C 55.220/2-3: 997 WORLD DATA CENTER A Oceanography Pe 'Jniversity JAN 2 1 1339 U.S, Depoiftory Copy CATALOGUE OF DATA and REPORT OF DATA EXCHANGE 1997 WDCA-OC-98-1 World Data Centers conduct international ex- change of geophysical observations in accordance with the principles set forth by the International Council of Scientific Unions. WDC-A is established in the United States under the auspices of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences. WORLD DATA CENTER A Oceanography CATALOGUE OF DATA and REPORT OF DATA EXCHANGE 1997 CHANGE NOTICE NOS. 60 AND 61 (1 JANUARY - 31 DECEMBER 1997) WORLD DATA CENTER A Oceanography Silver Spring, Maryland 1998 ABSTRACT This publication lists and describes all data received by WDC-A, Oceanography during the period 1 January - 31 December 1997. It supplements the original six- volume Catalogue of Data, which includes Change Notice Nos. 1-16. It also includes tabulations of data received during 1997 as well as summarizations of data received prior to 1997. The tj^es of data include oceanographic station data, bathythermo- graph data, current measurements, biological observations, meteorological observa- tions, and sea surface measurements. An Alphabetical Index of ship names and a Geographical Index of ocean areas assist the user in selecting the required data. The Catalogue of Data and Report of Data Exchange, 1997 is the third in a new series of publications issued yearly by WDC-A, Oceanography. It combines the data information previously presented in WDC-A's Change Notices to the Catalogue of Data and its annual report Oceanographic Data Exchange: these publications are no longer issued separately by WDC-A. 40th Anniversary Issue: In observance of the 40th anniversary of the Internationsd Geophysical Year (IGY) and the estabhshment of the World Data Center system, this issue includes a special section entitled "World Data Center A, Oceanography-A 40-Year History of Service to the International Scientific Community." Compiled by Charlotte L. Sazama Ronald E. Moffatt E. Godfrey Trammell, Jr. 11 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii WORLD DATA CENTER A iv PREFACE vi INTRODUCTION 1 HOW TO USE THE CHANGE NOTICE TO THE CATALOGUE OF DATA 2 DATA EXCHANGE POLICY OF WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF DATA SOURCES 6 A 40-YEAR HISTORY OF SERVICE TO THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY (AND REFERENCES) 7 EXPLANATION OF THE ALPHABETICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEXES 31 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 32 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 35 NUMERICAL LIST OF COUNTRIES 39 LIST OF DATA CENTER ACRONYMS 40 INDEX OF COUNTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS CONTRIBUTING DATA TO WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY DURING THE PERIOD 1 JANUARY - 31 DECEMBER 1997 41 EXPLANATION OF WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY DATA INFORMATION SHEET 43 LISTING OF ACCESSIONED DATA PUBLICATIONS 51 INTERNATIONAL DATA ACQUISITION AND EXCHANGE 55 WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY DATA BASE SUMMARIES 58 GODAR ACCESSIONS, 1997 64 NODC ACCESSIONS, 1997 65 DATA HOLDINGS OF RNODC's AND SPECIALIZED DATA CENTERS 69 111 WORLD DATA CENTER A World Data Center A consists of the Coordination Office and thirteen subcenters: World Data Center A, Coordination Office National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418, U.S.A. Telephone: (202) 334-2744 FAX: (202)334-1377 GLACIOLOGY (SNOW AND ICE): WDC-A, Glaciology Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences Campus Box 449 University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, U.S.A. Telephone: (303)492-5171 FAX: (303)492-2468 PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: WDC-A, Paleoclimatology National Geophysical Data Center NOAA, E/GC4 325 Broadway Boulder, Colorado 80303, U.S.A. Telephone: (303)497-6160 FAX: (303)497-6513 ROTATION OF THE EARTH WDC-A, Rotation of the Earth Earth Orientation Department U.S. Naval Observatory Washington, D.C. 20392-5420, U.S.A. Telephone: (202) 762-1469 FAX: (202) 762-1563 OCEANOGRAPHY: WDC-A, Oceanography National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282, U.S.A. Telephone: (301) 713-3295 FAX: (301) 713-3303 METEOROLOGY (AND NUCLEAR RADIATION): WDC-A, Meteorology National CHmatic Data Center NOAA, E/CC Federal Building AsheviUe, NC 28801-5001, U.S.A. Telephone: (704) 271-4474 FAX: (704)271-4246 ROCKETS AND SATELLITES: WDC-A, Rockets and Satellites National Space Science Data Center Goddard Space FHght Center NASA, Code 633.4 Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, U.S.A. Telephone: (301)286-6695 FAX: (301)286-1635 IV SOLID-EARTH GEOPHYSICS (TSUNAMIS. GRAVIMETRY. EARTH TIDES. RECENT MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST. MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS. PALEOMAGNE- TISM AND ARCHEOMAGNETISM. VOLCANOLOGY. GEOTHERMICS): World Data Center A, Solid-Earth Geophysics NCAA, NGDC, E/GCl 325 Broadway Boulder, Colorado 80303, U.S.A. Telephone: (303)497-6521 FAX: (303)497-6513 SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS (SOLAR AND INTERPLANETARY PHENOMENA. IONOSPHERIC PHENOMENA. FLARE-ASSOCIATED EVENTS. GEOMAGNETIC VARIATIONS. MAGNETOSPHERIC AND INTER- PLANETARY MAGNETIC PHENOMENA. AURORA. COSMIC RAYS. AIRGLOW): World Data Center A, Solar-Terrestrial Physics NCAA, NGDC, E/GC2 325 Broadway Boulder, Colorado 80303, U.S.A. Telephone: (303)497-6761 FAX: (303)497-6513 HUMAN INTERACTIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: WDC-A, Human Interactions in the Environment CIESIN 2250 Pierce Road University Center, MI 48710, U.S.A. Telephone: (517)797-2727 FAX: (517) 797-2622 MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS (GRAVITY. MAGNETICS. BATHYMETRY. SEISMIC PROFILES. MARINE SEDI- MENT AND ROCK ANALYSIS): World Data Center A, Marine Geology and Geophysics NCAA, NGDC, E/GC3 325 Broadway Boulder, Colorado 80303, U.S.A. Telephone: (303) 497-6390 FAX: (303)497-6513 ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES: WDC-A, Atmospheric Trace Gases Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, U.S.A. Telephone: (423) 241-4842 FAX: (423)574-2232 REMOTELY SENSED LAND DATA: WDC-A, Remotely Sensed Land Data U.S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center Sioux FaUs, SD 57198, U.S.A. Telephone: (605) 594-6142 FAX: (605)594-6589 SEISMOLOGY WDC-A, Seismology U.S. Geological Survey Denver Federal Center, MS-967 P. O. Box 25046 Denver, Colorado 80225, U.S.A. Telephone: (303) 273-8500 FAX: (303)273-8450 PREFACE The six -volume Catalogue of Data and the loose-leaf Change Notice Num- bers 1-16, which have been integrated into the Catalogue, list all oceanographic data received by World Data Center A, Oceanography, from July 1957 through June 1975. The Catalogue has a loose-leaf arrangement of sheets, which have been punched for standard three-ring binders. It includes station location charts for many cruises. Beginning with Change Notice No. 17. each Change Notice is printed in a modified format as a separate, bound pubHcation describing all data received during a particular six-month or one-year period. The six-volume Catalogue of Data, including Change Notice Nos. 1-16. continues to serve as a reference volume for data received from July 1957 through June 1975. Provision has been made in the modified format for correlating newly received data for a particular cruise with data previously received for that same cruise and already described in a prior Change Notice. The capabihty for identifying those data, which have been ma- chine-processed by a national, regional, or responsible national oceanographic data center, has been retained in the modified catalogue format. Until recently, data gathered before the beginning of the IGY in 1957 had not been extensively accessioned by World Data Center A, Oceanography; how- ever, numerous international bodies have pressed the WDCs, Oceanography to accession as much historical data as possible, in order to augment the data bases required for support of Chmate Research and Global Change Programs. Thus, the acquisition of pre-IGY, as well as post-IGY data, has become a high priority goal for WDC-A. The Catalogue now contains pre-IGY data accessioned by WDC-A and available in automated form to requesters in the international oceanographic com- munity. The Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue (GODAR) pro- gram has generated significant contributions of historical oceanographic observa- tions from numerous countries. It should be noted that the designations of countries used in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of this Center concerning the delineation of the territorial boundaries, the pohtical subdi- visions, or the legal status of any country or territory. WDC-A, Oceanography, will make every effort to promptly correct any inconsistency that is brought to its attention. VI INTRODUCTION The World Data Center system was established in 1957 to collect data from the numerous and widespread observational pro-ams of the International Geo- physical Year CEGrY) under the principles set forth by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and to make such data readily accessible for an indefinite period of time to interested scientists and scholars. The system consists of World Data Center A (WDC-A) located in the U.S.A.; WDC-B located in Russia; WDC-C located in Western Europe and Japan; and WDC-D located in the People's Repubhc of China. WDC-A is estabhshed under the auspices of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, where the Coordination Office is located. WDC-A is divided into thir- teen disciphne subcenters whose addresses are given on pages iv and v. These centers are located in institutions which, in the opinion of the Academy, can best serve the interests of science because of their data-handling capabihties for the appropriate scientific discipHnes. WDC-A, Oceanography, is collocated with the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Silver Spring, Maryland. After completion of the IGY program, ICSU delegated the responsibihty for the operation of the World Data Centers to its Comite International de Geophysique (CIG) and subsequently to the ICSU Panel on World Data Centres. The framework for continued international exchange of oceanographic data is set forth in ICSU's Guide to the World Data Center Svstem and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission's (IOC's) Manual on International Oceanographic Data Exchange. The types of oceanographic data desired for inclusion in the World Data Center system are those from international cooperative expeditions. Global Change and Chmate Research Programs, and those associated with various countries' Na- tional Oceanographic Programs. Data are to be exchanged internationally in accor- dance with provisions of the IOC's Manual and the ICSU Guide. Lists of National Oceanographic Programs are compiled by various national committees on oceanog- raphy and submitted to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission for dis- semination to the international oceanographic community. Contributors of oceanographic data to the World Data Center system and national committees on oceanography are urged to compare the Catalogue of Data with data gathering cruises and expeditions Hsted in IOC information documents or on-Hne information systems to determine whether the cruises actually com- pleted agree with those listed and to ensure that the data resulting from them are transmitted to the World Data Centers in the manner prescribed by the IOC Manual and the ICSU Guide. Data need not be limited to those identified in IOC documents or on-hne systems; WDC-A, Oceanography, welcomes all data that fall within the framework of the ICSU Guide and the IOC Manual and that contribu- tors may wish to include in the international marine data base of the WDCs. HOW TO USE THE CHANGE NOTICE TO THE CATALOGUE OF DATA Catalogue Numbering System The catalogue numbering system uses groups of numbers and letters to desig- nate identifjdng references for purposes of data archiving and retrieval. A cata- logue number consists of numerals for the assigned: series, country, institution, ship and cruise. Series — The catalogue numbering system is divided into basic groups called series. At present, these consist of the 100 series for data from ships and other mobile platforms and the 200 series for data from shore and fixed stations in the following categories: a. Coastal and island stations. b. Near shore manned stations; i.e., hghtvessels and platforms. c. Offshore manned stations; i.e., ocean weather ships. d. Unmanned stations; i.e., automatic buoys. e. Stations on shipping routes. f. Offshore reference stations visited regularly. g. Cables in use for oceanographic observations. h. Repetitive drifting observations; i.e., ice islands, drifting buoys. Country — A list in the Indexes section includes all countries and institu- tions from which this Center has received data during this period together with their discrete identifying numbers. The series and two-digit country number com- prise the first three digits of the catalogue number. Example: For country number 01, Argentina, data from ships and mobile platforms are catalogued as 101, and data from shore and fixed stations as 201. NOTE: The designations of countries used in this pubhcation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of this Center concerning the dehneation of the territorial boundaries, the politi- cal subdivisions, or the legal status of any country or territory. Institution — An institution which contributed data, either directly or through its designated national agency or national, regional or speciaHzed oceano- graphic data center, is assigned a decimal number following the series/country number. Example: The number 101.01 is assigned to data taken by ships and mobile platforms and received from the Argentine Servicio de Hidrografia Naval, and the number 201.01 is assigned to data taken at shore and fixed stations and received from the same institution. Ship — Each ship, or in some instances a group of ships operating together, is assigned a letter following the series/country/institution number. The letter is followed by a number assigned to the particular cruise as the data are received. NOTE: The term "cruise" is used in this catalogue to define, whenever possible, the beginning and ending dates of a series of data col- lected by a ship, usually identified by the contributing institution with a cruise name and/or number. Sometimes it is necessary to group several series of data from one or more ships together under one catalogue number. Example: The first cruise data received from the Argentine Servicio de Hidrografia Naval are from the ship CAPITAN CANEPA, which is assigned the letter A, followed by the number 01, thus A-01; the second cruise is A-02, the third A-03, etc. Thus, the catalogue numbers 101.01 A-01, A-02, A-03, etc. A similar system is used in the 200-series for ships but is not applied to lightvessels and fijxed shore stations; for the latter the ship/cruise identifier is omitted. For these categories, the series/country/institution numbers are given, but the Hghtvessel's or station's name must be added instead of the ship/cruise number to complete the catalogue identification. Example: The Canadian station at Triple Island is identified as: 206.03 Triple Island. A shore station is hsted under the country in or near whose territory it is located. If observations are carried out and the data contributed by an institution of another country, the observing country's name and institution are hsted after the name of the country of location. How to Use the Alphabetical Index 1. Look up the name of the ship or fixed station in the Alphabetical Index where the related country/institution/ship catalogue numbers are listed. 2. Look up, under the respective countries, the indicated Catalogue Num- bers. How to Use the Geographical Index 1. Obtain the geographic area number and name fi'om the Geographical Index Charts. 2. Look up the hst of catalogue numbers of available data for the area in the Geographical Index. 3. Use these catalogue numbers to locate information about the types and amount of data available. How to Obtain Data from WDC-A. Oceanography When communicating with the Center for additional information concerning data, the requester should, where possible, refer to the specific catalogue numbers for data of interest. The catalogue numbers are designed to facihtate the identifi- cation and retrieval of the information or data you need. Address all correspondence to: Director, World Data Center A, Oceanography National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 U.S.A. If you telephone, the numbers are: The Director: 301-713-3290. The Associate Director: 301-713-3295. The Data Archives: 301-713-3295. FAX: 301-713-3303 E-mail: wdca@nodc.noaa.gov If you wish to visit the Center, its office hours are from 6:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. The Center is not open on Saturdays, Sundays, and U.S. national holidays. If you wish the use of study space, you should, if possible, give the Center advance notice so that necessary arrangements can be made. There is no charge for the use of study space. Data Exchange Pohcv of World Data Center A. Oceanographv World Data Centers are held responsible for the provision of data and infor- mation to qualified requesters in the scientific community either in exchange or at a cost not to exceed that of processing and shipping. Unless a requester specifies otherwise, the Center is responsible for using the method which most satisfacto- rily reproduces the data or information item at the least cost. For certain types of requests, limitations in funding, personnel, or facihties may preclude direct or free provision of data or information by the World Data Center. Data exchanges between WDC-A, Oceanography and WDC's in the same disciphne usually take place without charge for routine exchanges of mutually agreed-upon types of data received by WDC-A in internationally-approved data exchange formats and in readily reproducible media forms. Non-standard data types are not normally exchanged. The ICSU Panel has now recognized that it is not always economically feasible to copy large data sets from one WDC to another. For certain types of data, the exchange of inventories of available data in a WDC subcenter may be considered acceptable in lieu of the transfer of the actual data sets. In general, reasonably-sized requests from national or regional contributors to WDC-A, Oceanography may be considered as exchange, and equivalent data thus provided to the requester without charge. For requests for unusually large amounts of data, for specially formatted data, for derived data products, or for data to be obtained from outside the WDC system, WDC-A will normally be re- quired to recover the costs of processing and shipping, or, at its discretion, may arrange for the request to be serviced by an RNODC or a regional, national, or disciphnary center. WDC-A may serve as an intermediary or coordinator for requests for unique tj^es of data or data in other disciplines by placing the origi- nator of the request in contact with the appropriate institution or disciphnary center. Normally, WDC-A, Oceanography considers its data exchange commitment with a cooperating Data Center to be hmited to the servicing of those requests or routine updating requirements intended to build or enhance standard data bases operated by that Center for specific, mutually agreed-upon data types and geo- graphical areas of national or scientific interest. If the availability of funding and resources permit, WDC-A also attempts to assist such cooperating Data Centers when they require special data sets for institutions that are performing project- related research for international chmate and global change programs and/or that have historically contributed data to WDC-A, Oceanography through that Data Center. WDC-A, Oceanography is obhged, in any case, to follow the exchange and cost recovery pohcies of its sponsoring (funding) government agency, while at- tempting to mciintain consistency with data exchange guidehnes of the ICSU Panel on WDC's as published in the ICSU Guide. Data and information may