marsh near Kingston, Ont., on
May 23rd, 1902, by Mr. Ed. Beaupré, Kingston. It was in a wet
but grassy place. (Rev. C. /. Young.)

Twelve nests of this species were found in various situations in
the ‘ barrens” as well as in wooded tracts, but all were on the
ground, and mere depressions apparently scraped for the pur-
pose, and lined with dried grasses and withered leaves; a few
feathers were noticed in about half of them, and they seemed to
have been plucked from her breast by the parent bird. She occa-
sionally sits very close on her nest. The number of eggs in a
nest varied between three and five, and but one contained as

.4

268 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

many as seven. On 30th June, 1865, an owl was observed flying
about a particular spot in the barren grounds, and we concluded
that its mate was not far off, a suspicion confirmed by its uneasy
excitement as soon as a search was instituted. Myself and four
of our party were thus fully engaged over an hour ere success
rewarded our efforts by the female getting off her nest in the
centre of a small clump of dwarf willows, one foot in height, just
as she was almost trodden upon. It was composed of withered
grasses and feathers, and contained five eggs. We must have
frequently approached her in the course of our protracted search.
(Macfarlane.)

I have found this species nesting in Manitoba and Assiniboia,
making its nest on the ground ; it lays from five to seven eggs.
I have three sets that were taken at Shoalwater Bay and Mac-
kenzie Bay, Arctic America. One set of five eggs was taken
June 6th, 1898, another set of four, June 4th, 1890, and another
set of five, June 7th, 1898, so that the first week in June appears
to be the time this bird has fresh eggs in the Arctic regions. The
Eskimo’s name for this bird is Nipaiclooktik. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; .one
procured at Aylmer, Que., in 1886; one in Russell Co., Ont., in
September, 1890 ; three others were taken at Indian Head, Assa.,
Edmonton, Alta., and Victoria, B.C., by W. Spreadborough.

One set of five eggs taken at Moose Jaw, Assa., May 28th,
1894, by Mr. W. Raine. Nest on ground. A hollow lined with
grass and weeds, built on a rising ground overlooking the slough.

CXXXIII. SYRNIUM Savieny. 1800.

368 Barred Owl.
Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.) Bole. 1828.

Apparently a summer resident but not common in Newfound-
land. (Reeks.) A common resident in Nova Scotia both winter
and summer. (Downs. Gilpin.) An abundant resident in New
Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) A permanent resident at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B.; tolerably common. (W. H. Moore.) Taken
at Beauport; a resident in Quebec. (Déionne.) . A permanent-resi-—
dent at Montreal, but not common. I shot a female and male
specimens October 25th, 1889, and February 8th, 1890, on the spur
of Mount Royal. (MW7ntle.) A moderately common resident in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 269

the Ottawa district. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Along the
southern boundary of Ontario the barred owl is by no means
vrare, but farther north I have not heard of it being observed.
(Mcllwraith.) A common resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka
districts. Common around Toronto, also at Cache Lake, Algon-
quin Park. (/. H. Mleming.) The most northern point I have
met this bird is Whitney on the Parry Sound Railway, northern
Ontario. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A rare resident in the London
district. (W. &. Saunders.) Rare and probably migratory. A sum-
mer resident though rare ; more common east of Winnipeg, Man.
(Thompson-Seton.) This species was described from a specimen
sent from Hudson Bay by Mr. Graham. I have never observed
the bird in my travels in America. (Aechardson.)

BREEDING Notes.—A few of these birds are met with every
year along the St. Lawrence but it is not common. The nest
has been found ina hole in a tree near Kingston, Ont., and a
few years ago I saw five young birds that were shot about a mile
outside of the town of Brockville, Ont., in July. (Rev. C. J.
Young.) Rare; no authentic record of its breeding near London,
Ont., though doubtless it does so. (W. £. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ;
one taken at Ottawa, Ont., by G. R. White ; another fine speci-
men taken at Ottawa was presented to the museum by Mr. George

D. Larose.

One set of three eggs taken near Chatham, Ont., by W. Raine,
April 4th, 1897. Nest ina hole in atree about 35 feet from the
ground.

369a. Spotted Owl.

Syrnium occidentale caurinum MERRIMAN. 1808.

I saw a specimen of this owl which was taken a few miles down
the Fraser from Chilliwack, B.C.; apparently confined to the
Lower Fraser valley, where it isa rare and local resident. (Bvooks.)

CXXXIV. SCOTIAPTEX Swainson. 1837.
370. Great Grey Owl.
Scotiaptex cinerea (GMEL.) SWAINS. 1837.

Specimen No. (32,306) in the Smithsonian Institution collec-
tion was obtained by James McKenzie at Moose Factory, James

4%

270 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Bay. No record from any other part of the country. (Fackard.)
One seen on the Humber River, Newfoundland, August 28th, 1899.
(L. H. Porter.) A specimen taken a few years ago in Pictou Co.,”
Nova Scotia, is the only one known except one in the collection of
the late Dr. McCulloch. (Gz/gen.) Occurs in winter at Grand
Manan, New Brunswick. (Herrich.) Taken at Lorrette; resident
in northern Quebec. (Déonne.) A scarce winter visitant at Mont-
real. During the winter of 1889-g0 this owl appeared at Montreal
in great numbers and many specimens were taken. (Wintle.) A
rare winter visitor at Ottawa. Only one secured in ten years. (G.
R. White.) In southern Ontario this species is a casual visitor in
winter only. I have seen specimens taken in Muskoka and at
Hamilton. (Mcllwraith.) Sometimes abundant in the Parry
Sound and Muskoka districts in winter. Occurs irregularly
about Toronto, Ont.; it sometimes appears in southern Ontario
in numbers, but is usually absent, such migrations are rare, the
last one at Toronto was about 1889. (/. H. Fleming.) On 28th
February, 1896, a specimen was taken on Toronto island. In Dec-
ember, 1898, I saw one, taken at Whitney, on the Parry Sound
Railway, and I was shown two fine specimens which were taken
at Scotia Junction, on the same railway the preceding year. (/.
Hughes-Samuel.)

Rare winter visitor in Manitoba. Found chiefly along the Red
River and at Lake Winnipeg. (Zhompson-Seton.) This imposing
bird which was first described from Hudson Bay is by no means
a rare bird in the Northwest Territories, being an inhabitant of
all the wooded districts lying between Lake Superior and Lat.
67° or 68°, and between Hudson Bay and the Pacific. It is com-
mon on the borders of Great Bear Lake; and there and in the
higher parallels of latitude must pursue its prey during the
summer months by daylight. It keeps, however, within the
woods and does not frequent the barren grounds like the snowy
owl. (Richardson.) This fine owl is a common and well known
resident throughout all the wooded parts of Alaska from Sitka
north to the northern tree limit, and from the vicinity of Behring
Straits throughout the territory. (JVe/son.) This species is a
resident of the Yukon valley and was obtained on the coast at
Uphim Slough, the northern part of the Yukon Delta. (Zzrner.) A
rare species; shot at Sumas~only: ((Zo7d.) 2s tarersperics am
have one specimen taken at Chilliwack, B.C., in November, 1887;
and another that was taken at Stewart’s Lake, B.C., Lat. 54°,

ee es

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 271

1891. (Fannin.) Rare at Chilliwack; most probably breeds ;
rare in winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Bvooks.) One shot at
Vernon, B. C., was mounted by Mr. Pound last year, 1891.
( Rhoads.)

BREEDING Nortes.—I should not say that this owl was in
‘“creat abundance” in the Anderson region, as inadvertently
stated on page 33, Vol. III. of the Land Birds. We certainly ob-
served very few specimens, and we found but one nest, that
referred to in the same paragraph, on the 19th July, 1862, near
Lockhart River, on the route to Fort Good Hope. It was built
on a spruce tree at a height of about twenty feet, and was com-
posed of twigs and mosses thinly lined with feathers and down.
It contained two eggs and two young, both of which had lately
died. The female left the nest at our approach and flew to
another tree at some distance, where she was shot. (Jacfarlane.)

During the winter of 1895-96 Mr. Dippie and myself received
over a dozen of these birds in the flesh that were shot in Alberta.
We also received about 50 American hawk owls in the flesh that
same winter. Settlers informed me that the whole of Alberta
swarmed with owls and they remained until April when all
migrated north except one pair of great grey owls’ which
remained and nested in the Red Deer River district, and Mr.
Dippie secured the eggs along with the parent whichis probably
the only record of this bird ever nesting as far south,as its summer

home is along Great Bear Lake and northward. It breeds at the

mouth of the Mackenzie River, Arctic America, making a nest of
sticks and weeds in the highest spruce trees it can find. (W.
Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Two fine specimens. Both were procured at Toronto, Ont., by
Mr.S. Herring.
370a. Lapp Owl.
Scotiaptex cinerea lapponica (RETzZ.) RipGw. 1887.

A single specimen of this species was taken in the Yukon
Delta, on April 15th, 1876, and sent to me. It is said to be quite
pare. (Zzner.)

2/2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

,

CXXXV. NYCTALA BrREHM. 1828.
371. Richardson’s Owl.

Nyctala tengmalmi richardsont (BoNAP.) RipGw. 1872.

A possible resident of Newfoundland, but I have not seen it.
(Reeks.) Becoming very rare; seen only in winter in Nova
Scotia. (Dowmns.) Very rare in Nova Scotia. Have seen only
four specimens. (G7/pfin.) Occasionally met with at St. John’s,
New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) One taken at Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B., in winter. (W. A. Moore.) Taken at Beauport ;
winter resident in Quebec. (JDionne.) A scarce winter visitant
at Montreal. (Wiuntle.) This is a winter visitor at Ottawa, Ont.,
and has been taken by Mr. G. R. White and seen by Mr. Lees.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) My specimens of this species were
shot at Toronto, Ont., and I have very few records of its occurence
in other parts of the province. (Wc/lwratth.) Occurs about
Toronto but is very rare. Mr. Hay has met with one or two in
the Parry Sound district. (/. H. Fleming.) Probably resident in
the wooded sections of Manitoba. A common winter visitor ; in
January, 1885, Mr. Hine of Winnipeg showed me several dozen
skins taken that fall near Winnipeg. (Zhompson-Seton.) 1 cannot
state the range of this species but believe that it inhabits all the
wooded country from Great Slave Lake to the United States.
On the banks of the Saskatchewan it is so common that its voice
is heard almost every night by the traveller wherever he selects
his bivouac. (A¢chardson.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mac-
zenzie ; rather rare. (oss.) This handsome little bird is com-
mon throughout all northern Alaska, wherever trees or bushes
occur to afford it shelter. (Velson.) This owl does not occur at
St. Michael, on the coast. It inhabits the wooded districts.
(Zurner.) A rare winter visitant at Chilliwack, B.C. ; a consider-
able irruption of this owl occurred throughout the southern
interior during the winter of 1898-99 ; rare in the Okanagan dis-
trict in winter; resident throughout the winter in the Cariboo
district, B.C. (Brooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—This small owl is occasionally met with in
eastern Ontario in the late fall. I have seen a specimen shot
near Kingston. It breeds not uncommonly on the Magdalen
Islands, usually selecting a hole that had been made by the
“ flicker”? in a dead spruce stub. I saw two sets of eggs, of four

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 273

and five respectively taken in 1898. The set of four together with
part of the remains of the parent bird, killed by ravens that
occupied an adjoining tree, I now have. These were laid early in
April. The other set was taken on May 3rd, the old bird being
captured on the nest at the same time. (Rev. C./. Young.) This
owl, or one very like it, was repeatedly observed in the country
between Fort Good Hope and the Anderson River. (Macfarlane.)
Dr. George informs me that Richardson’s owl nests in northern
Alberta. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS. |

Two; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 and
the other procured in Toronto, Ont., by S. Herring.

372. Saw-whet Owl.
Nyctala acadica (GMEL.) Bonar. 1838.

Specimen (No. 32,301) in Smithsonion Institution collection was
obtained at Moose Factory, James Bay, by James McKenzie.
(Packard.) A not uncommon summer migrant in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) A resident but becoming rare in Nova Scotia. (Dozas.)
A common resident in Nova Scotia. (Gz/pin.) Present through-
out the year at Wolfville, York Co., N.S.; most common in
winter. A nest was taken in April, 1902, containing six eggs.
(7. Tufts.) A pair heard at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, June
12th, 1902. (C. R. Harte.) Resides throughout the year, but
more common in winter at St. John, New Brunswick. (Chamber-
Jain.) Permanent resident; not. common ; breeds at .Scotch

‘Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. 7. Moore.) Taken at Beauport ;

resident in Quebec. (Jvzonne.) Permanent and common resi-
dent at Montreal. I have taken this little owl, May 24th, 1884,
in the woods below Hochelaga ; also on Isle Jesus and Mount
Royal. (Wintle.)

A moderately common resident in the Ottawa district. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) This species though a resident in Ontario is
of infrequent occurrence and in some winters Is not seen at Hamil-
ton while in others it has been taken in numbers. (MWcl/wraith.)
Not common at Emsdale; reported as resident at Port Sydney,
Parry Sound and Muskoka districts; generally distributed but not
abundant in Ontario ; large flocks have been seen on Toronto
Island in the autumn; observed at Cache Lake, Algonquin Park.

~ Jed}

te .

- a He | ft, en
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA — aoe

=

J. H. Fleming.) Not common in summer in the Eeadae deacee ¥
though young have been found; more often noticed in winter *
and fall. (HW. &. Saunders.) eri.

aad

A rare resident; noted only on Red River and eastward in —
Manitoba. (Zyhompson-Seton.) This species was not noticed on |
the prairie nor in the mountains until the Columbia River was
reached ; a few specimens were seen in the Columbia River valley
at Arrow Lake in June, 1890; others were seen at Sicamous in
July, 188g. (Spreadborough.) This owl was not noticed on the route
of the expedition, but specimens were sent from NewCaledonia by
Mr. Archibald McDonald. (ichardson.) Obtained only east of —
the Coast Range. (Zerd.) Not by anymeans common; I have taken
it in winter at Burrard Inlet ; and a few have been taken on Van-—
couver Island ; Mr. Anderson reports it from Port Simpson, B.C.
(Fannin.) Tolerably common at Chilliwack, B.C.; a possible
resident ; common in the winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C.; resident
in winter in the Cariboo district, B.C. (Brooks.) An immature
male was taken at Vernon, B.C.,in July, 1892. (Rhoads.)

BREEDING Notes.—This owl breeds sparingly along the St.
Lawrence, as in June, 1892, I saw a young one captured alive on
one of the wooded islands of the river. The bird has also been
obtained near Kingston, Ont. (ev. C.J. Young.) A young bird
in pin feathers was shot near St. Thomas, Ont.,in June. Doubtless
breeds in some of the heavy cedar swamps. (WW. £. Saunders.) 1
have a set of eggs taken north of Peterboro, May 17th, 1894.
The eggs were laid in a woodpecker’s hole. (IV. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Five ; one taken at the falls of Blind-man River, Alta., by G.

F. Dippie; the others at Edmonton, Alta., and Victoria, B.C., by
W. Spreadborough.

CXXXVI. MEGASCOPS Kavp. 1848.

373. Screech Owl.
Megascops «sto (Lixn.) STEN. 1885.

A summer migrant in Newfoundland and tolerably common, |
(Reeks.) Apparently very rare at St. John, New Brunswick; but
said to be common and breeds at Grand Manan. (Chamberlain.) —
Very rare at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (WW. A. Moore.) Winter
visitant at Montreal, but scarce; both forms occur here. (Winile.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 275

After hunting and watching for some years, in December, 1902, I
obtained my first specimen of this owl, taken at Ottawa, Ont.; it
was in the gray or normal phase, and in fine plumage. (G.R.Whitz.)
In the same month a fine specimen was taken by Mr. Young, at
~ Hurdman’s Bridge, near Ottawa, and another was seen sitting in
a tree on Daly Avenue, Ottawa, in open day.

This is the most abundant of the owls in the vicinity of Hamil-
ton, and as many as forty were seen during the winter of 1883-4;
in 1885-6 not a single individual was seen. (Mcllwraith.) Rare
at Emsdale; Mr. Hay reports it as resident at Port Sydney, Mus-
koka and Parry Sound districts ; breeds about Toronto in limited

numbers. (J. H. Fleming.) A fairly common resident in the
London district, but only occasionally noted in Bruce Co., Ont.
(W.E. Saunders.) Mr. Hunter claims the screech owl for Man-
_ itoba saying : “ I sawa pair at Sabaskong Bay, Lake of the Woods,
_and in 1871 heard them at Point du Chéne.” (Zhompson-Seton.)
The writer reported this species from near Fort Pelly, Manitoba,
but discovered later that it was the Acadian owl.

BREEDING Notes.—One of the owls that is becoming more
numerous than formerly, and breeding in suitable woodlands in
eastern Ontario. I both hear of and have seen it on Wolfe Island,
and have seen the young near LansdoWne. It is acommon thing
to hear it at night in the fall. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Well dis-
tributed in the London district; breeds in cavities in trees.
_(W. E. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; two procured in Toronto, Ont., by S. Herring, in 1885 ;
one taken at Ottawa and presented to our museum by Mr.
Young.

One set of three eggs, taken at Scarborough Heights, east of
Toronto, by W. Raine, April 28th, 1898. Eggs laid in old wood-
pecker’s hole in a decayed pine 25 feet from the ground.

373d. Kennicott’s Screech Owl.
Megascops asio kennicottit (ELLIOT) STEJN. 1885.

The type of this bird in the tawny brown phase, was taken at
Sitka and described by D. T. Elliott. Within the last few years
we have learned that it extends down the northwest coast from
Sitkato Oregon. (WVe/son.) I obtained a male from Mr. Lindley
of Victoria, B.C. (Rhoads.)

276 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

<

373h. Macfarlane’s Screech Owl.
Megascops asito macfarlanet BREWST. 1891.

Southern portion of the mainland of British Columbia east of
the Coast Range. (/annin.) A specimen seen at Sicamous, B.C.,
July 16th, 1889, is referred here. (JZacoun.)

373k, Puget Sound Screech Owl.
Megascops asio saturatus BREWST.

Vancouver Island and coast of southern British Columbia ;
breeds in the neighbourhood of Victoria. (Hannin.) Common
resident in the Lower Fraser valley. (Bvooks.) Common in the
woods around Chilliwack Lake, B.C., July and August, 1891; a
common resident throughout Vancouver Island. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two specimens taken at Victoria, Vancouver Island, February
2nd, 1890, by W. Spreadborough.

One set of three eggs taken on Vancouver Island by Rev.
G. W. Taylor in 1886.

CXXXVII. BUBO DuvmeEriL. 1806.

375. Great Horned Owl.
Bubo virginianus (GMEL.) Bonap. 1838.

Summer resident in Newfoundland and breeds. (Reeks.)
Common on the Humber River, Newfoundland. (ZL. H. Porter.)
Abundant throughout the year in Nova Scotia. (Dowas.) Both
breeds and winters in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island.
(Gi/pin.) A common resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.)
Several young observed in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain
& Cox.) Permanent resident; rare at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.
(W. H. Moore.) Once seen and frequently heard, Cumberland
Co., Nova Scotia, winter of 1897-98. (Morrell.) Fort Churchill,
Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) Taken at Beauport; a resident in Que-
bec. (Dionne.) A common, permanent, resident at Montreal. I
saw two of these owls October 18th, 1885, in woods at St. Mar-
tin’s Junction, and two others the next year in the same place. In
both cases they were mobbed by crows. Many specimens are
taken in the vicinity. (MWintle.) Two individuals observed on
Moose River, northern Ontario, June 2nd, 1896. None seen

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 277

while crossing Ungava. (Spreadborough.) A rare resident in the
Ottawa district. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) This species is gener-
ally distributed throughout Ontario and is very variable in colour.
(Mclwraith.) A common breeding species and a resident in the
districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka ; common around Toronto,
Ont.; also in Algonquin Park, a few breed. (/. H. Fleming.)
On the 29th March, 1897, 1 took one of these birds whose
stomach contained the greater part of a crow, primaries and all.
If this powerful rascal is in the habit of paying nocturnal visits to
the roosting places of the crows in bad weather it is small
wonder that the retaliative instinct asserts itself in daylight. (/.
Hughes-Samuel.) Well distributed throughout the London dis-
trict; breeding in large nests in the early spring. (W. £. Saunders.)
The typical form occurs in British Columbia as well as ‘every
possible intergrade between the darkest saturatus and subarcticus,
almost light enough for axcticus. (Brooks.) A discussion of the
horned owls of Washington and British Columbia will be found
in an article in Zhe Auk, Vol. X., p. 18 (1893). It is probable that
all the races of Bubo virginianus are to be tound in British Colum-

bia. (2Rhoads.)

BREEDING Notes.—When we first came to Muskoka they were
very rare, I only observed two in twenty years, but during that
time the barred owl was very abundant. Since the horned owl
has become common it has almost disappeared and now one sel-
dom hears or sees one and the horned has become just as common
as the barred used to be. This leads me to think that it has been
killed or driven away by the other. The horned owl 1s not
beneath killing a mouse if there is no larger game about but I
think hares are its chief food during the winter. It kills a good
many skunks in the summer. On one occasion my brothers found
one that had seized a skunk which had bitten it so badly that it
had died from the wounds. It kills muskrats in the fall when
they are building their houses and when they are out upon the
marshes getting grass to build with. One night two winters ago
one came into a barn-yard and killed two geese. The farmer
caught it ina trap a few nights after. These owls are usually
found along the rivers and streams in thick woods. The western
form in Manitoba and the northwest is usually found in willow
thickets along the banks of streams and the edges of sloughs.
I have seen them time and again fly from a log or a stone, up

278 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the bank of a stream at my approach, which leads me to think
that they are very fond of bathing and washing themselves,
although I never saw one inthe act. They feed chiefly upon the
hares that live in the thickets. (Spreadborough.) This species
builds in holes in trees when such can be found, it also
builds in hemlock, beech or other large trees in the vicinity
of Ottawa. The nest is placed near the trunk of the tree
and is composed of dry sticks, probably lined with leaves
and feathers; the eggs are two or three in number. (G. R. White.)
A fairly common species along the St. Lawrence, but rapidly
becoming rarer. I have seen the nest several times ; one near
Perth, Ont., in a tamarac tree not more than twelve feet from the
ground, which on May 30th, 1886, contained two young ones just
able to fly. It is a very early breeder ; on the 11th April, 1895,
I found a nest with two much incubated eggs. The nest
occupied was in a yellow birch, and the previous year had been
tenanted by a pair of red-shouldered hawks. This nest was
again occupied by the owls three years later. Again in 1899 I
found the nest in a hemlock about sixty feet from the ground on
March 28th, when the weather was very cold and snow covered
the ground. This nest contained two eggs, incubation far
advanced. This owl is easily kept in confinement and does not
appear to suffer from changes of weather. I have had one for
fifteen years. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A nest of this species found
in May, 1900, containing two large young, had beneath it numer-
ous fragments of birds and mammals, among the former were
remains of a broad-winged hawk, two red-shouldered hawks and
one red-tailed hawk. (W. &. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885,
another procured by S. Herring at Toronto, Ont.; one taken at
Walker’s Pond near London, Ont. by W. E. Saunders.

One set of two eggs taken at Scarboro Heights, east of
Toronto, Ont., April 2nd, 1897; nest in an old red-shouldered
hawk’s nest in the top of a tall maple.

375¢. Western Horned Owl.
Bubo virginianus pallescens STONE. 1897.

I have a specimen taken at Rosseau, Muskoka District ; among
the horned owls killed about Toronto in the autumn will often be

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 279

found an owl lighter in colour than pure vrginianus and yet darker
than arcticus, this form is generally accepted as the western
horned owl, and as long as the division of the horned owls is
maintained we must admit this form as a Toronto bird. (/. H.
Fleming.)

This form is a common resident in Manitoba wherever there is
timber; this form of Auda is lighter in colour than the true Lado
virginianus subarcticus. It is probably just intermediate between
that form and var. arcticus. Evidently a common permanent
resident in Manitoba as all observers agree in this. (Zhompson-
Seton.) Fine specimens of this form were taken at Indian Head,
Assa., in May, 1892; at Medicine Hat and Crane Lake, Assa.,
May, 1894; and in the Cypress Hills in June of the same year ;
a few were seen on Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., and at the West
Butte, Lat. 49°, Assa., 1895; occasionally seen at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, inthe summer of 1891; observed near Cascade and on
Sophie Mountain, B.C., at the International Boundary in July,
1g02 ; one taken at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889. (Spreadborough.)
This bird is found in all parts of the Northwest Territories where
the timber is large and was taken by Mr. Drummond in the Rocky
Mountains. (Richardson.) North to Arctic Circle and beyond,
on the Mackenzie River. (oss.) This bird is found throughout
the entire wooded part of northern Alaska, extending its range
in autumn to the open treeless shore along Behring Sea and
portions of the Arctic coast. (/Ve/son.) This bird is only an occa-
sional visitor at St. Michael, its place on the barren grounds being
taken by the snowy owl. (Zzsner.) Abundant east and west of
the Coast Range. (Lord.) Common in British Columbia. (Szveador.)
An abundant resident throughout the province. (Fannin.) Rather
common in the Lower Fraser valley. (Bvooks.)

BreepING Notes.—September 18th, 1884, Portage la Prairie :
Mr. C. W. Nash gives me avery interesting note on a pair of
horned owls that had nested in the woods here, and from the
indications observed there seems little doubt that they subsist
chiefly on fish, which were abundant in asmall creek running from
a lake through these woods to the Assiniboine River. On exam-
ining the gizzards of two of the young of this pair which Mr.
Nash shot, he found them full of fish. At one place there were,
unquestionably, evidences of an owl having seized a large fish
with one foot and held on to the bank with the other. The creek

280 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

being very small, and surrounded with large bare trees,is a favorite
run between the river and the lake for large fish at night, so that
all the circumstances are very favorable for the prosecution of the ~
piscatorial pursuits of the owls. On the 8th May, 1884, I founda
pair of these birds in possession of an old nest in the Big Swamp
on the Assiniboine River, south of the Big Plain. This nest was
about 30 feet from the ground, in the crotch of a poplar tree,
which was as yet without leaves. The nest was formed of
sticks and twigs and was indistinguishable from that of a red-
tailed buzzard. Once or twice I tried to shoot the old bird on
the nest, but she was too wary, and evidently had all her wits
about her even inthe day time. (Zompson-Seton.)

As early as 20th March, 1892, at Indian Head, Assa., a pair
of these birds were nesting. On May 24thI visited the nest and
took the two young birds home with me. They soon became
quite tame and would allow me to stroke them, and although
they often pecked my hands they never were able to draw blood.
They seem to have little power with their beak. By July 7th
they were as large as the old ones. It depends very much on their
food how often they eject pellets.. If fed on chopped gophers,
skins and all, they would eject about five times a week, if on the
bodies of birds that had been skinned, about three times a week.
On June 3rd found anest with two very young ones. Their eyes
were not open yet, and they seemed only about five days old. On
the 7th one opened its eyes and on the toth the otherone. They
were quite white when very young and altogether without ear
tufts. Their eyes are very small at first and the iris a dirty
white, and it was not until they were a month old that their eyes
attained the bright yellow appearance. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken in the Touchwood Hills, Assa., September
2Ist, 1880, by the writer; the other by W. Spreadborough at
Edmonton, Alta., June 11th, 1897.

One set of two eggs taken about four miles north of Red Deer,
Alta., by G. F. Dippie, April roth, 1896. Nest evidently in an
old hawk’s nest in a cottonwood about 35 feet from the ground.
3756. Arctic Horned Owi.

Bubo virginianus arcticus (SWAINS.) Cass. 1854.

The purest type of arcticus seems to centre about Lake Mani-

toba, in the winter at any rate, and I have always been able to get

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 251

typical specimens from there; darker forms occur but not so
often as farther west. There have been several horned owls
taken in Toronto that are almost, if not quite, pure arcticus. Some
specimens from Kdmonton, Alta., are very light coloured ; in
fact from Winnipeg to Calgary light ones are found in abundance
in winter. The relationship of the horned owls seems to be in
a very confused state. (/. H. Fleming.)

One shot near Duck Mountain, Manitoba, in the fall of 1883 ;
another individual was taken by Macoun in October, 1880, in the
Touchwood Hills, Assa. (Zkhompson-Seton.) This very beautiful
owl appears to be rare, one specimen having been seen flying at
mid-day in the immediate vicinity of Carlton House and was
brought down by an arrow by an Indian boy. (Xichardson.) This
owl or the other variety was repeatedly observed in the country
between Fort Good Hope and the Anderson River. (Macfarlane.)
This pale-coloured form is sometimes seen in northern Alberta
where it breeds. (W. Raine.)

375¢e. Dusky Horned Owl.
Bubo virginianus saturatus RipGw. 1877.

Not rare at Fort Chimo, Ungava. Resident. Downy young
obtained June 2oth, 1884. (Packard.) A rare winter visitant at
Montreal. I purchased a fine specimen of this owl February 8th,
1892, in the Bonsecours market, which was shot at Boucherville
four days previously. (lWV2ntle.) Large numbers of horned owls
come into the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts every winter
from the north, probably from Hudson Bay, some of them are as
dark as the dark Labrador form. I have one of this form taken
in Toronto. (/. H. Fleming.)

This species is an extremely dark-coloured form of the horned
owl, found along the damp, heavily wooded south coast of the
Alaskan territory, and extending its range southward to Washing-

ton. (Velson.) An abundant resident west of the Coast Range.
(Fannin.)

BREEDING Nores.—A fine skin of the dark-coloured race of
genus Bubo with the two eggs was collected for me by Mr.
Dicks at Sandwich Bay, Labrador. The eggs were taken May
Ist, 1896, and the nest was built in the top of a spruce, a large
structure of sticks, weeds and rubbish. (IV. Raine.)

y
. «&
?

282 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken by Mr. James McEvoy at Lillodet, west of
Spence’s Bridge, B.C.

CXXXVIII. NYCTEA STEPHENS. 18206.

376. Snowy Owl.
Nyctea nyctea (Linn.) Licut. 1854.

Very common in Greenland in summer ; more numerous in the
northern Inspectorate than in the southern. Found also on the
eastern coast and extends westward to Liddon Island and Mel-
ville Island, Lat. 75°: | (Amt.oMan.)) A ware’ winten wisitor
at Ivigtut, Greenland. (Hagerup.) Common throughout the
country. Breeds at Fort Chimo, Ungava. (Packard.) Tolerably
common and probably resides all the year in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Some years plentiful and others scarce in Nova Scotia,
seen only in winter. (Dowzs.) A common and often an abun-
dant winter resident ; seen on Sable Island, N.S., in August, 1854.
(Gilpin.) A winter visitor at St. John, N.B.; reported as occa-
sionally spending the summer. (Chamberlain.) Winter visitor ;
rare at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Taken at
Beauport; a winter visitant at Quebec. (Déonne.) Winter
visitor at Montreal; some years it is scarce and others more
plentiful. In the winter of 1891-92 I saw exposed for sale at one
time in Bonsecours market five females and two males. (W7néle.)
A winter visitor in the Ottawa district. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.
V.) An irregular winter visitor in Ontario, sometimes appearing
in considerable numbers and again being entirely absent. (M/c//-
wraith.) This owl is found in both the Parry Sound and Muskoka
districts in winter, but is not common, except in years of unusual
migrations. A regular migrant at Toronto, very large numbers
have appeared about the city at irregular intervals ; 1889 was the
last. (J. H. Heming.) The snowy owl is commonly met with
in the fall and winter in eastern Ontario and has been shot at
Long Point, Wolfe Island, near Kingston. (Rev. /. C. Young.)
A tolerably common winter resident in Manitoba. It arrives
early in autumn and leaves in April. (Zhompson-Seton.) Abun-
dant from Norway House to Hudson Bay in winter. (Dr. R. Bell.)
One seen April Ist and the last on April 20th at Indian Head,
Assa., in 1892. (Spreadborough.) This highly beautiful and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 283

powerful bird is common in the more northern parts of America.
It frequents in summer the most arctic lands and hunts in the
day as indeed it has todo. When I have seen it on the Barren
Grounds it was generally squatting on the earth, and if put up it
alighted after a short flight. It preys on lemmings, hares and
birds. It makes its nest on the ground and generally lays four
eggs. (Richardson.) North to Fort Norman; rare. (Ross.) This
species is not plentiful in the Anderson country and we never
secured an egg. (Macfarlane.) From the Sitkan region north to
the farthest point of Alaska this species keeps mainly to the more
barren portions of the coast and interior, and always is found less
numerous where trees are abundant. It occurs also on the islands
in Behring Sea and more sparingly on the Aleutian chain. (Velson.
Turner.) This bird may be said to be a resident at Point Barrow,
although in the depths of winter it retreats with the ptarmigan
back to the ‘deer country,” that is, to the valleys of the large
rivers running into the Arctic Ocean east of Point Barrow.
(Murdoch.) Not unfrequently seen near the entrance to the
Fraser River. (Zord.) Resident in the northern portions of the
province ; south during some winters only, to the mouth of the
Fraser and Vancouver Island. (/@nmin.) An irregular migrant
at Chilliwack, B.C. ; occasionally seen in winter at Lake Okana-
gan, B.C.; several mounted specimens were in the Cariboo dis-
trict. (Brooks.) I found the snowy owl unexpectedly scarce in
the vicinity of Kotzebue Sound and when seen were mostly single
individuals. (Gvinnell.) This beautiful bird may be seen close to
my house at Kew Beach, Toronto, almost every day in the winter,
but they are very wary. They perch on the ice floes along the
beach and keep out of gun range. My neighbour, Mr. Harold
Douglas, shot one Nov. 28th, I901. When wounded they are very
ferocious and a dog is afraid to attack them as they throw them-
selves on their backs and strike out rapidly with their sharp,
strong claws, and woe to the dog that gets his face struck by the
claws of a wounded white owl. This bird breeds within the
Arctic Circle. (W. Raine.) Usually seen on the Pribylov Islands,
Behring Sea, in winter but occasionally in summer. (Wm. Palmer.)

BREEDING Notes.—In Bendire’s ‘‘ Life Histories of N. A. Birds”
is a record of a snowy owl nesting in Manitoba and having eggs
advanced in incubation in the middle of February, but the time
of the year—Manitoba midwinter—is sufficient to pronounce this

5

284 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

record as a pure invention of the alleged finder of the nest—one
calling himself Le Grand T. Meyer—this, no doubt, being a
fictitious name. The nest is described as being made of hay,grass
and sticks, warmly lined with feathers and eighteen inches high
above the level prairie. The alleged finder of this nest evidently
was never in Canada or he would know that the ground is usually
covered deep with snow at this time of the year and that it would
be an impossibility for the snowy owl to prevent itself, being
buried in the snow drifts ; besides if the bird left its eggs fora
few minutes they would get frozen and burst. I have a clutch of
seven eggs and another of four eggs taken by Mr. Young, on
Herschel Island, west of Mackenzie Bay. The nests were on the
ground. (W. Raine.) This species is not plentiful in the Ander-
son country, while every effort made to secure even one specimen
nest with its eggs proved unsuccessful ; on one occasion we
noticed a white owl hunting marmots (Spermophilus empetra) in the
barren grounds ; and there can be no doubt that this and other
owls sometimes rob ptarmigan, ducks, etc., of their eggs.
(Macfarlane.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ; one
taken at Toronto by S. Herring ; one taken at Great Bear Lake,
Lat. 65° 30’ by Max Bell; one taken at Ottawa, Ont., March, 1891,
and another pure white one taken north of Ottawa.

CXXXIX. SURNIA Domérit.
377. Hawk Owl.

Surnia ulula (LINN.) BONAP. 1842.

The introduction of this bird into our fauna rests on the capture
of a single specimen near St. Michael, Alaska, in October, 1876,
by Mr. L. M. Turner. ((Vedson.) The natives assert that this
species is a resident and breeds in the vicinity of St. Michael,
and also that it is a coast bird, not going far into the interior.
( Turner.)

377a. American Hawk Owl.
Surnia ulula caparoch (MiLu.) STEJN. 1884.

Rare at Fort Chimo, Ungava ; eggs obtained June 8th, 1884,
and downy young nearly ready to leave the nest were taken June

~

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 285

20th. (Packard.) The commonest owl in Newfoundland or the
one most frequently seen. (Keeks.) Now becoming very rare in
Nova Scotia. (Dowus.) A rare bird in New Brunswick, but occa-
sionally taken. (Chamberlain.) Winter visitor; rare at Scotch
Dake; York’ Co.; N.B) (W.A. Moore) © Fort Churchill, Hudson
Bay. (Clarke.) Fort Churchill and York Factory, Hudson Bay.
(Dr. R. Bell.) Rare at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec ; seen only
in winter. (J. M7. Macoun.) Taken at Beauport ; not common in
Quebec. (Dionne.) Transient visitor at Montreal. Some years
this owl is common in the woods around Montreal and frequently
shot in autumn or early winter. (W2nd/e.) A winter visitant at Otta-
wa, Ont., but rare. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.V.) In southern Ontario
this species can only be regarded as arare winter visitor; it seems
to be more frequent in Muskoka and further north. ((/c//wraith.)
A few were taken, some years ago, about Toronto, but it seldom
comes here now ; I have had specimens from both Parry Sound
and Muskoka districts ; it is rare and not by any means a regular
winter visitor. (7. H. Fleming.) I met with two birds of this species
at Whitney, Parry Sound Railway in December, 1898,and obtained
another in the same month at Scotia Junction. (/. Hughes-
Samuel.) No recent record of this species in the London district.
(W. E. Saunders.)

This species is an irregular winter visitant in Manitoba, but
Mr. Hunter states he is positive that it is a permanent resident
and breeds in the wooded country east of the Red River. It is
certainly common and very abundant some winters. (Zkompson-
Seton.) This is a common species throughout the Northwest
‘Territories, and from Hudson Bay to the Pacific. In summer it
feeds principally on mice and insects, but in winter it preys
chiefly on ptarmigan. (Rzchardson.) North to the Arctic coast
on the Mackenzie ; common. (oss.) This is perhaps the most
abundant resident bird of prey throughout the entire wooded part
of northern Alaska. It is rather closely limited to the region of
spruce and pine forests of the interior, and occurs along the open
coasts of the Arctic and Behring Sea merely as a straggler, and
is unknown from the various islands of Behring Sea. (WVe/son.)
This species is a very common resident in the Yukon district.
Along the coast it is quite abundant. (Zurner.) Rock Creek,
Lake Osyoos. (Zord.) A resident east of the Coast Range ;
west occasionally to Vancouver island; breeds along the valley

5%

286 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

of the Similkameen. (Fannin.) Scarce at Chilliwack ; probably
breeds in the mountains of British Columbia; rare in the winter
at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Bvooks.) Collected on Vancouver Island
by W. F. Findlay and at Vernon, B.C., by W.C.Pound. (hoads.)
I first met with the hawk owl near the head of Hunt River in the
foothills of the Jade Mountains, about 20 miles north of our
winter camp on the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. They arrived
about April roth, 1899, and left the preceding year on September
21st. (Grinnell.)

BreEDING Notes.—In the spring of 1899 their arrival was noted
on April 1oth in the Yukon district of Alaska. At this date they
were already paired, and a female secured contained large ova.
On April 26th I located a pair of hawk owls which by their rest-
lessness indicated a nesting site near by. The nest was finally
found, but there were as yet no eggs. It was in the hollow end of
a leaning dead spruce stub about Io feet above the ground. The
dry rotten chips in the bottom were modelled into a neatly
rounded depression. The male bird was quite noisy often repeating
a far-reaching rolling trill. Both birds frequently uttered a low
whine, alternately answering one another. On May 8th, while snow-
shoeing across the country toward the base of the Jade Moun-
tains, my attention was attracted by the distant trill of a hawk
owl. After a half hour’s search through a heavy stretch of
timber, I located the bird perched at the top of a tall live spruce,
partly hidden by the foliage. Then I began an inspection of all
dead stubs and trees in the vicinity. I had given up hope of
finding a nest and had started on, when, by mere chance, I hap-
pened tocatch sight of a hole ina dead spruce fully 200 yards away.
A close approach showed a sitting bird which afterwards proved to
be the male. Its tail was protruding at least two inches from the
hole, while the bird’s head was turned so that it was facing out
over its back. When I tapped on the tree the bird left the nest,
flew off about thirty yards, turned and made for my head like a
shot. It planted itself with its full weight on to my skull, draw-
ing blood from three claw-marks in my scalp. My hat was torn off
and thrown twelve feet. All this the owl did with scarcely astop
in its headlong swoop. When as far on the other side the cour-
ageous bird made another dash, and then another, before I had
collected enough wits to get ina shot. The female which was
evidently the bird I had first discovered on look-out duty then
made her appearance, but was less vociferous. The nest con-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 287

tained three newly hatched young and six eggs in various ad-
vanced stages of incubation. The downy young, although their
eyes were still tightly closed and they were very feeble, uttered
a continuous wheedling cry, especially if the tree were tapped or
they were in any way jarred. This could be heard 20 feet away
from the base of the tree. The nest cavity was evidently an
enlarged woodpecker’s hole. The wood was very much decayed
and soft, so that it had been an easy matter to enlarge the
entrance. The entrance was 14 feet above the snow, and the nest
proper was three inches below that. The cavity was lined with a
mixture of feathers and bits of the rotten wood. The feathers
were all apparently from the breast of the female parent. The
female bird (the male not at all, although he was sitting on the
nest when it was found) had the whole breast and abdomen, from
the upper end of the breast-bone to the vent, entirely bare of
feathers, also on the sides up to the lateral feather tracts, and
through these for about one inch on both sides under the wings ;
also down the inside of the thighs to the knees. This was the
most extensive feather divestment I ever saw in any species.
( Grinnell.)

The hawk owl is not uncommon in the region of Anderson
River, although only four nests were discovered and the eggs taken
therefrom. All of these were built in pine trees at a considerable
height from the ground; one was actually placed on the topmost
boughs, and, like the others, it was constructed of small sticks and
twigs lined with hay and moss ; the male and female of the latter
were shot, and the nest contained two young birds, one of which
was apparently ten days and the other three weeks old, together
with an addled egg ; all of the others, however, but one, had six
eggs, and in a single instance as many as seven were secured ; the
parents always disapproved of our proceedings ; very few owls
were observed on the lines of march travelled over during the
seasons of 1864 and 1865 ; this species winters in Arctic America.
(Macfarlane.) This bird breeds sparingly in northern Assiniboia.
Dr. George and Mr. Wenman inform me they have found it breed-
ing in northern Alberta, around Red Deer ; I have received eggs
with the parent from northern Assiniboia ; the four eggs were
taken June 6th, 1899, and the nest was built in a willow nine feet
from the ground; this set was taken by F. Baines; I have another
set of five eggs that was taken at Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, May
24th, 1896 ; this nest was built in a spruce tree top. (IV. Raine.)

288 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one taken at Ottawa, Ont.,and presented to our museum
by Mr. S. Lett ; another procured at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay
by Dr.R. Bell; one at Jasper House, Rocky Mountains, June 14th,
1898, by W. Spreadborough; and one taken by the writer at Lag-
gan, Rocky Mountains, July 20th, 1885.

CXL. SPEOTYTO Giocer. 1842.
378. Burrowing Owl.

Speotyto cunicularia hypog@a (BoNnaP.) Cours. 1872.

A specimen of this bird was caught by Mr. D. Breakey, Wolfe
Island, in the fall of 1894, and kept by him alive fora short time,
then preserved by Mr. W. Stratford of Kingston. His attention
was drawn to its presence by the noise some crows were making
in the bush, and on proceeding to thespot, he had no difficulty
in capturing the owl. This is probably the first record of this
bird’s appearance in eastern Ontario. (Rev. C.J. Young.) First
observed at a point on the International Boundary Line, a little
east of Frenchman’s River, not far from the mouth of Milk River,
where a few individuals inhabited a small settlement of prairie
dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). This seems to be about the northern
limit of the species, and it is nowhere so abundant in this region
as in many places further south. It was met with a second time
a little west of Frenchman’s River, and for the third time, in
somewhat greater numbers, on a piece of prairie near Sweetgrass
Hills. There were no prairie dogs here or at the locality last
mentioned, so far as I know, but the ground was riddled with the
burrows of the tawny marmot (Spervmophilus richardsont), which
seemed to suit the owls just as well. (Coues.) I found this bird
breeding in Assiniboia at Rush Lake, June 12th, 1891. I have
only once taken the trouble to dig down to its eggs. It took
two of us nearly an hour to get at the nest, which consisted of
a hollow lined with cow dung and contained 7 eggs. The burrow

went down three feet and then ran along another four feet to
the nest. (W. Raine.)

On June 23rd, 1896, three pairs were found occupying holes on
the prairie a little north of Moose Jaw, Assa. The nests were not
dug out, but the birds were nesting ; in June, 1895, along French-
man’s River, Assa., this species was occasionally seen. In May,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 289

1894, Mr. Spreadborough took specimens at Medicine Hat and
Crane Lake, Assa., and in May, 1890, secured one at Revel-
stoke, B.C.; he also found a number of pairs breeding at Kam-
loops, B.C.,in June, 1889. (Macoun.) I have three records of
this species west of the Coast Range, B.C. East of this range it
is a tolerably common breeder in the semi-arid interior. (Brooks.)
East of the Coast Range in British Columbia; not common. I
have only found it in the neighbourhood of Kamloops, but have
heard of it at Ashcroft. (/@mmn.) <A special trip was made in
the vicinity of Kamloops and Ashcroft for this species, but no
trace remained of the colonies once existing there. The last pair
known to remain in that locality lived in a badger’s burrow on
the bank of Thompson River, near the ferryman’s house. None
have been seen at Kamloops or Ashcroft since 1890. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Three ; two taken at Kamloops, B.C., June, 1889, one taken at
Revelstoke, B.C., May 15th, 1890, by W. Spreadborough.
One set of four eggs taken at Moose Jaw, Assa., by Mr. W.
Raine, May 28th, 1893.
CXLI. GLAUCIDIUM Bote. 1826.

379. Pigmy Owl.
Glaucidium gnoma \WAGL. 1832.

Common throughout British Columbia. (/a@zmin.) Interior
British Columbia birds secured at Vernon are true gwoma. Mr.
Pound says they winter there. (Rhoads.) Observed one, Sep-
tember 10th, 1902, on the highest peak of John Bull Mt., at over
7,000 feet altitude, near Salmon River, B.C. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken on September Ioth, 1902, on the International Boun-
dary, east of the Columbia River, by W. Spreadborough.

379a. California Pigmy Owl.

Glaucidium gnoma californicum (Scu.) A. O. U. CHECK-
List. 1889.

Southern coast region of British Columbia. (/a@mmin.) Mr.
Brewster informs me that all the British Columbian specimens

290° GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

which I have sent him are referable to this subspecies. Common
resident at Chilliwack, Fraser valley ; common in winter at Lake
Okanagan, B.C. (Brooks.) A number of specimens taken at
Chilliwack, B.C., in the autumn of Ig0I ; one specimen taken
near Victoria, V.I., April, 1887. (Spreadborough.) Numerous west
of the Coast Range, B.C. (/hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five ; our specimens have been identified by Mr. Frank Chap-
man of the Museum of Natural History, New York. Two were
taken at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April, 1889; three
others at Chilliwack, B.C., in October, 1901, by W. Spread-
borough.

ORDER COCCYGES. CUCKOOS AND KINGFISHERS.
Famity XXXII. CUCULIDZE. Cuckoos.

XLII. COCCYZUS VIEILLoT. 1816.
387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Coccyzus americanus (LinN.) Bonap. 1824.

Very rare in Nova Scotia, one taken near Halifax. (Downs.)
A rare summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.)
Accidental visitant ; rare. A few examples of this species have
been shot on the island of Montreal. I am not aware of any
occurring of late years. (Wintle.) A rare summer resident in
Quebec. (Dionne.)

A summer resident at Ottawa, Ont. A pair nested in Lt. Col.
White’s garden in the city in 1890. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
This species is rather scarce and not generally distributed in
Ontario, and is believed to be more southern in its habit than the
black-billed cuckoo. (McIlwraith.) Rather common summer
resident at Toronto, Ont., where it breeds: I have met with it
nesting at Rosseau, and I believe it occurs at Emsdale in the
Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. (/. H. Fleming.) Formerly
much more common than at present; it is not usual to find more
than a single pair of birds in a suitable small piece of woods.
Their habit of having eggs and young in the same nest is well
known. (IV. £. Saunders.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 2QI1

BREEDING Notes.—Occasionally met with along the St. Law-
rence, and as far north as the county of Renfrew, Ontario. This
bird is readily distinguished from the black-billed cuckoo by its
larger size and the amount of white it shows in the outer tail
feathers as it flies along. There are other peculiarities which dis-
tinguish it from the next species. I have found it to breed in the
county of Leeds at least a week or ten days earlier. Its nest
also is further from the ground and very loosely put together.
I have found its nest five times. The last two near Lansdowne,
Ont., May 29th, 1898, and May 23rd, 1899. Each contained three
eggs, incubation advanced. They are plainly larger and paler
than eggs of the black-billed. A nest I found in May, 1888, near
Renfrew, Ont., contained one egg. This nest was placed ina
willow. (Rev. C./. Young.) Twenty years ago this species was
rather rare, but now it is more common than the black-billed and
the latter is less so than formerly. It is rarer in the Bruce penin-

«sula where I have seen it but twice. It does not appear to lay more
than four eggs in the largest set, while the black-billed sometimes
_ has as many as six. (W. &. Saunders.) A summer resident around
Toronto, Ont., but rather scarce. A pair nest every season a short
distance from my house at Kew Beach. It is a late breeder,
seldom having eggs before the middle of July. On July 20th,
1895, | found a nest containing two eggs at Kew Beach. The
nest was built in a maple tree twelve feet from the ground. (W.
Raine.) Nest taken at Ottawa, Ont., composed of twigs, leaves,
rootlets and catkins, lined with some soft vegetable material.
Eggs in sets of four to six of a pale greenish colour. (G.R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

_ Only one specimen in our museum, purchased with the Holman
collection in 1885. We have two sets of four eggs each. One
taken by Dr. James Fletcher at Ottawa and the other in High
Park, Toronto, by Mr. W. Raine. Nest six feet from the ground
in a maple, composed of twigs, pine needles, and leaves.

387¢. California Cuckoo.

Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ripew. 1887.

While being transferred across the Fraser River at Mount Leh-
man we passed near an island where I heard the unmistakable
notes of a cuckoo ; I directed the boat to the spot and the bird

292 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

was seen, but not taken. (S¢veator.) In May, 1881, I saw one of
these birds at Burrard Inlet, and in June, 1882, the late Mr. J. C.
Hughes found a pair breeding at Kamloops ; in June, 1887, I saw
a pair at Skinner’s swamp near the city of Victoria, and from
their actions I concluded they were breeding in that locality;
later in the same year one was shot on Mount Tolmie. (/avnzn.)
Tolerably common summer resident at Chilliwack, and becoming
more abundant in the coast region every year, probably on account
of the invasions of the forest tent caterpillar. (Bvooks.)

388. Black-billed Cuckoo.

-~

Coccyzus erythrphthalmus (Wits.) BoNAP. 1824.

Audubon, Vol. IV., p. 301, states that they saw a few individ-
uals in clumps of low trees a few miles from the shore of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Packard.) Not very common; asummer |
resident in Nova Scotia. (Dowas.) Fairlycommon at Wolfville,
King’s Co., N.S., from May to September. (7. Tufts.) Never seen
around St. John, New Brunswick, but common inland in summer.
(Chamberlain.) A tolerably common summer resident, York Co.,
New Brunswick. (W.H.Moore.) Common summer resident. Breeds
in Mount Royal Park, Montreal, Que. (Wéantle.) Summer resident
in Quebec; taken at Beauport. (Déonne.) Common summer resi-
dent around Ottawa, Ont. (Otawa Naturalist,Vol.V.) This species
is a regular summer resident in Ontario, and though not abundant
is generally distributed. (McMwraith.) Fairly common around
Toronto, and breeds ; generally distributed over the Parry Sound
and Muskoka districts. (J. H. Fleming.) On July 6th, 1900, one
specimen came into the potato patch at Cache Lake, Algonquin
Park, and fed on the potato bugs. (Spreadborough.) This species
is a common summer resident throughout the wooded part of
Manitoba and has been taken by myself at Carberry and Shoal
Lake, near Duck Mountain. (Zhompson-Seton.) Apparently a rare
species west of Manitoba. A female was first seen at Indian Head,
Assa., June 24th, 1892, in a willow thicket ; in a few days another
female was seen and shot and an egg was found in her oviduct,
which shows that the species breeds there. On the 19th May,
1894, one was seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., and another in the
same place on June 3rd. None seen further west. (Spread-
borough.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 293

BREEDING NotTes.— Summer resident, common. Breeds in
Mount Royal Park. I have found their nests, containing eggs,
from June 4th to July 22nd. Observed here from May 21st to
September 5th. Their nests are generally built in thorn bushes,
from one to eight feet above the ground, but small cedar trees are
favourite building sites for them as well. This bird appears to
have a remarkable habit of laying fresh eggs while those already
laid are being incubated and hatched. The naked younglings
are black in colour, and repulsive looking, but they harmonize
with the nest, which is a slight structure of dead twigs, with a
very shallow cavity, lined with a few dead leaves, the nest being
very small for the size of the bird and its eggs. The cuckoo
seems to prefer solitude, and keeps itself out of sight in thickets,
where its harsh notes can be heard sounding like ‘‘ cow-cow”’ or
“ cuckucow ” repeated quickly several times. (Wntle.)

A very common species in all the counties of eastern Ontario,
especially at the foot of Lake Ontario, where early in June I
have seen six or seven together. In 1897 I heard it at Pictou,
Nova Scotia, and it was observed on the Magdalen Islands in
June, 1900. It usually builds a nest in a swampy thicket; twice
I have found the nest almost on the ground, once in an elm sap-
pling six feet above, but this is very unusual. The average time
for laying is the end of the first week in June in eastern Ontario.
Usually I have found two or three eggs in a nest, but once five,
and June 13th, 1900, seven. This bird appears to arrive later in
spring than the yellow-billed and certainly goes away earlier in
the fall, from which I suppose it migrates further south. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) A summer resident around Toronto, Ont. I have
several times seen itsnest. I have also found it breeding in Mani-
toba and in Assiniboia as far west as the Qu’Appelle valley.
(W. Raine.) This bird nests in a low bush at Ottawa, Ont. Nest
composed of twigs, strips of bark, dry grass and leaves, lined with
grass. Eggs two to five of a light greenish blue. (G. R. White.)

In the transactions of the Canadian Institute, Vol. I. pp. 48-50,
an interesting account by Dr. C. K. Clarke of this cuckoo laying
its eggs in the nests of other birds is published. Three cases are
noted, and there is no doubt in the mind of the writer that the
facts are as recorded by Dr. Clarke. All the cases were noted at
Elora, Ont. In the first case an egg was laid in the nest of a
chipping sparrow from which in due time a young cuckoo was

294 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

hatched. In the second case a cuckoo was seen coming from a
yellow warbler’s nest. Upon examination an egg was found to
have been laid, and later on the young cuckoo was found with the
young warblers which, as the cuckoo grew, were crowded from the
nest. In the third case cited a cuckoo was actually found sitting
on a chipping sparrow’s nest. An egg was laid and hatched the
young sparrows were finally ejected from the nest by the young
cuckoo.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; two were taken at Ottawa, one at Toronto, Ont.; the
fourth by Mr. W. Spreadborough at Medicine Hat, Assa., May
21st, 1894.

Two sets of four eggs each, taken at Kew Beach, Toronto, by
Mr. W. Raine. Nest made of twigs and rootlets in a tree five feet
from the ground. One set of four taken at Cyrville, near Ottawa,
by Mr. W. Anderson. Nest ina balsam fir about five feet from
the ground, built of twigs and leaves.

XLII. CUCULUS Linnaeus. 1758.

388-1. Kamechatkan Cuckoo.

Cuculus canorus telephonus (HEINE). STEJN. 1885.

An adult male of this species was collected on the sand dunes
of Northeast Point, St. Paul Island, Behring Sea, on July
4th, 1890. (Lhe Auk, Vol. X1., p. 325.)

Famity XXXIII. ALCEDINIDA. KINGFISHERS.

XLIV. CERYLE Bole. 1828.
390. Belted Kingfisher.
Ceryle alcyon (LiNN.) Bonap. 1837.

A summer visitor to Northwest River, Labrador, where it
breeds. Drexler obtained a specimen May 26th, 1860, at Moose
Factory, James Bay. (FPackard.) Common all along the Moose
River to Moose Factory. None seen farther north in 1896.
(Spreadborough.) Tolerably common in Newfoundland during the
summer months. (Aeeks.) Abundant along the Humber River,
Newfoundland. (ZL. 4. Porter.) Very common in Nova Scotia,
breeding all over the province. (Downs.) An abundant summer

. A a!
J ;
BY
2

resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Tolerably common
summer resident in York Co.,N. B. (W. A. Moore.) Common
summer resident in Quebec, taken at Beauport. (Dzonne.) Ob-
served at Gaspé Bay and Mingan Harbour, Que., rather common
in the latter locality. (Bvewster.) Specimens obtained at York
Factory and at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, where it is rare. (Dy.
R. Bell.) Common at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec ; breeds,
(J. M. Macoun.) Rather common on Prince Edward Island at
Brackley Beach, 1888. Rather common on Cape Breton Island,
July, 1898. (Macoun.) Summer resident in the Magdalen
Islands. (Bzshop.) Very common in the valley of the Resti-
gouche, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Abundant summer resident at
Ottawa; breeds. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) This bird is gen-
erally distributed throughout Ontario, arriving in April and leay-
ing in September. (Mcllwraith.) This species is abundant in
Algonquin Park ; there were five nests in a railway ballast pit at
Cache Lake in 1900. (Spreadborough.) Breeds near Toronto,
Ont.; abundant everywhere in the Muskoka and Parry Sound
districts. (/. H. Fleming.) During the winter of 1894, three of
these birds spent the winter near a secluded stream a few miles
north of Toronto, Ont. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) Common on every
stream and river. They are observed so late in the fall and so
early in spring that they must winter near London. A few have
been observed in the winter at London and more often nearer
Lake Erie. (W.&. Saunders.) A common summer resident along
all fish-frequented streams and lakes in Manitoba. It arrives

towards the last of April and leaves when the winter sets in.
I have never seen this species in the vicinity of any of the drain-

age lakes, although they abound in Amblystome, insects, etc., to
the exclusion, however, of fish. (Zhompson-Seton.) This species
is more widely distributed or more easily seen than any other
species noted between Manitoba and the Pacific Coast. In 18q2,
1894 and 1895 it was found on all streams visited in the prairie
region ; common on the Saskatchewan and its northern tributaries
in 1896; on all streams south of Calgary in 1897; abundant at
Banff in 1891; in 1890 it was found on the Columbia between
Revelstoke and the International Boundary ; in 1889 from
Revelstoke to the coast at the mouth of the Fraser river; in
1893 it was found common everywhere by streams on Vancouver
Island ; in 1898 Mr. Spreadborough found it abundant on the
upper Athabasca; in I9go01 rather rare on Chilliwack river and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 295

296 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

lake and in 1902 at Trail, B.C. (JJacoun.) This bird frequents
all the large rivers in the Northwest Territories up to the 67th
parallel, being more common, however, in the interior than on the
sea coast. It isa solitary bird and is generally observed sitting
on the stump of a tree that projects over the river. (Réchardson.)
Common at Athabasca Landing and up the Athabasca River to
Lesser Slave River in June, 1888 ; also down the Athabasca River
to Fort McMurray, and up the Clearwater River; also common
from Methye Portage to Isle a la Crosse. (/. MW. Macoun.)
North to Peel’s River, mouth of Mackenzie River; common.
(Ross.) Although several birds were seen on the Anderson River
and elsewhere no nests were ever taken. (JZacfarlane.) Several
specimens of this bird were brought me from the lower Yukon,
where it is a regular summer visitor. It is found the entire course
of this river, reaching the shores of Behring Sea from the Yukon
mouth north to the head of Norton Bay. (WWVedson.) A single
specimen of this bird was obtained at Fort Yukon. It is said to
be common along the entire Yukon River and is a summer visi-
tant only. (Zurner.) Very abundant in British Columbia.
(Lord.) Found abundant everywhere in British Columbia.
(Streator.) An abundant resident throughout the province.
(Fannin.) Common resident at Chilliwack, B.C. (Srooks.)
Tolerably common along the coasts of Sitka, Alaska; after its
first appearance, July 28th, one or two individuals were noted
daily at our winter camp on the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska,
during the last week in August. The last was seen on September
2nd, 1898, and the first seen the following spring, May 2tst.
( Grinnell.)

BREEDING Notres.—Summer resident, common. Breeds in
suitable places on the island of Montreal. Two eggs taken May
24th, 1882, out of a burrow in a sandbank at Hochelaga. Ob-
served here from May 8th to September 27th. (Wintle.) This is
a common bird in eastern Ontario. Its nest is generally found in
a sandy bank near water, but on two occasions I have found its
nest in a sand pit some distance away. The full complement of
eggs I have always found to be seven. These are laid between
the 2oth and 28th of May. I met with this bird in the Magdalen
Islands in 1897, and found it breeding there. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

I have found this bird a common summer resident from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. I first met with the species in May, 1886,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 297

at Quebec. During June, 1890, I found it exceedingly abundant
on the River Thames between Chatham and Lake St. Clair, in
western Ontario. In June, 1893, I found it common at Banff, on
the Bow River, and a week later found it common at Vancouver,
B.C. This species nests abundantly on the shores of Lake
Ontario, laying never more than seven eggs at the end of a tun-
nelina bank. The tunnel is often three or four feet in length.
(W. Raine.) Nests taken at Ottawa, Ont., always a hole in a
bank from four to eight feet deep. (G. R. White.)

Common resident throughout Vancouver Island. Nests in
holes in banks, usually near water, but I have seen a few nests
more than half a mile from water. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten ; taken at Toronto and Ottawa, Ont.; Banff, Alta.; Revel-
stoke, Sicamous, Agassiz and Chilliwack, B.C. One specimen
taken at Dow’s Lake, Ottawa, was presented by Mr. W. E.
Saunders, London, Ont.

Two sets of eggs of seven each. One taken out of a sandbank
at: the head of Fairy Lake, Hull, Que.; and the other near Vic-
toria, Vancouver Island, by Rev. G. W. Taylor.

ORDER PICI. WooDPECKERS, WRYNECKS, &C.
FamMity XXXIV. PICIDA®, Wooppeckers.
XLV. DRYOBATES Bote. 1826.

393. Hairy Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus (LINN.) CABANIS. 1863.

One) seen at’ Hebert! River; Dec. /8th,) and’ one at Shulee; Jan.
2nd, Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia. Winter of 1897-98. (CZ.
Morrell.) Strangely enough, although the distribution of the
present bird is eastern, and although in northern Alaska and the
interior of British America it is replaced by a large northern
form, yet the typical wz//osus also occurs in British Columbia and
thence north along the southeastern coast of Alaska. (JVe/son.)

393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus leucomelas. (BopD.) Rrpew. 1885.

Tolerably common in Newfoundland as a resident. (Aeeks.)
Fairly common along the Humber River, Newfoundland. (ZL. ZA.

298 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Porter.) Resident in southern portions of Labrador; probably
does not occur north of the‘ height of land.” (/ackard.) Ob-
served all along the Moose River to Moose Factory, James Bay.
None seen further north in Labrador in 1896. (Spreadborough.)
York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) Taken at Fort
Churchill, Hudson Bay (C/larke.)

Common resident in Nova Scotia. (Dozwus.) Fairly common
throughout the year at Wolfville, King’s Co., N.S. (A. Tufés.)
Common resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S. (CR.
Harte.) Summer resident Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton
Island. (Macoun.) Abundant throughout the year in New Bruns-
wick. (Chamberlain.) Permanent resident; breeds; rather common,
York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Uncommon in the valley of the
Restigouche, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) One specimen seen on
Grindstone Island, Magdalen Islands. (Szshop.) Taken at
Beauport ; a common resident in Quebec. (Deonne.) A transient
and scarce visitant in the vicinity of Montreal. I do not think
this species breeds in the vicinity of Montreal, as I have only
seen it in the months of October and November. (Wintle.) A
common resident around Ottawa. (O¢tawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
A resident, though not an abundant species throughout Ontario;
more abundant at the north. (MWcl/wraith.) It is a question
which form the Ontario bird is but I believe it to be the northern
form; it breeds abundantly in the district of Parry Sound often
choosing a dead pine to nest in ; it is very fond of districts where
the trees have been killed by fire; the young are hatched early
in June. (J. H. Fleming.) Fairly abundant at Whitney on the
Parry Sound Railway during December, 1898. (/. Hughes-
Samuel.) Commonand breeding in the Algonquin Park, Ontario,
July, 1900. (Spreadborough.)

A common resident in Manitoba in the poplar forest. (Zhomp-
son-Seton.) This is a rare species on the margin of the prairie as
only two were seen at Indian Head in the spring of 1892,
and one at Medicine Hat in 1894. A tolerably common resi-
dent at Edmonton, Alta.; not uncommon in the foothills from
Calgary south to Crow’s Nest Pass in the Rocky Mountains.
Common at Agassiz and Burrard Inlet, B.C., in May, 1880.
(Spreadborough.) Common at Grand Rapids on the Saskatchewan.
(Nutting.) This species exists as far north as Lat. 63°. It
remains all the year in the Northwest Territories and is the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 299

commonest species up to the fifty-sixth parallel, north of which it
yields in frequency to the three-toed species. (2Rchardson.)
North to Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River; common.
(Ross.) This form, if it reaches the coast of Behring Sea at all,
reaches it by the way of the Northwest Territories. The specimen
in my collection was taken at Fort Reliance, on the upper
Yukon, about Lat. 66°,and undoubtedly the bird straggles still
further to the north. (WVe/son.) Common throughout the interior
of British Columbia; breeds. (Stveator.) East of the Coast
Range, B.C.; a common resident. (/anmin.) A+ common
species in winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C.; tolerably common in
the Cariboo district; I have taken this form several times in
the lower Fraser valley. (Srvooks.) In a series of eight skins
from British Columbia, one, a young female, lacks the white
spotting on the wing coverts characteristic of Jlewcomelas.

(Rhoads.)

The last references mentioned here evidently belong to the
form the writer places under Ayloscopus.

BREEDING Nores.—On June 11th, 1883, while in the spruce
bush I heard a curious chirping sound that scarcely ever seemed
to cease. I traced it to a small poplar tree, in whose trunk was
a hole about 30 feet from the ground. Having procured an axe
I soon had the tree down and found myself in possession of a
nest of young hairy woodpeckers. They were ina hole, evidently
the work of the parent birds, about a foot deep, 3 inches wide
inside and 2 at the entrance. The four youngsters were nearly
grown and fledged, and consequently were much crowded in this
narrow chamber. Three of them were precisely like the mother-
bird in colour and the fourth differed only in having over each
ear a cockade of rich yellow. (Zhompson-Seton.) A plentiful
species in Ontario where I have met with it both in summer and
winter. At the latter season it is often seen on wood piles in the
vicinity of houses. It breeds along the St. Lawrence and north-
ward. Unlike the other woodpeckers it is an early breeder, com-
mencing its nest-hole the «nd of April and usually having its
complement of eggs laid by May 6th. Most of the nests I have
seen have been in wet places or near water, and almost all were
in white ash trees, from thirty to fifty feet from the ground. Two
nests were in elm trees and one ina telegraph pole by the road-
side not more than ten feet from the ground. In this nest-hole

6

300 GEOLOGIGAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the young were hatched by the 22nd of May. (Rev. C.J. Young.)
Breeds in fair numbers in summer and is our most common wood-
pecker in winter. Not yet observed to use dead trees for nesting.
This species drums on resonant limbs in spring, but not so com-
monly as the downy woodpecker. It is an exceedingly early
breeder, excavating its dwelling-house in April, and indeed often
laying the eggs in the same month, while large young are always
to be found by May 24th. (W. &. Saunders.) Found breeding at
Long Lake, Manitoba, June 16th, 1894. On May 31st, 1901, found
a nest containing four eggs at Yorktown, Assa. The eggs were
laid in a hole in a tree about ten feet from the ground. I found
another nest containing six eggs in a hole ina poplar about 15
feet from the ground. I am not aware that the nest and eggs of
this species have been previously described so will give the
measurement of the egg. The average size of 18 specimens
before me is .9g8 x .70. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven ; taken at Ottawa and Bracebridge, Ont. Two of these
were taken at Ottawa by Mr. F. A. Saunders, and the others by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Only one set of eggs, taken near Toronto, and presented by
Mr. W. Raine.

393c. Harris’s Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus harristi (AvuD.) Ripew. 1885.

A few seen in the scattering timber in the vicinity of Sitka,
Alaska, where they doubtless breed. (Gvinnell.) Vancouver
Island, Sumasand Osyoos; winters on Vancouver Island. (Lord.)
Abundant everywhere throughout the coast region; breeds.
(Streator.) West of the Coast Range, especially coastwise, a
common resident. (Fannin.) Common resident at Chilliwack,
B.C. (Brooks.) One shot in Lat. 49°, Aug. 24th, 1874. Found
only in the Rocky Mountains. (Cowes.) Taken at Agassiz and
Hastings, B.C., in 1889 ; common at Chilliwack and Huntington;
also a few seen at McGuire’s on the Chilliwack River, B.C.; a
common resident throughout Vancouver Island. (Spreadborough.)

Three of nine specimens have unspotted wing coverts, the rest
are spotted in varying degrees, but less so than the darkest
examples of vallosus. (Rhoads.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 301

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve ; all taken by Mr, Spreadborough. They were secured
at Agassiz, Chilliwack and Burrard Inlet, B.C., and Victoria,

Vancouver Island.

393d. Cabanis’s Woodpecker.

Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (CaB.) BREWST. 1888.

Under this form we place a few skins examined by Mr. F. Chap-
man and labelled “ approaching hyloscopus.” They come exactly
between the western and eastern forms and include the whole
Rocky Mountain region.

This form was common at Canmore and Banff in the Rocky
Mountains in the summer of 1891. Very common at Revelstoke,
B.C., in burnt woods in April, 1890. Not uncommon at Kam-
loops, B.C., in June, 1889. Mr. Spreadborough reports seeing
a hairy woodpecker at Trail, Cascade and Waneta, B.C., on the
49th parallel in the summer of 1902. It was doubtless this form.
(Macoun.) Near Little Salmon River, Yukon River, Yukon
district, N.W.T. ( Bishop.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; taken at Canmore, Alta., in May, I891; at Revelstoke,

B.C., in April, 1890, and at Kamloops, June 18th, 1889, by Mr.
Spreadborough.

3937, Queen Charlotte Woodpecker,

Dryobates villosus picoideus (Oscoop.) A.O.U. Comm.
1902.

Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. (Osgood.)
394. Downy Woodpecker.

Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swarns.) BREWSTER. 1897.

Very common in Newfoundland and a resident. (Reeks.)
Fairly common along the Humber River, Newfoundland. (207.
Porter.) Common and resident in southern portions of Labrador :
probably does not range north of Lat. 56°. (Packard.) Only one
specimen observed on Moose River, June 6th, 1896 ; none in Lab-
rador. (Spreadborough.) Seen during the winter at Lake Mistas-
sini, northern Quebec. (J. M. Macoun.)

6%

302 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Rather common resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Common
throughout the year at Wolfville, N.S. (7/7. Zz/ts.) Common resident
at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S. (C. &. Harte.) On trees
in woods, Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, 1888; also in
woods, Cape Breton Island, 1898. (MMacoun.) A common resi-
dent, Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia, winter of 1897-98. (C. 7.
Morrell.) Abundant throughout the entire year in New Bruns-
wick. (Chamberlain.) A tolerably common permanent resident,
breeds, York Co., N.B. (W.H. Moore.) Very rare in the Resti-
gouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) One seen on Grind-
stone Island, Magdalen Islands. (S¢zshop.) One pair was
found nesting at Fox Bay, Anticosti, Que., in July. (Svewster.)
Taken at Beauport; common resident in Quebec. (Dvzonne.)
A common and permanent resident in the Montreal district ;
breeds in Mount Royal Park; scarce during the winter months
but plentiful in the spring of the year. (Wintle.)

An abundant resident in the Ottawa district, but more common
in spring and summer. (O#éawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A common
resident in Ontario, but more common in spring and fall migra-
tions. (/clwraith.) This species breeds near Toronto but is
much more common in the Muskoka district. (/. H. Fleming.)
I found this species abundant at Whitney, Parry Sound Railway,
during November and December, 1898. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
Breeding but not common in Algonquin Park, Ont., July, 1900.
(Spreadborough.) Common in spring, summer and fall, but only
a few remain through the winter. I once found a male of this
species diligently digging a hole in a small stump in October,
presumably for winter quarters. (W. E. Saunders.)

A tolerably common resident in the wooded sections of Mani-
toba, but is scarce in the more southern portion. (Zhompson-
Seton.) Only a few specimens were seen at Indian Head, Assa.,
in 1892 : one specimen was taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., April
12th, 1894. Observed one April 22nd, 1897, at Edmonton, Alta. ;
saw another on the 29th; apparently quite rare ; one seen at
Crow's Nest Pass in July. Specimens were taken at Banff, Alta.,
in August, I891. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have occasionally seen this bird in the
winter, but not so often as the hairy. It breeds later; most of
the nests I have seen contained fresh eggs the last week of May,
although once I found young birds at that date. (Rev. C. /.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 303

Young.) On May 2tst, 1900, 1 found this bird nesting abundantly
in the woods north of Waterloo, Ont. Almost every decayed
stub or broken tree contained a nest of five to six eggs. (W. |
Raine.) Nests in trees near Ottawa, Ont. Nest always in a hole
in a tree or stump, composed of chips and dust. Eggs four to
five, pure white. (G. RX. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten; two taken at Ottawa by Mr. F. A. Saunders; three at
Bracebridge, Ont., one at Medicine Hat, Assa., and one at Banff,
Alta., by Mr. W. Spreadborough ; one taken at Edmonton, Alta.,
by Mr. Dowling.

One set of eggs taken at Port Hope, Ont., May 30th, 1899, by
Mr. M. Meeking. Nest in a cavity in an apple tree in an orchard.
Eggs laid on chips at the bottom of the cavity four feet from the
ground.

394a. Gairdner’s Woodpecker.

Dryobates pubescens gairdnert (AvuD.) Ripew. 1885.

General west of Coast Range. (Zord.) Rather common
throughout the coast region; breeds. (S¢veator.) A common resident
west of the Coast Range; winters on Vancouver Island. (/anmin.)
Common resident at Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.) At Revelstoke
this species was found with Batchelder’s woodpecker, but further
down the Columbia River at Robson and Deer Park, the speci-
mens taken were all of this form. It was next found at Agassiz
in the Fraser River valley, and at Chilliwack and Huntington,
B.C.,'in 1901. On Vancouver Island it is resident and very
abundant. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven ; one taken at Robson on the Columbia River, one at
Agassiz, and four at Chilliwack in the Fraser River valley, B.C.,
also four at Victoria, Vancouver Island, all by Mr. Spread-
borough.

3940. Batchelder’s Woodpecker.
Dryobates pubescens homorous (CaB.) RrpGw. 1896.

Very common throughout the interior of British Columbia along
the C.P.R. (Stveator.) Common around Lake Okanagan, B.C.,

304 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in winter. (Bvooks.) We have not found this species further east
than the Columbia River at Robson, B.C., where a specimen was
taken, and another at Revelstoke in April, 1891. It was common
at Kamloops and Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in June 1889. These
are the only points where found by us. (Macoun.),

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; one taken at Revelstoke on the Columbia River, B.C.,
and two taken at Kamloops, in the dry interior of B.C., June 18th,
1889. All by Mr. Spreadborough.

394d. Nelson’s Downy Woodpecker.

Dryobates pubescens nelsont OBERHOLSER. 1895.

We place here without remark all references to the downy
woodpecker of the northern parts of Canada and Alaska. We
have no specimens.

This species is a constant inhabitant of the Northwest Terri-
tories up to Lat. 58°. It seeks its food principally on the maple,
elm and ash, and north of Lat. 54°, where these trees do not
grow, on the aspen and birch. (ichardson.) North to Fort
Laird, Lat.61°; not rare. (Ross.) A few specimens were observed
on the Athabasca River, Alta. Rare between Methye Lake and
Isle a la Crosse. (J. M. Macoun.) Throughout Alaska where
woodland ora growth of bushes and small trees occurs the present
bird is certain to be found, and is a resident, winter and summer.
(Vlson.) This species ranges throughout the wooded districts of
Alaska. Along the Yukon River it is very common. (Zurner.)
Alaska and northern British America. (Oderholser.)

All our skins of D. pubescens and its sub-species have been
examined by Mr. F. Chapman of New York Museum of Natural
History.

XLVI. XENOPICUS Bairp. 1858.
399. White-headed Woodpecker.

Xenopicus albolarvatus (Cass.) MALHERBE. 1862.

A rare and beautiful species ; obtained only east of the Coast
Range. (Lord.) Coast Range ; Similkameen valley, collected by
R. V. Griffin. (Fannin.) I have heard of this species but never
came across it at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Bvooks.) This bird has

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 305

a claim to notice in this paper solely on the evidence of woods-
men at Vernon, B.C., who assert they sometimes see a “little
white-headed sapsucker ” in the forests at the head of Lake Okan-
agan. (Rhoads.)

XLVII. PICOIDES Lactprépe. 1801.
400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picoides arcticus (SWAINS.) GRay. 1845.

Tolerably common in Newfoundland throughout the year.
(Reeks.) Common along the Humber River, Newfoundland. (Z. 4.
Forter.) Common and resident throughout the wooded portions
of Labrador. (Packard.) Only one specimen seen on Moose
River; none in Labrador in 1896. (Spreadborough.) Not acom-
mon resident in Nova Scotia. Prefers burnt forest. (Dowzns.)
Bare winter) visitant, at Wolivilley IN. S$: (4. Zzjts.)' One
observed at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, June, 1890. (Ff.
A. Allen.) Resides throughout the year but is uncommon in New
Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Rare in the Restigouche valley,
N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) A common resident in York Co.,
N.B. (W.H. Moore.) A single specimen was seen near Gaspé,
and another heard at the mouth of the Mingan River, Que.
(Brewster.) Taken at Beauport; resident in Quebec. (Dzonne.)
A transient and scarce visitant ; a few specimens taken around
Montreal in October and November; common near Casselman,
Ontario, about 90 miles west of Montreal in October. (Winile.)

Possible resident in the Laurentian Hills north of the city of
Ottawa, as it is seen around the city in September and October.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) This is trulya northern bird, seldom
even in winter coming as far south as the southern boundary of
Ontario ; it is resident and quite common in Muskoka. (Mc//-
wraith.) This woodpecker sometimes comes as far south as
Toronto. I have several specimens taken here in winter. In the
district of Parry Sound it is a common resident and one
of the most interesting birds there, both from its nesting habits
and from its utter unconsciousness when approached. (/. //.
Fleming.) Common in Algonquin Park in the summer of 1900.
A pair nested in a telegraph pole quite near Cache Lake station
of the Parry Sound Railway. (Spreadborough.) Feeding on dead
maples at Kiladar, Addington Co., December, 1894; very plenti-

my

¢
\

306 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ful at Whitney on the Parry Sound Railway during the fall of
1898, and feeding principally on the yellow birch; I have seen
an occasional specimen taken near Toronto. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
A few only have been taken in the London district. (W. £.
Saunders.)

A common resident in the woods in Manitoba and northward.
(Thompson-Seton.) Not uncommon-in the woods at Banff,.Rocky
Mountains; observed several in the foothills southwest of
Calgary \\in: ‘July;* 1807, vand= “in” “the VWrew sr Nest “Pass:
Alta. ; common and, breeding at Revelstoke, B.C.; in 1890.
(Spreadborough.) This species is.rather rare in the Northwest
Territories and was only observed on the eastern slope of the
Rocky Mountains, where the common species was also procured.
(Richardson.) North to Fort Simpson; rare. (Ross.) It is
believed that this species breeds and also winters in the Arctic
regions. One nest was found in May, 1863, that was believed to
to belong to this species. (MJacfarlane.) One specimen at
Athabasca Landing, Alta. May 25th, 1888. Common on
Methye Portage ; not rare between Methye Lake and Isle A la
Crosse. (J. M. Macoun.) _Very little appears to be known
concerning the movements and habitat of this bird, especially
in the north. I secured a single specimen which was brought
to me from Fort Reliance on the upper Yukon. (Wedson.)
Obtained only east of the Coast Range. (ZLord.) Common
at Ducks, near Kamloops, B.C., in August, when they are on
their southward migration. (Stveator.) East of the Coast Range;
resident. (/annin.) Common in suitable localities around Lake
Okanagan, B.C., in winter; scarce throughout the winter in the
Cariboo district, B.C.; the greater number seemed to emigrate
southwards. This should be the western form lately described
by Mr. Bangs, but specimens taken seemed to correspond in
measurement with the typical form. (Svooks.)

BREEDING NoTes.—Frequently seen in the fall in the county
of Renfrew, Ont., more early in the county of Leeds. In the lat-
ter county I have once seen this bird in a thick wood of pine and
hemlock as late as the middle of May, and as the locality was
rough and favourable to its habits, it may possibly have bred
there, though I could not locate a nest. This was near Landon’s
Bay, River St. Lawrence. (Rev. C.J. Young.) This woodpecker
has a habit of sometimes nesting in colonies. I saw the nests of

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 307

such a colony near Sand Lake in 1896; there were six or seven
nests, each cut into the trunk of a living cedar, just below the
first branch, and usually eight or ten feet from the ground. The
cedars were in a dense forest overlooking a small stream that
empties into Sand Lake. Four eggs seems to be the full set.
The young are hatched by the Ist of June. (/. A. Fleming.) A
common summer resident at Lake St. Joseph, Muskoka, Ont.
From there I received a set of six eggs taken May 30th, 1899.
Mest, a hele in. a decayed pine) tree, fifteen feet. from the
ground. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; two taken in the township of Low, Gatineau valley, Que.,
October, 1901, and presented by Mr. Marler; two others taken
near Ottawa by Mr. Herring, and four at Bracebridge, Ont., by
Mr. Spreadborough.

401. American Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides americanus BREHM. 1831.

Common and resident throughout the wooded portion of
Labrador. (Packard.) Scarcely so common as the preceding
species in Newfoundland. (Aeeks.) Taken at Fort Churchill,
Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

Through the kindness of Messrs. Edward and Robert Christie
I visited their logging camp on March 16th. The camp is four
miles in the spruce growth, about equal distance from River
Hebert and Two Rivers, N.S. Itwasa favorite locality for many
birds. While there I heard woodpeckers drumming and soon
located three of this species. After drumming for some time
they came down to the, dry tops of spruces of previous cuttings
which were everywhere, and worked about over them. They
were very fearless and I stood within two yards of each in turn
and watched them for some time. Two were males with golden
crown ; the third was evidently a female. These three were the
only ones seen. (C. H. Morrell.) An occasional winter visitor
in New Brunswick near St. John. (Chamberlain.) Have seen this
species in northern New Brunswick. (W. HH. Moore.) Taken at
Beauport ; a scarce resident in Quebec. (Diéonne.) An _ old
female and a brood of young seen in the woods at Ellis Bay, Anti-
costi, Que. (Brewster.) A transient visitant in the Montreal
district but rare. It occurs in October and November. (Wnile.)

308 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

This species is rarer than the preceding but is seen in the
vicinity of Ottawa every autumn and doubtless breeds to the
north of the city. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) This also is a
northern species but is seldom taken in southern Ontario in the
autumn though commoner northward. (Mc/lwraith.) Rare in the
Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, only appearing in winter.
Mr. Handy sent me a pair taken at Emsdale. One specimen of
this species was shot on Well’s Hill near Toronto, November 16th,
1901. It was seen in company with another, probably its mate.
(J. H. Fleming.) While at Whitney during November and
December, 1898, I looked very carefully for this species but only
succeeded in taking one, which was feeding on a yellow birch in
company with a party of P. arcticus. I obtained a second specimen
of this species from the same place a few weeks later. (/. Hughes-
Samuel.) Very rare in central Manitoba but probably general in
the north and east. (Zhompson-Seton.) This bird exists in all the
forests of spruce-fir lying between Lake Superior and the Arctic
Sea. It is the most common woodpecker north of Great Slave
Lake. (Richardson.) A fewspecimens between Athabasca Land-
ing, Alta., and Lesser Slave River. Rare between Methye Lake
and Isle a la Crosse. (/. . Macoun.) North of Fort Good Hope
on the Mackenzie River. (oss.) Much more common than the
preceding species in Cariboo, B.C., in the winter of 1900. (Bvooks.)
Common and breeding in burnt woods at Banff, Rocky Mountains,
alt. 5,500 feet, June, 1891. (Spreadborough.) This is probably
P. fasciatus, as we have specimens of that species from Banff
collected by Mr. Dippie in 1895.

40la. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides americanus fasciatus BAIRD, 1870.

In the country from Fort Simpson (on the Mackenzie River)
north and west, including the lower Mackenzie and Anderson
rivers, and all of northern Alaska, occurs this well marked race,
which is characterized by the extent and amount of the white
markings upon the dorsal surface, mainly in the form of barring.
(Nelson.) Specimens of this form were obtained from Nulato and
Fort Yukon on the Yukon River. The bird is a resident of the
wooded districts and common in some localities. (Zurner.) A
common resident in the spruce zone on the Coast Range ; also
taken in Washington as far south as Mount Baker. (Bvrooks.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 309

Duncan’s, Vancouver Island, by Dr. Hasell; east and west of
Coast Range, B.C. (Fannin.) This, the only species of wood-
pecker detected by me in the Kowak region, was resident through-
out the year. It could scarcely be called common. (GrimmelJ.)
Seen near Cascade, B.C., on the 4gth parallel and taken on Sophie
Mountain at an altitude of 4,000 feet, July 12th, 1902. (Spread-
borough.) Collected at Haines Mission and Glacier, Lynn Canal.
In the Yukon valley at Six-mile River; three specimens near
Miles Cafion ; two on the Lewes River, Yukon district, and two

at Circle City, Alaska. (Bzshop.)

BREEDING Notes.—According to Oliver Davis’ ‘Nests and
Eggs of N. A. Birds,” nothing has been published regarding the
nest and eggs of this species. It therefore gives me pleasure to
make the following record of a set in my collection of five eggs
which were taken with the parent bird on May 2gth, 1897, at Peel
River that runs into the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Nest,
a hole in a coniferous tree about ten feet from the ground. The
eggs average :90 x ‘65. The Rev J. O. Stringer secured the parent
and found its crop filled with seeds and worms. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one taken by Mr. Spreadborough near the International
boundary at Cascade, B.C.; three in Alberta, two at Banff, and
one in the foothills south of Calgary, Alta., by Mr. G. F. Dippie.
Mr. Dippie’s Calgary specimen extends the range of this species
eastward to the foothills so it is very likely that most if not all of
the Rocky Mountain birds belong to this form.

4016. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides americanus dorsalis BAIRD. 1870.

A specimen of what I consider to be this species was procured
at Fort Norman on the Mackenzie River. (oss.) This form is
known to range from Fort Kenai and the southeastern Alaskan
coast and Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River (Lat. 62°) south
to Oregon and Arizona. In well plumaged summer birds a longi-
tudinal white band begins with the nuchal collar and extends
down the back to the rump, with no trace, or at most a very slight
one, of transverse barring. (JVelson.) This form is abundant in
the interior wherever there are wooded districts. It rarely visits
the vicinity of St. Michael. (Zurner.) Mountains east of Coast

310 , GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Range; north to Cassiar. (/annin.) A specimen of this form
was taken at Huntingdon in the Fraser River valley on the 4gth
parallel, on October 4th, 1901. (Spreadborough.) What was
likely this species was observed on the shore of Shuswap Lake,
above Kamloops, B.C., in June, 1889. The bird had a nest ina
dead tree, and was a three-toed woodpecker with a white back.
A specimen was not obtained.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One taken at Huntington, B.C.)’in’ October, 1901) ‘by Mr,
Spreadborough.

XLVIII. SPHYRAPICUS Barrp. 1858.
402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.

Sphyrapicus varius (LINN.) BarRD. 1858.

One found dead near Julianshaab, July, 1845; another sent
from Greenland about 1858. (Avrct. Man.) Common along Moose
River to Moose Factory ; none seen further north in Labrador in
1896. (Spreadborough.) Probably occurs in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) Abundant
summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Dowus.) A fairly common
summer resident at Wolfville, N.S. (A. Zujfts.) A common
summer resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S. First
seen May 7th; eggs far advanced by June 35th. (C. Rk. Harte.)
Seen at Hunter’s River, Prince Edward Island, July, 1888. Not
rare at Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898. (Macoun.)
An occasional summers residentyats. Sts Johny N.B.; , breeds:
(Chamberiain.) Rare in the Restigouche valley,N.B. (Brittain &
Cox.) A tolerably common summer resident ; breeds in York
Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Taken at Beauport, and a common
summer resident in Quebec. (Dzonne.) Summer resident at
Montreal. More plentiful during the spring migrations. Breeds
sparsely on the island of Montreal. (Wintle.)

Common summer resident at Ottawa, Ont.; breeds. Commoner
in migrations than at other times. (Ofawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
A common breeding species, perhaps the commonest of the
woodpeckers in the summer in the Muskoka and Parry Sound
districts. (/. HY. Fleming.) A summer resident about London,
but not common except in migrations. (W. &. Saunders.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 3il

Abundant in Algonquin Park, Ont., breeding in holes in cedar
trees about 12 feet from the ground. (Jd/acoun.)

A common summer resident of the wooded section of Mani-
toba. (Zhompson-Seton.) During the spring of 1892 only four
specimens of this bird were seen at Indian Head, Assa.; two
specimens seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894. None seen
further west on the prairie. First saw four, May 3rd at Edmonton,
Alta.; commun the next day. Common summer resident from Ed-
monton Lat. 53° 30’ to’Crow’s Nest Pass Lat. 50°. (Spreadborough.)
Common from Athabasca Landing, where it is very abundant and
frequently met with up the Athabasca River to the mouth of
Lesser Slave River. Common on the Clearwater River, Lat. 56°
30’, and on Methye Portage. Common between Methye Lake and
Isle ala Crosse. (/. M. Macoun.) This is the only woodpecker
that visits the Northwest Territories in flocks. It made its first
appearance in 1827, on the plains of the Saskatchewan on the 14th
May in considerable flocks. In the breeding season it is much
more retiring and ranges as far north as Lat. 61°. (Rchardson.)
North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River; common.
(Ross.)

BREEDING Notes.—I notice that this bird is very common in
spring along the St. Lawrence. It breeds plentifully in the coun-
ties of Leeds, Lanark and Renfrew, in all of which I have found
its nests. The locality chosen varies very much; it is partial to
an ash swamp, like the hairy woodpecker, but is also fond of
poplar trees, commencing its nest-hole about the begining of May.
I have found fresh eggs on May tgth. They vary much in size
and shape and a complete set consists of five or six. I have
noticed a nest several years in succession in a poplar at the foot
of Grenadier Island, St. Lawrence River, and have observed that
the nest-hole is usually from 25 to 40 feet from the ground,
though on one occasion I found it ina dead stub, standing in
water, not more than three feet above the surface. (Rev. C./.
Young.) 1 found a nest of young birds of this species, June 21st,

“1887, on St. Bruno mountain, in a hole drilled in a live oak tree,

only about six feet high in the trunk of the tree above the ground,
and another nest of its young, July 1, 1885, at Calumet, Que., 58
miles west of Montreal. This nest was in a small hole drilled
in the trunk of alive elm tree, and about thirty feet high from the
base. (Wintle.)

312 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

On June 2oth, 1883, at the spruce bush, I found the nest of a
sapsucker. It was in a new hole in a green poplar tree, about 30
feet from the ground. It contained five newly hatched young,
and in the chamber with them were some of the shells, out of
which I reconstructed two eggs. The male, length 8%, stomach
full of ants, the female, length 83%, stomach full of ants, her bill
also was full of black ants, intended probably as food for the
young ones; excessively fat; no red feathers at all except
three or four scattered on the front of the crown, which was
black. The eggs were each +3 by % and pure white. On
July 3rd, in spruce bush, found the nest of a sapsucker.
It was about 20 feet from the ground ina poplar, and facing the
southeast. Just over the hole was a large limb, which would
doubtless be of some service asa shelter from the rain. I shot
the female ; her crown was black, with but a very few red feathers
in the front, and some of these were tipped with yellow. The
gizzard was full of wood ants, Hormica rufa. (Thompson-Seton.)
Excavates its nest-hole usually in living trees ; one that I took
was in an ironwood and there were nesting-holes of two or three
previous years in the same tree which had died the previous year.
(W. E. Saunders.) 1 collected a set of five eggs from a hole ina
poplar about twelve feet from the ground, at Long Lake, Manitoba,
June 16th, 1894. (W. Raine.) Always nests in a hole in a tree at
Ottawa. Nest made of chips and dust. Eggs, four to six, pure
white. (G. Rk. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ;
two: taken at Ottawaand one at Belleville, Ont., by Prof. Macoun;
one taken at Wallaceburgh, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders; one
at Indian Head, Assa., and another at Medicine Hat, Assa., by
Mr. Spreadborough.

4024. Red-naped Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus varius nuchals Baird. 1858.

Osyoos and valley of the Columbia. (Lord.) Found common
everywhere in the interior ; breeds. (Szveator.) I found this bird
very common east of the Coast Range, especially along the
Cariboo road. (Fannin.) Generally distributed and breeding
throughout the interior of British Columbia; did not observe it
on the coast. (Rhoads.) In the summer of 1891 this species was

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 313

taken at Banff, and in the preceding year it was found breeding
in numbers in the Columbia valley, B.C., at Revelstoke, Deer Park
and Robson. In the spring of Igo02 it was seen at Trail near the
49th parallel. In June 1889 it was quite common at Kamloops,
B.C., and a few were seen as far west as Spence’s Bridge. (Spread-
borough.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight ; one taken at Banff, Alta.,one at Deer Park, one at
Robson, three at Kamloops, B.C., and two at Victoria, Vancouver
Island ; all collected by Mr. Spreadborough.

403a. Red-breasted Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus ruber notkensis (SUCKOW.) RICHMOND. 1902.

Known as an Alaskan bird only from the record of Hartland
of two males taken at Chilcat River, April 12th. (Velson.) Took
an adult male at Skagway, Alaska, May 31st, 1899. (Bzshop.)
Vancouver Island and Sumas. (Lord.) Ten specimens of this
form were taken on Queen Charlotte Islands, where it is common.
(Osgood.) Found only on the coast; rare. (Stveator.) East and
west of Coast Range; not common. (Fannin.) Tolerably common
summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Not uncommon at
Hastings and Agassiz, B.C., in 1889; rather common from Mc-
Guire’s to the head of Chilliwack Lake, B.C., in 1901. (Spread-
borough.)

404. Williamson’s Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cass.) BAtRD. 1858.
Taken at Similkameen, B.C., by R. V. Griffin, June, 1882.
(Fannin.)
XLIX. CEOPHLG#US Casanis. 1862.

405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker.
Ceophleus pileatus abieticola Bancs. 1808.

Rather rare in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Tolerably common
along Moose River to Moose Factory, James Bay; none seen
in Labrador farther north in 1896. (Spreadborough.)

An uncommon resident in heavily timbered districts in Nova
Scotia. (Downs.) One was taken at Wolfville, N.S., Sept., 1897;
rarely seen. (47. Zufts.) Common inthe interior of New Brunswick
throughout the year. (Chamberlain.) A not uncommon perman-

= 7
{

314 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ent resident, and breeds in York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Said
to have been formerly common on Prince Edward Island, but I
saw none. Mr. Earle showed mea stuffed specimen. (Dwight.)
Taken at Beauport ; a resident in Quebec. (Déonne.) Accidental
visitant at Montreal, but rare. The nearest place to Montreal
where I have seen this large woodpecker was at Casselman, Ont.,
about go miles west of the city. (Wzntle.)

This species is not uncommon in the hills north of Ottawa,
and is known to breed. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Muskoka
and Parry Sound districts seem to be the home of: this species.
The work done by the pileated woodpecker in cutting into
dead trees is wonderful. A pair will work all winter at one tree
cutting it to pieces. I have several times seen stubs that have
been so cut up that they have broken down. The birds cut deep
holes in the sides of the trees to get entrance into the soft centre
when the cuts are continued and lengthened until little of its
inside remains. (/. Hf. Fleming.) Found quite numerous at
Whitney on the Parry Sound Railway late in the fall of 1898. (/.
Hughes-Samuel.) Not common in Algonquin Park in summer ;
more plentiful in winter. (Spreadborough.) A rare resident in
the neighbourhood of London. (W. &. Saunders.)

Rare resident in heavy timber, but becomes more abundant to
the northward. According to Hutchins it has been taken in
January at Gloucester House in Lat. 50° 31’ N., Long. 96° 03’ W.
387 miles up the Albany River. (Zhompson-Seton.) This great
woodpecker is a resident all the yearin the interior of the North-
west Territor:es, up to Lat. 62° or 63°, rarely appearing near
Hudson Bay, but frequenting the gloomiest recesses of the forests
that skirt the Rocky Mountains. (Azchardson.) North to Fort
Liard;. Lat. 61° \5! rare) (@Koss.), Rare on tre Clearwater) River,
Atha., Lat., 56° 40’. (/. MW. Macoun.) Common east and west of
the Coast Range. (ZLord.) Commonin the coast region where it
breeds; they are not very common on Vancouver Island. (Szveator.)
Common; but more abundant on the coast. (/annin.) Common
resident at Chilliwack, B.C.; tolerably common around Lake
Okanagan, B.C., in winter ; scarce in the Cariboo district, B.C.
(Brooks.) A few were noted at Banff in 1891; seen at Revel-
stoke in April, 1890; at Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, June 14th,
1890, and at Robson on the Columbia River, at an altitude of
4,200 feet, June 26th, 1890 ; and quite common between Trail and
Cascade, on the goth parallel, in 1902; observed everywhere in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 315

the Chilliwack valley, B.C., and on the mountains in 1901; com-
mon on Vancouver Island and resident wherever I have been.
(Spreadborough.) Found in comparative abundance everywhere
in British Columbia. (2hoads:)

BrEEDING NotEes.—This bird is becoming quite rare. I have
seen it in the counties of Frontenac, Lanark and Renfrew, Ont.;
never during the past fifteen years in the county of Leeds or
along the St. Lawrence. In the heavily-timbered and rough sec-
tions of the former counties, as recently as ten years ago it was
comparatively common, now (1901) it is seldom seen. It breeds
early, commencing its nest-hole in April. In 18881 sawa nest in
a large basswood tree between Perth and Lanark, Ont., about 30
feet from the ground. I have also seen the nest in a maple near
Bob’s Lake, Frontenac Co., this is about its southern breeding
limit in Ontario at the present time. (Rev. C.J. Young.) Ihave
a set of six eggs that were collected at Lake Joseph, Muskoka,
Ont., on June 2nd, 1899. Eggs laid in a hole in a decayed pine
20 feet from the base. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; one bought with the Holman collection in 1885; one
taken north of Ottawa by Mr. Herring ; one taken in the town-
ship of Low, Gatineau district, Que., by Mr. Marler; one taken
by Mr. G. R. White near Ottawa in 1892; one obtained from
Mr. Henry at Ottawa in 1895 ; one taken at Bracebridge, Ont.,
one at Burrard Inlet, B.C., one at Chilliwack, B.C., and one at
Agassiz, B.C., all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CL. MELANERPES Swainson. 1831.
406. Red-headed Woodpecker.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus (LINN.) SWAINS. 1831.

Very rare in Nova Scotia. A mere straggler. (Dowus.) Oc-
casionally met with in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Occa-
sionally met with in Quebec. (Dvzonne.) Summer resident ;
scarce. Observed on the Island of Montreal May 24th, 1882, and
June 24th, 1883. . (Wintle.)

A rather scarce summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottewa Naturailisi,
Vol. V.) One of the species that is increasing with the settle-
ment of the Muskoka and Parry Sound districts. Mr. Kay speaks

7

316 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

of it as rare at Port Sydney in 1890, but increasing rapidly ; in
1893 it was rare at Emsdale, but has become much commoner.
(J. H. Fleming.) Fairly commonin all the western peninsula of
Ontario. Abundant in many parts, but not so much so near
London as formerly, the decrease beginning about 1878. It
spends the winter here in considerable numbers if food condi-
tions are favourable. (IW. &. Saunders.)

A rare summer resident in Manitoba, but commoner eastward.
(Thompson-Seton.) In May, 1895, this species was seen at Old
Wives’ Creek, in eastern Assiniboia; also at Wood Mountain
Post, and observed breeding at ‘Stone Pile” on the White Mud
River, Assa., in June, 1895; a pair were found breeding on the
east end of the Cypress Hills in June, 1894; the same year one
was seen at Crane Lake and another at Medicine Hat, Assa.; a
pair seen at Pass Creek, near Robson, Columbia River, B.C.,
June 25th, 1890. (AZacoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—A common summer resident in Ontario.
Very plentiful along the St. Lawrence, on Wolfe Island and else-
where, becoming rarer northward in the county of Renfrew. It
occasionally stays all winter. In the mild winter of 1890 I
saw two several times in a sugar bush of large maples in the
township of Escott, Leeds Co., Ont. Also at the same sugar
bush I noticed one in December, 1899. It is a late breeder, sel-
dom having eggs before June, and making its nest-hole high up
in the dead limb of a large tree. I have only once or twice seen
the nest within ten feet of the ground. (Rev. C./. Young.) Nest
taken in woods near Ottawa. It was a hole in a tree and con-
tained four pure white eggs laid on a bed of chips and dust.
(G. R. White.) At Rice Lake, Ont.; June 1oth, 1902, I found this
bird more plentiful than the common flicker, nesting in decayed
tree stubs. (IW. Raime.) Mr. G. A. Dunlop found a nest with
eggs of this species at Lachine, and I came across it breeding in
a hole of a dead tree along a fence, between two woods at Longue
Pointe, May 24th, 1889. I shot the female bird at the time for a
specimen. I have not met with this conspicuously coloured wood-
pecker in the autumn season, and therefore I infer it departs south
as soon as its young are reared and able to migrate. (Wentle.) Is
perhaps the latest of our woodpeckers to breed, seldom laying
before June. It lays five to seven eggs of very variable size and
shape, at varying heights from the ground, ranging from two to
at least sixty feet. (W. E. Saunders.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 367

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; two taken at Ottawa by Mr. Herring; one purchased
with the Holman collection in 1885; and one taken at Medicine
Hat, Assa., May 24th, 1894, by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of six eggs taken near Port Durham, Ont., in 1892.

408. Lewis’s Woodpecker.
Melanerpes torquatus (W1Ls.) Bonar. 1838.

Shot only in the open timbered lands in British Columbia east
of the Coast Range. (Zord.) Abundant in the interior; breeds.
(Streator.) East and west of the Coast Range; rare on Van-
couver Island; young taken at Victoria and Comox. (/annin.)
A tolerably common summer resident at+ Chilliwack, B.C.
(Brooks.) While we were encamped on one of the head waters of
the South Saskatchewan at the eastern base of the Rocky Moun-
tains a Lewis’s woodpecker flew overhead and was distinctly recog-
nized by myself and Mr. Batty. (Cowes.) One specimen seen at
Canmore, east of Banff, in June, 1901; one specimen shot at
Revelstoke, B.C., May 5th, 1890 ; only three specimens seen dur-
ing the month; rather common at Sicamous, Kamloops. and
Spence’s Bridge in 1889 ;. one taken at Huck’s, Chilliwack River,
B.C; July, foor; abundant at Cascade,’ on’ the International
Boundary, B.C., inthe summer of 1902. (Spreadborough.) Only
east of Coast Range in B.C.; rare in some localities, in others
abundant. (/hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine ; one taken at Kamloops, two at Spence’s Bridge, one at
Enderby, one at Chilliwack, and four at Cascade on the Interna-
tional Boundary, B.C. All by Mr. Spreadborough.

409. Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Melanerpes carolinus (LixnN.) Ripew. 1874.

Not common near London but locally abundant in the western
part of the peninsula of Ontario. (W. &. Saunders.) Rare about
Toronto; commoner in southwestern Ontario. (/. H. Fleming.) A
female was taken in Toronto, Ont., May Igth, 1885. (Zhompson-
Seton.) On July 27th, 1894, I took an immature specimen of this
species at Twin Lakes, border of Lake township, northeast of

fe

318 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Havelock. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) Accidental visitant inthe Montreal
district ; rare. Mr. Kuetzing says this species occurs in the
Eastern Townships, but I have not observed it near Montreal but
will treat it as a straggler until more is known of it in this district.
(Wintte.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen, purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.
CLI. COLAPTES Swainson. 1827.

4124. Northern Flicker.
Colaptes auratus luteus BANGS. 1898.

Herr Méschler has recorded the receipt of a specimen from
Greenland in 1852. (Avrct. Man.) An accidental straggler was
procured from the mainland near Akapatok Island, Hudson Strait,
in October, 1882. Reported to be acommon summer visitor to
Northwest River, Labrador. (Fackard.) Observed all along the
Moose River to Moose Factory, and a few as far north as Fort
George in Labrador, June, 1896. (Spreadborough.) A summer
visitor and tolerablycommon in Newfoundland. (Aeeks.) One seen
on the Humber River Newfoundland, Oct., 1898. (ZL. A. Porter.)
Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) Not common at Lake Mis-
tassini, northern Quebec, in 1885. (/. 7. Macoun.) Very common
from Lake Winnipeg to Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Dr. RX.
Bell.) Quite common in Nova Scotia. (Dowzs.) In woods along
Rustico Bay, Prince Edward Island, July, 1888 ; common on Cape
Breton Island, July, 1898. (JZacoun.) An abundant summer resi-
dent in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Common around fields,
Restigouche valley, N.B. (Srittain & Cox.) Common summer
resident and breeds in York Co., N.B. (lV. H. Moore.) Taken at
Beauport and a common resident in Quebec. (Duonne.) A few
were seen near Gaspé and one or two at Fox Bay, Anticosti.
(Brewster.) Common summer resident at Montreal. Breeds in
Mount Royal Park. (Wintle.) Common summer resident at
Ottawa. Breeding in all woods. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
Abundant and breeding in the districts of Parry Sound and Mus-
koka. (/.H. Fleming.) Common all over western Ontario. A
few spend the winter in favourable seasons. (W. £. Saunders.)

Not common in Algonquin Park, Ont.; one pair breeding near
Cache Lake. (Spreadborough.) A very abundant’summer resident

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 319

in the wooded parts of Manitoba. (Zompson-Seton.) This beauti-
fully marked bird visits the Northwest Territories only in summer,
advancing as far north as Great Slave Lake, but resorting in the
greatest numbers to the plains of the Saskatchewan. Instead of
hiding itself in the depths of the forest it frequents the open
downs, and employs itself in turning over the ant-hills in search
of larvee on which it preys. (Réchardson.) North to Peel River,
mouth of the Mackenzie ; common. (Ross.) This bird is by no
means scarce in the valley of the Anderson but we made no
attempt to collect its eggs as they are not scarce. (Macfarlane.)
This handsome woodpecker breeds from one side of the Territory
(Alaska) to the other wherever wooded country occurs, according
to the Esquimaux it extends even to Behring Strait. (Ve/son.)
This species does not occur in the Yukon districts to my knowl-
edge. A specimen was obtained from Fort Yukon, where it is
not abundant. (Zwrner.) In the Yukon valley this is by far the
most common woodpecker. We found it quite frequently from
Log Cabin to Circle City. At Caribou Crossing, June 27th, 1899,
Osgood secured a female and found her nest containing eight
young and three eggs in a cavity three feet from the ground in a
partly dead poplar. At Six-mile River another nest was found,
and at Lake Laberge another, all in the Yukon district. ( Bishop.)

This is not a rare bird at Indian Head, Medicine Hat, and
Cypress Hills ; it was found breeding in 1895 in company with
the hybrid flicker in holes in Acer Negundo on May 30th and two
fresh eggs taken from the nest; early in Juneit was found at Wood
Mountain, and towards the end of June on Sucker Creek in the
Cypress Hills, Assa.; common and breeding at Banff and shot as

far west as Revelstoke, B.C., May 14, 1890. First seen at Edmon-

ton, Alta., on April 30th, 1897 ; it soon became common and com-
menced to breed. Common in the foothills southwest of Calgary.
(Spreadborough.) Common from Athabasca Landing up the
Athabasca to Lesser Slave River and down to Fort McMurray,
Lat. 56° 40’. Common up the Clearwater River and on Methye

‘Portage. (J. M. Macoun.)

BreEepinc Notes.—In this region (Carberry) the flicker seems
to prey principally on ants, taking them sometimes from the
rotten stumps that are honeycombed with their galleries, but
more often, I believe, from the mound-like ant-hills which are to
be seen on the prairie in such numbers. His method of attack
seems to be by first pecking a hole in the centre of the hill, and

320 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

then as the ants come swarming out he dispatches them till his
appetite is satisfied. Afterwards he comes again and again to the
hill till it is completely depopulated. (Zhompson-Seton.) 1
found a nest of this woodpecker, June 8th, 1882, at Bedford, Que.,
in the trunk of an old beech tree, containing two younglings, five
eggs incubated and one egg quite fresh ; also another nest in the
decayed trunk of a beech tree in the woods below Hochelaga,
June 3, 1883, containing four eggs, and in the same tree two eggs;
May alist, 1887, another nest, with one egg, in a hole in the dead
limb of atree on the spur of Mount Royal. The flicker’s nest can
often be discovered by the quantity of chips strewn over the
ground under the tree, from the hole they have been excavating
init. (Wintle.) One of these birds has nested in a telegraph
post in front of my house at Kew Beach, Toronto, for the past
five summers and has never yet succeeded in hatching its eggs on
account of its nest being robbed by boys. As many as 40 eggs
have been taken from this nest in one season; as fast as the eggs
are taken the bird lays another lot and in spite of this persecution
returns every spring to its old home. Higher up in the same
telegraph post a pair of tree swallows nest annually and succeed
in hatching out their brood as the hole is too small for the boys
to get their hands into. (W. Raime.) Nests taken at Ottawa are
in holes in stubs or broken trees. Eggs five to seven, pure white,
laid on a bed of small chips and dust. (G. A. White.) First seen
in 1892 at Indian Head, Assa., April 19th. After this they became
common and were nesting by May oth, one shot at this date had
its stomach full of ants. First seen in 1894 at Medicine Hat,
Assa., on April 12th. After that they became common and could
scarcely be distinguished from the form I call the hybrid flicker.
Both forms were breeding. Later this species was found at Crane
Lake and very common in the timber at the east end of the
Cypress Hills. In May, 1895, it was found breeding with the
hydrid form at Old Wives’ Creek and the eggs of each taken.
Both nests were in holes of Acer Negundo. \t was also found at
Wood Mountain and along Frenchman’s River in the Cypress
Hills. Common and breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in
1891. Met with at Revelstoke in 1890 in company with hybrids
and the red-shafted flicker. (Macoun.) A very common summer
visitant. Found everywhere. It is plentiful in the Magdalen
Islands where its former nest-holes are sometimes occupied by the
small owls that breed there. Once in the county of Renfrew I

i
——

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS.

21

ww

found a nest with nine eggs, but six or seven is the usual number.
(Rev. C. J. Young.) Abundant from April to October. Usually
the flicker’s nest is situated quite a distance from the ground, as
one of the bird’s names—* high hole’”’—suggests. But last sum-
mer a nest was observed so low that the bottom was on a level
with the ground outside the stump in which the nest was made.
The nine eggs which this nest contained were also remarkable.
One egg was no larger than a sparrow’s and contained no yolk,
while the other eight varied greatly in shape from spherical to
extremely elongate. (AH. 7u/ts.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve ; three taken at Ottawa, one at Belleville, Ont., by Prof.
Macoun; one taken at Indian Head, Assa., one at Old Wives’
Creek, Assa., one at Medicine Hat, Assa.,one at Edmonton, Alta.,
three at Banff, Rocky Mountains, and one at Revelstoke, B.C.,
all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of 14 eggs taken at Hurdman’s bridge, near Ottawa.
Nest in a hole ina tree where the bird had nested for years.
Another set of two taken at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., May 30th,
1895. Nest ina hole in Acer Negundo.

413. Red-shafted Flicker.
Colaptes cafer collaris (V1GORS) NELSON. 1900.

A specimen of this species was killed to the westward of the
Rocky Mountains by Mr. Douglas. (A¢chardson.) During Bis-
choff’s visit to Sitka a number of these birds were taken there
and the specimens are now in the National Museum. It has not
been taken since. (Velson.) The most abundant of the summer
visitors on Vancouver Island and in British Columbia. (ZLord.)
Five specimens taken at Ashcroft are of this form. (S¢tre2tor.)
East of the Coast Range; common. (/annin.)

This species was common at Banff in the spring of I8gI ;
breeding at Devil’s Lake and seen eating ants above the timber
line on Mount Aylmer, Aug. 6th, 1891 ; common at Revelstoke
on the Columbia, and down that river to Deer Park and Robson;
also common and breeding in Eagle Pass, west of Revelstoke,
B.C.; common on the International Boundary between Trail and
Cascade, B.C., in the summer of 1902. Not uncommon at Sica-
mous, Kamloops and Spence’s Bridge, B.C.,in May and June, 1889.
(Spreadborough.)

322 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; two taken at Revelstoke; two on the International
Boundary, B.C.; one taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains; one
taken at Sicamous, B.C., and one taken at Kamloops, B.C.; all
by Mr. Spreadborough.

In the summer of 1902 Mr. Spreadborough took four sets of
eggs on the International Boundary, two of which contained
seven eggs and two, six each,

4138a. Northwestern Flicker.

Colaptes cafer saturatior (Ripew.) A. O. U. CHECK-LIST,
1886.

Abundant on the coast of British Columbia. (Stveator.) Abun-
dant west of Coast Range ; a number winter in the neighbour-
hood of Victoria. (a@nnin.) Acommon resident at Chilliwack.
(Brooks.) Common at Chilliwack and at Huntington, B.C. Ob-
served a few on the mountains at Chilliwack Lake, also a few
along the Chilliwack River and in the hills, and at Burrard Inlet;
a resident throughout Vancouver Island. Nests in holes in dead
trees ; nesting commenced April 24th, 1893. (Spreadborough.)
Noted occasionally about Sitka, Alaska, in the dense forest a
mile or more back from the beach. (Gvimnell.) While cafer seems
to be exclusively an eastern species, satwrvatior cannot be said to
confine itself to the coast ; examples from local areas of great
rainfall in the interior being indistinguishable from ordinary
Vancouver Island specimens. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven specimens ; four taken at Chilliwack; three at Agassiz;
two at Burrard Inlet, B.C., and two at Victoria, Vancouver Island;
all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken near Victoria, Vancouver Island, by
Rev. G. W. Taylor.

Hybrid Flicker.

All the Colaptes of the Upper Missouri, Yellowstone and Milk
River appears to be of the hybrid race in which there is every
degree of departure from the characters of typical auzatus. The
change begins on the Middle Missouri,as low down, I think as Fort
Randall, and certainly as low as old Fort Pierre. It isa point of

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 323

interest that this mongrel style overruns into the Saskatchewau
region ; for of two species secured at the eastern base of the
mountains, one had the red quills and ash throat of meatcanus, and
the cheek-patch mixed with red, while the other was nearly
pure auratus. (Coues.)

This form was found breeding in the same locality and under
the same conditions with pure awratus, in holes in Acer Negundo on
Walsh’s ranch, near the mouth of Old Wives’ Creek, May 30th,
1895. The nest contained four eggs indistinguishable from those
of the eastern species. Others were seen at Medicine Hat, Assa.,
in 1894 and a number shot. Specimens were taken at Sucker
Creek, west end of Cypress Hills, July 1st, 1895; later in the
season it was seen at Castellated Rocks in southwestern Assini-
boia, in the Milk River valley ; on July 26th others were seen at
Lee’s Creek, near Cardston, Alta.; and still later at Waterton
Lake, almost where Dr. Coues saw the species in 1874.

Numerous specimens were taken at Revelstoke, B.C., in the
spring of 1890. These varied from almost pure auratus to pure
cafer. Two specimens were shot having all the characters of
cafer, but each had a crescentic patch of red on the nape of the
neck,

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten specimens; three taken at Medicine Hat, Assa.; one at
Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., six at Revelstoke, B.C., in 1890; all by
Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., May
30th, 1895, by Mr. Spreadborough.

OrnpDER, MACRKROCHIRES., GoATSUCKERS,
SwWIFTS, &C.
Famitry XXXV. CAPRIMULGIDAS, GoatsuckeErs.
CLI] ANTROSTOMUS GouwuLp. 1838.
417. Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus vociferus (WILs.) Bonap. 1838.

Formerly common but now becoming rare in Nova Scotia.
(Downs.) An occasional summer resident at St. John, N.B.

324 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

(Chamberlain.) Not common at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.
(W. H. Moore.) Rare summer visitor in Quebec. (Déonne.) Tran-
sient visitor at Montreal, scarce ; this bird is said to be plentiful
at St. Jerome, 33 miles north of Montreal. (Windt/e.)

A common summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) Fairly common in Muskoka; I have not met with it in
Parry Sound district. (/. H. Meming.) Common from the Geor-
gian Bay to Lake Erie in most retired localities. (W. &. Saun-
ders.) North to Norway House, foot of Lake Winnipeg. (Dr.
R. Bell.) A common summer resident in Manitoba, arriving early
in May. (Zhompson-Seton). Very common in thick woods at .
Manitoba House, Manitoba Like, and westward along Lake Win-
nipegoosis, nesting in the poplar woods in June, 1881. During the
day many specimens were seen lying at full length, and perfectly
flat, lengthwise on the branches. (Macoun.) Not seen nor heard
anywhere on the prairie. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING NoTEs.—Common in central Ontario in rocky
uneven ground, partially wooded. I noticed it in a plantation of
small oaks near the canal, Wolfe Island, opposite Kingston, but
itis not common in level sections of the country. It arrives
earlier in the spring than the night hawk, and I have heard its
“call” as early as the end of April, and as late as September. It
is nowhere commoner than among the Thousand Islands. On
some of the larger of these it breeds, returning to the same
vicinity year after year. On one island, among ferns, and second
growth trees I came across the eggs three times. They are laid
in pairs on the bare ground without a vestige of nest, generally
among the trees. I have found them on the gth and 16th of
June, but two years ago I saw two eggs that were said to have
been found on the 8th May. This bird leaves Ontario nearly
a month later than the nighthawk, at least many do. (Rev. C./.
Young.)

Fifteen years ago this bird could be heard any evening on the
outskirts of Toronto, but of late years it has become scarce. I
found a set of two beautiful eggs of this species at Rosedale,
Toronto, May 24th, 1889. There was no nest and the eggs were .
laid on dead leaves on the ground ina wood. On the evening of
June 18th, 1894, Mr. Menzies-drove me from Woodlands, Mani-
toba, to Shoal Lake, and we were astonished at the number of
whip-poor-wills calling in the woods at the sides of the trail. (W.
Raine.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS.

Ww
bo
wl

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two ; taken at Toronto, Ont., by Mr. Herring.

One set of two eggs taken at Garden Hill, ten miles north of
Port Hope, Ont., by Mr. W. H. Meeking, June toth, 1898. No
nest, the eggs just laid on the ground where the fire had burned
all the woods the year before.

CLIT]. PHALA(NOPTILUS Ripeway. I88o.
418. Poor-will.
Phalenoptilus nuttalit (Avupd.) Ripew. 1880.

Only one pair of these birds was seen in two weeks stay at
Kamloops, B.C., in June, 1889. One was shot in open day but no
nest was discovered. The country was open, dry and arid.
(Spreadborough.) From Kamloops south through the Okanagan
district of British Columbia. (Fannin.) A tolerably common
summer resident throughout the southern portions of the semi-
arid interior. (Bvooks.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen ; taken at Kamloops, B.C., June 18th, 1889, by
Mr. Spreadborough.

CLIV. CHORDEILES Swainson. 1831.
420. Nighthawk.

Chordeiles virgintanus (GMEL.) SWAINS. 1831.

One specimen found dead on Melville Island. (dAvct, W un.)
Stearns records this bird from Natashquan; also obtained by
Drexler in August, 1860, at Moose Factory, James Bay. (Packarda.)
A summer migrant in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Very common
in Nova Scotia. (Dowmzs.) Seen at Baddeck and Sydney, Cape
Breton Island, August, 1898 ; one seen in the marsh at Brackley
Point, Prince Edward Island, 25th June, 1888. (JZacoun.) A few
were seen almgst every day frequenting the open cl-arings or
sailing high in the air while I was on Prince Edward Island.
(Dwight.) An abundant summer resident at St. John, N.B.
(Cramberlain.) A common summer resident ; breeds at Scotch
Lake, York Co.,N.B. (W. 4H. Moore.) Not common in the Resti-
gouche valley, N.B.; only seen in burnt districts near settle-
ments. (Brittain G Cox.) Taken at Beauport; acommon summer

326 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

resident in Quebec. (D¢éonne.) Not rare; breeds at Lake Mis-
tassini, northern Quebec. (/. JZ. Macoun.) A single specimen
observed at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) York Fac-
tory, Hudson Bay. (Dy. RX. Bell.) One heard, June 27th, at Grand
Entry Island, one of the Magdalen Islands ; but none afterwards.
(Brewster.) Common summer resident, breeds in Montreal upon
the gravelled roofs of houses. (Wntle.) An abundant summer
resident. Since the building of houses with gravelled roofs these
birds have become very common in the city. They breed in
security on many of the flat roofs. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
Common summer resident in Muskoka and Parry Sound districts.
(J. H. Fleming.) Not so common as formerly in the London, Ont.,
district. (W.£. Saunders.) Two observed in Algonquin Park,
June 18th. No others seen in three month’s residence. (Spreaa-
borough.) This species is quite common in Manitoba and breeds
freely. (7hompson-Seton.) Exceedingly abundant on pleasant
evenings near our camp at Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan River.
(\udting.) Few birds are better known in the Northwest Terri-
tories than this, which ranges in summer to the Arctic islands.
It makes its appearance at Great Bear Lake generally about the
last of May, and was observed hatching on the Saskatchewan on
the 8th June. (Rechardson.) North to Lapierre’s House on the
Mackenzie River; rather rare. (Ross.) A few straggling birds
have been observed in the far north but I never came across its
nest except on the Clearwater River near Fort McMurray in June,
1873. (MJacfarlane.) Seen along the Athabasca River from the
mouth of Lesser Slave River to the Clearwater River, Lat. 56° 40’,
also on Methye Portage and from Methye Lake to Isle a la
Crosse. (J. M7. Macoun.) Vancouver Island and throughout British
Columbia. (Zord.) Abundant summer resident in the interior ;
breeds. (Sztve tor.) East of Coast Range ; a summer resident.
(Hannin.) Summer resident at Chilliwack ; tolerably common.
All the specimens taken belong to the typical form and not to
henryt. (Brooks.) Abundant in all interior localities of British
Columbia. (Rhoads.) From Caribou Crossing, Lat. 60°, B.C., to
Tatchun River, Lat. 62° 20’, near Rink Rapids, Yukon River.
The specimens were slightly darker than virginianus from the east.
(Bishop.)
BREEDING Nores.._A common summer resident, though it does
not appear to be as common as it was fifteen years ago. It lays
its two eggs, without any nest, on rocks, in a disused stone quarry,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 327

or even on land that has recently been burnt over. (Rev. C./.
Young.) All the nests taken at Ottawa, Ont., were on the ground
or on the gravel on the flat roofs of houses inthecity. Eggs, two,
of a pale olive buff, thickly mottled and daubed with varied tints of
darker gray slate or even blackish. (G.R. White.) On August Ist,
1883, while in the eastern sand hills with Miller Christy, we found
the two young of a nighthawk sitting on the bare ground in the
open. They seemed about three days old. On the tips of their
beaks were still the hard white with which they are furnished to
aid them in chipping the shell. The old shells were lying around
the nest, as is the case with the Poocetes, and but for these I
should have passed by the young ones, as they had squatted close
to the ground and shut their eyes, for the blackness and brilliancy
of these would almost certainly have betrayed them. I gently
touched one of them, whereupon it crouched down more closely
to the ground; but its companion, rising up, hissed with open
beak and snapped savagely at my fingers. On being further
teased they ran off, exactly in the manner of young ducks, with
outstretched wings and with neck and body at an angle of 45
degrees. After running a few feet they stopped, squatted as
before, and closed their eyes. This they repeated several times,
but at best they only made little progress, and each time on being
overtaken the bold one was always ready to fight. This proved
to be a male; the sex of the other was not ascertained, but pro-
bably it was a female. At this age the middle claw is not pecti-
nated. (Zhompson-Seton.) The eggs of the nighthawk (Chordeiles
virginianus) were several times found on the bare ground among
the sand hills, on the north side of the Souris, near Plum Creek,
with no approach to a nest for the helpless young. The parent
birds endeavoured to draw us away from their eggs, fluttered as
if wounded a short distance from them, and uttering cries of dis-
tress. (f/ind.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two ; both taken at Ottawa, Ont., by Mr. G. R. White.

One set of two eggs taken from roof of house, 374 Gilmour st.,
Ottawa, Ont., June 12th, 1895, by Mr. R. H. H. Hunter. Another
set of two taken on bare rock in the township of Metheun,
Peterboro’ Co., Ont., by Mr. J. Keele, June 3rd, 1899.

sil

328 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

420a. Western Nighthawk.
Chordetles virgt.tanus henryt (Cass.) Cours. 1872.

On June 7th, 1892, two were observed at Indian Head, Assa.,
and by the 1oth they were common. I have seen them sitting on
poplar trees by the shore of Deep Lake, ten miles from Indian
Head, in the day time. Very abundant all summer; breeds in
the vicinity. First seen in 1894 at Medicine Hat, June 3rd; also
at Wood Mountain, June toth, 1895 ; afterwards it was common
and in large numbers at Frenchman’s River and Cypress Hills,
near Cypress Lake ; it is acommon species in the prairie region
and was seen along Milk River, St. Mary’s River and Lee’s Creek,
at Cardston, Alta. This form was abundant on the International
Boundary, between Trail and Cascade, B.C., in the summer of
1902. Rather rare and breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains ;
heard occasionally at Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, B.C., in
June, 1890. Breeding in numbers on the rocks 700 feet above the
Columbia at Robson, B.C., and west of Pass Creek. Breeding on
bare rocks without any sign of a nest. Eggs two. The bird often
flies in the daytime. All specimens observed in the mountains
are referred here. Common at Sicamous, Kamloops and
Spence’s Bridge. Observed at Chilliwack, B.C., and up the river
as far as Huck’s; asummer resident on Vancouver Island; one
seen On June I1th at Victoria, and first seen at Comox, June 15th;
on August 18th, 1893, saw a flock of at least 200 at Sooke; they
appeared to be going southward. (Spreadborough.) I have found
this bird nesting throughout Assiniboia and Alberta, laying its
two eggs on the ground in the poplar bluffs. (W. Raine.) A
summer resident in British Columbia; breeds on the mainland
and Vancouver Island. (/annzin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; one taken at Indian Head, Assa.; one at Robson, Col-
umbia River, B.C.; one at Banff, Rocky Mountains ; four at
Trail, B.C.,and two at Kamloops, B.C. ; all by Mr. Spreadborough.
One set of eggs taken at Robson, Columbia River, B.C., June 22nd,
1890, by Prof. Macoun. Another set of two taken at Atlin Lake,
B.C., June 25th, 1900, by W. H. Boyd.

420c. Sennett’s Nighthawk.
Chordetles virginianius sennetti (CouES.) BisHop. 1806.

Treeless region of the Great Plains from the Saskatchewan
southward to Texas. (Sup. VIII. to the A. O. U. Check-list.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 329

Our specimens have not been taken on the treeless plains and
though some of the references under C. vwirgintanus may refer to
this form we have no specimens of It.

Famity XXXVI. MICROPODIDA. Swirts.
CLV. CYPSELOIDES Srrevusev. 1848.
422. Black Swift.
Cypseloides niger borealis (KENNERLY) DREW. 1885.

Sumas, British Columbia. (Zord.) A migrant in British Col-
umbia. (Fannin.) Abundant summer resident. (Bvooks.) Ob-
served a number at Chilliwack, B.C., June 2nd, 1902; seen at
Agassiz, B.C., May igth, 1889; first seen at Comox, Vancouver
Island, June 15th, 1893, also at Nanaimo; only seen for a few
days during migration. (Spreadborough.)

First seen at Lulu Island May 25th, and more seen on the 26th,
migrating leisurely. Frequently seen in great flocks on the
Thompson and over the Jakes mear Ashcroft. On the 7th of
June, my notes report ‘ 2,000 hovering low about a small lake,”
the only chance I had tosecurespecimens. They remained there
all that day, but were gone the next day. Occasional flocks
appeared at Clinton, Lac la Hache, Ashcroft and Kamloops until
June 12th. They were again seen at Vernon June 22nd. At no
time did they appear singly or in detached pairs. (Rhoads.)

CLVI. CHASTURA STEPHENS. 1825.
423. Chimney Swift.

Chetura pelagica (LINN.) STEPH. 1825.

One shot in 1863 near Sukkertop, Greenland. (Avct Man.)
Apparently rare in Newfoundland, at least at Cow Head. (Reeks.)
An abundant summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Dowzs.) Baddeck
and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898. Seen near
Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island; not common June 23rd,
1888. (J7acoun.) Rather rare and not often seen in Prince
Edward Island. It usually nests in hollow trees. Not rare at
Baddeck, Cape Breton Island. (Dwéght.) A common sum-
mer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) A common
- summer resident and breeds at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.
(W. H. Moore.) Common in the Restigouche valley, N.B.; nest-

330 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ing on trees. (Brittain & Cox.) Common summer resident in
Quebec. (Dionne.) Numerous about Grenville and throughout
the valley of the Rouge, Argenteuil Co., Que., 1856. (D’Urban.)
Summer resident at Montreal; abundant; breeds in the city,
attaching their nests against the inside walls of chimneys.
(Wintle.)

An abundant summer resident, breeding in immense numbers
in the great chimneys of the Parliament buildings. Early in
May they begin to arrive and by the end of the month they con-
gregate in thousands and late in the evening begin to descend in
a constant spiral stream in a large chimney in the western block.
In the first week in February, 1883, a chimney swift came down
a chimney in the house of Dr. J. F. Whiteaves, Assistant
Director of the Geological Survey. It was caught and
examined by him and remained alive for several days. <A
similar instance in known to have occurred in Toronto. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Abundant in Muskoka and Parry Sound
districts. (/. H. Fleming.) A common summer resident through-
out western Ontario. (W. #. Saunders.) Common in Algonquin
Park, Ont. Some nesting in a chimney at Cache Lake and others
in hollow trees. (Spreadborough.) Nesting on the inside wall of
an outbuilding near the railway station at Aylmer, Ont. (4. G.
Kingston.)

A tolerably common summer resident in Manitoba, but dimin-
ishing westward. (Zhompson-Seton.) Common at Pembina, Lat.
49°, and traced thence westward only to the Mouse (Souris) River.
(Coues.) A few seen at Indian Head, Assa., in June, 1892. Two
individuals seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 17th, 1897. (Spreaa-
borough.)

Vol. V. of The Ottawa Naturalist, pp. 89-104, contains a very
complete description of the Ottawa colony of chimney swifts by
Mr. A. G. Kingston. The whole article should be read by those
interested in this bird.

BREEDING NoTES.—Very common in summer, a few birds re-
maining until the end of September. It usually arrives from the
3rd to the 6th May. Its curious nest of sticks, glued together,
is well known. This is often placed in a dtsused chimney against
the woodwork of an empty house, and such like positions. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) Nest composed of small twigs of nearly uniform
size, which are interwoven into a neat semi-circular basket. Each

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 331

twig is firmly fastened to its fellow by saliva secreted by the bird.
Eggs five, pure white. (G.R. White.) The nest of this species is
occasionally found against the inner walls of outhouses and more
rarely in hollow trees in the woods, its former nesting place.
(W. £. Saunders.)
: MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; two taken at Ottawa by Mr. Herring, and one pur-
chased with the Holman collection in 1885.

One set of four eggs taken near Scarboro, Ont., June 20th,
1898. The nest was in an old disused chimney. Nest taken by
Mr. W. Raine.

424. Vaux’s Swift.
Chetura vauxi (Towns.) DEKay. 1844.

Only seen at Sumas, British Columbia. (Zord.) East and west
of the Coast Range, but not to my knowledge occurring on
Vancouver Island. (Fannin.) Summer resident at Chilliwack ;
common. (Svooks.) Seen above the station at Revelstoke, B.C.,
May 12th, 1890. Rather common towards the end of May; com-
mon at Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, and at Pass Creek. near
Robson, Columbia River. Seen at Kamloops and Sicamous and
on Mount Queest, Gold Range, B.C., at an altitude of 6,000 feet.
Always flying very high; common at Trail, near the Interna-
tional Boundary, for a few days in the spring of 1902; com-
mon at Chilliwack and along that river to Chilliwack Lake,
B.C., June, 1901; seen for the first at Comox, Vancouver
Island, June 16th, 1893; after this they became common ;
I believe they breed in the vicinity. (Spreadborough.) Arrived
April 11th at Nisqually and May 13th at Goldstream, Vancouver
Island, where it was an abundant migrant, associating at times
with C. mger. Seen at Lac la Hache, B.C., July 1st. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen taken at Trail, B.C., near the International
Boundary, May 29th, 1902, by Mr. Spreadborough.
Famity XXXVII. TROCHILIDA. Houmminc-sirps.

CLVII. TROCHILUS Linnzus. 1758.
425. Ruby-throated Humming-bird.
Trochilus colubrt; LINN. 1758.
A single individual, a male, was seen within tour feet of me
July 17th, 1882, on the hill top (825 feet elevation) back of the
8

332 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

station at Davis Inlet ; Audubon states that few were seen by him
in Labrador. (Packard.) An abundant summer visitor in Nova
Scotia. Comes when the red maple is in bloom. (Downs.)
Rather common at Baddeck and other parts of Cape Breton Island;
August, 1898. (Jacoun.) Not observed but undoubtedly occurs on
Prince Edward Island. Mr. Earle showed me a stuffed specimen.
(Dwight.) An occasional summer resident at St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) Summer resident, but not common; breeds at
Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W.H. Moore.) Taken at Beau-
port; acommon summer resident in Quebec. (Dionne.) Seen
from May 27th to August 12th, 1858, in Argenteuil Co., Que.
(D' Urban.) Summer resident at Montreal; common. Breeds in
the city gardens and in Mount Royal Park, but their nests are not
often found on account of their diminutiveness. On their arrival
in Montreal in spring the flowers of. the wild gooseberry and
lilac bushes are their favorite resorts and later on they frequent
horse-chestnut blossoms, wild columbine and cultivated flowers.
(Winttle.)

Common summer resident at Ottawa. A nest with two fresh
eggs was taken July 12th, 1890, by Messrs. W. E. & F. A. Saunders.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Plentiful during migration in Mus-
koka and Parry Sound districts. At Emsdale, the males arrive
soon after the 15th of May, the females a few days later ; I think
some go further north but a great many remain to breed. (/. H.
Fleming.) Not common in Algonquin Park, Ont., only three
observed from May 25th to June 17th, 1soo. (Spreadborough.)
Common at Kew Beach, Toronto. Several pairs visit my garden
every summer and feed on the flowers of the nasturtiums and
scarlet-runners. (W. Raine.) This species is a common summer
resident around Winnipeg and westward in diminishing numbers.
Macoun took it at the head of Lake Winnipegoosis, Aug. 16th,
1881. (Zhompson-Seton.) We obtained specimens of this species
on the plains of the Saskatchewan, and Mr. Drummond found one
of its nests near the source of the Athabasca River. This nest
was composed principally of the down of the anemone, bound
together with a few stalks of moss and bits of lichen. It ranges
in summer as far north as Lat. 57° and may go even further.
( Richardson.) |

BREEDING Notes.—Generally distributed in Ontario. Breeds
commonly about the middle of June. One nest I saw was on the
outermost branch of a beech. The eggs were destroyed by black-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 333

birds and the nest torn down on July 12th. Another nest was on
a dead limb of a small hemlock. The nest, like the wood-pewee’s,
is built on the upper side of the limb. (Kev. C.J. Young.) A nest
taken at Ottawa was built on a horizontal branch of atree. It
was built of gray lichen lined with soft plant down. Eggs two,
pure white, blushed with pink. (G. R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Ottawa, the other at Toronto, Ont., by Mr,
S, Herring.

One set of two eggs taken at Toronto, June roth, 1891, by Mr.
W. Raine. Nest inthe fork of anappletree. Another nest taken
near Ottawa in the fork of a plum-tree; built of the usual gray
lichen, (Parmela saxatilis).

429. Black-chinned Humming-bird.

Trochilus alexandri Bourc. & MuLs.

Confined to the mainland ; on both slopes of the Coast Range.
(Fannin.) Summer resident at Chilliwack ; not common. (Brooks.)
This species was found in some abundance at Agassiz, B.C., in
May, 1889, and a few at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., on the mountain
back from the bridge. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen ; taken at Agassiz, B.C., May 13th, 1889, by Mr.
Spreadborough.

CLVII]. SELASPHORUS § Swainson. 1831.

433. Rufous Humming-bird.
Selasphorus rufus (GMEL.) SWAINS. 1831.

This species was discovered at Nootka Sound by Captain Cook,
and | have before me one of the identical specimens. (Aéchardson.)
This species is a summer resident at Sitka and beyond, thus
occurring far along the coast of the North Pacific. (Ve/son.)
Tolerably common in the more open clearings about Sitka, Alaska,
and along the quiet shores of the secluded inlets. A nest with
eggs nearly hatched was found on June toth. It was five feet
from the ground on a horizontal branch of a fir tree. (Grénnell.)

8%

334 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Common on Vancouver Island and throughout British Columbia.
(Lord.) Moderately common everywhere in British Columbia.
( Streator.) West of the Coast Range ; an abundant summer resi-
dent ; the only one to my knowledge on Vancouver Island.
(Fannin.) Common summer resident at Chilliwack. (Svooks.)
This was a common species at Banff, Rocky Mountains, Alta.,
during the season of 1891, breeding in numbers on the lower
branches of the spruce, especially about Vermillion Lakes.
Observed several in the Crow’s Nest Pass in August, 1897 ; first
seen at Revelstoke, B.C., April 30th, 1890, after that date became
very common, still very numerous on May 30th, feeding on rasp-
berry bushes ; only occasionally seen at Deer Park and Robson
on the Columbia River, in June, 1890; quite common on Mount
Queest, Gold Range, B.C., at an altitude of 6,500 feet, in August,
1889; not uncommon at Waterton Lake, Alta., at the eastern
base of the Rocky Mountains in July, 1895; a few seen at
Chilliwack and McGuire’s ranch, Chilliwack River, B.C., June,
1901 ; a few seen near the International Boundary between Trail
and Cascade ; very abundant along Murphy Creek trail, just north
of Rossland, in July, 1902. First seen at Victoria, Vancouver Island,
April 22nd, 1893, and common by the 25th. At this date they were
feeding in great numbers on the wild gooseberry, (Aedes adivari-
catum). A summer resident throughout the island. (Spread-
borough.) Incredibly numerous on the coast during April migra-
tions ; nesting at Nisqually while night frosts still lingered and
mercury averaged 45° to 50° during the day. Scarcely less com-
mon in many parts of the interior districts and found on the sum-
mits of the highest mountains, including the Rockies ; nests with
eggs nearly hatched found April 18th, 1892. (Rhoads.) On June
15th, 1893, I found this species to be common along Vermillion
Lakes at Banff, Rocky Mountains. Three specimens were shot
and a nest was found containing two eggs. The nest was attached
to the branch of a spruce tree seven feet from the ground.
(W. Raine.) Mr. T. W. Hanmore, who has been stationed at
Tyonck, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, for eleven years, says that he has
seen humming-birds there several times. (Osgood.) One specimen
seen on Eagle Island, Lynn Canal, and one at Glacier, above
Skagway, and a nest with two eggs taken. One was seen at
West, 41m. of Lake Bennet/about’ Bat-Go-.,,3.C.\on June 24nn.
1899. (Bishop.)

