BULLETIN No. 16. S. 25.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION. OF SOILS.

S

598 CATALOGUE

W

OF THE -

FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS.

BY &

MILTON WHITNEY,

CHIEF OF DIVISION OF SOILS.

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1899.

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BULLETIN No. 16.

US) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF SOILS.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION-OF SOILS:

BY

Mielke ONS WELT INE: Y;

SBOE aEr Oey DI VISTON: OF SOTrles:

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICK. TrSiOre).

as —_

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS, Washington, D. C., October 23, 1899. Sig: For reasons set forth in the body of this report it seemS advis- able to publish a catalogue of the soil collection of the Division of Soils for the information of those who are interested in soil investigations. The soil collection is under the immediate care of Miss Janette Steu- art, of the Division of Soils, who has prepared the statistical part of this bulletin under my general supervision. I recommend that this catalogue be published as Bulletin No. 16 of this Division. Respectfully, MILTON WHITNEY,

Chief of Division. Hon. JAMES WILSON,

: Secretary of Agriculture.

COMIEL.N Is.

Page. OTHRRO CINCO 55 Gag aneeoU cboGbe Osc Ses S50 Bou ase bHoend eoondo.conEEo TcbosaesoueE 11 Obyect of publishing the catalogue secs. -2= 2 ace = es ee ares ea 12 Howauhersainplesratercollec bed geese ester ieeis = = atetatete ara a aa aera eae se aie 13 Agencies through which the present collection has been Obtaimediet ss. 202 15 Blo Take) Seva OES) BH REVISOR Uo oee ooonoos eeee se be5e coco SeScea so dood Heed ESce 15 Conus) CanlG@n@® coccca sna coe asd ken Cacceo Gaceas eoeeeseHiS c4e6 SdesSscé.edoo conc 16 Classification tet hersOllsrease ae eset eee eos = ces ona aein oe = ese oie seas 17 ERAN Semen Ol LAC CaualOGUC ss aa - 5 sWalsn oa aisle 8 iene ale iminae = = einen iarae 20

Classification of samples under States and countries from which they have heentObtalned Secases nee cs oc ewe eae wa See tee wise sae ope ee yee ee eee ees 21 IM ahalnlarsmce ee emcee coe secrete mes eaniis Ueto at Seto anes sam emis 21 PAV asians ae emia eee oe aie reiciae hare Shen aiamereniteele csi lomtememrets sens ae 24 PASE MU EAM Chg aro et eas stale etata = nimi oi ete rat oe) le oot tern ein ape svete ean lat sereyoee 24 a TAVAD COB SEs Soa ae BORO bes Gln Bee > SORE DaamEaee aS oo aniasseopooscacoasoerar 25 IME INSES Gon oatEEDadotte oss OC Ce tea SACO eee Oee ene SS EEOAHe BARROS Seer 25 Beri apts segs ee etter eee sins Se a Se Rela etaye See pote eee eetacneiaeiars 25 (Chilitialh, Boots ooease ancocaeSsa acide on be Bencecdn enon bean S500 GdbomEeeEood 25 @hiimapees see sham eet rstaesince soe owes owes GN jateta m.eeie Ae see See SE 29 COlorndoee eee eee cere cee silat ce see e pease cae seme paras fete 29 Connecticut) {S222 oscsmse cote eae eee nse ee a aes icere tome einece wes)" 30 Ob ape aea Peace is sae aesion ot beam sitomied sam nee cease coe ceeweis wows stays 3l De lanyak Ores tote ce caee Git ws eres Oo rem ciaee iin ome Srecisc ca ceneecin meee ane sate 31 DIShrictofC olumbiatesssee-ccossee esse Se ese socio -e ce eS tes ereeereteees a 32 IDG Glo 6a aso a6oodad Gase HEE ee ses Gone Benen Sbe Beso SSeBiSeoe ceoauniescclacdsc 32 POTS jre ee as socic: sinaie oon istie ss =~ Sha stot oa wine eins see ase see ees 32 Georglayree. abc ceitescns iced = Me Nass See yo eiane sisteiersere tert ctenige sere ial seat. wets = 34 Germany .----- STOO fos Seem cree Saintes sien oie te e Chania mise ebaans a sista ia 34 Hawai angle amd siasen se ase = cts cee oe Oe eee lene acc frente te sinicineesercien'ais 35 NGI NG) sees GAS CORO Os BOSE IIR eS oe Oe Sa PRISE Py ay eS 35 JAD GROSS) eee SE cal geile AR Ran Se Se me Ca aes PRS oe 35 IMGhaNgees cc sei ce See ceete o's ace haan wee cer cem ease cena cas Maeslar stage See 36 SV Oswysed rere areata aa ele seals cia ete oie oer ee Sane Seams alec aiara ms niwielaraiejoteiwid Sphere cer euae 35 Kian SaSpse te cecvacmie- cee cis oe ciciewic oie meee ecient & Jalisiote News eietam)oiotene Mant 37 INGMUIOAY 3352 ne oceee tb eodaR HOS Sa eaceen coG5se ssGoc oR asoReus aSScrpposnE 39 OWISTAM dpe ee eer ose sca te Seo an a se ee er mete eee ee aoe ease tens Miele sa oe mee 41 Mianylamdaoceeen osccce sisas eeiss see ee meen cere oe oases Setlocce ms mate 42 IWIASSACMUISOtUS sea sae ce ee eels oles = eee eee ee esis one wrele eros incre miniceaisineen ee 49 IMIG SAC ON fee oe ori a eee bene ates oe escapees ccm emacs moon pects terse see 50 MORIA = ecm ae eae oe oot se se eas Jor ie ete 2 Pete Bos ce ere ne Case eee 50 Minnesota -...-.... SESE oe a eS ao Ne Seen seers Soe etd sole le) eae eda ih 51 INUIESIIES IO Mladesoanegomoae code accemoode a ae too Boece Sonor SaaS Ssea Geo acts 51 DVIS S OU eed Mee Eee ay Sacre BS i Braro co elare eS eae Oe issn le 52 MOAN aeeeee Ae esee oo Boss tee nee ee Rapes cnet Seisisicem ene Memes nee teeiome 52 INGD Tas aes te sore rs stern e S ee or oe Were mina tele Se crest eehs SRL 52

5

6 CONTENTS.

Classification of samples under States and countries, ete.—Continued. INGE Tt Fae eS rns AOR RSE men Gee Shon Aaset aac = boo Gen oceecd Gaon ese a aedens- New) -ELAMpShITG.so. as —— soto e eae eC ae ee ee eee Se aS ING: SIGISOY <= oricyos ane aio sore eee ee re ete eee eee teeta te eee New MexiG0 22.2 seo soe aac snes cee eee eel ae eee eee orate ee ING Ae 40) Seen oe ee en eae Ree SA Re Aces 3, cS ORAS cOcie SOSQUREA ES

Oklshoms =2..G.52 esos ok Soe 0 eee gtk eco ae ee esi Onevon eres trae ee ea SR a AEE PEARS a no Baan Haan Oneaonaae (Penns yl VaM ays 525 sn meta Sat oie clot a rs Ne cto 9 al et serene) ee tae 1 Red eXays (ey) OV EG ee i OE Ae ee ene Beer in a Gate oases th eee

W@W Sagecccon ecee pees cconne poeede cece cease coDcee Secor addon Sod bbeecc indi) Seo Gea Eeee en OB eeUE hoo Sour boot Gone ep aece Scot beee regconuLbe Ae \WAMSIOMIMN AION: 42+ Gecec cosh Seco sede Seen 2205 cues cedecu cece enue She weEE SbaSse West Varpinis 225: -ae Sai ee arene eee aes eee aie = ini eee ee Wisconsin. 2 2222) 3552 soso cea pon tnse sae eens - boa Sates nase eeeee List of publications containing references to the mechanical or chemical analy- ses of samplesiin this collection -2s--------- ---- --2. = eso oe e eee

List of the soil samples anranged seriall yess eee oneness eee List and description of formations represented in the collection. ..--.....---- JACEUME VON ee eons Seek eaeaocecc scoccaSE] sonmccoSnnStnee coos cece doce Sash ING Y:) SRP S- cece onese eree oT neo Socech cocect cee stecesot Peres Ste ries Aliizali solos 5 tees secs as pes cerca cle eiet cena stale everest tees te AMNVi0Iss so. 222 ofotanis teach e toca tae = See eS os ee eae ea Bad lands: 22222. ss spectra sectors iepe ia) talent nota ate» a nls Ee ete ee eta

Black waxy 2.422 5.4525 1215 see Soe are See aL a ter et ie Blue-stem soil. 2... 255s. 22k Sass ssa ss = ae eae eas sa acs Blu land os6c225 2255s ee52 2 oo Sore icine oats Se oes SSA Bowldor elay:...22. 2.542352 i sccce so secced eseeeeres cae son tan so ee ee Buckshot land... 2222. cssc00 cess 2052s See son Ca ae ata et te eat ea Cambrian sandstone and shale. -.....- 2.2.5 226625 22-5 sesse5 25-5 455s oe eee Carboniferous : 255.2565 025.62 cod acsiscos sand sane cel= ee easl oe eee ee Catoctin¢eranite:and schist. ..2....2:5i5ces0.0se-\sesesn=ee aaa eee eee Catskalliiss 2225-2225. | EE PE ee err ee Sete oS = Chemung shales 2; 2251s s0.55s ton + 255, socio sce ise cine too ae Chermozem ic sosesss bs essn cece ceewies sa cece ood) ence oe oo eee aa eee Chesapeake «2237223325 isso aes = 3s 5 255 soe ns toss on Stand ao sc See Clays—pottery, bricks wiles 25: .s--5. 2.95 ccec cae Sec ce foe sce ene Clay Slates. = Be! Sis ae aerate fess ete ni os tal is eteteie = enioehe aie eee Clinton-=NiapatalJ.2.oscen= tosh as2sscoccseae paces esac cee ee nas ce a amen Coal-measures)< =<. 5222-2 222 582 o-- = carscbes et cocina = Seana ee eee Colorado group— Cretaceous! )ss-- ----=- «sees. sem eee cnnelone mien alosee alee ee Colm@mpia; HIOWGL) «ences + vic ee haecc Slee eee oleae eee ee oe

CONTENTS. 7

List and description of formations represented in the collection—Continued. Page.

Coral sand ..2-+-=--- -----+ s0--26 + +2202 225555 Sossss cnc se cess nese fee ts See 97 C@ oxrnslancleeeee ee eae oe co een se eciee Lads sc ec sacra Metts heed ce. 98 Cottonplamaleetonn tes o25 ac cchisscm- setes shee seess ssccag etek Ske. 98 Cranbermyqb0gs) <2. = =<... -2- 225 22-5 22-5 5- onn 2 ean soon 22-522 jocks ceseesle 98 Crayashland:.-==-.-..:-----+-- pee choo nsceeasege osesehen cede cesecupeuws 99 CTOIGGOUSRe He ecceme secs cas Seseieesa Scice Sack sc cOoacee ses tags ee tse cir 99 Daranee eToup—CrebaceOuUs\c-<. 25-26 1 eceds 225s: secs enol a te 100 Mee an Goaee Sane sete mateniade se ae eee aes soeiarcisio teas s soa ecco eneee 100 Devonlan blackslate~.22-cs2-0c ct os oss seecs shostees Satie esdlilaeeteees 100 IMTADABROE Aa oee eee ise se Se Poe seme seee cet os eencoehee cco toes bes See: 100 Diatomaceousiearbh sees aceee seni eeee eet teem acnen cesses Slee enka 101 LOTSnea Sy hy pd OE SS SoS Sao Sones a Eee SR Se ees See eee as cre 101 ID enhipee ee eee ee ae ene See eee ae eis e ae seen a Seem sees tases aes 101 OCON Ofer ee ne cai ke See eee tee cee Sees ma aeeee eee ressee acess eeehe. Ae: 102 PUONLARS CEU Dee tos are eee meena are oe se eeetins seas ee eee eels Ua EL 102 MatwiOOUSseemee scene Haase a tinencebeosccs Somes cae SAO aoe Soe 103 HOxehnlilsandstonOre cei -ceraseee eee oc Ses aS 52 cee et. Coe ee Reel ee ee 104. InresnoOrblainsye.ssos 52,2225 o2e eee ces eects Cases se cciccehe ten aase deel: 104 Hullensvearths-220 se. ces cet eeo eect stecat be tsns Sas ce ass seee chee eee. 104 CaM DROP as Sn Ses oa es eiere caso eee ss coe ese aaa cese se Seas tc AU a 105 Galenavlimestones-2-- 2.52555. .622- 22222 ese anesteites cess segss iba. Uses 105 (Gia eSee ase cia caeeae mee cose sa os eee oss S taeda sco obese yak! 105 GilaRSiSAaNd sae ac2 ones see mae seresenia= sons, seem sed sass’ pace cesses ek 105 (Gieissran dy Oram ites yeaa in ans = 5 2 aoa ere io es eae ee ae oe 105 Granilee ces =.= <eee tease eee scot esets Saceee ts Seat nw easeseassesc ase le 106 (Grassy am lees eye cet ses eats fas fs ose Sts oer Seen pete nn pee SANS BAREIS BEE 106 Greenhouse Sollee. es. see enAce st ocee. sass at ses Scheie e seas ance 106 GUM DO soeceee emis aes ase eee eran mee Series Sees eae eeeeee ee ssete a) LOT Gunpowderdime lands: 222-522 3s2cecG-hacs song ssen 2 Sec sGagese geek kee 107 (Gy pSUM soles cece esines Sea e reece So 2s aes eae amon seem sae Sees eek 107 Hamilcon-C bempse, SUAlCS 2 22222222 *r 2-2 oo See oe eee eae oe ee 108 IHaAMmMMOC kien eae seccsseeetacas tees Coe ee sins ce oectoee tesertetts cea es 108 IRB ROW DEA sos Bao coh coepooo sees css cand oseuas tee Sar asasog souded bosom Sete 109 Helderberog limestone eras ser aia sees ee aeer fms eas eee ee Rohe 110 Taian ONS NIGTNG | it odo oogoe S3eas eats soce docu Oda Sorne dso COUU Gas e ae eee 110 GonmalllOWesecc cee aes eccas ccc se ee cess cneces cui tewes. eee tse bi 111 Endsonekbverllim estonGs.eac j- 2226 sees ee este Feces NSE ee Saetice eee 112 Hudson River (Martinsburg) shales --. 2222-5. -55:.2222s222422-22-5-522-- 112 JaMestowMValloyesoll -2-20..5.2-.0-seees chs ee ekee sccsen yetese estan see 118 Ka olintecs case terresaee sont sce - cess ceoemc tt ecas eet acce te eke tale ey 113 CA OMMIULO= seater = eee oe a oe @ = ere Oe cee ae PERS eS eee et oe eee Cees) 114 COM Kees eroas Someone cee oe Sees See eee cea t meee ee Rk ek AA eA, 114 Knox SandsStonGlsa2- 25 2s<s, csc a-2.2e02 See eee nce eee ese cee eee Re 114 Knox shales@ese.: 5c. a: 22 ese ceceene oe ee ie secs eee ee cee peeps thi 41) 114 IGACUSLTIT Oat re eee sae eis ROL Cee ere ee ee eae te the aa ee PER ES Ee 115 Watayettss-sceca-= as eases chee oss see ace ince etme thetok ee sae ee dL 115 WA KOPE Pew OLLOMs = see eee le Ue ene ee Sie wis ce epee ee eM eae ee 115 MenoreulimestOn@seas -- rece teres Reco oeeee ete cee Seca eee Otiler Buia 116 TIMES DOM Ceeeeeee cts es ae ae ete Se ete eas eset Le ELIS) EER eS 116 ILM GHOST ba Bp tee Shes eS Re eS ee i cee a EDO Ey URE EOL aR 1015 OF: 118 HOSS pm te ere roe eee eee ee ere se RE et. cas ce RB) edly LEY Aegis) Long-leaf pine flats. .......-..-- Bs Eee Season ARES eee = Nee Sheets 121 Montes lostmplMedail Geese sa: ws names oe Pe ease eee e see. IMLS Eyre Bal HOwierapinemeliceyet nmr ss. ee eee sae oo ek ete se duiel sheets 122

Maonesiaisollmerattac ence a ecncic 22 ae ode ccicigs soe = ShGerer eau asia suns "122

8 CONTENTS.

List and description of formations represented in the collection—Continued. Page.

15 ye) (ee eo A ee ERS Oo SOS Aan FDIC COCHECOOREOUC Sens = 122 Mauch @hunik «282s 226 -.chc ee ee een nse oot nee en asst eee 123 Mean a SAN AStOIMC come eee eee ee ee ieee setae iets a eee 123 1 (ACEC Ge ee a ee id Sa) ern See Gobo Go Se GO a no = 123 IN OTE) SS OOS OCR er BEOU pocetne cee: Sas eebe Eaoepgoone sSnr oo thes beaaoss- 123 IW Db ae{o I Ey 1\s bye heer IAS ee Cote eRe Sree aan MOSS DOSES SChC Coto cans ssa - 124 Mojave Desert soil .. .. ~~. 22-5-22- --0- soe 3 see e te le seen Seminane sale e eas 124 WiniebinyesspreGl Sess Sood sace sare Sees ssonacnecc BE eee So COCO One Ind aoterss 125 Nashville Times tOne 22 oe a-nation ete eerie = 125 Orange SANG. 2.25. 2 2 sss nok: Sack 2245 Sop ae else lene gee a ne 125 Oriskany. sandstone ......<--.<.-- -2---< neem cc em se aeeae= ce=~ eer pe em ae 125 Let in i PSs cen REDE co ea oe Di Oors Bono once case cobb oa adaeS: 126 Pie ee os cee soak toe Se oS Bae Dee eee ee eee stare eater ies 126 Dae 10 eee Ee amen ASR oe HES Ob obs> con Sed on Sune OSSb pod0 dasisce 126 Pineapple land .....-- .-<.2: s.2se.- 2-4 2-25 ane een oe se em al rie a aie 126 IBteGhlnh pene iene 6 eeees Sapo spo asc codoeo pau Ade ceases csaac0Ueou mene. oadesssr 127 Piper@lary i). <<< .cs- -o22 cose aren seein Semen ele! oe ier ial mane) salam inl aie aerer 127 Ie yin) ae ee ee 8 ee apociopecosopon pppOmodooe cobSaors 128 TR Ie1 OYE) 0) Soe eS HSE Or eae Soon bn esos Gendseeces GoDb At SoodObed seco esos 128 TP OCOTLOINATNOS TONIC 1: oer ee a ae a aoe 128 LEN YS10.0 1834410) Nee eSB IE eEaO orad Bone Soc eos pocacrracs Banas sacs 355520 c6dCSr 128 Pontotoc Ridge <2. 25 s226 5s os) eee ene eee a leis sie See a hte a 128 Post- Tertiary is... <=-522<c 2-5-2522 np see ee oe ee ee 129 | BIRO OS ea Obon Boob Lae Ce caSbos coor eeebasobSogbednes S505 sséqcanes 129 LYRA HU eS eee Sa SSS eee ke 5 oes BEARS Anoop pobcsoce GS se 129 Potsdamisandston eyes) = eee tee eee eee eee eee ee ene =) 2g APT AITIO sec cee eS eee ete wee eee eee ee neo lena tis claret a a aca oreo 130 IZ Pinpio ley ClessasseeGs Aocap choosonbas cosomsos asses uodo con bLcces S2ehst 130 Quartzite oc 08 oc see see ah, 2 2 obs cee em eee tine iain ae ieee oben ale 131 Quicksand esse sees eee SE ee Rene ee Ses Sho Nee a noe eee 131 Quebec dolomite =)----= so-so a2 22-2 eres ae = =o oe la ee = lamin = 132 Red chaparral 22 ...22., 2-0 so sos saeee ooo enn ah on pe ae 132 PoC 0 E010 epee ge eit 5 eA Soe ey RACED roAs Sone tesac 133 Red River Valley -..- 222.2 52-22 = pee = haan = noe = sige eee ee eae 133 Ricedand=..4- -.-- eee BAe ae th Sia ae ei nce aeeen eee ee eae 152° Galina sands toner cee eae eee eater! 134 Salt-grass land ...2.- 22. <2o0..<geeee=< 2ane 2- mene <= pee == =a ae= ane 134 Sand Hills: sos Se eee ee ecieeie emeietals nis ie aoe Shree 134 Sandstone 2. 2220 Soo ee weno an eee ee eee aes oot aor ee eee 135 Sea Island*cotton soll ese on oe eo - eeeeeee 135 Sedentary soil! .. 2222222 Secs - ssc ces Se Some wee a See on 95 5 eee 136 Senpenuine sees e ree acetate eee s sera ere SRS Ae ata ereicone keto ee 136 FE) Cer SR tes RS aR 8 eer SEA OBES A ROU ROSS 136 Short-leat pine uplands!) ----- 5- <> = sje ele area erie tle ote eee 136 Silt iromurrigation ditches.<..2< 2222222 s2- g=- sewn Sea =p en 136 SUlMeian WP POL<- 6 -2.=c-5 cease. Ben SRE Seay one One ee = 137 SnoOwedust 2oscssa ck ose 2 occ te ee eee cae cae eee ns Saeabee ence he ean 137 Splice pine Scrub... 5. -- Shee ca< See Soom ens sews Se ee eee 137 St Oulis Vimestone. 4.0 2 ase cose = comeee © ot ee ee nie = wie ee 138 Subcarhoniferousiceeree ook ne vo ee wie ae eee caine oe cies eee eee ee 138 Sugar-cane land -2 oer ns es 22 2 nn on ge ae eee 138 TALC) Soak ae oe oe eee sae Ace Bee ise Rees eine ce a eee Se ne ee ee ee 138 Perviary.. = 2% 05-2 25-c I ee ee Se Se ees Bebe 139 Mo pACCO MAING. Be oe aia oars or ee ee ete tas ate eee ete Sete ae eee 139

’ Transition-graywacke. ..-.- 0220. .-- 20 cece cece none cee wes coe cece cece cece 140

CONTENTS. 9

Mp) aco ose ont eesEe6s Jena cor See cee Aee BOO OEE Err Eee eae ee ee 141 Trentonyandenudsonehiver Nmestoneisesas.-<as 424-1052 5. ceecee oo eee 141 ‘TriassiGmedesaNnGs tON Cr asmocc ee o patna as ore wise se cicee s nee See cede cates: 141 Truckelm dmesep ere ere cece nse ao Saas ote =, nee diss ace wemelsee oe Le Gnceha Be 142 ul arose ain srrecee ase amet ees ae ot. Noose me eae eee einains Soars ee eaerioe 142 melee culnse arama ec emt al eit ee eet ele So 142 Ul DIerRC OAC AS ULES: ie isoeie nin cio oe nl biceps aa isin wm me Ge ae re OS 2 143 Wine EspING: Del besten. seer Soe a eye, foie the bk os yew tae ea oe ah a ie BES 143 Weellleye lan disaacwrs acre ners es ee Nope wi ao aaa, ere cere nee eee 143 WATLEY ALG SOU Css eater a a oe Ao ea cte ste eels Sravecis Geta nta RSE eels ie ae ae 144 WO CATT CAS Leet rss arin Sa sea Mice cients Wa cae eae er ee Be 144 NUSVErlySANUStONO=2 => «2.52 = coe clo kiclagiscch ental g-Waeeeeaccccn coe 144 Whe abel and eeese ees s ohan ce arya sae ere sie etna Ge Se reo ahs ate 144 AWilhiibe=oa) kay) arn dite a een see ae errs See te Seer, senate ete Weenie Sal 145 WV and -blowahdusta2sentcck sheee see sons ao oe accisseeee wenger erect eee reese 145 WWEHIPO-O TASS ROM ce tect cee cn a eee a aeici< 2 SSicin's wide ne se ceo cama meee ees teas ec 145

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CATALOGUE OF THE FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL QULLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS.

INTRODUCTION.

During the past ten years a line of soil investigations has been car- ried on under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, with particular reference to the physical properties of soils and their relation to crop production.

The soil collection was started in South Carolina while the writer was vice-director of the experiment station of that State, but a system- atic line of investigation and of collection of soil samples was under- taken in connection with the Maryland Experiment Station and with the Johns Hopkins University in 1891.