be requested from WDC-A, Oceanography through NODCs, Designated National Agencies, or any other organization identi- fied by national or international initiatives as responsible for communication with the World Data Centers. These materials may also be requested directly fi'om WDC-A, Oceanography. Organizations, institutions, or individuals fi'om Member States of the IOC may apply to the IOC Secretariat or UNESCO for possible assis- tance in funding their projects. Data Centers or institutions in the international community that have acquired an automated data set or speciahzed data product fi'om WDC-A must be aware that original data sets are updated fi'om time to time, errors corrected, or spurious data deleted by the originating data center. Where duphcate data sets are deliberately held in this way, the holder is responsible for making regular contact, as required, with the originating center to check whether the old data set is still valid, whether it should be deleted, or whether new data are available. WDC-A bears no responsibihty in the conduct of these arrangements, except as regards the provision of information in its role as a coordination and referral center. Acknowledgment of Data Sources In many instances, data contributed to the Center are unpublished at the time of receipt. Unpubhshed data are identified in the Change Notice by the absence of a publication number in the column entitled Data Center Reference Number. Accordingly, as stipulated by the Guide, recipients of copies of such data from the Center axe reminded that the rights of the original investigators must always be respected. Thus, it is requested that if any data supplied by WDC-A, Oceanography are published, due acknowledgment be made of the institution (and where appropriate, the principal investigator) which undertook the original observations. To facihtate proper acknowledgment, the Change Notice indicates the originating institution. SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT A 40-YEAR HISTORY OF SERVICE TO THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY World Data Center A, Oceanography A 40-Year History of Service to the International Scientific Community Ronald E. Moffatt Associate Director, WDC-A, Oceanography THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR (IGY) The International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) adopted a proposal in 1951 to schedule a third international cooperative scientific effort, comparable to, but on a far more ambitious scale than the First and Second International Polar Years (1882-83 and 1932-33). To coordinate planning for the International Geophysical Year (IGY), ICSU established the Special Committee for the IGY (CSAGI) in 1953; the operational period chosen for this program was 1 July 1957 - 31 December 1958. The IGY was highly successful, with more than 10,000 scientists participating from 67 nations. The oceanography program for the IGY was comprised of two basic components: (1) the measurement of sea level at coastal stations, with special emphasis on oceanic island stations; and (2) observations made at sea by research vessels. The underlying purpose was to provide information that could be used to study the earth's heat and water budget, with a view toward improving our weather forecasting, in particular, our long period forecasting. During the IGY program, a fleet of approximately 70 ships occupied more than 25,000 oceanographic stations. Particular emphasis was placed on the inclusion of synoptic observations. More than 350 tide gauge stations were operated worldwide. Thus, the program was successftil not only in terms of international cooperation and participation, but also from the standpoint of the intensity and continuity of the observational program. The success of the IGY, combined with a desire to maintain the excellent spirit of international cooperation that had existed during IGY, led CSAGI to designate 1959 as the year of International Geophysical Cooperation (IGC). Perhaps the greatest legacy of the IGY program, however, came about as the result of a significant shortcoming that had been identified with the data that were observed during the International Polar Years. Many of the long-term benefits that could have been realized from utilization of data observed during the Polar Year Surveys were lost to the scientific community because of the difficulties experienced in obtaining data from originators; this was due in large part to the lack of a systematic scheme for making the data available to the community (1). It was the stated intention of the Committee that these IGY data sets should serve as "a com- mon fund of knowledge open to all" (2). To achieve this, CSAGI made detailed arrangements for assembling and disseminating the IGY data, and stipulated that data to be exchanged in accordance with IGY guidelines must be available to scientific institutions in all countries. To facilitate these arrangements internationally, CSAGI established the World Data Center (WDC) system. The system was considered to be international in the sense that the centers were intended to serve all countries and all scientific bodies. THE WORLD DATA CENTER SYSTEM Arrangements and Guidelines A special CSAGI Conference on WDCs was held in 1957 to formulate recommendations for operation of the WDCs in accordance with the original resolution, which called for systematic exchange and international availability of the data. At this meeting, general plans for operation, as well as specific data exchange arrangements (quantity, format, frequency of reporting, schedules for transmission of data, etc.) were established. These agreements, together with subsequent amendments, were set forth in the CSAGI Guide to IGY World Data Centers (2), which also contained individual chapters on specific disciplines, including oceanography. In order to ensure against catastrophic destruction of a single center, and to meet the geographical convenience of, and provide easy communication for, scientists in different parts of the world, two Centers (and sometimes three) were established for each discipline, with both Centers holding duplicate data sets. The basic principles for operation of the WDCs as laid down by CSAGI were: 1 . Each WDC is required to collect data in accordance with the specific chapter in the CSAGI Guide relating to its discipline; 2. Each WDC must agree to exchange data according to the conditions outlined in the Guide. In particular, the WDCs shall interchange data among themselves by discipline in accordance with the Guide and at no charge; 3. Each WDC is required to supply data (at a cost not to exceed the cost of copying and postage) at the request of scientists or scientific institutions in any country; and 4. Each WDC must be freely open to visitors and guest workers from any nation participating in CSAGI programs, and all data in the Center shall be accessible to such visitors and workers. 8 The WDC concept was remarkably successful in stimulating the flow of IGY and IGC data internationally. In many cases, data that had been previously unavailable for exchange were provided to the WDCs, and, in others, countries not previously exchanging data became actively involved in the flow of data. Also, data from widely distributed stations were made available in one location under the WDC arrangements, and interdisciplinary research studies were greatly facilitated. In many cases, the research would have been impractical or inconclusive without the data collections of the WDCs (3). Thus, upon its termination in 1959, CSAGI strongly recommended that the WDCs continue to collect, exchange, and make available to the scientific community data from the various geophysical disciplines on a permanent basis. International Geophysical Committee At the end of the IGY, ICSU established the International Geophysical Committee (CIG), and assigned it the responsibility for the orderly termination of IGY activities and publications and for the efficient operation and continued utilization of the WDCs. CIG strongly endorsed the recommendations of its predecessor, CSAGI, concerning the guidelines and procedures for continued operation of the WDCs. In regard to the IGY publications, CIG assumed a major role in coordinating the completion of the final Catalogue of IGY Data for each discipline, as well as the preparation of other material by the discipline centers for inclusion in the Annals of the IGY. The final deadline for receipt of IGY/IGC data to be included in the data catalogues of the WDCs and the Annals of the IGY was decided by CIG to be 1 December 1961. Also, citing the need to emphasize utilization of the newly- assembled data bases of the WDCs, CIG formally characterized the two-year period 1 Janu- ary 1960-31 December 1961 as the "IGY-IGC Analysis and Theoretical Research Period". In accordance with its charge to periodically review the status and required guidelines for data exchange, CIG published the Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Centers for the Period 1960-onwards in November 1963 (4), followed by the Provisional Guide for Exchange of Oceanographic Data (Supplement No. 1 to the Guide, December 1964) (5), which was jointly prepared by ICSU's Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR) and a Working Group of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). ICSU Panel on World Data Centers ICSU decided to terminate CIG effective at the end of 1967. In view of this development, the CIG Bureau formed a Steering Committee for the World Data Centers; its purpose was to consider the present operation of the WDCs, as well as their future role in international data exchange. In September 1968, the Panel on World Data Centers was formally established by ICSU. As the mechanisms for international data exchange were by now fairly well established, the Panel's main responsibilities were to provide advice on the management of the World Data Centers and to issue consolidated guides (and individual discipline supplements) for data exchange as required. It was intended that the Panel serve as the permanent international non- governmental body with responsibility for approving data exchange procedures. The Panel's first meeting was held in August 1971; its most pressing task was the revision of the 1963 CIG Guide, which by now had become obsolete. In December 1973, the Panel published the Third Consolidated Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Centres (6). Due to the significant variations in data exchange procedures among the different discipline centers, the Panel increasingly relied upon the related international scientific bodies and unions for preparation of the individual disciplinary guides. Emphasis was placed on the host country's continued responsibility for guaranteeing the effective collection, storage, reproduction, distribution, and safekeeping of each center's data holdings, as well as providing visiting scientists with the opportunity to work directly with materials stored in the center. It was also recognized by the Panel that for some of the new international data-intensive programs that result in large quantities of data, it might in certain cases be desirable for the WDCs to receive only a description of the data, as well as information about where the data are stored and how they might be made available to potential investigators. In June 1979, the Panel published the Fourth Consolidated Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Centres (7). In issuing this Guide, the ICSU Panel: ...reaffirmed the principle that the World Data Centres exist for the benefit of the world-wide community of scientists. Research scientists everywhere are not merely permitted but are warmly invited to make use, not only of the vast store of data in the WDCs, but to avail themselves of the various supplementary services of one kind and another which some of the Centres are able to provide. Subsequent to this, recognizing the urgent need for the provision of significant modifications to data exchange procedures reflecting the increasing utilization by the Data Centers of modem techniques for handling large data sets, the ICSU Panel, in November 1987, issued the Guide to the World Data Center System, Part 1, the World Data Centers (General Principles, Locations and Services) (8). The new Guide covered in some detail the concept of the WDCs, information on the 27 individual discipline subcenters, and information on international data services outside the WDC system.. It was intended that this Guide be followed by the publication of individual Supplements giving technical details of data exchange for the various scientific disciplines and data management plans for major multidisciplinary programs. The 1987 Guide also included two very significant modifications to the guidelines for data exchange through the World Data Center system: 1. "The provision for duplicating all data sets at different WDCs is obsolete. Communications between WDCs are now fast and effective, good user 10 services can be provided if catalogs are exchanged regularly, and updates can easily be provided upon request"; and 2. "For more specialized data sets, centralization in a WDC is not always practicable. Generally, the WDCs should know where these data are located, and act as 'referral' centers." (8) The most recent Guide to the World Data Center System (9) may be the last to be printed in traditional form; it has been placed on the World Wide Web, and can be updated electronically. This is highly desirable, since the WDC system is constantly changing due to rapid improvements in technology, in particular, increased utilization of the Internet and CD-ROM capability. While the WDCs are being asked to respond to the requirements of major new ICSU initiatives in global change, climate, and the environment, that involve new disciplines, use new technology, and have a broader international base, the WDCs must always remain true to the ICSU principle of open, non-discriminatory access to the system by scientists in all countries. WORLD DATA CENTERS A, B, C, AND D World Data Center A World Data Center A was established in the United States during the IGY under the auspices of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, with the WDC-A Coordination Office (located at the Academy) serving as a central coordinating office. Rather than have all discipline subcenters of WDC-A consolidated at one location, the decision was made to co-locate each center with an existing institution that: ( 1 ) possessed a staff familiar with data for that particular geophysical discipline; (2) had national and international contacts in their specialized field; and (3) could provide processing, archiving, and servicing support to the WDC-A subcenter. Funding support was initially provided for all WDC-A subcenters by the National Science Foundation (NSF), as a logical extension of funding provided for the IGY. In the late 60s and early 70s, the responsibility for funding WDC-A centers was assumed by government agencies, such as the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) and its successor, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 11 Initially, WDC-A subcenters were established for the following geophysical disciplines: (I) Solar Activity; (2) Airglow and Ionosphere; (3) Aurora (Instrumental); (4) Aurora (Visual); (5) Cosmic Rays; (6) Geomagnetism, Gravity, and Seismology; (7) Glaciology; (8) Longitude and Latitude; (9) Meteorology and Nuclear Radiation; (10) Oceanography; and (II) Rockets and Satellites. Over the years, some discipline centers were combined to form a single subcenter, and new centers were established in response to international initiatives in the geophysical sciences. In some cases, disciplinary names were changed to more accurately reflect recent activities; for example, WDC-A, Longitude and Latitude became WDC-A, Rotation of the Earth. Additions to the list of WDC-A subcenters during recent years include: (1) Atmospheric Trace Gases; (2) Human Interactions in the Environment; (3) Paleoclimatology; and (4) Remotely Sensed Land Data. Currently, there are 13 WDC-A discipline centers operating in the United States under the sponsorship of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Policy guidance for the WDC-A centers is provided through the Academy's Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data; the WDC-A Coordination Office continues to facilitate visits and other activities of the discipline centers. World Data Center B World Data Center B was established in the U.S.S.R. during the IGY by the Soviet Geophysical Committee of the U.S.S.R. National Academy of Sciences. World Data Center Bl was located in Moscow and was comprised of the following discipline subcenters: (1) Meteorology; (2) Gravimetry; (3) Nuclear Radiation; (4) Seismology; (5) Oceanography; (6) Longitude and Latitude; (7) Rockets and Satellites; and (8) Glaciology. World Data Center B2, also located in Moscow, included the following centers: (1) Geomagnetism; (2)Ionosphere; (3) Solar Activity; (4) Cosmic Rays; (5) Aurora (Instrumented); (6) Aurora (Visual); and (7) Airglow. A number of years ago, WDC-Bl, Oceanography completed a move to Obninsk, Russia, so as to be physically co-located with the Russian National Oceanographic Data Center. World Data Center C World Data Center C subcenters were in most cases established at existing observatories or other geophysical institutions located in Western Europe, Australia, and Japan; as finally constituted during IGY, World Data Center C comprised 23 centers located in 21 institutions in eight Western European countries, Japan, and Australia. The five WDC-Cs in Japan (Geomagnetism, Airglow, Ionosphere, Cosmic Rays, and Nuclear Radiation) duplicated WDC-Cs in Western Europe; accordingly, those in Europe were designated WDC-Cl, and the corresponding WDC-Cs in Japan were designated WDC-C2. Currently, WDC-Cl includes nine discipline centers in Europe, while WDC-C2 has eight centers in Japan and one in India. There is no WDC-C center for Oceanography. 