Le

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 335

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-five ; one taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains; fifteen at
Revelstoke, B.C. ; two at Spence’s Bridge, B.C.; one at Burrard
Inlet, B.C.; and four at Victoria, Vancouver Island, all by Mr.
Spreadborough.

One set of two eggs taken at Banff, June 13th, 1893, by Mr. W.
Raine. Nest attached to the end of a limb of a spruce tree about
fifteen feet from the ground.

434. Alien’s Humming-bird.
Selasphorus allent HENSH. 1877.

Eastern Coast Range and Rocky Mountain districts. (/annin.)
One specimen shot about six miles up Eagl> Pass, west from
Revelstoke, B.C., May 25th, 1890; next day another specimen
was taken at Revelstoke; not uncommon at Sicamous, B.C., in
July, 1889. (Spreadborouch.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; taken in Eagle Pass and at Revelstoke, B.C., by Mr.
Spreadborough.

CLIX. STELLULA Govtp. 1861.

436. Calliope Humming-bird.
Stellula calliope GOvuLD 1861.

Summit of Rocky Mountains; alt. 7,000 feet. (Zord.) East
and west of Coast Range. (/annin.) Common at the Crow’s
Nest Pass, Alta., in August, 1897; breeding in considerable
numbers at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in June and July, 1891 ;
while camped at Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, Columbia River,
B.C., in the early part of June, 1890, I took seven specimens and
they were so abundant that many others could have been taken.
They were not observed examining flowers but were seen perching
on small trees and chasing small flies and returning again to their
perch just as small flycatchers do. Farther down the river at
Robson this species was quite rare. In May, 1889, it was not
uncommon at Spence’s Bridge, at an altitude of 3,500 feet, and a
number were taken ; saw a number in a marsh in Depot Creek,
east side of Chilliwack Lake, B.C., July, l901. Observed at Trai
and Cascade, B.C., near the International Boundary, in the sum-

336 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

mer of 1902. (Spreadborough.) A very few small ‘‘ hummers”
frequenting the interior and southern Rocky Mountain districts,
B.C., were probably S. calliope. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five ; two taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains ; two at Deer
Park, Columbia River, B.C.; and one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., all
by Mr. Spreadborough.

' One set of two eggs taken at Elka Station, on the Crow’s Nest
Pass Railway, B.C., June, 1900, by Mr. J. Keele. The nest differs
from that of the rufous humming-bird in being smaller and having
less lichen on the outside. It was fastened to the small twigs of
a dead branch of a spruce tree.

ORDER PASSERES:, (PERCHING Bimps:
Famity XXXVIII. TYRANNIDA. Tyrant Frycatcuers.
CLX. MUSCIVORA Lacépépe.

442. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.

Muscivora forficata. (GMEL.) OBERHOLSER. IQOI.

The swallow-tailed flycatcher ((Juscivora forficata) is such a
characteristically southern bird that its accidental occurrence in
Manitoba is worthy of note. Last January I was showna splendid
specimen taken at Portage la Prairie by Mr. Nash. He found it
lying dead on the prairie on the 20th October, 1884. Its
stomach was empty and the bird very emaciated, although in fine
plumage. On fhe previous night there was a sharp frost. In
addition to this record, I quote the following rather startling
statement from the report on the Hudson Bay,, by Professor Bell,
of the Canadian Geological Survey, 1882. ‘‘ But the most singular
discovery in regard to geographical distribution is the finding of
the scissor-tail, or swallow-tailed flycatcher (Musctvora forficata)
at York Factory, Hudson Bay. The specimen in the Government
Museum was shot at York Factory in the summer of 1880, and I
have learned since that these remarkable birds were occasionally
seen at the posts of the Hudson Bay Company, all the way west
to the valley of the Mackenzie River.” (Zhompson-Seton.)
On July gth, 1899, the writer was out in the country about 26
miles north of Winnipeg, and being out for a walk about 5:3

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 337

a.m. noticed a bird with an enormous tail (about twelve inches
long) sitting on a bare limb of a poplar tree about 100 yards from
me. On closer inspection I found it to be opening and closing
its tail. I am quite sure it was a scissor-tailed flycatcher. (ZL.
Osborne Scott in Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XIII, p. 195.) The speci-
men taken by Mr. C. W. Nash in Manitoba and referred to above
is now in the collection of Mr. J. H. Fleming in Toronto.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen taken at York Factory, Hudson Bay, and pre-
sented. torther museum) by) Dr. Ks Bell:

CLXI. TYRANNUS Cvovier. 1799.
444. King-bird.
Tyrannus tyrannus (LINN.) JORDAN. 1884.

Audubon (Vol; 1, p..207) found it, breeding in Labrador:
(Lackard.) A common summer resident in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Common summer resident in Nova Scotia, but rare at
Halifax. (Downs.) A common summer resident at Sydney,
Cape Breton Island, N.B. (C. &. Harte.) Fairly abundant from
the middle of May to the middle of September at Wolfville, N.S.
(7. Tufts.) Not rare at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton
“Island, July, 1898; breeding and rather common at Brackley
Point, Prince Edward Island, 1888. (/acoun.) Rather common
on Prince Edward Island, 1892. (Dwzght.) An abundant summer
resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Observed only at
Point du Chéne, in New Brunswick. (BSvewster.) Common sum-
mer resident vat seoteh) wake, York Co:, N:B.° (M7. A. Moore.)
Seen only in the neighbourhood of houses ; very rare in the valley
of the Restigouche, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.)

Only cne specimen seen on the Magdalen Islands. (JSzshop.)
Taken at Beauport ; a common summer resident in Quebec.
(Dionne.) Quite common at Bevin’s Lake and Hamilton’s farm,
River Rouge, Argenteuil Co., Que. (D’Urban.) Common summer
resident in the Montreal district. (J1 znd/e.)

Common summer resident in the Ottawa district; breeds
abandantly. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Abundant in the set-
tled districts as a summer resident in the Muskoka and Parry
Sound districts. (/. A. Fleming.) Common everywhere along
the shores of the lakes in Algonquin Park, Ont. A pair nested

338 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in a canoe birch overhanging the water near the buildings at Cache
Lake. Other birds were nesting near them but were not inter-
fered with. On the other hand they allowed no intruders around
their tree and sat peacefully on the tree or caught flies when
necessary in the immediate vicinity. (Spreadborough.)

An extremely numerous summer resident wherever there are
trees throughout Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) First observed
at Indian Head, Assa., May 27th, 1892 ; after which they became
common and a steady stream was seen flying north on June 2nd ;
very abundant all summer, breeding in great numbers; in the
summers of 1894 and 1895 this species was found in profusion
throughout the whole prairie region, and every piece of brush or
patch of rose bushes from Moose Jaw to the Rocky Mountains
had one or more nests ; only two pairs were seen at Banff, Rocky
Mountains in the summer of I89I ; quite common at Revelstoke,
B.C., and at Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, and at. Robson in
June, 1890 ; common at Trail and Cascade, B.C,, in the summer of
1902; it was found more or less common all the way to the
Pacific coast in 1889 ; common at Chilliwack, B.C., in the spring
of I901; more seenin the autumn. First seen at Edmonton, Alta.,
on May 17th, 1897, common by the 19th. June roth found a nest
in a willow about 12 feet from the ground, with three fresheggs.
Nest composed of weeds lined with grass and horse hair. Com-
mon in the foothills southwest of Calgary in July. (Spreadborough.)
One specimen seen at Grand Rapids of the Athabasca. A few
birds seen at north end of Methye Portage, Lat. 56°. A few
specimens between Methye Lake and Isle a la Crosse. (/. W.
Macoun.) Common at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan and
Chemawawin. (Vutting.) This well known bird is common on the
banks of the Saskatchewan, and ranges in summer to Lat. 57°,
or beyond it. (Azchardson.) North to Fort Simpson on the
Mackenzie River; rare. (Aoss.) Vancouver Island and throughout
British Columbia. (Zord.) Abundant in the interior and decreasing
in numbers towards the coast. (Stveator.) East and west of
the Coast Range; more common on the mainland ; a summer
resident. (/annin.) Common summer resident at Chilliwack.
(Brooks.) Abundant in the interior of British Columbia. (/hoads.)

BREEDING NotTes.—Common everywhere in Ontario. Its nest
is sometimes found as late as the middle of July with fresh eggs.
(Rev. C. J. Young.) I examined a nest of this bird June 3oth,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 339

1880, which was built in a thorn bush in Mount Royal Park. It
contained younglings covered with white down. Observed from
May 4th to August 22nd. (Wrnéle.) Nest found on Duck Island
near Ottawa, Ont., Ist July, 1897, in a low bush, was composed of
fibrous roots and dried vegetable substances, lined with fine grass;
eggs four, creamy white, spotted and blotched with reddish and dark
brown spots. (G.R.White.) On July 21st, 1882, down by the
slough in a low bush, found a king-bird’s nest. It was just com-
pleted and contained no eggs yet. The king and his wife made
more fuss over my intrusion than most birds would have done had
the nest been full of young ones. Further on I found another
nest of this species. It was placed on the top of a stub, about
eight feet high. The bird flew off. The nest was made of roots
and fine fibres and contained four eggs. One of them measured
1% by 5%; it was creamy white, with a few clear spots of brown
and lavender, inclined to form a wreath about the large end ; the
others were similar; all were quite fresh. (Zhompson-Seton.) The
king-bird breeds in the low scrubby oak trees which cover the sand-
hill in western Manitoba, building, like the shrike, a nest consisting
largely of the stalks of a species of Guaphalium. After the young
are able to fly they often live around the settler’s houses on the
open prairie, but about the end of August they all leave. (Christy.)
Extremely numerous at Pembina, where many nests were taken after
the middle of June, and traced westward as far as the survey
progressed that year. One of the nests (No. 3062) was placed ona
rail fence,in the crotch formed by a post. In the Missouri region,
it was equally abundant from Fort Buford to near the headwaters
of the Milk River. Many nests containing two to four eggs were
taken the latter part of June and earlyin July. One of these was
particularly interesting, showing that the summer warbler is not
the only species that gets rid of the obnoxious eggs of the cow-
bird by building a second story to the nest and thus leaving the
alien eggs to addle in the basement below. A nest taken near
Frenchman’s River containing two eggs seemed to be a curiously
built affair, and on examining it closely I found the wrong egg
embedded in its substance below the others (No. 4185.) The
king-bird is not so much attached to woodland as has been sup-
posed. I saw great numbers whilst travelling by rail on the
prairies of Minnesota and Dakota, where it seemed to be as much
at home as anywhere. All things considered, it may be rated as
one of the most abundant and generally diffused species of the

340 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

whole region under consideration. (Cowes.) The nests of this
species are usually built in an apple tree in some orchard, and are
constructed of dried grasses, weed stems, wool and hair. Wool is
the most conspicuous article used in building. One nest observed
was within three feet of the ground, being situated in a small
apple tree and was plainly exposed, there being nothing whatever
to conceal it. (W.H. Moore.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885;
three taken at Ottawa, two of these by Prof. Macoun and one by Mr.
F. A. Saunders; one taken at Carberry, Man., by Mr. Thompson-
Seton ; two at Medicine Hat, Assa., two at Banff, Rocky Moun-
tains, one at Deer Park, B.C., and another at Kamloops, B.C., all
by Mr. Spreadborough.

Four sets of eggs. One set of four eggs, taken on Gull River,
Minden, Ont., June 16th, 1896, by Mr. A. E. Barlow; one set of
four taken on Gull River, Minden, Ont., June 14th, 1894, by Mr.
A. A. Cole. Nest in an alder three inches above the water of
Gull River. One set of three, taken in a wild rose bush, at Crane
Lake, Assa., June 12th, 1894; by Prof. Macoun. Oneset of three,
taken at Edmonton, Alta., June roth, 1897, by Mr. Spread-
borough.

445. Gray King-bird.
Tyrannus dominicensis (GMEL.) RICHARDSON. 1837.

One specimen taken at Cape Beale (west coast of Vancouver
Island, September 29th, 1889, by Miss Cox, and presented to the
museum at Victoria. (/annin.)

447. Arkansas King-bird.
Lyrannus verticalis Say. 1823.

Two specimens of this species, an adult and one in first plumage,
were taken by Mr. D. Losh Thorpe at Souris coalfields,
August 20th, 1891, a little west of Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.)
Observed at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., its most eastern limit as far
as my observation goes, on May 26th, 1895 ; also at Medicine Hat,
Assa., in May, 1894; nesting both at Medicine Hat and Crane
Lake ; quite common at Castellated Rocks, near the West Butte,
on Milk River, in July, 1895, and westward to the Rocky Moun-
tains ; breeding in great numbers in southern Alberta; one pair

ae

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 341

seen on the Columbia River, about eight miles below Deer Park,
B.C., June 18th, 1890; not rare at Trail and Cascade, B.C., in the
summer of 1902; taken at Sicamous, Kamloops and Agassiz in
1889. One pair seen at Chilliwack, B.C., May 27th, 1901. (Spread-
borough.) This species finds its northern limit in British Columbia
afew miles south of Clinton. It ranges east in the breeding season
to the Selkirk Mountains. I did not find it onthe coast. (Rhoads.)
Vancouver Island and throughout British Columbia. (Lord.) Not
common on the coast, but more abundant in the interior.
(Streator.) East and west of Coast Range, but chiefly on the
mainland; found breeding at Ashcroft. (fannin.) Summer
resident ; tolerably common at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—In the Red River region 7. carolinensis alone
represents the genus; but throughout the Upper Missouri and
Milk River country the two are found together, and it is hard to
say which is the most numerous. They have much the same
general habits and often associate intimately together ; indeed, J,
have known one tree to contain nests of both species. The cries
of verticals are louder and harsher, with less of a sibilant
quality, than those of the king-bird ; but there is little else to note
as different. The nests of the verticalis are bulky and conspicu-
ous, all the more easily found because the bird has a way of leaving
the general woods of the river bottom to go up to the ravines
that make down from the hillsides, and there nest on some isolated
tree, miles away, perhaps, from any landmark. Taking nests of
both species at the same time, I found that those of verticalis
were generally distinguishable by their larger size and softer make,
with less fibrous and more fluffy material ; but the eggs, if mixed
together, could not be separated with any certainty. The sets of
eggs taken during the latter part of June consisted of from three to
six. Eggs were found as late as the second week of July. The
nests were placed in trees at a height of from five or six to forty
or fifty feet, generally in the crotch of a horizontal limb, at some
distance from the main trunk ; but in one case a nest was placed
in the crotch which the first large bough made with the trunk. In
one case a pair of the flycatchers built in the same tree that con-
tained the nest of Swainson’s buzzard, and both kinds of ‘birds
were incubating at peace with each other, if not with all the world,
when I came along to disturb them. In another one they nested
with a pair of king-birds. The birds display admirable courage in

342 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

defense of their homes, losing in their anxiety all sense of danger
to themselves. (Covwes.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Sixteen ; one taken at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa.; eight at Medi-
cine Hat, Assa.; one at Enderby, B.C.; one at Spence’s Bridge,
B.C.; and three at Agassiz, B.C.; all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CLXI]. MYIARCHUS Casanis. 1844.
452. Crested Flycatcher.

Myarchus crinitus (Linn.) Licut. 1854.

Have observed this species at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B., in
August ; they seemed to be migrating in families. (W. 7,
Moore.) Taken near Woodstock, N.B., by Mr. Purdie in 1878.
(Chamberlain.) Rare summer resident in woods near Quebec.
(Dionne.) Common summer resident in the district of Montreal.
(Wintle.)

A common summer resident in the Ottawa district. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Reported as common at Beaumaris on May
12th, 1898, by Mr. Tavernier; I believe it will be found distri-
buted over both Muskoka and Parry Sound districts in summer.
(J. H. Fleming.) A common summer resident at London and in
Bruce Co., Ont. (W. E. Saunders.)

A very rare summer resident of thick woods in Manitoba and
northwest to Lake Winnipegoosis where Macoun shot it in 1881;
there are also three specimens in the Museum at Winnipeg taken
by Hine. (Zhompson-Seton.)

BREEDING Nores.—One of those birds that within the last
fifteen years are certainly becoming commoner in Ontario. They
are numerous in the vicinity of Kingston and on Wolfe Island.
A curious breeding habit is the use of snake skins in the nest,
which is always placed in the hole of a tree. I never saw a nest
without pieces of snake skin. They commence to lay about the
Ist of June, and are by no means rare now, 1901. (Rev. C./.
Young.) This large flycatcher has the peculiar habit of placing
around the edge of its nest the cast-off skin of a snake, which is
probably done to protect its nest from squirrels taking possession
of the hollow wherein the nest is built, as, no doubt, the sight of
a snake’s skin coiled up would scare that little animal away. I

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 343

have shot specimens of this species in the months of May and
August and noticed the plumage very fine in the latter month.
Observed from May Sth to August 28th. (Wndtle.) Found this
species nesting at Rice Lake, Ont., June 16th, 1902. (W. Raine.)
Nests quite frequently at Ottawa, Ont. Nest is generally built in a
hole in tree about ten feet or more from the ground, where a large
branch has been blown off. The nest is composed of straw,
leaves, rootlets and vegetable matter, lined with feathers and
pieces of snake skin. Eggs, four to five, light buffy brown,
streaked lengthwise by lines and markings of purplish and dark
brown. A nest found on May 2nd had the young half-grown.
(G. R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; two
taken at Ottawa, and one at Belleville, Ont., by the writer.

One set of eggs taken near Toronto, Ont., May 25th, 1895, by
Mis Wael kaine. ) Nest in aj hole in a poplar 15 feet from ’the
ground.

CLXIII. SAYORNIS Bonaparte. 1854.
456. Phoebe.
Sayornis phabe (LATH.) STEJN. 1885.

A summer migrant in Newfoundland but not common. (Xeexs.)
One pair seen near Dominion Mine, Sydney, Cape Breton
bsland, NUS. August 120th, ‘1901. ((C) Ai Aare.) A common
summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) A rare
spring migrant at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore)
An irregular summer visitor at Beauport, Que. (Dzonne.) A com-
mon summer resident at Montreal. Breeds in Mount Royal
Park. Nests with eggs found from May 17th to June gth.
Observed from April 3rd to October 8th. (Wintle.) Common
summer resident in the Ottawa district ; usually building its nest
close to houses or on the verandah. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
Abundant summer resident in Muskoka and Parry Sound districts.
(J. H. Fleming.) One specimen observed at Dog Lake, northern
Ontario, May 30th, 1896. (Spreadborough.) Very common every-
where in Ontario and one of the first arrivals in spring, when the
weather is still cold. (Rev. C. /. Young.) Rare summer resident
in Manitoba, one or two pairs seen each season; usually nests

344 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

under bridges at Winnipeg ; tolerably common (apparently ?) as
far west as Qu’Appelle. (See Thompson-Seton, p. 560.) Spread-
borough spent a summer at Indian Head, about Io miles south of
Qu’Appelle, and never saw or heard one and I am led to believe
that the pair noted at Qu’Appelle and at Oak Point, Lake Mani-
toba, was Contopus virens and not Sayornis phabe as the observer
thought. (Macoun.) Apparently not common at the Grand
Rapids of the Saskatchewan; only one specimen secured.
(Nutting.) A pair hada nest beneath the wharf at Norway House,
Keewatin, and several more nests were observed on June 28th, as
we were passing through Hell Gate. The nests were placed on
the cliffs overhanging the water. (Pvebles.)

First saw one April Igth, 1897, at Edmonton, Alta., next on
May 7th, nesting under a bridge, nest built of weeds and moss,
lined with grass and horse hair, rather bulky. On June 2nd
found a nest with five eggs in a coal-shed. (Spreadborough.) First
noticed at Athabasca Landing May 23rd, 1888. The commonest
bird up the Athabasca to Lesser Slave River. Eggs had been
incubated about a week on June Ist. Common up the Clearwater
River, about Lat. 56° 30’, and not rare on Methye Portage; com-
mon between Methye Lake and Islea la Crosse. (/. 17. Macoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nest found 21st June at Lac des Isles,
built on the end of a fallen tree overhanging the water, composed
of mud, grass and moss, lined with fine grass and feathers; eggs,
five, white. (G. R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four ; two taken at Ottawa by the writer; one at Toronto by
Mr. S. Herring; and one at London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders.

One set of four eggs taken at Port Hope, Ont., April 20th,
1900, by Mr. N. H. Meeking. Nest of grass, wool, moss, hair,
bark and various soft material, placed under a projecting bank of
a creek 2% feet from the water.

457. Say’s Phoebe.
Sayornis saya (BONAP.) BAIRD. 1858.

One specimen was observed at Indian Head, Assa., on May 2oth,
1892, which was the only one seen; not uncommon at Medicine
Hat and Crane Lake. Assa,, June, 1894; at Crane Lake a pair
built a nest on the verandah of the farm house just as the phoebe

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 345

does in the east, and another pair built their nest on a pole passing
through the horse corall ; in June, 1895, a pair was observed in the
“Bad Lands” south of Wood Mountain; and westward in the
Milk River valley they were quite numerous, breeding on the
ledges in the cliffs ; a pair was seen at Banff, Rocky Mountains,
Alta., in 1891; a few individuals seen at Edmonton, Alta., in
May, 1897; not rare in the foot-hills from Calgary to Crow’s
Nest Pass, not uncommon at Sicamous, Kamloops, and Spence’s
Bridge, B-C., 1889); only” two specimens’ seen) on’ Stubb’s
Island, Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, August 25th, 1893.
(Spreadborough.) One individual appeared at Carlton House on
the 13th May, when it settled on a low garden fence, flitting from
place to place when disturbed ; it was soon obtained and a female
was shot afterwards. (Aechardson.) North to Fort Simpson, on
the Mackenzie River; rare. (Foss.) Several specimens of this
bird were brought to me from Fort \Reliance, on the Upper
Yukon, in Lat.66°. (WVelson.) This species was noted at Glacier
in the White Pass, on the mountain side at Bennett, at Fort Selkirk,
at Stewart River, at Charlie River, Yukon district; and at Circle
City, in Alaska, in 1899. (Bzshop.) British Columbia. (Zord.) Com-
mon in the interior ; abundant during the migrations. (.S¢veator.)
East and west of Coast Range; but chiefly on the mainland ;
summer resident. (Fannin.) Rare migrant at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)
Not common ; same distribution as Zyvqnnus verticalis. (Rhoads.)

BREEDING Notes.—-Nests quite commonly in Assiniboia, build-
ing its nest on rafters in barns and laying four white eggs. (IV.
Raine.) May 27, 1894, at Medicine Hat, found nest in the unfin-
ished Industrial School. The nest was very compact, composed
of fine grass, weeds, wool, cotton and a few feathers. Eggs, five,
pink before being blown, white afterwards. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four ; three taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., andione at3Edmon-
ton, Alta., June 2nd, 1897.

Three sets of eggs of five each. One taken at Medicine Hat,
Assa., May 27th, 1895; the other taken at Edmonton, Alta., June
2nd, 1897, both by Mr. Spreadborough ; one at Fort Saskatchewan,
Alta., taken by Mr. John Callaghan, May 3rd, 1898.\,Nest made
of roots and moss, lined with feathers and built in a stable.

346 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

CLXIV. CONTOPUS Casanis. 1855.
459. Olive-sided Flycatcher.

Contopus borealis (SWAINS.) BAIRD. 1858.

One shot at Nenortatik, Greenland, 29th August, 1840, and
sent to Copenhagen. (Avct. Man.) Audubon, Vol. I, p. 252,
records it from the coast of Labrador. (Packard.) One observed
on Moose River near Moose Factory, James Bay, June 4th, 1896
(Spreadborough.) A common summer resident in Nova Scotia
(Downs.) Rather common at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape
Breton Island, N.S.;, July, 1898; breeding in woods at Brackley
Point, Prince Edward Island, July, 1888. (d/acoun.) One speci-
men was observed at Souris, Prince Edward Island. Prof. Earle
was familiar with it. (Dzzght.) A common summer resident in
New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Summer resident at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B.; but not common; members of the same
family keep together when going south. (W. H. Moore.) Com-
mon in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) A single
specimen noted at Plaster Cove, Cape Breton Island on June 23rd.
(Brewster.) Common summer resident in Quebec. (Dionne.) A
scarce summer resident at Montreal. Breeds in Mount Royal
Park; arrives about May 8th and leaves about August 20th.
(Wintle.)

A summer resident in the Ottawa district, but rare. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Rare at Toronto ; but common in Muskoka
and Parry Sound districts. In the spring of 18941 found this
flycatcher not uncommon in the country between Kearney and
Sand Lake ; they frequented the tops of the very tallest dead
trees. (J. H. Fleming.) Quite an uncommon bird at Toronto. I
took one on August 17th, 1897, and saw one during the past fall
(1900) ; two were taken at Port Credit, 27th August, 1894, by Mr.
Massey ; I have seen three or four other specimens during the
last four or five years. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A very rare sum-
mer migrant near London, Ont., but a common breeder in
North Bruce. (W. E. Saunders.) Abundant and breeding every-
where in swamps in Algonquin Park, Ont., June, 1900. (Spread-
borough.) Observed but once, on July 4th, 1900, in a swamp bor-
dering Trout River, between Oxford House and Knee Lake,
Keewatin, (Pvredles.)

A common summer resident of woodlands throughout northern
Manitoba. On July 26th, 1883, in the tamarac swamp beyond

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 347

the spruce bush I noticed a very noisy flycatcher; its note was
loud, and its habits were much like those of the great crested
flycatcher. After some trouble, for it was very shy, and kept
chiefly among the topmost branches of certain dead trees, I suc-
ceeded in getting it. It proved to be a male olive-sided flycatcher;
length seven inches; stomach full of flies. (Zompson-Seton.) One
specimen seen at Indian Head, Assa., 1892. Not observed any-
where in the prairie region, but common at Banff, Rocky Moun-
tains, Alta., in 1891, where it was breeding in numbers; in the
spring of 1890 it wascommon at Revelstoke and west to Eagle
Pass where they were breeding; this species was also common at
Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake; and Robson, Columbia River,
where they had young ; common on the International Boundary
between Trail and Cascade, 1902 ; this species was seen at various
points in B.C.; at Sicamous and Spence’s Bridge high up on the
mountains in 1889; observed one at Chilliwack, B.C., June 5th,
one at McGuire’s ranch June 16th; also one at Deer Ridge,
August 10th, 1901; a summer resident throughout Vancouver
Island ; in burnt forest quite common. (Sfreadborough.) Only
one specimen of this species-was procured. It was shot on the
banks of the Saskatchewan as it was flying near the ground.
(Richardson.) North to Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake ;
rare. (Ross.) One specimen shot on Athabasca River, a short
“distance above Grand Rapids, June, 1888. (/. M. Macoun.)
A single specimen of this bird was brought to me from
the lower Yukon in Lat. 63°, and is the only instance of its
capture on record in Alaska. (Velson.) A specimen from Fort
Kenai, Cook’s Inlet, is in the National Museum at Washington.
It is an adult male taken by Bischoff May 26th, 1869. (Osgood.)
At Six-mile River I took a female of this species and heard it at
Bennett and shot one, but not found at Carribou Crossing, B.C.,
apout Lat, 60°.” (Aiskop.) British Columbia. (Lord) A
not uncommon and generally distributed summer resident.
(Streator.) East and west of Coast Range; a common summer
resident. (/annin.) Summer resident at Chilliwack ; not com-
mon. (Bvooks.) Breeding at high altitudes in the east Coast
Range and Rocky Mountain districts of B.C. (Rhoads.)

BREEDING Notes.—Rare in the counties of Leeds, Renfrew,

etc. In the county of Leeds I twice identified this bird. As this
was in the summer, it may occasionally breed, as it is reported to

9

348 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. ‘.

do on Mount Royal near Montreal. (Rev. C.J. Young.) On June
20th, 1893, at Long Lake, Manitoba, I found a nest and two eggs
of this bird. The nest was like a large wood pewee’s and saddled
on to the limb of a tree eight feet from the ground. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; three taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains, one at Revel-
stoke, B.C., one at Chilliwack, B.C., and one at Victoria, Van-
couver Island, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Two sets of three eggs each, both taken at Wolfville, N.S., by
Mr. H. Tufts. One was taken on June 6th, 1898. The nest was
ona spreading horizontal branch of a spruce 25 feet from the
ground and about three feet from the trunk. It was composed ot
twigs and small vines with rootlets. The other was taken June
17th, 1894. It was on a spreading fir limb about 30 feet from the
ground. The nest was composed of twigs lined with grass.

461. Wood Pewee.
7 Contopus virens (LINN.) CaB. 1855.

Audubon, Vol. I., p. 233, records it (probably erroneously) from
Labrador. (Packard.) Jam inclined to believe that this is the
bird that Mr. Reeks names Sayornus phebe and also the same that
Mr. Turner referred to and that Mr. Packard is in error in referr-
ing it to Contopus richardsonu. (Macoun.)

Common summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Shot in
Brackley Point woods, Prince Edward Island, August 22nd, 1888.
(Macoun.) Not common, though now and then met with in cer-
tain localities in Prince Edward Island. (Dwight.) Common
summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Tolerably
common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. Nests
built on horizontal limbs from 10 to 50 feet from the ground. (W. #7.
Moore.) Weard in the valley of the Restigouche, N.B. (Bvittain
& Cox.) Summer resident in Quebec. (Dzonne.) Common sum-
mer resident around Montreal; breeds in Mount Royal Park.
(Wintle.)

Common summer resident in the Ottawa district. (Ottawa Na-
turalist, Vol. V.) A common breeding species in Muskoka and
Parry Sound districts. (/. H. Fleming.) Rather rare in Algon-
quin Park, Ont. Only a few specimens seen in two months in
1900. (Spreadborough.) A tolerably common summer resident of

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 349

woods in the vicinity of Winnipeg, but more abundant to the
north. (Zhompson-Seton.) Only noticed at Pembina (Lat. 49°),
which is probably at or near its northwestern limit. ( Cowes.)

BREEDING Nores.~ Quite common in beech and maple groves
in the county of Leeds, Ont., and around Kingston. I have fre-
quently seen the nest, sometimes as late as July 15th, usually on
the upper side of a bough of a beech tree, but occasionally on a
maple. I never saw more than three eggs in a nest, several times
only two. (Rev. C.J. Young.) Mr. A. C. McKeand found a nest
of this flycatcher containing three eggs June 26th, 1885, in Mount
Royal Park ; the nest was attached to the fork of a small hori-
zontal branch of a tree growing on the top of the mountain. © The
nest of this bird is a difficult one to discover as it is generally
built upon a thick horizontal branch. (Wntle.) This species
breeds at Kew Beach, Toronto. It seldom lays more than three
eggs in a beautifully built nest, externally covered with pieces of
lichen after the manner of the ruby-throated hummingbird. (W.
Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; two taken at Ottawa and one near Toronto by Mr. S.
Herring; one taken in Algonquin Park, Ont., by Mr. Spread-
borough.

Two sets of three eggs each; one taken near Ottawa in June,
1892, by Mr. A.G. Kingston; and one at Toronto by Mr. J. Parke,
July 1oth, 1897. The latter nest was lined outside with lichens and
inside consisted of hair, roots, &c.

462. Western Wood Pewee.

Contopus richardsonti (SWAINs.) Batrp, 1858.

Audubon, Vol. I., p. 220, states that he found it breeding in
Labrador. (Fackard.) <A tolerably common summer resident in
woods and bluffs. This species commonly frequents the open
woods and willow thickets while wrens seems to keep to the
heavier, thicker timber. (Zhompson-Seton.) First observed in
1892 at Indian Head, Assa., on May 26th; a few were seen after
this but they never became common; quite common at Banff,
Rocky Mountains, in the summer of 1891 ; quite common and
breeding in low woods at Revelstoke, B.C., Deer Park, Lower
Arrow Lake and Pass Creek, Columbia River, B.C. Nests usually
Ean 972

350 GEOLOGIGAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

placed on the limb of a spruce tree in the fork of the branch ;
tolerably common throughout British Columbia from Revelstoke
westward on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway to
Sicamous, Spence’s Bridge and Agassiz; common everywhere
near the International Boundary between Trail and Cascade,
BCs in ‘1902. Seen’ at Chilliwack,” B-C.5) also. ab McG@uitec
ranch on the Chilliwack River, June, 1901; first seen near
Victoria, Vancouver Island, May igth, 1893 ; a common summer
resident ; saw them later in the season at Comox. (Spread-
borough.) This species was found in the neighbourhood of Cum-
berland House, on the Saskatchewan, frequenting moist, shady
woods by the banks of the rivers and lakes. It probably extends
its summer range to the shores of Great Slave Lake. (Richardson.)
One female secured July Ist,1898, at Point Barrow, Alaska. (W2tmer
Stone.) North to Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River; rare.
(Ross.) British Columbia. (Zord.) Not common on the coast
but abundant in the interior; breeds. (Sztveator.) A common
summer resident east and west of the Coast Range. (Faznzn.)
Common summer resident at Chilliwack. (4vooks.) Not abun-
dant but represented in all localities visited in British Columbia.
(Rhoads.) Specimens were taken at Haines Mission and Skagway,
Lynn Canal. In the Yukon valley, from Windy Island, Lake
Tagish to Little Salmon. It was more common at Miles Cajon
than elsewhere on the Yukon, and here I found an unfinished
nest which resembled that of vichardsonii, in the fork of a dead
poplar about to feet from the ground. It was also seen 12 miles
above Circle City, Alaska. (Bzshop.) This form has _ been
named “ Alaska Wood Pewee.”

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen ; two taken at Indian Head, Assa.; one at Banff,
Rocky Mountains ; one at Revelstoke, B.C. ; one at Deer Park,
Columbia River ; one at Enderby, B.C.; one at Agassiz, B.C. ;
one at Trail, B.C., 1902; three at Chilliwack, B.C.; and two at
Victoria, Vancouver Island.

CLXV. EMPIDONAX Casanis. 1855.
463. Yellow-beilied Flycatcher.
Empidonax flaviventris- BAIRD. 1888.

Two received from Godthaab in Greenland in 1853. (Avrcz.
Man.) Apparently a common summer migrant in Newfoundland.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 351

(Reeks.) Two specimens were seen on the Humber River, New-
foundland, on August 15th, 1899. (ZL. H. Porter.) A common
summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Fairly common in
dense woods at Wolfville, N.S., during the summer. (H. 7z/ts.)
Found only at Tignish, Prince Edward Island ; in small numbers.
Observed in small numbers at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island.
(Dwight.) A common summer resident in New Brunswick.
(Chamberlain.) Rather common at Ellis Bay, Anticosti, about the
edges of the woods. (Brewster.) Inoticed this bird on the Mag-
-dalen Islands in 1897, and on the 13th June of that yearone came on
board the steamer I was on, when off the Gaspé coast. I have not
seen it in Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Common at Lake Mistassin1,
and breeds. (/. WZ. Macoun.) Taken at Beauport; a common
summer resident in Quebec. (Dronne.) A rather scarce summer
resident in the Montreal district. I have not found a nest of this
species here yet, but have shot several specimens of the bird.
(lWintle.) A rare summer resident in the Ottawa district ; a nest
of this species was taken at Chelsea, Que., in June, 1897. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) A common and widely distributed species,
breeding in Muskoka and Parry Sound districts. (/. H. Fleming.)
I usually see one or more of this species at Toronto during the
spring and fall migrations; while here they are very shy. On
following one I usually find the bird making a series of quiet dis-
appearances. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) Not observed to breed near
London, Ont., but Dr. P. J. Scott found a nest near Southampton.
I have not seen itin the Bruce peninsula. (W.£. Saunders.) Sum-
mer resident in woodlands in Manitoba. Duck Mountain, June
11th, 1884, shot a flycatcher that was continually uttering a note
like ‘“che-blick’””’; it was all over of a greenish colour, but yellow
on the belly ; it answers fairly well to the description of flaw-
ventris, but is very like an Acadian shot yesterday ; evidently the
species is breeding here. (Zhompson-Seton.) Only one specimen
at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (Vwtting.)

BREEDING NoTtes.—On May 23rd, 1893, at Oak Lake, Manitoba,
found a nest of this species with four eggs. It was built on a
mossy log three feet from the ground in a swampy thicket. (W.
Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One ; taken at Ottawa, Ont., by the writer.

One set of four eggs taken at Black River, Nova Scotia, June
17th, 1901, by Mr. H. Tufts. Nest on the ground at the base of

352 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

a small alder, overhanging a small stream; built of grasses, roots
and fibres.

464. Western Flycatcher.
Empidonax difficilis BAIRD 1858.

This species was found abundant at Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889;
a nest was taken that was placed on a rocky ledge in a cool
retired place not far from a farm house ; it was also common at
Port Heney and Hastings, Burrard Inlet; taken at Chilliwack
and McGuire’s ranch, B.C., June, 1901; first seen at Victoria,
Vancouver Island, April 26th, 1893; soon after they became
common; they were also abundant at Nanaimo, Comox, Sooke
and Stubbs Island, Barclay Sound. (Spreadborough.) Rather
common but shy and difficult to secure ; two males were taken at
Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands. (Osgood.) A single
specimen taken by Dr. Bean on June 5th, 1880, at Sitka is
the only record of its capture in Alaska, but as others were
seen it is doubtless a summer resident. (JVe/son.) Common
throughout the deep forests which border the streams near
Sitka, Alaska. A female was taken June 30th, which contained
an egg ready to be laid. (Gvznnel/.) Common in the coast region
and more so inthe interior; breeds. (Szveatoy.) A common sum-
mer resident east and west of Coast Range. (/annin.) Common
summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Mr.Streator says that
this species while ‘‘ common in the coast region is more so in the
interior.” Not only is this disproved by the specimens taken by
him but by my own skins, all of which came from west of the Coast
Range. (Rhoads.) Common at the Grand Rapids of the Saskat-
chewan in the dead timber of the muskeg. Three specimens
secured. (Nutting.) Surely these specimens were flaviventris.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS

Twelve ; one taken at Agassiz, B.C.; one at Port Heney, B.C;
three at Chilliwack, B.C.; and seven on Vancouver Island at Vic
toria, Nanaimo and Comox, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken at Agassiz, May 14th, 1889, by

Prof. Macoun. Nest placed on a ledge with rock overhanging it
built of mosses and lined with hair and feathers.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS.

On
Sat
Oo

466. Traill’s Flycatcher.
Empidonax trail (Aupd.) BAIRD. 1858.

I found this species common at Pembina, like mznemus, during
the first week in June, but did not observe it later than the oth
of that month. (Cowes.) Summer resident in woodlands, breed-
ing freely in the northern part of the province of Manitoba.
(Thompson-Seton.) A few were seen at Indian Head, Assa., on
June 6th, 1892, after this they became common and nested in the
woods at Deep Lake; not uncommon at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa.,
in May, 1895; a pair was shot on the 25th of May; quite common
at Banff, Rocky Mountains, and breeding freely in 1891; common
at Revelstoke and Deer Park, B.C., in June, 1890 ; taken at Kam-
loops, B.C. in June, 1889, and at Sicamous, Enderby and
Spence’s Bridge ; and also at Chilliwack and McGuire’s ranch,
Be. june Toor, im 1902) they were seen at Trail, B.C.;. common
on Vancouver Island in 1893, when specimens were taken.
(Spreadborough.) North to Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake;
but rare. (Ross.) Little is known respecting the habits of this
bird. It.was first seen by us at Carlton House, on the Saskatche-
wan, on the 19th May, flitting about for a few days among low
bushes on the banks of the river, after which it retired to the
moist, shady woods lying to the north. (Rzchardson.) North to
Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River; rare. (*oss.) A single
male of this wide-spread little species was brought to me from
Nulato in the spring of 1878, and a second specimen was secured
at St. Michael the same season. (Velson.) A summer resident
at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Much more common in the interior than
on the coast of British Columbia; breeds. We place a// Mr. Rhoads’
specimens collected at Ashcroft, Lake la Hache, Vernon and
Lulu Island, though named by him &. puszl/us, under this species.
(Streator.) Very common at Chemawawin, Saskatchewan,
especially in the trees bordering a slough, where they seemed to
have excellent hunting. They perched on the lowest branches
and bushes, and evidently lived on the insects flying over the
water. None were secured at Grand Rapids, where it is replaced
by minimus. (Nutting.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve; one taken at Indian Head, Assa.; one at Old Wives’
Creek, Assa.; two at Banff, Rocky Mountains; two at Kamloops,

we" ae

354 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

B.C.; three at Chilliwack, B.C.; three at Victoria and Comox, Van-
couver Island, all by Mr. Spreadborough. ;

466a. Alder Flycatcher.
Empidonax traillii alnorum BREWST. 1895.

Not a very common summer migrant in Newfoundland ; fre-
quents woods in the neighbourhood of houses. (Reeks.) A
rather common summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Com-
mon in margins of woods at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton
Island, July, 1898 ; one taken at Mount Stewart, Prince Edward
Island, July 11th, 1888. (AZacoun.) A few seen at Tignish, Prince
Edward Island, in their favourite haunts, the alders. (Dwight.)
An uncommon summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamber-

lain.) A tolerably common summer resident at Scotch Lake, |

York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Taken at Beauport ; a summer
resident in Quebec. (Dzonne.) A scarce summer resident in the
Montreal district; breeds in Mount Royal Park, where I have
found their nests with eggs from June Ioth to July 30th, for several
years past. (Windle.) A common summer resident in the Ottawa
district. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Rather rare near London,
but more common to the north and east. (W. £. Saunders.) Not
common in Algonquin Park, Ont.; only a few seen on the
Madawaska River below Cache Lake. (Spreadborough.) JI took
a male at Emsdale in Muskoka, on May 29th, 1899. Mr. Kay has
taken the nest of this species at Port Sydney, in the same district.
(J. H. Fleming.) One specimen taken and others seen at Lesser
Slave River, Athabasca, May 23rd, 1888. (/J. WZ. Macoun.) First
seen May 26th, 1897, at Edmonton, Alta. ; common by June 2nd.
It is always found in the clumps of willow and alder and never in
heavy timber. (Spreadborough.) Flycatchers referred to a/norum,
were several times observed by us at Norway House, Keewatin,
but we were unable to secure one. (Predbles.) We first found this
species at Fort Selkirk, where the Pelly and Lewes unite to form
the Yukon, in Lat. 62°.50’, and hardly lost it again until we
reached Circle city ; later I heard one 15 miles below Fort Yukon,
Alaska, August 21st, 1899. (Bzshop.)

BREEDING Notes.—The variety recently called the “alder
flycatcher” is the species usually met with along the St. Lawrence
and northward. I would observe that this name is very appro-
priate. I have commonly met with the bird in moist, low situa-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. | 355

tions, where alder, willow and Spzv@a abound. The nest I have
seen several times; three near Renfrew, Ont., that I found were
two or three feet above the ground; one in a wild currant bush,
another in the thick bushy part of a willow, and the third in
Spirea. Also near Lansdowne, Ont., I found the nest in Sperea
in an identical locality, the middle of June. The eggs are three
or four, and are distinctly spotted with brick red. The bird, when
near its nest, is wary and hard to observe. (Rev. C.J. Young.)
Breeds in Mount Royal Park, where I have found their nests with
eggs from June 19th to July 30th for several years past. This
flycatcher is a very shy bird to approach when on its nest
during the term of laying the eggs, but will sit close when hatch-
ing them. I have always found their nests built in a thin thorn
bush or light undergrowth wood, from a few inches to about two
feet above the ground, and generally within sight from a foot-
path on the mountain. Observed here from May 24th to July
30th. I think this species migrates south in the month of August
as I never met with it in the autumn. (lV7ntle.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun ;
another by J. M. Macoun near Little Slave River, Athabasca, and
labelled “ ¢vazddit approaching alnorum” is placed here.

Two sets of four eggs each taken at Ottawa, one by Dr. James
Fletcher, May 24th, 1889, the other by Mr. A. J. Kingston.

467. Least Flycatcher.

Empidonax minimus BAIRD. 1858.

Audubon, Vol. I., p. 237, found it nesting in Labrador ; obtained
by Drexler at Moose Factory, James Bay, August, 1860.
(Packard.) A rare summer migrant in Newfoundland. (eeks.)
Common along Moose River to James Bay at Moose Factory,
June, 1896. (Spreadborough.) A common summer migrant in Nova
Scotia. (Dozwns.) Not uncommon at Baddeck, Cape Breton
Island. (/. H. Allen.) Union Road, Prince Edward Island, July
2ist, 1888. (Macoun.) A cheerful series of ‘che-bies” greeted
me one morning at Souris, P.E.I.; no others were seen. (Dwizgitz.)
A rare summer resident near St. John, N.B. (Chamberlatn.)
Common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.
(W. H. Moore.) Common in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Bvit-

356 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

tain & Cox.) Taken at Godbout River; a rather rare summer
migrant at Quebec. (Dzonne.) A scarce summer resident in the
Montreal district; breeds on the island of Montreal. (Winile.)
A common summer resident in the Ottawa district. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) The most abundant of the small flycatchers
in the Muskoka and Parry Sound districts. (J. H. Fleming.) Very
abundant everywhere in Algonquin Park, Ont., July, 1900.
(Spreadborough.) A nest containing well-incubated eggs was col-
lected near the south end of Oxford Lake, Keewatin, on the
morning of June 30th, the female bird was taken with the eggs.
(Prebles.)

Very abundant at Pembina and west to Turtle Mountain, in
Lat. 49°, beyond which it was not seen. (Coues.) A very abun-
dant summer resident of open groves extending its range through-
out the wooded part of the province of Manitoba. (Zhompson-
Seton.) Common at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan.
(Nutung.) First seen at Indian Head, Assa., May 27th, 1892,
later they became fairly common and bred in numbers in the
vicinity of Deep Lake; collected at Medicine Hat and Crane
Lake, Assa.,in June, 1894; abundant on Old Wives’ Creek, Assa.,
at its mouth, May 24th, 1895; this species was seen all the way
up Old Wives’ Creek and at Wood Mountain Post; a small fly-
catcher was seen at Farwell Creek, Cypress Hills, Assa., which
may have been this species ; taken at Canmore, Alta., within the
Rocky Mountains, but replaced at Banff by Wright’s flycatcher.
First seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 12th, 1897, common next
day ; in the foothills. southwest of Calgary common in July.
(Sprearborough.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie ;
common. (Koss.)

Breepinc Nores.—A bird almost resembling the last, but a
trifle smaller. It breeds commonly in the counties of Leeds and
Renfrew, selecting a very different locality from ¢vaz/a for its
nest. It is a familiar bird, frequenting orchards and the vicinity

of houses, as well asthe second growth woods. The nests I_

have seen resemble a redstart’s and were built in the crotch of
a maple and of apple trees. They contained four yellowish
white eggs which were laid about the end of May, about two weeks
earlier than the last. (Rev. C.J. Young.) I found it common on
my arrival, the Ist of June, and during that month secured a large
series of specimens, including many nests and eggs, the latter not

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 357

until the middle of the month. The usual site of the nest is the
upright crotch formed by three or more diverging twigs of some
sapling or stout bush, usually ten or twelve feet from the ground.
One nest that I took I could reach standing on the ground, but
another was in a slender elm tree some 40 feet high, on a swaying
bough, but in a crotch of upright twigs as usual. The female
during incubation is as close a sitter as some of the ground
sparrows. In one instance I came within an arm’s length before
the bird flew, and then she merely fluttered out of reach and
stood uttering a disconsolate note. The nest is usually let deeply
down into the crotch and bears the impress of the twigs. It is
composed of intertwined strips of fine fibrous inner bark and de-
composed weedy substances, matted with agreat quantity of soft
plant-down, and finished with a lining of a few horse hairs or fine
grasses, making a firm, warm fabric, with a smooth, even brim
about 2% inches across outside and less than 2 inches deep ;
general shape tends somewhat to be conical, but much depends
upon the site of the nest. The walls are thin, sometimes barely
coherent along the track of the supporting twigs. The cavity is
large for the size of the nest, scarcely or not contracted at the
top; and about as wide as deep. In six instances I found not more
than four eggs, which seems to be the full complement. These
are pure white in colour, of ordinary shape (but variable in this
respect), and measure about two-thirds of an inch in length by
one-half in breadth. Extremes of length noted were o59 and
0°68 ; the diameter is less variable. (Cowes.) Nests every year at
Kew Beach, Toronto; also breeds commonly in Manitoba and
Assiniboia. (W. Raine.) Breeds in the vicinity of Ottawa.
Builds a small, neat, compact, deep-cupped nest in upright crotch
of tree; nest is composed of fine fibrous inner bark, and the
decomposing outer substance of various weeds, lined with a soft
plant down, horse hair and fine grass tops. Eggs three or four,
pure white. (G. R. White.) June 2nd, 1897, found two nests at
Edmonton, Alta., one in the fork of a small poplar about two feet
from the ground. Nest very compact, just like a yellow warbler’s
nest, four eggs nearly fresh. The other was ina larger poplar
about 25 feet from the ground; nest same as the first; eggs nearly
fresh; next day found two more nests; one in a willow about
seven feet feet from the ground. The cther was in a balsam
poplar about two feet from the ground. Nest very compact,
composed chiefly of willow down lined with a little dried grass.

358 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

I have found nests all the way from four to thirty feet from the
ground. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight ; two taken in Algonquin Park, Ont.; one at Indian
Head, Assa.; three at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa.; one at Medicine
Hat, Assa.; and one at Canmore within the Rocky Mountains, all
taken by Mr. Spreadborough.

Five sets of eggs, three with four eggs each and two with three ;
all taken the first ten days of June, 1897, at Edmonton, Alta., by
Mr. Spreadborough.

468. Hammond’s Flycatcher.

Empidonax hammondi (XANtTuS) BartrpD. 1858.

Reference is made to some eggs of this flycatcher, obtained
from “Anderson River’ in Vol. II. of the Proc. of the U.S. Nat.
Mus. by the late Dr. Brewer of Boston, which I conclude were
sent to the Smithsonian by me. (Macfarlane.) Rather common ;
specimens from Ashcroft, Ducks, Mount Lehman, and New West-
minster, B.C. (S¢veator.) Chiefly on the mainland; east and west of
Coast Range; common at New Westminster, B.C. (Fannin.) This
species which appears to be the western representative of snzmus
was only found in the Rocky Mountains where a single specimen
was secured in August, 1874. (Coues.) Taken on Lee’s Creek,
near Cardston, southern Alberta, and at Waterton Lake, where
Dr. Coues obtained his specimen; common at Trail, B.C., near
the International Boundary in the summer of 1902. June Ist
found a nest ina hemlock tree, out on a slender branch about 16
feet from the ground. June 12th found another nest in a small
cedar tree about eight feet from the ground. Not uncommon
on Chilliwack River, B.C., in June, 1901. Saw one specimen
which I took to be this species on Mount Benson, near Nanaimo,
Vancouver Island, July roth, 1893. (Spreadborough.) Of uniform
distribution on mainland and islands, B.C., breeding wherever
found. (Rhoads.) I have the nest with three eggs and the parent
bird that were collected for me by Mr. Wenman at the base of
Moberly Peak, Rocky Mountains. The nest was built six feet
from the ground on a branch of a tree and the eggs are creamy
white, they were collected May 31st, 1902. (W. Raine.) Wesaw

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 359

several of this species at Skagway and collected three. I took
one at Glacier, June 8th, and another on a hill above Caribou
Crossing, B.C.; after this we did not meet with this bird until
about fifteen miles above Selwyn River where Osgood shot a
young one, July 29th. From that point to Charlie Creek it was
almost equally common with adnorum, frequenting the same locali-
ties, but after passing Charlie Creek we saw no more of it.
(Bishop.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven ; five taken at Trail, B.C., and two at Chilliwack, B.C.,
all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of eggs taken at: Trail, B.C., June 14th, 1902, by Mr
Spreadborough.

469. Wright’s Flycatcher.
Empidonax wrightt BaiRD. 1858.

Only two taken; a rare migrant at Chilliwack, B.C. (Svooks.)
Instead of trvaidliz, which I expected to find in the Rocky Moun-
tains, this species was taken in that locality. Three specimens
taken during the latter part of August, 1874, on the International
Boundary in Lat. 49°. The bird doubtless breeds in this region,
which is the northernmost point by far at which it has been ob-
served. (Cowes.)

This species was mixed with muznzmus at Canmore, within the
Rocky Mountains, but although a number of specimens were
taken at Banff, twenty miles further west, #z2zmus was not taken
in the summer of 1891. The species is apparently common in the
mountains, as it was very abundant at Revelstoke, B.C., on the
Columbia River, and breeding there and at Deer Park and Robson,
on Arrow Lake, and below it ; it was not uncommon at Sicamous,
B.C., in July, 1889; and specimens were taken at Hastings,
Burrard Inlet, in April, 1889; specimens taken at Spence’s
Bridge, B.C., in May and June, 1889. (JZacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen; one taken at Canmore, three at Banff, Rocky
Mountains ; five at Revelstoke, B.C.; one at Deer Park, B.C. ;
Oneiwat Sicamous, B:C.; two at Spence’s Bridge, B.C.; one. at
Hastings, Burrard Inlet ; all by Mr. Spreadborough.

360 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
Famity XXXIX. ALAUDIDA, Lars.
CLXVI. ALAUDA Linnéus. 1758.
473. Skylark.
Alauda arvensis LINN. 1758.
Accidental in Greenland and Bermuda. (A. O. U. Check-List.)

CLXVII. OTOCORIS Bonaparte. 1838.
474. Horned Lark.
Otocoris alpestris (Lixn.) Bonar. 1838.

One shot at Godthaab in October, 1835, but known before to
occur on the other side of Davis Strait at Cape Wilson, toth July,
1822. (Arct. Man.) Common summer resident in Labrador.
Breeds at the mouth of the Koksoak River and at Rigolet.
(Packard.) Common and breeding on the-rocky islands of James
Bay from Moose Factory to Richmond Gulf: not observed in the
interior of Labrador between Richmond Gulf and Ungava Bay in
1896. (Spreadborough.) Greenland, Newfoundland, Labrador and
Hudson Bay, southward in winter into the United States. Our
bird breeds far north of the United States, about the shores of
Hudson Bay, Labrador and Newfoundland. Breeding birds have
been examined from Fort Chimo and Davis Inlet, Labrador ;
Penguin Island, Cape St. Mary, and Canada Bay, Newfoundland ;
Moose Fort, James Bay; non-breeding from Toronto and Rat
Portage, Lake of the Woods, Ontario; also from Manitoba.
(Dwight.) Common during the spring and autumn migrations,
in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) A winter resident at St. John, New
Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Taken at Beauport; a migrant in
Quebec. (Deonne.) <A transient visitant at Montreal; scarce. I
shot five specimens of this species out of about a dozen found
feeding on the river ice-roads in front of the city, April 8th,
1887, but since that time have not met with them, in the spring of
the year; in the autumn only from Oct. 20—26th. (Winile.) The
horned larks of the Ottawa district were for the first time satis-
factorily determined and distinguished in the spring of 1890.
This species arrived April 19th and remained together in flocks
till May 25th, when it departed ; it was again present in the fall
from September 26th to October 28th. (Oztawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
Formerly common at Toronto; Mr. Lamb of Toronto has a
specimen taken at Gravenhurst in Muskoka district. (J. H. Flem-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 301

ing.) The typical horned lark is commonly met with along the St.
Lawrence below Kingston in the winter and spring, and I think in
the month of September. (Rev. C.J. Young.) Specimens of the true
alpestris were taken by myself at Rat Portage and at Carberry in the
fall. ( Zhompson-Seton.) Exceeding rare; twospecimens taken by Mr.
J. Keays in December, 1899, are intermediate between this species
and the var. /eucolema. (W.E. Saunders.) Abundant everywhere
on the bleakest and most exposed hillsides in northeastern
Labrador. So far as I could determine, all the horned larks
observed belonged to this race. (Szgelow.) Some winters large
flocks of shore larks visit Kew Beach, Toronto, and a few pairs
occasionally remain and nest here early in April, but of course
this is exceptional as the summer home of this bird is further north
around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Labrador. Toronto, March
4th, 1900, as I sat writing at my desk flocks of shore larks kept
passing in front of the window, and some settling on the road in
front of my house. I put a cartridge in my gun and walking to
the front door shot three birds with one discharge. Few can
boast of shooting horned larks from the doorway of their homes.
April 8th, 1900, Mr. Winton Thompson of Kew Beach took me to
a nest of the horned lark he had found, it contained three eggs
and the bird had begun to sit although the ground had patches of
snow around the nest and the nights were cold. In order to
satisfy myself this was the nest of the true a/pestris I got up early
next morning and shot the parent, which proved to be algestris and
not praticola, the eggs like the bird are one-third larger than those
of praticola. Port Hope, Ontario, March 29th, 1900, Mr. Meeking
found a nest containing four eggs of this species, and on April
13th he found another set of three and on April 28th, rg00, he
found another set of four eggs at the same place. These sets
collected at Port Hope are now in my collection and the eggs
from all the nests average larger than those of the prairie horned
lark collected by me on Toronto Island and in Manitoba. (W.
Raine.) We have one specimen of the species taken at Ottawa,
May 15th, 1890, by W. E. Saunders. A specimen taken at Resolu-
tion Island, near Davis Strait in June, 1885, by Dr. R. Bell has
some characters of /ewco/ema but is placed here.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two undoubted specimens of this species taken on Hudson
Bay by Mr. A. P. Low; and the two mentioned immediately
above.

362 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Three sets of eggs. One of three taken at Great Whale River,
James Bay, June, 1899, by Mr. A. P. Low, one of three taken on an
island in James Bay, June 18th, 1896. by Mr. Spreadborough, and
one of four taken at Cape Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait, June,
1885, by Mr. F. F. Payne.

474¢. Pallid Horned Lark.
Otocoris alpestris leucolema (COUES) STEJN. 1882.

Alaska and western British America, southward in winter into
the United States. A few breeding birds from the Saskatchewan
and Great Slave Lake region, though tinged with yellow on the
chin, are, on account of size and colours somewhat paler than @-
pestris referable to leucolema ; so, too, are large dark birds with
white eyebrows and pale yellow chins found in winter in the
upper Mississippi valley, coming as they doubtless do from an
intermediate region between Hudson’s Bay and Alaska. Breeding
birds of these two races are few and limited mainly to those taken
on Government expeditions ; consequently I do not draw the
lines on the map as closely together as with some of the other
races better defined. Two young, in first plumage, taken on
the Arctic coast, east of the Anderson River, may be referred to
this race. While they are not as black and white as might be
expected in Alaskan birds, they lack the general yellowishness of
young a@/pestris from Newfoundland, In winter dewcolema is found
as far south as the middle of the western United States, mostly
east of the Sierra Nevada mountains, Northwest coast speci-
mens indicate that a small-sized /ewcolema may breed in the
mountains not far north of the United States boundary, though
such birds may generally be referred to merri/. A male in autumn
plumage, taken August 26th at Chief Mt. Lake, on our northern
boundary, Long.114°,W. suggests the possibility of this form breed-
ing also on the mountains at that point, or not far to the north.
It is not reported from Pt. Barrow, is rare at St. Michael, Alaska,
and is probably an interior race. Breeding birds have been ex-
aminedifrom Fort Yukon and St. Michael, Alaska; Arctic Coast
east of Fort Anderson, also Horton Riverand Franklin Bay; from
Fort Reliance, Fort Resolution and Big Island, Great Slave Lake;
also from Saskatchewan region. Non-breeding from Chilliwack,
B.C. (Dwight.) This very handsome lark arrives in the North-
west Territories along with the Lapland bunting, with which it

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 363

associates. It retiresto the marshy and eastern wooded districts
to breed, extending its range to the shores of the Arctic
Sea. (Richardson.) Throughout Alaska this species appears
to be very rare. Two specimens were taken in the vicinity of St.
Michael during my residence there, and three were secured on
the upper Yukon. All these were young males. It is much
more common on the upper Yukon in spring and summer than
along the shores of Behring Sea, where it can only be counted
a very rare straggler. (Velson.) A single specimen of this bird
was brought to me by a native who said he had just killed it at
Egg Island, a few miles from the village of St. Michael. (Zurner.)
East of and including the Coast Range; I have taken it on the
summit. (/a@maim.) Common spring and autumn migrant at
Chilliwack, B.C. (Srooks.) This species arrives before the first of
April at Indian Head, Assa., but in what numbers it is hard to
determine as the form that remains to breed may be fraticola or
avenicola or even hoyti. The specimen in our collection was shot
on April 12th, 1892, and on the same dav I took a specimen of
avenicola , on April 19th 1890, another specimen was taken at
Revelstoke, B.C., where they appeared to be common ; in April,
I8g1, specimens were taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains. No
specimens that proved to be this form were taken in the autumn;
four specimens taken at Huntingdon on the boundary between
Washington and British Columbia, in September, 1901, proved to
be this form. It is more than probable that Dr. Dwight is correct
when he says that this may breed on the mountains north of the
United States boundary. (Spreadborough.) A careful reading of
Mr. Thompson-Seton’s article on the horned lark in his “ Birds of
Manitoba” shows that the winter bird seen in flocks is undoubt-
edly this form. It is very probable that pratecola is a later arrival.
Nash says “ that at Portage la Prairie praticola is a spring and fall
visitant ; stays nearly all winter; disappears and reappears at
intervals ; arrives about March 2oth, reappears in August, and
departs in October.” Now to me this is exactly what a bird breed-
ing on the “barren grounds” would do, so I conclude that this
form is the one mentioned by Nash and included in praticola by
Thompson-Seton. Two darker coloured specimens taken at
Indian Head, Assa., in September,1891, and named doytz by Bishop
are placed here. This is very likely the form that Dr. R. Bell
found breeding at York Factory and Fort Churchill on Hudson
Bay. (Macoun.) On May 2oth, 1893, at Rush Lake, Assiniboia,
10

304 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

I found three nests containing eggs of this species. The
nests were built in hollows in the ground, the brim of the nest
flush with the surrounding soil. Each nest contained four eggs
similar to those of the prairie horned lark. I secured two birds
which are easily distinguished from the prairie horned lark by
their paler form. (W. Raine.) I believe this form was arenicola,
as I have found it breeding everywhere on the prairie. ((/acoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nine nests of this lark were received at
Fort Anderson—a few of them from the Esquimaux, and the
others were collected by us in “the barrens” and on the coast of
Franklin Bay. The nest was usually composed of fine hay neatly
disposed and lined with deer hair. Several of the parent birds
were secured by snares placed thereon. (MMJacfarlane.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six ; one taken at Indian Head, Assa., one at Revelstoke, B.C.,
and four at Huntington, on the International Boundary, in the
Fraser River valley, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of three eggs taken June 9th, 1900, at Artillery Lake,
northeast of Great Slave Lake, by Bishop Lofthouse,

474). Prairie Horned Lark.

Otocoris alpestris praticola HENSH. 1884.

This bird is a miniature /ewcolema, somewhat darker and witha
pale yellow chin which is seldom bright, and is often white.
Autumn birds seem to show more linear spots on the breast than
do the other forms, but this is not a constant feature. It seems
to have gradually extended its range eastward as the woods have
disappeared, and we can see why it should be nearer to /eucolema
than to alpestris. However, as we go westward, we find a direct
gradation into avenicola and this race passes directly into /euco-
lema. Now Jleucolema passes into alpestris, and somewhere in
the Saskatchewan or Winnipeg regions we shall find, I venture to
say, breeding birds that might be referred to any one of these four
forms. Breeding birds have been examined from Toronto, Peel
Co., and Rat Portage, Ont.; Carberry, Man. (Dzwigit.)

A specimen of this form was shot at Chateau Bay, southern
Labrador, on July 14th, 1891, which was possibly a straggler, but
may indicate that this form is a regular summer visitant to all
eastern Quebec and the Straits of Belle Isle. (Vorton.) A com-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 365

“mon summer resident in the Montreal district. They have been
found breeding here before the winter’s snow has melted off
the ground ; they arrive in February and leave in November.
(Wintle.) Occasional at Quebec. (Deonne.) A common summer
resident in the Ottawa district ; it arrives before the end of Feb-
ruary and remains all summer to breed, and leaves about the
beginning of November. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.V.) An abun-
dant, breeding, summer resident in the Muskoka and Parry Sound
districts. The date of its first appearance. at Port Sydney, as
given by Mr. Kay,was 1887. (J. H. Fleming.) Summer resident
ae scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Reaching us
during the early days of February these birds soon become very
abundant. On 20th February, 1900, they were especially so along
the lake shore, and wherever a patch of weeds was in evidence
above the snow dozens of the birds were hurrying to and fro
clearing up all the -seeds and enlivening the scene with merry
little snatches of song. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)

This is a common summer resident in Manitoba, breeding
freelyon the open prairie. (Zhompson-Seton.) This form becomes
very abundant early in May at Indian Head, Assa. On the goth
of that month took a nest with three eggs; by June 2nd, young
were able to fly. I believe they breed several times in a season.
(Spreadborough.)

BREEDING Notres.—This sub-species arrives in February and
March, and continues all the summer. Early in February this
year (1901) I saw a number of horned larks on the ice between
Kingston and Wolfe Island; they are often in company with snow
buntings; the first prairie horned larks I saw on Feb. 17th, (3),
and one on Feb. 28th near the head of Wolfe Island. They are
tamer and more familiar birds than the northern variety, and are
now breeding commonly in Ontario. In the townships of Lans-
downe and Escott, and around Kingston, they nest every year.
I have found the nest with eggs, in which incubation has begun,
as early as March 2gth, and just hatching on April 23rd, 1895.
The usual time for laying is the first week in April, before the
snow has all melted in the spring. I have a record of a nest on
Wolfe Island with four eggs, on March 8th, clipped from a news-
paper, and frequently the young birds are hatched by the middle
of April. Three eggs is the commonest number, but I have
found four three times, and five once, April 13th, 1899. A com-

10%

306 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

paratively few years ago this bird was unknown as breeding in
eastern Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) On May ti2th, 1882, at
camp, eight miles south of Brandon, midway between our tent
and the fire ten feet away, I started a small bird from its nest. It
ran away very reluctantly, and continued wistfully close at hand,
running about among the tufts of grass in the glare of the fire,
returning each time as soon as it dared. At gray dawn I found
her on the nest again; she slowly walked away when I approached
to rekindle the fire, but returned almost immediately with her
mate; and, now, for the first time, 1 saw them plainly. They
were a pair of shore larks. Encouraged, no doubt, by the presence
of her mate, she once more crept to her nest and took up her
position on the eggs, although I was but five feet off. Frying our
bacon over a brisk fire, I was very careful to avoid hurting the
birds or their home; and breakfast being over, travellers, tent,
fire and horses all went off and left them to discharge their duties
in peace. The nest contained three brown eggs; it was sunken
in the ground, and was made of grass and fibre, and lined with
two or three large feathers. (Zhompson-Seton.) Common resi-
dent from January to October; usually rare in November and
December ; an exceedingly early breeder, eggs having been
taken in March, and on April 25th, 1900, a brood of young left
the nest able to fly. Raises two or probably three broods in a
season. (W.£. Saunders.) The bird nests on Toronto Island and
on Toronto Sandbar at Ashbridge Bay, seldom having eggs before
the middle of May, as the instances when shore larks nests have
been found here at the end of March and first week of April,
while snow was on the ground, have proved to be the eggs of
alpestris and not praticola. This variety of horned lark breeds
commonly in Manitoba. In northwestern Assiniboia and Alberta
it is replaced by the pallid horned lark. (W. Rane.) At Ottawa
this bird builds ina shallow hole in the ground. The nest is com-
posed of grass and lined with fine grass, horse-hair and feathers.
ges four or five. Grayish white, marked with spots of brownish
purple. (G. Rk. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirty-three ; twenty-two of these were taken at Ottawa by
Mr. F. A. Saunders ; three at Lorne Park, Toronto, by Mr. E.
Thompson-Seton ; four others at Bracebridge, Ont., and one at
Indian Head, Assa., by Mr. Spreadborough. |

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 367

One set of three eggs taken May 14th, 1889, on the Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, by Dr. James Fletcher.

Two specimens taken at Indian Head, Assa., and named hoytz,
are referred here for the present.

474c. Desert Horned Lark.

Otocoris alpestris arenicola TAENSH. 1884.

This is undoubtedly the form named by Dr. Coues Lvremophila
alpestris leucolema in his article on “ Birds of Dakota and Mon-
tana” and why his name has been attached to the northern bird
is more than I can understand. He found this form breeding all
along the boundary across the whole prairie region. In the
writer’s trip across the prairie this form was found everywhere on
the prairie south of Lat. 50° from the rooth meridian to the 114th
at the base of the Rocky Mountains. Our northern specimens
are three from Indian Head, Assa., taken between April 7th and
12th, 1892; four others from Medicine Hat,taken between April 6th
and May 2nd, 1894. On the prairie south of the line of the Can-
adian Pacific Railway this species with McCown’s bunting and the
chestnut collared bunting were extremely common and constantly
flocked together. (Jacoun.)

BREEDING Nortes.-—The horned lark is one of the species which,
in this latitude, usually rears at least two broods each season—a
fact which in part accounts for the preponderence of individuals
over those of the species with which they are associated. I have
already adverted to the extremely early nesting-time which has
been ascertained and have only to add that the period of repro-
duction is protracted through July. I have observed young birds
on the wing in June, and found fresh eggs in the nest during the
latter half of July. In fact, all through the summer months the
troops of larks everywhere to be seen consist of old birds mixed
with the young in all stages of growth. The great flocks, however,
are not usually made up until the end of the summer, when all
the young are full grown, and the parents having concluded the
business of rearing their young, have changed their plumage. The
young of the first brood soon lose the peculiar speckled plumage
with which they are at first covered; the later ones change
about the time the feathers of the old birds are being renewed.
The agreeable warbling song is scarcely to be heard after June.
The nest of the horned lark may be stumbled upon anywhere on

\

368 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the open prairie. It is a slight affair,—merely a shallow depres-
sion in the ground, lined with a few dried grass stems. The eggs
are four or five in number, measuring nearly an inch in length by
about three-fifths in breadth ; they are very variable) in contour.
The colour is well adapted to concealment in the gray-brown nest,
being nearly the colour of the withered materials upon which
they rest, thickly and uniformly dotted with light brown. The
eggs and young birds, like those of other small species nesting
on the ground in this region, often become the prey of the foxes,
badgers and weasels, if not also of the gophers. (Cowes.) Num-
bers of nests were obtained and examined in a wagon trip of 500
miles in 1895 and all were of the same character. The nest was
always a small hole in the ground lined with dried grass and con-
tained from two to four eggs. The latter seemed to be the usual
number. (Jacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; three taken at Indian Head, Assa.; four at Medicine Hat,
Assa., and two near Wood Mountain, Assa., by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken near Frenchman’s River, Assa., June
22nd, 1895, by Prof. Macoun.

474g. Streaked Horned Lark.
Otocoris alpestris strigata NHHENSH. 1884.

British Columbia(?) (Dwight.) West of Coast Range; at
Port Simpson, by W. B. Anderson; also at Burrard Inlet. (Fannzn.)
Spring and autumn migrant through the valley of the lower
Fraser ; breeds on mountain tops above timber line. (Bvooks.)

“ ®
4747. Dusky Horned Lark.
Otocoris alpestris merrilli DwiGHT. 1890.

Specimens of this form in breeding plumage have been examined
from Ashcroft and Kamloops, B.C.; non-breeding from Chilli-
wack. (Dwzght.) Observed only in the interior at favourable local-
ities. A few pairs were found on a mountain near Ashcroft, B.C.,
in July and were doubtless breeding. (Szveator.) This form was
found breeding at Spence’s Bridge and ten miles south of Kam-
loops, B.C., by some alkali ponds in June, 1889, one specimen, a
young male, was taken June 24th at Kamloops, B.C. (Spread-
borough.) Taken at Chilliwack, B.C. (Byvooks.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 369

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

__ One young specimen, taken at Kamloops, B.C., June 24th, 1889,
by Mr. Spreadborough.

NOTE ON, GENUS OTOCORIS.

My notes on this genus were written before I had seen Mr.
Oberholser’s ‘‘ Review of the Larks of the genus Otocoris,” pub-
lished in Vol. XXIV. of the Proceedings of the U. S. National
Museum. Our specimens were sent to Mr. Frank Chapman of
the American Museum of Natural History, New York for deter-
mination. Mr. Chapman followed Dr. Dwight’s arrangement as
published in Vol. VII. of Zhe Auk, and I have allowed my notes
to stand as originally written. Below, however, I give Mr. Ober-
holser’s arrangement with a few added notes to make my own
work clearer.

Otocoris alpestris LINN.= O. alpestris alpestris (LINN.) OBER.

Geographical distribution. In summer, northeastern British
America, west to Hudson Bay, from Newfoundland, Labrador
and the head of James Bay northward ; accidental in Greenland.
In winter west to Manitoba.

Otocorts alpestris leucolema, in part.=O. alpestris hoyti
BisHop. |

Geographical distribution. In summer, British America from
the west shore of Hudson Bay to the valley of the Mackenzie
River, north to the Arctic coast, south to Lake Athabasca.

We have two specimens named as above taken at Indian Head,
Assa., in April, 1892, by Mr. Spreadborough. Mr. Prebles took
this form from 50 miles north of York Factory to 50 miles south of
Cape Eskimo on the west coast of Hudson Bay. Mr. Oberholser
has examined specimens from the following places in the Domi-
nion of Canada: Calgary, Alberta; Indian Head, Assiniboia; St.
Louis, Saskatchewan ; Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake; Arctic
coast, east of Fort Anderson ; also Franklin Bay, Arctic coast ;
Big Island, Great Slave Lake; Depot Island ; Fort Chipweyan,
Lake Athabasca; Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan ; Fort
Churchill, and Cape Eskimo, Northwest Territories.

O. alpestris leucolema DwiGut, in part.= Otocorts alpestris
arcticola OBERHOLSER.

Geographical distribution. In summer, Alaska (chiefly in
interior), with the valley of the upper Yukon River ; in winter

370 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

south to Oregon, Utah and Montana. Type locality, Fort Re-
liance, Yukon district, specimens taken at Fort Yukon and St.
Michael, Alaska; Chilliwack, Okanagan, Sumas Prairie, Twin
Buttes Mt., Ashnola River, and Osoyoos, British Columbia.

Otocoris alpestris enthymia. OBERHOLSER.
Type locality, St. Louis, Saskatchewan.
Geographical distribution : In summer, Saskatchewan, Assini-
boia, with possibly southwestern Manitoba. Breeding specimens
from Indian Head, Assiniboia ; St. Louis, Saskatchewan.

O. alpestris arenicola Dwicur.=Ozocoris alpestris leuco-
lema COUES.

Geographical distribution: In summer, north to the eastern side
of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta. Specimens examined by
Oberholser from Medicine Hat, Assiniboia; and Calgary, Alberta.

Otocorts alpestris praticola HENSHAW.

Geographical distribution : In summer, southern Canada, from
Manitoba to the north shore of the Gulf of st. Lawrence. Speci-
mens examined by Oberholser from Chateau Bay, Gulf of St.
Lawrence and Gatineau Point, Quebec ; Ottawa, Lorne Park,
Peel County, Kingston, Toronto, Windsor and_ Bracebridge,
Ont.; Carberry, Rat Portage, Boggy Creek, Big Plain, Manitoba.

Otocorts alpestris merrili DwiGHt.

Geographical destribution : In summer, southern British Col-

umbia, east of the Coast Range. Specimens examined by Ober-

holser from Chilliwack, Kamloops, Osoyoos, Ashcroft and Sumas
Lake, British Columbia.

Famity XL. CORVIDAE. Crows, JAys, Macpries.
CLXVIII. PICA Brisson. 1760.
475. American Magpie.
Pica pica hudsonica (SAB.) JORDAN. 1884.

An accidental visitant at Montreal. A magpie was shot at
Chambly, twenty miles southeast of Montreal, about the year 1883.
(Wintle.) I have known several to be taken at Kingston, Ont. ;
occurs regularly and is probablya resident along the east coast
of Lake Superior ; one was seen at Port Sydney, Muskoka district,
by Mr. Kay, in the summer of 1898. (/. H. Fleming.) On March

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 371

12th, 1898, Charles M. Clarke of Kingston, Ont., observed a mag-
pie near Odessa, and since that date two specimens have been
shot and sent to the taxidermist. (C. A. Clarke, M.D., in The Auk,
Vol. XV., 274.) No magpies were seen in the Red River region,
where, if occurring at all, I doubt their presence as far east as the
river itself. During the second season, however, they were very
frequently noticed at various points on the Upper Missouri and
Milk rivers, and thence to the Rocky Mountains. On the Ist of
July newly fledged birds were taken near the mouth of Milk
River, and at the Sweetgrass Hills, during the first week in
August, imperfectly plumaged individuals, a little over a foot
long, were noticed. (Coues.) This species was formerly quite
common in most parts of Manitoba and eastern Assiniboia, but of
late years have only been noted as stragglers. (Zhompson-Seton.)
This bird is plentiful on the interior prairies of British America,
but only a few stray individuals pass eastward of Lake Winnipeg.
It does not entirely quit the Saskatchewan plains even in winter,
but is much more frequent in summer. (zchardson.) On west
side of mountains north of Lewes and Pelly rivers. Not seen in
the Mackenzie Rivervalley. (Aoss.) This species is an abundant
resident along that portion of the coast-line extending from the
Shumigan Islands east and south. It is abundant on Kadiak
Island and in the vicinity of Sitka. North of the Alaskan moun-
tains it is comparatively rare and has been taken at Fort Reliance
on the upper Yukon almost on the Arctic circle. (/Velson.) Sev-
eral traders from the upper Yukon district reported this species
to be not rare in the neighbourhood of Fort Yukon and rather
more common farther up the river. (Zurner.) Found common
everywhere ; breeds about Ashcroft, B.C. (Szveator.) An abundant
resident ; breeds east of Coast Range; west only during winter ;
a rare straggler on Vancouver Island. (/amnzn.) Common in
lower valley of the Fraser ; arrives in August and leaves in April.
A tolerably common winter resident in Cariboo, B.C.; an abun-
dant winter resident at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Bvooks.) On May
6th, 1892, one was seen at Indian Head, Assa.; and another
killed by an Indian; in April, 1894, specimens were seen at
Medicine Hat, Assa.; in May, 1895, a few were seen at the forks
of Old Wives’ Creek and nests were found in the trees up both
the west and south forks ; one was seen at the crossing of French-
man’s River on June 22nd; also at East End Post and Farwell
Creek, where it breeds ; it was also common on Lee’s Creek, near

37/2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Cardston, and at Waterton Lake, Rocky Mountains, Alta. ; com-
mon about the falls in Crow’s Nest Pass, and south of Calgary,
Alta. ; occasionally seen in winter at Banff, Rocky Mountains ;
seen in numbers at Revelstoke, B.C., in March, and ten miles south
of Kamloops in June, 1889, but not seenin April or May; a few
specimens were seen on the mountains at Spence’s Bridge, B.C.,
and at Agassiz in 1889; observed at McGuire’s ranch, August 2oth,
near Chilliwack, B.C., and common at Huntington and Chilli-
wack, in the fall of 1901. (Spreadborough.)

Rare ; only two noted and one male shot in five years, near
forks of Saskatchewan. (Coubeaux.) Well scattered over the
interior but nowhere so common as in the Okanagan valley near
Vernon, B.C. (Rhoads.) The miners at Sunrise City, Cook’s Inlet,
Alaska, told us: that magpies had been seen in that vicinity
frequently, but we did not observe them there or at any other
point on the inlet. Specimens were taken in Graham Harbour
by Townsend in 1892. (Osgood & Heller.)

‘“BreEEDING Notes.—Two nests of this species. were found in
green ash-leaved maple a little below the forks of Old Wives’
Creek, Assa., June Ist, 1895. Neither contained eggs. Nest
quite large, nearly two feet high. Base of nest built of coarse
sticks, then lined on the inside with about an inch of clay, this cup
being at least eight inches across. This is afterwards lined to a
depth of two to four inches with fine rootlets and small twigs of
willow. The whole covered with a canopy of coarse sticks, leav-
ing a hole large enough forthe bird to enter and leave without
injuring the tail. (J/acoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten ; one taken at Medicine Hat, Assa.; one at Old Wives’
Creek, Assa., and eight at Chilliwack, B.C., all by Mr. Spread-
borough.

One full set of seven eggs taken at Three Hill Creek, Alta., by
Capt. W. Thorburn, May 28th, 1808.

CLXIX. CYANOCITTA Srrickianp. 1845.
477. Blue Jay.

Cyanocitta cristata (LINN.) STRICKL. 1845.

A summer migrant in Newfoundland, but not common. (Xeeks.)
Common resident in Nova Scotia. (Dozwzs.) Frequently seen

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 373

towards spring in Cumberland Co., N.S. (C.H. Morrell.) Common
resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island. (C.2. Harvie.) Common
resident King’s Co., N.S. They are great destroyers of eggs and
young birds. (77. 7u/ts.) Rather common at Baddeck and Margaree,
Cape Breton Island, N.S., July, 1898; one pair seen at Brackley
Point, Prince Edward Island, June 25th, 1888. (MJacoun.) A
small flock was seen at Plaster Cove near Port Hawksbury, Cape
Breton Island, but none elsewhere. (Avewster.) Not abundant
on Prince Edward Island, and only occasionally met with.
(Deig hit.)

An abundant resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Com-
mon in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Taken
at Beauport ; common in Quebec. (Lzonne.) Abundant every-
where, but extremely numerous at Hamilton’s farm in August,
1858, Argenteuil Co., Que. (D’Uréban.) Transient visitant at
Montreal, but common. I have observed this jay here in March,
May, June, September, October, November and December, and it
is likely that a few winter in the district. (Wendle.) Permanent
resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. They are very destruc-
tive to eggs and young birds, but very shy about their own nests,
and during their nesting season, May 20th—July 2oth, they are
very quiet. (W. H. Moore.)

A common and permanent resident in the Ottawa district;
more common in summer. (Odtawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Common
in winter along the St. Lawrence, a few breeding. I have seen
the nest in the counties of Leeds and Renfrew. The eggs are
laid about the middle of May. I observed this bird breeding on
the Magdalen Islands. (Rev. C./. Young.) One of the most
abundant resident birds in the Parry Sound and Muskoka dis-
iets. (J. Af: Fleming’)

Not seen west of Pembina where it was abundant. (Cowes.)
This is a tolerably common summer resident in all the wooded
parts of Manitoba, many retire to the thick woods in winter.
(Thompson-Seton.) Several individuals were seen in the groves of
Quercus macrocarpa, at West Selkirk, Manitoba. (Predles.) This
very handsome jay visits the Northwest Territories in summer up
to Lat. 56°, but seldom approaches Hudson Bay. (Aichardson.)
Taken at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) I saw in
the post residence near Chemawawin, Grand Rapids of Saskatche-
wan, a mounted specimen of this species, which had been killed
by an Indian and mounted by Mrs. King, the wife of the post-

374 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

master. (Vuttng.) Not an uncommon resident but more fre-
quently seen in winter along the wooded banks of the Saskatche-
wan and inthe well wooded parts of the prairie. (Coubeaux.) Not
rare around Athabasca Landing, May 22nd,1888, and up the Atha-
basca to Lesser Slave River ; one specimen was taken three miles
up the Clearwater River from Fort McMurray in Lat. 56° 30’;
said to be quite common around Isle ala Crosse Lake and to
winter there. (/. 17. Macoun.) One observed, June 8th, 1897, at
Edmonton, Alta., eating a young bird; the only one seen.
(Spreadborougn.)

BREEDING Notes.—Found nesting in a hemlock tree near
Beechwood, Ottawa. The nest was composed of sticks lined
with weeds, grass and down. Eggs four, clay colour with brown
spots. (G. R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine ; two taken at Ottawa and one at Belleville, Ont., by Prof.
Macoun. One taken at Ottawa and another at London, Ont., by
W.E. Saunders. Two taken by S. Herring at Toronto, Ont. ; and
one in Algonquin Park, Ont., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Three sets of eggs. One set of three taken at Port Durham,
Ont., by Mr. Osbert Byers in 1893; one set of three at Minden,
Ont., by Mr. A. A. Cole, June 15th, 1896; nest built of dead
tamarac twigs in a black ash tree about 18 feet from the ground,
One set of five taken at Berlin, Ont., by Mr. W. Raine, May 28th,
1899. Nest in an oak tree about eight feet from the ground, built
of twigs, roots and grass.

478. Steller’s Jay.

Cyanocitta stelleri (GMEL.) STRICKL. 1845.

This species was common in the vicinity of Hastings and
Agassiz, B.C., west of Coast Range in May, 1889; abundant around
Chilliwack and Huntington, B.C., in the summer of Ig01 ; a very
common resident throughout Vancouver Island, nesting late in
April. (Spreadborough.) An abundant resident east and west of
the Coast Range ; breeds both on the island, and on mainland of
British Columbia. (/annin.) Quite common resident in the
lower Fraser Valley, B.C. (Bvrooks.) Found only on the coast
and west of the Coast Range. (Rhoads.) Common along the
edge of the timber near the shore wherever I landed around
Sitka, Alaska. (Grinnell.) Several specimens were taken by C.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 375

H. Townsend at Graham Harbour, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska. We did
not see it farther up the inlet in Turnagain Arm. (Osgood & Heller.)
Osgood found the remains of a Steller’s Jay in the woods at
Haine’s Mission, Lynn Canal. (Szshop.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-one ; one taken at. Burrard Inlet, B.C., by Mr. John
Fannin ; two taken at Comox, Vancouver Island, by Dr. G. M.
Dawson ; one at Nanaimo and two at~Victoria, V.I., by Prof.
Macoun ; eleven at Chilliwack, two at Agassiz, B.C., one at
Comox and one at Victoria, V.I., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken near Victoria by Rev. George
Taylor.

478c. Black-headed Jay.

Cyanocitta stellert annectens (BatRD) Ripew. 1880.

A specimen of this form was shot in the Rocky Mountains by
Mr. Drummond about Lat. 56°. (Richardson.) This species was met
with only high up on the mountains near Ducks, B.C. ( Streator.)
East of Coast Range and Rocky Mountain districts. (/@nnzn.)
This species was taken in the Selkirk mountains at Glacier in
August, 1885; they were then numerous. Very early in April,
1890, when the snow was on the ground they were in large flocks;
afterwards they scattered and retired to the mountains at Revel-
stoke, B.C., to breed ; one family of them was seen at Robson on
the Columbia River, June Igth, 1890. Of the specimens taken some
approach the long-crested jay, having the white spot over the eye
quite large and a blue and white frontal patch. Observed at Trail
and Waneta on the International Boundary, B.C., in the summer of
1902; not common. (Spreadborough.) Only once taken at Chilli-
wack, B.C. ; a common winter resident in Cariboo, B.C. ; common
winter resident at Lake Okanagan. (Bvooks.) East of Coast Range
and Rocky Mountain districts of British Columbia. (Fanmnzn.)
While many of the interior specimens are intermediate, all are
more referable to amnectens than to stellert. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight ; one taken at Glacier, Selkirk Mountains, B.C., by Prof.
Macoun; four taken at Revelstoke, one at Robson, one at
Sicamous and one at Cascade, B.C., by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

376 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
478d. Queen Charlotte Jay.

Cyanocitta stellert carlotte OSGOOD. 1901.

Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.
Type from Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte
Islands, B.C., taken June 17th, 1900, by W. H. Osgood and E.

Heller.
CLXX. PERISOREUS Bonaparte. 1831.

484, Canada Jay.
Perisoreus canadensis (LINN.) BONAP. 1838.

Plentiful in the interior of the southern and western portions
Labrador ; breeds and is resident wherever found. (Packard.)
Common all the way from Missanabie, on the Canadian Pacific
Railway, down the Moose River, and through Ungava to Ungava
Bay in 1896. (Spreadborough.) Common on Newfoundland and
remains throughout the year. (Reeks.) Abundant and very
tame, Humber River, Newfoundland, 1899. (Lous H. Porter.)
An abundant resident in Nova Scotia. (Dowms.) A common
winter resident in Cumberland Co., N.S.; very fearless, coming
about the buildings for scraps; I saw birds with grass in their
bills late in March; they evidently nest in April. (C. A. Morrell.)
A few observed at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island. (4. AH. Allen.)
A common resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, but could
find no one who had ever seen a nest. (C. R&. Harte.) Rather
uncommon in King’s Co., N.S., but present throughout the year.
(77. Tufts.)

Abundant resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Not
uncommon in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Svittain & Cox.)
Abundant on Anticosti where it is a resident. (Brewster.) Remains
all the year at Lake Mistassini in northern Quebec. (/. J.
Macoun.) Yaken at Beauport; a common resident in Quebec.
(Dionne.) Seen only in the woods in summer ; approaches the
settlements in Grenville, Que., in October. (D’Urban.) Fort
Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) Transient visitant ; scarce in
the Montreal district ; this jay visits us from the north in the
autumn, but I have met with them in the spring of the year.
(Wintle.) Permanent resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.;
but becoming scarce. Have never found a nest of this species,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 377

but have seen them carrying nest material in the latter part of
March. They took wool and straw from robin’s and cedar bird’s
nests. (W. H. Moore.)

This species rarely visits the immediate neighbourhood of
Ottawa, though commonin the hills to the north of it. (Od¢tewa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Common along the Ottawa in county of
Renfrew near the lumber camps. It breeds very early in spring.
I have seen one as far south as the county of Leeds, near West-
port, Ont. (Rev. C. /. Young.) Commonin the Parry Sound dis-
trict; reported only as a winter resident in Muskoka by Mr. Kay.
(J. H. Fleming.) Found very abundant at Whitney near Algon-
quin Park, in the fall and winter of 1898. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
Reported from North Bruce, but not reported from the London
district. (W. &. Saunders.)

This species was reported at Norway House, Keewatin, and was
seen nearly every day from there to York Factory ; specimens
were taken on the Echimamish, at Oxford House and at York
Factory ; several were seen at Fort Churchill. (Predbles.)

A common resident in wooded sections, especially among ever-
greens, in Manitoba; it becomes more abundant in the northern
parts of the province. (Zhompson-Seton.) On May 11th, 1892,
two individuals were seen at Indian Head, Assa.; after this no
others were seen. Observed three April 26th, 1897, at Edmonton,
Alta. Tolerably common there ; a farmer near Red Deer, Alta.,
found a nest with eggs in a hollow tree the first week in March.
Another farmer while cutting wood near Edmonton?found a nest
with eggs in a spruce tree the first week in March. (Spread-
borough.) Abundant at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan.
(Nutting.) This species inhabits the wooded districts from Lat.

_56° to eastern Canada. (Aichardson.) North on the Mackenzie

to Lapierre’s House ; abundant. (oss.) Tolerably numerous in
the wooded country, even to its northern and eastern limits, but
none were observed by us on the“ barrens” proper, west or east
of Horton River, nor on the Arctic coast. (Macfarlane.) From
the head waters of the Yukon to the mouth of the Tanana River
occur birds which are almost typical representatives of the jay
found in British America. (lVelson.) This bird comes to the
Saskatchewan as soon as the winter is here and is then "seen in
numbers everywhere (Coubeaux.) Abundant all over the interior
north of the Saskatchewan. (/. JZ. Macoun.)

378 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

BREEDING Nores.—A few pairs nest in northern Assiniboia and
northern Alberta. I have a beautiful nest and four eggs that were
collected by Dr. George near Innisfail, Alberta, March 5th, 1899.
The nest was built in a willow seven feet from the ground and is
a bulky compact nest with thick felt-like walls of wool, moss,
feathers and hair. Dr. George remarked that at the time the eggs
were collected the thermometer registered several degrees below
zero. On March toth, 1900, Mr. John Wright found a nest and
four eggs at Horn Hill, northern Alberta. This nest was built in
a willow and is a deep cup-shaped nest, very warm and well lined
and has to be as the young nestlings are often exposed to 15°
below zero. On March 18th, 1900, Dr. George found a nest con-
taining one egg, in northern Alberta. This nest was also found in
a willow. It will be seen, therefore, that this bird is the earliest
breeder of all Canadian birds, having eggs in northern Alberta in
the middle of March, at a time when the thermometer registered
below zero. I have yet another set of eggs and nest that were
collected by Mr. Hugh Richardson in north Saskatchewan, April
2nd, 1896. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; one taken at Ottawa by Mr. S. Herring. Two fine
specimens taken at Indian Head, Assa., in April, 1892, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

484a. Rocky Mountain Jay.
Perisoreus canadensis capitalis RipGw. 1873.

Only seen in the Rocky Mountains at Lat. 49°, where, however,
it was common and doubtless bred. The specimens secured in
this locality show the restricted dark areas of the head, upon
which the variety captetalts is based. (Coues.) Only observed on
Sheep Mountain, Waterton Lake, Rocky Mountains, in July, 1895 ;
quite common and breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in the
summer of 1891 ; common high up in the Rocky Mountains from
Moose Mountain, south of the Bow River Pass to Crows’ Nest
Pass in July., 1897; on June 6th, 1890,a young one was shotat Deer
Park, Lower Arrow Lake, B.C., and later it was seen at Pass Creek,
near Robson, B.C., and common in the Gold Range, B.C., in 1889.
One pair seen on the mountains between the North Thompson
River and the Bonaparte at an altitude of 4,500 feet. Observed

F
q
A
i
'

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 379

near Cascade, B.C.; also on Sophie Mountain, altitude 4,000
feet, on the International Boundary, in the summer of 1902.
(Spreadborough.) An abundant winter resident in Cariboo, B.C. ;
I tried hard to find nests but failed, I believe the eggs are laid
about March 25th; common in winter at high elevations at Lake
Okanagan, B.C. (Srooks.) I noted these jays at Lac La Hache,
Bonaparte, Vernon, Nelson and Field in British Columbia.
(Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; one adult specimen from Moose Mountain, 4o miles from
Calgary, Alta.; one (young) specimen taken at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, June 16th, 1891; another (young) at Deer Park, Col-
umbia River, B.C., June 6th, 1890 ; and two adult specimens taken
on the summit of the Gold Range at Griffin Lake, B.C. ; all by
Mr. Spreadborough.

4840. Alaskan Jay.
Pertsoreus canadensis fumifrons RipGw. 1880.

The only specimen brought home of this short-billed jay was
killed on the roof of the dwelling house at Fort Franklin. (Azch-
ardson.) This form is the only Perisoreus found throughout the
Sitkan and Kadiak region, and thence north along the region
bordering the Behring Sea coast and up the wooded interior.
Specimens have been taken at so many points on Behring Sea
that it appears wherever alder bushes occur to afford shelter.
(Nelson.) This bird rarely occurs at St. Michael, two specimens
only being procured during three and one half years’ residence.
Most of my specimens were obtained at Fort Yukon, Anvik and
Nulato on the Yukon River. (Zurner.) The Alaskan jay was
observed in the vicinity of spruce timber everywhere in the valley
of the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, from the delta eastward.
It was resident throughout the year, and was the most noticeable
and familiar bird about camp, especially in winter. (Grinneld.)
Occasionally seen in Cook’s Inlet, Alaska. One morning a small
flock visited our camp in the mountains near Hope. A few were
also seen at Tyonek. (Osgood & Heller.) We first met this bird
at Log Cabin, noted at also at Bennett and Caribou Crossing, B.C.,
and found it common from Lake Marsh to Circle City, Alaska,
generally in families. Between White River and Circle City it

ei

380 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

was less common than further up the Yukon. I saw one 15 miles
above Fort Yukon, heard several at Hendrick’s Station, August
25th, and saw one at St. Michael, September, 18th. (Bzshop.)
BreEDING Notes.—Toward spring the jays became remarkably
reclusive, and their visits around camp were less and less fre-
quent. I suspected that by the middle of March they would
nest, and I consequently spent much time in fruitless search. On
the 2oth of March, while out snowshoeing across the valley, I
happened to see a pair of jays flying towards a tract of spruces,
and as had become almost habitual with me under such incentive,
I followed them up. I did not see the birds for some time, until
finally Isaw a jay with alarge bunch of white down in its bill,
flying back along the timber. The other bird was accompanying
it, following a little behind. I lost sight of them among the dis-
tant trees, but by following the general course of their flight and
peering into all the thicker spruces I chanced to discover the nest.
It was ten feet above the snow in adense young spruce growing
among a clump of taller ones ona knoll. It was as yet a flimsy
affair, consisting of dry spruce twigs, with bits of down and feath-
ers showing through from beneath. Although I did not disturb
the nest in the least, a visit two weeks later found it covered with
snow and apparently deserted. On April toth, among ten jays,
secured about twenty miles down the Kowak from our winter
camp, was one female, which contained in the oviduct, a full-sized
though unshelled, egg. Not until May 13th, however, did I
finally find an occupied jay’s nest, and its discovery then was by
mere accident. It was twelve feet up in a small spruce amongst
a clump of larger ones on a low ridge. There were no “tell-tale
sticks and twigs on the snow beneath,” as Nelson notes, and in
fact nothing to indicate its location. The nest rested on several
horizontal or slightly drooping branches against the south side of
the main trunk. The foliage around it was moderately dense, so
that it could be seen from the ground, though only as an indistinct
dark spot. The bird was sitting on her nest when I discovered it.
Her head and tail appeared conspicuously over the edge of the
nest, and she remained on until I had climbed up within an arm’s
length of her. She then left the nest and silently flew to a near-by
tree where she was joined by her mate. They both remained in
the vicinity, but ostensibly paid little attention tome. They
followed each other about playfully, uttering low conversational
notes. The male would try to approach the female, vibrating his

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 381

wings and striking various coquettish attitudes, but the latter would
quickly turn upon him, as if to repel his advances at such a serious
time. Then both birds would pause for a moment within six
inches of each other, with their beaks wide open, and mayhap
a snap or two. The nest proper was built on a loose foundation
of slender spruce twigs. The walls and bottom consisted of a
closely felted mass of a black hair-like lichen, many short bits of
spruce twigs, feathers of ptarmigan and hawk owls, strips of a
fibrous bark and a few grasses. The interior is lined with the
softest and finest grained material. The whole fabric is of sucha
quality as to accomplish the greatest conservation of warmth,
which certainly must be necessary where incubation is carried on
in below zero weather. (Joseph Grinnell.)

484c. Labrador Jay.
Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus RipGw. 1882.

Locally common in northeastern Labrador especially as far
north as Port Manvers. (Szgelow.) Coastwise and -interior,
especially abundant ; resident and breeds at Fort Chimo, Labra-
dor. (fackard.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have a nest and four eggs of this bird that
were taken at Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, March 2oth, 1894. The
nest was built in a larch tree and is a beautiful structure of inter-
laced twigs, the nest proper being a compact woven felt-like
structure of fur, hair and feathers. (W. Ratne.) A nest taken by
Mr. A.P. Low at Rigolet, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, 25th March,
1894, is quite a bulky affair. The outside is chiefly made up of
dead twigs chiefly of tamarac (larch) with a few of white spruce.
The inside is of down, feathers, hair, fur and strips of the inner
bark of willow felted together.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two sets of eggs, one of three and the other of four, both
taken at Rigolet, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, March 25th, 1894, by
Min A. P; Low.

485. Oregon Jay.
Perisoreus obscurus (RIDGW.) SHARPE, 1877.

An abundant resident throughout the province. (Fannzn.)

Common resident on mountains above Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.)
lly

382 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

In May, 1887, this species was found breeding on the summit of ©
Mount Erskine, Salt Spring Island, Gulf of Georgia, B.C.
(Macoun.) An abundant resident throughout British Columbia. —
(Hannin.) This species is not numerous on Vancouver Island
and may be said to be rare in summer on the coast. (Ahoads.)

485u. Gray Canada Jay.
Perisoreus obscurus griseus RipGw. 1899.

British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. (Ridgway.) This
species was common on the mountain sides at Chilliwack Lake,
B.C., in July, t901. Only one specimen taken. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One; taken at Chilliwack Lake, B.C., July 20th, 1901, by Mr
W. Spreadborough.

CLXXI. CORVUS Linnezus. 1758.
486a. Northern Raven.

Corvus corax principalis RipGw. 1887.

One specimen taken at Peary’s headquarters, West Greenland ; ~
a fine specimen taken at McCormick’s Bay, West Greenland by
the Relief Expedition. (Wztmer Stone.) Breeds more in south than
in north Greenland, and also observed on the east coast ; several
pairs have been seen on Melville Island; a specimen from Beechey
Island is in the Barrowcollection. (Avct. Man.) Locally common
in northeastern Labrador ; especially so at Port Manvers. (Szge-
low.) Abundant throughout the whole of Labrador ; breeds at
Fort Chimo; nearly fledged young seen in nest May 18th.
(fackard.) Not common in the interior of Labrador but found
in pairs throughout the country. (Spreadborough.) One specimen
shot and others seen at Port Burwell, Hudson Strait ; breeds from
Norway House to Fort Churchill. (Dv. &. Bell.) A common
resident in southern Greenland. (/agerup.). Common through-
out the year in Newfoundland. (Aeeks.) Common along the
Humber River, Newfoundland, 1899. (Louis H. Porter.) A few
remain all the year at Cape Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait, but the
the greater number go south in September. (Payne.) A common
resident in Nova Scotia. (Dozwns.) Not common in winter in
Cumberland Co., N.S.; a pair seen at Shulee and another pair at

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 383

Partridge Island, near Parrsboro. (C. H. Morrell.) A common
resident breeding in cliffs along the shore near Sydney, Cape
Breton Island, incubation begun April 22nd, tgo1. (C. R. Harte.)
Common resident, King’s Co., N.S. They often kill very young
lambs. (77. 7zfts.) A rather rare resident in New Brunswick.
(Chamberlain.) Occasionally seen at Magaree, Cape Breton
Island, N.S., in July, 1898. (Macoun.) Breeds on the Magdalen
Islands. (Szshop.) Rather generally distributed in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence but nowhere abundant. (Bvrewster.) One specimen
shot at Lake Mistassini, in northern Quebec, May 30th, 1885.
(J. M. Macoun.) Taken at Beauport, a rare permanent resident
in Quebec. (onne.) A rare winter resident ; occasionally visits
the city river ice-dump. (Wintle.) Rare visitant to the north of
Ottawa; occasionally seen near the city. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) A common bird on the Magdalen Islands, breeding in
the rocks and occasionally in the larger spruce trees. Rare in the
cultivated parts of Ontario. I have seen a pair flying at a great
height near Combermere, Renfrew Co., in the month of January.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) A common resident in Parry Sound district ;
rarer in Muskoka. (J. H. Fleming.) I met with one or more of
these birds daily during a three week’s trip to Whitney, near
- Algonquin Park, Ont., in the fall of 1898. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
Very rare along the large marshes in the London district. (W.£.
Saunders.) We saw several between Robinson Portage and Pine
Lake, Keewatin, June 28th, and while descending Hill River, July
8th, noticed a pair flying about the face of a high clay bank.
Except for one specimen seen at Fort Churchill, July 30th, we
did not again note the species. (Pvredles.)

Occasionally observed on the International Boundary Lat.
49°, but no specimens were taken. (Cowes.) A tolerably common
winter visitant; probably nesting in the northern lands. (Zhomp-
son-Seton.) This well-known bird abounds in the Northwest Ter-
ritories and visits the remotest islands of the Arctic Sea.
(Richardson.) North on the Mackenzie River to Arctic coast ;
abundant. (oss.) This species is abundant at Fort Anderson
and on the lower Lockhart and Anderson rivers; and although
not seen by us there it may possibly breed on the shores of the
Arctic Sea. (Macfarlane.) Everywhere throughout the entire
territory of Alaska, including the shores of the Arctic Ocean and
Behring Sea and the various islands of the latter, this bird is a
well known resident. (/Velson.) This species is a resident

384 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

throughout the whole of Alaska. In the vicinity of St. Michael
it is a resident in summer. (Zurner.) A resident throughout
the province, chiefly northward and coastwise; rarer than
formerly. (/annin.) Resident.(?) Notcommon at Chilliwack.
The ravens found on the summit of the Coast Range, descending
to the valley in winter, are much larger than the commoner szv-
uatus, and have a different voice. I have no doubt they belong to
the larger sub-species. I shot a female during the winter that was
much larger than a male of the other form; a common winter
resident in the Cariboo district, B.C.; tolerably common in winter
at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Szo0ks.) One specimen was seen at
Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892; others were seen at Medicine
Hat in the spring of 1894; apparently very rare in the Rocky
Mountains ; only one seen at Banff in the summer of I8gI ; only
a pair seen at Revelstoke, on the Columbia River, in May, 18go ;
a few were seen at Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, and others
at Robson on the Columbia River, in June of that year; ob-
served at Trail, Sheep Creek and Coryell, near the International
Boundary, B.C., in the summer of 1902; occasionally seen near
Chilliwack in the summer of 1901; very abundant on many parts
of Vancouver Island, but chiefly at Comox and Nanaimo in June
and July; they must breed in the neighbourhood ; a few also
were seen at Barclay Sound, on the west coast of the island.
(Spreadborough.) The call of this species was heard and we were
told by Mr. McLean that a species of raven was not uncommon
at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (Vutting.) <A per-
manent resident on the Saskatchewan, but very scarce, and only
seen in winter in the great woods or about them. (Couwbeaux.)
Very abundant between Athabasca Landing and Lesser Slave
River ; an occasional specimen was seen on the Clearwater
River, and they were not rare on Methye Portage ; common
between Methye Lake and Isle a la Crosse; flocking with crows
on Buffalo Lake. (/. MZ. Macoun.) Ravens were abundant in the
Coast Range ; rare in the Bonaparte valley, at Lake la Hache,
and at Vernon, B.C.; but at Nelson, B.C., they became abundant
again. (Rhoads.) I sawa pair of ravens at Cape Blossom, Kotze-
bue Sound, Alaska, August Ist, 1898, and several were seen along
the lower course of the Kowak later in the month. An abundant
and well known scavenger. It congregates about the streets of
Sitka and along the beaches with as much familiarity as the black
vulture does in the south. I did not learn of its breeding any-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 385

where about Sitka. (Gvrinnell.) Very abundant on Queen Char-
lotte Islands, B.C. Only moderately common in Cook’s Inlet,
Alaska. (Osgood.) Of all the birds we met with the raven
occurred most regularly. It was noted from Wrangell, up the
Lynn Canal, over the White Pass, and down the whole length of
the Yukon. (Szshop.)

BREEDING NoTEs.-—I have a set of six eggs that were taken at
Peel’s River, Mackenzie Delta, on April 27th, 1900. The nest
was a large structure of sticks and weeds lined with animal fur,
and built on top of a spruce tree. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three ; one taken in Quebec by Mr. Trudeau; one at Petrie
Island, Ont., by Mr. Coursolle, and one at Revelstoke, B.C.., by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Parts of four sets of eggs. One perfect set of five eggs taken
in the Gasperaux valley, N.S., on March 22nd, 1902. The nest
was in a large hemlock tree about 50 feet from the ground. It
was composed of sticks and lined with wool and coarse grass
stems, and seemed to have been long in occupation, as it had
been repaired year after year. Two of the other eggs were taken
in Nova Scotia, and the other five at Artillery Lake, northeast of
Great Slave Lake, by Mr. Fairchild.

488. American Crow.

Corvus americanus AUD. 1824.
3

Rare in Labrador; only found in southern portions ; Stearns
reports it from Eskimo River; Verrill records it as common on
Anticosti; not known to breedin Labrador. (Packard.) A com-
mon migrant in Newfoundland. (Aceks.) A common resident in
Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Common all winter in Cumberland Co.,
N.S. (C. H. Morrell.) Common around the shores of Cape Breton
Island, 1898; also on the shores of Prince Edward Island, 1888.
(Macoun.) A commons resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island.
Eggs taken April 15th, 1901. (C. R. Harte.) Exceeding abun-
dant throughout the year, King’s Co.,N.S. (4. Tufts.) Nowhere
have I ever seen crows more abundant and so tame as on Prince
Edward Island. (Dweght.) An abundant summer resident in New
Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Local in the Restigouche valley.
N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Abundant and breeding on all the Mag-

‘

386 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

dalen Islands. (Béshop.) Very common along the shores of the
islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, migrating on the approach of
winter. (Bvewster.) A common summer resident in Quebec.
(Dionne.) Plentiful in Argenteuil Co., Que., up to 1oth December,
a few seen in January, and aburmdant by the last of February.
(D'Urban.) A rare permanent resident but a common summer
one at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) An abun-
dant permanent resident at Montreal, not so often seen during
the winter months but sometimes appearing in large flocks at
Cote St. Paul alongside the railway tracks. (Wantle.) A common
species on Hudson Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) Very abundant in the
Ottawa district insummer but scarce in winter. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) This bird has become very common in eastern Ontario
in recent years. On Wolfe Island it has become a pest, destroy-
ing many eggs of the smaller birds, and taking young chickens
and other birds. I sawa field last October (1900) literally covered
with crows; they were as numerous as blackbirds. A few remain
along the St. Lawrence all winter, and I have seen them in the
coldest weather. (Rev. C./. Young.) Abundant about the settle-
ments in the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. (/. H. Fleming.)
Rather scarce in Algonquin Park, only a few pairs breeding.
(Spreadborough.) During the cold weather of February, 1895, at
Toronto these birds seemed to suffer severely from the elements
combined with the scarcity of food ; many becoming so exhausted
as to only be able to fly short distances. (J. Hughes-Samuel.)
A few were seen about Lake Winnipeg and Norway House, Kee-
watin, and a small number noted nearly every day between
Norway House and York Factory. They were common at York
Factory, and a few were seen at Fort Churchill, and one 50 miles
south of Cape Eskimo. (Predles.)

According to my observation, crows are not very common in the
region under consideration (Lat. 49°), though I saw a good many
along the Mouse (Souris) River. The species occurs, however,
along the whole Missouri River. A nest containing five eggs, with
the female parent, was secured on Quaking Ash River, June 26th,
1874. (Coues.) A common summer resident throughout Mani-
toba. (ZLhompson-Seton.) This crow is seen in the interior of the
Northwest Territories in summer only and does not go beyond
Lat. 55° nor approach within five or six hundred miles of Hudson
Bay. (Richardson.) North on the Mackenzie River to Lat. 61° ;
abundant. (Aoss.) On the roth May, 1865, an Esquimaux snared

a

oe OS ae eae oe

Firs

2S ee ee ee ee, ee

Per Se LP, eee eee SOM, Oe er

_ CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 387

the parent bird on a nest which was built on the top of a tall

spruce in the lower Anderson River ; another was taken near Fort
Anderson on 5th May, 1866. (MJacfarlane.) This species arrived
at Indian Head, Assa., before April Ist, 1892, as they were
numerous at that date ; they were building nests by the 27th and
on May 6th I found a nest with five eggs, which was in a willow
tree; the nest was made of sticks lined with dried grass; this
species was found in pairs nearly all over Assiniboia in 1895

wherever there was wood, but none were seen in Alberta until we

reached Waterton Lake at the base of the Rocky Mountains ;
common at Crane Lake, Medicine Hat, Cypress Hills, Moose Jaw,
and around Old Wives’ Lake and Creek, also at Wood Mountain ;
not seen in the Rocky Mountains at Banff in 1891; rather rare
along the Columbia River flats at Revelstoke ; heard them at Pass
Creek, Columbia River, B.C., June, 1890; May 8th, 1894, examined
a number of nests at Medicine Hat, Assa., but only found one egg;
a few were breeding at Crane Lake, June 12th; found a nest with
four young ones; at the east end of Cypress Hills a few
pairs were breeding the last week in June. (Spreadborough.)
Abundant and surprisingly tame at the Grand Rapids of the
Saskatchewan; young crows make themselves at home on the
houses and in the door-yards at Grand Rapids. (Wwtting.) This
bird is our first harbinger of spring. As soon as the snow begins
to melt and show the ground, they arrive, by twos, by threes, by
fours, and then in greater numbers, filling the air with their cries.
They mate very early and begin to build their nests long before
the leaves begin to appear. (Coubeaux.) Very numerous at
Buffalo Lake, near Methye Portage, Lat. 56°, and at Isle a
la Crosse, feeding on dead fish; a few specimens between
Red Deer River and Athabasca Landing, about a dozen in all.
(J. M. Macoun.) Common summer resident east of Coast Range,
B.C. (Fannin.)

BREEDING Notes.—The bulk of the crows, which are migrants,
begin to arrive here about the Ist of March and commence build-
ing nests in April. One nest examined on April 30th, 1882, con-
tained six eggs incubated, and another one, May 24th, 1882, con-
tained younglings, and a nest, May 11th, 1889, had four eggs in-
cubated. They breed in Mount Royal Park and all over the island
of Montreal. The bulk of the crows in this district migrate south
before the month of December. (MWinile.) On June 6th, 1884,

388 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Binscarth on the upper Assiniboine, I found a crow’s nest in a
bluff of poplar trees. It was in a crotch of a large poplar, about
8 feet from the ground, and was one of the most beautiful speci-
mens of bird architecture I ever examined, excluding, of course,
all pensile nests. It was a large structure of sticks, twigs and
bark strips, with a very deep cavity lined with fine fibres and
beautifully finished off with a coating of cow’s hair. It contained
four eggs. (Zhompson-Seton.) This species frequently nests in
firs and spruces near Ottawa. Its nests are built of sticks and
twigs, lined with moss, strips of bark and fine grass. Eggs, four
to six; green, spotted with blackish-brown. (G. R. White.) Nest
taken on June 2nd, 1895, a mile up the west fork of Old Wives’
Creek, contained four fresh eggs. The base of the nest was of
coarse sticks and the inside was lined with the inner bark of ash-
leaved maple, in which tree it was built. Other nests were taken in
thickets of willow and other brush in many parts of the prairie.
(Macoun.) March 2nd, 1902, a crow was seen to be carrying
nesting material at Fredericton; even at that time migration had
hardly begun, this being a bird that had remained in that vicinity
all winter. I have found a full set of crow’s eggs April 21st. At
one time a nest was found and both birds were sitting on the eggs.
The cavity of the nest was much larger than ordinarily. Think-
ing when seeing both birds fly from the nest it might be two
females laying in one nest, I climbed and found that the nest
contained five nearly incubated eggs. A nest was found here
containing ten eggs. (W. H. Moore.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve; one an albino, taken near Port Hope, Ont.; two taken
at Ottawa by G. R. White ; two taken at Ottawa by F. A. Saun-
ders ; three taken at Indian Head, Assa., two at Medicine Hat,
Assa., one at Edmonton, Alta., and one at Kamloops, B.C, all by
Mr. Spreadborough.

Five sets of eggs; one set of five taken in Clarke’s bush, Glou-
cester, near Ottawa, by W. A. D. Lees ; one set of six eggs from
Sturgeon Island, Lake Winnipeg, June Ist, 1889 ; one set of three
eggs at Medicine Lodge, south of Wood Mountain, Assa., June
14th, 1895 ; one set of five eggs taken at Medicine Hat, Assa.,
May 14th, 1894; another set of four eggs taken at Edmonton,
Alta., May 21st, 1897, all by Mr. Spreadborough. *

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS.

Lo)
love)
Ne)

489. Northwest Crow.

Corvus caurinus BAIRD. 1858.

Bischoff obtained numerous specimens of this little-known bird
at Sitka. Dr. Bean also found it abundant at Sitka. (Vedson.)
Common on the small islands in the bay at Sitka, Alaska, es-
pecially on St. Lazaria Island, where the young and eggs of the
sea birds constituted its staple articles of food. (Grinnell.) Com-
mon ; found breeding at Mount Lehman and at Ashcroft, B.C.
(Streator.) Chiefly west of Coast Range ; very abundant on the
the coast; resident. (Hanntn.) Common resident at Chilliwack,
B.C. (Brooks.) Very abundant from Chilliwack to Hunting-
ton, B.C., in 1901; a most abundant species on Vancouver
Island, living the whole year along the coasts of the island and
breeding in small spruce and Douglas fir trees ; in May, 1887, a
colony bred in small spruce on Comox spit. There may be two
forms of this western species, but I have never been able to satis-
factorily separate them. (Spreadborough.) On the west coast
crows are abundant. In the interior of British Columbia they are
found in diminished numbers. Their habits and voices are essen-
tially the same. (Rhoads.) I have two sets of four eggs each
that were taken on Vancouver Island, May I2th, 1889, by Mr.
Fannin. (W. Raine.) Not commonon Queen Charlotte Islands.
A flock of about thirty was seen several times near the head of
Cumshewa Inlet. (Osgood.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve; four taken at Agassiz, five at Chilliwack, B.C., and
three at Victoria, Vancouver Island, by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken on the sand spit at Comox, V.I.,
May 3rd, 1887, by Rev. G. W. Taylor.

CLXXII. NUCIFRAGA Brisson. 1760.
491. Clarke’s Nutcracker.
Nucifraga columbiana (Wits.) Aud. 1834.

Since the capture of a single Sitkan specimen, taken in August
by Bischoff, no Alaskan record of this bird has been made.
(Nelson.) British Columbia. (Zord.) Abundant summer resid-
ent throughout the coniferous forests of the interior. (S¢veazor.)
A common resident east of the Coast Range; west, but very

mes

390 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

rarely, to Vancouver Island; abundant in the pine belts along

the Similkameen and along the Cariboo road above Clinton.

(Fannin.) Resident in the mountains ; rarely descending to the
valley. (Brooks.) This species was rather common at Banff,
Rocky Mountains, in 1891, and breeding in the mountains ;
common in the Crow’s Nest Pass in August, 1897 ; in the summer
of 1885, when the Canadian Pacific Railway was being built
through the Rocky and Selkirk mountains, this bird was very
common around the camps and apparently living on their refuse.
(Macoun.) Early in the spring of 1890 this species was quite com-
mon at Revelstoke, B.C., but soon retired to the mountains; they
were common at Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, Columbia River,
B.C., on June 4th, 1890, when fully fledged young were shot; at
Robson, B.C., they were abundant on the mountain sides later in
the month; observed on all the mountains between Trail and Cas-
cade, B.C., near the International Boundary, in the summer of
1902; in May and June, 1889, this species was far from uncommon
at Spence’s Bridge and up the Nicola valley where they seemed to
be breeding; observed a few in the mountains at Chilliwack Lake,
B.C., in July, 1901. (Spreadborough.) Common during the winter
of 1897-98 at Lake Okanagan, B.C., but entirely absent the next
winter ; many remained to breed in 1898, and they also bred in
1897; they lay in February. (Bvooks.) This species extends
from the summit of the Coast Range to the summit of the Rocky
Mountains, in British Columbia, in summer. Rare at Clinton and
Lac la Hache, but wintering wherever found. The Indians de-
clare they breed in February and again in July. (4hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight; three taken at Deer Park, Columbia River; three at
Cascade, on the International Boundary, B.C., and two along the
Nicola River at Spence’s Bridge, B.C.; all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CLXXIII. CYANOCBEPHALUS Bonaparte. 1842.
492. Pinon Jay.
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (WYED.) STEJN. 1884.

Rocky Mountains, west to the Cascade Range; and from British
America south to California. (A. O. U. Check-list.) We have no
records of this bird. It will likely be found in the country about
Lake Okanagan, B.C.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 3g1
Famity XLI. STURNIDAS $ Star_incs.
CLXXIV. STURNUS Linnzus. 1758.

493. Starling.
Sturnus vulgaris LINN. 1758.

A single specimen sent by Holbcell to Copenhagen. (Arct.
Man.)

Famity XLII. ICTERIDA. Brackerrps, ORIOLES, Xc.
CLXXV. DOLICHONYX Swainson. 1827.

494. Bobolink.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus (LINN.) SWAINS. 1527.

Summer resident on Cape Breton Island; but rare. (Dwrghd.)
Common in summer; breeds in all the marshes in Nova Scotia.
(Downs.) One seen at North Sydney, Cape Breton Island, May
24th, 1901; common on the meadows at Amherst, N.S. (C. 2.
Harte.) Abundant in summer along the Cornwallis valley, N.S.
(H. Tufts.) A common summer resident in New Brunswick.
(Chamberlain.) An abundant summer resident in suitable places at
Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (!!.. Moore.) A common summer
resident in Quebec. (Déonne.) An abundant summer resident
around Montreal. (Wintle.)

A common summer resident at Ottawa; breeds on the Ex-
perimental Farm. (Osawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) One of the
species that is finding its way northward. It is only a new
arrival in the Muskoka and Parry Sound districts. I saw a
female at Emsdale in May, 1899; she was seen later in the sum-
mer with a male and a brood of young. Mr. Tavernier saw the
first one at Beaumaris in August, 1897, and reported them as in-
creasing in 1898. (J. H. Fleming.) In spite of the slaughter of
these birds in the rice fields it is yet common in the London
district ; it is more rare in the Bruce peninsula, and a few were
noted on Manitoulin Island in 1880. (W. &. Saunders.)

At Pembina in June, bobolinks were breeding in large numbers
on the open prairie adjoining the Red River. The ground near
the river has a meadowy character, which seems exactly to suit
them, and they were evidently perfectly at home. On Late4on
I traced the species westward to the Rocky Mountains, where it

392 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

was not uncommon in August about Chief Mountain Lake.
(Coues.) A very common species throughout the prairie portions
of Manitoba. (Zompson-Seton.) Quite common at Indian Head
in eastern Assiniboia, in the fall of 1891, as well as in May of the
next year; west of that it must be rare as only a few specimens
were noted at the east end of the Cypress Hills in June, 1894 ;
none were seen in 1895 until Lee’s Creek was reached in southern
Alberta. (Spreadborough.) Uncommon and seen just now only
about Duck Lake and Carlton between the forks of the Sas-
katchewan. (Coubeaux.) This bird reaches its northern limit
about Lat. 54° and does not seem to govery far north of the Sas-
katchewan. (Rzchardson.) Rare at Chilliwack, B.C.; occasional
both east and west of Coast Range. (Bvooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nest near stone quarry at Ottawa, Ont.,
built on the ground, composed of grass and lined with fine grass.
Eggs four, bluish white spotted with dark chocolate. (G. R.
White.) Nery common about Kingston, Ont. Breeds abundantly
on Wolfe, Simcoe and Amherst islands, as well as on the main
shore. Is alate breeder; I have found eggs as late as July Ist,
but these, of course, would be a second laying. After the
middle of August none are ‘seen. “(evs Coy, Woune) = Bieeas
commonly in Manitoba where I have found several nests contain-
ing five eggs each. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-three ; three taken at Ottawa, two by F. A. Saunders
and one by Prof. Macoun; one taken at London, Ont., by Mr. W. E.
Saunders ; fourteen taken at Indian Head, Assa., in the autumn
of 1891 and spring of 1892, most of them young of the year, and
two in the Cypress Hills, Assa., all by Mr. Spreadborough ;
another specimen was taken at Battle River, Alta, by Mr
Dowling in July, 1886.

One set of six eggs taken at Wolfville, N.S., by Mr. H. Tufts
June 14th, 1894, nest on the ground in tall grass.

CLXXVI. MOLOTHRUS Swainson. 1831.
495. Cowbird.
Molothrus ater (Bopp.) Gray. 1870.

Apparently not noticed in Nova Scotia. A rare summer resi-
dent in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Taken at Beauport ;

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 393

not a common summer resident in Quebec. (Déionne.) A common
summer resident around Montreal ; breeds in many small bird’s
nests ; I have observed a nest of the yellow warbler rebuilt on top
of the first nest which contained the eggs of a cowbird. (Wntle )
A common summer resident at Ottawa, Ont., laying in many
small bird’s nests. (Ottawa Naturalist,Vol. V.) Very abundant
in Ontario, arriving in April and staying until October. It con-
gregates in small flocks through the summer. I have seen its eggs
in May, June and July; in the latter month usually in the nest of the
song sparrow, or wood pewee. I have seen this bird in the winter
in company with English sparrows. In December, 1889, I saw two
at Lansdowne, Ont.; one of these remained with a flock of
sparrows all the winter. This was the same winter I observed
red-headed wood-peckers, the weather being unusually mild, and
there being only two weeks of sleighing along the St. Lawrence
all that winter. (Rev. C./. Young.) 1 firstsaw this birdat Emsdale,
Muskoka District, May 26th, 1899; about a dozen of both sexes ;
Mr. Kay gives 1889 as the year of their first appearance at
Gravenhurst ; Mr. Tavernier reported them as common at Beau-
maris on April 22nd, 1898. (/. H. Mleming.) Common all over
western Ontario. (W. E. Saunders.) I have nowhere found the
cowbird more abundant than it is in summer throughout the region
surveyed by the commission. Even were the birds not seen
ample evidence of their presence in numbers would be found in
the alien eggs with which a majority of the smaller birds of the
country were pestered. Scarcely any species, from the least
flycatcher and the clay-coloured bunting up to the towhee and
kingbird, escapes the infliction. (Cowes.). An abundant summer
resident throughout the whole prairie region. (Zhompson-Seton.)
Extremely common throughout the whole of Assiniboia and
dropping their eggs in all kinds of small birds’ nests in the sum-
mer of 1894. In 1895, the prairie was traversed in a westerly
direction for 500 miles; in all this distance it was a common
object around our camps ; this species is rare in the mountairs,
only two males were taken at Canmore, Rocky Mountains, in
1891; but it was common at Edmonton, Alberta, and southward in
the foothills to the Crow’s Nest Pass; two specimens reached
Revelstoke in company with a yellow-headed blackbird on May
25th, 1890, and later in June a number of males were seen along
the beach at Deer Park, Arrow Lake, Columbia River, B.C. ;
observed one specimen at Huck’s ranch, Chilliwack River, BG.

394 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

August 18th, 1901. (Spreadborough.) Abundant summier resident
and breeds throughout the region between the forks of the Sas-
katchewan in company with the blackbird. (Couwbeaux.) Two
pairs seen at Fort McMurray, at the forks of the Clearwater and
Athabasca rivers in Lat. 56° 30’. (J. M@. Macoun.) From Van-
couver Island to Okanagan, B.C. (Fannin.) Tolerably common
east of, and a straggler west of, the Coast Range. (Bvooks.) This
bird arrives in the northwest with the blackbirds and ranges to
Lat. 60°. (Richardson.)

Their nesting habits are such that almost every small bird be-
comesa foster parent for them except the tyrant flycatcher, which
far from being the aggressive bird he is supposed to be is only a
successful defender,

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirteen specimens ; two taken at Ottawa, Ont., in June, 1888,
by Prof. Macoun ; two taken at Ottawa in 1890 and 1891, and one
at London, Ont., in 1885 by F. A. Saunders; two at Medicine
Hat, Assa., in May, 1894, two at Indian Head, Assa., in May,
1892, two at Canmore, Rocky Mountains, in May, 1891, and one
at Revelstoke, B.C., in May, 1890, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CLXXVI]. XKANTHOCBEPHALUS Bonaparte. 1850.
497. Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (BONAP.) JORDAN. 1884.

One specimen obtained at Nevertalik, Greenland, September
2nd, 1820. (Arct. Man.). Taken at Godbout, Quebec, in September,
1878. (Dionne.) This species has been taken at Toronto a number
of times in company with the red-winged blackbird by Mr. Wm
Loane. The specimen I examined was taken by that gentleman.
(Thompson-Seton in The Auk, Vol. I1., 335.) The specimen above
mentioned is now in the possession of Mr. J. H. Fleming, of
Toronto.

In the breeding season the yellow-headed blackbird gathers in
colonies in seme marshy spot. At Pembina it was breeding in
the prairie sloughs with the black terns and red-wings. (Cozes.)
A common summer resident of the deeper sloughs of the prairie
region ; more plentiful to the southward in Manitoba. (Zhomp-
son-Seton.) This bird is very numerous in the Northwest Terri-

tories and ranges as far north as Lat. 58°, but was not seen east

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 395

of Lake Winnipeg. (Azchardson.) JI once observed this bird at
Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River, Lat. 62°. (Ross.) This
is a common species at Indian Head and Crane Lake and
in many other parts of eastern Assiniboia; rather common at
Edmonton in northern Alberta, where it bred in small commun-
ities in 1897. . It was common in 1895 between Moosejaw and Old
Wives’ Lakes. This species requires even a wetter country than
the red-wing for nesting in, as its nests are always in reeds or tall
grass. It was common in June, 1895, at 12-Mile Lake, near Wood
Mountain, building numerous nests in the dry reeds (7ypha lat-
folia) and rushes (Scirpus lacustris). There were no eggs, yet on
the same date in 1894, at Crane Lake, there were young in many
nests and it was difficult toget unhatched eggs. The cause of the
absence of eggs was evident by the lateness of the season, as on
June 7th we had an all-day snow-storm. A few were seen at Wood
Mountain Post; the last specimens ,were noted about 50 miles
west of that point. Later, three specimens were noted at Spur
Creek, north of Milk River and a few in its valley at Kennedy’s
Crossing; only one specimen seen and shot on May 25th, 18go,
at Revelstoke, B.C. (Spreadborough.) :

Abundant at Chemawawin, near the Grand Rapids of the Sas-
katchewan, breeding in aslough. (Vutting.) Scarce between the
forks of the Saskatchewan, though frequently seen in company
with the red-wings; breeding in the region. (Coubeaux.) <A rare
summer resident on the mainland east of the Coast Range. I
have taken it above Clinton on the Cariboo Road, B.C. (Fannin.)
A young male was shot at Vernon, B.C. Mr. D. McKinley reports
them as occasionally visiting the cattle corrals at Lac la Hache.
(Rhoads.) 1 have two records of this species for Chilliwack, B.C.
( Brooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—-In one of the sloughs, where I spent most
of the day wading about, sometimes up to my waist, and in some
spots considerably deeper, a large number of nests were found,
mostly containing nestlings, but afew with eggs. This was the last
week of June. The nests were built much like those of the long-
billed marsh wren, as far as the situation goes, being fixed toa
tuft of reeds or bunch of tall rank marsh-grass, some stems of
which pass through the substance. They were placed at varying
elevations, but always far enough above the water to be out of
danger of inundation. The nest is a light, dry, rustling structure,

12

396 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

swaying with the motion of the reed to which it is affixed, built
of the same materials as those which support it, which are woven
and plaited together ; no mud is used, nor is there any special
lining ; the brim is thick and somewhat folded over, like the seam
of a garment; but I never saw a nest, among the many examined,
which was arched over, as stated by some authors. The diameter
outside is five or six inches, and the depth nearly as much. From
three to six eggs or young birds were found in different nests ;
the former measure about an inch and an eighth in length by
three-fourths of an inch in breadth. The ground-colour is gray-
ish-green; this is thickly spotted with different shades of reddish-
brown, sometimes so profusely that the ground colour is obscured,
especially at the larger end. (Cowes.) At Crane Lake, Assa.,
there was a large colony of these birds which were nesting in a
marsh where the water was almost three feet deep. I found that
this depth of water round the edge of a reedy pond kept out
foxes and coyotes, and here ducks of various kinds, black terns
and coots nested in great numbers. All the nests taken by me
were slight structures and always fastened to leaves or stems of
cat-tail, (7ypha latifolia). Eggs or young in nest were from three
to five, never six. (MJacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one procured by Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, in Manitoba in
1885 ; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892, by W.
Spreadborough; and one at Grizzly Bear Coulée, Alta., June, 1886,
by Mr. Dowling.

Four sets of eggs, ranging from three to five, taken at Crane
Lake, Assa., on June 8th, 1894. There were many other nests
containing young or partly incubated eggs.

CLXXVIII. AGELAIUS Vieittor. 1816.
498. Red-winged Blackbird.
Agelaius phamceus phaeniceus (LIiNN.) RipGw. Igol.

A very rare summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) A rare
species in Kings Co., N.S. (AH. Tufts.) One pair at Cove Head
Mill, Prince Edward Island, 5th July, 1888. (A7acoun.) A common
summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) A rare
summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., but abundant at Grand
Lake and at Bindon, Carleton Co., N.B. (W.H. Moore.) Taken

oth ies

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 3907

at Charlesbourg ; rare summer resident in Quebec. (Déonne.) An
abundant resident in the district of Montreal; observed from
April 12th to November Ist. (Wintle.) Common in Argenteuil
Co., Que. ; very common in the marshes along the Ottawa River,
Ont. (D’Urban.) A common resident in the district around Ot-
tawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vo\.V.) Verycommoneverywhere I have
been in Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Common in marshy districts
along large rivers in the districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka. (/.
H. Fleming.) A few pairs were nesting in the marsh along the Mada-
waska River below Cache Lake, also a few at Source Lake, Algon-
quin Park,June, 1900. (Spreadborough.) This species was only noticed
at Pembina and was not nearly so common as Brewer’s blackbird
nor the yellow-headed one. The country was not suited for them.
(Coues.) An abundant summer resident in Manitoba, frequenting
the borders of willow-edged swamps. (7hompson-Seton.) This is
an abundant species in the bushy part of the prairie region ; it is
always found where there is a marsh bordered by willows in
which it prefers to breed. It was common at Indian Head, Assa.,
in 1892; at Medicine Hat, Crane Lake and Cypress Hills in 1894 ;
in 1895 it was abundant at Moose Jaw and Old Wives’ Creek in
eastern Assiniboia ; southward they were breeding at the forks of
that creek; also in a marsh at 30-Mile Lake and at 12-Mile Lake ;
after this they became scarcer and only a few were seen at Wood
Mountain at the police post and at Medicine Lodge 16 miles
south. After this none were seen for 50 miles to the west as the
country was without water. A few were seen along Frenchman’s
River and at East End Post and in the marshes of the creeks flow-
ing south out of the Cypress Hills ; a few were observed in the
Milk River valley, above Kennedy’s crossing. It is common in
northern Alberta and was quite common at Edmonton in 1897.
(Spreadborough.) Common in the Red River valley and abundant
about the marshes below Robinson Portage, where two speci-
mens were collected June 27th, 901. A number was seen near
Oxford House, Keewatin, July 4th, in the marsh between
Oxford and Back lakes. (Predles.) Common at the Grand
Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (WV«utting.) Common summer
resident between the forks of the Saskatchewan, frequenting the
willows and poplar-edged sloughs and marshes where it breeds
in numbers. (Coubeaux.) Common at Methye Portage, Lat. 56°
30’ in the spring ; very common at the discharge of Methye

Lake in July, 1888; not seen elsewhere. (/. 17. Macoun.) This
12%

398 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

species reaches the Saskatchewan about the beginning of May
and does not pass beyond Lat. 57°. It associates itself with the
other blackbirds and does great injury to sprouting grain.
(Richardson.) North to Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River ; |
common. (Ross.) nae

BREEDING NoTes.—June 11th, 1882 : Went inthe morning with
two brothers to the lake in the sand-hills east of De Winton; saw
there large numbers of marsh terns and various kinds of black-
birds. I was unable, from the depth of the water, to reach the
place where the terns seemed to be nesting, but found the nest of
the red-winged blackbird in a few twigs that projected about a
foot above the water, here three feet deep, and some ten feet
from the shore. I saw the female leave the nest, so that the
identification is good. The male did not put in an appearance at
all. The nest is very deep, neat and strong; it is suspended from
about a dozen upright twigs and is built much like that of a Bal-
timore oriole, but entirely of grass. The eggs, four in number,
were all fresh; one was 1 by +}, pale blue, and scrawled over with
most curious hieroglyphics in brown-black ink; the others were
similar. (Zhompson-Seton.) Builds in bushes and low trees
around Ottawa, Ont. Its nest is composed of coarse, fibrous
material, strips of rushes and marsh grass; _ lined with fine grass.
_ Eggs, four to six. Pale blue, dotted, blotched and scrawled with

blackish-brown. (G.R. White.) Breeding abundantly in all pools
throughout eastern Assiniboia, but becoming scarcer to the west.
They always bred in communities. At Brandon, Man., nests
were found in willows (Salix longifolia) and at Crane Lake the
same species was nesting in Scripus lacustris or bullrushes. In 1895
the same species was breeding in a thick growth of snowberry
(Symphoricarpus occidentalis) on dry ground, at the forks of Old
Wives’ Creek, Assa. Nest of leaves and stems of grasses, lined
with the dried stems of Eleocharis palustris. At 12-Mile Lake,
near Wood Mountain, Assa., they were nesting in cat-tails, and
at Sucker Creek, south of the Cypress Hills in an old growth of
Carex aristata. (Macoun.) On June 18th, 1892, at Indian Head,
Assa., I waded out into a large slough that had a lot of rushes,
(Scirpus lacustris) growing init near the middle. In a few minutes I
saw ten nests. Three of them had young, half-grown, and others
young just hatched. Two nests with four eggs each took. This
was at ga.m., and at 8 p.m. I prepared to blow the eggs. On

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 399

opening the box I found one bird hatched out and one just com-
ing from the shell. Both chicks were lively and seemed quite
strong. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

; Nine; three taken at Ottawa, in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun ;
two at Ottawa, in October, 1890, and one at London, Ont., by
W. E. Saunders; two others in Toronto by Mr.S. Herring; one
at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, by Dr. R. Bell.

One set of five eggs, taken on Cherry Island, Lake Winnipeg,
June 15th, 1889.

498h. Northwestern Red-wing.

Agelaius pheniceus caurinus RipGway. Igol.

This species was first taken in the marshes near Agassiz, B.C.,
May ioth, 1889, a few pairs were breeding at that time ; abundant
in the marshes at Chilliwack, B.C., in the summer of Igol!.
(Spreadborough.) Taken at Chilliwack, B.C., in 1891 and identified
by Mr. W. Brewster ; a few of these birds remain throughout the
winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Srooks.) Chiefly west of the
Coast Range ; breeds on Vancouver Island ; common. (fannin.)
One female shot in the marsh at Comox, April 30th, 1887. Rather
common around Copeland’s Lake, Salt Spring Island, Gulf of
Georgia, May gth, 1887, also in a marsh near Cedar Hill, Vancou-
ver Island. (Macoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Eight; five taken at Chilliwack, B.C., in May, 1901, and two at
Agassiz, B.C., in 1889 by Mr. Spreadborough ; one taken at the
mouth of Fraser River in September, 1884, by Mr. John Fannin.
Seven eggs taken on Vancouver Island by Rev. G. W. Taylor.

4987. Thick-billed Redwing.
Agelaius pheniceus fortis RipGw. 1901.

Breeding range Mackenzie River, Athabasca and other interior
districts of British America. During migrations, the great plains
from eastern base of Rocky Mountains to Manitoba. (Azdgway.)

It is probable the prairie form belongs here and on this
account we place below the specimens we have from the prairies.

400 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., a female in the
autumn anda male in the spring of 1892, both taken by Mr.Spread-
borough. One specimen taken at Blackfoot Coulée Alta., June
17th, 1886, by Mr. Dowling.