As special agent of the Department of Agriculture in the Weather Bureau, the writer made an extensive study of the soil formations of Maryland and determined the relation of these soils to crops. This was an especially fine field for such work on account of the very large number of geological formations in the State, ranging from some of the oldest crystalline rocks through the whole geological sequence to the most recent river deposits. As a feature of this work a large number of soil samples was collected from Maryland and the results of the investigations were published in Bulletin No. 4 of the Weather Bureau, entitled The Physical Properties of Soils in their Relation to Moisture and Crop Production. The edition of this bulletin was long since exhausted.

In 1892 a very extensive soil collection was made from nearly all the States and Territories for exhibition at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. This collection was under the general supervision of Prof. K. W. Hilgard, and, through an arrangement with him and with the local State collectors, duplicate samples were obtained from many of the States of soils whicb were supposed to represent the most impor- tant soil areas of the country.

In 1894 the scope of the work was greatly enlarged by the establish- ment of a Division of Soils in the Weather Bureau. In July, 1895, this was made an independent division in the Department of Agriculture and the appropriation and scope of the work were still further enlarged

and extended. 11

12 OBJECT OF PUBLISHING THE CATALOGUE

With these facilities most of the important agricultural districts of the country have been visited by some one connected with the Division of Soils and the principal soil formations have been examined in the field and representative samples taken for the collection.

OBJECT OF PUBLISHING THE CATALOGUE.

nl!

Vhe object of publishing this soil catalogue is, first of all, to call attention to the large number of samples at present in the possession of the Division of Soils. This collection represents a very large number of the geological formations of the country and many of the important agricultural districts. It is hoped that this will be a nucleus for a much more extensive and comprehensive soil collection, to be brought together at the national capital, which, if well arranged and thoroughly classified, with cross references as to the origin, physical properties, and agricultural values, will offer a valuable opportunity for soil investigations where dry samples of soil can be used.

It is hoped that by publishing this catalogue and showing what has already been accomplished in the matter of gathering together a col- lection of representative soil samples, individuals, organizations, and institutions may be induced to deposit collections as gifts or as loans, as in this way the facilities for soil investigations in Washington would be very largely increased. It is neither the purpose nor the desire of those in charge of the collection to increase the size by mere additional numbers of samples, but to have the collection contain truly repre- sentative samples which will illustrate all porate phases of soil formations.

These special features and special collections are already receiving some attention. Itis proposed to gather representative samples of loess from all known regions where it occurs. A very extensive and thorough collection of the truck soils of the eastern United States has already been made. <A largeand comprehensive collection of samples of tobacco soils has been made from all of the important tobacco districts. A special collection of representative wheat soils from all of the impor- tant wheat districts of the world is being planned. Other special col- lections of this kind are being considered which will show in more or less detail the physical or chemical peculiarities of characteristic soils which are of importance in agriculture.

One of the means of gathering samples of representative soils from foreign countries will probably be through the medium of exchange, and one of the objects of publishing this catalogue is the hope and expectation that such collections can be readily made through a system of exchange. It will be quite possible to furnish small samples of the representative soils of this country to institutions in exchange for special courtesies in furnishing representative samples from areas which are at present inaccessible to the agents of the Division of Soils, in order that the material at our disposal may be extended and made

HOW THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED. 13

more valuable. A number of institutions have already made use of this collection. Workers have been sent to Washington to become acquainted with the principal soil types, and in other cases representa- tive samples have been furnished agricultural colleges and experiment stations for instruction and investigation.

In order to eall attention still more forcibly to the importance and value of the soil collection and to extend this educational work, collec- tions of representative soils are being put up in small glass bottles, arranged in boxes with 22 compartments in each. These sets are to be distributed to the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, with explanatory text regarding the origin, the chemical and physical peculiarities, and the agricultural value of the samples, together with a statement of the physical and chemical analysis of each.

HOW THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED.

It was early recognized that in order to be of comparative value the samples must be collected in a very systematic manner and according to certain general methods. <A description of the methods followed by this Division was published in Bulletin No. 4, but as the edition of this bulletin is about exhausted, and as it may not be readily accessible to those who are interested in the catalogue herewith presented and who may wish to take samples for exchange purposes, the general principles of the method are here given. :

As arule it is necessary that the soils selected for the collection of this Division should represent large areas of land of uniform composi- tion and of particular agricultural value. As, however, on account of the imperfections and limitations of our methods of investigation, all such work can have at present only comparative value, it is important in selecting samples to select also samples which show departures from the normal conditions, noting in great detail the effect of these areas on.crops. Such samples often throw the most important light upon principles which might otherwise escape attention in the examination of the normal type. Furthermore, it is quite necessary to make a very complete statement as to the general and local physiographic relations of the locality from which the sample is derived.

Two soils may have precisely the same physical texture and chemical composition, and yet, from mere local peculiarities of drainage, expo- sure, or topographie features, the agricultural value of the soils may be very different. In many cases the conditions of environment may have a determining influence upon the relation of the soil to proper crop production. All such features should therefore be fully set forth in describing the sample and the locality from which it is derived.

In order that every sample may represent the area or a certain part of the area which it is desired to study or to illustrate, it must not be taken where there are modifications due to local conditions.

14 HOW THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED.

The following description of methods is taken from Bulletin No. 4 of this Division:

It is better, where possible, to take the samples from cultivated fields or fields which have been cultivated. The agricultural value of such land is known from the character of the crop it has produced, and this is a very important guide in the selection of typical soil samples. In the older agricultural regions of the Eastern United States, especially in the most fertile soil areas, there is little or no virgin land and often little woodland. Where the trees are allowed to grow, it frequently happens that it is on some spot or area which has been abandoned for some local cause or which has never been brought under cultivation because of its small agri- cultural value. A sample taken in such uncultivated spots would not represent the typical soil area of the locality, whereas soil which has been under cultivation carries a record in its crop yield and in the character of the crop produced, whicli is an important guide in the classification of the lands.

The samples should be taken inside a field, some distance away from houses, fences, roads, or trees. If plants are growing in the field, the sample should be taken mid- way between two plants. They should not be taken where the soil has been eroded nor where the soil has accumulated to an unusual depth by washing from above. It is doubtless better to take the samples from land which has not been freshly manured or where fertilizers have not been recently applied, but if there is no such field available this need not prevent the taking of samples, for the purpose of the investi- gation is to study the conditions under which the plants are growing in the field under ordinary operations of the farm.

Having selected the spot in conformity with the above instructions, there are two reliable methods for collecting the samples—-with a spade and with an auger. To collect the samples with a spade, remove all grass, leaves, or litter from the surface and dig a hole like a post hole 24 inches deep. Scrape the sides clean and notice the depth at which the change of color occurs between the soil and the subsoil. Take a sample of the soil above this by cutting off a slice of soil 3 or 4 inches thick, down to the change of color, and mixing this thorgughly together. Fill a cloth sack with this well-mixed soil, tie it securely, and label it with such information as will serve to identify it when it is received in the laboratory. Then clean out the hole again and scrape the sides so as to get rid of every particle of the top soil, and take a sample of the subsoil in like manner by cutting down a slice of the subsoil and thoroughly mixing it together so that the sample shall contain particles of the sub- soil from immediately below the top soil to a depth of at least 24 inches. Put this sample of the subsoil into a separate sack, tie it securely, and label it. If there is no apparent difference between the soil and the subsoil, take a sample of the soil nevertheless to a depth of 6 inches from the surface, and a sample of the subsoil from below this to a depth of 24 inches, and put them into separate sacks as above. If the character of the subsoil materially changes before the depth of 24 inches is reached, a separate sample of this changed material should be taken and the depth noted at which the change occurs.

To collect samples with an auger, take a common wood auger from 1} inches to 3 inches in diameter and have the handle lengthened to 24 or 30 inches. Remove the litter and grass as before from the surface of the field and bore into the soil, pulling up the auger and emptying the sample into a sack for every 3 or 4 inches in depth. The depth of the top soil should be determined by a preliminary boring. Care must be — taken to separate the top soil from the subsoil and to keep them in separate sacks. If there is a marked difference in the character of the subsoil within 18 or 20 inches of the surface, a separate sample should be taken of the second subsoil, the depth of each being carefully noted.

It is very important that the samples be taken, as far as practicable, to a uniform depth, to secure the greatest comparative value in the work. The plan adopted by this Division is to take the sample of top soil to a depth of at least 4 or 6 inches, or

HOW THE SAMPLES ARE STORED. 15

to the change of color where this is apparent within 9 or 12 inches of the surface, The subsoil is then sampled to a depth of at least 24 inches in the case of very stiff clays, and to a depth of 24 or 30 inches in the lighter soils. It occasionally happens from the nature of the subsoil that the samples can not be taken to a depth of 24 or 30inches. In any case the actual depth represented by each sample should be stated— such as: ‘0 to 6 inches;” ‘‘6 to 24 inches,”—and a note made of the character of the sample. ;

Three sizes of sacks are used by this Division for the collection of soil samples. When the samples are taken with a spade, 8 to 10 pounds of material should be col- lected and put into a cloth sack, 14 by 84 inches, of heavy, unbleached muslin. For samples taken with the auger, a smaller sack can be used, as the sampling is usually more accurately done. Sacks 6 by 84 inches are very convenient for this purpose. As the sample of the top soil is usually smaller than that of the subsoil, and as it is usually of relatively less importance, smaller sacks, 4 by 6 inches, may be conveniently used for the sample of top (surface) soil. This is likewise a very conyenient size to take on an expedition when a large number of samples are to be taken and when the weight of material is an important consideration. ‘These sacks have short pieces of string or tape sewed to them for convenience in tying, and they should each be numbered with a stencil for convenience in referring to them in the field notes.

AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH THE PRESENT COLLECTION HAS BEEN OBTAINED.

By far the largest part of the soil collection has been obtained by agents of the Department of Agriculture who have personally visited the areas and taken representative samples. As already stated, a number of samples were obtained at the same time and from the same sources as the soil collection exhibited at Chicago.

A number of soils from Alabama and California, collected for the Tenth Census, were obtained for the collection through Dr. KE, A. Smith and Prof. EK. W. Hilgard. A few samples have been obtained from State geological surveys, and, lastly, a very few samples have been obtained from private individuals.

It has been the invariable rule not to add samples to the collection unless the exact origin of the samples is known and some important reason is assigned which would make the samples of possible value in the future investigations of the Division.

The agencies through which the various samples have been collected are plainly stated in all cases in this catalogue.

HOW THE SAMPLES ARE STORED.

The samples in the collection are stored in air-tight glass jars and put on shelves easily accessible in the basement of the building oceu- pied by the Division of Soils. The first 2,000 samples are in half gallon glass preserve jars. In many cases these are quite full, in other cases they contain only very small samples. With the introduction of the auger as a method of collecting soil samples, it was deemed unneces- sary to take so large a sample to represent the area; furthermore, with the widely extended work of the Division, the collection became very bulky, and it was found troublesome to handle such large samples, so

16 CARD CATALOGUE.

that the second 2,000 samples were stored in pint preserve jars. This gives an adequate sample for most purposes and makes it possible even to exchange small samples with other institutions. In many cases these pint jars are quite full, but in most cases the sample about half fills the jar. Of course most of the soil formations are represented by a number of samples, and in most cases a composite sample could be

made up which would represent the soil area even better, perhaps, than an individual sample would do.

In addition to this collection in jars there is also a collection of larger samples of from 200 to 400 pounds each of some of the most important and most interesting soil formations, which are used for the study of their particular properties and to illustrate certain principles which it is desired to bring out. These large samples are contained in bins. Furthermore, the extensive correspondence of the Department and the connections which have been established with individuals and with local institutions in the course of the soil investigations, and the trips that have been made by members of the Division, make it possible to collect larger representative samples from almost any area which it is desired to study. .

The soils when received at the laboratory are immediately air dried and are stored in the jars in this condition without grinding or pulver- izing the lumps, except when it may be necessary to break the larger lumps in order to get the material into the jars.

CARD CATALOGUE.

The samples when received are immediately given a serial number in the catalogue. A system of cataloguing is used which makes it possi- ble to find a sample very quickly if the number, locality, or any impor- tant part of the description of the sample is known. This is done through a series of cross references. There is a catalogue of small cards, in which the numbers are arranged serially in groups by hun- dreds. These cards contain merely the locality from which the sample is derived, the geological formation where this is known, the crop or other distinguishing agricultural feature, and the depth of the sample. The complete information in regard to the sample is then put upon a larger card, 4 by 6 inches, containing everything relating tothesample; including the locality from which it comes, the collector, the geological formation, the crops, and such other information as may be available. These cards are arranged first according to States, and under each State according to some characteristic feature, usually the geological formation or the type of crop. This makes it easy to find the samples from any particular State and any particular sample in the State, if the geological formation or the crop is known, as these are put at the top or at the side of the card in such a way as to quickly call attention to the character of the sample in turning over the cards.

Samples of the top soil and of the subsoil are catalogued separately, are given separate numbers, and are treated in every way as separate

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. 12

samples. This was found necessary at a very early time in the soil investigations.

Approximately one-half of the samples represent top soils and the remaining half subsoils. The average depth of the soils is about 6 inches, and the subsoils usually extend from this depth to a depth of 24 or 30 inches. If there is any marked difference in the subsoil two or more samples are taken. This is determined solely by an examina- tion in the field.

It is usually considered that the subsoil gives the principal character to the physical properties of the land, and more of the subsoil samples have been examined than of the top-soil samples. A complete mechan- ical analysis has been made of nearly half the samples in the soil collee tion (1,756), and 700 of these have been published in various publi- | cations. These facts are shown in the accompanying catalogue, and reference is made to the reports or papers where the analyses are pub- lished. They are scattered through about twenty-seven different pub lications.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS.

It is impossible to work out with the dried specimens of a collection a system of classification which can be used in detailed field investiga- tions in connection with the mapping of soil areas. In arranging the samples the object has been to correlate them as far as possible with the geological formations, the physiographic regions, or the agricultural districts in order that they can be identified in subsequent investiga- tions. There are two comparatively well-defined and seemingly distinct lines in soil investigations. One has to do with the investigations of soils in the abstract in the laboratory and with laboratory methods. This includes the investigation of their petrographical origin and con- dition, their chemical composition, and certain physical properties. For such investigations these dried samples from a soil collection may answer very well, at least for the general and preliminary stages of the work, but where the more important work begins, of mapping the soils in the field, these dried sainples are of little value, except in establish- ing the types. ‘The mapping of soils in the field with their local pecu- liarities and departures from the normal type and the different grades and subtypes, to bring out their comparative agricultural value, opens up an entirely new field of work and requires a distinct system of classi- fication and of nomenclature. The system of classification, therefore, adapted to laboratory investigations and the arrangement of a soil col- lection can never be used without material modification for the advanced field investigations in the mapping of soils. It must be understood, therefore, that the terms used in the classification of the soils in the collection are not necessarily adapted to the classification of the soils in the field and to the areal mapping of the formations.

An endeavor has been made to correlate the samples with the geo- logical formation from which the soil was derived. This has been

8670—No, 16 2

18 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS.

done in most cases, but it has not been possible in all. Further- more, the physiographic peculiarities of a region, or the agricultural crops in some cases, are such important factors that, for the purpose of identifying the sample, these have been used rather than the geological formation. In some cases the geological formation might have been given also, but being relatively unimportant it has not been considered necessary to carry out the system of classification through all the rami- fications and cross references which this would have involved. The system of classification may appear at first sight, therefore, to be rather illogical, but a more careful consideration will make it appear evident that, for the purpose in view, the arrangement is probably the best that could be devised.

It will be seen, on a careful consideration of the subject, that there are many principles to be observed in the arrangement and classifica- tion of the samples in a soil collection. The first of these in order of importance is undoubtedly the geological formation. In many casés this places the sample geographically with much precision, and at the same time it may describe also the general character of the soil. A sample from the Cambrian shales of Maryland must come from one of two or three narrow belts crossing the western part of the State, and, to one who is familiar with the character of the rock of this locality and the way it disintegrates, it is at once apparent that the typical sample will contain-a large amount of stone, forming what is known agricultu- rally as a stony soil. A sample of the Trenton limestone from Maryland can come only from the Frederick or Hagerstown valleys, and a typical sample will contain a high per cent of clay, and represent a very fertile area. A sample of the same formation from Alabama, however, will be avery different soil, containing a large proportion of chert, and will represent a very infertile area, This is due to the difference in the character of the limestone rocks in these widely separated areas. A sampleof the Columbia formation in Maryland will come from the coastal plains. It is of unconsolidated material, and it may be either a coarse, sandy soil from the truck lands along the bay and ocean or a heavier clay soil adapted to wheat and corn, according to the relative elevation inthe formation from which it was derived. Within this coastal region, however, there are similar light sandy soils adapted to truck, which are derived from the Cretaceous, Kocene, Chesapeake, and Lafay- ette, and these differ in no essential characteristic, so far as can be determined, from the truck soils of the Columbia. As the areas of these geological formations are not at present very well defined and are imper- fectly understood, and as the truck area is confined entirely to this class of soils, and forms an important and distinct agricultural district, these soils along the whole Atlantic coast line have been classed as “ truck lands, mainly Columbia,” with the other formations given in connection with the individual samples wherever it is known.

The classification of the soils in Kansas will, perhaps, bring out more clearly than can be shown in any other way the objects which have

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. 19

been attained in the system of classification adopted for the collection. Most of the samples from Kansas are classed under the principal head of prairie. This brings out both a physiographic and an agricultural relation which it is important to recognize. Many theories have been advanced as: to the origin of the prairie, to explain why trees are not found over such vast areas in our Southern and Western States. It has been held by many that it is on account of the physical peculiarities of the soil. It will be seen, however, that the soil collection contains a great variety of soil formations classed under the head of prairie. There are the Benton limestone, the Dakota sandstone, Columbia, loess, and plains marl—all forming strong agricultural soils of very different texture. ° j

In Illinois we have samples of the loess from wooded areas, and sam- ples of the same formation, having apparently the same texture and physical properties and the same chemical composition, from prairie. These are important matters to consider in considering the origin and cause of the prairie soils.

Under the head of ‘“‘ Prairie” in Kansas, the Benton limestone refers to a geological formation. The loess and plains marl represent soils of peculiar and marked physical texture. The alkali soils represent areas where the local accumulation of soluble salts is so great as to become a factor in crop production. The salt-grass lands and the blue-stem soil represent areas where a persistent type of peculiar vegetation indi- cates either chemical or physical characteristics which are unsuited for most of our agricultural crops. The gumbo’soil represents a condition rather than a kind of soil. For the purposes for which a soil collection is used, the term gumbo is’really all that is required in the classifica- tion, except for a special study of the origin and cause of such condi- tions, and it is relatively unimportant whether the gumbo occurs in the Dakota sandstone or in any of the other formations. The term gumbo sets it forth with certain well-marked properties which are recognized, locally af-any rate, as an important agricultural type of land. All of these types of soil are found in the prairie region of Kansas, and in the classification we have used the origin, chemical composition, texture, vegetation, or condition of the soil as distinctive terms to base the classification a.pon.

The terms used in this collection are believed to very fully identify the samples, and where this can be done with a term which is not too local, it is not considered necessary to follow out all the relations and give the great number of cross references which would be required if all the systems which are used in part should be carried out and logically connected. It may easily happen, therefore, that anyone familiar with local formations may see relationships which are very apparent to him, but which are not considered necessary in this place, and which are, therefore, not included. This is brought out clearly in the alphabetical list of soil formations represented in the collection.

Many cross references have, however, been used, and in the alpha- betical list of formations the same sample may be classed under several

20 ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE.

heads. This has been carried as far as is believed wise with the material at hand.

The idea of special collections has been kept very clearly in mind from the first, as giving promise of great value in using the coliection. For this purpose the alphabetical arrangement of the formations will be found extremely valuable in showing localities from which samples of a particular type have been collected. The various limestone soils have all been brought into one group, with the States from which each of the various kinds of limestone soil has been obtained. All the local- ities from which the loess has been obtained are given. Special collee- tions have been made of soil from the truck areas and from the important tobacco districts, and these are grouped according to the type of tobacco produced, the geological formations from which the soils have been derived, and the States from which samples have been obtained. So far as possible, the corn, wheat, cotton, rice, and sugar-cane lands have also been brought into groups, and it is believed that such group- ing will give an added value to the collection, especially when the material has all been examined.

It must not be understood that all of the samples designated as corn land or as wheat land are equally adapted to the production of these crops. They all come from areas in which these form important crops, but the samples in the group may represent all grades of soil within that district from the most productive to the least productive in order to give material for a comparative study of the influence of soils upon the crop. It must not be understood that only on those formations to which wheat and corn are accredited can these crops be successfully grown. These crops have only been given in connection with areas upon which they are considered important and characteristic; the same crops are grown on many and probably on most of the other formations but to a relatively unimportant extent.

The grass lands include only those in the Eastern States which are well adapted to hay grass. It has been thought impracticable to include the pasture lands in the collection.

While the main features of the collection are brought out in the large groups of samples, designated by their geological origin and their agri- cultural crop value, still many of the unclassified samples are of great economic or scientific value. They nearly all have some marked peculi- arity which gives them a place in such a collection of soils. Where possible these peculiarities have been indicated by a word directly fol- lowing the serial number of the sample.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE.

The arrangement of the catalogue can be easily understood from the method of classification which has just been described. In the first part of the catalogue the samples are arranged according to States -and according to geological formations, physiographic features, or crop

SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. 7A

areas. Under each of these groups is given the serial numbers of the samples, arranged by soils and subsoils, and the counties or townships from which they have been derived. An asterisk (*) following a number indicates that a mechanical analysis has been made of the sample, and a degree mark (°) indicates that a chemical analysis has been made. Where either of these has been published a reference is made to the bulletin or paper in which the results appear. Where such reference is not made the results are among the unpublished records of the Divi- sion of Soils. The agency through which the samples were obtained is given in all cases, as this is important in judging of the representative value of the sample.

The second part of the catalogue gives the samples arranged serially with a brief description, which will serve to identify the sample, and with a reference to the page upon which it is fully described in the State classification.

The third portion of the catalogue gives an alphabetical list of the formations represented, with the States or foreign countries from which the samples have been obtained. The number of samples from each State is given as an indication of the magnitude of the collection from any particular locality. This gives a valuable idea of the relative distribution of the collection according to the formations and States represented.

The catalogue as thus arranged renders it easy to refer to any sample in the collection if the State, geological formation, or serial number is known.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLES UNDER STATES AND COUNTRIES FROM WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN OBTAINED.

ALABAMA, (157 samples.)

The samples from Alabama are mainly from two sources. Part of them were presented by Dr. E. A. Smith, director of the geological survey of Alabama, from the collection made for the report on cotton production in Alabama for the Tenth Census. A description of these samples is given in Vol. VI of the Tenth Census and in the agricultural volume of the report of the geological survey of Alabama, 1881-82. The original numbers by which the samples are designated and under which they are described are given in parenthesis and immediately following the serial numbers of the Division of Soils. The geological correlation, published in the Tenth Census, has been somewhat modi- fied as the result of subsequent work of the State geological survey. These modifications have been adopted so far as it is possible to do so. In addition to the references above cited, see also the bulletins and various papers in the annual reports of the United States Geological Survey on the Cretaceous, Eocene, Lafayette, and Columbia forma- tions. Numbers followed by the sign (°) have had a chemical analysis,

22 SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA.

and in all cases these chemical analyses have been published in Vol. VI of the Tenth Census and in the agricultural volume of the State geo- logical survey.

During the season of 1891 the Alabama Experiment Station con- ducted an interesting series of fertilizer experiments with cotton in dif- ferent parts of the State and on a great many different types of soil. The results were published in Bulletin No. 34 of tle station. The results obtained were so very interesting and the differences recorded by the various farmers were so widely different that samples of the soils and subsoils were obtained through correspondence with each of the farmers who had cooperated in the work. ‘The list of localities, together with the description of the samples submitted by the farmers and such other data as were brought together, was sent to Dr. E. A. Smith, and the samples were correlated as accurately as possible with the geological formations of the State. From the very full description of the localities and the character of the soil it is believed that this cor- relation is reasonably accurate. The markedly different yields of these soils with different fertilizers and fertilizer ingredients, reported in

3ulletin 34 of the Alabama Experiment Station, indicate a very inter- esting problem to study, but the time and opportunity for this have never been presented, so that the samples have not yet been analyzed.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*) and chemical analyses have been made of samples marked (°).] Alluvial (1 soil). Soil 824 (1), (black swamp muck), Autauga County. Dr. E, A. Smith, collector. Barrens—cotton, corn (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 852° (40), 853 (42) (swamp barrens), 860° (48), subsoils 854* (41), 859* (47), (hardpan), Madison County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Cambrian shales (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 662, subsoil 663, Shelby County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 510, subsoil 511, Cherokee County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Coal measures (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 552, subsoil 553, Cullman County. Collected ly farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Corn lands (73 soils, 67 subsoils). See Barrens, cretaceous, drift, gneiss, gunpowder-lime land, hammock, Lafayette, limestone, post-oak flatwoods, prairie, unclassified. Cotton lands (73 soils, 67 subsoils). . See Barrens, cretaceous, drift, gneiss, hammock, Lafayette, limestone, post-oak flatwoods, prairie, unclassified. Cretaceous—cotton, corn, wheat (5 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 672* (green sand), Perry County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 520, subsoil 521, Lowndes County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Soil 1926, Lee County; soils 1923, 1925, subsoil 1924*, Perry County. Collected by agents, United States Department of Agriculture. Drift—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1921, subsoil 1922, Lee County. Collested by-soil observers, Division of Soils,

SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. 23

Gneiss—cotton, corn, wheat (9 soils, 4 subsoils).