12 World Data Center D World Data Center D was established in 1988 in the People's Republic of China under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; WDC-D comprises nine discipline centers. World Data Center D, Oceanography is co-located with the National Marine Data and Information Service (NMDIS) in Tianjin; NMDIS serves as the Chinese National Oceanographic Data Center. Specialized Discipline Centers Many of these centers have been in existence since the inception of the WDC system, and for all intents and purposes, have been considered a part of the WDC system, because of the specialized support that they provide to WDCs in specific disciplines. In many cases, the types of data handled by the Specialized Center, although relevant to the particular geophysical discipline, are not normally deposited in the WDC discipline subcenter. Rather, the Specialized Center may provide the WDC with inventories or catalogues of their data holdings or appropriate data products. Centers traditionally providing support to the WDCs, Oceanography are as follows: 1 . The Service Hydrographique of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea in Copenhagen, Denmark has served as a Regional Data Center providing data management and other support; 2. The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, located in Birkenhead, United Kingdom, is the Specialized Center for the archival and dissemination of mean sea level data; 3. The International Hydrographic Organization (formerly Bureau), located in Monte Carlo, is the Specialized Center for archival and dissemination of bathymetry data. WORLD DATA CENTER A, OCEANOGRAPHY IS ESTABLISHED The IGY World Data Center A (WDC-A), Oceanography was established in 1957 at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (Texas A&M) located in College Station. Texas. It was chosen because of its excellent standing in the research community, as well as its capability to provide the level of support (staff and facilities) required to manage the oceanographic data from the IGY and publish the IGY catalogues and reports. The first Director of WDC-A, Oceanography was Dr. Dale Leipper, and the Associate Director was Cdr. Jack Lumby, who had for many years worked at the British Hydrographic Office. In reviewing early correspondence of WDC-A, Oceanography, it becomes readily apparent 13 that Cdr. Lumby was an outstanding choice for this important staff position. Virtually no data exchange guidelines specific to the oceanography discipline existed at this time; thus Cdr. Lumby's data handling experience at the Hydrographic Office, combined with his exceptionally high standing in the European marine science community, ensured that WDC-A, Oceanography would have a significant role in the development of procedures and guidelines for data exchange. In fact, Cdr. Lumby had been the first Chairman of the ICES Sub-Committee for Mechanizing the Index of Hydrographic Data held by the Council, prior to his move to Texas. This Sub-Committee basically laid the groundwork for all future exchanges of oceanographic data. At the time of the IGY, the two largest collections of oceanographic data in the world were held by ICES' Service Hydrographique and the U.S. Navy Hydrographic (now Naval Oceanographic) Office. The Hydrographic Office had in 1950 introduced a set of formats for utilizing punch cards to process bathythermograph and oceanographic station data. ICES staff (Prof Ilmo Hela and Mr. Jens Smed) worked closely with Dr. John Lyman of the Hydrographic Office to ensure compatibility of the ICES system with that of the Hydrographic Office. This led to the establishment of a formal data exchange agreement between ICES and the Hydrographic Office. The original agreement specified that ICES would be provided with a complete set of punch cards of ICES data from 1902 through 1956 as published in the Bulletin Hydrographique, and the Navy Hydrographic Office would in return receive from ICES punch cards of data from 1957 onward. By agreement, this commitment was transferred from the Navy Hydrographic Office to the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in 1961; this exchange agreement was the predecessor to the very successful exchange of data that has taken place for so many years between ICES and WDC-A (10). Both the Hydrographic Office and the Service Hydrographique provided invaluable assistance to WDC-A at Texas A&M in processing the IGY oceanographic data set. The recently-agreed-to data exchange procedures, combined with the very excellent working relationships between individuals at the three institutions, greatly expedited the flow of processed data into the Oceanography Subcenter, thus enabling the Center to discharge its data exchange and reporting responsibilities in a timely manner. In addition to its Catalogue of IGY Oceanographic Data and six-monthly supplements, the Center also published the following IGY Oceanography Reports: (1) Atlas of Track Charts of IGY Cruises; (2) Hydrological Observations in the Southern Oceans; (3) Oceanographic Observations in the Intertropical Region of the World Ocean during IGY and IGC; and (4) Produc-tivity Measurements in the World Ocean. In view of ICSU's decision to maintain the World Data Center system for an indefinite period of time, the WDC-A staff at Texas A&M submitted a proposal in 1959 to the National 14 Science Foundation to receive funding to support the continued operation of WDC-A, Oceanography at College Station, after the IGC had ended; ftinding was initially provided for the period through 30 June 1960, with subsequent extensions through 3 1 December 1961 to enable the Center to complete its IGY-IGC tasks. NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER The U.S. Congress decided as a part of the "Marine Sciences and Research Act of 1959" to establish a National Oceanographic Records (now Data) Center in Washington, D.C.; it was initially intended to be a component of the U.S. Department of Commerce, but ultimately became an administrative component of the U.S. Navy Hydro graphic Office on 1 November 1960. "... Shore facilities are urgently required to provide laboratory space for analysis and interpretation of data and to train new oceanographers. An essential part of the shore establishment is the new National Oceanographic Data Center... This Center will make available to the scientific community marine data collected throughout the world." (11) NODC was intended to serve primarily as the central repository for the nation's data; its mission was to acquire, compile, process, and preserve oceanographic data for rapid retrieval, to establish procedures for ensuring that the accuracy and general quality of the incorporated data met accepted scientific criteria, and to prepare data summaries, tabulations, and atlases showing annual, seasonal, and monthly oceanographic conditions. NODC was physically located in the Washington Naval Weapons Plant (now Washington Navy Yard). The administration of the Center was somewhat unique, in that it received policy guidance on a regular basis from an Advisory Board, which was originally comprised of representatives from the following agencies: (1) Navy Hydrographic Office; (2) Coast and Geodetic Survey; (3) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; (4) National Science Foundation; (5) Atomic Energy Commission; and (6) National Academy of Sciences (NAS). While the requirement that NODC receive Advisory Board approval for many of its operational activities sometimes proved cumbersome, the Board, through its diverse Agency representation, was often a powerful advocate for NODC's interests. This was especially true as proponents of the Texas A&M location and supporters of a Washington-area location lobbied Congress and NAS during the period in which the decision was being made concerning a proposal that WDC-A, Oceanography be re-located from Texas A&M to Washington, D.C. Initially, sentiment seemed to be in favor of allowing the WDC-A subcenter to remain at Texas A&M, because of their excellent performance in operating the Center during its first four years; however, in accordance with the recommendation of the NAS Committee on Oceanography, it was decided to move the Center to Washington. The Committee reasoned that "... the expense of the continued maintenance of the IGY WDC separately from the NODC cannot be justified indefinitely...". Thus, in a letter dated 19 September 1961 from the National Academy of Sciences, NODC was invited to assume the responsibilities of the WDC-A discipline subcenter for Oceanography. 15 WORLD DATA CENTER A, OCEANOGRAPHY MOVES TO WASHINGTON In March 1962, WDC-A, Oceanography moved from Texas to Washington, D.C. and was co-located with NODC in the Naval Weapons Plant; the Director of NODC, Dr. Woodrow Jacobs, also assumed the Directorship of WDC-A, and Mr. William L. Molo was named Associate Director. The transition from Texas A&M apparently went smoothly; an NODC staff member, Mr. James Churgin (later to be a Director of WDC-A, Oceanography), had traveled to Texas in September 1961 to inventory the data and other materials that were required to be moved. The Center's Archives were subsequently transported to Washington in the "trunk of a 1957 Chevy". At the time of the transfer, WDC-A's holdings included data from more than 25,000 oceanographic stations. The move to Washington also brought about an additional and far-reaching change. WDC-A's previous affiliation with Texas A&M had placed it in the heart of the academic community; now, its new association with NODC, a government agency, would place WDC-A in a totally different environment. UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), at its First Session in 1961, had recognized the WDCs, Oceanography as focal points for the international exchange of oceanographic data; this action by IOC added important intergovernmental recognition to the WDCs. Specifically, the IOC was charged with recommending "the nature, forms, and methods of exchange of oceanographical data through World Data Centers...". At this Session, the IOC established the Working Group on Oceanographic Data Exchange (now the Committee on International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange, lODE), an action that was to have a profound (and positive) effect on the data exchange activities of the WDCs, Oceanography. INTERNATIONAL AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS The First Session of the Working Group on Oceanographic Data Exchange was held at NODC in August 1962; Dr. Jacobs was the Group's first Chairman. Dr. Thomas S. Austin followed Dr. Jacobs as WDC-A Director in mid- 1967. Although he relinquished the Directorship of WDC-A, Oceanography to Mr. Molo in January 1970, Dr. Austin's five terms as Chairman of the Working Group on International Oceanographic Data Exchange (1968-1975), combined with his position after January 1970 as Director of NOAA's Environmental Data Service (which administered both NODC and WDC-A), ensured that he would continue to provide leadership in activities of importance to international data exchange. From its inception, the lODE Working Group adopted practices that served to enhance the flow of data into the WDCs, Oceanography. lODE initiatives of special importance to the WDCs were: ( 1 ) standardizing forms for reporting and coding data; (2) supporting the development of NODCs; 16 (3) adopting standard formats for automated exchange; (4) promulgating National Oceanographic Programs (NOPs) and Declared National Programs (DNPs); (5) providing the mechanism for creation of Responsible NODCs (RNODCs), which assist the WDCs, Oceanography with special services; and (6) coordinating the management and exchange of data resulting from international cooperative investigations. IOC's requirement that oceanographic data resulting from IOC-sponsored international cooperative surveys be deposited in the WDCs, Oceanography proved to be an excellent stimulus to the flow of data internationally. SUPPORT TO INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS The very great success of the IGY led to a flurry of international cooperative data- gathering surveys in the ensuing years. The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) took place during the period 1 September 1959-31 December 1965. WDC-A, Oceanography assumed major data management responsibilities for this important survey, both for Physical-Chemical and for Biological Data Sets. WDC-A was also heavily involved in the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA) surveys, providing significant data management assistance to NODC, which was the data processing center for ICITA. WDC-A staff also provided support to NODC in preparation of the very comprehensive ICITA data reports for EQUALANT I (February- April 1963), EQUALANT II (August- September 1963), and EQUALANT III (February-March 1964). The Cooperative Investi- gation of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (CICAR) (January 1970-July 1976) represented yet another opportunity for NODC and WDC-A, Oceanography to perform data management services in support of the international community; NODC was the Regional Data Center for CICAR, and WDC-A was the Regional Data Inventory Center. A number of additional cooperative surveys took place during the 1970s; however, for most of these, NODCs and WDC-A's responsibilities were mainly to provide data management support to other Regional Centers, such as ICES, JODC, WDC-B, Oceanography, etc., and to serve as final archival centers. These included: (1) Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent Regions (CSK) (1965-1977); (2) Cooperative Investigations in the Mediterranean (CIM) (1969-1975); (3) Cooperative Investigation of the Northern Part of the Eastern Central Atlantic 17 (CINEC A) (1970-1978); (4) Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) (May-September 1 974); and (5) First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) (September 1978-February 1980). WDC-A served as a formal archive for the International GATE Data Set, and also maintains the FGGE Operational Year (FOY) data base created by NODC serving as the RNODC- FOY. Mr. Molo retired as Director on 30 June 1974; his 12-year tenure as Associate Director and Director encompassed many of the major international cooperative surveys, and data management support to these programs by WDC-A, Oceanography represented a substantial commitment during this period. Mr. James Churgin was named to succeed Mr. Molo in August 1974. Mr. Churgin would hold this position for the next 14 years, a period marked by heavy involvement of WDC-A, Oceanography in a number of data exchange and data management initiatives in support of the IOC's Committee on lODE. This period also paralleled a transition in the international oceanographic community from regional-scale cooperative investigations to the global-scale scientific programs required to support climate research and global change studies. The Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program monitored the global atmosphere and the upper layers of the three tropical oceans during the 10-year period 1985- 1994. With assistance from NODC and several specialized TOGA Data Centers, WDC-A, Oceanography makes available Subsurface Thermal Data and Sea Level Data, as well as Meteorological, Sea Surface Temperature, and Current Measurement Observations from the TOGA Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array of ATLAS and PROTEUS Moorings. The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), another component of the World Climate Research Program, is investigating the role played by ocean circulation in the earth's climate system. Utilizing the assistance of NODC, as well as WOCE Data Assembly Centers (DACs) and WOCE Special Analysis Centers (SACs), WDC-A makes available the frill spectrum of WOCE data sets on CD-ROMs produced by the DACs and SACs. SERVICE TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY "The assistance rendered by the staffs of the WDCs was warmly praised.. .it is apparent that the WDC-A data centers are in the hands of dedicated and sympathetic staffs." (12) WDC-A, Oceanography is an integral part of the WDC tradition of service to the Scientific Community. In fact, WDC-A's current staff (R. Moffatt, G. Trammell, and C. Sazama) represents a total of more than 86 years of service to the Center; the staff has been ably assisted by the significant contributions of Rene Cuzon du Rest (1982-1995) and Robert Gelfeld (1985-present) to numerous WDC-A data exchange and data management activities. 18 WDC-A has always made every effort to provide quality service to all requesters, no matter how large or small the request. Further, the Center has a history of positive responses to data exchange and data management initiatives proposed by international organizations such as the Committee on lODE. Participation in these initiatives has served to advance the overall development of international data exchange, as well as to significantly enhance the data holdings of WDC-A, Oceanography. Report of Observations/Samples Collected by Oceanographic Programs (ROSCOP) WDC-A has actively participated in the ROSCOP project since its inception, both as an inventory center and in the provision of expert assistance during several iterations of development of the ROSCOP form. The ROSCOP scheme has served the WDCs, Oceanography in the following ways: (1) determining the availability of internationally exchangeable data in advance of their receipt by the data center; (2) providing referral service to types of data not routinely exchanged through the WDC system; and (3) supplying important information and documentation in support of processing and request servicing by national and regional centers. International Geological/Geophysical Cruise Inventory (IGGCI) Prior to the creation of WDC-A, Marine Geology and Geophysics in Boulder, Colorado in 1982, WDC-A, Oceanography had been responsible for the exchange of marine geological and geophysical data. The Center maintained the IGGCI system, which was an inventory describing cruises taking geological samples and geophysical measurements worldwide, and, in 1979 published the Catalogue of International Geological/Geophysical Cruise Inventory (IGGCI) Sample and Traverse Location Plots with assistance from NOAA's National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center. International Catalogue of Ocean Data Stations WDC-A, Oceanography was one of four "regional" data organizations that assisted the IOC in compiling and maintaining this Catalogue (13), which replaced the IOC publication Fixed Oceanographic Stations of the World, published by UNESCO in 1963. In addition to the compilation effort, WDC-A designed, prepared artwork, and printed the pads containing the data forms and 1 8 chartlets, as a service to the IOC; the updated Catalogue was published by UNESCO in 1975. 19 Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue (GODAR) Project Commensurate with the change from regional investigations in the 60s and 70s to a trend toward global observational programs in the 80s and 90s, there has been a growing recognition of the corresponding need for large amounts of historical data to support climate research and global change studies. An Ocean Climate Data Workshop, held in the United States in 1992, formally recommended the initiation of an international data archaeology project, as a high priority requirement. Prior to that Workshop, an Oceanographic Data Archaeology Workshop was convened at NODC in September 1990 by Dr. Bruce Parker, who became Director of WDC-A, Oceanography in August 1989 after the retirement of Mr. Churgin in December 1988. The Data Archaeology Workshop set priorities based on geographical and temporal needs of the research community and the need to "rescue" data that were at risk due to possible loss or degradation. Dr. Parker resigned in March 1991; his successor, Mr. Sydney Levitus, became Director of WDC-A, Oceanography in April 1992. Under his leadership, a proposal for a Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project was endorsed by the Committee on lODE at its 14th Session (Paris, December 1992) and approved at the 17th Session of the IOC Assembly (Paris, March 1993); subsequently, Mr. Levitus was named International Coordinator for the GODAR Project by the IOC. GODAR has been a hugely successful project as regards augmentation of the data bases of the WDCs, Oceanography; this, in turn, has provided the capability for significant enhancement of previous climatologies, atlases, and studies of interannual to decadal variability of the World Ocean. On the Move Since its days in the Washington Navy Yard, WDC-A, Oceanography has been required to relocate both its staff and its data and publications archives a number of times within the Washington, D.C. area. Each of these moves has had a very significant impact on operations and services, because of the small size of the WDC-A staff and the magnitude of the data and publications archives that were required to be packed prior to each move. In March 1974, WDC-A moved with NODC to the Page Building Complex on Wisconsin Avenue in Georgetown (while at that location, WDC-A also moved from Page Building 2 to Page Building 1). The next move took place in August 1986, when WDC-A moved to the Universal Building on Connecticut Avenue near Dupont Circle. In January 1996, WDC-A was relocated once again, this time to Building 3 in NOAA's Silver Spring Metro Center complex. WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY PUBLICATIONS After issuance of the final IGY Catalogues of Oceanographic Data, WDC-A, for several years, continued to utilize the same format to present its descriptions of data available at the Center. Then, in 1967, in response to requests from researchers in the oceanographic 20 community for the provision of more details about the data, WDC-A pubhshed a new 5-volume Catalogue of Data in loose-leaf form that also allowed for page-sized track charts. Loose-leaf updates (Change Notices 1-16) to the Catalogue were issued on a semiannual basis for data received through June 1975. Subsequently, due to rapidly rising printing costs, as well as the unwieldy size of the greatly expanded loose-leaf Catalogue, the Center again reverted to publication of a bound Change Notice for each annual or semiannual period, as appropriate. Beginning in 1966, WDC-A issued a Semiannual Report of Oceanographic Data Exchange, as well as an annual report entitled Oceanographic Data Exchange. These reports summarized the Center's yearly exchange activities as regards receipt of data and marine data inventory forms, and also included tabulations of data and inventory forms held by WDC-A prior to that year. The Semiannual Report of Oceanographic Data Exchange was discontinued after 1979. Beginning with 1994, it was decided that combining into a single publication the information contained in the Change Notices to the Catalogue of Data with the information contained in Oceanographic Data Exchange would enhance the value and utility of both presentations and, in the process, conserve staff resources and save printing costs. Thus, the new Catalogue of Data and Report of Data Exchange now replaces the former Change Notice and Annual Report. In December 1967, WDC-A published the Catalogue of Accessioned Publications, 1957- 1967; this Catalogue contained a bibliographic listing of scientific publications received by WDC-A, and also included a keyword and an author index. Manuscript was prepared by a non-Federal contractor. Supplements 1-21 to the Catalogue were also issued covering publications received by the Center through the end of 1992; at this time, the Supplements were discontinued. WDC-A had issued a special Catalogue of Accessioned Soviet Publications, 1957-1968 in March 1971. THE ROAD AHEAD "...