Two sets of eggs; one of four taken at Skull Creek, near Crane
Lake, Assa., June 8th, 1894, by Prof. Macoun, and another of five
eggs taken at Edmonton, Alta. May 27th, 1897, by Mr. Spread-

borough.

4s9e. San Diego Redwing.
Agelaius pheniceus neutralis RipGWway. 1901,

Breeding range north to eastern British Columbia. ( Atdgway.)
Kast of Coast Range, B.C. (Fannin.) Taken at Vernon, B.C.
(Xfeads.) This form was not uncommon at Penticton, south of
Lake Okanagan, B.C., in April, 1903, and at the mouth of the
Spullamacheen River, Shuswap Lake, in August, 1889. (Spread-
dorengh.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two males taken at Penticten, B.C., April roth, 1903, by Mr.
Spreadborough.

Norr.—-It will be noticed that the ranges of the eastern red-
wing and that of the northern form overlap. Our specimens
taken on the prairie are placed under the latter form, When
we have more specimens of the northern bird, we can speak
with more certainty.

LXXIX. STURNELLA Vieritior. 1816.
501. Meadow Lark.

Sturnella magna (LINN.) SWAINS. 1827.

Very rare in Nova Scotia ; a mere straggler. (Dowmns.) A rare
summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) One indi-
vidual seen at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B., in 1879; none since.
(HW. Hf. Moore.) Summer resident but scarce in the district of
Montreal. (ltnéle.) A moderately common summer resident at
Ottawa, Ont., breeding on the Experimental Farm. (Otawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Very common in the old settlements of
Ontario ; I used to see a fewin the county of Renfrew ; observed
three on Wolfe Island, April qth, r901. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Mr.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 40t

Kay puts the first appearance of this species in Muskoka about
1863, and regards it as becoming common at Port Sydney ; it
oceufs at Beaumaris. (/. H. Fleming.) Common in the London
district; a very few winter with us in most years ; hot common in
north Bruce and on Manitoulin Island. (W. 4. Saunders.) Not
very common at Ottawa. Nest on the ground, built of dried
grass; lined with finer grass. Eggs four to six. White, speckled
with reddish and purplish. (G. Rk. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS,

Three; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ;
one taken near Toronto, Ont., by Mr. Samuel Herring ; one taken
at London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders,

One set of four eggs taken at Port Hope, Ont., May 30th, 1499,
by Mr. Mecking. Nest of fine dry grass and placed in a hole
in the ground in a meadow where the grass was several inches

high.
5014. Western Meadow Lark.

Sturnella magna neglecta (A&0D.) ALLEN. 1872,

One specimen of this species was taken by Mr. G. K. White
within the city of Ottawa, The bird was singing on top of anelm
tree when shot.

All the meadow larks observed on the Internationa! Boundary
Lat. 49° were this form. They are a common bird of the whole
country, though less numerous as we approach the Rocky Moun-
tains. (Coues.) An abundant summer resident of the prairic
part of Manitoba, breeding freely at all points. (7hompson-Seton.)
A number was seen along the Red River between Winnipeg and
West Selkirk, June 14th, 1901. Specimens procured at Winnipeg
have been examined and prove referable to this form. (Pyrebles.)
This is a characteristic bird of Assiniboia and Alberta. It is com-
mon é¢verywhere where there is brush or trees, although it always
builds on the prairies, yet it mounts a tree or bush to sing, and
evidently nests in the vicinity; in traverses of over 1,000 miles by
wagon it was constantly found where there was brush. It was
quite common on Lee’s Creek and Milk River in southern Alberta.
Only one seen at Edmonton, Alta., in 1897, but they were com-
mon in the foothills south to Crow’s Nest Pass. Apparently rare
in the Rocky Mountains, but it is common as far as Morley, in
the Bow River Pass. None observed at Banff in 1891, and only

402 p GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

one specimen seen at Revelstoke, B.C., in 1890; not uncommon at
Kamloops and southward as well as along the Thompson River
to Spence’s Bridge, B.C.; abundant at Agassiz, Chilliwack and
Huntington, B.C., summer of 1901; but in 1902 was common at
Trail and Cascade, on the International Boundary; a common
summer resident on Vancouver Island; a number winter near
Victoria; tolerably common at Comox, V.I., while I was there in
June, 1893. (Spreadborough.) The prairie lark is a common
summer resident between the forks of the Saskatchewan; breed-
ing thoughout the country. (Cowbeaux.) Abundant in the lower
Fraser valley; anumber remain about the stacks and barnyards
at Lake Okanagan, B.C., all winter. (Bvooks.) Abundant both
east and west of Coast Range, B.C., winters on Vancouver Island.
(fannin.) Very rare at Lac la Hache, in all other open situa-
tions abundant from Vancouver Island to the Rocky Mountain
foothills. (Rhoads.) J have often -found the nests of this
species in Manitoba and Assiniboia. It lays five or six eggs
which average smaller than those of the eastern meadow lark.
(W. Raime.) This beautiful bird arrives on the Saskatchewan
about the beginning of May, but was not seen any further north.
(Richardson.) Abundant in some localities in British Columbia.
(Lord.) Common on the coast of British Columbia where there
are meadows; very abundant in the interior. I was told that this —
species only appeared within the last few years. (Stveator.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fifteen; three taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892; two
at Medicine Hat, Assa., in April, 1894; one at Agassiz, B.C., in May,
1889; five at Chilliwack, B.C., August and September, 1901; two
at Cascade, on the International Boundary, B.C., May, 1902; and
one at Victoria, Vancouver Island, May, 1893; all taken by Mr.W.
Spreadborough.

Sixteen eggs, all collected on Vancouver Island by Rev. G. W.
Taylor.

CLXXX. ICTERUS Brisson. 1760.
506. Orchard Oriole.

Icterus spurius (Lunn.) Bonar. 1823.

Three examples of this species were taken in New Brunswick
by Mr. Boardman. (Chambéerlain.) Prior to 19th May, 1898, when
a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 403

I met with a young male, 1 had only heard of two or three of
this species having been observed as far east as Toronto. On igth
May, 1900, I met with a pair and took a male of second year ;
and for the following week or two saw one or more almost daily.
On July 5th I located a pair nesting and am pleased to say that
they were not molested. I think this is the first recorded instance
of nesting in this locality ; but I believe an occasional nest is
found near Oakville. I trust to be able to record the arrival of
these birds in increasing numbers each succeeding year.
(J. Hughes-Samuel.) Quite common in the three western counties
of Ontario but only occasionally observed near London, and not
reported from farther north. Breeds over its whole range. The
few nests that have been found have been made chiefly of green
grass which makes their discovery very difficult. (W. £. Saunders.)
One specimen was taken early in June at Pembina, the only
locality where observed. (Coves.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One mounted specimen purchased with the Holman collection.

One set of four eggs taken at Chatham, Ont., June 30th, 1887,
purchased from Mr. W. Raine.

507. Baltimore Oriole.
Icterus galbula (LINN.) CouEs. 1880.

Not observed in Nova Scotia. A pair seen on the Charlotte-
town Road, near Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, toth
July, 1888. (JZacoun.) Very rare at St. John, N.B., but said to be
common in other localities. (Chamberlain.) Rare summer resi-
dent at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. They are becoming com-
moner every year. Nest in tall elms near Fredericton. (W. ZH.
Moore.) Common around Fredericton, N.B., in the spring of
Hs. (0) Lee Babee.) A rare; summer resident in Quebec.
(Dionne.) Heard singing at Chain Lake, Montcalm, Argenteuil
Co., Que. (D’Urban.) Common summer resident in the district
of Montreal ; breeds in the city; observed from May 7th to
to August 21st. (Wintle.) York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr. &.
Bell.) A common summer resident about Ottawa ; breeds in
large numbers in elm trees in the city and its suburbs. ( O#éawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) One of the commonest birds around Kingston,
Ont., and apparently increasing. Has reached the county of

404 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Renfrew, where I have seen it. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Mr. Kay
gives 1887 as the year of its first appearance at Port Sydney,
Muskoka district ; Mr. Tavernier refers to it as becoming increas-
ingly common at Beaumaris. (J. H. Fleming.) A common
summer resident throughout southern Ontario ; but quite rare in
North Bruce, where I only observed three specimens in four
weeks. (W.£. Saunders.) Abundant at Pembina, the only locality
where it was found on the International Boundary, Lat. 49°; several
nests with eggs in them were taken during the latter part of the
month of June. (Cowes.) A common summer resident of open
woodlands in the south and west of Manitoba. (7hompson-Seton.)
One seen flying across Red River about midway between
Winnipeg and West Selkirk, June 14th, 1901. (Pvrebles.) In
the spring of 1892 many specimens were seen at Indian Head,
Assa., and nearly all remained to breed ; others at Medicine Hat,
Assa., in May, 1894; and others were taketi on Old Wives’ Creek,
Assa., in May, 1895. None were observed south or west of the
above point. Arrived at Edmonton, Alta.,on May 2oth, 1897 ;
later many were seen flying north but a few remained to breed.
They nested in tall poplars over 30 feet from the ground, yet fests
were found in bushes six feet from the ground. (Spreadborough.)
This handsome bird is a regular and not uncommon visitor between
the forks of the Saskatchewan ; frequently seen and heard in
the thickets where it hangs its pretty nest. (Coubeaux.) This bird
ranges through the central part of the Northwest Territories up
to Lat. §§°, beyond which it does not seem to go. (Rétehardson.)

BREEDING Notes.—I found a nest of this bird June 7th, 1890,
at Dorval, built in the top of a thin bush, within reach of hand
from the ground, and containing five fresh eggs, but as a rule
their nests are built here hanging to branches of large trees,
twenty or thirty feet above the ground. I saw this species feeding
on the ground, an unusual position to find the oriole in, as they
generally confine themselves to the trees and bushes when feeding.
(Wintle.) Breeds throughout Manitoba and in Assiniboia as far
west as Crescent Lake. (W. Raine.) Builds near the end of a long
branch, elm tree preferred at Ottawa. Nest composed of the flax
of silk weed, willow down, wool string, lined with lint, wiry grass
and horse hair; eggs five, white with a faint tinge of blue, spotted,
scrawled and streaked with lilac and brown, mostly towards the
larger end. (G.R. White.) On June 25th, 1882, on the north
bank of the eastern slough, I found a Baltimore oriole’s nest in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 405

an oak tree, about 10 feet high. This nest was about four inches
deep. It was formed of the outer bark of the Asclepias, and so
thoroughly interwoven and “darned” that the fabric was like a
thick warm felt. It was remarkably strong, too, and with a view
to testing it in this particular I] brought it home with the branch
that bore it, and, having hung to it a pail by a band across the
upper surface, proceeded to add weight. Fifteen pounds were
gradually added without it showing any signs of breaking, but at
the seventeenth the weight slipped to one side, and being thrown
upon but one of the fastenings, broke it. I then procured another
nest, an old one of the same material, and tried it successively
with 15, 20, 25, 27 pounds, and still it held together; 29 and 30
were reached without breakage, but at 31 it began to give, and
after a few seconds the weight tore through the fabric, without,
however, injuring the fastenings at the top. On October tgth
found an old nest of an oriole down by the slough. It was woven
of strips of Asclepias bark and suspended from four or five twigs.
I made a careful test of its strength and found that it bore 15
pounds weight without the least sign of breaking, but an addi
tional two pounds, thrown carelessly on, tore it from its fastenings.
( Thompson- Seton.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; one taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun;
three at Toronto, Ont., by Mr. S. Herring ; one at Indian Head,
and another at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in 1895, by Mr. Spread-
borough.

One set of six eggs taken at Toronto and purchased from Mr.
W. Raine. Another set of five eggs taken at Port Hope, Ont., by
N. H. Meeking June Ist, 1900. Nest, a purse-shaped structure of
rags, paper, thread and twine hung in the slender branches of an
elm.

508 Bullock’s Oriole.
Icterus Bullocktt (Swains.) BONAP. 1838.

Breeding in considerable numbers in trees in the valley of the
Saskatchewan at Police Point, Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894;
not noticed further east; a large colony was found breeding in the
valley of the Thompson at Kamloops, B.C., in June, 1889;
rather rare at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in 1889; one spe-
cimen seen at Chilliwack, B.C., May 23rd, 1901, (.Spreaa-

406 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

borough.) Abundant in some parts of British Columbia. (Zord.)
I met with this bird only at Ashcroft, where one specimen was
taken and a few moreseen. (Streator.) East of Coast Range
only; a rare summer resident; breeds at Cache Creek. (Fannin.)
Rare at Ashcroft and disappearing midway between Ashcroft and
Clinton, on the Bonaparte River; more numerous at Kamloops,
and abundant around Swan Lake, at Vernon, B.C. (Rhoads.)
Abundant east of Coast Range; a few pairs breed west of it at
Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten; seven taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., in May, 1894; three
at Kamloops, B.C., in June, 1889, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CLXXXI. SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson. 1831.
509. Rusty Blackbird.

Scolecophagus carolinus (MiLu.) RrpGw. 1885.

Common in Labrador; breeds at Fort Chimo, where young just
from the nest were obtained July roth, 1884. (Packard.) One
pair observed on Moose River, June 2nd, 1896; doubtless breed-
ing; tolerably common in marshes from Richmond Gulf to Un-
gava; seen in flocks in the interior, July 24th. (Spreadborough.)
A regular and common summer migrant in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Fairly common along the Humber River, Newfound-
land, 1899. (Louis H. Porter.) Common summer resident in
Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Fairly common from the last of March
till September ‘in Kings'’€o.;N’S! "(Al 77s.) “Bayley saysvat
breeds freely in the alders near Sydney, Cape Breton Island.
First seen May 7th, common by June 8th, and remained all sum-
mer. (C. R. Harte.) Occasionally seen at Baddeck and Mar-
garee, Cape Breton Island, N.S. (JZacoun.) A flock of twenty
or more, largely young birds, near east point of Prince Edward
Island, was seen July 7th; these were the only ones observed
although I had heard of their occurrence before. (Dwight.)

An irregular summer visitor in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.)
A common spring and autumn migrant at Scotch Lake, York Co.,
N.B. Have heard recently that this species breeds at Benton,
Carleton Co. (IW. H. Moore.) Taken at Beauport; a migrant in
spring and autumn in Quebec. (Déonmne.) Breeds abundantly in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 407

swamps at East Point, Magdalen Islands. (Lishop.) Common
and breeding at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec. (/. MW.
Macoun.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Wright) A common
transient visitant in the Montreal district; arrives in small flocks
in spring and passes further north to breed, returning in autumn
in larger flocks. (W#ntle.) York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr. R.
Bell.)

A common springand autumn migrant; it may breed sparingly in
the northern part of the Ottawa district. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.
V.) Ifound this bird breeding commonly in the Magdalen Islands.
In the month of June the young were hatched and I secured two
sets of eggs from there. In the summer of 1898 I saw one bird
near Lansdowne, Ont., but in the month of October large flocks
arrive from the north. (ev. C.J. Young.) Assembling in large
flocks in Muskoka and Parry Sound districts; I am not aware that
they breed in these districts. (/. H. Fleming.)

Several seen and a female taken near the head of Echimamish,
Keewatin, where they were undoubtedly breeding. Large flocks
seen at Fort Churchill. Later, in the season of rgot, they were
found abundant on the return south from York Factory. (Predles.)
The rusty grackle enters Dakota from the north in September,
and then mixes indiscriminately with Brewer’s blackbird; but the
two will not be found together during the breeding season.
(Coues.) An enormously abundant migrant in Manitoba in the
spring and autumn migrations; a few may breed. (7Zhompson-
Seton.) Common at Indian Head inthe spring of 1892; none
were observed on the prairie in 1894 and 1895; in the spring of
1897 they were abundant at Edmonton, Alta., and a nest was
taken in a thicket overhanging a pool of water. (Spreadborough.)
Common at Chemawawin, near the Grand Rapids of the Sas-
katchewan. (/\uétimg.) Arrives in the spring in flocks between
the forks of the Saskatchewan. (Coubeaux.) Abundant every-
where between Calgary and Athabasca Landing in northern
Alberta; rare at Fort McMurray in Lat. 56° 30’ ; not rare at
Methye Portage; abundant between Methye Lake and Isle 4 la
Crosse in 1888. (/. M7. Macoun.) This was a fairly common bird
along the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, from the delta eastward.
They were seen in small flocks until September 8th, and the fol-
lowing spring returned in flocks, May 22nd, after which they
separated into smallergroups. (Gvinnell.) This sombre-coloured
bird is the most northern of the American Sturnid@, its summer

408 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

range reaching to the 68th parallel, or as far north as the woods
extend. It reaches the Saskatchewan about the end of April,
and jis. at “Great ‘Bear Lake, Lat.: 65?) by the 3rd° of. May,
generally in pairs. (Rtchardson.) North onthe Mackenzie River
to Fort Good Hope; common... (oss.) This bird is fairly
abundant in the neighbourhood of Fort Anderson, and they were
frequently observed as far as the eastern limits of the forest, as
wellas near the ‘‘crossing”’ of the Horton River in about Lat. 69°.
The twenty-five nests discovered were built in trees from five to
eight feet from the ground. (Macfarlane.) This species is a
regular summer resident in northern Alaska wherever trees and
bushes are found, reaching the vicinity of the sea-coast; in
northern Alaska it reaches Lat. 70°. (JVelson.) This bird is one
of the earliest land birds to arrive at St. Michael. It is not
common there and does not breed in the vicinity to my knowl-
edge. (Zurner.) Saw two specimens at Log Cabin, in the White
Pass, on June 15th, 1899. Osgood took a specimen near Fort
Yukon, Alaska, and a small flock was seen near St. Michael.
( Bishop.) Two males were shot at Tyonek, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska,
in September, 1899. (Osgood.)

BREEDING Nores.—Met with at London asa rare migrant in
spring and more common in the fall, but in North Bruce it breeds
sparingly on the inland lakes where I found a nest on June oth,
1887. The nest was placed in a maple shrub, two feet over the
water and was made of tamarac and other twigs lined with green
grass, with mud between it and the exterior twigs. It contained
three eggs whose spots are more rufous and ground colour more

greenish than those of Brewer’s blackbird. (W. EF. Saunders.)

Gradually pushing. east it has always been rare at Toronto, but
Mr. J. Hughes-Samuel found a pair nesting at Toronto Island in
the spring of 1900. (/. H. Fleming.) A few pairs nest in northern
Assiniboia but most of the birds go further north to nest. It is
often confounded with Brewer’s blackbird as the nests and eggs
resemble each other. (W. Raime.) Arrived at Edmonton, Alta.,
‘May 20th, 1897; on June 1oth found a nest with four young and
one egg. The nest was placed upon a spruce tree which had
fallen a number of years before and was bleached white by the
weather and was hanging horizontally over a small pond, that was
in the heavy timber near the river. The tree was about a foot
from the water, where the nest was. I also found an old nest
upon a heap of old spruce brush in the same pond. The nest was

ti

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 409

made of dry grass. There were no weeds or grass in the pond.
June 13th I saw young able to fly, these were in a dried-up slough
in the heavy timber. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine ; one taken at Ottawa by Mr. W. T. Macoun in October,
1901 ; two taken at Ottawain April, 1891, by Mr. F. A. Saunders;
four taken at Indian Head, Assa., in April, 1892, and September,
1891, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of five eggs taken at Davidson’s Lake, Hants Co.,N\S.,
by “ Robie” Tufts, June 12, 1901. Nest in a small spruce tree six
feet from the ground, made of twigs and lined with fine dry grass
and rootlets.

510. Brewer’s Blackbird.
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (WaGL.) Cas. 1851,

This is the characteristic blackbird of the whole region along the
International Boundary from Pembina to the Rocky Mountains.
(Coues.) An abundant summer resident in most districts; this spe-
cies gathers in large flocks and commits great depredations in
wheat and oat fields in the autumn. (7hompson-Seton.) Com-
mon in the Red River valley between Winnipeg and West
Selkirk, June 14th, 1901. (Prebles.) Very abundant at Indian
Head, Medicine Hat and Crane Lake, indeed throughout
Assiniboia wherever there was brush this species was breeding
in large numbers. This is the characteristic blackbird of Assini-
boia and Alberta, at least as far north as Edmonton, and abounds
everywhere from the International Boundary northward to
the Saskatchewan ; a few were seen in the spring of I89Q! at
Banff, Rocky Mountains, but they do not breed there; seen at
Revelstoke on the Columbia River, B.C., April 4th,18g0, and later
on, May 3rd, a few more were seen; they do not breed there ;
in flocks 10 miles south of Kamloops, B.C.; also common at
Agassiz in May, 1889; common at Chilliwack, B.C.,in the spring;
only observed three at Huntington in the fall of 1901 ; only one
specimen seen on Vancouver Island, April 16th, 1893, none seen
afterwards. (Spreadborough.) Apparently rather common at the
Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (Mudtting.) This species,
the rusty grackle and the bronze grackle arrive together, in flocks,
in spring and afterwards separate and breed in colonies. (Cow-

410 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

beaux.) A few individuals of this species remain at Lake Okana-
gan, B.C., all winter. (Bvooks.) Both east and west of the Coast
Range ; common in spring and fall at the mouth of the Fraser,
B.C. ; breeds in the neighbourhood of Clinton. (Fannin.) Breed-
ing in suitable localities, both east and west of the Coast Range
to Vernon, B.C., in the south, and Lac la Hache in the north.
(Rhoads.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River. Not
rare. (Ross.) Common in some parts of British Columbia.
(Lord.) Generally distributed in British Columbia but not com-
mon. (Streator.)

BREEDING Notes.—On June 8th, 1882, C. T. found a grackle’s
nest on the newly harrowed ground in a field not more than 20
yards from a clump of willows. The eggs, five in number, were
ina slight hollow in the ground, without a single straw or any
pretence at lining. My brother sprang the bird and then called
me. I did not see the bird rise, but a pair of grackles were flying
about and noisily resented our interference, and as no other birds
were near, I feel safe in the identification. The dozen of nests of
this species which I have examined were all either on the ground
or in low forks or saddled on logs, close to some pond, and were
more or less composed of mud when elevated. I found half a
dozen nests around a single small lake on the Duck Mountain.
The eggs are in colour between those of the rusty and purple
grackles. (Zhompson-Seton.) This species builds a large nest of the
stalks of dried plants, lined on the inside with horse-hair. In size it
averages over six inches across with a cup over three inches and a
depth of at least 1% inches. Eggs usually five, variously speckled
and spotted. Nests always placed in close thickets and mostly
in small communities. Nests were taken at Medicine Hat and
Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in thickets of Prunus, Crategus, Sym-
phoricarpus, and willows of various kinds.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Sixteen; six taken at Indian Head, Assa., in September, 1891
one at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in May, 1895, four at Medicine
Hat, Assa., in May, 1894, four at Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889, and
one at Cascade, B.C., on the International Boundary, i in June, 1902;
all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Four sets of eggs. One of five eggs taken at Medicine
Hat, Assa., June 3rd, 1894, one of five taken at Old Wives

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 411

Creek, Assa., May 30th, 1895, both by Prof. Macoun. Two sets
of eggs, five and six respectively, taken at Edmonton, Alta., May
22nd, 1897, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CLXXXII. QUISCALUS VIEILLoT. 1816.

5116. Bronzed Grackle.
Quiscalus quiscula eneus (RIDGW.) STEJN. 1885.

“A summer migrant in Newfoundland, but rare. (Reeks.)
Rare in Nova Scotia; only three specimens seen. (Dowzs.)
mare, im King’s Co.,..NiS5 one, observed’ May. 3rd, . 1895,
(77. Tufts.) Migrants arrived at Shulee, Cumberland Co., N.
S.4 Masch,12th,; (C: A. Morell.) “One pair seen;iat Tracadie,
Prince Edward Island, 11th July, 1888. (J/acoun.) A pair of
these birds in Mr. Earle’s possession were the only ones he had
ever seen on Prince Edward Island. (Dzwzght.) An abundant
summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Very rare
in the Restigouche valley. (Srittain & Cox.) A common summer
resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Taken
at Beauport; a common summer resident in Quebec. (Dzonne.)
An abundant summer resident in the Montreal district; breeds in
the city; observed here from April Ist to October 11th. (Wandde.)
Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Wright.) York Factory, Hudson
Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) Several seen near Sea Falls and on the
lower Echimamish, June 24th, 1901 ; common down to Oxford
House, but none seen below. (Pved/es.)

A common summer resident in the Ottawa district. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) A common summer resident, but the flocks
that collect in the fall are not so large as formerly, I notice. I
saw none on the Magdalen Islands; arrived on Wolfe Island,
April 2nd, tgo1. (Rev. C./. Young.) A common breeding species
in the Muskoka and Parry Sound districts; at Kearney they nest
in old woodpecker holes. (/. H. Mleming.) Abundant every-
where along the shores of the lakes in Algonquin Park; young
ones able to fly by June 18th, 1900. (Spreadborough.)

Abundant at Pembina where it was breeding in June in the
hollows of trees. Occurred sparingly along the Mouse (Souris)
River in the fall, and during 1874 was traced westward to the
Rocky Mountains. (Cowes.) An abundant summer resident in
Manitoba wherever there is wood and water; it apparently extends
as a straggler northward to Hudson Bay. (Zhompson-Seton.) A

13

412 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

common summer resident in the wooded parts of Assiniboia,
at Indian Head, where nests were taken June 20th, 1892; one nest
was on the side of a large poplar tree, in a bunch of small twigs
that grew out from the side of it about Io feet from the ground;
also at Medicine Hat, and nesting in Cypress Hills in 1894;
in May, 1895, nests were taken in holes in Acer Negundo near the
mouth of Old Wives’ Creek, eastern Assiniboia. First seen
at Edmonton, Alta., April 24th, 1897; quite common by May
31st; found a nest ina balsam stub. Nest composed of weeds
lined with grass. Incubation had been going on for about a week;
next found a nest with young lately hatched. (Spveadborough.)
Very abundant at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan.
(Nutting.) Breeding abundantly between the forks of the Sas-
katchewan. (Coubeaux.) Breeding abundantly from Winnipeg,
Manitoba, to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta.
(W. Raine.) hese birds arrive on the Saskatchewan about the
beginning of May and soon after pair and commence to breed.
They build their nests like rooks, several in the same tree and
occasionally in the loose sticks of an osprey’s nest. (zchardson.)
North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River; rare. (/oss.)

BreepinG Notes.—In the neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ont., this
species nests in a tree or bush. Its nest is built of mud ; lined
with grass and rootlets, horse hair and leaves. Eggs five to six,
bluish or greenish with purple veining and clouding with dark-
brown and blackish. (G. R. White.) This species nests in barns
on islands and intervales along the St. John River, N.B.; some-
times there being three and four nests in one barn. They are
usually built on beams or in the angle of a post and brace of the
framework. The eggs number from three to five and are hatched
by May 24th. (W. H. Moore.) Numbers were building in holes
of dead ash-leaved maple at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in May,
1895. One nest was taken on May 30th in a clump of tall choke-
cherries. It was about six feet from the ground and was about eight
inches across and built of the stems of various weeds. The inside
was plastered with earth and afterwards lined with grass stems
and a little horse hair. It was shaped like the nest of Brewer’s
blackbird, but smaller. (JZacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; one taken at Belleville, Ont., in May, 1880, by Prof.
Macoun ; one at London, Ont., by W. E. Saunders ; two at Indian

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 413

Head, Assa., in April 1902, one at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in
.May, 1895, and one at Medicine Hat, Assa., in April, 1894, all by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Four sets of eggs. One set of nine in nest and one on ground
taken at Manotick, Carleton Co., Ont., June Ist, 1899, by Mr. H.
Frechette ; nest in a pine tree about 12 feet from the ground,
made of twigs. A set of six eggs, taken in choke-cherry trees at
Lake Manitoba, June 15th, 18890, by J.B. Tyrrell. One set of five
eggs taken at Ottawa by Dr. James Fletcher. One set of four
eggs taken near Edmonton, Alta. May 31st, 1897, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

«bh
NN Ch
S) RY

CATALOGUE

OF

CANADIAN BIRDS

BART TTT

_ SPARROWS, SWALLOWS, VIREOS, WARBLERS,
WRENS, TITMICE AND THRUSHES.

: INCLUDING THE ORDER: ioe

PASSERES AFTER THE ICTERIDA.

BY

JOHN MACOUN, M.A. F.RSO.,

Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada.

OTTAWA :
PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST

EXCELLENT MAJESTY es
1904. No, 883, nat

PRICE TEN CENTS. | a)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA

OBERT BELL, M_D., Sc.D., (Cantas.), L.L.D., F.RSS.

CATALOGUE

OF

CANADIAN BIRDS

an eee, 2 ae sa iat Da
ei 2 oe Ps
r t= tS" ae

PART III

SPARROWS, SWALLOWS, VIREOS, WARBLEKS,
WRENS, TITMICE AND THRUSHES.

INCLUDING THE ORDER :

PASSERES AFTER THE ICTERIDA,

BY

JOHN MACOUN, MA, FRSC.

Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada.

OTTAWA:
| PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST

EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1904

at

ae |.

— J ar ¥ Paes ee Ota ae 4 pe"
oak Berry ans sya 2 TN hele Cob abigh ee ae
i f eee | are , As

HY.

Sy i sage

As promised in a prefatory note to the second part of the
Catalogue of Canadian Birds, Part III of this work is issued the
present autumn. The original intention in preparing a Catalogue
of Canadian Birds was to complete the work in two parts, but the
large amount of valuable information, which had become available
by the time Part II was finished, rendered a third part necessary.
This part entirely completes the work for the present ; but the
additional knowledge of our birds which will no doubt accumulate
in the next few years may necessitate further publications on this

subject in the future.
; ROBERT BELL.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, OTTAWA,
November 9, 1804.

PREEA CE.

Although only a year has passed since the publication of Part
II of this Catalogue, Part III will be found to include notes from
several new observers. These notes and the fact that our know-
ledge of the smaller birds, and especially of their breeding habits,
is much more complete than was the case with those covered by
the previous parts account for the larger size of the present number.
Mr. William Spreadborough, who has worked as my field assistant
for so many years, collected in the spring of 1903 in the vicinity of
Lake Okanagan in southern British Columbia; during the
remainder of the season he was with Mr. James M. Macoun in the
Peace River region in Lat. 56°. During part of April and nearly
the whole of May, 1904, Mr. Spreadborough collected in the
vicinity of Fernie and Elko, B.C., and I have been enabled to
include a few of his notes in the latter part of the Catalogue. At
the time of writing Mr. Spreadborough is en route for Hudson
Bay where he will spend the summer, chiefly in the study of the
breeding habits of the waders. Lists of birds and notes on their
relative abundance have been furnished me by Mr. Alfred L.
Garneau, Ottawa, Ont., Mr. A. B. Klugh, Guelph, Ont., Mr. A.
F. Young, Penetanguishene, Ont., Mr. Norman Criddle, Aweme,
Man. and Mr. E. F. G. White formerly residing in British Col-
umbia, but now at Ottawa.

Many doubtful or immature birds have been submitted to Mr.
H. C. Oberholser, Assistant Curator, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.,and I have accepted his determinations in every
instance. Mr. Oberholser also examined all the sparrows and
warblers which have been found to vary as we cross the continent.
Much additional information regarding the birds included in the
first two parts has come to my hands and this will, in the near
future, be published in the form of an addendum to the complete
Catalogue.

In bringing to a close a work, which though arduous has given
me not less pleasure than the compilation of my larger Catalogue
of Canadian Plants, I wish again to thank my many correspond-
ants for the information and assistance they have so freely given

iv

me. Not the least valuable part of the Catalogue is that which
includes the manuscript notes furnished me by these observers
My only aim has been to bring together all our available know-
ledge of the distribution and the breeding habits of our Canadian
birds and if I have succeeded in presenting this information in a
form that will make it useful to ornithologists and bird-lovers, my
labour has not been in vain. It will not be difficult for future
workers to add to the matter here published or to correct the
errors which are unavoidable in a work of this kind.

Mr. James M. Macoun has been of great assistance to mein the
preparation of the manuscript of the several parts for the press
and in the revision of the proofs. The index was made by Mi-s
Marie C. Stewart, under my direction.

JOHN MACOUN.
Orrawa, 7th Nov., 1904.

ERRATA.

E. A. Prebles should be E. A. Preble.

Avenue, Man., should be Aweme, Man.

On pages 266, 272 and 275, Mr. Hay should read Mr. Kay.

The note credited to Mr. J. H. Fleming on page 408 should have
been placed under Jeterius spurius on page 403.

The name of the genus Cavduelis was omitted near the bottom
of page 441 and should be inserted.

Famitry XLIIiT. FRINGILLIDA, FInNcHEs, Sparrows, &c.

CLXXXII]. HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte. 1850,
514. Evening Grosbeak.

Hesperiphona vespertina (Coop.) BONAPARTE. 1850.

A rare winter visitant at Montreal. I believe the first record
gf the occurrence of this species here was during the winter months
of the year 1890, when several were observed January 28th, in
McGill College grounds by Dr. Harrington of this city. (Wintle.)
In the spring of 1899 one fine male was shot in Rockcliffe Park by
Mr. Muirhead who was a guest at Government House. (JZacoun.)
A rare winter visitor. Seen in considerable numbers at Guelph,
Ont., during February, 1902, a flock of seventy-five being seen
on the 6th of that monthby Prof. M.W. Doherty. (A.B. Klugh.)
Sometimes appears in large flocks in winter ; it comes into the
Parry Sound district much more regularly than is supposed. A
flock remained at Emsdale till the end of the first week in May,
1897, feeding on theseeds of the sumac. (/. H. Fleming.) Since
the winter of 1889-90, I have only seen two or three specimens of
this bird around Toronto; the last, a female, being taken near the
city in April, 1897. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) This species is an
abundant winter visitor at Portage la Prairie and Winnipeg and in
other parts of Manitoba. It generally appears about the middle
of October. From that date it continually increases in numbers
until December when it reaches its maximum. Whilst here it
frequents the Northwest maple or box elder, feeding on its
seeds, and seldom visits the ground, exceptin spring, when it will
sometimes crowd thickly on a bare spot, apparently seeking small
gravel for digestive purposes. As far as known its nest has never
been found. (Zkompson-Seton.) This gay and very remarkable
bird is a common inhabitant of the maple groves (Vegundo
aceroides) on the Saskatchewan plains. As it arrives late we left
Carlton House before they arrived, but Mr. Prudens kindly sent
specimens to us. It frequents the borders of Lake Superior also,
and the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains, in Lat. 56°,
but its habits are unknown. (Richardson.) I have not seen this

bird alive myself but have seen two that were killed at Prince
I

416 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Albert, Sask. It is scarce. (Coubeaux.) Not uncommon at Edmon-
ton, Alberta, between April 16th and May 14th, 1897, when they
disappeared. Two specimens were seen on the trail between
Lesser Slave Lake and Peace River Landing,Atha., in June, and a
pair with young birds just able to fly at Dunvegan, Lat. 56°, July
26th, 1903. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; four taken at Mimico, Ont., in February, 1890, by Mr. S.
Herring ; two obtained in Winnipeg, Man., by Dr.A.R.C. Selwyn,
in 1885; three taken at Edmonton, Alta., on May 14th, 1898, by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

5i4a. Western Evening Grosbeak.
Hesperiphona vespertina montana (RipGW.) MEARNS. 1890.
British Columbia. (Mearns.) Met with in the interior only ;
in August they were passing southwards in flocks of considerable
size. (Séveator.) East of Coast Range, B.C., straggling west (in
winter) to lower Fraser and Vancouver Island. Ifound it at the
summit of the Coast Range in June, 1891. (Fannin.) One shot
out of a flock of twelve March 31st, 1894, at Seymour Creek,
Burrard Inlet, B.C. (£. /. G. White.) Tolerably common resident
at Chilliwack, B.C. ; common winter resident at Okanagan, B.C.
(Brooks.) Valley of the Columbia. (ZLord.) Seen as a spring
migrant at Banff, Rocky Mountains in April, 1891, (perhaps
the eastern form); quite common along both Arrow lakes,
Columbia River, B.C. in June, 1890; rather common in small
flocks at the mouth -of Pass Creek, near Robson, B:-Ge they
were apparently getting ready for a second brood, June 2ist ;
eating poplar buds ; May 15th, 1901, observed a flock of about
fifteen at Chilliwack, B.C.; asmall flock was seen at Penticton, B.
C., April 14th, 1903 ; one seen near Victoria, Vancouver Island,
May 24th, 1893, the only one seen that summer. (Spreadborough.)
In April, 1887, a small flock seen at Comox, Vancouver Island.
(Macoun.)

CLXXXIV. PINICOUGA VieEILLor. 1807.
515. Pine Grosbeak. :
Pinicola enucleator leucura (MULLER) RICHMOND. 1902.

An abundant summer resident at Fort Chimo, Labrador; breeds
there, nest and eggs obtained. Plentiful in southern districts

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 417

among timbered tracts. Resident south of the “ height of land.”
(Packard.) One seen at Richmond Gulf, July Ist, 1896; not again
observed in Labrador. (Spreadborough.) Three specimens taken
at Cullingham’s Cove, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, 1891. (Vorton.)
Common throughout the year in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Com-
mon in winter in Nova Scotia. (Dozwzs.) Abundant during Dec-
ember and first two weeks in January in Cumberland Co., N\S.,
after which none were seen, with the exception of one pair seen
at Shulee, April 3rd, 1899. (M@orrell.) Common in the spruce
woods north of Atillik, northeast coast of Labrador, beyond
which spruces dwindled into low bushes. (Azgelow.) A flock of
several was seen at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S., May 2q4th,
1902. Known locally as “Ortolan.” (C. R. Harte.) Appears
regularly about the first of December at Kings Co., N.S., and
remains till March. (4. 7ufts.. Common in New Brunswick in
winter. (Chamberlain.) Rare summer resident near Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B.,breeds to the north of the province. (W.H. Moore.)
Found nesting in the valley of Restigouche, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.)
Common in the winter at Lake Mistassini, Que. (/. JZ. Macoun.)
Common summer resident in eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.) Acom-
mon winter visitant at Montreal ; they often visit the city in such
places where mountain ash trees with berries are to be found;
observed from October 30th to April 26th. (Windle.) Irregularly
abundant at Ottawa, Ont. It appeared in immense numbers in
the winter of 1882-3 and again in 1888-9 as did many others of our
winter birds. (Ott2wa Naturalist, Vol. V.) More or less com-
mon in Ottawa every winter. (JZacoun.) In March, 1895, I saw
several of these birds at Lansdowne, Ont., feeding on the seeds of
the blackash. Inthe month of June, 1897,] found them common
on the Magdalen Islands,Que.,wherea few breed in the thick woods.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) A common winter resident, sometimes ap-
pearing in immense flocks. In the districts of Parry Sound and
Muskoka, in September, 1898, I saw small flocks feeding on the
tops of the highest pines. (J. H. Fleming.) A winter visitor at
Guelph ; fairly common some years, in others entirely absent.
(A. B. Klugh.) A winter resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. Very
plentiful during the winter of 1900 and 1go1, when the beech nuts
were a very heavy crop, at which time they could be seen in the
beech woods picking at the hulls of the remaining nuts. (A. &.
Young.)
1%

418 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

A somewhat common winter visitor in Manitoba; possibly nest-
ing in the northern spruce woods. (ZYkompson-Seton.) A male
‘was seen perched on a tree overhanging Hill River, near the
mouth of Fox River, July 8th, 1900 ; the species was reported to
us by the residents at Fort Churchill. (Edward A. Preble.) On
April 15th, 1892, shot a male at Indian Head, Assa., his stomach
was full of poplar and willow buds and a few seeds of the wild
buckwheat ; none was seen afterwards. (Spreadborough.) This
species leads a quiet and retired life in the glomiest recesses of
the coniferous forests ; it is seldom seen. It was not observed
north of the sixtieth parallel by any member of the expedition.
It builds its nest on the lower branches of a tree and feeds chiefly
upon the seeds of the spruce. (Azchardson.) North,on the Mac-
kenzie River, to Fort Good Hope; not rare. (Xoss.) In the
spring of 1861 an Indian discovered a nest of this species about
60 miles south of Fort Anderson, we never discovered another.
(Macfarlane.) Tolerably common in small flocks and more
frequently seen along the banks of both branches of the Saskatch-
ewan. This bird is one of our constant winter visitors, arriving
about the end of October and leaving about the end of March.
(Coubeaux.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine ; three taken at Ottawa in December, 1888, by Mr. G. R.
White ; two taken at Ottawa in January, 1889, by Mr. S. Herring;
one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ; two taken at
Bracebridge, Ont., March, 1892, and one at Indian Head, Assa.,
April, 1892, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak.

Pinicola enucleator montana RipGw. 1808.

This species was taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains in 1891 ;
both old and young birds seen at Canmore near Banff in June,1885;
saw two on a mountain on the north side of the Miette River
near Jasper House, Alta., August 29th, 1898 ; common around
Revelstoke, B.C., up to April 28th, 1890; their chief food was
buds of balsam poplar; seen as late as May 23rd in the Eagle
Pass, B.C.; and one seen near the summit of a mountain at Rob-
son, Columbia River, B.C., June 24th, 1890; observed a small
flock at an altitude of about 50950 feet east of the Columbia River

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 419

on the International Boundary, B.C., September toth, 1902.

—— (Spreadborough.)

Breepine Notes.—I have a nest and 4 eggs that were taken at
Banff in the Rocky Mountains, June 3rd, 1896. The nest is com-
posed of twigs, roots, and grass ; lined with fine roots and _ hair.
It was built on the branch of a spruce tree about 15 feet from the
ground. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two, taken at Revelstoke, B.C., April 23rd, 1890, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak.
Pinicola enucleator alascensis R1IDGW. 1808.

Northwestern North America, including wooded portions of
Alaska except Kadiak and the southern coast district, south in
winter to Montana and eastern British Columbia. (Azdg way.)
A winter visitant to the valley of the Chilliwack River, B.C. ;
common winter resident in Cariboo district ; breeds in the timber
zone and winters at Okanagan on the mountains. (Svooks.) Not
rare on Mount Queest, Gold Range,Shuswap Lake, B.C., alt. 6000
feet, August, 1889. (Spreadborough.) East and west of Coast
Range, except Vancouver Island, also taken at Fort Simpson,
B.C., by W. B. Anderson. (Fannin.)

Along the entire west and northwest coast of America from
Vancouver Island north to within the Arctic Circle, this bird
occurs in greater or less abundance. The only breaks in this range
are the treeless areas which occur along the coast of Behring Sea.
Throughout the interior of the above region it is an abundant
species. (Welson.) This species is a resident of the interior and
wooded districts of the entire territory of Alaska. (7urner.)
Sheep Creek and Homer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; at these places
nine specimens were taken in July and September, 1901. The
patches of cottonwood were the favorite haunts of this bird. They
were never found in spruce timber except while perched upon the
topmost branch of a dead treé, where they remained bug for a few
minutes. During heavy rain storms they repair to the lower
underbrush and even the low grass. (Chapman.)

BREEDING NoTEs.—The Alaskan pine grosbeak proved to be a
common resident throughout the year in wooded tracts from the

420 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

delta through the Kowak valley. My first acquaintance with this
species was made on the 25th August, ’98, when two adults and
two full-grown young were observed. They were silent save for
a low, mellow call-note, and were feeding on the green alder seed-
pods. I secured the two adults, which were in moulting plumage.
In September and October pine grosbeaks were quite numerous,
being often met with in companies of six to a dozen, immatures
and adults together. They were usually among the scattering
birch and spruce which line the low ridges. There, until the snow
covered the ground, they fed on blue-berries, rose-apples and
cranberries. During the winter their food was much the same as
that of the redpolls—seeds and buds of birch,alder and willow,and
sometimes tender spruce needles. In the severest winter weather
they were not often in the spruce, but had then retired into the
willow beds. The usual note is a clear whistle of three syllables.
The native name Ki-u-tak represents it. Then there was a low,
mellow, one-syllabled note uttered among members of a flock
when alarmed. Twice I noted solitary males, when flying across
the woods, singing a loud, rollicking warble, much like a purple
finch. One morning, the 18th February, found me across the
river skirting the willows in search of ptarmigan. Although it
was 50 degrees below zero, a pine grosbeak, from the depths of a
nearby thicket, suddenly burst forth in a rich melodious strain,
something like our southern black-headed grosbeak. He con-
tinued, though in a more subdued fashion, for several minutes.
Such surroundings and conditions fora bird-song like this ! Again
one day in March, during a heavy snow-storm, a bright red male
sang similarly at intervals for nearly an hour, from an alder thicket
near the cabin, and as summer approached their song was heard
more and more frequently. Not until May 25th did I discover a
nest. This was barely commenced, but on June 3rd, when I
visited the locality again, the nest was completed and contained
four fresh eggs. The female was incubating, and remained on the
nest until nearly touched. The nest was eight feet above the
ground on the lower horizontal branches of a small spruce grow-
ing on the.side of a wooded ridge. * The nest was a shallow affair,
very much like a tanager’s. It consisted of a loosely-laid plat-
form of slender spruce twigs, on which rested a symmetrically-
moulded saucer of fine, dry, round-stemmed grasses. Its depth
was about one inch and internal diameter 3°25. The eggs are pale

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 421

Nile blue with a possible greenish tinge, dotted and spotted with
pale lavender, drab and sepia. The markings are very unevenly

_ distributed, the small ends of the eggs being nearly immaculate,

while there is a conspicuous wreath about thg large ends. The
markings are not abruptly defined, but the margins of the spots
are distinct, fading out into the surrounding ground colour. One
of the eggs is more thickly and evenly sprinkled with various
tints of bistre. The eggs are rather ovate in shape, but the small
ends are blunt. On June rith, in the Kowak delta, I found a
similarly constructed nest containing four small young ; this was
six feet up in a dwarf spruce, and on the 12th, I found another
nest in all particulars like the other two, and containing four eggs
almost ready to hatch. My series of 44 skins of P. e. alascensts
confirms the distinctness of that race; the Kowak River birds
present an extreme of ashness. (Grznnedl )

515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak.
Pinicola enucleator fammula (HOMEYER) RipGw. 1898.

Island of Kadiak, Alaska, and Alaskan coast southward at least
to Sitka [probably coast of British Columbia at least in winter. ]
(Ridgway.)

CLXXXV. PYRRHULA Brisson. 1760.
516. Cassin’s Builfinch.

Pyrrhula cassini (BAIRD) TRIST?AM. 1871.

The presence of this bird in the North American fauna rests
solely upon the capture of a specimen at Nulato on the middle
Yukon, January 1oth, 1867, by Mr. Dall. (JVedson.)

On July tgth, 1879, in the northern waters of Cumberland Gulf,
Mr. Ludwig Kumlien saw a bird which he could not secure and
which in his opinion was either this species or Pyrrhula europea,
possibly the latter. We have been unable to obtain any further
records.

CLXXXVI. CARPODACUS Kavp. 1829.
517. Purple Finch.

Carpodacus purpureus (GMEL.) GRAY. 1844.

Kumlien obtained a specimen on shipboard off Resolution Is-
land; Drexler obtained it at Moose Factory May 28th, 1860 ;

422 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

occurs plentifully in southern portions of Labrador. (Fackard.)
Common on Moose River to James Bay at Moose Factory ; none’
seen further north in 1896. (Spreadborough.) Common in Nova
Scotia ; a few stop,all winter. (Downs.) A pair seen at Shulee,
Cumberland Co., N.S., Jan. 2nd, 1899. (Morrell.) Bayley says this
species is common at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, and breeds.
(C. R. Harte. Common in summer in Kings Co., N.S.; a few
remain through the winter. (A. Zufts.) Common at Margaree
and Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, N.S., July, 1898; breeding in
the woods at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, June, 1888.
(Macoun.) Sparingly distributed ; a restless and roving species,
and seen singly or in pairs on Prince Edward Island. (Dzwzgiht.)
A common resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Tolerably
common summer resident, but very irregular in its time of arrival
in spring at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.; nests in conifers from
a few feet up in low bushes in pastures to high up in forest trees.
(W. H. Moore.) Rather rare in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; a male
seen and others heard on the MagdalenIslands. (Szshop.) Com-
in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Bv7ittain & Cox.) An abundant
species of general distribution about the shores of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and its islands. (Srewster.) Rather common summer
resident in eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common summer resid-
ent but some remain all winter. Breeds on the island of Montreal.
I found a nest containing four eggs, June 20th, 1891, in Mount
Royal park, built in a small spruce tree; have noticed them from
Feby. 5th to Oct. 25th; often feeding in winter on mountain ash
berries. (Wintle.)

A common summer resident at Ottawa, Ont.; abundant in migra-
tion. There are a few winter records of this species one of which
is Dec. 29th,1885. (Ottawa Naturaist,Vol.V.) A common summer
resident in the districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka. (/. Z.
Fleming.) Abundant at Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, Ont.; breed-
ing in low, wet woods. (Spreadborough.) Often seen in numbers
but certainly a much less frequent summer resident than formerly.
In 1886 many stayed all summer in London, Ont., where they had
been-scarce during several previous years. In 1899 its scarcity
was remarkable. It is seen the whole year round but most notice-
ably common in spring. (IV. £. Saunders.) A common migrant
in spring and fall at Guelph, Ont.; arrives about April 15th and
leaves about Oct. 4th ; a few breed. (A. B. Klugh.) This species

/

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 423

was several times heard early on the morning of June 16th, 1900,
at Bull Head Point, Lake Winnipeg, where the steamer stopped
for wood. (ELdward A. Preble.)

This species was found in small numbers on Turtle Mountain,
Manitoba, during the latter part of July. It doubtless breeds in
the locality ; not seen further west, (Cowes.) Summer resident
in Manitoba; arrives about April 20th, and departs about Oct.
15th; shot a male in full song, May 14th, 1883; it had been feeding
on poplar catkins. (Zhompson-Seton.) First seen at Indian Head,
Assa., April 21st, 1892, quite common by May 12th; a few breed
there as I saw them late in June; this species arrived at Edmon-
ton, Alta., on May 3rd, 1897, and soon commenced to nest in the
tall trees; observed one at Lake Ste. Anne, 60 miles from
Edmonton, Alta., June 8th, 1898; a few were observed from
the mouth of Lesser Slave River to Peace River Landing,
Aithaew in ioate. 50-15, June, 1903, taken at.Canmore,) Alta:
but not rare at Banff on the Bow River within the
Rocky Mountains, May 27th, 1891, where they were breed-
ime; one seen in the. Crow’s Nest Pass im August, 1897.
(Spreadborough.) This bird was seen by us only on the banks of
the Saskatchewan where it feeds on willow buds. It is a summer
visitor, arriving in the month of May. (échardson.) The single
male, secured at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan, agrees
perfectly with this species. (WMuéting.) Not rare at Athabasca
Landing and up the Athabasca to Lesser Slave River; a few
birds at Fort McMurray, but none seen up the Clearwater River,
Lat 56° ; not rare but local between Methye Portage and Isle a
la Crosse, Sask. (/. W. Macoun.) 1 saw this beautiful finch for
the first time last April and beginning of May in company with
juncos and tree sparrows. (Coubeaux.) On June 8th, 1893, at
Banff, Alberta, I found a nest and eggs of this species built in

* a willow bush five feet from the ground. (W. Raine.)

BREEDING Nores.—Nest built on a horizontal bough composed
of vegetable matter, fibre and rootlets, lined with hair. Eggs,
four, pale dull greenish, almost white, sparsely sprinkled with
blackish and lilac. (G. R. White.) A bird that is hardly as plen-
tiful, apparently, in Ontario, as in former years. I have found the
nest three times in Ontario, twice in a small spruce tree and once
in a cedar. I also saw a nest at Lansdowne, Ont., in a small
maple. This is a late breeder, all the eggs I have seen were laid

424 ‘ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in June. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Breeds in May and June around
Ottawa, Ont., also at Lake Nominingue, 100 miles north of it.
The nest is built in coniferous trees from five to fifteen feet from
the ground and is composed of twigs, rootlets, vegetable down
and wool with a lining of hairs. Eggs, four to five in the set.
( Garneau.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve ; four taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun ;
one at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892; and one at Peace River
Landing, Atha., Lat. 56° 15’, June 19, 1903; three at Edmonton,
Alta., May 4, 1898; one at Canmore, Rocky Mountains, Alta.,
by W. Spreadborough; two at Ottawa in November, 1890, by Dr.
F. A. Saunders.

Four sets of eggs ; three of four each taken at Wolfeville,
N.S., on June 17th, 1895, by H. Tufts; one set of four taken at
Hull, Que., May .28th, 1899, by Mr. Aw. espe). Nesta sa
small spruce about 8 feet from the ground. Outside made of
grass and small twigs ; lined with cow’s hair.

517a. California Purple Finch.

Carpodacus purpureus californicus BAIRD. 1874.

Abundant summer resident on both sides of the Coast Range.
(Lord.) Common in the coast region; few specimens were taken
in purple plumage. (Séreator.) An abundant summer resident,
chiefly west of the Coast Range; breeds both on Vancouver
and the mainland. (fanmim.) Common summer resident at
Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.) Very common at Hastings, Port
Heney and Agassiz, B.C, in April, 1889; very abundant at Chil-
liwack and Huntingdon, B.C.; feeding on the seeds of the crab-
apple in the autumn of 1901; tolerably common near Victoria and
quite common at Comox, Vancouver Island, in June, 1893.
(Spreadborough.) Found breeding on the coast of British Colum-
bia. (2hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Twelve ; two at Aggasiz. B.C.; three at Chilliwack, B.C.; two

at Burrard Inlet, B.C., four at Huntington, B.C.; and one at Vic-
toria, Vancouver Island ; all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 425
518. Cassin’s Purple Finch.

Carpodacus cassint BAIRD. 1854.

Western State:, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains
to the Pacific Coast, and north to British Columbia. (Azdgway.)
A few examples, probably of this species, were found breeding
in the interior of British Columbia. (A/oads.) Both sides of
Coast Range, B.C. ~(/annin.) Summer resident at Soda Creek,
and probably also at Quesnel, B.C., 1901. (Svooks.) Taken at
Spence’s Bridge and Kamloops in June 1889. One specimen seen
at Trail, near the International Boundary, B.C., in May, I902.
Quite common at Penticton, B.C., in April, 1903, feeding in the
tops of bull pine (Pinus ponderosa), on their seeds. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen taken at Penticton, B.C., by Spreadborough, 1903.

CLXXXVII. PASSER Brisson.

House Sparrow.

Passer domesticus (LINN®uS) Kocu. 18106.

This species has become naturalized in all Canadian cities, towns
and small villages and in many farm-yards, where it lives in
winter in affluence on the oats found in the droppings of horses.
It is quite abundant in the autumn, but whether it finds a scarcity
of food or abundance it is always in evidence in spring, and where
it once gets a foothold it retains it and spreads further. It is
abundant everywhere in the eastern provinces, in the settled
parts of Quebec and Ontario, and, although spoken against
everywhere, it destroys an enormous quantity of noxious weeds
in waste grounds and vacant places in cities and their suburbs,
by eating their seeds, in September, October and November,
until the snow comes, when it takes to the streets. In 1894, a
few pairs were seen near the railway station at Winnipeg, Man.,
since then they have spread rapidly westward. (JM/acoun.) This
bird is gradually extending its range westward and northwest-
ward. I found it nesting at Yorkton, northern Assa., in June,
1go1, and Mr. Hugh Richardson, during the summer of Ig01, sent
me two sets (of what he called rare eggs) of a bird that had never
been seen before in the Qu’Appelle valley, Assa., a bird unknown

426 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

to him, and they turned out to be only eggs of the English
sparrow. I have no record of this bird from Alberta, but it is
only a matter of time when it will extend its range right to the
Rocky Mountain foothills. (W. Razne.)

CLXXXVIII. LOXTIA Linnatus. 1758.

521. American Crossbill.

Loxia curvirostra minor (BREHM) Ripew. 1885.

One specimen taken in Hudson Strait. It flew on board ship
and was presented by Dr. Matthews. (Dr. R. Bell.) Common
throughout the year on Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Common ;
arrives after the breeding season in Nova Scotia. (Downs.)
Usually very abundant in summer when large roving flocks are to
be met with everywhere in Kings Co., N.S.; a nest containing
three young was taken early in August, 1896. (A. Tufts.) Three
seen on Sable Island,N.S., July 2nd, 1902. (James Bouteiller.) 1 did
not see this species in Cumberland Co., N.S., until March when it
became common. At that time the males were in full song, and
the birds were paired, male and female always being seen together.
I judged both this and the next species would breed in April.
(Morrell.. Common in woods at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape
Breton Island, July, 1898; in spruce trees at Brackley Point, Prince
Edward Island, Aug. 12, 1888. (J/acoun.) Abundant in flocks,
mixed with the following species, feeding chiefly on larch trees
on Prince Edward Island. (Dwight.) A rather common resident
in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Not uncommon in the Res-
tigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Rare on the Magdalen
Islands ; a male seen on Grindstone Island. (Bzshop.) Taken at
Charlesbourg ; common summer resident in eastern Quebec.
(Dionne.) A transient visitant but common; they are very erratic
in their movements and may appear at Montrealat any time during
the year,but I have never heard of them breeding in this district; I
saw a small flock of this species May 14th, 1883, at Cote St. An-
toine, feeding on the cones of alarch tree. (Wintle.) A common
summer visitor at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) A
common winter resident at Ottawa, Ont. The summer records
are as follows : May 10, 1882; August 4, 1887; June 19, 1889; and
July 3,1890. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) In the winter of 1897
this bird was very common in Ontario ; and in 1898 I saw a pair

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 427

at Lansdowne in the month of April. They frequented some hem-
lock trees in the village, but I could never make out that they
were breeding. Since that year I have scarcely seen one. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) Resident in the districts of Parry Sound and Mus-
koka. They gather in immense flocks and come into the settle-
ment or about the lumber shanties. (/. 1. Fleming.) There were
enormous numbers of this bird in the vicinity of Whitney near
Algonquin Park, Ont., in November and December, 1898; and in
the following April there was an extraordinary migration to the
neighbourhood of Toronto, many remaining till the third week in
May. It is possible that the Whitney hordes may have wandered
south which would account for a visit in such numbers to this
locality on the return trip. (J. Haughes-Samuel.) Saw a small flock
both old and young at Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, July 2, 1goo.
(Spreadborough.) A winter visitor at Guelph, Ont. (A. B. Klugh.)
Transient visitant at Penetanguishene, Ont. Have noticed some
immense flocks at rare intervals. (A. &. Young.) A small flock
seen at our campon Echiamamish River, Keewatin, June, 25, 1900.
(Edward A. Prebles.)

A winter visitant in Manitoba; possibly also breeding. In
Manitoba I failed to detect its presence excepting during winter
and spring. It is common wherever there is plenty of spruce and
tamarac, for the seeds of those are its favorite food. (Zhompson-
Seton.) One pair on Methye Portage ; very common on Methye
River and not rare to Isle ala Crosse, Sask. (/. W. Macoun.)
Several birds resembling the published description of this species
were seen at Fort Anderson but none taken. (Macfarlane.) Three
individuals were observed at Indian Head, Assa. on June 27th,
1892, three days later a large flock was seen; this species was
found in flocks in the Cypress Hills, Assa., from the middle of
June to the end of the month, both in 1894 and 1895. It is ex-
tremely probable that this species nests in the Cypress Hills, as
they seemed perfectly at home there feeding on the spruce trees,
observed a pair on August 7th, 1897, in Crow’s Nest Pass, Rocky
Mountains ; seen in large flocks at Banff, Rocky Mountains in
June, 1891 ; very likely breed there. Taken on the mountains at
Deer Park, Arrow Lake, B.C., June 6th, 1890; not uncommon on
the mountains on both sides of Pass Creek near Robson, B.C.,
June 24th, 1890 ; taken on the mountains at Spence’s Bridge,
B.C., May, 28th, 1889, and in flocks at Agassiz ; common

428 : GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Chilliwack, B.C. in the spring of I1901;.abundant at Pen-
ticton, feeding on seeds of bull pine, April, 1903; a common sum-
mer resident on Vancouver Island; flocks seen almost every day
near Victoria in the spring of 1893; also at Salt Spring Island and
Comox, the same year. (Spreadborough.) An abundant summer
resident on both sides of the Coast Range. (Lord.) From July
16th to September, pairs were seen about Ducks, B.C., flying from
tree to tree looking for food. Later, a few flocks were seen on the
coast flying south. (S¢veztor.) An abundant resident throughout
the province. (Fannin.) Tolerably common; anirregular visitant
to the lower Fraser valley; resident in the mountains; common
in Cariboo district in the winter of 1899 and summer of Igo0 ;
abundant at Okanagan, B.C., in the winter of 1897-98. (Bvooks.)
Co-extensive with coniferous forests at all elevations, east and
west of Coast Range, B.C. (Rhoads.) Along the southeastern
coast of the territory in the vicinity of Sitka and the adjoining
regions, thisis a rather common bird but in only one instance has
it been taken north of the Alaskan mountains. (/Velson.) Flocks
of these birds frequented the tops of the tallest firs at Sitka,
Alaska, where on account of their quietness they may easily
escape notice. (Grznnell.) Osgood took a red crossbill and saw
another at Unalaska, October 5th, 1899. We did not see any on
the Yukon. (Bzshop.)

BREEDING Nores.—I have a set of 4 eggs collected by L.Dicks
at Cartwright, Labrador, April 20th, 1895. The nest was built in
the top of acedar,[?] and was composed externally of twigs and
roots and the interior lined with animal fur and feathers. The
eggs are greenish white, spotted chiefly at the larger end with
dark brown and grey and average in size *75 x 58. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen ; one taken at London, Ont.,in April, 1885, by Mr. W.
E. Saunders; three taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains, July, 1891,
one taken at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C., June, 1890, one at
Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889, two at Chilliwack, B.C.in June, 1991, and
six at Penticton, B.C., in April, 1903, all by Mr.W. Spreadborough.
522. White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera GMEL. 1788.

A rare straggler in Greenland; a few taken in South Green-
land. (Avct. Man.) Abundant at Fort Chimo, Labrador, some

rae

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 429

winters; rare during other winters; none observed during sum-
mer; breeds in central portion of Labrador and resident there.
(Packard.) Common throughout the year in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Irregularly abundant after the breeding season in Nova
Scotia. (Downs.) Occasionally seen in flocks at Baddeck and
Margaree, Cape Breton Island, N.S., July, 1898; a very large flock
in spruce woods at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, June,
1888. (Macoun.) Rather common on Prince Edward Island.
(Dwight.) Very erratic. Remained at Sydney, Cape Breton
Island, all winter, 1898-99, and bred freely the following February
and March. Ivan Bayley found manynests. The birds left very
suddenly in April, leaving several broods of young. (C. R. Harte.)
Seen in King’s Co., N.S., only in winter and early spring, and are
of irregular occurrence. They frequent the tops of spruce and fir
trees where they gather the seeds from the cones. (/7. 7zfés.)

Common winter resident at St. John, N.B.; a few breed every
spring. (C%amberlain.) On July 24th I observed a flock of eight
or ten individuals at Ellis Bay, Anticosti. (Brewster.) Seen
during the winter at Lake Mistassini, Quebec. (/. JZ. Macoun.)
Common on Grindstone and Entry islands, and probably on
other islands of the Magdalen Islands. (4zshop,) Common winter
visitor at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B., in 1899, previously rare.
(W. H. Moore.) A common summer resident in eastern Quebec.
(Dionne.) A common but transient visitor at Montreal. I sawa
flock of this species feeding on the cones of cedar trees at
Hochelaga, Que., on December 8th, 1888. (W2nd/e.)

A large flock of this species was seen near Beechwood ceme-
tery, Ottawa, Ont., in June, 1882. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
I saw this bird commonly in the Magdalen Islands in the month of
June, 1897,and have no doubt but that it breeds there in the spruce
woods though I could not with certainty locate a.nest. In that
same year, in the monthof April, I saw three of these birds on an
island in the St. Lawrence, near Lansdowne, Ont., feeding on some
hemlock trees and frequently alighting on the ground in search
of hemlock seeds. (Rev. C.J. Young.) Not as abundant as the
preceding, but found in both districts. (/. H. Fleming.) A few
seen almost every season, but never really abundant, at Toronto;
I. found them particularly abundant at Whitney, near Algonquin
Park, Ont., in the fall of 1898 and fairly so at Kaladar, Addington

430 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

_Co., December, 1884. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) An infrequent winter
visitor at Guelph, Ont. (4.8. Klugh.) A male and female taken
at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

A winter visitant ; possibly resident and breeding. On Decem-
ber 6th, 1882, at the spruce bush, 35° below zero, shot three indi-
viduals out of a small flock that was feeding on thecones of a tall
spruce. These were all males. (Zhompson-Seton.) Common on
Methye River in flocks ; a few between that river and Isle a la
Crosse, Sask. (J. 17. Macoun.) Saw several on Macleod River, west
of Edmonton, Alta., June 19, 1898. Quite common in the woods at
Banff, Rocky Mountains, and evidently breeding in the summer of
I8gI ; two seen in the Crow’s Nest Passin 1897. (Spreadborough.)
This crossbill inhabits the dense spruce forests of the Northwest
Territories, feeding principally on the seeds of the cones. It
ranges through the whole breadth of the continent and probably
up to Lat. 68°, where the woods terminate, though it was not ob-
served by us north of Lat. 63°. (Rechardson.) ,North to Fort Good
Hope on the Mackenzie River. (Ross.) A pair of this species
was obtained during our residence at Fort Anderson but no nests
were seen. (Mac/arlane.) Rocky Mountain district; Beaver Pass,
BG. "by =Mr.Geo.. Hyde. (fannim.)' Three specimens takentwar
Chilliwack, B.C.; quite abundant in the Cariboo district in the
winter of 1898-99 and common in the summer of 1900. (Srooks.)
Common on Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., but no specimens were
taken ; common at Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, but always in pairs.
(Osgood.) Although the last«species is thus far known only as an
excessively rare visitant in the northern portion of Alaska, the
present bird is found in the greatest abundance wherever trees
occur to afford shelter. ((Velson.) This species is abundant in the
interior of the Yukon district and other wooded parts. It only
occasionally visits St. Michael and then never in. large flocks.
(Zurner.) This species was a common resident throughout the
year in certain parts of the Kowak valley, Kotzebue Sound.
They were always to be found along the bases of the mountains,
especiallyin the tracts of small spruces bearing great clusters of
cones. (Grvinnell.) Crossbillsin flocks of from half adozen to one
hundred individuals were often seen from Lake Lebarge to Charlie
Village, July 16th to August 11th, 1899, on the Yukon River,
Yukon District. (zshop.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 431

BreEepinc Notes.—On April 26th I founda regular paradise for
crossbills. Itwas a stretch of the requisite dwarf spruce lying along
the Jade Mountains near the head of Hunt River. Here I met
with several flocks of white-winged crossbills which, from their
unusually lively behavior, indicated the mating season to be at
-hand. Two or three pairs were apparently already mated, for they

were detached from the main flock, each by itself. The males
were singing very loudly a twitter somewhat resembling that of
the American goldfinch, but coarser. The females were shy, fly-
ing covertly from tree to tree and darting through the foliage to
avoid the officious advances of the males, who were following
them. The latter flew in broad circles above the females, with
slowly beating wings, singing continuously, and finally settling on
quivering, outstretched wings in a tree top. I visited this locality
again on the 28th May, and was fortunate enough to find three
nests of the white-winged crossbill. On this date the large flocks
had scattered out, and the birds were mostly seen singly or in
pairs. Two or three companies of adozen or so were noted, these
probably being non-breeders or yearlings. The first mest was
found by spotting a pair of birds and closely watching their move-
ments. They were feeding when first noted, but in afew minutes
I suddenly lost sight of the female, although the male remained
in the vicinity, frequently uttering the metallic call-note previously
described. After waiting some time, I proceeded to the tree
where the female was last seen. On vigorously shaking the tree
several times she flew out of a dense clump of branches and perch-
ed a few yards off, chirping solicitously. Both birds soon left the
vicinity and did not return while I remained. The nest was situat-
ed close to the trunk,ten feet above the ground, in a mass of foliage
so thick as to entirely hide it from view. It contained two eggs
about one-third incubated. These are ovate and measure ‘86 x ‘61,
°84 x ‘60. The ground colour is an extremely pale tint of blue. One
egg has scattering ill-defined spots and blotches of pale chocolate.
The other egg has numerous very pale lavender markings, and,
mostly at the larger end, a number of spots and four large blotches

f dark seal-brown. The second nest was found through locating a
male bird by its call-note, and then tapping every tree in the
vicinity with a stick. The female was thus flushed from her nest,
which was 12 feet up near the top of a dwarf spruce. It was em-
bedded ia a mass of foliage against the stem of the tree, much as

2

432 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in the case of the first nest. It contained two pipped eggs and
one newly hatched young. The parents evinced more solicitude
in this case, chirping and flying from tree to tree. The third nest
was found similarly, though the female left the nest unobserved
and I had to wait until she returned to be able to locate the nest.
This was 15 feet from the ground, hidden in the dense spruce top,
as before. There was but one fresh egg. This measures °77 x °58.
It is almost white (before blown, pinkish) with scattering abruptly-
defined spots and lines of bay and fawn colour, must numerous at
the larger end. The three nests are just alike in every way. They
consist externally of short dry spruce twigs ; and internally of a
black wool-like lichen, closely felted, and with ascanty admixture
of feathers and bits of grasses. The nests are nearly black, and
thus present an odd appearance as compared with those of theusual
consistency of other birds. The nest measurements are : inter-
nal diameter 2°20, depth 1:20; external diameter 4:00, depth 2°50.
(Grinnell.) | have a set of 4eggs taken at Sandwich Bay,Labrador,
April oth, 1894, by L. Dicks. The nest is made of fine roots and
twigs, lined with moss and animals fur, and the 4 eggs are pale
bluish white, spctted at the larger ends with brown of various
shades, black and lilac grey. The eggs of the two species of
crossbill are seldom obtained, for like the Canada jay they have
eggs while the snow is on the ground very early in the spring and
at a time when it is cifficult to get into the woods on account of
the snow. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; three taken at Ottawa by Mr. F. A. Saunders and Prof.

Macoun ; two at Bracebridge, Ont., February, 1892, and two at-

Banff, Rocky Mountains, June, 1891, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.
CLXXXIX. LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. 1831.

523. Aleutian Leucosticte.

Leucosticte griseonucha (BRANDT) Bonap. 1850.

East and west of the Coast Range; tolerably common. (/annin.)
On the Aleutian Islands, from one extremity to the other, is
found this large and beautiful finch, extending its habitat thence
north to include the Prybilof Islands and the small island of St.
Matthew still further to the north. East of the Aleutian chain

Bi

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 433

it reaches Kadiak Island. On all these islands, except one or
two exceptions, it is a permanent resident. (Ve/son.) This species
is common on all the Aleutian Islands, including the Prybilof
Islands, and has also been observed on Kadiak Island. (Zurner.)
We saw a number of this species on St. George Island, Behring
Sea, October 3rd, 1899. At Unalaska, I saw a flock of about

twenty and another of two young birds on the 5th. (S¢shop.) I

have a nest and four eggs that were collected at St. George
Island, Behring Sea, June 8th, 1897, by Mr. J. M. Macoun. ‘The
nest is composed of fine roots and grass lined with fine grass.
The eggs are usually white, but are sometimes finely spotted with
pale rusty brown, and average ‘98x'70. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

‘One taken on St. Paul Island, Behring Sea, June, 1891, and one
set of five eggs from the same place, taken on June 2oth, 1891,
by Mr. James M. Macoun.

523°1. Kadiak Leucosticte.

Leucosticte kadiaka MCGREGOR. 10901.

Karluk, Kadiak Island, Alaska. -Known only from Kadiak
Island. (Zhe Condor, Vol. II1I., 8.)

524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte. '
Leucosticte tephrocotis SWAINS. 1831.

One specimen, taken near Birtle, Manitoba,in January, 1891,
by Mr. George Copeland; also two specimens in museum at
Winnipeg, taken by Mr. Hine. (Zhompson-Seton.) Of this new
and striking species only one specimen was obtained, which was
killed on the Saskatchewan in May, 1827. (Aichardson.) Rocky
Mountain district ; in winter occasionally west of the Coast
Range. (faznin.) Summits of the Rocky Mountains; very
rare. Breeds at an altitude of 7,000 feet. (Zord.) This species
was first seen on the summit of Avalanche Mountain, Selkirk
Mountains, B.C., August 4th, 1885; there was a pair of old birds
and four young ones, they were quite tame; later in the season
they were taken at Hector, Rocky Mountains. (Macoun.) Found
on the summits of all the mountains around Banff in the summer
of 1891 and onthe high mountains to the southeast in 1897. They
certainly breed on all mountains above 7,500 feet; observed,

2%

434 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

above the timber line on all the mountains ascended around
the sources of the Athabasca River in 1898. (Spread-
borough.) 1 have taken the typical species as far west as Chilli-
wack, B.C.; a large flock seen once or twice on mountains to the
west of Lake Okanagan ; the typical species breeds on the high
mountains near Barkerville, Cariboo distfict, B-C. (Brooks.) A
flock of three birds was seen near Field, B.C., Rocky Mountains.
(Rhoads.)

BreEEpDING Notes.—As the nest and eggs of this bird have never
been recorded, I am pleased to describe them for the first time.
I have a nest and four eggs with the parent bird that were taken
at Banff, Rocky Mountains, Alta., on June gth, 1892, by Mr. Wm.
Fear. The nest is made of roots and fine bark lined with fine
grass and was built in a crevice of a rock, and the eggs are pure
white, averaging ‘90x65. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; two taken August 6th, 1891, on Mount Aylmer, Devil’s
Lake, Banff, Rocky Mountains and five on Moose Mountain,
foothills of Rocky Mountains, Alta., in July, 1887, by Mr. Spread-
borough.

524u. Hepburn’s Leucosticte.

Leucosticte tephrocotis littoras (BAIRD) COUES. 1872.

The types of this form came from Sitka, and since then speci-
mens have been obtained from Sitka, Kadiak, British Columbia,
Wyoming and Rocky Mountain region as far south as Colorado.
(Nelson.) Abundant summer resident on both sides of the Coast
Range. (Zord.) We found this bird only at the summit of the
White Pass, head of Lynn Canal. (Szshop.) From the coast to
the Rocky Mountains ; at Ashcroft, Clinton and Burrard Inlet.
Taken at Port Simpson by Mr. W. B. Anderson. (#annin.) Rare
winter visitant at Chilliwack ; breeds above the timber line in the
Coast Range; some of the specimens seen at Lake Okanagan
may have been this species; typical specimens taken in the winter
in the Cariboo district, B.C. (Bvooks.) Found tolerably common
on the summit of Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, July 1gth,
1887. (Macoun.) One specimen seen on top of a mountain at
the foot of Chilliwack Lake, B.C., July 20th, 1901. (Spreadborough.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 435
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One; taken on Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, July
17th, 1887, by Prof. Macoun.

CXC. ACANTHIS BecustTeErn. 1803.
527. Greenland Redpoll.

Acanthis hornemannit (Hovs.) STEJN. 1884.

Said to be constantly resident in Greenland and a regular
breeder but not further south than Lat. 70° north. (Avrct. Man.)
Very abundant in winter in northern Labrador. Not occurring in
summer from May 15th to September Ist of each year. (Packard.)
Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

About the year 1863, a friend who used to join me in some of
my local collecting trips, was in the town of Galt, Ont,, and seeing
asmall flock of large light-colored redpol!s, secured two of the
lot and sent them to me in the flesh. (Mcllwraith.)

527a. Hoary Redpoll.

Acanthis hornemannit exilipes (COVES) STEJN. 1884.

' Abundant and resident in Labrador ; breeds plentifully at Fort
Chimo, where nests and eggs were obtained by Nelson. (fackard.)

Specimens of this bird, taken by Mr. W. L. Scott in the spring
of 1883, were identified by Dr. Coues. It is also included in the
list of arrivals for 1887 on March rtgth. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.
V.) During the winter of 1896 a flock of redpolls was observed
at East Toronto. I secured nine specimens from what I was
given to understand was the same flock. Mr. Ridgeway identified
them all as Acanthis exilpes. The specimens were taken in Feb-
ruary and March, 1897. I have examined a specimen taken by
Mr.Kay at Port Sydney, Muskoka District. (/. H. Meming.) One
specimen killed out of a large flock of redpolls at Hamilton Beach,
Ont., by Mr. K. C. McIlwraith on 6th April, 1885. (M/cl/wraith.)
Three specimens from York Factory and one from Fort Churchill,
Hudson Bay, collected in July, 1900, are referable to this form.
(EZ. A. Prebles.)

A migrant and winter vistitant in Manitoba. Specimens were
taken at Carberry in the early winter from a flock of A. daria.

~ (Thompson-Seton.) Quite numerous in flocks of the common red-

436 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

poll at Indian Head, Assa., which were common from April Ist to
20th, 1892. (Spreadborough.) Carlton House, on the South
Saskatchewan, November to March. (Blakiston vide Ridgway.)
North to Lapierre’s House, on the Mackenzie River ; common.
(Ross.) I carefully examined all flocks of redpolls in the winter of
1897-98 in the Cariboo district, B.C., and only secured one specimen
that showed any approach to eatlipes. (Brooks.) This is the prevail-
ing species of the genus throughout northern Alaska, where it
occurs ingreat numbers. It is indistinguishable from the common
redpoll except for the differences in coloration and is constantly
associated with them. (JVe/son.) This species is a common bird
throughout the entire territory of Alaska. (Zurner.) This species
is not common at Point Barrow, and only of irregular occurrence.
We only obtained one nest and saw very few birds. (JJurdoch.)
The hoary redpoll was a common resident throughout the region
around Kotzebue Sound. Out of 112 skins taken 104 were of this
species. (Gvrimnell.) Sixteen specimens taken at Point Barrow,.
Alaska, exhibit very little variation. (W2ztmer Stone.) I secured
two young from a flock about fifteen miles above Circle City,
Alaska, August 13th, 1899 ; and Osgood, one on the Igth, from a
flock at Circle City ; rather common in small flocks at St. Michael
in September. (Szshop.)

BREEDING Notes.—The hoary redpoll was a common resident
throughout the region under consideration. At Cape Blossom

during July, 1898, they were mainly in pairs, though small com-.

panies of from 4 to 8 were occasionally seen. They frequented
the dwarf willow and alder patches, especially among the hills.
back from the coast. Two nests were found on the 2oth of July.
They were each built in the crotches of low bushes about two
feet from the ground, and were only one hundred feet apart on a
slope sparsely covered with small bushes. The nests were com-
posed of dried mildewed grasses externally, with a thick lining of
cottony down from the seed-cases of a kind of grass, and a few
feathers. One of the nests contained four eggs and the other five.
Both sets were far advanced in incubation and the latter set con-
tained one infertile egg. The female birds were sitting closely
when the nests were discovered, and in both cases I nearly
touched them before they slipped from the nests. They darted
quickly out of sight, making no solicitous demonstrations what-
ever. Another nest was found near Cape Blossom on July Ist,

a ie sa 2

Fie»,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 437

1899. This was in every way similar to the other two, and con-
tained four slightly incubated eggs. As the month of May
advanced the flocks of redpolls began to break up though the
pairs were prone to stay within call of each other, a sociable trait.
The first nest was found on June 4th and contained five badly
incubated eggs. This indicates that nesting begins soon after
the middle of May. Another nest, containing five slightly in-
cubated eggs, was taken on the 5th; the nest was saddled in the
forks of a leafless willow above water at the margin of an ice-
covered lake. This nest may be described as typical of the ones
found in the Kowak valley. It is a very compact and well pro-
portioned structure of fine dry rootlets, grasses and slender plant
stems lined with soft white willow down and a few ptarmigan
feathers. The diameter of the nest cavity is 1°70, and the depth
1°25. External diameter, 4:00; depth, 2:10. A nest of five fresh
eggs, taken on June 6th, was nine feet above the ground in the top
of asmaill spruce at the edge of a dense strip of timber. The
eggs of the hoary redpoll are pale Nile blue, with spots, lines,
dots and scrawls of vinaceous, lavender, chocolate and so dark a
brown as to appear black in some cases. These markings tend to
form wreaths about the larger ends of many eggs. The eggs vary
in shape from ovate to short-ovate. (Gvinnell.) I have six nests
with sets of eggs of this species. They were collected at Peel
River, Mackenzie Delta, by the Rev. I. O. Stringer, who has just
returned from that far away northern region after spending eight
years amongst the Eskimos. The nests are beautiful structures of
fine twigs and roots felted together with vegetable down and
snugly lined with down and feathers. One nest, taken July Ioth,
1898, was built in a willow only two feet from the ground, and
contained four eggs. Another nest was built in a small shrub less
than one foot from the ground, and contained five eggs, averaging
in size 68 x ‘52. The Eskimo name for this bird is “ Peégwak.”
(W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two taken at Indian Head, Assa., April 17th, 1892, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough. A large series of eggs taken at Nachvak, Lab-
rador, in 1895. One set of five eggs and nest taken at Nachvak
by G. Ford in 1897; also two eggs taken at Fort Chimo, Ungava,
June 13th, 1896.

438 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
528. Redpoll.

Acanthis linaria (LINN.) Bonar. & SCHLEG. 1850.

Abundant and resident in Labrador. Breeds plentifully at Fort
Chimo, where nests and eggs were obtained by Nelson. (Packard.)
One seen on James Bay, June 15th; a few observed at Great
Whale River. Common from Richmond Gulf, across the interior
to Ungava Bay ; seen in large flocks at Fort Chimo in September, _
1896. (Spreadborough.) Very common everywhere along the
northeastern coast of Labrador; apparently all the redpolls be-
longed to this race. (zgelow.) Very common resident in New-
foundland, does not migrate. (eeks.) Rather common in winter
in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) Said to be common in winter at Syd-
ney, Cape Breton Island ; saw a flock December Ioth, Igoi. (C.
R. Harte.) Common some winters in Kings Co., N.S., in others
they areabsent. (/7. Tufts.) Twospecimens seen on Sable Island,
N.S., May 3rd, 1902. (J 2mes Boutewlier.) In the spruce trees by the
beach, Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, June 27th 1888.
(Macoun.) A winter visitant in New Brunswick; some winters quite
common. (Chamberlain.) A winter visitor at Scotch Lake, York Co.,
N.B.; sometimes common,sometimes rare. (WH. Moore.) Seen dur-
ing the winter at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec. (/.J/.Macoun.)
Taken at Beauport; winter resident in eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.)
An abundant winter visitant at Montreal ; observed there in flocks
from October 25th to April 29th. The latter date is late in the
spring of the year to find the species at Montreal, although in
1883, I saw large numbers in the month of May feeding on the
ground inthe woods in Hochelaga. (Wentle.) An abundant winter
visitor at Ottawa. Summer records are June 6, 1882; June 3, 1888;
and May 22, 1890. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) I saw a small
flock of what I took for hoary redpolls in the month of March at
Lansdowne, Ont., feeding on seeds of the hemlock ; and have
frequently seen flocks of the other varieties in the winter. A few
breed on the Magdalen Islands. (Rev. C. J. Young.) An irregular
winter visitor at Guelph, Ont. (A. B. Klugh.) An abundant winter
visitor in the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, often remaining
to the beginning of May. (/. H. Fleming.) In the early spring
of 1881 these birds appeared near London, Ont. in considerable
numbers but have not been seen since that time. (W.E. Saunders.)
Abundant winter visitant at Penetanguishene early in October.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 439

(A. F. Young.) Eight specimens, including one in juvenal plumage,
were collected at York Factory, Hudson Bay, July 12th to 16th,
1900, where the birds were abundant, and a very bright male was
taken at Fort Churchill, July 23rd. (4. A. Prebles.)

An abundant fall and winter visitor in Manitoba; feeding
on the seeds of various plants. (Zhompson-Seton.) A few
specimens were seen on the Clearwater River below Methye
Portage; common on the portage. (/. MZ. Macoun.) A common
and regular winter visitor near Prince Albert, Sask., ar-
riving in small flocks nearly at the same time as the pine gros-
beak and remaining sometimes late in the spring. (Coube ux.)
This neat and hardy bird is one of the permanent residents in the
Northwest Territories where it may be seen in the coldest weather
on the banks of lakes and rivers, hopping among reeds and carices
or clinging to their stalks. (Azchardson.) North to Fort Good
Hope on the Mackenzie River ; abundant. (oss.) This species
was just as abundant as the Greenland redpoll in the wooded
country, and we procured as many nests as of it. (Macfarlane.)
This species was seen in large flocks at Indian Head, Assa.,
during the first three weeks of April, 1892, after which they all
disappeared. April 7th, 1894, saw a flock of sixteen at Medicine
Hat, Assa. Two specimens were seen at Edmonton, Alta., on
April 19th, 1897 ; common in flocks around Revelstoke, B.C., up
to the last of April, 1890; seen at the lower end of Lower Arrow
Lake, Columbia River, June 18th, 1890. (Spreadborough.) An
abundant summer resident in British Columbia. (Zord.) Common
throughout the province. (/annin.) Irregular winter visitant at
Chilliwack; common winter resident at Lake Okanagon, B.C.,also
common in the Cariboo district in winter. (Brooks.) This species
is found in Alaska in smaller numbers than the preceding. On
the southeastern coast of the territory, including Kadiak and the
Sitkan region, the present bird is found to the exclusion of the
other. (Velson.) This species is a common resident of all parts
of Alaska, excepting the Aleutian Islands. In the latter district
it is asummer visitor only, though breeding there I have never
observed it west of Unalaska Island. (Zwurner.) Large flocks were
seen frequently both at Hope and Tyonek, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska,
in August, 1900. (Osgood.) Of the 112 skins taken at Kotzebue
Sound only seven were referable to this species. Although few
were taken they evidently breed in the country as specimens were

440 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

taken from March to October. (Gvinnell.) We saw several,
usually in pairs and very shy, at Bennett, B.C., June 17th, 1899,
and near Charlie Village a fine male. (Bzshop.)

BREEDING Nores.—During the last week of May and early in
June, 1899, Mr. A. P. Low found this bird breeding abundantly at
the mouth of the Great Whale River, Hudson Bay, and I secured
close upon 150 eggs of this species that were then collected. The
nests were built low down in stunted willows, not more than two
or three feet from the ground and contained five or six eggs
each. I have also several sets that were taken at Cartwright,
Labrador, by the late Lambert Dicks during June, 1895. On
June 20th, 1890, Mr. Stringer found several nests at the delta of

-the Mackenzie River, 100 miles from its mouth. Here the nests
were built in willows two or three feet from the ground and con-
tained four and five eggs each. I have three nests collected by
Mr. Stringer, and they are beautifully and compactly built, exter-
nally of fine roots and grass, inside felted with down and
feathers. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven; one taken at Ottawa, Ont., in April, 1890, by Mr. F. A.
Saunders; four at Indian Head, Assa, in April, 1892, two at
Medicine Hat, Assa., in April, 1894, three at Revelstoke, B.C., in
April, 1890, one at Edmonton, Alta., April 19th, 1898, all by
Mr. W. Spreadborough. One set of 4 eggs taken at Great
Whale River, Hudson Bay, May, 1899, by Mr. A. P. Low.

528a. Holbcell’s Redpoll.
Acanthis linaria holbellii (BREHM) Dusors. 1871.

This species was caught in a thick fog in Grinnell Bay, Sept.
3rd, 1877. (Kumlien.) Rather common in winter at Fort Chimo,
Labrador; none to be seen from May 15th to September Ist of
each year. (/ackard.) This species is not uncommon in eastern
Quebec mixed up in the flocks of A. inmaria. (Dionne.) One
specimen taken at Moose Factory, James Bay, is in the National
Museum at Washington. (4. A. Prebles.)

A specimen taken by Mr. Kay at Port Sydney, Muskoka dis-
trict, on April 14th, 1890, was identified at Washington as this
subspecies; various specimens have been taken at Toronto and
identified as this subspecies. (/. H. Fleming.) Three specimens,

hey

~~ _ ae
+ ~

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 441

one male, taken March 3rd, and a male and female taken March
15th, 1888, at Lorne Park, near Toronto, Ont., were determined
to be this form by Mr. Ridgway. (Zhompson-Setonin Trans. Can.
Inst., I11., 1892, p. 64.) One specimen of this race was taken on
the Kowak River, April toth, 1899. (Gvimnell.) Breeding on
Herschell Island and other Arctic islands. (Azdgivay.)

5286 Greater Redpoll.
Acanthis linaria rostrata (COUES) STEJN. 1884.

Said to breed generally throughout Greenland, suitable local-
ities being of course understood, but is migratory there. (Aret.
Man.) Occasionally met with in New Brunswick. (Chamberiatn.)
Among a number of redpolls from Parry Sound district examined
by Mr. Ridgway were specimens intermediate between this
species and A. dimariz. I have, however, seen typical specimens
from Muskoka; occurs in Toronto regularly in flocks of A.dimarta.
(J. H. Fleming.) Among anumber of redpolls sent to Washing-
ton for determination by Mr. Ridgway is a young male taken at
Toronto by Mr. Cross on February toth, 1890, and an adult
female taken at Lorne Park, November gth, 1899, which were pro-
nounced the greater redpoll. (Zhompson-Seton in Trans. Can. Lnst.,
HIT 1892) p. 64:;)

BBEEDING NotEes.—A few pairs breed in northern Labrador,
though its summer home is in Greenland. I have three sets of
eggs of this bird that were collected by Mr. Ford at Ungava Bay,
northern Labrador, June 15th, 1894. The nests were built in
willows two or three feet from the ground and contained five eggs
each which are easily distinguished from the common redpoll by
their larger size. This bird is more abundant in south Greenland.

(W. Raine.) Card uelss -
Goldfinch.
Carduelis elegans STEPHENS. 1826.
A male European goldfinch was collected May 2Ist, 1887, by

_ Daniel S. Cox, about a mile north of Toronto city limits—one out

of four—while resting on the top of a beech tree. The remaining
three flew off in a northerly direction. The birds were evidently
in a natural condition and migrants from the south, doubtless
from the New York colony. (William Brodie in The Auk, Vol.
VG, p. 201.)

442 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
CXCI. ASTRAGALINUS Casanis. 1851.

529. American Goldfinch,

Astragalinus tristis (LINN.) CAB. 1851.

Kumlien caught an adult male on shipboard off Cape Mugford,
Labrador (?), August 22nd, 1877; occurs in southern portions of
Labrador. Nelson writes that a bird called a“ goldfinch”’ was
described accurately and asserted to occur occasionally at Fort
Chimo, but he did not succeed in finding it. (Packard.) A com-
mon summer migrantin Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Heard but not
seen along the Humber River, Newfoundland, 1899. (Louis H.
Porter.) Common; a few remain all winter in Nova Scotia.
(Downs.) A few seen at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton
Island, July, 1898; one pair seen on Winsloe Road, Prince Edward
Island, July 21st, 1888. (JZacoun.) A few seen almost daily when
on Prince Edward Island. (Dwéght.) Mr. Bayley says it is com-
mon at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, breeding late in June, first
* seen May 24th, 1891. (C.R&. Harte.) Fairly common throughout
the year at Wolfville, Kings Co.,N.S. (AH. Tufts.) An abundant
summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Irregular in
arriving in spring at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.; coming from
February 16th to May 28th; departing from October to December.
Its nests are placed in deciduous bushes and trees, the eggs num-
ber from 3-5. I have seen a nest so compactly built that during
a heavy shower in July it nearly filled with water and the birds
deserted it. (W. AH. Moore.) Restigouche valley, N.B.; always
near settlements. (Brittain G Cox.) Common at Gaspé, Quebec,
but nowhere else on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Brewster.) Taken
at Beauport; a summer resident in eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.)
An abundant summer resident at Montreal ; breeds in Mount
Royal Park, nests found containing fresh eggs from July 22nd to
August 8th ; observed at Montreal from April 7th to November
18th ; have been seen as late as December 11th, 1890. (Wntle.)

Abundant summer resident at Ottawa, Ont. It occasionally
winters here in large flocks as it did in 1888-9. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) Avery common summer resident in Ontario. I have
seen flocks of this bird in January at Calabogie Lake, Renfrew
Co. and occasionally at Lansdowne on the St. Lawrence. It isa
very late breeder, seldom nesting until the middle of June; I have
seen fresh eggs in August. (Rev. C.J. Young.) An abundant

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 443

summer resident in both the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts.
VJ. H. Fleming.) Common around the buildings at Cache Lake,
Algonquin Park, Ont., June, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Common
everywhere, and is to be found every winter in varying numbers
in the cedar swamps about London, Ont. In the spring, erratic
flocks are seen now here, now there; but they begin to seek their
summer quarters, to sing and to be regularly observed about -\pril
28th, on an average of fourteen years. (W. E. Saunders.) A com-
mon resident ; most abundant in summer around Guelph, Ont.
(A. B. Klugh.) An abundant summer resident at Penetanguishene,
Ont.; breeds. (A. F. Youug.)

This familiar bird was noted only at Pembina on the borders of
Manitoba. (Coues.) A common summer resident in Manitoba.
I have not noted this bird in Manitoba before the end of May.
In this country it finds neither thistles nor orchards, so it feeds
largely on the seed of Rudbeckia hirta and Gaillardia aristata, and
nests in the low poplars and oaks on the edges of the heavier
timber. (Zhompson-Seton.) Quite common in the vicinity of
Brandon, Man., 1896. (Macoun.) First seen at Indian Head,
Assa., June Ist, 1892, but were quite common by the toth; they
breed there ; one individual was seen at Crane Lake, Assa., June
1th, 1894, and on the25th of the same month two pairs were seen
in the east end of the Cypress Hills, Assa.; eight of these birds
were seen at 12-Mile Lake and afterwards at Wood Mountain,
Assa., as late as June 17th, 1895; seen next, June 27th, in Fare-
well Creek valley, in the Cypress Hills, and on the 30th along
Sucker Creek, Assa.; common in the valley of Milk River,
especially at Castellated Rocks, also on St. Mary’s River and
Lee’s Creek, Alta., and near Chief Mountain at the base of the
Rocky Mountains. (Spreadborough.) This very gay goldfinch is
one of the tardiest summer visitors in the Northwest Territories,
and it retires southwards in September after a stay of a little over
three months. (Richardson.) A tolerably common summer
resident near Prince Albert, Sask., breeding throughout the
region. (Coubeaux.)

BreEpinc Nores.—A common breeding summer resident at
Ottawa, Ont. Its nest is often built in a white cedar, and is com-
posed of downy and other soft vegetable matter; a very neat
and compact affair, lined with horse hair, fine grass and down.

444 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Eggs four, of a faint bluish-white colour. (G. R. White.) This
species nests at Ottawa and near Lake Nominigue, 100 miles north
of it. The nest is composed of vegetable fibres, fine grass and strips
of bark, lined mostly with thistle-down and sometimes with hairs.
Nests in July and August and lays five or six eggs. (Garneau.)
Not very common at Toronto, Ont., and is a late breeder, seldom
having eggs before July 12th. (W. Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten; one taken at Ottawa, December, 1888, by Mr. G. R.
White; three at Ottawa in October, 1890, by Mr. F. A. Saunders;
one at Toronto by Mr. S. Herring; two at Bracebridge, Ont., in
December, I891, one at Indian Head, Assa., June, 1892, and two
at 12-Mile Lake, Assa., June, 1895, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs. One of four eggs taken at Wakefield, Que.,
on August 15th, 1897, by Mr. F. K. Whiteaves; one of five eggs
taken at Toronto, Ont., on July 30th, 1889, by Mr. W. Raine.

529u. Pale Goldfinch.
Astragalinus tristis pallidus MEARNS. 1890.

Rocky Mountain plateau district of the United States north to
eastern British Columbia, western Manitoba, &c. (Aidgwway.)

Si
fous Willow Goldfinch: 90

Astragalinus tristis salicamans (GRINNELL) RrpGw. 1899.

Of irregular occurrence during early winter at Okanagan, B.C.
(Lrooks.) Chiefly confined to the mainland on both slopes of the
Coast Range and in the Rocky Mountain district. (Fannin.)
Abundant on both slopes of the Coast Range. -(Zord.) Only
once specimen taken at Cascade, on the International Boundary,
B.C., in the summer of 1902. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken at Cascade, B.C., June, 1902, by Mr. Spreadborough.

CXCII. SPINUS Kocu. 1816.
533. Pine Siskin.
Spinus pinus (WILS.) STEJN. 1884.
Recorded as common in Labrador. by Audubon. (Packard.)
Rather rare along the northeastern coast of Labrador in company

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 445

with redpolls. (Witmore Stone.) A summer migrant in Newfound-
land. (Reeks.) Large flocks seen commonly along the Humber
River, Newfoundland, 1899. (Louis H. Porter.) Rather common
-in Nova Scotia; a summer resident. (Dowmns.) Three seen on
Sable Island, N.S., June 3rd, one on July 24th and.a number
on October 4th, 1902. (James Bouteillier.) A few observed
at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island. (7. H. Allen.) Small flocks
-were seen at Shulee, Cumberland Co., N.S. and at Hebert River
in December ; none were seen at Parrsboro. When I returned to
Hebert River in March I found it by far the most abundant
bird. (Morrell.) Warge flocks seen at North Sydney, Cape Bre-
ton Island, in November, 1go1, and on June 8th, 1902 ; probably
breeds..* (C. KR: Harvie.) Breeds near Wolfville, Kings Co., N:.S.,
regularly in May and June and usually is common till September ;
at other times of the year, it is very irregular, (4..7u/ts.) It
surprised me to meet this species but once on Prince Edward Is-
land,—a male at Souris. (Dwzght.) A common species in New
Brunswick; breeds very early. (Chamberlain.) A very irregular
winter visitor; I think that some years it breeds at Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B. (W. H.Moore.) Quite common in the Restigouche
valley, N.B.; in summer. (Brittain & Cox.) One of the most
abundant birds on the Magdalen Islands until July, 1887. (Bzshop.)
Abundant at Gaspé and apparently nesting in the spruces and
balsams in the village street, July 14th; later, July 24th, it was
found in flocks at Ellis Bay, Anticosti. (Bvewster.) Taken at Beau-
port; acommon summer resident in eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.) A
common winter visitant at Montreal; I observed a large flock of
these birds, October, 18th, 1885 on Isle Jesus, feeding on willows.
(Winttle.)

A common winter resident at Ottawa, Ont.; though some-
what irregular in its visits like most of our winter birds.
Summer records are as follows: May 10,1882; May 15, and August
15, 1884; May 2, 1888, and May 16, 1890. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.
V.) Ihave often met with immense flocks in the Parry Sound
and Muskoka districts. They keep together till May when they
either disperse or disappear, In the winter the flocks are joined
by redpolls and goldfinches. (/. A. Fleming.) A winter visitor at
Guelph, Ont. (A. B. Klugh.) Winter resident at Penetanguishene,
Ont. (A. F. Young.) An irregular migrant in Manitoba; often
seen in flocks of hundreds. (Zhompson-Seton.) Two specimens

446 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

‘seen at Grand Rapids on the Saskatchewan. (Wutting.) Common
~on Methye Portage, Sask. (/. 7. Macoun.) On June 2nd, 1892,
this species was common on the shore of Deep Lake near Indian
Head, Assa., where they were feeding on some small insects -near
the water, two were shot and their stomachs were full of the
insects; a few observed at Medicine Hat, Assa., in April, 1894 ;
in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, north to Edmonton,
Alta. 1897 ; and thence to Peace River Landing, Atha., in 1903;
common in flocks in June, 1891 at Banff, Rocky Mountains ;
observed at Trail, Sophie Mountain and Old Glory Mountain near
the International Boundary, 1902, and at Penticton, B.C., 1903 ;
flocks observed at Agassiz, B.C., May 14th, 1889; seen flying
in large flocks at Huntington and Chilliwack, B.C., feeding on the
seeds of the western birch; two seen May gth, 1893 at Victoria,
Vancouver Island; common in flocks at Goldstream, Qualicum
and Comox in June. (Spreadborough.) An abundant summer
resident on both slopes of the Coast Range. (ZLorvd.) Extremely
abundant; arriving and departing in enormous flocks. (S7veator.)
Throughout the province; an abundant resident; appearing in
great flocks during fall and winter at Victoria. (Fanmin.) Com-
mon resident at Chilliwack, B.C.; an abundant winter resident at
Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Svooks.) Avery abundant resident in all
localities, B.C. (Rhoads.)

Heard occasionally on Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C.; three
specimens were secured from a large flock at Tyonek, Cook’s
Inlet, Alaska, in September ; no others were seen. (Osgood.)
This bird was noted on the Yukon River at Windy Island,
Lake Tagish (about Lat. 60°, B.C.), Lower Lebarge, Selwyn
River, Sixty-mile Creek, Dawson, and Forty-mile Creek, Yukon
District; also at Circle City, Tatondu River and Charlie Creek
in Alaska. (Szshop.) Two examples in yellowish juvenal plumage
were taken at Homer, Alaska, on September 8th, I901. Very
common during early summer on Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, where
many large flocks were seen migrating to the northward during
July. A few more seen during August and September, and I am
inclined to believe that it breeds very rarely there. (Chapman.)

BREEDING NotTes.—On the 16th of March, while at Christie’s
camp, I saw a bird gathering material, and by watching her soon
located the nest. The female alone carried material, the male

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 447

accompanying her to and from the nest, singing constantly. A
very short stop was made at the nest. Evidently some material
was accumulated before it was arranged. A day or two after
finding the nest I went to Shulee early in the morning, going to
Two Rivers, and thence through the woodsto thecamp. At this
date the ground was mostly covered with snow in the woods,
though it was rapidly melting. I found the nest completed. The
bird refused to leave the nest until I was nearly within reach; she
remained near, several times returning to the eggs for a moment.
The nest was placed well out towards the end of a limb of a
spruce tree 27 feet above the ground. It was saddled on the
limb and radiating twigs but not attached to them. Considering
Bie. size or. the. bitd (it is quite large, “rather - flat ‘and! > bears
no resemblance to nests of Spzmus tristis, measuring as follows:
height, 1°63 inches; depth, °75 inches; outside top diameter,
4 inches; inside top diameter, 2 inches. It is constructed
mainly of dark pendulous tree-moss, with some fulvous bark
from weed-stalks, plant-down, Usmea and other mosses. About
the bottom of the nest is woven a few spruce twigs. The
lining is entirely the pendulous moss. It contained four eggs but
slightly incubated. These have a pale blue’ ground-colour,
slightly darker than eggs of Sfenus tristis, somewhat sparingly
~marked about the larger end with pale purplish and a few dots of
brownish black. (Morrell.) Common in winter in Ontario. This
bird, of all wild birds, breeds the most readily in confinement. I
have seen eggs that were laid by birds belonging to Dr. C. K.
Clarke, of Rockwood, Ont., which had only been captured the
previous winter, so had not been in a cage for more than a few
months. (ev. C./. Young.) I have several nests with sets of
eggs that were taken at Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, during the
summers of 1895 to 1898. One nest before me is a pretty speci-
men of bird architecture, and made externally of fine twigs and
roots held together by moss with the inside lined with feathers.
It was found June 17th, 1898, in a spruce tree 10 feet from the
ground and contained five greenish white eggs spotted with
brown. (W. Raie.) Ihave taken seven nests around Ottawa,
Ont., in cedar trees (Thuya occidentalis) at heights of six, eight,
ten and twelve feet. The nest is built of small twigs and a little
vegetable down, lined with hair-like roots or hairs. Size of nest
3°50 x 2,and2x 1. It nests in April and May, and lays three or

9

re)
e

448 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

four pale blue eggs, dotted at the larger end with brown.
( Garneau.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven ; two taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun ;
two at London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders; two at Bracebridge,
Ont., in February, 1892, one at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894,
one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in May, 1889, one at Cascade, B.C.,
June, 1902, and two at Penticton, B.C., 1903, all by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs taken at Wolfville, Kings Co., N.S.; one of
four eggs taken June 4th, 1894, and another of three eggs taken
August 4th, 1894, both by H. Tufts.

CXIII. PASSERINA VIEILLIoT. 1816.

534. Snowflake.

Passerina nivalis (LINN.) VIEILL. 1820.

Breeds generally throughout Greenland and said to be the
commonest land bird on the east coast; breeds also on Melville
Peninsula, and is very numerous on the Parry Islands; seen by
Kane at Renssalaer Harbourin June, 1854. (Avct. Man.) Abun-
dant at Fort Chimo, Labrador. Breeds on the islands in Ungava
Bay and occasionally on the mainland. Resident in the southern
portion of Labrador. (Packard.) Not observed in crossing Lab-
rador from Richmond Gulf to Ungava Bay; observed on Hudson
Strait going south September 2oth, 1896. (Spreadborough.) Several
nests taken in August, 1902, in Tuctoo valley near the Peary
headquarters, West Greenland. All the nests except one con-
tained five eggs, the exception seven. A number of specimens
taken at Disco, Greenland, in July, 1892, by the Relief expedition.
The snow bunting appeared at Port Manvers, northeastern Lab-
rador, about the roth of August after which they became abun-
dant. (Witmer Stone.) Common from April Ist to Oct. 21st at
Prince of Wales Sound, Hudson Strait; breeding in large num-
bers. (Payne.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Wrght.) Taken
at York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) Very common in
its summer migrations in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Not so com-
mon in winter as formerly in Nova Scotia. (Dowms.) First seen
at Parrsboro, Cumberland Co., N.S., January 19th, 1897; not very

=e

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 449

common, but from three to jtwelve birds in a flock. (Morrell.)
Three seen on Sable Island, N.S., April 2rst ; one in July and a
number in October, 1902. (James Bouteillier.)

An abundant winter resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.)
A common winter visitor at Scotch Lake, York “Co., N.B.
(W. FH. Moore.) Leave Lake Mistissini, Que., forthe north about
May toth. (/. M. Macoun.) A common winter resident in
eastern Quebec. (Dionne.) Abundant winter visitant at Mont-
real, arrives about the middle of October in large flocks. I have
observed them at Montreal from October Igth to April 26th.
(Wintle.) A common winter visitor at Ottawa, Ont. (Otewa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Commonly seen in large flocks durirg winter.
I saw immense numbers at the head of Wolfe Island, near Kings-
ton, Ont.,in October, 1900, just before-cold weather set in. Flocks
remained until March, 1901. This bird, though nesting com-
monly in high latitudes sometimes rears its young on lofty moun-
tains. A friend of mine found the nest on the Grampian Moun-
tains in Invernesshire, Scotland. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Abundant.
in the winter in the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts ; the last
leave for the north soon after the Ist of May, and some are back
by the Ist of October. (J. H. Fleming.) A winter visitor at
Guelph, Ont. (A. B. Klugh.) An abundant winter resident at
Penetanguishene, Ont. (A. F. Young.)

Very abundant in early spring; fall and winter resident in
Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) Very abundant in the spring and
fall migrations at Indian Head, Assa.; a few at Egg Lake, near
Peace River Lat. 56°, August 30th, and at Lesser Slave Lake,
September 5th, 1903 ; on McLeod River northwest of Edmonton,
Alta., saw three on October 2nd, 1898, and bundreds of them on
the shore of Lake Ste. Anne, October 12th; verycommon at Banff
in winter and doubtless eastward to Manitoba; seen at Revelstoke,
B.C., April 9th, 1890, disappeared on the 11th. (Spreadborough.)
This neat and elegant bird breeds in the northernmost of the Am-
erican islands,and onall theshores of the continent, from Chester-
field Inlet toBehring Strait. The most southerly breeding place
recorded is Southampton Island in Lat. 62°, where Captain Lyons
found a nest placed in the bosom of the corpse of an Eskimo
child. (Rechardson.) North to Fort Good Hope on the Mackenzie;
abundant. (Ross.) On the 8th July, 1864, a nest of this species

37

450 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

was discovered in a small hole in a sand bank at least two feet
from the entrance along the shores of Franklin Bay. The parent
was snared on the nest. (Macfarlane.) The snowflake is
very abundant every winter, near Prince Albert, Sask. It
arrives as soon as the cold and the snow appear, usually
about the middle of October, and remains as long as the weather
is cold and bad. (Coubeaux.) Observed at Sumas, British Colum-
bia. (Zord.) Abundant resident ; more common east of Coast
Range. (Fannin.) Rare migrant at Chilliwack ; common in the
winter at Okanagan Lake and in the Cariboo District,B.C. (Brooks.)

This species is a summer resident in all northern Alaska and
extends its summer wanderings to the northern islands off the
coast of the Arctic Sea. (Velson.) This bird may be seen at St.
Michael, or its vicinity, at any season of the year, except the
coldest weather in midwinter. (Zzrner.) This species and the
Lapland longspur are the commonest passerine birds, and in fact
the only ones which could be said to be common at Point
Barrow. (Murdoch.) Choris Peninsula and Cape Lowenstern,
Alaska. A rather rare species around Kotzebue Sound, but
two pairs were seen that had young. (Gyvimnell.) A series of 43
specimens, all from Point Barrow, Alaska, corresponds excellently
with a series of Greenland birds obtained by the Peary expedi-
tion. (Witmer Stone.) One specimen was shot at White Pass
summit on June 12th. At St. Michael I saw two in September,
and numbers on St. George Island, Behring Sea. (zshop.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have a set of four eggs that were taken
by F. F. Payne at Cape Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait, June 2oth,
1886. On June 25th, 1901, a snow bunting built its nest in a hole
under the eave of Mg. Stringer’s house on Herschell Island in the
Arctic Ocean, west of the mouth of Mackenzie Bay; on June
18th he found another nest and eggs on the ground in a hollow
at the side of ahummock. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Sixteen ; seven taken at Ottawa, Ont., by Mr, S. Herring; four
others taken at Ottawa by Mr. F. A. Saunders; one at Hamilton,
Ont., by Mr. T. McIlwraith ; five at Indian Head, Assa., in April,
1892, by Mr. Spreadborough; one in May, 1884, in the Fraser val-
ley, B.C., by Mr. J. Fannin.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 451

A large series of eggs from Nachvak, Labrador, taken by Mr.
R. Gray in 1897. One set of seven eggs taken at Repulse Bay,
Hudson Bay, by Captain A. Murray.

534a. Pribdilof Snowflake.

Passerina nivalis townsendi (Ripew.) Rinew. 1808.
This species was described from specimens taken by myself at
St. Michael, and by Mr. McKay at Nushagak, Bristol Bay. At
both localities the bird appeared only as a migrant. (Wée/son.)
Aleutian Islands, including Prybilof Islands, and Shumagin
Islands. (Redgwway.)

535. McKay’s Snowflake.

Passerina hyperborea (RipGw.) Ripew. 1808.

Western Alaska, breeding on Hall Island, (and probably St.
Matthew Island) Behring Sea. (A. O. U. Check-List.) Two
specimens of this rare bird were recently sent to me from Bethel,
go miles up the Kuskokwin River, in the western part of Alaska.
This is probably the farthest inland at which the bird has yet
been found. (Witmer Stone in The Auk, Vol. XV., 269, 1898.)
Hall Island, Behring Sea, Aug. 4th, 1891. They were in large
numbers on the beach and appeared to be breeding in the cliffs.

(J. M. Macoun.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; taken on Hall Island, Behring Sea, by Mr. James M,
Macoun, Aug. 4th, 1891.

CXCIV. CALCARIUS Becustein. 1803.

536. Lapland Longspur.
Calcarius lapponicus (LINN.) STEJN. 1882.

Breeds generally throughout Greenland as well as on the
Melville Peninsula and other lands to the westward of Davis
Strait. (Avet. Man.) Abundant at Fort Chimo, Labrador.
Breeds near the mouth of the Koksoak River and on the larger
islands. (Packard.) One observed on a small island in James
Bay, June 15th, 1896; not seen again until September; then I
saw them in large numbers on the barren ground below Fort

452 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. .

Chimo. (Spreadborough.) Taken at Disco, Greenland, where
they were breeding 1891. Common in northeastern Labrador
after August 3rd. Breed about Nachvak and northwest to
Hudson Strait. South of Nachvak they occur only as migrants.
(Witmer Stone.) Rather common Io miles north of Fort Churchill,
on the shores of Button Bay, where an immature bird was taken
July 31st, 1900. Abundant on the ‘ barren grounds ” south of Cape
Eskimo, August 4th. (Edward A. Prebles.) Not uncommon in
Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Some specimens shot at Cole Harbor,
Nova Scotia. (Dowzs.) Occurs in winter at Grand Manan, New
Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. ( Clarke.)
Only one specimen taken at Prince of Wales Sound, Hudson
Strait, on May 14th, 1885; none others were seen. (/ayne.)
Taken. at. Beaupoert; a winter resident in’ eastern (Ouebee:
(Dionne.) A rare winter visitant at Montreal. This species is
occasionally found mixing with the snowflake. (Wntle.)

This species was first recorded at Ottawa, Ont.,in the spring of
1890, when in company with horned larks and snowflakes. It
remained in the flocks till May 25th. It was present again in
the fall from Oct. 3rd to Nov. 18th. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.
V.) The only record I am aware of is that of a flock reported
by Mr. Wm. Melville at Gravenhurst, Ont., on April 27th, 1890.
(J. H. Fleming.) In April, 1897, I met with a small flock of
these birds at Toronto and took two or three males in grand
plumage; in winter they more commonly appear in company
with the snowflakes. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) Sometimes quite
common in the spring migrations along Lake St. Clair, but very
rare near London; only three or four specimens all told have
been observed. (W. E. Saunders.)

One specimen shot on Mouse River (Souris), Dak., October Ist,
1873. The first of the southern migration. (Coues.) Very abun-
dant spring and fall migrant wherever there is prairie or cleared
country. They come in countless numbers about the middle of
May and remain to the end of the month. After this time they
go northwest to breed and return again about the last week in
September. They remain about two weeks in the stubble fields
and then pass southward. (Zhompson-Seton.) Very abundant at
Indian Head, Assa., in the spring and fall migrations; last of
them seen at the end of May, 1892; on April 25th, 1894, a small

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 453

flock was seen at Crane Lake, Assa.; abundant as a migrant at
Edmonton, Alta., from April 28th to May 5th, 1897. (Spread-
borough.) In the year 1827 it appeared on the plains of the Sas-
katchewan at Carlton House about the middle of May and
remained for about ten days. They came to Cumberland House
about the same time and remained in the furrows of a newly
ploughed field. In the preceding year they were seen, though in
smaller flocks, at Fort Franklin, Lat. 65%4°, in the beginning of
May; the crops of those killed were filled with the seeds of
Arctostaphylos alpina. (Richardson.) North to Fort Simpson on
the Mackenzie River. (oss.) Numerous every spring and fall
in company with the horned lark at Prince Albert, Sask. (Cow-
beaux.) Altogether about eighty nests of this species were col-
lected in the “ barren grounds” and on the shores of Franklin
Bay. (Macfarlane.)

BREEDING NoTEs.—I have a dozen nests with sets of eggs that
were collected at Herschell Island by Mr. Stringer and Mr.
Young. The nésts are made of dried grass, well lined with
feathers and are always built on the ground, in the shelter of a tuft
of grass or sod, and contain five or six eggs each. The eggs are
laid in the middle of June and the female is a close sitter, most of
the nests being found by flushing the bird off the nest. (W.Raie.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-one ; two taken at Ottawa by F. A. Saunders; one at
Toronto by Mr. S. Herring; one purchased with the Holman col-
lection in 1885; one taken at Cape Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait,
by Mr. W. A. Paine ; thirteen taken at Indian Head, Assa., part
(chiefly young) in September, 1891 and the others in April, 1892,
two at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897, all by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

Four sets of eggs ranging from 2-5 eggs each ; one of five taken
at Repulse Bay, Hudson Bay, in 1896 by Capt. A. Murray ; three
at Nachvack by R. Guy in 1897.

536a. Alaskan Longspur.

Calcarius lapponicus alascensis RiDGW. 1808.
The whole of Alaska, including Prybilof and Aleutian islands,
Unalaska and the Shumagins, east to Fort Simpson. (A7dgzweay.)
Throughout the province; nowhere common. Burrard Inlet, Vic-

454 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

toria and Port Simpson. (/amnnin.) Common in the fall; rare in
the spring at Chilliwack B.C. (Bvooks.) Like the snowflake this
species has acircumpolar distribution and is recorded from nearly
every point visited by explorers.along the shores of the Arctic sea
coast. (Velson.) This species arrives at St. Michael from the 5th to
the 15th May. A few arrive at first, and before a month elapses it is
the most abundant land bird seen in the locality. (Zurner.) Quite
common at Point Barrow, but breeding inland on drier places than
the snowflake which prefers the sea shore and thelagoons. (AZw-
doch.) IUsawasmall flock at the Aphoon mouth of the Yukon
onthe 27th August, 1899; later they were seen at St. Michael and
onUnalaska Island. (Szshop.)

BREEDING NotTes.—My acquaintance with the birds at this
point was limited to the few hours ashore during this evening and
the next. But the Alaskan longspur was, with the single exception
of the snowy owl, the only land bird observed. The low-lying
moss-covered tundras with not even a dwarfed bush or any-.exten-
sive patch of grass to offer attraction to any other land _ bird,
seemed to constitute a congenial abode for this species, and the
longspurs were fairly common. They seemed toshow preference
for the driest tracts lying just back of the beach and on the higher
ground separating the numerous lagoons and lakes. In my tramp
across these tundras I would frequently meet with a male long-
spur standing motionless on some conspicuous hummock. If I
approached too close he would attempt to get out of my way by
stealthily running to one side, but if pressed he would take flight
and mount upwards circling high overhead and uttering his pleas-
ing song. I sometimes heard them singing from their perches
on the ground, but they were most generally heard while circling
with apparent aimlessness far above, the yellow reflection of the
midnight sun bringing out their forms against the indigo sky. To
my ear the song of the Alaskan longspur resembles closely that
of the western meadowlark, except that it is much weaker and
more prolonged. A nest was found at this point containing two
newly-hatched young and three eggs. It was sunk into a hum-
mock of spahgnum and completely concealed from above by a
tussock of grass, part of which was artfully arched over it. The
nest proper consisted of a remarkably scant lining of long, fine
grasses. At Cape Lowenstern, on July Ist, I noted a few long-
spurs, and at Cape Blossom, over the rolling hills just back of the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 455

coast, this bird was common. Its song was heard for a few days
after our arrival, June gth, but ceased altogether after the 16th.
The first juveniles, full-grown, were seen on July 30th. In 1899,
apparently a much earlier season, many nearly-fledged young
were noted on July Ist. From August Ist to 12th, 1898, juveniles
were plentiful in the vicinity of the mission. They were in small
companies or scattered singly in the edge of the tall grass border-
ing the beaches. The tendency at this season seemed for them
to be gathering into flocks, and on the 11th, the last day of our
stay on the sound, I sawa flock of about 25. I last saw the
Alaskan longspur in 1898 on the 16th of August ; it was on our
way up the Kowak, and at a point about 100 miles from the
mouth. A small jcompany flew across the river in front of our
steamer in a southerly direction. In the spring of ’99, on the
Kowak, the first longspurs were noted on the 20th of May. In
this region they inhabit the bare level stretches of tundra, extend-
ing at intervals from the river back to the foot-hills. On June
Ist I secured a nest and five fresh eggs. The nest was embedded
in the moss under an overhanging clump of dead grass, and con-
sisted of fine dry grasses, with a lining of dark feathers of ptarmi-
gan and short-eared owls. The diameter of the nest cavity 2°50,
with a depth of 1'oc. The eggs are nearly oblong-ovate in shape
and measure °87 x *60, °86 x ‘61, ‘84 x ‘60, ‘86 x ‘60,°85 x ‘61. Their
ground-colour, as disclosed for a limited space at the small ends of
two eggs, is very pale blue. Otherwise the eggs are so completely
covered with pigment as to be almost uniform isabella colour.
Overlying this are scattered scrawls and dots of bistre. I found
another nest on Chamisso Island on the gth July. This was
similarly located and contained four eggs in which incubation
was nearly completed. ( Grinnell.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One set of five eggs with nest taken on St. Paul Island, Behring
Sea, June 20th, 1897 by Mr. eae: Macoun. Nest made of dried
fibres of small rootlets and grass, with an inner lining of grass
mixed with a little hair.

537. Smith’s Longspur.
Calcarius pictus (SWAINS.) STEJN. 1882.

Rather common in the meadows at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay,
July 23rd to 30th, 1900. They were quite tame, but hard to see

456 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

on the mossy hillocks. (Pred/es.) Observed only on one occasion
near the Souris River, when it was in company with chestnut-
collared and Lapland longspur, having like the last species just
arrived from the north. (Cowes.) An abundant spring but rare
fall migrant in Manitoba ; on May 17th, 1884, they were at Car-
berry, Man., in enormous numbers, and I had no difficulty in
getting all the specimens I desired. (Zhompson-Seton.) A large
flock was seen at Indian Head, Assa.,on May 12th, 1892, common
by the 15th but gone in a few days; a few were seen at Egg
Lake, Peace River, Lat. 56° on August 30th, and others at Lesser
Slave Lake, September 5th, 1903. (Spreadborough.) This species
was observed associating with Lapland buntings on the banks of
the Saskatchewan, but no information regarding its breeding
habits was received. Only one specimen was obtained. (Richard-
son.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River ; rather
rare. (oss.) Very abundant in the country to the eastward of
Fort Anderson in the “ barren grounds,” and on the lower Ander-
son River. (Macfarlane.) This species has been taken at Fort
Yukon by Strachan Jones but there is no other record of its hav-
ing been taken in Alaska. (Ve/son.) One male secured at Point
Barrow, Alaska, June 11th, 1898. (MWztmer Stone.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird breeds abundantly on the slopes
of the Caribou Hills, 80 miles south of the Arctic Coast west of
the Mackenzie River delta. Here Mr. Stringer found several
nests in June, 1897. They were built on the the ground in grassy
hummocks and contained from 4 to 6 eggs in each, which some-
what resemble eggs of the Lapland longspur, except that they
have a paler ground-colour. Ten nests before me are all made of
dry grass and well lined with feathers. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Three taken at Indian Head, Assa., one in September, 1891, and
two in May, 1892, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.
538 Chestnut-collared Longspur.
Calcarius ornatus (Towns.) STEJN. 1882.

These birds were not noticed in the immediate vicinity of Red
River, but I had no sooner passed the Pembina Mountains than I
found them in profusion; from thence they extend in more or
less abundance to the Rocky Mountains. (Cowes.) A common

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 457

summer resident in Manitoba, local in distribution, many pairs
affecting a limited area of dry prairie, while for miles no more of
this species are to be seen. (Zhompson-Seton.) First seen at
Indian Head, Assa., May 12th, 1892, by the 18th they were com-
mon; they breed there in great numbers; very common at Crane
Lake; seen in large flocks flying in company with McCown’s bunt-
ing at Medicine Hat, May 2nd, 1894; breeding in large numbers
at Crane Lake in June; found three nests with young and one
with four fresh eggs June 12th, 1894, the nest was a rather deep
hole in the ground, lined with a little dried grass; nest on the
open prairie in short grass; rare at the Cypress Hills, only one
specimen seen in a week. (Spreadborough.) Quite common
at Brandon, Man., and Moose Jaw, Assa., in 1896. This is a
common bird everywhere on the prairie from Indian Head, Assa.,
westward to Frenchman’s River; this species, the horned lark
and McCown’s bunting make up nearly the whole avi-fauna of the
absolute prairie. It is exclusively a prairie bird and is more or
less common in all the country traversed in 1895 to Milk River.
No nests were taken before June 18th, though in the preceding
year young were hatched before that date. (Macoun.)) I have
found this bird breeding abundantly throughout the prairie parts
of Manitoba and Assiniboia. It was especially numerous on the
prairie north of Moose Jaw, Assa., where during the first week of
June, 1891, I found many nests on the ground at the side of sods
and containing five or six eggs each. (W. Raine.)

BREEDING Norrs.-—My first specimens were secured July 14th,
1873, at which dates the early broods were already on wing.
Uniting of several families had scarcely begun, however, nor were
small flocks made up, apparently, till the first broods had, as a
general thing, been left to themselves, the parents busying them-
selves with a second set of eggs. Then straggling troops, con-
sisting chiefly of birds of ‘the year, were almost continually seen,
mixing freely with Baird’s buntings and the skylarks; in fact,
most of the congregations of prairie birds that were successively
disturbed by our advancing wagon-trains consisted of all three of
these, with a considerable sprinkling of Savanna sparrows, shore
larks and bay-winged buntings. The first eggs I secured were
July 18th, nearly a week after I had found young on wing; these
were fresh; other nests examined at the same time contained
newly hatched young. Again, I have found fresh eggs so late as

458 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the first week in August. During the second season, the first eggs
were taken July 6th, and at that time there were already plenty
of young birds flying. The laying-season must consequently
reach over a period of at least two months. I was not on the
ground early enough to determine the commencement exactly,
but supposing a two weeks’ incubation, and about the same
length of time occupied in rearing the young in the nest, the first
batch of eggs must be laid early in June to give the sets of young
which fly by the first of July. There is obviously time for the first
pair to get a second, if not a third, brood off their hands by the
end of August; I should say that certainly two, and probably
three, broods are reared, as arule. The result of all this is that
from the end of June until the end of August young birds in every
state of plumage, and the parents in various degrees of wear and
tear, are all found together. The nest, of course, is p!aced on the
ground, usually beneath some little tuft of grass or weeds, which
effectually conceals it. Like that of other ground-building
sparrows, it is sunk flush with the surface of the ground, thin at
the bottom, but with thicker and tolerably firm brim; it con-
sists simply of a few grasses and weed-stems for the most part
circularly disposed. In size, the cup is about 3% inches across
the brim and nearly 2 in depth. During the first season, I only found
four eggs or young in a nest; but I afterward took one containing
six eggs. These measure about 4 long by ? broad, of an ordinary
shape. They are difficult to describe as to colour, for the marking
is intricate as well as very variable here as elsewhere in the
genus. I have called them “ grayish-white ” more or less clouded
and mottled with pale purplish gray which confers the prevailing
tone; this is overlaid with numerous surface markings of points,
scratches and small spots of dark brown, wholly indeterminate in
distribution and number, but always conspicuous, being sharply
displayed upon the subdued ground colour. On those occasions
when I approached a nest containing eggs, the female usually
walked off quietly, after a little flutter, to some distance, and then
took wing; at other times, however, when there were young in
the nest, both parents hovered close overhead, with continuous
eres: + ((Cozes:)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; three taken at Indian Head, Assa., in September, 1891,
and May, 1892, one at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 459

two at Crane Lake, Assa., June, 1894, all by Mr. Spread-
borough.

Numerous nests were taken at Crane Lake in June, 1894, but
nearly all contained young or eggs nearly hatched. In June, 1893,
many nests were found south of the Cypress Hills and in all the
nests the sets ranged from 3-—5. The sets in the collection were
taken at Crane Lake June 8th and gth, 1894, by Prof. Macoun.

CXCV. RHYNCHOPHANES Bairp. 1858.

539. McCown’s Longspur.

Rhynchophanes mecownit (LAwR.) RipGw. 1877.

A specimen of this bird was taken just west of Manitoba by Mr.
Thorpe near Dalesboro. (7hompson-Seton.) This species was never
seen in the Red River region and I do not think it occurs on that
watershed which is so thickly populated in summer with C. ornatus.
It seems to be one of the many birds that mark the natural divi-
sion between that region and the Missouri Basin. The first speci-
men taken was near Fort Buford. As we progressed towards the
Milk River the bird became more and more abundant and it occur-
red throughout the country thence to the Rocky Mountains.
McCown’s longspur was very abundant in the country about
Frenchman’s River where both species were breeding, but further
west C. orvnatus, diminished in numbers while McCown’s longspur
increased and extended to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
(Coues.) First seen at Indian Head, Assa., May 23rd, 1892; by
the first June they were abundant on burnt prairie and land that
had been broken and let run to weeds. Numbers remained to
breed ; two individuals were seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., April
21st, 1894, after which time they became common both there and
at Crane Lake 100 miles further east. By May 2nd they were in
thousands at Medicine Hat and numbers of males were in full song.
Common at Crane Lake in June; amongst other nests one was
found containing five eggs, one of which belonged to a cowbird.
The nest was a rather deep hole in the prairie, lined with a little
dried grass ; in 1895 they were common at Moose Jaw, at Old
Wives’ Creek, Wood Mountain, Frenchman’s River up to the
Cypress Hills, Assa., but not in the hills, and westerly from there
to Milk River, where they decreased in numbers and only a few
extended to the foothills near Waterton. Lake ; observed a num-

460 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ber at Calgary, Alta., June 19th, 1897; one seen on the shore of an
island in Lesser Slave Lake, Atha., May 31st, 1903. This species
and C. ornatus were always found together and are true prairie
species. (Spreadborough.) I secured an adult male on June 3rd,
1887, and on the same day three years later, shot two females at
the same place ; these are all I have seen at Chilliwack, B.C.
(Brooks.)

BreepDinG Notes.—This bird is a great favorite of mine. I
love its sweet song, for the male bird has the habit of soaring into
the air for some distance and then descending with outstretched
wings, with a parachute-like descent sliding down on the scale
of its own delicious music. During June, 1891 and 1893, I found
this species abundant on the hilly prairie north of Rush Lake,
Assa. Here it builds its nest on the ground at the side of a sod
and lays four or five eggs. The female is a close sitter, not leav-
ing the nest until the intruder has stepped close up to it. The
eggs are like those of Smith’s longspur in colour and markings,
but average smaller in size. (W. Raine.) This is a very common
species in many parts of the prairie region. Many nests were
seen in 1894 and 1895 and all were ina hole in the ground with
slight elevation on one side. Nest of dried grass and _ indis-
tinguishable from that of the chestnut-collared bunting. (JZacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen ; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., May, 1892, one
at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., May 25th, 1895, two at Crane Lake,
Assa., April 25th, 1894, eight at Medicine Hat, Assa., in April
and May, 1894, all by Mr. Spreadborough ; one taken at Rush
Lake, Assa., May 29th, 1893, by Mr. W. Raine.

Two sets of four eggs each, one taken at Crane Lake, June 11th,
1894 and the other south of Wood Mountain, Assa., June 14th,
1895, both by Prof. Macoun.

CXCVI. POOCAETES Bairp. 1858.
540. Vesper Sparrow.

Poocetes gramineus (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1858.
A common resident in fields in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) Com-
mon in King’s Co., N.S. from the middle of April to October.
(77. Tufts.) Not uncommon at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 461

Breton Island, N.S., July, 1898 ; a few specimens seen at Rustico,
Prince Edward Island, 2nd July, 1888. (/acoun.) An abundant
bird on Prince Edward Island, frequenting the open fields in the
more settled districts. (Dwzght.) One specimen shot at Hamp-
ton, N.B., June, 1881. (Chamberlain.) An abundant summer
resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Not
common in eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common summer resid-
ent inthe Montreal district ; breeds on the island of Montreal.
Nests with eggs found from May 14th to 28th ; observed from
April 7th to October 8th. (Winile.) An abundant summer resid-
ent breeding in large nnmbers. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
Very common in meadows and pastures ; have found the nest on
two occasions the last of April. (Rev. C./. Young.)” One of the
commonest summer residents in the Parry Sound and Muskoka
districts. (J. H. Fleming.) A very common summer resident
in all western Ontario. (W. &. Saunders.) An abundant summer
resident at Guelph, Ont.; arrives about April Ist and leaves
about October 15th. (A. B. Klugh.) Very abundant in summer;
breeding at Penetanguishene, Ont. (A. 7. Young.) One pair found
breeding at Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, Ont., 1900. (Sfread-
borough.) Common at Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan River;
specimens taken, all males. (/Vw¢ting.) Numerous in all open
situations between the Coast Range and the Rockies as far north
das, Lac la Elache, BC. (Rheads.)’ Mr. Streator and’ the witer
place the Ashcroft, B.C. birds under confints.

The vesper sparrows of Cariboo District, B.C. seem closer to
the typical species than to either of the subspecies affimzs or con-
finis. They were common at 158-Mile House, and were also
breeding at timber line at Barkerville. (Avooks.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nest bulky, near stone quarry, built on
the ground composed of grass and weed stalks, lined with horse
hair and fine grass ; eggs 4, grayish white, marked all over with
spots and splashes of dull reddish brown. (G. R. White.) Arrives in
New Brunswick from winter quarters during April. Have found
with full sets of eggs early in May; and once a nest with three
eggs was found with partly incubated eggs inSeptember. (IV.7.
Moore.) This species breeds around Ottawa in May and June.
Nest sunken in the ground, the brim being on a level with the soil ;
nest composed of grasses with sometimes a few bits of green moss
or a few hairs ; four or five eggs are the usual number. (Garneau.)

462 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six ; two taken at Ottawa, Ont., in July and October, 1890, by
F. A. Saunders ; one at London, Ont., taken April 15th, 1881 ;
two taken at Toronto, by S. Herring.

One set of four eggs taken at Ottawa, June 2nd, 1898; nest on
the ground made of dried grass.

540a. Western Vesper Sparrow.

Poocetes gramineus confinis BAIRD. 1858.

This species breeds from Pembina on the east to the base of the
Rocky Mountains on the west along the 4gth parallel. (Cowes.)
A very abundant summer resident on the prairies of Manitoba.
(Thompson-Seton.) This species arrives on the Saskatchewan
plains early in May, and frequents the withered grass which
makes an excellent cover. It was not seen by us beyond Lat.
57°. (Richardson.) On 26th June, 1864, we found a nest of this
species containing six eggs in a sparsely wooded tract of country
to the east of Fort Anderson. (Macfarlane.) Quite a common
summer resident throughout the country around Prince Albert,
Sask., and to be seen running ahead on every trail; breeding in
great numbers in the region. (Coubeaux.) In 1895 this species
was common from Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountains on or
about the 4gth parallel. It always nested on the ground, but
seemed to prefer being where there is more or less brush. It was
first found nesting on June 2nd. First seen at Indian Head, Assa.,
on May goth, 1892; common by the 13th; found two nests on the
ground, June 7th, with four eggs in each; first seen at Medicine
Hat, Assa., April 30th, 1894, two individuals, both males; next
day five were seen and by May 4th they were common and the
same at Crane Lake on the 7th ; common in the east end of the
Cypress Hills in the latter end of June; in 1891 it was found to be
common and breeding around Banff, Rocky Mountains, in the
direction of Devil’s Lake; at Edmonton, Alta., May Ist, 1897,
they very soon became common and began to pair. They were
common in the foothills from Calgary to Crow’s Nest Pass.
Common on all the small prairies throughout the Peace River
country between Lat. 55°-57°; common along the trail on all the
dry grass land from Edmonton to Jasper House in 1898; this
species was common at Kamloops, Spence’s Bridge, Enderby and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 463

the Nicola valley, B.C., in June, 1889, and on the plateau between
the North Thompson and Bonaparte rivers; a few observed at
Chilliwack, B.C., in the spring, and oneat the mouth of Tami Hy
Creek, September 8th, 1901. In April and May, 1903, they were
quite common at Penticton in southern British Columbia.
(Spreadborough.) Very common in the interior; breeds. (S¢reator.)
An abundant summer resident east of Coast Range, also on Van-
couver Island. (/a@nnin.) Migrant; not common at Chilliwack.
Specimens are very pale and may belong to affints. (Brooks.)

BREEDING NotTes.—Several nests-were found at Pembina, con-
taining eggs, about the middle of June. One of them also held
two Molothrus eggs. The nests were built in open ground, quite
deeply sunken so as to be flush with the surface, and more sub-
stantial than those of many ground-builders, the walls being an
inch or more thick at the brim. The cavity is small and deep in
comparison with the whole nest. The usual materials are grasses
and weed-stalks, the coarser material outside, the finer fibres
within and at the bottom. The eggs, of which I have not found
more than four, measure about o'80 by 0°55; they are grayish-
white, heavily marked all over with spots, dashes and blotches of
reddish-brown, and a sprinkling of fine dots of the same or darker
brown. The female is a close sitter, not leaving the nest until
nearly trodden upon, and then fluttering off as if crippled, to dis-
tract attention from the nest to herself. (Coues.) This is a very
common prairie species, breeding in all parts of Assiniboia and
Alberta. A nest taken on 31st May, 1895, contained three fresh
eggs. The nest was, on the sloping side of a coulée, placed
on the ground under a tuft of grass. It was built chiefly of fine
material, the base being leaves of grass, the coarser at the bot-
tom. A few hairs were worked in at the last. Another nest
identical in every way was taken Igth June, in aclump of Poften-
tila gracilis at the edge of a ravine. (JZacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-seven; one taken at Carberry, Man., by Mr. Thompson-
Seton; four at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1891, one at Old
Wives’ Creek, Assa., May 27th, 1895, seven at Medicine Hat,
Assa., May, 1894, two at Edmonton, Alta., May, 1897, six at Banff,
Rocky Mountains, May, 1891, two at Kamloops, B.C., June 20th,

4

464 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

1889, three at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., May, 1889, and four at Pen-
ticton, B.C., April, 1903, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Twosets of four eggs each taken at Crane Lake,Assa., June 11th,
1894, by Prof. Macoun; another set of four eggs taken at Fort
Saskatchewan, Alta., May 7th, 1898, received from Mr. W. Raine.

5406. Oregon Vesper Sparrow.

Poocetes gramineus affinis MILLER. 1888.

Western Washington and British Columbia, including Van-
couver Island. (Ridgway.) West side of Coast Range, B.C.,and
Vancouver Island. (Fannin.) A few observed at Chilliwack, B.C.,
in the spring of 1901; and one individual at the mouth of Tami
Hy Creek, Sept. oth of the same year. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One taken at the mouth of Tami Hy Creek, Chilliwack River,
B.C., September gth, 1901, by W. Spreadborough.

CXCVII. PASSERCULUS Bonaparte. 1838.

541. Ipswich Sparrow.

Passerculus princeps MAYNARD. 1872.

Taken at Lawrencetown near Halifax, N.S., March,_ 1878.
(Matthew Jones.) One taken at Point Lepreaux, N.B., April,
1876. (Chamberlain.) On April 7th, 1895, when 260 miles from
Halifax on board the S.S. Labrador bound for Liverpool, two of
these sparrows came on board and remainedcfor some hours;
apparently they were on their way to Newfoundland. (/. H.
Fleming.) In the summer of 1899 the writer spent six weeks on
Sable Island and had ample opportunity to study the habits of
this bird. It was the only resident land-bird on the island and all
nests found whether new or old belonged to it. Most of those
found were scooped out of the sand and built more or less with
grass. Many birds winter on the island, and as far as known it is
its only breeding grounds. Dr. Jonathan Dwight, jr., of New
York has written a full account of its habits and nesting on the
island. In 1902 Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, Ont., who spent
some time on the island, published a very full account of its life
history in the Ottawa Naturatst, Vol. XVI.

“

‘aed had
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- ‘

3

~

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 465

542. Sandwich Sparrow.

Passerculus sandwichensts (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1858.

A few were seen on Unalaska Island, October 5th, 1899, and two
young secured. (Lzshop.) This species occurs during the summer
along the entire Aleutian chain and on the island of Kadiak,
in addition to the southeastern shore of the territory. Dall cites
it from Unalaska where he found it numerous as he did also to
the eastward, but he did not find it to the west of that island.
(Welson.) This species is one of the earliest arrivals at Unalaska,
usually about the 1toth of May. They breed in June in the grass.
(Turner.) On June 3rd, 1890, in a grassy patch near Lukanin
beach, on St. Paul Island, I several times flushed a sparrow which I
identified as this species. (Palmer.) Five specimens were taken on
Amagnak Island, near Dutch Harbour, Unalaska, in September,
1897. (Grinnell.)