Soil 675* (hornblendic), Chambers County; subsoil 678, Clay County; soil 679, Coosa County; soil 680 (hornblendic), Lee County; soils 673*, 674* (horn- blendic), Randolph County; soils 676, 677 (mica-schist}, Tallapoosa County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector.

Subsoil 529 (hornblendic), Clay County; soil 548, subsoil 549, Randolph County ; soil 540, subsoil 541, Tallapoosa County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station.

Hammock land—cotton, corn (4 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soil 830*° (9), Montgomery County; soils 833° (20), 834° (21), subsoil 835° (22), Tuscaloosa County; soil 855 (43), subsoil 856 (44), Cahaba River. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. :

Lafayette (orange sands)—cotton, corn (22 soils, 52 subsoils).

Soils 825° (3), 827*° (6), 869 (59), subsoils 826°° (4), 828* (7), 829 (8), 868* (58), &70*° (60), 871 (62), AutaugaCounty; soil 885° (96), subsoils 883° (94), 884 (95), 886 (97) Barbour County; subsoil 882° (91), Clarke County; subsoil 880* (85), Henry County; soil 887 (124), Pickens County; soil 836 (23), subsoils 837 (24), 841* (28), Sumter County; subsoil 832° (19), Pike County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. *

Soil 506, subsoil 507, Autanga County; soil 518, subsoil 519, Barbour County; soil 494, subsoil 495, Bibb County; soil 550, subsoil 551, Bullock County; soil 544, subsoil 545, Bytler County; soil 498, subsoil 499, Clarke County; soil 530, subsoil 531, Chilton County; soil 492, subsoil 495, Covington County; soil 526, subsoil 527, Dale County; soil 536, subsoil 537, Fayette County ; soil 554, sub- soil 555, Geneva County; subsoil 533, Greene County; subsoil 557, Henry County; soil 504, subsoil 505, Lowndes County; soil 512, subsoil 513, Macon County; soil 502, subsoil 503, Marengo County; soil 546, subsoil 547, Pike County; soil 514, subsoil 515, Washington County. Collected by farmers coop- erating with the Alabama Experiment Station.

Limestone (20 soils, 18 subsoils).

Gunpowder-lime land—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 291, subsoil 292, Montgomery County. George F. Atkinson, collector. (Soil on which cotton rusts more or less every year).

Knox dolomite—cotton, corn (6 soils, 7 subsoils).

Soils 876 /72), 877 (73), subsoil 878 (74), Calhoun County; subsoil 862* (50), Madison County; soils 664, 666, subsoils 665, 667, Shelby County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector.

Soil 534, subsoil 535, Blount County; subsoil 509, Etowah County; soil 542, subsoil 548, Shelby County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station.

Quebec dolomite—cotton, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soil 857 (45), subsoil 858 (46), Bibb County; soil 879° (76), subsoil 872 (63), Talladega County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector.

St. Louis limestone (‘‘red lands”’)—cotton, corn, wheat (10 soils, 7 subsoils).

Soils 846*° (34), 866° (56), subsoil 847* (85), Colbert County ; soils 850*° (38), 861 (49), subsoil 851* (39), Madison County; soils 864 (54), 873° (64), sub soil 865* (55), Franklin County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector.

Soil 490, subsoil 491, Franklin County; soil 496, subsoil 497, Madison County ; soil 524, subsoil 525, Morgan County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station.

Soil 3608*, subsoil 3609*, Jackson County. J. H. Leslie, collector.

Trenton limestone—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 668, subsoil 669*, Shelby County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station.

24 SAMPLES FROM ALASKA—ARGENTINA.

Post-oak flatwoods—cotton, corn (3 subsoils). Subsoils 838*° (25), 839° (26), 840 (27), Sumter County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Prairie—cotton, corn (5 soils). Soil 670*, Wilcox County; soil 671*, Choctaw County; soil 843° /30), Jones Bluff; soil 844 (31), 845*° (32), Sumter County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Truck land (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 3598", 3600*, 3602*, 3604*, 3606*, subsoils 3599*, 3601*, 3603", 3605*, 3607*, Baldwin County. Collected by private individuals. Unelassified—cotton, corn (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 443 (61), Autauga County; soils 848° (36), 849* (387) (pipe clay), Colbert County; subsoil 874 (65), Franklin County; subsoil 865 (51), Madison County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 293, subsoil 294, Montgomery County. George F. Atkinson, collector. Wheat land (24 soils, 18 subsoils). See Cretaceous, gneiss, St. Louis limestone.

ALASKA, (44 samples).

The samples from Alaska were collected by Dr. Sheldon Jackson in 1899 in his trips of reconnoissance and by Dr..Walter Evaus of the Oftice of Experiment Stations of this Department, under authority of the Act of Congress authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to examine and report upon the feasibility of establishing an experiment station in Alaska.

It has been impossible from the data available to correlate these sam- ples in accordance with the geological formations, as so little is known about the geology of Alaska. Furthermore, as the samples were taken in many cases in wild uncultivated regions, it has not been possible to classify the soils satisfactorily into groups of any kind. They are mainly peat soils, very rich in organic matter.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). ]

Unclassified (24 soils, 20 subsoils).

Soil 3643*, subsoil 3644*, Anvik; soil 3645*, 3647*, subsoils 3646", 3648*, Circle City; soil 3455*, Etholine Island; soils 3649*, 3650*, Fort Adams; soil 3654°*, Fort Andreafski; soil 3651*, Fort Cudahy; soils 3438*, 3439*, 3444*, subsvils 3440*, 3441*, 3442*, 3443*, Fort Wrangell; soils 3456*, 3458*, 3460*, subsoils 3457*, 3459*, 3561*, Juneau; soils 3462*, 3463*, 3465*, subsoils 3464*, 3466%*, 3696, Kadiak; soils 3445*, 3446*, 3447*, 3448*, subsoils 3449*, 3450*, Sitka; soil 3453*, subsoils 3451*, 3452*, 3454*, Stikine River; soil 3652, subsoil 3653, Unalaklik; soil 3655*, subsoil 3656*, Koserefski.

Mechanical analyses, 3438, 3439, 3440, 3441, 3442, 3443, 3444, Fort Wrangell; 3445, 3446, 3447, 3448, 3449, 3450, Sitka; 3456, 3457, 3458, 3459, 3460, 3461, Junean; 3462, 3463, 3464, 3465, 3466, Kadiak; published in Bulletin No. 48, Office of Experi- ment Stations, page 11.

ARGENTENA.

(25 samples.)

The samples from Argentina were collected under the direction of Prof. W. G. Davis, Director de la Oficina Meteorologica, Argentina, at Cordova. The collection was to represent the important wheat lands

SAMPLES FROM ARIZONA——CALIFORNIA. 25

of Argentina. Only a portion of the collection has been received as yet. These samples were collected at the request of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology in connection with some inves- tigations on wheat rust, and form a part of a series of samples repre- senting the soils of the important wheat districts of the world.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] W heat lands (25 samples).

3657*, Rosario; 3658*, Perez; 3659*, Zavalla; 3660*, Villa Casilda; 3661*, Are- quito; 3662*, Juarez Celman; 3663*, Villada; 3664*, Melincue; 3665*, 3666%, 3667*, 3668*, 3669*, 3670*, 3671*, 3672*, 3673>, 36747, 3675*, 3676*, 3677*, 3678%*, 3679*, 3680*, 3681*, Chubut.

ARIZONA.

(1 sample.)

Only a single sample of soil has been collected from Arizona, a sample of silt from the Gila River, collected by one of the members of the United States Geological Survey. It is stated that when this silt is deposited on the banks of canals, it seems to have the property of diminishing the resistance to the flow of water and of accelerating the movement of water in the canals. It is furthermore very resistant to the eroding action of water in the time of a flood, and a slight amount of this substance will protect a ditch from the action of a large volume of water.

Silt (1 sample). 3240, from the Gila River.

ARKANSAS,

No samples have been collected from this State.

BERMUDA, (12 samples.) = The samples from Bermuda were collected with reference to an inves-

tigation being carried on by the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology on a disease of the Bermuda lily. The collection includes samples of new soils suitable for growing the lilies and of old soils upon which the lilies are said to become very much diseased. These samples were all collected and sent at the request of the Department by growers in Bermuda or by agents of the Department.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Unclassified (12 soils) : Soils, 3064, 3065, 3477, * 3478,* 3479*, 3976 (coral sand), 3977, 3995, 3996, 3997, 3998, 3999. CALIFORNIA.

(90 samples.)

The origin of the samples from California is threefold. Part of them are from the collection made under the direction of Dr. E. W. Hilgard, of the University of California, for the report on cotton production in

26 SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA.

California for the Tenth Census. These samples are described in Vol. VI of the Tenth Census, including the chemical analyses of most of them. The numbers given in parentheses, following the serial numbers of this Division, are the original numbers under which the samples are described in the Tenth Census. The classification of this part of the collection is the same as that adopted by Professor. Hilgard in the census work.

A few additional samples were furnished by Professor Hilgard when material was being collected for the soil exhibit at the Columbian Exposition. The remaining samples from California were collected by agents of this Department.

A very full description of the formations can be found in Vol. VI of the Tenth Census and in the numerous reports and bulletins issued by the California Experiment Station. The collection contains many sam- ples of great interest on account of the peculiar properties exhibited in their relation to water and to plant growth. Many of these inter- esting properties have been referred to repeatedly by Dr. Hilgard, and some of the most striking properties have been described by the writer in a short article in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1897, entitled ‘Some interesting soil problems.”

Some of the soils from the Fresno plains possess the peculiar prop- erty of subirrigation on a very extensive seale. After irrigation has been practiced for some years the subsoil becomes filled with water, the wells from being 80 to 100 feet deep are only 2 to 6 feet deep to water, and the fields support vegetation without irrigation if only the water is allowed to run in the main canals, which may be as much as a mile apart. Part of the samples from the Tulare plains show even more marked peculiarities than this, supporting large fruit crops with- out irrigation and with but 9 or 10 inches of rain falling during the winter months. Other samples from the same locality have no such remarkable power and require frequent irrigation.

The soils classed as fruit lands of southern California also have this power to a more or less marked degree of supporting vegetation with little or no irrigation and, although there is no rain during the season ot actual growth, the soil becomes moist with the winter rains of 18 or 20 inches, and the crops are matured with no further rain during the growing season and with no necessity for irrigation. Other soils in this same locality, having apparently the same texture and composi- tion, require irrigation to mature a crop. Particular interest centers in sample No. 5432, from a sandy field near Pomona where a second crop of tobacco was being harvested from the suckers which had been allowed to grow from the main crop, although there had been no rain. and no irrigation during the entire season of growth. The water in the wells was about 30 feet from the surface. The soil was still moist within 2 or 5 inches of the surface.

The soils of the Mojave Desert are interesting from the apparent

SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA. rat |

sterility of the land in its native condition, and yet there is no appar- ent cause for this in the physical texture or the chemical composition of the soils, as compared with like properties of soils from other local- ities in adjoining counties. With only 5 inches of annual rainfall and located 15 or 20 miles from the mountains, it is possible in many places in the Mojave Desert to find standing water within 5 or 6 feet of the surface. This is usually quite alkaline, but the soils do not appear to be sufficiently alkaline, except as a result of injudicious irrigation, to account for the sterility in their natural condition.

The collection of alkali soils has been made for a special study in con- nection with other alkali soils of the United States.

The foothill soiis have the property of supporting vegetation through long periods of dry weather and they form some of the most valuable wheat lands.

The adobe soils have the general properties of a compact clay, exceed- ingly difficult to till and yet very productive when properly treated. While possessing the properties of clay, they are composed mainly of silt and are extremely interesting in showing these physical properties with the great difference existing between them and the true clay soils.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analyses have been made of samples marked (°).] Adobe—wheat (6 soils).

Soils 341*° (1), 342*° (4), Alameda County; soit 327*° (570), Fresno County; soil 3438*° (6), San Joaquin County; soil 336*° (68), Tuolumne County. Col- lected by Dr. E. W. Hilgard for the Tenth Census.

Soil 3404*, Orange County. Collected by agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses of samples 336, 341, 342, 343 (by Professor Hilgard’s method of elutriation) are published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. Chemical analyses of samples 327, 336, 341, 342, 343, are published in the same volume, pages 79-81.

Alkali land (11 soils, 18 subsoils).

Soil 345*° (9), San Joaquin County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census.

Soils 3406, 5407, Orange County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

For additional samples, see Fresno Plains, Mojave Desert, Tulare Plains, unclas- sified.

Mechanical analysis 345 (by Professor Hilgard’s method of elutriation) is pub- lished in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83.

Alluvial soils (5 soils, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1021, Los Angeles County; soil 1115 (prairie), Solano County; soils 967, 968, Tulare County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Columbian Exposition.

Soil 5408 (celery), subsoil 3409* (celery), Orange County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Fresno Plains (7 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soil 328*° (704), Fresno County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census.

Soil 798, Fresno County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Columbian Exposition.

28 SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA.

Fresno Plains (7 soils, 5 subsoils) —Continued.

Soils 3393, 3394*, 3396, 3397 (alkali), 3400*—subsoils 3391, 3392 (hogwallow), 3395, 3398 (alkali), 3399* (alkali), Fresno County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analysis 3394 is published in Yearbook, Department gf Agriculture, 1897, page 440.

Chemical analysis 328 published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 79.

Greenhouse soil—roses, carnations (2 samples).

Soil 2250*, Alhambra; soil 2261, San Francisco.

Limestone soil (1 soil).

Soil 966, Santa Clara County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Colum- bian Exposition.

Mojave Desert soil (3 soils, 6 subsoils).

Soil 337*° (332), Kern County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Tenth Census.

Soils 3387*, 3389*, subsoils 3383 (alkali hardpan), 3384 (alkali hardpan), 3385 (alkali), 3386 (alkali), 3588*, 3590 (alkali), Los Angeles County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analysis 3588, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1897, page 440.

Chemical analysis 337 published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 80.

Tebacco land, cigar type (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2262 subsoil, 2263*, Marin County. Collected by private individuals. Mechanical analysis 2263 published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42. Tulare Plains (10 soils, 7 subsoils).

Soils 329*° (586), 380° (573), 346*- (585) (wire-grass soil), Tulare County. Col- lected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census.

Soils 3377 (alkali), 8878* (alkali), 3381* (alkali), 3410*, 3412 (alkali), 3414 (alkali), 3416*, subsoils, 3379 (alkali hardpan), 3880 (alkali), 3382 (alkali), 3411*, 3413 (alkali), 3415* (alkali), 3417*, Tulare County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 3378, 3416, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. - Mechanical analysis 329 (by Professor Hilgard’s method of elutriation) published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83.

Chemical analyses 329, 330, 346, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, pages 79-81.

Unclassified (23 soils, 6 subsoils).

Fruit land of southern California (14 soils, 3 subsoils)

Soils 3430*, 3482*, subsoil 3431*, Los Angeles County; soil 3405, Orange County; soils 3401*, 3402* (mesa), Riverside County; soils 3403*, 3433 (alkali), 8435, 3437* (alkali), subsoils 3434 (alkali), 3436, San Bernardino County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agri- culture.

Soil 1020, San Bernardino County; soil 969, San Luis Obispo County; soil 1019, Ventura County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Colum- bian Exposition.

Soil 338*° (382) (mesa), Los Angeles County; soil 339*° (168), Ventura County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census.

Mechanical analysis 339 (by Professor Hilgard’s method of elutriation), published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 8&3.

Chemical analyses 338, 339, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Profluction of California, page 80.

SAMPLES FROM CHINA—COLORADO. 29

Unclassified (23 soils, 6 subsoils)—Continued. Miscellanegus (9 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soil 699, subsoil 700, Alameda County; soil 1116, Shasta County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Columbian Exposition.

Soil 331*° (700) (salt grass soil), Kern County; soil 344*° (8), San Joaquin County; soils 332*° (705) (red chaparral), 340*° (702) (red chaparral), subsoil 333*° (706) (red chaparral), Shasta County; soil 1058, Sonoma County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census.

Subsoii 3975 (irrigation hardpan), Los Angeles County. F. L. Palmer, col- lector.

Soils 5980, 3981, Los Angeles County. J. Sterling Morton, collector.

Mechanical analysis 344 (by Professor Hilgard’s method of elutriation), published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 85.

Mechanical analysis 3432, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440.

Chemical analyses 331, 332, 333, 340, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, pages 79-81.

Wheat land (8 soils),

Soil 335*° (51) (red foothill soil), Placer County; soil 334*° (499), Yuba County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census.

For additional samples of wheat land, see adobe.

Mechanical analysis 335 (by Professor Hilgard’s method of elutriation), published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83.

Chemical analyses 334, 335, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Produc- tion of California, page 80.

CHINA. (1 sample.)

A single sample from China is contained in the collection. This is of interest as it represents the loess formation, the origin of which has been so much discussed in geological literature. This sample is from a larger one in the United States National Museum. It is interesting to note thatit has the same texture as the loess formation in our Western States, shown particularly in the samples from Nebraska and Illinois which have been examined.

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).]

Loess (1 sample). 2726*, Chinkiang.

COLORADO.

(17 samples.)

(Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analysis has been made of sample marked (°).]

Alkali land (1 soil). Soil 793. Walter J. Quick, collector. Kaolinite (1 soil). Soil 3241°, San Juan County. Whitman Cross, collector. Prairie (10 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 1870, Rocky Ford. Collected by agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. Soils 791, 792, Larimer County. Walter J. Quick, collector.

30 SAMPLES FROM CONNECTICUT.

Prairie (10 soils, 2 subsoils)—Continued.

Soil 3475*, subsoil 3476*, Larimer County; soil 3424, subsow 3425*, Weld County. W. W. Cooke, collector. These samples represent a large potato- growing district

Soil 1846*, Sedgwick County; soil 1785*, Yuma County. Robert Hay, collector.

Plains marl (3 soils). Soil 1783*, Yuma County; soils 1844*, 1845*. Robert Hay, collector. REE (1 soil, 2 subsoils).

Soil 3734, subsoils 3735, 3736, Phillips County. Collected by agents of the

United States Department of Agriculture.

CONNECTICUT (57 samples.)

The samples from Connecticut were obtained mainly from two sources: Part of them were obtained by agents of this Department and part were collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations for the soil exhibit of the Colambian Exposition at Chicago.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil (4 soils, 4 Sete Miscellaneous (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 794, 1011, subsoil 1012, Falls Village; soil 1073, subsoil 1074, Shaker Station. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations. Peat swamp (1 soil, 2 subsoils). ; Soil 2722, subsoil 2723, 2724, Storrs. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Drift, glacial (5 soils, 6 subsoils).

Soil 960, subsoil 961, Lebanon; soil 962, subsoil 965, Pomfret; soil 1069, subsoil 1070, Storrs; soil 1117, subsoil 1118, West Cornwall. * Collected by the Con- necticut and Storrs exponent stations.

Soil 2719, subsoils 2720, 2721, Storrs. Collected by agents, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.

xreenhouse soil—lettuce, cucumbers (1 sample).

Soil 1847*, New Haven.

Tobacco land (cigar type) (12 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soil 1065, subsoil 1066*, Poquonock. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment station.

Soils 1304, 1938, subsoil 1305*, Bloomfield; soils 728, 831%, 1937, subsoils 729%, 842*, East Hartford; soils 1252, 1362, subsoils 1254*, 1363,. Poquonock; soil 1502, subsoil 1303*, Wethersfield; soils 989, 1276, 1939, peneoule 959*, 1277*, Windsor. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses of samples 729, 842, 1254 are published in Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 146; in Bulletins Nos. 5 and 11, Division of Soils, and in Report of Pennsylvania State College, Part I, 1894, page 144. Mechanical analyses 831, 959, 1066, 1277, 1303, 1805 are published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40.

Triassic red sandstone (3,soils, 4 subsoils).

Subsoil 1014, New Haven; soil 1061, subsoil 1062, Newington; soil 1015, subsoil 1016, South Manchester; soil 1067, subsoil 1068, Wapping. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations.

Unclassified (5 soils, 4 subsoils).

Soil 1071, subsoil 1072 (hardpan), Newton; soil 1274, subsoil 1275, Silver Lane; soils 1063, 1075, subsoils 1064, 1076, West Hartford. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations,

SAMPLES FROM CUBA—DELAWARE. ok

Unclassified (5 soils, 4 subsoils)—Continued. Soil 1640* (glass sand, used by Professor Hellriegel and Prof. W. O. Atwater for sand-culture experiments). Mechanical analysis 1640 is published in Experiment Station Record, Vol. V., No. 8, page 758.

CUBA.

(16 samples.)

The samples from Cuba were collected at the request of the Depart- ment by the consul-general at Havana. For the samples from the famous Vuelta Abajo district we are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Gustavo Bock, of Havana, who placed his agents at the disposal of the Department for the purpose of collecting them. The samples from the eastern part of the island were collected under the direction of the United States vice-commercial agent at Nuevitas.

The samples from the Vuelta Abajo district are said to represent the soil upon which the finest type of Cuban tobacco is produced. It has been shown that these have the same texture as the tobacco soils of Florida and of the Connecticut Valley.

The soils of the Remedios district are much heavier and contain very much more clay. The Remedios tobacco is much heavier and stronger than that from the Vuelta Abajo district. The tobacco soils of Penn- sylvania and Ohio are similar in texture to these Remedios soils, and it is noteworthy that the tobacco produced on them is likewise much heavier and stronger than the tobacco on the lighter soils of the Con- necticut Valley.

The soils from the eastern districts of Cuba are lighter in texture than the Remedios soils and not unlike those of the Vuelta Abajo dis- trict, but for some reasons, at present unknown, the tobacco produced is much heavier and stronger, and but little of it is brought to this country.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Tobacco land (cigar type) (16 soils).

Soil 1982*, Gibara district; soil 1964*, Marditon de Nuevitas district; soil 6*, Mayari district; soils 1958*, 1959*, 1960*, 1961*, Remedios district; soil 5*, Sagua de Tanamo district; soils 1965*, 1966*, San Miguel de Nuevitas district; soils 306*, 307*, 308*, 309*, 310*, 311*, Vuelta Abajo district.

Mechanical analyses 309, 1960. published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 20. Mechanical analyses 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 1958, 1959,1960, 1961, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42.

DELAWARE. (2 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Clay, pottery (2 samples). 1968° (china clay), 1975* (china clay), Neweastle County. Cecntributed by Prof. Edwin Orton.

3 SAMPLES FROM DISTRICT OF GOLUMBIA—FLORIDA.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. (34 samples.)

The samples from the District of Columbia were all collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Mary- land Experiment Station.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of sainples marked (~).]

Chesapeake (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soils 2689, subsoil 2690*. Clay, brick, and tile (2 samples). 2185*, 2186*. Columbia (2 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 2695, 2703, subsoils 2696*, 2704*, 3791. Eocene (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 2691, 2701, subsoils 2692*, 2702*. Greenhouse soil (2 samples). 1615* (propagating sand), 1616°. Lafayette (6 soils, 6 subsoils). Soils 1464, 2685, 2709, 2711, 2713, 2715, subsoils 1465, 2686*, 2710*, 2712*, 2714*, 2716*. Potomae (2 soils, 4 subsoils). Soils 2683, 2687, subsoils 2684*, 2688 *, 2708*, 3642*. Unclassified (1 subsoil). Subsoil 3641. ENGLAND. (2 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). ] Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1974* (ground Cornwall stone). Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Fuller’s earth (1 sample). 3238*. FLORIDA.

(179 samples.)