(The) WDC System has begun to evolve away from being primarily archives of data and serving as distribution centers. Their supporting agencies have begun to fund them to expand their activities, e.g., to undertake data rescue projects, compile global data sets, and produce specialized data or information products." (14) During the past several years, WDC-A, Oceanography, under the guidance of Syd Levitus, has made considerable progress in modernizing its data management procedures. The Center's staff continues to be deeply involved in a cooperative effort with the staff of NODC's Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL) (which includes WDC-A) in successftilly pursuing several major data archaeology and rescue projects, as well as an intensive data rescue effort internally, utilizing historical data from the WDC-A Archives. Excellent examples of this OCL/WDC-A collaboration are shown in 21 Results of the NODC and IOC Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Projects: Report 1(15). The substantially augmented OCLAVDC-A data bases have enabled the OCL to significantly enhance the spatial and temporal coverage of its World Ocean Databases, which are issued on CD-ROMs, as well as the atlases corresponding to these databases. Internationally, intergovernmental bodies must continue to insist on the free and unrestricted exchange of oceanographic data. Nations must be made to realize that their research interests do not necessarily end at their borders, but may even extend past regional boundaries; thus, the sharing of data between nations benefits not only the international research community, but the individual nations as well (16). 22 References 1 . Summary of the History and Present Status of IOC and CIG in the Area of Oceanographic Data Exchange (UNESCO/IOC/INF-59; IOC Third Session, June 1964) 2. S. Chapman, Introduction to the CSAGI Guide to IGY World Data Centres (ICSU Special Committee for the IGY, Brussels, June 1957) 3. Report of the Geophysics Research Board Panel on International Exchange of Geophysical Data (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., March 1962) 4. Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Centers (for the period 1960-onwards) (ICSU, Comite International de Geophysique, London, November 1963) 5. Provisional Guide for the Exchange of Oceanographic Data (Supplement No. 1 to the Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Centers, Comite International de Geophysique, London, December 1964) 6. Third Consolidated Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Centres (ICSU Panel on World Data Centres, Washington, D.C., December 1973) 7. Fourth Consolidated Guide to International Data Exchange through the World Data Centres (ICSU Panel on World Data Centres, Washington, D.C., June 1979) 8. Guide to the World Data Center System, Part I, the World Data Centers (General Principles, Locations, and Services) (ICSU Panel on World Data Centres, Boulder, Colorado, November 1987) 9. Guide to the World Data Center System (General Principles, World Data Centers, Data Services) (ICSU Panel on World Data Centres, Boulder, Colorado, April 1996) 10. Agenda Item 3: Review, General Problems, Data Exchange (ICES, Hydrographical Committee, Working Group on the Development of Marine Data Systems, 1968) 11. President John F. Kennedy (Executive Communication No. 734, 29 March 1961) 12. An Assessment of the Impact of World Data Centers on Geophysics (and covering letter) (Report of the Committee on Data Interchange and Data Centers of the Geophysics Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., March 1975) 23 13. International Catalogue of Ocean Data Stations (UNESCO, IOC, Paris, 1975) 14. S. Ruttenberg, The WDCs in the New World of High Technology, Climate and Global Change Research, and GOOS (IOC/IODE-XIV/24, Paris, 23 November 1992) 15. S. Levitus, R. Gelfeld, T. Boyer, and D. Johnson, Results of the NODC and IOC Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Projects: Report 1 (NOAA/NODC Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation No. 19, Washington, D.C., January 1994) 16. S. Ruttenberg, World Data Center System of the Future - a Proposal to ICSU, WDC Panel, CODATA, FAGS (lOC/IODE-XIV/Inf 2, Paris, 25 November 1992) 24 World Data Center A, Oceanography Directors and Staff Directors* Associate Directors Technical Staff** Dale F. Leipper May 1957-August 1959 John R. Lumby September 1959-Sept. 1960 Dale F. Leipper October 1960-February 1962 Woodrow C. Jacobs March 1962- June 1967 Thomas S. Austin July 1967-December 1969 William L. Molo January 1970- June 1974 James Churgin August 1974-December 1988 John R. Lumby (?) 1957-August 1959 Luis RA. Capurro July 1960-October 1961 William L. Molo March 1962- December 1969 Ronald E. Moffatt January 1970-Present Benjamin S. Richmond Senior Staff Oceanographer March 1962-January 1968 Ronald E. Moffatt Staff Oceanographer August 1966- January 1968 Senior Staff Oceanographer February 1968-Dec. 1969 E. Godfrey Trammell, Jr. Staff Oceanographer February 1968-Dec. 1969 Senior Staff Oceanographer January 1970-Present Charlotte L. Sazama Technical Info. Specialist July 1974-Present Bruce B. Parker August 1989-March 1991 Sydney Levitus April 1992-Present * During periods of vacancy, the Associate Director assumed the role of Acting Director. ** Rene Cuzon du Rest (1982-1995) and Robert Gelfeld (1985-Present) made significant contributions to numerous WDC-A data exchange and data management activities. 25 Significant Events in WDC-A, Oceanography History 1957: The International Geophysical Year (IGY) began, and the ICSU system of World Data Centers was created. 1957: Establishment of the IGY World Data Center A, Oceanography at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; funding by the National Science Foundation. 1958: Data exchange agreement and corresponding IGY data processing arrangements between WDC-A, Oceanography, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, and ICES. 1959: Recommendation by the Special Committee for the IGY (CSAGI) that the World Data Centers continue to operate on a permanent basis. 1959: Publication by the IGY WDC-A, Oceanography of the Catalogue of IGY Oceanographic Data and the IGY Oceanography Reports (1960 and 1961). 1960: Establishment of the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Washington, D.C. 1961: Formal recognition of the WDCs, Oceanography as focal points for international exchange of oceanographic data by UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) at its First Session. 1962: WDC-A, Oceanography moves from Texas to Washington, D.C. and is co-located with NODC at the Naval Weapons Plant (now Washington Navy Yard). 1967: Publication of the WDC-A, Oceanography Catalogue of Data (loose-leaf in 5 volumes). 1967: PubUcation of the WDC-A, Oceanography Catalogue of Accessioned Publications 1957-1967. 1970: Administrative transfer of WDC-A, Oceanography and NODC from the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office to the recently-formed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1973: NOAA assumes full funding for WDC-A, Oceanography. 1974: WDC-A and NODC relocate to the Page Building Complex in Georgetown (Washington, D.C). 26 1977: WDC-A discontinues publication of loose-leaf Change Notices to the Catalogue of Data; future Change Notices to be issued as bound publications. 1982: As part of an internal reorganization of NODC, WDC-A, Oceanography becomes the major component of NODC's newly-created International Programs Branch. 1986: WDC-A and NODC relocate to the Universal Building on Connecticut Avenue, near Dupont Circle. 1987: The 1987 version of the Guide to the World Data Centers eliminates the long- standing requirement that duplicate data sets must be provided to each counterpart World Data Center. 1992: Ocean Climate Data Workshop recommends initiation of an international data archaeology and rescue project. 1993: IOC Assembly approves Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue (GODAR) Project; WDC-A participation will ultimately result in vast increases in the size of its historical data holdings. 1993: WDC-A, Oceanography administratively transferred from NODC's Information Services Division to the Ocean Climate Laboratory. 1994: Publication of WDC-A's new combined Catalogue of Data and Report of Data Exchange replaces former Change Notice and Annual Report. 1996: WDC-A and NODC again relocate, this time to NOAA's Silver Spring, Maryland Metro Center complex. 27 WDC-A, Oceanography Publications Catalogue of IGY Oceanographic Data (IGY WDC-A, Oceanography, College Station, Texas, My 1959) Atlas of Track Charts of IGY Cruises (IGY Oceanography Report No. 1, College Station, Texas, August 1960) Hydrological Observations in the Southern Oceans (IGY Oceanography Report No. 2, College Station, Texas, May 1961) Oceanographic Observations in the Intertropical Region of the World Ocean during IGY and IGC (IGY Oceanography Report No. 3, Part I - Atlantic and Indian Oceans; Parts Ila and lib - Pacific Ocean, College Station, Texas, September 1961) Productivity Measurements in the World Ocean (IGY Oceanography Report No. 4, Parts I and II, College Station, Texas, September 1961) Oceanographic Vessels of the World (Joint Publication of IGY WDC-A, Oceanography and NODC, Volume I, 1961; Volume II, 1963; Volume III, 1966, Washington, D.C.) Catalogue of Data (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C, 1967; loose-leaf in 5 volumes) Change Notices No. 1-16 to the Catalogue of Data (loose-leaf updates) (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C, April 1968 May 1976) Change Notice Nos. 17 and 18 to the Catalogue of Data (bound) Change Notice Nos. 52 and 53 (bound) (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C, January 1977 December 1994) Catalogue of Data and Report of Data Exchange 1994-95 (WDC-A, Oceanography, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1996) Catalogue of Data and Report of Data Exchange 1997 (WDC-A, Oceanography, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1997) Special Catalogue of Data from the International Indian Ocean Expedition (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C, September 1967) 28 Catalogue of International Geological/Geophysical Cruise Inventory (IGGCI) Sample and Traverse Location Plots (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C., March 1979; Published jointly with NGSDC) Catalogue of Accessioned Publications 1957-1967 (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C., December 1967) Catalogue of Accessioned Soviet Publications 1957-1968 (WDC-A, Oceanography, Rockville, Maryland, March 1971) Supplements No. 1-21 to the Catalogue of Accessioned Publications (WDC-A, Oceano- graphy, Washington, D.C., June 1969 November 1993) Semiannual Report of Oceanographic Data Exchange through 30 June 1966 30 June 1979 (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C., October 1966 February 1980) Oceanographic Data Exchange 1966 1993 (WDC-A, Oceanography, Washington, D.C., March 1967 December 1994) 29 PART I CATALOGUE INDEXES EXPLANATION OF THE ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SHIPS AND FIXED STATIONS This index presents in alphabetical order the names of the ships, Hghtvessels, platforms, and shore stations that are listed on the Data Information sheets. Ship or Fixed Station — The name of the ship, lightvessel, platform, Hght- house, shore station, etc. Names of ships and hghtvessels are given in capital let- ters, with hghtvessels identified by (LV) after their name. All others not so identi- fied are shore or other types of fixed stations. Country — The name of the country that used the ship to collect data, or the name of the country in or near whose territory fixed oceanographic station observa- tions were made. If the data were collected by an institution of another country, the contributing country is listed after the one where the observations were taken. Catalosue Number — The country and institution numbers and ship letter assigned to each ship are given in this column to facihtate locating data information in the catalogue. EXPLANATION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX The Geographical Index is based on the divisions of areas shown on the three charts immediately preceding the Index. These divisions are defined in "Limits of Oceans and Seas," Special PubHcation No. 23 of the International Hydrographic Bureau, third edition, Monaco, 1953. To define the extensive areas of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans more specifically, the following subdivisions have been added: 23 - North Atlantic Ocean 32 - South Atlantic Ocean 23a - Northeast Atlantic 23b - Northwest Atlantic 45 - Indian Ocean 45a - Northwest Indian 45b - Northeast Indian 45c - Southwest Indian 45d - Southeast Indian SO - Southern Oceans South of latitude 50° South 32a - Southeast Atlantic 32b - Southwest Atlantic 57 - North Pacific Ocean 57a - Northwest Pacific 57b - Northeast Pacific 61 - South Pacific Ocean 61a - Southwest Pacific 61b - Southeast Pacific The catalogue numbers of ship cruises extending into any of the areas, or shore or fixed stations located in the areas, are listed under the area's number and name. 31 ALPHABETICAL INDEX Ship or Fixed Station Country Catalogue Number -A- ALBATROSS IV U.S.A. 139.23 D Autonomous Benthic Rig UNITED KINGDOM 238.05 -B- BUSAN851 KOREA 143.02 Z 143.02 GG 243.01 C BUSAN 881 KOREA 243.01 C -C- CHOFU MARU JAPAN 124.10 D CHONNAM 881 KOREA 143.02 GG KOREA 243.01 C -D- DAIOU JAPAN 124.13 B DAVID STARR JORDAN U.S.A. 139.23 Y -E- ENDEAVOR U.S.A. 139.05 C -F- FUJI JAPAN 124.13 KKK -G- GANGWON 867 KOREA 143.02 X GYUNGBUG 885 KOREA 143.02 DD 243.01 F -H- HAKUHO MARU JAPAN 124.24 B HATERUMA JAPAN 124.13 B 32 ALPHABETICAL INDEX Ship or Fixed Station Country Catalogue Number HOKUSEI MARU JAPAN 124.02 0 HOKUSHIN MARU JAPAN 124.20 E HOKUYO MARU 1 JAPAN 124.20 G - 1 - INCHEON 866 KOREA 143.02 Y INCHEON 888 KOREA 143.02 FF IWAKI -J- JEONBUK 868 JAPAN 124.13 B KOREA 143.02 AA JEONNAM 881 KOREA 143.02 EE -K- KAIYO JAPAN 124.13 B KEIFU MARU JAPAN 124.01 F KINSEI MARU JAPAN 124.20 C KOFU MARU JAPAN 124.08 D KOSIKI JAPAN 124.13 B KOYO MARU JAPAN 124.16 A KUNIGAMI JAPAN 124.13 B KURIKOMA JAPAN 124.13 B -M- MATUSIMA JAPAN 124.13 B MEIYO JAPAN 124.13 B MILLER FREEMAN U.S.A. 139.23 X -N- NEW HORIZON U.S.A. 139.08 V NOTO JAPAN 124.13 B -0- OKI JAPAN 124.13 B 33 ALPHABETICAL INDEX Ship or Fixed Station Country Catalogue Number OSHORO MARU JAPAN 124.02 B OYASHIO MARU JAPAN 124.20 B -R- R. B. YOUNG CANADA 106.19 A REBUN JAPAN 124.13 B RYOFUMARU JAPAN 124.01 B -8- SATUMA JAPAN 124.13 B SEIFU MARU JAPAN 124.11 D SHIRASE JAPAN 124.31 B SHOYO JAPAN 124.13 GGG SHUMPU MARU JAPAN 124.09 A SIRETOKO JAPAN 124.13 B STRICKLAND CANADA 106.19 J -T- TAKUYO JAPAN 124.13 E TENYO MARU JAPAN 124.13 J TENYO MARU JAPAN 124.16 B TESIO JAPAN 124.13 B TYOKAI JAPAN 124.13 B -V- VECTOR CANADA 106.19 A -W- WAKASA JAPAN 124.13 B -Y- YAHIKO JAPAN . 124.13 B YUBARI JAPAN 124.13 B 34 35 0" s» ( )• 5' I o» u* 10* u» JO* SS« ST \ ^ "5 /^W^ 45* f — ^ / ^ ^ 1 > < V < r 30 40- \(0) y ^ / ^ — ^v ( i 28 A Q r ^ / (1) ^ V-i'^ 5? c^ 35* >. 28 B SO' f r ^^ -_ 28 B / GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX - DETAILS OF MEDITERRANEAN AREA 5- \ \ V > ^ ' ' 0- \J 49 yP 48 % ^ ^ :e ^ -^ \y^ \^^ J\^ Jv r ^ 3 7 V \ 4 6 ( 0 ij 1 <^ 4 S lb) u / «5» \ NvX, \ \ f -\ -^ 4, Vy ^ \<4a 46(b) / j*»M /^ C:::^ 3 to 48(c) i^ ^ •• — 1 1 -I 1 J _ r^ "-v" / GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX -DETAILS OF INDONESIA AREA 36 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 4. NORTH SEA 45d. SOUTH EAST 124.16 B-18 INDIAN OCEAN 124.20 B-06 238.05 124.20 C-06 124.13 KKK-15 124.20 G-06 23a. NORTH EAST 124.13 KKK-16 143.02 X-10 ATLANTIC 124.24 B-63 143.02 Z-07 124.31 B-10 143.02 DD-02 139.05 C-12 124.31 B-12 143.02 DD-03 139.05 C-13 143.02 EE-01 139.23 D-36 50. EASTERN CHINA SEA 143.02 GG-01 243.01 C-25 32a. SOUTH EAST 124.01 F-34 243.01 C-26 ATLANTIC 124.10 D-87 243.01 F-03 124.13 B-30 243.01 F-04 124.31 B-12 124.16 A-37 124.16 B-18 54. SEA OF OKHOTSK 45a. NORTHWEST 143.02 Z-07 INDIAN OCEAN 143.02 EE-01 124.08 D-83 143.02 GG-01 124.13 B-30 124.13 KKK-15 243.01 C-25 124.20 G-06 124.13 KKK-16 243.01 C-26 124.31 B-12 51. YELLOW SEA 55. BERING SEA 45b. NORTH EAST 124.02 B-67 INDIAN OCEAN 143.02 Y-10 143.02 Z-07 56. PHILIPPINE SEA 124.13 KKK-15 143.02 AA-07 124.13 KKK-16 143.02 EE-01 124.01 B-92 124.16 B-18 143.02 FF-01 124.01 F-34 124.31 B-10 243.01 C-25 124.09 A-99 124.31 B-12 243.01 C-26 124.10 D-87 124.13 B-30 45c. SOUTHWEST 52. JAPAN SEA 124.13 E-75 INDIAN OCEAN 124.13 J-06 124.01 B-92 124.13 GGG-25 124.13 KKK-15 124.01 F-34 124.24 B-62 124.13 KKK-16 124.02 B-67 124.24 B-64 124.31 B-10 124.08 D-83 124.31 B-12 124.11 D-75 124.13 B-30 37 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 57a. NORTHWEST 59. THE COASTAL PACIFIC WATERS OF SOUTH EAST 124.01 B-92 ALASKA AND 124.01 F-34 BRITISH COLUMBIA 124.02 B-67 . 124.02 C-20 106.19 A-13 124.08 D-83 106.19 A-14 124.13 B-30 106.19 J-02 124.13 E-75 124.13 J-06 61a. SOUTHWEST 124.13 GGG-25 PACIFIC 124.20 B-06 124.20 C-06 124.13 E-75 124.20 E-06 124.16 A-37 124.24 B-63 124.24 B-63 124.24 B-64 124.31 B-10 57b. NORTHEAST 63. TASMAN SEA PACIFIC 124.24 B-63 124.02 B-67 124.31 B-10 124.02 C-20 124.16 A-37 64. CORAL SEA 139.08 V-23 139.23 Y-36 124.24 B-63 139.23 Y-37 SO. SOUTHERN 58. GULF OF ALASKA OCEANS (South of latitude 124.02 B-67 50 S) 139.23 X-22 139.23 X-23 124.13 KKK-1 5 124.13 KKK-1 6 124.24 B-63 124.31 B-10 124.31 B-12 38 NUMERICAL LIST OF COUNTRIES 1. ARGENTINA 2. AUSTRALIA 3. BELGIUM 4. BRAZIL 5. BURMA 6. CANADA 7. CHILE 8. COLOMBIA 9. DENMARK 10. ECUADOR 11. FINLAND 12. TAIWAN 13. FRANCE 14. GERMANY 15. GERMANY 16. GHANA 17. GUATEMALA 18. ICELAND 19. INDIA 20. INDONESIA 21. IRELAND 22. ISRAEL 23. ITALY 24. JAPAN 25. MEXICO 26. NETHERLANDS 27. NEW ZEALAND 28. NORWAY 29. PAKISTAN 30. PERU 31. PHILIPPINES 32. POLAND 33. PORTUGAL 34. SPAIN 35. SWEDEN 36. SOUTH AFRICA 37. RUSSIA 38. UNITED KINGDOM 39. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 40. URUGUAY 42. YUGOSLAVIA 43. KOREA (Republic of) 44. IVORY COAST 45. NIGERIA 46. CONGO (People's Republic) 47. MALAYSIA 48. MALAGASY REPUBLIC 49. MOROCCO 50. SENEGAL 51. THAILAND 52. TURKEY 53. VENEZUELA 54. EL SALVADOR 55. COSTA RICA 56. PANAMA 57. HONDURAS 58. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 59. HAITI 60. CUBA 61. JAMAICA 62. AUSTRIA 63. ROMANIA 64. EGYPT 65. LEBANON 66. ALGERIA 67. MONACO 68. GREECE 69. TANZANIA 70. SIERRA LEONE 71. TUNISIA 72. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 73. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 74. CZECHOSLOVAKIA 75. MAURITANIA 76. BULGARIA 77. BENIN 78. PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF YEMEN 79. IRAQ 80. LIBERIA 81. SINGAPORE 82. UKRAINE 83. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN 39 LIST OF DATA CENTER ACRONYMS AODC Australian Oceanographic Data Centre BODC British Oceanographic Data Centre, United Kingdom CEADO Centro Argentino de Datos Oceanograficos CECOLDO Centro Colombiano de Datos Oceanograficos CEDO Centro Espanol de Datos Oceanograficos CENADO Centro Nacional de Datos Oceanograficos, Mexico CENDOC Centro Nacional de Datos Oceanograficos de Chile CNODC China National Oceanographic Data Center CNRDO Centro Nazionale Raccolta Dati Oceanografici, Italy DOD Deutsches Ozeanographisches Datenzentrum ENODC Egyptian National Oceanographic Data Center ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea IHO International Hydrographic Organization INODC Indian National Oceanographic Data Center ISMARE Irish Marine Data Centre JODC Japan Oceanographic Data Center KODC Korean Oceanographic Data Center MARIS Marine Informatie Service Stichting, Netherlands MEDS Marine Environmental Data Service, Canada NOD Norsk Oseanografisk Datasenter NODC National Oceanographic Data Center, U.S.A. PSMSL Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level SADCO South African Data Centre for Oceanography SISMER Systeme d'Informations Scientifiques pour la Mer 40 INSTITUTION INDEX Country Institution Catalogue Number 06 CANADA 24 JAPAN 38 UNITED KINGDOM 39 UNITED STATES 43 KOREA University of British Columbia, Institute of Oceanograpliy Japan IVIeteorological Agency Hokkaido University Hakodate Marine Observatory Kobe Marine Observatory Nagasaki Marine Observatory Maizuru Marine Observatory Maritime Safety Agency National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki . Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Station Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo National Institute of Polar Research Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory University of Rhode Island Scripps Institution of Oceanography National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration National Fisheries Research & Development Agency 106.19 124.01 124.02 124.08 124.09 124.10 124.11 124.13 124.16 124.20 124.24 124.31 139.05 139.08 139.23 143.02 238.05 243.01 41 PART II WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY DATA INFORMATION I EXPLANATION OF THE WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY DATA INFORMATION SHEET The Change Notice Hsts on Data Information sheets the data which have been received by this Center. The entries are described below. Countries are arranged in the sequence shown in the numerical Hst of countries. Data from each country are arranged in the sequence of catalogue numbers. The 200-series data sheets follow the last 100-series data sheet in the catalogue. Country /Catalogue Number — The series number and two digit number of the contributing country, as well as the identifying number for the data infor- mation, are given in this column. Details of the catalogue numbering system are given in the section "How to Use the Change Notice to the Catalogue of Data". The numbers corresponding to the country and institution portions of the Cata- logue Number are found in the index section that Hsts countries and contribut- ing institutions. Country /Ship or Fixed Station — The country name, as well as the names of ships are printed in capital letters; Hghtvessels are identified by (LV) follow- ing the name. All other names not so designated are those of shore stations and other types of fixed platforms, such as Hghthouses (LH) or offshore towers; names are reported as they appear with the data. Start Date/ End Date — The dates during which the data were gathered are given in the order of day/month/year. In some instances, depending on the nature of the project, the dates indicate the beginning and ending of a cruise or expedition, while in others the dates indicate the first and last observations. For shore and fixed stations months and years only are usually given. Resion — The region(s) of the World Ocean where observations were gathered. The areas Listed are defined in "Limits of Oceans and Seas," Interna- tional Hydrographic Bureau, Special PubHcation No. 23, third edition, Monaco, 1953, with certain modifications as indicated in the Catalogue Indexes section. Oceanosraphic Serial Stations: Number of Stations — The number of oceanographic serial stations (also referred to as hydrographic, hydrographical, hydrological and hydrochemical stations by various authorities) at which serial measurements of temperature, sahnity, and other chemical values are made, normally to depths of five meters or greater. Data to depths less than five meters are usually catalogued as Sur- face Observations. The single dagger symbol (t) is used to denote data obtained by electronic, in-situ, SaUnity/Temperature/Depth (STD) or Conductivity/Tem- perature/ Depth (CTD) sensors. 43 Physical and Chemical Data — All stations as a minimum have readings of both temperature and salinity, unless otherwise noted. The types of physical and chemical data, available at serial depths as observed values, are Hsted using the following symbols and abbreviations: Oxy - Dissolved oxygen content Nutr - Nitrogen, Phosphorous, or SiHcon compounds Pol - Heavy Metals, Hydrocarbons or other pollutants BT's — The type and number of mechanical bathythermograph (MBT) or expendable bathythermograph (XBT) observations are indicated by: MB - Analog prints of bathythermographs taken by a mechanical BT MTb - Tables or listings of mechanical BT temperature readings at selected depths XB - Analog prints of bathythermographs taken by an expendable BT XTb - Tables or listings of expendable BT temperature readings at selected depths DTb - Table or Hstings of digital BT temperature readings at selected depths STb - Tables or listings of bathythermographs reported at selected levels only, eg. 5m. intervals Currents — The types and quantity of observations of surface and subsur- face currents are indicated by: Surf - Surface Subs - Subsurface Biolosical — The types of marine biological observations made and the number of stations and/or abundance of data are indicated by any of the follow- ing categories: Phyt - Phytoplankton Pleu Pigm - Pigments Sest PrPr - Primary productivity Neus Zoo - Zooplankton Bent Nek - Nekton PeF Eggs - Fish eggs and/or larvae DeF Micr - Microbiological data FObs Biol - Bioluminescence Bore Poll - Pollution studies Get C14 - Carbon - Pleuston - Seston - Neuston - Benthos - Pelagic fishes - Demersal fishes - Fishery observations - Borers and fouler s - Cetacea 44 Surf - Surface visual observations of birds, fishes mammals, reptiles or discolored water Meteorological — The presence of meteorological observations taken in conjunction with oceanographic data is indicated. These observations may in- clude wind direction and speed, weather, temperature of the air, dry bulb or wet bulb, atmospheric pressure, clouds, visibihty, humidity, dew point, precipitation, solar radiation, or radiosonde observations. Sea Surface — The types of sea surface observations and measurements taken are listed. In addition to the abbreviations and symbols listed for Physical and Chemical Data, the following are also used: T - Temperature of the water sample S - Salinity Col - Color of the water Tra - Transparency of the water Wa - Visual data on waves, including sea state IWa - Instrumented wave data Ice - Data on ice in the sea LP - Light penetration LPW - Long period wave records Data Center Reference Number — Data which have been processed at a national, regional, or responsible oceanographic data center, usually have been assigned some type of identifying reference number by that center. The availabil- ity of data in automated form is indicated by the initials of the data center fol- lowed by that center's reference number. For example, machine-processed oceano- graphic station data for Reference Number 310863 of the National Oceanographic Data Center would appear as NODC 310863. PubHcation number refers to the number from the WDC-A, Oceanography "Listing of Accessioned Data Publications" identifying the pubHshed report in which the referenced data appear. The absence of a number in this column indi- cates that the data were not received in pubHshed or processed form. Remarks — Any additional information included to further describe the data. The term "(CAT. OF DATA)" or "(Change)", indicates that data for this listed cruise represent an addition to data previously received by WDC-A, Ocean- ography, and already described under this Catalogue Number in the Catalogue of Data (including Change Notice Nos. 1-16) or the referenced Change Notice. An asterisk (*) is placed beside each data entry which represents an addition to data catalogued previously; the total number of observations held for this cruise is shown in parentheses ( ) beneath the data entry. Data entries preceded by a minus sign (-) and enclosed in parentheses, e.g. (-9), indicate a deletion of obsei-va- tions. 45 o •^ ■—^ ■V r- ■^ cn CO O in cn rvj" cn CD T CN m CD a> o in ^ o in o CO CN o in o" o in O in ^ O in o" Oi cn m cn in - 2 cn in cn O) in cn S < 5 CO CN g ^" cn ^" cn CD CD ^ ^ cn t" ^ CD ^ cn UJ g o in o" o in co" ■t" CD o in 1^" o s ° o in o~ o in 8 in q: in en CJ> O) a> in cn in CD CD cn in o> in CD in cn i/> (n cn U) CD I/) to 0) cn {/) CD (/) CD o> - § g CO in CO in 6 CD E 1^ CO CO CO in CD 8^ CO 6 CD ^ CD ^ A 9 S i> '5- 6 1^ 6 5? 1^ 6 CO E j= o .3> ^ O SI O -c o .2> ^ o SI SI o .9> sz o O) (0 z o 1- tX) Q- N D- Q- u. a. U. CL N a D- N D. CL N CL CL N CL CN co ■d- ro CO < z CO (~- ■^ CN CO o > UJ CN in in CO in a: Of i, u i. (A (0 i) ^~ LU q: n Si rx X) r\ Si t cn CD CN t^ o" id" CN r~ CO t~~ cm" t-~ CD o" CN o" ■^" 1^ in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in CO ■q- in in CD CO in in in in ■^ en g> 92 9 cn cn cn 9 cn CD cn cn Q -^ — — ■ — — . ■— . — — z CO S CO CN CD o CM o CM CN CM UJ o o o O — UJ < 5) ?5 CO CN ■q- ■T ■^ o o O cn o o o CN o o CN CO CN CN in CO ■^ in in m CD in m in in ■3- K o> o> cn a> cn cn 9 cn cn cn cn cn OC ^ ^ — —^ ^ ■ — . — — — ^* ^ < CO CO CO ^ 1- s 9 9 Q 9 :; § g 9 9 9 9 - Q- I Q O < h- a: < Ct CL < 3 O O Q] D < 3 3 CL 2 3 U. < 3 o ^ < ^ i o 1 o- <" 03 < z o o o u. 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LL i CN in ^ ^ .- ,- o o o o 5 o o 2 cc 00 n O C*) C*5 CO ■«r m o ^t ■cr ^ ^ ^r '" CM CN CN CN CN CN CN in rr () T' Q > I UJ V) s UJ s z n fr, UJ < U) O t^ 5 o z < u I 1- UJ I) a. o o H nr (0 (0 UJ -J § z >- < CD □ UJ > UJ Q. z _l Ill < u m a: a z < > -J Ul (/I W (T D 3 o f < > UJ Q. > o a: UJ Q. 5 1- 2 a z 8 I 1- (1 () p- -) CD 7 H U- o U3 O t- 7 CO n — « n <) z < 7 Q 7 n < < tr Ul \— h- q: 7 u Ul UJ > U) Ul < 111 I q: Q. 0) 2 Ul Q 111 S UJ Z z Cfl < ? 3 & < (J o <« W ? < J. < z o Q u; (/) F u m UL < 5 S K ^ < Ul _l u o < • - ■4— -t— 49 WDC-A, OCEANOGRAPHY DATA INFORMATION The preceeding section now lists primarily those data actually received directly by WDC-A from its international contributors, usually in either pubhcations or in manuscript form. Data received in automated form from Data Centers (including the U.S. NODC), oceanographic institutions, or special project data centers are now identified and described in later sections of this Catalogue. LISTING OF ACCESSIONED DATA PUBLICATIONS WDC-A, Oceanography no longer pubhshes the yearly Supplements to the Cata- logue of Accessioned Pubhcations: thus, the Center can no longer present a full correlation of the catalogued data with corresponding pubhshed references. The following Listing of Accessioned Data Pubhcations now references by title and responsible institution all pubhcations received during the period that contain cataloguable data; it cross-references data pubhcation information with the per- tinent WDC-A Data Information Number. 50 LISTING OF ACCESSIONED DATA PUBLICATIONS WDC-A Publication Data Publication Title No. WDC-A Data Information No. 06 CANADA 06.08-018.1 Data Report 63, British Columbia Inlets Cruises 1994 106.19 J-02 (University of British Columbia, Department of Oceanography, January 1995) 06.08-018.2 Data Report 64, British Columbia Inlets Cruises 1995 106.19 A-13 (University of British Columbia, Department of Oceanography, February 1996) 06.08-018.3 Data Report 65, British Columbia Inlets Cruises 1996 106.19 A-14 (University of British Columbia, Department of Oceanography, January 1997) 24 JAPAN 24.04-053 Data Record of Oceanographic Observations and Exploratory Fishing, No. 40 (Hokkaido University, March 1997) 24.06-069 Data Record of Oceanographic Observations, No. 5, April 1989 - March 1990 (Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station, March 1997) 24.07-093 Data Report of Oceanographic Observations, No. 86, January-December, 1995 (Japan Meteorological Agency, December 1997) 124.02 B-67, 124.02 C-20 124.20 B-06, 124.20 C-06, 124.20 E-06, 124.20 G-06 124.01 B-92, 124.01 F-34, 124.08 D-83, 124.09 A-99, 124.10 D-87, 124.11 D-75 24.10-064 Data Report of Hydrographic Observations, Series of 124.13 E-75 WESTPAC, Results of Oceanographic Observations for 1995 (Maritime Safety Agency, No. 11, March 1996) 24.10-065 Data Report of Hydrographic Observations, Series of 124.13 B-30, Oceanography, Results of Oceanographic Observations for 124.13 J-06, 1994 (Maritime Safety Agency, No. 32, March 1996) 124.13 GGG-25 51 LISTING OF ACCESSIONED DATA PUBLICATIONS WDC-A Publication Data Publication Title No. WDC-A Data Information No. 24.11-059 Data of Oceanograpliic Observations and Exploratory 124.16 A-37, Fishings, No. 22. Oceanographic Observations and 124.16 B-18 Exploratory Fishings in the East China Sea, Eastern Indian Ocean, Japan Sea, and Central Pacific Ocean (National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, December 1996) 24.13-084 Preliminary Report of the HAKUHO IVIARU Cruise KH94-2 124.24 B-62 (Leg 3), June 16 - July 7, 1994, (Eel Cruise VI) (Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1995) 24.13-085 Preliminary Report of the R/V HAKUHO MARU Cruise 124.24 B-63 KH94-4, Southern Ocean Expedition (November 22, 1994 - February 14, 1995) (Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1999) 24.13-086 Preliminary Report of the HAKUHO MARU Cruise KH95-1, 124.24 B-64 12 May - 12 June 1995, Studies on the Kuroshio and Deep Currents in the Western North Pacific (Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1996) 24.22-049 Plankton Sampling on Board SHIRASE in 1983 - 1996, 124.13 KKK-15, NORPAC Standard Net Samples, JARE Data Reports, No. 124.13 KKK-16, 224 (Marine Biology 28) (National Institute of Polar 124.31 B-12 Research, March 1997) 24.22-050 Oceanographic Data of the 34th Japanese Antarctic 124.31 B-10 Resarch Expedition from November 1992 to March 1993, JARE Data Reports, No. 228 (Oceanography 17) (National Institute of Polar Research, September 1997) 38 UNITED KINGDOM 38.14-409 Analysis of STABLE Data from Deployment 1 , Holderness, 238.05 UK, October 1994 (Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Report No. 42, 1996) 38.14-410 Analysis of STABLE Data from Deployment 2, Holderness, 238.05 UK, January - February, 1995 (Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Report No. 43, 1996) 52 LISTING OF ACCESSIONED DATA PUBLICATIONS WDC-A Publication Data Publication Title No. WDC-A Data Information No. 39 UNITED STATES 39.01-342 Data Report, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Data, 139.08 \/-23, CalCOFI Cruise 9507, 6 - 23 July 1995; CalCOFI Cruise 139.23 Y-36 9510, 6-28 October 1995 (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Reference 96-11, 1 August 1996) 39.01-343 Data Report, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Data, 139.23 Y-37 CalCOFI Cruise 9602, 29 January - 16 February 1996; CalCOFI Cruise 9604, 15 April - 3 May 1996 (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Reference 96-19, 8 October 1996) 43 KOREA 43.02-089 Annual Report of Oceanographic Observations for 1995 (National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, Volume 44, December 1996) 43.02-090 Annual Report of Oceanographic Observations for 1996 (National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, Volume 45, December 1996) 143.02 X-10, 143.02 Y-10, 143.02 Z-07, 143.02 AA-06, 143.02 DD-02, 143.02 EE-01, 243.01 C-25, 243.01 F-03 143.02 DD-03, 143.02 FF-01, 143.02 GG-01, 243.01 C-26, 243.01 F-04 53 PART III INTERNATIONAL DATA ACQUISITION AND EXCHANGE THE INTERNATIONAL MARINE DATA BASE I International Data Acquisition and Exchange For the 40-year period since its inception during the International Geophysical Year (IGY), WDC-A, Oceanography has provided comprehensive tabulations of its yearly accessions and cumulative holdings as a reference standard by which the relative success of international oceanographic data exchange thru the WDC system (under both ICSU and lOC/IODE guidelines) can be measured. It has become increasingly apparent during recent years, however, that in order to main- tain consistency and continuity in this process, WDC-A must significantly modify its traditional approach to take into account changing conditions. The advent of data acquisition programs, such as the Global Data Archaeology and Rescue (GODAR) Project, combined with enhanced capabilities to utilize CD-ROM tech- nology and electronic data transmission for the rapid exchange of large data sets, have resulted in a major infusion of data into WDC-A's data bases. A problem resulting from this obvious success story has been the difficulty that WDC-A has experienced in attempting to catalogue and tabulate these massive data sets, using standard (traditional) cataloguing procedures. Additionally, the sheer magnitude of many of these data sets (which may contain historical observa- tions taken over many years) often tends to overshadow the all-important yearly data accessions from WDC-A's regular contributors. To address these problems, WDC-A has evaluated its most recent yearly data accessions with a view toward the need to give proper recognition to its regular contributors, while at the same time attempting to provide somewhat more detail with regard to data sets re- ceived through programs such as GODAR. Through this process, the following general categories have been identified as repre- senting major components of WDC-A's International Marine Data Base (Figure 1): 1 . Regular accessions from WDC-A contributors representing observations that can be catalogued using standard (traditional) cataloguing procedures (Tables 1-4); 2. Historical data received under the aegis of the GODAR Program (Tables 5-7); 3. Data received in digital form through the co-located U.S. National Oceano- graphic Data Center (NODC) (Tables 8-11). The International Marine Data Base of WDC-A, Oceanography, then, as depicted in Figure 1, now comprises the Center's total data holdings - that is, it summa- rizes data holdings from all three categories. Category 1 is defined as the material already identified and described in Part II of this Catalogue; explanations are fur- ther expanded upon on Page 34. Brief descriptions follow for Categories 2 and 3. 