Common about the prairies and open timbered lands. (Lord.)
Common on the coast in the fall. (Streator.) An abundant
summer resident west of Coast Range; breeds on Vancouver
Island. (annin.) Tolerably common migrant at Chilliwack.
(Lrooks.) A few specimens taken at Chilliwack, B.C., in the
spring of 1901; taken at Hastings, April, 1889; first seen near
Victoria, Vancouver Island, about April 20th, 1893, by May 4th
they were common. (Spreadborough.) One seen on April 23rd,
1887, at Victoria; abundant the next day; common along the
sea coast at Salt Spring Island, Nanaimo and Comox. (Macoun.)

BREEDING NoTEs.—On June toth, 1893, at Vancouver, B.C.,
found a nest and five eggsof this bird. The nest was built on the
ground, made of dried grass and lined with hair. The eggs are
greenish-white, heavily blotched and spotted with light brown
and lilac; size -74 by ‘54 inches. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.
One specimen taken at Victoria, Vancouver Island, Spat Igth,
1887, by the writer.
5424. Savanna Sparrow.

Passerculus sandwichensts savanna (WIits.) Ripew. 1880.

Common throughout eastern Labrador; breeds at the mouth of
the Koksoak River and at Davis Inlet. (Fackard.) Tolerably

4%

466 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

common on the islands and shores of James Bay, from Moose
Factory to Richmond Gulf; none seen in crossing Ungava
until we neared Fort Chimo. (Spreadborough.) Two adult
specimens from Chateau Bay, July 14th, 1891. ((Vorton.) Abun-
dant throughout the summer in Newfoundland. (eeks.) Un-
common; passes through Nova Scotia in spring. (Downs.) Very
common from the middle of April till October in Kings Co., N.S.
(7. Tufts.) Rather rare at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton
Island, July, 1898; common on the shore at Brackley Beach,
Prince Edward Island, June 29th, 1888. (JZacoun.) This is prob-
ably the most abundant bird on Prince Edward Island, and is
found everywhere except in woods. On sand beaches, marshes
or dry fields its weak song was constantly heard and in certain
pastures it seemed as if every third fence-post was occupied by a
singer. (Dwzght.)

Anabundant summer resident in New Brunswick. ( Chamberlain.)
A common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.
(W. H. Moore.) Very abundant on the Magdalen Islands; breed-
ing in every open field. (zshop.) An abundant species on all
the grassy islands and shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
(Brewster.) A common summer resident in eastern Quebec.
(Dionne.) An abundant summer resident at Montreal; breeds on
the Island of Montreal. Nests with eggs found May 24th. Ob-
served here from April 7th to October Ist. (Wantle.)

A common summer resident at Ottawa; breeds by St. Louis
dam. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) 1 found this bird to be the
commonest bird on the Magdalen Islands in 1897. It nests in
May and June and usually lays five eggs, but sometimes only
four. It is also very commonon Simcoe Island, in Lake Ontario,
but not so common onthe main shore. (Rev.C. /. Young.) Reported
by Mr. Tavernier as common at Beaumaris, Muskoka district, on
April 22, 1898; I have not met with it in Parry Sound. (/. H.
Fleming.) An abundant species around Toronto in all suitable
localities. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) Observed a pair at Cache Lake,
Algonquin Park, Ont.,June 18th,1g00. (Spreadborough.) A common
summer resident at Guelph, Ont. An inhabitant of pastures.
(A. B. Klugh.)

Breepinc Nores.—Nest on ground, built of grass and lined
with horse hair; eggs four, a light gray, thickly mottled with

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 467

reddish brown. (G. R. White.) The nesting season at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B., is from May to July. Three to five eggs
are laid in a loosely constructed nest of grasses on the ground, or
sometimes by the side ofa log or root. (W. H. Moore.) Quite
common at Ottawa and Lake Nominingue. Nest sunken in the
ground and hidden by the grass, made with grasses, rootlets and
hairs. Sometimes only two or three bits of grass and hairs are
used. One nest was found in sand under a potato plant. It
nests in May, June and July and lays four eggs. (Garneau)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; taken at Ottawa in October, 1890, and September, 1891,
by Mr. F. A. Saunders.

One set of four eggs taken on Toronto Island on May Ioth,
1856, by Mr. W. Raine, and another of four taken in the same
place June.21st,.1894, by Mr..\G. F. Dippie-.

5426. Western Savanna Sparrow.

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonar.) Ripew. 1877.

Breeds in profusion throughout the region explored, that is
along the 4gth parallel. Though not exclusively a bird of the
prairie, it seems to be as much at home in the open plains as

anywhere, associating with Centronyx, the chestnut-collared
and McCown’s longspurs. It is also found in the brush along
streams and the larger rivers which are not frequented by the
above species. (Cowes.) An abundant summer resident on the
prairies in Manitoba. The bird is remarkably shy, even in places
where man is scarcely ever seen. (Zhompson-Seton.) First seen
May 11th, 1892, at Indian Head, Assa., common by May 13th;
they breed in the vicinity in great numbers; common at Crane
Lake, Assa.; seemed to prefer low ground where there were
bushes; quite common on the east end of the Cypress Hills the
last week in June, 1894, in low damp ground. In 1895 its habits
were more carefully observed and it was found that it was always
by pools of water or in marshes at West Selkirk, Brandon, Moose
Jaw, Parkbeg and Old Wives’ Creek. It was found nesting at
12-Mile Lake, near Wood Mountain, and always in marshy spots.
This species was noted wherever there was water or marsh for 400
miles to the westward .to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
(Macoun.) First seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 3rd, 1897, next

468 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

day they were common ; two nests were taken on the ground
near a lake; each contained five eggs; common in the foothills,
south of Calgary in 1897; first seen on April 25th, common 2gth
at Penticton south of Lake Okanagan, B.C.; common from Lesser
Slave Lake to Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903; com-
mon ‘on the damp grass land from Edmonton to Jasper House,also
in the MacLennan River valley,B.C.,in 1898; one of the commonest
species from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast. This
species was taken at Banff, in the Rocky Mountains, in 1891, and
at Revelstoke, mouth of Salmon River, Agassiz and Huntington,
B.C.; also at Victoria, Vancouver Island. (Spreadborough.) This
is'a common species from the Saskatchewan northward to the
“barren grounds.” (Aichardson.) Not uncommon, but in summer
only, and breeding here on the prairie at Prince Albert, Sask.
(Coubeaux.) Common down the Mackenzie River to its mouth.
(Ross.) Very abundant in marshy and sparsely wooded tracts
or plains near Fort Anderson and on the lower river, seeing
that “upwards of 200 nests with eggs” were collected in
that quarter. They were all placed on the ground and com-
posed of dry stems of grasses lined with finer materials of the
same. Sometimes the nests are lined with a few feathers and
deer hair. The number of eggs in a nest was four or five.
(Macfarlane.)

Common about the prairies and open places. (Zord.) Abundant
summer resident on the coast. (S¢veator.) Summer resident on
the coast. (Fannin.) An abundant summer resident at Chilliwack,
an occasional bird remaining all winter. (Bvooks.) This form
breeds in all localities in British Columbia from the Rocky
Mountains to the coast, including the islands, from the sea level
to 5,000 feet. (A/oads.) Sumas prairie, Lulu Island and English
Bay, B.C. ; common at those localities. (£. &. G. White.) Next
to the Lapland longspur this bird is the most abundant of the
sparrow tribe throughout the Behring Sea coast region of
Alaska, and it extends thence north to the Arctic shores of the
territory. (JVelson.) This species was not obtained at the
Aleutian Islands, but at St. Michael it was as common as the
other species. (Zurner.) The western Savanna sparrow was
fairly numerous in the vicinity of Cape Blossom, Kotzebue
Sound. The grassy meadows bordering lagoons seemed to be its
most congenial haunt, although I met with a few on the hillsides

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 469

towards the interior of the peninsula; young were half-fledged
by July roth. (Gvimnell.) Six breeding specimens taken between
June Ist and July 27th, and three in winter plumage, illustrate
this species as seen at Point Barrow, Alaska. (Witmer Stone.)
A few were seen and four specimens taken at Hope and Tyonek,
Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, September, 1909. (Osgood.) I saw several
Savanna sparrows in the marshes at Chilkat Inlet, June Ist, 1899,
and took individuals at Haine’s Mission and at Skagway and
others at Glacier, Alaska; several pairs were seen at Log Cabin
on Lake Bennett, at Cariboo Crossing and on an island in Lake
Tagish, B.C.; later they were seen on Lake Marsh, Lat. 60° 15’, in
the Yukon district; after this none was seen until we reached
the Alaska boundary, after this they were found at Circle City,
Charlie Village and at the Aphoon, mouth of the Yukon, and at
St. Michael. (Szshop.) From June to September of Igo! eight
specimens in all were seen at Homer and Sheep Creek near the
Kenai Mountains, Alaska. Found breeding on the low sandy
spit at Homer. Its nest was well concealed in coarse grass. It
was entirely covered and the entrance to the three nests examined
was on the southern side. (Chapman.)

BreEpING Notes.—A large suite of specimens was taken, a part
of it, however, unintentionally, for it is not an easy matter to
always distinguish between the Savanna sparrow and Baird’s
bunting at gunshot range; and when I have killed a bird I gener-
ally make a point of preserving it, even though it is not particu-
larly wanted as a specimen in order that its life may not have
been taken in vain. The nest is placed on the ground, simply
built of dried grasses with a lining of horse hair; the eggs are
four or five in number, in this locality usually laid in the first
half of June. Like nearly all the fringilline birds of this region
the Savanna sparrow is frequently the cow-bird’s foster-parent,
and in one instance that came under my observation, the nest
contained two of the alien eggs. (Cowes.) On June 18th, 1882,
within a few feet of a straw-stack in the barnyard, where horses
and cattle are continually running about, I found the nest of a
Savanna sparrow, protected only by a tuft of prairie grass. It
contained five eggs, and was composed of grass with a meagre
lining of horse-hair, the whole being slightly sunk in the ground.
(Thompson-Seton.) This is a very abundant species in Assiniboia
and Alberta. Set of eggs usually four. Always breeds near

470 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

water, generally in old grass in a marsh or by a pool. Nest com-
posed altogether of dried grass with a lining of finer grass and a
little horse or other hair. (AZacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Forty-seven; seven at Indian Head, Assa., May, 1891; two at
12-Mile Lake, near Wood Mountain, Assa., June, 1895; two at
Crane Lake, Assa., June 7th, 1894; one at Peace River Landing,
Atha., June 16th, 1903; nine at Edmonton, Alta., May and June,
1897; two at Banff,Rocky Mountains, June, 1891; four at Revelstoke
B.C., April, 1890; two at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903; two at the
mouth of Salmon River, B.C., July, 1902; three at Agassiz, B.C.,
May, 1889; nine at Huntington, B.C., October, 1901, and four at
Victoria, Vancouver Island, April, 1893, all by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

Four sets of eggs ; one of four taken at Twelve-mile Lake,
Assa., June 7th, 1895, by the writer ; three sets of five eggs each,
taken at Edmonton, Alta., on June 3rd and May 27th, 1897, by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

542. Labrador Savanna Sparrow.

L asserculus sandwichensis labradoricus R. H. Howe, Jr.

Fairly common at Port Manvers, Lat. 57° northeastern Labra-
dor during the last half of August and the first week of September,
1900. (Witmer Stone.)

CXCVHI. CENTRONYX Bairp. 1858.
545. Baird’s Sparrow.

Centronyx bairdit (AuD.) BAIRD. 1874.

It is difficult to understand how this bird eluded observation
for thirty years from the time of its original discovery by Audu-
bon on the upper Missouri nearly to the present day. I did not
meet with the species along the Red River itself, but found it as
soon as I passed from the Pembina Mountains to the boundless
prairies beyond. In some particular spots it outnumbered all the
other birds together, and on an average through the country
from the Pembina Mountain to the Mouse (Souris) River it was
one of the trio of commonest birds. The skylarks and chestnut-
collared longspur being the other two. (Cowes.) An abundant

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 471

summer resident throughout the Assiniboine valley, wherever
there are alkaline flats. In many parts of the prairies west of
Birtle there are low flat alkaline stretches sparsely covered with
long, wiry grass. Wherever the land is of this character Baird’s
bunting is sure to be a prominent if not a prevailing species.
(Thompson-Seton.) One specimen secured the first time we went
collecting at Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan; shot ona high
grassy plain between the fort and the lake. (WMudtting.)

BREEDING Nores.—I found a nest and four eggs of this bird as
I was riding over the prairie near Crescent Lake, Assa., on June
3rd, 1901. On June 6th, while driving to Saltcoats marshes we
flushed another Baird’s sparrow off its nest containing five ex-
ceedingly handsome eggs. Nest on the ground at the side of the
trail. June 7th I found another nest and five eggs, nest, like the
other, made of dried grass, lined with hair, built on the ground
in short grass. The eggs are like well blotched eggs of the
vesper sparrow but are much smaller and averaging °75 x ‘55
inches. (W. Raine.)

CXCIX. COTURNICULUS Bonaparte. 1838.

546. Grasshopper Sparrow.

Coturniculus savannarum passerinus (WILS.) Ripew. 1885.

Said to occur in New Brunswick by Mr. Adams. (Chamberiain.)
mam qurte sure this species is at Scotch Lake; York Co. NEB:,
but have not secured a specimen. (W. H. Moore.)

There are two Toronto records, one in 1879, and the second in
1890. (/. H. Fleming.) Fairly common in the two southwestern
counties of Ontario; but a rare summer resident near London;
usually only one specimen observed in several years. (W. &.
Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; taken at Hyde Park Corner, near London, Ont., in 1889,
by W. E. Saunders.

546a, Western Grasshopper Sparrow.

Coturniculus savannarum bimaculatus (SWAINS.) RipGW. 1901.
A summer resident near Vernon, B.C. (Bvooks.)

472 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

CC. AMMODRAMUS Swainson. 1827.

547. Henslow’s Sparrow.

Ammodramus henslowu (AvuD.) GRAY. 1849.

Thus far we have found this bird only near Sarnia, and at
Jeannette’s Creek, Ont.; but as about a dozen birds were observed
altogether on four different occasions in two years I believe it is
a fairly common summer resident in the western peninsula of
Ontario wherever a favourable locality exists. The original dis-
covery was made on May 24th, 1898, when several were noted at

Jeannette’s Creek and since then they have been found in the

locality on two other occasions. This is the most inconspicuous
bird I have ever met with; it runs through the glass like a mouse
and does not rise until one is almost on it, when it makes a short
zigzag flight and again conceals itself. (W. &. Saunders.) Iwas
surprised to find this sparrow on Lake Joseph, Muskoka, and
apparently breeding. I first noticed it on July 14th, 1902, ina
hay-field about a mile from Port Sanfield, and for some days had
every opportunity of watching the males as they sat on the fence
and uttered their rather wheezy notes. Two more pairs were in
one field, and I could find none in any of the few likely places
elsewhere. (/. H. Fleming in The Auk, Vol. XIX., p. 403.)

548. Leconte’s Sparrow.

Ammodramus leconteitt (AUD.) GRAY. 1849.

A male specimen of this species was given to me as an Acadian
sharp-tailed sparrow, taken May 5th, 1897, at Toronto, Ont.; this
is the first record for Ontario. (J. H. Ames in The Auk, Vol.
Es, Sp. 4 Tis)

The rediscovery of this little known and extremely interesting
species in Dakota was made in the season of 1873 by the Boun-
dary Commission. On the march between Turtle Mountain and
the first crossing of the Mouse (Souris) River, I came upon what
seemed to be a small colonyof the birds in a moist depression of
the prairie. I subsequently found the bird again and secured
another specimen. (Cowes.) This beautiful sparrow abounds in
Manitoba wherever there are meadows that offer the right com-
binations of willow, scrub and sedgy grass, and has been taken by

‘ = eb

me

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 473

myself on the west slope of Duck Mountain to the north of the
province. (Zhompson-Seton.) In June, 1896, this species was
breeding in a marsh at Sewell, Manitoba. (Macoun.) First seen
at Indian Head, Assa., May 12th, 1892, next seen June 23rd, when
two nests were found; each nest contained five eggs; nest made
of dried grass under a tuft on the ground. First seen at Edmon-
ton, Alta., late in May, 1897; not common, only observed about
a dozen altogether ; breeding in wet ground ; common on
Bragg’s Creek, about 4o miles from Calgary, June 28th, 1897 ; a

hiro me

few were breeding in a marsh at Peace River Landing, Atha., Lat. 5e¢/7 35.

56° 15’, June 1903; and one individual was seen west of the
Grande Prairie in August. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING Notrges.—On June 23rd, 1892, I found two nests of
this species. Each nest contained five eggs. The nest was placed
in old grass close to the ground, and was made of the same. The
land was low but not wet. The female was shot as she left the
nest. (Spreadborough.) In June, 1893, Mr. G. F. Dippie and
myself were fortunate in discovering the nest and eggs of this
species which were previously little known. This was at Rae-
burn, Man., since then I have found several more nests of Le-
conte’s sparrow in Manitoba and Assiniboia, all were made of fine
dry grass and nothing else and were invariably built in a tuft of
marsh hay a few inches above the ground. The eggs are greenish-
white speckled at the largest end with ashy-brown and are small,
65 x ‘5SoOinches. (W. Raine.) On June 12th, 1896, the writer was
collecting in a swamp south of Sewell, on the Canadian Pacific
Railway and came on the nest of a bird newtohim. The follow-
ing is from his notebook and evidently refers to this species. ‘‘In
the open swamp I found another nest in the grass, almost touch-
ing the water which here was standing in the grass and was evi-
dently permanent as Wenyanthes trifoliata and Calla palustris grew
close by. When the bird arose I thought it was a clay-coloured
sparrow, but on looking into the nest saw four eggs about the
same size as the sparrow’s but the large end was completely
covered with a deep shade of brown which shaded off into a
lighter colour and became mottled with a lightish-green. Three
eggs were as above, but one was much lighter in colour and hence
more distinctly mottled. They were much incubated and were
injured in blowing. I refer the eggs to Leconte’s sparrow.

474 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six ; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., May Ioth, 1892, two

at Edmonton, Alta., in May and June, 1897, and a pair at Peace
River Landing, Atha., June 16th, 1903.

One set of four eggs taken at Indian Head, Assa., on June 23rd,
1892, by Mr. Spreadborough ; one set of four taken at Sewell,
Man., June 12th, 1896, by Prof. Macoun.

549-1. Nelson’s Sparrow.

Ammodramus nelsoni (ALLEN) NORTON. 1897.

There are several records for Toronto. Dr. Cwight says the
Toronto birds are more nelsoni than subvirgatus, but not typical.
(J. H. Fleming.) J took a very fine female on 28th October, 1896,
at Toronto, and on the 17th November, Mr. I. Percival Turner
took two, a male and female, at the same spot. On the 17th
November, 1900, I visited the place again and saw two. (/.Hughes-
Samuel.) On the 22nd September, 1894, near Toronto, Ont., I
shot two individuals of this species ; on June 1oth, 1895, 1 shot ,
a female and in the autumns of 1896-97-98 I saw many others. (C.
W. Nash.)

On my arrival at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Mr. Hine surprised me
by producing a specimen of this form, shot at Winnipeg on May
25th, 1892. On June 30th, at Carberry, I heard a curious bird note
and going over the slough to the spot, I put up two small dark-
coloured sparrows. I obtained one which proved to be this form;
later in the day I took two more; the above specimens were sub-
mitted to Mr. F. M. Chapman and pronounced true e/sonz.
(Thompson-Seton.) See .pyss.

BREEDING NotEs.—On June 12th, 1893, Mr. Dippie and myself
found this bird nesting at Long Lake, Manitoba. The nest and
eggs I presented to the U.S. National Museum at Washington.
On the 14th June, 1894, I again visited the locality and was for-
tunate in finding another nest and four eggs of Nelson’s sparrow
and the next day I took another set of five eggs. Nests were
made of dried grass and built in a tuft of marsh hay a few inches
from the ground. Their voice is like that of a grasshopper and
they sing until long after sunset. (W. Raine.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 475

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two eggs taken at Long Lake, Manitoba, in June, 1894, by Mr,
W. Raine.

549-la. Acadian Sharp-tailed Finch.

Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus (DwicutT) Norton. 1897.

Fairly common about the salt marshes at the mouths of the
streams emptying into Minas Basin, King’s Co., N.S., from June
to October. (#7. Tufts.) Possibly occurs in Nova Scotia. (Downs.)
Several specimens taken in the vicinity of Hampton, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) A nest of this [species was taken near Baddeck,
Cape Breton Island, July, 26th, 1898 ; this species was not rare
along the shore of the bay east of Baddeck. (Macoun.) A few birds
in the salt marsh at Tignish, Prince Edward Island were the only
ones I could discover, although I searched in many other locali-
ties. (Dwight.) Taken at St. Denis de Kamouraska, south shore
of St. Lawrence, eastern Quebec ; breeding in some numbers.
(Dionne.) A casual visitor at Ottawa, Ont. One shot in 1882,
identified by Dr. Coues. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)

This form is peculiar to the fresh and salt water marshes of the
Maritime Provinces of Canada, especially those bordering on the
Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Strangely enough
it has never been taken in Nova Scotia, although it undoubtedly
occurs there, for] have observed it within two or three miles of
the boundary line when rambling over the meadows of the Petit-
codiac River in New Brunswick, not far from the type locality.
Since my discovery of the birds about ten years ago Ihave found
them breeding at Tignish, Prince Edward Island, where they were
recorded as caudacutus long before subvirgatus was separated by
Brewster, at Bathurst, N.B., and at Riviére du Loup, Quebec, on
the south shore of the St. Lawrence. They have also been found
a few miles west of the last named place at Kamouraska by
Dionne. West of this I have not found them, neither at L’Islet
nor on the marshes between the city of Quebec and Ste. Anne de
Beaupré. Consequently there appears to be a wide gap between
the headquarters of this form and those of ne/sont,—over one
thousand miles. (Dzwzght in The Auk, Vol. XIII., p. 276.)

This species is tolerably commen on low islands in the St. John
River, in York Co., N.B. The spring migrants arrive in April,
the first observed in 1903 was April 22nd, a week earlier than the

476 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Savanna sparrow arrived. They run along among the grasses
rather than take flight. The song isa low unattractive s-e-e-t s-k,
emitted either from the ground or from an elevation. They feed
about the margin of pools of still water where they seem to pro-
cure aquatic insects and grass seeds. Their colours blend most per-
fectly with such surroundings and it is only by persevering watch-
fulness that an observer may see them, unless they happen to
take flight. The nests are built back from the water where there
is no danger from an overflow and are fairly well concealed. The
few nests observed have been built of dried grass blades through-
out, the lining being composed of the finest material. One nest
was a mere film of blades, scarce compact enough to lift from the
depression where it was placed. It was built under the side of a
log and contained five eggs which were very uniformly marked,
there being three distinct varieties of colouring. A set now
before the writer, taken May 27th, contains four eggs, ‘71 x °59,
80 x °58,°72 x 60,°72 x 59. The ground colour is pale greehish-
blue marked with cinnamon-brown, umber and blue-gray. The
first, third and fourth are so heavily marked as to obscure the
ground colour, the second is much more finely and sparsely
marked, and with the third most heavily marked about the large
end. The nest was placed in a gully having a southern exposure,
and was also well concealed by thick grasses. While the writer
was walking across an island the bird flushed from under foot and
flew quietly away without making the least attempt at alluring
its disturber from the vicinity of the nest, nor did it return for some
time. The male was not seenat all. The eggs were fresh, which
fact probably accounted for the shyness of the birds. (W. Hf. Moore.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken at Scotch Lake, N.B., Sept. 7th, 1go1, by
W. H. Moore.

One set of four eggs taken at Wolfville, King’s Co., N.S.,
June 2nd, 1902, by Mr. R. W. Tufts. Nest made of grass placed
among grass in a salt marsh.

CCI. CHONDESTES, Swainson. 1827.
552. Lark Sparrow.
Chondestes grammacus (SAy) Bonap. 1838.

One seen on Sable Island N.S. on Sept. 6th, 1902, and a number
on October roth. (James Bouteiller.)

———

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 477

This bird breeds regularly at Toronto; a nest was taken at the
Humber, May 15th, 1899; it is very local and not abundant.
(J. H. Fleming.) The first time I saw one of these birds taken at
Toronto was in May, 1894, and I have met with them at intervals
since—notably on May 24th, 1885,when I took a specimen and saw
another. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A few were regularly observed
near London from 1878 till 1889, but none were observed from
1889 till I900, when a pair spent the summer about ten miles from
London, Ont. This species is a fairly common inhabitant of the
western counties of Ontario, along the Lake Erie shore, but is
rare and, of late, irregular near London. A single one was noted
and watched fora short time near Sault Ste. Marie in September,
1880. (W. £. Saunders.)

552a. Western Lark Sparrow.

Chondestes grammacus strigatus (SWAINS.) RrpGw. 1880.

A common summer resident near Winnipeg ; a few seen there
June 3rd, 1896; one shot by Mr. Hine. The Winnipeg specimens
may belong to the eastern form. (Jacoun.) First saw two May
16th, 1894, at Medicine Hat, Assa., common by the 15th; I believe
they breed here as I saw them up to the first week in June when
I left; a few specimens seen the last week in May, 1895, at Old
Wives’ Creek, Assa.; not seen again until July Ist, when a pair
was seen at Sucker Creek in the Cypress Hills; quite common
in the Milk {River valley below Pend d’Oreille, later a few were
seen at Castellated Rocks higher up the river. (Spreadborough.)
A very scarce summer visitant both east and west of the Coast
Range, B.C. (Svooks.) Seen only at Vernon, B.C., where two
pairs of adult birds were feeding their newly fledged young.
(Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; six taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, and one
taken at Old Wives’ Creek, May 22nd, 1895, all by Mr. Spread-
borough.

CCII. ZONOTRICHTA Swainson. 1831.
553. Harris’s Sparrow.

Zonotrichia querula (NuTT.) GAMB. 1847.

A number of specimens, including adults of both sexes and
young just from the nest, were collected, July 23rd to 30th, 1go0,

478 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, where the birds were common.

They frequent the scattered patches of dwarfed spruce that grow
in the small valleys and ravines intersecting the extensive ex-
panse of precipitous ledges along the Churchill River in the
vicinity of the post. They undoubtedly nest among these spruces
but no nests attributable to this species were found. Several were
seen on our return on the upper Hayes River, near the Robinson
Portage and at the Echimamish, Keewatin. (Prebles.) A fine
series of specimens of this handsome and interesting bird was

secured at our Mouse River Depot, during the latter half of

September and beginning of October. Its breeding grounds are as
yet unknown. (Cowes.) Abundant spring and fall migrant, frequent-
ing thickets in Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) Specimen shot at
Fort Pelly, August 29th, 1881; in flocks 50 miles west of Brandon
on the road to Fort Ellice, Man. (AZacoun.) Only three were seen
at Indian Head, Assa., during three months residence in the spring
of 1892, these were seen May 12th and 13th. (Spreadborough.) 1
took two individuals at Sumas, B.C., oth January, 1895, and sawa
third at Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.) Taken at Cadboro Bay near
Victoria by A. H. Maynard, October, 1894; and another individual
shot at Comox, November, 1894, by W. B. Anderson. (Fannin.)
BreepinG Notes.—I have pleasure in recording the first auth-
entic nest and eggs of this species. On June 11th, 1901, at Cres-
cent Lake, Assa., I was fortunate in finding the nest in the root
of a small willow at the edge of a bluff. The nest was made of
grass and fine bark, lined with dry grass. The eggs are unlike
those of any other sparrow. They are large for sparrows, averag-
ing *88 x ‘68 inches, and are creamy white, spotted chiefly at the

larger end with rusty brown and lilac and have a high polish. .

The parent bird was secured. Thisis the third species of sparrow
found by me breeding in northwest Canada whose nest and eggs
were previously unknown to science. (IV. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.
One specimen taken at Indian Head, Assa., May 12th, 1892, by
Mr. Spreadborough.
554. White-crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leucophrys (FoRST.) SWAINS. 1831.
Seems to be confined to southern Greenland ; not numerous

but certainly a breeding bird, though its nest has not yet been’

oe

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 479

found in the country. (Avct. Man.) Very plentiful throughout
eastern Labrador ; breeds abundantly at Fort Chimo. (Packard.)
Not observed on James Bay until a short distance north of Fort
George when they became common; very abundant from Richmond
Gulf across Ungava to Fort Chimo. (Spreadborough.) Two speci-
mens taken at Chateau Bay, Labrador, July 14th, 1891. (Worton.)
A common summer resident in Newfoundland. (Aeeks.) The most
abundant land bird in northeastern Labrador ; common wherever
there was any spruce scrub. (Azgelow.) I have six nests and eggs of
this bird taken at Nachvak and Whale River, Ungava. (W. Raine.)
A very common summer resident in New Brunswick; occurs more
frequently at Grand Manan during migration. (Chambeilain.) A
tolerably common spring and autumn migrant at Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Common at Lake Mistassini,
northern Quebec. (/. M. Macoun.) Taken at Beauport ; sum-
mer migrant in eastern Quebec. (Dvéonne.) A scarce transient
visitor at Montreal, both in spring and autumn, (Wivtle.)
First seen at York Factory, Hudson Bay where it was abund-
ant and where a small series, including old of both sexes, and
young just from the nest, was taken, July 12th to 14th. About
the post at Churchill it was extremely abundant July 23rd to 30th,
but after passing north of that point we saw no more until our
return when ascending Hayes River. (Predbles.) York Factory,
Hudson Bay. (Dry. Rk. Bell.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

A common migrant in spring and fall at Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) A sparrow that I have never seen in Ontario
in summer; neither did I observe it in June or July on the Mag-
dalen Islands. It commonly arrives in Ontario about the 15th of
May, and is plentiful by the Igth. It is very tame, frequenting
wood-piles and brush-heaps. In the fall I have seen it on Wolfe
Island, near Kingston, in September, but it is not so familiar a
bird at that season. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A fairly common migrant
in the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. (/. AH. Fleming.)
Transient visitant at Penetanguishene, Ont. ; not very common.
(A. F. Young.)

A summer migrant in Manitoba, probably breeding in the north-
eastern region. (Zhompson-Seton.) Only seen at Indian Head as
a migrant between the oth and 20th May. They were quite com-
mon for some time. First seen on May 4th at Medicine Hat,

5

480 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. ©

Assa.; they were common by the gth, but were all gone by the
isth. On June 24th of the same year they were common in all
the brush on the east end of the Cypress Hills and were certainly
breeding. First seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 7th, 1897; none
seen after the gth. All were migrants. (Spreadborough.) First
noticed in numbers at Prince Albert, Sask., last spring (1899).
Probably common but irregular in its visits. (Coubeaux.) This
species is a northern bird and breeds in all parts of the Northwest
Territories, arriving about the middle of May and leaving early
inSeptember. (Azchardson.) North to Fort Resolution on Great
Slave Lake; rare. (eoss.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; one taken at Wood Mountain, Assa., June, 1895, one at
Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, and one at Banff, Rocky Moun-
tains, May, 1891, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Eggs; seven sets ; four sets of four each taken at Whale River,
Ungava, in June, 1896, by G. Bouchier; one set of four taken at
Fort Chimo, Ungava, in June, 1894, by G. Bouchier; one set of
four taken at Nachvak, Labrador, in June, 1896, by J. Geer; one
set of three taken on an island in James Bay, June 23rd, 1896, by
Mr. Spreadborough.

554a. Gambel’s Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelit Ripew. 1899.

I was surprised to find that the white-crowned sparrows of the
Mouse (Souris) River were the variety instead cf typical /euco-
phrys, but such was the case, as shown beyond question by some
of the specimens taken with perfect head-dress ; found also in
the Rocky Mountains in the autumn where they possibly breed.
(Coues.) North to Lapierre’s House on the Mackenzie River.
(Ross.) This was common as a migrant at Indian Head in
1892, and at Medicine Hat, Assa., in May, 1894. About forty
miles southwest of Calgary this species was rather common.
A nest was taken June 28th having five fresh eggs, placed
at the root of a clump of willows ; on Moose Mountain, at
6,000 feet altitude, found a nest with six fresh eggs, the
same day another nest was taken at 7,500 feet, containing three
young and two eggs; common in the foothills from Calgary
south to Crow’s Nest Pass ; common from Prairie Creek, Alta.,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 481

to the Henry House, 1898; very common and breeding at Banff,
Rocky Mountains, in 1891; first seen April 23rd at Penticton,
Lake Okanagan, B.C., where they became common ; very
abundant at Revelstoke, B.C., in April, 1890; one seen at Trail near
the 4gth parallel, 1902, nearly all the specimens taken were males;
in May many were breeding in burnt woods all around the town;
rather common at Sicamous, B.C., in July, 1889, and at Kam-
loops and Spence’s Bridge also. (Spreadborough.) Two were
seen at Lake Okanagan, B.C., December 16th, 1898. Common
migrant at Chilliwack, B.C. (Brooks.) During migration this race
is sparingly scattered as far west as Vancouver Island, where I
took two specimens. It becomes more frequent on the western
slope of the Coast Range, and in the interior I found it breeding
at higher latitudes and altitudes. (Ahoads.) are spring and
fall migrant in British Columbia. (S¢veator.) I found this bird .
very common east of the Coast Range. (/annin.) Descending
from the bleak snow-covered rocks of White Pass we reached
Portage on June 14th, a country of more luxuriant vegetation.
Here this sparrow appeared and continued with us to Circle
City, Alaska. (Bishop.) Everywhere in Alaska, the presence of
bushes and timber is an almost certain indication of this bird’s
presence in summer. (Ve/son.) This species is quite abundant
among the alder patches on all parts of the island of St. Michael
and breeds in considerable numbers. (Zurner.) This bird occurs
at Point Barrow only as a straggler. Only a single individual
was taken. (Murdoch.) Occasionally seen on the high grounds
of Kenai Mountains, Alaska, a few hundred feet above timber
line. (Chapman.) A few of Gambel’s sparrows were observed
in the vicinity of Cape Blossom, Kotzebue Sound, in July. They
were always seen in brush patches or at their borders, just as is the
case in winter in southern California. (Grznnell.) One female
specimen taken at Point Barrow, Alaska, is typical in every way.
(Witmer Stone.)

BreEpiInG Nores.—The following spring the arrival of Gam-
bel’s sparrow, as indicated by its beautiful song, was in the even-
ing of May 21st, and the species soon became common. The
song is a clear sad strain of five syllables, and with rising inflect-
tion. Inthe Kowak delta on the 11th June, I obtained a set of
six eggs in which incubation had commenced. The nest was sunk

5%

482 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

into a hummock of moss on the ground under some alder bushes
ona hillside. A clump of dead grass partly concealed it from
view. It consisted of dry grasses, lined with finer grass and black
rootlets. The eggsare pale Nile blue, rather evenly covered with
irregularly-outlined spots of chocolate and vinaceous. They are
ovate, and measure ‘83 x ‘63, ‘81 x ‘62, °86 x 63, °85 x °64, ‘83 x ‘62,
and ‘76 x ‘60, the latter being a runt egg. (Grennell.)

The intermediate sparrow breeds in great numbers in the
wooded sections of Anderson district. The nests were nearly
always placed on the ground, in the tufts or tussocks of grass,
clumps of Labrador tea (Ledum palustre), and amid stunted
willows. They were composed of fine hay and lined with deer
hair, occasionally mixed with a few feathers. Several were
made entirely of the finer grasses. The usual number of eggs was
four, but a lot contained as many as five and six. Upwards of
one hundred nests were collected in the region referred to.
(Macfarlane.) On June 13th, 1893, at Banff, Rocky Mountains, I
came across anest and five eggs of this species; it was built at the
side of a grassy mound and made of dried grass lined with hair.
At Peel River, Arctic America, on June ‘2nd, 1898, Rev. C- E.
Whittaker found a nest and four eggs built in a patch of moss on
the ground. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-seven; four taken at Indian Head, Assa., in September,
1891; three at Medicine Hat, Assa., in May, 1894; one at Edmon-
ton, Alta., May 8th, 1897, and one on Bragg’s Creek, below Cal-
gary, June 28th, 1897; one at Banff, Rocky Mountains, May,
1891; six at Revelstoke, B.C., April, 1890; one at Spence’s Bridge,
B.C., May, 1889; ten at Penticton, B.C., in April and May, 1903,
all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

554d. Nuttall’s Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli RipGway. 1899.

Common about the prairies and open timbered spots. (Lord.)
West of the Coast Range, especially on the coast; this is the most
abundant small bird in the neighbourhood of Victoria. (/annin.)
Rare migrant at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Taken at Agassiz and
Yale in May, 1889; observed five at the mouth of Tami Hy Creek,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 483

Chilliwack valley ; very abundant at Huntington, B.C., on Sept:
gth, 1901, feeding on thistle seed; first seen on April 1oth, at Vic-
toria, but common by April 17th, 1893 ; nest found May i1th on
the ground, made of dry grass, lined with hair and containing three
eggs ; a summer resident on all parts of Vancouver Island, they
do not appear to be common at Comox. (Spreadborough.) A very
common species on Vancouver Island; it was abundant on road-
sides and in fields at Salt Spring Island and Comox in May, 1887.
(Macoun.) A very abundant summer resident on the coasts of
British Columbia. (2hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine ; five taken at Huntington, B.C., in September, 1901; four
on Vancouver Island in April, 1893, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of five eggs taken on Beacon Hill, Victoria, Vancouver
Island, May 16th, 1890, by Mr. J. Fannin.

557. Golden-crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia coronata (PALL.) BairD. 1858.

Common about the prairies and open timbered spots. (Lord.)
A very abundant spring and fall migrant. (S¢veator.) An abundant
summer resident. (Fanmin.) Not common; migrating in the
lower Fraser valley ; breeds on the mountain tops at timber line.
(Brooks.) Quite rare at Hastings, Agassiz, and Vancouver in April,
1889 ; not rare on Vancouver Island at Victoria in spring, seen for
the first time April 27th, in 1893, by May oth they had disappear-
ed. (Spreadborough.) Abundant at Salt Spring Island and Comox
in May, 1887. (Macoun.) Inabundant flocks during our stay at
Goldstream, Vancouver Island. Iam inclined to doubt Mr. Fan-
nin’s statement that they are resident on Vancouver Island and
would restrict their southern range in summer to the Queen Char-
lotte Islands. (Rhoads.) At English Bay, near Vancouver City
saw a flock of nearly 100 May 4th, 1890; very common on Sumas
prairie in October of the same year. (Z&. F. G. White.)

A few of these sparrows were seen and heard on August 2Ist
in brush among spruces back of our camp on the Kowak River,
Kotzebue Sound. They were not common at any time. (Grimell.)
Common in the low,second growth brush about the village of
Hope, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska ; also occasionally seen on the moun-

484 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

tains there. (Osgood.) This sparrow was found on the heights
above Glacier near Skagway and was common at White Pass
summit and continued to Portage, B.C. A nest almost finished
was found ina conifer at Summit Lake, June 12th. (Bzshop.)
Seen at Kenai Mountains and at Homer, Alaska. Was not seen
until late summer at Homer when it became verycommon. (Chaf-
man.) The last of May, from the 25th to the 30th, it arrives in
the vicinity of St. Michael,and breeds sparingly along the Behring
Sea coast of the territory, and more rarely on the shores of
Kotzebue Sound. From the peninsula of Alaska south to Puget
Sound it is a common summer resident; its range extends beyond
the Arctic Circle. (WVelson.) A pair of these birds was shot in
June, 1876, on the western end of Whale Island, near St.Michael;
they are not common in the interior. (Zurner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four ; three taken at Victoria, Vancouver Island in April 1893;
one taken at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., April 24th, 1889, all
by Mr. Spreadborough.

558. White-throated Sparrow.

Zonotrichia albicollis (GMEL.) SWAINS, 1837.

Reported by Stearns as common and breeding in southern
Labrador; Audubon states that this species is common, and that
they saw young late in July; Drexler obtained this species at
Moose Factory on May 31st, 1860; Verrill reports this species as
far the most common singing bird on Anticosti. (Packard.) Two
specimens taken at Chateau Bay, Labrador, July 14th, 18o1.
(Vorton.) A common summer migrant in Newfoundland. (Reefs.)
Fairly common along the Humber River, Newfoundland, 1899.
(Louis H. Porter.)

An abundant summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Dowzns.)
Not uncommon on Sable Island in the spring and autumn of 1902.
(James Bouteillier.. Common at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape
Breton Island, N.S., July, 1898; not uncommon at Brackley
Beach, Prince Edward Island, nests taken June, 1888. (JMacoun.)
This bird so characteristic of the Canadian fauna, is less abundant
than the ubiquitous juncos, but on account of its loud and striking
song is far better known to the average inhabitant of Prince

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 485
Edward Island. (Dzwzght.) Breeding abundantly at Sydney, Cape
Breton Island. (C. &. Harte.) Common from May to October
at Wolfville, King’s Co. N.S. (A. Tufés.)

A common summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.)
An abundant summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.
(W.H. Moore.) Abundant in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain
& Cox.) Common on the Magdalen Islands; nesting about the
last of June. (Szshop.) Everywhere about the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, save on the wind-swept Magdalens, this bird was an
abundant species. (Svewster.) Common at Lake Mistassini
in northern Quebec. (/. 1. Macoun.) Taken at Beauport; a

‘common resident in eastern Quebec. (Dionne.) A common
summer resident at Montreal. Breeds in Mount Royal Park.
Observed here from April 24th to October 30th. (Wintle.)

A common summer resident at Ottawa and breeding. (Osawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) A common summer migrant in the Parry
Sound and Muskoka districts. (/. H. Fleming.) A very common
summer resident at Guelph, Ont. Arriving about April 20th and
leaving about October 30th. (4.4. Klugh.) Abundant everywhere
in Algonquin Park, Ont.; found a nest on the ground in a bunch
of grass, July 15th, 1900; eggs quite fresh. (Spreadborough.) A
common migrant but a rare breeder at London; found only in
openings in deep cedar swamps. Forty miles north of London
and in the Bruce peninsula it is quite common. (W.4. Saunders.)
A common summer resident at Penetanguishene, keeping well to
the deep swamps and probably breeds as they remain throughout
the summer. (A. /. Young.) Common along the Moose River to
Moose Factory, James Bay ; none seen further north. (Spread-
borough.) Abundant throughout the region between Norway
House and York Factory, Hudson Bay. It was especially numer-
ous in the extensive tracts which had been devastated by fire. A
few were noted, one of which was collected at York Factory in
July, 1900; on our return trip a few were seen at Oxford Lake,
September 11th. (Pred/es.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

Acommon summer resident in woodlands in Manitoba; found
breeding at Carberry, Shell River, Little Boggy Creek and Duck
Mountain. (Zhompson-Seton.) Only seen at Indian Head, Assa.,be-
tween the oth and 20th May, 1892, when theyall migrated to the
north; a few were observed at Moose Jaw and Old Wives’ Creek,

486 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Assa., in May, 1895, but they soon disappeared. (Spreadborough.)
One of the most abundant birds at Grand Rapids of the Saskatche-
wan; it breeds therein great numbers.(Vuéting.) This species reaches
the Saskatchewan about the middle of May, and spreads through-
out the Northwest Territories up.to Lat. 66° to breed. (Richard-
son.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River; rare.
(Ross.) First seen May 7th, 1888, near Calgary; common from
there to Edmonton and Athabasca Landing and up to Little
Slave River, down the Athabasca to Clearwater River, and up
that river to Methye Portage and thence to Isle a la Crosse; it is
the chief bird of the whole region. (/J. M. Macoun.) First seen
at Edmonton, Alta., May 6th, 1897. Shortly after they became
common and remained to breed. Abundant from Lesser Slave
Lake to Peace River Landing, Atha., Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903;
observed from Edmonton to the Pembina River in June, 1898.
Spreadborougn.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nest on ground among bushes, composed
of grass, weed stems and moss, lined with rootlets and fine grass.
Eggs 4, dull white, spots and splashes of brown and lavender.
(G. R. White.) 1 have observed that this bird is sparingly dis-
tributed throughout eastern Ontario through the summer. In
June, 1888, I found two nests on the rocky ground, two miles west
of the village of Renfrew, Ont., one ina small thick bush, the
other among grass, etc.,on the ground. During ten years I ob-
served one pair close to Lansdowne, Ont., that by their manner
had young, though I did not succeed in finding the nest. I saw
one bird on the Magdalen Islands and have seen two nests taken
in 1899 near Mingan, Que., where it commonly breeds. (Rev. C./.
Young.) I found a nest of this bird May 24th, 1886, in the park,built
in the roots of an up-turned tree stump, containing four eggs,and
another nest May 30th, 1891, at Hochelaga woods containing three
eggs, built on the ground in a tussock of grass. (Wintle.) I took
a nest near Sand Lake on May 25th, 1897: It was placed under
some dead ferns on the flat, grassy bank of a stream, and was
lined with moose hair; there were four eggs in the set. I took
a nest some years ago at Rosseau, built about three feet up in a
raspberry bush. (/. H. Fleming.) On June 8th, 1893, I found a
nest and eggs at Long Lake, Manitoba ; June tgth, 1go1, I found
two nests at Carleton Junction, 40 miles west of Ottawa. One
nest was on the ground, the other in a brush heap some distance

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 487

above the ground. (W. Raine.) The nesting season of this species
is from May to August ; eggs from three to five ina set placed in
a snugly built nest of grasses,lined with finer grasses and hair,placed
in brush or onthe ground and well concealed; the birds show much
anxiety when one approaches the nest. The young when fledged
do not show white on the head or throat. (W. H. Moore) Near
Ottawa and at Lake Nominingue, 100 miles north of it. The
nest is found in woods, under branches, in a bed of green moss or
sometimes ina bush. It is built of coarse grasses, rotten wood,
dried leaves and usually green moss. The lining is fine grass or
fairs.) Lhe set is of three-or,four eggs laid in June or’ July.
(Garneau.) In June, 1903, two nests of this species were found by
the writer in a swampy thicket near Ottawa; one was in a clump
of dead Carex stems ( Carex riparia) and the other in a very old
brush-heap. (Macoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ; one
taken at Ottawa in May, 1886, by Mr.E.F.G.White; three taken at
Ottawa by Mr. F. A. Saunders in September, 1890; three takenat
Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun ; two by Mr. W. Spread-
borough at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897.

One set of four eggs taken at Wolfville, N.S., June 12th, 1894,
by Mr. Tufts.

CCIII. SPIZELLA Bonaparte. 1832.
559. Tree Sparrow.

Spizella monticola (GMEL.) Baird. 1888.

Common throughout Labrador. Breeds plentifully at Fort
Chimo, where eggs and nests were taken. (fackard.) None
seen on James Bay until a little north of Fort George when they
became .common. Very abundant across Ungava from Rich-
mond Gulf to Fort Chimoin the summer of 1896. (Spreadborough.)
Rather uncommon in northeastern Labrador, but widely distri-
buted. I observed a good many at Port Manvers, Lat, 57°.
(Bigelow.) A common winter visitor in Nova Scotia. (Dowzs.)
Fairly common in winter at Wolfville, King’s Co., N.S. (A. 7u/ts.)
A regular winter visitor in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) A
winter visitor at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.; tolerably common
in some localities. (W. H. Moore.) Two seen at Parrsboro, N.S.,

488 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in company with three slate-colored juncos on Jan. 25th, 1899.
(Morrell.) Quite common at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec,
breeding in 1885. (/. WZ. Macoun.) Taken at Beauport; a winter
visitor in eastern Quebec. (Lzonne.) A transient but common
visitant at Montreal; observed here in spring from April 7th to
28th, and in the autumn from October 25th to November 7th.
(Wintle.)

A common migrant in spring and fall at Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) A northern breeder, common in Ontario in
the early spring, where it is one of the first birds to come. (Rev.
C. J. Young.) A regular winter resident in the Parry Sound and
Muskoka: districts ; common at Sand Lake in October, Igoo.
(J. H. Fleming.) A common migrant at London, Ont.; a few are
found most winters in sheltered places. (W. E. Saunders.) Win-
ter visitor at Guelph, Ont. (4.8. Klugh.) A rare and transient
visitor at Penetanguishene, Ont. (4. F. Young.)

No tree sparrows were observed in summer during either season,
(1873-74) and I think none breed as far south as this. They
appear in numbers with the general migration which brings. the
northern fringillines, and which reaches this latitude about the
Ist of October. (Cowes.) Abundant migrant in Manitoba, fre-
quenting thickets. It commonly frequents thick copses rather
than trees, and its general habits would entitle it to be called
scrub sparrow rather than tree sparrow. (Zhompson-Seton.) First
seen at York Factory Hudson Bay, where the species was rather
common, and a young bird not long from the nest was taken July
12th, 1900. It was abundant at Fort Churchill July 24th to 30th,
and we took a series at that point. Many were noted on the
‘barren grounds,” 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo, August 4th to
8th. On our return trip several were seen at Duck Point, Play-
green Lake. (Predles.) Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; three taken in Ottawa in April and November, 1890, by
Mr F. A. Saunders; one taken at London, Ont., 27th October,
1885, by Mr. W. E. Saunders.

Four sets of eggs; twoof four and one of five eggs taken at
Whale River, Hudson Bay, in June, 1898, by Mr. J. E. Edmunds;
one set of four taken at Fort Chimo, Ungava, in June, 1896, by
Mr. G. Bouchier.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 489

559a. Western Tree Sparrow.

Spizella monticola ochracea BREWST. 1882.

Very common in the spring at Indian Head, Assa.; first seen at
Medicine Hat, Assa., April loth, 1894, and all were gone by the
18th ; rare at Edmonton, Alta., in April, 1897; the bulk of the
migration had passed before I reached there ; a few observed at
Lesser Slave Lake, and one individual at Peace River Landing in
Lat. 56° 15’ in June, 1903; rathercommon at Penticton, B.C., early
in April, 1903; quite common at Revelstoke, B.C., in April, 1891,
feeding on the ground up to April 17th, when they disappeared;
from the crossing of the McLeod River, October 6th, 1898, to
Edmonton, Alta., the species was common, evidently passing
south. (Spreadborough.) Common at Athabasca Landing, 90 miles
from Edmonton, May 24th, 1888. (/.dZ. Macoun.)

This little bird arrives in small flocks on the Saskatchewan in
the third week in April, and after a short halt proceeds further
north to breed. (&zchardson.) North to Lapierre’s House on
the Mackenzie River; abundant. (Ross.) This is perhaps the
most abundant sparrow found breeding in the valley of Anderson
River, as is evidenced by the number of nests, two hundred and
sixteen, secured. Most of them were found on the ground and
others on dwarf willows at a height of one to four feet. Four and
five eggs and sometimes as many as six and seven appeared to be
the complement. ((Vac/arlane.)

Regular summer visitor. (Zord.) Migrant; not common at
Chilliwack ; a few stay all winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C.; a few
bred at Barkerville, Cariboo district, B.C., 1901. (Bvooks.) Taken
on Vancouver Island by A.H. Maynard. (Famnin.) At Haine’s
Mission, Lynn Canal, I took a female June 2nd, 1899. At Cariboo
Crossing, Lat. 60°, B.C., we took two pairs June 29th, one of them
with a nest containing three fresh eggs. The nest was buried in
moss at the foot of a clump of willows in a willow swamp near the
lake; it was composed of fine dry grasses, lined with feathers
covered externally with a thick coating of living moss. It was
occasionally seen the whole length of the Yukon River to St.
Michael. (Bzshop.) The western tree sparrow was numerous at
Cape Blossom, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. The patches of
stunted willow and alder back among the hills seemed to be
particularly favoured by this species, and in such localities full-

490 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

fledged young and moulting adults were found in the latter part
of July. (Grznnell.) This species is very common, especially
along the coast of Behring Sea, and of all the birds that frequent
bushes this is the most common to the north. (Welson.) This
species arrives at St. Michael and remains about two and one-
half months. It breeds in the alder thickets that skirt the small
lakes and low grounds. It is quite common. (Zurner.) One speci-
men taken at Homer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, September 8th,
1901. (Chapman.)

BREEDING NoteEs.—In the Kowak delta on the 14th and 15th
of June I took a set of five and one of six slightly incubated eggs,
respectively. The two nests were similarly placed in the tops of
clumps of grass at the edge of a marsh about six inches above the
water. The nest proper consists of closely-matted broad dry
grass blades and stems, while the lining is entirely of white
ptarmigan feathers, though not one shows above the rim. The
deeply cup-shaped cavity is thus pure white, though when the bird
was sitting she entirely concealed it. The internal diameter of
the nest is 2°00, depth, 1°90; external diameter, 4°80, depth,
2°60. The ground colour of the egg is very pale blue. The
set of six is quite uniformly and thickly spotted with liver-
brown and vinaceous tints. One egg of the set of five is like
them, but the others are wreathed at the large ends with confluent
markings of the same colours, while the rest of the surface is very
finely dotted and blurred with a pale brown tint; so as to nearly
obscure the ground colour. The eleven eggs average °74 x °57.
( Joseph Grinnell.) I have several sets of eggs from the Mackenzie
delta ; a nest and five eggs was found by Rev. C.E. Whittaker on
June 18th, 1900 at Peel River; another nest with five eggs was
found at the foothills of the Black Mountains by Mr. Stringer on
June 13th, 1899; another clutch of four eggs was found, west side
of Mackenzie delta by Mr. Stringer on June 8th, 1899 ; the nests
are made of dried grass warmly lined with feathers and were built
on mossy knolls on the ground. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fifteen ; five taken at Indian Head, Assa., in April, 1892, and
September, 1891 ; four at Medicine Hat, Assa., in April, 1894;
four at Revelstoke, B.C., in April, 1890, and two at Penticton,
B.C., April gth, 1903 ; all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 491

560. Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella soctalis (Wits.) BonapP. 1838.

A common summer migrant in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Com-
mon summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Common at Syd-
ney, Cape Breton Island. (C. &. Harte.) Very common from
May to September at Wolfville, King’s Co., N.S. (47. Tufts.) Com-
mon at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, N.S., July,
1898 ; quite common at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island,
June, 1888. (JJacoun.) Not a common species and only occasion-
ally observed on Prince Edward Island. (Dzwzght.) A common
summer resident in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Common
summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,N.B. (W. H. Moore.)
Rare in the Restigouche valley ; only seen in the neighbourhood
of Campbellton, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Seen only at Gaspé,
Quebec, where it was common. (Svewster.) Common in eastern
Quebec, in summer. (Donne.) An abundant summer resident at
Montreal. Breeds in the city and in Mount Royal park. I have
found their nests with eggs from May alist to July 22nd, and have
observed this sociable little bird here from April 23rd to Septem-
ber 28th. (Wintle.)

A common summer resident in and around Ottawa ; breeds in
the city. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Very common everywhere
in Ontario. (Rev. C./. Young.) A common summer resident in
Parry Sound and Muskoka districts ; usually breeding about the
settlements. (/. A. Mleming.) Abundant summer resident at
Guelph, Ont.; arrives about April 20th and leaves about October
20th. (A. B. Klugh.) A pair bred near the buildings at Cache
Lake, Algonquin Park, Ont., June, 1900. (Spreadborough.) A breed-
ing summer resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. (4.7. Young.) Much
less common in the city of London, Ont., than it was 20 years
ago ; but still fairly common over the whole country. (W. £.
Saunders.) One observed at God Lake, Moose River, May 30th,
1896; common at Moose Factory, June 9th; none seen further
north. (Spreadborough.) A few chipping sparrows were seen
about the post at Norway House, one of which was collected. We
also met with them about the buildings at Oxford House and saw
one or two on an island in Knee Lake, July, 5th, 1900 ; none seen
further north. (/Predles.)

Specimens of this very common and familiar species were taken
in the Rocky Mountains, and it was observed at other points

492 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

where none were secured. (Cowes.) This species is quite rare in
Manitoba. The earliest record I have is April 1oth, 1882, but this
was the only one seen at the time, and it was fully two weeks be-
fore others appeared. I found one nest in a little spruce tree, but
was too late as the birds had flown. The nest is almost invariably
lined with horse hair, whence the other common name “ hair
bird.” (Zhompson-Seton.) Very abundant both at Grand Rapids
and Chemawawin, North Saskatchewan River, at the latter place
they were feeding largely onthe seeds of aquatic plants on the
margin of the slough east of the village. (Vudting.) Not com-
mon at Indian Head, Assa., in the spring of 1892; first seen at
Medicine Hat, Assa., May gth, 1894, after that they became com-
mon, but decreased in numbers towards the end of the month ;
in 1895 none were seen until we reached Milk River late in July;
they were in profusion at Pend d’Orielle, at Castellated Rocks,
St. Mary’s River and Waterton Lake, foothills of Rocky Moun-
tains; avery common resident at Edmonton and southward in
foothills to Crow’s Nest Pass; saw one individual at the crossing
of McLeod River, June 19th, 1898; common at Jasper Lake, Yel-
lowhead Pass, July 2nd; common from Lesser Slave Lake
to Peace River Landing, Atha., Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903.
(Spreadborough.) Abundant along the trail between Edmonton
and Athabasca Landing,but rather rareonthe Athabasca; common
up the Clearwater River and between Methye Portage and Isle a la
Crosse. (J. M. Macoun.) Not uncommon but much less abund-
ant than the tree sparrow around Prince Albert, Sask.; breeding
in the region. (Coubeaunx.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mac-
kenzie River ; abundant. (Ross.) Several specimens of this spar-
row were obtained from Fort Yukonin June, 1876. (Zusner.) I
would refer all British Columbia specimens collected by myself
and Mr. Streator, including those from the coast, to soczalis with
the exception possibly of six skins collected at Ashcroft. (A/oads.)
Common at Donald on the Columbia River, B.C., May 2oth, 1894.
(LE. F. G. White.)

Breepinc Notes.—Nesting in low trees and shrubs; quite
common around Ottawa. Nest composed of fine dried grass
lined with hair. Eggs, four or five. Bluish, speckled with
blackish-brown and purple. (G.&. White.) With us from last of
April to October. The nests are built in apple trees or small
spruces, and made of grasses lined with hair. The eggs number

= re
4 =~ _
.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 493

from three to five. One summer some nests were found to have
their eggs broken in them. It was some time before I could find
out the cause. At last one morning, when sitting in view of a
nest On an apple tree, a fine male of this species was seen to
deliberately pick a hole in the shell of an egg and drink its con-
tents. I then surmised that it was this bird that was doing all
on the mischief. (W. H. Moore.) This species nests in bushes or
on the middle branches of large trees at Ottawa. The nest is
composed of rootlets and lined with hairs. (Garneau.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; two taken at Ottawain September, 1891, by Mr. F. A.
Saunders; one at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun; one at
London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders, May 4th, 1885; three taken
at Medicine Hat, Assa., in May, 1894, by Mr. Spreadborough.

Two sets of four eggs each, taken at Ottawa on May 31st and
BAthe tooo; by Mr. A... Garneau.

5604. Western Chipping Sparrow.

Spizella socialis avizon@ COUES. 1872.

Regular summer visitor in British Columbia. (Zord.) Found
only in the interior, where it breeds abundantly. (Séreator.) An
abundant summer resident east and west of the Coast Range;
breeds in the neighborhood of Victoria. (annin.) Common
summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Six skins taken at
Ashcroft, B.C., are considered intermediate between this and the
eastern form. (hoads.) This species found to be common at
Banff and breeding in the summer of 1891; not uncommon at
Revelstoke and in Eagle Pass in May, 1890; further down the
Columbia River at Deer Park and Robson it was quite common
and seemed to increase to the south; quite common at Kamloops
and Spence’s Bridge in 1889; observed several individuals at
Chilliwack, B.C., in the spring of 1901; a few seen at Penticton in
April, 1903; first seen at Victoria, Vancouver Island, April 26th,
1893, quite common by May goth; an abundant summer resident
at Victoria, Nanaimo and Comox. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING NoTes.—Common summer resident near the Inter-
national Boundary at Trail, B.C.; found a nest and three eggs
June 5th, 1902, in a small bush about 18 inches from the ground,

494 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

made of dried grass and lined with hair. (Spreadborough.) We
found this species daily from Log Cabin on the White Pass to
Dawson on the Yukon, Lat. 64° 15’, between June 15th and August
Ist, 1899. We found a nest with four eggs at Lake Bennett, June
24th. Large young in a nest on Tagish Lake, June 30th. Young
able to fly were met with at Marsh Lake, “July 5th, and a set of
three eggs on Thirty-mile River, July 18th. The nests were in
small spruces, one, fourinches, the other three feet from the
ground. Gambel’s sparrow, slate-coloured junco and this species
are, in point of numbers, the commonest sparrows on the Yukon
River. (Lzshop.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seventeen ; one taken at Canmore, Alta., May 25th, 1891; one at
Revelstoke, B.C., May 7th, 1890; one at Deer Park, Columbia
River, B.C., June 6th, 1890; six at Trail, near the International
Boundary, B.C., in May, 1902; one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C.,
May 29th, 1889; one at Agassiz, B.C., May gth, 1889, one at Hast-
ings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., April 23rd, 1889; four at Victoria, Van-
couver Island, in May, 1893, and one at Penticton, B.C., April,
1903, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

561. Clay-Coloured Sparrow.

Spisella pallida (SwWAINS.) BONAP. 1838.

On May oth, 1894, while hunting in a field of small shrubs about
15 miles west of London, Ont., I saw a small sparrow sitting on
the top twig of a shrub, after the manner of the field sparrow and
saw him give a note whose author I was looking for. It proved
to be a Spizella pallida, the first recorded, I believe, in our prov-
ince, though they may yet be found inhabiting the northwestern
extremity, next to Manitoba. -(W. &. Saunders.) The western
meadow lark, Brewer’s blackbird and the present species were the
chief birds I observed at Pembina to indicate an avi-fauna in any
wise different from that of the eastern province at large, and two
of these cannot be considered very strong marks since they both
occur some distance further eastward. (Cowes.) Very abundant
summer resident in Manitoba on scrubby prairies and half open
lowlands. This small sparrow arrives in flocks about the 12th
May. Its small size and pale-ashy hue will generally identify it
as it rambles over the scrubby part of the prairie. (Zhompson-

CATASOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 495

Seton.) This species was first seen at Indian Head, Assa., on
May 20th, 1892. In a few days after they were quite common,
and on June 7th I found a nest in a low bush lined with dried
grass and horse hair. This species is found everywhere on the
prairie wherever there is brush from Manitoba to the foothills of
the Rocky Mountains. It nests chiefly in rose bushes, but I have
found them on the ground at Frenchman’s River, under sage
brush (Artemisia cana). Nests were found at Spur Creek in the
sage brush as late as July 7th with fresh eggs. Common at
Canmore in the Bow valley, but scarce at Banff in the Rocky
Mountains in June, 1891. First seen at Edmonton, Alta., May
31st; found a number of nests, all on the ground at the roots of
a little clump of willows; none of the nests were more than four
inches above the ground, and were made of dried grass lined
with horse hair ; eggs from two to five ina set; common in the
foothills, 4o miles southwest of Calgary; common in all the open
country from Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Landing, Lat.
56° 15’in June, 1903; common from Edmonton to Pembina River
in June, 1898. (Spreadborough.) Three specimens secured at
Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (Vudéting.) Commonly seen
in company with the tree sparrow and probably breeding around
Prince Albert, Sask. (Coubeaux.) This species frequented, the
farm-yard at Carlton House on the Saskatchewan, and was as
sociable as the English house sparrow. (Réchardson.) North of
Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake. (Aass.)

BreEpinc Nores.—Upon my arrival, the rst of June, the buntings
were all paired,the males were in full song, nidification was mostly
finished, and the eggs were about to be laid. The first specimen
procured, June 2nd, contained a fully formed egg. A nest taken
June 5th was scarcely completed. The first complement of eggs
was taken June 11th; it numbered four. I think the eggs are
mostly laid by the end of the second week in June. The nest Is
placed in bushes, generally within a few inches of the ground ;
it resembles that of the chipbird, though it is not so neatly and
artistically finished, and often lacks the horse-hair lining, which is
so constant and conspicuous a feature of the latter ; in size it
averages about three inches across outside by two in depth, with
a cavity two inches wide and one and a half inches deep’; the
structure is of fine grasses and slender weed-stalks,with or without

6

496 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

some fine rootlets, sometimes lined with hair, like the chippy’s,
sometimes with very fine grass tops; it is placed ina crotch of
the bush or in a tuft of weeds ; the copses of scrubby willows I
found to be favorite nesting places, though any of the shrubbery
along the river bank seemed to answer ; on those occasions when
I approached a nest containing eggs, the female fluttered silently
‘and furtively away, without venturing a protest; the eggs I found
in one case to be deposited daily till the complement was filled ;
they measure 0°62 in length by o’50 in breadth on an average ;
the ground-colour is light dull green, sparsely but distinctly
speckled with some rich and other darker shades of brown, these
markings being chiefly confined to the larger end, or wreathed
about it, though tHere are often a fewspecks here and there over
the rest of the surface; from the earliness of the first sets of eggs,
I suppose that two broods may be reared each season. (Covwes.)
The spot chosen for their home is mostly in a low bush, not more
than a foot from the ground; as exception to this rule I have
noted five nests on the ground and one or two ata height of three
feet; it is a very slight structure, a good deal like that of a chip-
ping sparrow, but composed entirely of grass ; when compared
with other tree nests it is conspicuously flimsy and light-coloured,
the latter effect being due to the absence of the black fibrous
roots so commonly used as lining; the eggs are among the most
beautiful of any produced by the sparrows; when first the discoverer
draws aside the bush and exposes the nest with its complement,
his feelings are as of finding an exquisite casket of jewels ; although
this is one of the most common of our sparrows, and aithough on
the scrubby plain between the Duck Mountain and the Assiniboine
in early June, I could have found as many as four or five nests in
an hour’s walk, the treasure-trove feeling in connection with the
eggs continues in full force. I infer from the above and other
observations that the shattuck bunting breeds twice, if not three
times each season with us; it leaves the ‘‘ big plain ” about the end
of September. (Zhompson-Seton.) Builds in rose bushes, snow-
berry and wolf-willows generally from one to two feet from the
ground ; in size it is about three inches in diameter, but the cavity
is less than two inches across. The nest is built of the stems of
finer grasses and quite an open structure lined inside with coarse
dark horse-hair, other nests were lined with white hair; in June,
1896, two nests were taken at Sewell, Manitoba, each contained

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 497

four eggs and were built in bushes of dwarf birch, Betula glandu-
losa. (Macoun.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nineteen; one taken at Carberry, Manitoba, July 4th, 1892, by
E. Thompson-Seton; three taken at Indian Head, Assa., in Sep-
tember,1891, two at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in May, 1895, two at
Medicine Hat, Assa, in May, 1894, three at Edmonton, Alta.,
May, 1897, two at Peace River Landing, Atha., June, 1903, and
six at Canmore, Alta., in May, 1891.

Five sets of eggs; two sets of four each, taken at Edmonton,
Alta., May 31st and June Ist, 1897, one of four taken at Medicine
Hat,, Assa., June Ist, 1894, one of three taken at Trail, B.C., June
6th, 1902, all by Mr. Spreadborough; one set of four taken at
' Grenfell, Manitoba by Mr. Richard Lake in June, 1894.

562. Brewer’s Sparrow.

Spizella brewert Cass. 1856.

Eastern slope of Coast Range and Rocky Mountain district;
also onthe Similkameen River,B.C. (Fannin.) One specimen taken
“in the pine woods above Ashcroft, B.C. (Rhoads.) Two males
taken at 158-Mile House, Cariboo District, B.C., July 3rd, 1got.
(Lrooks.)

563. Field Sparrow.

Spisella pusilla (WiLs.) Bonap. 1838.

An uncommon summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.)
Several specimens seen October 4th, 1902, on Sable Island, NS.
(James Bouteilher.) A few specimens seen June 8th, 1902, at
Sydney, Cape Breton Island. (C. R. Harte.) A pair in breeding
plumage was taken on Entry Island, Magdalen Islands, Gulf of
St. Lawrence, July 8th, 1887. (Bzshop.) Of doubtful occurrence in
eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.) A scarce summer resident at Montreal.
I have not secured a specimen as yet, but I believe I have come
across them on various occasions. (Wzntle.)

In each of the years 1888, 1889 and 1890 at least one individual
of this species has been observed several times through the sum-
mer. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Not common in eastern

6%

498 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Mr. Kay took one specimen at
Port Sydney, Muskoka district in the summer of 1890. (/. H.
Fleming.) \ have found this bird fairly plentiful in suitable
places around Toronto; and have met with it as early as April
12th. Took twoon April 22nd, 1899. They usually haunt waste
ground in which occasional clusters of bushes are found. I know
of one spot of waste ground interspersed with small patches of
witch hazel and scrub oak, which is never without a few repre-
sentatives of this pretty little sparrow. Breeds here. Can easily
be identified at a considerable distance by its cinnamon-tipped
beak. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) Locally distributed, but generally
common near London, Ont. Easily found by its song, but not
conspicuous otherwise. It nests both on the ground and in small
shrubs one to four feet from the ground. In my trips to the
Bruce Peninsula have seen but few of these birds. While at
Kazabazua, 40 miles north of Ottawa, it has been fairly common
at every visit. Arrives at London about April 20th and departs
about October 2nd. (W. &. Saunders.)

Very rare summer resident, Red River settlement; breeding,
(D. Gunn.) Winnipeg; summer resident ; tolerably common.
(Hine.) Have seen it west of Winnipeg. (A. H. Hunter.) Qu’-
Appelle; common summer resident; breeds; arrives about April
15th. (Guernsey.) All the above references are taken from Thomp-
son-Seton’s “ Birds of Manitoba” and it may be noted that none
are his own observations. My opinion from many years’ obser-
vation and correlation of other statements is that nearly all,if not
all the above refere..ces are erroneous, and that they apply to the
clay-coloured sparrow (Spzzella pallida) which we know ts abund-
ant, at least in western Manitoba. The latter, though abundant, :
was not recorded by Guernsey, R. H. Hunter, nor Mr. Hine so
that in these three cases] am quite sure that the identification is
wrong, I doubt very much the occurrence of this bird at Win-
nipeg. (MWacoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have found the nest several times by the
roadside in a small bush. It appears to be a late breeder as the
nests I found had fresh eggs in them in July. If closely observed
this bird is unmistakable, being easily recognized by its waxen-

coloured bill. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 499

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Port Stanley, Ont., August 12th, 1890, and
one taken at London, Ont., April 18th, 1892, both by Mr. W. E.
Saunders.

One set of four eggstaken at Toronto by Mr. W. Raine, May
1oth, 1894; another set of four taken near Toronto by Mr. G.
_Dippie, May 2oth, 1893.

CC1IV. JUNCO Wacter. 1831.

567. Slate-coloured Junco.

Junco hyematis (LiNN.) SCL. 1857.

Not observed in the Ungava district of Labrador; but common
in the eastern and southern portions. Breeds at Davis Inlet and
Rigolet. (Packard.) Observed one individual on Moose River, June
7th, 1896; one on James Bay, June 18th; found a pair breeding
at Fort George; only seen twice in crossing Ungava from
Richmond Gulf to Fort Chimo. (Sprveadborough.) Locally com-
mon as far as the tree line in northeastern Labrador, particularly
at Aillik. (4zgelow.) Two specimens taken at Northwest River,
Labrador, July 28th, 1891. (Vorton.) A summer migrant and
tolerably common in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) A few individuals
seen along the Humber River, Newfoundland, 1899. (Lows H.
Porter.) A few specimens were seen on Sable Island, N.S., in
April and one in June, but on October 4th and 23rd, 1902, they
were quite numerous. (/ames Bouteillier.)

Very common throughout Nova Scotia: breeds everywhere.
(Downs.) Seen several times during the winter at Parrsboro,
Cumberland Co., N.S.; migrants arrived at Shulee on March
18th, and in a few days were abundant. (Morrell.) Quite common
on Cape Breton Island, N.S., July and August, 1898, nests’ taken
on Smoky Mountain, August Ist, and at Margaree, July 16th ;
common along Rustico Bay, Prince Edward Island, June 20th,
1888. (Macoun.) Very abundant at Sydney, Cape Breton
Island. (C. Rk. Harte.) Very common from March to November
at Wolfville, Kings Co., N.S. (H. Tufts.) Next to the Savanna
sparrow this is probably the most abundant bird on Prince
Edward Island. It is found everywhere—in door yards, in open
fields, fern-clothed clearings, even deep woods. Its nest is on

500 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the ground, preferably under something—the bottom rail of a
fence or a hole insome grassy bank. Young were just beginning
to fly June 23rd and a week later nests with fresh eggs indicated
a second laying. (Dwight.) Very common summer resident in
New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) An abundant summer resident
at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Very common
in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Breeds, but
is irregularly distributed on the Magdalen Islands. (Bzshop.) Of
general and uniform distribution on the shores and islands of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Bvewster.) Abundant in summer at Lake
Mistassini, northern Quebec. (/. JZ. Macoun.) Taken at Beau-
port; common summer resident in eastern Quebec. (Dionne.) An
abundant summer resident at Montreal. Breeds in Mount Royal
park. I have found their nests, with eggs, from May 17th to
June tgth, and have observed them here from March 2gth to
October 25th; and on one occasion I saw two here—Dec. 24th,
1882. “(Winile.)

A common summer and autumn migrant. A few remain to
breed around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) 1 notice
that this bird is acommon spring and autumn migrant in eastern
Ontario. Numbers of them arrive in the latter part of September
and are met with commonly in clearings and stubble fields during
October. In the spring they re-appear early in April and con-
tinue through the month. A few breed inthe county of Renfrew,
and I have met with the nest in June. I have not noticed that
it breeds along the St. Lawrence, though I have watched for it in
suitable localities. It breeds sparingly on the Magdalen Islands
as well as at Pictou, Nova Scotia. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A common
breeding summer resident in the Parry Sound and Muskoka dis-
tricts; very fond of nesting near old bush roads. (/. H. Fleming.)
A few remain around Toronto every winter. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
Abundant everywhere along the Parry Sound Railway within the
Algonquin Park, Ont.; young ones were able to fly by June Ioth,
1900 ; nests were found on the ground near logs and another
beneath a tuft of grass on July 15th, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Lon-
don seems to be nearly the southern limit of this species; here it
is rare in summer, but at Bryanston, 15 miles northeast it is fairly
common in the same class of woods; and in north Bruce it is
quite common. There have been two or three seasons in the last
twenty years when it has been noted regularly throughout the

i
ee

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. Sor

summer, but as a rule it is only found in large cedar swamps and
even then in small numbers. Although nesting usually on the
ground one nest was found here 1o feet above the ground in a
thicket of vines against a brick wall and contained five eggs, an
unusually large set. Nests on the ground are almost invariably
made on sloping ground and the nest placed well back in an ex-
cavation. (W. &. Saunders.) Abundant during migrations at
Guelph, Ont., especially in spring, common in winter and scarce
insummer. (Ad. 4. Klugh.) A common and breeding. summer
resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. (A. F. Young.)

A specimen was taken June 20th at Norway House, where the
species was common; another was secured July 3rd, one of a
number seen in the spruce and tamarack woods about Oxford
House, and the species was again observed while we were ascend-
ing Steel River, September Ist. (/Prebles.) Fort Churchill, Hud-
son Bay. (Clarke.) The snowbird appeared along the Mouse
(Souris) River about the middle of September in troops as usual
and at once become abundant. These specimens were pure
hyemalts. (Coues.) An abundant migrant in Manitoba, frequent-
ing thickets and hillsides. A few may breed in the northern part
of the province. (Zhompson-Seton.) This species was first seen
April 4th,1892, at Indian Head, Assa.,and disappeared by the 15th
May, none seemed to breed here; first seen at Medicine Hat,
Assa., on April toth, 1894, and later in the month a few more ;
a common species at Edmonton and south in the foothills to
Crows’ Nest Pass; abundant from mouth of Lesser Slave River to
Peace River Landing, Lat. 56°, 15’, June, 1903; common from Ed-
monton to Yellowhead Pass,Rocky Mountains,]June, 1898. (.Spread-
borough.) Abundant at Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan where it
was breeding; nests in thick bushes along the river bank opposite
the fort. (Vutting.) Very abundant migrant at Prince Albert,Sask.,
in spring and fall but never seen in summer, (Cowbeaux.) First
noticed May gth, 1888, at Red Deer River north of Calgary; com-
mon from that point to Edmonton and Athabasca Landing and
up to Little Slave River; rare down the Athabasca River to Fort
McMurray; not seen at all on the Clearwater River until Methye
Portage was reached; very common on the portage and from there
to Isle a la Crosse. (J. M@. Macoun.) Rare straggler at Chilliwack;
have taken it twice. (Bvooks.) This bird is merely a summer
resident of the Northwest Territories and is not common nor was

502 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

it seen by us beyond Lat. 57°. (Azchardson.) North to Fort Good
Hope on the Mackenzie River. (oss.) This species breeds in
the forest and to the border of the “‘ barrens ” where several birds,
nests and eggs, were secured; the nests were always on the ground
and made with fine hay lined with deer hair. (Macfarlane.)

This is one of the rarest sparrows visiting Behring Sea; it is,
however, much more numerous in the interior and is found along
the entire course of the Yukon at the mouth of which it breeds ;
it extends its summer range along the Norton Sound shore of
Behring Sea and the coast of the Arctic about Kotzebue Sound,
yet there is no record of it having been taken on the coast of
southeastern Alaska, nor does it occur on any of the islands of
Behring Sea. (Velson.) This species is rarely common at St.
Michael; it is seen only in May and November. (Zurner.) This is ©
a straggler at Point Barrow, only one specimen being taken on
May 24th, 1883, which wasa male. (Murdoch.) »At the time of
our arrival at our winter camp on the Kowak, and up to the gth
September, juncos were seen nearly every day, though not more
than five at a time ; they were always met with in the deep spruce
woods; the last were seen on the 12th September; in the following
spring they were noted on the 23rd May; they were never
numerous, two pairs being the most that were seen in half a day’s
hunt ; this species was not noted further down the Kowak than
near the mouth of the Squirrel River, where a pair was seen on
June 8th. (Gvinnell.) Common at Hope on Cook’s Inlet, Alaska,
in August, 1900. (Osgood.) Five specimens were taken on the
Kenai mountains, and at Homer, Alaska, in August and
September, 1901; the breeding ground of this junco was in
extensive alder patches just above timber line; they were quite
common and were found in all such localities visited. (Chapman.)
From Log Cabin on the White Pass, to Circle City in Alaska,
this bird occurs everywhere. The slate-coloured sparrow, Gam-
bel’s sparrow and the western chipping sparrow were most
common about heaps of brush left by lumbermen, weed-grown
clearings resulting from forest fires and cabins of the towns.
Every nest was sunk in the ground to the rim in an open place
under a weed or tussock of grass. One contained a few dark
hairs besides the usual fine grass lining. (Béshop.)

BREEDING Nores.—The nesting season of this species in New
Brunswick is May and June. From three to five eggs are laid in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 503

a well-concealed nest placed on the ground, under the protection
of a rock, sod, root or log. The nest is composed of grass stems
lined with hair. One nest was found made entirely of hair taken
from a piece of cariboo skin. (W. H. Moore.) One nest found on
Chelsea Mountain, nine miles from Ottawa, on May tI2th, 1903,
and another taken on Montreal Mountain on June 3rd, 1903, were
in holes in the ground; each nest was made of grass and hair and
each contained four eggs, and measured 4 x 2 and 2°50 x I'50
inches. (Garneau.) Not a common summer resident at Ottawa.
Nest ina low bush or on the ground, composed of strips of bark,
rootlets and hairs, lined with moss and hair; eggs 4 or 5, greenish-
white, spotted and blotched with reddish-brown. (G. 2. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Sixteen; three taken at Ottawa, April, 1888, by Prof. Macoun;
two at Toronto in 1890, by Mr. S. Herring; two at Ottawa, in
April and September, 1891, by Mr. F. A. Saunders; one at
London, Ont., April, 12th, 1886, by Mr. W. E. Saunders; four at
Indian Head, Assa., April, 1892, and three at Edmonton, Alta.,
April, 1897, by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of three eggs taken at Ottawa, May, 1804.

567a. Oregon Junco.

Junco oregonus (Towns.) Ripew. 1901.

An abundant resident west of the Coast Range. (Fannin.)
Abundant resident at Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.) Very abun-
dant in the Fraser valley below Yale in May, 1889; common
during the whole summer at Chilliwack and at Huntington, B.C.,
on the International Boundary. An abundant summer resident
at Victoria, Vancouver Island; nesting by April goth, 1893.
Doubtless common over the whole island as it was seen at Sooke,
Comox and Nanaimo. (Spreadborough.) The occurrence of this
bird in Alaska was first made known by the capture of eight
specimens at Sitka by Bischoff ; it was afterwards taken by Bean
at Sitka. (JVelson.) A single specimen of this bird was obtained
at Unalaska Island April 8th, 1879, where it was shot by a native.
(Turner.) Numerous in open bushy places at Sitka, Alaska. This
junco was one of the commonest land birds there. (Gvznnedd.)
Not common on Queen Charlotte Islands. It was very seldom
seen near the coast and but few were noticed on the mountains.

504 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

(Osgood.) Tolerably common at Skagway and more so at Haines
Mission. At Skagway I took a female and four fresh eggs, May
31st. The nest of dried grass, lined with short, white hairs, was
sunk in the ground and concealed by dead weeds under a birch
only about 30 feet above the water of Lynn Canal. (Bzshop.)

Mr. Rhoads, after discussing the differences between this form
and the next, says :—“I think it safe to say that birds indistin-
guishable from oregonus breed on the better watered mountains
of the interior of British Columbia. The only approach to
shufeldti is found in birds from the most arid lowlands and
most eastern Rockies, but their differences are too slight and
fortuitous to warrant a distinction.”

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight; two taken at Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April, 1889; four at
Huntington, B.C., in September, 1901; two at Victoria, Vancouver
Island, in May, 1893; all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of five eggs taken near Victoria, V.I., May, 1890, by
Rev. G. Taylor.

5676. Shufeldt’s Junco.

Junco oreganus shufeldtt (COALE) RipGw. 1901.

In company with two hyemalis at Edmonton, Alta.,in May, 1897,
and in the Rocky Mountains south of Yellowhead Pass, in July,
1898 ; apparently accidental in the Rocky Mountains, one taken
at Canmore near Banff in May, 1891; very common and breeding
in the Columbia River valley from Revelstoke to the Interna-
tional Boundary where a large series of birds was taken in 1890
and 1902. Common from the Columbia to Vancouver Island.
West of the Coast Range it becomes mixed with the Oregon junco
and evidently breeds ; very abundant at Penticton, south of
Okanagan, B.C., in April, 1903. (Spreadborough.) The junco
breeding in the plateau region between the Coast Range and the
Rockies and migrating south in winter, is evidently separable
from the coast form. Specimens referred here were collected at
Ashcroft in June and July, 1889; taken also by Mr. Macfarlane at
Stewart’s Lake with its nests and five eggs. (S¢reator.) Abundant
at Lake Okanagan, B.C., in winter. (Brooks.) A female was taken
at Glacier in the White Pass, June 7th 1899 and another at White

eae

e
CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 505

Pass City, June oth; others were taken and heard next day both
at Glacier and White Pass City. (zshop.)

BREEDING Notes.—On May 3Ist, 1902, found two nests. near
Trail, B.C.; one with four eggs the other with two; incubation was
far advanced. Nests constructed of weeds and grass, lined with
hair. Both nests were ina bank overhung with grass ; another
was found on May 25th inthe bank of an old prospect hole with
four fresh eggs. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-nine ; two taken at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897; one
at Canmore, Alta., May 29th, 1891; five at Revelstoke, B.C.,in May,
1890; two at Deer Park, B.C., June, 1890; five at Trail, B.C., June,
1902; one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., June 3rd, 1889; five at Pentic-
ton, B.C., in April, 1903; one at Agassiz, B.C., May 21st, 1889; one
at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, April 17th, 1889; three at Chilliwack,
B.C., June, 1901; one at Huntington, B.C., September, 24th, 1901,
- and two at Victoria, Vancouver Island, May, 1893; one set of four
eggs taken at Trail, B.C, May 25th, 1902. All the above taken
by Mr. Spreadborough.

5671. Montana Junco.

Junco montanus RIDGWAY. 1898.

This form accompanies /yemalis in the migration at Carberry,
Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) Mr. Thompson-Seton refers this
bird to shufeldti, but having taken montanus at Medicine Hat in
1894, and found them breeding in June on the east end of the
Cypress Hills about 100 miles southeast of that point, we place his
reference under that species. (J/acoun.) Quite common at Banff,
Rocky Mountains in the summer of 1891; nests were taken on
Tunnel Mountain. They were always placed on the ground
beneath a bush or ona slope. Breeds twice in a season at Banff.

(Spreadborough.)

e

BREEDING Notes.—I have the nest and eggs of this bird that
were collected on Tunnel Mountain, at Banff, June 25th, 1893.
Nest, on the ground amongst loose stones, composed of dried
grass stems lined with hair. (W. Razne.)

506 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., April 23rd, 1894, and
one at Banff, Rocky Mountains, May 16th, 1891, both by Mr.
Spreadborough.

CCV. MELOSPIZA Bairp. 1858.

581. Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea melodia (WILSON) Ripew. 1901.

Very common in Nova Scotia; a few remain all winter. (Dowzs.)
A common species at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, arriving in
March. (C. R. Harte.) Common throughout the year at Wolf-
ville, King’s Co., N.S. (47. Tufts.) One seen at Partridge Island
pier, near Parrsboro, Cumberland Co., N.S., February 12th and
and following days. Migrants reached Shulee March 22nd, becom-
ing common at once. (Morrell.) Quite common at Baddeck and
Margaree, Cape Breton Island. N.S., July, 1898; breeding in large
numbers at Brackley Point and other places on Prince Edward
Island, July, 1888. (MJacoun.) Very abundant and generally dis-
tributed on Prince Edward Island. Mr. Bain states that some
winter on the island. (Dzzght.) A common resident in New
Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) An abundant summer resident at
Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Common in the
Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Common at Lake
Mistassini, northern Quebec. (/. JZ. Macoun.) A rather common
summer resident on the Magdalen Islands. (Bzshop.) Abundant
along the shores of the Gut; of Canso and a few at Gaspé, Que.
(Brewster.) Common summer resident in Quebec. (Dvzonne.)
An abundant summer resident in the district of Montreal. Breeds
in the city and in Mount Royal park. I have found their nests
with eggs from May 8th to July 28th, and observed them from
March 24th to October 24th. (Wintle.)

An abundant summer resident around Ottawa, breeding on
banks and under bushes. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Common
everywhere in Ontario, occasionally commencing to breed in
the latter part of April, and continuing to do so through the
spring and summer as late as the middle of July. This year
(1901) they came on the 25th March and were then in full song.
I have found the nest on the ground often in a bush, and occa-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 507

sionally four feet up. (Rev. C./. Young.) Breeds abundantly in
the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts of Ontario. Cf Jabs
Fleming.) Abundant everywhere along the streams and shores of
lakes in Algonquin Park, Ont. (Spreadborough.) This general
favourite may frequently be heard breaking into full song at mid-
night during the lovely nights in May, often being answered by
birds roosting in nearby trees or bushes. On two different
occasions I have found a nest of this species built in an
old tomato tin. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) Everywhere abundant in
southwestern Ontario. Occasionally one remains through the
winter. (W. &. Saunders.) This is an abundant summer resident
and one which seeks the society of man, being found wherever
human habitations have been raised within its range. (Mc//-
wraith.) Abundant summer resident at Guelph, Ont. Arrives
about March 12th and leaves about November Ist. (A. B. Klugh.)
A common and breeding summer resident at Penetanguishene,
Ont. (Ad. F. Young.) Common in the willow thickets along the
Moose River to James Bay, at Moose Factory ; none observed
farther north. (Spreadborough.)

Common at Norway House, and in the shrubbery about the
clearing at Oxford House, and a number observed about Knee
Lake, July 5th. Not noted between Knee Lake and York Factory
on our downward tripthough we found the species rather common
on Hill River as we ascended it early in September. (£. A. Prebles.)
One taken at Norway House, foot of Lake Winnipeg. (Dr. R.
Bell.) First noticed near Prince Albert on the Saskatchewan in
company with other species in the spring migrations of 1899.
Probably not uncommon but an irregular visitant. (Cowbeaux.)
The most abundant sparrow both at Grand Rapids and Chema-
wawin, Saskatchewan River, where the shrubbery was. thick.
(Nutting.) Quite common on Clearwater River, Lat. 56° 30’; very
common on Methye Lake to the exclusion of other birds ; com-
mon in places south to Isle ala Crosse. (/. WZ. Wacoun.)

Only one specimen of this species taken by me on the 4gth
parallel. This was on Turtle Mountain. (Cowes.) A common
summer resident in Manitoba, chiefly along the water courses and
northward, but always preferring the neighbourhood of water.
(Thompson-Seton.\ First individual seen at Indian Head, Assa.,
April 30th, 1892; they were common by the 2oth, and bred in
considerable numbers; one male was seen at Medicine Hat, Assa.,

508 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

April 30th, 1894; quite common in scrub along the river and
creeks by May sth; a few found breeding at Crane Lake, but
especially along Skull Creek; in the Cypress Hills, at the last of
June; they were quite common along the willow thickets bordering
the small creeks forming Swift Current Creek. This species is
always by water, and wherever there is water and brush. We
found it from Old Wives’ Creek to Wood Mountain and west to
Frenchman’s River, and by all the creeks issuing from the
Cypress Hills. Many nests were found on the ground, generally
beneath willows. A few individuals were seen in the Milk River
valley at Castellated Rocks, Alberta, also on the West Butte, on
the goth parallel, and at Lee’s Creek farther west; very rare at
Banff in the Rocky Mountains, breeding in the bushes in the
marsh below ‘the Cave and Basin” in June, 1891; first observed
one April 20th, at Edmonton, Alta.; found a nest May 26th and
another May 27th with five eggs; nests, on the ground, composed
of dry grass, lined with a little horse hair; common south in the
foothills to Crow’s Nest Pass; common from mouth of Lesser
Slave River to Peace River Landing Lat. 56° 15’ in June, 1903;
common from Edmonton to the crossing of McLeod’s River,north
of Edmonton in June, 1898. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING NotTes.—A common breeding bird around Ottawa.
Nest in a low bush, or tuft of grass, or on the ground; built of
grass, rootlets and vegetable matter, lined with grass and hair.
Eggs four, greenish or grayish white spotted with brown, choco-
late and lavender. (G. &. White.) Breeding in May, June and
July, and occasionally in August in New Brunswick. I would
not be surprised if some specialist were to divide our song spar-
rows into two races. There is certainly a difference in the songs
of those in different localities, a great difference in their eggs
and the location of the nest. (W. H. Moore.) -Some of the nests
are on the ground or sunken in the ground, also in the midst of
heaps of dead branches or covered by tufts of tall grass in the
fields or by reeds inthe marshes. Others are built in bushes or in
small trees to a height of ten feet, and many on the lower
branches of large conifers. A few are found in holes of trees or
in logs in fences. The materials used are grasses, bark and
leaves with finer grass or hairs as lining. Eggs may be found
from April to August at Ottawa. (Garneau)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 509

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-seven; one purchased with the Holman collection in
1885; one taken at Ottawa, in April, 1888, by Prof. Macoun; three
taken at Ottawa in April, 1890, by Mr. F. A. Saunders; one taken at
London, Ont., April Ist, 1886, by Mr. W. E. Saunders; seven
taken at Lorne Park, Toronto, in May, 1889, by Mr. E. Thompson-
Seton; three taken at Indian Head, Assa., in April, 1892, three at
Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, one at Old Wives’ Creek, May
27th, 1895, two at Peace River’ Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903,
and four at Edmonton, Alta., May,1897, all by Mr.Spreadborough.

Six sets of eggs; three taken at Ottawa by Mr. W. D. Lees con-
tain four, six and five eggs respectively; one of five eggs taken
on the canal bank at Ottawa, May 3rd, 1898, by Mr. L. Lambe;
one of three eggs taken at Indian Head, Assa., June 11th, 1892,
and.one of five eggs at Edmonton, Alta., May 27th, 1897, both
by Mr. Spreadborough.

58:7. Dakota Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea juddi (BisHor) A. O. U. Comm. — Igot.

This sub-species is found throughout Assiniboia. At Yorkton,
Assa., June Ist, 1901, I found a nest of this bird containing four
eggs, built on the ground amongst short grass. (W. Raine.) Our
specimens taken on many parts of the prairie are all placed with
the eastern torm by Mr. Oberholser. (Macoun.)

5816. Mountain Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea montana (HENSHAW) RIDGW. 1901.

Not uncommon near the International Boundary between Trail
and Cascade, B.C., in June, 1902 ; they seemed to be breeding on
the mountains. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Pour sthreertakensat ira b:C.; lune 6th) 1902; one taken’ at
Cascade, B.C., June 20th, 1902, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

58le. Rusty Song Sparrow.

Melospiza ciner.a morphna (OBERH.) RipGw. 1901.

Regular summer visitor. (Lord.) Common in British Columbia
west of Coast Range; specimens taken at Ashcroft in the interior
are of this form. (Stveator.) An abundant resident confined chiefly

510 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

‘to the coast and Vancouver Island. (Fannin.) An abundant
resident at Chilliwack. Tolerably common winter resident at
Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Svooks.) The distribution of gwé¢tata in
Washington and British Columbia is singularly uniform in all
kinds of localities, no difference between coast and interior indi-
viduals being apparent. (RKhoads.) Breeding from extreme
southern portion of Alaska through British Columbia, including
Vancouver Island, to Oregon. (Ridgway.) Saw what I took to
be this form in the valley of McLennan river, west of the Rocky
Mountains and south of Yellowhead Pass, in B.C., July, 1898; not
uncommon at Revelstoke, B.C., in April, 1890. Further west it
was foundcommon at Sicamous and Kamloops in 1889; not com-
mon at Penticton, B.C., a few pairs breeding ; it was very abund-
ant, however, west of the Coast Range at all points visited and
was particularly abundant on Vancouver Island. Except at Revel-
stoke, it was found breeding throughout its range; like the eastern
song sparrow it likes to breed near water. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nineteen; two taken at Revelstoke, B.C., April 1toth, 1890; one
at’ Penticton,.B.C., April, 1903; one at Siedmous, july isthetosom,
two at Kamloops, B.C., in June, 1889; three at Agassiz, B.C., in
May, 1889; three at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April, 1889;
three at Chilliwack, B.C., in May and June, 1901; two at Hunting-
ton, B.C., in September, 1901; one at Victoria, Vancouver Island,
April 28th, 1893, and one at Comox, Vancouver Island, June 23rd,
1893, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Three sets of eggs; two of four taken at Hastings, B.C., April
27th, 1889, and Agassiz, B.C., May 21st, 1889, both by Prof.
Macoun. One set of five taken near Victoria, Vancouver Island,
by Rev. G. Taylor, in May, 1890. One of the Agassiz nests was
built on the lowest strand of a wire fence.

5817. Sooty Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea rufina (BRANDT) RipGw. Igol.

An abundant resident chiefly along the coast of the mainland,
B.C. (fannin.) An abundant resident in the Fraser valley near
the International Boundary in the summer of Igo!t. Rather com-
mon along the seashore at Hastings, Burrard Inlet in May, 1880,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. S11

and seen at Comox, Vancouver Island, June, 1893. (Spread-
borough.) No specimens of this form were collected in the breed-
ing season along the coast of British Columbiaby me. (2Rhoads.)
Common at New Westminster and at English Bay and Stanley
Park near Vancouver, B.C., 1894. (4. F. G. White.)

Tolerably common in the bushy or grassy margins of the forests
along the beaches at Sitka, Alaska. (Gvennell.) Very abundant
on Queen Charlotte Islands. A few nests were taken, one was
situated in a bunch of weeds near the water’s edge and contained
two fresh eggs, all nests taken were in the same situation. ( Osgood.)
We heard several singing at Skagway, May 31st, 1899, and others
were seen at Haines Mission, June Ist and 2nd. (Azshop.) In the
wooded coast region of southeastern Alaska, including Sitka, and
thence northwest to Lituya Bay and Kadiak, this bird is abundant,
but beyond this limited region it is unknown at present. (/Ve/son.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine ; one taken at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., April 12th,
1889 ; six taken at Huntington, B.C.,in September, 1901 ; two
taken at Victoria, Vancouver Island, May, 1893, all by Mr. Spread-
borough. |

One set of five eggs taken at Comox, Vancouver Island, May
27th, 1895, by Mr. W. Harvey. The nest was close to the beach
in a bank of nettles, built of coarse grass or weed stalks on the
outside and finer material within, ending with dark-coloured hair.

5817, Yakutat Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea caurina (RipGway) Ripew. 1901.

Coast of middle Alaska, from Cook’s Inlet to Cross Sound ; in
winter to southern Alaska, taken at Howcan, Prince of Wales
Island. (Ridgway in The Auk, Vol. XVI, 1899, p. 36.) Coast of
the St.Elias district, Alaska, from Yakutat Bay to Lituya Bay.
(Ridgway.)

581-1. Kenai Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea kenatensis (RipGw.) RipGway. 1901.
Coast of Kenai peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook’s
Inlet to Prince William Sound. Type from Port Graham, Cook’s
Inlet, taken April gth, 1892, by C. H. Townsend. (Ridgway in
/

512 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

The Auk, Vol. XVII, p. 29,1900.) Two specimens taken at Homer,
October 12th I9g01 were the only ones seen near the Kenai
Mountains, Alaska. (Chapman.)

58l-‘la. Kadiak Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea insignis (BAIRD) RipG@w. 1901.
Island of Kadiak, Alaska, and opposite coast of Aliaska penin-
sula. (Ridg way.)

582. Aleutian Song Sparrow.

Melospiza cinerea (GMEL.) FinscH. 1872.

Among the several insular forms occurring in the Aléutian
Islands and rarely extending their range to the adjacent mainland
of southeastern Alaska this large hardy bird, a veritable giant
among its congeners, is the most peculiar. It is a_ resident
throughout the Aleutian Islands and is limited to the rocky
shores and low flats with its bordering beaches, never going far
inland, nor does it reach any considerable altitude. Strangely
enough it does not pass to the northward even as far as the Pryb-
ilof Islands. To the eastward, however, it is abundant on the
Shumagin Islands and Kadiak. (JVe/son.) This species is a con-
stant resident of the Aleutian Islands, the peninsula of Aliaska
and the adjacent islands lying on the south as far eastward as
Cook’s Inlet. (Zurner.) Abundant at Unalaska, October 5th to
7th, 1899, frequenting the roofs of buildings, lumber piles, wharves,
beaches and weeds of the level country. (Szshop.) Ten speci-
mens were taken at Sand Point, Popof Island, October 20th, Igo.
This. sparrow is fairly common on Popof Island, where it is
resident. (Chapman.)

583. Lincoln’s Sparrow.

Melospiza lincoln (AuD.) BAIRD. 1858.

Rare at Fort Chimo, Labrador; a male obtained June toth,
1883 ; common in southern portions. Drexler found it at Moose
Factory, May 23rd, 1860. (Packard.) Common along the north-

eastern coast of Labrador. A characteristic bird of the wooded
parts of the coast as far north as Hamilton Inlet. (4zgelow.) Not
an uncommon inland summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Dowzs.)
A pair was found breeding at Brackley Point, Prince Edward

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 513

Island, June 26th, 1888. (Macoun.) -Breedingin some abundance
on both shores of the Gut of Canso, N.S. (Brewster.) A rare
summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.; taken in 1899
at Fredericton where it undoubtedly breeds. (IV. Moore.) Taken
at Beauport, near Quebec; an uncommon migrant. (Déonne.)

A casual at Ottawa; a male of this species was shot, 16th
May, 1884, near the east end of the city by Mr. G. R. White.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Lhave met with this bird breeding in
the county of Leeds, Ont. One set of eggs I found in April on
the ground by a small pine, and once in aclearing in a small wood
in the month of June. A few breed on the Magdalen Islands
where the song sparrow seems to be very rare. (Rev. C.J. Young.)
Apparently rare inthe Algonquin Park, Ont. Shot one at Cache
Lake, July 1oth, 1900. Doubtless a few breed. (Spreadborough.)
Reaching us about the middle of May, these bird are so secretive in
their habits that it is very difficult to make an accurate calculation
of their numbers but a careful observer will usually see a few
specimens each season. They visit us here in Toronto on the
southern trip about the middle of September. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)

Observed in large numbers during the latter part of September
and beginning of October along the Mouse (Souris) River.
(Coues.) A rare spring and winter migrant at Carberry, Man,
(Thompson-Seton.) Rather common, July 13th to 16th, at York
Factory where three specimens were collected. (4. A. Prebles.)
Only noted asa spring migrant at Indian Head, Assa.; they were
first seen May 13th, 1892, and left again ina few days. Only afew
were observed at Old Wives’ Creek in 1895, but none were -seen on
the prairie at any place; they were not rare and breeding in the
bushes at Banff in 1891; first observed at Edmonton, Alta., on
May 5th, 1897, on June Ist found a nest on the ground ina
a bunch of grass, nest made of dried grass, eggs five, quite fresh;
common in the foothills from Calgary southward to Crow’s Nest
Pass; found a nest with four fresh eggs June 28th, nest same as
first ; abundant from Edmonton to Lesser Slave Lake and Peace
River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, 1903 ; seen everywhere between
Edmonton and Yellowhead Pass in low bushes in June, 1898; quite
common at Revelstoke, B.C., in May, 1890, and on the Columbia
south to Robson, where they were seen again in 1902, they were
breeding in low thickets ; common at Penticton, south of Lake
Okanagan, B.C. on April 28th, 1903. (Spreadborough.) North to

7a

514 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River; not rare. (oss.) Common
during the autumnal migrations. (Séveator.) Regular summer
visitor. (Zord.) Found east and west of Coast Range. (Fannzn.)

At Nulato this bird is rare, but thence it becomes more and more
numerous towards:the east and at Fort Yukon it is considerably
more abundant. (WVelson.) Mr. Rhoads in The Auk, Vol. X, p. 21,
says that he cannot see any difference between specimens of this
species taken on Vancouver Island and those taken in Pennsyl-
vania, and onthis account he rejects s¢vzata, which is based on
Vancouver Island specimens. (MJacoun.) Two or three pairs

breed in the grassy margin of the pond back of Sitka, Alaska, -

A juvenile about one-third grown was taken on June 25th. Mr.
Brewster says of a female that was taken June 25th that it agrees
with sév7ata in respect to the streaking in the upper parts, but it
would be unsafe to make it that form without material. (Gvinnell.)
An adult male was taken at Hope, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, and a few
others were seen when we were there. Thespecimen taken shows
none of the characters attributed to Melospiza lincolni striata.
(Osgood.) Seen at Log Cabin, June 15th, 1899; a female and a
nest of fresh eggs were taken near Lake Marsh, July 5th. The
nest was composed of coarse grass lined with fine, and was in a
tuft of grass in a swamp, about four inches above the water. The
species was occasionally met with to Circle City on the Yukon.
( Bishop.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-four ; one taken in Algonquin Park, Ont., July roth,
1900, three at Indian Head, Assa., in September, 1891, five at
Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897, three at Peace River Landing,
Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903, four at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in May,
1891.four at Revelstoke,B.C.,in May, 1890, two taken at Penticton,
B.C., Lat. 49°, April, 1903, two at Victoria, Vancouver Island, May,
1893, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of five eggs taken at Edmonton, Alta., June Ist, 1897,
by Mr. Spreadborough.

5834. Forbush’s Sparrow.
Melospiza lincolnit striata BREWST. 1889.

One seen near Victoria, Vancouver Island, April 24th, 1893, and
another on May 5th; after which time they were more common ;

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 515

observed a number in a marsh on Depot Creek, Chilliwack Lake,
B.C., July 24th, 1901; took one ina peat bog at Huntington on
the International Boundary on September 24th. (Spreadborough.)
Mount Lehman, lower Fraser valley ; also Vancouver Island.
( Streator.) Collected at Comox, Vancouver Island, in September,
1888, by E. H. Forbush. (Fannin.) Yolerably common migrant
at Chilliwack; tolerably common breeder in the Caribou district,
B.C.; one set of five eggs taken at 158-Mile House, July 3rd, 1901.
(Brooks.)

All our specimens are placed with the WW. incolniz, as we cannot
separate them from that species. (MJacoun.)

584. Swamp Sparrow.
Melospiza georgiana (Latu.) RipGw. 1885.

Audubon, Vol. III, p. 111, states it to be abundant in Labrador.
(Packard.) Not uncommon along the Humber River, Newfound-
land, 1889. (Lowes H. Porter.) A common summer resident in Nova
Scotia. (Downs.) Nest found at Sydney, Cape Breton Island,
May 25th, 1901; arrives in April. (C. &. Harte.) Fairly common
from May to October at Wolfville, King’s Co., N.S. (A. Zufts.)
Breeding in some numbers around the swamps at Brackley Point
and Rustico, Prince Edward Island, June, 1888. (Macoun.) Rather
common in very wet, bushy meadows, with alders here and there,
or in open swamps of limited area, such as occur along brooks in
a cleared country such as Prince Edward Island. Not uncommon
at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island. (Dwight.) An uncommon sum-
mer resident at St. John, N.B. ( Chamberlain.) A common sum-
mer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,N.B. (W.H.Moore.) Not .
uncommon on Magdalen Islands. (Bishop.) Rare in the Resti-
gouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) An abundant species on

- Anticosti Island and breeding there. (Brewster.) Taken at Beau-

port ; a summer resident in eastern Quebec. (Dvonne.) A com-
mon summer resident around Montreal. It is common in the
marshes, but on account of its retiring habits 1s not noticed unless
sought after by the collector of birds. (MWandile.)

A moderately common summer resident at Ottawa. (Osawa
Naturalist, Vo\. V.) A common summer resident in the marshes
of eastern Ontario. It makes its nest in the sedge in wet places.
The eggs are readily distinguished from those of the song spar-
row, being spotted and speckled with umber instead of brick-red_

a

516 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

(Rev. C.J. Young.) One taken at Beaumaris on May 14th, 1898
by Mr. Tavernier is the only record I have for the Parry Sound
and Muskoka districts. (/. 7. Fleming.) Abundant in the
marshes of the Madawaska, below Cache Lake, Algonquin Park,
Ont.; in June, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Found abundantly in the
marshes near Toronto. Have found many nests early in May.
(J. Hughes-Samuel.) Abundant summer resident in bogs and
marshes at Guelph, Ont. (4.8. Klugh.) A few were seen in the
shrubby woods back of the post of Oxford House andan adult
was taken July 3rd. At York Factory, where the species was
rather common, two young not long from the nest, were taken
July 13th and 16th. (4. A. Predbles.) This species was observed
with other members of the family during the autumn migration
from the middle of September until the middle of October at the
Mouse (Souris) River, Lat. 49°. In all, six specimens were taken.
(Coues.) A common summer resident in Manitoba; nesting in
swamps that have some willows about them; very abundant about
Carberry, breeding in every slough. (Zhompson-Seton.) North to
Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake; rare. (oss.) One speci-
men taken at Indian Head, Assa.,in May, 1892; everywhere in
marshes from the foot of Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Land-
ing, Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING Notes.—Rather rare as a breeding bird at Ottawa.
Nest on ground in a tussock of grass or in a low bush, composed
of rootlets weeds and grass, lined with fine fibrous matter ; eggs
4 to 6; greyish white, speckled with reddish brown. (G. 2. White.)
Nests found in the marshes around Ottawa in May and June; they
are attached to the reeds, which often hide the nest ; sometimes
they are built in bushes or on the ground along the swamps; the
material, used are grasses, which are finer inside used as a lining ;
from three to five eggs are in the set. (Garneau.)

\

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ; one
taken at Ottawa, May 1888, by Prof. Macoun; three taken at Ot-
tawa by Mr. F. A. Saunders in September, 1899; one taken in
Algonquin Park, Ont., May 28th, 1900, by Mr. Spreadborough. |

Two sets of eggs; one set of four taken at Cataraqui marsh near
Kingston, Ont., June 3rd, t900, by Mr E. Beaupré; nest in a
marsh built of driest grass and lined with hair; the other, also of

es

ee Soe ew 3

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 517

four eggs, taken at Gasperaux, N.S., May 22nd, 1898, by Mr. H.
F. Tufts ; nest of dried grass sunk into; the side of a “e@fassy
mound in a swamp.

CCVI. PASSERELLA Swainson. 1837.

585. Fox Sparrow.

Passevella iliaca (MERR.) SWAINS. 1837.

Common in the southern part of Labrador ; young obtained at
Rigolet late in June and early in July 1882. ( Packard.) Common
from some distance up the Moose River to Richmond Gulf ; none
observed when crossing Ungava; young able to fly July Ist, 1896.
(Spreadborough.) Common along the southern coast of Labrador;
we found it as far north as Aillik. (Bigeow.) A summer mig-
rant on Nexfoundland and very common. (Reeks.) Two young
birds seen August 17th, 1899, along the Humber River, Newfound-
land. (Louis H. Porter.) Common during the spring and autumn
migrationsinNova Scotia. (Downs.) One individual seen on Sable
Island, N.S., April 20th, 1902, and a flock on October 4th.
(James Bouteillier.) Yemale shot at Sydney, Cape Breton Island,
May 18th, 1902 ; ovaries small ; may possibly breed. (C. &.
Harte.) A flock of migrants was seen at Shulee, Cumberland
Co., N.S., March 29th ; they were in song. (Morrell.) Com-
mon in the spring migrations, rare in the autumn migrations at
St.John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A rare spring and autumn mig-
epee seotch Ibake York Co., NIB: (lV) He<Moore.)” Rather
common; breeding on the Magdalen Islands about the last of June.
(Bishop.) We found this sparrow among the Magdalens, on Anti-
costi and everywhere on the north shore of the gulf, breeding
abundantly. (Brewster.) Taken at Beauport; a migrant in east-
ern Quebec, but breeding on the Mingan Islands. (Dionne.) A
scarce and transient visitor in the vicinity of Montreal. (Wenite.)

A moderately common migrant at Ottawa. (Osawa Naturaitst,
Vol. V.) I have shot this bird in the fall in the county. of Leeds,
Ont. I found it on two occasions frequenting second growth
bush in old clearings. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Regarded as rare at Port
Sydney, in 1888, by Mr. Kay; reported as common on September
“th, 1896, at Beaumaris by Mr. Tavernier; both localities are in
Muskoka. (/. . Fleming.) This species passes through Toronto
so rapidly in its spring migration that it is quite easy to overlook

518 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

it entirely, hence the idea, I think, that it is scarce. I have met
with these birds in the middle of April when eaeh bush contained
several, many perched on the upper twigs singing the richest
sparrow melody I know of. On visiting the locality the next
morning at day break not a sign remained of our fleeting visitors;
in the fall, their visit is of much longer duration, but on disturb-
ing asmall party of these birds while scratching the dead leaves
for their food they will fly up into the nearest evergreen tree and
remain perfectly motionless till the intruder has passed from view.
(J. Hughes-Samuel.) Usually rare but occasionally a common
migrant in either spring or fall, and in rare seasons we may _ hear
this fine songster in full song for perhaps a week; and yet until
1885 only two or three specimens had been noted near London,
Ont., so that it appears to be increasing in abundance quite
steadily. (II. &. Saunders.) Irregular migrant in spring at Guelph,
Ont.; it is never common. (A. B. Klugh.) A rare and transient
visitant at Penetanguishene,Ont. (4.7. Young.) A not very common
migrant in Manitoba; breeding at Duck Mountain in the northern
part of the province. (Zhompson-Seton.) A not very common
migrant in southern Saskatchewan. (Co:dearx.) First noticed
on the afternoon of July toth, when its beautiful song was heard in
the willow thickets, bordering Hayes River, a few miles above
York Factory. While at York Factory we found fox sparrows
fairly common in willow thickets, and took a pair, July 16th. (4.
A. Prebles.) This handsome species breeds in the wooded dis-
tricts of the Northwest Territories up tothe sixty-eight parallel
of latitude; it constructs its nest in a low bush, of dry grass, hair
and feathers. (zchardson.) North to Lapierre’s House on the
Mackenzie River;common. (Ross.) Saw one, April tgth, 1897, at
Edmonton, Alta.; saw individuals up to June Ist, a few pairs
doubtless breed here; observed two individuals near Edmonton,
June 7th, 1898, common from Lesser Slave Lake to Peace
River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903. (Spreadborough.) Not
rare at Fort McMurray at the confluence of the Clearwater River
and the Athabasca, Lat. 56° 40’; one bird and nest seen on
Methye Portage, eggs not hatched July 18th, 1888. (/. &.
Macoun.)

I'did not discover the presence of the fox sparrow at Cape
Blossom, Kotzebue Sound, until the evening of July 31st, 1898 ;
fox sparrows were seen or heard all along the lower course of the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS 519

Kowak, and at our winter camp they were quite common up to
August 23rd, when they abruptly disappeared. (Grinnell.) A wave
of sparrows occurred at Circle City, Alaska, August 19th, 1899,
and one individual was indentified as being of this species.
(Bishop.) Along the coast of Norton. Sound this bird is an abund-
ant summer resident, sharing with the tree sparrows the bushy
shelter of the alder thickets on the hillsides and sheltered ravines.
(Nelson.) The fox sparrow arrives at St. Michael by the 8th June;
breeds here in the thickets of alder around the edges of the small
lakes. (Zwurner.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird is very common on the Magdalen
Islands where I found four nests in June, 1897; all except one con-
tained young by the 2Ist June ; these nests were built in stunted
spruce, one as much as five feet above the ground; they occasion-
ally make their nest on the ground like the song sparrow, and I
have seen a nest found in such a locality; a most interesting
species, it perches on the topmost branches of a young spruce,
and sings incessantly in its breeding habitat. (Rev. C./. Young.)

Tolerably common on both banks of the Anderson, and two or
three nests were also discovered in the vicinity of a small stream
named Swan River, in the ‘barren grounds;” most of the nests were
built on trees, and they resembled those of Zurdus alicia, but a
few found on the ground, however, were composed of coarse dry
grass, lined with some of a finer quality, a few deer hairs, and a
sprinkling of fresh moss; the complement of eggs varies from four
to five. (Macfarlane. Ihave several sets from the Mackenzie
delta; on June roth, 1900, a nest and three eggs were found by Mr.
C. E. Whittaker at Peel River, the nest was built in the root of a
shrub near the ground; on June Ist, 1898, another nest and 4 eggs
were found at Peel River by the Rev. I. O. Stringer, through whose
kindness I have been able to describe the nests and eggs of many
Arctic birds found by this gentleman in the far north, during his
eight years sojourn amongst the Eskimos of that region, and it is
to be regretted that owing to failing health Mr. Stringer had to
abandon his work amongst the natives of the Arctic coast, as
he has proved himself to be a keen observer and careful pains-
taking ornithologist; many of the specimens collected by
Mr. Stringer were taken while he was travelling up or down the
Mackenzie delta or along Arctic coast with bands of Eskimos and
often at night when the natives had laid down to sleep, Mr.

520 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

Stringer had to skin the birds and blow the eggs and make his
notes, and by the time this work was done the Eskimos were astir
again and making ready to proceed on their journey. (W. Razme.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; one taken at Ottawa, by Prof. Macoun in May, 1888; two
taken by Mr. F. A. Saunders in April, 1890; three taken by Mr.
Spreadborough, in June, 1903, at Peace River Landing; these
last represent the gray phase of Ridgway, but are doubtless a dis-
tinct form.

One set of five eggs taken at Nachvak, Labrador, by Mr. R.
Guay, in June, 1897.

5850. Shumagin Fox Sparrow.

Passerella thaca unalaschensts (GMELIN) RIDGW. 1900.
Shumagin Islands and Aliaska peninsula, Alaska; Unalaska
Island? (Aidgway.) An adult female taken at Homer, Kenai
peninsula, June sth, 1901, agrees with Shumagin Island speei-
mens. (Chapman.)

585.1. Kadiak Fox Sparrow.

Passerella thaca insularvis RipGw. 1900.
Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; south to California in
winter: Type taken at Kadiak Island, May 17th, 1868, by F.
Bischoff. (Azdgway in The Auk, Vol. XVII., p. 30, 1900.)

585.2. Yakutat Fox Sparrow.

Passerella thaca annectens RIDGWAY. 1900.

Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William’s Sound;
in winter south to California. (Rzdgway.) Rather common at
Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, but very shy as usual, and hard to secure.
Two specimens were taken at Hope and one at Tyonek but are
not typical. (Osgood.) Three specimens taken at Homer and
on Kenai Mountains in August, 1901. These birds agree with
June specimens of annectens from Yakutat Bay. (Chapman.)
This species was taken in April, 1893, at Victoria, Vancouver
Island, by Mr. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 521
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One, taken at Victoria, Vancouver Island, April 28th, 1893, by
Mr. Spreadborough.

585.3. Townsend’s Sparrow.

Passerella tliaca townsendi (AUDUBON) RipGway. 190i.

Coast district of southern Alaska (islands and coast of mainland)
from southern side of Cross Sound, Lynn Canal, etc., to north side
of Dixon Entrance; in winter south to northern California.
(Ridgway.) But very little is known of this bird’s habits, and
nothing of its nesting. There are four specimens in the National
Museum collection from Sitka, and the species undoubtedly
occurs north along the mainland coast. (Velson.) Port Althorp,
George Island, Alaska, June 19th, 1880. (Sean.) Common on tall-
grass on St. Lazaria Island, near Sitka, Alaska, where half-fledged
young were observed on June 15th, 1898. (Grinnell.) One indi-
vidual was seen at Skagway and several noticed at Glacier, in
the White Pass, June, 8-9, 1899. (Bzshop.) Common on Queen
Charlotte Islands, but exceedingly shy. Ten specimens in all
‘were taken, but they are not identical with Sitka specimens, and
perhaps should be considered intermediate between fownsend and
fuliginosa. ( Osgood.)

585.4. Sooty Fox Sparrow.
Passerella thaca fuliginosa Ripeway. 1899.

Breeding in the coast district of southwestern British Colum-
bia, including Vancouver Island. (Ridgway.) I have only found
this bird west of the Coast Range in B.C. It 1s a common sum-
mer resident on Vancouver Island, where it breeds. (/@mnzn.) A
common species in spring around Victoria, V. I. A marked
peculiarity of this bird is its scraping among the leaves when
feeding, just like a hen. While doing this it hops about with its
tail elevated like a wren. It wasseen late in June, 1887. (A/acoun.)
Regular summer visitor in British Columbia. (Zord.) Tolerably
common migrant at Chilliwack, B.C.; breeding on the summits
of the Coast Range. (Bvooks.) Seen on Sea Island, near Van-
souver, BG. April 25th, 1894.. (2: 4. G. White.)

522 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Victoria, Vancouver Island, in April, 1887,
and the other at Comox, V.I.,in May of the same year by Prof.
Macoun.

5850. Slate-colored Sparrow.

Passerella thaca schistacea (BAIRD) ALLEN. 1872.

Quite common at Banff, Rocky Mountains in May and June,
1891, where they were evidently breeding; rare at Penticton, B.C.,
in April, 1903; one specimen of this form was seen at Rossland,
B.C., in June, 1902; one female was shot at Revelstoke, B.C.,
April 25th, 1899. (Spreadborough.) Taken at Nelson, on Kootanie
River, B.C., and two intermediates from further west. (Ahoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fight; five taken at Banff between May 15th and June 16th,
1891; two taken at Penticton, B.C., April 21st, 1903, and one at
Edmonton, Alta., May 5th, 1897, by Mr. Spreadborough.

CCVIL: -PEPILO > Vieirvor. 16K:
587. Towhee.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus (LAUNN.) VIEILL. 1824.

Audubon, Vol. III., p. 168, states that it occurs northward to
Labrador. (fackard.) Accidental in New Brunswick; one shot
at Irishtown, May 8th, 1881. (Chamberlain.) Cap Rouge, near
Quebec, obtained by Mr. Nelson. (Déonne.) A fewseen and one
taken at Ottawa in August, 1890. (/. A. Saunders.)

This bird breeds commonly in the county of Leeds, near Lans-
downe, Ont. I have found the nest in a small thick hemlock
about 18 inches above the ground on the tgth May, and on the
ground, with four eggs, as early as the 6th May. It appears
usually to raise a second brood. In eastern Ontario it resorts to
the same kind of location as the fox sparrow frequents on the
Magdalen Islands, preferring second growth woods and old
clearings grown up with brambles and brush. It hasa preference
for broken uneven ground. It arrives about the middle of April
and is one of the last birds to leave in the fall, I have seen it as
late as the end of September. (Rev. C.J. Young.) First seen at

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 523

Port Sydney, Muskoka, by Mr. Kay, in 1887; they bred there in
1891; reported rare at Beaumaris in 1897 by Mr. Tavernier.
(J. H. Fleming.) Fairly common summer resident at Guelph,
Ont. Arrives about April 2-th and leaves about October 8th.
(A. B. Klugh.) Common summer resident about London, Ont.,
arriving early, sometimes in March, and averaging April 16th.
Although so common at London it is much less so in north
Bruce, although it appears to be more common now in that dis-
trict than it was 10 years ago. The nests are placed both on the
ground, in shrubs, and occasionally in brush heaps. Two broods
are often reared in a season usually consisting of four in the first
and three in the second. (W. £. Saunders.) This is one of the
species which apparently enters Ontario from the southwest, for
on looking at the dates of its arrival at London and Chatham we
find it is always there beforeit reaches Hamilton, while at Ottawa
Mr. White has not met with it all. (WeMwraith.) A common
summer resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. (4. F. Young.)

A common summer resident in sheltered scrub lands in south-
ern Manitoba and northwest to Carberry. (Zhompson-Seton.) This
bird was not uncommon about Pembina, where it was breeding in
June. A nest was taken July Irth containing two eggs that
belonged in it, together with ¢#vee that did not, having been de-
posited by the cowbirds. ( Cowes.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; one
taken at Ottawa in August, 1890, by Mr. F. A. Saunders; one
taken at Toronto by Mr. S. Herring; and one taken at London,
Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders, May Ist, 1892.

Two sets of eggs; one of four taken at Toronto June Ist, 1890,
by Mr. W. Raine; and one of four eggs taken at Komoka, Ont.,
June 8th, 1894, by Mr. W. E. Saunders. Nest composed of grass
and weeds lined with hair, placed on a knoll covered with grow-
ing plants.

588. Arctic Towhee.
Pipilo maculatus arcticus (SWAINS.) COUES. 1872.

Along the 49th parallel this form becomes established at least
as far east as the Mouse (Souris) River, where I secured a speci-
men in September. On the boundary they were not met with

524 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

again until the Rocky Mountains were reached. (Cowes.) First
saw one at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 3rd, 1894; by the 12th they
were common in low scrub along the Saskatchewan and the creeks
leading into it. They were also common on the east end of the
Cypress Hills at the end of June. This species was met with in
brush from Old Wives’ Creek, Assa. to Wood Mountain,and south
to Rocky Creek, and Medicine Lodge ; it was found to be quite
common in all the wooded ravines of the Cypress Hills ; a nest
was taken at Farewell Creek, June 28th, 1895; it was common in
Milk River valley and along the St. Mary’s River. (Macoun.)
This handsome ground fi:ch was observed only on the plains of
the Saskatchewan, where it no doubt breeds, as one specimen was
killed late in July; it arrives in the end of May and frequents
shady and moist clumps of wood, being generally seen near the
ground. (zchardson.)

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds sparingly in northwest Assiniboia
and northern Alberta; two sets of four eggs were taken at Fort
Saskatchewan, Alta., by Mr. J. Callaghan, on June 12th, 1898 ;
nests made of roots and grass and built in alow shrub a few
inches above the ground at the side of a coulee. (W. Raine.)
This species always builds on the ground or close to it; one nest
was taken at Farewell Creek, Cypress Hills, Assa., June 26th,
1895, on the slope of the bank, under a willow root in a thicket ;
another was taken the next day also from the ground in the open
but this was under the roots of Symphoricarpus occidentalis ; the
nests were chiefly built of bark and grass and lined inside with
hair; each nest contained four eggs. (/acoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six ; five taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, one at Old
Wives’ Creek, Assa., May 22nd, 1895, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs; one of four taken by Prof. Macoun in the

Cypress Hills, June 26th, 1895, and another of five eggs taken at
Lethbridge, Assa., June 5th, 1894; nests on the ground under

.

bushes.

588a. Spurred Towhee.

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (BAIRD) COUES. 1872.

At Pass Creek near Robson, Columbia valley, a strange bird
was seen in a tree on June 20th, 18go0; it had a very long tail and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 525

was new to us; the next day it was seen again and we decided it
was a towhee; on the 26th Prof. Macoun flushed a bird off its nest
under a bush of Ceanothus velutinus and he immediately shot it.
The male then came along and was shot also; they proved it to be
this form; within the nest were four half-grown young which we
drowned. Common everywhere at Trail, B.C., in low bushes,
young ready to fly, June Ist, 1902; common in low brushat Pentic-
ton, south of Lake Okanagan, B.C., April, 1903; also at S:camous
and Enderby, B.C. (Spreadborough.) Anadult male and female
taken at Ashcroft. (Stveator.) East of Coast Range; breeds at
Ashcroft. (/annin.) Abundantly haunting the woodlands of all
points visited in British Columbia up to 4000 feet. (//oads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen ; two taken at Robson, B.C., June, 1890, by Prof.
Macoun; four taken at Trail, B.C., in May, 1902, four at Cascade,
B.C. in June, 1902, and four at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903, all
by Mr. Spreadborough.

588b. Oregon Towhee.

Pipilo maculatus oregonus (BELL) COUES. 1872.

Abundant onthe coast at Hastings, on Burrard Inlet and at
Port Heney and Agassiz on the Fraser River, in 1889; very abund-
ant at Chilliwack and at Huntington on the International Boun-
dary in 1902 ; abundant on Vancouver Island and on the islands in
the Gulf of Georgia. (Spreadborough.) Abundant on the coast of
British Columbia; breeds. (Szveator.) An abundant resident west
of the Coast Range ; winters on the coast. (Fannin.) Common
at Chilliwack ; permanent resident. (Bvooks.) Replacing mega-
lonyx west of the Coast Range. Its exact counterpart in habits
and habitat. (Rdoads.) Rather common around Vancouver and
Stanley Park in July, 1895. (4. F. G. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nineteen; two taken at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889, three at Port
Heney, Fraser River, B.C., April, 1889, six at Chilliwack, B.C., in
May and June, Igo1, five at Huntington, B.C. in October, 1901,
two at Victoria, Vancouver Island, in April, 1893, and one at
Comox, Vancouver Island, June 22nd, 1893, all by Mr. Spread-
borough.

526 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

One set of three eggs taken by Prof. Macoun, May 3rd, 1889, at
Hastings, B.C.

CCVIII. CARDINALIS Bonaparte. 1837.
593. Cardinal, Red-bird.

Cardinalis cardinalts (LinN.) Licut. 1854.

Two were seen, a male and a female at Scotch Lake, York Co.,
N.B., Aug. 20th, 1900. (W. H. Moore.) The cardinal can only be
regarded as a casual visitor along our southwestern border. Mr.
Norval reports one or two being found near Port Rowan and Dr.
Macallum mentions that a few are seen every summer along the
lake shore south of Dunnville, where they are supposed to breed
among the evergreens. (MWcllwraith.) A fine male specimen of
this species in the museum of Toronto University is labelled
‘Weston, Ontario,” anorthwestern suburb of Toronto. (7hompson-
Seton in Trans. Can. Institute, Vol. 1., p. 55, 1890.)

In September I spent four days, 17th to 21st, in company with
my cousin Mr. H. H. Keays, at Point Pelee, collecting. Nearly
every day of our stay the fishermen gathered around our camp
fire, apparently much interested in us as strangers, and in our
work. After telling us of the strange birds they had seen on the
point (their descriptions of which were usually too complicated for
us to make more than a.guess at the species) one of them asked
us of a bird that made its appearance about four years ago and
had since been quite common, stating that it was a splendid
whistler, and that an old lady living in the vicinity had caught a
number of them and sold them for cage birds, catching them in
a cage trap and using the first one taken as a decoy for more.
From his description we concluded that it must be the cardinal
(Cardinalis cardinalts), and sure enough, on the following day, we
secured one, a young male in moulting plumage. Twice after-
wards we heard near our camp, just at dawn, the call note of
what we decided must have been this bird. Without doubt the
cardinal has come to stay at Point Pelee, nor could they select a
more suitable place, the cape being quite plentifully covered with
red cedar, and the weather in fall remaining mild longer than
on the mainland, on account of its proximity to the lake, as is
evident by our having no frost during our stay, while on our
return we noticed the corn well bleached on the mainland. It is

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 527

to be hoped, however that it will not restrict its range to the
point nor to the shore of Lake Erie in Ontario, as this bright
plumaged bird will make an acceptable addition to our fauna.
Inland-we have but few records of stragglers, which in the vicin-
ity of London are as follows: One shot at St. Thomas, spring of
1890,by Mr.O.Foster; one taken in a cedar swamp a mile from Lon-
don,Nov. 30th, 1896, this being the first record for Middlesex Co.,
and which is made complete as far as I am able to ascertain by a
ssecond at Kilworth by Mr. John Thompson, Nov. 17th, 1899, both
these birds being males. The Rev. C. L. Scott reports one shot
near Aylmer, Elgin Co., about October, 1900. From Guelph one
is reported by Mr. F. N. Beattie as spending the winter of 1899
around his place. Other reports come from Chatham and
Rondeau, all of single specimens, and apparently stragglers.
(J. C. Keays in The Auk, Vol. XIX., p. 204.) On Feb. 14th, 1901,
I procured a female cardinal grosbeak at Penetanguishene, which
I sent to Mr. Jas. H. Fleming, of Toronto, about the same time a
male was taken near Toronto. (A. F. Young.) Between Novem-
ber 20th and 27th, 1902, a male was seen about Rusholme Road,
Toronto; and one was taken in Toronto, in February, 1900.
(J. H. Fleming.)
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.
Said to have been taken in southwestern Ontario.

CCIX. HABIA REIcHENBACH. 1850.

595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Habia ludoviciana (LINN.) STEJN. 1848.

Met with only once near Baddeck,Cape Breton Island. (Dzgiz.)
Not common about Halifax, but frequent in the vicinity of Truro
and Pictou, N.S. (Downs.) Taken at Beauport; rather rare around
Quebec. (Dionne.) A very rare summer resident near St. John,
N.B. (Chamberlain.) Seen from May to November at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B.; breeds here; a family was seen passing
south, August 16th, 1901. (W. H. Moore.) A common transient
visitor around Montreal, but evidently goes further north to breed;
I have only observed it here in spring, so I infer it returns south
by another route. (Wintle.)

8

528 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA,

A moderately common summer resident around Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A few of these handsome birds
remain to breed in the county of Leeds, Ont.;I have twice seen
the nest; once on the 9th June ina small beech tree; the eggs
were just hatching; again in the middle of June a nest with three
eggs ina maple sapling about ten feet from the ground. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) A common summer resident in the districts of Parry
Sound and Muskoka, breeding usually in second growth hardwood.
(/. H.Fleming.) Rather uncommon summer resident in Algon-
quin Park, Ont. (Spreadborough.) Formerly common all over
western Ontario; now it is more so in the north than in the south
where it has probably been killed off to a certain extent. (WV. 4.
Saunders.) Fairly common summer resident at Guelph, Ont. ;
arrives about May toth and leaves about September Ist. (A. B.
Klugh.) A breeding summer resident at Penetanguishene, Ont.
(A. F. Young.)

Common summer resident in Manitoba, in:thickets ; breeds
throughout the province in suitable localities. (Zhompson-Seton.)
Only one specimen at Indian Head, Assa., on May 26th, 1892.
First saw three females at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 17th, 1894,
later saw two males; a few pairs bred in the river valley; late in
June a few were seen in the Cypress Hills; taken at Old Wives’
Creek and seen at Wood Mountain Post, Assa., in July, 1895; was
seen on the islands in St. Mary’s River, Alta. (Spreadborough.)
A specimen of this bird was obtained near the Saskatchewan on
Sir John Franklin’s first expedition, but we had not the good
fortune to meet with it on our second journey. (¢tchardson.)
First seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 15th, 1897 ; found a nest in
an alder bush about ten feet from the ground, nest a very slight
affair, in fact, I could see the eggs quite through it; it was just a
few sticks placed in the fork of a bush. Eggs three; the male
was sitting on the eggs; common in the poplar woods from Edmon-
ton to the McLeod River; common. from Lesser Slave Lake to
Peace River Landing,Lat. 56°15’, June,1903. (Spreadborough.) Com-
mon from Lesser Slave River down the Athabasca River to Fort
McMurray, Lat. 56° 40’; not rare up the Clearwater River to
Methye Portage. (/. MZ. Macoun.) Rare near Prince Albert, Sask.,
only a few seen during the summer; probably breeds in the coun-
try. (Coubeaux.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 529

BREEDING Notes.—I was pleased to find this truly elegant bird
breeding in abundance at Pembina in the undergrowth of the
heavy timber along the banks of the Red River, as I had never
before enjoyed a good opportunity of studying its habits. It was
not observed at any other point along the line, though stated to
penetrate as far northward as the Saskatchewan region; a fine
suite of specimens was carefully preserved, and several sets of
eggs procured ; the birds were mating and in full song by the
beginning of June, when I arrived upon the spot, but no nests
were found until the 21st; four was the largest number found ina
nest; others contained only two or three, butin all incubation had
begun; the only nest I took myself was built in a thick grove of
saplings, about eight feet from the ground; it contained three
eggs averaging an inch in length by three-fourths in breadth; these
were of a pale dull green colour, profusely speckled with reddish-
brown; the nests were rather rude and bulky structures, about six
inches across outside by four in depth, with the cavity only half
as much each way, owing to the thickness of the loose walls ;
they were built entirely of the slender tortuous stems and rootlets
of some climbing shrub, for the most part loosely interlaced,
though more firmly, evenly, and circularly laid around the brim,
and finished sometimes with a little horse-hair lining, sometimes
without; the male at this season has a delightful song; the female
is, however, nearly voiceless, and of an extremely retiring dis-
position. ( Cowes.)

Nests near Ottawa about ten feet from the ground in trees;
the nest is built with small twigs or branches loosely put together
and lined with hair-like roots. One nest with four eggs found on
June 6th, 1895, and{another containing three eggs found on May
31st, 1902. (Garneau.) This species breeis commonly about
Sharbot Lake, Frontenac Co., Ont., I have seen three nests this
month near the road in low ground; they build a loose nest of
twigs, &c., lined with rootlets and fibres placed eight or ten feet
from the ground; the eggs were laid the first week in June. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) The nest of this species taken at Ottawa was built
in a low bush a few feet from the ground; it was a bulky and rude
affair built of weed-stems and stout rootlets; it was lined with a
little horse-hair and sgme fine rootlets; eggs, three, pale green,
speckled with reddish brown. (G. R. White.)

8%

530 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; three taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun;
one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; three at Med-
icine Hat, Assa., in May, 1894, one taken June 28th, 1903, at
Peace River Landing, and one at Edmonton, Alta., May 18th,
1897, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs; one of four eggs taken at Farrellton, Que.,
June 18th, 1893, by Mr. A. G. Kingston; one set of three taken at
Edmonton, Alta., May, 29th, 1897, by Mr. Spreadborough.

596. Black-headed Grosbeak,

Hatbia melanocephala (SWAINS.) STEJN. 1884.

Not uncommon through British Columbia to the coast; heard
in the woods at Revelstoke, B.C., May 26th, 1890; breeding in the
valley of Pass Creek at Robson, B.C., June, 1890; a female shot
on May 31st. Only observed a pair, which were breeding, near
Trail in the summer of 1902. A rare species at Spence’s Bridge,
B.C.; seen at Hastings and Agassiz in the Fraser River valley,
where it was not uncommon in May, 1889; abundant at Chilli-
wack in the spring of 1901; a few seen later at McGuire’s a few
miles up the river. (Spreadborough.) A common summer resident
on Vancouver Island at Victoria and Comox; nests were taken at
Lost Lake, near Victoria, May 2Ist, 1887, they were placed in
the crotches of Pirus rivulasts; at Nanaimo a nest found in
Prunus emarginata. (Macoun.) Common summer resident of the
coast region; breeds; arrived about May Ist. (Strveator.) A
summer resident east and west of the Coast Range. (/annzz.)
Common summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Breeding at
Agassiz, B.C., May 14th, 1897. (E.F. G. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven; three taken at Trail on the International Boundary,
B.C., in June, 1902, one at Agassiz, B.C., May 13th, 1889, three
at Chilliwack, B.C.,in May, I901, two at Victoria, Vancouver
Island, June, 1893, and one at Comox June 20th, 1893, all by Mr.
Spreadborough.

One set of three eggs taken at Lost Lake, near Victoria, V.1., in
May, 1887, by Prof. Macoun.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 531
CCX. GUIRACA Swainson. 1827.

597. Blue Grosbeak.

Guiraca cerulea (LINN.) SWAINS. 1827.

One specimen shot at Four-mile House, near Halifax, N.S,
(Downs.) On the 7th May, 1862, both sexes of this bird were
noticed at Mille Vaches, lower St. Lawrence, Que., by Mr.
Peverley, Sr.; they were accompanied in the same tree by the
little indigo bunting. (Couper in Can. Nat., Vol. VII., 1862.)

CCXI. CYANOSPIZA Bairp. 1858.
598. Indigo Bunting.

Cyanospiza cyanea (LINN.) BAIRD. 1858.

Apparently rare at St. John, N.B.; but said to be common on
the western side of Nova Scotia. (Chamberlain.) Have only
seen-one pair at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. That was in June,
1900. (W. H. Moore.) Taken at Charlesbourg, near Quebec ;
rather rare in the vicinity of Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common
summer resident in the Montreal district. Breeds in Mount
Royal park. I have found their nests with eggs from June 18th
to July 13th, and observed them here from May 11th to August
13th. (Wintle.)

A moderately common summer resident around Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A common summer resident in the
counties of Leeds and Renfrew, where it usually makes its nest
about the middle of June in a raspberry thicket. (Rev. C./. Young.)
A fairly common summer resident in the districts of Parry Sound
and Muskoka. It arrives later than most species. (/. H. Fleming.)
Common summer resident at Guelph, Ont. (4.8. Klugh.) Com-
mon in all suitable localities both in the western and northern
extremities of the western peninsula of Ontario. (W. £. Saunders.)
A rare and transient visitant at Penetanguishene, Ont. (A. 7.
Young.)

BBeEEpING Notes.—The nests taken at Ottawa were placed in
low bushes, and were large for the size of the bird. It is com-
posed of grass, leaves and weed-stalks, lined with fine grass. Eggs
4 or 5, white, tinged with blue; some eggs are speckled with
reddish-brown. (G. R. White.) This bird breeds sometimes at

532 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Ottawa, but more frequently in Montreal in June, also at Lake
Nominingue, 100 miles north of Ottawa, in July. Nest ina fork
in a bush two or three feet from the ground, made of dried leaves
and lined with fine grass or hairs. Eggs in the set three or four
of a pale blue colour. (Garneai..)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun.

Two sets of four eggs each, both taken by Mr. W. Raine, one
at Toronto, June Ist, 1889, and one at Stratford, Ont., May
29th, 1890.