The samples from Florida were collected by agents of this Depart- ment. The description of the soils characteristic of the vegetation and the mechanical analyses of the soils bave been given in Bulletin No. 13 of this Division. The classification is the same as that in com- mon use in that State and is based mainly upon the character of the growth. The hammock soil, mixed land, and high pine land are adapted to citrus fruits, early truck crops, and tobacco, except that the rich heavy hammock is not a tobacco soil and is adapted to the heavier truck crops only, such as cabbage and potatoes. ‘The flatwoods are not cultivated to any extent, and the Etonia scrub is not cultivated at all at present. The Lafayette forms the tobacco and cotton lands of west- ern Florida with a few exposures on the peninsula. The pineapple lands are at present devoted mainly to this crop.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil (9 soils, 9 subsoils). See Muck land. Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1976* (kaolin). Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton,

SAMPLES FROM FLORIDA. 5)3)

Cotton (4 soils, 7 subsoils).

See Lafayette.

Etonia scrub—not cultivated, conent plants (4 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soils 1621*, 2913*, 2915*, 2917*, subsoils 1622*, 2914*, 2916*, 2918*, 2919 (Lafay- ette from under scrub), Take County.

Mechanical analysis 1622, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 136. Mechanical analyses 1621, 1622, 2913, 2914, 2915, 2916, 2917, 2918, published in Bulletin No. 15, Division of Soils, page 29.

Flatwoods (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 3632 (alkali), Bradford County; soil 1659, subsoil 1660, Orange County. Fuller’s earth (11 samples).

2903 (crude), 2904* (coarsely ground for refining oil and vaseline), 2905 (fine), 3967 (crude), 3968 (grade cm), 3969 (grade 8), 3970 (grade F), 3971 (grade XXS )» 3972 (grade XXF), 3973 (grade XF), 5974 (dust), Gadsden County.

Hammock (28 soils, 31 subsoils).

Grey hammock—citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (16 soils, 14 subsoils).

Soils 2857*, 2859*, subsoils 2858~, 2860*, Brevard County; soil 2935*, subsoil 2936*, Dade County; soils 1953, 1954, 1956, 3688, 3692, Suan 3689, 3690, 3691, Lake County; soils 2817*, 2819*, 2820*, 2947, 3633*, subsoils 2818*, 2821*, 2948, 3631*, Polk County; soils 3627, 3687, subsoils 3624, 3625, 3626, 3628, Putnam County; soil 3623, Volusia County.

Mechanical analyses 2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, 2857, 2858, 2859, 2860, pub- lished in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 29. Mechanical analyses 2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41 and 42.

Light hammock—citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (4 soils, 7 subsoils).

Soils 2827*, 2830*, subsoils 2828*, 2829*, 2831*, 2847*, 2848, Marion County; soils 2871*, 2873*, subsoils 2872*, 2874*, Polk County.

Mechanical analyses 2827, 2829, 2830, 2851, 2847, 2871, 2872, 2873, 2874, pub- lished in Bulletin No. 18, Division of Soils, pages 28 and 29. Mechanical analyses 2827, 2828, 2830, 2831, 2847, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41 and 42.

Mulatto hammock—citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 2822*, subsoil 2823*, Polk County.

Mechanical analyses 2822, 2825, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 41; also published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 30.

Red coquina hammock—citrus fruits, truck (2 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soils 2861*, 2863*. subsoils 2862*, 2864*, Brevard County.

Mechanical analyses 2861, 2862, 2863, 2864, published in Bulletin No. 13, Divi- sion of Soils, pages 29 and 30.

Rich heavy hammock—citrus fruits, truck (5 soils, 7 subsoils).

Soils 1625*, 2881, 2884*, subsoils 1626*, 2882, see 2885*, Lake County; soils 2832*, 2834*, subsoils 2833*, 2835*, 2836*, Marion County.

Meehan cal analyses 1625, 2832, 2834, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 31.

High pine land—citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (18 soils, 19 subsoils).

Soil 2939*, subsoil 2940*, Dade County; soils 1619*, 1625*, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2869*, 2906*, 2908*, 2911*, subsoils 1620*, 1624*, 2870*, 2907*, 2909*, 2912*, 3693, 3694, Lake County; soils 2824* (first quality, considered as productive as the ham- mock), 2826* (third quality, very poor), 2875*, 2877, 2879* (third quality), 2850*, 2852*, 2854, subsoils 2825* (first quality, considered as productive as the ham- mock), 2851*, 2853*, 2855, 2876*, 2878*, 2880* (third quality), 2920* (third qual- ity), 3629*, 3630*, Polk County.

8670—No. 16 3

34 SAMPLES FROM GEORGIA—GERMANY.

High pine land—citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (18 soils, i9 subsoils)—Continned.

Mechanical analyses 1620, 1624, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1894, page 136. Mechanical analyses 2824, 2825, 2826, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41,42. Mechanical analyses 1619, 1620, 1623, 1624, 2824, 2825, 2826, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2869, 2870, 2875, 2876, 2879, 2880, 2906, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2911, 2912, 2920, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 30. Mechanical analysis 1620 also published in Bulle- tin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174.

Lafayette (red lands)—tobacco, cotton (4 soils, 7 subsoils).

Soils 2894*, 2897*, 2899*, 2901*, subsoils 2895*, 2896*, 2898*, 2900*, 2902*, Gads- den County (tobacco and cotton lands of western Florida); subsoil 2910*, Lake County; subsoil 2856, Polk County.

Mechanical analyses 2894, 2895, 2896, 2897, 2898, 2899, 2900, 2901, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42; also in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 29.

Mixed land (pine and red oak)—citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (4 soils, 6 subsoils).

Soils 2837*, 2839*, 2842*, 2845*, subsoils 2838*, 2840*, 2841*, 2843*, 2844, 2846%*, Marion County.

Mechanical analyses 2837, 2838, 2839, 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843, 2845, 2846, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41, 42; also in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, pages 30, 31.

Muck land (alluvium)—sugar cane, rice, truck crops (9 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soils 2812*, 2813*, 2892, 2932*, 2934, subsoils 2893, 2933*, Dade County; soils, 1942*, 1945*, 1946*, 1950*, subsoils 1943*, 1944*, 1947*, 1948, 1949, 1951*, 1952*, Osceola County.

Pineapple land (4 soils, 6 subsoils).

Soils 2212*, 2886*, 2888*, 2890*, subsoils 2213*, 2214*, 2887*, 2889*, 2891*, 3965*, Dade County.

Mechanical analyses 2212, 2213, 2214, 2886, 2887, 2888, 2889, 2890, 2891, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 28.

Spruce pine scrub—truck and second quality orange soil (3 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 2865*, 2867*, subsoils 2866*, 2868, Brevard County; soil 2941*, subsoil 2942*, Dade County.

Mechanical analyses 2865, 2866, 2867, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 28.

Tobacco land (cigar type)—(47 soils, 54 subsoils).

See Hammock, high pine land, mixed land, Lafayette. Truck land (53 soils, 59 subsoils).

See Hammock, high pine land, mixed land, spruce pine serub. Unclassified (2 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soils 2937*, 2938*, Dade County; subsoil 1955, Lake County; subsoil 2849", Marion County.

GEORGIA.

(1 sample.)

Only one sample from Georgia is contained in the collection.

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] Unclassified (1 soil). Soil 2315*, Bibb County. GRRMANY.

(7 samples.)

The samples from Germany were collected by W. T. Swingle from near Geisenheim on the Rhine, as representing the best wine soils of the Geisenheim district. The soil is derived from a clay slate of the

SAMPLES FROM HAWAIIAN ISLANDS—ILLINOIS. 35

Devonian, age, the undecomposed Thonschiefer (clay slate) being found

‘from 15 to 18 feet below the surface. This is quarried and applied to the surface as a top dressing, where it entirely disintegrates and mixes with the soils within two or three years. Immediately under the soil and overlying the Thonschiefer is a clay marl (Thonmergel), which is applied to the surface as an annual dressing, particularly where the Thonschiefer can not be obtained. These applications to the soil are considered essential for the finest bouquet and aroma in the wine.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Vineyard soils (4 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 3874*, 3875*, 3876*, 3880*, subsoils 3877 (undecomposed Thonschiefer), 3878 (Thonschiefer partly weathered, as applied to vineyards), 3879* (Thon- mergel),.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. (12 samples.)

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Voicanic ash lava, scoria (12 soils). Soils 3611*, 3612*, 3613*, 3614*, 3615*, 3616*, 3617*, 3618*, 3619*, 3620*, 3621*, 3622*. A. B. Lyon, collector. IDAHO. (3 samples.)

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).]

Basalt—wheat (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 3303, subsoil 3304, Latah County. Collected by agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. Unclassified (1 sample). 3682*, Kootenai County. J. B. Leiberg, collector.

ILLINOIS. (71 samples.)

Most of the samples from Illinois were collected by Mr. Frank Lev- erett at the time he was making the collection of typical Illinois soils for the World’s Fair Exposition at Chicago. The character of the for- mations is fully discussed in the Report of the Illinois Board of the World’s Fair Commissioners, published in 1893.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Corn land (41 soils, 22 subsoils). See Glacial drift, loess, prairie, Subcarboniferous. Glacial drift—wheat, corn (12 soils, 3 subsoils). Bowlder clay (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 1334a*, Coles County; subsoil 1488, Rock Island; subsoil 1432, Winne- bago County. Frank Leverett, collector. Miscellaneous (11 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 1322, Bond County; soil 1344*, subsoil 1350, Christian County; soil 1369* (prairie), Clark County; soil 1339* (prairie), Cook County; soil 1364, Dekalb County; soil 1346*, Effingham County: soil 1333* (prairie), Mar- shall County; soils 1326, 1327 * (prairie), Mason County; soil 1338,* Peoria County; soil 1335, Saline County. Frank Leverett, collector. Mechanical analyses 1327, 1333, 1334a, 1338, 1339, 1344, 1346, 1369, published in Report of Illinois Board of World’s Fair Commissioners, 1893, pages 103- 106.

36 SAMPLES FROM INDIANA.

Greenhouse soil—ecarnations, roses (1 sample).

Soil -2231*.

Loess—timber lands, corn, wheat (23 soils, 14 subsoils).

Subsoil 1323, Bond County; soils 1315*, 1317*, subsoils 1316*, 1318*, Cass County; soil 1307*, subsoil 1308*, Greene County; soil 1345*, Jefferson County; soil 1347*, Jo Daviess County; soil 1330, Johnson County; soil 1311, subsoils 1312*, 1349, Madison County; soil 1368”, Rock Island; soil 1343*, Shelby County; soil 1337, Williamson County; soil 1332*, Winchester County. Frank Leverett, collector.

lor additional samples of loess, see under Prairie.

Mechanical analyses 1316, 1317, published in Monthly Weather Review, Janu- ary, 1895, page 17; in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 331; 1317 also published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 12. Mechanical analyses 1307, 1308, 1312, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1332, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1368, published in Report of Illinois Board of World’s Fair Commissioners, 1893, pages 104-105,

Prairie—corn, wheat (20 soils, 11 subsoils).

Gumbo (1 soil).

Soil 1340*, St. Clair County. Frank Leverett, collector.

Limestone, Galena (1 soil).

Soil 1825*, Jo Daviess County.

Loess (12 soils, 8 subsoils).

Soil 1321*, Bond County; subsoil 2808*, Cass County; soil 1342*, Cumber- land County; soil 1331, Greene County; subsoil 1570*, Henderson County; soil 1319, subsoil 1320, Madison County; soil 1309, subsoils 1310, 1348, 1373, Montgomery County; soil 1324, Rohley; soil 1306*, Saline County; soil 1365, subsoil 1366, Sangamon County; soil 1313, subsoil 1314, Shelby County; soil 1328*, Stark County; soil 1536, Stephenson County ; soil 1367, Union County. Frank Leverett, collector.

Unelassified (2 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 299, 300, subsoils 301, 302*, 3966*, Champaign County. Collected by the Illinois Experiment Station.

For additional samples of prairie, sce Glacial drift.

Mechanical analyses 302, 1306, 13821, 1325, 1828, 1340, 1342, 1370, published in Report of the Illinois Board of World’s Fair Commissioners, 1893, pages 103-106. y

Subeca wheat (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 1374, 1376, sanenie 1375, 1877, Union County. Frank Leverett, collector. Truck land (2 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soils 2323, 2327, subsoils 2324*, 2328*, Kankakee County. Collected by Dr. Clarke Gapen from the irrigated fields of the grounds of the Illinois Eastern Hospital.

Unelassified (2 scils, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1871, Montgomery County. Frank Leverett, collector.

Soil 2325, subsoil 2326*, Kankakee County. Collected by Dr. Clarke Gapen from the irrigated fields of the grounds of the Illinois Eastern Hospital.

Wheat land (41 soils, 22 subsoils). See Glacial drift, loess, prairie, Subcarboniferous.

INDIANA. (4 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Greenhouse soil—carnations, roses (2 samples). Soil 2232*, Kokomo; soil 2246*, Lafayette.

SAMPLES FROM IOWA—KANSAS. Si (

Wind-blown dust (2 samples).

1957*, Parke County; 1995 (38 samples of wind-blown dust, or ‘‘ black snow,” which fell during January and February, 1895, in several counties in Indiana are filed under this number).

Mechanical analysis 1957, published in Monthly Weather Review, January, 1895, page 17; also in Rocks, Rock-Weathering, and Soils, page 331.

IOWA.

(12 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Corn land (2 subsoils). See Loess. Gumbo (7 subsoils). Subsoils 2330*, 2332*, 2333*, 2335, 2338*, Lee County; subsoil 2329, Louisa County ; subsoil 2336*, Wagan eean County. Frank Leverett, collector. Loess—corn, wheat (2 subsoils). Subsoil 2539*, Lee County. Frank Leverett, collector. Subsoil 2542, Muscatine County. Selected by Dr. Diller as typical of the loess. Described in Bulletin No. 150 of the United States Geological Survey, and form- ing one of the Educational Series of Rocks, recently issued by the Survey. Unclassified (3 subsoils). Subsoil 2331*, Lee County; subsoil 2334*, Muscatine County; subsoil 2337*, Washington County. Frank Leverett, collector. Wheat land (2 subsoils). See Loess.

KANSAS.

(119 samples.)

The samples from ansas were obtained through two agencies. Part of them were collected and sent in by Mr. Robert Hay, in connection with his work for the United States Geological Survey. The others were collected by agents of this Department. These samples are quite typicalof the localities they represent, and there are several well-marked types which show very interesting relations between soils and crops. The samples are accompanied by very full notes as to the origin and as to their agricultural value and any peculiarities in regard to their physical properties.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). ]

Alluvial soil—corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 402, Barton County; soil 455, subsoil 456, Cloud County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Corn land (39 soils, 32 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, prairie. Prairie (56 soils, 46 subsoils). Alkali soil (1 soil). Soil 1778*, Sherman County. Robert Hay, collector. Benton limestone—corn (6 soils, 6 subsoils). Soil 427, subsoil 428*, Ellis County; soil 451, subsoil 452*, Jewell County; soil 445, subsoil 446, Lincoln County; soil 453, subsoil 454, Mitchell County; soil 660, subsoil 661, Osborne County; soil 396, subsoil 397*. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

38

SAMPLES FROM KANSAS.

Prairie (56 soils, 46 subsoils)—Continued,

Black waxy soil (1 subsoil). >

Subsoil 323*, Sumner County. Collected by agents of the United States

Department of Agriculture. Blue-stem soil (3 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soil 1775*, Sherman County. Robert Hay, collector.

Subsoil 403*, Barton County; subsoil 399*, Meade County; soil 429, 430*, Stafford County. H.R. Hilton, collector.

Dakota sandstone—corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1611. Robert Hay, collector.

Soil 447, subsoil 448, Dickinson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Gumbo (4 soils).

Soils 1940, 1941, Shawnee County; soils 1962, 1963, Sumner County. Col-

leeted by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Gypsum soil (1 soil, 2 subsoils).

Soil 1690, subsoil 1885, Logan County; subsoil 407, Pratt County. Collected

by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Loess—corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1609, Geary County. Robert Hay, collector.

Soil 3737, subsoil 3738, Cheyenne County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Magnesia soil (1 subsoil). Subsoil 1793. Robert Hay, collector. Plains marl—corn (15 soils, 8 subsoils).

Soil 1789*,; Cheyenne County; soil 1612, Saline County; soil 1784*, Sherman County; soils 1776*, 1781*, Wallace County; soils 1782,* 1786*, localities unknown. Robert Hay, collector.

Soil 404, subsoil 405*, Ford County ; soil 433, subsoils 434, 435, Logan County ; soil 398, Meade County; soil 439, subsoil 440*, Norton County; soil 441, subsoil 442*, Phillips County; soil 425, subsoil 426*, Russell County; soil 400, subsoil 401*, Scott County; soil 431, subsoil 452*, Thomas County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analysis 1789 published in Bulletin No, 5, Division of Soils, page 14.

Salt-grass land (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1688, subsoil 1689, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United

States Department of Agriculture. Unclassified (21 soils, 23 subsoils).

Corn land (12 soils, 15 subsoils). .

Soils 1678, 1682, subsoils 1679*, 1683*, 1684*, 1685*, Finney County; soil 1472, subsoil 1473, McPherson County : soil 324, subsoils 825*, 326*, Reno County ; soil 1887, Rooks County; soils 1691*, 1692*, subsoil 1693*, Rus- sell County; subsoil 1610, Saline County ; soils 1694, 1698, 1884, subsoils 1695*, 1696, 1697, 1699*, 1877, Scott County; soil 1606*, subsoil 1607*, Shawnee County; soil 1886, Trego County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Miscellaneous (9 soils, 8 subsoils).

Soil 1777, Wallace County. Robert Hay, collector.

Soil 1882, subsoil 1883, Allen County; subsoil 3978 (zine clay sulphide), Cherokee County; soil 1680, subsoils 1681*, 1686 * (water-bearing sand and gravel from well at Garden City), Finney County; subsoil 409*, Meade County (sand from which artesian flow is obtained in this local- ity); subsoil 410, Ness County; soil 406, subsoil 408*, Pratt County; soils 1608, 1700, 1888, 1889, subsoil 1701*, Shawnee County; soil 322, Sumner County. Collected by agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture,

SAMPLES FROM KENTUCKY. 39

Sand Hills (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 1672, 1674, 1676, subsoils 1673, 1675*, 1677*, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Sedentary soil (4 soils). Soils 1779*, 1791*, Cheyenne County; soil 1780, Wallace County; soil 1790. Robert Hay, collector. Silt from irrigation ditch (1 sample). 1687*, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Voleanic ash (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 1792*, Trego County. Robert Hay, collector. Subsoils 1474, 1618, McPherson County. J. A. Udden, collector.

KENTUCKY.

(185 samples.)

The samples from Kentucky were collected in part by the Kentucky Experiment Station, in connection with the soil exhibit of that State, for the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. The remaining samples were collected by agents of this Department, principally for a study of the tobacco soils of the State.

{Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil—corn, export tobacco (4 soils, 4 subsoils).

' Soils 3202, 3210, subsoils 3203, 3211, Graves County; soils 2961, 2963, subsoils 2962*, 2964*, Nicholas County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. .

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1972* (crude ball clay), Graves County. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Coal measures—wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1059, subsoil 1060, Boyd County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station. Corn land (80 soils, 92 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, coal measures, Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, Post-Tertiary, Upper es Devonian black slate—glades (8 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 1094, subsoil 1095, Montgomery County. Collected by the Kentucky Experi- ment Station. Soils 3467*, 3468*, 3469*, 3470*, 3472*, 3473*, 34747, subsoil 3471*, Madison County. S.C. Mason, collector. Grass land (63 soils, 75 subsoils). See Coal measures, Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, Upper Silurian. Limestone (61 soils, 73 subsoils). Carboniferous—export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (9 soils, 11 subsoils). Soil 1104, subsoil 1105*, Hopkins County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station. Soils 3220, 3222, 3224, 3226, 3229, 3231, 3233, 3235, subsoils 3221, 3223, 3225*, 3227*, 3228, 3230, 3232*, 3234, 3236, 3237, Henderson County. Collected by agents of, the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 1105, 3225, 3227, 3232, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 45-47. Keokuk (Lower Subcarboniferous)—export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil.) Soil 1378, subsoil 1379*, Allen County. Collected by the Kentucky Experi- ment Station.

&

A() SAMPLES FROM KENTUCKY.

Limestone (61 soils, 73 subsoils)—Continued.

Keokuk (Lower Subcarboniferous)—export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil)—Continued.

Mechanical analysis 1379 published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 46,

St. Louis group of the Subcarboniferous (‘rich barrens”)—export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (25 soils, 30 subsoils).

Soils 1098, 3158*, 3160, 3162, 3164, 3166, 3168, 3170, 3172, 3174, 3176, 3178, 3180, 3182, subsoils 1099*, 3159 *, 3161, 3163, 3165, 3167, 3169*, 3171*, 3173, 3175, 3177, 3179, 3181, 3183, 3994, Christian County; soils 3142, 3144, subsoils 3143, 3145, Logan County; soil 3140, subsoil 3141, Simpson County; soils 1430, 3122, 3124, 3127, 3129, 3131, 3133, 3135*, subsoils 1431*, 3123, 3125, 3126, 3128*, 3130, 3132, 3134*, 3136*, 3137*, 3138*, 31389*, Warren County. Col- lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 1431, 3128, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3157, 3138, 3139, 3158, 3159, 3169, 3171, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 44-47. Mechanical analysis 1099, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 22; also in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10.

Trenton and Hudson River limestone (Lower Silurian-Blue-grass region)—grass,

wheat, corn, White Burley tobacco (26 soils, 31 subsoils).

Soils 3072*, 3074, 3076, 3080*, subsoils 3075*, 3075, 5077*, Bracken County; soils 1848, 1850, 1852, subsoils 1849*, 1851*, 1855*, Clark County; soils 1990, 2579, 2582, 2584, 2587, subsoils 1927*, 1991*, 2580*, 2581*, 2583*, 2585*, 2586*, 2588*, 2589*, Fayette County; soil 3066, subsoil 3067, Fleming County; soils 2956, 2958, 3068, 3070*, 3078, subsoils 2957*, 2959*, 2960*, 3069*, 3071*, 3079, Mason County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. :

Soils 130", 277*, 285, 295*, 1017, 1102, 1604, subsoils 287*, 296*, 297*, 298*, 1018*, 1103, 1702*, 1933, Fayette County; soil 1100, subsoil 1101*, Mont- gomery County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station.

Mechanical analyses 287, 1101, 1702, 1849, 1851, 1855, 1927, 2580, 2581, 2583, 2585, 2586, 2588, 2589, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073, 3077, 3080, 2957, 2959, 2960, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 44-45. Mechanical analysis 287, published in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10; also in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 22.

Post-Tertiary—export tobacco, wheat, corn (138 soils, 13 subsoils).

Soils 3190, 3192, 3194, subsoils 3191, 3193, 3195, Calloway County; soils 3198, 3200, 3204, 3206, 3208, 3312, 3214, 3216, 3218, subsoils 3199, 3201, 3205, 3207, 3209*, 3213, 3215*, 3217*, 3219, Graves County ; soil 3196, subsoil 3197*, McCracken County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 3197, 3209, 3215, 3217, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 46 and 47.

Silurian, Upper —wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1096, subsoil 1097, Montgomery County. Collected by the Kentucky Experi- ment Station.

Tobacco land (78 soils, 90 subsoils).

Export (52 soils, 59 subsoils).

See Alluvial soil, Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Post-Tertiary.

White Burley (26 soils, 31 subsoils).

See Trenton limestone.

Waverly sandstone (Lower Subearboniferous—“ white-oak land”) (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1294, subsoil 1295, Lewis County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station.

Wheat land (74 soils, 86 subsoils). See Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, Post- Tertiary.

SAMPLES FROM LOUISIANA. 41

LOUISIANA, 236 samples.)

The samples from Louisiana were collected and sent in by Prof. W. W. Clendenin, of the Louisiana geological survey, and Dr. W. C. Stubbs, director of the Louisiana experiment station. The mechanical analyses were made in the Division of Soils, by Mr. E. 8. Matthews, for the Louisiana geological survey.

[Mechanical analyse~ liave been made of samples marked (*)].

Acadia clays (2 soils).

Soils 1454, 1455, Ouachita Parish.

Alluvial soil—sugar cane, cotton, corn (32 soils, 7 subsoils).