55 Global Data Archaeology and Rescue (GODAR) Project The goal of the GODAR program is to augment the historical digital oceanographic data archives by seeking out and recovering manuscript and digital ocean data not yet included in the digital ocean databases accessible to the world research community. The term Data Archaeology and Rescue describes the two-part process of first identify- ing and locating the data, and then performing the necessary steps to merge them into a digital database. The enhanced historical ocean data archives resulting from this Project have led to improved ocean chmatologies and have also supported more com- plete studies of ocean variability. The following activities are undertaken as a part of the GODAR process: — prepare inventories of data available only in manuscript or other analog form, as well as data not currently available in digital form at a national or World Data Center; — digitize data that now exist only in manuscript or other analog form; — ensure that all oceanographic data available for international exchange are archived in digital form; — perform Quality Control on all data; — make all data readily accessible to the international community. WDC-A has very substantially augmented its data bases through numerous GODAR contributions during recent years. Such contributions do not reflect, however, the total benefit derived from GODAR; many digitally-received GODAR contributions, that did not represent data "new" to WDC-A , were of equal importance because they repre- sented data sets previously received by the WDCs in manuscript form only, as well as "rescued" data that had been held by originators on magnetic media that were suscep- tible to loss by degradation. The basic premise of GODAR seems to engender a spirit of cooperation; many countries have contributed data that had previously been unavailable for international ex- change. GODAR has also presented an excellent opportunity for developing countries to become more intimately involved with the lODE data management process. GODAR has provided a mechanism with the implementation of Regional Workshops, through which developing countries can facihtate the processing, exchange, and pres- ervation of oceanographic data. Data Received in Digital Form through NODC WDC-A benefits significantly from its co-location with the U.S. National Oceano- graphic Data Center (NODC). In addition to providing automated data management services in support of WDC-A, the NODC is an excellent source of oceanographic data in digital form for national, as well as international, data- gathering programs. Over the years, NODC has been a Special Project Data Center for numerous international cooperative investigations; this has led to the ready availability to WDC-A of many important international data sets in digital form. 56 Biological Data 304,173 obs. (5.9%) Other 25,329 obs. (.5%) Total: 5,118,534 obs. Figure 1. International Marine Data Base of WDC-A, Oceanography 57 WDC-A, Oceanography Data Base* Summaries Oceanographic Station Data Base Table 1 (page 35) summarizes the 1,347,087 oceanographic serial stations received by nation under which these data are catalogued. Nations from which no station data have been received are not Hsted, although in some cases publications or other types of data may have been received. Bathythermograph Data Base Table 2 (page 37) summarizes the number of bathythermograph observa- tions received from the nation under which the data are catalogued. The number of cruises on which the data were observed is also hsted. A total of 602,727 bathythermograph observations were taken during 9,268 cruises, which includes 2,248 observations received in 1997. Biological Data Base Table 3 (page 38) shows, by nation, the number of biological observations received by this Center since its inception and includes 3,876 observations received in 1997. A total of 171,575 observations, including plankton observations, primary productivity measurements, pigment concentration measurements, carbon- 14 meas- urements, and fishery observations, have been taken during 2,123 cruises. Surface and Subsurface Current Data Base Table 4 (page 39) summarizes, by nation, the number of surface and subsurface current measurements received by this Center since its inception. The total of 697,600 current measurements includes 113,093 subsurface and 584,507 surface measurements taken during 4,243 cruises. A total of 5,600 new current measurements were added in 1997. * Tabulations for these Data Bases (Tables 1 - 4) include cumulative historical and contemporary accessions of data from regular exchanges with WDC-A contributors, and represent only observations that could be catalogued using standard catalogu- ing procedures. Recent data accessions from the GODAR Program and of digital data sets from NODC are not included in Tables 1-4. 58 Oceanographic Station Data Base Table 1 . ~ Number of oceanographic serial stations received by WDC- A, Oceanography, from various nations Stations Received Total Stations Total Stations Nation in 1997 on Hand on Hand prior to 1997 at end of 1997 1. Argentina _« 2,833 2,833 2. Australia ~ 19,256 19,256 3. Belgium ~ 4,941 4,941 4. Brazil — 7,496 7,496 6. Canada 58 75,846 75,904 7. Chile — 1,048 1,048 8. Colombia — 1,267 1,267 9. Denmark — 40,701 40,701 10. Ecuador — 2,234 2,234 11. Finland — 39,194 39,194 12. Taiwan ~ 693 693 13. France — 23,399 23,399 14. Germany ~ 66,136 66,136 16. Ghana — 2,772 2,772 18. Iceland — 10,567 10,567 19. India ~ 2,094 2,094 20. Indonesia ~ 2,352 2,352 21. Ireland — 2,553 2,553 22. Israel ~ 2,410 2,410 23. Italy ~ 4,160 4,160 24. Japan 4,029 413,969 417,998 25. Mexico ~ 1,517 1,517 26. Netherlands — 10,377 10,377 27. New Zealand — 1,941 1,941 28. Norway — 40,152 40,152 29. Pakistan — 174 174 30. Peru — 4,016 4,016 31. Philippines " 199 199 (continued) 59 Oceanographic Station Data Base Table 1 . ~ Number of oceanographic serial stations received by WDC-A, Oceanography, from various nations (continued) Stations Received Total Stations Total Stations Nation in 1997 on Hand on Hand prior to 1997 at end of 1997 32. Poland 9,174 9,174 33. Portugal ~ 3,959 3,959 34. Spain ~ 1,931 1,931 35. Sweden ~ 56,975 56,975 36. South Africa ~ 16,046 16,046 37. Russia ~ 109,492 109,492 38. United Kingdom ~ 51,911 51,911 39. United States 841 222,452 223,293 42. Yugoslavia ~ 8,292 8,292 43. Korea 2,352 44,987 47,339 44. Ivory Coast ~ 4,196 4,196 45. Nigeria ~ 997 997 46. Congo (P. Rep.) ~ 5,302 5,302 47. Malaysia ~ 150 150 48. Malagasy Republic ~ 1,311 1,311 49. Morocco ~ 9 9 50. Senegal ~ 1,795 1,795 51. Thailand ~ 2,311 2,311 52. Turkey ~ 637 637 53. Venezuela ~ 2,184 2,184 60. Cuba ~ 812 812 63. Romania ~ 355 355 64. Egypt ~ 308 308 68. Greece ~ 217 217 71. Tunisia ~ 157 157 73. China (P. Rep.) ~ 9,139 9,139 75. Mauritania ~ 411 411 Totals 7,280 1,339,807 1,347,087 60 Bathythermograph Data Base Table 2. -- Number of bathythermograph observations received by WDC-A, Oceanography, from various nations thru 1997 Nation No. of cruises Type of data format Mechanical BT Expendable BT Total Analog Tabular Analog Tabular 1. Argentina 79 4,050 3,688 -- 603 8,341 2. Austraha 683 -- 9,460 1 28,234 37,695 3. Belgium 2 -- 15 -- -- 15 4. Brazil 7 43 85 -- 485 613 6. Canada 1,678 21,248 469 -- 44,627 66,344 7. Chile 8 846 -- -- 165 1,011 8. Colombia 2 316 -- -- -- 316 9. Denmark 2 70 -- -- " 70 10. Ecuador 11 -- -- -- 405 405 11. Finland 2 124 168 -- -- 292 13. France 169 352 -- -- 8,480 8,832 14. Germany 395 59 14,258 -- 19,537 33,854 16. Ghana 1 12 -- -- -- 12 18. Iceland 50 124 7,075 -- -- 7,199 19. India 2 -- 351 -- 522 873 20. Indonesia 13 162 118 -- -- 280 23. Italy 24 879 561 72 282 1,794 24. Japan 3,380 -- 166,878 -- 59,391 226,269 25. Mexico 23 -- -- -- 378 378 26. Netherlands 67 675 -- -- 3,942 4,617 27. New Zealand 21 -- -- -- 1,108 1,108 28. Norway 14 82 158 -- 462 702 29. Pakistan 2 -- 65 -- -- 65 30. Peru 31 — -- -- 970 970 31. PhUippines 1 -- -- -- 8 8 32. Poland 7 " 153 -- 279 432 33. Portugal 24 448 2,725 12 194 3,379 34. Spain 6 194 -- -- 225 419 35. Sweden 6 10 57 -- 612 679 36. South Africa 2 -- -- -- 140 140 37. Russia 115 428 12,395 -- 5,388 18,211 38. United Kingdom 1,380 276 44,973 -- 17,844 63,093 39. United States 942 36,114 3,489 646 59,997 100,246 43. Korea (Rep. of) 28 -- 1,427 -- 276 1,703 44. Ivory Coast 6 618 -- - 618 45. Nigeria 6 1,011 20 -- • • 1,031 46. Congo (P. Rep.) 21 2,389 83 -- oa 2,472 48. Malagasy Rep. 10 476 -- -- -- 476 50. Senegal 8 730 -- -- -- 730 70. Sierra Leone 2 194 -- -- " 194 71. Tunisia 1 — 121 -- -- 121 73. China (P. Rep.) 7 — -- -- 620 620 99. Ships of Opportunity (International) 30 *• ■■ ■■ 6,100 6.100 Total !),268 7 1 ,930 268,792 731 261,274 602,727 61 Biological Data Base Table 3. -- Number of biological observations received by WDC-A, Oceanography, from various nations thru 1997 No. of Type of observation Nation Primary cruises Plankton Productivity Pigments C-14 Fishery 1 Argentina 13 452 47 233 129 2 Australia 64 1,527 1,599 1,738 — 2,666 4 Brazil 16 754 — 175 — 36 6 Canada 58 1,342 669 1,303 47 100 8 Colombia 7 181 — 496 — — 10 Ecuador 3 895 191 116 — — 12 Taiwan 3 98 — 98 — 15 13 France 28 720 288 510 43 92 14 Germany 26 594 238 2,901 1,552 731 19 India 12 424 — — — • — 20 Indonesia 61 2,004 5 702 — 7 22 Israel 1 58 — — — — 23 Italy 1 18 18 18 — — 24 Japan 1,243 43,157 180 24,349 30 7,917 25 Mexico 14 111 13 404 — — 26 Netherlands 2 150 24 36 — — 27 New Zealand 1 46 — 69 71 — 29 Pakistan 1 14 — — — — 30 Peru 7 517 3 27 10 12 32 Poland 1 — — 81 — — 33 Portugal 5 351 — 128 — 57 34 Spain 7 66 87 175 — 27 35 Sweden 1 — 18 — — — 36 South Africa 22 985 165 356 — — 37 Russia 12 3,837 743 262 — 389 38 United Kingdom 6 416 — 99 — — 39 United States 315 11,739 5,732 13,567 745 4,445 42 Yugoslavia 1 167 — — — — 43 Korea (Rep. of) 142 20,056 — — — — 44 Ivory Coast 3 27 7 — — 1 45 Nigeria 6 5 4 — — 2,018 46 Congo (P. Rep.) 4 24 93 70 — 1 48 Malagasy Rep. 9 84 54 54 — — 50 Senegal 11 34 — 477 — 258 60 Cuba 1 — 37 — — — 63 Romania 10 261 — — — — 64 Arab Rep. of Egypt 2 — — — — 188 71 Greece 1 3 4 — — — 73 China (P. Rep.) 2 — 68 139 — — 75 Mauritania 1 — — — — 1 Total 2,123 91,117 10,287 48,583 2,627 18,961 62 Surface and Subsurface Current Data Base Table 4. -- Number of surface and subsurface current measurements received by WDC-A, Oceanography, from various nations thru 1997 Nation No. of cruises Subsurface Surface 2. Australia 50 1,663 4. Brazil 1 83 6. Canada 21 1,558 1,052 9. Denmark 62 — 20,184 10. Ecuador 1 46 9 11. Finland 6 5,472 5708 13. France 20 6,450 632 14. Germany 115 10,794 327,348 20. Indonesia 13 177 40 23. Italy 2 782 — 24. Japan 3,628 17,797 191,036 25. Mexico 6 — 6,816 26. Netherlands 21 10,242 28. Norway 6 2,691 86 32. Poland 2 291 33. Portugal 4 74 — 35. Sweden 116 22,751 24,237 37. Russia 48 20,660 1,507 38. United Kingdom 9 799 258 39. United States 58 4,493 4,940 42. Yugoslavia 25 603 149 43. Korea (Rep. of) 2 — 284 44. Ivory Coast 3 44 140 46. Congo (P. Rep.) 3 218 — 48. Malagasy Rep. 1 24 24 52. Turkey 1 5,095 40 63. Romania 19 284 17 Total 4,243 1 13,093 584,507 63 Table 5. Oceanographic station data received through GODAR, 1997 NATION DATA SET NO. OF STATIONS Finland ICES Station Data Base * 42,431 Japan 1986-1987 OS Cruises 433 Japan 1988 OS Cruises 409 Japan HAKUHO MARU Cruises 274 Russia Muiniansk Marine Biological Instiute 1,028 Russia State Oceanographic Institute, Sections 5,885 Ukraine ODESSA Cruises 2,754 United States Navy Lab 152 United States US Coast Guard, Historical IIP 1,024 Data for a significant number of these stations are new to the WDC-As Marine Data Base. Table 6. Bathythermograph observations received through GODAR, 1997 NATION DATA SET NO. OF OBS. France SISMER 7,954 Table 7. Biological observations received through GODAR, 1997 NATION DATA SET NO. OF OBS. United States United States Navy Lab - Plankton Publication No. SSFR723 Plankton 86 119 64 Table 8. Oceanographic station data received through NODC, 1997 NATION DATA SET NO. OF STATIONS Argentina Argentina Canada Japan Sweden United Kingdom United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States RNODC/SOC 1996 Update Various Programs lOS Bottle Data JARE ODEN SD/CTD BODC CTD MEDDY (Oceanus Cr. 173 leg 2) NYC Harbors Survey JGOFS/EQPAC JGOFS/HOTS 97 OCEANUS - Subduction Experiment Southern Cal Bight Study TAMU-OCEANOGRAPHY Ross Sea SCI EX93, University of Washington Coastal Transition Zone FOCI Coastal Jet Separation Experiment AOML CalCOFI Cruises Gulf Stream JGOFS/ARABIAN Sea GULFCET FRONTS 88 GLOBEC 301 1,240 691 300 106 117 425 52 366 640 158 165 695 344 20 317 122 38 508 1,966 208 336 256 324 847 65 Table 9. Bathythermograph observations received through NODC, 1997 NATION DATA SET NO. OF OBS. Australia 1994 Southern Oceans 1,845 Australia 1995 XBT 3,522 Australia AODC 1997 197 Australia CSIRO 1996 5,151 Germany WOCE - University of Kiel Institute for Marine Science 3,194 Germany Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research 307 Japan JMA - Delayed Mode 2,792 United States ALACE Profiler 1,168 United States GULFCET 580 United States SEAS III (JAN 1996 - APR 1997) 93 United States SEAS IV (APR - NOV 1997) . 158 United States TAMU-OCEANOGRAPHY 707 Table 10. Biological observations received through NODC, 1997 NATION DATA SET NO. OF OBS. United States Coastal Transition Zone - Primary Prod. 15 United States FRONTS 88 - Primary Productivity 18 United States JGOFS/EQPAC - Planlrton, Pigments, Primary Productivity 892 United States JGOFS/HOTS - Primary Productivity 17 66 Number of Oceanographic Stations Received at WDC-A by Year ^ RSDHSMOSfiSI ^ M ^ SSSsSSki — [-- — — _o> ~co ^^i _0) 00 WPWQWff ^H i^^^H ^^^^^^M ^^^^& llllllllllllllllllllllllll h> MllllfflfflH ™™l^lll^^l^*l^l** ^^m 81 83 ear 1 ^^^^^^^SS^SSSSSSSSSSf DUUvflvdw^v& ^^m JaSSBBfaBS^S " >- HBIMBHMIwilllllllHItBaari O) ^^^ r^ r^ i % Q O O W Q O u o H^ (U T3 _3 o c o ON ON JZ ao 3 O u« -C ON ON ^w CO ^^^^^m ^^^ ^^M ^^^^^^H C3> CD lll«~W«WWJWV|^WV ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ura^ £ c c c c u c 3 C 3 C 3 C 3" C 3 C M C 1 ' DOC DOC DOC d" o" C D lO C suo!;bis jo jac 3 C 3 C 3 C 3" C 3 U lUjnN 1 3 O 67 0) o 03 E 0) < > o Q § m H— ' m CV3 o ■D (D > w Q> 0) O ^ Q) E q: o o o o" o 00 o o o o" o o o o o" o o o o o" o CD -^ CN suo!)eAJ3sqo ^o jaqiunN 05 (J) 00 00 00 k. 0) co>- 00 CO O) % r^ P h- W r- Q O ^ ir> u r^ o 1— 1 (U -o CO d r^ o c ■ '-^ uo cd ^■~ -4-» N. o o ON ON t— I ^ &0 3 o l-l ^ -t-" '^ ON ON '""' 68 PART IV DATA HOLDINGS OF RNODC's AND SPECIALIZED DATA CENTERS I DATA HOLDINGS of RNODC's and SPECIALIZED DATA CENTERS This section of the Change Notice provides information on the availability of speciahzed data sets prepared by the various Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centers (RNODC's) and other Speciahzed Data Centers. Normally, only those data sets that have actually been received by WDC-A, Oceanography are described in this section; WDC-A can provide digital copies of these data sets either in the originator's format or in the prescribed international exchange format. These data products are not described in the usual manner in the Catalogue portion of the Change Notice (except for certain separately-identified cruises that are also included in data sets such as FOY), as the data are not always merged with the standard WDC-A, Oceanography data bases. Thus they constitute a suite of data products, prepared by RNODC's and other Speciahzed Data Centers, that are separate and distinct from the standard data types regularly catalogued in the Change Notices and normally available from WDC-A. Such data products are not necessarily intended to be routinely exchanged by the WDC's under normal international data exchange guidehnes. They may be voluminous or costly to prepare and, thus, may be precluded from regular data exchanges between WDC's and their exchange cooperators. Data sets in automated form are available from the WDC's usually at a cost not to exceed the cost of reproduction and postage. MEDALPEX s<>^^^^^ 69 ^ ^TW\^^ RNODC FOY FGGE OPEI?ATIONAL YEAR GLOBAL OCEAN CLIMATE DATA BASE The Global Ocean Climate Data Base is avail- able from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) which served as the Responsible National Oceanographic Data Center for the FGGE* Operational Year (RNODC/FOY). The Global Ocean Climate Data Base is a collection of oceangraphic data submitted to NODC by 17 different countries. Although the formal FGGE Operational Year was from 1 December 1978 to 30 November 1979, the data set covers the extended FOY period from 1 September 1978 to 29 February 1980. The data base includes four types of data: (1) oceanographic hydrocast (bottle) data, (2) con- ductivity/ salinity-temperature-depth (C/STD) data, (3) expendable bathythermograph (XBT) *FGGE = First GARP Global Experiment, also known as the Global Weather Experiment. GARP = Global Atmosphere Research Program. data, and (4) Eulerian currrent (current meter) data. The data are recorded on magnetic tape in two different formats: (1) the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission General Exchange Format 3 (GF3) and (2) NODC archive formats (different format for each of the four types of data). In GF3 the data base comprises eight magnetic tapes; in the NODC formats the data base comprises four tapes. The FGGE Operational Year was the culmina- tion of a series of international ocean/atmos- phere research programs conducted in the 1970's. This effort, in turn, was a steppingstone toward the increasingly ambitious and large- scale research and monitoring programs of the 1980's and 1990's that are directed toward fuller understanding of tropical dynamics and their influence on global ocean/atmosphere phenom- ena. 70 The FGGE/FOY Data Base The FGGE/FOY Global Ocean Climate Data Base temperature profiles; and 294 months of time- compiled by the RNODC contains: 10,413 Oceano- series data from current meter moorings. The graphic hydrocast (bottle) stations; 4,030 CTD/STD sources of these data are summarized in Table casts; 28,733 expendable bathythermograph (XBT) Table 1. FGGE Operational Year Global Ocean Climate Data Base Data Type Oceanographic Current Country Stations CTD/S'i'D XBT Meter (stations) (stations) (stations) (meter-months) Australia - -- 2,754 - Canada 324 ~ 507 - People's Republic 318 of China Republic of the 307 _i Congo France ~ ~ 307 ~ German Democratic 74 __ ._ __ Republic Federal Republic -. .- 1,366 of Germany Ghana 335 ~ -- ~ Italy ~ ~ 55 ~ Japan 1,138 - 832 ~ Philippines ~ - 8 ~ Poland 87 ~ 267 ~ Republic of _. __ 56 ■>* South Africa Spain ~ - 180 ~ UK ~ 64 944 ~ USA 1,271 3,966 20,727 294 USSR 6,559 -- 730 -- TOTAL 10,413 4,030 28,733 294 71 Table 2 lists the number of tapes included in the tapes or only the tape(s) for one or more of the data set. Customers may order the entire set of four different data types in either of the two format options. Table 2. FOY Global Ocean Climate Data Tapes Number of Tapes Data Type Data Quantity GF3 Format (1600 bpi) NODC Format (625G bpi)* Oceanographic Station Qiydrocast) 10,413 stations (128 cruises) 2 1 CTD/STD 4,030 stations (62 cruises) 1 1 XBT 28,733 stations (571 cruises) 3 1 Current Meter 294 months (27 meters) 2 1 TOTAL 8 4 *Data tapes ir I NODC archive formats are also available by special request in 1600 bpi density Data Availability Magnetic tape copies of the FOY Global Ocean Climate Data Base are available from the RNODC in either GF3 format or in NODC ar- chive formats. Magnetic tape characteristics are: (1) GF3 format -- 9 track, 1600bpi, ANSI/ ASCII, non-labeled, record length = 1920, un- blocked; (2) NODC formats ~ 9 track, 6250 bpi, ANSI/ ASCII, non-labeled, variable record length, maximum blocksize = 4,160 (oceanographic sta- tion and CTD/STD data), 2,600 (XBT data), and any multiple of 60 (current meter data). Complete sets of tapes or individual tapes are available at the cost of tape reproduction from: World Data Center A, Oceanography NOAA Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282, USA Telephone: 301-713-3295 FAX: 301-713-3303 Electronic mail: wdca @ nodc.noaa.gov (Internet). 72 RNODC MEDALPEX (Sea Level) MEDITERRANEAN ALPINE EXPERIMENT SEA LEVEL DATA SET In 1975, the IOC decided to support the development of an oceanographic program in the Mediterranean during the GARP Alpine Experiment (ALPEX). The MEDALPEX project took place between 1 September 1981 and 30 September 1982, with a special period of observation from 15 February 1982 to 30 April 1982. It was a multi-national project involving scientists from 7 countries. The main purpose of MEDALPEX was to increase understanding of the effect of wind forcing on the dynamics of the western part of the Mediterranean Basin. Specific studies were undertaken, each having a particular scientific objective in- cluding: 1. The interrelationship between the general circulation and mesoscale eddies 2. Offshore dynamic response mechanisms under severe weather conditions 3. Storm surges and the piling up of water, especially in the Adriatic and Ligurian seas The measurement of sea level was considered to be an important component of the observation program to support these studies. A wide range of other types of oceanographic data were also collected, including classical and synoptic meteorologi- cal measurements, data collected using remote sensing techniques and data from current meters, thermistor chains, waverider buoys, CTDs and XBTs. The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) was requested by IOC to fulfil the role of the Responsible National Oceanographic Data Center for the MEDALPEX sea level data. The work was imder-taken on behalf of PSMSL by the Marine Information and Advisory Service (MIAS) - U.K.'s national oceanographic data center (now the British Oceanographic Data Centre.) Sea level data were submitted to MIAS fi*om 29 of the 40 MEDALPEX sites. An inventory of the data is given on the following page. Measurements fi-om 28 of the sites were taken using conventional stilling wells and, with one exception, were supplied to MIAS as hourly values. Data from the remaining site, off the coast of Corsica, were collected by an Aanderaa water level recorder at half-hourly intervals. 