599. Lazuli Bunting.

Cyanospiza amend (SAY) BarrD. 1858.

This species was found in the Bow valley from the foothills at
Morley upto Banff in the Rocky Mountains, but although often
seen was not common in the summer of 1891; common at Trail on
the Columbia and at Cascade in low bushes on the hillsides in
June and July, 1902; tound at Kamloops and Spence’s Bridge, B.
C. in abundance in June, 1889; two pairs were seen at Agassiz on
May 13th, the same year, one specimen seen at Chilliwack, B.C.,
May 23rd, 1901; shot a female at Comox, Vancouver Island, tae
23rd, 1893, the onty one seen; one seen at lake near Victoria,
Vancouver Island, May 15th, 1887. (Spreadborough.) This beauti-
ful bird is abundant between the Coast Range and the Rockies,
but does not extend further north than Bonaparte River which ts
north of Ashcroft in British Columbia. (2hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; four taken at Trail, B.C., May and June, 1902, three at
Spence’s Bridge, B.C., May, 1889, one at Kamloops, B.C., June
23rd, 1889, and one at Comox, Vancouver Island, June 23rd, 1893,
all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CCXII. SPIZA Bonaparte. 1824.
604. Dickcissel.

Spiza americana (GMEL.) Ripew. 1880.

Since the irruption of this species into eastern and cee
Ontario in 1895, recorded in the Ottawa Naturalist, of that year

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 533

- none have been observed near London; this species, however, is a
steadily common breeder in the west, all over the country south
of Lake St. Clair and becomes less numerous and more southern
as one comes east; the three nests so far recorded in Ontario
were all on the ground, though it is often placed higher in the
prairie states; the four or five blue eggs havea striking resemblance
to those of the bluebird. (W. &.Saunders.) On June 14th, 1897,while
doing some miscellaneous collecting near the big slough at Port-
age la Prairie, Man., a strange bird flushed out of the grass: and
alighted on a fence-post; I immediately secured it and was very
surprised to discover that I had collected a fine male black-
throated bunting; no others were seen. (Geo. &. Atkinson.) One
individual taken on Sable Island, N.S,, Sept. 12th, 1902. (James
Bouteitlier.)
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

CCXITI]. CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte. 1838.
605. Lark Bunting, White-winged Blackbird.

Calamospiza melanocorys STEJN. 1885.

The apparent absence of this species from the Red River
region with its abundance on the Missouri is one of the strong
marks of difference in the fauna of the two watersheds. It isa
abundant and characteristic species of the sage-brush country of
the upper Missouri and extends thence to the Rocky Mountains
through the Milk River region. The bird is rathera late breeder
unless the eggs found July gth and 21st were those of a second
brood. The eggs are four or five in number, like those of the
blue-bird and normally unmarked, though occasionally sparsely
dotted. Two cow-bird’s eggs were found in one of the nests
secured. The nest is sunk in the ground so that the brim
is flush with the surface, and is built of grass and weed-stalks,
lined with similar but finer material. (Coues.) A probable summer
resident of southwestern Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) | Occa-
sionally seen east of Crane Lake, but in its neighbourhood they
were quite common and breeding late in June, 1894. They
always placed their nests on the ground under sage brush (A7#e-
mista cana); this they did in all parts of the prairie region where
they were found. In 1895 they were found in some numbers at

534 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

12-Mile Lake, near Wood Mountain, Assa., in sage flats; fifty
miles further west on Frenchman’s River, in sage flats, they were
again numerous and breeding under sage brush}. ‘at. Bastion
Post, Cypress Hills, Assa., it was again noticed; also at Farewell
Creek, and lastly at’ Sucker Creek, west end of Cypress Hills
where there was a flock of over thirty ; they always nested in the
sage brush and lived in colonies; one individual was shot at Banff,
Rocky Mountains in May, 1891. (Spreadborough.) I never saw
this bird in Manitoba but it is not at all scarce in western Assini-
boia and Alberta. I found its nest at Rush Lake and Crane Lake,
Assa. It makes its nest in the grass and lays 4 pale blue eggs.
This species and McCown’s longspur are two of the sweetest
songsters on the prairie. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS,

One taken at 12-Mile Lake, Assa., June 6th, 1895, and one
taken at Crane Lake, Assa., June 1oth, 1894, both by Mr. Spread-
borough,

Famity XLIV. TANAGRIDAS, TANAGERsS.
CCXIV. PIRANGA VIEILLor. 1807.

607. Louisiana Tanager.

Piranga ludoviciana (WILS.) RICHARDSON. 1837.

Fort Chipweyan, Lake Athabasca, Atha. (Aidgway.) Abun-
dant at Athabasca Landing, 90 miles north of Edmonton, and up
the Athabasca to Lesser Slave River. A few were seen down the
Athabasca to Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 40’. (/. M. Macoun.)
Common from the mouth of Lesser Slave River to Peace River
Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903; first seen May 8th, 1897, at
Edmonton, Alta.; after this date they became common and soon
began to breed; common from Edmonton to Yellowhead Pass in
June, t898; common in the foothills from Calgary to Crow’s
Nest Pass; not very common at Banff, 1891, but breed in the
Bow River valley from the “Gap” inwards. They are found all
through the mountains, but seem tobe most abundant in the
Columbia valley both east and west of the Selkirks. Very com-
mon at Revelstoke, Deer Park and Robson, in the Columbia
valley ; apparently breeding in tall trees as no nests were taken
although many birds were seen; also taken west of the Eagle

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 535

Pass in the Gold Range; occasional in woods at Spence’s Bridge
and Kamloops, also at Agassiz and Westminster Junction in 1389;
abundant at Chilliwack; a few seen at McGuire’s, and two observed
on the International Boundary at Huntingdon in 1901; a common
summer resident throughout Vancouver Island. (Spreadborough.)
Abundant summer resident everywhere. (Séreator.) An abundant
summer resident throughout the province ; breeds on Vancouver:
Island and mainland. (/annim.) Common summer resident at
Chilliwack. (Brooks.) Fairly abundant and uniformly distributed
over the coasts, mainland and- islands of British Columbia.
( Rhoads.)

Breepinc Nores.—Mr. G. F. Dippie and myself have both
received eggs and skins of this bird from Red Deer, Alta.; on
June 3rd, 1898, Mr. Wenman found a nest on the Red Deer River,
it contained four eggs and was built in a poplar five feet from the
ground. (IV. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-seven; one taken at Athabasca Landing, Atha., May 29,
1888, by Mr.J. M. Macoun,; three at Edmonton, Alta.,in May, 1397,
one taken at Cannfiore, Rocky Mountains, May 25th, 1891, two at
Banff, Rocky Mountains, June, r8g1, four at Revelstoke, B.C., in
May, 1890, two at Deer Park,B.C., June, 1890, three at Trail, B.C.,
May and June, 1902, one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., May 31st, 1389,
two at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889, five at Chilliwack, B.C.,in May,
Ig01, two at Huntington, B.C., in September, 1901, and one at
Comox, Vancouver Island, June 20th, 1893, all taken by Mr.
Spreadborough.

608. Scarlet Tanager.

Piranga erythromelas ViEILL. 1819.

A fewoccur in the spring in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) A very rare
summer resident in New Brunswick; has been taken at the Grand
Falls of the St. John. (Chamberlain.) A rare summer visitor at
Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Taken at Lorette;
a rare summer visitor around Quebec. (Dionne.) A transient
visitant, but common around Montreal; I have not seen it in the
autumn. (Wintle.)

Moderately common summer resident at Ottawa. (Otawa
Naturalist, Vol\l. V.) This handsome bird occasionally breeds near

536 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Lansdowne, Ont., and I suppose in the county of Renfrew, where
I have seen it in summer; I once found a nest in June, 1899,
built in a bushy second growth maple about seven feet from the
- ground, not far from the Grand Trunk Railway at Lansdowne.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) Acommon summer resident in the districts of
Parry Sound and Muskoka; breeds in hardwood bush. (/. @.
Fleming.) Not rare in Algonquin Park, Ont. in summer. (Spread-
borough.) A common summer resident in Middle ex and North
Bruce, Ont. (W.£. Saunders.) Fairly common summer resident
at Guelph, Ont.; arrives about May 12th, leaves about September
15th. (4.8. Klugh.) A common and breeding summer resident
at Penetanguishene, Ont. . (A. /. Young.) Not uncommon in
eastern Manitoba; known to breed on the shores of the south
end of Lake Winnipeg; has been seen as far west as Qu’Appelle
in eastern Assiniboia. (Zhompson-Scton.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nest at Ottawa on the horizontal bough of
atree; it is arather large affair, composed of twigs, fibres and
rootlets, lined with fine grass. Fggs, 4, of a dull greenish blue,
spotted with lilac and brown. (G. &. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS. -

Four; two taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun; one
taken in Algonquin Park, Ont., May 31st, 1900, by Mr. Spread-
borough; one taken at London, Ont., May 27th, 1888, by Mr. W.
E. Saunders.

One set of four eggs taken north of Toronto, May 24th, 1897,
by Mr. W. Raine. ,

610. Summer Tanager.

Piranga rubra (LINN.) VIEILL. 1807.

One or two specimens of this species have been taken in the
spring in Nova Scotia. (Dozwzs.) On the island of Grand Manan,
N.B.; one specimen taken in May, 1881. (Batchelder.) A rare
transient visitant in the district of Montreal. Mr. Kuetzing says
eight examples of this species have been shot on the island of
of Montreal. I believe I saw one at St. Bruno on May 25th, 1885,
but it disappeared too quickly to be sure of it. (Wintle.) After
many years looking for its occurence Mr.MclIlwraith obtained one
specimen near Hamilton in May, 1885. [See Birds of Ontario,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 537

page 335.] A few specimens seen at Listowel, Perth Co., Ont.,
in the spring of 1892. (W. L. Kelds, in Trans. Can. Inst., Vol. III,
p- 70.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One specimen taken at Scarboro’ Heights near Toronto, by Mr.
Herring, in May, 1890.

One set of four eggs taken at Chatham, Ont., July Ist, 1897, by
Mr. W. Raine.

Famity XLV. HIRUNDINID&. Swa tows.
CCXV. PROGNE Bole. 1826.

611. Purple Martin.

Progne subts (LINN.) BarRD. 1865.

A very rare species in Newfoundland, only one shot at Daniel’s
Harbour. (Reeks.) A few seen in the spring at Halifax, but
more common at Windsor, N.S. (Dowzs.) Common at Truro
and Amherst, N.S.,in-the spring of 1901. (C®X:. Harte.) A few
pairs breeding at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, June, 1888.
(Macoun.) Uncommon summer resident at St. John, N.B., but
quite common at Hampton and Westfield. (Chamberlain.) A
tolerably common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,
N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Observed at Point du Chene, N.B., wherea
colony occupied a martin’s box in the village. (bvewster.) A
common summer resident around Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common
summer resident at Montreal; breeds in the city. (Winile.)

A common summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) This bird breeds readily in bird boxes placed against a
house as well as under the eaves of buildings and similar places.
It is common in Leeds, Lanark and Renfrew counties, but seems
to be decreasing in numbers. (Kev. C./. Young.) Reported as
increasingly common at Bracebridge, and in the settled parts of
Muskoka by Mr. Tavernier. (/. H. Fleming.) A few breed in
the cities, and an odd pair in some of the villages around Guelph;
arrives about May toth and leaves about August Ist. (dA. B.
Klugh.) A common summer resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. (4.
fF. Young.) Rare summer resident in Manitoba; breeding in pairs
but seldom in numbers; have been taken breeding on Lake Mani-
toba. (Thompson-Seton.) J was rather surprised to find martins

538 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

breeding at Turtle Mountain, on the 4gth parallel, having observed
none at Pembina. (Cowes.) First seen at Indian Head, Assa.,
May 24th, 1892, they soon become tolerably common and remain-
ed, breeding in hollow trees; first arrivals at Medicine Hat, Assa.,
May 16th, 1894, breeding in the river valley in old trees; observed
two at the crossing of the McLeod River, north of Edmonton,June
19, 1898; tolerably common in the streets at Victoria, Vancouver
Island ; first seen May 8th, 1893 and on May 28th, 1887; observed
several in the dead woods north of Peace River, near White Mud
River, Lat. 56° 20’ in June, 1903. (Spreadborough.) Not uncommon
but local near Prince Albert, Sask.; noted breeding every year in
great numbers in the dead trees of a willow and poplar thicket
among marshes. (Coubeaux.) Only one specimen, a male taken
at Victoria, being secured, it is difficult to state if it belongs to the
eastern or western form. (Ahoads.) Common in the vicinity of
Vancouver,B.C., and breeding in numbers in 1894. (Z. F. G. White.)

BREEDING Notes.—I observed this species June 29th, 1886,
nesting in the city, in a bird house placed on top of a pole erected
on a shed in rear of St. Joseph Drug Hall, No. 2241, Notre Dame
street, where they are said to breed twice a year, in the months of
April and June; I have not noticed the purple martin breeding in
any other place within the city, but I dare say they do breed in
other yards where they are encouraged to nest. (Wintle.) At
Ottawa this species builds in holes in trees or in boxes in the
city. The nest is composed of hay, straw, bits of twine and paper;
lined with feathers; eggs, 4 or 5, pure, glossy white. (G. R. White.)
Breeds all over central and western Ontario, making its nests in
holes underthe eaves of buildings; in northern Assiniboia it makes
its nest in holes in trees like the tree swallow; nest taken at York-
ton, Assa., June Ist, 1901; on this day I founda purple martin
sitting on five eggs in a hole in an old stub five feet from the
ground; the bird allowed me to lift her off the eggs and I threw
her into the air and she flew away; the following day I again
found her sitting upon the eggs; later I found other nests around
Crescent Lake. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ; one
taken at Ottawain May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun; one taken at
Indian Head, Assa., May 30th, 1892, and two at Medicine Hat,
Assa., in May, 1894, by Mr. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 539

One set of four eggs taken at St. Thomas, Ont., June Igth, 1898,
by Mr. Frank L. Farley.

CCXVI. PETROCHELIDON Cazanis. 1850.

612. Cliff Swallow.

Petrochelidon luntfrons (SAY) CASsIN. 1853.

A rare summer migrant in Newfoundland. (eeks.) Common
summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowzs.) Common at Sydney,
Cape Breton Island, breeding locally. (C. R. Harte.) Abundant
in some localities, especially at Margaree, Cape Breton Island,
July, 1898; rather common, flying over the marshes at Brackley
Point, Prince Edward Island, July, 1888: (J/acoun.) A common
bird on Prince Edward Island; locally distributed and nesting in
colonies under the eaves of barns and houses. (Dzzght.) An
abundant summer resident in town and country in New Bruns-
wick. (Chamberlain.) A summer resident at Scotch Lake, York,
Co., N. B.~ (W. HH. Moore.) I found a small colony nesting
under the eaves of a shed at Port Hawkesbury, Cape Breton
Island. (Svewster.) Taken at Beauport; a common summer
resident around Quebec. (onne.) Common summer resident-
at Montreal. Breeds on the Islandof Montreal. Observed from
April 19th to September 4th, 1893. (Wentle.)

Common summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.
V.) Very common in all parts of eastern Ontario. (Rev. C. /.
Young.) Formerly abundant about London, Ont., but now re-
stricted and found on but very few farms, though when protected
as many as fifty pairs are yet known to breed on one barn.
(W. E£. Saunders.) Breeds in large colonies at a few barns in the
vicinity of Guelph, Ont. Arrives about May 1rsth, leaves about
August 17th. (4. 4. Klugh.) An abundant summer resident at
Penetanguishene, Ont. (A. /. Young.)

This is the most abundant, generally distributed and character-
istic species of the swallow family throughout the region along
the 4oth parallel from Pembina to the Rocky Mountains. The
laying season in this latitude is at its height during the second
and third weeks of June. (Cowes.) Very abundant summer
resident in Manitoba; at Brandon, Fort Ellice and Shoal Lake, in
1882, they were breeding in very large numbers, having placed

540 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

their nests under the eaves and gables of barns and houses.
( Thompson- Seton.)

First observed at Indian Head, Assa., on May 24th, 1892; they
soon became common and bred in large numbers in suitable
places ; this species reached Medicine Hat, Assa., May 22nd,
1894, and immediately began to build new and repair old nests;
later they were found breeding under the eaves of all the water
tanks along the Canadian Pacific Railway between Medicine
Hat and Moose Jaw; at Crane Lake they were particularly abun-
dant, building their nests in hundreds under the eaves of the farm
buildings; no matter how often the nests were knocked down
they were replaced by others; this species was seenin 1895 from
Old Wives’ Lakes throughout the whole prairie region across
Assinaboia by Wood Mountain, Frenchman’s River and the
Cypress Hills; in Alberta it was abundant along Milk River,
where it bred in large communities, as well as along Spur Creek,
Sage Creek and Many Berries Creek; a common species in the
Bow valley nearly up to Banff in the Rocky Mountains; very
abundant along the Peace River, Atha., in 1903; first seen at
Edmonton, Alta., May 13th, 1897; common by the 2ist, and
building their nests by hundreds in the town ; saw a few nesting
in the cut banks of the rivers between Edmonton and the Atha-
basca River in June, 1898. (Spreadborough.) A large number of
old nests were noticed between Athabasca Landing and Lesser
Slave River, Atha., but no birds were seen; we were very likely
too early in the season. (/. MZ. Macoun.) First observed on
May 30th, 1coo, then in great numbers, building their nests in
the town of Prince Albert, Sask. (Coubeaux.)

In the year 1820 this species was discovered by Major Long
near the Rocky Mountains, and in the same year Sir John
Franklin’s party, on the journey from Cumberland House to Fort
Enterprise, and on the banks of Point Lake in Lat. 65°, where
its earliest arrival was noted, in the following year, to be June
12th. its «clustered nests are ‘of frequent occurrence om the
“barren grounds,” and they are not uncommon throughout the
the whole course of the Great Slave and Mackenzie rivers.
(Richardson.) North to Rat River on the Mackenzie ; common.
(Ross.) In 1856 about one hundred and fifty nests of this species
were built, for the first time, at Fort Good Hope, on the Mac-
kenzie River, and in 1866 one was seen examining the eaves of

®

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 541

the houses at Fort Anderson, but it did not remain. They,
however, breed in large numbers along the banks of the Lock-
hart and Anderson rivers. (MJacfarlane.) This bird from its
nesting habits is precluded from being a resident on the Arctic
Coast. It has been taken at Nulato and seems to be common at the
trading stations along the Yukon. ‘(Ve/son.) Common in British
Columbia. (Zord.) Common everywhere in the interior; breeds.
(Streator.) J have only found this bird east of the Coast Range,
where in some localities along the Cariboo road it is very
abundant. (Fannin.) Rare at Chilliwack; may breed in the
vicinity. (Brooks.) Abundant east of the Coast Range in British
Columbia. (Rhoads.)

This species was common at Log Cabin, June 15th; at Cariboo
Crossing, Lat. 60°, saw a few on June 29th, probably members of
the small colony breeding on the cliffs of asmall island in Tagish
Lake. We next saw the species near Hootalingua River, July
Igth, and from this point to Dawson in Lat. 64° 15’ we fre-
quently met with colonies of varying size, the largest being near
White River. Their nests were attached to cliffs bordering the
river, except at Fort Selkirk where they were breeding under the
eaves of houses. (zshop.)

BreEDING Notes.—The nest of the cliff swallow is built of mud
and is shaped like a bottle with the neck downward; it is lined with
feathers, grass, leaves, string and bits of rag; eggs 4, white, spot-
ted with reddish brown. (G. R. Wiite.) At Amherst, N.S., the
birds were common on June 5th, and under the Chignecto
Ship Canal power house were the remains of many old nests, but
no new ones ; the watchman said they breed very erratically, some
years in large numbers, others not at all; there were no nests
under the eaves of barns. (C. XR. Harte.) A covered nest of mud
lined inside with grass and feathers, fixed on the outside wall of
barns and sheds just under the roof; nests taken at Ottawa and
Lake Nominingue, 100 miles north of it; a first sitting in May
and a second in July in the usual procedure. (Garneait.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; one taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 25th, 1894, three
at Banff, Rocky Mountains, June-Igth, 1891, two at Spence’s
Bridge, B.C., in May, 1889, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

542 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Five sets of eggs; two sets of four each taken at Skull Creek,
Crane Lake, Assa., June 17th, 1894, by Mr. Spreadborough ; one
set of four taken at Port Hope, Ont., May 30th, 1900, and another
set of five taken at Rush Lake, Assa., June 30th, 1893, both by Mr.
W. Raine; one set of four taken at Port Hope, Ont., June Ist, 1900,
by Mr. W. H. Meeking.

CCXVI. HIRUNDO Linn. 1758.

6138. Barn Swallow.

Fhirundo erythrogaster BoDD. 1783.

Two specimens are known to have been obtained in Greenland;
one at Fiskenzs about 1830, the other at Nenortalik. (Avct. Wan.)
Breeds at Northwest River at the head of Hamilton Inlet, Labra-
dor. (Packard.) A rare summer migrant at Cow Head, New-
foundland. (Reeks.) Common summer resident throughout Nova
Scotia. (Downs.) Two individuals seen on Sable Island, N.S.,
April. 30th, 1902, and one September 16th same year. (/ames
Bouteiwher.) Nery common at Amherst, N.S., June 5th, Igor ;
there were plenty of old nests, but no new ones at that date.
(C. R. Harte.) Rather common on Cape Breton Island, 1898 ;
common at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, 1888. (Macoun.)
Abundant and generally distributed on Prince Edward Island.
(Dwight.) Commonsummer resident through the country around
St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Rare in the Restigouche valley,
N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Common summer resident at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B. (W.H. Moore.) Taken at Beauport; com-
mon summer resident around Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common
summer resident at Montreal; breeds on the Island of Montreal;
observed here from May Ioth to August 20th. (W2n?le.)

A common and abundant summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Very common in eastern Ontario. (Rev. C.
J. Young.) An abundant summer resident in the Parry Sound and
Muskoka districts. (J. 1. Hleming.) Common in Algonquin
Park, Ont.; a pair built in the boat-house at Cache Lake, eggs
hatched on June 16th, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Common summer
resident at Guelph, Ont.; arrives about April 2oth, leaves about
September 5th. (4. &. Adwgh.) An abundant summer resident at
Penetanguishene, Ont. (4.7. Young.) On the morning of August 13,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 543

- 1901, while I was encamped at the mouth of a river on the “ bar-
ren grounds,” about 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo, on the west
coast of Hudson Bay, a barn swallow that had evidently been fol-
lowing the course of the stream flew past the camp. When it
reached the bay it turned southward and soon disappeared from
sight down the coast. (£. A. Prebles.) I have no note of seeing
this bird at Pembina, but during July and August they were
observed at various points along the 4gth parallel, nearly to the
Rocky Mountains. (Cowes.) A rare summer visitant in Manitoba,
but breeding west of the province at Qu’Appelle. (Zhompson-
Seton.) First seen at Indian Head, Assa., on May 24th, 1892,
they were common in a few days and breed in the vicinity; two
males were the first arrivals at Medicine Hat, Assa.,May 15th,1894,
building commenced on May 2oth; at Crane Lake 100 miles to the
east many pairs were breeding in the farm buildings early in June;
late in the month they were found in old buildings at the east end
of the Cypress Hills; one nest was found at Crane Lake, built
on a stringer of a bridge across a small creek; in 1895 this
species was seen on the prairie from Old Wives’ Creek by way of
Wood Mountain and Frenchman’s River to the south side of the
Cypress Hills; it was found in all the ravines of the Cypress Hills
and a nest was taken at Sucker Creek in an old shack; it was also
found on Spur Creek and was very common along Milk River,
St. Mary’s River and Lee’s Creek to the foothills of the Rocky
Mountains; two observed at the head of Lesser Slave Lake in
June, 1903; common from Edmonton to Yellowhead Pass in June,
1898 ; occasionally seen in the foothills from Calgary south-
ward to Crow’s Nest Pass in July and August, 1897; acommon
species at Banff, Rocky Mountains, breeding in the barns and
outhouses in the village in June, 1891 ; not seen in the Columbia
valley except on the mountains on the west side of Pass Creek
near Robson, B.C., June 26th,1890; common at Kamloops, Spence’s
Bridge and Penticton, B.C.; specimens were taken at Westmin-
ster Junction, Agassiz and Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., in 1889;
abundant at Chilliwack in the spring of I9g01; a few seen at
Huntington, on the International Boundary in September; an
abundant summer resident throughout Vancouver Island.
(Spreadborough.) An abundant summer resident throughout
British Columbia. (Fannin.) More plentiful east than west of

9

544 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the Coast Range. (Lord.) Common everywhere; breeds. (Stveator.)
An abundant summer resident at Chilliwack, Fraser River valley,
B.C. (Brooks.) Uniformly abundant throughout British Columbia
up to 5,000 feet. (Ahoads.) Immense flocks late in the fall at Lulu

Island in the lower.Fraser River, B.C. (4. &. G. White.) .

In the Northwest Territories, where the habitations of men are
few and far between, it-inhabits caves; particularly in the lime-
stone rocks, and it also frequents the outhouses of the trading
posts. When Fort Franklin was erected on the shores of Great
Bear Lake, in the autumn of 1825, we found many nests in the
ruins of ahouse that had been abandoned for more than ten years.
At Fort Chipweyan in Lat. 59° the barn swallows arrive regularly
about May 15th, and we observed them in the same month at
Fort Good Hope, on the Mackenzie River, in Lat. 67%°.
(Richardson.) North to Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake;
rare. (Ross.) A few barn swallows were always found about the
numerous deserted Indian villages and their nests were frequently
noticed on the big cedar beams which are the framework of the
Haida houses on Queen Charlotte Islands. (Osgood.) This bird
is the most common and widely distributed species of the swal-
lows throughout the north. In Alaska it is found along the south-
eastern coast, extending thence over nearly the entire Aleutian
chain, and north along the coast of the mainland to Kotzebue
Sound, and thence east throughout the territory wherever suit-
able locations occur. (Ve/son.) Breeding abundantly about the
town of Sitka, Alaska, under the eaves of buildings; a few pairs
found nesting on the cliffs on the islands out in the bay. This
swallow was seen almost daily at Cape Blossom, Kotzebue Sound,
Alaska; the species was seen on the upper Kowak and in the
delta of that river in June. (Gvinnell.) This bird arrives at
St. Michael about June and as soon as the ground 1s thawed begins
to build. (Zurner.)

BREEDING Notes.—The nest of this species is built of mud
mixed with hay or straw and lined with fine grass and a thick bed
of feathers. Eggs 5, white, spotted with reddish-brown. (G. 2.
White.) Not nearly so plentiful at Scotch Lake as /unifrons.
Always building inside buildings. Eggs, from 4 to 6, placed in a
soft feather-lined nest of mud and hay. Some pairs raise two
broods in one season in the same nest. One pair abandoned the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 545

second brood and went south, September goth, 1901; the young
died in the nest. (W. H. Moore.) 1 was told by missionaries
that the swallows nested in the deserted Eskimo igloos, building
their mud nests against the sides near the roof. On July, Ist, 1899,
I found a barn swallow’s nest built on a beam in the house of a
small river steamer, stranded at the side of Mission Inlet. The
nest was constructed as usual of a mixture of mud and grasses
with a lining of finer grass and a large quantity of white ptarmigan
feathers almost burying the eggs. (Gvimnell.) Nests oblong
and attached to the walls or to the rafters of barns and other
buildings; or round and placed on the beams. They are made
of mud arranged in small pellets formed and mixed with grassand
have a lining of feathers and hair. Four to six eggs in the set at
Ottawa and at Lake Nominingue, 100 miles north of it, in June
and July. (Garneai.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; one taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun; two
taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in May, 1891, and two at Agas-
siz, B.C., in May, 1889, by Mr. Spreadborough.

Two sets of four and five eggs, respectively taken at Wolfville,
N.S.; June 12th and 14th, 1902, by Mr. H. Tufts.

613a. Alaskan Barn Swallow.

Firundo erythrogaster unalaschkensis (GMEL.) PALMER. 1899.

A few barn swallows were flying over the marshes of Chilcat
Inlet, June Ist, 1899; I heard they were common at White Pass
City, June 9th, and we saw two about the buildings at White Pass
summit, June 1oth; at Log Cabin they were common, June 14-20th;
a few were noticed at Lake Bennett, June 1g-2Ist. I refer all
seen to this sub-species, because all had remarkably long tails.
(Bishop.) Walking along the hills near the village of St. George
on May 28th, 1890, with Mr. Ed. Lavender, we saw a swallow
skimming along the edge of the cliff, catching the flies which the
warm sun had enticed from the crevices of the rocks. Shortly
afterwards it flew just over my head while among the houses of
the village. Drs. Noyes and Hereford, who have each spent more
than ten years on the island, assured me that a swallow was un-
known there, but later in the evening IJ had the opportunity of
showing them the bird on another part of the cliff ; it remained

OM

546 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

about the village for nearly two weeks; on June 4th, while standing
on Black Bluff, St. Paul, I watched a swallow coming in to the

land and then fly northward up the island; I foundanest at Una- |

laska, on August 13th, containing three large young, a male and
two females, and secured the adults also; the nest is of mud
held together by grass rootlets ; it is g inches wide by 4 inches
deep, the cavity is 2% inches in diameter and 134 inches deep ;
grass rootlets encircle the cavity, which is well lined with gull and
raven feathers; it was built in a large cavity, almost a cave, of a
rock on a hillside, and was placed on the slightly sloping face of
the back portion, about its centre; a slight inequality of the rock
face was sufficient to hold it in place; to enter the cavity the
birds had to fly to the face of the rock and then dip downward
between the rock and many tall plants, which effectually hid the
opening; I saw no others. (/Palmer.)

CCXVHI. TACHYCINETA Casanis. 1850.

614. Tree Swallow.
Tachycineta bicolor (V1EILL.) CAB. 1850.

Common at Big Island in the Koksoak River near Fort Chimo
where it breeds abundantly; abundant throughout the northern
portions of Labrador. (Fackard.) A very common summer
migrant at Cow Head, Newfoundland. (Reeks.) A common sum-
mer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowms.) A common summer
resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island. (C. &. Harte.) Rather
common in many parts of Cape Breton Island, N.S., 1898 ; com-
mon at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, June, 1883. (Ma-
coun.) Fairly common, nesting in old woodpecker holes and
clearings, crevices about barns and the hollow ends of rails com-
posing the zig-zag fences so common on Prince Edward Island.
(Dwight.) Common summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamber-
lain.) A tolerably common resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,
N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Rare in the Restigouche valley, N.B.; only
seen in the vicinity of settlements. (Brittain & Cox.) On July
gth two were seen at Fox Bay, Anticosti. (Brewster.) A common
summer resident around Quebec. (Dzonne.) An abundant sum-
mer resident at Montreal; breeds in the city and in Mount Royal
Park; I have found their nests containing eggs, from May 29th to
June 2nd, and young birds in nests to July 14th ; observed here
from April 7th to September 13th. (Wntle.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 547

~ A common and abundant summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Very common in eastern Ontario; this species
is the first swallow to arrive in the spring and consequently being
the earliest to breed. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Abundant summer
resident in the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts; I have met
with them nesting in deserted woodpecker holes. (/. H. Fleming.)
Two pairs were breeding at Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, Ont. in
June, 1900, one pair in an old woodpecker’s nest in a telegraph
pole, the other pair ina hole ina tree on the shore of the lake;
a few observed on Moose River; common at Moose Factory,
James Bay ; none seen further north. (Spreadborough.) Formerly
quite common at London, Ont., but now much less so ; fully as
numerous in north Bruce as near London; although this bird
departs from the vicinity of London about August 20th to 25th,
yet on September 2oth, 1900, I saw about 50 circling over the
marshes at Point Pelee, so that it evidently travels very slowly
for the first stage of its journey. (W. E. Saunders.) Common
summer resident at Guelph, Ont.; arrives about April 14th and
leaves about August 18th. (A. B. Klugh.) A few seen on lower
Red River, June 15th, 1901, and two at Norway House, June Igth;
common between Norway House and Oxford House, and many
nests were observed in deserted holes of woodpeckers, in trees at
the water’s edge, June 23rd to 30th; common also at Oxford
House and noted on Steel River, July gth; on our return through
their haunts early in September we saw none. (EZ. A. P ebles.)
York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.)

Only observed at Pembina on the qgth parallel where it was
breeding in small numbers about the fort. (Cowes.) Common
summer resident of wooded parts of Manitoba; on July 17th went
to White Horse Hill; found a large colony of white-breasted
swallows nesting in old woodpecker’s holes, with which the timber
is riddled; this is the largest colony I have seen ; it numbers per-
haps 20 pairs; nearly all of these settlements that I have noted
have been close to a sheet of water. (Zhompson-Seton.) First
seen at Indian Head, April 8th, 1892 ; they became common by
May igth, but a few remained to breed as they were seen as late
as June 24th; only two specimens observed at Crane Lake in 1894
and none at Medicine Hat ; a few specimens were observed at
Waterton Lake, close to Chief Mountain in August, 1895; observ-
ed from the mouth of Lesser Slave River to Peace River Landing,

548 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903; first seen at Edmonton, Alta., April 30th,
1897, breeding in trees late in May, found a nest ina hole in a
balsam poplar stub about 12 feet from the ground; nest made of
alittle fine grass, lined with feathers; seen from Edmonton to
Jasper House, breeding in holes in trees in June, 1898. (Spreaa-
borough.)

Abundant every year and breeding in great numbers through-
out southern Saskatchewan. (Coubeaux.). While on a moose
hunt, about 20 miles above Chemawawin, I saw apparently thou-
sands of these birds on a few dead trees standing out in the marsh.
Some of those trees were so crowded by the perching swallows
that there seemed literally to be no more room. (Vutting.) A
few specimens were seen between Athabasca Landing and Lesser
Slave River; a few individuals at north end of Methye Portage;
about half a dozen birds on Islea la Crosse Lake. (J... Macoun.)
This neat and handsome bird frequents the wooded districts up
to Lat. 60°, making its nest of dried grass and feathers in hollow
trees. (Kichardson.) North to Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie
River. (Ross.) Breeding in trees at Canmore, within the Rocky
Mountains, in June, 1891; not uncommon at Revelstoke, on the
Columbia, B.C., in April, 1890; breeding in the old trees in the
river valley; common and breeding at Trail and Penticton, B.C.,
in June, 1902 and 1903; common at Kamloops and Spence’s
Bridge, Agassiz and Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., 1889; abun-
dant at Chilliwack, B.C., in spring, nesting in holes in trees,
(Spreadborough.) More common east than west of Coast Range.
(Lord... Common summer resident in the coast region; breeds.
(Streztor.) Province at large; abundant. (/amnin.) Abundant
summer resident at Chilliwack,B.C. (Bvooks.) Uniformly abundant
throughout British Columbia up to 5,000 feet. (Ahoads.) Com-
mon at Donald, B.C.; and at Vancouver and Victoria in 1894.
(Z.F. G. White.)

Breeding commonly in old woodpecker holes in the tall dead
firs at the foot of the mountain back of Sitka, Alaska. (Grinnell)
I saw several at Skagway, May 3Ist, and over the Chilcat marshes
June Ist. Others were seen at Cariboo Crossing, B.C.; others at
Lake Marsh and several at Miles Cafion; others again at Fort
Selkirk, Yukon district, entering an old dead tree. (Bzshop.) This
species has even a wider range than the barn swallow though not
breeding so far to the north owing to its nesting in holes in

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 549

banks and in trees. (JVelson.) On several occasions I saw this
swallow flitting about the buildings at St. Michael during the
months of August and early September. (Zurner.)

BREEDING Notes.—The sudden disappearance of a swallow as
it alighted on a fence was almost startling until I learned that in
some deep hollow decayed out of the heart of an unsplit rail was
a very cosy nest of grass and feathers. It was impossible to dis-
lodge the birds that were sometimes out of arm’s reach, but
several nests examined the last week in June contained young.
I have never found this species nesting in such a location before.
(Dwight.) This species builds its nest generally in holes in trees
10 to 30 feet from the ground. The nest is made of fine soft
- grass, well lined with feathers and down. Eggs 5, pure white.
(G. R. White.) From May to July is the nesting time for this
species at Scotch Lake, N.B. The nests are placed in hollow
fence poles or in old woodpecker nests. The nests are beauti-
fully made of feathers and contain from 3 to6 eggs. When the
nest is in a hollow pole the sitting bird has a way of spreading
itself so that only dark feathers show, when a person looks in at
the nest, so that sometimes a person cannot tell if the bird be on
the nest or not. (W. A. Moore.) A nest of grass and feathers
built in a deserted woodpecker’s nest; it may be in any hole in
tree or fence post around Ottawa where they breed in numbers.
The four or five eggs are laid in May and June. (Garneau.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirteen ; two taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun;
one taken at -\thabasca Landing, Atha., May 24th, 1888, by Mr.
J. M. Macoun; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892 ;
two at Edmonton, Alta., May 1oth, 1897, four at Revelstoke, B.C.,
in May, 1890, one at Agassiz, B.C., May 17th, 1889, and one at
Port Moody, B.C., April 29th, 1889, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs; one of six taken at Wolfville, N.S., June 5th,
1894, by Mr. H. Tufts; one set of three eggs taken at Ottawa, by
Dr. James Fletcher.

615. Violet-green Swallow.

Tachycineta thalassina lepida (MEARNS) A.O.U. Comm. 1902.

Observed only on one occasion, June 26th, 1874, on the upper
Missouri, near Quaking Ash River. (Coues.) A common species

550 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Banff, Rocky Mountains, breeding in cliffs at Canmore, June, -
1891; a large colony was found along the Wait-a-bit which flows
into the Columbia at Donald, B.C.; not seen at Revelstoke, but
shot in the Eagle Pass a little to the west ; quite common at Deer
Park and Robson in the Columbia valley, breeding in large num-
bers in the cliffs; observed a few at Henry House, Athabasca
Pass in July, 1898; first seen April gth, 1903, common by the
17th at Penticton, south of Lake Okanagan; abundant around the
cascade at Spence’s Bridge and at Yale, B.C., May, 1889; a few
were observed at Chilliwack, B.C., in the spring of 1901; first seen
near Victoria, Vancouver Island, April 8th, 1893 ; by May toth
they were very abundant ; later in the season they were found
breeding at Sooke, Nanaimo and Comox. (Spreadborough.) Com-
mon in British Columbia. (Zorvd.) Found only at Ashcroft ;
breeds. ¢Stveator.) An abundant summer resident throughout the
province. (Fannin.) Common ; may breed in the vicinity of
Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Uniformly distributed throughout British
Columbia up to 7ooo feet. (Rhoads.) Common at Donald,
Columbia River ; very common at the mouth of Nicola River, B.
Csand\in’Stanley Park; Vancouver, BAGsae (27 Gi)

We saw a single male among flocks of bank swallows flying
over Fifty-mile River above Miles Caiion, July 11th, 1899, and
another between White Horse Rapids and Lake Lebarge. In
July I took a male from several that we saw near Hootalinqua
River and at the Semenow Hills, July 20th, Osgood secured a
female, finding her nest with four young in a crevice in the cliff ;
after this we saw colonies of from six to ten individuals and one
near White River that must have contained over fifty ; they were
nesting about the cliffs as a rule, but several times we saw them
enter holes in banks similar to those of the bank swallow, while
at Fort Selkirk they were nesting in the interstices between the
logs of the cabins ; we often met with small colonies until we
were within 15 miles of Circle City, Alaska. (Bzshop.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirteen; four taken at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C., in
June, 1890, one at Revelstoke, B.C., May 25th,1890,four at Spence’s
Bridge, B.C., in May, 1889, and four at Victoria, Vancouver Island,
April and May, 1893, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 551

CCXIX. RIPARIA Forster. 1817.
616. Bank Swallow.
Riparia riparia (LINN.) SHARP & WyaTT. 1894.

A pair said to have been seen on Melville Island, June gth,
1820, by Parry. (Arvct. Man.) Audubon states that it rarely
begins to breed before June and lays only once; said to be plen-
tiful on the south shore of Labrador. (Fackard.) Not common,
but few seen throughout the trip from Moose Factory across
Ungava to the forks of the Koksoak above Fort Chimo on Aug.
24th, 1896. (Spreadborough.) Very rare at Cow Head, Newfound-
land, but said to be common about the Bay of St. George. (Reeks.)

Not found at Halifax, N.S., but plentiful about the shores of
the Bay of Fundy. (Lowzs.) Not rare in certain localities along
Bras d’Or, Cape Breton Island, 1898; rather common at Brackley
Point, Prince Edward Island, July, 1888. (Jacoun.) I perhaps
do this species an injustice when I say that it is outnumbered by
the Savanna sparrow and the junco. I saw colonies of hundreds
at several points along the coast, and as every bluff is crowned by
a layer of sand and much of the coast is a continuous bluff the
species have unrivalled opportunities for nesting places.
(Dwight.) A common summer resident at St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) An abundant summer resident in suitable locali-
ties at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) A small
colony was found at the mouth of the Kedgwick, Restigouche
valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Tolerably common on the Mag-
dalen Islands; breeding on Grindstone Island. (Szshop.) We
met with this species frequently in the Gulf of St. Lawrence but
only observed two breeding stations, one at Grand Entry Island
in the Magdalens and the other at Gaspé, Que. (Bvewster.)
Summer resident around Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common summer
resident at Montreal. A small colony of these birds used to breed
in the bank above the high level reservoir in Mount Royal park,
but they deserted the place in 1885; another large colony used to
breed in the sand pits at Hochelaga, where I have observed them
burrowing May 12th. (Wandtle.)

A common and abundant summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Very common in eastern Ontario. (fev.
C.J. Young.) An abundant summer resident in the Parry Sound
and Muskoka districts. (/. H. Fleming.) Not common in AIl-

552 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

gonquin Park, Ont. A few seen breeding in a bank at Whitefish
Lake. (Spreadborough.) Abundant where suitable breeding
places are, even sometimes in thousands in the cliffs along Lake
Erie. These birds always make an oval hole for nesting about
1 inches by 24%, and from one to three feet in length. (W. &.
Saunders.) A fairly common summer resident at Guelph, Ont. (4.
B. Klugh.) An abundant summer resident at Penetanguishine, Ont.
(A. F. Young:)

A small colony was found on Red River, a few miles below
Winnipeg, June 14th, Ig01, and a large one in a high clay
bank on the shore of Oxford Lake, near Oxford House, June
30th. Several colonies were seen on Hayes River, a few miles
above York Factory. (4. A. Prebles.) This species was found
everywhere along the 49th parallel where there were cut banks
suitable for breeding sites for the digging of holes in which the
nests are constructed. (Cowes.) A somewhat common summer
resident in Manitoba. They excavate their nests in the banks of
the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle, and breed in colonies. (Zhomp-
son-Seton.) First individual was seen at Indian Head, Assa., May
30th, 1892, after this time they became common, they must breed
near here as they were seen in numbers up to June 27th when I
left; very common on Skull Creek, near Crane Lake, Assa., they
reached there June 11th and began breeding in the cut banks of
the creek; dug out two nests, but only obtained three eggs, one
in one nest and two in the other; one was seen later in the
month at the east end of the Cypress Hills; in 1895 this species
was first noticed at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., and afterwards on
the prairie wherever there were cut-banks to Frenchman’s River;
it was also seen on the prairie at the west end of the Cypress
Hills; later it was found to be abundant along the Milk River,
St. Mary’s River and Lee’s Creek, almost to the Rocky Moun-
tains ; first‘seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 8th, 1897; breeding in
the river bank below the lower ferry by May 22nd; common from
Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, in June,
1903; breeding in the banks of Bragg’s Creek, about 40 miles
southwest of Calgary, June 25th; breeding in the cut banks of the
Bow River, below Banff, in the Rocky Mountains, in June, 1891;
abundant at Kamloops, B.C., 1889; a flock was seen in the Eagle
Pass, 5 miles west of Revelstoke, May 13th, 1890, but none in the
Columbia valley; breeding in numbers in the bank of the Colum-

m 2 CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 553

bia just below Trail, B.C., in June, 1902; observed first at Penticton,
B.C., April 24th, 1903; they only stayed a few days when they
disappeared. (Spreadborough.)

Very abundant on the Athabasca River between Lesser Slave
River and Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 40’, first noticed June Ist; not
rare up the Clearwater River to Methye Portage; a few birds on
Deep River near Isle-a-la-Crosse. (J. W. Macoun.) This species
is very widely distributed in the Northwest Territories and thous-
ands were observed fluttering at the mouths of their burrows near
the mouth of the Mackenzie River in Lat. 68°, on July 4th; they
are equally numerous in all other localities suited for burrowing.
(Richardson.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River ;
abundant. (Ross.} This species is to be met with in considerable
numbers during the season of nidification ; it builds its nests in
holes in sandy or clay banks on Anderson River. (Macfarlane.)
Scarce at Chilliwack; may breed in vicinity. (Bvooks.)

Along the Arctic coast, as well as the shores of Behring Sea,
this is an extremely rare visitant, occuring merely as a straggler,
during its migrations; on the river courses of the interior, however,
it is one of the most abundant, if not the most abundant species
of swallow. (NVelson.) These swallows are but occasional
visitors to the vicinity of St. Michael, where it was only observed
during the middle of the summer season. (Zurner.) More plenti-
ful east than west of the Coast Range. (ZLord.) Found breeding
along the Thompson River at Ashcroft and more abundantly at
Kamloops, B.C. (Rhoads.) The bank swallow was very common
all along the _Kowak River, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, from the
delta to Hotham Inlet, eastward; on our trip up the Kowak from
August 12th to 19th, 1898, many colonies of the nesting burrows
were observed in the sandy river banks. (Gvinnell.) We found a
small colony nesting at the northern end of Lake Tagish, July Ist,
and a larger one on the west shore of Lake Marsh, but we were
entirely unprepared for the great abundance of them on Fifty-
mile River above Miles Cafion. There, almost every bank was
honeycombed with their holes ; along the rest of the Yukon to
Circle City in Alaska, August Ist; after this their presence was
only manifested by their deserted holes. (Beshop.) Very abund-
ant at. Dawson, Yukon district, Lat. 64°-15', breeding in clay
banks, July 19th, 1902. (AMWacoun.)

554 ~ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

BREEDING NoOTES.—On June 5th, 1902, there was a severe and
very cold storm, and at one colony the birds evidently crowded
into the partially completed burrows for shelter, to such an extent
that those at the end were crushed or smothered to death; almost
every burrow had three or four dead birds, rammed hard against
the end; one hole had six, jammed into a mass which held together
so strongly I was able to drag it out by pulling on one wing; some
holes contained but one bird, and in these cases the little bodies
were not so badly jammed; one of these solitary corpses proved
to be that of a barn swallow; I presume these single birds died
from the cold as doubtless had the several found on the ground
at the foot of the bank ; altogether some 30 or 40 swallows perish-
ed in this colony. (C. Rk. Harte.) Nests abundantly in cut banks
of islands and gravel banks; the nest is at the end of a double
mouthed’tunnel and is composed of a few dried grasses ; the eggs
are three, pure white and the shells are exceedingly thin. (W. A:
Moore.) Nests dug in sandy banks to a ‘depth of three or four
feet and lined with grass and feathers ; they breed in colonies in
suitable places near Ottawa; the sect is five eggs, laid in May and
June. (Garneau.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Prof. Macoun; one
taken at Indian Head, Assa.,in May, 1892; one at Canmore,Rocky
Mountains, May 29th, 1891, and one at Kamloops, B.C., June 29th,
1889, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Three sets of eggs; one of five taken at Black Rapids, Rideau
River, Ont., June, 1894, by Mr. O. Klotz; one of four taken near
Toronto and received from Mr. W. Raine, and one set of five,
taken at Pine Hill Creek, Alta. July 15th, 1900, by Mr. W.
Thorburn.

CCXX. STELGIDOPTERYX Bairp. 1858.

617. Rough-winged Swallow.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis (AUD.) BAIRD. 1858.

1 have a specimen taken at Toronto. This species is probably
overlooked in our neighbourhood. (/. ZH. Fleming.) Common
along the streams and rivers of Middlesex county, Ont. Data are >
lacking for other points in the west of the province. I have been

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 555

unable to ascertain that this bird ever excavates its own nesting
holes. Certainly it often uses old kingfisher holes and sometimes
a cavity in a brick wall. The holes are not less than three inches
in the smallest diameter, and the nests have been found at all
depths. Sometimes they are visible from the outside and at
others 40 inches from the outside. The nests are bulky and
made of straws, weed-stems, roots and small sticks, and are
usually lined with green willow leaves, but have not so far been
found with a feather lining as is usually the case with the bank
swallow. The eggs are larger than those of that species, and are
in sets of 6 or 7, while the bank swallow lays 4 or 5 and some-
times 6. (W. E. Saunders.)

A specimen of this bird, taken near Winnipeg by Mr. Hine, is
in the Manitoba museum. (Zhompson-Seton.’ Found breeding
at Canmore within the Rocky Mountains in June, 1891; shot at
Revelstoke, B.C., May 6th, 1890; breeding in the cut banks of the
Columbia in many places; large numbers were nesting at Robson
in July, 1890; breeding in numbers in a bank on Trail Creek, B.C.,
in June, 1902; seen for only a few days at Penticton in 1903;
common at Kamloops and Spence’s Bridge; also breeding in a
steep bank near Vancouver, B.C., and at Port Moody, Burrard
Inlet, and at Port Heney, on the Fraser River; common at Chil-
liwack, in the spring of 1901; a common summer resident on Van-
couver Island, breeding at Goldstream and Shawanagin Lake;
also in holes by the sea shore at Comox and Sooke. (Spread-
borough.) Much more plentiful east than west of the Coast Range.
(Lord.) Common throughout the province; breeds. (.S¢veator.)
Common all over the province; breeds in the banks at Beacon
Hill, Victoria. (/annin.) Common summer resident at Chilli-
wack. (Bvooks.) Not common in British Columbia, but of the
same distribution as the barn swallow. (hoads.) Common at
Revelstoke, Salmon Arm and Agassiz and breeding in the Sea
Bird Bluffs near Vancouver, B.C., in May, 1897. (£. F. G. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight; three taken at Revelstoke, B.C., in May, 1890; one at
Robson, on the Columbia River, June 26th, 1890; two at Trail,
B.C. in’ May, 1902; twovat' Port Heney, Fraser River, B/G; Apel,
1889, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

556 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

One set of six eggs taken at Masonville, Middlesex Co., Ont.
June 30th, 1897, by Mr, J. E. Keays.

Famiry XLVI. AMPELIDA. Waxwincs.
CCXXI. AMPELIS Linnzvs. 1766.
618. Bohemian Waxwing.

Ampelis garrulus LINN. 1766.

A flock appeared at the Three-mile House, near Halifax, N.S.,
in the winter of 1864-5, but none have been seen since up to the
time of writing. (Dowzs.) Some winters quite plentiful at St.
Stephen, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Observed in winter at Harvey,
York: Co., «N.B:; ‘tare (WA? Moore.) Paken\ at > Lorette 2
winter migrant at Quebec. (Dzonne.) A rare winter visitant at
Montreal. I have not seen them myself and have no recent
record of their occurrence in the vicinity of Montreal. (Winile.)

A winter visitor. It is now many years since this bird has
visited us in large numbers. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) But
seldom met within the county of Leeds, in eastern Ontario. One
winter I saw two of them sitting on a rail fence and quite tame.
On June 14th, 1899, I found a nest in a rough, rocky part of the
country near Charleston Lake, Leeds Co., that I attributed to this
species. It was built in a crotch of a soft maple that grew in a
wet swampy place. The nest contained two eggs, measuring I°10
x ‘70 and 0'94 x ‘68. They are noticably larger than any cedar
bird I ever saw. They are of the same ground colour, but spar-
ingly spotted with round black spots. The nest was a firm, sub-
stantial structure, quite deep and built of rootlets, twigs and
fibres; not of grass and straws as most of the cedar birds have
been that I have seen. (Rev. C.J. Young.) Occurs rarely in the
Parry Sound and Muskoka districts in winter. Only visits Toronto
occasionally. When it does so it keeps well in the centre of the
city. A flock stayed on Wellesley St.a few winters ago and
could often be seen cleaning themselves in the snow on some
sloping roof or else feeding on the rowan berries that hung over
the sidewalk. (/. H. Fleming.) About 18th February, 1895,
Toronto was favoured by a visit, in considerable force, of these
beautiful northern birds. While here they fed chiefly on the
berries of the mountain ash, and on 20th March I noticed num-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 557

_ bers of them fly down to a pool of snow water in Queen’s Park to
drink and bathe or rathersplash themselves. I saw four on 14th
Dec., 1895—one on 5th March, 1896, with a flock of A. cedrorum ;
ai sei (21st Wee a1s06. 2 csawia fine-tmale taken frome a
small flock just north of the city. A few remained with us till
late in April, and on the 16th of this month I saw them in the
tall elms in University grounds, having changed their habits
entirely, tor they were chasing every luckless winged insect that
came in sight, and snapping their bills much after the manner
of the flycatchers. Mr. Percival Turner_writes me that he saw
a small flock in the English Church yard at Belleville on 6th
February, 1900. (/. AHughes-Samuel.)

Three were observed by Mr. Alfred E. Prebles in the stunted
spruce woods near Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, on July 25th,
gor. -—Mr. J. B. Tyrrell speaks of seeing a flock “in. a grove of
birch trees near the shore of Theitaga Lake, on their breeding
grounds.” This lake is situated about 300 miles slightly north of
west of Fort Churchill. (4. A. Predbles.) A tolerably common
winter resident in Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) An uncommon
straggler near Prince Albert, Sask.; shot once only, but twice
noted in the spring of 1895. (Couwbeaux.) One specimen of this
species in first plumage was shot on the mountain side adjoining
Chief Mountain Lake (Waterton Lake) at an altitude of about
4,200 feet in thick coniferous woods, where it was in company
with numbers of Ampelts cedrorum. Being taken on August Ioth
it was evidently in its summer home. (Cowes.) One specimen
seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., April 11th, 1894, and another on the
14th of the same month; a common species at Canmore, Rocky
Mountains, in May, 1891, but no nests were seen. [In 1885,
the writer shot young birds, on June 27th, at the same place, and
had no doubt about nests being in the spruce woods that then
filled the valley.] I believe that a colony, or more than one, of
these birds exists on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains,
and doubtless are permanent residents; saw a large flock on Lake
Mountain, east of the Columbia River, on the International Boun-
dary, B.C., Nov. 3rd, 1902; saw three near the summit of the Rocky
Mountains in the Athabasca Pass, July 11th, 1898; also a flock of
about fifty on the Brazeau River, September 24th, said to stay in
the Mountains all winter. (Spreadborough.) This elegant bird has
only lately been detected in America, having been discovered in

558 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the spring of 1826 near the sources of the Athabasca River by Mr.
Drummond, and by myself the same season at Great Bear Lake, in
Lat. 65°; it appears in great flocks at Great Bear Lake about the
24th May, when it feeds on the berries of the alpine arbutus and
marsh vaccinium ; it stays only a few days; none of the Indians
knew where it nests, but I have reason to believe that it is in the
mountain limestone districts in Lat. 67° or 68°. (Richardson.) I
have been informed by Mr. John Hope, a resident at Fort Frank-
lin on Great Bear Lake that these birds build in numbers in the
vicinity; but so high up on the trees that the eggs are very diffi-
cult to obtain ; aspecimen was shot at Fort Liard in February
which leads me to believe that it is a winter resident. (/oss.)
An egg and nest of this bird were found in a pine tree on the
Anderson River in 1861 in about Lat. 68°. Several skins were
obtained at Fort Anderson in 1862, but the most careful search
failed to produce any nests. (Mac/arlane.) Shot only east of the
Coast Range. (Lord.) A resident chiefly east of Coast Range
and Rocky Mountain district ; a rare winter visitor on Vancouver
Island. (annin.) Abundant in some winters in Chilliwack and
entirely absent in others ; abundant at Lake Okanagan, B.C. in
the winter of 1897-98, but less so the next winter; breeds. (Bvooks.)
Saw numbers of large flocks up the Columbia from Golden, B.C.,
December, 17th, 1899 ; and numbers up the Nicola, February 23rd,
1898. (k. F. G. White.)

On August 20th, 1899, the day we arrived at our winter camp
on the Kowak, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, I saw a flock of 50 wax-
wings in a bunch of spruce trees, but none afterwards. ( Grinnell.)
There is no record of this bird’s occurrence anywhere along the
shores of Behring Sea on the arctic ; in the interior, however, it
is rather common, and specimens were brought to me from Nulato
and Fort Reliance on the Yukon; the only examples we have
(from Alaska) of the waxwing’s nest and eggs were taken by
Kennicott at Fort Reliance, Yukon, on 4th July, 1861. (JVelson.)
_ This bird is only an occasional visitor to the coast ; specimens
were obtained from Nulato and Fort Yukon. (Zurner.) We saw
several on Six-mile River, July Ist; two at Lake Marsh, July 7th ;
one on Fifty-mile River, July roth; two pairs at Miles Cajion, July
11th; and later they were seenin pairs and families at many points
on the Yukon to near Circle City ; the last were seen August 12th;

a
DP gales
‘
mw ee

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 559

the birds that we collected had been feeding on the purple berries
of some unidentified plant. (Lzshop.)

The plant referred to above was likely the bog blueberry (Vac-
cinium uliginosum) which was abundant on mossy slopes and
sphagnum flats between Dawson and Selkirk. Berries ripe at
Dawson, Lat. 64°15’, July toth, 1902. (Macoun.)

BREEDING Notes.—Breeding from 158-Mile House northward;
I arrived at Quesnel too late for eggs, but kept a sharp lookout
for waxwings the following spring at 158-Mile House; J first
noticed them there on 11th June, when IT came across a small
flock and shot one which proved on dissection to be a female
about to lay. On returning to the same spot I found the wax-
wings, consisting of a colony of five pairs of birds, still there, and
soon discovered a nest in a Murray pine, near the end of a limb
and about 25 feet up; this then (12th June) contained two eggs ;
on the 15th I took this set, which then consisted of four eggs ;
the nest was loose and bulky, composed of Usnea moss, dry grass
and weed stems, and lined with fine material, with a few green
aspen leaves in the lining, no doubt to render the egg; less con-
spicuous; on the 26th June I carefully looked over all the trees in
the neighbourhood with my binocular, and found three more
nests, all in tall Douglas fir trees; two of these I was able to climb
to; each contained four eggs within a few days of hatching ; the
nests were similar to the first but without the green aspen leaves,
probably due to the fact that the nests were better concealed
from above; I was unable to reach the fourth nest, nor could I
find that of the remaining pair of birds. (Srooks.) Early in June,
1893, I saw and heard this bird chattering in the woods on the
slopes of Squaw Mountain at Banff in the Rockies; my guide
‘informed me he had several times seen its nest late in July; I
offered him a good price fora set of eggs and sure enough he
succeeded in finding a nest and four eggs on July 30th, 1893; this
nest is composed of fine twigs, roots and grass and was built 20
feet up in a spruce tree; on July 13th, 1894, he found a nest and
five eggs, also built in a spruce tree top, while on July 22nd, 1897,
he found another nest and four eggs, again built in the top of a
low spruce tree, and secured one of the birds. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten specimens; three taken at Canmore, Rocky Mountains ‘in

June, 1885, by Prof. Macoun; four taken at Banff, Rocky Moun-
10

560 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

tains and two at Medicine Hat, Assa., by Mr. Spreadborough ;
one at Burrard Inlet, B.C., by Mr. John Fannin.

619. Cedar Waxwing, Cherry Bird.

Ampelis cedrorum (NIEILL.) GRAY. 1846.

One specimen obtained August 26th, 1860, at Moose Factory
by Drexler. (Packard.) Saw a flock of about 30 on Moose
River June 2nd, 1896; common at Moose Factory, June 13th;
none observed further north. (Spreadborough.) A common sum-
mer resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S. (C. &. Harte.)
Common summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowmns.) A flock of
ten seen in Amherst, N.S.,March 1st, 1899. (Aorrell.) A small flock
ot these birds reached Sable Island, N.S., June 7th, 1902, and an-
other in September of the same year. (James Bouteiller.) Seen at
Mount Stewart, Prince Edward Island, July 11th, 1888. (JZacoun.)
Seen now and again on Prince Edward Island, but not common.
A few observed at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island. (Dweght.) A
common summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.)
Tolerably common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,
N.B.; nesting in orchards and conifers. (W. A. Moore.) Rare
at Lake Mistassini, Que. (/. WZ. Macoun.) Common in burnt
places, Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain G& Cox.) A common
summer resident around Quebec. (Dzonne.) Permanent resident
and abundant at Montreal. Breeds in the city and in Mount
Royal park. I have found their nests with eggs from June 13th
to August 27th. During the winter months flocks of these birds
appear in the city to feed on the berries of the mountain ash trees.
(Wintle.)

Common summer resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturattst,
Vol. V.) A common species along the St. Lawrence below
Kingston, Ont. (Rev. C.J. Young.) A common summer resident
in the districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka. Usually nesting
along the banks of streams. (/. A. Fleming.) Abundant at
Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, Ont. (Spreadborough.) Common
but very erratic around London, Ont. Sometimes seen in winter,
and more often in flocks in early spring but the breeders arrive
here about May 6th. This is an average date of arrival for 13
years. Seems to hold its own in spite of its frequent fate at the
hands of the owners of stolen cherries. (IW. #. Saunders.) Com-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 561

mon summer resident at Guelph, Ont. Arrives about May 2gth,
and leaves about Sept. 26th. (4. &. Klugh.) A common and breed-
ing summer resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. (4 .F. Young.)
Recorded by Baird from Moose Factory, at the foo: of James
Bay, where it was collected by Drexler on Aug. 26th, 1860.
Walton Hayden took specimens at the same place in 1881. (Z.
zl: Prebles.)

Not seen at Pembina, but found at various other points along
the 49th parallel, and ascertained to be particularly abundant in
the Rocky Mountains. (Cowes.) A common summer resident of
woodlands in Manitoba. On July 22nd, 1884, at Portage la
Prairie, found a nest of a cedar bird in the woods near the river.
It was placed on the branch of a low oak, and was much the same
as a specimen taken in the eastern provinces. It contained two
fresh eggs, from which I infer that the species is a very late
nester here. (Zhompson-Seton.) Three individuals were seen at
Indian Head, Assa., on June 2nd, and later they became common,
they breed here; apparently breeding at Old Wives’ Creek in
June, 1895; seen in numbers at Waterton Lake the same year;
quite common along Peace River, Lat. 569, in July, 1903; com-
mon from Edmonton to Athabasca Pass in June 1898; ob-
served a number of individuals at Jumping Pound Creek, near
Calgary, June 27th, 1897; common at Crow’s Nest Pass the
Same year; a common breeding species at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, in June, 1891; abundant at Deer Park and Robson, on
the Columbia, in June 1890, only commencing to breed on
June 20th ; common at Agassiz after May 24th, also at Spence’s
Bridge; one pair seen at Kamloops, June 18th, 1889; seen in
flocks in the fall feeding on the fruit of black elder and thorn at
Huntington, on the International Boundary, B.C., 1901; during
the summer of 1893 not more than a dozen specimens of this
species were seen on Vancouver Island, these were at Victoria
and Comox. (Spreadborougn.)

Not uncommon asa summer resident near Prince Albert, Sask,
Have seen them in my garden in July. (Couwbeawx.) Abundant
and nesting at Chemawawin and Grand Rapids of the Saskat-
chewan. Nest well made of rather coarse twigs. (Vuéting.) First
‘seen near Gros Roche Portage, Clearwater River, Lat. 56° 30’.
Common from there to Methye Portage, and on the portage, of

ten miles, itself. Common in places between Methye Lake and
10%

562 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Isle ala Crosse. (J. WM. Macoun) This species is more southern
in its habits than» the Bohemian chatterer, and does not pass
north of Lat. 54° as far as my observations go. Mr. Drummond
obtained specimens on the Saskatchewan plains on 27th June,
1827. (Richardson.) Common on Vancouver Island and along
the Fraser and Columbia rivers. (ZLord.) Common wherever
there is an abundant food supply; breeds. (Stveator.) A com-
mon summer resident throughout the province. (Fannin.) Tol-
erably common summer resident at Chilliwack. Not observed
at 158-Mile House, B.C., but found breeding at Quesnel, further
to the north, where it evidently laid its eggs later than the larger
species. (Bvooks.) A common species in British Columbia, and
as erratic in presence and abundance as its eastern counterpart.
(Rhoads.) Large flocks were seen at Seymour Creek, B.C., July
12th, 1891; other large flocks on Sumas prairie, Octob r 1oth,
1894, and others again on Sea Island in the Fraser River, B.C.
(E. &. G. White.)

BREEDING Nores.—I have often seen the nest in an apple tree
in an orchard, occasionally in a hemlock, and frequently in a
young maple; it is not usually built very high up in the tree, gen-
erally from 10 to 15 feet, but I have seen it as low down as five
feet and as high as twenty. This bird is, with the exception of
the goldfinch and the field sparrow, our latest builder; I have seen
the nest with fresh eggs late in July, and never earlier than the
18th of June; it is built of straws, grass stalks and wood, and
lined with hair and feathers; in this respect.it presented a marked
contrast to the nest I found at Charleston Lake, Leeds Co., and
from the size of the eggs and location attributed to the last
species; eggs of the cedar bird vary considerably. (Rev. C. J.
Young.)

At Ottawa this species builds in bushes or trees, generally in a
crotch or saddled on a limb, anest composed of twigs, bark, leaves
and rootlets ; lined with fine grass, hair and wool; eggs 4, slate
blue, spotted and blotched with brownish-black. (G. R. White.)
Nests built in all kinds of trees, never very high up, and made of
various materials, such as twigs, grasses, rootlets, leaves, plant-
down, wool and hairs ; four to six eggs are laid in June, July and
August, near Ottawa and at Lake Nominingue 100 miles north of
it. (Garneau.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 563

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirteen; two taken at Ottawa by Mr. G. R. White; one at Ot-
tawa by Prof. Macoun; one at London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saund-
ers; one at Carberry, Manitoba, by Mr. EF. Thompson-Seton ; one
at Indian Head, Assa., two at Banff, Rocky Mountains, one at
Trail, B.C., two at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., and two at Huntington,
B.C., all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken at Ottawa, Ont.

FamiLy XLVII. LANIIDAS, SuHrikeEs.
CCXXIT. LANIUS Linnaus. 1758.
621. Northern Shrike.

Lantus borealis VIEILL. 1807.

Not common at Fort Chimo, Labrador; breeds there; young
taken by the hand and unable to fly, June 30th, 1884 ; said to be
common in the southern portion of Labrador. (fackard.) A
young female was taken at Lake Melville, eastern Labrador, July
29th, 1891. (Vorton.) One observed at Moose Factory, June gth,
1896; also one at Seal Lake, Labrador, July 24th; apparently rare.
(Spreadborough.) Rather rare in Newfoundland and may breed.
(Reeks.) Rare in Nova Scotia in winter, only single specimens
seen. (Downs.) One individual seen on Sable Island, N.S., in
November, 1902. (James Boutewler.) Seen at Sydney, Cape
Breton Island,on March 8th, and April 13th and 20th, 1g02. (C.
R. Harte.) An uncommon fall and winter visitant at St. John, N.B.
{(Chamberlain.) A rare permanent resident at Scotch Lake, York
Co., N.B.; possibly breeds. (W. H. Moore.) Taken at Beauport ;
resident in Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common winter visitant at Mon-
treal ; observed here from October 20th to April 11th, and I
believe I saw one as late as May 23rd, 1891, at Cote St. Antoine,
on the mountain side. (W2ntle.)

Moderately common winter resident around Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) A few of these birds are met with in eastern
Ontario in fall or winter; I have seen it in the county of Leeds as
early as October and late into the spring; it rarely breeds here; I
have only met with the nest twice, once in Quebec, a nest contain-
ing seven eggs on the 22nd April, and once in thecounty of Leeds
in a tall thorn bush among woods; this bird frequents the neigh-

564 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

bourhood of villages in winter; I have a stuffed specimen that
was caught in the village of Lansdowne, Ont., having flown against
a window in an attempt to get at a canary that was keptina cage
inside. (Rev. C.J. Young.) A not uncommon winter resident in
Parry Sound and Muskoka districts; I have met them at Sand
Lake in October, 1899. (/. ff. Fleming.) A few reach us every
fall at Toronto and spend the winter with us; paying great atten-
tion to Passer domesticus. On the 29th October, 1896, I watched
one for upwards of 30 minutes chasing a bat which had been
driven from an old shed; the actions of the shrike were most
quaint, as each time he approached the bat he seemed to hesitate
to seize it—even granted that he could do so; at last the shrike
concluded to leave the uncanny object alone and to seek some
more genial repast. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) An occasional winter
visitant at Penetanguishene, Ont. (A. /. Young.)

Two specimens were taken at Fort Churchill, where the birds
were rathercommon July 23rd to 30th, 1901, and one was taken
and another noted near Painted Stone Portage on September 14th.
(EZ. A. Prebles.. Taken at York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr. R.
Bell.) Taken at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

A tolerably common spring and fall visitant in Manitoba.
(Thompson-Seton.) Very common and regular summer visitor,
breeding throughout the district around Prince Albert, Sask.
(Coubeaux.) An individual seen at Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 40’.
(J. M. Macoun.) Thisis by no means an uncommon bird in the
wooded districts of the Northwest Territories up to Lat. 60°, if
not further north. It is most frequent on the banks of the Sas-
katchewan where it is usually seen on the borders of the plains, or
in the vicinity of a lake, perched upona tree. (Azchardson.) North
to Fort Good Hope on the Mackenzie River; not rare. (oss.)
A nest of this species containing six eggs was obtained at Fort
Anderson on IIth June, 1863, afterwards another nest was obtained
more to the north on the Anderson River. (Macfarlane.) This
species arrives at Indian Head, Assa., in March, or before, and
although they became tolerably common in April, all were gone by
the 21st of that month; only two pairs were seen at Revelstoke,
B.C., in April, 1890; none were seen at Banff the next year, so that
it seems to be rare in the Rocky Mountains; one seen at Sumas
prairie, Fraser River valley, October 4th, 1901; rather rare on
Vancouver Island. (Spreadborough.) Tolerably abundant in British

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 565

,

Columbia. (Zord.) Seen only on Vancouver Island where two
immature females were taken in September, 1899. (S¢reaéor.)
The province at large; nowhere common; a few are found
throughout the winter on the coast. (Fannim.) Common winter
visitant at Chilliwack. Tolerably common at Lake Okanagan,
B.C., in winter. (Bvooks.)

The only specimen of this bird from southeastern Alaska was
obtained at Fort Kenai, Cook’s Inlet, 19th May, 1869; over the
entire portion of the territory from Behring Sea, east to the British
boundary, and north to the Alaskan Mountains, it is a resident,
rather common some places but nowhere abundant. (/Ve/son.)
This species 1s found throughout the Yukon district ; it is a resid-
ent, breeding wherever found in summer. (7wrner.)

An immature bird in the brown plumage was shot at Hope,
Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, September, 1900; several others were seen
at Homer. (Osgood.) During the fall of 1899, this bird (¢veetus)
was met with in the Kowak valley, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska. (Grinnell.)
Two specimens were taken at Homer on September 15th, 1got.
Several shrikes were seen on Kenai Mountains, Alaska, just above
the edge of the timber line. They were found in pairs during
the entire summer and no doubt breed there. (Chapman.)

BREEDING NoTeEs.—I have only met with this shrike nesting at
Toronto once. I took anest on May 28th, 1887; it contained five
eggs and was situated quite conspicuously on the horizontal
branch of a maple near the end and about 15 feet from the ground.
The nest was bulky, the outside of sticks and strings with a few
bright labels from meat tins worked in; the lining was of cow
hair and felt; the nest was much larger than the white-rumped
shrike builds. (/. AH. Fleming.) At Ottawa I have taken its nest
ina low cedar tree. The nest was composed of sticks, strips of bark,
grass and some soft vegetable matter, lined with grass. Eggs 4,
greenish-gray, very thickly spotted with reddish-brown and
purplish. (G. R. White.) I met with these birds breeding some
years ago near the St. Lawrence River. This was in a large
rough field where thorn bushes had grown up among some half-
grown elms. On turning to my notes written at the time, I find
the nest I met with was nearly finished on the 17th April when
there was still a great deal of ice in the river and snow in places
two feet deep. It was about six feet from the ground and built

566 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in the thickest part of the bush. I visited the nest again on 26th
April when it contained 7 eggs. Incubation had commenced. The
old birds were wild and kept away from the nest. The latter was
compact and very firm, built with thorns and sticks outside, and
lined with grass, bits of rag, hair and feathers. These eggs are
like the other shrikes, but are larger and want the zone at the
large end. Though I have often seen the bird since in the
winter and early spring, I never met. with another nest. (Rev.
GC. J. Young.) On June 11thj ool at, Crescent wale ne asa
came across a nest and 6 eggs of the northern shrike, and secured
the parent bird. The nest was built in a fire-killed willow at the
edge of a bluff looking out over the prairie and built about five
feet from the ground. The nest is a fine specimen, well built,
about g inches in-diameter, and composed externally of twigs and
willow leaves. The centre is deep and well felted with down and
animal’s fur,and the eggs are larger than those of the white-
rumped shrike. I have another large well-built nest and 6 eggs
that Mr. Wenman took at Spotted Lake, northern Alberta on
June 7th, 1897. This nest was also built in a willow 7 feet from
the ground. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS. ,

Ten; fourtaken at Ottawa by Prof. and W. T. Macoun; four
taken at Indian Head, Assa., and two at Revelstoke, B.C. by Mr.
Spreadborough.

One set of eggs taken at Lansdowne, Ont., by Rev. C. J. Young,
April 24th, 1895.

622). Migrant Shrike.

Lantus ludovicianus migrans PALMER. 1898.

A rare summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.; it
bred here in 19co; have seen five young with one pair of adults.
(W. H. Moore.) This bird is sometimes seen in Quebec. (Zz0nne.)
A common summer resident at Montreal; breeds within the
city limits. (Wintle.) A rare summer resident at Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vo\. V.) This bird appears to be more com-
mon or at any rate has been noticed more during the last two
years in the neighbourhood of Ottawa. During August and Sept-
ember, 1903, I saw several pairs and their young in March town-
ship, and saw one pair building their nest near Janeville on the

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 567

Rideau river, in April, 1903. OnAprilthe 6th, 1904, saw the first
pair for this year, and on April the 18th, saw five pairs along the
Rideau,between Cumming’s and Billing’sBridge, have always found
them in pairs and have not as yet seen more than two adults
together. April the 2Ist saw a pair on Rockliffe rifle range.
(Z. F. G. White.) This form is very common along the St.
Lawrence in eastern Ontario; it breeds on Wolfe Island and
about Kingston, also Frontenac and eastward through Leeds,
Lanark and to the limit of Ontario; I did not meet with it in the
county of Renfrew; it breeds in a thorn bush early in April and
usually lays six eggs about April 19th; the nest is large and
strong placed from five to ten feet from the ground. (Rev. C /.
Young.) Reported as common at Beaumaris, Muskoka district by
Mr. Tavernier. (/. H. Fleming.) Fairly common in former years
but less so now; still it will be found every mile or two along the
country roads ; leaves us early in the fall ; September 18th being
the date of the latest observations; extends into the Bruce penin-
sula where it is not common; raises two broods annually. (IV. £.
Saunders.) This was a common summer resident at Guelph, Ont.,
a few years ago, but has been decreasing in numbers for the past
three years ; this year (1903) it was very scarce; arrives about
March 26th, and leaves about August 18th. (4. B. Kluyh.)
BreepinG Nores.—I took a nest of this bird containing one egg,
May 2oth,1883, at Hochelaga, which was built in a thorn tree; I
visited the same place the following month, June 3rd, and found
another n st built by the same species ina thorn bush close to
the first, but some one had lodged a big stone in this nest; I also
fourd a nest of this species May 24th, 1888, at Laprairie, built in
a bush alongside the railroad track, and saw a shrike close to the
nest; I found another nest of this shrike May 30th, 1891, at Hoche-
laga, built in a thorn tree, containing two eggs, incubated, and
June 6th, 1891, Mr. Inglis found two fresh eggs of this bird in
what appeared to be an old nest, near the same place. (Wntle.)
Ihave found this bird to be the common species of shrike in
eastern Ontario, for the most part keeping along the St. Lawrence,
apparently not going further north than the county of Lanark; at
least I have never seen it in northern Frontenac or in Renfrew
county. It is asummer migrant arriving early in April; I have
seen it as early as the 4th and commonly by the 17th; the nest is
commenced about the end of April and usually contains the com-

568 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

plement of eggs by the first week in May. If the first nest is des-
troyed a second nest is built and eggs are laid towards the end of
May; I have frequently met with the nests; they are common
about Lansdowne, Ont., on Wolfe Island and in the vicinity of
Kingston; one nest I found built in a thorn bush about three feet
from the ground, was completed on 29th April; on the 4th Mayit
contained five eggs, speckled and zoned and smaller than the
eggs of L. borealis. The old birds were very tame and did not
behave in the same way as those of the other species, which latter
kept far off and perched high up in the trees; there were no large
trees near this nest May 6th, a nest in a similar location contain-
ing four fresh eggs; birds were very tame, allowing of my ap-
proach within a few feet; April 3rd, 1890, I saw a pair of mig-
rant shrikes, and on the 28th found the nest in a thorn bush,
containing seven eggs; on the 7th May found another nest with
five eggs, incubated, built so low in the thorn bush that I could
look into it when standing on the ground. April 18th, 1892, I
found a migrant shrike’s nest in a thorn.bush in a pasture
field, which on the 29th contained six eggs; May 2nd, 1898, found
a migrant shrike’s nest in a thorn bush with six fresh eggs ;
April 6th, 1899, I saw a. pair of migrant shrikes, and their
nest on the 29th April with six eggs, built as usual in a thorn tree
in a pasture field and no great height from the ground ; I could
refer to perhaps twenty other instances of this bird breeding as
above in thorn bushes in pasture fields the last week of April or
first week in May. (Rev. C.J. Young.) This bird begins its nest
around Ottawa in April and lays five, six or seven eggs; this
nest is built in thorn trees or bushes from four to ten feet high,
and is composed of branches, rootlets and strings, with woolly
lining united to feathers and hairs. (Garneai.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens; one taken at Scotch Lake, N.B. by Mr. W.H.
Moore, in 1902; two at Ottawa, April 21st, 1902, by Mr. E. F. G.
White.

One set of seven eggs taken at Port Hope, Ont., by Mr. W. H.
Meeking. Nest ina thorn bush 5% feet from the ground, com-
posed of rootlets, grass and hairs.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 569
622a. White-rumped Shrike.

Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (SWAINS.) COUES. 1872

This is the characteristic species of the whole region along the
4gth parallel from Pembina to the Rocky Mountains. At Turtle
Mountain during the last week in July I found a family of these
- birds in an isolated clump of bushes. The young, four in number,
had just left the nest, which was discovered in the crotch of a
bush five or six feet from the ground. The nest proper rested
upon a bulky mass of interlaced twigs; it was composed of-some
white weed (Anaphalis margaritacea) that grow abundantly in the
vicinity, matted together with strips of fibrous bark. (Cowes.)

Common summer resident of half-wooded districts in Manitoba.
Breeding freely at Carberry, Shell River and Qu’Appelle.

(Tompson-Seton.) First seen at Indian Head, Assa., on May 16th,
1892, they were never common, a few breed there, as they were
seen up to the end of June; first secn at Medicine Hat, Assa., on
May 14th, 1894, later they became common and doubtless bred
in the river valley; apparently breeding near Pend d’Oreille on the
Milk River, Alta., July roth, 1895; observed a pair on May 18th,
1897, at Edmonton, Alta., building a nest ina clump of willows.
I unfortunately shot the female ; nest nearly finished, composed
of weeds. (Spreadborough.) This is a more southern bird than
Lanius borealis and does not seem to advance further north than
Lat. 54°. Its habits are precisely similar to the other, and its food,
which was grasshoppers, the same. They are numerous on the
plains.. Mr. Drummond found a_ nest in a willow bush, in the
beginning of June, which was built of twigs of Artemisia and dried
grass and lined with feathers. (Richardson.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., in May, 1892, and two
at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897, by Mr. Spreadborough.

622b. California Shrike.

Lanius ludovicianus gambeli RipGw.— 1887.
One taken in April, 1888, at Chilliwack, Fraser River valley,
B.C., 1888. (Brooks.) This specimen is referred here on the
authority of Mr. W. Brewster.

570 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
Famity XLVIII. VIREONIDAS. Vireos.
CCXXHI. VIREO Vretuior. 1807.

624. Red-eyed Vireo.
Vireo olivaceus (LiNN.) BONAP. 1826.

One specimen received in Copenhagen from Greenland in 1844.
(Arct. Man.) Very abundant all down the Moose River; not
observed further north than Moose Factory. (Spreadborough.)
A common summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowms.) One
individual seen on Sable Island, N.S., on September 30th, and
one on October 8th, 1902. (James Boutetlher.) Many old
nests noticed at Sydney, Cape Breton Island. First seen
May 18th, 1902. (C. R. Harte.) Observed at Baddeck and Mai-
garee, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898; in woods, Union Road,
Prince Edward Island, July 5th, 1888. (/acoun.) A common
and in a few localities abundant bird, here as elsewhere a tireless
songster. It prefers deciduous trees, particularly large maples.
(Dwight.) Common summer resident in the interior of New
Brunswick, but only seen at St. John in the migrations. {Cham-
berlain.) Common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,
N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Common in Restigouche valley, N.B.
(Brittain & Cox.) Taken at Beauport; not rare around Quebec.
(Dionne.) An abundant summer resident around Montreal.
Breeds in the city and in Mount Royal park; I have found nests
from June 6th to August 13th, and observed them here from
May 11th to October 6th. (WV2ntle.)

A common and abundant summer resident around Ottawa.
(Cttawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A common summer resident in
eastern Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A very common summer
resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts of Ontario. (/. H.
Fleming.) Abundant everywhere in Algonquin Park, Ont.; a pair
nested in a mountain ash near the buildings at Cache Lake; the
nest is made chiefly of birch bark. I watched them building,
they always stopped work as soon as the sun_was well up. It
seemed to get too warm for them as the tree was in the open;
very abundant all down the Moose River; not observed further
north than Moose Factory. (Spreadborough.) Very common
summer resident at Guelph, Ont. Arrives about May tioth and
leaves about September 23rd. (A. B. Klugh.) A common sum-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. S71

mer resident; breeds in the hardwood woods; nests are quite
common at Penetanguishene. (4. 4. Young.)

Abundant about Lake Winnipeg, at Norway House, and
between Norway House and Oxford House. In the vicinity of
Oxford House its song was heard almost continually. After
leaving that point we heard nothing more of the bird. (EZ. A.

_ Prebles.. Abundant at Pembina, where it was breeding in June

and again on the upper Missouri. (Cowes.) Abundant summer
resident of woodlands in Manitoba, and breeds in suitable places.
In July, 1883, a nest was taken which contained one bird ready to
fly, another half grown and an egg which was near being hatched.

‘The nest was composed outwardly of wasp-nest paper. (7hompson-

Seton.) Abundant at Grand Rapids of Saskatchewan. Breeding at
Chemawawin. One of the most conspicuous songsters in the
country. (Vw¢tting.) First noted at the Grand Rapids of the Atha-
basca; common down the river to Fort McMurray; common up
the Clearwater to Methye Portage; very common between
Methye Lake and Isle a la Crosse. ((/. W/. Macoun.) This species
was shot at Cumberland House, on the Saskatchewan, 2nd June,
1827. (Richardson.) North to Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie
River; rare. (Xoss.) First seen at Indian Head, Assa., June 7th,
1892; soon after they became common, and began to breed; the
first arrivals at Medicine Hat, Assa., were on May Iogth, they never
became common before I left for Crane Lake; a pair seen at Old
Wives’ Creek, Assa., May 29th, 1895; another pair seen at Medicine
Lodge, on Rocky Creek, south of Wood Mountain, June 14th,
1895; first seen May 13th, 1897, at Edmonton, Alta., on June 3rd
found a nest ina small alder tree about ten feet from the ground,
the nest had three of its own and one cowbird’s egg; common
from Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, in
June, 1903; common from Edmonton to Athabasca Pass ;
also in the valley jof McLennan’ River, B.C., in June, 1808’;
seen in the Crow’s Nest Pass, July 29th; rather scarce at
Banff, Rocky Mountains in June, 1891, breeding in the Bow
valley; breeding in the Columbia River valley at Robson in June,
1890, nest in the fork of a tall shrub; quite common near the
International Boundary, between Trail and Kettle River, B.C., in
the summer of 1902; seen and heard at Kamloops and Agassiz,
B.C., May, 1889; common at Chilliwack in the spring of 1902, and
seen along the river later in the summer. (Spreadborough.)

572. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Common at Ashcroft and abundant at Ducks. (S¢veator.) The
most abundant vireo both east and west of the Coast Range in
B.C. (Brooks.) East of the Coast Range this species is com-
monly distributed, and a few were found at Lake La Hache,
B.C. (Xhoads.) ‘

Breepinc Nores.—A nest taken by me was a neat cup sus-
pended by the brim in the embrace of a forked twig. It was
built of strips of bark, pine needles, pieces of wasp’s nests and
paper. Apparently agglutinated with the saliva of the bird, and
lined with grass. Eggs 3 to 5, pure white, marked with fine dark
reddish-brown spots toward the largerend. (G. R. White.) This
species lays two or three eggs during June in its swinging nest
which is generally placed in a sapling maple. A few nests have
been found in conifers. (W.H. Moore.) This species builds a
suspended nest, cup-shaped, the brim attached to a small hori-
zontal fork at the end of a branch, from two to thirty feet from
the ground, The nest is made of strips of thin flexible bark,
the outside ornamented with the white bark of the birch, and the
inside lined with hair-like roots, fine leaves or very small twigs.
Nesting season in June. Three or four eggs are laid. Nests
taken at Ottawa and at Lake Nominingue tIco miles north of
Ottawa. (Garneai.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS. ,

Seventeen; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885;
five taken at Ottawa by Prof. Macoun; two taken at Ottawa by
Dr. F. A. Saunders in August, 1890; one taken at London, Ont., on
May 12th, 1885, by Mr. W. E. Saunders; one taken at Banff,
Rocky Mountains, June 18th, 1891, two at Edmonton, Alta., May
21st, 1897, one at Robson, B.C., June 20th, 1890, two at Trail, B.C.,
June, 1902, one at Kamloops, B.C., June Igth, 1889, and one at
Chilliwack, B.C., May 2nd, 1go1, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Three sets of eggs; one of four eggs, taken at Edmonton, Alta.,
‘June 3rd, 1897. one of four eggs at Trail, B.C., June 12th, 1902,
both by Mr. W. Spreadborough; one of three eggs at Robson,
B.C., June 24th, 1890, by Prof. Macoun.

625. Yellow-Green Vireo.
Vireo favoviridis (Cass.) BarRD. 1858.

One specimen of this species was taken at Godbout in May
1883, by Mr..Comeau. (Dzonne.)

CATALOGUE OF* CANADIAN BIRDS. 573

626. Philadelphia Vireo,

Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.) BaiRD. 1858.

One individual obtained from Moose Factory, James Bay, June
2nd, 1860, by Drexler. (fackard.) A raresummer visitor around
Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) I have met with this bird
two or three times. Once I found the nest close to Lansdowne
station in Leeds Co., Ont. This was in June, 1896. It was built
in a bush of Spervea salicifolia, was prehensile like the other vireo’s
but not so neatly or closely constructed. It contained one vireo’s
egg and two cowbird’s. The,egg is identical with, but smaller
than that of the red-eyed. This nest was in a damp pasture field
where there were swampy places overgrown with alders and
Spirea. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A not uncommon bird in the Parry
Sound district. I believe they breed as they are always paired
by the middle of May. (/. 4. Fleming.) This bird so closely
resembles others of its family that it is difficult to decide as to
its relative abundance at Toronto. I seldom fail to see one or
more specimens each season. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A regular
migrant, though never yet found to be common. Two or three
are all that any one observer, will usually note in one migration.
(W. E. Saunders.) Seen as a passing migrant at Guelph, Ont.
(A. B. Klugh.)

A peculiar song heard on Hill River, Keewatin, July 8th, was
probably the song of this species, but I was unable to secure the
bird. (&. A. Prebles.) Although only two specimens were taken
it undoubtedly breeds about Pembina on the 4oth parallel, in the
heavy timber of the river bottoms, but I was not so fortunate as
to discover its nest, a circumstance the more to be regretted,
since neither the nest nor eggs have yet come to light. (Cowes.)
Summer resident of thickets in Manitoba; nest found on Duck
Mountain. (Zhompson-Seton.) Not uncommon and breeding at
Edmonton, Alta:, in May, 1897. “Not. observed’ in any other
locality west of Manitoba. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING Notes.—On June gth, 1884, near Fort Pelly,on the
upper Assiniboine, I founda vireo nesting ina small bluff of poplar
and willow ; the chosen site was in the twigs of a willow some I0
feet from the ground; the nest was the usual suspended cup formed
of fine grass and strips of birch bark; on the ground immediately
below it was another nest of precisely the same make and ma-

574 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

terials ; intending to take this with me on my return I hung it in
the tree, but when I came back I found it on the ground, it was
again hung as before, and again thrown down, although it had
been firmly attached to a twig; this happened several times so
that there was little doubt that it was the vireo’s doing, but why?
I cannot imagine. On June 13th, the vireo began to sit on her
four eggs; I shot her and found her to correspond exactly with
Coues’ description of pila delphicus, except that the yellow on the
breast was quite bright; the eggs closely resembled those of the
red-eyed vireo, but were destroyed by an unfortunate accident
before they were accurately measured. (Zhompson-Seton.) At
Crescent Lake, Assa., June 11th, 1901, I found the nest and four
eggs of this species ; nest of fine strips of bark, grass and fine
roots, built in a poplar tree; at Long Lake, Manitoba, on June
12th, 1894, I found a nest and four eggs of this species suspended
to the branch of a willow six feet from the ground. (W. Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three taken in May and June, 1897, at Edmonton, Alta., by

Mr. W. Spreadborough.
627. Warbling Vireo.
Vireo gilvus (ViEILL.) Bonar. ‘1838.

A common summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowzs.) Not
uncommon at Calais on the boundary of New Brunswick.
(Chamberlain.) A rare visitant in summer at Quebec. (Dionne.)
A scarce transient visitant at Montreal; I have met with only two
specimens of this species which I took on Montreal Island. (W2nile.)

An abundant summer resident around Ottawa. ( Ottawa Natura-
fist, Vol. V.) A common summer resident, nesting high up in
maple and elm trees in eastern Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) I
have taken this species several times at Emsdale, Muskoka dis-
trict in May; Mr. Tavernier has taken the species at Beaumaris,
Muskoka. (/. H. Fleming.) Abundant along the city streets in
London, Ont.; but somewhat less so in the country; eggs usually
four, but sometimes only three, nests always high up, not less
than 25 feet from the ground, while the red-eyed vireo seldom
builds higher than eight feet and usually less; the male bird takes
his share of the work of incubating and sings freely while sitting.
(W. &. Saunders.) Common summer resident at Guelph, Ont.;

~ ie? = aS ee eee
af}.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 575

prefers city shade trees and orchards to the bush ; arrives about
May 8th, leaves about September: 20th. (A. B. Klugh.) Observed
in abundance at Pembina, on the 4gth parallel, and again found at
the opposite extremity of the line, the specimen captured in the
Rocky Mountains, being probably the slight variety swaznsont ;
at Pembina the warbling vireo was in full song and breeding in
June; a nest found on the 11th of that month was empty; but in
this latitude few of the small insectivorous birds appear to lay be-
fore the third week in June. (Cozes.) Summer resident of wood-
lands in Manitoba; common on the south slope of Riding Moun-
tain and west side of Duck Mountain. (Zhompson-Seton.) First
seen at Indian Head, Assa., June 6th, 1892, after this date it
became common and commenced to breed; first arrivals at Medi-
cine Hat, Assa., May 17th, 1894, evidently intending to breed ;
seen along Old Wives’ Creek,Assa., in June, 1895; along St.Mary’s
River and at Waterton Lake, in Alberta, in July, 1895. (Spread-
borough.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS

Eight; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; two
taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by. Prof. Macoun; one taken at
Ottawa, May 25th, 1891, by Dr.F.A.Saunders; one taken at Indian
Fead, Assa., June, 14th,..1892, one at Old Wiveés’’Creek,: Assay, ,
May 22nd, 1895, and two at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

6270. Western Warbling Vireo.

Vireo gilvus swainsont BAIRD. 1858.

Common from Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Landing, Lat.
56° 15’ in June, 1903 ; first seen at Edmonton, Alta. May 8th,-
1897, breed in the vicinity; observed from Edmonton to McLeod
River in poplar woods in June, 1898; not rare in foothills from Cal-
gary south to Crow’s Nest Pass; acommon species at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, breeding in the trees in the valley; shot at Revelstoke,
B.C., on May 6th, 1890, after which they became common, also at
Deer Park and Robson late in June, 1890; observed several at
Trail near the International Boundary, in 1902, not very com-:
mon ; this species is rare at Kamloops, but not uncommon: at
Agassiz, Port Heneyand Hastings, B.C.; common at Chilliwack

B.C., in the spring of 1901, a few were also seen at McGuire’s
LL

576 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

further up the river; acommon summer resident on Vancouver
Island; common at Victoria, Sooke and Comox in July, 1893.
(Spreadborough.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie
River; rare. (Ross.) Very numerous everywhere; breeds. (Szveazor.)
East and west of Coast Range; common summer resident. (Fan-
nin.) Common summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Col-
lected west of Rocky Mountains in British Columbia. (Ahoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirty ; four taken at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897; two at
Canmore, Alta., May, 1891; three at Banff, Alta., May, 1891; four
at Revelstoke, B.C., May, 1890; one at Deer Park, B.C., June 14th,
1890; three at Trail, B.C., June, 1902 ; one at Spence’s Bridge, B.
C., May 29th, 1889; one at Agassiz, B.C., May roth, 1889; three at
Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April, 1889, and three at Victoria,
Vancouver Island, May, 1893, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

628. Yellow-throated Vireo.

Vireo favifrons ViEILL. 1807.

A rare summer resident at Montreal; Mr. W. W. Dunlop ob-
served this species paired in Hochelaga woods, and shot two
specimens there May 2oth, 1883. (Wintle.) A summer migrant
in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) A rare summer visitor around Ot-
tawa. (Ottawa Naturatst, Vol. V.) I noticed one specimen of
this species at Rockport, Leeds Co., Ont., which appeared to be
nesting in a large hickory tree near the St. Lawrence River.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) One example taken at Beaumaris, Muskoka
district by Mr. Tavernier. (/. H. Fleming.) I have only come
across this bird in limited numbers and then only during the
spring and fall migrations. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) Fairly common
everywhere near London, Ont. Not observed in North Bruce.
(W. E. Saunders.) A passing migrant at Guelph, Ont. Notcom-
mon; seen about May 12th, and again about September 2nd. (A.
L. Klugh.) A rare summer resident in Manitoba; July 19th, 1884,
Millar Christy brought me a specimen of a yellow-throated vireo
from Moose Jaw, Assa. (Zhompson-Seton.) Found breeding at
Yorkton, Assa., June Ist, 1901. (W. Razne.) ;

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 577
629. Blue-headed Vireo.

Vireo solitarius (WILS.) VIEILL. 1819.

Probably occurs in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Not rare at Bad-
deck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898; seen at
Hunter’s River, Prince Edward Island, July 2nd, 1888. (Macoun.)
At Souris, Prince Edward Island, one day I was attracted by the
song of this bird and soon saw the performer. (Dwzght.) A rare
Summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Observed
only at one point in the valley of the Restigouche River, N.B.
(Brittain & Cox.) A tolerably common summer resident at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B. -(W. H. Moore.) On June 23rd heard a male
singing at Macnain Cove, Cape Breton Island. (Bvewster.) I
noticed an example of this species on the Magdalen Islands in
June, 1897, and have no doubt it breeds there. (Rev. C.J. Young.)
Taken at Beauport; not uncommon around Quebec. (Diéonne.)
A rare transient visitant at Montreal. I have met with only two
examples of this vireo in this district. (Wntle.)

A moderately common summer visitor around Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Not uncommon in the districts of Parry Sound
and Muskoka in May.. They probably remain to breed. (/. Z.
Fleming.) Not common in Algonquin Park, Ont. A few were
seen In the spruce woods near Cache Lake usually well up in the
tops of the trees. (Spreadborough.) Not common as a migrant,
and not known to breed at London, Ont. (W. &. Saunders.) A
passing migrant at Guelph, Ont. Not common; seen about
April 30th, and again about Sept. 2oth. (4. B. Klugh.) One (a
male) taken at Oxford House, July 3rd, and one heard singing in
_a swamp bordering Knee Lake July 5th. (4. A. Predles.)

One specimen of this rather rare species was secured at Pem-
bina, which is probably its northern limit. It was taken in the
timber of the river bottom, frequented by three other species of
the same genus. (Cowes.) A rare summer resident in Manitoba.
On June toth, 1884, at Duck Mountain, a solitary vireo was
observed. (Thomtpson-Seton.) One specimen secured at the Grand
Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (Vutting.) First seen May rith,
1897, at Edmonton, Alta., common in spruce woods by the 2Ist;
doubtless breeding; always seen in or near spruce woods; com-

mon from Lesser: Slave Lake to Peace River Landing, Lat,
11%

578 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

56° 15’,in June, 1903. (Spreadborough.) At Clandeboye Bay,
Lake Manitoba, June 13th, 1894, | found the nest and four eggsof ~~
this species about seven feet up in a willow. At Oak Lake, Mani- 4
toba, May 23rd, 1893, I found a nest and four eggs of this species.

It is rather rare in Assiniboia. (W. Raine.) a

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; one
taken in Algonquin Park, Ont., June 8th, 1900, one taken at Peace
River Landing, June 15th, 1903, and four at Edmonton, Alta.,
May 22nd, 1897, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

One set of foureggs taken at Wolfville, N.S., June goth, r901, by
Mr. H. F. Tufts. Nest hanging from a hemlock bough about seven
feet from the ground. It was made of bark and fragments of
hornets’ nests, lined with dry grass.

629a. Cassin’s Vireo.

Virco solitarius cassinid (XANTUS) HENSH. 1874.

Rather rare at Canmore, but breeding in June, 1891; not uncom-
mon at Deer Park, Columbia River, and found breeding on Pass
Creek at Robson, B.C.; common in thick woods on the Interna-
tional Boundary between Trail and Kettle River, B.C., in the
summer of 1902; apparently rare in the Fraser valley, only taken
at Agassiz and Westminster Junction, 1889; common at Chilliwack,
B.C. in the spring, observed young out of the nest by June 5th,
1901; first seen at Victoria, Vancouver Island, April 27th, 1893,
common by May 5th; apparently common at Comox, Nanaimo,
Sooke, and Stubb’s Island on the west coast. (Spreadborough.)
Sumas and Vancouver Island. (Zord.) Rare, only two specimens
taken, one at Ashcroft, the other at Ducks. (Steator.) East and
west of Coast Range; summer resident. (Fannin.) Summer resid-
ent at Chilliwack; not common. (Svooks.) This species is repre-
sented by specimens from nearly every locality in British Columbia,
including Vancouver Island, Lac La Hache and Vernon ; it is
found in the open timber at higher elevations. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen; one taken at Canmore, Rocky Mountains, May 27th,
1891; one at Robson and another at Deer Park, Columbia River,
B.C.; two-at Trail, B.C., in May, 1902; "one atv Chilliwack. te.

ale

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 579

June 5th, 1901; one at Agassiz, B.C., 1889; and seven at Victoria,
Vancouver Island, in May, 1893, all taken by Mr. Spread-
borough.

631. White-eyed Vireo.

Vireo noveboracensts (GMEL.) BONAP. 1824.

Audubon, Vol. IV., p. 148, states that a few were seen in Labra-
dor. (Packard.) One shot at South Bay near St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) A single bird was observed for some minutes in
full song, and within five or six feet, on September 8th, 1899,
along the Humber River, Newfoundland. (Lows H. Porter.) Am
positive I saw this species, August 30th, 1901, at Glace Bay, Cape
Breton Island; and that I heard it several times before in the
same locality. (C. R. Harte.) About two miles from Woodstock,
Ont., we have a piece of woodland composed of small cedars with
here and there a little grassy glade and some patches of haw-
thorns and second growth maple; on the 25th April, 1902, I shot
in this bush an example of this species ; this indentification has
been confirmed by Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, to whom I
have sent the specimen. (W.D. Hodson in The Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. XVI, p- 163:)

BREEDING Nores.—In the first week of June in the year 1898,
while skirting the top of Rosedale ravine, at Toronto, I came across
this bird nesting in alarge beech. The nest was built rather deeper
than that of the red-eyed and warbling variety and was hung in the
fork of a limb that reached down to about five feet from the
ground ; I was able to approach to within six or eight feet before
the bird flushed, and so hada good chance of securing it ; not
being familiar with the white-eyed variety at this time, I was
strongly impressed with the white iris, and on returning home it
proved to be the positive identification of this bird. (A. S.
Goss.)

632c. Anthony’s Vireo.

Vireo huttoni obscurus ANTHONY. 1890.

This species may be considered a rare visitor to Vancouver
Island; I secured one near Victoria; this specimen, also two secur-
ed by Mr. Maynard in the spring of 1891, near the same place are
of this strongly marked race. (Rhoads.)

580 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
Famity XLIX. MNIOTILTIDAs. Woop Warsters.
CCXXIV. MNIOTILTA VieriLior. 1316.
636. Black and White Warbler. :

Mniotilta varia (LINN.) VIEILL. 1818.

A specimen was obtained at Moose Factory, May 13th, 1860,
and also on the 30th by Drexler. (Packard.) Quite common at
Moose Factory, June, 1896; none seen elsewhere. (Spread-
borough.) Apparently a common summer migrant in Newfound-
land. (eeks.) Common summer resident at Halifax, N. S.
(Downs.) A common migrant at Sydney, Cape Breton Island,
N.S. (C. 8. Harte.) Not rare at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape
Breton Island, July, 1898; seen at Mount Stewart, Prince Edward
Island, July 11th, 1888. (dZacoun.) Occasionally seen or its
‘wiry’ song heard, though not very common. (Dwight.) A
common summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Rare
on the Magdalens, but very likely breeds. (Bzshop.) On July
gth a male was heard singing at Fox Bay, Anticosti; another
was taken a little later. (Svews¢er.) Taken at Beauport; not rare
at Quebec. (Dionne.) A scarce summer resident but common
migrant at Montreal. Observed here from May 3rd to August
22nd. (Wintle.)

A common summer resident but more abundant during migra-
tions. (Ottawa Naturalst, Vol. V.) A fairly common summer
resident in the woods of eastern Ontario. I once found a nest in
a mossy bank in a large wood, containing four infertile eggs and
one young bird on June 29th, 1894, near Lansdowne, Ont. (Rev.
C. J. Young.) A common summer resident in the districts of
Parry Sound and Muskoka. (/. H. Fleming.) Not common in
Algonquin Park, Ont. _Only observed two from May 25th to
June 15th, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Abundant near Toronto and
breeds there. On 25th April, 1896, saw large numbers of them.
(J. Hughes-Samuel.) Near London, Ont., this species is confined
to the coniferous swamps where it breeds in fair numbers. (W. £.
Saunders.) A common summer resident at Guelph, Ont. Arrives
about April 28th and leaves about September 12th. (A. B. Klugh.)

A single specimen was taken at Pembina where it probably
breeds, though the fact was not ascertained. Not found further
west. (Coues.) This species is widely distributed in Manitoba.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 531

It is an abundant species on Duck Mountain tn that province, in
spruce woods. (Zhompson-Seton.) First seen at Avenue, Mani-
toba, May 12th, 1903, and last was seen August 27th, 1903; it was
common on May t2th. (Norman Criddle.) This seems to bea rare
migrant at Indian Head, Assa., it was first seen May 11th and dis-
appeared by the end of the month, not seen further west on the
prairie; one individual seen at Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’,
in June, 1903; first seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 6th, 1897, not
very common, seen chiefly in the mixed timber along the river
hardly ever seen in poplar woods; a few individuals seen in the
foothills south of Calgary. (Spreadborough.) North to Fort
Simpson on the Mackenzie River; very rare. (/oss.) One speci-
men found dead in the woods at the Grand Rapids of the Sas-
katchewan. (Vutting.)

BreEepInG Nores.—Nest on the ground, composed of bark,
grass and leaves, lined with plant down and hair, in woods near
Ottawa. Eggs 4-6, creamy-white, spotted and sprinkled with
reddish-brown. (G. R. White.) This warbler is one of the first of
the main drove of warblers that arrives from the south. They
come early in May and herald their arrival by singing their weak
see-see-see-see song. The young are able to be about with the
adults by the_1oth of July. Although resembling the parent
birds, the stripes are not so well defined in their plumage as are
those of the parents. The old birds are very alert and watchful
when the young are unable to know danger themselves. (W. H.
Moore.) On the southeast corner of the farm lot that adjoins
Wildwood on the north, and but a few rods from the boundary
line, in a stretch of low ground, there stands the turned-up root
of an old fallen tree, the top of which is over a dozen feet from
the level ground. In what was once the “upper” side of this
“turn-up ” and about half-way in its height, I discovered on the
28th of May a nest containing three eggs which, at the time, |
took to be those of a Canadian warbler. Three days after I re-
visited the site, found the mother bird “ at home,” and seated on
the nest. At my near approach she flushed off and down upon
the ground, where with outspread and quivering wings, and the
venting of a few notes, she attempted to draw my attention from
her treasures. Gazing down on the interesting little creature
within a few feet of where I stood, 1 was not much surprised,
though somewhat disappointed, to note that the specimen was of

582 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the MW. varia species, and that it was her nest that was placed
before me, and which now contained five beautifully spotted
fresh eggs. _The cavity in which the nest was placed had been
partly excavated, probably by the bird itself; but in order to
support the foundation quite a large quantity of dead leaves and
strips of bark had been used, and inside of this there was a lining
of fine vegetable materials and some animal hair. (W. L. Kells.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; four taken at Ottawa, by Dr. F. A. Saunders in 1891; one
at Ottawa by Prof. Macoun in 1888; one at Indian Head, Assa.,
in June, 1892, and one at Edmonton, Alta., May 7th, 1897, by Mr.
W. Spreadborough; one purchased with the Holman collection
in 1885.

CCXXV. PROTONOTARIA Bairp. 1858.
637. Prothonotary Warbler.

Protonotaria citrea (BoDD.) BairDp. 1858.

A rare migrant in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) One speci-
men taken at Hamilton, Ont., May 23rd, 1888. (MWcllwraith.) 1
have every reason to suppose that this bird occasionally crosses
the St. Lawrence and visits Ontario, I even think it occasionally
breeds, for I came across a nest located in the stub of a willow at
the “ drowned lands ’ some eight miles north of Gananoque, which
contained one egg, and which corresponds with the description of
site of nest and authentic egg of this bird; the date was June
loth, 1896. (Rev. C. J. Young.)

CCXXVI. HELMINTHOPHILA Ripeway. 1882.
642. Golden-winged Warbler.

Helminthophila chrysoptera (LINN.) RipGw. 1882.

Rev. C. J. Young, of Sharbot Lake, Ont., one of our closest
observers,writes me that he saw this species on June 17th and 30th,
1897, on the Magdalen Islands, and that it was evidently breed-
ing; I doubt the identification, but make the record. (M/acoun.)
Fairly common summer resident throughout western Ontario; not
noted in Bruce county. (W.# Saunders.) 1 have met with this
species on two occasions near Hamilton, Ont.; have also heard of

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 5383

its being noticed at Port Rowan. Dr. Macallum sees it every
spring and summer near his residence at Dunnville, Ont. (Wc//-
wraith.) By the kindness of Mr. W. Hine, of Winnipeg, Man., I
am enabled to record the capture of a golden-winged warbler
taken by him near Winnipeg on or about May 27th, 1887. (C.F.
Batchelder in The Auk, Vol. VII, p. 404.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

645. Nashville Warbler.

Helminthophila ruficapilla (WiLs.) Ripew. 1882.

Obtained twice in Greenland; once at Godthaab about 1835, and
again at the Fiskenzs, August 31st, 1840. (Arct. Man.) A sum-
mer migrant in Newfoundland, but apparently rare. (Aeeks.) A
not very common summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowzs.) A
few specimens seen at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898.
(Macoun.) Rather abundant at Tignish, Prince Edward Island,
and not met with elsewhere. (Dzwzght.) A common summer
resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Common summer
resident at Scotch Lake, York Co.,N.B. (W.H. Moore.) Heard
singing in the woods at Gaspé Bay,Quebec, July 15th. (Avewster.)
Taken at Charlesbourg and common around Quebec. (Dzonme.) A
scarce transient visitant ; I have observed two examples of this
warbler here, both of them males, which I shot on the spur of
Mount Royal; Mr. Kuetzing says he has found this species com-
mon here, and that they breed in the swampy parts of the woods
on the Island of Montreal. (Wandtle.)

A summer resident at Ottawa, Ont.; a nest of this species
with four eggs was taken in Dow’s swamp, 13th July, 1881 ; in
1882 the bird was noted as quite common. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) A summer resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka dis-
tricts; breeding in swampy places. (/. H. Fleming.) Commonin
tamarac swamps in Algonquin Park, Ont., in June, 1900. (Spread-
borough.) WVery plentiful in spring at Toronto, especially among
scattered patches of scrub oak trees where they seem to find
palatable diet among the slowly expanding buds; I have not ob-
served these birds in such numbers during the fall migrations.
(J. Hughes-Samuel.) Breeds in a very few restricted localities in
small numbers ; often common as a migrant at London, Ont. ;

584 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

more common in Bruce county in summer. (IW. &. Saunders.)
Abundant as a migrant in spring, and fairly common in the fall;
breeds sparingly at Guelph, Ont.; arrives about May 12th, leaves
about September 22nd. (Ad. B. Klugh.)

A rare summer resident of woodlands in Manitoba; on June
11th, 1884, I found a Nashville warbler in full song and evidently
breeding. (Zhompson-Seton.) At the south end of Lake Manitoba,
near Portage la Prairie, Man., on June 13th, 1894, I took a nest
and four eggs of this species; the nest was built at the side of a
mossy knoll ina bluff. (W. Razie.) This is a rare species at
Avenue, Manitoba; probably breeding. (Vorman Criddle.) A
single individual of this species was killed in the woods at Cum-
berland House, on May 15th, as it was hopping among the
branches of a tree. (Richardson.) North to Fort Resolution on
Great Slave Lake; rare. (Ross.) .

BREEDING Nores.—Arriving generally about the middle of May
these birds are mostly found in young second growth wood. One
nest found was placed on the ground in a depression on the side
of a mound in amoist bush-grown pasture and was well concealed
by overhanging ferns, grasses and weeds, and was composed of
thin dried grass stems and moss, and was lined with fruit stems of
hair moss. It contained three fresh eggs July 15th. The bird
flew from the nest on being discovered and was silent and did not
appear for nearly an hour. This species is fairly common here,
but at St. John, Mr. Banks informs me they are rare. (W. ZH.
Moore.) A nest containing two fresh eggs of this bird and two
cowbird’s eggs was found near Ottawa, June Ist, 1899. It was
built on the ground by the side of a log in a marshy place, and
made with green moss, grass. and hairs. The bird left the nest
only after the log had been shaken a couple of times; nest 3°50
x 1°50 and 2°10. (Garneau.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One bought with the Holman collection in 1385.

6450. Calaveras Warbler.
FHelminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis RipGw. 1885.
First seen at Revelstoke, B.C., May gth, 1890; the birds seemed
tocome from the west through the Eagle Pass and not up the
Columbia; came in great numbers on the 13th, but seemed to

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 585

avel northward; at Robson they were found breeding 1,000 feet
above the Columbia on June 25th, 1890; observed throughout the
district between Trail and Kettle River, near the International
Boundary, quite common at Trail where a nest was taken on May
24th, 1902, it was placed on the ground between two stones, over-
hung with grass; the nest was made of the inner bark of trees lined
with hair and quills from the western porcupine. (Spreadborough.)
Common in the Okanagan district of B.C. (Bvooks.) Two
examples were taken at Vernon, B.C., and others were seen at
Nelson. They may be considered as neither rare nor abundant
in British Columbia. (Rfoads.) Taken at Vernon, Lake Okana-
gan, by Mr. A. C. Brooks in 1898. (/annin.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; one taken at Revelstoke, B.C., May 7th, 1890; six taken
at Trail, B.C., in May, 1902. One set of five eggs taken at Trail,
B.C., May 24th, 1902, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

646. Orange-crowned Warbler.

Helminthophila celata (Sav) Ripew. 1882.

Of rare occurrence at St. John, N.B., but has never been record-
ed at Scotch Lake. (W. H. Moore.) One example taken at
Beauport near Quebec, in 1890. (Dzonne.) A rare transient visitant
at Montreal. I shot a male specimen of this warbler, May 2ist,
1890, on the spur of Mount Royal and it is the only one of the
kind-I have met with here. (Wzntle.) A casual in the vicinity of
Ottawa; a male was shot by Mr. E. F. G. White, Sept. 27th, 1885,
near the eastern end of the city. (Ottawa Naturalst,Vo\.V.) Occurs
in Toronto regularly, apparently not uncommon ; took one in
Toronto on October toth, 1898, and another on May 7th, 1899.
(J. H. Fleming.) During several seasons of careful observations
I have only once met with a small party of these warblers ; this
was on 12th May, 1900 when I was fortunate in obtaining two
specimens, one of which I was surprised to find on dissecting was
afemale. The plumage of this bird is very plain and but for the
frequency of its call note or ‘ chep” might easily pass unnoticed;
and even when its presence is detected it is so remarkably active
and darts so rapidly from tree to tree that its capture is by no
means certain. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A regular migrant at Lon-
don, Ont.; but never common. (W. &. Saunders.) One was taken

wy
. ~ a : r

4

586 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ina willow thicket at York Factory, July 16th, 1901, and the
species was again noted near Pine Lake, September 13th and at
Duck Point, Playgreen Lake, September 1gth. (4. A. Prebles.)

Observed during the fall migration, in September, along the
Mouse (Souris) River, where it was abundant. (Cowes.) Common
summer resident in woodlands, in Manitoba; evidently breeding in
the woods around Carberry. (Zhompson-Seton.) First seen at
Avenue, Manitoba, on May 12th, 1903, was common on the 17th
and disappeared on September 16th. A common breeding
species. (Norman Criddle.) This is a rare summer migrant at
Indian Head, Assa. It was first seen at Indian Head, May
20th, 1892, and disappeared on the 25th; first seen at Medicine
Hat, Assa., May oth, 1894, common by the 15th, and were
all gone by the 20th. (Spreadborough.) North to Fort Reso-
lution on Great Slave Lake; rare. (Ross.) This is one of the
rarest warblers that breeds on the Anderson River where four or
five nests were found containing from four to six eggs. The
nests were made of hay or grasses, lined with deer hair, feathers
and finer grasses, and were found on the ground in the shade of
a clump of dwarf willow or Labrador tea. (Wacfarlane.) Through-
out the wooded region of northern Alaska, from the British
boundary line west to the shores of Behring Sea, and from the
Alaskan range of mountains north within the Arctic Circle as far
as the tree limit, this species is a summer resident. (/Velson.)
Two individuals of this species were shot among the weeds sur-
rounding the redoubt at St. Michael. They are not common as
they were the only ones ever seen at that place. (Zurner.) Two
specimens taken at Ducks were of this form. (Streator.) East
and west of Coast Range; a summer resident. (fannin.) Tolerably
common during the migrations at Chilliwack. A scarce sum-
mer resident in the Cariboo district, of B.C. ; both old and young
birds showed typical celata. (Brooks.) Five specimens from the
interior of British Columbia are distinguishable from the coast
form which does not appear to cross the Coast Range. (Rhoads.)

Osgood took an adult male at Caribou Crossing, Lat. 60°, B.C.,
June 26th, 1899; I took a female and two young 20 miles below
Fort Selkirk, July 27th, and a young one near Dawson, August
2nd. Osgood secured an adult and a young one at Camp David-
son, August 5th and another was seen near Fort Yukon, Alaska,
August 21st; all taken were in willows or alders close to the water.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 587

(Bishop.) 1 saw this species but once on the 25th May near our
camp on the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, but heard it a num-

ber of times. (Grznnell.)

Breepine Notes.—On June 18th, 1900, Mr. C. E. Whittaker,
found a nest of this rare warbler at Peel River, within the Arctic
Circle. It was built in the grass on the ground and contained six
eggs ; on June 22nd, 1902, Mr. Dippie found a nest and five eggs
at Banff, Rocky Mountains. (W. Raine.) A nest of this species
was found on June 13th, 1897, on the edge of a wood in a rather
damp situation. This was completely hidden by over-hanging
grass and small aspen trees it was sunken in the ground and was
composed of grass built with a few horse hairs. There were five
eggs in it almost hatched. Another nest of the same species was
found on July Ist near the edge of a large bluff, this was as much
as the somewhat scanty vegetation would allow and was hidden
from above by young aspens. There were four fresh eggs in the
nest which were between 15 and 16mm. long and 12 mm. wide, they
were white, thickly marked about the larger end with very fine
slaty-gray and somewhat large brown spots. A third nest examined
after the birds had left was in almost exactly the same situation
as the first. (Vorman Criddle.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; three taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., in May, 1894; one at

Indian Head, Assa., May 16th, 1892; all by Mr. W. Spreadborough

6460. Lutescent Warbler.

Helminthophila celata lutescens (RipGW.) BREwsT. 1882.

Saw one individual at Edmonton, Alta., May 5th, 1897, after-
wards the species was occasionally seen so that I think a few
remained to breed; breeding in numbers at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, in June, 1891; shot in Eagle Pass, west of Revelstoke,
B.C.; breeding in the pass, but not seen east of the Columbia in
1890; only one observed at Trail, B.C., in June, 1902; abundant
in the woods at Hastings, but not so common at Agassiz, B.C., in
May, 1889; a few seen at Chilliwack, B.C., in the spring of 1902;
a common summer resident on Vancouver Island; first seen on
April 16th, 1893, and became common in a few days, a nest was
taken containing four eggs on May 13th; nest on the ground built
of moss lined with dry grass and hair; quite common at Comox
and Nanaimo. (Spreadborough.)

585 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Five specimens taken at New Westminster and one taken at
Mount Lehman on September 15th are typical of the coast form.
( Streator.) Chiefly west of the Coast Range; avery abundant
summer resident on the coast. (Fannin.) More common than
the type; a summer resident. (vooks.) A very abundant sum-
mer resident on the Pacific slope of British Columbia. (Rhoads.)
Rather rare on Queen Charlotte Islands, seen twice at Cumshewa
Inlet. Three specimens taken at Fort Kenai, Alaska, by Bischoff
in May, 1869. (Osgood.) Common at Haines Mission, Lynn
Canal, June Ist, 1899. (B¢tshop.) Extending up the Pacific coast
this bird is found as acommon summer resident of the wooded
southeastern shore of Alaska, where it replaces celata. (Nelson.)
Tolerably common about clearings, and in the low growths of firs
which border the beaches at the mouths of the streams at Sitka,
Alaska. (Grinnell.) Four specimens taken .at Sheep Creek, and
four on Kenai Mountains, Alaska, in August, 1901. The species
was fairly common along all streams in the timber belt even to
its highest limits where it breeds. (Chapman.)

BREEDING Notes.-—Banff, Rocky Mountains, June 1oth, 1893,
in the valley of the Bow River, we flushed a little warbler off its
nest and five eggs. This nest was built on the ground amongst
short herbage growing at the side of a fallen log. As I wished to
secure the parent bird to prove the identity of the eggs we did
not molest the nest. Next morning my collector brought me a
female orange-crowned warbler he had caught with his hand on
the nest we found the day previous, so I took my camera along
and photographed the nest and the photo-engraving of this nest
is to be seen in Oliver Davies’ ‘‘ Nests and Eggs of North
American Birds,” page 431. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-three; one taken at Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889, another
at Westminster Junction and another at Hastings, Burrard Inlet,
in April, 1889; nine taken at Victoria, Vancouver Island, in May,
1887 and 1893; three at Edmonton, Alta., June, 1897; one at Can-
more, Rocky Mountains, May 25th, 1891; three at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, May, 1891, and four at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903;
all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 589
647. Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina (Wits.) Ripew. 1882.

Obtained by Drexler at Fort George, James Bay, in June and
July, 1860. (Fackard.) Rather common at Stewiacke, but never
seen at Halifax, N.S. (Dowas.) A rather common summer resident
at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A rare summer resident at
Scoten ake, York €Co., N.B. .(W.A. Moore.) Very care'in the
* Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Not rare at Lake
Mistassini, Quebec. (/. JZ. Macoun.) The only specimen noticed
was shot at Fox Bay, Anticosti, July 11th. (Avewster.) Not common
summer resident around Quebec; taken at Beauport. (Dzonne.) A
common but transient visitant at Montreal. Mr. Kuetzing has
found this species here in May, and common for a week or two in
swampy places, and I have shot a few in hedgerows in the fields at
Hochelaga in May. (Wintle.)

Rare migrant in the vicinity of Ottawa; one was shot on the
bank of the Rideau, April gth, 1882, by Mr. G. R. White; another
was shot May 16th, 1888. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) On May
18th, 1897, I took one of these warblers in a large alder swamp at
Emsdale, Parry Sound, Ont., and saw several more in the same
place on 22nd May. They continued common till the 26th, when
I only saw one. (/. 1. Fleming.) I have usually heard this bird
spoken of as rare, but sinc- I first had the pleasure of its personal
acquaintance I have concluded that many observers have passed
it over on account of its dull plumage, and in some cases it may
have been passed as a Regulus, which, in coloration, it somewhat
resembles. I believe the bird occurs with us regularly, at any rate
in limited numbers; my note dated 22nd May, ‘1goo, reads :—A
grand morning, warm and summer-like, a great many warblers in
the willows ; magnolias very abundant, some of these being so
particularly handsome as to give the place quite atropical effect;
I came across an unusually large number of Tennessee warblers
singing, or rather chipping merrily away in the early morning
sunshine, two of which I secured; there were not less than 25 of
this species in one small patch of willow:. (/ Hughes-Samuel.)

Sometimes fairly common at London,Ont.,in migration. (IV. &.
Saunders.)

Upon my arrival at Pembina, the beginning of June, I at once
perceived that the vernal migration of the present species past

590 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

this point was about to be concluded, as female specimens pre-

ponderated; the species was not observed further west on the 4gth
parallel. (Coues.) Not an uncommon summer resident in the
wooded parts of Manitoba, apparently breeding on Duck Moun-
tain. (Zhompson-Seton.)

This isa common migrant at Indian Head, Assa., and very
likely breeds ; first seen May 31st, and soon became common in
willow thickets where it remained to June 15th, when all disap-
peared ; first seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 18th, 1894; others
were seen afterwards, but they were never numerous; a few seen
on Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., late in May, 1895; a common breed-
ing species at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in the summer of 1891 ;
common in willow thickets from the mouth of Slave River to
Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’ in June, 1903 ; first seen on
May 22nd, 1897, at Edmonton, Alta.; tolerably common along the
creeks by the 28th; no doubt they breed here ; common from

Edmonton to the Athabasca Pass in willow thickets in low ~

grounds and along streams in June, 1898; common in the
foothills south of Calgary. (Spreadborough.) Common at the
Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan, where it doubtless breeds.
(Nutting.) One of the most abundant birds between Athabasca
Landing and Lesser Slave River; first noted May 30th ; common
down the Athabasca River to Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 40’; com-
mon up the Clearwater River and at the north end of Methye
Portage; common between Methye Lake and Isle a la Crosse

Lake ; last seen August 1oth. (/. 47. Macoun.) One specimen.

only was procured at Cumberland House, on the banks of the
Saskatchewan, in the latter endof May. (¢chardson.) North to
Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River. (oss.) I have a nest
and four eggs of this bird collected at Fort Saskatchewan near
Edmonton, Alta., on June 12th, 1899, by Mr. J. Callaghan; nest in
a willow two feet from the ground. (W. Raine.) This was a
common breeder at 158-Mile House, B.C., where its sharp insistent
song was to be heard from every copse in the partially wooded
district. (Brooks.) Found only at Caribou Crossing, Lat. 60°,
B.C., where I heard four males singing and secured three of them,
June 27th and 28th, 1899. They were in comparatively open wil-
low and spruce swamps. (Szshop.)
BREEDING Nores.—The birds made their first appearance on
the 22nd of May at Carpenter Mountain, Cariboo, B.C., and were

a

P CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 591

common the same day. From that day I heard their song in
almost every clump of trees. A great number drew off to the
northward, but a good many remained. They generally fre-
quented the clumps of aspen trees and Norway pines, where the
ground was covered with a thick growth of dry fine grass. As I
saw no female nor evidence of nesting I gave the birds three
weeks and started out to look for their nests on the 15th of June.
Luckily I soon found a female off her nest and after an hour’s
watching, during which time I suffered torments from the mos-
quitoes, she at last dropped down to her nest. On walking up
she fluttered out, and flew off some distance, returning shortly
with two others of the same species, when I put her off and shot
her. A hundred yards further on I came across another female,
probably one of the two that returned with the first one. I took
up a good position and waited twenty minutes, when she darted
down to the ground and disappeared, I went up and was just
going to kill her with my little *38 caliber collecting pistol as she
fluttered off, when out of the tail of my eye I saw the nest con-
tained newly hatched young; I found another nest the same day
by carefully quartering a likely piece of ground, and found several
the next week with young also. The nests were always on the
ground, sometimes at the foot of a small service-berry bush or
twig. They were all arched over by the dry fine grass of the
preceding year; this year’s growth having just well commenced.
The nest is small and loosely constructed, being quite flat; it is
composed outwardly of a few leaves, a little moss and a good
deal of fine grass, lined only with the Jatter material. The nest
was situated on the ground in, and arched over with, dry grass, and
no bush or twigs were near. (J. Parker Norris, Jr., in The Auk,
Vol. XIX, 88.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., May, 1892, two at
Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, two at Banff, Rocky Mountains,
in June, 1891, and one at Edmonton, Alta., May 22nd, 1897, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough; one taken at Athabasca Landing,
Alta., in May, 1888, by Mr. J. M. Macoun.

12

592 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
CCXXVII. COMPSOTHLYPIS Casanis. 1850.

648. Northern Parula Warbler.

Compsothlypis americana usne@ BREWSTER. 1896.

One specimen sent from the southern inspectorate of Greenland
in 1857. (Arct. Man.) A rare summer resident, occurring inland
on hardwood trees, Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Infrequently ob-
served on Prince Edward Island, and generally in the upper
branches of hardwood forest. (Dwight.) A rare summer
resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A tolerably common
summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.)
Seen near Port Hawkesbury, Cape Breton Island, and at Fox
Bay, Anticosti. (Bvewster.) Taken at Beauport; rare in the
vicinity of Quebec in summer. (Deonne.) A common transient
visitant at Montreal. Shot a male and two female specimens
of this warbler in May, 1890, on the spur of Mount Royal,
(Wintle.)

A moderately common migrant in the vicinity of Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A specimen of this species was shot
on acurrant bush in a garden at Kingston, Ont., in May, 1899.
(Rev. C. J. Young.) A common summer resident in the Parry

Sound and Muskoka districts. They arrive about the middle of-

May, and for the first two weeks keep to the highest trees.
(J. H. Fleming.) Not common in Algonquin Park, Ont. Nearly
always seen up in the tops of trees. (Spreadborough.) Abundant
in spring and fall at Toronto. The earliest arrivals I have noted
being on 5th May, 1896. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A passing migrant
at Guelph, Ont. (A. B. Klugh.) Of four specimens taken in the
Thames valley, in western Ontario, by Mr Robert Elliott and
Mr. W. E. Saunders two are said to be typical of the northern
form wsne@, the other two not being quite typical of the
southern form. (Robert Elhott,in The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol.
XVI., p. 95.)

BREEDING Norss.—I have no particular data regarding nesting
season, but a nest was found 4o feet up a yellow birch tree com-
posed of a few fine rootlets and feathers worked into a growth of
Usnea that hung below a limb three-quarters of an inch in
diameter and about eight inches below the limb. (W. Z.
Moore.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 593

CCXXVIII. DENDROICA Gray. 18 42.
650. Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrina (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1858.

A specimen obtained by Drexler, May 28th, 1860, at Moose
Factory, James Bay. (/ackard.) Very rare in Nova Scotia; only
one specimen taken at Stewlacke in midsummer. (Vowzs.) Rare;
may breed at Grand Manan, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Of rare occur-
rence at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.; it is known to breed here ;
one nest was found containing three eggs, placed in a hemlock
tree a few feet from the trunk, and about eight feet up. (W. H.
Moore.) A scarce and transient visitant at Montreal; I shot three
male specimens of this warbler and saw others on the spur of
Mount Royal, one of which I shot May 14th and the other two
May 21st, 1890. (Wntle.) This species is rare at Quebec, but
two specimens were taken in June, 1884. (Déonne.) A rare mig-
rant at Ottawa ; have been taken by Mr. G. R. Whitein 1883, 85-
87 and 1888. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Met with it on the Mag-
dalen Islands in 1897; I have a nest containing two eggs taken
there from a small spruce tree about two feet from the ground.
(Rev. C. J. Young.)

Correctly described as rare in Ontario; I have previous to the
present spring season of 1900, seen only two specimens of this
bird, viz.: a male on 19th May, 1898, and a female on 2Ist May,
1899; but between the 8th and 19th May, 1900, I was fortunate in
seeing five males of the species and to hear their song; I had also
a chance to observe their habits during their short stay. (/.
Hughes-Samuel.) A rare migrant at London, Ont., two or three
being the most noted in a single migration. (W. &. Saunders.)

Common summer resident along the Red River in Manitoba ;
not widely distributed. (Zhompson-Seton.) A rare species at
Avenue, Manitoba. (Norman Criddle.) Two specimens were
taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 17th, 1894. (Spreadborough.)
At Long Lake, Yorktown, Assa., on June 2nd, 1891, I took a nest
and four eggs of this bird; it was built nearly three feet from the
ground in a willow. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; the
other taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by Mr. G. R. White.

12%

594 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

652. Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica estiva (GMEL.) BarRD. 1858.

Specimens obtained by Drexler, July 12th, 1860, at Fort George,
James Bay. (Packard.) Common from Missinabie down the
Moose River and up James Bay to Richmond Gulf; a nest con-
taining four eggs was found on an island in the bay, June 23rd,
1896 ; none observed on a trip across Ungava ; seems to keep
along the coast. (Spreadborough.) A very common summer migrant
in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Very common in gardens around
Halifax, N.S. (Dowmns.) Common summer resident at Sydney,
Cape Breton Island, N.S. (C. R. Harte.) Quite common at Bad-
deck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898; rather rare at
Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, June,1888. (Wacoun.) Rather
common, on Prince Edward Island, and quite as likely to be found
among lonely alder bushes as in the trees around houses. (Dwight.)
An abundant summer resident at St. John, N.B. ( Chamberlain.)
A common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W.
H{. Moore.) Rare, except near the settlements in the Restigouche
valley. (Lrittain & Cox.) Common at Lake Mistassini, Quebec.
(J. M. Macoun.) Common summer resident on the Magdalen
Islands. (Szshop.) Rather abundant at Fox Bay, Anticosti; a
few specimens seen at Gaspé Bay, Que. (Brewster.) A common
summer resident at Quebec. (Dzonne.) An abundant summer
resident at Montreal; breeds in the city and Mount Royal
park ; I have found their nests containing eggs from May 29th
to July 7th, and observed this warbler here from May 7th to Sep-
tember 3rd. (Wintle.)

An abundant summer resident in the vicinity of Ottawa. (Of
tawa Naturalist, Vol.V.) 1 took a male at Emsdale, Parry Sound,
Ont., on May 27th, 1899, the only one I have seen in Parry Sound;
it was not uncommon at Rosseau in 1897, and Mr. Tavernier
regards it as common at Beaumaris. (/. H. Fleming.) Without
doubt more of this species of warbler remain to breed around
Toronto than of any other variety. Practically, they are everywhere
in suitable places, and if a youthful enthusiast wants to study bird
life he has merely to seat himself near a patch of willows during
the merry month of May when he will have a grand opportunity
of becoming acquainted with our common summer yellow-bird ; I
have noted one of these birds at Toronto as early as 18th April,

a CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 595

1899. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) Common summer resident at Guelph,
Ont.; arrives about May 4th, leaves about Aug. 18th. (4. B. Klugh.)
Abundant summer resident, breeds in gardens very frequently at
Penetanguishene, Ont.; I have seen four nests of this species
in a garden of less than half an acre. (A. F. Young.) Rather
common at Norway House, Oxford House, and York Factory.
Specimens taken at these three points have a slightly darker
crown than is usual in eastern examples, but are referable to the
typical form. (4. A. Prebles.) York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr.
R. Bell.) Also taken at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.)

This abundant and universally diffused species was observed at
various points along the 4oth parallel from Pembina tothe Rocky
Mountains. (Coues.) A very abundant summer resident every-
where in Manitoba, breeding throughout the whole province.
( Thompson-Seton.) Common and breeding at Avenue, Man. (orman
Criddle.) First seen at Indian Head, Assa.,May 27th,1892,soon after
they became abundant and began to breed in great numbers; first
seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 15th, 1894, commenced nesting
by the 23rd, two nests finished by the 29th and laying commenced;
common in all brushy parts of western Assinibota, especially at
Crane Lake and Cypress Hills. Thisis a common species where-
ever there is brush, and builds indiscriminately in the forks of
a rose-bush or a willow or E/@agnus; numerous nests were taken
at Wood Mountain and wherever there was brush across Assini-
boia and Alberta to Waterton Lake at Chief Mountain in the
summer of 1895; observed from the mouth of Lesser Slave River
to Peace-River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903; first seen at
Edmonton, Alta., May 12th, 1897, June 14th two nests were taken
in small willow trees, nest very compact, composed chiefly of
willow down held together with horse-hair; abundant in willow
thickets throughout the trip from Edmonton west to Atha-
basca Pass, in June, 1898; common in the foothills south of
Calgary ; quite common and breeding in large numbers at
Banff, Rocky Mountains, in the summer of 1891; very common
at Revelstoke and Robson, on the Columbia River, in June,
1890; one nest was taken in the fork of a cottonwood, 40 feet
from the ground on June 2Ist, 1890, containing four fresh eggs; a
few were breeding at Trail, near the International Boundary, in
June, 1902; occasional at Kamloops and Spence’s Bridge, B.C.; a
few doubtful specimens at Victoria, Vancouver Island. (Spread-

596 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

borough.) “Nery abundant summer resident in thickets at Prince
Albert, Sask., arriving in May. (Coubeaux.) Common at Grand
Rapids and at Chemawawin; breeding in thickets. (Vuiting.) Very
abundant throughout the entire wooded regions of arctic
America, where it builds on dwarf willows and small scrub pine
at a height of a few feet from the ground. (Macfarlane.) This
species is known throughout the Northwest Territories as far
north as the woods extend, or to Lat. 68°. It reaches the banks
of the Saskatchewan about the third week in May and Great
Bear Lake in Lat. 65° in the beginning of June. (Azchardson.)
North to Lapierre’s House on the Mackenzie River. (oss.)

BREEDING Notes.—This warbler is very common along the St.
John River, near Fredericton. Have never seen them more than
a mile from a river or large stream where they nest in low bushes
that grow about such places. The nest is seldom over-a yard
from the ground, and have often seen them within a yard of the
highway road. By the first week in June the majority of their
eggs are laid, three and four being the number in aclutch. The
nest is composed of plant fibres, dried grasses, wool and hair.
(W. H. Moore.) Nest found in a lilac bush was composed of vege-
table substance and down lined with hair and down, a very com-
pact and neat affair, Eggs 5, grayish or greenish white dotted
and blotched with reddish-brown and lilac. (G. R. White.) Nests
in bushes, conifers and other trees around Ottawa. The nest Is
placed two to fifteen feet from the ground, and composed of
grayish fibres of plants and vegetable down with a few bits of
grass, bark or feathers. The inside is white when not lined with
hairs. This warbler often adds a story to its nest to cover up a
cowbird’s egg laid in the original nest. (Garneau.) This bird builds
a neat and compact nest and generally places it high up on the
willows or in the forks of a small tree, rose bushes or wolf willow.
It is chiefly composed of dead leaves of grasses and carices, and
with a thick lining inside of small feathers, hairs and fine cottony
wool gathered from the catkins of willows; numerous nests of the
above character were detected in June, 1895, in southern AssintI-
boia by the writer. .

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirty-three; six taken at Ottawa, four by the writer in 1888
and two by Dr. F. A. Saunders in May, 1891; one at Indian Head,
Assa,, in June, 1892, six at Medicine Hat, Assa.,in May, 1894,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 5907

three at Canmore and four at Banff, Rocky: Mountains, in June,
1891, four at Revelstoke in May, 1890, one at Trail, B.C., May,
1902, one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., May, 1889, two at Old Wives’
Creek, Assa., May, 1895, two at Edmonton, Alta., May, 1897; all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough. Two taken at Victoria, Vancouver
Island, in May, 1893, are of the eastern form.

Four sets of eggs; one of three eggs taken at Medicine Hat,
Assa., June 2nd, 1894, by Prof. Macoun; one set at Edmonton,
Alta., June 14th, 1897, by Mr. W. Spreadborough; one at Aylmer,
Que., of four eggs, June gth, 1898, by Mr. F. K. Whiteaves; one
set of three and one cowbird’s egg taken at Billing’s Bridge, near
Ottawa, May 31st, 1897, by Prof. Macoun; nest in a black currant
bush in a swamp.

652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica estiva rubiginosa (PALL.) OBERHOLSER. 1897.

West of Coast Range an abundant summer resident. (Fannin)
Common summer resident at Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.) Rather
rare on Queen Charlotte Islands; seen twice in Cumshewa Inlet.
(Osgood.) One specimen taken at Deer Park, on the Columbia
River, in June, 1890, belongs to this form; quite common at
Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889; common at Chilliwack, B.C., in
spring of 1901; none observed in the autumn; a summer resident
on Vancouver Island; first seen near Victoriaon April 25th, 1893,
they were common in a day or two; nesting in willow and alder
thickets at Victoria, Comox and Nanaimo. (Sfrerdborough.)

Alaska in general, both along the coast and throughout the
interior; and southwest to Vancouver Island, migrating southward
in winter to California. (Rzdgway.) This is perhaps the most
abundant warbler in Alaska. It is found everywhere in the
wooded interior. ((Velson.) Specimens of this species were
obtained from several localities. It is common at many points on
the Yukon River. (Zusner.) A single adult male taken June
23rd at Sitka, Alaska; and a few others heard previously in the
dense firs along Indian River were all noted on this occasion.
Yellow warblers, mostly in immature plumage were observed com-
monly in the Kowak valley, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, in the latter
part of August. (Gvennell.) I am positive I have often heard
the song of this species at Bennett, June 17th-22nd. I took an

598 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

adult male at Caribou Crossing June 27th, and heard the song at
Lake Marsh. An adult female was taken by Osgood near the
Nordenskiold River July 22nd and family parties were often
found in the alders and willow thickets between the Pelly River
and Circle City, in the Yukon valley. (Szshop.) Three immature
males were taken at Kenai Mountains, Sheep Creek, and Homer,
Alaska; found occasionally at the upper edge of timber line on
Kenai Mountains. (Chapman.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve; four taken at Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1880,. four at
Chilliwack, B.C., in May, 1901, two at Deer Park, Columbia
River, June 12th, 1890, and two at Victoria, Vancouver Island, in
May, 1893; all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

654. Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Dendroica cerulescens (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1865.