Mississippi alluvium (23 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soils 2487*, 2490*, 2491*, 2492*,/2493*, Ascension Parish; soils 1499*, 1500*, 2529*, 2530*, 2536*, 2537*, 2538*, 2539*, 2540*, 2541*, 3962*, Audubon Park; soils 2531*, 2532*, 2533*,.2534*, 2535*, East Carroll Parish; soils 2422*, 2424*, subsoils 2423*, 2425, Pointe Coupee Parish.

Red River alluvium (9 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soil 2359*, subsoil 2360*, Avoyelles Parish; soil 1445, subsoil 1444*, Natchi- toches Parish; soils 2357*, 2504*, 2505*, 2506*, subsoil 2358*, Rapides Par- ish; soil 2503*, St. Landry Parish; soils 1505, 1507, subsoils 1506*, 1508*, localities unknown.

Bluff land—cotton, sugar cane, corn (22 soils, 19 subsoils).

Soils 2517*, 2519* (‘‘crayfish land’’), 2420*, subsoils 2518*, 2520* (‘‘crayfish land”), 2421, East Baton Rouge Parish; soils 2399~, 2401, 2403, 2405, 2407, 2409, 2411, 2413*, 2415*, 2417*, 2470, 2472*, 2486*, 2526*, subsoils 2400*, 2402*, 2404, 2406, 2408*, 2419*, 2471, 2473*, East Feliciana Parish; soils 2465, 2469, subsoil 2466, Lafayette Parish; subsoil 2500*, St. Martins Parish; soils 2597*, 2474*, subsoil 2398*, St. Landry Parish; subsoils 2410, 2412*, 2414*, 2416*, 2418*, West Feliciana Parish; soil 2494, locality unknown.

Corn land (94 soils, 63 subsoils).

See Alluvial soil, bluff land, prairies. ° Cotton land (117 soils, 74 subsoils).

See Alluvial soil, bluff land, Lafayette, long-leaf pine hills, prairies. Cretaceous (1 soil, 1 subsoil),

Soil 1449, subsoil 1450*, Winn Parish. Drift (4 soils).

Soils 1441, 1442, Natchitoches Parish; soils 1445, 1455, Ouachita Parish. Hammock (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 2437, subsoil 2458*, Calecasieu Parish. Lafayette (orange sands)—cotton (5 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soil 1462*%, subsoil 1463*, Homer, Claiborne Parish; soil 1460, subsoil 1461*, Hughes Spur, Bossier Parish; soils 1451, 1452, subsoil 1446, Ouachita Parish; soil 1458*, Webster Parish.

Long-leaf pine flats (4 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soils 2439, 2441, subsoils 2440*, 2442*, Calcasieu Parish; soil 2521*, St. Tam-

many Parish; soil 2522*, Washington Parish. Long-leaf pine hills—cotton (18 soil, 8 subsoils).

Soils 2436, 2445, subsoil 2446, Calcasieu Parish; soil 2351*, subsoil 2352, Natchi- toches Parish; soils 2343*, 2353*, 2355*, subsoils 2344*, 2354*, 2356*, Rapides Parish; soils 2341*, 2342*, 2361*, 2364*, St. Landry Parish; soil 2527* (‘‘ dead land”), 2528* (‘‘ good land”), Tangipahoa Parish; soil 2523*, Tensas Parish; soils 2345*, 2347* (‘‘ hogwallow land’), 2349*, subsoils 2346, 2348* (‘‘hogwal- low land”), 2350*, Vernon Parish; soils 2524*, 2525*, Washington Parish.

42 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND.

Prairies—sugar cane, cotton, rice, corn (40 soils, 37 subsoils).

Black prairie (‘buckshot land”’) (9 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soils 2496*, 2501", subsoil 2428, Iberia Parish; soils 2463, 2467, subsoils 2464, 2468, Lafayette Parish; soil 2453, subsoil 2454, St. Landry Parish; soils 2475, 2498*, 2499*, St. Martin Parish; soil 2497*, subsoil 2495, between Bayous Tortu and Teche.

Caleasieu (3 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 2381, 2383, 2385, subsoils 2382, 2384, 2386, Caleasieu Parish.

Faquataique (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 2393, subsoil 2394, St. Landry Parish.

Pine Prairie (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 2365*, subsoil 2366*, St. Landry Parish.

Plaquemine (3 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 2373, 2875, subsoils 2374, 2376, Acadia Parish; soil 2395, subsoil 2396, St. Landry Parish.

Prairie Marmou (4 soils, 4 subsoils).

Soils 2367*, 2369*, (‘‘flat rice lands”), 2391, 2451, subsoils 2368*, 2370*, (‘flat rice lands”), 2392, 2452, St. Landry Parish. ~

Prairie Swallow (8 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 2387, 2389, 2449, subsoils 2388, 2390, 2450, Caleasieu Parish.

Miscellaneous (16 soils, 17 subsoils).

Soils 2377, 2379, 2455, 2457, subsoils 2378, 2380, 2456, 2458, Acadia Parish; soils 2426*, 2429, 2432, 2434, 2447, subsoils 2427*, 2480, 2431, 2433, 2435, 2448, Cal- casieu Parish; soils 1447, 2477, 2479*, subsoils 1448, 2478, 2480*, 2481*, Iberia Parish; soil 2461, subsoil 2462, Lafayette Parish; soil 2485, Orleans Parish; soil 2459, subsoils 2460, 2502*, St. Landry Parish; soil 2476, St. Martin Parish.

Rice land (40 soils, 37 subsoils). See Prairie. Sugar-cane land (94 soils, 63 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, bluff land, prairie. Tobacco land (6 soils, 6 subsoils).

Cigarette (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 752*, subsoil 765, Ouachita Parish.

Perique tobacco, sugar cane (5 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soils 2928*, 2930*, subsoils 2929*, 2931*, St. Charles Parish; soil 2922*, subsoil 2923*, St. James Parish; soils 2924*, 2926*, subsoils 2925*, 2927*, St. Johns Parish.

Unclassified (11 soils, 6 subsoils).

Soil 2371*, subsoil 2372*, Acadia Parish; soil 2443, subsoil 2444, Caleasieu Parish; soils 1501, .1503, subsoils 1502*, 1504, Rapides Parish; soils 2488*, 2489*, Ouachita Parish; soil 1456, subsoil 1457, Hughes Spur, Bossier Parish; soil 2363*, subsoil 2362*, St. Landry Parish; soils 2482, 2483, 2484, Jeffersons Island.

MARYLAND. (1,023 samples.)

The samples from Maryland were collected by agents of this Depart. ment and the Maryland Experiment Station.

Maryland is divided into three great physiographic divisions. The coastal plains, forming southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, are composed of unconsolidated materials. The principal formations are the Chesapeake, which forms the heaviest and best wheat lands; the Lower Columbia, which forms very fertile terraces along the Potomac River; the Upper Columbia, which constitutes the very valuable truck

SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 43

lands along the Chesapeake Bay; the Eocene, which is used both for truck and small fruits; the Lafayette, which covers the high lands and forms extensive pine barrens in southern Maryland; and the Potomac formation, which adjoins the Piedmont Plateau. The Potomac forma- tion is characterized by a great variation in the texture of the soils, ranging from coarse sands to variegated clays almost impervious to water. The wheat and tobacco lands of the Chesapeake formation are interesting, as they are derived from the diatomaceous earth. These beds are of great thickness, but where they are exposed to the weather the loose white material quickly breaks down into a light yellow clay. The soils and subsoils of these tobacco and wheat lands, as a rule, show many diatoms still in perfect form.

These formations all occur on the Eastern Shore, but at the present time the geological correlation has not been worked out in sufficient detail for a basis for the classification of the soils.

The Piedmont Plateau, forming central Maryland, consists princi- pally of the following formations: The larger part of the area is derived from gneiss or phillite (hydromica-schist). Gabbro and gneiss occur in smaller areas. The soils of all these areas are strong clay lands, well adapted to wheat, grass, corn, to all lines of general farming, and to dairy interests. Serpentine occurs in small areas, forming bare and unproductive hills. Quartzite forms two or three ridges which have at present no agricultural value. A few small valleys of fertile limestone soils exist also in this area.

The mountain region west of the Piedmont Plateau is made up of limestones, sandstones, and shales. The principal formations are the Trenton limestone, forming the fertile valleys around Hagerstown and Frederick, which may be considered the highest types of lands for gen- eral agricultural purposes; the Triassic red sandstone; the Catskill and Helderberg, which cover large areas adapted to general farming and the heavier agricultural crops; the Hamilton-Chemung forms extensive valleys, giving moderately good pasturage for stock. The remaining formations are mainly mountainous or in such small areas as to be unimportant from an agricultural standpoint.

The general character of these different types of soils has been worked out and described in Bulletin No. 4, of the United States Weather Bureau, and in several of the reports of the Maryland Experiment Station.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analyses have been made of samples marked (°).]

Alluvial soil—corn, wheat (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 3486, 3594, 3596; subsoils 3595, * 3597,* Allegany County. Cambrian sandstone—mountain peach belt (9 soils, 10 subsoils). Soils 938, 940, 942, 944, 2743, 3890, 3892, 3894, 3915, subsoils 939*, 941*, 943*, 945%, 946* 2744*, 3891, 3893, 3895, 3916, Washington County. Mechanical analyses, 939, 941, 943, 945, published in Bulletin No. 29, Marylani Experiment Station, page 172.

44 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 7%

Catoctin granite and schist (10 soils, 12 subsoils).

Granite (7 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soils 241, 244, subsoils 242*, 243, Frederick County; soils 3896, 3902, 3904, 3909, 3912, subsoils 3897, 3903, 3905, 3906, 3910, 3911, 3913, Washington County.

Schist (3 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 3898, 3900, 3907, subsoils 3899, 3901, 3908, Washington County. Catskill red sandstone—grass, wheat, corn (20 soils, 25 subsoils).

Soils 238*, 896, 3521*, subsoils, 897*, 898*, 899*, 900*, 902*, 903*, 3522*, Allegany County; soils 2170*, 2172*, 2174*, 2176*, 2178*, 2180*, 3523*, 3525, 3527, 3530, 3532, 3534*, 3714, 3716, 3718, 3720, 3722, subsoils 2171*, 2173*, 2175*, 2177*, 2179*, 2181*, 3524*, 3526*, 3528*, 3529, 3531*, 3533*, 3535*, 3715, 3717, 3719, 3721, Garrett County; subsoil 904*, Washington County.

Mechanical analysis 238, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 290; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. Mechanical analyses 238, 897, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 51.

Chesapeake, Miocene—corn, wheat, and tobacco land of southern Maryland (31 soils, 63 subsoils).

Soils 140, 178, 251, 253, 255, 598, 1120, 1122, subsoils 141*, 142*, 143, 179*, 245*°, 246*, 247*°, 248*, 252*, 254, 256, 480*, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603*, 604*, 605*, 606, 607, 608*, 609*, 610, 1121, 1123, 2162*, 2794*, 2795*, Anne Arundel Courty; soils 249, 261, 265, 3805, 3809, subsoils 180*, 181 (“‘diatomaceous earth’’), 182, 250*, 2627, 266*, 3806, 3810, Calvert County; soils 188, subsoils 184*, 185 (‘‘diatomaceous earth”), Charles County; soils 154, 161, 163, 257, 259 (Columbia, river terrace), 263, 318, 320, 2144, 2146, 2148, 2150, 2152, 2154, 2156, 2158, 2160, subsoils 152 (‘‘diatomaceous earth”), 155*, 156, 158*, 159*, 160, 162*, 164*, 258* *, 260* (Colum- bia), 264 (Columbia), 280*, 286*, 319, 321, 2145*, 2147*, 2149, 2151*, 2153*, 2155”, 2157*, 2159*, 2161*, Prince George County.

Mechanical analyses 280, 286, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- land Experiment Station, page 277; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. Mechanical analyses 159, 480, 603, 605, 608, 609, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 160, 174. Mechanical analyses 141, 142, 155, 162, 164, 179, 180, 184, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, 258, 260, 262, 266, 480, published in Bulletin 21, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 34, 44-48; in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 64-66, 69; also in World’s Fair Book of Maryland, pages 188, 201-203. Mechanical analysis 141, published in Bulle- tin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 19. Mechanical analyses 155, 258, published in Principlesand Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1894, page 249.

Chemical analyses 245, 247, 258, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experi- ment Station, page 12.

Clay—pottery, brick, and tile (10 samples).

483 (pottery clay), 592*°, 799 (brick clay), 800 (brick clay), 2184* (pottery clay), 2235, 2236, Anne Arundel County; 303* (stoneware clay), 304* (porous tile), 305*, Baltimore County.

Mechanical analyses 3038, 304, 305, 592, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 55; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 71. Mechanical analysis 303, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 12. Mechanical analyses 303, 304, 305, published in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 315,

Chemical analysis 592, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 12.

Clinton—Niagara (9 soils, 4 subsoils). :

Soils 239, 240 (mountain pasture), 3482*, 3484, 3487, 8702*, 3703, 3704, 3706, sub- soils 3483*, 3485*, 3488”, 3705*, Allegany County.

SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. A5

Columbia, Lower, river terrace—corn, wheat, and tobacco land (10 soils, 14 subsoils). Subsoil 2659*, Anne Arundél County; soil 3815, subsoil 3816, Calvert County; soils 206, 3786, subsoils 207, 208, 3787, 3788, Charles County; soils 198, 200, 202, 204. 3792, 3798, 3800, subsoils 199”, 201*°, 203*, 205*, 278*, 3793, 3799, 3801,

St. Mary County.

Mechanical. analysis 278, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 277. Mechanical analyses 199, 201, 203, 205, pub- lished in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 49; also in World’s Fair Book of Maryland, page 205; and in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 68.

Chemical analysis 201, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12. :

Corn land (192 soils, 268 subsoils).

See Alluvial soil, Catskill, Chesapeake, Columbia, gabbro, gneiss, Hudson River

shale, Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic. Eocene (6 soils, 9 subsoils, 9 samples of marl).

See Truck land, marls.

Gabbro—wheat, grass, corn (18 soils, 23 subsoils).

Soil 131, subsoils 152*, 155*, Baltimore County; soils 1024, 1027, 1029, 1031, 1033, 1241, 1243, 2968, 2970, 2972, 2974, 2976, 2978, 2980, 2982, 2984, 2986, subsoils 1025*°, 1026*, 1028*, 1030*, 1032*, 1034*, 1035*, 1242*, 1244*, 1928*, 2969, 2971*, 2973*, 2975*, 2977*, 2979*, 2981, 2983, 2985, 2987, 2991, Harford County.

Mechanical analyses 133, 1034, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiinent Station, page 50. Mechanical analysis 1034, published in Rocks, Rock Weath- ering, and Soils, page 308.

Chemical analysis 1025, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12.

Gneiss and granite—corn, wheat, grass (26 soils, 34 subsoils).

Soil 128, subsoils 129, 2306, Baltimore County; soils 1036, 1041, 1043, 1046, 1245, 1249, 1251, 1255, 1257, 1259, 2988, 2990, 2992, 2994, 2996, 2998, 3000, 3002, 3004, 3006, 3008, 3010, 3012, 3014, 3052, subsoils 1037*, 1038*, 1040, 1042*, 1044*, 1045*°, 1047*, 1048*, 1049*, 1246*, 1248*, 1253*, 1256*, 1258*, 2989, 2993, 2995, 2997*, 2999, 3001, 3003, 3005, 3007, 3009, 3011, 30135*, 3015, 3053, 3958*, Harford County; subsoils 3817*, 3818*, 3995, Montgomery County.

Mechanical analysis 1045, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 50; in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 308; and in Agricultural Science, Vol. VIII, Nos. 6-9, 1894. Mechanical analyses 1038, 1045, 1047, 1246, 1258, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 172.

Chemical analysis 1045, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12.

Granite.

See Gneiss, catoctin.

Grass land (147 soils, 183 subsoils).

See Catskill, gabbro, gneiss, Helderberg limestone, Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic.

Greenhouse soil—carnations, roses (2 samples).

Soil 2249, Baltimore; soil 2234, Oakland.

Hamilton—Chemung (20 soils, 16 subsoils).

Soils 234, 235, 236, 237, 3502*, 3504*, 5506, 3508*, 3510*, 3711, subsoils 289*, 3503*, 3505*, 3507*, 3509*, 3511*, Allegany County; soils 3512, 3514*, 3517, 3519, 3712, subsoils 3513*, 3515*, 3516*, 3518*, 3520, 3718, Garrett County, ‘‘Glades”; soils 893, 894, 905, 907, 909, subsoils 895, 906, 908, 910, Washington County.

Mechanical analysis 289, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland

Experiment Station, page 290; alsoin Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73.

46 : SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. '

Hudson River shale (Martinsburg)—corn, wheat, fruit (13 soils, 12 subsoils).

Soils 912, 914, 916, 918, 2762, 2764, 2766, 2768, 2784, 2785*, 3882, 3884, 3886, sub- soils 913*, 915*, 917*, 919*, 2763*, 2765*, 2767*, 2769*, 3881, 3883, 3885, 3887, Washington County.

Lafayette—pine barrens (7 soils, 8 subsoils).

Soils 3802, 3804, 3807, subsoils 210, 276°, 3803, 3808, Calvert County; soils 2681, 2717, subsoils 2682", 2718*, Garrett County; soils 3794, 3796, subsoils 3795, 3797, St. Mary County.

Samples 2681, 2682, 2717, 2718, represent a fair type of corn land. The other samples are from the coarse sands and gravel forming the pine barrens of southern Maryland.

Mechanical analysis 276, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 277; in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 36; and in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73.

Limestone (54 soils, 60 subsoils).

Helderberg—grass, wheat (12 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soils 3489, 3491*, 3193*, 3494, 3707*, 3708, subsoils 3490*, 3492*, 3495, 3709*, Allegany County; soils 220*, 221*, 222, 225, 888, 890, subsoils 223*, 224*, 288*°, 889*, 891*, Washington County.

Mechanical analysis 288, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- land Experiment Station, page 290; in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73; and in Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1894, page 249.

Chemical analysis 288, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 12.

Trenton limestone (Shenandoah)—corn, wheat, grass (42 soils, 51 subsoils).

Soils 137, 138, subsoils 139, Baltimore County ; soils 1085, 1087, subsoils 1086*, 1088*, Carroll County; soils 172, 314, 316, 930, subsoils 173*, 174*, 231", 315, 317, 931*, Frederick County; soils 312, 923, 925, 927, 928, 932, 2727", 2729*, 2731, 2733*, 2735*, 2737*, 2739, 2741*, 2745, 2747*, 2749*, 2750", 2752, 2754*, 2756, 2758*, 2760, 2770*, 2772*, 2774*, 2776*, 2778, 2780, 2782, 2786, 2788*, 3888, 3917, subsoils 313, 921*, 922*, 924*, 926*, 929*, 933*°, 934*, 935*, 936*, 937*, 2728*, 2730*, 2732*, 2734*, 2736*, 2738*, 2740*, 2742*, 2746*, 2748", 2751", 2753, 2155", 2isT*, 2159", 2161", Qi", Zits, setio yee ane ee 2781, 2783, 2787, 2789*, 2790*, 2791*, 2792*, 3889, 3914, 3918, Washington County.

Mechanical analyses 173, 174, 231, 933, published in Bulletin No. 21, Mary- land Experiment Station, page 53. Mechanical analyses 173, 924, 926, 929, 933, 934, 935, 937, 1086, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experi- ment Station, page 169. Mechanical analysis 937, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analysis 173, published in Report of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, Part 11, page 144. Mechani- cal analyses 173, 933, published in Rocks, Rock Weathering and Soils, page 308.

Chemical analysis 933, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 12.

Lower coal measures (18 soils, 17 subsoils).

Bayard (6 soils, 8 subsoils). .

Soils 3566, 3567, 3570, 3572, 3574, 3726, subsoils 3568, 3569, 3571, 3573*, 3575, 3727, 3728, 2729, Garrett County.

Fairfax (6 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soils 3576", 3577, Allegany County; soils 3579, 3581, 3583, 3730, subsoils, 3578, 3580, 3582, 3584, 3731, Garrett County.

Savage (6 soils, 4 subsoils).

Soil 8725, Allegany County; soils 3557*, 3559, 3560, 3562, 3564, subsoils 3558, 3561, 3563, 3565, Garrett County.

SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. AZ Marls (18 samples). Cretaceous. 211, 218, Prince George County. Eocene.

150 (glauconite), Anne Arundel County; 193 (glauconite), Calvert County; 194 (glauconite), 196, 197, 3789, 3790, Charles County; 214, 274, Prince George County. Miocene. 151, Anne Arundel County; 186, 188, 189, 190, 192, Calvert’ County; 191, St. Mary County. Medina sandstone (38 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 8480, 3700*, 3701, subsoil 5481*, Allegany County. Oriskany sandstone (4 soils, 8 subsoils).

Soils 3496*, 3498, 3500, 8710*, subsoils 226, 228, 290*, 3497%, 3499*, 3501*, Alle- gany County; subsoils 227, 892, Washington County.

Mechanical analysis 290, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 290; also in Bulletin No.4, Weather Bureau, page 73.

Phillite—corn, wheat, grass (24 soils, 51 subsoils).

Soils 950, 1089, 1091, subsoils 951*, 952*, 953*, 954*, 955*, 956*, 957*, 958*, 1090*, 1092*, 1093*, Carroll County; soils 3016, 3018, 3020, 3022, 3024, 3026, 3028, 3038, 3040, 3042, 3044, 3046, 3048, 3050, 3059, 3061, subsoils 2725* (residuary slate), 3017", 3019*, 3021*, 3023, 3025*, 3027, 3029*, 3039*, 3041, 3043*, 3045, 3047*, 3049, 3051, 3060, 3062, Harford County; soils 215, 217, 219*, 2503, 2305, subsoils 216*, 218*, 2304, Montgomery County.

Potomac (7 soils, 6 subsoils).

Soils 2648, 2654, 2656, 2660, 2662, subsoils 2649*, 2655*, 2657*, 2661*, 2663*, Anne Arundel County; soils 2705, 2707, subsoil 2706*, Prince George County.

The Potomac formation in Maryland is characterized by a great variation in texture, ranging from coarse sands to variegated clays, almost impervious to water. The samples above are of very infertile agricultural lands. For other samples from this formation see the special collection of pottery clays.

Pottsville (5 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soil 3724*, Allegany County; soils 3550, 3552, 3554, 3556, subsoils 3551, 3553, 3555, Garrett County.

Quartzite—sandy chestnut ridge (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 135, subsoil 136, Baltimore County.

Salina sandstone (1 soil). Soil 233, Washington County. Serpentine—bare hills (5 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soil 3873, subsoil 134, Baltimore County; soils 3030, 3032, 3034, 3036, subsoils 3031*,

3033*, 3035, 3037*, Harford County. Subcarboniferous (9 soils, 6 subsoils).

Greenbrier (3 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 3541, 3542, 3544*, subsoils 3543*, 3545*, 3546*, Garrett County.

Mauch Chunk (8 soils, 1 subsoil).

Soils 3549, 3723*, Allegany County; soil 3547, subsoil 3548*, Garrett County.

Pocono sandstone (3 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soil 3536, subsoil 3537*, Allegany County; soils 3538*, 3539*, subsoil 3540*, Garrett County. Tobacco land—mannufacturing type (41 soils. 77 subsoils). See Chesapeake, Columbia. Triassic red sandstone—corn, wheat, grass (5 soils, 10 subsoils).

Subsoil 3957*, Carroll County; soils 175, 947, 1079, 1081, 1083, subsoils 176*, 177*, 282*, 948*, 949*°, 1080*, 1082*, 1084*, 3063, Frederick County.

Mechanical analysis 282, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 290; in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73; and in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 308; and in Principles and

48 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND.

Triassic red sandstone—corn, wheat, grass (5 soils, 10 subsoils )—Continued. Practice of Agricultural Analyses, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1894, page 249. Mechanical analyses 282, 949, published in Bulletin No, 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 51.

Chemical analysis 949 published in Bulletin No, 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12. Truck land (81 soils, 94 subsoils). Eastern Shore—mainly Columbia (30 soils, 35 subsoils).

Soils 1218, 1222, 1239, subsoils 1219*, 1223*, 1240*, 1985*, Caroline County; soils 1183, 1185, 1224, 1227, 1229, 1231, 1233, 1235, 1237, 1296, 1298, 2549, sub- soils 1184, 1186*, 1225*, 1228*, 1230*, 1232*, 1234*, 1236*, 1238", 1297*, 1299*, 1301*, 2550, Dorchester County; soils 7, 281, 1187, 1189, 1191, 1193, 1195, 1197, 1202, 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212, 1214, 1216, subsoils 17*, 283, 1188*, 1190*, 1192*, 1194, 1196, 1198*, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1207*, 1209*, 1211, 1213*, 1215*, 1217*, 2806*, Wicomico County.