73 INVENTORY OF DATA RECEIVED BY MEDALPEX SEA LEVEL DATA CENTER SITE LATITUDE LONGITUDE START SERIES CYCLE DATE DURATION INTERVAL DDD MM.MH DDD MM.MH DD/MM/YY WEEKS SECS CADIZ 36 32. ON 6 17.0W 01/09/81 56 3600 TARIFA 36 O.ON 5 36.0W 01/09/81 56 3600 GIBRALTAR 36 8.0N 5 21.0W 01/09/81 56 3600 CEUTA 35 54.0N 5 19.0W 01/09/81 56 3600 ALGECIRAS 36 7.0N 5 26.0W 01/09/81 56 3600 PUERTOS BANUS 36 37.0N 4 55.0W NO DATA MATAGA 36 43.0N 4 25.0W 01/09/81 56 3600 ALMERIA 36 49. 7N 2 29.2W 14/08/81 58 3600 CARTEGENA 37 36.0N 0 59.0W NO DATA ALICANTE I 38 20. 3N 0 30.4W 23/08/81 60 3600 ALICANTE III 38 20. 3N 0 30. 7W 28/08/81 60 3600 PALMA DE MALLORCA 39 33.0N 2 38.0E 01/09/81 56 3600 BLANES 41 41.0N 2 48.0E NO TIDE GAUGE ROSAS 42 15.0N 3 ll.OE NO TIDE GAUGE PORT VENDRES 42 31.0N 3 6.0E 28/12/81 39 3600 SETE 43 25. ON 3 43.0E NO DATA FOS 43 25.0N 4 46.0E NO DATA TOULON 43 7.0N 5 55.0E 30/08/81 56 3600 NICE 43 42. ON 7 16.0E 03/07/81 68 3600 MONACO 43 44. ON 7 25.0E 29/06/81 69 3600 OFFSHORE 42 34. 8N 8 44.0E 06/04/82 18 1800 NEAR CALVI 42 34. 8N 8 44.0E 29/07/82 9 1800 AJACCIO 41 55.0N 8 43.0E 30/08/81 49 3600 CAGLIARI 39 13.0N 9 8.0E NO DATA SAVONA 44 18.0N 8 28.0E NO DATA GENOVA 44 24.0N 8 54.0E 31/08/81 58 3600 LA SPEZIA 44 7.0N 9 48.0E NO DATA LIVORNO 43 33.2N 10 18.2E 31/08/81 49 3600 CIVITAVECCHIA 42 5.7N 11 47.4E 25/08/81 22 3600 NAPOLI 40 50.4N 14 16.2E 31/08/81 56 3600 PALERMO 38 8.0N 13 23.0E NO DATA ANCONA 43 37.0N 13 31.0E 01/09/81 56 3600 PTO CORSINI 44 35.0N 12 20.0E NO DATA VENEZIA 45 26.0N 12 20.0E 01/01/81 104 3600 KOPER 45 33.0N 13 44.0E 28/02/82 9 3600 ROVINJ 45 5. ON 13 38.0E 28/02/82 9 3600 BAKAR 45 18. ON 14 32.0E 28/02/82 9 3600 ZADAR 44 5.4N 15 16.3E 28/02/82 9 3600 NOVALJA 44 33. 3N 14 13.2E 28/02/82 9 3600 SPLIT 43 30.0N 16 26.0E 28/02/82 9 3600 DUBROVNIK 42 40.0N 18 4.0E 28/02/82 9 3600 BAR 42 5.0N 19 5.0E 28/02/82 9 3600 74 In compiling the dataset, MIAS translated all incoming data into a common format with elevation values standardized to meters and times to GMT. The data for each site were plotted as a time series and checks were carried out for gaps or constant values, spikes, spurious data or punching errors. Further checks were carried out by tidally analyzing and low pass filtering the data. Non-tidal fluctuations were investigated using principal component analysis. Qualifying information applicable to the data from each site was checked for inconsistencies and completeness, and appropriate documentation was stored with the data in the form of plain language records. The complete quality controlled dataset, including documentation, is avail- able as a single magnetic tape formatted in GF3, the IOC's standard format for the exchange of oceanographic data. A copy of the magnetic tape may be obtained at a cost not to exceed the cost of reproduction and postage from: World Data Center A, Oceanography NOAA Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 U.S.A. Electronic mail: wdca @ nodc.noaa.gov (Internet) or RNODC/MEDALPEX Sea Level Data BODC Bidston Observatory Merseyside L43 7RA U.K. Electronic mail: bodcmail @ ua.nbi.ac.uk (Internet) 75 RNODC DRIBU RNODC FOR DRIFTING BUOYS Back^ound The Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS) began operation of the RNODC/Drifting Buoy Data in January 1986. The RNODC acquires Drifting Buoy Data from worldwide sources, makes the data available to international scientific programs, and prepares geographical plots of Drifting Buoy locations and tracks for the world oceans on a monthly basis. The RNODC also provides monthly statistics of operational buoys and the number of messages received from them. Acquisition of Drifting Buov Data There are three procedures by which Drifting Buoy Data are received by the RNODC. The first and more traditional is for the principal investigator to submit his data directly to the RNODC, or to his National Oceanographic Data Centre which in turn submits the data to the RNODC. For historical data sets, this is the only option available. Data received in this way are usually of the highest quality, since they have undergone the most discriminating calibration and qual- ity control procedures under the direction of the principal investigator; however, data entering the system in this manner are not sufficiently timely to meet the operational requirements of the major global science programs. The second path for data flow to the RNODC is via the GTS. An advantage of this procedure is that the data are available in time scales suitable for the opera- tional requirements of researchers in programs such as TOGA and WOCE, as well as for other operational users such as meteorological forecasters. Data received in this way may be less accurate, because they have not been fully reviewed and assessed by the principal investigator. For drifting buoy data, there is also a problem in that using the DRIBU format on the GTS for some buoys may limit the data that can be transmitted, because of a requirement to restrict the infor- mation to 256 bits. A third procedure involves retrieving the DRIBU data as they pass through Services ARGOS. Although these data still have not been reviewed and assessed by the principal investigator, they are an improvement over the GTS data in that both time of observation and position time are available to improve velocity calcu- lations. Data received by Service ARGOS are stored on magnetic tape for a period of 90 days. After this time, the tapes are reused and the data then reside solely in the hands of the principal investigators. Canada and the United States have 76 agreed to share the cost of buying copies of these tapes for the RNODC. Data from a buoy can only be provided to the RNODC if the principal investigator has given consent in writing. RNODC/Drifting Buov Data Base MEDS utilizes a hierarchical database, called System 2000, to store the drifting buoy data; because of the volume of data, each year of data is stored in its own data base. In order to provide services to users at all time scales and to have available at each time scale the best data possible, the RNODC has decided to accept all data using the following hierarchical guidelines: 1. Where possible, Principal Investigators are requested to make their data available to other operational users and to the RNODC by having the data transmitted on the GTS. The RNODC will copy all available data from the GTS, quality control it, and update it into the data base on a weekly basis. 2. Principal Investigators are also requested to agree to have Service ARGOS provide a copy of their data to MEDS via tape each month whether or not those data have already been on the GTS. The data circulated on the GTS have only the one time included which poses a difficulty in calculating velocities. Thus, the tape data with the two times is an improvement to the database and will be used to replace the GTS data in the database. In addition, data will be picked up which could not be circulated on the GTS because of the format of the transmission from the buoy. If Service Argos has not already been supplied with the calibration constants, channel allocations, and algorithms, or has not been requested to make the conversions to physical units, there will be a requirement for the RNODC to obtain this information from the principal investigators. Principal investigators are reminded that if the sensor data cannot be made available, the position data itself is of value for the database. 3. Principal Investigators are requested to provide a copy of their Drifting Buoy Data either directly to the RNODC when the fully processed, quality controlled version is available, or to provide the data to their National Oceanographic Data Centre, where the RNODC will be requesting such data on a regular basis. Data received by this path will replace GTS or Service ARGOS versions of the data in the database. By receiving data in the configuration set forth above, and replacing earlier, lower quality data as higher quality versions of the data arrive, the RNODC can offer 77 users a choice between timeliness and quality, as dictated by their particular requirements. The RNODC recognizes that in some cases there exists a need to restrict distri- bution of data to protect a scientist's right to benefit first fi[-om collection activities carried out at considerable effort and cost. It is noted that the large international experiments generally have data exchange agreements that state when the data are available to other participants and to those outside the program. The RNODC will honor such data exchange agreements and will, at a scientist's request, restrict further distribution of the data according to the terms of the pertinent agreement. In regard to data from individual scientists, bilateral agreements on further distribution of data for a period of up to two years can also be made RNODC Services As mentioned earlier, the RNODC maintains its drifting buoy data in a data base structure. This provides maximum flexibility when meeting a request. While a number of different qualifiers may be used to retrieve data, the most common are area and time. Requesters may also specify all data or only those which have passed the quality control procedures. On output, the data can be written to magnetic tape in a standard subset of the GF3 formatting system or in some other agreed ad hoc character format, if appropriate. In choosing the data format, users should be aware that the GF3 Formatting System is supported by a powerful and growing software system which is available for many of the more widely used host computers. Each month, the RNODC publishes a summary of the data it has received in real time; also produced are global maps of drifting buoy tracks for the previous month. These maps are issued regularly on a monthly basis. Anyone wishing to receive this summary, should contact the RNODC. There is no charge to receive this product. To obtain the RNODC Drifting Buoy Data Set, requesters should contact one of the following: RNODC for Drifting Buoy Data World Data Center A, Marine Environmental Data Service Oceanography Department of Fisheries and Oceans NOAA 200 Kent Street Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 Ottawa K1A0E6 Canada U.S.A. Telephone: 613-990-0268 Telephone: 301-713-3295 Telex: 053-4428 FAX: 301-713-3303 Email: wilson @ ottmed.meds.dfo.ca Email: wdca @ nodc.noaa.gov (Internet) (Internet) 78 TOGA TROPICAL OCEAN and GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE PROGRAMME TOGA Background A major component of the TOGA International Implementation Plan is the moni- toring of the global atmosphere and the upper layers of the three tropical oceans during the ten-year period of 1985-1994. Existing meteorological and oceano- graphic observation systems have been maintained and expanded by TOGA while new networks have been installed in key locations. These observations along with available historical data will provide a description of the ocean-climate system and its variability from sub-seasonal to interannual scales. TOGA Tropical Subsurface Data Centers The TOGA Tropical Subsurface Data Centre in Brest, France operates within the framework of both the IOC's International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (lODE) system and the Joint lOC-WMO Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS). The Centre collects subsurface ocean observations for the tropical oceans (30°N-30°S) from the follov^dng sources: (1) tropical oceans observations from the IGOSS network; (2) additional vertical temperature pro- files from XBT's and from drifting or moored buoys with thermistor chains, not sent over the GTS; (3) time series of temperature and salinity at fixed depth from moored thermistor chains; (4) surface temperature and salinity data and vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from CTD's, bottle casts, and WCTD's; and (5) other subsurface ocean measurements from process-oriented intensive oceanographic observation projects in the tropical oceans. Initially, data are collected from radio transmissions, vdth fully digitized and quality controlled observations added vdth time. The subsurface thermal data described above are analyzed, and the Centre produces quality-controlled Level II-B data sets for the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans for the ten-year period (1985-1994). The Centre is also responsible for provision of these data sets to the World Data Centers, Oceanography at appropriate intervals. 79 WDC-A, by virtue of its collocation with the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), also has access to the Tropical Pacific Ocean data set jointly maintained by NODC and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), serving as the Joint Environmental Data Analysis (JEDA) Center. JEDA tracks, ac- quires, quality controls, and merges all available subsurface thermal data for the Tropical Pacific. NODC assembles, reformats and initiates quality control of the data; SIO performs further quality control and analysis of the data. Each yearly Level II-B Pacific Ocean data set undergoes the full spectrum of quality control and analysis by the JEDA Center; it is then provided to WDC-A. TOGA Sea Level Center The TOGA Project, realizing the importance of sea level data for research in ocean dynamics and for the monitoring and prediction of oceanographic pro- cesses, established a TOGA Sea Level Center at the University of Hawaii. The piupose of this Center is to collect all sea level data taken by island-based and coastal tide gauges in the area between 30°N and 30°S during the TOGA project, and to make them available for research. The TOGA Sea Level Center also ob- tains and archives past sea level data for the same region, when they are made available from the originators. Hourly, daily, and monthly values are prepared and archived, the data are stored digitally and are passed on yearly to other TOGA data centers, to the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), and to the World Data Centers, Oceanography. The TOGA Sea Level Center also supports the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS). Sea level data has assumed greater importance because of its utilization in the calibration of satel- lite altimeters, such as GEOSAT. Through the creation of the Joint Archive for Sea Level ( JASL) with the Univer- sity of Hawaii, the U.S. NODC is providing data management for this effort and assisting in the acquisition, processing, quality assurance, archiving, and dis- semination of the data. The Joint Archive for Sea Level submits sea level time series data updates to NODC on a yearly basis. These updates may include data from new stations, as well as previously unprocessed data from existing stations. In addition, the updates may include data previously submitted to NODC that have been reprocessed to improve data quality. Therefore, to update the sea level data files for a station already in the database, NODC completely replaces the time series of data for that station with a new version that may include both new and reprocessed data. TOGA TAO Arrav The TOGA TAO (Tropical Atmosphere Ocean) Array provides measurements of surface winds, air temperature, humidity, SST, upper-ocean temperatures and currents. This array of approximately 70 moorings was established by TOGA in the Equatorial Pacific. The array is comprised of the ATLAS (Autonomous Tem- 80 "^ 1^ 120E 140E 160E 180 leOW 140W lOOW B0» Pacific Ocean sea-level stations with quality-controlled data in the JASL archive 100°E 120°E 140''E leO'E 180° 160°W 140°W 120°W lOO^W 80°W 40»N 20°N EQ 20«S 40''N 20«N EQ 20'S lOO'E 120''E 140'E leO-E 180° 160°W 140°W 120°W lOO'W 80°W Pacific Ocean TOGA "Tropical Atmosphere Ocean" (TAO) array 81 perature Line Acquisition System) wind and thermistor chain moorings and the PROTEUS (PROfile TElemetry of Upper ocean currents) downward-looking Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) current measurement system. For the ATLAS moorings, surface winds, air temperature, humidity, SST, and sub-sur- face temperature at 10 depths down to 500 m are telemetered to shore via Ser- vice Argos several times a day, and for PROTEUS, daily-averaged velocity pro- files with 8 m vertical resolution between 10 - 250 m are telemetered to shore in real time via Service Argos. TAO Arrays are also planned for the other Tropical Oceans. NODC receives periodic updates to the TOGA TAO Array data set; WDC-A provides updates of this data set to its counterpart WDCs. WDC-A. Oceanographv Support to TOGA WDC-A, Oceanography serves as an archival center for each of these TOGA Data Sets. Its responsibilities are to provide TOGA data sets to requesters in the international scientific community, at a cost not to exceed that of data reproduc- tion and postage, and to provide copies of all TOGA data sets received to World Data Centers B and D, Oceanography in exchange. TOGA data and information are available from the following TOGA specialized Data Centers: TOGA Subsurface Data Centre Centre IFREMER de Brest BP70 29263 Plouzane France JEDA Center Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California La Jolla, CA 92093 U.S.A. Email: wbwhite@ucsd.edu JEDA Center National Oceanographic Data Center NOAA Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 U.S.A. Email: mhamilton@nodc.noaa.gov The Joint Archive for Sea Level c/o The TOGA Sea Level Center University of Hawaii - MSB 316 1000 Pope Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96734 U.S.A. Email: caldwell@nodc.noaa.gov World Data Center A, Oceanography National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin. Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 U.S.A. Email: wdca@nodc.noaa.gov 82 RNODC SOC SOUTHERN OCEANS DATA SET The RNODC/Southem Oceans (RNODC/SOC) was created in order to provide a regional data management and data information service for Southern Oceans physi- cal and chemical oceanographic data. The RNODC was created under guidelines set forth in Recommendation XII. 1 by the IOC's Technical Committee on International Oceanographic Data Exchange (lODE XII, Moscow 10-17 December 1986). The Terms of Reference of the RNODC/SOC include the following responsibilities: - Acquire, quality control, and store in standard format the physical and chemical data obtained by the international community from the cruises and research programmes carried out in the Southern Oceans; - Co-operate closely with the World Data Centers, Oceanography by sending regular shipments (at least once a year), free of charge, of complete sets of physical and chemical data stored on magnetic tapes in GF3, and inventories, data summaries, and other data products related to the physical and chemi- cal data from the Southern Oceans; - Assist the World Data Centers by sending copies to them of any ROSCOP forms submitted to the RNODC-SOC; - Co-operate with the BIOMASS Data Center, regarding exchange of data and inventories, as well as other data products. The RNODC-SOC is located in and operated by the Argentine Oceanographic Data Center (CEADO). 