Audubon, Vol. II., p. 63, states he found a dead one in Labra-
dor. (Packard.) An uncommon summer resident at Halifax,
N.S. (Downs.) Seen in woods at Margaree, Cape Breton
Island, July, 1898. (Macoun.) A few were detected at Souris,
Prince Edward Island. (Dwight.) A rare summer resident at
St. John, N.B. (Chamberiain.) Tolerably common summer resi-
dent at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. AH. Moore.) Taken at
Beauport; rather uncommon in Quebec. (Deonne.) A common
and transient visitant at Montreal. A few probably breed at
Montreal. I have seen them from May 4th to October 5th.
(Wintle.)

A moderately common migrant in the vicinity of Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Ihave occasionally noticed this bird
in spring and fallin the county of Leeds, Ont. Once I found the
the nest in June, 1899, in an ashswamp. It was built in a bush ot
Spirea that grew among ferns and weeds, and was not more than
three feet from the groun!. The bird was very tame and easily
identified. The nest much resembled the nest of the redstart
except for location. (Rev. C./. Young.) An abundant summer
resident in the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts of Ontario.
I took a nest on June 8th, 1894. It was on the side of a hill ina
dense hardwood bush, and was placed on the fallen branch of a
dead hemlock, shaded by the horizontal branch of a seedling

s
ein
———E—————

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 599

maple. (/. H. Fleming.) Common amongst balsam fir in Algon-
quin Park, Ont., June, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Reaching us in
the first week in May at Toronto this bird becomes very abun-
dant. The female of this species occasions probably as much
trouble with the novice as regards identification as any of our
birds, flycatchers excepted; btit the white spot at the base of the
primaries is indisputable ev idence and when not clearly apparent
always shows when the feathers are parted. Found young
just from the nest at Havelock, Ont., July, 1894. (/. Hughes-
Samuel.) Rare summer resident in Middlesex Co; “Ont. but
more common in North Bruce. Fairly common at London, Ont.,
as a migrant. (W. &. Saunders.) Mostly a passing migrant at
Guelph, Ont. A few pairs breed. Arrives about May 12th, leaves
about Sept. 26th. (A. B. Klugh.) Summer resident at Penetan-
guishene, Ont. (A. /. Young.)

BreepinG Notes.—This species is common during the spring
migrations and a goodly number stay during the summer. The
female displays great courage and feigns helplessness and distress,
to the utmost degree, when one is near her nest. A nest found
July 21st contained three nearly fresh eggs. It was placed two
feet up in a small beech bush, well built into the fork of small
limbs and was composed of rottengwood fibres, cocoon silk, and
scantily lined with white horse hair. (W. H. Moore.) A nest
with young birds was found on the 4th August, 1902, in a wood
near Lake Nominingue, about 100 miles north of Ottawa. It was
built in a raspberry bush and made of grass and a few leaves,
lined with hairlike roots; nest 3 x 2 and 2 x 1:25. (Garneau.) On
the afternoon of June 5, 1886, when out in a tract of low,thick under-
wood,about a mile to the west of Wildwood, I found a nest with one
egg, which at first I took to be one of a chestnut-sided warbler, so
much did it resemble the nest of that species in form, size, mate-
rials of composition and situation. The egg also had a much
similar appearance, but the different notes of the female owner
of this nest soon attracted my attention, and I waited, a short
time till she came out of the thick foliage where she was con-
cealed and approached the more open space where I was standing,
then I saw that she was quite a different species, and a more
close examination of the nest showed that it was a more com-
pactly formed structure than is usually made by the chestnut-
sided bird, though the eggs of both species are much similar.

600 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

The scolding notes of this bird soon brought her mate upon the
scene, but he seemed more disposed to sport with her than assist
to drive off the intruder. Both birds, however, came quite close,
and I identified them as a pair of the black-throated blue warbler
species. Being anxious to secure this nest and a full set of eggs,
I noted the place and returned *four days after. Then the
female was seated on the nest, and when she flushed off I found
that it contained three of her own eggs and one of a cowbird.
These I collected and prepared for my cabinet, but they have
since passed to the collection of a gentleman in Philadelphia.
After I had secured the nest and eggs above described, on my

homeward way, I found another nest of the same species. This_

was also placed in the fork of a small maple twig, about two feet
off the ground, and on the outskirts of a thick patch of low
underwood, and then contained three young of the bird’s own
two or three days old, and also a young of the cowbird. I noted
in bothcases that the old birds on leaving the nests dropped to
the ground and made quite a commotion among the dry leaves,
evidently with the intention of diverting attention from the nests.

(W. L. Kells.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; two taken at Ottaw& in May, 1888, by the writer; two
by Dr. F. A. Saunders at Ottawa in May, 1890; and one in Algon-
quin Park, Ont., May 28th, 1900, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

655. Myrtle Warbler.

Dendroica coronata (LINN.) GRAY. 1842.

Three examples taken in Greenland prior to 1860. (Avct. Man.)
A single example, an adult male, was taken in Godhaven Har-
bour, Greenland, July 31st, 1878. (wmelin.) Audubon, Vol. IL.,
p. 24, found them plentiful in Labrador, with young scarcely
able to fly. Drexler obtained specimens July 21st, 1860, at
Moose Factory. (fackard.) Rather common on the southern
half of the coast of Labrador. (Sigelow.) A common summer
migrant in Newfoundland. (eeks.) The commonest warbler in
the vicinity of Halifax, N.S. (Dowmns.) Common summer resident
at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S. (C. &. Harte.) An abundant
species at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898;
in spruce trees along Brackley Point and Prince Edward Island,

—— oe

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 601

June 29th, 1888. (Macoun.) Common on Prince Edward Island.
Their favorite haunts were clumps of spruces and firs in partly
cleared lands. (Dzight.) An abundant summer resident at St.
John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Quite common in the Restigouche
valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Common spring migrant, but is
rather rare in summer. Breeds at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.
(W. H. Moore.) A common resident on the Magdalen Islands.
(Bishop.) Common migrant at Quebec. A few may breed.
(Dionne.) An abundant transient visitant at Montreal, observed
here from May 3rd to Igth, and from October 8th to 10th.
(Wintle.)

An abundant migrant and possibly breeds. Has been seen all.
through the summer and probably breeds in the Mer Bleue.
(Ottawa Naturahst, Vol. V.) Common in central Ontario during
migration. A nest I found at Calabogie Lake was built in a
cedar, near the top, about 10 feet from the ground, and contained
four fresh eggs on May 2oth; it was composed of twigs, roots, etc..
lined with hair inside. (Rev. C.J. Young.) Fairly common in the
spring in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, Ont. (J. H/. Fleming.)
Rather common in summer in Algonquin Park, Ont. Saw a pair
building in the top of a hemlock tree near Cache Lake. They
failed to complete it and moved to another tree as they were seen
there allsummer. (Spreadborough.) Probably the first warbler to
reach us in the spring and last to leave usin the fall. I found
young birds just out of the nest on a small island in Belmont
Lake, near Havelock, Peterbsrough Co., Ont., June 28th, 1895.
(J. Hughes-Samuel.) A migrant only, in Middlesex Co., but has
been observed in several localities in North Bruce in the month
of June. (W. E. Saunders.) Usually abundant during migrations
- at Guelph, Ont., but almost entirely-absent in the spring of 1903.
Seen from about April 30th to May 12th and from September
6th to 8th. (A. B. Klugh.)

One was seen in company with kinglets and chickadees in the
spruce woods bordering Hill River, September 2nd, 1go1. (Z. A.
Prebles.) Not observed on the 4gth parallel until about the middle
of September, when during the fall migration it made its appear-
ance in abundance along the Mouse (Souris) River in company
with the snowbirds and other species just come from the north.
(Coues.) An abundant migrant; a few breed in Manitoba, at

602 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the Duck Mountains where I shot a male on June Ioth, 1884.
(Thompson-Seton.) First seen at Avenue, Manitoba, April 2oth,
1903, became common by May 14th, 1903, last seen October toth.
(Norman Criddle.) This bird arrives on the banks of the Sas-
katchewan at Prince Albert in May and breedsinthickets. (Cow-
beaux.) Abundant at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin; breeding
in the latter place. ((Vutting.) I have the nest and four eggs
with the parent bird that were collected at Red River, Alberta,
June 14th, 1898, by Mr. W. Wenman. (W.Rame.) This is a
common migrant at Indian Head, Assa., it was first seen on April
25th, and the last ones disappeared on June 2nd, 1892; first seen
on April 30th, 1894, at Medicine Hat, Assa. Those shot were all
males. By May rith they were very abundant in willow thickets,
but were all gone by the 18th; observed two at the upper crossing
of the Lob-stick River, Alta., June 17th, 1898, where they were
breeding; seen in large ‘flocks at the Henry House, September
2nd; a spring migrant at Banff, Rocky Mountains in 1891; arrived
at Revelstoke, B.C., April 24th, 1890, but soon disappeared; a few
seen at Trail near the International Boundary in 1902, but all soon
disappeared. (Spreadborough.)

This bird arrives on the banks of the Saskatchewan about the
middle of May and continues there all summer, frequenting
willow thickets and the borders of streams and lakes, where
Myrica Gale grows in abundance. (ichardson.) North to La-
pierre’s Hous-, on the Mackenzie River. (Xoss.) This warbler
is not numerous on the Anderson River, where some thirteen nests
were found built on low spruce trees and a fewon the ground.
It lays from four to five eggs. (Macfarlane.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird occasionally breeds in central and
northern Ontario, and commonly north of the Ottawa River. It.
is recorded as doing so at Listowell, Ont., by Mr. Wm. L. Kells.
In the early spring and again in the fall when on migration it Is
one of the commonest of the warblers ; the first nest I found was
in the spring of 1889, on 29th May, on the bank of Calabogie Lake,
Renfrew Co.; it was built near the top of a cedaragainst the stém,
about eight or nine feet from the ground and close to the water,
and on that date contained four fresh eggs; I easily identified the
bird by its white throat and other characteristic markings; though
I often saw the bird in the interval I did not again meet with its
nest until June 11th, 1902, when I found anest in asecond growth

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 603

of white pine on an island in Gull Lake, Frontenac Co., Ont.; at
this date it contained three young birds, recently hatched; on the
16th June I found another nest on an island in Sharbot Lake ; it
was just like the first one I found close to the water and about
seven feet from the ground; the nest is large for the bird, built
of dead twigs of spruce and hemlock with some fibrous roots, and
lined with grass, feathers, rootlets, &c., the feathers in each nest
being a special feature; outside it somewhat resembles the nest of
the purple finch. (Rev. C./. Young.)

The first warbler to arrive in spring at Scotch Lake, N.B., com-
ing about the first of May and staying mostly about young growth
woods or bushy pastures; they are fairly common during migra-
tion, and some seasons stay to breed; one nest was placed six
feet up in a tamarac bush and contained four eggs. (WW. H. Moore.)
Nests found around Ottawa in May and June, saddled on the
middle of a branch six feet from the ground in a large fir tree or
at the summit of a small cedar tree ten feet high; they are made
of twigs and rootlets covered with spider webs ora little plant
down and lined with feathers and hairs; insome the feathers hide
the eggs, in others the hairs are over the feathers; nest 4x 2 and 2
x 1°50. (Garneau.) On the 18th June, 1882,1 discovered, for the first
time inmy experience, anest of the myrtle warbler; it was ina low,
black ash timbered swamp, where there was an intermingling of
othersoft woods and conifers,near where I had foundaa bay-breasted
warbler the year before, and of whose nest I was again in search,
when I espied in a low balsam, about four feet from the ground, a
nestwith the mother bird seated upon it; at first sight this avifaunian
cradle, in situation, material and construction, appeared like that
of a chipping sparrow, but when the bird flushed off on my near
approach, and from a position ona branch near by watched my
movements, shifting uneasily and uttering a few ‘“chip”-like
notes, I carefully noted her plumage and became certain of her
identity as a female myrtle warbler. This nest contained four
eggs, quite fresh though the bird had begun to incubate; the nest
itself was composed of stalks of dried weeds, fibres of bark, root-
lets and hair from the tails of horses and cattle; the next summer
I saw anothercomplete nest of this bird, it contained no eggs; this
was placed in the top of a small bushy blue-beech five or six feet
high, and situated in a swampy piece of bush land. (WV. L. Kells.)
A very abundant species last spring (1903); the 17th May last

604 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

I discovered a nest, most certainly a warbler’s, which resembled
those of the yellow warbler, built in the forked branches of
a small maple about seven feet from the ground; this was
in a hardwood thicket; there was but one egg in it, white
with small dark spots; I did not disturb either the nest or
egg as I was desirous of seeing who the owners were; I watched
for some time but saw only a myrtle warbler and she did not
seem to be over anxious to claim the dainty little nest and its
contents so I left it intending to call soon again. but did not get
a chance until a week later when to my sorrow I found only the
nest, which, however, seemed as sound as ever, but its contents
were gone; so I am unable to prove it a myrtle warbler’s nest, but
from the actions of the birds about it when I first saw it I believe
it belonged to this.species. (A. F. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seventeen; two taken at Ottawa by the writer in May, 1888, and
five by Dr. F. A. Saunders in May, 1891; one in Algonquin Park,
Ont., in May, 1900; two at Indian Head, Assa., in April, 1892; five
at Medicine Hat, Assa.,in April and May, 1894; one at Banff,
Rocky Mountains in May, 1891; and one at Revelstoke, B.C., in
April, 1890, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs; one taken at Hull, Que., of four eggs, one of
which was a cowbird’s, June 1oth, 1897, by Mr. F. K. Whiteaves ;
one at Wolfville, N.S., of four eggs, May 2ist, 1895, by Mr. H. F.
Tufts; nest placed near the base of a small limb, on asmall spruce
tree 20 feet from the ground.

655a. Hoover’s Warbler.

Dendroica coronata hoovert MCGREGOR. 1899.

Western United States, breeding probably in British Columbia
and Alaska. (Adlen in The Auk, Vol. XVI., p. 343.) First seen at
Victoria, B.C., April 26th, 1893, and two following days when they
appeared in large numbers flying about in the poplar trees; they
left in a few days; they were seen up to May 13th at Cedar Hill,
near Victoria, in 1887; common at Huntington on the Interna-
tional Boundary, in the Fraser River valley, in September, 1902.
(Spreadborough.) British Columbia. (Lord.) Not common and
found only near the coast; a few individuals were found on Van-

=

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 605

couver Island, associating with Awdubont. (Streator.) An abun-
dant summer resident. (/anmin.) Tolerably common migrant at
Chilliwack, B.C. (Bvooks.) Found associating with Amduboni on
Vancouver Island; not seen east of the Coast Range. (Rhoads.)
This spceies is the hardiest of American warblers. In Alaska it
breeds to the northern tree limit, considerably within the Arctic
Circle. (JVelson.) My specimens of this species were obtained
at Fort Yukon where they breed. I observed this species at Nush-
agak, Bristol Bay, in June 1878, where it was quite abundant
among the willow thickets along the river. (Zurner.) We found
Hoover’s warblers at Skagway, Glacier, Log Cabin and Haine’s
Mission, on the Lynn Canal and White Pass; also Bennett, Caribou
Crossing, Lake Tagish, Miles Cafion, White River, Sixty-mile
Creek, and 12 miles above Circle City, in the Yukon valley.
(Bishop.) A single adult male was taken June 23rd, 1897, and
a few others heard previously in the dense firs along Indian River,
Sitka. (Grinnell.)

BREEDING Notes.—Hoover’s warblers were numerous summer
residents of the timber tracts throughout the Kowak valley from
the delta eastward; in the latter part of August scattering com-
panies were frequenting the spruce, birch and cottonwoods,among
the foliage of which they were constantly searching, with oft-
repeated ‘‘chits,” just as are their habits in winter in California;
the last observed, a straggling flock of six or eight, was seen
in a patch of tall willows about sunset of August 30th; the
following spring the arrival of Hoover’s warblers was on May
22nd; they were already in pairs and the males were in full
song; at this season they were confined exclusively to the heavier
spruce woods; in the Kowak delta, on the 23rd of June, a set of
five considerably incubated eggs was secured ; the nest wasin a
small spruce in a tract of larger growth, and only four feet above
the ground; it is a rather loose structure of fine, dry grass-blades,
lined with ptarmigan feathers; the color of the eggs isan extreme-
ly pale creamy tint, almost white, with wreaths about the big ends
of large lavender blotches, and smaller spots of drab, overlaid by
afew Vandyke brown. (/. Grinnell.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; two taken at Huntington, B.C., in October, 1901, and
five at Victoria, Vancouver Island, in April, 1893, all by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

606 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

656. Audubon’s Warbler.

Dendroica audubont (Towns.) BarrD. 1858.

This warbler was only observed in the Rocky Mountains beyond
the eastern foothills of which it is not known to extend. (Cowes.)
Observed a pair near Calgary June 22nd, 1897, in the foot-
hills from there to Crow’s Nest Pass in July and August;
observed a few in the valley of the McLennan, B.C. in July, 1898;
common at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in the summer of 1891,
building their nests in tall spruce trees ; quite plentiful at Revel-
stoke, B.C., on the Columbia River, and down that stream to
Deer Park and Robson in June, 1890; young full grown by June
24th; arrived at Revelstoke on April 12th, 1890; common and
breeding at Trail, on the International Boundary, in June, 1902;
first seen April 13th, 1903, at Penticton, B.C., after this date they
became common; rather rare at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in May,
1889, but common at Hastings and Agassiz, in the Fraser valley;
only one individual seen at Chilliwack in May, 1902, but were com-
mon at Huntington, on the International Boundary, in September,
1902; common around Victoria early in May, 1893, but the bulk
of them had left by the roth, only a few, remained to breed;
during the latter part of April and first half of May this bird is
common in most parts of Vancouver Island, but later they are
very scarce. (Spreadborough.) British Columbia. (Lord.) Abun-
dant spring and fall migrant. I think a few breed in the coast
region; it is very common on Vancouver Island. (Stveator.) Very
abundant summer resident all over the province. (Fannin.) A
common summer resident at Chilliwack; a few remain until Janu-
ary. Tolerably common breeder at 158-Mile House, B.C.
(Brooks.) Abundant summer resident everywhere in British
Columbia. (Rhoads.) Found nesting at Donald, Agassiz and
Vancouver, B.C. in 1894. (&. F. G. White.)

BREEDING Notes. —At Banff, in the Rocky Mountains, on June
14th, 1893, I found a nest containing four eggs of this species. It
was built in a willow about five feet above the water on the shore
of Vermilion Lake. Mr. Dippie found its nest at Devil’s Lake, 14
miles from Banff, June 22nd, 1902.. (W. Razne.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-eight; four taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in May
and June, 1891; four at Revelstoke, B.C., in April and May, 1890;

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 607

one at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C., June, 1890; two at Trail,
B.C., May, 1902;° five at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903; one at
Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889; one at Chilliwack, B.C., June, 1901; six
at Huntington, B.C., in October, 1902, and four at Victoria, Van-
couver Island, in June, 1893, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

657. Magnolia Warbler.

Dendroica maculosa (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1858.

Taken in South Greenland near Godthaab, 1875. (Winge.)
Audubon, Vol. II., p. 66, reports it common, with eggs and nest in
the beginning of July, 1833; Drexler obtained a specimen at
Moose Factory, May 28th, 1860. (Packard.) Common at Moose
Factory, James Bay, June, 1896; none observed elsewhere.
(Spreadborough.) Tolerably common in Newfoundland in sum-
mer. (Reeks.) An abundant summer resident in Nova Scotia.
(Downs.) A common summer resident at Sydney, Cape Breton
Island, N.S. (C. &. Harte.) In woods at Baddeck and Margaree,
Cape Breton Island, July, 1898; on trees at Brackley Point,Prince
Edward Island, July 20th, 1888. (Wacoun.) Thisisa characteristic
warbler of the region and is abundantly represented on Prince
Edward Island. (Dwézght.) An abundant summer resident at St.
John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Quite common in the Restigouche
valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) An abundant summer resident at
Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Rare at the Magda-
lens,a male taken on Grindstone Island. (Bzshop.) At both Fox
and Ellis bays, Anticosti, this species was most abundant ; it is
also a common bird at Port Hawksbury, at Gaspé and along the
north shore of the St. Lawrence. (Avewster.) Rather common in
woods at Lake Mistassini, Que. (J. WZ. Macoun.) A common
summer resident around Quebec; taken at Charlesbourg. (Dzonne.)
A common but transient visitant at Montreal; observed here from
May 18th to 24th, but not met with in the autumn. (Wndéle.)
Noted on Sable Island, May 31st, June 20th and October 8th 1902.
(James Boutetlher.)

A moderately common migrant. A few may breed; found at
the Mer Bleue, 3rd July, 1890, by Mr. W. E. Saunders. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Common in eastern Ontario during migra-
tion, rarely breeding; one nest I found contained four fresh eggs
On July Ist, 1895 ; it was built ina bush of Sfzx@a among small

13

608 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

pines and hemlocks near Otly Lake, Lanark Co., Ont. This bird
is acommon breeding species near Mingan, Que. I saw a nest
with four eggs taken there in June, 1899 ; the nest was built in a
small spruce tree. (Rev. C. J. Young.) An abundant summer
resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, Ont. (J. Hf. Flem-
img.) Not rare asa summer resident in Algonquin Park, Ont.
(Spreadborough.) Abundant in spring and fall at Toronto, and as
they reach us before the end of August fall migration it is reason-
able to conclude that some at least do not go farto breed. (/.
Hughes-Samuel.) A common migrant, but a rare summer resident
in Middlesex Co., Ont.; abundant in parts of north Bruce in June.
(W. E. Saunders.) Passing migrant; seen about May Ioth at
Guelph, Ont., and again from about August 28th up till September
28th. (A. B. Klugh.) One or two seen at Norway House, Keewatin,
and one taken at Oxford House. (&. A. Predles.)

One specimen of this species was taken in Wood Mountains
by Dr.G.M.Dawson and seen in his collection. (Cowes.) A migrant
in Manitoba and apparently common near Winnipeg but may
breed in the northern part of the province. (Zhompson-Seton.) A
tolerably common spring and autumn migrant at Avenue, Mani-
toba; arrives about the middle of May. (Norman Criddle.) A
few specimens seen at Wood Mountain, Assa., where they were
doubtless breeding, on June 12th, 1895; a specimen was shot at
Revelstoke, B.C. in July, 1890, no others were seen; only two
individuals observed at Edmonton, Alta., on May 22nd and 25th,
1897. (Spreadborough.) Abundant at Chemawawin on the Sask-
atchewan. (JVutting.) A number of specimens seen at Lesser
Slave River, Atha. (J. MW. Macoun.) This is acommon bird on
the banks of the Saskatchewan ; it is usually to be found in the
thickets of young spruce trees and willows, flitting near the ground
from one branch to another. (Richardson.) North to Fort Simpson
on the Mackenzie River; rather rare. (Ross.) Taken at Vernon,
Lake Okanagan, B.C.,in 1898, by Mr. Brooks. (Fannin.) Aspecimen
taken at Fieldin the Rocky Mountains, and two or three observed
at Vernon, B.C. (Xhoads.) Several seen at Quesnel, B.C., during
the fall migration. (Svooks.)

BBEEDING Notes.—This species occasionally breeds in central
Ontario, probably more often than the myrtle warbler. I found
a nest in a small hemlock, May 30th, 1902, which grew on a
wooded bank under large hemlock trees on a point of Sharbot

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 609

Lake. The nest was ill-concealed, about four feet from the
ground, and the bird left it when I approached. Ata short dis-
tance it resembled a chipping sparrow’s, but was composed out-
wardly of fine hemlock twigs, neatly woven, and was lined with
hair and fibres. There were four fresh eggs which were boldly
marked, rather than spotted, with blotches of a dark brick-red ona
creamy ground. I saw the bird leave the nest three times and
identified it by the yellow markings and black on side of head.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) This pretty little warbler arrives at Scotch
Lake from the 1toth to 15th May and within a week of the first
arrivalis common. They frequent young spruce trees in pastures
and partly cleared land. They nest in June, building near the
ground in small spruces and generally on the outer end of a small
limb. They lay four eggs, and the period of incubation is ten or
eleven days, and the young stay in the nest about two weeks.
(W. H. Moore.) A few pairs breed at Ottawa while a great number
go more to the north at Lake Nominingue. It nests in bushes
of all kinds from one to four feet from the ground. The nests
consists of small twigs, fine grass and rootlets, lined with hair or
hair-like roots. (Garneau.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight; two taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by the writer; one
purchased with the Holman ‘collection in 1885; two taken in
Algonquin Park, Ont., June, 1900, one taken at Revelstoke, B.C.,
July 23rd, 1890, and two at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897, by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs; one set of four eggs taken at Gasperaux,
N.S., June roth, 1901; nest in a small spruce bush four feet from
from the ground, composed of fine twigs, grasses, etc., and lined
with horse hair; another set of four eggs takenat Wolfville, N.S.,
June 5th, 1898, both by Mr. H. F. Tufts.

658. Cerulean Warbler.

Dendroica vara (WIits.) RipGway. 1897.

Occurs at Toronto regularly, but is apparently rare. (/. Z.
Fleming.) Common in the southwestern part of Ontario, but rare
near London and not extending much further north. A number
of nests have been taken, varying from 25 to 60 feet above the
ground and all saddled on fairly large limbs from 7% to 2 inches

13%

610 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in diameter. The nests are quite shallow, but are constructed
similarly to those of the redstart. Eggs four. In former years
the birds were much more common in the vicinity of London,
Ont. (W. &. Saunders.) Nest andeggs taken at Drummondville,
near Niagara Falls, Ont. (See Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1.,
1874, p.235.) A regular summer resident in southern Ontario, but
local. One spring I searched for it carefully near Hamilton
without seeing a single individual, while across the bay, four
miles off, Mr. Dickson reported it quite common and breeding in
the woods near the Waterdown station of the Grand Trunk Rail-
way. (MclIlwraith.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have two nests with sets of eggs of this
species collected by Mr. Edward Reinecke, of Buffalo, N.Y. One
nest containing four eggs was found on Navy Island, in the
Niagara River. The nest was placed on the limb of an elm, near
the top about 50 feet from the ground and very hard to get at.
(W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

659. Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Dendroica pensylvanica (LINN.) BAIRD. 1858.

Accidental in South Greenland in 1887. (Winge.) Tolerably
common throughout the summer in Newfoundland. (eeks.) An
abundant summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowms.) A rare
summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Tolerably
common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. Z.
Moore.) Common summer resident at Montreal ; breeds in Mount
Royal park; nests with eggs found from June 5th to 24th; observ-
ed here from May 11th to August 18th. (Wentle.) A scarce mi-
grant and possible resident in summer at Quebec. (Dvzonne.)

A common summer resident in the vicinity of Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Not uncommon about Lansdowne, Leeds
Co., Ont.; I found a nest with four eggs, built ina small elm three
feet from the ground, June 3rd, 1896 and plainly identified the
bird. (Rev. C.J. Young.) An abundant summer resident in Parry
Sound and Muskoka districts. (J. H. Fleming.) Observed several
in low bushes along the Parry Sound Railway on dry ground and
in burnt woods where the second growth is low, in Algonquin

*

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 61I

Park, Ont., in June and July, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Not as com-
mon as formerly in summer though it still breeds in fair numbers
around London, Ont. (W.£. Saunders.) Common as a migrant,
breeding in varying numbers every year at Guelph, Ont.; arrives
about May 8th and leaves about August 18th. (A. B. Klugh.) One
specimen only of this distinctive species was secured at Pembina
—perhaps its western if not its northern limit. (Cowes.) A com-
mon summer resident in the wooded parts of Manitoba. Its
choice of locality usually causes it to be found chiefly in half-open
woods, especially along the edges of low, marshy places. It
frequents the tops of the highest trees. (Zhompson-Seton.) Tol-
erably common at Avenue, Manitoba, where it very likely breeds.
(Norman Criddle.)

BREEDING Nores.—Found a nest in Beechwood cemetery near
Ottawa, which was built in an upright crotch about six feet from
the ground. The nest was a loosely woven mass of dried weeds
and fibrous substances lined with fine grass and horse-hair. Eggs,
4, white with reddish brown markings. (G. R. Wiuite.) Nests
around Ottawa in June and also at Lake Nominingue, 100 miles
north of Ottawa, in raspberry bushes and low shrubs; the nests
are made with grasses and strips of bark lined with vegetable
fibres and finer strips of bark; nest 3 x 2 and 2 x 1°25. (Garneau.)
On May 22nd of the past year (1900) not far distant from each
other, I noted two newly formed nests of this bird; the first seen
was deep in the underwood, and placed in the fork of a small
bushy maple about twenty inches off the ground; this was so
bulky and compactly built that at first I took it to be a nest of an
indigo bird; it was formed of a kind of woody fibre gleaned from
decayed timber, vines and grasses, and lined with long, black
horse-hair, which it must have taken the builder a good deal of
time, with much trouble, to collect and place in position; on the
above date this nest contained an egg of the cow-bird, which I
removed and—five days after—it contained three eggs of the
chestnut-sided warbler, and on these the female was incubating,
and as the usual set of eggs of this species numbers four, it was
evident that the cow-bird had removed one of the warbler’s when
she deposited her own; this tramp among birds, is one of the
worst enemies with which the whole family of the warblers has
to contend, as many of their nests are found to contain, one or
more of the cow-bird’s eggs; and there is danger that the progeny

612 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

may destroy the whole brood in the nest of the species in which
it is cradled; on one occasion I found anest of the chestnut-sided
warbler which contained four cow-bird’s eggs, and but one of the

warbler’s own; the eggs of this species are of a whitish hue, with
avery irregular wreath, or belt, of a brownish colour, around the
larger end, and some dottings, sometimes of a blackish hue, on
the middle surface; the smaller end is unmarked; the other nest
of this species, noted on the same date, was near the edge of the
wood, and placed between several stalks of raspberry vines about
two feet off the ground, and composed of materials much similar
to the other, with the exception of the horse-hair lining, and was
not so bulky in size—this on the 30th of May, contained four
eggs; a week after, two other nests of this species were noted,
both deeper in the wood, and both placed in the forks of little
maples, but at varying elevations from the ground, one being
about four feet, this contained four eggs, the other which con-
tained three eggs, was about two feet off the ground, and by the
side of a pathway. In both cases these were evidently advanced
in incubation, and were not molested ; I concluded that in this
tract ot forest about a dozen pairs of this species were breeding,
but they have many enemies among other birds and small
animals. (W. L. Kells.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; three
taken by the writer in May, 1888, at Ottawa; one taken at
Ottawa by Dr. F. A. Saunders, May 23rd, 1890.

Two sets of eggs; one of four taken at Berlin, Ont., June 2nd,
1899, by Mr. W. Raine, and another near Toronto, Ont., on June
7th, 1891, by the same gentleman.

660. Bay-breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea (WiLS.) BAIRD. 1858.

Drexler obtained a specimen at Moose Factory, June 2nd, 1860;
three individuals were seen at Black Island, Hamilton Inlet by
myself June gth, 1882; two specimens were shot but lost.
(Packard.) Tolerably common summer resident in Newfound-
land. (Reeks.) An uncommon summer resident at Halifax, N.S.;
more common inland. (Dowzs.) One-seen at Baddeck, Cape Bre-
ton Island, June 4th, 1890. (/. H. Alen.) An occasional summer

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 613

resident at St. John,N.B. (Chamberlain.) A pair seen in woods near
Black River, Prince Edward Island, July 18th, 1888. (AZacoun.) A
scarce transient visitant at Montreal. I have shot specimens on
the spur of Mount Royal as late as May 28th, 1892, but have not
met this species after that date. Mr. Kuetzing says this species
breeds on Montreal Island as he has seen them on the eastern
part of the island in July. (Wintle.) Seldom met with around
Quebec in summer; taken at Beauport. (Duonne.). A rare,
irregular spring migrant in May and June. A pair was observed
gathering nest material, June 15th, 1902, at Scotch Lake, N.B.
(W. H. Moore.)

A moderately common migrant around Ottawa. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) An uncommon warbler in eastern Ontario.
I saw one specimen in the grass at Lansdowne, Leeds Co., Ont.
A few breed on the Magdalen Islands. I obtained a nest with
four eggs taken there in June, 1898, ten feet from the ground,
in a spruce tree. The eggs are fully as large as those of
the black-poll warbler, but are differently marked. (Rev. C. /.
Young.) Not abundant in the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts.
I have met with it only during migration. (/. H. Fleming.)
Though usually by no means abundant I think no spring season
passes without a fair number visiting this locality. If they pass
this way in the fall in any numbersI think they doso in company
with D. striata which they at this season much resemble, and so
are not noted. Occasionally in May they are unusually abundant
—my note for 19th May, 1888, reading: “ Heavy thunder storm
about 3 a.m. and another at 6 a.m. Morning much milder than of
late, atmosphere very hazy. Vast influx of migrants, many of
which had no doubt been kept back by the cold nights the past
week. Bay-breasts wére astonishingly numerous, and in fact,
though it may seem strange, although many of the common
warblers were here in full force, D. castanea was certainly the most
numerous—so much so in fact that at one time I counted no less
than twelve feeding on the ground at one time, and in the space
of a few feet. The insectshad been beaten down by the previous
_night’s storm. I also saw several of these birds taking a dainty
little bath in a puddle of water in company with many birds of
widely divergent habits. (J. Hughes-Samuels.) Passing migrant
at Guelph, Ont. Abundant this fall (1903). Seen about May
15th and again about August 27th. (A. B. Klugh.)

614 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

A rare summer resident in Manitoba. Only mentioned by a
few observers. (Zhompson-Seton.) A rare summer resident at
Avenue, Manitoba, arrived May 18th, 1903, and last seen August
21st. (Norman Criddle.) A rare summer migrant at Indian Head,
Assa. Only one individual seen in the spring of 1892, on June
8th. Only one individual was seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., in
the spring of 1894. (Spreadborough.) 1 found the nest of this
species north of Waterloo, Ont., May 22nd, 1899; nest in a hemlock
five feet from the ground. (W. Raine.) One was taken at Ox-
ford House, Keewatin, July 3rd, 1901. (4. A. Prebles.)

BREEDING Notes.—Here'the first nest that claimed my atten-
tion was one placed on the side of a small birch tree where a tuft
of twigs grew out from the ground. I soon reached and secured
this; it contained three fresh eggs; these were of a white hue with
dottings and patches of a brownish or flesh colour, the nest itself
being composed of fragments of bark, rootlets and hair; I did not
then note the owner, nor could I at that time have identified the
species, but I gave thema name and placed them in my collection.
Two years after—June, 1879—I was out in a piece of swampy
woods south of the town, when my attention was arrested by the
actions of a small bird which was constructing a nest among some
leafy twigs growing on the small horizontal branch of a little
water-elm, about three feet out from the trunk and ten feet off
the ground. Some days after I viewed this nest again, it then
contained one egg, and three days more when I revisited it, I
found the bird at home sitting on three eggs, which I inferred
were the full set, and that incubation had begun. When this bird
flew off her nest and took a position on a branch near-by, uttering
a few chip-like notes, I identified her as a female bay-breasted
warbler. The nest and eggs were exactly like those above de-
scribed, and of course both belonged to the same species. Some
days after thisI found another nest of this bird in a neighbouring
lowland wood; this was placed in the top of a small hemlock
about fourteen feet from the ground, constructed of similar
materials, and contained four eggs. Since then no nest of this
species with eggs has come under my observation, but I have
noted a few others in which young had apparently been raised.
. One of these was on the side of a small cedar where a little
branch grew out, and about four feet off the ground; another,
evidently a new nest, but after the breeding season when I found

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 615

it, was placed among some leafy twigs on the side of a pretty
large birch tree, five or six feet from the ground. This with a
set of the first eggs of the species that I took are still in my
collection, and a notable feature about the nest of this find is,
that the beginning and outside of the nest is ornamented with
pieces of birch bark, and usually also with insect cocoons. It
much resembles the nest of a chipping sparrow, but there is less
hair in the inside, and the foundation is less bulky. Inside, it is
about two inches across, by one and a half deep. (W. L. Kells.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ; two
taken at Brandon, Man., June, 1880, by the writer; one taken at
Indian Head, Assa., June 8th, 1892, and another at Medicine Hat,
Assa., May tgth, 1894, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

661. Black-poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata (ForstT.) BarrD. 1858.

One specimen sent from Godthaab, Greenland in 1853. (Arez.
Man.) Abundant throughout the wooded portion of Labrador.
Breeds plentifully at Fort Chimo, where seven nests and eggs
were obtained in 1884 by Turner. (Packard.) Observed one at
Fort George, June 20th, 1896, and two more between the fort and
Richmond Gulf ; common all across Ungava from Richmond
Gulf to Fort Chimo; I believe the last of them left the country
for the south about August 23rd, 1896, as on that day I saw the
last one near Fort Chimo. (Spreadborough.) A very abundant
and characteristic bird, of northeastern Labrador; as far north as
the limit of timber near Cape Aillik. (Bzgelow.) Apparently not
uncommon in summer in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Seen in large
numbers on the Humber River, Newfoundland, August 27th, 1399.
(Louis H. Porter.) A not uncommon summer resident at Halifax,
N.S. (Downs.) Appeared in numbers on Sable Island, N.S. May
21st, 1902. This was after a gale. (/ames Bouteiwllier.) Not
common at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island. (7. H. Allen.) Com-
mon during the spring and autumn migrations. Rare in summer
at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A rare spring migrant at
Scotch Lake, York Co.,N.B. (/!.H. Moore.) Avery abundant ,
bird on the Magdalen Islands; breeding everywhere. (Dzshop.)
Decidedly the most numerous of the warblers on the Magdalen

616 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Islands, and fairly common at Anticosti as well as along the
north shore of the St. Lawrence. (Bvewster.) Not rare at
Lake Mistassini, Que. (/. MZ. Macoun.) A rare migrant in spring
at Quebec. (Déonne.) I consider this species an irregular spring
migrant, and have not met with them here in the autumn. (Wint/e.)

A moderately common migrant in the vicinity of Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) 1 have seldom seen this bird in east-
ern Ontario. I found this to be the commonest warbler by far in
Magdalen Islands in June, 1897; I found four nests all built in
bushy spruce trees at from two to five feet from the ground; they
are late birds to arrive there and do not commence to build until
the middle of June; I noticed that the eggs were almost all blotch-
ed with dark umber brown as well as spotted and speckled like
the last species. (Rev. C. J. Young.) The black-polls seem very
local here, as, though I have found them decidedly abundant dur-
ing the last two years in a particularly nice little patch of tall wil-
!ows near the lake shore, I do not know of any one else having
noted a single specimen. May 15th is the earliest date on which
I have seen them—three males appearing then, and increasing in
numbers till 26th May, when the first females were seen; by 2nd
of June all had passed on; my earliest fall note is 27th August,
and from this date on the numbers daily increase till the trees are
almost alive with their weak call-notes. While with us in the
spring the males keep up their somewhat insect-like notes at
intervals during the whole day, as they glide from branch to
branch—not dashing and darting about with the vim that is so
characteristic of many members of thisfamily. (J. Hughes-Samuel.)
A passing migrant at Guelph, Ont.; not common. (A. B. Klugh.)
Taken at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) At Oxford
House, June 30th to July 4th they were rather common; on July
10th we noticed a pair in a thicket that bordered Hayes River, a
few miles above York Factory, and on arriving at that post we
again found the birds rather common; at Fort Churchill, where
they were also common we took another specimen, July 24th, Igol.
(Z. A. Prebles.)

One specimen of this species was procured at Wood Mountain
on the 49th parallel by Dr. G. M. Dawson, Geologist of the Eng-
lish Commission. (Cowes.) A rare migrant in Manitoba; probably
breeding. (Zhompson-Seton.) A tolerably common spring visitant,
possibly breeds at Avenue, Manitoba. (orman Criddle.) This is

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 617

acommon spring migrant at Indian Head, Assa., two individuals
were seen May oth, 1892; towards the end of the month they
became common, but all disappeared by June 5th; first saw one
male May toth, 1894, at Medicine Hat, Assa.; quite common by
the 16th, all disappeared by the end of May ; some may breed,
as they acted as if they would; a few individuals seen at Old
Wives’ Creek, Assa., late in May, 1895; one individual seen at
the upper crossing of Lob-stick Creek, northwest of Edmon-
ton, June, 1898 ; a common breeding species at Banff, Rocky
Mountains in the summer of 1891 ; observed a pair at Bragg’s
Creek about 40 miles southwest of Calgary, June 28th, 1897.
(Spreadborough.) One specimen secured at the Grand Rapids of
the Saskatchewan. (Nutting.) Two or three individuals seen on the
Athabasca River near Lesser Slave River. (/.M. Macoun.) Our
specimen of this bird was killed by an Indian in the neighbour-
hood of Cumberland House,in the latter end of May. (Richardson.)
North to Lapierre’s House, on the Mackenzie River ; common.
(Ross.) More plentitul than D. coronata, although only 21 nests
were Secured. (Macfarlane.) They were all similarly situated, and
contained four or five eggs, and two or three of them were on the
ground. I shot a black-poll warbler in the first plumage at Ques-
nel, B.C., but was unable to find it in the thick brush; I am very
well acquainted with the species and am positive of its identity.
(Grooks.) Although this species has its breeding grounds in the
wooded interior it occurs along the sea-coast of Norton Sound
during the spring migration. (Ve/son.) This species was obtained
only at Fort Yukcn on September 18th, 1875, and also in 1877; it
is not common at any time in that locality. (Zurner.) At Log
Cabin in the White Pass on June 15th, 1899, this species was com-
mon; on July 5th took a male at Lake Marsh and two specimens
were taken at Caribou Crossing, B.C. (Bzshop.) One specimen
taken at Fort Kenai, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, by Bischoff. ( Osgood.)
Found breeding in the Kowak valley, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, in
1899. (Grinnell.) An adult female was taken on Sheep Creek on
the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; besides being noted at several
other points and no doubt breeds there. (Chapman.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fifteen; one taken at Ottawa by the writer in May, 1888, and
two others by Dr. F. A. Saunders in May, 1890; one taken at

618 - ‘GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Hamilton, Ont. by Mr. MclIlwraith in May, 1888; two taken at
Indian Head, Assa. in May, 1892; one at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa.,
May 21st, 1895; six at Medicine Hat, Assa., in May, 1894, and two
at Banff, Rocky Mountains on June boat 1891, all by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

Three sets of three eggs; two taken at Bee Chimo, Labrador in
1896 by Mr. G. Boucher; one taken on the upper Hamilton River,
Labrador in 1894, by Mr. A. P. Low.

662. Biackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburm@ (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1858.

A young specimen taken in Greenland at Frederickshaab,
October 16th, 1845, is referred here. (Avct. Man.) Audubon,
Vol. II., p. 48, saw several in Labrador. (Fackard.) A very rare
summer resident inland in Nova Scotia. (Dowmns.) Rare at Bad-
deck, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898. (Macoun.) An occasional
summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.). A tolerably
common summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. Z.
Moore.) Not very common summer resident at Quebec; taken at
Charlesbourg. (Dzonne.) A common transient visitant at Mont-
real. Observed here from May tIoth to 24th, but not met with in
the autumn. (Wintle.)

A common migrant at Ottawa. A male in full plumage was
seen in Dow’s swamp, June 24th, 1890, by Dr. F. A. Saunders.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Commonly seen as a migrant in
Leeds Co., Ont., in the month of May. IJInever saw a nest or
resident birds. (Rev. C./. Young.) A common summer resident
in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. (J. H. Fleming.) Observed
several in thick woods in Algonquin Park, Ont. They keep to
the tops of the trees. I have never seen them near the ground.
(Spreadborough.) This beautifully attired warbler is just plenti-
ful enough at Toronto for all who desire to make their acquaint-
ance annually to do so with but little trouble. Their favourite
resort is among the hemlocks and similar growths. Usually
reaching us about 1oth May and I have seen a few as early as 3rd
of May. In the year 1900 I saw several on 21st August. (//.
Hughes-Samuel.) A rare summer resident, but a fairly common
migrant at London, Ont. (W. £. Saunders.) A passing migrant,
fairly common at Guelph, Ont. Seen about May 8th and again
about August 28th. (d. B. Klugh.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 619

A rare summer visitor in the western part of Manitoba, but more
common in the eastern part where it doubtless breeds. I noticed
it only once at Carberry. (Zhompson-Seton.) A rare spring
migrant at Avenue, Manitoba. (Morman Criddle,) This species is
recorded by Murray from Severn House and Trout Lake, Kee-
watin under the name Sylvicola parus. (E. A. Prebles.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one taken by the writer at Ottawa in May, 1888, another
by Dr.oF. A. Saunders May 27th, 1891; one taken at Toronto in
1886 by Mr. S. Herring; one in Algonquin Park, Ont., May 2oth,
1900, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

665. Black-throated Gray Warbler.

Dendroica nigrescens (Towns.) Barrp. 1858.

This species was taken at Agassiz and at Hastings, in the Fraser
valley in May, 1889. Four individuals were shot at Huntington
on the International Boundary in September, 1902. These were
the only ones seen. (Spreadborough.) British Columbia. (Lord.)
Found on the coast only; not common. (Séveator.) Not common;
I have only noticed it on the coast. (Fannin.) Tolerably com-
mon summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) On Vancouver
Island the peculiar song of mgvescens was occasionally detected
but no birds secured. I feel quite sure that I saw a pair in the
mountains back of Clinton, B.C. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one taken at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, in April, 1889,
three at Huntington, B.C., September 23rd, 1901, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

667. Black-throated Green Warbler.

Dendroica virens (GMEL.) BAIRD. 1858.

One specimen sent from Julianshaab in 1853. (Avct. Man.) A
tolerably common summer resident in Newfoundland. (Reeks.)
Common summer resident in pine and spruce woods at Halifax,
N.S. (Downs.) Several seen May 25th, at Sydney, Cape Breton
Island, N.S. (C. &. Harte.) Quite common in spruce trees at
Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island; breeding June, 1888;

620 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

common at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July,
1898. (Macoun.) Abundant at every place visited on Prince Ed-
ward Island where the forest was of considerable size. (Dwight.)
A common summer migrant in the vicinity of St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) A common summer resident at Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Rare on the Magdalen Islands;
one pair seen on Grindstone Island. (Bzshop.) Rare in the Resti-
gouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Met with only about
Port Hawksbury, Cape Breton Island, and at Fox and Ellis bays,
Anticosti. (Bvewster.) A rather common summer resident at
Quebec ; taken at Charlesbourg. (Dzonne.) A common spring
migrant, but a scarce summer resident at Montreal. Observed
here about May 7th and leave about October 1oth. (Wntle.)

A moderately common migrant in the vicinity of Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A few of these birds are to be met
with in eastern Ontario in the breeding season; I met with a nest
once in the month of July, 1898; this was on Deer Island, one of
the Thousand Islands; it was built ina pine tree about 25 feet
from the ground and at the time contained young birds. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) A common summer resident in Parry Sound and
Muskoka districts. Mr. Kay refers to it as only just becoming
common at Port Sydney, Muskoka in 1890. (J. A. Fleming.) Not
very common in summer in Algonquin Park, Ont. in 1900; only a
few observed in the tree tops in thick woods. (Spreadborough.)
Abundant summer resident around Toronto. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
A rather common summer resident in the deeper cedar swamps
around London; abundant as a migrant; a common breeding bird
in North Bruce. (W. &. Saunders.) Fairly common summer
resident at Guelph, Ont., and abundant during migrations. This
year (1903) it has been as common a breeder as the yellow and
black-and-white warblers and by far our most abundant migrant;
arrives about May Ist and leaves about September 30th. (A.B.
Klugh.)

One specimen taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 17th, 1894 ;
the only one seen; first seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 15th, 1897;
common in spruce woods by May 22nd; breeding in the woods;
one pair seenat Peace River Landing in Lat. 56° 15’ in June, 1903.
(Spreadborough.) This species was seen at Avenue, Manitoba, on

May 13th and 17th, 1898. (Norman Criddle.)

a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 621
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twelve ; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885 ;
two taken at Ottawa by the writer in May, 1888, also two others
by Dr. F.A. Saunders in May, 1890 ; one taken at Toronto, Ont.,
by Mr. S. Herring; two at London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders;
one taken in Algonquin Park, Ont., May 29th, Ig900, one at
Medicine Hat, Assa., on May 18th, 1894 and two at Edmonton,
Alta., May, 1897, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs; one set of four eggs taken at Wolfville, N.S.,
June 17th, 1896, by Mr. H. F. Tufts; nest in a small fir tree four
feet from the ground, composed of fine twigs and grasses lined
with hair; another of four eggs taken at Halifax, N.S., June 15th,
1890, by Col. James T. Egan.

668. Townsend’s Warbler.

Dendroica townsendi (Towns.) Barrp. 1858.

A few individuals seen at Revelstoke, B.C., in May, 1890, and
a male shot on the 23rd. One taken at Huntington, on the Inter-
national Boundary, in September, 1902, the only one seen; first
seen on Vancouver Island, April 19th, 1893; shortly after they
began to nest in the Douglas firs near Victoria. A common
summer resident on the island. (Spreadborough.) British Colum-
bia. (Lord.) A single specimen was collected at Mount Lehman
in September. (S¢veator.) East and west of Coast Range; not
common. (Fannin.) Migratory at Chilliwack; scarce. (Bvooks.)
Abundant on Vancouver Island, but rare east of the Coast Range.
(Rhoads.) One specimen seen at English Bay near Vancouver,B.C.,
August 8th, 1894. (Z. F. G. White.) One taken at Cumshewa Inlet,
Queen Charlotte Islands, June 15th and five others at Skidegate,
July 14th; Mr. Keen found it at Massett and noted its spring
arrival from 1891 to 1898. (Osgood.) A single adult female taken at
Sitka, Alaska, August 14th, and two others seen at the same time.
(Grinnell.) Hartlaub states that this species was once seen by Dr.
Krause on May 27th, in conifers of upper Dejah valley, Alaska,
which is probably the most northern point from which it has yet
been recorded. (JVe/son.) Osgood took a male at Skagway, May
31st. It was tolerably common at Glacier in the dense woods of
spruce and fir, and unquestionably nesting. Altogether we noted
about twenty individuals during our stay. Osgood took an adult

622 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at the southern end of Lake Marsh, north of Lat. 60°, in the
Yukon district, July Ist, and I an adult female and a young female
on the west shore of Lake Labarge, July 14th. This is a new
species to the Yukon valley. (Séshop.) Two specimens taken
respectively in Kenai Mountains, Alaska, August 14th, and at
Sheep Creek, August 17th, considerably extend the range of this
species to the westward. (Chapman.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen; one taken at Revelstoke, B.C., May 23rd, 1890; two
at Huntington, B:C;, in June, 1901; eleven) at Victoria, Van-
couver Island, April and May, 1893, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

669. Hermit Warbler.

Dendroica occidentalis (TOWNS.) BAIRD. 1858.

A summer resident, chiefly west of the Coast Range in British
Columbia. (Fannin.) We have no other record of this species
and yet we have looked for it every season.

670. Kirtland’s Warbler.

Dendroica kirtlandt BAIRD. 1858.

This is said to be the only warbler occurring in North America of
which the nest and eggs are unknown; and prior to the past
spring (1900) the appearance of this bird in Canada has not been
recorded as far as I have been able to ascertain. My notes areas
follows: ‘“ 16th May, I9g00, 5.30 a.m., morning dull; east wind,
warblers, &c., plentiful. After a while I was attracted to the
centre of a cluster or tall willow trees by notes—strong, clear
and with quite a musical ring—and as the song, short but remark-
ably pretty was quite new to me I approached carefully under
cover of a tree trunk and found myself within a few feet of my
new acquaintance, for such it proved to be. While watching
the bird with my field glass I noticed a tendency to jerk his tail
slightly, and not like the ostentatious jerk of a water thrush, but
more after the nervous manner I have seen adopted in fall by
Wilsonia pusilla. As soon as the bird observed me he darted into
another tree, hiding behind a branch, but, curiously enough, still
singing. I approached under cover and on taking the bird found
I had been fortunate enough to secure a specimen of D. kirtlan it
in good plumage. On stepping the distance from the tree where

5 at
oupe
=<

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 623

I was standing to the tree on which the bird was singing when I
first heard him I found it to be 110 yards which goes to show the
power of his voice. (J. Hughes-Samuel.)

671. Pine Warbler,

Dendroica vigorsit (AvUD.) STEJN. 1885.

Several seen on June 20th, September 27th, 1902, on Sable
Island, N.S. (James Boutetlher.) Said to occur in New Brunswick
by Dr. Adams. (Chamberlain.) Specimens have been taken in
Quebec prior to 1889. (Dzonne.) A scare transient visitant at
Montreal. I have shot specimens of this warbler on the spur of
Mount Royal from September 12th to 26th. (Wzntle.)

A rare spring migrant at Ottawa. (Otawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
One taken by Mr. Tavernier on April 30th, 1898, is the only record
I have for either the Parry Sound or Muskoka district. (/. ZH.
Fleming.) 1 found these birds quite abundant among the pines
west of Toronto in 1894, the first arrivals were noted on the 2Ist
April; on the 8th May, 1895, I took one specimen and on 2oth
April, 1896, met another single bird; since these dates I have not
met with the species, either on account of none having visited
this district or more likely because the haunts in question have
been denuded of the trees. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) Rather rare
both as a migrant and summer resident, though it may be found
each year in a few pine woods around London, Ont.. (W. £.
Saunders.) A tolerably common summer resident to the north
and east of Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) A tolerably common
summer resident at Avenue, Manitoba; it arrives about May 15th
and leaves about September 2nd. (Norman Criddie.)

-MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; four taken at Ottawa by Dr. F, A. Saunders in September,
1891; one taken at Revelstoke B,C., in May, 1890, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough; one purchased with the Holmancollection in 1885.

672. Palm Warbler.

Dendroica palmarum (GMEL.) BairD. 1858.

This species was found common and breeding in the Mer Bleue,
July 3rd, 1890, by Messrs. W. E. and F. A. Saunders and several
of the young were shot; it was again seen there August gth of the

14

624 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GANADA.

same year. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Often {found in places
where one would not usually look for warblers; the palm warbler
reaches us at Toronto early in May in fair numbers, and some-
times in the fall it is certainly abundant, as was the case during
the last week in September, 1899. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) Occurs
regularly at Toronto but is sometimes rare. (/. 1. Fleming.)
Usually rare in the migrations, but sometimes quite common

around London, Ont.; not known to breed in this district. (W. &.
Saunders.)

A fairly common spring and autumn migrant at Avenue, Man.;
first seen about May toth and last seen Oct. 6th, 1903. (Vorman
Criddle.) An abundant migrant in eastern Manitoba; apparently all
go north to breed. (Zhompson-Seton.) Taken at Fort Churchill,
Hudson Bay. (Clarke.) One was seen onasmall willow-covered
island in Hill River, September 4th, 1901. (#. A. Prebles.) A
single specimen of this species was shot on the swampy banks of
the Saskatchewan at Cumberland House, ina shady thicket of
willows, alders and ash-leaved maples. (Aechardson.) North to
Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake; rare. (Lass.)

6724. Yellow Palm Warbler.

Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea RipGw. 1876.

A specimen was obtained by Drexler at Moose Factory in July,
1860; Audubon, Vol. II., p. 55, found them plentiful in Labrador;
young seen in August. (fackard.) One of the earliest spring
migrants and tolerably common in Newfoundland. (Aeets.) Seen
in large flocks on the Humber River, Newfoundland, 1899. (Lowzs
HI. Porter.) One of the earliest arrivals in Halifax, N.S.; not very
common. (Dowas.) A common summer resident at Sydney, Cape
Breton Island. (C. Rk. Harte.) A few observed at Baddeck, Cape
Breton Island, in June, 1890. (7. 7. Allen.) An incubating female
taken at Tignish, Prince Edward Island is the only evidence I have
of this bird’s occurrence there. (Dizght.) The first spring warbler
at St. John, N.B.; breeds abundantly. (Chamberlain.) Spring mig-
rant-at Scotch Take, York Go ”N.BA Whe A. Woore)) Av rare
spring migrant at Quebec. (Déonne.) A rare transient visitant at
Montreal; I shct a male specimen of this species May 7th, 1891,
on the spur of Mount Royal, this is the only example of this
warbler that I have met with in this district. (Wantle.)

we pele

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 625

A rare migrant at Ottawa; latest record May 6th and 8th, 1888.
( Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) I noticed this bird to be very com-
mon in bushy places and waste ground on Wolfe Island near
Kingston, Ont., near the end of April and beginning of May, 1900.
They were migrating but for a few days were quite tame, alight-
ing a good deal on the ground at the base of small bushes. (Rev.

C. J. Young.)
673. Prairie Warbler.

Dendroica discolor (VIEILL.) BatrRD. 1858.

The only note I have of this bird reads :—‘‘ 11th May, 1goo.
Very cold morning and I did not see more than a dozen common
warblers from 5 to 7a.m. AsI wascoming home I saw asmall! but
active little warbler which was quite new to me and I followed it
for a considerable distance as it passed quickly from tree to tree.
Ultimately I took it and was pleased to find that I had a speci-
men of the prairie warbler, the first recorded appearance of this
bird in Ontario. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) On May 11th, 1900, while
on a collecting expedition near Toronto, Ont., I took a male
prairie warbler in full plumage. (/. A. Ames in The Auk, Vol.
PON p06.)

CCXXIX. SEIURUS Swainson. 1827.

i

674. Oven Bird, Golden-crowned Thrush.

Seirus aurocapillus (LINN.) SWAINS. 1827.

A skin taken at Nanortalik, Greenland, in May, 1882, is in the
museum at Copenhagen. (Winge.) Stearns, p. 116, records this
species as breeding in southern Labrador. (Packard.) Very
abundant along the Moose River; seemed to prefer the hillsides
of the river valley that have aheavy growth of birch and poplar;
none observed as far north as Moose Factory in 1896. (Spread-
borough.) Locally common as far north as Aillik in north-
eastern Labrador. (Sigelow.) A summer migrant in New-
foundland, but not common. (eeks.) A common summer
resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowmns.) A few observed at Baddeck,
Cape Breton Island, in June, 1890. (/. A. Alen.) A common
summer resident at Sydney, Cape Breton Island. (C. R. Harte.)
One was noted at Tignish, Prince Edward Island, and a number

14%

626 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Souris in the hardwood timber. (Dzzght.) A common sum-
mer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Common summer
resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Tol-
erably common in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Bvittain & Cox.)
Rather common on Grindstone Island, Magdalen Islands.
(Bishop.) A single pair was observed at Ellis Bay, Anticosti,
July 24th. (Brewster.) With us this bird is a common summer
resident around Quebec. (Donne.) A common summer resident
at Montreal. Breeds in Mount Royal park. Nests with eggs
found June 5th and 13th and young fledged, June 21st. Observed
here May 8th to September 15th. (Winfle.)

A common summer resident around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) A very common species in eastern Ontario throughout
the summer and heard in almost every large wood, especially
where beech trees grow. It makes its domed nest on the ground
among the leaves. One I found 29th May, 1896, contained six
eggs.. (Rev. C. J. Young.) One of the most abundant summer
residents in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. Breeds on the
ground, usually in the open hardwood bush. (/. &. Fleming.)
Everywhere common in hardwood bush in Algonquin Park, Ont.
June and July, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Abundant around Toronto.
Breeds in many , places near the city. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
Abundant resident in all suitable localities around London, Ont.
(W. £. Saunders.) Common summer resident at Guelph, Ont.
Arrives about May 6th and leaves about Sept. 22nd. (A. B.
Klugh.) A specimen was taken at Moose Factory, James Bay,
in the summer of 1881 by Walter Haydon. (4. A. Prebles.)

A common summer resident at Avenue, Manitoba. It arrives
on an average of eight years on May 15th, and leaves about the
middle of September. (Norman Criddle.) A common summer
resident of woodlands throughout Manitoba. (Zhomipson-Seton.)
Only one specimen seen ‘at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 17th,
1894; none at Indian Head in 1891; abundant from the mouth
of Lesser Slave River to. Peace’ River*anding, Lat) 56° 7057 in
June, 1903; common from Edmonton to the crossing of the Mc-
Leod River, in June, 1898; first seen May 14th, 1897, at Edmon-
ton, Alta., by the 22nd they were common in poplar timber on
the hillsides along the rivers and streams. Nests finished but no
eges by June 3rd. (Spreadborough.) Not rare between Athabasca
Landing and Lesser Slave River; first noted May 30th; a few

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 627

seen at Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 4o’. A few individuals at the
north end of Methye portage. (/. Ml. Macoun.) This very pretty
bird breeds on the banks of the Saskatchewan, and perhaps in
still higher latitudes. One was killed at Cumberland House,
June Ist, 1827. (Richardson.) From Fort Yukon, some distance
down the river, this bird is known to breed. Dall tells us that it
is common in that region, and on May 30th secured a single
specimen above Nulato; its nesting range extends within the
Arctic Circle on the upper Yukon. (JVe/son.) Osgood took a
male at Skagway, Alaska, May 31st, 1899. At Glacier it was
tolerably common in the dense woods of spruce and fir and un-
questionably nesting; altogether we noticed about twenty indi-
viduals during our stay. Osgood took an adult at the southern
end of Lake Marsh, July Ist and I an adult female and a young
female on the west shore of Lake Labarge, July 14th. This is a
new species to the Yukon valley. (Szshop.) Accidental on Van-
couver Island at Esquimault. (Rzdgway.)

BREEDING Notes.—On the 14th June as I was passing with a
team of horses attached to a wagon, along a road-way through
the above mentioned wood, my companion directed my attention
to the action of a small bird that was seen to flush almost from
under the horses’ feet, and by her manner of running along the
groind, indicated that she had been disturbed off her nest. A
little search discovered her home which contained :three young
just hatched out; this was a nest of an oven bird, otherwise
known as the accenator, or golden-crowned thrush ; it was partly
sunk in the virgin mould, amid dry leaves and some wild-flower
stalks, and under a small branch, and composed of dry leaves and
decayed vegetable stalks, and being covered over like a small
hut, or oven, was so well concealed that the passer-by even in
searching for it, could fail in most cases to notice it, and this site
was only afew inches from where the horses and cattle had
walked with heavy steps, and where the wheels of the wagon had
sunk deep in the soft earth; it contained three young just hatched;
and the mother bird in leaving it acted more like a mouse than a
creature with wings. (WV. L. Kells.) A nest with four eggs found
on July Ist, 1903, near Ottawa; it was under a bed of dead leaves,
roofed over but with a side entrance and had the form of an
oven; the materials used were leaves and grass; it was six inches
long, six inches wide and four inches high; the entrance was three

628 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

inches wide and one and a half inches high. (Garneau.) Breeds
at Rice Lake and fairly common at Carleton Junction, Ont.; Mr.
Kells has found it nesting at Listowel in northern Ontario. (iV.
Raine.) The four eggs of this bird are laid about the first part of
June in a dome-shaped nest of grasses and leaves placed on the
ground in woods of mixed growth. (W. H. Moore.) Nests in
woods, thickets and swamps at Guelph, Ont.; nest domed, vary-
ing much in composition; most nests are composed of dried grass,
leaves, twigs and plant stems, lined with leaves and a little hair,
the dome being composed of fine wiry grass; some nests are com-
posed almost entirely of pine needles; eggs mostly five in num-
ber, pinky-white, very variable as to markings, but usually spotted
and blotched, mostly in the form of a wreath on the larger end,
with dark reddish brown, light brown and pale lavender. (A. B.
Klugh.) Nest found near Hemlock Lake, Ottawa, built on the
ground, composed of dead leaves, moss and grass lined with fine
grass and rootlets, eggs four, white, profusely speckled with red-
dish brown and lilac. (G. R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; one
taken at Ottawa by the writer on May 5th, 1888, and another by
Dr. F. A. Saunders on June Ist, 1891; one taken at Edmonton,
Alta., May 22nd, 1897, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of five eggs taken at Ottawa and presented to the
museum.

675. Water Thrush.

Securus noveboracensts (GMEL.) Bonap. 1838.

Locally common on the Labrador coast as far north as Aillik.
(Bigelow.) Several individuals, young of the year among them,
were procured by me at Davis Inlet in August, 1884; a specimen
was procured at Moose Factory, May 26th, 1860 by Drexler.
(Packard.) Very abundant all the way down Moose River to
Moose Factory; also common at Fort George on James Bay, Lat.
54°; rare farther north; one specimen was taken on a rivera short
distance inland from Richmond Gulf. Another individual was
seen on the Koaksoak above Fort Chimo, August 14th, 1896 ;
always found on low wet ground. (Spreadborough.) Abundant
along the Humber River, Newfoundland, 1899. (Lowes H. Porter.)

a
: a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 629

Rathercommon summer resident at Halifax, N.S.; occurs also at
Kentville and Grand Lake. (Downs.) A pair seen at Sydney,
Cape Breton Island, N.S.in 1901. (C. R. Harte.) Observed at
Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, N.S., July, 1808.
(Macoun.) A few individuals were met with at Tignish, Prince
Edward Island only. It is invariably found along brooks or in
their near vicinity. (Dwzght.) A summer resident but not a com-
mon bird at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A tolerably common
summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B., breeding in
June. (W. H. Moore.) Met with frequently in the Restigouche
valley, N.B. (Brittain G Cox.) Common and breeding at Lake
Mistassini, Que. (J. W. Macoun.) A scarce summer resident
around Montreal; it has been taken at Hochelaga and seen at St.
Lambert, but no nests have been taken, though it evidently breeds
on the island of Montreal. (Wintle.) Not uncommon around
Quebec, taken at Beauport. (Dzonne.)

A moderately common summer resident in the vicinity of Ot-
tawa. ((tawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) I have noticed this bird both
in the counties of Lanark and Leeds, Ont.; in the latter it breeds
among the Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence, as I found a
nest as late as July, 1894. -(Kev. C. J. Young.) A pair taken by
Mr. Kay, at Port Sydney, Muskoka, Ont., on May 24th, 1889, is
the only record J have for the district. (/. H. Fleming.) Com-
mon everywhere in the flooded woods at the margins of the lakes
in Algonquin Park, Ont. (Spreadborough.) Breeds commonly
around Belmont Lake, Peterboro’ Co., Ont.; in the fall migration
it is sometimes very abundant near Toronto as was the case from
the 12th August to 15th September, 1900. (/.Hughes-Samuel.)
Common in the migrations at London, Ont.; afew breed in retired
localities. (W. #. Saunders.) Common summer resident at Guelph,
Ont. ; arrives about April 30th, and leaves about August 29th.
(A. B. Klugh.) Ihave a set of five eggs that were taken by Mr.
Kells at Listowel, western Ontario, on May 22nd, 1890; the nest
was built in a cavity of a turned-up tree root in a swamp. (W.
Raine.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nest found on the bank of the Rideau River

~ near Ottawa; it was built by the side of a log and composed of

moss, old leaves and plant stems, intermixed with black rootlets.
Eggs 5, white with reddish brown spots, mostly at the larger end.
(G. R. White.) Near the centre of the woodland, adjoining Wild-

630 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

wood on the north, isa natural water ‘‘runway’”’ where most of
the large timber was up-rooted in the terrible wind and ice storm
of April, some seven or eight years ago; in one of those up-turned
roots, below which there is, in the early season, a deep pool of
water, I have on several occasions, in past years, noticed a nest of
a water-thrush, and expected this year to take a set of its eggs
from a cavity in the same old root, but a delay of several days
having occurred after the time when I intended to have visited it
for that purpose, I found when I did so on the 28th May, that I
was Zoo date, the nest was there, but a glance at the four eggs which
it contained showed by their galvanized appearance that they
were far advanced in incubation, and I did not remove or revisit
them; the cavity in which this nest was placed was small, the bird
had either found it ready for her purpose, or had partly enlarged
it, and the nest itself was made of weed-stems, dry grass, animal
hair, and “hair-moss.” Usually when the cavity is large, this
species uses a quantity of dead leaves in the construction of her
nest. (W. L. Kells.) This bird is commoner at Sharbot Lake
than on the St. Lawrence. Here I have found a number of pairs
breeding in 1903. One pair had a nest and young on a small
island, June 12th, 1903. (Rev. C. J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two taken in Algonquin Park, Ont., May 28th, 1900, by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

675a. Grinnell’s Water-Thrush.

Seturus noveboracensis notabilis (RrpGw.) Rrpew. 1885.

We saw our first water-thrush at Painted Stone Portage. It was
close to the edge of the water and was running through the under-
growth which fringed the foot of a cliff. On the afternoon of the
same day, June 26th, we noted another at Robinson Portage, and
on June 30th, a third at Oxford Lake. When we arrived at Oxford
House we found the species rather common, and from there to
York Factory, as we descended the rivers, its sprightly song was
heard daily. A pair seen at a portage on Hill River, July 7th,
were feeding young just from the nest. Three specimens were
taken in the marshy woods about York Factory, where the species
was common July 11th to 17th, and one was taken August 8th by
Alfred E. Prebles on Churchill River about 15 miles above Fort

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 631

Churchill. These proved to be intermediate between novaboracen-
‘sts and notabilis, but nearer to notabilis. (EL. A. Prebles.) Two
specimens from Chemawawin, near Grand Rapids of the Sas-
katchewan, agree more nearly with the species than with S. xova-
boracensis notabilis. (Nutting.) A specimen of this species was
secured in August west of ,the Sweet Grass Hills, on the head-
waters of the Milk River. It was again observed in the under-
growth surrounding some reedy pools near Chief Mountain.
(Coues.) A summer resident along watercourses in Manitoba.
They were very abundant at Humphrey’s Lake on August gth,
1884. Evidently preparing to migrate. (Zhompson-Seton.) A
common summer resident at Avenue, Manitoba, arriving about
May 13th and leaving late in September. (Norman Criddle.)
This is an abundant spring migrant at Indian Head, Assa.,
the first individual seen was on May 11th, they became common
at once and were abundant in spring for a few days along streams
and shores of lakes; one specimen seen at Edmonton, May 15th,
1897, evidently a migrant; common from the mouth of Lesser
Slave River to Peace River Landing, in Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903;
breeding around Vermilion Lakes at Banff, Rocky Mountains,
July, 1891, rather scarce; one seen on the International Boundary
near Rossland, in May, 1902. (Spreadborough.) This bird was
only seen at Carlton House where it frequented the moist and
thickly wooded points of the river, It arrived in May and dis-
appeared in a few days, probably going further north to breed.
(Richardson.) North to Lapierre’s House, on the Mackenzie
River; common. (Ross.) Two specimens were taken at Duck’s,
August 7th and gth, 1889. (Séreator.) Found breeding along
interior streams of British Columbia; Lac la Hache and Bonaparte
River. (Rhoads.) Breeding at Quesnel, B. C., and less commonly
at 158-Mile House. (Svooks.)

The barren coast of Behring Sea from the mouth of the Yukon
north and south affords it but little shelter in the spring, hence
its extreme rarity there in spring. It occurs in spring where the
dense growth of bushes about Kotzebue Sound affords it available
breeding grounds. It is, in fact, one of the commonest bush-
frequenting birds we have in the north. (WVe/son.) Several spect-
mens of this bird were obtained at St. Michael in August, 1876.
I have never observed it there during the breeding season.
(Turner.) The first sound that I heard on the morning of August

632 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Ist, when we were on a small island about 10 miles below Sixty-
mile Creek, was the unmistakable alarm note of the water-thrush.
This was the first time we had met with this species, and before
starting that morning on our daily Yukon drift, Osgood and I
each secured a young bird. Near Forty-mile Creek, Tatondu
River and Charlie Creek water-thrushes were again met with. At
Circle I saw several August 16th-20th, took one 15 miles above
Fort Yukon, August 2Ist, and saw two in a thicket at the Aphoon
mouth August 28th. The young in full plumage taken on the
Yukon are clove-brown above, including wings and _ tail—far
darker than is usual in wotabtlis—and have darker streaks below.
(Lishop.) J havea nest and four eggs taken by Rev. Mr. Stringer
at the mouth of Mackenzie River, June roth, 1899. Nest on the
ground under willows near the river bank. (W. Raine.) Fora
few days after our arrival in August at the site of our new winter
quarters on the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, this species
was moderately common. It frequented the alder and willow
thickets along the streams and was shy and restless. The species
arrived in the spring on May 22nd, and was henceforth common,
especially in the Kowak delta in June; but it was not detected
west of the tree limit. (Gvznnel/.) An immature male was taken
at Homer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, August 18th, 1g01. This is
undoubtedly a rare bird at Homer, as one specimen was all I
noted. (Chapman.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Indian Head, Assa., May 24th, 1892; one at
Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’ June 24th, 1903, both by Mr.
W. Spreadborough.

676. Louisiana Water-Thrush.

Sewurus motacilla (V1EILL.) BoNAp. 1850.

A rare summer resident in Middlesex Co., Ont. ; not noted
further north. (IW. &. Saunders.) The large-billed water-thrush
is by no means so common a bird in Ontario as the preceding
species, but along the southern border of the province, wherever
there is a rocky ravine, its loud, clear notes are almost sure to be
heard in the spring, mingling with the sound of the falling water.
It arrives from the south early in May and leaves in September.
(Mcllwraith.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 633
_CCXXX. GEOTHLYPIS Casanis.
677. Kentucky Warbler.

Geothlypis formosa (WiLs.) Ripew. 1885.

Taken at Quebec by Mr. Nelson. (Dzonne.) Only one speci-
men known from near London, Ont.; this was taken by Robert
Elliott near Bryanston ina thicket of well grown thorn trees in
May, 1898. (W. E. Saunders.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.
678. Connecticut Warbler.

Geothlypis agilis (WILS.) GREGG. 1870.

A rare migrant at London, Ont. (W. &. Saunders.) A regular
spring and autumn visitor to this district reaching us about 20th
May and leaving for the north a few days later, 30th May being
the latest date on which I had noted it; as this bird is with us
again before the end of August it is notunreasonable to hope that
it will be found nesting at no great distance. While here the bird
is very shy and keeps as muchas possible to dense under-growths
of vines, but when driven to the trees it tries to conceal itself by
sitting motionless behind a limb; a curious habit of this bird is to
walk slowly along the small branches of a tree peering into every
crevice for insects, much after the manner Secwrus aurocapillus. Its
song, which I have only heard on two occasions, has considerable
merit, and it has also another note not at all unlike the well-
known “teacher” of the oven-bird. I saw one or more of these
birds daily from 22nd to 30th May, Igoo; in the fall they are here
during August and may be seen creeping cautiously through
borders of Convolvult and Nasturtiums ; on 18th May, 1896, I took
a specimen in Jackson’s Park, Peterboro’. Ont. (/. Hughes-
Samuel.)

A somewhat common summer resident of tamarac swamps in
Manitoba; on June 2Ist, 1883, in the Carberry swamp founda nest
and eggs of this species. For full description of this nest and
eggs see Zhe Auk for April, 1884, p. 192. On June 14th, 1884, at
Duck Mountain, found one or two pairs breeding in the tamarac
swamp near there. (Zhompson-Seton.) A tolerably common summer

634 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

resident at Avenue Manitoba, arriving about the middle of May
and leaving about Sept. 7th. (Vorman Criddle.) The writer paid a
visit to the swamp south of Carberry in June, 1896, and had the
good fortune to secure a nest on the outskirts of the bog and
almost on a level with the water. It contained one egg and three
very young birds; there seemed no scarcity of excited birds as I
floundered through the bog.

679. Mourning Warbler.

Geothlypis philadelphia (Wits.) BAIRD. 1858.

One specimen obtained at the Fiskingwes in 1846, another at
Julianshaab in 1853. (Avct. Man.) Rare about Halifax, but
common in the interior of Nova Scotia as a summer resident.
(Downs.) «\pparently rare on Prince Edward Island, though a
few were found at Sourisin the bushy edges of dry fields, adjoin-
ing woods. (Dwight.) A rare summer resident at St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) Not uncommon in the upper part of the Resti-
gouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.)

A rare species around Quebec; taken at Beauport. (Dvzonne.)
Transient and scarce visitant around Montreal. Has been shot
at Outremont and Hochelaga. (MWentle.) A moderately common
summer resident around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
A few of these birds breed in the county of Leeds, Ont. I met
with the nest on 31st May, 1893, containing four eggs much resem-
bling those of the yellow-throat. A peculiarity of the nest, and
one I believe generally observed, is that it is lined with black
fibres and rootlets and not as the yellow-throat with fine grass and
hair. This bird is a common species during migrations on the
Magdalen Islands and probably breeds there also. (Rev. C. J.
Young.) A fairly common resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka
districts. It is one of the latest arrivalsin spring. (/. H. Fleming.)
Quite common along the Parry Seund Railway in Algonquin
Park, Ont., always in dry thickets. (Spreadborough.) A not un-
common summer resident all over western Ontario. (W. &.
Saunders.) Uncommon; but perhaps considered more so than it
really is as the bird is such an adept at keeping out of sight.
Still if one knows their haunts and reaches them about 18th to
24th May he may see a few if he will only sit down close to the
ground and keep quiet; though on walking through one of their
favourite retreats one can be almost sure to hear the warning or

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 635

scolding notes of any birds that may chance to be disturbed. Any
that I have heard singing have beeninvariably perched on a dead
branch well up from the ground. On seeing that they are observed
they will dart to thick cover in which case one Is not likely to see
them again for some time. On 30th July, 1895, I met with a party
of adults and young in a thick patch of cedars a few miles west
of Toronto. From 11th to 30th May, 1899, I saw from one to six
almost daily. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) Fairly common during mi-
grations, and breeds in fair numbers. Arrives about May 16th
and leaves about September Ist. (A. B. Klugh.)

I was agreeably surprised to find this species breeding abund-
antly at Pembina. At the end of June I found a nest supposed
to be of this species but the identification was not at all satisfac-
tory. (Coues.. A common summer resident of scrub lands,
throughout Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) A tolerably common
summer resident at Avenue, Manitoba; arrived May 24th, 1903,
and disappeared early in September. (Norman Criddle.) This |
species was seen at Old Wives’ Creek, eastern Assiniboia, in May,
1895. (Spreadborough.) A possible hybrid of this species and
G. tolmietw was taken at Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan.
(Nutting.) This was a common species round Lake Manitoba
in June, 1881. A nest was taken at “the narrows” on June 16th.
(Macoun.)

BREEDING NoTEs.—On June 14th, 1902, a nest with four eggs
was found in a damp place near Montreal. It was built ina
clump of golden rod three inches above the ground and composed
of grass stems and leaves lined with thin black rootlets and hairs.
Nest 4 x 3 and 2°25 x1°75. Another nest was found in the forks of
a small bush, the brim six inches from the ground and made of
dried leaves, grass and bark, with a lining of hair-like roots, nest
425x3and2:25x175. (Garneau.) Nest found near Tetreauville,
Hull, Que., in a low bush, rather large for thesize of the bird, com-
posed of moss, leaves and other vegetable matter, lined with grass
and rootlets. Eggs 4, white, slightly sprinkled at the larger end
with brown. (G. Rk. White.) Mr. Ottomar Reinecke, of Buffalo, has
taken several sets of this species in the Niagara district, Ont. I
have found aset of four that he collected at Sherkstown, Welland
Co. The nest was built in a tussock of grass one foot from the
ground. (WW. Raine.) I met with a nest near Lansdowne, Leeds
Co., June 2nd, 1892. It was located in a rocky place among

636 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

brambles and ferns near some large woods. It was a somewhat
loosely built structure of weeds, leaves and dry grass, lined with
some fibres and black hair hardly 12 inches above the ground and
well concealed. (Rev. C. /. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; three
taken in Algonquin Park, Ont., in May, 1go0, by Mr. W. Pps
borough.

680. Tolmie’s Warbler.

Geothlypis tolmiet (TOWNS.) STONE. 1899.

A single specimen of this species was secured in the Rocky
Mountains in August, near Chief Mountain. (Cowes.) Quite
common in the brush along the upper branches of Swift Current
Creek in the east end of the Cypress Hills, Assa.; a nest was
taken on June 25th, 1894, it was placed under the root of a
turned-up tree on a few dead sticks about six inches from the
ground and contained four eggs nearly hatched; nest very bulky,
composed of reeds, lined with alittle horse hair and dry grass; on
June 11th, 1895, this species was taken at Wood Mountain Post,
Assa.,and seen at Medicine Lodge,near the 4gth parallel a few days
later; very common in all the wooded ravines on the south side of
the Cypress Hills, anest was taken on the 26th June along a creek
in the hills; seen on the West Butte, Sweet Grass Hills and at
Waterton Lake, on the 4oth parallel, in July, 1895; quite common
and breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in the summer of 1891;
first seen at Edmonton, Alta., June 3rd, 1897, not common, found
chiefly along the high banks back of the river where there ts
plenty of dead brush, they breed here without doubt ; observed
from Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Landing in June,1g03; seen
in the foothills south of Crow’s Nest Pass; seen at Revelstoke,B.C.,
May 2Ist, 1890; they soon became common close to the ground
and commencd to breed, later they were found at Deer Park and
Robson, on the Columbia River, where they were common; occa-
sional on the north bank of the Thompson at Kamloops in June,
1889; abundant in low woods at Agassiz, B.C.,after May 9th, 1889;
abundant at Chilliwack, B.C., in the spring of I902; none were
seen in the autumn; first observed two males near Victoria, Van-
couver Island, May gth, 1893; by the 11th of the month they were

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 637

common and soon spread all over the island, being found at
Sooke, Nanaimo and Comox. (Spreadborough.)

Common summer resident in B.C.; breeds. ({¢veator.) Acommon
summer resident throughout the greater portion of the province.
(Fannin.) Common summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)
Found breeding in British Columbia at all localities and at all
elevations. (Ahoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-one; one at Wood Mountain, Assa., June 11th, 1895,
one at Edmonton, Alta., June 4th, 1897, three at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, in June, 1891, one at Revelstoke, B.C., May 30th, 1890,
two at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C., June, 1890, three at Trail,
B.C., May and June, 1902, three at Agassiz, B.C.,jMay, 1880, three
ae Chilawack, B.€., June, lool, and six at. Victoria, Vancouver
Island, May, 1893, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken at Farewell Creek, on the south
side of the Cypress Hills, Assa., June 27th, 1895, by Prof.Macoun.

681d. Northern Yellow-throat.
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swatns.) W. PALMER. 1g00.

Common in southern portions of Labrador. Stearns reports it
from Natashquan. (fackard.) A common summer migrant in
Newfoundland. (eeks.) An abundant summer resident at
Halifax, N.S. ; breeding in wet places. (Dowzs.) One indi-
vidual taken on Sable Island, N.S., May 23rd, 1902. (James
Boutewlier,) A pair seen .at Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S.,
May 25th, 1901... (C.K. Aare.) ~Common at Baddeck and
Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898; Hunter’s River,
Prince Edward Island, July 2nd, 1888. (Macoun.) Found
sparingly in the western portions of Prince Edward Island.
(Dwight.) Common near St. John, N.B., throughout the summer
season. (Chamberlain.) Common summer resident at Scotch Lake,
York Co.,N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Rare inthe valley of the Resti-
gouche River, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Probably on the Magdal-n
Islands; not seen but heard. (Bzshop.) Met with at Fox Bay,
Anticosti, where two specimens were seen. (Lvewster.)

This is the most common warbler in eastern Quebec ; taken at
Beauport. (Dzonne.) A common summer resident on Montreal
Island. Breeds in Mount Royal park. (Wintle.) A common

638 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

summer resident in the vicinity of Ottawa. (Cttawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) A very common warbler about Lansdowne, Leeds Co.,
Ont., where after the yellow warbler it is the most frequently seen
of all others. I have found its nest several times, usually built in
long grass and brusha little above the ground, sometimes as much
as twelve inches. I have seen eggs in May, Juneand July. This
species was also common on the borders of a marsh on Amherst
Island, Lake Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A fairly common
summer resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. Arrives
about the same time as the mourning warbler. (/. H. Fleming.)
Only one individual observed on Moose River, near Moose Fac-
tory, June 7th, 1896; not common in Algonquin Park, Ont.; found
in low wet ground amongst grass and low bushes. Saw a nest
with four young about a week old in a clump of grass in a marsh
on June 26th, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Generally abundant about
Toronto. I have found it in great abundance in all suitable
places near Peterborough, Ont. (/. AHughes-Samuel.) Common
summer resident at Guelph, Ont. Arrives about May toth and
leaves about September 16th. (4. B. Klugh.)

Observed at Pembina, on Turtle Mountain, and in the Rocky
Mountains, but not in the open country between these points.
(Coues.) An abundant summer residentin the wooded portions of
Manitoba; the Maryland yellowthroat is an abundant resident at
Duck Mountain, Man.; its favourite haunts are low damp thickets,
so that it is in a measure the complementary species of the mourn-
ing warbler, which manifests a liking for none but the driest of
copses. (Zhompson-Seton.) This is a common breeding summer
resident at Avenue, Manitoba; arrives about May 2oth and stays
toSeptember. (Norman Criddle.) This isa common summer resid-
ent at Indian Head, Assa.; it was first seen May, 21st, 1892, and
became common in a few days; they breed in considerable num-
bers, nesting in rushes about a foot from the ground on the edge
of small lakes; first seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 15th, 1894,
they never became common; late in June the same year they were
very common in all the willow thickets bordering the upper
branches of Swift Current Creek in the east end of the Cypress
Hills; one specimen was shot at 12-Mile Lake, near Wood Moun-
tain, Assa., June 6th, 1895; later in the month it was taken on
Rocky Creek near the 49th parallel and on Frenchman’s River;
it was common in the Cypress Hills wherever there was brush, and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 639

the same in the Milk River valley and along St. Mary’s River and
at Waterton Lake; first seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 27th, 1897,
common and nesting in the willows by June Ist; common from
Edmonton to the summit of the Rocky Mountains in Yellowhead
Pass in July, 1898, breeding in willow thickets on the borders of
marshes; common from Lesser Slave Lake to Peace River Land-
ing, Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903; quite common in the foothills
from Calgary southward; a nest containing four eggs was found
on Bragg’s Creek on June 28th, 1897, in atuft of grass, nest made
of dry grass; this:was a common species at Banff, within the
Rocky Mountains in June, 1891. (Spreadborough.)

BreEpDING Notes.—Breeds at Ottawa and Lake Nominingue,
100 miles north of it, from the middle of May to the middle of
July. Nests in swampy places and undergrowth, on or near the
ground, hidden among reeds, weeds and small bushes; they are
made of reed-stalks, grasses and leaves, lined with fine grass and
sometimes a few hairs; two nests were found in reed-plants hav-
ing the form of inverted cones five inches long. Nests average
4 x 3 and 2 x 1°50. (Garneau.) Nests are built in low bushes close
to the ground at Ottawa, composed ot dead leaves and grass, lined
with fine grass, hair and rootlets. Eggs 4 to 6, white, sparingly
sprinkled at larger end with brown. (G. R. White.) The nests I
have seen contained eggs the first week in June}; the nest is well
concealed, but I have seen two, which were six or eight inches
above the ground; one of these wasin a small elm sapling, around
which long rank grass grew; I could not assign the nest to any
other species as the eggs were similar to others I had seen and
a male bird was hopping about in the immediate vicinity. (Rev.

CJ, Vouns)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven; one taken at Ottawa by Dr. F. A. Saunders; one pur-
chased with the Holman collection in 1885; one taken at Ottawa
in May, 1888, by the writer; one taken at 12-Mile Lake near Wood
Mountain, Assa., June 5th, 1895, two at Medicine Hat, Assa., May,
1894, three at Edmonton, Alta.,in May, 1897, two at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, June, 1891, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Three sets of eggs; one of three taken at Indian Head, Assa,
June 6th, 1892; one of four taken on Bragg’s Creek, foothills of
Rocky Mountains, Alta., June 28th, 1897, both by Mr. Spread-

15

640 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

borough; one set of four eggs taken at Lansdowne, Ont., June
6th, 1888, by Rev. C. J. Young; nest a few inches from the ground
in a field, in clump of wild plum and spiraea.

6816. Pacific Coast Yellow-throat.

Geothlypis trichas arizela OBERHOLSER. 1899.

Pacific coast region of southern British Columbia to California.
Taken at Comox, Vancouver Island. (Oderholser.) First seen at
Revelstoke, B.C., on May 15th, 1890, later they became common
and commenced to breed, the males were very much in evidence;
late in June they were found breeding at Robson, on the Colum-
bia River; one individual was observed in a marsh at Sheep Creek,
on the International Boundary in May, 1902; quite common in
thickets along the North Thompson at Kamloops, B.C., in June,
1889; very common in wet woods at Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889 ;
observed a number at Chilliwack, B.C., in the spring of 1901; saw
one at Huntington on the International Boundary, B.C.,in autumn;
rather rare on Vancouver Island, a few taken in 1893. (Spread-
borough.) Common everywhere; breeds. (Stveator.) A common
summer resident throughout the greater portion of the province.
(Fannin.) An abundant summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)
Rare on Vancouver Island, abundant at Lulu Island in the Fraser
valley, and about the shores of reedy lakes in the interior of
British Columbia. (2hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; two taken at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889, one at Chilliwack,
B.C., May 27th, 1901, two at Burnaby Lake, near Vancouver, B.
C., in April, 1889, three at Revelstoke, B.C., in May, 1890, and
one at Robson, Columbia River, June 21st, 18g0, all by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

CCXXXI. ICTERIA VieILLor. 1807.
683. Yellow-breasted Chat.

Icteria virens (LINN.) BAIRD. 1865.
The only specimen of this species I ever collected was on 16th
May, 1884, when I found a dead individual near my house where
it was probably killed by a telegraph wire. A week or so after-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 641

wards, when visiting Mr. Dickson, who is station-master on the
G.T.R. at Waterdown, he pointed out to me an old, unused mill-
race, grown up with briars and brambles, where the day before he
had seen a pair of chats mated. Mr. Dickson was collecting at
the time, and was greatly surprised at their sudden appearance
within ten feet of where he was standing, but on his moving back-
ward, with a view of getting toa safer shooting distance, they
disappeared in the thicket and did not again become visible,
though they kept up their scolding as long as he remained near
the place. A pair of this species was also found by Mr. Saunders
breeding on the north shore of Lake Erie, near Point Pelee, which
completes the record for Ontario, so far as I have heard. (Mc-
Llwraith.)
MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.
683a. Long-tailed Chat.

Icteria virens longicauda (LAWR.) Cougs. 1872.

In the bushes which line the banks of the Thompson River,
below Ashcroft, B.C., I secured two males of this species; another
was heard singing on a ranch above the town. (Rhoads.) From
Kamloops south through the Okanagan district of B.C. (Fannin.)
Sumas, in the Fraser River valley, 26th May, 1897. (Bvooks.)

CCXXXII. WILSONTA Bovnap. 1838.
684. Hooded Warbler.

Wilsonia mitrata (GMEL.) Bonap. 1838.

Mr. Norval reports finding this species occasionally, at Port
Rowan, on the north shore of Lake Erie, and I once found a
young male near Hamilton, Ont. It was found towards the end
of May when there had been a big bird-wave the previous night,
and this one had been apparently carried away in the crowd.
(Mcllwraith.) A specimen of this warbler, rare in Ontario, was
captured at Cataraqui, near Kingston, Ont., and is now in the
collection of a resident there. (Rev. C.J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN,

One purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

15%

642 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
685. Wilson’s Warbler.

Wilsonia pusilla (WiLS.) Bonar. 1838.

Audubon, Vol. II., p. 21, records it as breeding in Labrador,
and a nest obtained. (Packard.) Common at Moose Factory,
June gth, 1896; observed one at Fort George, on James Bay, 150
miles further north, on June 20th; none seen afterwards. (Spread-
borough.) A summer migrant in Newfoundland, but not very
common. (Reeks.) Abundant along the Humber River, New-
foundland, 1899. (Louis H. Porter.) Rare summer resident at

Halifax, N.S. (Dowzs.) One specimen was secured at Tignish,.

Prince Edward Island, in an extensive arbor-vitze and alder
swamp. Not common at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, in 1887.
(Dwight.) An uncommon summer resident at St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) Only observed twice at Ellis Bay, Anticosti,
when the old ones were feeding young fledglings. (Brewster.)

Met with in the woods around Quebec; taken at Beauport.
(Dionne.) A transient and scarce visitant at Montreal. Observed
only in spring. Has been seen as late as July 13th on the island
of Montreal. (Wintle.) A moderately common summer resident
around Ottawa. Found breeding in the Mer Bleue, 3rd July, 1890,
by Messrs. W. E. and F. A. Saunders. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
A rare migrant in eastern Ontario. Not uncommon on the Mag-
dalen Islands and frequently observed about Mingan, Que., in
June, 1898, where they breed. (Rev. C. J. Young.) The only
record I have for Parry Sound and Muskoka districts is that of a
male which I took on the Magnetawan River, near Emsdale, on
20th May, 1897. (/. H. Fleming.) I notice it around each spring at
Toronto about the third week in May, and in the fall they some-
times become very abundant, choosing usually willows near the
banks of a stream. I have seen such places alive with these birds
from 2Ist August to gth September. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A
rare migrant in Middlesex Co., Ont. A single male was noted in
full song in North Bruce on 20th June, 1900, where it was doubt-
less breeding. (W. &. Saunders.) Fairly common during migra-
tions at Guelph, Ont. Seen about May 18th and again about
August 27th. (A. B. Klugh.) Rather common in the under-
growth bordering a swamp at Robinson Portage, June 27th, Igol.
Several were seen at York Factory, July toth to 17th, one being
taken July 14th. (4. A. Prebles.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 643

A common species eastward, but only observed on the 49th
parallel in the Rocky Mountains near Chief Mountain. (Covzes.)
A rare migrant in eastern Manitoba. Near Long River, Man., I
saw a black-capped warbler on May 2ist, 1882, my only record,
though others claim it is a summer resident. (Zhompson-Seton.)
Found at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin on the Saskatchewan.
(Nutting.) One pair seen at Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 40’; common
on the Methye Portage; common between Methye Portage and
Isle ala Crosse. (/. M. Macoun,) A tolerably common summer
resident at Avenue, Manitoba; arrives about May 18th and leaves
about the middle of September. (Morman Criddle.) Three
individuals were seen on May 15th, 1894, at Medicine Hat,
Assa., and later a few more; first seen at Edmonton, Alta., on
May 29th, 1897,a few pairs remained to breed; quite common and
breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in June, 1891; abundant at
Revelstoke, on the Columbia River, from May 15th, 1890, nested
in the woods in large numbers; observed one individual on the
International Boundary near Trail in May, 1902. (Spreadborough.)

North to Lapierre’s House on the Mackenzie River; very rare.
(Ross.) This is one of the commonest brush-frequenting species
in the north and extends its breeding range to the shores of the
Arctic Ocean where it is found breeding about Kotzebue Sound
as well as along the entire coast of Norton Sound, wherever shelter
is afforded. (Ve/son.) The series of Wilson’s warbler taken in
eastern and western British Columbia compared among themselves
and with specimens from the Atlantic States are devoid of any
differences which would justify their separation. (Rhoads.) A
single specimen of this species was captured by a native in the
bushes which skirted a lake about a mile distant from the redoubt
at St. Michael; itis nota common birdin that vicinity, occurring
only in the fall migrations; other specimens were obtained from
Fort Yukon and Nulato, where it is not rare. (Zurner.) Osgood
took an adult female near the Chandindu River, Aug. 4th, 1899,
andI ayoung female near Charlie Village, Aug. 11th, and a young
male 25 miles above Circle City, Alaska, August 20th. These
birds, while not typical puszd/a, are, like those of the lower Yukon,
nearer it than peleolata. (Bishop.)

BREEDING Notes. —On June 14th, 1893, I found a nest and four
eggs of this species and secured the parent. The nest was built
on the ground in a willow swamp ina clump of herbage on the

644 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

edge of Vermilion Lake at Banff, Alberta. (W. Raine.) Nest,
in a hemlock tree near the ground in woods near Ottawa, com-
*~ posed of dry moss and twigs compacted together; lined with fine
fibre and fine grass; eggs 4, dull white, sprinkled with reddish and
brown dots towards the larger end where the markings form a
circle, leaving the extremity plain. (G. R. White.) Thisis a rare
warbler in Ontario; a nest was taken in the vicinity of Lansdowne,
Leeds Co., in June, 1894 not very far from the St.Lawrence; there
were four eggs in this nest, which was built on the ground ; they
were small and white, thickly marked with fine brick-red spots.
(Rev. C.J. Young.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; one taken at Ottawa by Dr. F. A. Saunders, July 3rd,
1890; one taken at Hyde Park near Toronto, by Mr.S. Herring, in
May, 1891; one at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 17th, 1894;:three at
Canmore, Rocky Mountains in May, 1891, and one at Banff,Rocky
Mountains, June 15th, 1891, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

685a. Pileolated Warbler.

Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (PALL.) CouES. 1880.

Rather rare at Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889; observed at Chilli-
wack, B.C. and along that river to the head of Chilliwack Lake in
the summer of 1901; first seen on May 7th, 1893,near Victoria, Van-
couver Island, by the 14th, they were common in all the willow
thickets: they were seen at Sooke, Nanaimo, Comox and other
points and are acommon summer resident on theisland. (Spreaa-
borough.) British Columbia. (ZLord.) More common in the coast
region than in the interior; breeds. (Szveator.) A common sum-
mer resident, chiefly west of the Coast Range. (Fannin.) A
tolerably common summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) As
early as May t2th, these birds have been found feeding their
young in Oregon; from this region it extends north and occupies
the entire Pacific shore of the Alaskan mainland. (WVedson.) An
adult male was taken at Sitka, Alaska, on August 18th and several
others including juveniles seen on August 2Ist; they were in low
brush along the shores of a secluded bay where they possibly
breed. (Gvrinnell.)

We found this the most abundant bird at Glacier, June 5-10,
frequenting the alder thickets from the valley’as far as they

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 645

extended up the hills; I saw a yellow warbler I thought of this
species on White Pass summit, June 12th; pileolated warblers
were common at Log Cabin, Bennett, and Caribou Crossing, and
I am comfident I heard them singing at Lake Marsh; adult males
from Glacier resemble normal pileolata closely, but have the back
rather more green; those from the Yukon valley, while having the
orange forehead and lower parts of this form, have the duller
green back of pusilla. (Bishop.) *

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven; six taken at Revelstoke, B.C., in May, 1890; two at
Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889; one at Chilliwack, B.C., May 23rd,
Ig0I, and two at Victoria, Vancouver Island, May, 1893, all by
Mr. Spreadborough.

686. Canadian Warbler.

Wilsonta canadensis (LINN.) COUES. 1880.

Audubon, Vol. II, p. 15, reports it as breeding in Labrador.
(Packard.) A not uncommon summer migrant in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Rather common about Tignish, Prince Edward Island,
but not met with elsewhere. (Dwzght.) An occasional summer
resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A tolerably common
summer resident, frequenting moist woods and shrubbery, at
Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) Occurring occa-
sionally in the valley of the Restigouche River, N.B. (Brittain &

Cox.)

An infrequent visitor in eastern Quebec, taken at Beauport.
(Dionne.) A scarce summer resident around Montreal; observed
from May 20th to September 2nd; a few breed. (Waintle.) A
moderately common summer resident around Ottawa. (O#tawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) Frequently met with about Kingston, Ont.;
a few remain to breed in the district. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A com-
mon summer resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts.
(J. H. Fleming.) Common everywhere in Algonquin Park, Ont.

_in thick woods, usually seen near the ground; one individual seen
at Moose Factory, James Bay, June 11th, 1896. (Spreadborough.)
Common during migration at Toronto, Ont., but less so during the-
summer. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) A fairly common breeder in suitable
swampy thickets around London, Ont. (W. £. Saunders.) Com-

646 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

mon summer resident at Guelph, Ont.; arrives about May 11th,
leaves about August 28th. (4. B. Klugh.)

A summer resident of wooded hillsides in Manitoba, but its
habits are not verv well known; has been found more frequently
to the north of Manitoba. (7ompson-Seton.) A rare summer resid-
ent at Avenue, Manitoba ; arrives about May 20th and leaves
about the last of August. (Vorman Criddle.) A single specimen
of this bird was killed in June at Cumberland House; it was in a
dense thicket of alder, perched near the ground. (Aéchardson.) One
specimen secured at Grand Rapids and another at Chemawawin,
Saskatchewan River. (JVutting.) One specimen taken at Moose
Factory, James Bay, by Mr. Walter Haydon, in the summer of
1881. (4.A. Prebles.) Not observed anywhere west of Manitoba
except at Edmonton, Alta., where a few were observed and one
taken May 29th, 1897. (Spreadborough.)

BREEDING Notes.—June t2th, 1902, I found this bird nesting at
Rice Lake, Ont.; nest ina cavity of a fallen tree root in deep
woods. (W. Raine.) Nests near Ottawa and at Lake Nominingue,
100 miles north of Ottawa, in June and July; it is built on the
ground in the woods, and made of dried leaves, lined with fine
grass, strips of bark and hairs; the walls are thin for a nest made
of leaves. (Garneau.)

On the 28th May, when passing the “‘ old root” of a fallen tree
I discovered the newly made nest of a small bird, which at first I
thought might be that of a mourning warbler, whose scolding
notes I heard near by; on the 5th June, when I thought the set of
eggs would be deposited I revisited the place; on the nest sat the
mother bird, and there she remained until I almost touched her
with my hand, then she flushed out,making some attempts to draw
off my attention, and uttered a few sharp “chips,” and I saw at
once that she was a Canadian warbler; the nest then contained
five eggs, and incubation had begun; the nest was placed in a
cavity among the rocks, only a few inches above the more level
earth, and was composed of dry leaves, strips of bark, and other
fine vegetable fibres, and lined with some long horse-hair; when
placed side by side with that of JZ. varia previously described, I
make this comparison of the nests and their sets of eggs, after the
latter are blown; the nests—in composition and size—are very
much alike; both are rather loosely put together, but there is quite

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 647

a distinguishing difference in the eggs; those of M. varia are
actually the largest, and more globular in form, and the ground
colour more of a chalky whiteness, and the spotting more of a
brownish hue; with a general tendency to form a wreath about the
larger end, and be distributed over the surface, even to the smaller
point; the eggs of the Canadian warbler have a clear white hue,
with a beautiful rosy blush, and the colouring which clouds the
whole of the larger end of each egg, has more of an orange tinge
than either reddish or brown, the dotting on the surface is more
separated, and the approach to the smaller point more devoid of
dotting than are those JZ. varia, but in all the specimens the
variations are so numerous that it is difficult to describe them ;
this species is very local in its distribution, being generally found
to frequent the borders of swampy woodlands, having much the
same habitat as the water-thrush and J/7. varia, but here it is
more abundant than either of the other species, and seems more
disposed to explore the underwood of the higher hardwood lands
and nest on more level ground; altogether about a score of the
nests of this species have come under my observation in my
woodland rambles in the vicinity in the past twenty years; and,
as in the case of the water-thrush, black-and-white warblers, and
several other species, several of these nests were in cavities pre-
viously prepared for them. (W. L. Kells..)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; four
taken at Ottawa by Dr. F. A. Saunders in May, 1891; one taken
in Algonquin Park, Ont., May 26th, I¢oo, and one at Edmonton,
Alta., May 29th, 1897, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CCXXXIII. SETOPHAGA. Swainson. 1827.

687. American Redstart.
Setophaga ruticilla (LiNN.) SWAINs. 1827.

A specimen was taken at Rupert House, September 3rd, 1860,
by Mr. James McKenzie. (Packard.) Common all along Moose
River to James Bay. On June gth, found a nest with two eggs in
a white birch about four feet from the ground. Nest composed
of fine bark lined with the down of some plant. (Spreadborough.)
A summer migrant but rare in the north of Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) An abundant summer resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.)

648 . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Common at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, N.S.,
July, 1898; in woods along Rustico Bay, Prince Edward Island,
June, 1888. (/acoun.) An abundant summer resident on Prince
Edward Island. (Dzwzgz.) A common summer resident in New
Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) Tolerably common summer resident
at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. AH. Moore.) An abundant
summer resident on the Magdalen Islands. (Bzshop.) Not un-
common at Ellis and Fox bays, Anticosti, and others at Mingan,
on the North Shore. (Svewster.) Common in the Restigouche
valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.)

A rather common summer resident in eastern Quebec; taken
at Beauport. (Déonne.) An abundant summer resident around
Montreal. Breeds in the city and in Mount Royal park. Ob-
served from May 1ith to August 29th. (Wiantle.) Common
summer resident around Ottawa. (Ottewa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A
common warbler around Lansdowne, Leeds Co., Ont. I have
found the nest in the crotch of a maple sapling or other tree
from six to twenty feet from the ground. They are also common
on the Magdalen Islands, where I observed them in June, 1897.
(Rev. C. J. Young.) One of the most common summer residents
in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. (J. H. Fleming.) Common
in thickets along streams and around lakes in Algonquin Park,
Ont., 1900. (Spreadborough.) Abundant around Toronto. (/.
Hughes-Samuel.) Common as a migrant at Guelph, Ont. A few
pairs breed. Arrives about May 12th, and leaves about Septem-
ber Ist. (4. B. Klugh.) An abundant spring migrant at Penetan-
guishene, Ont. (A. F. Young.)

Very abundant at Pembina where it breeds. Not observed any
further west along the 4gth parallel. (Cowes.) A common sum-
mer resident in Manitoba. It seems to be abundant in all the
wooded parts of the province. Took a nest on Duck Mountain,
June 8th, 1884. It was placed inalow fork of a sapling. (Zhomp-
son-Seton.) A common summer resident at Avenue, Manitoba ;
arrives about May 15th, leaves about September 16th. (Vorman
Criddle.) Four males and one female were seen at Medicine
Hat, Assa., May 17th, 1894, they never became common; com-
mon at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., May, 1895; it was evidently breed-
ing at 12-Mile Lake, near Wood Mountain, Assa., June 6th, 1895;
a few individuals were seen at Waterton Lake in July, 1895; com-
mon in thick woods from the head of Lesser Slave Lake to Peace

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 649

River Landing, in Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903; first seen at Edmon-
ton, Alta., May 29th, 1897, common by June Ist, soon commenced
nesting along the river and smaller streams; common in willow
thickets from Edmonton to Athabasca Pass in June, 1898; one ob-
served at Crow’s Nest Lake, Rocky Mountains, July 28th,1897, and
breeding at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in July, 1891; a few seen at
Revelstoke, B.C., in May, 1890; in June they were found nesting
in low thickets on small poplar trees-at Deer Park and Pass
Creek, near Robson on the Columbia River; one observed at
Rossland, B.C., in 1902. (Spreadborough.) One pair seen at Lac
La Biche River, 30 miles below Athabasca Landing, Alta. In
June and July, 1889, it was abundant at Kamloops and along the
North Thompson River, B.C.; rather rare at Enderby near Sica-
mous, B.C. (/. M. Macoun.)

This beautiful bird is found insummer as far north as Lat. 58°.
It frequents moist shady places in the Northwest Territories, flitting
about among the moss-grown stems of the tall willows that skirt
every marsh in these quarters. (Réchardson.) North to Fort
Good Hope on the Mackenzie River; common. (oss.) British
Columbia. (Lord.) Common summer resident in the interior;
breeds. (Streator.) Found throughout the province, but nowhere
common. (Fannin.) Well represented all over the interior of
British Columbia. (Rhoads.) Regularly east of, and accidentally
west of, the Coast Range in British Columbia. Breeding through-
out the Cariboo district of British Columbia. (Bvooks.)

BREEDING Notres.—In June and July nests with eggs are found
around Ottawa and Lake Nominingue, 100 miles north of it, in
bushes and trees from four to twenty feet high; they are made
of flexible bark, ornamented on the outside with the white bark
of the birch, and are often lined with a few feathers or hairs.
Nests 2°50 x 2°50 and 2x 1°50. (Garnedu.) Builds an elegant
nest in upright crotch from 5 to 25 feet from the ground; nest
is composed of plant down and vegetable fibre and bark strips,
lined with fine grass, rootlets and a little hair ; eggs 4, white,
thickly sprinkled over and spotted with brown, lilac and purplish.
(G. R. White.) They nest in June, building in upright crotches in
bushes 10-20 feet up; white birches seem to be the favorite tree
for their nests, probably on account of the position of the limbs;
the nest is firmly constructed of strips of bark, grasses and plant
down, lined with hair; eggs 30r 4. (W.H. Moore.) This is one

650 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

of the commonest warblers in Leeds Co., Ont.; I have frequently
seen the nest placed in some crotch of a small tree from five to
twenty feet from the ground; the eggs are laid the first week in
June. (Rev. C. /. Young.)

Many nests of this species in past years have come under my
observation; but it is only of those noted the present season that
I purpose here to speak; on May 22nd I noticed a female redstart
flying from a partly composed nest, the site of which was in the
fork of a small maple sapling, and at an elevation of about eight
feet from the ground; the nest could be easily seen, when the
searcher’s gaze was directed to it, at a distance of four rods; the
woods around it were rather open, and the leaves of the sapling
were a yard or more above it; eight days after I found that this
nest contained four of the warbler’s own eggs and one of a cow-
bird, all of which were fresh; of all the warblers, the nest of this
species is about the neatest and most firmly put together, the bird
evidently emitting a good deal of saliva upon the material of
which the nest is composed when she is placing the fragments in
position; all this work, as well as that of incubation, appears to be
done by the female, though it is probable that her more beautifully
plumaged consort occasionally supplies her with food as she
incubates her eggs; and he certainly largely assists in feeding the
young and in trying to defend them if exposed to danger ; if the
first efforts of this bird to propagate its species are successful, it
does not nest more than once in the season, otherwise it will nest
a second time; the materials of which the greater part of the nest
of the redstart is composed is a kind of fibre gathered from
decaying timber and the seed pods of various kinds of vines, and
it is usually lined with animal hair; I have never known the set of
eggs to exceed fourin number, and generally the second set con-
tains only three, with the addition mostly of a cowbird’s; the eggs
are of a whitish ground hue, marked towards the larger end with
a wealth of spotting of a flesh-coloured hue, and smaller dots of
the same hue scattered over the surface; another bird of this
species was noticed building her nest at a much higher elevation
deeper in the wood, and even in a more exposed position; but a
few days after the nest was completed it wholly disappeared, and
I suspected that an olive-sided fly-catcher that had made her nest
on an overhanging branch, a few rods off, was the author of that.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 651

Other nests were observed, but there was nothing specially note-
worthy about them. (W. ZL. Kells.)

-MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nineteen; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885;
two taken at Ottawa in May, 1888, by the writer; two at Ottawa
by Dr. F. A. Saunders in May, 1891; one in Algonquin Park, Ont.,
May 26th, 1900; two at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894; four at
Banff, Rocky Mountains in May and June, 1891 ; one at Robson
on the Columbia River, B.C., June 24th, 1890; three at Kamloops,
B.C., in June,1889; two at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897, and one
at Peace River Landing, June Igth, 1903, all by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

A series of seven eggs taken at Ottawa and presented to the
museum.

Famity L. MOTACILLIDA. Wacratrts.

CCXXXIV. MOTACILLA Liynzus. 1758.
694. White Wagtail.

Motacilla alba Lixn. 1758.

One sent from the southern inspectorate of Greenland in 1849;
another obtained by Dr. Walker at Godhavn in August, 1857.
(Arct. Man.) Four individuals of this species were seen by
Alexander Brown and James Lyell (of the Hudson Bay Company),
August 29th, 1883, at Hunting Bay, four miles south of Fort
Chimo. These persons described the birds accurately and de-
clared they were the two parents and two young of the year.
(Packarda.)

695. Swinhoe’s Wagtail.

Motacitla ocularis SWINH. 1860.

This bird is of doubtful occurrence in Alaska and is admitted
on the capture of a single specimen in ‘“ Northwest America” by
Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood; I obtained a fine male adult on June
23rd, 1881, in Plover Bay, on the east coast of Siberia. (JVe/son.)
At Attu Island, Alaska, I was looking out of my window on the
morning of May 14th, 1881, watching the vessel which was to take
me to Unalaska Island enter the harbour; I saw a bird just beneath

652 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the window on the ground, not more than seven feet from my
eyes, and which I believe to be this species. I failed, however,
to procure it and hence there is an element of doubt in the iden- |
tification. (Zurner.) On the morning of August 28th the Rodert
Kerr, on which I was a passenger, was hindered from proceeding
by a gale and low water on the bar, and was made fast to the
bank at the Aphoon mouth of the Yukon. As I came on deck I
saw half a dozen white wagtails fly about the vessel and settle in
the grass close by. While I returned for my gun they left, but a
thorough acquaintance with Motacilla albain Egypt, where it is
abundant during the winter, leaves me no doubt that these birds
were wagtails. (Bzshop.)

CCXXXV. BUDYTES CovvieEr. . 1817.

696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail.
Budytes flavus leucostriatus (HOM.) STEJN. 1885.

The yellow wagtail of eastern Siberia extending across Behring
Sea into that portion of Alaska in the region of Behring Strait,.is
one of the handsomest among its several related forms. The first
specimens were obtained in the vicinity of St. Michael where it
was found abundant during the summers of 1866 and 1867. In
Alaska I found this bird along the coast as far south as the
Yukon mouth, where it arrived May 28th, 1879, but was extremely
rare. St. Michael, on Norton Sound, appears to be the centre of
its abundance on our coast,and thence north it becomes rarer until
at Kotzebue Sound it is, as at the Yukon mouth,very rare. (Ve/son.)
This bird arrives about June 12th and is very shy. Few females
come with the earliest visitants, yet but few days elapse before
mating begins. (Zurner.) One adult male and two others were
obtained July 11th, 1898, at Point Barrow, Alaska. (W2ztmer Stone.)

CCXXXVI. ANTHUS BEeEcusTEINn. 1807.

697. American Pipit.
Anthus penstlvanicus (LATH.) THIENEM. 1849.

The first specimens of this species were seen in Cumberland
Gulf, May 30th, 1879. Inthe autumn they leave for the south
about the beginning of September. At Annanactook Harbour,
the nest was always placed deep in a rock crevice, so far in, in
fact, that I could not secure any of the nests that I found. On

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 653

the Greenland coast, especially in the vicinity of habitations,
they build in a tussock much like a sparrow, but there the ravens
are not so numerous or destructive to birds and eggs as in Cum-
berland Sound. The species is generally distributed on both sides
of Cumberland Sound, and the west shore of Davis’ Strait to Lat,
68° N.,at least,but nowhere very abundant. (Awmlen.) Supposed to
breed in Greenland not further south than Lat. 67°,but unquestion-
ably does so in the northern parts of the North American continent.
(Arct. Man.) One of the most abundant birds in northeastern
Labrador. Characteristic, with the horned lark, of the most barren
and wind-swept hill-tops. Breeds very commonly. (Szgelow.)
Abundant throughout Labrador. Nests and eggs were obtained
at Fort Chimo where it breeds plentifully. (Packard,) Common
on the high rocky islands in James Bay and on all the high bar-
ren hills between Richmond Gulf and Ungava Bay. June 18th,

1896, found a nest, with five eggs, beneath over-hanging rock

composed of dry grass. (Spreadborough.) Two males were taken
at Chateau Bay, Labrador, July 14th, 1891. (WVorfon.) A com-
mon summer migrant in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) A common
migrant in and around Halifax, N.S. (Dowans.) Seenin numbers
on Sable Island, N.S., September 19th, 1902. (James Bouteiller.)
Occurs in spring and fall at Grand Manan, N.B. (Chamberlain.)
A common spring and autumn resident at Scotch Lake, York
Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) A common but transient visitant at
Montreal. Observed both in spring and autumn. Flocks larger in
the fall migrations. (Wzntle.) Occasionally common around Que-
bec in spring and fall. Taken at Beauport. (Dzonne.)

An abundant migrant at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
I have seen a few of these birds in Leeds Co., Ont., in the month
of October. (Rev. C. J. Young.) Reported as common, in the
autumn at Beaumaris, by Mr. Tavernier. Mr. Kay saw some
at Port Sydney on August 15th, 1890. They occur regularly in
Muskoka, and were common at Sand Lake in October, 1g00.
(J. H. Fleming.) Usually quite abundant along the shores of
Toronto Bay in the fall, but passing through so quickly in the
spring as to be often overlooked. Those I have seen in spring
have been here during the first week in May. (/. Hughes-Samuel.)
A passing migrant at Guelph, Ont. (4. B. Klugh.) Rather
common, July 24th to 30th, 1901, on the rocky hills at Fort
Churchill where a pair was taken. A large flock was seen on

654 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

lower Hayes River as we were ascending it, August 29th.
(£.A. Prebles.)

Along the 49th parallel this species is a bird of passage, but the
second season they were found in August about Chief Mountain
Lake, and no doubt those then observed were bred in immediate
vicinity as at that time the fall migration had not commenced.
(Coues.) An abundant spring and fall migrant in Manitoba.
(Thompson-Seton.) A common spring and fall migrant at Avenue,
Manitoba. (Vorman Criddle.) A small stream of these birds kept
passing Medicine Hat, Assa., from April 16th to May 3rd, 1894,
when the last ones disappeared ; found with their young more than
half grown on Sheep Mountain, close to Chief Mountain, on
the 4gth parallel, at an altitude of 7,500 feet, July 30th, 1895; first
saw a flock of about twenty at Edmonton, Alta., April 27th, 1897,
they continued to be common to May Ioth, when all disappeared;
only one observed in the Athabasca Pass on September 29th,1898;
common on the mountains above timber line south of Calgary
in July and in the Crow’s Nest Pass in August; frequent in spring
at Banff, Rocky Mountains, found on the mountains around
Devil’s Lake, in August, 1891; common after April 19th, 1899, on
the flats by the Columbia River; later in the same year they were
found on the mountains near the head of Bow River; they evi-
dently breed on all the mountains above timber line; seen in
large flocks at Trail near the 4gth parallel May 8th, 1902; seen in
flocks at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903; found breeding on nearly
all the mountains of the Coast and Gold ranges, B.C., near the
49th parallel, where there was grass, at an altitude of about
5,000 feet; very abundant on the shore of Sumas Lake in the fall
of 1901; first seen on Vancouver Island on April 16th, 1893, they
were common on ploughed fields by the 24th, last seen going
north May 7th. (Spreadborough.) Found on the summit of Mount
Finlayson near Victoria on May 17th, 1887, where they doubtless
breed. (Macoun.)

This bird was observed in small flocks on the plains of the
Saskatchewan in the spring of 1827, feeding on the larve of small
insects. (Réchardson.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie
River; not common. (Ross.) Ihave reason to believe that this
bird is among those that resort to the Anderson to breed, but no
nests were found. (Macfarlane.) Shot east of Coast Range. (Lord.)
Large flocks were found about the meadows of the coast district

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 655

during the fall migration. (Stveator.) East and west of Coast Range,
abundant; found throughout some winters on Vancouver Island.
(Fannin.) Common migrant through the Fraser valley at Chilli-
wack; breeds above the timber line on the Coast Range. (Lrooks.)
Province of British Columbia at large; breeding sparsely on the
plateaus and mesas of the interior up to 4000 feet. (Rhoads.)
Very common at Sumas Lake, Lulu Island and Matasqui Prairie
B.C., in September, 1894. (4.7. G. White.) This species arrives
at Unalaska early in May and by the Igth had eggs on the hillsides.
They seem to breed along the whole coast of northern Alaska and
on many of the islands in Behring Sea. (Ve/son.) This species occurs
throughout the territory of Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands.
It is found in the greatest abundance in the interior of the main-
land, especially at Fort Yukon; it rarely visits St. Michael except
in the fall. (Zurvner.) A pair seenon a grassy tide-flat beyond
Indian River at Sitka, Alaska, on June roth and the female
secured; from the condition of the ovaries, I judged that it would
have laid eggs within a week. (Gvinmnell.) A bird thought to be
this species was seen on a snow field in the mountains of Moresby
Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., on June 23rd, 1900; com-
paratively few pipits were seen around Cook’s Inlet, Alaska; one
specimen was taken at Tyonek, September 18th. (Osgood.)

BREEDING NorteEs.—I have sets taken by F. F. Payne at Cape
Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait, in June, 1886; also sets taken at
Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, June 30th, 1895, by Lambert Dicks, as
well as sets taken at Nachvak, Labrador, June 15th, 1897; the
Rev. I. O. Stringer found a nest and five eggs at Peel River, near
the mouth of the Mackenzie River, June 25th, tgoo0, this was built
of dried grass on the ground. (W. Raine.)

A male taken at Skagway, June 3rd, was probably a belated
migrant; on the heights above Glacier, Osgood saw several, June
5th, and we found them common at Summit, June I1-13; a female
taken, June 13th was laying, and a fresh but empty nest I found
the same day I attributed to this species, no other being near ;
this nest was loosely formed of fine dry grass in a hollow in the
deep moss which covered the almost perpendicular side of a
boulder lying ona hill high above Summit, only a small hole for
entrance showing in the moss. We often saw the song-flight at
- Summit; launching himself with a sharp preliminary “ chip ”
from one of the granite boulders that abound there, the male

16

656 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

would rise rapidly to a height of a hundred feet or more, uttering
a sweet, clear song ; after poising high in air and repeating this
song for several minutes the singer would slowly float toward
earth and alight 100 yards from’where he started, soon to repeat
the same performance; we found a pair on the heights above Ben-
nett, June 17th, and a few, possibly members of one family, at
Circle, August 15-20. (Bzshop.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-three; one taken at Resolution Island, Hudson Bay in
July, 1885, by Dr. R. Bell; one at Cape Prince of Wales, Hudson
Strait, by Mr. Payne, July, 1886; young specimen taken on Mount
Queest, B.C., July 27, 1889; four at Ottawa in September, 1890, by
Dr. F. A. Saunders; one at Indian Head, Assa., September 16th,
1891; two at Medicine Hat, Assa., April, 1894; two at Edmonton,
Alta., April, 1897; one at Canmore, Rocky Mountains, May 2oth,
1891; one at Banff, Rocky Mountains April 20th, 1891; six at
Revelstoke, B.C. April, 1890; three at Huntington, B.C., Septem-
ber 30th, 1gor, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

698. Meadow Pipit.

Anthus pratensts (LINN.) BECHST. 1807.

Received in Copenhagen by Dr. Paulsen from Greenland in
1845. (Arct. Man.)

699. Red-throated Pipit.

Anthus cervinus (PALL.) Keys. & Bias. 1840.

A specimen of this bird was obtained in Greenland in 1845 and
makes the second record. (Zurner.) This species was accredited
to the Aleutian Islands in 1853; and Dall records a specimen
which was obtained at St. Michael during the Russian telegraph
expedition. (lVelson.)

700. Sprague’s Pipit.

Anthus spraguent (AvUD.) BAIRD. 1864.

Found breeding in great numbers on the prairie near Turtle
Mountain and Mouse (Souris) River. (Coues.) A common sum-
mer resident on the elevated prairies in the south and west of
Manitoba in 1882. In 18921 failed to see or hear a single indi-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 657

vidual in the country. They appear to have totally disappeared.
This is unquestionably owing to the breaking up of the virgin
prairie. (Zhompson-Seton.) Acommon summer resident at Avenue,
Manitoba; arrives about April 23rd and leaves about the middle
of September. (JVorman Criddle.) Heard numerous individuals
singing in the east end of the Cypress Hills and saw one the last
week in June, 1894. Undoubtedly breeding at this time. (Spread-
borough.)

BREEDING Notes.—I did not see the bird in the immediate
vicinity of the Red River, and do not think I should have over-
looked it had any individuals been breeding about Pembina,
where I was every day in the field for more than a month collecting
very assiduously. Passing the low range of the Pembina Moun-
tains, however, I at once entered the prairie region, where it was
breeding in great numbers, in company with Baird’s and the
chestnut-collared buntings. The first one I shot, July 14th, was a
bird of the year, already full grown and on wing, and as I found
scarcely fledged young at least a month later I judge that, like the
Eremophila, the bird raises two broods a year. Travelling west-
ward to and beyond the second crossing of the Mouse River, no
day passed that I did not see numbers of the birds; and at some
of our camps, notably that at the first crossing of the Mouse
River, they were so numerous that the air seemed full of them;
young ones were caught by the hand in the camp, and many might
have been shot without stirring from my tent, as they hovered
overhead on tremulous wings, uttering coatinuously their sharp
querulous cry. They continued abundant through the greater
part of September, in which month the renewal of the plumage is
completed, and some still remained on the ground till October.
Exactly when they migrate, however, and where they go to, or
when they return, are equally unknown to me—not the least
singular point in the bird’s history is the success with which it has
eluded observation during the winter months. (Cowes.) Breeds
throughout Assiniboia, but rarer in Manitoba. During my several
expeditions to northwest Canada I have found over half a dozen
mests of this bird: “At Crescent) Lake, Assa., June 1sth; roo2, I
found a nest containing four eggs, built in the grass on the prairie.
On May 25th, 1901, a set of five eggs was collected for me by Mr.
Hugh Richardson in the Qu’Appelle valley, Assiniboia, and he

took another set of five eggs on May 28th at the same place, both
16% ;

658 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

nests were made of dried grass and built on the ground. I have
another set of four eggs taken at Pasqua, western Assiniboia,
- May 26th, 1893. The eggs of this bird are very rare in collections.
They are something like eggs of the prairie horned lark but are
smaller. Some have a pale buff ground, others greyish-white
ground, minutely speckled with buff and purplish grey. The
eggs can easily be told from small prairie horned lark’s eggs by
the fine dark brown hair lines at the largest end of the eggs. I
never saw these hair lines on eggs of the horned lark, although
they are often found on eggs of the American pipit and European
meadow pipit. This bird is called the Missouri skylark by the
settlers as it has the same habit as the European skylark of soar-
ing high up in the air until it becomes a mere speck in the sky and
it never ceases singing from the time it begins to ascend until it
reaches the earth again. It is a smaller bird than the European
skylark and consequently its voice is: not so powerful. I have
often heard both species sing and must say Sprague’s pipit is not
in it with the European skylark, in spite of what has been said to
the contrary by American ornithologists. (W. Raine.)

Famity LI. CINCLIDAS. Diprers.
CCXXXVII. CINCLUS. BEcuSTEIN. 1802.

701. American Dipper.

Cinclus mexicanus SWAINS. 1827.

Observed one on Elbow River, southwest of Calgary, July 15th,
1897; common in Michell Creek, west of Crow’s Nest Pass,
August 7th, 1897. (Spreadborough.) J met with this bird in num-
bers around Chief Mountain Lake, but was too late for its eggs,
asthe young were already on the wing. (Coues.) A very com-
mon species in all the mountain streams from Banff through the
Rocky Mountains tothe Selkirks and Gold Range. Its habit of
living beside and behind waterfalls and small cascades adds a
great deal of interest to a study of its habits; one nest found in
the Kicking Horse River was placed on a ledge behind a small
waterfall and contained young birds on August 13th, 1885 ; at a
distance it looked like a large mass of wet moss,but on examination
it proved to be a nest shaped like an oven. (Macoun.) Very common
in the rocky creeks west of the Columbia River on the goth parallel

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 659

in the summer of 1902; taken in Eagle River in the Gold Range,
B.C., on April 5th, 1890; a few were seen in the little stream below
Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in May, 1889, and a few at the head of the
North Arm of Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April, 1889; quite common
on the Chilliwack River and the streams flowing into it in the sum-
mer of 1901; one seen near Goldstream, Vancouver Island, June
2nd, 1893; also saw one on Sooke River, on September 5th, where
I heard it singing for the first time, I have heard it said they were
good singers and so they are; their song resembles that of the
cat-bird very much, in fact so much so that if I had not seen the
bird sitting on a stone I should have put it down for that bird ;
they seem to do most of their singing in the fall and winter.
(Spreadborough.) On July 16th, 1887, a nest of this species was
found on the stringer of a bridge over a stream emptying into
Cameron Lake, at the base of Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver
Island; it was built of moss and quite large, but very compact in
the centre, but with the dome over it ; owing to its position in a
rapid torrent the eggs or young were not seen as we looked
through achink at the nest; as we camped at the bridge we had
the bird under observation for two days. (Macoun.)

Three specimens of this bird were procured by Mr. Drummond
near the sources of the Athabasca River, on the eastern declivity
of the Rocky Mountains, between Lat. 54° and 569. (Azchardson.)
The only specimen seen was shot ‘at Ducks,B.C. (S¢tveator.) To be
found in nearly every mountain stream throughout British Colum-
bia. (Fannin.) Very common along all the rivers in British Colum-
bia. (Zord.) Resident at Chilliwack, but not common; common at
Lake Okanagan, B.C., sings all winter; in the Cariboo district of
British Columbia it is found in the neighbourhood of running
water all winter. (Bvooks.) Associated in British Columbia with
all dashing streams from the mountains to the sea. (/hoads.)
Common up Seymour Creek, B.C. (4. &. G. White.) A dip-
per was seen and heard several times along a stream empty-
ing into West Arm of Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte islands,
1899; several were seen in the mountains near Hope, Cook's Inlet,
Alaska, and a specimen was taken there September 3rd, 1899.
(Osgood.) Throughout Alaska, wherever clear, swift-running
streams afford suitable locations, this bird is found. It winters in
the neighbourhood of St. Michael, and specimens have been
brought to me in midwinter when the temperature was at least

660 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

40° below zero. It seems to be very little affected by the extreme
cold of our winters. (Velson.) This species was obtained from
several localities; it inhabits rocky creeks flowing from the moun-
tains; it is not common but is a permanent resident and breeds
here. (Zurner.) We collected a female and a set of four fresh
eggs at the falls at Glacier above Skagway, Alaska, June 8th, 1898;
a single ouzel seen further down the river, June loth, was pro-
bably the mate of the one taken. Osgood also took one at Un-
alaska, October 5th. (Dzshop.)

BREEDING Notes.— Breeds near Banff, Rocky Mountains, mak-
ing a large nest of moss with a side entrance which it usually
builds close to a cascade either ina tree-root or on a ledge of
rock. The nest is covered with moss and kept green by the fall-
ing spray from the mountain stream. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight ; one taken at Kicking Horse Lake, August 13, 1890; one
at Revelstoke, B.C., April 19th, 1890 ; one at Robson, Columbia
River, B.C., June 26th, 1890; two at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in June,
1889; one on North Arm of Burrard Inlet, B.C., April 21st, 1889,
and two on Tami Hy Creek, B.C., on September 7th, Igor, all by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

re LII. TROGLODYTIDAS. Wrens, THRASHERS, ETC.

CCXXXVIII. MIMUS Boise. 1826.

703. Mocking Bird.

Mimus polyglottos (LINN.) BONAP. 1838.

In MclIlwraith’s “ Birds of Ontario,” page 388, there is an inter-
esting account of the nesting of this species in East Hamilton,
Ont., in 1883. Mr. Eastwood observed the male early in the
season but the female kept so close that she was seen only once.
It was hoped that this pair or some of their family would return
the following spring to visit their old friends in Ontario, but if
they did so they have not been observed. In the “ Birds of
Western Ontario” mention is made of one specimen being taken
by Mr. Sandys at Chatham, Ont., in 1860, which is all we know of
the mocking bird in western Ontario at present. (A/cL/wraith.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 661

The following records of the occurrence of this bird in Canada
are given by Dr. J. Dwight, Jr.,in Zhe Auk,Vol. XIII., p.344: 1. One
specimen seen but not captured at Strathroy, Ont., July rst, 1880.
2. The Chatham record as given by Mr. MclIlwraith. 3. The
Hamilton record as given by the same. 4. A bird was wounded
and caught alive at Truro, N.S., July Ist, 1889. It showed no
- signs of being an escaped cage bird. 5. This is a young bird
taken in the fall of 1894 on Sable Island, N.S. It must have
reached there owing to a severe storm.

A young male in juvenile plumage was captured on Sable
Island, N.S.,September 5th,1902, hopping about a woodpile. ( James
Bouteillier.)

CCXXXIX. GALEOSCOPTES Casanis. 1850.
704. Catbird.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis (LINN.) CAB. 1850.

A rather common summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowzs.)
Apparently rare on Prince Edward Island; a fewspecimens were
seen in July, 1888, at Stewart’s mill. (MWacoun.) <A rare and
irregular summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Sum-
mer resident along St. John River, N.B., and tolerably common.
(W. H. Moore.)

Common summer resident at Montreal. Breeds in the city and
in Mount Royal park. Nests with eggs found from May 2gth to
July 19th. (Wintle.) A common summer resident in eastern
Quebec. Taken at St. Foy. (Dionne.) A common summer
resident around Ottawa. (Osawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Very
common everywhere in eastern Ontario; sometimes remaining
until the end of September. (Rev. C.J. Young.) An abundant
summer resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts; breeding
usually on the edge of the forest or in gardens of the settlers.
(J. H. Fleming.) Very common summer resident at Guelph, Ont.
Arrives about May toth and leavesabout September 25th. (4.8.
Klugh.) Avery common summer resident at Penetanguishene,
Ont.; breeds very frequently in wild rose bushes in meadow-lands.
(A .F. Young.)

The catbird was found to be one of the common birds of the Red
River region, where it was breeding in June in situations similar |

662 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

to those it selects in the east. I traced it westward to Turtle
Mountain on the goth parallel, but did not find it in the Rocky
Mountains. (Cowes.) An abundant summer resident of low
thickets in Manitoba, especially to the north. (Zhompson-Seton.)
Common summer resident at Avenue, Manitoba; arrives about
May 17th and leaves about September 18th. (Worman Criddle.)
This is a very common summer resident at Indian Head, Assa.,
it was first seen June 2nd, 1892, and became common in a few
days, breeds in great numbers; first seen at Medicine Hat, Assa.
on May 17th, 1894, common by the 20th; abundant in all thickets
at M-dicine Hat, Crane Lake, along Swift Current Creek, and in
the east end of the Cypress Hills in June, 1894; this bird was com-
mon wherever there was brush in Wood Mountain and on Rocky
Creek to the Boundary; 4 nests were found on Frenchman’s River,
two in willow thickets and two in wolf willow (Z/@agnus argentea) ;
it was a common species in all the ravines in the Cypress Hills and
in Milk River valley and wherever there was brush in southern
Alberta; first seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 25th, 1897, heard a
number of them singing next day, they soon became common and
began to breed ; common from Edmonton north to the McLeod
River in June, 1898; heard in the bushes at Deer Park, Columbia
River, B.C., June 6th, 1890; later in the month they were found
breeding in the valley of Pass Creek, near Robson; quite common
at Trail and Cascade, and in low bushes along small streams near
the 4oth parallel in the summer of 1902; a common species at
Kamloops and Spence’s Bridge, B.C., building in the thickets
along the Thompson River in June, 1889; only one individual
seen at Chilliwack, B.C., in June, 1901. (Spreadborough.) Un-
common at Prince Albert, Sask., several times heard in the
thickets but only once seen. (Coubeaux.) This species was not
observed further north than Lat. 54°. Itwas abundant around
Carlton on the Saskatchewan and bred in the willow thickets.
{Richardson.) Very common. summer resident of the interior
of B.C. reaching the coast in reduced numbers. (Séreator.)
Common east and west of the Coast Range; rare on Vancouver
Island; summer resident. (/aamin.) Not abundant anywhere,
but very local in its distribution in British Columbia. (Ahoads.)
Tolerably common summer resident at Chilliwack, B.C.; and
breeding as far north up the Fraser River as Soda Creek, B.C.
( Brooks.)

a
am .
i.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 663

BREEDING Nores.—Nests, in bushes, vines, and trees of every
kind, never high up, made of branches, dry leaves, bits of paper,
bark and grasses, always lined with black rootlets. At Ottawa
the catbird begins to lay in the latter part of May. (Garneau.)
Nest, built in a tree at Ottawa from 5 to 20 feet from the ground,
composed of, twigs, leaves, bark, rootlets and bits of twine, lined
with black rootlets. Eggs 4to5, dark bluish green. (G.R. White.)
Breeds in June at Scotch Lake, N.B.; the nest is a roughly con-
structed affair of weed-stalks, grasses and other material, lined
with rootlets and resembles a bunch of drift stuff lodged in a bush.
The female keeps good watch over the nest and the male sings
at some distance away to attract enemies to himself. (IV. H. Moore.)
This species builds its nest on the prairies in the densest thickets
and is difficult to find; nest in willows and Alg@agnus argentea. The
base consists of leaves of thistles and Avfemzisia, then of bark of
dead willow, lined on the inside with small black root fibres ; three
nests of the same character were taken on Frenchman’s River,
Assa., June 22nd, 1895. (MJacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven; two taken at Ottawa, May, 1888, by the writer; one at
London, ‘Ont.;) July; 2nd,: 1880; ,by, Mr. .W:) EH. Saunders; one\at
Indian Head, Assa., June 2nd, 1892, two at Medicine Hat, Assa.,
in May, 1894, one at Edmonton, Alta., May 25th, 1897, one at
Robson, Columbia River, B.C., June 21st, 1890, one at Trail, B.C.,
June 5, 1902, and two at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in June, 1889, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken at Ottawa, and presented to the
museum by Dr. James Fletcher.

CCXL. TOXOSTOMA Wac ter. 1831.

705. Brown Thrasher.

Toxostoma rufum (LINN.) CaB. 1847.

A common summer resident around Montreal; observed in the
spring of the year, April 30th, and a nest found on the spur of
Mount Royal, containing three eggs, May 24th, 1890; not observ-
ed in the autumn, and think it must be an early migrant in the
fall. (Wintle.) A moderately common summer resident around
Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Common in suitable places

664 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

in eastern Ontario. A common breeding bird on Wolfe Island,
near Kingston, Ont. (Rev. C./. Young.) Mr. Kay records one
from Port Sydney, Muskoka, taken on May 7th, 1890; I am sure
it occurs at Emsdale, Parry Sound, but have not been able to take
one. (J. Hf. Fleming.) An uncommon summer resident at Guelph,
Ont. (A. B. Klugh.) A common summer resident in south-
western Ontario, but noted sparingly in the north; nests are
usually made on the ground, often in a brush heap and sometimes
in shrubs. Eggs three or four, rarely five ; two broods are often
raised in a season near London, Ont. (W. &. Saunders.) A com-
mon summer resident at Penetanguishene, Ont.; have found their
nests situated very near the ground in rose bushes. (A. F. Young.)

Observed at Pembina which appears to be near the northern
limit of the distribution of this species ; a nest containing four
eggs was found at Pembina late in June. (Cowes.) A common
summer resident of partly open country more especially in the
southern sections of Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) A common
summer resident at Avenue, Manitoba; arrives about May Ioth and
leaves about the middle of September. (Vorman Criddle.) First seen
at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 12th, 1894,later they came in numbers
and by May 22nd were very common, in bushes in the creek and
river valleys, May 30th, found a nest with four fresh eggs undera
log in a heap of dry brush, nest composed of sticks, lined with
dry grass, other nests were taken low down in the brush, in close
thickets; one pair was seen late in June in brush along Swift
Current Creek in the east end of Cypress Hills ; observed in
thickets at Old Wives’ Creek, at Wood Mountain and in the
Milk River valley and on Milk River Ridge in southen Alberta in
1895; observed one individual at Moose Mountain, almost at tim-
ber line,about 4o miles southwest of Calgary, July Ist 1897; several
seen further south on July 15th, near the source of Elbow River.
(Spreadborough.) This species was only seen at Carlton House
on the banks of the Saskatchewan where it breeds. (Richardson.)