Mechanical analyses of the above samples, as indicated by the *, with the exception of 17, 1301, 1989, 2806, were published in Bulletin No. 29, Mary- land Experiment Station, page 165. Mechanical analysis 1209, published in Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174.

Mechanical analysis 1207, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechanical analyses 1186, 1188, 1190, 1192, 1198, 1207, 1209, 1213, 1215, 1217, 1219, 1223, 1225, 1228, 1230, 1232, 1234, 1236, 1238, 1240, 1297, 1239, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, pages 140, 141.

Southern Maryland—mainly Columbia (51 soils, 59 subsoils).

Soils 4, 144, 147, 267, 269, 466, 468, 470, 475, 177, 479, 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570« 572, 574, 576, 578, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 589)", 593 (Eocene), 595, 596, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 816, 818, 2015, 2119, 2187, 2650, 2652, 2658, subsoils 145*, 146, 148 (Eocene), 268*, 270*, 284*, 467*°, 469%, 471*, 472*°, 473*, 474, 476*, 478%, A81, 561", 563*, 565%, 567%, 569%, 571, 573%, 5715*, 517 * 19 Del bee Osan. 587*, 589%, 590*, 591*, 594 (Eocene), 597 (Eocene), 805, 807, 809, 811, 813, 815*, 817, 2118*, 2120*, 2188*, 2189*, 2190*, 2651*, 2653*, Anne Arundel County; soils 3811, 3813, subsoils 209*® (Lafayette), 3812, 3814, Calvert County; soils 165 (Eocene), 167 (Eocene), 170 (Eocene), 271 (Eocene), 273, 2693 (Eocene), subsoils 157 (Chesapeake), 166 (Kocene), 168 (Eocene), 169 (Eocene), 171 (Eocene), 272, 444 (Eocene), 2694 (Eocene), Prince George County.

Samples 804-817 and some of the other samples under this head possibly belong to the sandy phase of the Potomac (Lower Cretaceous).

Mechanical analysis 284, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- land Experiment Station, page 277; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. Mechanical analyses 467, 469, 471, 472, 473, 478, 561, 563, 565, 567, 569, 571, 575, 577, 583, 585, 587, 589, 590, 591, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 40-42; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 56-61,69. Mechanical analyses 145, 268, 270, 467, 476, 573, 579, 581, published in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 56-61. Mechan- ical analyses 467, 469, 471, 472, 473, 478, 590, 591, published in World’s Fair Book of Maryland, pages 188-208. Mechanical analyses 145, 209, -68, 270, 467, 469, 471, 472, 473, 476, 561, 563, 565, 567, 569, 571, 573, 575, 577, 579, 581, 583, 585, 587, 589, 5894, 590, 591, 815, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1894, pages 139-140. Mechanical analysis 472 published in Bulle- tin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analysis 209 published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 36. Mechanical analyses 467, 472,478, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, page 160. Mechanical analyses 268, 472, published in Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1894, page 249. Mechan- ical analysis 815, published in Bulletin No, 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174.

SAMPLES FROM MASSACHUSETTS. 49

Truck land (81 soils, 94 subsoils) —Continued.

Chemical analysis 209, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12, Chemical analyses 467, 472; published in Bulletin No. 21, Mary- land Experiment Station, page 12.

Unclassified (6 soils, 11 subsoils, 9 miscellaneous samples).

Soil 3592, subsoil 3593, Alleghany County; soil 3862, Anne Arundel County; sub- soil 3695, Calvert County; soils 2169*, 3057, subsoils 3054*, 3055, 3056, 3058, Har- ford County; soil 2800*, subsoils 2801*, 2802*, Kent County; soil 2796*, subsoils 2797*, 2798*, 2799*, Worcester County.

Miscellaneous samples.

149 (black marsh land), 482, 801 (glass sand, No. 1 grade, from Severn River), 802 (glass sand, No.2 grade, from Severn River), 803, 3863, Anne Arundel County; 1613* (molding sand), Baltimore County; 212* (quicksand), 275, Calvert County. Upper coal measures (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 8585*, 3587, 8589, 3590, subsoils 3586*, 3588*, 3591*, Allegany County. Wheat land (253 soils, 327 subsoils).

Eastern Shore (49 soils, 53 subsoils).

Soils 1124, 1126, 1128, 1130, 1132, 1134, 1136, 1300, 2543, 2545, 2547, subsoils 1125*, 1127*, 1129*, 1131, 1133, 1135*, 1137*, 2544, 2546, 2548, 2564, Dorchester County; soils 1152, 1154, 1156, 1220, 1984, 1986, 1988, subsoils 1153*, 1155, 1157*, 1221*, 1985*, 1987*, Caroline County; soils 766, 768, 770, 772, 774, 776 (“white oak land”), subsoils 767*, 769*, 771*, 773*, 775*, 777* (‘“white oak land”), Kent County; soils 1158, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1166, 1168, 1170, 1172, 1174, 1178, 1180, subsoils 1159*, 1161*, 1163, 1165*, 1167*, 1169*, 1171*, 1175”, 1181*, 1182*, 1226", Queen Anne County; soils 1138, 1140, 1142, 1144, 1146, 1148, 1150, 2558, 2560 (‘‘ white oak land”), subsoils 1139*, 1141*, 1143*, 1145*, 1147*, 1149*, 1151*, 2559, 2561 (‘‘white oak land”), 2562 (‘‘ white oak land”), 2563, Somerset County; soils 1176, 2551, 2553, 2555, (‘‘ white oak land”), subsoils L177*, 1179", 2552, 2554, 2556 (‘‘ white oak land”), 2557 (‘‘ white oak land”), Talbot County; soil 1199, subsoils 1200, 1201, Wicomico County.

Mechanical analyses 1125, 1127, 1135, 1187, 1141, 1143, 1151, 1159, 1161, 1165, 1167, 1169, 1175, 1177, 1179, 1181, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, page 167.

For other samples of wheat lands see Alluvial soil, Catskill, Chesapeake, Columbia, gabbro, gneiss, Hudson River shale, Helderberg limestone, Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic red sandstone.

MASSACHUSETTS.

(65 samples.)

The samples from Massachusetts were obtained from two sources. Part of the samples were collected by the Massachusetts Experiment Station in getting their samples for the Chicago Exposition, and the other samples were collected by agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of the samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil—eranberry bogs and other marshes (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 1054, 1056, subsoils 1055, 1057, Marshfield; soil 1263, subsoil 1264, Sud- bury; soil 1009, subsoil 1010, Yarmouth. Collected by the experiment station. Soil 195, subsoil 500, Mount Auburn. Collected by agent of the United States Department of Agriculture.

8670—No. 16 4

5O SAMPLES FROM MEXICO—MICHIGAN.

Diabase (1 subsoil). Subsoil 347. George P. Merrill, collector. Greenhouse soil (10 samples). Carnations, roses. Soil 2241, Framingham.

Lettuce, cucumbers.

Soils 2256*, 2258*, Belmont; soils 15* 63*, 1602, 1603, 2242*, Boston; soils

2277, 2278, Winchester; mechanical analysis of a soil similar to No. 15 published in Agricultural Science, Vol. VIII, Nos. 6-9, 1894. Tobacco land (cigar type), (12 soils, 10 subsoils).

Soils 867*, 881, 920*, 1015*, 1106*, 1112, 1114, 1247 (heavy, dark type, not used at present for tobacco), 1271, 1934, subsoils 875*, 901*, 999*, 1039*, 1113, 1173*, 1230* (heavy, dark type, not used at present for tobacco), 1272, 1273, Hatfield; soil 1935, Seuth })eerfield; soil 1110, subsoil 1111*, Whately. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 875, 901, 999, 1059, 1175, 1250, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 148. Mechanical analysis 1173, pub- lished in Report of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, Part II, page 144; also in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 18.

Mechanical analyses 875, 901, 1039, 1111, 1173, pubiished in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40.

Truck land (1 soil, 3 subsoils).

Soil 501, subsoils 95*, 187*, 508*, Mount Auburn. Collected by agents of the United States Department-.of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 95, 187 (greenhouse soil), 508, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 143. Mechanical analysis 508, pub- lished in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechanical analysis 187, published in Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174.

Unclassified (9 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soils 820, 822, subsoils 821, 823, Agawam; soil 1265, subsoil 1266, Amherst; soil 970, subsoil 971, Dedham; soil 1269, subsoil 1270, Deerfield; soil 1261, sub- soil 1262, Hadley; soil 1052, subsoil 1053, Hubbardston; soil 1108, subsoil 1109, Pittsfield; soil 1267, subsoil 1268, Wendall. Collected by the Experi- ment Station.

MEXICO. (6 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Tobacco (cigar type)—sugar, coftee (6 soils). Soils 3634*, 3635*, 3636*, 3637*, 3638*, 3639*, Ozumacin, Gaxaca.

MICHIGAN. (5 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil—celery soil (1 sample). Soil 4000, Kalamazoo. Greenhouse soil (4 samples). Carnations, roses. Soil 2247*, Grand Haven. Lettuce, cucumbers. Soils 2233*, 2243*, 2257*, Grand Rapids.

ye ee

SAMPLES FROM MINNESOTA—MISSISSIPPI. aL

MINNESOTA. (26 samples.)

The samples from Minnesota were collected by the State Geological Survey. [Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked Gs) Alkali land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2301, subsoil 2302, Marshall County. Alluvial soil, Tamerse River (prairie)—wheat (8 soils, 6 subsoils). Soil 2296, subsoil 2297, Marshall County. For additional samples see Lacustrine. Drift—wheat (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2287, subsoil 2288, Polk County. Greenhouse soil—carnations, roses (1 sample). . Soil 2240*, St. Paul. Lacustrine (old Lake Agassiz, present Red River Valley (prairie)—wheat (7 soil-, 5 subsoils). Soil 1495, subsoil 1496, Clay County; soils 2289, 2291, 2293, 2294, 2298, 2299 (gumbo), subsoils 2290, 2292, 2295, 2300 (gumbo), Marshall County. Prairie (9 soils, 7 subsoils), See Alluvial soil, lacustrine, wheat land. Wheat land (12 soils, 11 subsoils). Soils 1483 (prairie), 1486, subsoils 1484 (prairie), 1485, 1487, Carver County; soil 1493, subsoil 1494, Wright County. For other samples of wheat land see Alluvial soil of Tamerse River, drift, lacustrine.

MISSISSIPPI. (28 samples.) These samples were collected by the Mississippi Experiment Station.

Alkali land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 3919, subsoil 3920, Holmes County. J.W.McLellar, collector. Cotton land (7 soils, 7 subsoils). See Flatwoods, live-oak land, long-leaf pine region, prairie, short-leaf pine upland. : Corn land (7 soils, 7 subsoils). See Flatwoods, live-oak land, long-leaf pine region, prairie, short-leaf pine upland. Flatwoods region—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1382, subsoil 1383, Oktibbeha County. Live-oak land—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1481, subsoil 1482, Jackson County. Long-leaf pine region—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1475, subsoil 1476, Jackson County. Pontotoc ridge (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1590, subsoil 1391, Pontotoc County. Prairie—cotton, corn (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 1477, subsoil 1478, Noxubee County; soils 1384, 1386, subsoils 1385, 1387, Oktibbeha County. Short-leaf pine upland—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1380, subsoil 1381, Oktibbeha County. Unclassified (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 782, subsoil 783, Harrison County; soils 701, 780, subsoils 702, 781, Holmes County; soil 1479, subsoil 1480 (light bottom land), Marshall County; soil 1388, subsoil 1389, Newton County.

52 SAMPLES FROM MISSOURI—NEBRASKA.

MISSOURI. (1 sample.)

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).]

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1969 * (glass pots and fire brick), St. Louis. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton.

° MONTANA.

(71 samples.)

The samples from Montana were collected by agents of the Depart- ment in the investigations of the alkali soils of the Yellowstone Valley, published in Bulletin No. 14 of this Division. The samples were all collected within a radius of 15 miles of Billings. Geologically they belong to the Montana epoch of the Cretaceous; the soils are derived from the disintegration of the Pierre shales, forming the bluffs on the south side of the valley and extending to a depth of more than 900 feet under the valley, and from the Fox Hill sandstone bluffs on the north side of the valley.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Fox Hill sandstone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 38756 *, subsoil 3755, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis, 3756, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19. Pierre shales (2 subsoils). Subsoil 8754, 8757, Yellowstone County. Prairie (15 soils, 52 subsoils). Alkali land (6 soils, 14 subsoils). Soils 3305, 3357, 3360, 3361, 3758 (gumbo), 3773 (gumbo), subsoils 3306 *, 3358, 3359, 3362, 3363, 3364, 3774 (gumbo), 3775 (gumbo), 3776 (gumbo), 3777 (gumbo), 3782, 3783, 3784, 8785, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis 3306, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19. Gumbo (3 soils, 7 subsoils). Soil 3769*, subsoils 3770, 8771, 3772, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis 3769, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19. For additional samples of gumbo, see under Alkali lands. Miscellaneous (8 soils, 35 subsoils). Soils 3307*, 3314, 3321, 3365, 3370, 3759, 3778, 3781, subsoils 3308*, 3309*, 3310, 3311, 3312, 3313, 3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3322*, 3323, 3366, 3367, 3368, : 3369, 3371, 3372, 3378, 3374, 3375, 3376, 3760, 3761, 3762, 3763, 3764, 3765, 3766, 3767, 3768, 3779, 3780, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis 3322, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analyses 3307, 3308, 3309, 3322, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19.

NEBRASKA. (182 samples.)

[Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).]

Fuller’s earth (1 sample). 3239”. Contributed by Hon. Wm. VY. Allen.

SAMPLES FROM NEBRASKA. 53

Prairie (92 soils, 85 subsoils). Carboniferous (2 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soil 2072, subsoil 2073*, Cass County; soil 2070*, subsoil 2071*, Otoe County.

E. H. Barbour, collector. Cretaceous (11 soils, 11 subsoils). Colorado group (7 soils, 7 subsoils). Soil 2104, subsoil 2105*, Boone County; soil 2112, subsoil 2113*, Butler - County; soil 1491, subsoil 1492*, Cedar County; soil 2092, subsoil 2093*, Hamilton County; soil 2108, subsoil 2109*, Merrick County; soil 2096, subsoil 2097*, Nance County. E. H. Barbour, collector. Soil 419, subsoil 420, Deuel County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Dakota group (+ soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 1468, subsoil 1469*, Burt County; soil 2086, subsoil 2087*, Saline County; soil 2074, subsoil 2075*, Saunders County; soil 1470, subsoil 1471*, Thurston County. E. H. Barbour, collector. Loess (9 soils, 17 subsoils).

Soil 417, subsoil 418*, Adams County; soils 1670*, 1864, 1867, subsoils 1671*, 1865*, 1866*, 1868*, 1869*, Fillmore County; soils 388, 390, subsoils 389*, 391*, Hitchcock County; soil 425, subsoil 424, Lincoln County; soil 3739, subsoils 3740, 3741, 5742, Phelps County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Soil 1712*, subsoils 1713*, 1714*, 1715*, 1716*, 1717*, Nemaha County. Col- lected under the direction of R. W. Furnas.

Mechanical analyses 1671, 1715, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 12. Mechanical analysis 1717, published in Monthly Weather Review, January, 1895, page 17; also published in Rocks, Rock Weather- ing, and Soils, page 331.

Magnesia (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1805*, subsoil 1806*, Perkins County. Robert Hay, collector. Plains marl (4 soils, 11 subsoils).

Soils 1800*, 1808*, subsoils 1797*, 1801*, 1809*, 2809*, Deuel County; sub- soils 1794*, 1795*, Dundy County; soil 1798*, subsoils 1803*, 1804*, Keith County; subsoil 1799. Robert Hay, collector.

Subsoil 414, Deuel County; soil 411, subsoil 412, Keith County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analysis 1803, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 14.

Tertiary (22 soils, 22 subsoils).

Soil 1439, subsoil 1440*, Adams County; soil 2084, subsoil 2085*, Blaine County; soil 2078, subsoil 2079*, Box Butte County; soil 2116, subsoil 2117*, Buffalo County; soil 685, subsoil 686*, Cheyenne County; soil 2088, subsoil 2089*, Custer County; soil 681, subsoil 682*, Deuel County; soil 1466, subsoil 1467*, Fillmore County; svil 2082, subsoil 2083*, Gar- field County; soil 1489, subsoil 1490*, Gasper County; soil 2090, subsoil 2091*, Grant County; soil 2106, subsoil 2107*, Greeley County; soil 2110, subsoil 2111*, Hall County; soil 2076, subsoil 2077*, Dawes County; soil 2100, subsoil 2101*, Hooker County ; soil 2080, subsoil 2081*, Howard County ; soil 2102, subsoil 2103*, Loup County; soil 1437, subsoil 1438*, Perkins County; soil 1455, subsoil 1436*, Phelps County; soil 2094, sub- soil 2095*, Sherman County; soil 2098, subsoil 2099*, Thomas County; soil 2114, subsoil, 2115*, Valley County. E. H. Barbour, collector.

Unclassified (43 soils, 21 subsoils).

Subsoil 1802, Deuel County; subsoil 1796, Dundy County; soil 1807, Perkins

County. Robert Hay, collector.

54 SAMPLES FROM NEVADA—NEW JERSEY.

Prairie (92 soils, 85 subsoils)—Continued. Unclassified (43 soils, 21 snbsoils)—Continned.

Soil 1843*, Antelope County; soil 1815, subsoils 1822, 1834, Buffalo County;

soil 1811, subsoil 1812*, Cass County; soil 1823, Dawes County; soil 1855, Deuel County; soil 1827, Dixon County ; i 1826, Douglas County ; soils 1810, 1836, Furnas County; soil 1820*, Gage County; soil 1821, Grant County; soil 1841*, Harlan County; Gil 1837, subsoil 1858*, Har- lan County ; soils 1825, 3683", subsoils 3684”, 3685", 3686*, Holt County; soil 1828*, Jefferson County; soil 1835, Johnson County; soil 1839, subsoil 1840*, Kearney County; soil 3242*, subsoil 3243*, Lancaster County; soil 1824, Logan County; soil 1813, subsoil 1814*, Madison County; soil 1817, subsoil 1818, Merrick County; soil 1832*, Phelps County; soil 1819*, Polk County; soil 1831, Saline County; ‘soil 1830*, Scotts Bluff County; soil 1829*, Sioux County; soil 1816, Washington County; soil 1842, Wayne County. Collected under the direction of R. W. Furnas. Soil 1617*, Cheyenne County; soils 413, 415, subsoil 416*, Deuel County; soils 1915*, 1916*, Douglas County; soils 392; 394, ennecile 393*, 395%, Dundy County; soils 421, 2163, subsoils 422*, 2164, Lincoln County; soils 348, 350, 352, subsoils 3849*, 851°, 353*, Otoe County ; soil 1854, York County. Collected by agents of the United Sates s Department of Aerioultanel Voleanie ash (1 subsoil). Subsoil 3979 (mixed sample), Chase, Clay, and Dawson counties. E. H. Bar- bour, collector. Wind-blown dust, or ‘‘ black snow” (3 samples), 687, 688, 689.

NEVADA. (14 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alkali land (2 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 3418*, 3421, subsoils: 3419*, 3420*, 3422*, 3428, 3963*, Elko County. Col- lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analysis 3419, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1897, page 440. Unclassified (5 soils, 2 subsoils). Subsoil 1293, Douglas County; soils 1290, 1292, Elko County; soil 1433, subsoil 1434, Lander County; soil 1119, Humboldt County; soil 1291 (salt grass), Washoe County... Collected by the Nevada Experiment Station.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. The collection contains no samples from New Hampshire. NEW JERSEY. (107 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). |

Alluvial soil (3 soils, 1 subsoil). Cedar swamp (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2671, subsoil 2672, Cumberland County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Cranberry bog (2 soils). Soils 1787*, 1788", Middlesex County. Collected by New Jersey Experiment Station. Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1967* (china clay). Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton.

Ee

SAMPLES FROM NEW MEXICO—NEW YORK. 55

Cretaceous (8 soils, 8 subsoils). Soil 1763, subsoil 1764, Burlington County; soil 1745, subsoil 1746, Mercer County; soils 1651, 1655, 1759, subsoils 1652, 1656, 1760, Monmouth County ; soils 1633, 1637, subsoils 1634, 1638, Ocean County; soil, 1772 subsoil 1773. G. A. Knapp, collector. Greenhouse soil—carnations, roses (6 samples). Soil 2248, Belleville; soils 2814*, 2815*, 2816", Brunswick; soil 2237*, Jersey City ; soil 2276, Summit. Miocene (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 1749, subsoil 1750, Burlington; soil 1657, subsoil 1658, Monmouth County. G. A. Knapp, collector. Truck land, Columbia (36 soils, 40 subsoils). Soils 1729, 1741, subsoils 1730, 1742, Burlington County ; soils 1723, 1727, 1735, 1737, 1739, 1747, 1753, 1769, subsoils 1724, 1728, 1736, 1738, 1740, 1748, 1752, 1754, 1770, 1771, Mercer County; soils 1631, 1645, 1725, subsoils 1632, 1646, 1726, Mid- dlesex County; soils 1627, 1629, 1635, 1641, 1643, 1661, 1755, 1757, 1767, subsoils 1628, 1630, 1636, 1642, 1644, 1654, 1662, 1756, 1758, 1768, Monmouth County; soils 1731, 1733, 1761, 1765, subsoils 1732, 1734, 1762, 1766, Ocean County; soil 1743, subsoil 1744. G. A. Knapp. collector. Soils 1647*, 1649*, subsoils 1648*, 1650*, Monmouth County. Collected by New Jersey Experiment Station. Soils 2664*, 2666, 2668, 2673*, 2675, 2677, 2679*, subsoils 2665", 2667, 2669*, 2670*, 2674*, 2676, 2678, 2680*, Cumberland County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

NEW MEXICO. (6 samples.)

The samples from New Mexico were collected by Prot. A. E. Blount. The exact localities of the samples were not given.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Adobe (1 soil). Soil 612*. Dead land (2 soils). Soils 615* (coarse), 684 (fine). Gumbo (1 soil). Soil 611°. Mesa soil (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 613, subsoil 614°. NEW YORK.

(105 samples.)

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1971* (Albany slip clay), Albany. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Greenhouse soil (21 samples). Carnations, roses. Soil 2228*, Alplaus; soil 2226°, Floral Park; soils 2267*, 2268*, 2269*, 2270*, 2271*, 2272 *, 2273*, Ithaca; soil 2227*, Queens; soil 2239*, Tarrytown. Lettuce, cucumbers. Soil 2266 *, Ithaca. Violets. Soils 2253*, 2254*, 2255*, 2259 2260*, 2264", 2265* (propagating sand), 2274, 2275*, Poughkeepsie.

56 SAMPLES FROM NORTH CAROLINA.

Shales—rye land (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 436, 1721*, subsoils 437, 488, Rensselaer County. T. Nelson Dale, collector. Tobacco land (cigar type) (11 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soil 1354, subsoil .1355*, Cayuga County; soils 1282, 1288, 1351, 13852, subsoils 1283*, 1289*, 1353*, Onondaga County; soils 1278, 1280, 1356, 1936, subsoils 1279*, 1281*,.1357*, Oswego County; soils 1284, 1286*, subsoils 1285*, 1287*, Wayne County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 1279, 1281, 1283, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1289, 1353, 1855, 13857, pub- lished in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40.

Truck land, Columbia (9 goils, 12 subsoils).

Soils 588, 556, 559, 617, subsoils 539*, 558*, 616*, 618, Queens County; soils 22, 29, 36*, 55*, subsoils 18*, 20*, 21*, 23*, 31*, 43*, 56*, Kings County; soil 528, sub- soil 552*, Suffolk County. Collected by agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 18, 20, 23, 31, 48, 55, 56, 532, 539, 558, 616, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 142. Mechanical analysis 539, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16; also published in Bulletin 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174.

Unclassified (19 soils, 19 subsoils).