83 90 °W SOUTHERN OCEANS OCEANOGRAPHIC STATION PLOT 180 90 °E This plot shows the locations of 14,271 oceanographic data observations made in the Southern Oceans and registered in the RNODC/SOC master data file. 84 RNODC/SOC Oceanographic Data Set The RNODC/SOC data set contains data for all available oceanographic sta- tions for the Southern Oceans between 50° and the Antarctic Continent. Data for a total of 14,271 oceanographic stations taken during 363 Southern Oceans cruises are included in the data set. Seasonally, the data totals are approximately 2,200 observations taken during the Austral Winter (April-September) and more than 12,000 observations taken during the Austral Summer (October-March). Southern Oceans observational data taken by 19 countries have been received by the RNODC. The RNODC/SOC data set is available from: Argentine Oceanographic Data Center (RNODC/SOC) Centro Argentino de Datos Oceanograficos Ave. Montes de Oca 2 124 1271 - Buenos Aires Republica Argentina Email: postmaster@ceado.edu. ar or World Data Center A, Oceanography National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 U.S.A. Email: wdca@nodc.noaa.gov 85 RNODC IGOSS INTEGRATED GLOBAL OCEAN SERVICES SYSTEM DATA SET Background The Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) is a worldwide system for the rapid collection, exchange and analysis of oceanographic data and the timely preparation and dissemination of ocean products and services. IGOSS was estab- lished to support oceanographic and meteorological research efforts by providing: (1) a global distribution of oceanographic observations, (2) a mechanism for the timely and effective exchange of data, and (3) the preparation of oceanographic analysis products capable of supporting global change and climate research stud- ies. IGOSS products and services can be useful for input to large scale circula- tion models, for research survey planning, and for direct application in commer- cial fisheries, recreation, commercial shipping, and search and rescue efforts. Real-time ocean products currently available include sea surface and subsurface temperature analyses and graphical depictions of mixed layer depths and ocean frontal positions. Additional analyses and data summaries available as delayed- mode products include: (1) ocean currents, (2) salinity, (3) distribution of pollut- ants, and (4) weekly and monthly temperature means. The IGOSS data are BATHY (profiles of temperature with depth) and TESAC (temperature/salinity/ current profiles with depth). The major operational elements of the IGOSS program are: (1) observing system, (2) data processing and services system, (3) telecommunication arrangements, (4) marine pollution monitoring, and (5) data archival and exchange. The organi- zational structure of the IGOSS data processing and services system consists of World Oceanographic Centers in Moscow and Washington and National and Specialized Oceanographic Centers in participating nations. Data from all coop- erating nations are combined in standard formats at the World Oceanographic Centers, and then used as input to global and hemispheric analyses for improved weather forecasting, global climate studies, and a variety of products for oceano- graphic research uses. National Oceanographic Centers provide quality control for data from their country entering the international exchange system via a high speed global telecommunications link called the Global Telecommunication Sys- tem (GTS) of the World Weather Watch. IGOSS ^ 86 Long-range data exchange and service arrangements and long-term archival activities for IGOSS data are performed by National Oceanographic Data Cen- ters in Japan, the U.S.S.R., and the United States. These NODC's, serving as Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centers (RNODC's) for IGOSS, com- pile archives of IGOSS data and products, assume responsibilities for specified regions of the world oceans, and deal with problems of quality control. They maintain geographically sorted, updated files of observations received via the GTS. RNODC's/IGOSS Terms of Reference The terms of reference for RNODC's/IGOSS are as follows: 1. Acquire BATHY and TESAC datasets and sub-surface temperature data from drifting and moored buoys from IGOSS Specialized Oceano- graphic Centres (SOC) for area of responsibility; apply supplementary quality control to acquired data and provide services to users after 30 days from receipt of that data; 2. Acquire non-operational BATHY, TESAC, and sub-surface temperature data from drifting and moored buoys and/or datasets for area of respon- sibility; apply quality control on non-operational data, prepare inte- grated datasets, and provide services to users; 3. Maintain a data base and inventories for areas of responsibility; 4. Prepare products based on operational and non-operational IGOSS data, as appropriate; also, archive and make available to users, selected data products provided by SOCs and analysis centres; 5. Provide for exchange of IGOSS data with other RNODC's or to other users as requested; 6. Transmit datasets, inventories of ao'chived data, and selected data products to the WDCs annually; 7. Provide for exchange of documentation and software regarding quality control and processing procedures, with other RNODC's, as possible; 8. Participate in efforts to monitor data flow, and participate, as feasible, in IOC training programmes; 9. Prepare inventories of available data sets of the RNODC's area of interest and transmit them to the IOC Secretariat semiannually. 87 RNQDC/IGOSS - Japan The RNODC/IGOSS-Japan is operated by the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC), with support from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which serves as a Specialized Oceanographic Center (SOC) for IGOSS. At the SOC, systematic quahty control of the collected BATHY/TESAC reports is made. The SOC com- piles the IGOSS monthly summaries including maps showing the geographical distribution of BATHY/TESAC messages and numbers of messages of individual ships and sends them to the Secretariat of the IOC. IGOSS data submitted by the SOC are stored in three formats at the RNODC/ IGOSS. The first includes the original data file compiled on a semiannual basis. This file^ contains the collected and processed data from the GTS and other opera- tional sources within the area of responsibility. The second contains the data and data inventory files recorded in a form of the SYNDARC Format, and is available to users as computer-generated data summaries, statistical presenta- tions, and graphical plots, or in a medium which allows the user to further pro- cess the data using a personal computer. During the conversion process, mini- mum quality control procedures are applied to the original data based on IOC Manuals and Guides No. 3. The third is the JODC -formatted version of the data inventory file. From this file, data products such as data summaries and location plots of observations are provided to users, as well as to the IOC and WMO. RNODC/IGOSS - Russia The RNODC/IGOSS-Russia and SOC for IGOSS data was estabhshed in 1984 under the auspices of the Russian Scientific Research Center for Hydrometeoro- logical Information and the Russian Hydrometeorological Scientific Research Center (Russian Hydrometcenter). The responsibilities of the RNODC/IGOSS include the collection of BATHY/TESAC messages and logs, quality control of the data, preparation of data sets on magnetic tape, and the development of products concerning availability and time-space data distribution. The RNODC/IGOSS also provides national and international users with copies of data, results of analyses, and with other products for its area of responsibility. The responsibilities of the SOC include preparation, publication, and distribution of different types of operational oceanographic products on a regular basis includ- ing those distributed via FAX machines that are readily available to different groups of users. These activities are carried out in accordance with the procedures spelled out in the IOC's Guide to Operational Procedures for the Collection and Exchange of Oceanographic Data (BATHY and TESAC). 1985 and the Guide to the IGOSS Data Processing and Services System. 1983. 88 RNODC/IGQSS - U.S. The RNODC/IGOSS-U.S., located at the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), receives near real-time data weekly from the Ocean Products Center at Suitland, Maryland and the Ocean Applications Group in Monterey, California. These data are extracted from the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) on a daily basis for screening and editing. At the RNODC, the near real-time data sent by the two organizations are run through a series of programs to convert the data into NODC's Universal Bathythermograph (UBT) format. This data set is next sorted by date, time, position, and an indicator of the source of the data. The sorted file is then compared with existing observations and duplicates are eliminated. The records retained are then sorted by reference number, date, and time to produce a cruise-ordered data set. From this final data set, inventory records are created. These data are then merged into the RNODC/IGOSS Archive. The Archive is updated on a monthly basis in geographical sequence. Data in the U.S. RNODC/IGOSS Archive are then available for international exchange and can be provided to users in a variety of forms ranging from stan- dard media copies to computer-generated data summaries, statistical analyses, and graphic plots. Availabilitv of IGOSS Data and Products through WDC A. Oceanographv Various RNODC/IGOSS data, analyses, and products are available through WDC-A, Oceanography. Upon request, WDC-A virill provide copies of pertinent data products, or, alternatively, refer the requester to the appropriate IGOSS data source. 89 GTSPP GLOBAL TEMPERATURE - SALINITY PROGRAM INTRODUCTION Making ocean temperature and salinity data quickly and easily accessible to users is the primary goal of the Global Temperature - Salinity Program (GTSPP). A cooperative international program, the GTSPP has now developed a global ocean T-S data base comprised of data that are as up-to-date and of the highest quality possible. Numerous lODE countries are now contributing to the program. U.S. PARTICIPATION The U.S. supports the GTSPP through the participation of its National Oceanographic Data Center psTODC). NODC fulfills several functions in support of the GTSPP: 1. Data communications support. The Internet is used daily to transmit and receive data and project information. Real-time data are relayed from NOAA's National Weather Service and the Navy's Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center to Canada's Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS). In addition, monthly fliers are transmitted to oceanography centers in Hobart, Australia; Brest, France; La Jolla, California; Miami, Florida; and other locations in the United States. 2. Data quality control. All GTSPP data are passed through standard data quality tests, which are documented in the GTSPP Real-Time Quality Control Manual (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Manuals and Guides No. 22, UNESCO, 1990). NODC has implemented two systems to apply quality tests to data destined for the GTSPP database. The systems operate on UNIX-based workstations that are part of NODC's client/server computing environment. One system displays geographical positions of observations as compared to land masses, and shows ship speed between observations as a check on positions dates and times. The second system applies tests to subsurface temperature and salinity data, setting flags to reflect test results. 3. Database maintenance. GTSPP data are maintained in a relational database that is managed by commercial software on the UNIX workstation. Real-time data are added automatically, as they arrive from MEDS. Higher quality delayed mode dataware also being quality controlled and added to the data base. As these observations are added, the matching real-time data are tagged to avoid sending two copies of the same data. The 90 database makes it possible to quickly load and retrieve data, as well as to provide statistics about the number of observations per geographic region, time period, ship, or data type. GTSPP DATA Data in the GTSPP database are generated by ships or buoys from all regions of the world's oceans. Instruments used to collect the data include thermistor chains (on buoys), XBTs, digital bathythermographs (DBTs), bottle samplers, and CTDs. The data are sent in real-time (by radio or satellite transmission) and later in delayed mode when ships return to port. Delayed-mode records are generally of higher resolution than records sent in real time. Therefore, NODC acquires delayed mode data (usually several months after data were collected) and merges them into the database. To avoid duplication of real-time and delayed mode observations, real-time records are matched to corresponding delayed mode records in the database. In that way, the GTSPP data resource is built quickly from real-time records and subsequently enhanced by high quality, high resolution delayed mode records. SUPPORT TO CLIMATE RESEARCH NODC continues to provide monthly files of real-time data to WOCE Upper Ocean Thermal science centers in France, Australia, and the U.S.; each of these centers uses the data in ocean climate research. Results of their scientific analyses are fed back into the GTSPP database to enhance data quality. Also, in support of WOCE, NODC now produces reports of the distribution of data along TOGA-WOCE-IGOSS transect lines. GTSPP has demonstrated the feasibility of a global ocean network of data management and science centers. The project has shown that computer technology and networks, now in place, are sufficient for sustaining cooperative work such as that being done in GTSPP. Experience gained from GTSPP will be useful to future global ocean data management projects, such as the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). To obtain information about the availability of data from the GTSPP Data Base, as well as participation in the Program itself, please contact the following: National Oceanographic Data Center World Data Center A, Oceanography NOAA/NESDIS E/OC 1 3 NOAA Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 U.S.A. Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 U.S.A. Email: mhamilton@nodc.noaa.gov Email: wdca@nodc.noaa.gov 91 ROSCOP REPORT OF OBSERVATIONS/SAMPLES COLLECTED BY OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAMS International marine data inventories, particularly the Reports of Observations/Samples Collected by Oceanogxaphic Programs (ROSCOPs 1 and 2) and their successor, the Cruise Summary Report (ROSCOP 3), have played a significant role in the success of lODE data exchange and data management for more than 20 years. In addition to their stated purpose of providing a means for determining the availability of interna- tionally exchangeable data in advance of its actual receipt, these inventories have also: (1) provided referral service to data not routinely exchanged through the WDC system and (2) supplied important documentation in support of processing by national and regional data centers. The ROSCOP scheme was initially approved by lODE at its Fifth Session in 1970 as an interim marine data inventory, and the first ROSCOP 1 forms were received by WDC- A in 1971. A completely revised version (ROSCOP 2) was developed by the Task Team on Inventories of Marine Data and Samples, and was accepted by lODE at its Seventh Session in 1973; ROSCOP 2 forms were first received during 1974. Subsequently, in considera-tion of new requirements identified by lODE, the form was completely rede- signed in 1989; the resulting Cruise Summary Report (also subtitled ROSCOP 3 for purposes of continu-ity), which was intended to be more user-friendly, was approved by lODE in 1990. Through the end of 1997, WDC-A had received and tabulated a total of 22,817 ROSCOP forms of aU t3^es (ROSCOPs 1, 2 and 3) for the twenty-year period. A gen- eral dechne in numbers of forms received from the first half of the period to the last half is evident. Certain factors have obviously had a significant impact on the receipt of ROSCOP forms: (1) the occurrence of special projects of Hmited duration (such as the U.S. OCSEAP Program in the 1970s) that generated large numbers of ROSCOPs; (2) a possible overall decrease in many countries' nationad marine science programs; and (3) significant periods of policy changes or disruptions that impact a Data Center's activi- ties. In evaluating the long-term success of the ROSCOP program, it is important to recog- nize the valuable contribution made by ICES in developing the automated system that facihtates utilization of information received on the ROSCOP forms. The automated ICES system is in use at WDC-A; however, it must be noted that there may be discrep- ancies between WDC-A's ROSCOP tabulations and the ICES system, because the inclusion of all ICES-held ROSCOPs in WDC-A's tabulations has not yet been verified. Additionally, it is beheved that WDC-A may hold some historical ROSCOPs that are not included in the ICES system. A task is now underway in WDC-A to ensure the inclusion of all available ROSCOPs in both Centers' holdings. 92 Number of ROSCOP forms and Cruise Summary Report forms received by WDC-A, Oceanography, as of 31 December 1997 Country ROSCOP 1 Forms ROSCOP 2 Forms Cruise Summary Reports Argentina 1 158 19 Australia ~ 89 ~ Belgium 15 13 ~ Brazil ~ 106 21 Canada 63 315 38 Chile ~ 1 ~ Colombia 9 ~ ~ Denmark 41 223 — Ecuador 6 ~ ~ Finland 27 107 ~ France 100 2,335 307 Germany 513 1,746 1,434 Ghana ~ 2 ~ Iceland 39 122 — India 32 8 — Indonesia ~ ~ 2 Ireland 12 43 ~ Italy 3 ~ ~ Japan 214 1,638 212 Netherlands 78 295 11 Norway 108 404 ~ Peru 3 ~ ~ Poland 82 100 — Portugal — 1 ~ Spain 35 15 ~ Sweden 38 203 ~ South Africa ~ 477 ~ Russia 85 393 — United Kingdom 614 2,412 514 United States 20 6,303 254 Korea (Republic of) 8 58 272 Congo (People's Rep.) 16 1 ~ Senegal 1 ~ — Mauritania 2 — ~ Totals 2,165 17,568 3,084 93 WORLD OCEAN CIRCULATION EXPERIMENT BACKGROUND The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is a component of the World Climate Research Program that seeks to investigate the role played by ocean circulation in the earth's climate system. Its goal is to develop improved ocean circulation models for use in climate prediction. The WOCE observational phase (1990-1997) has used satellites and in-situ physical/ chemical measurements taken during this largest and most comprehensive ocean observational program undertaken to date, in compiling a quasi-synoptic data set of unprecedented scope. DATA MANAGEMENT The WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP) is comprised of One-Time Surveys, Repeat Hydrography, and Bathymetry data taken along WOCE tracks. The One-Time Survey encompasses a range of physical and chemical measurements at discrete stations and from continuous sampling. Repeat Hydrography sections and time-series stations provide information on the temporal variabihty of the ocean in different seasons and years. The WHP Special Analysis Center represents the final stage in the hydrographic data management process, providing a globally-consistent data set and generating dynamical data products. Direct Current Measurements include data from Current Meter Moorings, Subsurface Floats, Surface Drifting Buoys, and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs). WOCE Upper Ocean and Sea Surface Observations consist of Upper Ocean Thermal Data, Sea Surface Salinity, and Surface Meteorological Data and Surface Fluxes. Upper Ocean Thermal measurements are taken with XBTs, moored buoys, thermistor chains, profiling floats, and CTDs. The WOCE One-Time Hydrographic Survey 94 The unusually wide variety of data types observed during WOCE has required a somewhat different approach to data management than was employed during previous international ocean surveys. The WOCE data management structure consists of the following elements: Data Assembly Centers (DACs) are managed by scientists, handle assembly and quality control of data sets, and generate data products. Special Analysis Centers (SACs) perform data analysis and synthesis functions, including the generation of derived data sets. Data Information Unit (DIU) is a central source of information on the status of WOCE, tracking all data collection, processing, and archiving activities, and acting as the primary interface between the WOCE data system and its users. Delayed Mode Sea Level BrMsh OceanograpNc Data Centre Real Time XBTs & Drtftere Marine Environmental Data Services XBTs & WOCE Archive US National OcaanograpMc Data Centre WHP Office i Subsurface Floats Woods Hole Oceanographic institution Surface Met/Alr-Sea Ruxes Floiida Stats University Surface Drifters and Atlantic XBTs Atlantic Ocearx>graphlc ar>d Meteorologica] Laboratory WOCE Data Inlonnatlon Unit University of Delaware WOCE international Project Office Souttiampton Oceanography Centre ADCP Data Japan Oceanograptiic Data Centre Current Meier Data Oregon State University Baltiymetry National Geopliysical Data Centre Pacific XBTs Scrlpps institution of Oceanography ,^^ Fast Delivery Sea Level University of Hawaii XBTs & Surface Salinity IFREMER Indian Ocean XBTs AODC and CSIRO Marine Laboratories WOCE Data System DATA ARCHIVE WDC-A, Oceanography, with support from the collocated U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), will serve on behalf of the WDC system as the final archive for the WOCE Data Set. WDC-A will archive and preserve the non-satellite WOCE Data Set in its entirety. In support of the WDC-A effort, all DACs and SACs have agreed to produce CD-ROMs of their complete data holdings to be disseminated in association with WDC-A. 95 liiiiir ADDoo75a^3os^