BREEDING Notes.—A nest built in a small fir six feet from the
ground and containing two young birds and three hatched eggs
discovered near Ottawa on June 7th, 1903. It wasa large nest
of branches, ten inches in diameter and lined with bark, grass and
leaves. (Garneau.) A nest found near Beechwood cemetery,
Ottawa, was built in a brier patch; the nest was a large bulky
structure of twigs, weed-stalks, dead leaves, strips of bark and

+e

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 665

fibrous roots, lined with fine grass; the nest contained four greenish
white eggs marked with reddish brown dots. (G. R. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Six; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; one at
Ottawa, May 16th, 1888, by the writer and another taken August
30th, 1890, by Dr. F. A. Saunders; one at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa.,
May 23rd, 1895, and two at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 1894, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Three sets of four ‘eggs each; one set taken at Aylmer, Que.,
June goth, 1898, by Mr. F. K. Whiteaves ; one taken at Medicine
Hat, Assa., May 3rd, 1894, by Prof. Macoun ; nest under a bush;
one taken on Point Pelee, Lake Erie, May 31st, 1884, by Mr. W.
E. Saunders.

CCXLI. SALPINCTES Casanis, 1847.
715. Rock Wren.

Salpinctes obsoletus (Say) CAB. 1847.

One male of this species was seen in the east end of the
Cypress Hills, Assa., June 26th, 1894; it was also taken at Cal-
gary, Alta., in August, 1885; a pair of these birds was noticed on
June 14th, 1895, in the ‘‘ bad lands,” on Rocky Creek, south of
Wood Mountain; the species was common along Milk River, and
breeding in numbers at Castellated Rocks, Alta., in July, 1895;
saw one individual at Prairie Creek, northwest of Edmonton,
Alta., June 29th, 1898 ; rather common along the railway at
Spence’s Bridge, B.C., in May, 1889, it was evidently breed-
ing. (Spreadborough.) Migrant on Vancouver Island and at
Sumas. (Zord.) Rather common about Ashcroft ; breeds.
(Stveator.) Common east of the Coast Range; one specimen
taken by me at Burrard Inlet in 1884. (Fannin.) Only once seen
and shot, in November, 1889, at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Found
about Ashcroft and northward to Cache Creek, B.C.; also at Kam-
loops where one was nesting in a “section ” house, ten feet from
the railroad tracks. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at the ‘bad lands” south of Wood Mountain,
Assa.,June 14th, 1895, and one taken at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., June
1oth, 1889, both by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

666 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

CCXLIl. THRYOTHORUS Viertor. 1816.

718. Carolina Wren.

Thryothorus ludovicianus (LATH.) Bonap. 1838.

One specimen of this species lived for a month or two in the
winter of 1890-91 inthe town of Forest, Ont., and was eventually
shot in February, 1891, by Mr. Montague Smith, of that place, and
is now in the possession of Mr. S. H. Smith of Strathroy, Ont.
(W. £. Saunders.)

CCXLITI. THRYOMANES “Scerarter. 1861.
719. Bewick’s Wren.

Thryomanes bewicku (Aup.) Ripcw. 1877.

One specimen only recorded, taken by myself on December
13th, 1898, in a swampy area full of brush and fallen trees, with a
few shrubs near Appin, Ont. There was scarcely a foot of light
snow on the ground, and the day was clear but not very cold.
The bird was feeding and working along through upturned roots
and pilesof brush. (W. &. Saunders.)

719a. Vigor’s Wren.

Thryomanes bewtcku calophonus OBERHOLSER. 1899.

Rather rare at Agassiz, B.C., in May, 1889; seen at Chilliwack
and Huntington, B.C., in the summer of Ig01; a summer resident
on Vancouver Island, found breeding on April 22nd, 1893; I
believe a few stay all winter as I have observed them in mid-
winter near Victoria. (Spreadborough.) Migrant on Vancouver
Island and at Sumas. (ZLord.) More common on the coast than
in the interior. (S¢veator.) A summer resident, chiefly west of
the Coast Range; breeds in Beacon Hill park, Victoria, Vancouver
Island, (/anmnmin.) Abundant resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)
Abundant in southern British Columbia west of the Coast Range.
(Rhoads.) Pacific slope, from Oregon north to southern Vancouver
Island, the valley of Fraser River and slightly further along the
mainland coast. (Obvberholser.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; one taken at Agassiz, B.C., May 15th, 1889; one at Van-
couver, B.C., April 14th, 1889; three at Chilliwack, B.C., June and

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 667

October, 1901; one at Huntington, B.C., September 24th, IQOI;
three at Victoria, Vancouver Island, in May, 1893, all by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

CCXLIV. TROGLODYTES VieiLtor. 1807.
721. House Wren.

Troglodytes aédon VIEILL. 1807.

One specimen taken on Sable Island, N.S.,May 4th, 1902. (James
Bouteillier.) A scarce summer resident around Montreal ; seen
feeding their young within the city in 1890 and I8g1. (Wintle.)
Rare in eastern Quebec. I captured a female of this species in
Quebec city in the spring of 1880. (Dzonne.) An abundant summer
resident around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Common
in eastern Ontario. I have seen this bird frequently in Leeds Co.;
but nowhere so common asin central and northern Frontenac,
there it is quite numerous and sometimes makes its nest in a
hole in a fence-rail. (Rev. C.J. Young.) Common summer resident
in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. Breeds in hollow fence-
posts, stumps and under the roofs of houses. (/. H. Fleming.)
Common along the Parry Sound Railway in Algonquin Park, Ont.;
nesting in hollow stumps. (Spreadborough.) Common in town
and country around London, Ont. Average date of arrival in 22
years, May Ist. Average date of departure in g years, October
8th. Snake-skins are generally a feature in the lining of country
nests. (W.E. Saunders.) Common summer resident at Guelph,
Ont. (A. B. Klugh.) An abundant summer resident at Pene-
tanguishene, Ont. (4. F. Young.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird nests in holes everywhere they
exist. Nests have been found in fence-posts, trees, stumps and
buildings. The entry is filled up with twigs and the nest made of
bark, rootlets and grass, lined with feathers and hairs. From
four to seven eggs are in the set, which is laid in May, June or
July, at Ottawa and at Lake Nominingue, 100 miles north of it.
(Garneau.) Breeding commonly in the vicinity of Toronto. A
pair have several times built their nest in a paint can that was
hung up on a nail in a shed at Kew Beach, Toronto. (IW. Razne.)
Builds at Ottawa in trees, boxes or old hats nailed up on the side
of ashed or barn. The nest is composed of twigs, leaves and

668 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

hair, lined with feathers. Eggs seven to eight, white, thickly
spotted with reddish-brown. (G. Rk. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken at Ottawa, May 15th, 1888, by the writer.

One set of six eggs taken at Ottawa in June, 1897, and pre-
sented by Mr. Fred Whiteaves.

721a. Parkman’s Wren.

Troglodytes aédon parkmanu (AuD.) Cougs. 1872.

Occasionally) seen,.at Kamloops, “B. C2 sin june 1685:
Rather common at Heney, Hammond and Agassiz, along the
Fraser River, B.C., in May, 1889, they were around the barns
and houses like the house wren; common at Chilliwack, B.C.,
in the spring of 1901; first seen on Vancouver Island April 27th,
1893; it isa tolerably common summer resident throughout the
island, in May the woods everywhere were vocal with its song.
(Spreadborough.) Rather common in British Columbia. (Lord.)
Common summer resident everywhere; breeds. (Sétreator.) A
summer resident east and west of the Coast Range. (/annin.)
Common summer resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) I never
found this wren above the 2,000 feet limit. It is not as abundant
or evenly distributed in the interior as coast-wise. (Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; three taken at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889, two at Port
Heney on the Fraser River, B.C., May Ist, 1889, tWo at Victoria,
Vancouver Island, May, 1893, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

721b. Western House Wren.

Troglodytes aédon astecus BaiRD. 1864.

Observed as far west on the 4oth parallel as the confines of the
Missouri Coteau. The westernmost specimens, as well as those
from the immediate valley of the Red River appear to be typical
aédon. On the Red River, in June, the species was breeding very
abundantly in the neighbourhood of the fort and town of Pem-
bina. (Coues.) An abundant summer resident in partly wooded
localities. Although this bird usually nests in a hollow stump it
is not averse to a different situation, provided only that it be a
a hole, and deep enough and narrow enough to exclude any but

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 669

the owner. If the hole chance to be in the least a loose fit, his
first care is to blockade the doorway with the largest twigs he can
carry until he has reduced it to his own idea of snugness; and I
learned to accept it as the infallible doorplate of a wren’s home-
stead when a bundle of twigs was seen projecting from a cranny
in some decrepit looking stump, hollow rail or a knot-hole in an
outhouse. (Zhompson-Seton.) A common summer resident at
Avenue, Manitoba; arrives about September 20th. (Norman
Criddle.) First seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 15th, 1894,
common by the 20th; abundant at Crane Lake, Skull Creek
and east end of Cypress Hills in June, breeding in holes in
poplar trees and an occasional telegraph pole at Crane Lake;
this species was found breeding in holes in trees at Old
Wives’ Lakes, Assa., and at Wood Mountain, in June, 1895; later,
another nest was taken in a hole im a clay bank along French-
man’s River, Assa.; not rare in the wooded ravines on the south
sile of the Cypress Hills; a nest was taken built in a barn swal-
low’s nest on Sucker Creek, which is the source of Frenchman’s
River; it was common on Spur Creek, Milk River, Milk River
Ridge, St. Mary’s River and Lee’s Creek, southern Alberta; com-
mon from the mouth of Lesser Slave River to Peace River Land-
ing; breeding in holes in trees and in the sandstone cliffs and cut
banks of Peace River, Lat. 56° 15’ in June, 1903; observed from
Edmonton to Athabasca Pass in June, 1898; first seen at Edmon-
ton, Alta., May 6th, 1897; on June 8th found a nest with seven
eggs in a hole in a birch stub about six feet from the ground, nest
built of sticks and lined with feathers, eggs quite fresh; on the
11th took another nest in a poplar stub about four feet from the
ground, nest same as before; common south of Calgary in the
foothills in June and July; rare at Banff, Rocky Mountains, and
breeding in holes in trees in June, 1891; shot at Revelstoke, B.C.,
May 3rd, 1890; a few pairs were breeding at Robson, B.C.; a nest
was taken out of a hollow tree on Pass Creek, 700 feet above the
Columbia River, June 20th, 1890; observed a few at Trail, on the
Columbia River, near the 4gth parallel; breeding in holes, in
houses and trees in the summer of 1902. (Spreadborough.) One
specimen of this wren was procured by Mr. Drummond at the foot
of the Rocky Mountains, but no others were seen by any of us
to the eastward. (Réchardson.) Frequently seen at Prince Albert,
Sask., in summer. (Coubeaux.)

670 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. -

BREEDING NorTes.—Quite common throughout the prairie
region, breeding in holes in trees or in clay banks of rivers. At
Walsh’s ranch, Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., they were nesting in
holes in ash-leaved maple. At Wood Mountain Post, Assa., nests
were taken in clay banks; on June 2Ist, 1895, a nest was taken on
Frenchman’s River, Assa., in a clay bank. On the outside it was.
built of willow twigs and roots and within lined with large
feathers and hair. (MWacoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eleven; one taken at Indian Head, Assa., June 6th, 1892, two
at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., May, 1895, three at Medicine Hat,
Assa., May, 1894, two at Edmonton, Alta., June, 1897, one at Can-
more, Rocky Mountains, May 24th, 1891; one at Cascade, B.C.,
June 12th, 1902, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Four sets of eggs; one of six taken at Edmonton, Alta., June
11th, 1897, and another of seven taken June 8th, at the same place,
both by Mr. W. Spreadborough; one of five taken in the Cypress
Hills, Assa., July Ist, 1895, and another of five at Medicine Hat,
Assa., June 2nd, 1894, by Prof. Macoun.

CCXLV. OLBIORCHILUS OseERHOLSER. 1902.

722. Winter Wren.

Olbtorchilus hiemalis (V1EILL.) OBERH. 1902.

Audubon, Vol. II., p. 129 found this species in southern Labra-
dor, July 20th, 1833. (Packard.) A common and abundant resident
throughout the year in Newfoundland. (eeks.) Not very com-
mon at Halifax ; a few breed in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Hunter’s
River, Prince Edward Island, July 2nd, 1888. (AZacoun.) Tolerably
common in damp woods along brooks, or sometimes in more
open localities in Prince Edward Island. (Dwight.) A common
summer resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Common
summer resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. AH. Moore.)
Locally abundant in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain &
Cox.) Tolerably common on the Magdalen Islands. (Szshop.)
Not rare at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec. (/. M/. Macoun.)
A common but transient visitant around Montreal ; observed in
both spring and autumn. (Wzndtle.) Common in many parts of
eastern Quebec. Taken at Charlesbourg. (Dzonne.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS, 671

A moderately common summer resident around Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Not uncommon in Leeds Co., Ont.
There is a large woodland tract south of Lansdowne, Ont., and
not far from the St. Lawrence where they are quite common and
breed; I found a nest in 1883, early in May, and have heard sev-
eral singing there together in April ; I noticed one specimen on
the Magdalen Islands. (Rev. C. J. Young.) A common species
and breeds in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, Ont. (/. H.
Fleming.) Common along Moose River to Moose Factory ; none
seen further north; common everywhere in thick dark woods in
Algonquin Park, Ont. (Spreadborough.) On March 17th, 1894, a
male of this species was taken at Toronto and I have every reason
to think that he had wintered here. (J. Hughes-Samuel.) An
uncommon summer resident in the deep cedar swamps around
London, Ont. Much less numerous than formerly. (W. &.
Saunders.) Common summer resident at Guelph, Ont.; arrives
about April 4th and leaves about October 6th. (A. B. Klugh.)

Summer resident in the thick woods in eastern Manitoba ; has
been seen as far west as Portage la Prairie. (Zhompson-Seton.) A
rare summer visitor at Avenue, Manitoba. (Norman Criddle.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species breeds in June at Scotch Lake,
N.B. The nest is well hidden in upturned roots of overturned
trees. Eight eggs are generally laid. (W. A. Moore.) In the
woods near Lake Nominingue, about 100 miles north of Ottawa
two nests were found imbedded in green moss on the ground, and
another on the side of a fallen tree. The entrances were about
an inch in diameter and the interiors were empty spheres lined
with a few grasses. (Garneau.) I have found this species breed-
ing at Long Branch, west of Toronto, at Rice Lake and near Port
Hope and at Waterloo, Ont.; a favorite nesting place is in the
root of some fallen tree; it lays six to seven eggs, finely spotted
at the largest end with dark brown. (W. Raine.) There were a
few years ago some large woods in the front of the township of
Lansdowne, Ont.; a creek ran through them, and here the winter
wren was quite common and bred ; I once found its nest, which
was built in a cavity of a stump, about a foot from the ground; it
was early in May before the bird laid her eggs, but at that time
the nest was really completed, being a large globular ball of moss
with a small hole near the top. (Rev. C./. Young.)

17

672 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

This season, however, I saw one on January 23rd (1894) in a
woodland dell, which it frequents during the summer, and near
where I had found two nests. On March 30th,I again heard it in
the same place, and from that date they became more common.
Toward the centre of our sugar bush, and not far from the ‘‘camp
fire,” the ground is rather low, and here most of the larger timber
was uprooted by that terrible windstorm of April 2oth, 1893; hav-
ing noticed the winter wrens frequently during April, in this bush,
I expected that they were going to nest here again, and a search

on May 2nd, was rewarded with the discovery of a nearly com- |

pleted nest in one of the highest roots. I think it was four days
later that I again visited it, when it contained four eggs; on the
gth, I flushed the bird from her nest, which I carefully removed
from its place in the soil and fine roots, and found the number of
eggs to be six, which were apparently pure white, but if held up
to a strong light, after being blown, the minute markings, with
which the larger part of the surface is dotted, became visible; the
site of the nest was about six feet above the ground, or rather
water, which filled the space out of which the root had been torn;
the nest resembled a round ball of moss with an entrance hole on
the outer side; it measured over twelve inches in circumferance ;
the exterior was almost wholly composed of a species of moss,
common on the lower parts of trees and logs in low grounds;
around the entrance are a number of the stalks of hemlock leaves,
while the inside is nearly lined with fine vegetable matter, hair
and feathers. This set was completed on the 8th of May and is
the earliest date I have ever taken their eggs. Of the seven nests
collected in this vicinity four contained six eggs each, and three
five; all of these were built in the upturned roots of fallen trees,
which is evidently their favourite nesting place,though it certainly
builds in other situations. (Wm. L. Kells.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One taken at Ottawa, May 13th, 1890, by Dr. F. A. Saunders.

One set of five eggs taken near Toronto, Ont., June 2nd, 1894,
and presented by Mr. W. Raine.

722a. Western Winter Wren.
Olbiorchilus hiemalis pacificus (BAIRD) OBERH. IQgOlI.

Common in thick spruce woods from Lesser Slave Lake to
Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’,in June, 1903; observed one on

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 673

Moose Mountain, southwest of Calgary, June 30th, 1897, another
observed in Crow’s Nest Pass, July 28th, 1897; first seen at Revel-

stoke, on the Columbia, April roth, 1890, later they became more
common and nested in the thick woods; quite common in thick
woods at Trail on the 49th parallel in the summer of 1902; three
specimens seen at Penticton, B.C., in April, 1903; common in the
woods around Burrard Inlet and Agassiz, on the Fraser River,
B.C., April, 1889; abundant along the Chilliwack River, in the
mountains near the 4gth parallel; also observed a few at Hunting-
ton, B.C., nearer the coast in I9g01; a common resident through-
out Vancouver Island, preferring thick bush. (Spreadborough.)
Rather common, British Columbia. (Zord.) Confined principally
to the coast region; breeds. (Séreator.) A resident chiefly of the
coast; abundant. (/a@nmim.) Common resident at Chilliwack.
Tolerably common throughout the winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C.
(Lrooks.) Abundant on the coast of British Columbia. Two
moulting birds from Selkirk Mountains near Nelson, B.C., are
even darker than skins from Puget Sound. (Rhoads.) From Sitka,
Bischoff sent four specimens during his collecting there, and
others have been collected at Kadiak. (JVe/son.) Tolerably
common in the more open forests at Sitka, Alaska, where there is
much recently fallen timber. Especially numerous on St. Lazaria
Island where their clear sprightly songs constantly uttered,
seemed scarcely in accord with the harsh cries of the thousands of
sea-fowl. (Grznnell.) We noticed afew at Glacier above Skag-
way, Alaska, June 4th to 1oth, and I took a male there June 6th.
(Bishop.) Very common on all the Queen Charlotte Islands, it is
practically the only bird to be found in the deep forest away from
the sea-shore. On the occasions when we attempted to penetrate
the labyrinth of undergrowth towards the interior of the islands,
we were always greeted, even in the darkest places, by the tiny
wren’s bright bubbling song or scolding chatter. It is always in
motion and utterly regardless of the weather. During continuous
rains while we were camped at the head of Cumshewa Inlet, a wren
would appear every few hours near the front of the tent and, after
scolding us for a while, move on through the wet brush cheerfully
and oblivious of the descending rain. I flushed a bird from an
empty nest in the upturned roots of a large fallen cedar, June 15th.
I visited this nest frequently and flushed the bird from it each
time, but up to June 28th it still contained no eggs. Four speci-

VA
172

674 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

mens only were collected, two adults and one young from Cum-

shewa Inlet and one young from Skidega‘e. These do not differ

from specimens from the adjacent mainland of British Columbia

and from Puget Sound near the type locality of Anorthura h.

pacificus. (Osgood.) Common at Stanley Park, Seymour Creek,

Mission City and Chilliwack, B.C., in 1894. (&. F. G. White.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten; two taken at Revelstoke, B.C., April, 1890, two at Hast-
ings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April, 1889, four at Chilliwack, B.C.,
June, I9g01, two at Victoria, Vancouver Island, April, 1893, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

723. Alaskan Wren.
Olbiorchilus alascensis (BAIRD) OBERH. 1902.

The type of this wren was obtained by Mr. Dall at St. George
Island, Alaska, and is a young bird. It is anabundant resident on
the Near Islands; itis found throughout the Aleutian Islands and
is a resident wherever found. (JVelson.) This pleasing little bird
is found in abundance om all the Aleutian chain proper; it was
also observed at Kadiak Island, Unga Island, and on the main-
land at Belkoosky; it never goes to the interior of even a small
sized island, but remains strictly along the cliffs, bluffs, and other
high places forming the seasides of the islands. (Zurner.) Not
uncommon on St. George Island in Behring Sea, Alaska; a num-
ber of specimens were taken in June, 1897. (J. MW. Macoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; taken June 28th, 1897, on St. George Island, one of the

Pribylof group, by Mr. J. M. Macoun.

723-1. Aleutian Wren.

Olbiorchilus melugerus OBERHOLSER. 1902.

Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, June 4th, 1894. Range,
the westernmost islands of the Aleutian group. (Oberholser in The
Auk, Vol. XVII., 1900.)

CCXLVI. CISTOTHORUS Capanis. 1850.

724. Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Cistothorus stellaris (LICHT.) CaB. 1850.
A male of this species was seen at London, Ont., in 1898, and
several old nests were found but no females were seen. (W. &.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 675

Saunders.) IY have two specimens of this bird taken by Mr. C.W.
Nash at Toronto. (/. H. Fleming.) On August 29th, 1891, I
found and secured an adult female of this species in an old field
north of Toronto, the bird was a long distance from any marsh or
water; on June 7th, 1895, I captured an adult male ina wet
meadow east of Toronto ; there were no rushes near this place,
but the grass was very rank. (C. W. Nashin The Auk, Vol. XIIL.,
p- 347.) A male was taken in a wet meadow at Norway House,
June 20th; from its actions it probably had a nest in the vicinity,
but despite acareful search none was found. (4. A. Prebles.)

I found the birds to be rather plentiful along the Red River, in
lo v oozy ground, overgrown with scrub willows, and also in the
reedy sloughs of the prairie. They were undoubtedly breeding
here, though no nests were secured. My specimens were secured
at Pembina in June. (Cowes.) A summer resident of erratic dis-

‘tribution in Manitoba; soon after the Ist of May, every little

sedgy pool and slough in the Assiniboine valley, from Carberry
to Pelly, is vocal with the merry chatter of this bird. The nest
is a globular structure, and judging by the one or two cases I have
observed is generally placed in a grass tuft; if there is any differ-
ence I think the short-billed selects a drier situation for his home
than the long-billed marsh wren. (Zhompson-Seton.) A tolerably
common summer resident at Aweme, Manitoba. Arrives about
the last of April. (Vorman Criddle.) A few specimens seen at
lakes ten miles south of Indian Head, Assa., in May 1892.
(Spreadborough.)

CCXLVII. TELMATODYTES Casanis. 1850.

725. Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Telmatodytes palustris dissaéptus (BANGS) THE Auk, Vol.
OXON pa 3525 loo2:

One procured at Godthaab, Greenland, in May, 1823. (Arcz.
Man.) The first specimen taken in the province of New Bruns-
wick was near St. John, October 3rd, 1895. Nothing more was
noted of this species until September 23rd, 1900, when two were
heard at Mud Lake, 15 miles east of Scotch Lake. (W. H. Moore.)
A scarce summer resident at Montreal. The late Mr. Caulfield
observed this species, May 24th, in some reeds around a pond at
Cote St. Paul, and Mr. W.W. Dunlop has seen them on Nun’s

676 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Island, above the Victoria Bridge. I found a pair nesting in the
bullrushes and rank herbage at the mouth of Laprairie. (Winile.)

A common summer resident around Ottawa. (Ottawa Natur-
alist, Vol. V.) One of the commonest birds in eastern Ontario
about the St. Lawrence below Kingston. Sometimes remaining
until the middle of September. (Rev. C./. Young.) A common
resident of marshes in eastern Manitoba. Mr. Hunter has noticed
it from Selkirk to Souris, particularly at Shoal Lake, north of
Winnipeg, where they appear to be very common. I have never
seen it at Carberry nor on the upper Assiniboine. (Zhompson-
Seton.) A tolerably common summer resident at Aweme, Mani-
toba. (Morman Criddle.) Apparently a rare spring migrant at
Indian Head, Assa. Only one individual seen June 15th, 1892.
(Spreadborough.) Three specimens of this species were secured at
Chemawawin near the Grand Forks of the Saskatchewan.
(Nutting.)

BREEDING Notres.—Builds a large bulky nest in reeds in
marshes around Ottawa. The nest is made of tops of grasseS
and reeds worked into a ball with a hole in one side, lined with
fine grass. Eggs, 6 to 8, of a rich dark chocolate or so spotted with
chocolate as to make the ground colour appear to be chocolate.
(G. Rk. White.) Breeds abundantly in the marsh behind my house
at Kew Beach, Toronto. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; both taken at Ottawa, one by the writer in May, 1888,
and the other by Dr F. A. Saunders, July 9th, 1890.

One set of six eggs taken in Toronto marsh in June, 1886, and
présented by Mr. W. Raine.

725a. Tulé Wren.

Lelmatodytes palustris paludicola (BAIRD) Ripew. 1877.

Rather common in Burnaby Lake about three miles from New
Westminster, B.C.,in April, 1889. There were many nests, both
old and new, built securely to bullrushes (Scirpus lacustris) stand-
ing in the water. All the nests were oven-shaped and evidently
the lake was the home of a large colony; in the summer of IgOI
two individuals were seen ina peat bog at Huntington, B.C., on
the 4gth parallel; first seen at Penticton, south of Lake Okana-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS 677

gan, B.C., April 23rd, 1903; breeding in the district, but not com-
mon. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; taken at Burnaby Lake, near Vancouver, B.C., April
24th, 1889, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken at Burnaby Lake, near Vancouver,
B.C., April 19th, 1889, by Mr. J. M. Macoun.

725c. Western Marsh Wren.

Lelmatodytes palustris plesius (OBERHOLSER) A.O.U. Com-
MITTEE. 1903.

North to British Columbia and Alberta east of the Rocky
Mountains. A fall specimen from South Edmonton, Alberta,
and one from Fort Brown, Texas, are much brighter tawny above
than any of the others examined, but are both very much paler
than palustris, A specimen from Cariboo road, British Columbia,
is not perfectly typical of the present subspecies, but somewhat
approaches paludicola in the generally duller and rather darker
shades of the upper parts. (Oberholser in The Auk, Vol. XIV., pp.
188-196.)

Found in the interior of British Columbia, only breeding about
the muddy margins of mountain lakes. (S¢veator.) I have found
this bird only east of the Coast Range where it was very abundant
around the lakes along the Cariboo road. (Fannin.) A few stay
all winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Svooks.) Observed a num-
ber of individuals in a reedy pond, at Edmonton, Alta., May roth,
1897, I think that they arrived much earlier ; common in tall
rushes around all the ponds and lakes, May 13th, on May 27th
examined about 30 nests and obtained only one egg, on June Itoth
found three nests, one with young ones and two with eggs nearly
fresh, nests fastened to the rushes (Sczrpus lacustris), out in the
water and made of grass; found a pair breeding at Peace
River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, July Ist, 1903. (Spreadborough.)

This species was not observed till we reached the Rocky Moun-
tains when a few were seen on marshy ground near Chief Moun-
tain (Waterton) Lake. (Coues.) I place this record here where
it evidenly belongs. (Macoun.) Mr. Drummond killed specimens
of this wren on the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains on

678 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the 55th parallel. (Azchardson.) Breeding over the lake country
east of the Coast Range; I found it abundant at Lac la Hache,
B.C.; it must range much farther north than this, probably to
Stewart’s Lake, Lat. 54°. (hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; four taken at Edmonton, Alta., in May, 1897; one taken
at Peace River Landing, July Ist, 1903.
Two sets of eggs, both taken at Edmonton, Alta., one of six

and another of seven eggs respectively, June 1oth, 1897, all by
Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Famity LII]. CERTHIIDA:, Creepers.

CCXLVIII. CERTHIA Linnzus. 1758.
726. Brown Creeper.

Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.) RipGw. 1873.

Apparently a summer migrant in Newfoundland; but may not
migrate. (Reeks.) A rather common resident at Halifax, N.S.
(Downs.) A rather rare summer resident at St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) A scarce permanent resident at Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B. (W. A. Moore.) A common transient visitant
around Montreal; observed nearly all the year; a few possibly
breed and winter there. (Wntle.) This bird is frequently met
with in eastern Quebec; taken at Beauport. (Dvzonne.)

A common winter migrant around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) I have frequently noticed this bird in the fall and early
spring, though but seldom in the summer; neither have I observed
it breeding in eastern Ontario, though it probably does. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) A very common resident in Parry Sound and Mus-
koka districts. (/. H. Fleming.) Not verycommon in Algonquin
Park, Ont.; have not seen its nest. (Sprezdborough.) A common
migrant, but a rare summer resident around London, Ont. (W.
£. Saunders.) Common resident at Guelph, Ont.; more abundant
in autumn, winter and spring than in summer. (A. B. Klugh.) A
common resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. (A. F. Young.) A
very rare summer resident of woodlands in eastern Manitoba
( Thompson-Seton.)

BREEDING Notes.—Have taken several nests at Ottawa, always
in deserted woodpecker’s holes. The nests are made of grasses

Sa a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 679

and lichens, lined with hair and feathers; eggs 6, white with spar-
ingly distributed reddish brown dots. (G. &. White.) Breeds in

Welland county, Ont., where Mr. Reinecke has taken its nest and
eggs; it is more plentiful in Muskoka and in northern Ontario,
where it makes its nest of twigs and bark in a decayed tree-stub

under the loose bark and lays 5 to 6 white eggs, heavily spotted
with reddish brown, chiefly at the largest end. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; one

‘taken at Ottawa, September toth, 1890, by Dr. F. A. Saunders ;

one taken at London, Ont., November 12th, 1884, by Mr. W. E.
Saunders; one at Bracebridge, Ont., Feb. 22nd, 1892, by Mr. W.

Spreadborough.

One set of four eggs taken in Muskoka, Ont., June 24th, BBO.

and presented by Mr. W. Raine.

726). Rocky Mountain Creeper.

Certhia familiaris montana Ripew. 1882.

Quite rare at Revelstoke, B.C., only two seen up to May 4th,
1890 ; occasionally heard in the thick woods during May.
(Spreadborough.) Rare in British Columbia. A male creeper from
Nelson, B.C., appears to be montana. (Rhoads.) Rather common
in winter at Lake Okanagan, associating with chickadees. Tol-
erably common in winter in the Cariboo district of British Colum-
bia. (Srooks.)

726c. Californian Creeper.

Certhia familiaris occidentalis. Ripew. 1882.

Saw three individuals on October 25th, 1go1, at Chilliwack, B.C.,
in company with a number of Canada nuthatches; one individual
seen at Agassiz, B.C., on May 16th, 1889; one shot at Comox,
Vancouver Island, May 2nd, 1887, and a few seen at Victoria later
in the month. (Spreadborough.) Not uncommon on the coast;
only one seen in the interior. The single specimen taken at
Ducks, a bird of the year, is perhaps referable to montana.
{ Streator.) East and west of Coast Range; common on Van-
couver Island. (Fannin.) Tolerably common resident at Chilli-
wack. (BSrooks.) Neither rare nor common on the coast of British
Columbia. (Rhoads.) Seen only in the tall timber along Indian

680 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

River, Sitka, Alaska, where I secured six specimens and saw
several others. (Grznunell.) One specimen was taken and several
others were seen in Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands,
B.C., June 20th, 1900. (Osgood.

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen taken by the writer at Comox, Vancouver Island}
May 2nd, 1887.

FamiILty LIV. PARIDA® NoruatcuHes anp TITs.

CCXLIX. SITTA Linnevus. 1758!
727. White-breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta carolinensis LATH. 1790.

Common on Anticosti; Audubon saw one in Labrador.
(Packard.) Common along the Humber River, Newfoundland,
1899. (Louis H. Porter.) Rather common summer resident at
Halifax, N.S. (Dowazs.) One individual taken on Sable Island,
N.S., September 29th, 1902. (/James Bouteiller.) Cove Head,
Prince Edward Island, July 4th, 1888. (Macoun.) Common in
spring and summer but not seen in winter at St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) A tolerably permanent resident at Scotch Lake,
York Co.,N.B. (W.H. Moore.) It isseen in the woods of eastern
Quebec, but near the city I have never seen a single individual.
Taken at St. Valier, Bellechasse Co., Que. _(Déonne.) A perma-
nent resident at Montreal. Common spring and fall migrant, but
a scarce summer and winter resident. (Wintle.)

A common resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A
common bird in eastern Ontario. Have observed it all through
the winter as well as in summer at Lansdowne. It breeds com-
monly in Leeds Co., though as the nest is usually made in a hole
of a tree, often a maple, high up, it is not often discovered.
(Rev. C. J. Young.) A common resident in Parry Sound and
Muskoka districts. I found a nest on 24th May, 1893, at Ems-
dale; it was in a natural hollow in a large maple, and about 30
feet from the ground. The six eggs were laid on the rotten wood
and surrounded by a few of the bird’s feathers. (/. H. Fleming.)
Common resident at Guelph, Ont. (A.B. Klugh.) Nests have
been taken at Sherkston, Welland Co., by Mr. Edward Reinecke.
Here it lays from seven to eight eggs in a hole in a decayed tree-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 681

stub. One nest was in an ash tree 50 feet from the ground.
(W. Raine.) A common resident at Penetanguishene, Ont. (4. /.
Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Five; two taken at Ottawa by the writer in May, 1888, and one
by Dr. F. A Saunders, Nov. Ist, 1890; two at Bracebridge, Ont.,
in Feb., 1892, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of seven eggs taken at Sherkston, Welland Co., Ont., by
Mr. Edward Reinecke.

727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch.

Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cass.) ALLEN. 1872.
Somewhat rare; summe: resident of woodlands; its distribution
seems to be much the sameas that of the oak (Q. macrocarpa.) 1
cannot concur that both forms of Sz¢ta carolinensis are found in
Manitoba; all that I have seen are nearer to aculeata than to the
typical sub-species. (Z/ompson-Seton.)

One observed in the Crow’s Nest Pass, Rocky Mountains, July
29th, 1897; not common at Revelstoke, B.C.; a few were seen ina
piece of green timber near the railway station on May f2th, 1890;
rather common at Deer Park and Robson on the Columbia River;
breeding in both localities; four seen at Cascade, B.C. June, 1902;
not uncommon in mountain woods at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., May,
1889; only observed two specimens at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903.
(Spreadborough.) Rather common at Lake Okanagan, BC yain
winter, associating with chickadees; in summer confined to the
region of Pinus ponderosa in B.C. (Brooks.) British Columbia.
(Lord.) Very common in the interior; breeds. (S¢veator.) Com-
mon east of Coast Range ; I found them very abundant on the
wooded hills above Cornwallis. (Famnn.) Abounds in the wooded
hills of the interior of British Columbia. (Rioads.) One specimen
taken on Sumas prairie, B.C., October roth, 1894. (4. F. G. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; three taken at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C. jumes
1890; three at Cascade, B.C., June 26th, 1902; two at Penticton,
B.C., in April, 1903; one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., May 28th, 1880,
all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

682 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
728. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta canadensis LINN. 1766.

Audubon, Vol. IV., p. 179, states that he saw one in Labrador,
which had probably been driven there by a storm. (Packard.)
Common on Moose River; none seen at Moose Factory or further
north. (Spreadborough.) Perhaps a permanent resident in New-
foundland. (Aeeks.) One seen on the Humber River, Newfound-
land, August 18th, 1899. (Lowes H. Porter.)

A fairly common resident at Halifax, N.S.; associated with the
chickadees. (Downs.) Five single specimens were seen on Sable
Island in July and August, 1899. There were no signs of nesting
and in no case were two seen together on any part of the island.
The one located at the main station entered the houses and caught
flies in the windows and twice it perched on the writer’s head and
sprung at the flies in the window from that perch; besides catch-
ing flies it would hunt up and down the telephone poles and on
the fence posts and boards for other food; not uncommon at Bad-
deck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July, 1898; a few were
noticed in spruce trees at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island,
26th June, 1888. (Macoun.) One seen on July 14th and another
September 8th, 1902, on Sable Island, N.S. (James Bouteillier.)
I had about given up seeing this species at all when I came upon
several at Souris, Prince, Edward Island, probably a family.
(Dwight.) Usually an uncommon resident at St. John, N.B.
(Chamberlain.) A common permanent resident at Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B. (W. AH. Moore.) Quite common in the Resti-
gouche valley, N.B.; young just beginning to fly in July. (Brittain
& Cox.) A tolerably common summer resident on the Magdalen
Islands. (Szshop.) A permanent and common resident in eastern
Quebec. Taken at Beauport. (Déonne.) A common transient
visitant at Montreal ; probably a few breed and winter there.
(Wintle.)

A common resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
In the years 1887 and 1888 this bird appeared to be unusually
common in Renfrew Co., Ont. In the former year I met with
four nests. Two of these were in partly decayed poplar trees;
one about 10 feet and the other about 30 feet from the ground.
The eggs are laid the second week in May at latest, as on 21st of
that month I found the young just hatched. A peculiarity of the

sani

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 683

nest hole is that the orifice is smeared with rosin from the neigh-
bouring spruce or pine trees, carried by the bird. I did not notice
any nests in the pine or spruce themselves. About Lansdowne,
Leeds Co., the bird is uncommon even in late spring. (Rev.
C.J. Young.) A common breeding resident in Parry Sound and
Muskoka districts. (/. H. Fleming.) Abundant everywhere in
Algonquin Park, Ont., in summer. (Spreadborough.) A common
migrant in southern Ontario. Two specimens were noted near
Wiarton in North Bruce, Ont., on June 1tgth, 1889, which were
probably breeding. (W. &. Saunders.) A passing migrant at
Guelph, Ont. (4.4. XKlugh.) A common resident at Penetangui-
shene, Ont., throughout the year. (A. F. Young.)

A very rare summer resident in Manitoba especially in the Red
River valley. (Zhompson-Seton.) Very abundant in the fall migra-
tion at Aweme, Manitoba. (Morman Criddle.) One shot at Medicine
Hat, Assa., in May, 1894; a few seen on Lee’s Creek, near Cardston,
Alta., in July, 1895; not common in the Peace River country, very
few seen during the season of 1903; tolerably common in the
spruce woods at Edmonton, Alta., June 12th, 1897, found a nest
in a hole in a live poplar about 16 feet from the ground, the young
were in the nest ; common from Edmonton to Athabasca Pass
in June, 1898 ; not uncommon in the foothills south to Crow’s
Nest Pass; common and breeding in the woods at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, inthe summer of 1891; acommon summer resident at
Revelstoke, B.C.; and at Deer Park, and Robson, on the Columbia
River, where they were breeding in the thick woods; summer
resident near the International Boundary between Trail and Cas-
cade, B.C., in 1902; common both in the valley and on the hills at
Penticton, south of Lake Okanagan, B.C., in April, 1903, nesting
quite early in April; common in the coniferous woods at Kam-
loops, Spence’s Bridge, Agassiz and Hastings, B.C., in 1889; ob-
served a few all summer in the woods all along the Chilliwack
River and Lake, in the Fraser valley in 1901; acommon resident
throughout Vancouver Island. (Spreadborough.) Not rare between
Athabasca Landing and Lesser Slave River; first seen May 2gth;
not rare on the Clearwater River up to Methye Portage. (/. .
Macoun.) British Columbia. (Zord.) Common on the coast and
in the interior. (Szveator.) Common east and west of Coast
Range; winters on Vancouver Island. (Fannin.) Tolerably com-
mon resident from the valley at Chilliwack to timber line on

684 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Coast Range. Common around Lake Okanagan, B.C., in winter,
associating with chickadees. Rather common in winter in the
Cariboo district of B.C. (Bvooks.)

Two specimens were taken in Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte
Islands, B.C., June 18th and June 22nd respectively. No others
‘were seen during our stay. (Osgood.) I took a male at Skagway,
Alaska, May 31st, and another at Log Cabin, June 2oth, and heard
‘one on an island at the junction of the Lewis and Pelly rivers,
near Fort Selkirk, Yukon district, July 26th. This species has not
heretofore been noted in the Yukon valley. (zshop.)

BREEDING Notes.—The eggs of this species are laid by May
roth, at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.,in a hole excavated in a dead
tree, preferably a spruce or fir. The nest is generally about four
inches below the entrance, and is composed of bark, fibre, fur and
a few feathers. The cavity is about three inches in diameter and
is sometimes made with great labour. On one occasion a pair
were found digging acavity, March 26th, and at that date could
get half the size of the bird into the hole. Knots were struck
about two inches down and late in April they had to give up their
site and find a new place. Before leaving they had collected
quite a coating of balsam about the entrance, perhaps for the
purpose of keeping out large ants or mice. Both male and female
work at nest making. The number of eggs is six, each of which
is set in a light depression in the nest lining. (W.H. Moore.) In
June, 1893, I found this bird nesting at Rush Lake, Assa. There
are no trees at Rush Lake, so the bird laid its eggs in a hole in a
beam on the stable-roof. (W. Raine.) Last summer I found a
nest of the red-breasted nuthatch. It was dug in a rotten stump
five feet from the ground, and contained young birds almost able
to fly. Around the entrance to the nest was a ring of pine or
balsam gum, and as I saw the young birds picking at it I inferred
it was an insect trap. I also found three nests of the chickadee,
and each was lined with the hair of the Lepus americana. (G. E.
Atkinson in Trans. Can. Inst., Vol. I11., 3rd Series.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-one; one taken at Ottawa by the writer on May 12,
1888, another by Mr. G. R. White, Dec. 16, 1888, and two others
by Dr. F. A. Saunders in Nov. 1890; one taken at London, Ont.,
May Io, 1881, by Mr. W. E. Saunders ; one taken at Medicine Hat,

~~ 25, ae
é —_
é ;

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 685

Assa., May, 21, 1894, one at Edmonton, Alta., April 29, 1897, three
at Banff, Rocky Mountains in June, 1891, one at Revelstoke, B.C.,
April 25, 1890, two at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C., June,18go,
one at Penticton, B.C., April, 8, 1903, one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C.,
June 3, 1889, one at Chilliwack, B.C., June 8, 1901, and two at
Victoria, Vancouver Island, in May, 1893, all,by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

One set of five eggs taken near Wolfville, N.S., by Mr. Harold
Tufts, May 23, 1901; nest ina hole in a dead birch stump about
ten feet from the ground, composed of fine rootlets and grass.

730. Pygmy Nuthatch,

Sitta pygm@a Vic. 1839.

British Columbia. (Zord.) Found only at Ducks where it was
as common as the others. (S¢veator.) I have only found this bird
east of the Coast Range. (/anmin.) Rather common at Lake
Okanagan, B.C. in winter. Confined to the regions of Pinus
ponderosa in B.C.,in summer. (Bvooks.) Only found and that
sparingly at Vernon near Lake Okanagan, B.C. (Rhoads.) Com-
mon on the hill-sides in the scattered timberat Penticton, Lake
Okanagan, B.C. It builds its nest in holes in trees anywhere from
6 to 40 feet from the ground; they have a remarkable way of
caulking up the holes and seams in the tree around their nest
with hair. They sometimes work Io or 12 days making the nest;
on April 15th, 1903, found a pair building their nest; chopped the
same out May Ist and found six eggs; the bird covered them with
feathers on leaving the nest so I suppose she had not finished
laying. (Spreadborougn.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven specimens taken at Penticton, B.C., in April, 1903, by Mr.
W. Spreadborough.

CCL. PARUS Linneaus. 1758.
735. Chickadee.

Parus atricapillus LINN. 1766.
Locally common in timbered parts of northeastern Labrador.

{ Bigelow.) Jam informed by credible persons long resident in

686 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the country, that two species of chickadees occur at Northwest.
River, at the head of Hamilton Inlet. (/fackard.) Common on
Moose River; none seen at Moose Factory or further north.
(Spreadborough.) Common and resident throughout the year on
Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Most abundant along the Humber ied
Newfoundland, 1899. (Louis H. Porter.)

An abundant resident at Halifax, N.S. (Dowus.) Common at
Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, N.S., July, 1898 ;
quite common in woods at Brackley Beach, Prince Edward Island,
June, 1888. (Macoun.) Occasionally, small roving families were
encountered on Prince Edward Island, so that it is a fairly com-
mon species. (Dzwezght.) An abundant resident throughout the
year at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) An abundant and perman-
ent resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Not
uncommon in the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Coz.)

Quite common at Lake Mistassini, northern Quebec. (/. &.
Macoun.) A common and permanent resident, but most common
in spring and autumn. (Dvzonne.) “A common winter visitant ;
observed from September 17th to April 25th. (Wintle.) A com-
mon resident at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A very
common species in eastern Ontario; about Lansdowne, Ont., I
met with the nest in May containing six eggs. (Rev. C. J. Young.)
An abundant breeding resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka dis-
tricts, Ont. (/. H. Fleming.) Common everywhere in Algonquin
Park, Ont., in summer, saw a pair making a nest ina rotten
stump, June 18th, 1900; another pair was seen building a nest in
a hole in a birch tree on July 15th; they appear to work only early
in the morning at building their nest. (Spreadborough.) Resident
the year round at London, Ont., but less common in summer than
at other seasons. (W. &. Saunders.) Very common resident at
Guelph, Ont. (4.8. Klugh.) An abundant resident at Pene-
tanguishene, Ont. (A. /&. Young.) Has been taken at Moose
Factory, James Bay, on two occasions. (E£. A. Prebles.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species nests at Scotch Lake, N.B.,
from April to August. Sometimes it uses an old woodpecker’s
nest, lining it with dark fibres, fur and a few feathers. From five
to eight eggs are laid. (W. H. Moore.) Nest built in a tree or
stump, at Ottawa, lined with hair, fine grass, moss and feathers.
Eggs, six to eight, white, speckled and spotted with reddish-

=

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 687

brown, chiefly towards the larger end. (G.R. White.) Nests in
marshy thickets around Ottawa. On April 18th, 1903, a pair of
birds was seen digging a hole in a fence post and on the 8th June,
1903, a nest with six young was discovered in a small stump. The
opening, 18 inches from the ground, was one inch in diameter ;
' the nest was a mixture of short hairs, green moss and feathers, and
was at a depth of six inches in the stump. (Garneau.) A common
.esident in Ontario; it breeds ina hole of a stub excavated usually
by the bird itself about the middle of May,I have seen fresh eggs
on the 15th of the month. In its habit of excavating a hole for
itself it resembles the European mars’ titmouse, the only one of
the titmice that does so. In its note and otherwise it closely
resembles this species (Parus palustris). Though during spring
and summer it is a bird of the woods, in cold winter weather it
approaches the homes and outbuildings; the present winter (1904)
this was especially the case. {Rev. C.J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten; two taken at Ottawa by Mr. G. R. White in April, 1894;
three at Ottawa by Dr. F. A. Saunders, in September, 1890; one
by the writer, May 4th, 1888; one at London, Ont., by Mr. W. E.
Saunders, Nov. 16th, 1886; two at Bracebridge, Ont., March 12th,
1892, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

Two sets of eggs; one set of four taken at Emsdale, Muskoka,
Ont., May 28th, 1893, by Mr. J. H. Fleming and presented to the
museum; one of six taken at Wolfville, N.S., by Mr. Harold
Tufts, May 15th, 1897, nest, placed in the bottom of a hole ina
small birch stump, composed of rootlets and hair.

735a. Long-tailed Chickadee.

Parus atricapillus septentrionalts (HARRIS) ALLEN. 1872.

One taken an the Lower Echimamish, June 24th, 1g01_ (Z£. A.
Preble.) A specimen of this form was procured at:'Chief Moun-
tain Lake, Rocky Mountains, on August 28th, 1874. (Cowes.)
Resident in Manitoba in wooded sections. The Manitoba bird is
not strictly septentrionalis but is nearer to that form than to a¢7-
capillus. (Thompson-Seton.) A common breeding resident at
Aweme, Manitoba. (Vorman Criddie.) Only one individual was seen

in a three months’ residence at Indian Head, Assa., in the spring of
18

688 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

1892; two were seen in a willow thicket in the east end of the
Cypress Hills, June 27th, 1894; common from Lesser Slave Lake
to Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903; tolerably
common at Edmonton, Alta. by April 17th, May 25th found a nest
in a poplar stub about seven feet from the ground, the nest con-
tained eight young; common from Edmonton to Athabasca Pass
in June, 1898; observed a number on Elbow River and at
Crow’s Nest Lake, July 31st, 1897; common and breeding in the
mountain woods at Banff, Rocky Mountains, in the summer of
1891; shot at Revelstoke, B.C., on April gth, 1890, fairly common
during April and May; in June it was common at Deer Park, on
the Columbia River; a nest containing four eggs was taken at
Robson on June 24th, 1890, it was on an old tree hanging over
the water of Pass Creek; observed about a dozen at Penticton,
B.C., in April, 1903. (Spreadborough.) A common and perman-
ent resident around Prince Albert, Sask. (Coubeaux.) One speci-
-ment taken at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (Wutting.)
Not rare at Athabasca Landing and up the river to Lesser Slave
River; common at Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 4o’, but rare up the
Clearwater River to Methye Portage, seemingly displacing P.
hudsonicus; common between Methye Lake and Isle a la Crosse.
(J. M. Macoun.) According to the dimensions given, the male
bird seen at Carlton House by Richardson belongs to this species.
Length 5% inches, length of tail 2? inches. (Macoun.) North to
Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River. (Ross.) Common through-
out the valleys of the interior. (Stveator.) Ifound this bird very
common on the wooded hills east of the Coast Range, especially
in the neighbourhood of Cornwallis. (Fannin.) Abundant nearly
everywhere around Lake Okanagan, B.C., in winter. A common
species in winter in the Cariboo district of British Columbia.
(Brooks.) Abounds in the inter-mountainous regions of British
Columbia up to 3,000 feet. (hoads.)

Throughout the wooded region of Alaska, from the moist
heavily-wooded coast in the Sitkan and Kadiak regions north
throughout the entire Yukon and adjoining country this bird is a
common resident. (/Ve/son.) We took this species at Bennett,
June 19th, west shore of Lake Bennett, June 24th, Caribou Cross-
ing June 26th, Lake Marsh, July 7th, and Lake Lebarge July 15th,
but did not notice it again until we reached the lower Yukon,
although chickadees were heard several times whose specific

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 689

identity was not determined. Thirty miles below Holy Cross
Mission I took two, August 25th, and at the Aphoon mouth I
saw a small flock August 28th. Young able to fly were taken July
7th, One taken, August 25th, had completed the moult into first
winter plumage, while an adult taken the same day was in fresh
plumage. (Bzshop.) On the 26th October, 1898, I was hunting in
the willow bottoms along the Hunt River north of our winter
quarters on Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, when I met with this
species for the first time. (Grennell.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fifteen ; one taken at Peace River Landing, June 17, 1903; one
at Banff, Rocky Mountains, May Ig, 1891, two at Edmonton,Alta.,
April, 1897, five at Revelstoke,B.C., April, 1890, one at Deer Park,
Columbia River, B.C., June 7, 1890, two at Cascade, B.C June 14,
1902, two at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903, and one at Kamloops,
B.C., June 18, 1889, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

735). Oregon Chickadee.

Parus atricapillus occidentalis (BAIRD) CoUuES. 1872.

Not uncommon in the woods at Agassiz, and Hastings, B.C., in
April and May, 1889; common at Chilliwack, B.C., also along the
river to the head of Chilliwack Lake, in July, 1901. (Spreaa-
borough.) British Columbia. (Zovd.) Common in the coast region.
(Streator.) A common resident west of Coast Range. (Fannzn.)
Abundant resident at Chilliwack. (Svooks.) Abundant in the
coast region of British Columbia. (Ahoads.) Hartlaub records
two specimens of this form taken at Chilcat; he added also ‘on
February 17th, seen on the low bushes and deciduous trees near
the shore, summer and winter always in low thickets near coast.”
(Nelson.) This species ranges through the Yukon district; during
a warm period of winter these birds were occasionally seen at
St. Michael. They retire to the interior in May and are not seen
on the coast in the summer months. (Zzsner.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine; four taken at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889,three at Chilliwack,
B.C., May, 1901, two at Huntington, B.C., October 4th, 1go1, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

18%

690 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

738. Mountain Chickadee.

Parus gambeli Ripew. 1886.

A common summer resident at Banff, Rocky Mountains in 1891;
three shot on the mountains at Deer Park, Columbia River, B.C.;
observed two on a mountain north of the Little Miette River,
Athabasca Pass, Rocky Mountains, 1898; a common summer
resident at Robson, B.C.; young full-grown and fledged by June
26th, 1890; abundant at Spence’s Bridge, B.C.,in May, 1889;
common on Sophie Mountain at 4,400 feet altitude, on the Inter-
national Boundary, B.C., in 1902; observed about a dozen at
Penticton; B-C.).in (April, 1903.4 ‘common at oa eou his carn
May, 1904, a pair building a nest in a hole in a live larch
about 14 feet from the ground, May gth, 1904. (Spreadborough.)
British Columbia. (Zord.) Abundant about the mountains of the
interior; breeds. (.S¢veator.) Wooded hills east of Coast Range
and in Rocky Mountain district. (a@mnin.) I never secured this
species but am confident I saw it on the Coast Range, B.C;
rather common around Lake Okanagan, B.C., in winter; observed
occasionally at Quesnel, in the Cariboo district of B.C., in
winter. (#rooks.) Found in the interior mountains of British
Columbia, but not in the Rockies. (Ahoads.) Rather comm n in
spring at Golden, on the Columbia River; also in the Selkirk
Mountains, B.C. (&. 2. G. White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seventeen; five taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains in May, 1891;
one at Deer Park, and another at Robson, Columbia River, B.C.,
June, 1890; one at Griffin Lake, B.C., August 6th, 1889; three at
Spence’s Bridge, B.C., June, 1889; one at Cascade, July 15th, 1902;
two others at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903, and three at Elko,
B.C., May, 1904; all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

739. Siberian Chicka “ee.
Parus cinctus obtectus (CAB.) RipGw. 1885.

On June Ist, 1864, a nest of this species containing seven eggs
was found near Fort Anderson ina hole ina spruce, stump at a
height of six feet from the ground. This was the first discovery
of the nest of this bird on the American continent. It wascomposed
of a moderate quantity of hare or rabbit fur, intermixed with a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 691

sprinkling of dried moss. (Mac/fariane.) The habitat of this bird
includes, as far as known, the spruce forests in northeastern Siberia,
extending acrossa very similar region in the northern half of Alaska
and reaching the Anderson River on the east. (We/son.) Several
specimens of Parus were obtained from various localities in the
Yukon district. They were referred to the species cenctus. Later
examinations show that these are identical with P. odtectus, Cab.
( Turner.)

740. Hudsonian Chickadee.

Parus hudsonicus FoRST. 1772.

Abundant everywhere in the wooded tracts. Young were
obtained, July 19th, 1882, at Davis Inlet, and early in August at
Fort Chimo. (Packard.) Observed a number about 15 miles
inland from Richmond Gulf, July 6th, 1896; next observed at
George’s River, September 18th, where they were common.
(Spreadborough.) Breeds; is common, and does not migrate from
Newfoundland. (eeks.)

A rather common resident at Halifax, N.S. (Downs.) Not
uncommon at Baddeck and Margaree, Cape Breton Island, July,
1898; common in spruce trees at Brackley Point, Prince Edward
Island, June 26th, 1888. (Macoun.) Tolerably common on Prince
Edward Island. (Dwight.) Met with at all seasons at St. John,
N.B. (Chamberlain.) A common permanent resident at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B. (.!. H. Moore.) Not uncommon in the
Restigouche valley, N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Common on the
Magdalen Islands. (Béskop.) Not so common as the black-capped
chickadee. It breeds in the northern part of Quebec province ;
taken at Beauport. (Déonne.) A rare wister visitant at Montreal.
Mr. Kuetzing has found this species in Hochelaga woods from
November Ist to December 7th. (Winile.)

A moderately common winter migrant at Ottawa; early fall
records are October 3Ist, 1883 and October, 20th, 1889. (Ottawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) This seems to be the commonest chickadee
on the Magdalen Islands; I met with it frequently there in June,
1897, and found two nests containing young the middle of that
month. The nest was built ina small spruce stump about two
feet down, the hole being entered from the top. In one case the
nest rested on the ground, the stump being not more than eighteen

692 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

inches high; I never saw this bird in Ontario. (Rev. C.J. Young.)
Mr. Kay saw a pair at Port Sydney, Muskoka, in November, 1892;
I have looked for it carefully in Parry Sound district but without
success; I have secured a single specimen at Toronto. (/. ZH.
Fleming.) We first met this species on the Echimamish River,
June 24th. We noted it again at Robinson Portage, three days
later, and found it common at Oxford House, where we secured
a male, July 3rd. We saw several on an island in Knee Lake,
July 5th, and a number at York Factory, July 13th, collecting two
on the latter date. On our return we saw several on Hill River,
September 3rd. (&. A. Preble.) Found only in the north and
east of Manitoba among the great coniferous forests; permanent
resident. (Zhompson-Seton.) Two specimens of this species were
secured at Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan. (Wutting.) First
noticed at Sulphur Springs on the Clearwater River, about Lat.
56° 30’, very common from there to Methye Portage and across
the portage, and from Methye Lake to Isle ala Crosse. (/. /.
Macoun.) Shot one on May 7th, 1897 at Edmonton, Alta., the
only one seen; one seen at Bear Creek, Peace River, Lat. 56°,
August 5th, 1903; common in spruce woods along the Atha-
basca River at Jasper House, Alta., in June, 1898. (Spread-
borough.) North to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River;
not common. (foss.) This bird has been found throughout
the wooded portion of Alaska from its southern coastline
at Fort Kenai north through the Kuskoquim and Yukon River
regions to the northern tree-limit, well within the Arctic
Circle. (JVelson.) A number of specimens of this species was
obtained from Fort Yukon, Nulato and several from St.
Michael. It visits the coast only during the winter. It is a con-
stant resident of the wooded districts and in some localities is
quite abundant. (Zurner.) Very common at Tyonek, but rarely
seen at Hope; two specimens were taken at Fort Kenai by Bis-
choff. Cook’s Inlet specimens do not seem to differ from those of
the Yukon and Kowak valleys. I am also unable to find any
appreciable differences between them and three birds recently
collected by E. A. Preble near the type locality of Audsonicus.
Consequently I do not agree that the specimens at present avail-
able warrant the recognition of Parus hudsonicus evura. From a
rather hasty examination of the material in the National Museum
there seems to be an average difference in the length of the tail

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 693

between the Alaska birds and the birds from the extreme north-
eastern United States. The birds from the west side of Hudson
Bay, however, are intermediate and apparently nearer to the
Alaska birds. In other words, as far as present material goes,
there are just as good grounds for the recognition of Parus hud-
sonicus littoralis Bryant, 1863, from Nova Scotia, as for F. h. evura
Coues, 1884, from Alaska. (Osgood.)

BREEDING Nores.—One nest of this species found at Scotch
Lake, N.B., was in a fir stub about 15 feet from the ground, the
hole was lined with hair and fur. Eggs 6, hatched June Ist; June
28th, found a nest of six young birds ready to leave the nest.
(W. H. Moore.) I have several sets of eggs that were taken at
Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, in June, 1896. The bird lays six to
eight eggs in a hole in a decayed stub. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three specimens taken at Miramichi, N.B., in 1889, by Mr.
Philip Cox; one taken at Edmonton, Alta., May, 1897, by Mr.
W. Spreadborough.

One set of six eggs taken at Wolfville, N.S., June 3rd, 1896, by
Mr. Harold Tufts.

740a. Kowak Chickadee.

Parus hudsonicus stoneyt (Ripew.) A. O. Us CHECK LIsT.
1889.
Valley of the Kowak River, northwestern Alaska. (A. O. U.
Check List 3)

740). Columbian Chickadee.

Parus hudsonicus columbtanus RHOADS. 1893.

One specimen of this species was shot on the summit of Toad
Mountain, near Nelson, B.C., at an altitude of 6,700 feet in July,
18go0, and one in Eagle Pass, near Revelstoke, B.C.; two speci-
mens were taken on Moose Mountain, near the source of Elbow
River, and two others observed at the source of Fish Creek,
Rocky Mountains in July, 1897. (Spreadborough.) Four speci-
mens of Parus from the central Rocky Mountains near Field, B.C.,
taken in a deep forest at an elevation of 5,000 feet differ so
materially from Parus hudsonicus that it seems proper to separate
them. (Rhoads.) Rather common at Lake Okanagan, B.C., in

~

694 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

winter. I also took this species on the divide between Nicola
and Okanagan valleys, the most westerly point I have observed
it. Abundant in the heavy spruce timber and on high elevations,
in winter, in Cariboo district, B.C. (Brooks.) Rocky Mountains,
from Liard River south into Montana. (Rhoads in The Auk, Vol.
X., p. 331.) An adult male was taken at Homer in June, and two
specimens on September 12th, I901, in first winter plumage. Not
common but seen at all placesvisited on the Kenai timber belt in
Alaska. It was usually found in the dead spruce groves of the
more open country. (Chapman.)

740c. Yukon Chickadee.

Parus hudsonicus evura COUES.

We took the Yukon chickadee at Caribou Crossing, June 27th;
Lake Tagish, June 30th; Lake Marsh, July 5th, and Lake Lebarge,
July 14th; and after reaching Thirty-mile River, July 19th, found
it regularly distributed in families or large flocks, all the way to
Fort Yukon, 15 miles above which I sawa flock, August 21st. At
St. Michael I took a young female in first winter plumage, Sep-
tember 20th. Young able to fly were first taken, July 5th, and
moulting birds, August 13th. We took adults in full moult, June
27th, and one in which the moult was almost completed, July 24th.
(Lishop.) At our winter camp on the Kowak, Kotzebue Sound,
Alaska, this species was common up to September. After that
date and up to the first of April, but one or two at a time were
seen and then only at long intervals. Early in September, groups
of four to seven were noted nearly every day in the spruces
around the cabin. Those chickadees observed during the winter
were all in the dense willow thickets along Hunt River. By the
first of May the chickadees were back again roving through the
woods in pairs. Old woodpecker-holes were selected as nesting
sites, and I spotted nests in process of construction by the 15th
May, but through various mishaps I failed to secure any eggs.

( Grinnell.)
741. Chestnut-backed Chickadee.

Parus rufescens TOWNS. 1837.

Very common in the woods at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., in.

April, 1889; none were seen at Agassiz, about 50 miles up the
F aser River in May; an abundant resident on Vancouver Island,

x
—-

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 695

nesting, April 16th, 1893, on May 5th found a nest in a hole in
a dead tree; nest made of moss, lined with feathers. (Spread-
borough.) From about Lat. 60°, on the southeastern coast of
Alaska, south into California this titmouse is abundant and breeds
throughout the greater part of its range. (JVe/son.) British
Columbia. (Zord.) Common in the coast region; breeds.
(Séreator.) A common resident west of the Coast Range; breeds
close to Victoria. (Faunin.) Tolerably common resident at
Chilliwack; not uncommon around Lake Okanagan, B.C., in
winter. (z00ks.) Very common on the coast and islands of
British Columbia but not found east of the Coast Range. (Ahoads.)
Very common at English Bay, Vancouver, August 8th, 1894.
(Z. F. G. White.) Common everywhere, especially in the younger
firs at the heads of the bays and inlets. First young, fully fledged,
taken June 26th, near Sitka, Alaska. (Grimnell.) Abundant on
Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. Seven specimens taken by us.
(Osgood.) We found a few at Haines and Skagway, Alaska, and I
took one and heard another at Glacier, June 5th. A female taken
at Skagway, June 3rd, had finished laying. (Szshop.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; two taken at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., April, 1880,
and five at Victoria, Vancouver Island, April and May, 1893, all
by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CCLI. PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte. 1850.
743. Bush-tit.

Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.) Bonar. 1854.

I shot two specimens out of a considerable number on 25th
November, 1899, but could not find any the next day at the same
place, nor have I ever seen them before, though I have looked
out for them. (Bvooks.) This last reference is presumably to the
Fraser River valley. (A/acoun.)

Famity LV. SYLVIIDAS. WarsLers, KINGLETS.

CCLI]. PHYLLOPSEUSTES Meyer. 1815.
747. Kennicott’s Willow Warbler.
Phyllopseustes borealis (Buas.) MEVES. 1875.

The original record of this’bird in America was based on the
capture ot a single specimen at St. Michael, on August 16th

696 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

1866, by the naturalist of the Western Union Telegraph expedi-
tion. During the summer of 1877, on July 26th and 31st, I
obtained two specimens on each of the days mentioned, as they
were searching the old board fences surrounding the houses at
St. Michael. A few others were obtained later and they were
seen the next year. (Velson.) Two were discovered flitting rap-
idly among the foliage of some birches a hundred yards back
from the Kowak River, Kotzebue Sound, near our winter cabin.
Their behaviour closely resembled that of the ruby-crowned
kinglet. I saw Kennicott’s willow warbler but once again, on the
14th of June, 1899, in the Kowak delta. I was following close
around the margin of a small lake, when I found myself within
twenty feet of a single individual which I at once recognized as of
the same species taken the previous fall. The bird was close to
the ground searching among some willow bushes and stunted
spruces. ( Grinnell.)

CCLIII. REGULUS Cuvier. 1799.
748. Golden-crowned Kinglet.

Regulus satrapa LicutT. 1823.

Fairly common in patches of spruce on the northeastern coast
of Labrador, as far north as Aillik. (Bigelow.) Audubon, Vol.
II., p. 165, found them feeding their young in August. (Packard.)
A common resident in Nova Scotia. (Downs.) Asmall flock was
seen on Sable Island, N.S., on October 2nd, 1902. (James Bouteil-
fier.) Common in the woods at Brackley Point, Prince Edward
Island, July 17th, 1888. (AZacoun.) Infrequently observed on Prince
Edward Island. Young were on the wing by the last of June ; not
uncommon at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, in June, 1887.
(Dwight.) Rather common, most abundant in the fall and winter,
but it breeds in New Brunswick. (Chamberlain.) A common and
permanent resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B.; the young are
about with the parents in late June. (W. H. Moore.)

A common but transient visitant, at Montreal in spring and
autumn. (Wintle.) A not common spring and autumn migrant
in eastern Quebec. (Dzonne.) A common migrant at Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) One of the commonest birds among
pine and hemlock trees in the early<spring; I see numbers every
year; I observed them breeding on the Magdalen Islands, in June,

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 697

1897, among the spruce, but could not find the nest; I never saw
any in Ontario after the Ist of May. (Rev. C./. Young.) An
abundant winter resident; on two occasions I have met with birds
in May, that from their actions must have been nesting. (/. H.
Fleming.) “as been found two or three times near London, Ont.
in late May, but no actual proof of breeding is yet reported. An
abundant migrant, remaining through mild winters. (W. &£.
Saunders.) Not at all unusual to see a small party of these little
fellows sunning themselves on the warm side of a cedar or spruce
hedge during the coldest winter months around Toronto. (/.
Hughes-Samuel.) A winter resident at Guelph, Ont. (A. B.Alugh.)
One seen on the lower Echimamish, June 24th, 1901. (Z. A. Preble.)

A very rare migrant; but may breed in Manitoba. They are
very uncertain in their movements. (Zhompson-Seton.) A rare
migrant at Aweme, Manitoba. (Morman Criddle.) Common in
spruce woods from Jasper House to the summit of the Rocky
Mountains in June, 1898; breeds at Banff, Rocky Mountains,
but not so common as the ruby-crowned kinglet; common at
Revelstoke, B.C., up to April 20th, 1890, when all disappeared;
breeding in the woods at Robson, B.C.; young shot, June roth,
1890; common on Sophie Mountain, on the International Bound-
ary, B.C., at an altitude of 4,400 feet in 1902. (Spreadborough.)
Seen near Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan, but none were
secured. (Wuéting.) Common in the mountains southwest of
Calgary, also in Crow’s Nest Pass, July 28th, 1897. (Spreadborough.)

Breepinc Notes.—A set of seven eggs in my collection was
taken at Cartwright, Labrador, June 15th, 1895. The nest was
suspended to a branch of a spruce tree, 15 feet from the ground.
(W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirteen; two taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains in May, 1891,
three at Revelstoke, B.C., April, 1890, two at ‘Brak BC. May,
1g02, and one at Deer Park, B.C., June 6th, 1890, all by Mr. W.
Spreadborough ; two taken at Ottawa in April, 1888, by Prof.
Macoun; five others at Ottawa, in 1890, by Dr. F. A. Saunders.

748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet.

Regulus satrapa olivaceous BarrRD. 1864.

Frequent in woods at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B.C., in April,
1889. Saw a few at the foot of Chilliwack Lake, B.C., July, Igor;

698 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

common at Huntington, B.C., on the International Boundary in
September of the same year; a common resident on Vancouver
Island. (Spreadborough.) Very plentiful on Vancouver Island
and in British Columbia. (Zord.) Very common spring .and
fall migrant; a few remain to breed. (Streator.) Abundant
throughout the district west of the Cascades. (Fannin.) Common
winter resident, breeds on the mountains; common through-
out the winter at Lake Okanagan, B.C.; a few of these deli-
cate little birds remained in Cariboo district, B.C. throughout the
coldest weather. (Svooks.) I find no colour difference between
the east and west of the Coast Range. (Rhoads.) Common on
Oueen Charlotte Islands, B.C.; an adult male was taken at Cum-
shewa Inlet, June 20th, 1899. Moderately common at Cook’s
Inlet, Alaska. (Osgood.) Tolerably common at Glacier above
Skagway, Alaska; often heard but seldom seen and hard to pro-
cure; a female that I took on June roth had the last egg ready
for the shell. (Béskop.) A male and female were taken at Homer,
Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, September 26th, 1901, and a male at
Sheep Creek, on August 18th. (Chapman.) The Alaska records
of this species are limited to the southeastern coast where it has
been obtained at Sitka and Kadiak. (Velson.) Common every-
where, particularly in the dense fir thickets along streams at
Sitka, Alaska. On June 22nd, I observed the first young.

( Grinnell.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Four; two taken at Huntington, B.C., in September, 1901, and
two at Victoria, Vancouver Island, April, 1893, by Mr. W. Spread-
borough.

749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

Regulus calendula (Linn.) LicutT. 1823.

One sent from Nenortalik, Greenland, in 1859. (Avct. Man.)
Common in the southern portions of Labrador; Coues obtained
a specimen in August at Rigolet; and Stearns shot a single
specimen at Old Fort Island, October 1ith, 1881. (/ackard.)
Common at Moose Factory, June gth, 1896. Observed at Fort
George, June 20th. Common at Richmond Gulf, July 1st. None’
seen inland. (Spreadborough.) Common at Baddeck, Cape Breton
Island. (#. A. Allen.) Uncommon at Halifax, N.S. (Downs.)

--

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 699

A small flock was seen on Sable Island, N.S., on October 3rd;
1902. (James Bouteillier.) In pine woods, Brackley Point, Prince
Edward Island, July, 1888. (JZacoun.) An uncommon summer
resident at St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A rare summer mi-
grant at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. Hf. Moore.) Common
at Lake Mistassini, 1885, where it breeds. (/. JZ. Macoun.) Taken
at Mork, Factory, Hudson) \Bay:' (0%. KR. Bell). Taken at, Fort
Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Wvight.) One female seen at Fox Bay,
Anticosti. (Brewster.) More common than the preceding in
eastern Quebec. Taken at Beauport. (Dzonne.) A common but
transient visitant in spring and autumn at Montreal. (Windle.)

A common migrant at Ottawa. (Offawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A
common resident in autumn and winter in Parry Sound and Mus-
koka districts. (/. H. Fleming.) Common during migration at
Guelph, Ont. (A. B. Klugh.) I saw one at Norway House, June
17th, and took a specimen on the Echimamish, June 24th. It
was common at Oxford House, June 30th to July 4th. One was
observed as we ascended Hill River, September Ist. (4. A.
Preble.)

This species was observed on Mouse (Souris) River, in Septem-
ber during the autumnal migration, frequenting the dense under-
erowth in the river bottom in company with warblers. (Cowes.) A
tolerably common migrant in spring and autumn in Manitoba.
( Thompson-Seton.) Common at Aweme, Manitoba, in spring and
fall; probably breeds; arrives about April 25th,and leaves Oct. 4th.
(Norman Criddle.) Only three specimens were found at Medicine
Hat, Assa., in April and May, 1894; common in spruce woods
from the mouth of Lesser Slave River to Peace River Landing,
Lat. 56° 15’, June, 1903; first seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 4th,
1897; tolerably common in the spruce woods and breeding with-
out doubt; common in the spruce woods of the foothills from
Edmonton to Crow’s Nest Pass in July and August; quite com-
mon at Banff, evidently breeding early as there were young birds
in May, 1891; acommon species in April, 1890, at Revelstoke,
B.C., but all seemed to be migrants; quite common on Sophie
Mountain on the International Boundary, B.C., at an altitude of
4,400 feet in 1902; quite common in the early part of April, 1889,
at Hastings, Burrard Inlet; shot on the mountains at Spence’s
Bridge, B.C., late in May, 1889; very abundant at Huntington,
B.C., on the International Boundary in September, Ig0I; appar-

700 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

ently asummer resident on Vancouver Island, seen first on April
18th when they were in large numbers in conifers with chicka-
dees; first seén' at Penticton; 'B:C., April 13th, 1003) abundant
everywhere by the 20th and remained so unti! May Ist;
common at Lake Ste. Anne, north of Edmonton, and from
thence along the trail to the Athabasca Pass in June, 1898; com-
mon at Fernie and Elko, B.C., in May, 1904. (Spreadborough.)
Very common at the south end of Methye Portage. (/. &.
Macoun.) North to Fort Resolution on the Mackenzie River ;
rare. (Xoss.) There is no doubt but this bird is to be met with
during the summer season on the Anderson River, but we ‘ene
no nests. ((ac/arlane.)

Seen only east of the Coast range. (Lord.) Found only in
the coast region during autumnal migration. (Stveator.) Abun-
dant in the district west of the Coast Range. (Fannin.) Common
winter visitant at Chilliwack; breeds on the mountains. (Bvooks.)
Numerous on the coast of British Columbia in spring. Breeding
in the interior. (Ahoads.)

This handsome species has been secured from various portions
of the territory. The various Alaskan records include Fort Yukon,
Nulato, Anvik, in the north, with Sitka and Fort Kenai on the
southeastern coast. (JVe/son.) Specimens of this bird were
obtained from Fort Yukon, where it is common, breeding there.
At Nushagak, on Bristol Bay, I saw a single specimen of this bird
flitting amongst the willows which skirt the river. (Zuvner.) On
the 23rd August, I shot one specimen and saw two others in a
willow copse bordering the Kowak, a couple of miles above our
winter camp. I did not see the species again until June toth, in
Kowak delta, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. (Grinnell.)

BREEDING Notes.—I have a beautiful nest containing eleven
eggs that was taken at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia on June Ist, 1898;
this nest was suspended to the branch of a black spruce tree, 20
feet from the ground; besides this one I have four others taken at
the same place and all alike in structure; the nests were round
balls of green moss well lined with feathers and were suspended
from the branches of spruce trees. (W. Raime.) Breeding near 158-
Mile House, B.C.; on the 11th JuneI found a nest in a small spruce
not four feet high; the nest was close to the stem and about two
feet from the ground; it was a very deep cup, almost a vertical

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 7O1

cylinder; the sitting bird must have been entirely concealed ; it
contained five eggs, a sixth imperfect one was sticking in the
foundation of the nest; it had evidently been pushed through the
lining and a fresh floor built over it; the owners were raising a
great outcry over the intrusion of a wandering brood of ‘ whiskey
jacks”; two grouse feathers were carefully put over the entrance
to the nest, which made me think that it had been rifled by the
jays and the lining pulled out. (Bvooks.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-four; two taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains in April,
1891, two at Edmonton, Alta., May, 1897, six et Revelstoke, B.C.,
April, 1890, two at Penticton, B.C., April, 1903, one at Medicine
Hat, Assa., May, 11th, 1894, four at Huntington. B.C., October,
I901, one at Burrard Inlet, B.C., April 7th, 1889, and one at
Fernie, B.C., April 21st, 1904, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough; one
-at London, Ont., May 2nd, 1885, by Mr. W. E. Saunders; four
at Ottawa, Ont., in May, 18090, by Dr. F. A. Saunders.

849a. Sitkan Kinglet.

Regulus calendula grinnellt PALMER. 1897.

This kinglet was not very common,and I only observed it along
Indian River, at Sitka, Alaska, in tall firs; I saw them’in pairs on
two occasions, but I secured no young. This kinglet doubtless
breeds, though not in abundance; three adult males were secured.
({Grinnell.) At Skagway, Alaska, I heard a Sitkan kinglet singing
May 31st, and at Haines took a male and heard another singing
June 1st. At Glacier I took a male June 6th, and during our stay
heard two or three others singing. While the Log Cabin bird is
normal calendula, the Haines and Glacier birds have the more
olive back and darker sides of crown of grinnellt. (Bushop.)

CCLIV. POLIOPTILA Sciater 1851.
751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

Potioptila cerulea (LINN.) ScB. 1855.

An accidental visitant at Montreal. Mr. Kuetzing saw one
example of this species in Mr. Craig’s collection, shot on?‘ the
island of Montreal a number of years ago, but Mr. Craig says he
<loes not remember having it in his possession. (Wendle.) Casual

702 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Ottawa; one was shot by Mr. G. R. White, previous to 1881
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) The only specimens! know to have
been taken near Toronto are those by my friend Mr. C. W. Nash
and by Mr. Oliver Spencer. (/. Hughes-Samuel.) A not uncom-
mon summer resident of Ontario, west and south from London.

(W. E. Saunders.)
MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

One purchased with the Holman collection in 1885.

One set of five eggs taken June Ist, 1891, two miles west of
London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders. Nest of vegetable fibre
and well covered with lichens, placed on a horizontal branch of a
cherry tree two feet from the ground.

Famity LV. TURDIDAK. TurRusHEs, SOLITAIRES, &C.
CCLV. MYADESTES Swainson.

754. Townsend’s Solitaire.

Myadestes townsend (Avupd.) Cas. 1847.

Observed at the Elbow River near Calgary, June 2ist, 1897,
conimon in the Rocky Mountains south to Crow’s Nest Pass in
July, 1897; a common species at Banff, breeding on mountains
high up; seén everywhere inthe mountains around the Athabasca
Pass, 1898; quite common at Revelstoke, B.C., from the 16th to the
20th April, 1890; they sat around on stumps and caught flies or
flew down at anything they might see; in June they were seen at
Deer Park, Arrow Lake, at an elevation of 2,000 feet, and doubtless
breeding; observed on nearly all the mountains on the Interna-
tional Boundary in British Columbia; one seen on Deer Ridge,
south slope of Mount Cheam, B.C., August 1oth, 1901; two seen
near the summit of Mount Benson, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island,
July toth, 1893, the birds had a nest in the side of the bank close
to the rocky summit; only seen in. the Okanagan valley, B.C. in
the early part of April, 1903; all disappeared about the 15th; heard
singing everywhere in the woods at Elko, B.C. from the snow
to the level of the railway, May, 1904. (Spreadborough.)

Very rare, only shot once in the Columbia valley. (Lord.) A
rare bird though I have taken it both east and west of the Coast
Range, and have taken it at Ladners, in the lower Fraser valley,
in January. (/annin.) Rare migrant in the valley at Chilliwack;

ciel

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 703

breeds on the mountain tops; tolerably common in winter at Lake
Okanagan, B.C.; sings throughout the winter; feeds on fruit dur-
ing the cold weather. (Svooks.) I secured an individual on Van-
couver Island in May. They were met with at high altitudes both
east and west of the Coast Range, Selkirks and Rockies, as far
north as the 52nd parallel, increasing in abundance eastwardly.
(Rhoads.) On the heights above Bennett I took an adult male
June 17th; on the hot noon of June 26th, while seated on the sum-
mit of a hill some 1,500 feet above Caribou Crossing, I heard the
most beautiful bird-song that has ever delighted my ear. It
seemed to combine the strength of the robin, the joyousness and
soaring quality of the bobolink, and the sweetness and purity of
the wood thrush. Starting low and apparently far away, it gained
in intensity and volume until it filled the air, and I looked for the
singer just above my head. I finally traced the song to a Townsend
solitaire that was seated on a dead tree about 150 yards away, ©
pouring forth this volume of melody without leaving its perch.
The singer came close enough later to make identification certain.

Osgood and Maddren saw one at Lake Lebarge, July 14th.
Osgood took an adult at Miles Cafion, July 11th, another at the
Semenow Hills, July 20th, a young one in the spotted plumage, 20
miles below the Selwyn River, July 29th, and another young, 30
miles above the White River, July 30th. I saw an adult near the
Selwyn River, July 29th, and took a moulting adult near Sixty-
mile Creek, August Ist. Mr. Cantwell found this species in the
Yukon valley. (Bzshop.)

BREEDING Notes.—This bird breeds at Banff, Rocky Mountains.
On June gth, 1893, we found its nest and four eggs. The nest was
built on a bank side, and we caught the bird as she flew off the
nest. Other nests were taken at Banff, 1893, and these also were
placed on the side of the bank. (W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Fourteen; two taken at Banff, Rocky Mountains in May, 1891;
one at Hector, B.C., Aug. 10th, 1890; five at Revelstoke, B.C.,
April, 1890; one at Spence’s Bridge, B.C., June 4th, 1889; one at
Penticton, B.C., April gth, 1903; one at Chilliwack, B.C., August
itn, JOOL, three vat ernie, B:C.) April, ioo4, all, by” Mr. We
Spreadborough.

19

704 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

One set of four eggs taken on the mountain side, north side of
Yellowhead Lake, Yellowhead Pass, B.C., alt. 6,000 feet, July 13,
1898, by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CCLVI. HYLOCICHLA BairpD. 1864.
755. Wood Thrush.

Hylocichla mustelina (GMEL.) Ripew. 1880.

Accidental visitant at Montreal. This thrush is said to occur
in the Eastern Townships, but Ihave never met with it in this
district yet. Have seen one specimen taken at Roxton Falls,
Que. (Wintle.) A rare summer resident around Ottawa. (Offawa
Naturalist, Vol. V.) I have seen a few of these birds in Leeds Co.,
Ont., but they are not common. A few breed as I have met with
a nest from which the young had flown, that evidently belonged
to this species; and another on a limb of a hemlock about eight
feet from the ground in Frontenac Co., in June, 1902. (Rev. C.
J. Young.) J have one taken at Emsdale, Parry Sound district, on
May 17th, 1897; in September, 1898, near the narrows of Lake
Joseph, I came across a flock feeding on choke-cherries. I counted
seventeen and there were more in the flock. Dr. Brodie says
they were common in June at Port Sydney, Muskoka. (/. Z.
Fleming.) Common during migrations ; breeds in limited num-
bers at Guelph, Ont. Arrives about May roth and leaves about
September 11th. (A. B. Klugh.) A common resident and breed-
ing at Penetanguishene, Ont., I once found a nest ina hardwood
undergrowth, placed in the forks of a beech about seven feet
from the ground. (A. /. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.
Two; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885, and
one taken by Mr.S. Herring at Toronto in 1889.

One set of three eggs taken at Bryanstown, Middlesex Co.,
Ont., June 11th, 1884, by Mr. Robert Elliott.

756. Wilson’s Thrush.

Hylocichla fuscescens (STEPH.) RipGw. 1880.
A summer migrant in Newfoundland. (Reeks.) One seen
September 14th, 1899, on the Humber River, Newfoundland.
(Louis H. Porter.) Not very common in Nova Scotia; seen only

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 705

inland; breeds at Stewiacke. (Dowmns.) Rare in woods at Brack-
ley Point, Prince Edward Island, July 4th, 1888; also on Cape
Breton Island in 1898. (J/acoun.) A summer resident in the
neighbourhood of St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) A tolerably
common summer resident along the St. John River, Scotch Lake,
York Co., N.B. (W.H. Moore.) Common summer resident on
the Magdalen Islands. (Szshop.) One pair breeding at Ellis
Bay, Anticosti, July 24th. (Brewster.)

Common summer resident at Montreal; breeds in Mount Royal
park; nests with eggs found from May 31st to June 27th. (Wintle.)
This is acommon summer resident in eastern Quebec. Taken at
Beauport. (Dzonne.) A common summer resident around Ottawa.
(Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) A very common bird, breeding in
numbers in eastern Ontario. (Rev. C. J. Young.) An abundant
summer resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. (J. H.
Fleming.) Not uncommon in Algonquin Park, Ont.,in summer of
1900. (Spreadborough.) Very common summer resident at Guelph,
Ont. Arrives about May 8th, leaves about September toth.
(A.B.Klugh.) Summer resident and breeding at Penetanguishene,
Ont. (A. F. Young.)

Unlike the other species of this genus this form does not appear
to extend westward beyond the valley of Red River; at any rate
it was only observed in the vicinity of Pembina. Here it was
found breeding in abundance during the month of June. A nest
was found on the oth June, containing four fresh eggs of a uniform
bluish-green colour. It was placed upon a small heap of decayed
leaves which had been caught on the footstalks of a bush a few
inches from the ground, and composed of weed-stems, grasses
and fibrous bark- -strips, woven together, and mixed with withered
leaves. The walls were thick, giving a bulky, irregular, and rather
slovenly appearance. (Cowes.) An abundant summer resident
of thickets in Manitoba. (T7hompson-Seton.) A tolerably common
breeding summer resident at Aweme, Manitoba ; arrives about
May 15th and leaves about the Ist of September. (orman
Criddle.)

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds in numbers in woods around Ottawa.
The nest 1s made of dried leaves mixed with grass, bark or
branches, and is placed near a tree on a bed of leaves, in a low
bush or sometimes on astump. Four eggs are usually laid in

19 Y2

706 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

May or June. (Garneau.) Nest on the ground or in a tow bush,
composed of withered leaves, grass stems, weed stalks, and bark
strips, compactly woven inside but with no special lining. Eggs
4 or 5, greenish-blue with no markings. (G. R. White.) The nest
is placed on or near the ground, in bushes, at Scotch Lake, York
Co., N.B., and is composed of grasses, leaves, etc., lined with
rootlets. Eggs, 3 or 4. (W. H. Moore.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Three; all taken at Ottawa, two by the writerin May, 1888, and
one by Dr. F. A. Saunders May 23rd, 1890.

One set of three eggs taken at Ottawa by Dr. James Fletcher.

756a. Willow Thrush.

FHylocichla juscescens salicicola Ripew. 1882.

Only one specimen known, taken by myself at Ottawa, Sept.
19th, 1898. It seems probable that this bird may be regularly
taken in Ontario from Sept. Ist to 25th as it appears to have a
breeding ground to the north of us, but has been overlooked in
the past on account of its similarity to Wilson’s thrush. (W. &.
Saunders.) The characteristic ‘‘ veery” call-note and song were
heard several times, and the singer was seen once as we floated
down Red River between Winnipeg and West Selkirk, June 14th.
None were taken but specimens from the region seem referable
to the western form. (4. A. Preble.)

This species seems to be a spring migrant at Indian Head,Assa.;
it was first observed May Igth, 1892, and soon became common
but disappeared about the end of May; this was a common
species at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., and wherever there was brush
at Wood Mountain and west to Frenchman’s River and the ravines
in the southern part of the Cypress Hills; common along Milk
River, St. Mary’s River and Lee’s Creek, Cardston, Alberta; com-
mon on the International Boundary between Trail and Cascade,
B.C., in the summer of 1902, found a nest on June 14th in a low
bush not more than two feet from ground, made of dry grass,
weeds and dirt, lined with fine dry grass; two eggs were quite

fresh ; at Crane Lake, Assa., June 11th, 1894, this species was.

common along Skull Creek where a number of nests were taken;
it was also common in the east end of the Cypress Hills, among

—"

EEE

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 707

the brush along the sources of Swift Current Creek; only one pair
seen at Banff in the summer of 1891; quite common at Revelstoke,
B.C. on May 30th, 1890, in a day or two they became scarce; first
seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 11th, 1897, June 11th, found a nest
on the ground, containing two eggs; nest composed of weeds,
leaves, and dirt, lined with dry grass, eggs blue; common from
Lesser Slave River to Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’ in June
1903; observed from Edmonton to Athabasca Pass, in June, 1898.
(Spreadborough.)

This bird makes its appearance on the banks of the Saskatche-
wan in the month of May, but whether it breeds there or goes
further north I am unable to say. (Richardson.) Not uncommon
around Prince Albert, Sask.; I once found its nest with four unspot-
ted blue eggs. (Couwbeaux.) Common in the interior. (Streator.)
Common east of the Coast Range; a summer resident. (/annin.)
In all visited localities of the interior; breeding at Lac la Hache,
B.C. This extends Mr. Streator’s nesting record of the species
150 miles further north. (2hoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Nine ; two taken at Indian Head, Assa., May, 1892; six at
Edmonton, Alta., in June, 1897; oneat Revelstoke, B.C., May 31st,
1890, all by Mr. Spreadborough.

Three sets of eggs; two sets of four each taken at Edmonton,
Alta., on June 14th, 1898, and May 31st, 1897; one set of three
eggs taken\at Crane Lake, Assa, June 6th, 1894, all by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

757. Gray-cheeked Thrush.

Fylocichla alicté (BatRD) Ripew. 1880.

Apparently common on the northeastern coast of Labrador as
far north as Aillik. (Bigelow.) Rare in Ungava. Common in
southeastern and southern portions of Labrador. Breeds where-
ever found in summer. Nest and eggs procured at Fort Chimo,
June 28th, 1884. (fackard.) One specimen obtained in June,
1845, at Amarglik, near Godthaab, Greenland, and named 7urdus
minor by Professor Reinhart, is referred to this species as Mr.
Turner finds this species to extend furthest north in Labrador.
(Macoun.) One taken and others seen on the Magdalen Islands.
(Bishop.) Taken at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. (Wright.)

708 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

I have not shot a specimen of this bird in the Montreal district
yet, but have noticed some large thrushes which I have been
unable to identify as I could not shoot them with my cane gun.
(Wintle.) Not met with until we reached York Factory, where a
female and two young just from the nest were taken in a dense
willow thicket, July 13th. The young birds may be described as
follows: Back and head dark olive-brown, each feather tipped
with dusky and with a longitudinal spot of brown; rump and
upper tail coverts, brownish spotted with rusty; lower parts white,
slightly tinged on breast and sides with buffy, each feather tipped
with a dusky bar, those on breast heavily marked, the marking
decreasing in size posteriorly; throat almost unmarked; cheeks
grayish, spotted with dusky; wings and tail olive-brown, the wing
quills lighter on outer edges. JI again met with the species, July
25th at Fort Churchill, where I saw several in stunted spruce
woods.. (2. A. Preble.) Migrant at Carberry, Manitoba; and
reported common at Winnipeg by Hine. (Zhompson-Seton.) Com-
mon at Aweme, Manitoba, as a migrant. (orman Criddle.) One
specimen of this species was secured at Indian Head, Assa., on
May 23rd, 1892; there may have been many others, but all were
believed to be Wilson’s thrush, which was common at the time.
Taken at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., May 30th, 1895. (Spread-

borougn.)

North to Yukon River; only found west of Rocky Moun-
tains. (Ross.) This thrush is very abundant in the Anderson
River region, not only wherever trees are to be had for nesting
purposes, but also in situations where none exist. More than 200
specimens were taken at Fort Anderson and sent to the Smith-
sonian Institution. The greatest number was built on trees or in
the usual manner, but some few of them were placed on the
ground. One nest was also taken on the banks of the Wilmot-
Horton River. (Macfarlane.) This species is common through-
out all the northern portion of Alaska wherever willow and alder
thickets afford it shelter. (Vel/son.) This species is not common
at St. Michael, and very likely breeds there but I never found
their eggs. (Zurner.) An adult male found dead on the ice near
Point Tangent, Alaska, May 27th, 1898, and a male secured, June
10th, 1898, at Point Barrow. (Witmer Stone.) Oue adult specimen
was taken at Sheep Creek, Kenai peninsula, Alaska, July 5th,
1901. (Chapman.) This thrush was a eommon summer resident

3 sri
ce ae RE

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 709

from Cape Blossom eastward to the head of Kowak River, Kotze-
bue Sound, Alaska. (Grinnell.)

BREEDING NoTes.—I have nests with sets taken in the Mac-
kenzie delta by the Rev. I. O.Stringer and Mr. Young. Mr.
Stringer found a nest with three eggs, 60 miles north of Point
Separation, Mackenzie River, on June 12th, 1896. This nest was in
a birch tree two feet from the ground. The nest is a deep cup-
shaped structure of dry grass and mud. I have another nest and
eggs that was built three feet from the ground in a willow grow-
ing on the banks of Peel River. This was taken June 23rd, 1898.
Another nest and three eggs were found by Mr. Stringer at the
terminus of the Cariboo Hills, Mackenzie delta, June 15th, 1897.
(W. Raine.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; taken at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa. in May, 1895, by Mr.
W. Spreadborough.

One set of three eggs taken at Whale River, James Bay, in June,
1896, by Mr. George Bouchier.

757a. Bicknell’s Thrush.

Aylocichla alicie bicknelli Ripew. 1882.

One specimen only known to be taken, by Mr. Robert Elliott,
Bryanston, Ont., September 19th, 1898. (W. £. Saunders.)

758. Russet-backed Thrush.

Aylocichla ustulata (NoutY.) RipGw. 1880.

Abundant at Agassiz, B.C., after May loth, 1889; very common
at Spence’s Bridge and Kamloops, B.C., breeding in bushes along
the Thompson River; common at Chilliwack and along the river
to the head of Chilliwack Lake; only one observed at Huntington
on the International Boundary in the autumn of 1901; first seen
at Victoria, Vancouver Island, May 5th, 1893, and common by the
12th; an abundant summer resident, found at Nanaimo, Comox,
Sooke and Stubb’s Island in September. (Spreadborough.) At
present this bird is known only from the coast of the southeastern
portion of the territory where Bischoff obtained several speci-
mens, in the vicinity of Sitka. (Velson.) Tolerably common along
Indian River, Sitka, Alaska, and on some of the small islands in

710 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

the bay. No young were obtained but they certainly breed.
(Grinnell.) Abundant summer visitant at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)
Very common in the coast region; breeds. (Streator.) A com-
mon summer resident west of the Coast Range; J have found it as
far north as Dease Lake in Cassiar. (Fanmin.) Abundant in British
Columbia, coastwise. (Rhoads.) Common on Queen Charlotte
Islands, B.C. Eight specimens were taken in various parts of the
islands. It was very abundant at Clew on the north side of Cum.
shewa Inlet, but was not seen at all at our camp at the head of
the inlet where we found A. a. verecunda. (Osgood.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eighteen; two taken at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889; five at Chilli-
wack, B.C., June, 1901; one at Hastings, B.C., April 16th, 1880,
one at Huntington, B.C., September 24th, 1901, eight at Victoria,
Vancouver Island, and one at Comox, Vancouver Island, May,
1893, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

A series of five eggs taken on Vancouver Island by the Rev.
George Taylor.

758a. Olive-backed Thrush.

Hylocichla ustulata swainsonit (Cas.) RipGw. 1880.

Specimens were obtained, June 13th and in July, 1860, at Rupert
House by Drexler. (Packard.) Common on the Moose River ;
and observed as far north as Fort George, James Bay, in June,
1896. (Spreadborough.) A tolerably common summer migrant in
Newfoundland. (Reeks.) Not as common as the hermit thrush at
Halifax, N.S. (Downs.) Taken at Cove Head Road, Prince Ed-
ward Island, July 5th, 1888; at numerous points on Cape Breton
Island, 1898. (Macoun.) Very abundant on Prince Edward Island,
almost equalling in numbers the hermit thrush. (Dwzght.) A
summer resident, breeding in abundance at St. John, N.B. (Cham-
berlain.) Breeds on the Magdalen Islands, but is not common.
(Bishop.) Generally distributed but not so common in the Gulf
of St Lawrence as in northern New England. (Srewster.) A
scarce and transient visitant at Montreal. I have observed only
three examples of this thrush on the island of Montreal. I be-

lieve Mr. Dunlop found a nest with eggs of this species, anumber |

of years ago, on the island of Montreal. (Wzntle.) This species
is common enough in eastern Quebec in summer. (Dvzonne.)

xii

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 711

A rare summer migrant at Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.)
I have only noticed this bird once in eastern Ontario. I picked
up a dead bird by the roadside near Lansdowne about the end of
April, 1898. (Rev. C.J. Young.) A common summer resident in
Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. (/. H. Fleming.) Abundant
everywhere in Algonquin Park, Ont., in the summer of Igoo.
(Spreadborough.) A passing migrant at Guelph, Ont. (A.B. Klugh.)
The song of this species was heard at Bull Head Point, Lake
Winnipeg, on the morning of June 16th. The birds were rather
common at Norway House, and were seen or heard daily between
there and Oxford House. They were common at Oxford House
and a specimen was taken at that point; while descending the
streams between Oxford House and York Factory we found them
abundant; every wooded islet in the lakes seemed to be the home
of a pair, and wherever we camped we heard their songs, which
began soon after midnight ; a nest found in a bush overhanging
Jack River, between Knee and Swampy lakes, July 6th, contained
eggs on the point of hatching. At York Factory, where we took
two specimens, the species was apparently less abundant, and
beyond that point we did not meet with it. Baird recorded a
specimen collected at Moose Factory in July, 1860, by Drexler.
(EZ. A. Preble.) After giving a number of references, regarding
the occurrence of this bird in Manitoba, Mr. Thompson-Seton
says he is disposed t@ question them all. Yet he speaks of its
occurrence at Carberry, Manitoba, and apparently breeding; while
not giving an opinion I may say that both this form and the gray-
cheeked thrush were taken in the spring of 1892 at Indian Head,
Assa.; first seen on May 16th, 1894, at Medicine Hat, Assa.,; the
next day they were abundant and in a day or two there were only
a few stragglers left, a few remained to breed as they were seen
later; afew were observed at Old Wives’ Creek, Assa., in the latter
part of May, 1895; abundant from the mouth of Lesser Slave
River to Peace River Landing, June, 1903; first seen at Edmonton,
Alta., May 8th, 1897; afterwards it became common and nests and
eggs were taken; common from Edmonton to the Athabasca Pass,
in June, 1898; common in the foothills south of Calgary to Crow’s
Nest Pass ; this was a common summer resident at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, in 1891; a few seen at Deer Park, Columbia River,
and breeding in numbers at Robson late in June, 1890; first seen at
Elko, B.C., May 14th, 1904; common by the 2ist. (Spreadborough.)

712 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

Not uncommonat Prince Albert, Sask.; breeding in the vicinity.
(Coubeaux.) One specimen secured at Grand Rapids of the Sas-
katchewan. (Nutting.) This thrush arrives on the banks of the
Saskatchewan in May and during the summer haunts the alder
thickets and dense willow groves that skirt the marshes. (Kich-
avdson.) North to Lapierre’s House, on the Mackenzie River;
abundant. (Ross.) A common breeding bird from Clinton, B.C.,
to Quesnel. (Svooks.) Southern mainland, east of Coast Range,
B.C. (annin.) A female and young male in nesting plumage
were shot at Nelson, B.C., where they were fairly abundant:
(Rhoads.) Onthe coast of Behring Sea, where the grey-cheeked
thrush is abundant, this species is very rare or does not eccur at
all. In the interior, however, it appears to increase in numbers as
the distance from the sea-coast increases. (Velson.) A single
specimen was obtained from Fort Yukon, Alaska; it is appar-
ently not common in any district of Alaska. (Zurner.)

BsEEDING Notres.—At Edmonton, Alta., on May 3Ist, 1897, 1
found what I took to be an olive-back’s nest. It was built upon
the top of a willow stump that had been chopped off about six-
teen inches from the ground. I saw the bird leave the nest and
tried to get a shot, but she was too wary. I shot a male near the
nest at the time. The nest was composed of weeds lined with
dry grass, eggs four, blue and quite fresh. June 11th found an-
other nest and four eggs in the fork of a willow about four feet
from the ground; nest composed of weeds and dirt, lined with dry
grass; eggs light-blue with brownish spots. (Spreadborough.) At
Lake Nominingue, about 100 miles north of Ottawa, this thrush
takes the place of Wilson’s thrush. On July Ist, Igo1, a nest with
two young birds was found in a maple tree, six feet from the
ground. It was made of grass and green moss and lined with
dry leaves and rootlets ; nest 4 x 3 and 2°60 x 2. (Garneau.) A
nest found June 16th, 1902, at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B., had
four fresh eggs. Nest composed of twigs and moss, lined with
skeleton leaves, 30 feet up in a tall spruce, and eight feet out on
the limb. (W. 7. Moore.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eight ; one at Medicine Hat, Assa., May, 17th, 1894, one at
Peace River Landing, June 18th, 1903, three at Edmonton, Alta.,
May, 1897, and three at Elko, in May, 1904, all by Mr. W. Spread-

borough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 713

Three sets of eggs; one of four taken on the upper Hamilton
River, Ungava, July 3rd, 1894, by Mr. A. P. Low; one of four
taken at Edmonton, Alta., June 11th, 1897, and one of two taken
at Trail, B.C., June 14th, 1902, by Mr. W. Spreadborough

758e. Alma’s Thrush.

Hylocichla ustulata alm@ OBERHOLSER. 1898.

Rocky Mountain region of the United States. (Céderholser.)
This is the common thrush of the Yukon basin, occuring every-
where from Log Cabin to Circle, perhaps in largest numbers at
Caribou Crossing and Lake Marsh. Fifteen miles above Fort
Yukon I took one and saw others, August 2Ist. We saw many
nests, usually 6 to 10 feet from the ground in thick growths of
young spruces, but none contained eggs. A nest containing four
young just hatched, which I found at Caribou Crossing, June 25th,
was about eight feet from the ground ina thicket of small spruces.
The nest resembled that of H. mw. swainsoni. At Miles Cafion
July 11th, we saw young able to fly. Osgood took young in
spotted plumage, July 31st, but those taken August 20th had
assumed first winter plumage. They were usually silent by day,
but sang frequently during the short nights. At Caribou Cross-
ing, the last day of June, their song could be heard constantly
from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m.,one taking up the strain as another stopped.
The song is much superior to that of Hyloctchla aonalaschike and
almost equal to that of HW. fuscescens. It has whispered notes like
that of H. mustelinus. By the middle of July the song season was
practically over though we heard one of the birds singing, July
23rd. When the nights became really dark in August, I often
heard the call-note of this bird near our camp between 2 and 3
a.m. (Bishop.) An adult male from Sheep Creek, Kenai penin-
sula, July 5th, 1901, extends the breeding range of this form.
Several seen on Kenai during the summer. A nest containing two
fresh eggs was found the latter part of June. (Chapman.)

759. Alaska Hermit Thrush.

Hylocichla guttata (PALLAS) BREWSTER. 1902.
Occasionally seen in the thick brush at Hastings, Burrard Inlet,
in April, 1889; seen on nearly all the mountains at an altitude of
3,000 feet at Chilliwack Lake, B.C., in July, Igor; first seen on

714 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

April 21st, 1893, at Victoria, Vancouver Island, after this date they
became common, but most of them left earlyin May. Some reside
all year, as I saw them in January, 1890. (Spreadborough.) British
Columbia. (ZLorvd.) Found only during the autumn migration,
and then in the coast region. (Stveator.) West of the coast region;
near the coast. (/annin.) Summer resident on mountain tops
near Chilliwack. (Svooks.) On the coast of British Columbia in
migrations. Probably breeds in the Coast Range and mountains
of Vancouver Island. I was surprised to again meet with this
species at Field, where I saw many and secured three birds. One
of these in spotted nesting plumage proves that the summer
habitat of the dwarf thrush is far more extended than formerly
supposed. (Rhoads.) Not uncommon at Vancouver City, Lulu
Island and Sea Island, B.C.,in the spring of 1894. (Z. F. G. I lite.)

Very common everywhere at Sitka, Alaska, especially on the
small wooded islands; at low tide they were frequently to be seen
feeding among the kelp and rockweed along the shore. (Grinnell.)
Specimens of this bird are in the National Museum collection
from various points along the timbered coast of southeastern
Alaska, including Cook’s Inlet, Sitka, Kadiak and Chugatchik
Bay. (lVelson.) Rather rare on Queen Charlotte Islands. Two
adult females were taken at the head of Cumshewa Inlet, and one
male on Prevost Island, June, 1900. (Osgood.) Mr. Osgood seg-
regates a new form out of this species to which he gives the sub-
specific name verecunda. If this name@holds good it will apply to
all British Columbian coast records. (J/acoun.) Two male birds
in fresh fall plumage were taken at Hope, Cook’s Inlet, August
26th and 2oth respectively; these are very olivaceous on the upper
parts and agree with a bird taken at Circle City, Alaska, August
18th, 1899. [The above specimens are considered verecunda by
Mr. Osgood.] Two specimens were taken at Hope and Tyonek,
Cook’s Inlet, Alaska, September 7th and 14th respectively. These
are in fresh fall plumage and are somewhat more olivaceous than
fall birds from Kadiak. (Osgood.) Mr. Osgood considers the
latter true aonalaschke and cites Kadiak Island as the home of
the type. (MWacoun.)

We heard several singing at Skagway, and Osgood took one at
Haines, June 2nd, 1899. At Glacier they were tolerably common,
and we secured several, but they were very shy, keeping in the
thickets during the day and singing several hours in the evening

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 715

from the topmost spray of some spruce well up on the mountain
side. Several thrushes’ nests in small spruces six to eight feet
from the ground were empty, for which condition the abundant
red squirrels were probably responsible. At Log Cabin and Ben-
net we heard a few singing and at Caribou Crossing, B.C. (Lat.
60°) Osgood took one, June 27th. (Szshop.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Two; one taken at Hastings, B.C., in April, 1889; and one at
Victoria, Vancouver Island, April 27th, 1893, both by Mr. W.
Spreadborough.

759a. Audubon’s Hermit Thrush.

Hylocichla guttata audubont (BAIRD) BREWSTER. 1902.

This species was not observed during the survey until the close
of the second season, when specimens were taken in the Rocky
Mountains near Chief Mountain Lake, under circumstances that
left no doubt of its breeding in the vicinity. (Couwes.) Common
summer resident in thick woods on Sophie Mountain at an altitude
of 4,400 feet, on the International Boundary, B.C., in 1902; in
July, 1897, this form was found in the Rocky Mountains, south of
Calgary; and in August in Crow’s Nest Pass; rather rare at Elko,
B.C., in May, 1904. (Spreadborough.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; one taken at Edmonton, Alta., May 6th, 1897; one at
Banff, Rocky Mountains, June 18th, 1891; one at Canmore, Rocky
Mountains, May 28th, 1891; one at Toad Mountain, near Nelson,
B.C., July 15th, 1890; two at Cascade, B.C., July 15th, 1902, and
one at Elko, B.C., May toth, 1904, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

7596. Hermit Thrush.

Hylocichla guttata pallasit (CaB.) Faxon & ALLEN. IgO00.

Observed only twice, July 4th and 24th, 1896, both times in the
interior of the peninsula of Labrador; rare. (Spreadborough.)
A male taken at Chateau Bay, eastern Labrador, July 14th, 1891.
(Norton.) A common visitor in Newfoundland. (eeks.) An
abundant summer resident at Halifax, N.S. (Downs.) One
individual was seen after a gale on October 23rd, 1902, on Sable
Island, N.S. (James Bouteillier.) Apparently common in woods

716 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

at Brackley Point, Prince Edward Island, July, 1888; not rare on
Cape Breton Island, 1898. (J/acoun.) Breeds abundantly about
St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) Breeding abundantly at Scotch
Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. HA. Moore.) Observed everywhere in
the Restigouche valley, N.B. (Srittain & Cox.) Slightly more
abundant than the olive-backed thrush on Prince Edward Island.
(Dwigiht.)

Common; breeding on most of the Magdalen Islands. (Bzshop.)
On Anticosti and everywhere on the north shore of the St. Law-
rence this is an abundant species. (Svewster.) Not rare at Lake
Mistassini, Que.; breeding in June, 1885. (/. M7. Macoun.)
Common summer resident on Montreal Island. Breeds in the
city of Montreal and in Mount Royal park. This is the most
common thrush here. Found a nest of this thrush on a grassy
bank in asmall wood at St. Bruno, containing four incubated eggs,
May 24th, 1885. (W2nt/e.) Common in certain places in eastern
Quebec in summer. (Dzonne.)

A common summer resident around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist,
Vol. V.) Iheard this bird frequently on the Magdalen Islands.
Have found it breeding near Lansdowne, Ont., as well as on
Wolfe Island, near ‘Kingston, Ont. (Kev. C. J. Young.) A
common summer resident in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts.
I took a nest on May 17th, 1897, which was built among dead
leaves at the base of a dead ironwood sapling and contained
four eggs. (/. H. Fleming.) A passing migrant at Guelph, Ont.
(A. B. Klugh.)

A common summer resident of woodlands in Manitoba.
(Thompson-Seton.) First seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., May 11th,
1894, and last seen on the 15th, a rare migrant; a common sum-
mer resident at Banff, Rocky Mountains in 1891; observed a few in
thick woods near White Mud River, Lat. 56° 30’, in June, 1903;
first seen at Edmonton, Alta., May 3rd, 1897, last seen May Ioth,
all were migrants; one shot in Eagle Pass, west of Revelstoke,
B.C., May gth, 1890. (Spreadborough.) North to Fort Simpson
on the Mackenzie River. (oss.) Abundant at the Grand Rapids
of the Saskatchewan. (Nuwd¢ting.) First noted between Edmon-
ton and Athabasca Landing, May 22nd, 1888; common between
that place and Lesser Slave River; very common down the Atha-
basca to Fort McMurray, Lat. 56° 40’; common up the Clearwater

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 77

River and on Methye Portage and by Methye Lake to Isle a la
Crosse. (J. M. Macoun.)

That pallasit and not audubont breeds in the region around Lake
La Hache, B.C., is attested by the skinsin the collection. At least
two points are established by skins in the collection—tst, the
breeding of aonalaschkae in the Rocky Mountains of British Col-
umbia; 2nd, the breeding of pal/asi?i west of the Rockies and south
of the 52nd parallel. (Rhoads.) This was the form of hermit
thrush occurring at Quesnel in northern British Columbia. A
skin from 158-Mile House seems closer to the typical form.
(Brooks.) About 15 miles below Little Salmon River, Yukon dis-
trict, July 22nd, we secured a pair whose nest, containing four
well-grown young, Osgood had found the evening before. Far
from selecting the secluded nesting site usual with this species,
this pair had placed their nest between two small bunches of
flowers on an open hillside, just above a small piece of burnt
poplar woodland, and exposed to the full glare of the sun.
(Bishop.)

BREEDING Notes.—Breeds from May to July at Scotch Lake,
N.B. The nest is placed on or near the ground and is composed
of leaves, grass, bark and roots. Eggs three. (W. H. Moore.)
nest found on Kettle Island in the Ottawa River near Ottawa
was built on the ground in a low shady spot. It was built of
withered leaves, weed stalks and bark strips, lined with fine grass;
eggs four, of a uniform greenish blue colour. (G. R. White.) I
have noticed many individuals in the township of Clarendon in
North Frontenac, Ont., during the past season (1903) and have
seen eggs that were taken near Trout Lake in a spruce and cedar
swamp. The eggs are lighter in colour and somewhat larger than
those of Wilson’s thrush, and are readily distinguished by the
practised eye: (ew. C.J. Young.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; one purchased with the Holman collection in 1885; five
taken at Ottawa in April, 1890, by Dr. F. A. Saunders; one at Lon-
don, Ont., September, 22nd, 1886, by Mr. W. E. Saunders.

One set of four eggs taken in North Renfrew, Ont., June 5th
1889, by Rev. C. J. Young.

718 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

CCLVII TURDUS. Linnzus. 1758.
760. Red-winged Thrush.

Turdus tlacus LINN. 1758.

One sent to Dr. Paulsen in 1845, and another shot at Fred-
erikshaab, Greenland, October 30th, 1845. (Avrct. Man.)

CCLVIII]. MERULA Leacu. 1816.
761. American Robin.
Merula migratoria (LINN.) SWAINS. 1827.

An adult male shot near Kornuk in the Godthaab Fjord, Green-
land, in 1865. (Avct. Man.) Locally common on the northeastern
coast of Labrador. Large flocks seen at Port Manvers on Septem-
ber 6th, apparently from the north. (Bzge/ow.) Abundant through-
out the country. Breeding plentifully at Fort Chimo, Ungava.
(Packard.) Common throughout the whole trip from Moose
Factory to Fort Chimo, Ungava. (Spreadborough.) Two specimens,
a male and a female were taken at Northwest River, Labrador,
July 28th, 1891. (Vorton.) A very common summer resident in
Newfoundland. (Reeks.) One seen August 3Ist, 1899, on the
Humber River, Newfoundland; said to be common. (Louis H.
Porter.) One of the commonest birds in Nova Scotia. A few
remain all winter. (Dowmns.) A single individual was seen on
Sable Island, N.S., on March 28th, May 8th, and October 24th,
1902. (James Bouteiller.) Quite common at Brackley Point,
Prince Edward Island, 1888; common on Cape Breton Island, 1898.
(Macoun.) Very abundant in the more open parts of Prince Ed-
ward Island. (Dweght.) Very abundant in New Brunswick. A
few remaining all winter. (Chamberlain.). A common summer
resident at Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B. (W. H. Moore.) Very com-
mon in the Restigouche valley,N.B. (Brittain & Cox.) Abundant on
the Magdalen Islands; breeding everywhere. (Bzshop.) Common
everwhere on all the islands and shores of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, but generally near habitations. (Bvewster.). Common at
Lake Mistassini, Que. (/. M. Macoun.)

An abundant summer resident around Montreal. Breeds in the
city and in Mount Royal park. Nests with eggs found from May
18th to July 24th. Usually observed here from March 24th to
November 8th. (Wintle.) This is one of the most common birds
in eastern Quebec in summer. (Déonne,) An abundant summer

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS 719

resident around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Very com-
mon everywhere in eastern Ontario. (Rev. C. /. Young.) Common
about the settlements in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. A
few have wintered at Gravenhurst. (/. H. Fleming.) Abundant
in the Algonquin Park, Ont. Three nests in sight of the buildings
at Cache Lake, 1900. (Spreadborough.) Abundant in the vicinity
of London, Ont. The crop of wild berries has much to do with
the occasional notes of the occurrence of this species in winter;
that a few winter in some years is certain. While they nest usually
in trees, I found one on the projecting end of a rail of a snake-
fence and have seen numbers on buildings; and once saw one
building a nest ina brush-heap. (W. #.Saunders.) An abundant
summer resident at Guelph, Ont. Arrives about March 8th, and
leaves about November 12th. (4. B. Klugh.) Found throughout
the region traversed, but seldom seen elsewhere than in the
vicinity of the posts, where, however, they were very common.
Many old and young were seen at Fort Churchill during the latter
part of July. On our return trip we noted the species on Hayes
River, August 30th, Steel River, August 31st, Hill River, Sept. 4th
and between Oxford and Windy lakes, Sept. 12th. (4.A.Predle.)
Common at York Factory, Hudson Bay. (Dr. R. Bell.) Fort Churc-
hill, Hudson Bay. (Wright.)

Found in abundance at Pembina where it was breeding in the
wooded river-bottom. In this latitude, the eggs are generally laid
during the middle and latter part of June, and I scarcely think
that more than one brood is reared annually. It extends from
Pembina to the Rocky Mountains on the qgth parallel. (Coues.)
A common resident in half-open woods and around dwellings
throughout Manitoba. (Zhompson-Seton.) An abundant summer
resident at Aweme, Manitoba; arrives about April roth and leaves
towards the end of October. (orman Criddle.) An abundant sum-
mer resident at Indian Head, Assa., first seen April 13th, 1892, and
became common by the 18th of the same month; first seen at Medi-
cine Hat, Assa., April 11th, 1894, building by the 16th May, first
eggs May 22nd; acommon summer resident throughout the whole
district of Medicine Hat, Crane Lake, Swift Current Creek and
the Cypress Hills; in 1895 this species was found scattered over
the whole of southern Assiniboia and Alberta wherever there was

brush; it is essentially a bird of civilization and is constantly
20

720 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

found in the neighbourhood of trading posts and lonely settlers;
a common summer resident at Banff, Rocky Mountains, replaced
to the west by propingua[?] (Macoun.) A very abundant summer
visitor at Prince Albert, Sask.; breeding throughout the country.
(Coubeaux.) Very abundant at Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan,
though none were seen at Chemawawin. (Vuttimg.) Very abundant
between Edmonton and Athabasca Landing; more plentiful at
the latter place than anywhere else; only one pair seen between
Athabasca Landing and Lesser Slave River; none down the Atha-
basca to Fort McMurray, there very common; none up the Clear-
water to Methye Portage, but common there; seen here and there
where there are clearings from Methye Lake to Isle ala Crosse.
(J. M. Macoun.) Quite common at Edmonton, Alta., first seen
April 16th, by May 6th many were building nests and early in
June eggs were hatched; common in the foothills to the Inter-
national Boundary; quite common from the mouth of Lesser Slave
River to Peace River Landing, Lat. 56° 15’, in June, 1903. (Spread-
borough.) This species appeared at Carlton House on April 22nd,
1827, in Lat. 53°; the same season it reached Fort Chipweyan in
Lat. 5834° on May 7th and Fort Franklin in Lat. 65° on the 2oth of
the same month. (Azchardson.) North to Lapierre’s House, on
the Mackenzie River; abundant. (Ross.) This isacommon bird
both at Fort Anderson and on the banks of the Swan and Wil-
mot-Horton rivers in the Barren Grounds. (MMJacfarlane.) Rare
migrant at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.)

Throughout the entire wooded portion of Alaska this bird is
found more or less numerous during summer, and along the tree-
less coast of Behring Sea and Kotzebue Sound it appears merely
as a straggler in the migrations. (JVe/son.) This species is quite
common at Fort Yukon, where it breeds. (Zurner.) One indi-
vidual seen on St. Paul Island, Alaska, in October, 1872. (E//o¢t.)
The miners that we met at Hope and Sunrise, Cook’s Inlet,
Alaska, reported that the “regular eastern robin” had often
been seen there. We did not observe it ourselves in the month
of August, the time of our stay at these points. (Osgood.) Tol-
erably common at Haines and Skagway, but not at Glacier. At
Haines I took a female and four well-incubated eggs, June 2nd.
Robins were common at Log Cabin, June 15th, and were found
regularly but in gradually decreasing numbers until August Ist,
when the last was. noted near Sixty-mile Creek. A flock seen

4s
a

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 721

July 29th, showed that the southern migration had commenced.
We found an empty nest 30 miles below Dawson and heard that
the birds bred near Fort Yukon. Although robins were by no
means common at Caribou Crossing, I found, on June 25th, 13
empty nests, most of them evidently built that year and four
empty nests of the Alma thrush, in a small patch of spruces. The
red squirrels which lived in a hollow tree near by probably knew
of the location of most of these nests. Osgood took a well grown
young robin here on June 26th. (Bzshof.)

BREEDING Notes.—This species nests at Scotch Lake, N.B.
from April to August. Four broods have been hatched in one
nest in one season. The nest always has earth in its composition
and is lined with leaves of grass; eggs three to five; I have known
the birds to move the eggs from one nest to another when the
first place had become too public. The period of incubation is
ten or eleven days and the young stay in the nest fourteen days.
(W. H. Moore.) Nests are placed on stumps and fences, in sheds
and around buildings and in trees almost from the ground to 50
feet up in large trees. The nest is made of grass witha bed of
mud and a lining of grass. Eggs taken at Ottawa in April, May,
June and July. (Garneau.) Nest very bulky, composed of vege-
table matter, leaves, moss, stems and weeds, grass, hair and wool;
inside is a neat cup of mud lined with fine vegetable matter; eggs
five of a rich greenish blue colour. No markings or spots. (G. R.
White.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eighteen; four taken at Ottawa in April, 1888, by the writer ;
two at Ottawa by Dr. F. A. Saunders in September, 1891; one at
Hamilton, Ont., by Mr. McIlwraith, on March 3rd, 1887; one at
Indian Head, Assa., April 19th, 1892; three at Medicine Hat,
Assa., in May, 1894; two at Edmonton, Alta, April, 1897; two at
Banff, Rocky Mountains in May, 1891, all by Mr. W. Spread-
borough. Also an albino taken in 1891, at Billings Bridge, near
Ottawa.

Five sets of eggs; one taken at Fort Chimo, Ungava, June 13th,
1896, by Mr. E. Bouchier; one set of four eggs taken on the
Upper Hamilton River, Ungava, July 5th, 1894, by Mr.A. P. Low;
two sets of four each taken at Edmonton, Alta., on June 4th and

20%

722 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

12th, 1897, by Mr. W. Spreadbourgh; one set of four eggs taken
at Ottawa, Ont., May 24th, 1898, by Mr. F. K. Whiteaves.

761a. Western Robin.

Merula migratoria propinqua Ripew. 1880.

This form was first seen at Banff, Rocky Mountains where it
was in some numbers; at Revelstoke, B.C. it arrived on April toth,
1890, and soon became common ; it bred in large numbers at
Revelstoke, Deer Park, and Robson on the Columbia River, but
curiously it was very wild and difficult to shoot; common on the
International Boundary between Trail and Cascade in i902;
found a nest on a fence overhung with brush near Trail; abundant
everywhere in the Okanagan valley, B.C., in April, 1903 ; abund-
ant in all parts of the interior of British Columbia, but especially
so at Spence’s Bridge ; builds a different nest from the eastern
one; abundant at Chilliwack, Hastings, and Huntington in the
Fraser River valley in 1901; a very abundant species in all parts
of Vancouver Island, only partially migratory, many building by
the middle of April. (Spreadborough.)

British Columbia. (ZLorvd.) Very common everywhere; breeds.
(Streator.) Abundant throughout the province ; partially migra-
tory; a number winter on Vancouver Island. (Fannen.) Abundant
resident at Chilliwack. (Bvooks.) Uniformly abundant everywhere in
British Columbia. (Rhoads.) A few adults were observed through-
out the summer among the more open parts three or four miles
inland from Sitka, along the Indian River. Several large flocks
of juveniles appeared on July 25th and afterwards were common.
(Grinnell.) Common on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Its time
of arrival at Massett, from 1891 to 1898, ranged from February
20th to March 16th. (Osgood.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Twenty-three; three taken at Revelstoke, B.C., in April, 1890 ;
one at Robson, Columbia River, B.C., June, 26th, 1890; one at
Trail,B.C., June 1oth,1902; one at Penticton, B.C. ,April 27th, 1903;
two at Agassiz, B.C., May, 1889; two at Hastings, Burrard Inlet,
B.C., April, 1889; five at Chilliwack, B.C , May, 1901; six at Hunt-
ington, B.C., in October, 1g01, and two at Victoria, Vancouver
Island, in April, 1893, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 723

Three sets of eggs; two of four each taken at Victoria, Van-
couver Island, in May, 1889, by Rev. George Taylor; one at Trail,
B.C., of four eggs, taken June 5th, 1902, by Mr. W.Spreadborough.

CCLIX. IXOREUS BonaparTe. 1854.

763. Varied Thrush.

Ixoreus nevius (GMEL.) RICHMOND, 1902.

This species reached Revelstoke, B.C., by April gth, 1890; for
a few days it was common in the thick woods, but soon left the
river bottom for the mountains; in June it was found on the
mountains at Deer Park and wag seen at Robson on June 24th at
an altitude of 4,200 feet; observed a few near Rossland and on
Sophie Mountain, B.C., along the International Boundary in
1902; common in all the thick woods along the Elk River, B.C.,
above Elko, breeding, in May, 1904; shot at Burrard Inlet, April
8th, 1889, quite common in the woods at this time, but very retir-
ing, usually sings at night; one specimen seen at Chilliwack, June
8th, 1gol, after this date they were common along Chilliwack
River up to the lake, breeding in the mountain woods; abundant
on Vancouver Island as a resident; they leave the low grounds
about the middle of May and return about the middle of Septem-
ber; breeding on Mount Benson, near Nanaimo, at an altitude of
3,000 feet in July, 1893. (Spreadborough.) This bird was dis-
covered at Nootka Sound on Capt. Cook’s third voyage. (Aichara-
son.) British Columbia. (Zord.) Very common at Seymour Creek,
Stanley Park and Lulu Island, B.C. (4. /. G. White.) Common
spring and fall migrant ; found breeding on Mount Lehmen.
(Streator.) Common west of Coast Range; partly migratory. (Fan-
min.) Common resident at Chilliwack. (Brooks.) Abundant on the
coast of British Columbia, but by no means confined thereto,
being found at high altitudes on all the mountains of the interior
to the Rocky Mountain summits. (hoads.) Tolerably common
in the deeper woods at Sitka, Alaska; first young, scarcely feath-
ered, taken July 2nd. (Grinnell.) Occasionally seen or heard
at Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands. Seen at Massett by Rev.
Mr. Keen. Not abundant at Cook’s Inlet, Alaska. Occasional
individuals were seen and heard. (Osgood.) Two specimens
were noted at Homer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, on September,
17th, 1901. (Chapman.) The varied thrush proved to be an

724 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

abundant summer resident of the Kowak valley, Kotzebue Sound,
and was observed in every tract of spruces visited. In the fali of
1898 it remained common until the last of August. (Gvimnell.)
For a full account of the nesting habits of this species, see Pacific
Coast Fauna of the Cooper Ornithological Club for November
14th, 1900. (Macoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Eighteen; five taken at Revelstoke, B.C., in April, 1890, one at
Trail, B.C., June, 11th, 1902, one at Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B:G,,
April 8th, 1889, six at Chilliwack, B.C., and four at Elko, B.C.,
in May, 1904, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

763a. Northern Varied Thrush.

Ixoreus nevis meriulotdes (SWAINS.) RICHMOND. 1902.

One specimen was procured at Fort Franklin, Lat. 65%°, in
May, 1826. It was the only one observed. (Aichardson.) Accord-
ing to my own observations this bird is a regular and not rare
summer resident in all congenial portions of northern Alaska, even
within the Arctic Circle and undoubtedly extends its range as
far north as the common robin. (/Velson.) One specimen of this
species was obtained at Fort Yukon, Alaska, September 4th,
1876. It is not plentiful at any time. A second specimen was
brought to me at St. Michael on May 27th, 1877, killed by a
native. It is only a casual visitor to the coast. (Zwurner.)

BREEDING Nortes.—I have a nest and four eggs that were taken
by Rev. Mr. Stringer in the east channel of the Mackenzie River,
40 miles from its mouth. The nest was found, June 5th, 1895, in
a spruce tree, 15 feet from the ground. The nest is made of
goose grass and is six inches in diameter and three inches deep-
The eggs are a paler blue than a robin’s, and are spotted with
brown. (W. Raine.)

CCLX. CYANECULA Brexm. 1828.
764. Red-spotted Bluethroat.

Cyanecula suecica (LINN.) BREHM. 1828.

On the 5th June, 1851, Dr. Adams found a flock of seven of
these handsome birds feeding about some willows in the vicinity

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 725

of St. Michael. They were very shy and he succeeded in obtain-
ing a single specimen. (JVelson.) I met with this species in the
vicinity of Cape Blossom, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, on July 3rd,
1899. The locality was the side of a ravine between two hills of
the first range, about a mile back from the mission. This hillside
was of a gentle slope, and was clothed with thick patches of
dwarf willows, one to two feet in height. That this species was
breeding at Cape Blossom, I have no doubt, but time did not per-
mit as the Penelope arrived and I had to leave; I procured two
specimens however. (Gvrinneld.)
CCLXI. SAXICOLA BeEcuSTEIN. 1803.
765. Wheatear.
Saxicola enanthe (LINN.) BECHST. 1803.

During the Western Union Telegraph Expedition, Mr. Dall saw
several large flocks of these birds near Nulato, on May 23rd and
24th, 1868, and learned from the natives of their abundance upon
the stony hill-tops back from the river. At St. Michael, Norton
Sound, I found them to occur in spring and fall rather irregularly-
They were not very rare, and the natives informed me that they
were common upon the bare mountain tops in the interior, fre-
quenting the summer range of the reindeer. The wheatear
was also found at Port Clarence, in Behring Strait, at the
head of Kotzebue Sound, at Cape Lisburne, by Dr. Bean.
(Nelson.) This bird is very erratic in its occurrence in northern
Alaska. Early in the spring migrations of 1882, we had these
birds in comparative abundance near the station for a few days,
but none remained to breed, and in the season of 1883, though a
careful lookout was kept for them, not one was noticed. Those
seen appeared to be travelling towards the northeast. (Murdoch.)
Osgood saw two young wheatears at Circle City, Alaska, August
Igth, 1899 and secured one. At the Aphoon mouth of the Yukon
I shot one on August 27th, which fell into the river and was car-
ried away by the rapid current, but I saw the white rump plainly.
(Bishop.)

765a. European Wheatear.

Saxicola enanthe leucorhoeé (GMEL.) STEJN. IgOl.

One male bird procured at Disco, Greenland, August 11th, 1891,
and one on July 16th, 1892, by the Parry Relief Expedition.

726 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

(Witmer Stone.) Nests near Nachvak, but I did not see the nest.
Nests have been taken by the Hudson Bay officers. (Bzgelow.)
One of the commonest land birds on Disco Island, Greenland,
and around Disco Bay, both on the islands and mainland. I
showed specimens to Eskimo from Nugumente and Frobisher
Straits, and they instantly recognized them and said they had
bred there but not in plenty. (Awmlen.) Known to breed in
Greenland from the time of Otho Fabricus, and according to
Holbeel, extending its range to Lat. 73° and even further. It
strays also to the westward and was observed by James Ross, May
2nd, 1830, in Felix Harbour, Lat. 70°, Long. 91° 53’ W., obtained
on Shannon Island by the German expedition. (Avct. Man.)
Coues obtained a single individual of this species at Henley
Harbour, Labrador, August 25th, 1860. (Packard.) Breeds at
Ivigtut, Greenland. (Hagerup.) .One shot by George Moses on
Indian Island, N.B., 1879. (Chamberlain.) A female was taken
at Beaumaris, Muskoka, Ont., on September 24th, 1896, by Mr.
Tavernier. It was among titlarks. The bird was identified by
Mr. Ridgway and is the first record for Ontario. (J. H. Fleming.)
I have before me three specimens of the wheatear all of which
were shot at Godbout on the north shore of the St. Lawrence,
near the point where the river widens into the gulf, by Napoleon
A.Comeau. Two others were seen, making five individuals noted
within thirteen months. Mr. Comeauwrites me that in the female
shot on June goth, 1885, with her mate, ‘‘ the eggs were pretty well
developed.” He adds, “J think there can be no question now
about the bird breeding on our coast.” (Dr. Merriam in The Auk,
Vol II., 305.) Since my notes recorded by Dr. Merriam, I have
secured additional specimens which throw light on the occurrence
of the species near Godbout. I shot a young male, September
Igth, 1885, and another specimen, November gth, 1886. None
were observed in 1887 or 1888. On September 5th, 1889, while
visiting the Caribou Islands I saw five of these birds together but
having no gun was unable to secure specimens. The next morn-
ing I saw one hopping around the door and was informed that a
pair had been noticed several times during the month of August.
(Nap. A. Comeau in The Auk, Vol. VII., 294.) James Clark Ross
recorded a specimen of @nvanthe obtained at Felix Harbour, Gulf .
of Boothia, which is probably referable to the race recently re-
cognized by Stejneger. The British Museum catalogue records

ae

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN|IBIRDS. 727

from Albany River an adult male @xanthe, collected by Barnston,
which is also probably referable to the Greenland race. If, as is
probable, this bird inhabits the country to the north of Hudson
Bay, its most natural route of migration would seem to be along
the borders of the bay, and it is not unlikely that it is a regular
breeder about the northern shores. (2. A. Preble.)

MUSEUM SPECIMEN.

One specimen taken in Hudson Strait by Dr. R. Bell in July»
1885.

CCLXII. SLALIA Swainson. 1827.

766. Bluebird.

Sialia sialis (LINN.) HALDEM. 1843.

An occasionally common summer migrant in Newfoundland.
(Reeks.) Uncommon in Nova Scotia, but seems to be commoner
than formerly. (Downs.) Apparently very rare in the vicinity
of St. John, N.B. (Chamberlain.) This species was common at
Scotch Lake, York Co., N.B., up to about five years ago. Since
then it has only, and rarely, been observed during spring and
autumn migration. (W. H. Moore.)

An abundant summer resident on Montreal Island. Breeds in
Mount Royal park. Nests with eggs found May 7th and 14th.
(Wintle.) This bird is more or less common in eastern Quebec.
Taken at Beauport. (Déonne.) A common summer resident
around Ottawa. (Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. V.) Still common in
eastern Ontario. Arriving this year (190!) third week in March.
(Rev. C.J. Young.) Rare in Algonquin Park, Ont.; one pair nest-
ing at Cache Lake in 1900. (Spreadborough.) Again becoming
commoner in Parry Sound and Muskoka districts; formerly it was
one of the common birds. (/. H. Fleming.) Passing over in con-
siderable numbers in the early days of March these beautiful and
beneficial birds seem to think Toronto and its environs no longer
a safe summer residence, though the reasons are not far to seek ;
on reaching us in the spring those few that rest a while seem to
find agreeable diet in the white grubs which are found in consid-
erable numbers in the flower heads of the sumach bushes ; from
diligent enquiries made in the neighbourhood of Whitney, Ont.,I

728 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

concluded that these birds reach open spots in that district before
there is much clear ground showing through the snow. (/.Hughes-
Samuel.) Formerly abundant, but the disastrous “ freeze ” which
extinguished the orange industry in northern Florida in 1894-95;
nearly annihilated these birds also, and in the first nine months
of 1895, 1 saw but four specimens ; since then they have been
increasing rapidly and are now familiar objects once more; they
sometimes build in boxes and crevices around buildings, and a
few sets of white eggs have been taken; one nest was found in a
swallow’s hole in the river bank in May, 1899, by W. A. Balkwill.
(W. £. Saunders.) A common summer resident at Guelph, Ont.;
arrives about March toth, and leaves about October 20th. (A. B.
Klugh.) Very abundant at Penetanguishene, Ont., in the spring
of 1903. (A. F. Young.) The U.S. National Museum collection
contains a specimen taken at Moose Factory, James Bay in the
summer of 1881, by Walton Haydon. (4.A. Preble.)

A rare summer resident in Manitoba; they breed about the large
towns; since I wrote as above it is gratifying to note that this
species instead of being very rare has become quite common
(1892) in the country along the Assiniboine, and nearly every
grove of oak of any extent is found to have a pair making their
home in it along with the purple martin. (Zhompson-Seton.) A
rare and breeding summer resident at Aweme, Manitoba. (JVor-
man Criddle.)

BREEDING Notes.—Nest built in a hole ina tree or fence
post, composed of vegetable matter very loosely put together,
lined with grass and a little hair; eggs four to five, pale blue; not
marked. (G. R. White.) This species breeds around Ottawa in
Aprit, May, June and July, in a hole in a tree, a stump, a fence, or
a telegraph post; its nest is made of grass and feathers and contains
from three to six eggs. (Garneau.)

This species nests at Scotch Lake, N.B., in May and June; the
nest is built in hollow fence poles and this year (1902) one pair
built in a box put up for them in a grove in a pasture; five eggs
were laid and incubated in 18 days. The young feathered out in
14 days and were in the nest 20 days after hatching; 30 days later
they had four more eggs and the female was sitting. (W. H:
Moore.)

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 729

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Seven; two taken at Ottawa by Dr. F. A. Saunders in April
1891; three at Ottawa in April, 1888, by the writer, and two at
Toronto in May, 1886, by Mr. S. Herring.

Four sets of eggs; one set of four taken in Clarke’s bush,
Ottawa, May Ioth, 1889, by Mr. F. K. Whiteaves; one of three
eggs, at Ottawa, by Mr. W.A. D. Lees; one of three eggs taken at
London, Ont., by Mr. W. E. Saunders; oneset of four eggs taken
at Port Hope, Ont., April 20th, 1900, by Mr. N. H. Meeking and
presented to the museum by Mr. W. Raine.

767. Western Bluebird.

Siala mexicana occidentalis (Towns.) RipGw. 1894.

Common at Penticton, but always in pairs, breeding in holes in
trees in April, 1903; only saw one specimen at Trail, but observed
a number at Cascade, B.C., on the International Boundary, in
1902; observed two at Baynes Lake, May 2nd, 1994, and two in
the Kootanie valley about a week later; a few observed at Lyt-
ton, B.C., April 17th, 1889; in the woods at Hastings, Burrard
Inlet; observed eight specimens at Chilliwack, B.C., October
24th, 1901, said to breed in the vicinity; first seen at Victoria, Van-
couver Island, April 1gth, 1893; found a nest near Victoria, May
23rd, and anest with young at Nanaimo, July roth. (Spread-
borough.) Common on Vancouver Island and in British Columbia.
(Lord.) Not very common on the coast, but an abundant sum-
mer resident in the interior. (Szreator.) A common summer resid-
ent east and west of the Coast Range; more numerous on the
coast. (Fannin.) Common summer resident; remained in the
Fraser valley until January. (Bvooks.) Not common anywhere,
but less so in the district east of the Coast Range in British
Columbia where it does not reach beyond the transition zone.
(Rhoads.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Ten; one taken at Cascade, B.C., June 26th, 1902, two at Pen-
ticton, B.C., in April, 1903, two at Chilliwack, B.C., October 24th,
I9Q0I, one at Victoria, Vancouver Island, May sth, 1893; two at
Baynes Lake, B.C., May 2nd, 1904 and one at Elko, May 13th,
1904, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

730 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. -

768. Mountain Bluebird.

Stala arcticus SWAINS. 1831.