Soil 1392, subsoil 1393, Cayuga County; soil 1400 (muck), subsoil 1401 (muck), Chemung County; soil 1416, subsoil 1417, Cortland County; soil 1410, subsoil 1411, Delaware County; soil 1404, subsoil 1405, Fulton County; soil 1424, subsoil 1425, Orange County; sojl 1428, subsoil 1429, Orleans County; soils 1398, 1412, subsoils 1399, 1413, Oswego County; soil 1414, subsoil 1415, Put- nam County; soil 1420, subsoil 1421, Queens County; soil 1426, subsoil 1427, Schenectady County; soil 1408, subsoil 1409, Schoharie County; soil 1402, subsoil 1403, Schuyler County; soil 1396, subsoil 1597, Seneca County; soil 1422, snbsoil 1423, Steuben County; soil 1418, subsoil 1419, Tompkins County ; soil 1394; subsoil 1395, Washington County; soil 1406, subsoil 1407, Wayne County. Collected under the direction of Dr. Peter Collier of the New York (Geneva) Experiment Station. '

NORTH CAROLINA. (181 samples.)

The samples from North Carolina, except where noted, were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil—rice lands (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 998, Brunswick County; soil 1000, subsoil 1001, Craven County; soil 996, subsoil 997, Lenoir County; soil 994, subsoil 995, Onslow County. Gneiss—cotton, corn, wheat (1 soil, 4 subsoils). Subsoil 40, Alexander County; subsoil 1899, Caswell County; soil 52, subsoils 53, 54, Mecklenburg County. Greenhouse soil—carnations, roses (1 sample). Soil 2238*, Asheville. Pocoson region (4 soils, 4 subsoils). Soils 1525, 1527, 1529, 1531, subsoils 1526, 1528, 15380*, 1532, Perquimans County. Tobacco land (cigarette) (20 soils, 19 subsoils). Soils 748*, 749*, subsoils 761*, 762*, Buncombe County; soil 744°, subsoil 757*, Davie County; soil 742*, subsoil 755*, Durham County; soil 746°, subsoils - 759*, 3960*, Granville County; soil 747*, subsoil 760*, Haywood County; soil 750", subsoil 763*, Madison County; soil 741*, subsoil 754°, Nash County; soil 745*, subsoil 758*, Pitt County. Collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station.

SAMPLES FROM NORTH DAKOTA. 57

Tobacco land (cigarette) (20 soils, 19 subsoils)—Continued.

Soils 1910, 1912, subsoil 1913*, Davie County; soil 1907, subsoil 1908*, Durham County; soils 19, 1614, subsoil 117°, Granville County; soils 1902 (heavy land, unfit for bright tobacco, suitable for corn), 1904, subsoils 1905 (pipe elay which underlies some of the lands, making them unfit for tobacco), 1906, 1909, Nash County; soil 1911, Stokes County; soils 2949, 3982, 3984, subsoils 2950, 3983, 3985, Wilson County.

Mechanical analysis 117 published in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analyses 758, 760, 761 published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 43. | Mechanical analysis 759 published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21. Mechanical analyses 754, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763 published in Report of the State Board of Agriculture, Virginia, 1895, page 151. Mechanical analyses 117, 741, 742, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 754, 755, 757, 758, 760, 761, 762, 763 published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43.

Truck land (16 soils, 25 subsoils).

Soils 1569, 1580, subsoils 1570*, 1571*, 1581, Camden County; soils 1521, 1523, sub- soils 1522*, 1524*, Chowan County; soils 1509, 1511, 1513, 1516, subsoils 1510*, 1512, 1514*, 1515*, 1517*, Craven County; soil 1533, subsoils 1534*, 1542*, Perqui- mans County; soils 1518, 1547, 1549, 1561, 1563, 1565, subsoils 1519*, 1520*, 1548, 1550, 1562, 1564, 1566*, Pasquotank County.

Soil 2316*, subsoils 2317*, 2318*, 2319*, 2320*, 2321*, 2322*, Moore County. Col- lected by Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station, from the area selected by the State Horticultural Society for the experiments with fruit and truck.

Mechanical analyses 1510, 1514, 1517, 1519, 1522, 1524, 1534, 1542, 1566, 1570, pub- lished in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 136. Mechanical analysis, 1510, published in Bulletin No.5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechan- ical analyses, 1510, 1514, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agricul- ture. page 147. Mechanical analyses, 1510, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, published in Bulletin 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174.

Unclassified (40 soils, 41 subsoils).

Soils 1572, 1574, 1576, 1578, subsoils 1573, 1575, 1577, Camden County; soils 1582, 1584, 1586, subsoils 1579*, 1583, 1585, 1587, Currituck County; soils 1551, 1553, 1555, 1557, 1559, subsoils 1552, 1554, 1556, 1558*, 1560, Durant Neck; soils 1545, 1567, subsoils 1546, 1568, Pasquotank County; soils 1535, 1537, 1539, 1541, 1543, subsoils 1536, 1538, 1540*, 1544, Perquimans County. ‘These samples are for the most part heavy clay, or rather silt soils forming avast tract of level country. As a rule the soils are wet and close and need underdrainage. They are much too heavy forearly truck, but where the drainage is sufficient they form excellent corn landsand fair wheatlands. They underliemost of the truck lands in eastern North Carolina, being covered usually with 18 or 20 inches or more of sand.

Soils 3943, 3945, 3947, 3949, 3951, subsoils 3944, 3946, 3948°, 3950", 3952*, 3953*, Beaufort County; soils 3841, 3842, Chowan County; soil 1900, subsoil 1901, Davie County; soils 1981, 2191, 2193, 2203, 2205, subsoils 1996, 2192, 2194, 2204, 2206, Macon County; soils 3935*, 3937, subsoils 1903 (clay underlying tobacco lands), 3936*, 3938*, Nash County; soils 3939, 3941, subsoils 3940*, 3942*, North- ampton County; subsoil 1914, Wake County; soils 3954, 3987, 3989, 3991, sub- soils 3955*, 3986, 3988, 3990, 3992, Washington County.

NORTH DAKOTA. (61 samples.) The samples from North Dakota were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alkali (1 soil, 5 subsoils). Soil 3293+, subsoils 3294*, 3296* (hardpan), 3749 (bad land), 3750 (bad land), 3751 (bad land), Morton County.

58 SAMPLES FROM OHIO.

Alluvial. See Lacustrine. Bad land (1 soil, 4 subsoils). Soil 3748, subsoil 3752, Morton County. See under Alkali for other samples. Prairie (26 soils, 27 subsoils). Jamestown Valley—wheat (4 soils, 7 subsoils). Soils 3260*, 3268, 3266*, 3268*, subsoils 3261*, 3262*, 3264*, 3265*, 3267*, 3269*, 3270*, Stutsman County. Mechanieal analysis 3264, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440... Lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley )—wheat (8 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 1858, 1860, 1862, 3278, 3280*, 3282*, 3753, subsoils 1859*, 1861*, 1863*, 3279*, 3281*, 3283*, 3964*, Cass County; soil 3271*, subsoils 3272*, 3273%, Ransom County. Mechanical analysis 3279, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. Unclassified—wheat (14 soils, 11 subsoils). Soils 3290*, 3292, subsoil 3291*, Burleigh County; soils 3274, 3276, 3284*, 3286, 3288, 3748, subsoils 3275*, 3277*, 3285*, 3287, 3289, 3744, 38745, Kidder County; soils 3295, 3298, 3746, subsoils 3297, 3299*, 3747, Morton County; soils 3300*, 3301*, 3302*, Stark County. Mechanical analyses 3285, 3291, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1897, page 440 Wheat land (26 soils, 27 subsoils). See Prairie. OHIO.

(74 samples.)

The samples from Ohio were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil—corn, wheat (8 soils, 9 subsoils). *

Soil 3092, subsoil 3093, Brown County; soils 708, 705, 707, subsoils 704, 706, 708, Franklin County; soils 3094, 3096, 3101, 3106, subsoils 3095, 3097, 3102, 3103, 3107, Montgomery County.

Clay, pottery (5 samples).

1978* (stoneware clay), Summit County; 1979* (crude kaolin), 1980* (washed kaolin), 1970* Franklin County, 1977* (stoneware clay), Perry County. Con- tributed by Prof. Edwin Orton.

Corn land (22 soils, 27 subsoils).

See Alluvial soil, glacial drift, limestone.

Glacial drift—cigar tobacco, wheat, corn (9 soils, 12 subsoils).

Soils 3098, 3104, 3108, 3110, 3113, 3115, 3117, 3119*, subsoils 3099*, 3100, 3105, 3109, 3111*, 3112, 3114, 3116, 3118, 3120*, 3121*, Montgomery County; soil 3732, subsoil 3733, Wayne County.

Mechanical analyses 3099, 3111, 3120, 3121, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 41.

Grass land (5 soils, 6 subsoils).

See Limestone.

Greenhouse soil—lettuce, cucumbers (1 sample).

1983, Columbus.

Lake Erie bottom (from bottom of lake, collected to study the relation of lake bottom to vegetation) (16 soils).

Soils 3843*, 3844*, 3845*, 3846*, 3847*, 3848*, 3849*, 3850*, 3851*, 3852*, 3853*, 3854*, 3855*, 3856", 3857*, 3858*, Ottawa County.

SAMPLES FROM OKLAHOMA——-PENNSYLVANIA. 59

‘Limestone, Hudson River—White Burley tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (5 soils, 6 sub- soils). Soils 3081, 3084, 3086, 3088, 3090, subsoils 3082*, 3083, 3085, 3087*, 3089*, 3091*, Brown County. Mechanical analyses, 3082, 3087, 3089, 3091, published in Bulletin No. 11, Divi- sion of Soils, page 44. Tobacco land (14 soils, 18 subsoils). Cigar (9 soils, 12 subsoils). . See Glacial drift. White Burley (5 soils, 6 enbaou) See Limestone. Unclassified (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 2965, subsoils 2966*, 2967*, Lawrence County. Wheat land (22 soils, 27 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, glacial drift, limestone.

OKLAHOMA. ° (15 samples.)

The samples from Oklahoma were collected by the Oklahoma Experi- ment Station in connection with the exhibit for the World’s Fair exhibit at Chicago.

Unclassified (10 soils, 5 subsoils). Soii 1361 (prairie), Beaver County; soil 1358 (alluvium-prairie), subsoil 1359 (alluvium-prairie), Canadian County; subsoil 1107, Greer County; soils 1077, 1078, Kingfisher County; soils 964 (timber), 965 (blue stem), Logan County; soils 784, 786 (prairie), 788, subsoils 785, 787 (prairie), 790, Payne County; soil 795.

OREGON. (2 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of the samples marked (*).]

Adobe, diabasie (2 soils). Soils 2810*, 2811*, Douglas County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

PENNSYLVANIA. (50 samples.)

The samples from Pennsylvania were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). ]

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1973* (ground feldspar), Delaware County. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Greenhouse soil (17 samples). Carnations, roses.

Soil fg oa soils 2251, 2252, Bloomsburg; soil 2314, Chestnut Hill; soils 2216*, 2217*, 2218*, 2219*, 2220*, 2223*, 2224*, 2793*, Kennett Square; soil 2211, Philadelphia.

Tomatoes. Soils 2215*, 2221*, 2222*, 2225*, Kennett Square. Grass land (12 soils, 12 subsoils). See Trenton limestone, shaly limestone.

60 SAMPLES FROM RHODE ISLAND.

Limestone (12 soils, 12 subsoils). : Trenton limestone, see Tobacco land (9 soils, 8 subsoils). Shaly limestone, see Tobacco land (3 soils, 4 subsoils). Potsdam sandstone—rye (1 subsoil). Subsoil 2571, York County. Tobacco lands (cigar type) (13 soils, 20 subsoils). Phillite—tobacco, wheat (2 subsoils). Subsoils 2511*, 2512*, York County. River land—tobacco (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2573*, subsoil 2574*, Lancaster County. Trenton limestone—tobacco, wheat, grass (12 soils, 12 subsoils). Soils 3, 11*, 1260, 1704, 1919, 1920, subsoils 10%, 16%, 1360*, 1705‘, 2804*, Lan- caster County; soils 2507*, 2509, 2569*, subsoils 2508*, 2510*, 2570*, York County. Shaly limestone. Soils 2513, 2515, 2567%, subsoils 2514*, 2516*, 2568*, 2572, Lancaster County. Unclassified—tobacco (5 subsoils). Subsoils 636, 637, 638, 639, 640°, Bradford County. Mechanical analyses 16, 1360, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1894, page 152. Mechanical analyses 10, 16, 1360, 1705, published in Report of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, Part II, page 144, and in Bul- letin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 17. Mechanical analyses 16, 1360, 2508, 2510, 2511, 2514, 2516, 2568, 2570, 2574, 2804, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40. Unclassified (8 samples). 1917, 1918, Bradford County; 683* (fresh molding sand), 727* (molding sand which has been used and is ‘‘dead”’), 2575, 2576", 2577*, 2578, Lancaster County. Wheat land (12 soils, 14 subsoils). See Trenton limestone, phillite.

»

RHODE ISLAND, (19 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Carboniferous conglomerate (1 soil).

Soil 980, Providence County. Collected by agent of the Rhode Island Experi- ment Station.

Drift, glacial (5 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soil 974, subsoil 975, Kent County; soil 978, subsoil 979, Newport County}; soil 972, subsoil 973, Providence County; soils 796, 981, subsoils 797, 982, Wash- ington County. Collected by agents of the Rhode Island Experiment Station.

“Transition gray wacke” (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 976, subsoil 977. Collected by agent of the Rhode Island Experiment Sta- tion.

Truck land (2 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soils 516*, 517, subsoils 522, 523*, Providence County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 516, 523, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 143. Mechanical analysis 516, published in Bulletin No. 5, Divi- sion of Soils, page 16.

Unclassitied (2 soils). Soils 153*, 279*. Collected by agents of the Rhode Island Experiment Station.

SAMPLES FROM RUSSIA—SOUTH CAROLINA. 61

RUSSIA. (8 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alkali (1 soil).

Soil 8697*, Turkestan. Collected by an agent of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Chernozem (‘‘black earth” )—wheat (4 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soil 2311*, subsoil 2308*, Alexandrovsk district, Ekaterinoslav government; soil 2312*, subsoil 2313*, Paulograd district, Lkaterinoslav government; soil 2307*, Elizabetgrad district, Kherson government; soil 2309*, subsoil 2310*, Melitopol district, Tavrich government. Collected in the great wheat-growing region by 8. Kizenkoff, member of the irrigation commission for South Russia.

SOUTH CAROLINA, (103 samples.)

The samples from South Carolina were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture or the South Carolina Experiment Station, during the period when the station was located at Columbia.

| Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil—rice (6 soils, 1 subsoil).

Soils 24*, 25*, 26*, 27*, subsoil 30, Georgetown County; soil 3961*, Charleston County; soii 59*, Sumter County.

Mechanical analyses 24, 25, 26, 59, published in Report No. 6, Division of Statis- tics, Department of Agriculture, entitled “Rice, its cultivation, production, and distribution,” pages 86,89. Mechanical analysis 25 published in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 341.

Of these samples 59 represents the upland rice soil; 24 and 26 the very finest type of ‘‘ alluvial mud,” soft, black, and sticky, which forms the finest type of lowland rice lands; sample 25 represents the typical swamp bog or peat, which forms the poorest kind of rice land, being easily exhausted.

Clay, pottery (1 sample). 50 (kaolin), Aiken County. Clay slate—cotton, corn, wheat (2 subsoils). Subsoils 14*, 127*, Edgefield County. Corn land (15 soils, 23 subsoils). See ‘Provision land,” hammock, Red Hill, gneiss, clay slate. Cotton land (24 soils, 41 subsoils).

See Sea Island cotton, hammock, lower pine belt, upper pine belt, Red Hill, gueiss, clay slate.

Gneiss—wheat, corn, cotton (2 soils, 7 subsoils).

Soil 109, Abbeville County; subsoils 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, Anderson County ; soil 100, subsoil 101, Laurens County.

Hammock or ridge land—cotton, corn (5 soils, 5 subsoils).

Soils 65, 67, 68, 70, 79, subsoils 66, 69, 71, 72, 80, Williamsburg County. Lower pine belt—cotton (2 soils, 5 snbsoils).

Soils 121, 123, subsoils 60, 61, 62, 64, 122, Williamsburg County. “Provision land’’—corn (3 soils, 1 subsoil).

Soil 120*, Edisto Island; soils 12, 87, subsoil 88*, James Island.

Mechanical analysis 88, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 136; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 43.

62 SAMPLES ‘FROM SOUTH CAROLINA.

Red Hill formation—cotton, corn (5 soils, 8 subsoils).

Soils 91, 93, subsoils 92, 94, 97, Aiken County; soil 124, subsoils 125*, 2803*, Orangeburg County; soils 73, 75, subsoils 74°, 76*, 126, Sumter County.

Mechanical analyses 74, 76, published in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 46,

Sand Hills (3 soils, 9 subsoils).

Subsoils 96, 98,99, Aiken County; soils 37, 38, subsoils 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, Richland County; soil 77, subsoil 78*, Sumter County.

Mechanical analysis 78 (a truck soil), published in Yearbook, Department of . Agriculture, 1894, page 136; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 46.

Sea Island cotton and truck soil (10 soils, 12 subsoils, 1 sample mud),

Soils 110, 112, 114, 118, subsoils 111*, 113*, 115*, 116*, 119, Edisto Island; soils 1, 2, 81, 83, 85, 89 (salt land), subsoils 8, 9, 82*, 84*, 86*, 90 (salt land), 2807", James Island; 13 (salt mud from marshes, used in the bottom of cotton rows as a fertilizer in the cultivation of Sea Island cotton), James Island.

Mechanical analyses 82, 84, 86, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1894, page 136; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 43.

There are two important classes of soils on the Sea Islands: the cotton and truck soils, which usually form the rather narrow belt adjacent to the salt marshes; and the soils of the interior of the islands, which are frequently poorly drained and consequently unfit for the finest type of Sea Island cotton. This is known as “‘ provision land,” as itis on this, upon which the valuable crops of cotton can not be grown, that most of the common forage and other pro- visions for the plantation are grown. There are three general types of the Sea Island cotton soils, locally known as ‘‘sand and gravel,” ‘clay lands,” and ‘sandy lands.” Samples 83 and 84 represent the sand and gravel from James Island, which is considered the very finest type of Sea Island soil. They contain a very small amount of very fine gravel or coarse sand which secures perfect drainage, while the clay they contain is sufficiently retentive of moisure to make them safe for crops. There is comparatively little of this type. Samples 8, 9, 81, and 82 represent the clay lands, containing, however, no more than 5 or6 per cent of clay; while 1, 2, 85, and 86 represent the sandy lands with not over 1 or 2 per cent of clay. This slight difference in the amount of clay is clearly recognized by the planters and is indeed very appar- ent to anyone who examines the land. Under ordinary conditions the clay land is considered much finer than the sandy land, but under the conditions of intensive cultivation which prevail they are all about equally productive.

Talc-serpentine (1 soil, 3 subsoils). ° Soil 48, subsoils 49, 51, Chester County; subsoil 47, Lancaster County. Tobacco land (cigarette) (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 751*, subsoil 764*, Lancaster County. Collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station.

Mechanical analysis 764, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 43; in Report of the State Board of Agriculture, Virginia, 1895, page 151; in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21, and in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43. Mechanical analysis 751, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43.

Trap (2 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 41, 44, subsoils 42 (pipe clay), 45, 46 (pipe clay), Chester County. Unelassified (2 soils). Soil 108, Abbeville County; soil 28, Georgetown County. Upper pine belt—cotton (2 subsoils). Subsoils 57, 58, Sumter County. Wheat Jand (2 soils, 9 subsoils). See Gneiss, clay slate.

Ee

SAMPLES FROM SOUTH DAKOTA—TENNESSEE. 63

SOUTH DAKOTA, (11 samples.)

Prairie—wheat (3 soils, 8 subsoils). Soil 1856, subsoil 1857, Beadle County; soils 3864, 3868, subsoils 3865, 3866, 3867, 3869, 3870,.3871, 3872, Brookings County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

SUMATRA. (12 samples.)

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Tobacco land (cigar type) (3 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soils 2195*, 2197*, subsoils 2196*, 2198*, Behalla estate, Deli-Sumatra; soil 2207*, subsoil 2208*, Brahrang, Langhas-Sumatra; subsoils 2199*, 2200*, Rimboen estate; subsoils 2201*, 2202*, Tandjong Geonoeng estate; subsoils 2209*, 2210*, Tjermin Upper Lankat. Collected under the direction of the vice-consul at Padang.

Mechanical analysis 2200, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 19.

TENNESSEE. (131 samples.)

The samples from Tennessee were obtained through two sources. Part of them were collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station while the soil collection for the Columbian Exposition at Chi- cago was being secured. The remaining samples were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. The samples collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station form the basis of a bulletin upon the soils of Tennessee, issued in September, 1897. Mechanical analyses were made of these samples in the Division of Soils, and chemical analyses were made in the laboratory of the Ten- nessee Experiment Station.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analyses have been made of samples marked (°).]

.

Cambrian (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Knox shale—wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 715, subsoil 716*°, Monroe County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Knox sandstone—tobacco, cigarette (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 778, subsoil 779* °, Greene County. Collected by agent of the Tennes- see Experiment Station. Soil 1931, Washington County. Collected by an agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. » Mechanical analysis 779, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 20; Bulletin, Vol. 10, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, page 133, and in report of the Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 151. Chemical analysis 779, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experi- ment Station, page 134. f Mechanical and chemical analysis 716, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133, 134.

64 SAMPLES FROM TENNESSEE.

Coal measures (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 719, subsoil 720*°, Grundy County. Collected by agents of Tennessee Experi. ment Station. ‘ Mechanical and chemical analysis 720, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Ten- nessee Experiment Station, pages 133-134. Corn land (42 soils, 67 subsoils). See Knox shale, Cretaceous, Lafayette, limestone, loess. Cotton land (8 soils, 8 subsoils). See Lafayette, Cretaceous, loess. Cretaceous (flatwoods)—cotton, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 730, subsoil 731*°, Benton County; soil 732, subsoil 733*°, Carroll County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Mechanical and chemical analyses 731, 733, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 153-135. Grass land (84 soils, 59 subsoils). See Knox shale, limestone. Lafayette (orange sands)—export tobacco, cotton, corn (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 736, subsoils 737*°, Fayette County; soil 734, subsoil 735*°, Gibson County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Soils 3184, 3186, 3188, subsoils 3185, 3187, 3189, Henry County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical and chemical analyses 735, 737, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pp. 133-135. Limestone (33 soils, 58 subsoils). Knox dolomite—export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 462, 709, 711, subsoils 463*, 710*°, 712*°, Knox County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Lenore limestone—export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 464, subsoil 465, Knox County; soil 713, subsoil 714*°, Loudon County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Nashville limestone (blue-grass region)—White Burley tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). . = Soil 723, subsoil 724*°, Maury County. Collected by agents of the Tennes- see Experiment Station. Trenton limestone (blue-grass region)—White Burley tobacco, wheat, corn (4 soils, 6 subsoils). Subsoil 1703, Bradley County; soils 1871, 1875, 1874, 1929, subsoils 1718*, 1872, 1875, 1876, 1930, Davidson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. St. Louis group—export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (23 soils, 46 subsoils). Soil 717, subsoil 718*°, Franklin County; soil 725, subsoil 726*°, Robertson County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experimemt Station. Soils 1878, 1879, 1880*, 1932, 2590, 2598, 2597, 2600, 2604, 2607, 2610, 2614, 2618, subsoils 1719*, 1720*, 1881, 2591*, 2592*, 2594*, 2595, 2596, 2598*, 2599*, 2601*, 2602*, 2603, 2605*, 2606*, 2608*, 2609*, 2611*, 2612*, 2613, 2615*, 2616, 2617, 2619", 2620*, 2621, Montgomery County; soils 2622, 2626, 2628, 2632, 2635, 2637, 2641, 2644, subsoils 2623*, 2624*, 2625, 2627, 2629*, 2630*, 2631, 2633*, 2634, 2636*, 2638*, 2639, 2640, 2642*, 2643, 2645*, 2646*, 2647*, Rob- ertson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analysis 1720, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 22, and in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 46. Mechanical analyses 726, 1719, 1880, 2591, 2592, 2594, 2598, 2599, 2601, 2602, 2605, 2606, 2608, 2609, 2611, 2612, 2615, 2619, 2620, 2623, 2624, 2629, 2630, 2633, 2636, 2638, 2642, 2645, 2646, 2647, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 45-47. Mechanical and chemical analyses 710, 712, 714, 718, 724, 726, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135.