On October roth, 1898, I received a fine male mountain bluebird
from E. H. Patterson of Brandon, Man. It had been collected two
days before about two miles west of that city, and was in com-
pany with another individual of the same species. (George E.
Atkinson.) A few individuals of this species were observed in
the Rocky Mountains at Chief Mountain Lake, but no specimens
were preserved. (Coues.) Tolerably common summer resident
at Aweme, Manitoba. It breeds in the more hilly country; arrives
about May 7th and leaves about October 15th. ;(Vorman Criddle.)
First seen at Medicine Hat, Assa., April 6th, 1894, after that a
few were seen every day until May oth, when the last one disap-
peared, they appeared to follow along the scattered timber in the
valley of the South Saskatchewan as they passed to the north;
a pair were found breeding June 15th, 1895, at Medicine Lodge,
south of Wood Mountain, Assa., and another pair in aclay bank
along Frenchman’s River at Stony Creek Crossing; they were
also breeding in numbers along Milk River, especially at Castel-
lated Rocks in July, 1895; observed afew about the end of July,
1903, at Dunvegan, Peace River; observed nesting at Lacombe,
near Edmonton, Alta., June 18th, 1897; common at Calgary and
southward in the foothills to Crow’s Nest Pass; common from
the upper crossing of the Lob-stick River to Camp River, B.C.,
west of the Athabasca Pass; also seen in large flocks at the Henry
House, Athabasca Pass, September 2nd, 1898; last seen Septem-
ber 25th ; quite common and breeding early at Banff, Rocky
Mountains, it built its nest chiefly under the eaves of houses at
Banff; shot at Revelstoke, B.C., April 1oth, 1890; quite common
along the mountain slopes ; breeding in Eagle Pass near Revels-
toke in May, 1890; numbers of young birds were seen in the trees
along Pass Creek at Robson, B.C., June 20th, 1890, the birds had
nested in the cliffs about 700 feet above the water; common on
the International Boundary between Trail and Cascade, B.C.,
breeding in holes in houses and trees ; abundant at Penticton,
south of Lake Okanagan, B.C., in April, 1903 ; they were in
flocks of from ten to fifty; abundant in open places around
Fernie and Elko, B.C., in April and May, 1904. (Spreadborough.)
Local and not uncommon and breeding in suitable places at

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. Wei

Prince Albert, Sask. (Coubeaux.) Only one specimen of this
beautiful bird was shot at Fort Franklin in July, 1825. It is
merely a summer visitor to the Northwest Territories. (Richara-
son.) A pair nested in the Canadian Pacific storeroom at Donald,
B.C., in May, 1894. (4. F. G. White.) Seen only east of the Coast -
Range. (Lord.) I found one or two pairs of this species breeding
in the mountains at Ashcroft. B.C. (Streator.) A summer resident
east of the Coast Range. (annin.) Common in migration at Chilli-
wack. (Srooks.) Abundant in northern and western interior
portions of British Columbia. (Aoads.) This species is recorded
by Hartlaub from Dejah, southeastern Alaska, April 20th and
2Ist ; as it was seen on these two days only and at this point it
cannot be at all common in the territory. (Velson.)

BREEDING Notes.—Found nesting in a hole in aclay butte at
Medicine Lodge, south of Wood Mountain, June 14th, 1895. The
nest was wholly composed of the outer bark of the old stems of
Bigelovia graveolens, a composite plant that grew in profusion
near the site of the nest. It contained seven light blue eggs,
Another nest taken under the same conditions along Frenchman’s
River, Assa., on June 2Ist, was built of the outer bark of sage

brush (Artemisia cana) and contained the same number of eggs.
(Macoun.)

MUSEUM SPECIMENS.

Thirty; four taken at Medicine Hat, Assa., in April, 1894; two
at Canmore, Rocky Mountains, May 2oth, 1891; seven at Banff,
Rocky Mountains, in April, 1891; six at Revelstoke, B.C., April,
1890; one at Trail, B.C., June 2nd, 1902; four at Penticton, B.C.,
April, 1903; three at Spence’s Bridge,B.C., June,188g9 ; three at
Fernie, B.C., April, 1904, all by Mr. W. Spreadborough.

One set of seven eggs taken along Frenchman’s River, Assa.,
June 21st, 1895, by the writer.

ADDENDUM.

The notes on and references to the species included in the first
two parts of this Catalogue are so voiuminous that it is impossible
to include them in the present part and a complete addendum
will, it is hoped, be published in the near future. The few addi-
tions which follow have, however, been thought of sufficient
importance to publish at once.

38. Long-tailed Jaeger.

On October 8th, 1902, Captain Fellows, an English gentleman,
while shooting in the Clandeboye marsh, Man., procured a young
specimen of this species, and later in the same year the “ Free
Press’? newspaper announced the capture of another in the
territories. (George E. Atkinson.)

154. Long-tailed Duck.

On October Igth, 1899, the only specimen of this species I have
heard recorded for Manitoba, was collected at Whitehead Lake,
southern Manitoba, by Mr. H. W. O. Boger, of Brandon. (George
E.. Atkinson.)

170. Ross’s Snowy Goose.

On September 20th, 1902, a specimen of this bird was taken by
a young lad named F. Marwood, and later the mutilated skin fell
into my hands. I subsequently heard that in Ig01 two other
specimens had been taken. (George E. Atkinson.)

262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

I doubted the correctness of this species breeding at Dunnville,
Ont., as mentioned by Mr. MclIlwraith in his ‘“ Birds of Ontario.”
This doubt I expressed in Part I, page 108. Some correspondence
ensued and Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, Ont., at the request
of Dr. McCallum, examined the specimen and found that the
bird referred as above was really Wilson’s phalarope. This
species is just as rare as the other, and the fact of its breeding at
the mouth of the Grand River is of great interest to bird lovers.

CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN BIRDS. 733

378. Burrowing Owl.

On June 2nd, 1897, I received a pair of burrowing owls which
were collected about five miles north of Portage la Prairie, Man.;
on May gth, 1902, a specimen taken near Grant’s Lake, north of
Rosser, and last spring, May, 1903, another specimen from near
the same locality and one from Portage la Prairie were received.
(George E. Atkinson.)

529a. Pale Goldfinch.

We have three specimens of this form which have been referred
to the American goldfinch, and the willow goldfinch respectively.
These were taken at Indian Head, Assa., and at 12-Mile Lake
near Wood Mountain, Assa., and at Cascade, B.C. The occur-
rence of this form at such widely separated points coincides
exactly with Mr. Ridgway’s distribution of it along the Canadian
Boundary.

549-1. Nelson’s Sparrow.

On page 473 mention is made of the occurrence of Leconte’s
sparrow at Edmonton and Peace River Landing. The specimens
taken on these occasions have been submitted to Mr. Oberholser
and they prove to be Nelson’s sparrow. It is hoped that observers
will now attempt to determine the limits of distribution of these
two forms north of the Canadian prairie region.

INDEX.

PAGE,

ACADIAN SHARP-TAILED FINCH..... 475
AGamb ii sincr ose Weise ice citer arte 435
Horne mannii. 2) tena. weet. 435
hornemannii exilipes.......... 435
ligveirlampe < So%el nek Lee hier eee 438
linarta hol boli 22 02. ack ee + 440
Linaniarostrataac srs soccer sc. 44]
PNCCLDIDEL sg tctaisye soto Wicu, Sedna mers 224
Eyienteey Olli: Bia od ace-as aete ddeat 227
atricapillus striatulus......... 229
COOPERS ty airaiote Misha cereiovateel ate 226
WELOME fee rauheels cary emectn ee eels 224
HAC OIGIS I Hest ee korea oy ae ceo 180
MACULATA tsi fe.svovec ee te lees 180
PWGHINOPOOLUSs).<..:205 6 sere als 2-6 25 1
Occidentalish aoeist cen oneecse.c ce 1
PRO TAIUTLSt Me's) 5 cyataf 8) «5 Set Giatieieets\e 188
CHUM T ARN ae is hanks oil, cite imuicea's, 3 chars 190
WNVAGLC Ml atepoctaets ees, ees = cisye hese ale 190
MELO CARES ¢ hos ave) hohe haters Seccsdials 190
meloda cireumcincta.......... 191
MOM Glare stearate id a eloneia, «5.6.4 193
TRO MGAMAN Aoaes: cetneveisias ote SAS oe ads 193
aN OSENE Bis cate a ee Ee 192
SOM ALMA tA 5 a Belefes wetoraile! arse 189
WO CILETAIS Aue eachepcestorcdser non ey eatrsvals 188
WiLLSONTA Ss sti e cL tae etre 193
PADISEE CALA ri cia ec ete arrestee 62
FSET Pp ere ee ee oaks 62
MAST ba wyerseuseet rusia ehaiteat ict: 62
ANTES EERE a Git ine O eee REC aOeTe 396
phoeniceus caurinus........... 399
Pheeniceustorbisee er eee lel 399
pheeniceus neutralis........... 400
pheeniceus phceniceus ......... 396
NG Xe PRPS envoy woe ns ois Utah Gh PRone 86
SPONSAR reciente x sts sopetei bier cree 86
Alaska Hermit Thrush.......... Tis
Alaskan Barn Swallow.......... 545
TENE Ss Sab tine baereteaer coccenee 379
ILCs NE aati OMe clone Oe 453
bine! Gnosbealkeaser sates oc lae 419
Three-toed Woodpecker....... 308
wWellow, Warblereei 2.0. « 2-F- 597
Ml airclanseieys tro le Reet. eee 360
AEVELISIS!. Otry.g chs hia: A pei 00)
JNIERW GIG E IR b a earn era meeeneia cae 5 360
Albatross, Black-footed......... 58
horb-talledia'c.. cemeher nieces 58
Mellow:noseds:..ocisod sh oss eee 59
PADALOSSES A «5 cig se tly oA sl ate aie 58
PAUL Cie aloes Sel ce case e gute arene aes eri oade 25
GONE Perey tates kates esia ieee oe curtain P45)
PAcegini deer, es itt opile\o ois atover svete 294

PAGE

PAN CIDE Monit ineste oda Ce ate oe ees 13
Alder Hlycatcher): ./. .jotr.0). ace: 354
Aleutian Leucosticte............ 432
Naltd pipers vise). sctccarqe ce ee ey: 157
Song Sparrow. «sw sales ave detec ae 512
MCE A Soot eet eee Moe eee 54
NVirenhitinint ooiteiucs ae aren 674
AUT ieee conser sebaote Aah aso ey Re 27
GUIS eh Peres rid wie aes A eee Dies 8 27
Allen’s Humming-bird.......... 335
WELARMI GANG) 26 2 suns cies cron tack. 206
Allied Shearwater. .25.5.4...06: 61
Adi ass Rhiushser ce sate oe eee 713
Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker... 309
VAMETDICANVAVOCELL eH +) wane ae 149
parm Owl. cows skeak test 263
IDittenWen ac wanes eae 127
COOES Saree: Gees coe eer 144
Crossbillvencn Maen Mae 426
TOW iis) 4's sie. aie Sie sielee leave atts artis 385

Di pperitnisctea uae SEES care 658
HarediGrebesis., ieee. ae 5
Beret vain olan Tees Iles 132
Biter MeV veggie ke ae Mest see 104
Goldenzeye. ce iste. oie fee 95
GoldenuPloviert.. ss. oe. ae ee 186
Goldtinehimes cee aces whiten AAD
Goshawikyossen ss cnc acm eee 227
a wikaO wile ss ccs eee ae oe 284
Herre Galle. 9, ee eee 39
Long-earediOwl J..2. 20.5 oss! 263
Miagpieu ec (cack e waht nee 370
Mensamser: . 20) Fan ctecec es ie 71
Osprey 2s ase ico ae Maio as 261
@Oyster-catcher. 2221-5 .2..002 195
IES UGE epomttoene ee ae ear . 652
Gd stants uci ee Aa ttacte tune 647
LRXON OTA Gers iia Meare AeA tama alow 718
Rough-legged Hawk.......... 239
Scap wD ueky oss fee oe, hacen 90
SCOLEE MRC wae tn eee eee 108
Sparrow Hawk..:............ 259
Three-toed Woodpecker....... 307
Waitresses. cies ces ance ee 219
White-fronted Goose. ......... 116
WihitesBelicans.< as) Mo eee 68
Wardle on 547 ko cur geste 80
MWioodcocls:ii.,4 sy. «pa rae Fl50
ATIMOGLAUNUS erie alain) roe eine oe 472
HENsLO wilson elnione eevee chee 472
lecontelifns oan sere, on oe eee 472
TLELSOW Ue ars silane stetey dco Race 474
nelsoni subvirgatus. ......... 475

Apel id eer... s wk SKS ee Wisk 556

INDEX
PAGE PAGE
A ADELE een ae Mera a celeas hes) sn, 6,8 556 Wiarbleracisay date nt iepeeeee eee 606
GOR OT UIE 02) aytetaeionetsy ah ee fea As 560 Artic, | Great me: nyatea ye ie eee oe 26
GSANTPALUES. 7.2/5 p's a iaetainw eve eau oraehens 556 Grey-headeds oie a a ahs 18
YN A? RN BOP italy Dic uke Sleek 75 Table se yey paces NR Se ee 27
[DORE ER EMIS Bis cure ber Riis alo chh ob 75 Razor-billed 3) )yeice cee 25
OUOSCULA ALE Acie aie cte sco eiolse otekere 76 AIRY 0. eat oatrave meshes cee 13
ATA GIES AERC a Atte cuss eee 71 Auklet@assinisse hese ate cee 16
Ancient Murrelet............... 18 @rested e955 Woo 17
PATISET: «: jie sat a ieee eerie See eta 116 LEASE cine cick aon enter 18
albitronsss erties ee iieecre 116 Paroqitet..:.0i 1 oaee apne enecd 16
albifrons\cambelys 2 =\tacter1e1 1) 116 Rbinoceros 2 oi:)icgn sen cae 16
HEY oy) Ss Rae aes ee SIBI Nn ARLE e 118 WV hiskered saya Gaetan 17
AMNSELES pan oss ee eee 71 Avocet, American. :....).4...4.- 149
Anthonys Vireo ns ona oc eee 579 Avocetsit os 2c oa eee 149 |
PA GIS lay teeta i ccataterctetece) oiets herent edd 652 Ay thy oot ae nee a ee 88
CELVIMUS mre eit 656 PiU BS m SOBA A dist Naas boi 92
EDS VaMI CUB: eee /-ie le lale tne = 652 americana ....... Big Sekckniaia ho & 88
PESVCHSIS itty LAMAR Select? chess. ees 656 Collaris:. ce acceins ae 5 gene 94
SPUAQUCINEL sda miaelseetoete welts 656 mafila..'..%\) ehh teens 90
(AT GLOSHOMIUS|s Hite) eyetsrekelayelers settee 2s 323 vallisnenian. Y.\5 clases pees 89
WOM A oA loon ady odo oou 323
PMA ic actek spat syeieies adel oiersts a etedci 193 °| Barmp’s) SANDPIPER. .3% de que oes 16)
NADREPN hy Ae new iia odio blcoks 193 SPALlO ws sievesove'e lo levsveyeasye MPa 470
UT) chev 310 Ce Re eae o>) OBene Crna ate 193 Bald Bagle’.. (05. ins seer cies .« 245
UNG IE ace aamodiem aed omE Dee 243 Baldpate 2.4). 3.2 eae Meee 80
CHV SABUOS. «ews terete a sees: 243 Baltimore (Ortoles ic). Jneelneenr a 403
Archibuteon..ccsenae acctes rickena: 239 Band-tailed Pigeon.............. 215
PeRnU INCU tee terete L reir er rey: 241 Bank Swallow.................. 551
LENS 0) Fai) eran aia 4 Sc 239 Barn Owle gins as.) tenant 263
lagopus sancti-johannis........ 239 Swallow. cic: 1 50tstenig oe eee 542
Arctic Horned Owl............- 280 Barnacle Goose. Sa. © es oeeraee 123
SDerUnh mete vucis ae erat oe MeN 52 Barred Owl si. 2S. taecty cee 268
Three-toed Woodpecker. ..... 305 Barrow’s Golden-eye............ 96
Mowieererrte ent rset 523 Bartramiasis 28 joes sie ee cegcier 177
WA CEOMEL ED cagesie cm aackovaieroeiite aceon 103 longicaud ary seer omer rele 177
NGO NOalsye son Be saess seed boot 103 Bartramian Sandpiper.......... 177
bAr Gea aeticrtclehels slererttta onde ohercdel= 130 Batchelder’s Woodpecker........ 303
COOTUMEAS Mor Raya a cho ats ral aetna state 133 Bay-breasted Warbler.......... 612
CAN GUCISSEMA terse. iter eters 133 Bean Gooses canter ecient 118
CUME RCA EET Chvated: nyevevaleke ene erate 132 Belted Kanefishery-c.- ee eee 294
NaS aah DEM EMO oOo nae ae 132 Piping {Plovern- steer 191
NETO UTA sre srepeschevenels heise crake: 130 Bewickis aWiremes ccteen eters eee 666
WILESCOUS: iene cs rot Yelsiee tye atch + 133 iBicknellisUibrushs seas senate 709
NMOL ELC Go hate tetst oly achat teks janctalekeesers 127 Big Black-head:pe- emcee 90
Aardetta ¢.).22. oss er Tal. Shee tort 128 Bird, «Cherryas enc eee eee 560
Gp qull ya hole Sag bine Op \goiae dite. 128 Mocking ssc cjeectre rate eee 660
MEOKEN AL fs Asilarisiey oye) aes ere 129 Ovens ates tac ee aeeee 625
JNYOTE SEs os 6 None oes BA SB DDOae DS 194 Red-billed Tropics...) neces e- 64
INLET OT ESHe eee sion brta stein sieieei ens 194 SUT ae eG ae a le Mtn are 193
melanocephala. .............- 195 |: Yellow-billedsinopiciiie 64
Arkansas p=pindie eal bese 340 Bird} Maniol Wars neere eee 70
ASTON RRP Re Ey wert iorelcsien sie chee 263 Birds, Diving .)...% l-seommeeieeeen 1
APECIPLEMUGE a, > Meee ase tee real es 265 Gallinaceous.. 3.0.05 Acai cotne 197
VIS OMIA Hie lniteuedevenene ices els 263 Mam-07 Waris cis lcrsepa oie tae ee 7
Astral oallimusie bier tanterterereeh cic 442 OL Prey... ctu i eet ects 219
GPISGIS oe eies cet ncrsteous/alhetsrosetel ale 442 Perching ipicaticns eee .. 336
PrISvisepallrdusen sre etek 444 eK) CMT IOs ne Bta C1,0 acl . 145
tristis salicamams......0 2.02 .> 444 Tropica gi iss\scuheenetee eee 64
Audubon Caraecararce css eee 261 Brttern,, Americanivacs scsi 127
Henmithrnushteieiys elec 715 Cory’s Weasts siya seus tetene sles 129

INDEX ill
PAGE PAGE
MCAS trate, Wie 3 veer satiate et 128 Brachiyramphusees +... +6). ccna 19
IB LGCERNS. 60.63 Asa Sel ore oie aT 127 ‘V1.9 U7 4 a eC 19
Black and White Warbler....... 580 TOATIMONAEMS ey reverse ce toi e| a /ote s ee 19
Black-bellied Plover............ 185 Brandt's Cormorant::........... 7
Black-billed Cuckoo ............ 292 IBTRALIUE? 35 GEOR Ce Clay Ge Senet 122
Blackbird, Brewer’s............ 409 ISIE cha 3 5 GS ESRE ORLA ee 122
eG a win Peds oa) frei vcriew ei er: 396 Brantaeea sic tba aaetathe «ice ute 118
MUSDY ig We renche evra ieie Se werent 406 IDCRNICLa ge ory pene rites ye aS 122
Wihite-winged. 5205 thes ce 533 CANSMENSISS $215 6 oz ielsetes. Ss 118
Mellow-headedi 2.5... vies one 394 canadensis hutchinsii. ........ 120
Blackbird se yi), tSienn eae ie eae 391 canadensis minima...... ..... 12]
Black) Bramty |b 12 saeco eas tyne te eleys 122 canadensis occidentalis........ 120
Blackburnian Warbler.......... 618 LeUCOPSISs yeh erect ee ae 123
Black-capped Petrel............ 62 MIGTICANSE | on cies Sekecetetey eee 122
Black-chinned Humming: bird.... 333 Brewer's Blackbird. ............ 409
Black-crowned Night Heron..... 134 MPALTOW: «cls, sles aletsie sategeethe 497
BlackwDuck.:.. (ck clgatite sane <s 76 Bristle-thighed Curlew. ........ 184
Black-footed Albatross. ........ 58 Broad-winged Hawk. .......... 237
Black Guillemots s: 222 ye coca s 20 Bronzed |Grackley./7..). s.a.0se=. 02 411
Guyirtall COMM en.) tey-ya. victeyehece oltte) oe 251 Brown Creepers’... cis'es/ciisin aici 678
plaickehead Bion poe. 1a as esan lV elicanien eee. cree Oe oo hy 69
Black-headed Grosbeak. ........ 530 Mhrashery cs. tbhidstecuae eet ors 663
Widlyaera etestuas vole cae setacn an 0 Briinnich’s, Murre ...:../.0..... 23
Black Mier liratyers Ste tay tee kcharaeie ss 257 BUD OB yey iri ne ce or loca ae eee 276
Oyster-catcher.. 6.1% 4/0). tes iss 196 VINGUMANUS «cine, yes thee ee 276
Black-poll Warbler. ............ 615 virginianus arcticus........... 280
IB LAC RRa s octty Nofarerel stele esebeleye 142 Virginianus pallescens ......... 278
SKkinamer tei: leche aco .oteeye.ciciert ss 57 Virginianus saturatus.......... 281
SHAUL Bain eau ear] Aen ren sree nd 329 DOM ee en 5 cet ee at eee 263
Black-tailed Godwit............ 170 Budytesett. fc Mam i. ae eon 652
Black VEGring. de \emeiie suie ease 55 @, flavus leucostriatus. .......... 652
Black-throated Blue Warbler.... 598 Buff-breasted Sandpiper. ..... 179, 432
Gray Wiarbler feo asnea.ese 619 IB HLe SHO Bi. 75 0 Neha ae 97
Greengwrampler ii. areici lev etoyeys 619 ButtonsseSkUaa ch wee ae 29
TOOTS enclescoc nrere suse ane oie ee 10 Bullfinchs |Cassinisi acess: nee 42]
Black Murnstonesne. is. ile < 195 Bullockisi@rtoleme. a ap see ce 405
Black-vented Shearwater ....... 61 Bullweriait sie cis onc ieerieniees 62
REG Wanllinbigeh Goon capa essenene 221 Ibullwierie ics. Soe cranits chines 62
live bse esc Me ae sapae or aspavenee 92 Bulmeris; Retrel’s.) os tee eee ee. 62
Bluebird sei cies wcis, nde fake noe: 727 LiaAle ACM Koga coc debeesoe 531
Mlouummbantia corse ok sicnb se) a) ave reo he 730 IDEN ed Sense can uae AR Ae 533
VIECSLOT Inet oso orate ape an che sceselevers 729 LAAT eeyees a sald tera anes sere tae 532
lives OOse sie aias cs le aud ones) ees 115 BUrcOMASteree esses se eee 33
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.......... 701 Burrowing Owls. 0.5 bye. 45 - 288, 733
ilne Grosbeak cess cs c-wee iene Dol IB ashieb ity, Uc acts totes coalesce aes Oe 695
Blue-headeéd) Vireo:...........-: 577 BUC ORM irre ancs save Sen pac or Move ee 230
JOIN EN eae eta ae oreipns Beers eee t O74 orealise cet: Ate Hoek sige 230
Blue-throat, Red-spotted........ 724 borealis calurus)....../). 5. 2. 231
Blue-winged) Teal. |. 3. So 3h ss/n « 82 VACA UES 2) oro: oieiuini sani alesis eee
IBobolinkweee ean. son tere aetates 391 lineatus elegans. ©. .|...2)...... 233
Bo b=white: hy. isasita ssher sae henes 197 Platypvenusi s.sh gee Meche ae 237
Bohemian, Waxwing.:.;../)..... 556 SWANSON deve is’ iguvarsie leases etc 234
Bonaparte s! Gall see eae 45 Buzzard, Swainson’s............ 234
Bon asa. Na sieht scidetle ae terets conetes 201 pure yy ie a haveicea el. amare ee 219
Unalbe lisse ay vatae esta ataans ae 201
umibellus sabini.se20..).....- 204 | CaBANIs’s WOODPECKER..... Parsee wii 0)I
mmibelusitomataecer ie oat Oe @abotise Rerny &5c\ uh sists a etetortte 49
umbellus umbelloides.......... 203 CacklineGooselnreen eee eee 12]
Botanvusyysc oters seve is yl GCalamospiza: ij... .{ son eens eaODO
JemtTSINOSUB cao), 'eserively oie coca 127 melanoOcoryst 2 cits che seis one 533

21 IZ

PAGE

Calaveras Warbler..,.o 425 vajiae. 584
Calearmis Cercer is ce ones 451
Lar OMICS A. o)-Vaslnsletateintenrs ta soos 451
lapponicus alascensis.........- 453
QUEM AUS ss sis. cb als sleicnsis cea 2 ose 456
TOLUDTS Be DEAR peice caring Sic ok 455
Gals sn eit hei As eee cies nae eee 167
ATONALIG, 2 2h slo siale qe suet eie he ne = 167
California Biocn Relicaniecs cee 70
UG KOO Site k ee rod atone ee Sears 291
UT Ae. craructeln ectenetere ee ee 41
Partridge paracsacr cere 197
BiginymO wl snsss secre ver teeta 289
Runplepkine hyena eee 424
Shrikkemet. je cloitieemtois stem nance 569
WViulturesi ss 2. Be EG ame lee reRote e 219
Californian Creeper............. 679
Gubllemotieesteoes sales erie eo 23
Calliope Humming-bird......... 33d
Camiptolaimussein-m ise ele. 102
labradonius sacniscen joes ee 102
(EaMACHIGES jas fo tei rotekre sie ee 200
CAMACENSISi. sleeker oie eee 200
canadensis labradorius........ 200
fLanlsliniies.< cian see Ie 201
Cama darG OOseic tine sens i storecspe ls 118
BLOUSE we scatorl ove alabere: aisle steel weave 200
HEL a a 5 3¢e ea ek aA E are Sate 376
Canadian Ruffed Grouse......... 202
IWrar ble nnsescrc sila thane teaver eeaiiaes 645
Canivas- back Ducky says cee 89
©ape May Warbler)... 22 4-..... 593
CRyoratentullesisheho odbiecumen cos oo to. 323
Caracara, Audubon’s............ 261
Cardinal.cs. sancteiates cui ela ee KOLO
Gardimalise yw Ja owe ite cette 526
CALGINAIS Hs dees tele ae eke aes 526
Cardueligte ea cvs. cies Oe sies 44]
RIGS O15 AAO ein moon Goes oc 44]
Warolinay Raila dias ccc 139
WV Bem icy eee. astetele rote cee enele esis 666
‘Chis qavbyiananeabpos tous soooG 421
GASSIMT gy. pol syehortevousater a: hese meister 425
PUG PUM CUS ae chat tek lek ereetern a avetel= 42]
purpureus californicus........ 424
Casarcakiees saved asec ometees 74
CASANGAY einena tai awic il Ure eae 74
Caspian Lerm, 3h tiieesies.s sna so a 48
@assinis -Anikdletiye | sasiasaciee ee se 16
Bulllifareh een eerie el. . 421
Bor plepiinchiveniy-ielaeikle er -ri 425
WANEOS Bie hises Sh Levceen eR ae es 578
Gatbind weer sete ees 661
Catharistary cyrock oo nies Chen ei es 221
CULL AUD Daas) ciate ee cores Rae are 221
Watharbesn sevice as aioscdte wb hceers 219
DURA est le, al skeude ave are oh eae ee ahs 219
Cathartidses.. ¢ 47h bic) Geko mm tanta 219
Wedar Wiaxwineis: .i\-hte siecle. 560

@WentLocercus iis sce cos os eho 213

PAGE
urophasianus:.3. clas. o<oe eae ek 213
Centronyee sas toe ou eae 470
OMIT sia stesso ee ae ee 470
Ceophlaus. 57, 252i, Ga. care steers 313
pileatus abieticola............ 313
Cepphus.- ci ies. -e eee eee 20
columiba:c. xe ee a nee 21
oryllen och sete Havel cnaenere 20
MAND ekslo eee ee eee 21
@érorhinca:. 2:8 Go ee 16
MONOCENAA Wee os ats See ele 16
@erthiat .caucaeticnc ee sean 678
familiaris americana. ......22 678
familiaris montana......0..... 679
familiaris occidentalis......... 679
Certhitde Ake eee ae seniers 678
CeruleanaVVar blera-s-n eer 609
Geryle vin ipovies heck ieee oe 294
aleyonn a MGW ee eee ete ete 294
Chosturas ska ke Geek itas eae eae 329
pelagicass..ir se. cabe emer 329
VAUXINS ee eke ee eee 331
Charadnriidse. sts scns eee coerce 185
Charadnius*e)a:s.5.0hs ee eee 185
APM CAMIUS.)ascd es Ye eRe 186
GOMINTCUSN tes nl ee eee 186
Gominieustulvs) cc om. oe le 187
aquatarolal $7 itr ntor ns poate 185
Charitonettave ts to eee Tee LEO
albeola 2hae seek ec ee eee 97
Chat, Long-tailed y tes. 2. kee oe 641
Wellow-breasteds.1.9-e a ee 640
Chaulelasmus?--aac: ee ieee 78
strepera.. Vit... oe. eee eae 78
Chen yk ey ee ey a ee 113
Coerulescenshe Syms ase me een 115
ny Perboreaiae elect uteiaer ate 113
hyperborea nivalis............ 114
LOSSITLS Hoes tA Lae eRe eee 115
Cherry Bird ei s5 nee 560
Chestnut-backed Chickadee. .... 694
Chestnut-collared Longspur...... 456
Chestnut-sided Warbler......... 610
Chickadee: sat taags nae 685
Chestnut-backed) 222. 2. ee 694
Columbiansaa eee oor .. 693
lEhad sonia acer sceke anne 691
Tow alle coe Sa Si a Seaton ae 693
Dong-tailed®).().c0 ts heme eee 687
Mountain relies ares ai cee HORM Ne 690
Oregon’). GoM pidsiebae ee ae ae 689
Siberian) 595 yaccnae eae 690
Yukon eae see 694
Chicken, Mother Carey’s........ 62
Chimney: Swifts asso eo 329
Chipping Sparrow.............. 491
Chond estes. cic ces alae eteretenceat 47
PTAMMACUS tsar ee 476
grammacus strigatus.......... 477
Chordeiles:n.a2 4-0 es eee 325

Spee al

INDEX. Vv

PAGE. PAGE

VIC CIMVAMUS: Ih. eat Behatan erie ke 325 Wihite-cresteds ik 20... samen 66
virginianus henryi............ 328 Conmorantse eee noe lee 65
virginianus sennetti........... 328 Wormy Crake sie Ke. Line Nae 142
Winelidee yawn Rap ae ge aaa 658 Woryidleetec se ee ier a et NN 370
@imeluseaye ete rc ree eens 658 Gor vista ye ain acters Ase’ s aes rele 382
IME XTCAMUS eetovs nee lente alee 658. AMERICANUS hayes eee Us a, 385
Cinnamon Solitary Sandpiper... 175 CAUTIMUSE af ee aches scimtatttere <ets 389
MRA ES at seine nah Sekead aise ia ree 83 Coraxsprincipalisiecs sock. 0. 382
CIRCUSR yo tincos secre a ern ete pee Cory’s Least’ Bittern. ..24...: 129
litudsomitus oy iy steer atn stores 222 Coturnienlus sealer eye ees 471
Chisiroloyabisie ahs She wo oalian uc sane OM savannarum bimaculatus...... 47]
Ste llanis ae eer areca payee niente 674 savannarum passerinus........ 471

\ OS 1X LE Nea eee Ae pe ea 95 Cow birdie. trs Aisa ie sata ao amneitalens 392
clangula americana............ 95 Crakes) Cow alos hac cs Jaen 142
TSANG CARY. recta a,e8 hive eerie ec 96 Spottediic pata tases enseelee 139
Clarke’s Nuteraker.............. 389 Crane, Little Brown............ 135
Clay-coloured Sparrow.......... 494 San dailies sf Sen. yearn 135
Clitte Swallow jqlssere octoctte = ee 539 FLV Han Ee ee evesudes SPE le RES dar 136
Caccyirestinnen watches < oeee ct 290 Wihooping eines voce separ cir 135
MU OE CRAIG! Wa WAT ons.e,s aunts ae me Seka se 290 Gree eo dora er Medes gale 135
AMOLICAMUS Messy clyataeovere = 290 Creeper; Brow... st. vcs ae 678
americanus occidentalis........ 291 Cailifoxniunty ease cee 679
erythrophthalmus............. 292 Rocky Mountain.......7...)... 679
OLA PGON Mirco trays, cic ioeiac's auetetsg tos 318 @reeperss hin, ose oh we nea eee id 678
altabus IMtews)). 1. .cle reac sacs 318 Crested Auklethr ac, een ee 17
Cabertcollarisy cise cremaaca: aiataral Hbyicatcher:..: Save-saiiade ce tents 342
CALEM SAUULA CLONE eset scedlotel slew 322 Ore) che aeee PE Ercan Por REEL rie 142
@olints ee ee eae sauce coe aels Ate 197 GLEN Ua a taste ee 142
WRITE TN, Said Aah ao Gees abide 197 Crossbill, American............. 426
@olummbasery dele tecese a store 215 Wihitkeswinged err. sane 428
FASCIA LAS Eh ae ore ated he eae 215 Crow American:e)cu. ftaee ae 385
(Wolumibss Ae7 ccctetn.<s stoteomnnen ss 215 Northwest. sch: asses o8 Searieuen Gish)
Columbian Chickadee. .......... 693 Crows ee aay 32.08). See eee 370
Sharp-tailed Grouse........... 212 Grymophilusters ce. cane eerie lee 145
Columbideei- ic tae alsmeia Hae 215 Pulicarins seers Fee Hs Said elles,
Colymibus'niees oat here. ae 2 Cuckoo, Black-billed.. .....:.... 292
UTADUS ey testy cae tersca jel ore easiest oleve 4 @alifornia. ya ees 54k eee eo
Irollpoalitin, Sere tetake set cts wiche a iahe fo ake 2 Kamehatkaniy si4 eee: 294
nigricollis californicus......... 5 Yellow-billed ......... Toa 1290
Common Guillemot.............. 22 @uckoos ise eiache.s eee eae . 290
IS) LC Te 9 ai ee ale yc ea 27 Guculidernwe ee ate ee 290
Meri ere WA cueaets <cpteree cet emia 50 @uculush Sams cctsiserachas ate 294
Compsothlypis. .... poe aoa RES 592 canorus telephonus............ 294
americana! USNea ..)..)/0.. 4.024. 592 Cuneate-tailed Gull............. 46
Connecticut Warbler... ...... 633 Curlew, Bristle-thighed. ........ 184
Contopusiseecn crate econ 346 HISkim Ofer Bee yl eee aes 183
borealis). Siye sus Vee ae ats cole 346 ivdsonian tn. ein sien see 182
ICH ALdSOMMss) vac santos atte 349 Mong-billedy.ftaycc ctl, 3 410m 181
NI OTISB.yver gs hero) ore) sleterhotel favs ners 348 Sand plpersce ener 165
Coopers) Hawi. nce ayer cio ae 226 Gyanecnlavts.. cist pic eters 724
Coot; Americana: sn asked 144 SILECIC A cc Mv cis seas Mee Se, 724
DUNO PEE OSES cia ce.cle apniscs Sor 144 @yamocephalusiitn..).1). genie. eine OOO
Ser hemnaticeeioe oa Ap tand wee aac 111 cyanocephalus’.7i-\is1ece ao oO
GCoGustie i5 Sorweciochiere spat Sate aiee 138 @yanocitta, .2) ns ties Bee eee 372
Cormorant, Brand tSeewes sae 67 CNISGAL ARs Mele ad eerie ae 372
Woubleccrestedt. qa. tr <1) eee 66 Steers. (2s scsi otaie eign Mee aes 374
[PSE EY OS RR MESSRS coi 67 stelleri annectens.-+.......... 375
Wed faced ris any iocianes ciesciey aetegt ts 68 stelleri® carlotte:.\.....5 daar 376
migle-crestedinetrt siesta 65 C@yanospizars!.%.,.\\e cis le th oe mere OO
Waolet-oreentrrc-tyonsnri oeee 67 EN 94082) 0 IRE OMOEA CRO icity 532

i]
vi INDEX

PAGE. PAGE.
GV ONMEGathime sree eo) ketenes cise ee . 531 pubescens medianus........... 301
Cyclorehymehis’. 5.) se yee. oe +e 16 pubescens nelsoni............. 304
JUPAS 6 Saeed bed oo Fricie 16 Willosas a5. sae 297
Cypsplordes. oo. iaeict aes cee ees 329 villosus harrisii............... 300
MI ELMMORCALIS! . 6 salain acts ate eistsne 329 villosus hyloscopus............ 301
villosus leucomelas............ 297
DAB ECHIGR Hs cit sn ohe ooo arene ene ael st rere 6 villosus picoideus............ 301
10) 01 aaa ea pene ee ee CE ey 85 Duck, American Scaup.......... 90
ACULA Leh coats se eee pe tA NN) esotoens 85 Black #2.ace oe See Pee 76
Dakota Song Sparrow........... 509 Canvassbacksay..-\t Meee 89
Dark-bodied Shearwater ...... 61 GireyAne ae oe ¢ ifehe sate ther stenne er 78
Wendragapus!s. = ese cele eee 198 Harlequins): yu se see 100
ODSCULHS!. Hive were nem ietaerensinats 198 Hawes to. cette: oe Sent ees 253
obscurus fuliginosus .......... 198 Labrador 7s) 05 Me oe ee eee 102
obscurus richardsonil.......... 199 esserascaupi: secs see eeee 92
Wendroicay ei wench teenie stase 593 Wong-tailed cme cc eee 98, 732
SOS ELV a ye batre iefehe. erctanig etorssey stare £94 PLO coerce Sree tev rac ae ape tere ence 102
wstiva rubiginosa.._.......... 597 Ring-necked...) -45 Gass eee 94
OG Abiko alle coe geyortea do o5 oo caer 606 ud aly. nitty mecca acest ee 112
black iburniee qe se ery nein ee 618 Spirit. nso. Rie cee eee 97
Cxermlescens.../e. 2.3.0) Fs shee 598 Stelllerisinc -tccere.o econo 102
CEISLEN Nina pidold od Mona tin C0185 612 WOO: sotenase cies vats late eee tae 86
Coronatar teases st elaine ee 600 DUCKS. 75 och wn etetc tid ee ee 71
coronata hooverl.:...../..0.- 604 Wiamtlini oe oe eA ec a ne 163
Giscolons s,s sacri ce pastes 625 Dusky Grouser oe screech eee 198
Kirtlanidiny yes neste. eioryelet 622 Horned Dark, 2. uit oan ee 368
IMAGULOSAr res sare pease ties ciara 607 Mormed (Owliscs iin cec ici er 281

MUGTESCENS! lor say sles dy So ee 619
occidentalis. atte ieee 622) 5) (HAGinA Baldantore nec on eee te 245
PalMarUMA ss o's, «seve Ne oe eos eee 623 Goldenine acters ces io one ee ere 243
palmarui hypochrysea........ 624 Gray Seas cu.s asic awleo onl 245
PEUSVIVaANICA ee sek Mae lne ore 610 Bagless. i. 0a. can es Se 221
MAN Area! cyepete islovs 4 o.:e scl yenee Seales 609 Hetopistes. fy..c0 tie tener ere 215
SUNIDtA sow ates oo e,© ete elolereto ee 615 OMT PYMOMUEIGS Guo “cos ddsocude 215
UP IM Ae e ccshe ole es «so eset sles ott 593 Boret; Amoericanyep iri cren criti 132
GOMMSEN Gee ic ae raerol ais 621 Hider; Aimericani.cceke eee a tee 104
VIG OLSU Me ates Mahe a eal ates ae 623 Greenland sa on casa 104
VALENS En le totsem ees Rie Mie cher iotate 619 » TRG Ce erat ste a cen sheets 106
Desert Horned Lark...........:.% 367 Northerniqiai vir. noice 104
Sparrow Hawk. 32%. 05... -08 2 260 Pa CHEG) Ss thera te ele RR eo eae 105
WICK CISSellsye\ cis cise sree. c 2s ee ee 532 Spectacleds... ery. wo. omelets 103
PIOMEM SAL) Se.cis ai Soe sds vase lee: 58 MlaMOUMEs i: ents ciclo ts eretsstee eieeyeeye 22)
ALR ERUSS acter Sel tiarere dates omen 58 fOrficatUsic.cins oe eee 221
MUSTER ew ss site ae hush vera rere 58 Emperom!Goosessnasactireee eee 123
Wiomed cides. etenceysk is se aes 58 Hmpidonaxts. ene eens 350
Dip persy America). elles 658 Cificilis! sez. «sh oe ate eriete 352
Dip persiess Wee va Nets acto o eae ee 658 flawdVenGris cq... noc ee 350
Diver, Great Northern.......... 8 hammongdivseee eee eee 358
IDMiavayes bso GY amar nada ice caaiae 1 TIN USs Seren eciclelse eee eee 355
Wolichouyxeseaicace ove scree 391 aD ISN RS Semcth lac bio olds 6 353
OLY.ZINOLUSs ey oma ieee cls oats 391 traillii,alnoruin........5..5-.-. 354
Double-crested Cormorant....... 66 SWIELGHINGIY crereroretorsneveietenie sete 359
Doves) Moura ng) erste eee 217 Hniconetta, tei 7- teat eee 102
Wovekie: Near eos einen > 27 Stellerie ..cictsaes'e,s desea: 102
Wo witicheny ces sevice rs ates ermal 153 Hreumetes,.2)./crcic 5 sara oeys meee: 165
Kong=pilledieyy aps sais state ere cis 154 OCCidentalise nce heen ee 166
Downy Woodpecker............ 301 Pussies. es ictai tense icencis aetna iee 165
Wry obabesien ey as ctee We sre eaece 297 Hnismatutane: secciyse a eeeeree 112
pubescens gairdneri....... ... 303 jamaiCensiss).:.\6) vo. ve ctemer 112
pubescens homorous .......... 303 Eskimo:Curlew sc.) eeremiatte 183

INDEX Vii
PAGE. PAGE
European Blue Heron.......... 132 Horsters ern... cite sin. suet 49
GOOD ai ueve senclseuaaeuaicue mane 144 BOXGSPALLOWs Terie sie cies aid cca fale ons 517
enn eGullet rentepieste einer 38 Branklin’s Grouse .\.........5... 201
Oysber-catcher. | icc sort ajei seis 196 Las(ojsn/ WCE A Sk 2) ae 44
SMA Aone Becle game usu 151 iratercnl aes iius i. cider aveyens << 14
Meal Rea ater sretetencsapecaity 5 creo eterakspsie 81 AN CUIGA mare totts ioc etaaNietelcrajeienels. «2 14
Wiheabeaini cs ectoceay sbievaetreloy ots 725 ARCULCANPLAGIaAliSi se satetete ercveiay. © 14
Wid Seon iis acess svete s 79 GCormiculataannn sen miatsemass. earn: 15
\noretileorel kt Pe apdaree oGen cau 150 Bre pata. je Sotto ahs hotemeyrocne wae 70
BHurynorhynchus........0...::: 165 AQUA. 9'.. 5,5 srostovotn ewer welts 70
PYUCUS a setel = clshyale syiah stele shales 165 1MSaEH Oke C eile ieiadio la Lided. a'r 70
Evening Grosbeak.........2..... 415 Bringillidce:s errersta crete sp sierae cee 415
Evermann’s Ptarmigan.......... 208 ANT GAs ceerese sn ar cst aetor oheheee © Merotsase eee 144
AMERICAN. as sel ee ee eae 144
YATE O feiss casas chases ot aSpodel a eyayerseretes 248 VELA Eales ofa «aac lepepateten ay avn mien 144
Golumibarvuss 3 /sve yates he neeuclas 255 Holman ws ehetrmseans mst okie serele 59
columbarius suckleyi.......... 257 OSS OTRO ral dias ocuy ave avert ayer okt kets 59
ASLATICHUS etek -lcpeharsereh renin todos Ayes 248 IACI CHE eric deen see is etaerale 59
MME TUS cota rsars eieleys suas (oleh 258 IR Gd Gers cs eine lsaiecissascets ¢ 60
UNGK CAMS eaves encpeyaroyecee less cies 252 Balimars sy. 33) seis a srstatene 59
peregrinus anatum............ 253 Bil ar us serra aiersticey.,o.sgeeie cn ots 59
peregrinus pealei..... AOE Ae 255 PLACATE. Biome Mets NE cick ot ni mane 59
MIC HARCSOMI oop rend «oars fete ta 257 glacialis glupischa............ 59
ASCO Bad weak ooo eae omar 249 glacialisominor:...c:-).22 tt «siecle 59
rusticolus gyrfalco............ 249 glacialis rodgersil............. 60
rusticolus obsoletus........... 251
SWALVEULU Sheps je ler ce clsioie ehspersiic a= 259), )|| (GAM yeMids.. 5: eveysfste nts otic teusletese eel er: 78
sparverius deserticolus........ 260 Gairdner’s Woodpecker.......... 303
[one OHIWS od ores en oaen 259 Galeoscoptesite sacy «oc en 17 «eyes 661
Falcon, Peale’s. be Aaya POD. Caroliensisy opty. se Doe 661
IBPaITIG'<)« Sagener tic vors atte ts ehevsjarms eke 252 Gallinaceous) Birdsijna-)..0 lair 197
loci keer bekGe ee a ain tee adooe Oboe 221 Gallineryy.e ciorc.c de a aeyer se cio eee 197
IBICONS 2. caches selon ee eine 221 Gallina gis ciderssiee-\ le sates ee 151
Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk. 241 Gelicaibaniysieicte cs «15 reyes eic\arerstnae 151
[Relay |S PALLOW:-nicle 2 eters nval’s Sates ocr 497 PallmagO peepee cere ieite erates 151
Finch, Acadian Sharp-tailed..... 475 IMAI ORS eta Netra enh ects 152
@alitorniapeurple: ere hcs) «eri 424 (Cenlbinil bow descelGnsscaddocganel & 148
(Crgsmimdy Jeige) Gh aowopnason anos 425 Paleatarnere oensce sweetie cece 143
UTD Lee icra nies se iovsiaicta s(e as Ponerstn ae 421 Gallimule, Hlorida..(.. sc.%.0<58-. 143
HIN CHESs eg oerciease aie, Selnciety teielt we 415 Burpleyy «ctcica er sencheeriae ras 142
isher’s; Petrels.<.- ce... oo boas 62 Gadlintlesiy. sis «6 - -m Pisteverohe cis 138
lrekeryPELyjorid s/c) 5 careie ee <1 322 Gamibel’sSparrowrerr oie acl: 480
Nonbhern ie iv. sjecrpeie Mes ct hg eae 318 Gane aes seyey sayatsueteret meee fovela tens 65
INorthiwesternc.o--)-1.5 5) phe cn 322 GamMmetsis si). ter asig tems yale isto 65
Redsshattedsc 20 aa « velas we sjeuret 321 (Gavilanvend cute cissate are Perlis <qevel seale cess 8
Florida Gallinule.....5.......<. 143 ACAMASU Sr reptonsertiahcbe jeter soneuetoe 10
Hlyeateherywalder sn ssc laeeiserie.< 354 ALCLICUSE seekers sro) a ccevdisivielererotebenels 10
Crested gs ycrvcesaesls te cae ciel 342 MIMD EE oN /o1.ts tei tery ever iaietele okay 8
EVA MMONGS feieneeetae else 358 MNATAN TN SY cps stave oie cies sheet cl etetel ties fl 12
IDGER RS Opp ome pire aoe Bia: 355 MCU CUB ta sropalotolo lel stehaleieestever tore 11
Olive sided ete ereieievcustee) sccisuatoley: 346 COR IG Bool comnnnatn bab PBA DCA C 8
Ncrssorstatledt. \.meeee mercies: 336 Geese re ros hs. ae am Bratartenerks septa es 71
Mra) Sie ees sfe-biovordi she a heiske Srsiese 393 Gelochelidoniy 8). esl ory taunt: 48
WIGSTOEIE A) 25 0 eletarhe a oat cuss isles 352 MUL OGIGA eee cveep et eietereyeioneferel tele: 48
Wintohitishan, jecevcsatscia sce srs. 359 (GeGUMMyISs ki vese) 1 <r -terrel esis eke orde 633
Viellow-bellieds 2.1. Sass ees 350 RGIS pooppacgas ops 200 coals 6 633
Flycatchers, Tyrant ............ 336 Hf ORIMOSAy.t.i.2 21 a0) 6-0) elstbvetsionietoer 633
Forbush’s Sparrow.............. 514 plladelp lial cess alte ci-rtene erent 634
Hork-tailediGull ee snes eee 47 PoOlmMieih ss sos lukiseeyee eee 636
Retr el Pte t.c o Mohiaaaree pee niazete 62 Grichasvarizela'-r-c- seins pee 640

vill INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE. “Oa
trichas brachidactyla.......... 637 SNIPE). Gaeyac, sary, Pa 153
Clanverdinmyes ys cetemier ater avers 289 Snow, Goose...) Soha pees 2a, 114 }
PTOI, eyes lacie enetets e eltece ei re ee 289 Yellow-leGsu. i siasue coe eeee 171
gnoma californicum........... 289 Grebe, American Eared... ...... 5 F
lam us Grille ye, derctevste 1s vchensone ete l= BB lealt Ho) boellseGinn eae eee e 2 1
Glaucous-winged Gull........... 35 da Roy haXers lie Preiexercch Sr 8 at Orem 4 &
(Gulogca a Eon Seen Re onion clolncoc 126 Pied-billed).. (.)i2han Ane atte ee 6 Y
Gnatcatcher, Blue-grey.......... 701 Red-necked. 220. ose aucranis mocton 2 ;
Goatsuckers:. sinsrdeb taster eee 323 W esterday atten eee 1
Godwit, Black-tailed............ 170 Grebes yeu! hvac eecen SM ee eles eek bene 1
IEC O MEME YO Nein Gdadddecat aor 170 Greens Heron. ses. enter tiie OO
Mar bledsrtntaterscrcis slesetcteyo teks 169 Sandpiper’... aiic, mete eer tee lia: 2a
PACH Ce sveversy ue cfce eile Nee ebe ets 169 Greenland Wider. s-thy. sei aee 104
Goldentblaglentg meri etait 243 Wedpoll 5 ius .t2 eek rere 435
LON Caos A Lan SNe cake oer 186 Green=winged) Meal ir wesa--aeetert 81
Golden-crowned Kinglet........ 696 Grey-bachs. ii.0i5i-). cif: he sees 155
PAL OW ates -yefebs mies e here's clas etek 483 Grey Duckie tse as aes eee 78
TBAT Usb ges atevels hve dateytrasete onerais 625 Grey-headed Auk............... 18
Golden-eye, American ......-... 95 Grinnell’s Water Thrush........ 630
TES ETO War Sate faye hoo Paste tency eke oa 96 Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine.......... 419
Golden-winged W EDL ais teatistonshete 582 Black-headed! 22,45: <2 oni 530
Goldtmehe Aare. eee cry an stetete ae 44] Bliiee: ane Glos ene ee eS
NGI DA Sd oagaiodtct Od an ALS 442 Evening... i200 4 spe eee en 415
TRallere ehtseysict iis Wns ae ee eet 444, 733 Kadiak} Pine? cys ne 42)
WSO WIAs cSiarascvaleiets a) ote sate sayaiee 444 PINE eka y Peps Contes alee ve aces 416
(GoosaMdertonc iy. sete ieee. eteies 71 Rocky Mountain Pine......... 418
Goose, American White-fronted.. 116 IROse- breasted cnr. me cclereie renter 527
BARNACLE Hy serene cece) Vee aaaaplZe Western Evening... 0.002 0: 416
[BRE ia oS gener PEARS ke Pica 118 Cruse ts. 5 hey eRe ona we aoe 197 \
[BAN ENGS 2% RAIA Se AiR Sti Aro iy 115 Camaday eG ay atihoes eae bree ate 200
CRORINNGS FEHB ANE Ss Be ode bance 121 Canadian Ruffed. ...:......5. 202
(CONEC SAGO ABU SAO NAOH AN OMe 6 118 Columbian Sharp-tailed. ...... 212
ID} say NSO eee ichars aaa wens eaicinc 123 Dts kya fice See ube oes 198
Girenbemp Ono wert released: 114 Rraniklin's2.(2. sae pre ieee 201
Ana aim sSyo eee sie ac ereksre aaron 120 Greys Rulfed ah. hi eerie 203
IDEHEKEH iyuete oe OO ARTO A Oc o. A 116 Labrador Spruce: 4-094... 6. 200
MESseT SOOW Gs veamin stacks Sianta 113 Oregon Riutied’. (0.45 a l4 tee a 204
IROSs/sS SNOWY: ce. sees .115, 732 Pinnateds.hcit wees eee eee 210
SOLATW A ss seispeder-evoveotnerstyensanietelare 65 Prairie Sharp-tailed........... 213
Wihite-cheekedss:. 201 ccc. 120 Richard sonisii. cise eee 199
Wihite-frontedierni ticiks-yaeieehats 116 Ruled 78 eee Meee erate 201
Goshawk, American............ 227 | AOS: oh hel oi store ots tere hachbenctned tees . 213
Western tacit: cca vei sianedaiete 229 Sharp-tailed {ect wiursade str 210
Grackile,, Bronzed..../.00) (5.200% +. 411 SIO} Nao eer masons metals 198
Grasshopper Sparrow..........- 471 (Cog bils Cente AS mcg rbe tor Higio cid ic 135
Gray ‘Canada, Jay.) 6.0 tice. c» tele 382 Gruss) yin. f Cue sete eae eee 135
Gry ntaleomise cise topes acieas eh ee 249 ANUELICAIA ¢ jokes. euslote rd euctemei nek 135
Kain gobi Ge vaederseteee-sictain cee 340 canadensise)./.. 1-1 ster eee 135
Ruffed Crouse. ny... dei... es ss 203 IERICAMA;S tare rained crete 136
eambiaglecaay cs trcttlte toners to's cyeste shave 245 Guillemot, Blacks: yore etie a 20
Grey-cheeked Thrush....:...... 707 Californianmige ciate meie ee 23
Gray-crowned Leucosticte....... 433 COMMON aj etake le eee 22
Greate Aula eine ee wero elke els 26 Horned-billedis: 7. a-t2\-') tererns 16
Black-backed Gull............ 37 Mamdtis..0)..5...rtent enn ehyee ieee 21
lueweerony. cy issn aie cenehe alsle 130 IRF OOD se .scth station ape ol eneaeone os ay
Greve Owen ncrccec crmbione cies 269 Thick-billeds vacate eee le 23
orned!\ Olle sche sures seeps 276 Wiestern ike outs nan crue Rita ate 21
Northern DIver. tennetier ey see 8 Western Thick-billed.......... 25
Greater Redpolltriic: Avice ee 44] Guirao. natu. seein ene 531
WEA Water xe ose cys cot toto coe eek 60 Ceruleas,) sccrcine meta) eee pee 531

{

INDEX 1X

PAGE. PAGE

Gull, American Herring......... 39 Cooperis re wee en coematn 226
Bonaparte sieisc. asi eiee er ii 45 Desert Sparrow.) « ..i/2)..) cance 260
Califomiatiaaire ns cey nee: 41 WDC Kerrie te hires 3 fore es ote Rae 253
@umeatie=tailedy yates spre ae 46 Ferruginous Rough-legged..... 24]
European Herring..........-- 38 Mans sc yay serie sie 2 sm 4 sas 222
Rorketaile dirtiest ae eee etcktae: 47 (OAs a hts |S SRT ee eee 284
Biganileliais NOS yoai os reise aia 44 I EUS{ 1G) AV he Pry AN ee CORRE one A eae 255
Glaticousi yes yates deere ae 33 Red-bellied eww estes ct <0 233
Glaucous-winged. ............. 35 Red -shouldercd ir tyers\ite- > -\s : 232
Great Black-backed........... 37 Red-tailed. ..... BWA tae. 230
Fe er maa MS Ailey -vaeveraelesi stats ate 43 Roughtlessedt yy apiece es. 239
icelamdies s euisstnla ais ie ote a Sharp-shinme dics sees sce 224
TROT Ae ee ele SneaIeiainie a3 seo 30 Western Red-tailed. ......... 231
Kerthiwakeiy ioscan ss aieree ees 31 laisse. vedo vtec ts Sey este ae 221
Kumilliemss)scineeeyeyeicic hae sees 36 ieermamm’s) Gull. 220 iin seek as 43
ano him Ger sete eae ee tert do [BIE Chere he OBO odin gbiaicio cp ofdl 6
Mibtlerwer a tua a saesinersloekst- oral 46 Helminthophilay. -.et-crt 582
IUCN eee Reais Ue eet Pat ait ie 43 Celata. Semis cto a sede e: atussnteenaane 585
INelsoniavrc cs stesscfe oc ate an: 37 Ceélata,lubescens:..2)..c opaew ones 5X7
Point Barrow Glaucous........ 34 Chinysopterainnn tise sic ietiycats 582
{eiubover=| ovilbkers WM Onis) Unie citi eoioraie ed 4] HORS) ILeYeN PIN SVE, Eb WAI a No Metin oooh 589
FNGSSIS ae Biyee cal at atv t sleret de Mure ere = 46 TULLCAP IN deal Wey «lori aratonsra ay ct iste 583
WA DIMESN Sect Rcsstrw arate sc MOR tS 47 ruficapilla gutturalis ......... 584
WHort=biled seers ideo c= 42 elo roast isner se ee eer er net 173
SIDEMIATING SerAoaye se cao ela cust! 38 OCHTOWUSeatiseyse lent meee 175
Slatyobackeds esl n. ccna oe 38 SOLARIS; ® Nepaedetror ase eters eo. WE
ROS atiemaaic se totieen sutra, saetevehenc i: 41 solitarius cinnamomeus........ 175
WieSter mites Tait n chee catclersh dinate 38 Ven Ss Prairless ers teen « crtusueuse Core 210
Western Glaucous............ 34 Henslow’s Sparrow........--...> 472
White-headed eco... 05 oes. ee 43 Hepburn’s Leucosticte.......... 434
W hiteswingeds a. 2 oi) sete + 39 Everman shrub eteleyers ae haere ere 715
Gull*pillede Merny) orn versions 2: 48 NWiarbler! Seer tie icicle syaynciatets ees 622
Gaull s eee Sobran ara scious shee ae cit 30 RGrOd 1GHESHiayais «Glos sve ebro ders owe 126
Giyrial com ysico dsc aes snes eke 249 Heron, Black-crowned Night.... 154
Blackie (scree to tevacicke sae sla arene 25] Huropean eBlies 2) 4 vee eels 132
(Cie ciecirsd HEL ibaneemorincian ns 249 Great Blues: ayo tapes oh Se 130
WNGLULGCliepersus, etnene sre jomers eencde. 3 248 Greer ee es eee cree eases te 135
Mittles Blues: sles hhc teres 133
VARA Fata, sk hescerevetatetes Sle hale: sah eel ace 527 Sno weyte ates jisciteta elas atavelaete 133
MiGLONAUCTATIAN Ade sa antral perverse 527 EP CT OMS sec is syslats ote aes ese 1262
melanocephalay. ./.1. ovata. «stent < 530 les periphona) yy). weir) ete 415
enleematopodideesiy lise steps te eke lene 195 VESPEREUNA.. susie vie Wd owe a Sarl 415
Eis ma GO MUS) 4.%1= ta leer yore eco 195 vespertina montana........... 416
IpaCla mre Alc cea artuste ote sos 196 lieteractitiete.n aja). eaeteheirele gai 177
OStnalegusy cine teriace otis ete asi 196 INVA a Ooo U Sona be osc 177
TULA rentzs cecoMerck volslare eras sls 195 Hinundinidzetaccccoss aye oon
Hairy: Woodpecker.))..).//....-- 297 AIT Oe pes versie a ttc oeere es 542
Tali ebuss Cie. hye ee vel suetctehs lot 245 ENV LOTOSASLEM ya) lejeereleiater ele 542
ALO LCT ah oisichsiens Geeks see belisfadies seseate- see 245, erythrogaster unalaschkensis... 545
leucocephalus alascanus....... 245 HET SERTOMICTISi ie syercneryelehcietle chee 100
Hammond’s Flycatcher.......... 358 IStRIOMICUS ye: -) aieysteye Meher sss aero 100
are dais casystoretalalnye: oly et sheralsoe se has 98 EloanyeRedpolle sje ners tetra ter 435
IANNIS be BmoucinG oD UO Aes 4 98 Teloyl overlie (Eng oyeo ce nary bobo oad: 2
Harlequin Duck. 2). 2 fic. sere 100 Red polliscee sorcerer: Clete 440
Elaine eriy Miasts temper vole wiereteho er ataar 222 Hooded Merganser.............- 73
Harrists “Sparvower-c-i) scleral = 477 Warbler she share aeteus siete 641
Wicodpeckers) pets vice sees 300 Hoovers: Warblers.) sie ili 604
Hawk, American Rough-legged.. 239 Hormed|Grebevy i. scr eie- crie 4
American Sparrow............ 259 Wels ints. ca lNaye, aveyiehoterer del esaeeiepaters 360
Broad wang ediyy tie yepe aa: 237 (OA Malgen ernie enolic bisitin gto Biv 263

‘

x INDEX
PAGE. PAGE.
Pu thins. psialeaaearaveton scr eto slate) se) 15 lite or hah ars ese eae Poa 372
Horned-billed Guillenot......... 16 Gamada. viisrais onthe gers Ces 376
House; SPAEBONT 0). 52 tei. Kisravaje ea 425 Gray Camaday i. )-)5j. seesls <6 aa 382.
War Orie y ty cel ciclauchohls is eaten cere 667 Idabrador!<. Nose uote ae eee 381
Hudsonian Chickadee .......... 691 Oregon). 3a Nh eee ee 381
Curlew yaay oii. so RMSE 1 4e4 182 Pins ger aot s octeenh as eae 390
COCWALGAD icuses ayers ver skate eaeteia ee 170 Queen Charlottessn ae 376
Humming-bird, Allen’s.......... 335 Rocky Mountainz..°. 2.00... 505% 378
Black -chinned s. onset nists sas 333 Steller’si-s 0.2 Aamo See peepee 374
Galio per. Ae. heten ccmietestvon cers 335 LYS ese aet ne yet reo art cee ae re
Rb y-throated. 71. cteiseiefaletohis a 331 Junco, Montana...... SERGE OOS
FUULOUS!N. 5. Biel ys Gicvencdaseke ste ve 333 OReronl seis eislloctueel ease 503.
imme -Dirdsy eee ee cielohae = 331 Shufeldtism nitrates ohei eee 504
utchin7s (Goosernyeemy scene 120 Slate-coloured.. .............. 499
Eiyonid@iilic kerma serait 322 FANCOS soe ore teraietas tee ene 499
Hiydrochelidom.)ji.(: 1 u-liere ciel 55 hrysemialissemancy-app veer lees 499
HEWUKEG) HEE sin b Oa bias cldng.a 40 coi 57 ohh) SAgooa ae pod bono doc 505
nigra surinamensis..........-- 55 Olde oo one ga4podflod ast 503
My locichllanem nach ec icerrsce 704 oregonus shufeldti............ 504

BT CT OL rc ane eake apo ave cee 707

alicizeybickometlt yey-te-\s)-1tei¥o ders 709 | Kaprak Fox Sparrow. ..:....... 520
PUSCESCENS.) [Osis soe ad aie ested etalk 704 Mencostictert.ceee niacin 433
fuscescens salicicola........... 706 Pine;Grosbeaky.3: <scne eee 42]
GUC ACA A Noe cisions sccedare as ate iets tecaes 713 Song Sparrows pic. eatere kee 512;
guttata auduboni............. 715 Kamchatkan Cuckoo............ 294
guttata pallasii. 2)... 3.6. 715 Kenai Song Sparrow.. .......... 511
TOUS GE LIMA Ae cia bee disisicl ni sven ote ke 704 Kennicott’s Sereech Owl ........ 275
LIS GULL LA avarey-Pie op sieve revektiersde rete oes 709 Willow: Warbler..22. 2 0.5. sine 695
USHULapALalIMee |. .0)\leicta cle wejsves 713 Kentucky Warbler. 3522 2 esa 633
ustulata swainsoni............ 710 Keestrelis saints pte eet ieee aaeeient 259:
KailldeeniPloverte..0 cries 188
TBR DUD A se el He alateva ays: oie, yale Rae 126 Rang (Hider ss.ijoh0n reben eerie 106
TIS RGSS Yeas cost ele tersrevaln te ey oeercue 126 IRA) Say eg eevee ae ecient eee 138
White-faced Glossy........... 127 Kune birds inettaasenn nse ae 337
IDISES Ae see arin ee elero ie ete 126 Arkansas: 25.8 a ataeipeyae tke one 340
icelandsGuills Sos eee spe eae 35 GRAY 4 cede casmpereseet aimee eas Gere 340
ado ha Comes Roe Aner eroineey crto.: 640 Kingfisher, Belte@ in. ol Gace 294
VAINGTN gy Nei eyrieicncesteccher eich eet sete 640 Kanotisherss ence seer 290, 294
virens longicauda. ...........- 641 Kinglet, Golden-crowned.. ...... 696
Heberidca A hee tal elas cota 391 Ruby-crowiedeht eer eee 698
EGET exten ees recewcneaicla = ieee 402 Sitkam ie cles ss ees ee 701
[oVHUN oXed eI Reser SI rata 5 405 Western Golden-crowned...... 696
Palloulay. die eistelssseucinyoiwie cies cision 403 Kin gletsies yar aceinetngaone 695
RULTIS sates cersyetsnets Guat siela a aero 402 Kartland?s) Warblers se. - camieeies 622
Indigo Bunting............ A tisteiteOel Kite, Swallow-tailed..... eitinenctas 221
Mam ORMIS oy. tee ete ener casiayacs euahe te exes 142 Karttiwake (Galles. aaeocja seis 31
IMAL BUM ICA Aye, sispanie Siscnsusieist culate . 142 Paeities. in dicreviners eee reeaieetorae 32:
Tips wich) Sparrow nee. 5 2) eee «> 464 Red- legged Ricls A ishsletaeoioperetalanne 32
Ivory Gull iste ate ste loci tied ss: 30 Kittlitz’s Murrelet.............. 19
HAC OVEMSs ae er hsvevets etustenctese ea ache iene 723 Kinotsctaet cetera scboraranchatetenetene 155
MCS VAUS ye castes cists Caden se eeneise ee 723 Kowak Chickadee......°....... 693
nevius meruloides............ 724 Koumilienss} Gulley.) eeeeraisen ae 36
ACK SNIP EU coe tns ie chats bess etatenie ce 159) || SPABRADOR DUCK per miei steer 102
Jaeger, Long-tailed...... 29, 732 STB: tsoaytileh ste totere; oh dow nro pee bere 381
LEE a4) ha) Lh Aa Re cen orto ie 8 act 29 Savanna Sparrow............. 470
IROMBLINE «21... eileabserro ne aes 28 Spruce: Grouse! in. ce ere 200
WAERENE wlan ls. xiiee cin einelecaaiace 27 Tha gopusie ts Kee RG ptr ate 205
DiaryeAlla alkali. cnt ante Ne eee 379 EV.ELMADME pce eee eras 208
Black=headedit iyi) lees se 375 LAD OPUS ta ehek Rasen acme 205

PAGE
lagopus alleni......-......-.- 206
LeWCUNTIS hap evos telah opneicich lrrsys ae 209
IW PESELIS ei eleha ree ray vie eavepe en 206
rupestris atkhensis............ 208
rupestris nelsoni.......--+-+- 208
rupestris reinhardi...........- 207
rupestris townsendii........-.- 208
SGT SUA Sn alanras one G 209

Lamellirostral Swimmers........ 7L
rena viitale sys 1 AR a a IN ral cost che 563
WATT US He eet 2c teys eueloke Meanoke ee euehe 563
[DORE EN SW a geste i eens ot alee) ey 563
ludovicianus excubitorides. .... 569
Iudovicianus gambeli.......... 569
ludovicianus migrans.......... 566
Lapland Longspur............-- 451
Dieta iO lapses Bae ci teae are Beer 271
Ibi Auman ater ca anine do morco oe 185
Large-billed Puffin.............. 14
Mamiclsct case ve netercinsate aassccevscepee wicyake 30
aml unui Oe cla eteltereter elles ote 533
Wesentatlorned. curate 367
Dusky Horned.’ 2). J. ki econ 368
IG reds taeitine ects cfente wets cline 360
NGAI OWE: ios cusdeleseisrare ered ale 400
Balladltlorme ders sard derelot toe cler= 362
RramesHorneds sae +\/e rl)" 364
S]SDIEKOMNY a ca meratngb ko clomie comic: 476
Streaked Horned............. 368
Western Meadow............. 401
WATS pstirayeirevee ct ale aitate: akstetesshie ster 360
GATE AY ascii shee ey cneuotie te nenfedsvons iguey eh 33
Pink ich ts 4 Aedes Bicol cide oe 5d ocrea 38
BLSENtAGUS. 5. oe eens 38
argentatus smithsonianus..... 39
are ele eae ncwekey< rene castepers yore 43
baTrovianus. sess alee oi eco 34
lonachyrhy MCh Us sy. 014s see 42
GALPORNICUS Ns «ie fe ele iehelele |e et 41
CAMS oes seye ett ie elie oes oe 43
Gelawanensisac.s. tseeeciche ox 41
MINIT eye peoiee > Aiemeretsieest yore 44
@IAUCESCENSE eine “heieiate one's eels 35
ARVO ees ECE oo Jomo 33
MAGLEraTen othe ya alas Gicic mide ciate 43
iquhi@eGcilavingasn bo. leieocn aay a. 36
lemcoplerusi) sc: on. -p- ri si) 35
MIAGLINLSS 7-tarra soem ieee toe 37
MqVUALIRAD Se qa) Auooce.cle D como aie oc 46
ATETSOM yeti petahet steers, siatsicevens 37
GCC ENUALISs Ue cise cre heickerie = 38
philadelphia......-.......--\- 45
RCHIS HSH EUS se cey- tells vel tea nea 38
VCC N soe) ayo, slevereneieneicleteieh t+1egel 4]
Laughing Goose.............--- 116
(Cho Ul aAr iemereccinig. 1 Sloop ces oc 43
bazuli-Bunting 2). ete. wil = 532
beachrss Retrely «<a. «dele sie em erste 63
WenstyAuklet. i). «cis ciemilemee ets 18

TBYEUCA dns 9 45g eualale ci oid minioud Hc 128

xa

PAGE
IBWiCauCheneymuameyslofe yaira ce eeiete 305
Shynval OSE alone See eeemiapias! 162
SOT MEone cicero hepenie oie yeke gees 55
Leconte’s Sparrow............-. 472
WWESSer PENTIMA | feelers crsaterese! ye axe 59
Seaup Duck... .cqeeesienns ss 92
Snow tGoosewerssseee cite seis - - <0 113
Velllow-legs't. <r )sciekeyive neo 172
Leucosticte, Aleutian............ 432
Gray-crowned . . 2:0. 60). 4.1 - 433
Hepburn’sit. 0.) oa.) 4 sare pare 434
Weal ialke ia eaves erlsterele feaelomete 433.
Wencosticter seis stcLs eet ar ... 432
griseonucha........----++-++> 432
JERGhEN A Re so mele enls Soap ool ae 433
tephrocotis....... 0225-08. as 433
tephrocotis littoralis.......... 434
Lewis’s Woodpecker.........--- 317
GIT COlee eters 4) -ne fests opel sieaekt eK 145
ILIREKSSE NM es un erucm aule pelea nrco-c- 169
POC OAL cota Lists ah ensan ra 169
ee m ashlee oe isis ake eek tel 170
lapponica baueri...........--- 169

LMOSaciees ee neta ee ate MZ
Lincoln’s Sparrow...-.....-.--- 512
Terttle Aik acne cerecrets cet 7
ipltve slienoneeeyy yack eet 133
Bro win © rane seer ve eer 135
Gre ree RE ae aro sien sbekoye 46
Ring Plover... 01222): - Sq +5 ae 190
Long-billell Curlew... .. .-.--. 181
Yeahs es gndeecopsan ope aces 154
Winidlse WVeEnh oy aouoc 6s GbcKlo he 674
Longipennes. ........-+----++++- 27
Longspur, Alaskan.......-...-.- 453
Chestnut-collared............. 456
aro) and eee ieee! siersl- feito 451
INicCowise ere] aceite Ceri 459
Smithisiee eee tye 455
Long-tailed Chat.........---..-. 641
@hickadeeswe screener 687
IDK eos oe Cae ao Bacau om a 98, 732
PAOLO: istered e\aiz 6's the hee) 29, 732
Long-toed Stint...........-..-- 163
Long-winged Swimmers......... 27
Oi Wet an Seen A) Dooropt do. o Sn 8
Black-throated...........---- 10
TPIS Gcowop pod edio Oo mol doh & 11
edethroabedsi.inis.. scesle eye ttt 12
Nrellow billed 2y2/21s505 jalete) elere lobo nie 10
Lophodytes .. 2... 266... 6 eee ek 73
CHEMIE OMG opoeodongdeuceL 73
DOPMOrbyX:: sige sy ae tee ek 197
Galitornicus yikes 197
Louisiana Tanager............-- 534
Water Mhirushi. yj sicliels ctr? 632
MEOKIA eee EEA Rie te eee 426
curvirostra minor..........--.- 426
leucoptera: . 126s eise cles 428
Ibi CMe erp oee ome agua cad 13

Xii INDEX.

PAGE. PAGE
Cirrhaipay sewer: aleurone wiser 13 Red-breasted../..... TNS emission 72
Lutescent Warbler.............. 587 Merlin 2 s.0% st eeee oe Se 258
BAG ik Ceset tarts eo Recent kent See gS 257
MACFARLANE’S SCREECH OWL...... 276 Richandson’s.: i275 gee seus 257
IMISCHOGIITES VA ce tyes steyare else tein ste 323 Merula ooo Naar e een 718
Macrorhamphusin. .5).)22.Ns.sisrete = 153 Farsley HHO) CHAN ARRAN HPA Sieia 4 718
BUCUS eee ots nes erage Men 153 migratoria propinqua.......... 722
SeOQpAceus 4c) sew stale cco eaeiNe 154 Mew?) Gull. acters autre 43
Magnolia Warbler..........:. . 607 Micropalama:e so: war arora 155
Macipie; 7 Am enteami nis tyson ere 370 HiMAanMbo puss. Pe. oe er arece eae 155
INIERETSOS aa Sarcleeom um atratcienney ol tb 370 Whicropodidesy. >i. rte rice ise 329
Mallard: Rie imma ee oe ASS Ses tev 79 Micrant is brie cscs acre emer 566
Mandt’s Guillemot.............. 21 INU US yoo ths SiaiecaNeis eneda ns ctlepee aeiete 660
Man-o War Birds. jt eect csc se 70 Polyslottos, pe tek ee eat ore 660
Manx Shearwater im) <.c1 > ne: 60 Mniobiltanccc, Sickness 580
MarblediGodwitien assent = = 169 WANA tore Soke ye tee sateen whee aE 580
Mitirr ele. ehitteciss ats tiie seins 19 Maiotiltvdiertcus = sates peter 580
MEA RECA. 9h sete thine came cites us Mocking Birdy. ti. 4 ee Ook ae 660
AMLELTCAM Ad. ects See vie its ole 80 Molothrusiy scot s enaaoeneeen: 392
MEMELODEsreccp ars chee Barkers custsse re 79 DEST A oyae Be wie AN slic tegeltolode (etiss Mere 392
Marsh wblarriensc4':is3 ss fee seis 222 Mongolian@Plover: saree: eermee 193
1 ET ae ea A Ne Pa 222 Monitanayedumecolnvet ise pteieciaen: 505
‘TBS ee Ra RS ae nt AN AUB PA 48 Motacilla sci.) sis oe npoeeer ene 651
Meintim, Burplen sist iere acto ae 537 Bales be ohia.s Oa e Mose eee 651
McCown’s Longspur........... 459 | OCuIaMISi Siler rsiecss syns reer 651
McKay’s Snowflake....... ..... 45] Motacillidsen nies cee toe 651
Mieadowalark..\22 iRise cee eee: 400 Mother Carey’s Chicken ........ 62
Pipib ores: yee es cle eet MG shore 656 Mountain Bluebird....... ...... 730
Mie malestris ee. sack eo. cise -fr eee 27 Chickadeew.../ 7 aa. Va oem ene 690
Sea aap icle sit eteeettiona sis inet 27 Plover shane trator onereeetaa tte 193
ie CASCOPS Saree ee tee Wate: Th 274 Partridgey cose ects see uae 197
ASLO bee Cater ks ooh aya Siscgec ys athe 274 Song Sparrow 2.3% ss fics. taet 509
asio kennicottite i. 22 asm! 275 Mourning) Doviesen creche saints 217
asio macfarlanei..)...........- 276 Wrarblerinrt sic ive cus 4 ree 634
ASIO;SAvUNA DUS thee rae ieee: 276 Mudehemis). Yh sGivan foe trae eee 144
Melanerpesi rn. ceoke cies ten sco SLO) \) " MUEe Fc reels Siieseiem Ce Renee
CALOMMUS re seks tei ae ears Oe ieee 317 BruMnehiSin ta awe Aetee ye 23
ery throcephalus 3...) .2.. 0% 315 Pallas’ssc ejay tak meus mache esas 25
EON GUMALUSH eye sis doc nionetatie dee ait 317 Murrelet;Ancientrt) ince nias 18
Nieleaisrcis.ey yeh uicriser em iateyata 214 Kaittlitzisr aceite. ieee ae 19
PallopaModtes Haus sauces oe 214 | Marbled. ...... 19
IMGlOSpizay eerie ee S08. a aresemytere DOG), SMiurres hice nether teeter 13
GIMEREArs atnerelrete tote eo aie tere 512 MMO MO ERG Adab:s acaanoacracades 336
cinerea, caurina.. 0303... -..-.- dll forficatas ii: ask ert ease 336
CINELEA MIN SIONS alse ersen) siete 512 Miyadestess 208 cca Hirctpacete sunt 702
cinerea wud dis)\.0. 1c). esis elaiere 509 bownsendil. -..c.0 42ers 702
cinerea kenaiensis............ 511 Mivianchuisi. 22. tel nel teins ieee 342
cinered Melodiacn. a. ars cos 4. 506 CHIMNTEUIS NS aes ieenaran erect te sea 342
cimerea montana.............. 509 Miysxtle; Warbler. 0 i. psn ong 600

cinerea morphna.............. 509
cinerearrutinam acts exons. D100), NASHVILLE WARBLER: «aie tonic exc 583
georgiana! (eerie desete. ss 515 Nelson’s Downy Woodpecker.... 304
lime alms vycteie). aerate 512 Grulll ee Sara cee aioe ere 37
Nuno ben WME Samo ooricasaea a 514 Btarnigane (aye eens 208
Mien ganseras. Nic aici ct sketches os (ill Sparrows. sie chase) eerie 474, 733
AMELICAMUS), 1.7.4, bie clo eials Rinteh els 71 Netbionls 0 suk ieee ae eens 81
SSO AS in Homeninds onda biomed 72 Carolinensis;ne cds cea Meee 81
Mercamser ite aletrsiilnaen uneee s 71 GRECCAL Mr ame ce skusceecnsin chine tan 81
PANTY) ae) Nes emai A SIA BRED ic 71 Nighthawk 35... e ee ae 325
ELOOd ed erie nasties wee Be 73 Sennett... usctrse ees . 328

{
\

a

INDEX Xill
PAGE, PAGE.
WY Esberni Me up oh here ecrenes 328 OrchardOrioleswe.. \). <..<ahacos 402
INorthernwBiders aches eres 104 Oregon Chickadee.............. 689
licker no soho pire sete epee 318 Saye eRe tas tall aoe 381
Hairy Woodpecker............ 297 TUM COM ere cre ety eis takes Vac Gee 503
Parulap Warblers. t ce: ors sek 592 utteduG rouse. sa-jetcias. 5.0. 204
Phalanopers jay vac) sees Says oes 146 OWE Wacae cine gittacten + -cke 525
Pileated Woodpecker......... 313 Wiesperm Sparrow oe 'aesisscihe( «<I 464
UVEITIS E el Tao nyeocstotna a eine eae 382 Oreorty xen we ocelot ihe. 197
Shitpiier te) yah See ay le Rete a cco 563 PIC UI pease ae rnc Peseflete eaket 197
Waried: Mhrushy sccitaniee sce eee 724 Onioles Baltimore eee real. 403
Pye Mellow, throats: ace t 637 Bullock’sis su et ekcee woseaee 405
Northwest (Crown «/-cie ciao 389 Orchardy 7. sae ech eer 402
Northwestern Flicker........... 322 Orioles. sich conse ete as ntetnyeaoe 391
Rede win entre! 2 fo cris Gieute ateeuduons 399 Osprey, wAmerican. 45. tea 261
INcii raga eke nisician cruel aeyere ye 389 Ot CORI a yi.) ns 3 fae Soy sommes 360
GOlumibianus sees deo eke ce 389 aIPEStRIS re terre Se trecscs aie 360, 369
INUHo SAIS mers oofoqame ares honoe 181 alpestris alpestris, ...... J... 369
DOLEAIS eile e cia’ ns reece oe 183 alpestris arcticola !....5..2..: 369
AUGSONLCUS ey eI Ne aes: 182 alpestris arenicola........ 367, 370
LONGINOSTRISm a elses «yen Le 181 alpestris enthymia............ 370
PME OM US Fe, ster cecete, «ap ceonss ae 184 ALpPESstnis NOW ile. sec meets hee 369
LANGVEM SIS fai smash tekes ee leaiers 184 alpestris leucolema . 362, 369, 370
Nutcracker, Clarke’s............ 389 alpestris merrilli.......... 368, 370
INubhatichs Py cmiye) 5.02) td: 685 alpestris praticola........ 364, 370
edabreasteds:. 20s. ae oe ve 682 alpestris Strigata.............. 368
Slender-billedt mh. oes. cat 681 OvenuBind ii: a etesnemerpasattseee 625
Wihite=breasteds. jst... sa. wos. 680 Owl, American; Barneas. +. 2) 263
INthatchestie ose ale anes toca 680 American Hawketvop --)e yee + 284
Nuttall:s, Sparrow. .25.:.0...% .- 482 American Long-eared.......... 263
INivichallaritces oS vaiie ais eyelevelnig cera! de 272 ArcticiiMornedis 42%. «).ttis seme 280
BIC AMUCE etsts seveleleiclata fy acualstuseae 273, IBATPE GAA Sar ct ostyety Ss ocdcr Bee Pita!
tengmalmi richardsoni........ 272 IBULTOWINO else ain alte ak 288, 733
IN Cte av nteyteny cls, ouctetmepore erie sh 282 California Pygmy ..22..3.-.-. 289
WAS co Sle Si eaeIoD cls OA AISA 282 Dusky; Horned: . S.)2 502, eet 281
INV. CLIC OR ANE 7st «retorts dates otey ota 134 Great. (Grey yous oh asec tne tera 269
nycticorax nevius............ 134 Great Horeds f. -). ice ete: 276
Haw ket fret erie agree ane 284
OGWANTTESIS Foc tid. tahevtopeaie sielei rs 64 Horned 2.56%, vie el obiegee 263
OGGANIGUS ss, Jos ears faus, ree be oe 64 Kennicott’s Screech........... 275
Oceanodromace ek osteo. wee 1010s 62 Ta Di bean ol she al ares ceyene sleet es clare 271
TAVIS Ne eens PR ioe Oy em rer 62 Macfarlane’s Screech.......... 276
LEM COUN GA Mears sa iersrotel Memsycralelott 63 Puget Sound Screech.......... 276
OiGenntias Coren oe he aa tees caine 108 Py Gunny, iS eats, uri theycykSr ovale iste, oat 289
AMELICAMA coe ays ,c le see ae hea te 108 RichanGdsomise mr .c)soe ae 272
Geplandi seuss ceteris te ait 109 Saw whet. toh... Pest ctaohecvasors 273
DUS CA pseu verse abe Maines apenas os 109 Sereechy ie) lec 4 an ar vee 274
prespleillatain do. .sde acs gece 111 Short-ecared! sa5:) 15 ceie\ebteps parent 265
Olbrovehilse ss se, Gee cee cle 70 SOW ak, oils aieisipitece toa eeteyaiays SiN 282
AASCOMSIStr ta ee mics ities sai 674 POSTER, (ots ctsislars aie brevets a esses 269
Ie ee Sie, «ee cen eeanlelsate 670 Wiestermablorneds seciiciei acie 278
Imemalis pacitcust as ci sec. 672 OAR eR Gne meme eo etc ce dic me & 263
MILE LIO CLUS sie yi)yeie casey epee speete oie 674 EKOrn Oda). hs, Ae sss atantayoe steneas 263
OYE sg Wa Wie 2s, sti lslerevemveneie ial 98 Oyster-catcher, American........ 195
QOlive-backed Thrush.:.......... 710 Bae ose a: Ser echt, Cush atathaneter tis 196
Olive sided Flycatcher.......... 346 IDM Tero hed eocdonkiaosu 6 196
CO) koh cs ee ie eer seg res RA ie 124 Oyster-catchers\4, 04ers eee 195
Ibwecimatorss.c. wetiueictenis: saminus 4 125
columbiantsie geese oe sitaclat 124 | Paciric Coast YELLOW THROAT.... 640
CY SNUBS, Ha rate cy tte caterers ats 124 Pacificubiders: ate. cai wee 105
Orange-crowned Warbler........ 585 Thi bore gana sian Mery BAG ge ABtS hc 59

XIV

PAGE

Godwitte ee Skee es 169
GoldeniPloverst\.c cues eves 6 187
Kaibbinv ake. vote. terete cuore ele 32
NAO OIE. Sion! oe el ha RE oo 11
Je} ye7{0) 0) 01 EA maker bec nidiorcueinicen etc 30
Paes: 6 Realm laretele eiautesiae ae eee 30
ale Goldinehs.)....1 etree sets 444, 733
iPallas’s Murre: 2285. 5i. 0% cies 25
Paltids Horned. Lark) ots se ocee. 362
Palin) Wiarblert®cemon. aetaetasteees 623
Paltidicolass.terstetn ste ete Secs 135
IPANGIONGAS eetees cette see See ees 261
haliaétus carolinensis......... 261
Rarasiticy We letiyernn seco lige 29
Paria eerie aM kre ih hlee ene sic 680
Parkman's) Viren «chiciciee sone ater 668
Paroquet Auklet............... 16
Partridge, California............ 197
Mountalna. it onttiee tee ee ee 197

<‘ Partridge,” Ruffed Grouse..... 201
PATER Gest sayy as: wise chee eevee 197
SPAS SE Varcia, Solan ioe ls Bobitta seas het 685
ACO MM sh ooapcaocy caboose. 685
atricapillus occidentalis,....... 689
atricapillus septentrionalis. .... 687
cinctus*obtectus....... 4.05... 690
Gamble ligne a -seyseile eters 690
MWAROMICUSS .\tarereies aterave aie taset ee 691
hudsonicus columbianus....... 693
hudsonicus evura...... peers GOS
hudsonicus stoneyi............ 693
TULESCENS! (adic .st i chalersse ee siete 694
Paesenger Pigeon... meee. « \- 215
PASSO lish fneicen Sanataeda veya te 5g eS)
GOMESEICUS aS ons eis Dette ele 425
IPasserculus:. + os cocwe aes oe ee ees 464
[SINE Ngo GA.oconos wee hao bok 464
sand wiGhensis!...7..ur eee ee ease 465
sandwichensis alaudinus....... 467
sandwichensis labradoricus.... 470
sandwichensis savanna........ 465
Passarella. iy, che Awctiotoielenten salir
TUE CE Pent ais eid 4 ee Pe ee On ar 517
iliaca annectens.............. 520
pliacal tulioinosaty. ras i 1s 521
Ta GapINSWlanish welsac cetc tel cree 520
aliacassechisbaceaninta ste. we ot 522
UiaAca LOWMSEDAIy.;-hevee oe = cleele c 521
iliaca unalaschensis.. ........ 520
IPassenes= Newsome tories ke alo ue 336
MASSEMIMA Mae ee lettalels saci. 448
lak HENAN C Boo or Boboobor aobe 451
TLV DUIS seo Selene See aretetai gs ac 448
nivalis townsendi-............ 451
Ravoncellataiy <cesticekee ce ties ee 177
POWAY. Pitot chet icneee eteeentereyn oe 177
PealeiseWalconite at ee sceisioe ee coke 255
Pectoral Sandpiper............-- 159
Pediocwetess eee eee ewes 210

phasianelusias ness ule she df 20:

phasianellus campestris........ 213
phasianellus columbianus...... 212
Pelagic ‘Cormorant.)1 <./.\.. 10s 67
Pelecanidees 5 voces ee eee 68
Pelecanus 2 #47 see eee enies 68
Californicds\isi1<2. ce eee ee 70
ery throrhynehos y6 erie iens 68
FUSCUS yeis aoa ens one ER eRe 69
Pelican, American White........ 68
Brows. h-3351 45 se ae eee oe 69
California, Browns. eeee 70
Perching -Bieds.5 iki ne woe one 336
Perisoreuss 22 deohests Ae oes 376
CANAGeNnsisiws aoe ee eee 376
canadensis capitalis........... 378
canadensis fumifrons.......... 379
canadensis nigricapillus........ 381
ObScubuss: a4 "ste vee eee 381
ObSCuruS/eTiseus s.r ste aca 382
Petrel; Black-capped.--) 22.22... 62
Bul Wier sinkholes: chance te rere 62
Wisher’sss xceia..secoh eet: 62
Fork-tailed’ 3 cue aera 62
Weachisinsraic. secirckacoke Sree ee 63
DtOnMiyy. = 4 saat eae eens 62
AVilsomnis: ct iro Aree eng eee 64
Petrochelidoni sj. soce eee 539
hunifrons: ey oie hee eee 539
Pewee, Western Wood.......... 349
Woodson une eons na tees ce 348
Phaéthons. ccs coe ere eee 64
et hereus ere tits cacter an verter 64
AMELICANUS aw hea ee eee 64
Phaéthontidze reese eaters 64
iPhalacrocoracidsesiacnt. erence 65
Phalacrocoraxe..se ee enero 65
CALDOM hice. ae Re ee en tee 65
dilophus.2 6s status see taterenetee 66
dilophus cincinatus............ 66
pelasieus..).cs posites ameraey US eee 67
pelagicus robustus............. 67
penicillatusmis-eecris tere 67
og eee areets acum irre ts ene teeter 68
Phalzenoptilusss7 acre ree irre 325
mitballite:s coczst-Aonstaces. tse ee 325
Phalarope, Nerthern............ 146
ied) (a etevots oat ewohere retort renee 145
Wralson?siis: os dh) ceectnee rors 148
Phalaropes Sas) 3. aici eterna 145
Phalaropodide rn... 1aasreae te eer 145
Phalaropugss.i:t,-roes citeenteten tee 146
lobaitusyiotcusressil-cieerene eons 146
Phasianid se. saretorcrennerar cae 214
Phasianus 2. Accleeen ariel ecleecrttess 214
WOW OUICA SonogdimaBesoooe. 214
Pheasant, Ring-necked.......... 214
Pheasants). Agh.ccio see onal ate 214
Philactes. cos. eeen eee oe 123
CUA DUCA Hoey fa8- oars elovetshenatebe teeters 123
Philadelphia Vireo. (:2.2).\.)...4.- 573

INDEX x\
PAGE, PAGE
JY MA KAE, 4h arsads Siiomeme. cian er 150 iPacihies Goldeny:),): ones 187
WIN OL eres ponte sheet tonto aare tis 150 (PUP UT seer Aiedoh ak <1 clskens cor eeeerenee 190
Phoebe ae tacia siege cetate omenataees anette 343 RAIN Gey ehcy spehepet cls) shgustiyic: 6 alkene 190
Say iS) oor tute ions csebhrantegats mistate 344 Semipalmatediys.1..... 0. sop 189
Phyllopseustes........+-./.0+-5 695 SECON VAIS eR cei ee OR See 192
Horealistycis sco telecleve Mocectoralsrele 695 INVA SO re SPs oso Jove ep dete eke andieh cae 193
1B eB at cee Otin le SOM cello Rag 3 cir 370 IPochramd Sys srcpley stipe watateke ec caesi 20 88
pica hudsonica .............-- 370 Rodienpidice stray ely teteyeletaie << ese +2 1
ATCT ese aye os iene Caer Nets eres 297 Podallynalbbustis wryersteletorsrs sete ier = 12 6
PP COLM est ier Narn one isis skensienerehs Sab) BOD OCICS Sra Nap fateh oy tigey ata 5 6
AMVEDI CAMUSH Ish) etsy lel ohetetetel ate ley 307 Point Barrow Glaucous Gull. .... 34
americanus dorsalis.........-- 309 Rolroptilamec sens serieicta 701
ainericanus fasciatus.......... 308 Gmruleasusvasiie anes Ne eters. LOL
ALGEICUS MH. eas cies rpereiaiclelieaee eae 305 Bolyioonusyar- pe crjersecctelerheteret ieee 261
RicdeDuckaee sweet oie rete 102 CHerbwaystasocrere, a steeesensiorrerle 261
.Pied-billed Grebe. .°...:....---- 6 Pomarine Jaeger. .j. cc's. sto sels 28
Pigeon, Band-tailed..........-... 215 POO CES teS a Gs ceensihrerst insyahs eis 460
Goallem obits oe si dekeyetetonexersts =o. 21 PTAMINEUS fuer efelsiniseherse tote ch hae 460
1s yeep vohosc doco uo bone aoe 255 gramineus affinis...-........-: 464
RaARSED SEL ao sigs nycalcustetastal ae. 12 215 gramineus confinis...........+ 462
Pipeons leper Aeieisne la aion ate 3 215 Poor walle: 2 pela Weels aaa BLO
Pileolated Warblers ..-- Sjy.2- | - 644 IPOTZANA Hye cy) oe Meal ae oie aed tele 139
Pine Grosbeak, ssa. ssc <= 416 Garolinans . (jhe eptars Steno lous ahs 139
Sigh eee. ay neers Saheteter edstepereyetenets 444 JAMMALCCMSIS ele/ojot -1elaxersietetehee rere = 142
\RVenlolieye Bleroo awdiodb Dow acco 623 NOVEVOLACENSIS ane charslarete lene reval= 141
DOA ne pelaebog oS ane can Eomere 416 Prairie) Haller sues etereia si -rteteaet ter 252
enucleator alascensis.......... 419 Henge tel ae doisccale, Saeereet 210
enucleator flammula........... 421 iorme dima Kepe aie)yehet-eten terete re 364
enucleator leucura...........- 416 Sharp-tailed Grouse........... 213
enucleator montana........... 418 War bleriiguiiuetsy schcls steer mrtarcte 625
imma bed GOUSe)si..saeystscel= ce. rane 210 Breyer Bing siohen cian eitetaic er 219
tpt de Wad te bcthooncuecseaeoe 390 Pribiloff.Sandpiper...:.....5-.:. 158
Pir tarlGpe aay oe aisterao OR teciwiensrerer= 85 Sriowtlake sey ctersiaasil aie ars 45]
Bippilopt senate ecrerern ateciehers shetnkote +e 522 iProcellamiays. =). cesses ie eee 62
erythrophthalmus ............ 522 PCLAGICA ho oie wierajered Saintes label 62
maculatus arcticus....... no ey3) Pracellanitdeeseciss.tes iyi einer: 5)
maculatus megalonyx.......... 524 IBrog nek icc ely trite eit 5387
maculatus oregonus..........- 525 BUOISeepe Sel yctevelots cite ee Persie okchs 537
Piping Plover): .:.)... 0... ise 4-2 + 190 Prothonotary Warbler.........- 582
Pipit, American...........----- 652 Protonobactlalin asters stereiteteriel t= 582
NU ierHclonig Mea has. cae ren ene OsoK 656 UGE oko oe seria yeh oe Wlente <totetier sks 582
ed-bhroa te dieierj.teryere«aleveatrae 656 salt ria wus server tisha emer 695
SPRAGUC Se 6k soja s aiels seis 656 TOLLS sete eh lense pete) arctan se 695
Aman pipe dee cn cicteereai rae te to 534 Pseudo gry pWUsseieer lore ole) ote siete 219
erybhromelas! © <j. \c ile cler- + 2 535 Galitonmian US ere eke tonee siete tae 219
Tndoyderanal. selec si cie aie eine oer 534 Ptarmigan vAvlens\ se scslctdels ata. 206
IAD DEAS od ame Obbacmbadccdbe 536 DeinaaeAMEIS sy Ce gos cocobecons 208
PlAUGUSIS Pack aeies |) cheers a= ue 26 INGRGCH Gu odheaac wldedduas > 208
riaay 012) Ce Ae Bere Qneigtncs ear. 26 Remblarditsiysees sojetebeterie ea 207
Plemadisicsenctprakclharemen ete: 126 TOC Kayastysasieveretelste fe canines atercecstale 206
AMMUENbEhS eGoBukC 6 oceeee os 126 UMon nets 10 toi aime nib ko ocak 208
SUATAUNA =): |i a ee. ay «eM aes a 127 Murnerisreny ciyeieta seeped atest 208
Plover, American Golden........ 186 Wrelehistec siltyee siiwrchtehe. eerie 209
Belted@ibi ping ee tes) sietats yates 191 White-tailed sip ajc. /tatereray= fish 209
Blaick=belliedicige setsn-tetoiets tees 185 Wrallowar cain -rosieioenpoeeyace 205
Grol dentdieiety soterene ste cintere ch voce tale» 186 Ptychoramphus 22.7)... 2-702 16
OMNES Soh eddgouep sao DLO 188 AHIR AG sha Snboco ae ok acsc 16
IDjuHokey GWE Sh occa ode ngencoGk 190 Did sodas susopoedeaocscanes 14
Mon coliaaiy is ceriaeck t= = 193 Jako, gael Acse MeMads he cicle Sob aka 15

Mountains). aeteccstee chstarsie sel ores 193 Marge-billed..) A537 54a aetna 14

Xvi INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
Muftediy wewatrnts We seek hie <6 13 Red-legged Kittiwake.........., 32
LEANDER aloe) hay Sie Benet s hie eRe c A 13 Red-naped Sapsucker........... 312
Puttiinistertey ops os G's te eae arte 60 Rea@mecked Grebe... A. cis a hese 2
Levsfe bi aalil FEI) i are Ae i Als Se 61 Ried pole nt Aaah seve tisnvestantie ott eee 438
THIN QPINGSILS 1. ew ielsho ve aieare retest ye cee 61 Greagere sons Wes ase ute eee 441
AMES EE «a. ss ialaie's wipe sie apee 60 Greenland. 4.0 1x scoala inne 435
BRIBCUSPY Nehelol isle nxcliets stoi ness 61 ROAD Y 5 doi Se catshatl ere e 435
OMISEHOM dass) aa. ah. Wis cceyavel tere 61 1s Ko totes) | hf Pepe ea nie ee 440
puffinus...........-....-.--5. 60 Red-shafted Blicker...........0. 321
EDATICOSELIS «ets sho itevesaya 2 teretsyeNe 61 Red-shouldered Hawk.......... 232
Puget Sound Screech Owl. ...... 276 Red-spotted Bluethroat......... 724
Bugle) Minch ye cerca epi are 42] Redstart, American............. 647
Grallinwle Biya dans ciaaiesqayher ares 142 Red-tailed Hawk. ..2.05.5.00. 000. /oels 230
Martinis samyipe ote cesar 537 Red-throated oon)... «.+)-mee 12
Sandpiper. seer cise eee 156 Bipiteras sake i ratie oat GOG)
Pyemy Nuthatehy secret). ol 685 Red-wing, Nerthwestern........ 399
Os setie bile ince take athe 289 Redwing, San Diego............ 400
PV POPOMES eerie rvelrr tae ates it Mhiek-billed. 209i. wee eh 399
Pyerhutlaict. cesta eine etsenc eet 421 Red-winged Blackbird.......... 396
CASSIMI es erste sel emitlseere 421 Mhrushy sas. bas whe eee ee 718
Begulns 255.0 1.2 dS hee ewer 696
OUATE eb OR AWiHEDE: 2). hea see isp ciate 197 calendulads. cee ace eee 698
Queen Charlotte Jay............ 376 calendula grinnellii............ 701
NV Godpeckenrin tciteerrrtceer 301 BALLAPArs son's A oeit eye oe Re 696
CU SEGMCU MTR). 5, cer /-1 lotic) tera a sap aan 82 satrapa olivaceus.............. 697
CVANOPLELA: | tonya leis eytect thls 83 Reinhardt’s Ptarmigan... ...... 207
GISCORS A cr. yatta Nena cseahaete ners 82 Rhinoceros Auklet............. 16
(Ont IIE aren: Sees ene ene ace 41] Rihodostethias. sc see oon ckae cee 46
(oy veds(oEUEZ 223 V2) N= Picthh Sige cise aide B.clo 411 TOSCD i ats ete ee telannerepe eae eens 46
Rhynehophanes ./-27.2480.2 uses 459
1 5¢V.A10) Bayt BH OY. (0): yeeye a Ure TREN ed ert SPR Ra 142 macCownilints SOU cacaereteee 459
CEI IER SS ages om tes ca pice do nie 139 Richardson’s Grouse............ 199
King... 2.5 eee eee eee eee eee 138 | Merlin. j2ika wae ayer 257
NAlbdort VEN Oa ercOneeininn ame ac 138 OW] ci: J Seatac ite a eee 272
IVelO Warne tis tosee oct dieke creyenei cues Poke 141 Ring Plover.tm isa one 190
Spent Beis steeper tds bye tethg oe ke 135, 138 Ring-billediGrall yieee ai-taeeiete 41
vault ee at tersets oot stay Norsk chnate eke oe he 138 Ring-necked Ducks. cee eer 94
[SEIN R BeBe ny GeE enone or aie 6 138 Pheasant. :ee ase telco e 214
Glepans ieee insts. te cle-verelstapeactaone 138 Riparian: si. lees ee ee aol
SVT OMIT ATUUS 31 1p ie snsccraie! evel shana seers 138 TIPAHl 2. cocsees Ss gee sane 551
Ra UOLES susiecee eye cee eis. ae Oe 219 Rissals Mans ote ens eee see oo net 31
Ravens WNOrTtHErDet ©. sje atin cae oe 382 brevirostrisies ste -eeereeoe 32
Razor-billed\ Anika aayerereyetelotelcrce ee 25 tridactylax. of cee tees 3l
ME CURVIFOSbUA)s ek set .eieiels clalelenels 149 tridactyla pollicaris........... 32
AIMETICATIA Foraaieeie aah ola titi eeene 149 Robin} American: =. sensemiomees 718
Ve GURVATOSbELCGeh-Ms -elciys siete 149 SIG ys: Fe sveraiceetenstare wocher ale meee eM 155
Red pPhalaroper cn..cn 2 sersae es 145 Western: <\02k 5 5 o)tioomtaeteneeste 722
Red-backed Sandpiper.......... 163 Rocks Ptarmigant.. car eeneetorne 206
Red-bellied Hawk.............. 233 | Wren ats8 fic ecsesjs alle aoe ore 665
Wroodipecker). eysctet= ie ips on 317 Rocky Mountain Creeper........ 679
Red-belled Tropic Bird......... 64 IBY syle Birks ee esa LUE 378
Red=bird wiikey sc Seis atom ate 526 Pine Grosbeak:.\74-pnses otter eee 418
Red-breasted Merganser........ 712 Rodger’s, Hulmars. 2.042 5 ce.) 60
Nuthatehid scat nesoae eects 682 Rose-breasted Grosbeak......... 527
NA PACKER 55 H-Ksen sacelsinetele aii 313 ogs(s }Gllt ev keira tne eee 46
STIPES ae ieseie seen er eek 153 Snowy, GGGse! sree cee 115, 732
Rod-ey.ed'jVaireo ss aj). ss) vote sees 570 Rough-legged Hawk............ 239
Red-faced Cormorant..........., 68 Rough- winged Swallow.......... 554
Redshendiyieryer nudist cents - 88 Royal Lem Alege teteren rates 48
Red-headed Woodpecker......... 315 Ruby-crowned Kinglet.......... 698

PAGE.
Ruby-throated Humming-bird... 331
Read diy” Wek 525 ee eysclayetevinrs ctral=: re 112
Sheldrakeyiy fy. ss.c/cue! ors arate shar 74
Rng fates eats testes Sa aene cteN sesh che V7
Ruffed Grouse, ‘‘ Partridge”.... 201
Rufous Humming-bird.......... 333
Russet-backed Thrush-......... 709
Rusby yblack birds :).kvs\eaed ayer: 406
NOM VAS PALL OW rele cusses caatelslre or 509
IN WiNCLO OWE cg Sai mee Cena Dede Oe oi 57
VM CHOPS tas. vtekateens oan ere ws 57
PATO as oe effete are ont phere shes 57
SS AUSTIN BUS) Gr U ili vic) 2- ad ole eleva. omselniayete 47
SacesGrouses. O26 - mercies se reil ov 213
Saliprnctest syste > rete aah 665
Obsoletusicruciatchaaes veered: 665
San Diego Redwing............. 400
Samderlinger a jaeie tina a 167
Shao milll Greenney oe Je sagan sean 136
Fo Samcdoilll Ai @ patel: ysis - cs 2 135
Sandpiper, Aleutian............ 157
UIA S ire olay, Santee ciNe fa, ohellcn'= a0 161
Bae VAINTANI 212, See) ohe)'«, cya chs ees 177
‘Butt-breasted......:-...... 179, 732
Cinnamon Solitary............ 175
Gurlenge etn acc eal teehee elas aye 165
(GESTS aerate ese Mente oie? sleet che, eat 175
WeaSteae see cic ke ea es 162
IBECHOr AN bare c «Nees larsieie actors 159
Pribilolw sen says ete os oltlie atenats 158
Purples ius Stee ee = sete 156
Wedebachked p02 520 eh rae 0 ost 163
Semnipalmertic deteverariserre iat 165
SHanpstatleds oe cient. \sbie ons. 158
Solvtaryeiee. occas ae 173
Spoons bill ye spies ieustee lee 165
SpOtbed asa Mee Sores eien 180
titans Miva. Geb eccc ae rerdeatott 155
Mae billed: so. ose eve oto 158
Western Semipalmated....... 166
WWibmibe rum pe dertace 34. )s\he = 160
WAMUUPUDEESH cess ays cyclen elas slategs oes 150
Sandwieh Sparrow. ..c. see... - 465
Sapsucker, Red-breasted........ 313
Redenapetlirys'. ss uekare ws. elo se 312
Wallltamisongse -erscciercdateiie sire 313
Vellow-belllied ye. aa. dee: 310
SaAVaUMA SPALLOWee sees e pects 465
Saw-whet) Owlins fj 2. 9. seme 273
Saxicolas civ. aeeigeyes a ketaoee 725
GNA LHS 5, iene eee eee oe 125
cenanthe leucorhoa............ 725
SAVOLNESS 8. saclay te nee 343
HGS. rsa icp eke eerste Sta eia O4O
BEV Oo We apn cate ete, eter eitaye she telava. cutee 344
Saiyas hice beret aete meas cok tomas 344
Scarlet Tanagera 45. tc cys sreler-s.7- 535
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher........ 336
Scolecopha couse setee) eee iicttr-t- 4.06

22

XVII

PAGE,

OUOMMUS ss «ga Mewes, chee thy ween 406
eyanocephalus: im... . tie hcl 409
Scolondeidiee. ) Sha srt tse. soe 150
RGOLOUHi a ce sare Mreclafe's 5 os Soe 150
TUES ELCO) Awe ete GANS Salle ine) ays! ie 150
Scoter,; American... .....52.....) 108
RS AUUG Gets So a A en 111
MGlVett Ries as geet ol aes Mires 5 109
White-winged.. .............. 109
Scotiaptex. ¢45-22.2+...35.-.-.- 269
CINEREA Ste Gye a tee ee 269
cinerea lapponica. ........3.. 271
Screech? Owls = 22h nese aie oe 274
Sear Cootia gna. ooh ues arg ene 111
Senarusity vot hace ok. De aonb eee ee 625
AUTOCAP NUS sear h ease a sider 625
MIO FACIE eta nes WATS eR oe 632
noveboracensis. ......- BA CPUs 628
noveboracensis notabilis....... 630
Selasphorus say. 2.0 sch es ake 333
eee eet 5. Seana hosts eho. OR ee 335
BULLS ets iy eps ues sara RRS eee 333
Semipalmated Plover............ 189
Sandpipers jens oe nee nee 165
Sennett’s Nighthawk............ 328
Setophagay ce yy. c es weet we ee 647
MECH or eee era ne oe 647
Sharp-shinned Hawk............ 224
Sharp-tailed Grouse............. 210
Sam chpnper Weyer eras). </ueraeneee 158
hearwatbereAlltedesne). ce sae 61
Black-vented. 2 #504. 42.2 fy moO
Weankebocheds tae sehen es 61
Gir eaberyy sete cy Aele alee Dea ae 60
Mam xr h Aas suis eae aten eet 60
Slender-billed........... 61
SOODY ees. Gi aletecnteith oie noe sake 61
SHearwaterss.!. 45.4. <.-6s: AM see 59
Sheldrakey Ruddyaj2-cncce sees 74
SVAN BIURDISN 6 Bins SRP OR Mace elke 145
Short-billediiGulleo 2. 440 eee 42
ans hea \Wineneen. aeons ea oe 674
ShortzearednO wih aos se ee ck OD
Short-tailed Albatross .......... 58
PhoOVELET oe ete ee eee ree $4
Shrikes (California: .. 22.25 aoe oe 569
IN orate Ss meee e eat nels 566
INionthernis. . ase wera cetons 563
WNette-rumnpe des aye Scie cues 569
Shuteldt7s Juco. 25.0... 4. 504
Shumagin Fox Sparrow.......... 520
Sauter oe ya es ee ic ai 727
ACUI CAA scope ator See ee ee 730
mexicana occidentalis......... 729
STE) DE ee OU Ret al’ 7/027/
Siberian, Chickadee: )).7.15-224.- 690
Graig iy shat he 38
Yellow-tailed Wagtail........ 652
SiMOchyMChUs).) was aise eee 1)
eristatellussoy pee ee eee V7

XVIII

PAGE

USL GS eer Me Ran 8 18
jf CSL a Oe ae 17
Single-crested Cormorant........ 65
SislarmeMbgMe: at. Sree eat at ells esi ep hea 444
WUE INGLEb.. She ais oes inde oe 701
SS USLEEEE , SOR eo aR Un Mebane a ret re et 680
GaRaCLONSISty) --+)-) inta ste arwrace wont 682
GHPOLIMENMSIS(..-)-'e¥s steveas orci eye 680
carolinensis aculeata.......... 681
(OyAMee be Seldees cao 8 coo fos 685
Skimmer iblackin senses ieee 57
Skimmers: ue ait cists ace eh reo 57
Sicual(Bittonssenseaetee eee ere 29
Gommony te cekCee meee ears Q7
ESTOS: orci tevewedorentas tc ol ane Rue ateeatanaes 27
SAV Ehel hannah sec baena or 360
Slate-colored:Jiumcows. os. nee 499
SOALLOW stare siseieks arts aves eet e a 522
Slaty-backed! Gulls osc se) c= oe 38
Slender-billed Nuthatch......... 681
Shear watertieetwegeteamccante aac 61
SMT eheRPLOM PSUs ane sen else. lek 459
SMLpew HMO PeaD. lice. ciete cto os = 151
COR CALEI AL ah EN eee 153
edebreastedeaws . voce le ctur 153
UG oTAY i tpt teas ote ieee 155
VAIS OTTgS o schacrnenrciue o ee ee N 151
TIMES. ey ial ates epee ea 150
ASTLO VALI X Ghee io Sosrsetan Giiertl ak Reutta ne 448
Vicia asus eeteroccrexcercts meets 451
Bribie: tee cee ee eee 45]
SOMO Way ELL OME) 2), oycey-ueusies ct onslleeiobe 133
(ORS ae COP AS AGA eae OR URE Et 282
TRAPOKG Gye Seep Seyean nan Meal amare Re 192
Slant GroOSGatseret sea ie ea eis eae eee 65
Solitaire, Townsend’s. .......... 702
Solitaires..... bel aA os 2 a Ne 702
Solitary Sandpiper. );....22--.-: 173
IOMALELIG hoe oe tots: caaieiche Clete 104
(WECSSELIA ARES ie on ceo eior 104
mollissima borealis. ..... .... 104
RCC bE Roe Aa emer Sacco 106
VALINE abana Grvord Doar a ey Aerts onc 105
SOMES) EURO Veo Ae bone ooo er ease 506
Sooty Fox Sparrow............. 521
(Grouse siete opine Ushi tees eis 198
Sheanwaletercoaakiiiee maxccrrnnc 61
SONG 1S PULLOW a acta uttsl caeisiale 510
SODAS ene ae ils, oes bcllabsenl > 139
Sparrow, Aleutian Song......... 512
Band’ sya acer eee es 470
Brewers cusiiet see woh eile 5 nie 497
(Gla ay One a asd soe Pads aac 491
Glay- colored, ces semen. 494
Darkcotawson gigs eerste 4 509
Bre lates Se yactateecter ait opie sealers phere 497
MOT DUSHES secehiee tisiararete rey encle aie 514
[op ea aaa a A aE Mar 517
Garmbelbawee War iswnis sropyene te mete 480
Golden-crowned. ......-...... 483

;

PAGE.

Grasshoppets.c...gar. o> eee 471
ELATRISS sy 2 ox oes orotic Le ae 477
Henslow' sia: ott een cise ore 472
House. ehcisc heise noe Paengt 25)
Tips wich tes Grecian ete 464
Kadiak Wox =) ien out erie 520
Kadiake Sonp.y.ceh 4.) ec ones 512
Kenai, Song P2522 cen ee nee 511
Labrador Savanna: a. cee se 470
Dain, oy. sfc 8 ae Cas ee os aeieore ete 476
Heconte's. 3. fest aetna eae 472
Ihincoln’s 2) ke yc. ne ae eee 512
Mountain’ Song? tance ee cere 509
INelsanis® cava weeps se cee 474, 733
Niuttall’s ya stncs saat ort erent ne 482
Oregons Viesperiace ori oe 464
INS Aye MOU eos Sooke oa aaceus 509
San dich oes neces cl aes 465
OaVAMMNL Cree se cece EEE 465
ShumacimnulOxcs cacy sei aes 520
Slate-colored’s.. a5 Noes peel 522
DONG yy fe veges ee ae see 506
Sooty Hox: esl eect rte sy
SGObyA SONG. a) tate eee 510
Swale ects ae eco ag a eee eee 515
MRowmnsend?sioes -. bests oe ees 521
Trees oh. Gasa ate ae eee . 487
Mesperiisi- sieltae Ant reer 460
Western Chipping............ 493
Western Grasshopper......... 471
Wiesternslarks 7= oe.) ioe teoee 477
Western Savanna.../../...... 467
Western Tree seee.. ema 489
Western Vespertci. <0. Aa. chert 462
Wihite-crowneds, =: Jeon seas 478
Wihite-throated’= 22-5 eee 484
VWaluitat Rox: 2265. scare 520
Walkitalta sone asta. aiieger nar 511
SParrows <3... sees ss Degen ee 415
Spatalact . ictcrsteit ol okrene eae Grete 84
ely peatain: eats a- em aein met rs 84
Spectacled Hider... -.. 2. 25..4.- 103
SDCOUY COs? a5 rin Mei ee Sits tel te ape age 288
eunicularia hypogea.......... 288
SoMa OIG apoasn So dooce bob 310
Telull oShonUTOVE INSEL Sob Woe d ou celc 313
EY RoOldeusisem hese cee eer 313
VAPLUS Sc tee ee oi Sites ne sd aerate 310
VATS OUCH Alisa... ces erie cutene ioe 312
SSPHBUS i ptepsta skews oe 2 ei a 444
PINUS rates acl Sans 444
Spine. Duck yess ts act een 97
PIZaee ites eau wae 2 Rac dec i, SRO REE
AINELICANUE 24 kos omele ake eee 532
Spizellann acts eo ceaehetaetsens pee 487
| O} Roky eho Bey POIs Be Wee S ere 497
WONLICOlALL eee bole 487
monticola ochracea............ 489
palllidays cece. seaeal sree erate 494
FOL CME OS itachi So 4 497

INDEX. XIX
PAGE. PAGE.
SOCTAIIS HAA Rete ee ete eteca anole 491 Swainson’s Buzzard............- 234
SOCIMUStaLlzOn ene ee sreee eit = 493 Swallow, Alaskan Barn.......... 545
Soom OMe yo geese sere leche 84 AD ceed see iay ave citer eth shye hack ae 551
Sand piper. ras se sseastereaeaiae 165 JB TTT a Nae Ci ge dl | 642
Spotted Crake..............--- 139 (Cnr srgetetay. ne tsia fei seo 539
Owed a: Stee ae er nen those 269 Roughewameed yrs -c)laeris + --.-t- 554
SAG PUR. saeco ples sherk: 180 Week pasere lee) sine te vi sedcegaregs «S038 546
Sprague's Pipit. -: 05.246 tec ele 656 Wiolet oneany Mere icp terete 549
pring tai. . . .e Ae etal ve a apo) Swallow-tailed Kite..0.....-.--. 22]
Spurred Towhee.....4 ..2--.-.: 524 SWAMP SParlOMecas= 2nd ea lepntn 515
Siig hire SAeolebie aso biome dino r ee 391 Swan, nampeter. ih: 0. «ere: 125
SLESANIOPOCLeS yi acyl ht)-t-p- ci 64 Wi histlin 2 2 iiens leer: 124
SLETAMOPUS ssh Paella a elena eke 148 Wl anoyoy ov aVeRens mime MII i lBicle ct 124
HEICOLOLS:c arkele) fe were anerers eheeets 148 Swans (he patie scettscks co felons 71
Steloidoptery.x: Gs. sands) 21 554 SiwaltiswiSlevGleerecvctats) tare setae one emevers 329
SEREUPCMMIS: 1) -p-isteer ese f a .. 5d4 (Olahyench os -meeeab do bo oo ocean. 329
Stellerzs uc keepers erarctetoks heen che = 102 NC Hib a: ee Bens a Seems Raine 331
iayioais oats Aaard shel. srabAote le ete 374 SiS? Kean ny nape 6 aoe omtsn Sc 323, 329
Stel inl en eet altars dsier ahavclraaitet slate 335 Swimmers, Lamellirostral........ Til
Calilioweya Pseys ce eiemistnn aac 335 Wongawamced es veleelselerts ae) 1t 27
Siva CompnAvKles)— Gea eased gone o 27 Motapallimaten sas ewe ele- che wsey eae 64
SGeEnCouaclUstas vat teriepe ot ectere eer: 28 MulbEsNOsedte etter errs s eile asec 58
longicaudus...... Pesta tess 29 Swinhoe’s Wagtail............°. 65]
SPITS. Seeracoascugcseeue 29 Sy LVI MRIs oelay a hele Sates eve eel srae 695
WOMMAUMT Sree) secre e/a elce tote ates = 28 Symphemia .......2...4..0.5-- 176
SS COTTAM A eee ON nearer stat ets lnloetrse tale 48 REM OMIMENEI Ios cleo be cea sn aT 176
AKCUINCRN. G4 Hod odo Siem enon < 54 semipalmata inornata......... 176
chatmlle rabies Hooked spl a due ae 55 SyCMUUM. «eta taneie gree 268
dopealllitfes <.-00 vata eps: 54 Ne bu GSW aerate .. 268
HOLSUCE I ee ia edat lefctey a seus te axe 49 occidentale caurinum......... 269
Job NA UTICA ciao Ae colbiG clo aie ae 50 Synthliboramphus......-.....-- 18
pin at powers eed cba syne 48 AUGUGUUUS! erat epee ever tee aa 18
PALACISCA. 2-2 ke geese = eee 52
sandvicensis acuflavida.. ..... AQ) MAG ERVICTINGNDAW SS oc 6 a,ct-ra tale eUeratcdeey ete 546
[OMEN AN lad can aah bidie adopioser 48 bicolorise Wiser wp weckioln e eeee 546
Soiltisanapiperssee ase lees yale 155 Phalassimaleplda mee. etal = 549
Stiltstepae isaac nyse nes a 149 Tanager, Louisiana........-..-- 534
Stint,;Mong-toed..27...... a... . 163 Scarlett ek oe eee oe 535
SHOLH SSL Me Oe CRU ae ane Ate i earn ate 126 Swlowbaeie Gas ppdeer nso cuemuee 536
Stonmiybetrel yy. ess ecies © > ele 62 PUGATUAUTTU EE) vice hus ty Sacra cgarel pense ae et 534
Streaked Horned Lark.......... 368 Tatler, Wandering ......-:-...- 177
Strisidie. 28h. ociedanad dee? ee0e Meal. Bluezwingedi.: 3... 3k! ect - 82
Shab oe Sn oep cc abet: dance eae 263 (Qrenme iON we aoe be Mab or oleec 88
LEH UNCO one ere cdolssodiaagr 265 MalrOPGan Lay.80 yh )- rap heres ee 81
Simin go dosacuocoaseadooer 400 Green-winged........%---.--- Ss]
NEE OS de agaah esol o ao somo ane 400 MelmatOodytesic. ....-21. rs i +5 - 675
jaMeAME MNS, Goo wide cao um oe 401 palustris dissaéptus.........-. 675
SHURA yo eoliod oe ob apd a6 391 palustris paludicola........... 676
SCUBINUSH oer cies yarieioiaaye sie semen 391 palustris plesius.....-.-..---- 67
iil Fez ya ie om poceidiriolaie la oioickia ¢ 391 Tennessee Warbler... ........:--- 589
Sree eons elo cat eit cla le Seco Roe: 65 Mer AVE utiaD sch -psaisre Me ope) epee 54
DASSATIO ccs caves caee ee aeons 65 INT CHIC He oe Lae Reet 52
Sullirdiess (0 See aii rap: errors ieee 65 Blache cc ieee see ocak ar te 55
Summer Tanager... .2..-' + re 536 @abouis aye ecihetee ae ehaoe 49
SOuei 1ebgol os ee Saceecbecsaonee 193 GASP IGN o 24 tn.) Ae de ake 48
DUPE DINd Sey amen myles 193 Common... ete Mee token t to P0)0)
RSTNAE, RSCOMEO Ne tig bane sly Rina yo sic lll WMOuSteliS4.c- ae keels: cheer eae 49
Sibithhe Aaeae bodys ua aomte sone: 284 Ginlleborilic ls ae erae er orgie sah fel ES
OIE, Beis peas aochrcoo mame aA ae 284 Iheastiy sero t Gere Ue ie, Seis aS MOD
Ulin aca pao CM amrases/arcret= Geld letey 284 Nias hiscoey-\ Lacteysr pied eee 48

q
XX INDEX
PAGE PAGE.
‘Roseaibelse awe ts +1: semleriacanic es 54 CANUGUS Jt S-conah os eee te 155
Gye ete ie fear Sutera bach as 48 GOUCE:.". <iiveek tas Bete ace ee 157
White-winged Black.......... 57 Ga MACENSIS. 2 ah ieles sine see 163
Wernsbeeres coger aren anna cre 30 ferrupineasndJa-2 cee eee 165
Metr arom ae rete Nate erste epee ease 197 POSCICOMIS! Se seit eee ee 160
Thalassogeron......... PC 59 Maculata gr, aha! were wale 159
CULM TAC UGS |. p13)ch a's os ot, eee 59 TIBET UD sins-<; Gale weak ce ne Oe 156
Thick-billed Guillemot.......... 23 MUM Utillay ee poktsey eRe 162
Red Wing) tt. sae eh ees eee 399 Pitlocnemisae eis. ekre ere mee 158
SPER AVGH 0) Col GN ote eee asian aieanie a 158 Trochilidass (ee ncaa emraeerr 331
Phrasher, browne a 2 see he ee 663 Mrochilusi sy. ics oe 331
Mhrashersit cet asics eee ee as 660 ALEXA AGT sep sree ism ee er ee ee a aie 333
Thrush, Alaska Hermit.......... i123 COlWubyrisi.:. Fe heats ese ee 331
Almas aie oe uci eee eee 713 Proslodiy tes. 22) thactens eee 667
Audubon’s Hermit............ 715 MOCO. Jase bee Sc pivde ie be 667
Bicknellisirs sing caetcesisentercs 709 BEC ONIaZbECUS 4. hues eels Me ae 668
Goldenzcrownedi res onceieate 625 aédon parkmanii.............. 668
Gray-chieeked a Wiehe on ie ne 707 Proglody tides 3). 5.5 eee ati 660
GrinnellismW ater aes sees 630 Tropic Birds 56 ae steee. beeeeee 64
IV er haut: eierelt o 2 00-dobnee: Moree 715 Tropic Bird, Red-billed......... 64
Lonisiana Water......5.2...5; 632 Nellow-billedi nse seo 64
Northern: Varied... 0.02.4.%- 724 Trumpeter) Swans: csp deca 125
Olivezbacked ry scx ed snes 710 SEPYM SITES fap <)atcs. cae ake eee Ae 179
Red-wingeds., {ca 00 ovum estes cc 718 Subruhicollisn.) ye eecen eee 179
Russet-backed...........:.... 709 Tube-nosed Swimmers... ...... 58
WIATICUAN sic ee: eM tue ohms ioe ize TEubinanesee ce shee) cee ee 58
Waiter ne jetta: (om folie tier iekeibie) octane 628 Dutted "Putin =e. oan 13
MV ower cciseecere ie etek cenreae 706 TuleoWViren (tre beeen ee 676
AWhnllsSoratss oye fA seein aeeeehe alee 704 Purdidae 20528 cea gee 702
WioO Gs yyecets’.c cet No Setare tree 704 Turdus. 2/454 a-cpek eee ee or 718
MAS HOS lus as eras ol ease ence r= hae ee 702 UWA CUS! iit pabheengrae cata eee 718
UL iray. 0 MEMES. y/o 1atss Jos ey oyidetercroreke oe 666 AMINA ermal ye Mees Bone Ga as. 208
ewe las Nahas SM ever ehageus os 666 Murnstone Fe See Soke aes 194
bewickii calophonus .......... 666 Blacks Jerks eee See 195
MbmyOthOrussi cece tse 666 Purnstonesoisce a eee eee 193
Id ova Clanuss.cssei erie elec ae 666 Turkey“Buzzard.. 1. bsdse eee 219
MDG Se eeeie ye nie ye phase pe telate ne gener 680 Wold 2 Se ei eters Secu 214
Molmie’s*Warbler. cco. cas hee: 636 Turkeys sc vteiece she. ete ee ois 214
MMOLAMMUS: Cie tley cieuchs iene Ree eee 171 Tympanuchus.-....-¢ sat eee
HAVAPES( pte ace rat weer CRITE 172 AIMETICANUS ete ttl tele lee eae 210
Me lAaNnOLEVCUS any fee oe ee 171 Myrannid erp ie sleek ee 336
Totipalmate Swimmers.......... 64 Sy reannis). |. tec aie. eke eee eS 337
Mowheent sei. peice jkele cis leeeeeeyetess 522 doOmIMicensiscmn) aes cee eee 340,
PAM CHIC Hits on Et i ain te PEL bY PANU jo Aes see eccclehecde eee 337
Orevony Ma or Mia eraan tree 525 verticalis..... iets Seyeteb ae ete 340
Spurred.) sss cece ene 524 Tyrant Flycatchers............. 336
Townsend’s Ptarmigan.......... 208
Nolibaire lejos aces hee TOD: ORICA Soret «cae bteerea slim cee tC 22
SPALLOWs ove weet ls eieieye ace hats -521 LOWAVITa pis che shes es oeoeunicveniete skate 23
Wialrblenty feu aimmriere aiuto cy 621 LOMAV Ia arrays, \ytlanslomeecu eens 25
MOXOStOMA: act eure cele 663 troller aaah seers sees 22
ELA a( Paes Sa ce dee Sele Si Acie 663 troile californicas. secon 23
Mrolsslycatcher tcc ya 353
ircey Sparrows. pace eee eto 487) ||P ViANUSIO Ss eet elo arene eet ereete 185
Swallow rele The hs eee 546 Vamellusis .sc-cstaeursei ne ream 185
ETN as op ies cct Nee is onthe te ete 155 Varied Phrushh: canceimenieeiteset 723
ACUMINALAS. tae ace eee 158 Maxis) Siwilti. a. ceniys ee eieieerer 331
AN PUT iaare oti Rhe Lee poeta tase eR 163 VepaiGulle. 2c O ace eriteucties 41
alpina pacifica. |.\. 0. .5..e. 8. 163 VelvetsScoter.:.). 0)... cestcie ee lores 109
RIT stereaes ese erecta 161 Viesper Sparrows oleic eee ale 460

INDEX
PAGE.
Vigor’ s.) Wren. ooh cer aet ajo + iss 666
Violet-green Cormorant.......-- 67
Swwalllowitensiciccoe naire etaeaiel: 549
Vireo Anthony’s........-.---0:: 579
iBlnecheaded tarssvnee area 577
(WASSIMIS ete coe gern paps ce reeuaia ies 578
Philadelphia... : ¥. 00.22. 22052/3 573
Riedzevedl. 22:0 ciacta emis ore 570
Wend otis SES ec 6 doc set 574
Western Warbling...........- 575
Wihite-eyed es ...-(Geyjasevel= fe 579
YVellow-green.........06 00.00: 572
Vellaw-throabedie pry. ies ervee 576
WVALE CO: Hah cistrt ce heen yeh er ate heloksnater 570
flervaitrOMS\s) siscavatesry ae terekend wench 576
Hany OVATICIS eee mee ete etaes omer 572
PAUhvabIgls 5 sh mis Be Oc Benen Tee 574
gilvus swainsoni............-- 575
huttoni obscurus...........-+-- 579
MOVEWOLACENSIS: wepeuaieratei are ona 579
OIVACCUS Me eee ene ile enc uet 570
philadelphicus ........-.....- 573
(Redeeyedy.. <= aya: 570
ROMMEATINIS tress re ralee ire sicner=iaire 577
Solas CASSIMMse seeetaie acts 578
Ware Omid cone ter aoe scvalemr a ciehshac 570
Virginia Rail............-+--+-- 138
While, I RENO cas pean olnnibe come 221
@pilittorniaee see. 4 iat ates cn soee 219
Vultures, American.........-... 219
WAGTAIL, SIBERAN YELLOW-TAILED 652
Siwanlhoejse: ac cere e eter 651
White we ace ae on oaerat peieteronelahs) 651
Wrarbaillsi: Aras cs c yeaa sie picts efi 651
Wandering Tatler.............-. 177
Warbier, Alaskan Yellow........ 597
FANT GI DOMES ye 2eo cielns Ferris ols sho she 606
Bay-breasted. ‘s......4-..%---% 612
Blaeksand NWhiten ssc. cassis. 580
Blackburnianiycwr.. veces selecrk 618
(Black= poles sc meres ctcae 615
Black-throated Blue.......... 598
Black-throated Gray.......... 619
Black-throated Green ......... 619
Calaveras citefe ts eee: 584
@anadianie, cele Vee sa st 2. 645
Cape, Maiy.ct «>. rat's ola cence 593
Cerulean ees eas etme. 609
Chestnutesidedts aera see - 610
Connecticutsy ssnecae esas: 632
Golden-winged.’.............- 582
Jo eS dastleeped ach erercheieee Aicral =: Nemes 622
IEligod etlentte tara rete rave ata oate 641
GOVERN’ Saeco atees eer oe ae 604
Kennicott’s Willow........... 695
Ientuckiyare is sere tease eke 632
Reimtlanidesssrpetcg se ce os sisyeyer iene 622
IGIIeSGeItswie ee om cen eet ee 587
Magnolia, J... gcc. Semeine- ~~ => 607

xX XI

PAGE.

Migurnin gece Seuyere « <f-\eey-1- rs 634
IM vmsGlG) 2 od nitrataictie <%= «Lert « Aietaua 599
Nashville: tae eeheeiaas cc syee ot one Mele 583
INorbhermlbanilarn cue ss.» 26 592
Orange-crowned.......--...-- 585
allay ce eee ao te ae ee neuchede, «02 eke 623
Bileolatedtanasemiee oh ss teenies 644
Pah Re a ono MOrAela pico cites 623
Prairie een erence tote casts. 625
Prothonotary: 95.3. = 6 iei2)-\s")- 582
Mennesseess ono ate eat 589
TO MINTO 2S. Hes teved crak Rav Eos Guetomnnel ayreltele 636
MowNSend Sein saemeists ae 62]
Wralson’ sie 2028 octets ii enoserellsraceks 641
VellOweike sien relane este cen .... 094
Waallloyaibiulinng As arioccueaccondo: 624
Warblers) \WWi00d..nimcier fora ees = 580
Warbling Vireo........--.-+--- 574
Wieyree Wbnabsilenns gosdoseeogecas 628
Grinnell’s..... eS Aca o 630
MEOUMISLAT Ate ey ete ee reuenera eek 632
Waxwing, Bohemian..........-- 556
Cedar ey ees teutvenees 560
Welch’s Ptarmigan.........----- 209
Western Bluebird..42. 421... 2. «: 729
Chipping Sparrow.......-.--- 493
Evening Grosbeak.......----- 416
Hl ycatcher’ 0.202 dle 2 oer 352
@laucousiGullise.sseeieeieryer 34,
Golden-crowned Kinglet...... 696
(osha kieeewenWeesiotapersieistecesscerts 229
Grasshopper Sparrow. ....---- 471
(Gia eee hae O ee Ho.cwe 1
(@rillesnwvoese 5 Hemeots Saco doo oc 2)
BTN wae. e ny dee bomctctegereioge rela aoe 38
Idiorneds Owens c< oeeiet ver eerie 278
House Wrens ab .tb- cle cee 668
Lark: Sparrow... ......++---+:- 477
Mianshie Waren mictsttieteneseiene 674, 675
Nieac cwalsanlee as eerste) lateral 401
Nighthawk ......--------.+- 328
Red-tailed) Hawk sseece sees 231
Rio bineeie amu trcecrie sesh 722
Savanna Sparrow.........---- 467
Semipalmated Sandpiper. ..... 166
Thick-biiled Guillemot........ 25
Tree Sparrow........--++-+--- 489
Vesper Sparrow.........--++ 462
Warbling. Vireo........-----: 579
VV ho eee eA ome ae we 176
Warner, Vente. ncremioltieeket tt 672
Wionel IReeeh dec ccerae odo cnn 349
WU eaiiOats sc cvicicccnersdele eiancisiereneinicts 725
Buropean.. 3.0.2 .0-- 2p se 725
NAahida Te lie ie aie be cee (ot ovey cts feletens 184
Whip-poor-will...........+----- 323
Whiskered Auklet............ 17
ATA Mgr (cl bana POIs aid oe homo on oc 95
Whistling Swan.........---+--- 124
White Gyrfalcon............---- 248

XXI1l INDEX. =
PAGE. PAGE.
Wiaobatl eget .. Cte eines ee 651 LOWS Sua ime uets 0 ioe nena ene 317 |
White-breasted Nuthatch........ 680 Nelson's Dowuyioe no eevee 304
White-cheeked Goose. .......... 120 Northem@lainyern: sscee eee 297
White-crested Cormorant........ 66 Northern Pileated............ 313
White-crowned Sparrow ........ 478 Queen! Charlotte: 2% 2-2.5 3. a-. 301
Wihitezeyed) Vireo? .....\.0. 24.02 579 Red-bellied. coco eee 317
White-faced Glossy Ibis......... 127 Red-headed)aui weiner 315
White-fronted Goose............ 116 Wihite-head ediyecnnr.c.eee 304
Wihite-headediGull he. en. 43 \Woodpeckersny einen ae eae 297
Woodpecker. eae comers 304 Alas kam t.tAC.ladsomeeene tae 674
White-rumped Sandpiper........ 160 WWiren Ala scans esters see eee 674
SHUR ne sea te eee SS Re as 569 Allewtiane se oe Geeta ee 674
White-tailed Ptarmigan......... 209 Be wickess.c.. 1. acces tose ea 666
White-throated Sparrow........ 484 Carolinas. 2c ee iccraeeies gale 666
White-winged Blackbird........ 533 EL OUSe Seve nasi sescys ons paste eon eee 667
Bipcl Men Jee voealctas de notes 57 Long-billed Marsh....... ... 674
Crossbillhe cen ature. eke 428 Parkiman’sic..5's tit. sist eer te 668
Grn ARR IS | ee Se Be cltyed ee 35 ROCK ss ere Se tht Spe pone eee 665
COLE yes eVinei oer arihalehi sare 109 Short-billed Marsh........,.. 674
Whooping Crane... 230 \ hack 2068 2. 135 dN Kae esa Gd aie city 2 676
WAM Eretcens weir ciate eee 124 Vigor's 51380 so ome pene eee 666
Widgeon, American............ 80 Western) Hiowsens jae erties 668
INO PCAME se ose thie ei pee 79 Western’ Marshi-c: 1.2 see seer 677
Wilde Rurkey. eis. hier cone 214 Western: Winter no-one nee 672
WVERULG Ea coe cies 2 hah Nan obtener, 176 Wamiters eS 2 ccna ah eerneroete 670
Western tains asa cutere as 176 Wirens Ae aiie an conchae semis 660
Williamson’s Sapsucker......... 313 \Winightis ly catchers) site scr 359
Wallow Goldfinch.:.....5.0:.2 0. 444 Wrryneclkis: 4! tire. saci or tee oete 297
PGRIMIGAN oS. . sad aot cuee ee 205
MBSE ash: feet Rave shat ee 706
Wilsonia ise ole it) wile (0) fein (6 fafa 0 (0) ein 0 oie 641 XANTHOCEPHALUS Pee Bedi get. Lat & oot 394
canadensis. .................. 644 KaAUEHOCE lia ltts sarees eye 394
00ND 6 oko oh SMI GronioTe 641 Kierra hea ee ead se eee 47
pusilla. ot. Vs see. 642 Sabin). eos kok Sees Calman 47
pusilla pileolata.............. 644 Nenopicus. 1.55 buona eee 304
Wilson’s Petrel................. 64 albolanvatustaac peice aenen ae: 304
EP MplarOMey.! As Wavy aad Gea an 148
BLOMED aaa elses is chee ae hy Seen 193
Thrash. 0.000.222 aba | Yamwrar Fox Sramnow....0 2. 520
AE DICE ESC bene sick eee 342 SOND Sparrows 2 nedeteree :

Be eee ect vod. | Mellow Palm Warbler ¢0 1). 624
Wier Wren. ceca. to. 4 ve due 670 Rail. oe... eee eee eee eee ”
DWoods Dick so% sca © se. Paes 86 Warbler af ofoe? Sia wineNel en} steve ay tone eatge 594

Lert SOOM Sy TRCN ats pce EN 348 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher....... 300
elas sevyr ike ee a eataee ameereae 704 Sapsucker AEROIONESO yO AiG. 3)0 0012, 310
AVENE PS Gy Rn anit a eee 580 Yellow-billed Cuckoo..... ..... 290
Woodcock, American........... 150 Loon . ees cara Re hn Yo 10
European Ee ts ER eid BOL © feo 150 . T ropic Bird sales, cael s)in Aeatehok Nol G4
Woodpecker, Alaskan Three-toed. 308 Yellow-breasted Chat........... ft
Alpine Three-toed............ 309 Yellow-green Vireo .... ......-. ike
American Three-toed......... 307 Yellow-headed Blackbird.. ..... 394
Anetic . Three:toed!!..2. ce st. 305 Yellow-legs, Greater............ a
Bateheldersite: son aoe aye 303 Lesser ... COD HEDIS cohen Sod M2
Ga ATISIS St tes ey, ed oy ET 20] Yellow-nosea Albatross......... 59
Dawinye yea citer eee tee 20] Yellow-throat, Northern........ 637
@Gairdners. baby eee sKe Pacific Coast... aa) wee pgs! ions 640
Bit eee ca Sone 207 Yellow-throated Vireo.......... 576
Eis erie eas eadeiet Gh Gel dee 200 Yukon @hickadee) 225) seems 694

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