SAMPLES FROM TEXAS. 65

Loess—cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 738, subsoil 739*°, Dyer County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical and chemical analysis 739, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Ten- nessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. > Subcarboniferous: (30 soils, 54 subsoils). St. Louis group (23 soils, 46 subsoils). See under Limestone. Siliceous group, Keokuk—barrens (1 soil, 1 subsoil).

Soil 721, subsoil 722*°, Coffee County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station.

Mechanical and chemical analysis 722, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No.3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135.

Unclassified (6 soils, 7 subsoils).

Subsoil 3610*, Montgomery County; soils 3146, 3148, 3150, 3152, 3154, 3156, subsoils 3147, 3149, 3151, 3153, 3155, 3157, Robertson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Tobacco land (40 soils, 66 subsoils). Cigarette (2 soils, 1 subsoil). See Knox sandstone. Export type (33 soils, 56 subsoils). See Knox dolomite, Lafayette, Lenore limestone, St. Louis group. White Burley (5 soils, 7 subsoils). See Nashville limestone, Trenton limestone. Unclassified (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2943*, subsoil 2944*, Lewis County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Wheat land (34 soils, 59 subsoils). See Knox shale, limestone.

TEXAS. (29 samples.)

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil (2 soils, 1 subsoil). 3 Soil 2698, Uvalde County. Collected by the United States Geological Survey. Soil 2244*, subsoil 2245*, Galveston County. J.S. Dolen, collector. Basalt (1 soil). Soil 2699*, Uvalde County. Collected by the United States Geological Survey. Black waxy, probably Cretaceous (3 soils, 2 subsoils).

Soils 2565*, 2945*, subsoils 2566*, 2946*, Lamar County; soil 2143* (‘‘ Eagle Ford clay”), Tarrant County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Permian—wheat land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 3698, subsoil 3699, Taylor County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Prairie (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 2165*, 2167*, subsoils 2166*, 2168*, Harris County. J.S. Dolen, collector. Silt terrace of the Nueces River (2 soils).

Soils 2697*, 2700*, Uvalde County. Collected by agents of the United States Geological Survey.

Tobacco land (cigar type), (3 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soils 2281, 2283, 2285, subsoils 2282*, 2284*, 2286*, Montgomery County. Col- lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Mechanical analyses 2282, 2284, 2286, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42.

8670—No, 16——_5

66 SAMPLES FROM UTAH—VIRGINIA.

Unclassified (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 3819, 3822, 3823, subsoils 3820, 3821, 3824, Montague County. Collected by S. P. Benton. UTAH.

(4 samples.) | Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). ]

Bench land (2 soils). Soils 3426*, 3429*, Salt Lake County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Valley land (2 soils). Soils 3427, 3428*, Salt Lake County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

VERMONT.

(1 sample.) [Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).]

Greenhouse soil—carnations, roses (1 sample). Soil 2229*, Manchester. VIRGINIA,

(279 samples.)

All the samples from Virginia were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Most of them were collected at the request of and in cooperation with the Virginia State Board of

Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alluvial soil (Dismal Swamp land)—corn (7 soils, 21 subsoils).

Subsoils 3829, 3830, 3831, Nansemond County; soils 3825, 3826, 3836, 3839, 3921“, 3924*, 3929*, subsoils 3832, 3833, 3834, 3835, 3837, 3838, 3840, 3922*, 3923*, 3925*, 3926*, 3927, 3928*, 3930*, 3931*, 3932, 3933*, 3934, Norfolk County.

Barrens of Caroline and Hanover counties—“ pipe clay” (1 soil, 15 subsoils).

Subsoils 2127*, 2141*, 2142*, Caroline County; soil 2130*, subsoil 2131* (crayfish land), 2132* (crayfish land), 2133* (crayfish land), 2134*, 2135*, 2136*, 2137*, 2138*, 2139*, 2140* (near Beaverdam), Hanover County.

Mechanical analyses 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, published in Report of Vir- ginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 167.

Corn land (40 soils, 87 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, limestone, tobacco land. Diabase (1 soil).

Soil 3640*, Pittsylvania County.

Mechanical analysis published in The American Geologist, Vol. XXII, No. 2, August, 1898, page 92.

Grass land (28 soils, 57 subsoils).

See Limestone, tobacco land.

Limestone, Trenton—wheat, corn, grass (19 soils, 34 subsoils).

Soils 2001, 2007, 2057, subsoils 2002*, 2008, 2058*, Frederick County; subsoils 657*, 2805*, Montgomery County; soils 449, 485, subsoils 450°, 486*, 624*, 625°, 626*, 627", Page County; subsoils 632°, 633°, 634%, 635*, Rockingham County ; soils 457*, 459, 461, 487*, 489, 620, 622*, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2033, 2036, 2039, subsoils 458*, 460*, 484*, 488*, 619~, 621*, 623*, 628*, 629*, 630*, 631*, 2000*, 2004*, 2006*, 2034*, 2085*, 2087*, 2038*, 2040°, Shenandoah County.

SAMPLES FROM VIRGINIA. 67

Limestone, Trenton—wheat, corn, grass (19 soils, 34 subsoils)—Continued.

Mechanical analyses 458, 460, 484, 486, 488, 619, 623, 624, 625, 626, 628, 629, 630,

631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 657, 2002, 2004, 2034, 2035, 2037, 2038, 2040, 2058, pub- lished in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 164-165. Tobacco land (41 soils, 75 subsoils).

Bright tobacco, cigarettes, and plug wrappers (27 soils, 43 subsoils).

Soils 2065, 2067, subsoils 2066*, 2068*, 2069*, Brunswick County; soil 740, subsoil 753* (collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station), Halifax County; soil 2121*, subsoils 2122*, 2128°, 2124*, Hanover County; soils 1890, 1892, 1894, subsoils 1891, 1895, Henry County; soils 2026, 2029, 2041, 2044, 2046, 2048, 2051, 2054, subsoils 2027*, 2028*, 2030*, 2031*, 2032*, 2042*, 2043*, 2045*, 2047*, 2049*, 2050*, 2052*, 2053*, 2055, Mecklenburg County; soils 690, 693, 695, 698, 819, 1341, 1592, 1653, 1666, 1669, 1774, 1896, subsoils 691, 692*, 694*, 696*, 697*, 789*, 814*, 1329*, 1334*, 1872*, 1459*, 1605*, 1639*, 1663*, 1667*, 1668*, 1722*, 1751*, 1833*, 1897, Pittsylvania County.

Mechanical analysis 1372, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21; also in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 154. Mechanical analyses 692, 694, 696, 697, 753, 789, 814, 13829, 1334, 1459, 1605, 1639, 1663, 1667, 1668, 1722, 1751, 1833, 2027, 2028, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2048, 2045, 2047, 2049, 2050, 2052, 2053, 2055, 2066, 2068, published 1n Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 153-157. Mechanical analyses 694, 696, 753, 789, 1329, 1372, 1605, 1663, 1667, 1668, 1722, 1751, 1833, 2027, 2028, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2045, 2047, 2049, 2052, 2066, 2068, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43.

Export and manufacturing types—wheat, corn, grass (9 soils, 23 subsoils). Gabbro soils (4 soils, 6 subsoils).

Soils 641*, 643%, 645, 648, subsoils 642*, 644*, 646*, 647*, 649*, 650*, Albe- marle County.

Gneiss soil (2 soils, 8 subsoils).

Soils 2340*, 3959°, Albemarle County; subsoils 655*, 656*, 658*, 659%, Bedford County; subsoils 6517, 652*, 653*, 654*, Campbell County.

Unclassified (3 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soils 2059, 2061, 2063, subsoils 2060*, 2062*, 2064*, Brunswick County ; sub- soil 1997*, CharlotteeCounty; subsoil 1893, Henry County; subsoil 2056*, Mecklenburg County; subsoils 814, 1664*, 1665*, Pittsylvania County.

Mechanical analyses 642, 644, 646, 647, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 658, 659, 1664, 1665, 1997, 2056, 2060, 2062, 2064, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 159-162, and in Bulle- tin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 44.

Sun-cured tobacco, manufacturing types—wheat, corn (5 soils, 9 subsoils).

Soils 2125*, 2128*, subsoils 2126*, 2129*, Hanover County; soils, 2016, 2019, 2022, subsoils 2017*, 2018*, 2020*, 2021*, 2023*, 2024*, 2025*, Louisa County.

Mechanical analyses 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2024, 2025, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 169.

Truck land, Columbia (23 soils, 3i subsoils).

Soils 366°, 368, 370, 375*, 575, 377, 380%, 383, 385, 2009, 2012, subsoils 367*,369*, 371%, 372*, 374*, 376, 378*, 379*, 381*, 384*,386*, 387*, 2010*, 2011*, 2013*, 2014*, James City County ; soils 354%, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 1588, 1590, 1594*, 1596, 1598, 1600, subsoils 355*, 357*, 359*, 361*, 363*, 365*, 1589, 1591, 1593*, 1595*, 1597, 1599*, 1601*, 3827, 3828, Norfolk County.

68 SAMPLES FROM WASHINGTON—WEST VIRGINIA.

Truck land, Columbia (23 soils, 31 subsoils) —Continued. Mechanical analyses 1593, 1595, 1599, 1601, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 138. Mechanical analysis 1595, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16; also published in Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174. Mechanical analysis 371, pub- lished in Bulletin No.3, Division of Soils, page 6. Mechanical analyses 355, 357, 359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 374, 378, 379, 381, 384, 386, 387, 1593, 1595, 1599, 1601, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 147-150. Unclassified (6 soils, 7 subsoils). Soils 1706*, 1708*, 1710*, subsoils 1707*, 1709*, 1711*, Albemarle County; soils 2182*, 3859*, subsoils 2183*, 3860*, 3861*, Fairfax County; subsoil 382, James City County; soil 1898*, Spottsylvania County. Wheat land (33 soils, 66 subsoils). See Limestone, tobacco land.

WASHINGTON. (58 samples. )

The samples from Washington were collected by agents of the Experi- ment Station for the World’s Fair exhibit at Chicago.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Alkali (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soils 3339, 3340, subsoil 3341*, Wallawalla County. Alluvial soil (8 soils, 4 subsoils).

Soil 1050, Clallam County; soil 985, subsoil 986, Clarke County; soil 1006, sub- soil 1007, Pacific County; soil 991, subsoil 992, Pierce County; soil 1051, San Juan County; soil990, Skagat County; soil 983, subsoil 984, Whatcom County; soil 1005, Whitinan County.

Basalt—wheat (13 soils, 16 subsoils).

Subsoil 2921*, Garfield County ; soils 3342, 3344, 3346* , 3348*, 3350, 3352* (foothills), 3354, subsoils 3348, 3345*, 3347*, 3349*, 3351*, 3353 (foothills), 3355 (foothills), Wallawalla County; soils 1003, 3330, 3332, 3334, 3336, subsoils 1004, 3331*, 3333", 3335*, 3337*, 3338, 3956*, Whitman County; soil 3324, subsoil 3325*, Yakima County.

Mechanical analyses 3331, 3348, 3352, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analysis 2921, published in Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, No. 4, 1897.

Unclassified (5 soils, 3 subsoils).

Soil 2279, subsoil 2280, King County; soil 987, subsoil 988, Lewis County; soil 1008, Lincoln County; soil 1002, Stevens County; soil 3329*, Hunts Junction ; subsoil 2356*, Wallawalla County.

Voleanie ash (5 soils, 1 subsoil).

Soil 1023, Kittitas County; soil 993, Wallawalla County; soils 1022, 3326, 3328,

subsoil 3327*, Yakima County.

WEST VIRGINIA. (11 samples.) The samples from West Virginia were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). ]

Carboniferous sandstone (1 sofl, 1 subsoil). Soil 2951, subsoil 2952*, Cabell County.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 69

Sandstone (3 subsoils). Subsoils 229, 230, 232, Jefferson County. Tobacco land (cigarette) (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 743*, subsoil 756*, Fayette County. Mechanical analysis 756, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 43; also in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriclture, 1895, page 151. Unclassified (1 soil, 3 subsoils). Soil 2953, subsoil 2954*, Cabell County; subsoil 2955*, North Barboursville Sta- - tion; subsoil 911, Morgan County.

WISCONSIN.

(18 samples.)

The samples from Wisconsin were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

[Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).]

Tobacco land (cigar type)—wheat, corn (8 soils, 10 subsoils). Limestone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1497, subsoil 1498*, Rock County. Oak openings (4 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 3252*, 3258*, subsoils 3253*, 3254*, 3259*, Dane County; soils 3244, 3250, subsoils 3245*, 3251*, Rock County. Prairie (3 soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 3256, subsoils 3255*, 3257*, Dane County; soils 3246, 3248, subsoils 3247~, 3249*, Rock County. Mechanical analyses 1498, 3245, 3247, 3249, 3251, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3257, 3259, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 41.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CONTAINING REFERENCES TO THE MECHAN- ICAL OR CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SAMPLES IN THIS COLLECTION.

Cotton Production of Alabama, Eugene A. Smith. Tenth Census, Vol. VI, 1880.

Cotton Production of California, E. W. Hilgard. Tenth Census, Vol. VI, 1880.

Geological Survey of Alabama: Agricultural Features of the State, Eugene A. Smith. 1881-82.

Soil Investigations, Milton Whitney. Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, 1891.

Some Physical Properties of Soils in their Relation to Moisture and Crop Produc- tion, Milton Whitney. Weather Bureau Bulletin No. 4, 1892.

The Soils of Maryland, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, 1893.

Agriculture and Live Stock, Milton Whitney. Maryland: Its Resources, Indus- tries, and Institutions, 1893.

Rice: Its Cultivation, Protection, and Distribution in the United States and For- eign Countries, Amory Austin. With a chaptef on the Rice Soils of South Carolina, Milton Whitney. Report No. 6, Division of Statistics, 1893.

Report of the Illinois Board of World’s Fair Commissioners, 1893.

The Experiment Station at Bernburg, Germany, and its Methods of Sand Culture, H. Hellriegel. Experiment Station Record, Vol. V, No. 8, 1895-94.

Relation of Soils to Crop Production, Milton Whitney. Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894.

The Soil of Lancaster County Limestone Belt in its Relation to Tobacco Culture, William Frear. Report of the Pennsylvania State College, 1894.

Further Investigations on the Soils of Maryland, Milton Whitney and Sothoron Key. Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, 1894.

70 SAMPLES, NOS. 1-16.

Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Dr. H. W. Wiley. Vol. I, No. 6, 1894.

The Growth of Lettuce as Affected by the Physical Properties of the Soil, B. T. Galloway. Agricultural Science, Vol. VIII, Nos. 6-0, 1894.

The Water Content of Soils during the Month of July, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, 1895.

Notes by the Editor, Cleveland Abbe. Monthly Weather Review, January, 1895.

Preliminary Report of the Soils of Virginia, Milton Whitney. Report of the State Board of Agriculture of Virginia, 1895.

Horticultural Experiments at Southern Pines, 1895. Bulletin No. 129, North Car- olina Agricultural Experiment Station.

Texture of Some Important Soil Formations, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 1896.

Some Interesting Soil Problems, Milton Whitney. Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1897.

Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, Geo. P. Merrill. 1897.

The Soils of Tennessee, Chas. F. Vanderford. Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, 1897.

A Reconnoissance in Southeastern Washington, I. C. Russell. Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey, No. 4, 1897,

Tobacco Soils of the United States: A Preliminary Report upon the Soils of the Principal Tobacco Districts, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, 1898.

A Preliminary Report on the Soils of Florida, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, 1898.

The Alkali Soils of the Yellowstone Valley, from a Preliminary Investigation of the Soils near Billings, Montana, Milton Whitney and Thos. H. Means. Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, 1898.

A Report to Congress on Agriculture in Alaska; including reports by W. H. Evans, Benton Killin, and Sheldon Jackson. Bulletin No. 48, Office of Experiment Sta- tions, 1898.

Weathering of Diabase near Chatham, Virginia, Thos. L. Watson. ‘The American Geologist, Vol. XXII, No. 2, August, 1898. ;

LIST OF SOIL SAMPLES, ARRANGED SERIALLY.

The following is a list of the samples in the collection of the Division of Soils, arranged in the order of their serial numbers from 1 to 4000, with references to the pages of this bulletin on which data regarding the samples may be found:

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000.

Page No. of Re ete ou

sample. » Classification. Fi tin

1-2 | Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina.......-.-...------------.----------- 62

3 | Tobacco land—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 60

4| Truck land, Maryland ..........- 48

5-6 | Tobacco land (cigar type), Cuba .-- Ae 31

fT) Prock land) Mary landteecec~.ceces ss ccm eesec cea = 48

8-9 | Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina 62 10-11 | Tobaeco land—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvani: 60 12 | ‘Provision land,’’ South Carolina ...-..........- 61

13 | Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina. . | 62

14))| Clay ‘slate South Carolina (ss. secre. seen es nee 61

15 | Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts...............--.--.----- 50

16 | Tobacco land—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania......--.----------------- 2 60

SAMPLES, NOS. 17-195. GL

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

| Page No. of Classificati thi sample. ssification. us. tin

A memrne lke lands Miary land (aici = rie merrier orn et - 8 taal mtoleleioi= cielo miain SIS noi Isai | 48 TSwnMriclke Lands News MOCK seer cmecers om secs oa lam ae oie ete ininiem mca ie cIS mS cio | 56

19 | Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina .-...--.----------------++rrrcrrcrttrr 57 Da 2 5 Micke land Nie wa MOGs eee set inca tee ote mine oie a este tie once rie Sino 56 94-97 | Alluvial soil (rice land), South Carolina. -.---------------------++++----+0rr ttt trrr 61 98 | Unclassified, South Carolina -...-...-------------------------0e nner ner e rrr 62

SON rac loam dep New MOL Koco soe cee eetetata alate ata -lal == lala etnies mS ol 56

30 | Alluvial soil (rice land), South Carolina 61

31 ltruck landiiNew MOL .(on sects snare oe ale oi ata mini tefarn} soln apo einlniwii= i= winielnim mama imme sie So 56 39-35 | Sand Hills, South Carolina .:---------------=-----+------22eee coors cece eee erG2 86 | Truck land, New York....---.-....--------- 56 37259) ||) Sandeballs) South) Carolina) ssasee sam oo sana tate area memes a 62 AON (GneisseNorthi@arolimaten cae see se sete taste aa ata a male ale miei onion ml inlalei icin clo 56

Gl || “a trenen SrominCEing) tit ine noes heeecombacqoss elo onan carte SoS UCC CGD = cue eco ane oa OCSr Ce 62

42 | Trap (pipe clay), South Carolina. -.--.-----------+---+----2227 cc errr cree n creer 62

43 | Truck land, New York .--...---------------------------- 7702027 a Up Oe Chiat 2 alee he 56 Ade4 5s Trap Somthy Carolina eateries ceel tlm \= 2 tanita r= nla ental tciclo oiernrae miei ieeie oie oisle sa 62

. 46 | Trap (pipe clay), South Carolina ....------.-.-------------- 0072-025 freer 62 AZ PAOD \eiMieal CAS OUI sar OLIN cuted a alates ota leat ala ala claimant aol lee aici ie cc a 62 50 | Clay, pottery (kaolin), South Carolina. ...---------+++----++----+ rr rr ecrttterr tr 61

Sie Males Soubhi@anOlinas sme sa se= sees eta i= mma mola aime mime ici SS 62 59-54 || Gneiss, North Carolina -.- 2-2 2.222.622 = 2 = inne nn renin a | 56 55256) || Truck land, New. WOLD << f-<(22 25.2 core 92 on am aceinla wm ein nie ee la 56 57-58 | Upper pine belt, South Carolina..-......---------------------rtrrrcrcco rset 62 59 | Alluvial soil (rice land), South Carolina .-.-.-------------------+---------re0crttctr 61 60-62 | Lower pine belt, South Carolina .----.------.----------2-+-+-+-+-2rctrre rests 61 63 | Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts..-.-.---..----------+-2------ 2-22 e errr creer | 50

64 | Lower pine belt, South Carolina .--~.------------------- 22-2272 --0-r errr ren ertrer a 61 65-72 | Hammock (ridge land), South Carolina -.-.---------------++++--+-2+---2 2 r rrr ttt | 61 73-76 | Red Hill formation, South Carolina ...---.------------------+----0--2- 20sec rrt tt 62 77-78 | Sand Hills, South Carolina ’.......----------------+=---2-- 4+ -- 2222-22222 eer ernn = 62 79-80 | Hammock (ridge land), South Carolina ......-------------------- +2720 rrrrrr rt 61 81-86 | Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina. -.--.-----.-----------------+-20077> 62 87-88 | ‘Provision land,” South Carolina .--.-.---------------+---+-+2----22crcrtrr rt | 61 89-90 | Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina eee eee eee ee ee eee aii | 62 91-94 | Red Hill formation, South Carolina ....---------------------------2errerrrtr | 62 95 | Truck land, Massachusetts ...---.----------------++- +++ 22 0rre errr 50

96) || Sand Hills: South Carolina. 22222522522 22 - = eee eee neni no i 62

97 | Red Hill formation, South Carolina -....---------------------------------2rsrrr crt 62 98299) |-Sand Hills, South’ Carolina):= 2-2 -22----2-- 2-1 = === == mm omen ie in ool | 62 TOOT Gneiss South: Carolinas seo: -lsa-ese toon 454-112 ts = en ote eles olson a | 61 108 |. Unclassified, South Carolina........-.------------+----- 0520-22 e rere ctr erences 62 1091) Gnoeiss, South Carolinas: :2- 2222 --22sassasses2-- 92a = amma me eel Gaal | 61 410-116 | Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina. --..------------------++--eee0770-7- | 62 117 | Tobacco land. (cigarette), North Carolina ....--.--.--------------------+2-rrttrrteto 57 118-119 | Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina. ------------++-+--------+-+27+777->- | 62 120 | ‘Provision land,” South Carolina ....-..--------------------- +--+ 22 rrr rtt rrr | 61 121-123 | Lower pine belt, South Carolina. -...------------------------ Peete eatin ase 61 124-126 | Red Hill formation, South Carolina ..-..-------------------------------0ortrr ttt | 62 127 | Clay slate, South Carolina.-----------------------+---222eec neers i 61 128-129 | Gneiss, Maryland ---------2=-----~---- <= (cons a2 < 25 = ee eee | 45 130 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky- ---------------------++++-++------- 40 131-183 || Gabbro, Maryland = 225--- 22-2: s2-+-<<-5 502-2222 towne meee inn an ne ecole 45 134 | Serpentine, Maryland......--------------------2s00 2-220 err enn nnn oneness 47 135-136 | Quartzite, Maryland ...........-.----------e+2ce ene e eee ee scorer n ete re tees nenes Ee pet 47 137-139 | Trenton limestone, Maryland ....-----------------+ -----+----02 reer rrr srr 46 1402143) | Chesapeake, Maryland... -----~----- <2 222-2 o-oo en enn en a oon | 44 144-148 | Truck land, Maryland...-.......--------------22- ~~ === + 222-22 222 noe eer ner sen nee 48 149 | Unelassified, Maryland .-----.~..---2-- 2-22-22 2-2 =~ = == 2-20 nn een ! 49

150 | Eocene marl—glauconite, Maryland.....-----------------------++-2-- 22 cre crete Vy wAY

151 | Miocene marl, Maryland..-------.--------- <2. --=- 92-92 = = enn nn ne na | 47 152 | Chesapeake (diatomaceous earth), Maryland...-..----- Bis dee ae Se en are Ss oe ene | 44

153 | Unclassified, Rhode Islanil......-.-.-----------------------2-- 220222 errr | 60 154-156 | Chesapeake, Maryland ........-----------+-----=----22 +--+ -- 222222 er eterna | 44 157 | Truck—Chesapeake, Maryland .....--------------------------2---2---- rrr cert 48 158-164 | Chesapeake, Maryland. .-...------------------+-----+--+--------- See Areata seeeeeee | 44 165-171 | Track—ocene, Maryland...-..-------2- 0-2-2 nt ene so vn nen 48 172-174 | Trenton limestone, Maryland.......----:------2----=+--------2ce rrr rrr 46 175-177 | Triassic red sandstone, Maryland ....--.-----------------------s2-220rc02 corr 47 178-180 | Chesapeake} Maryland ...-------------- 3-12 29-22 e\- 922222 2 een ose se | 44 181 | Chesapeake (diatomaceous earth), Maryland .-.....--.-----------+----++22+---50--> 44 TS21640|) Ghosapealce, Maryland). oss. nc nq =~ mtn mein em | 44 185 | Chesapeake (diatomaceous earth), Maryland.--~.-------------------22-+05200rrr oor 44

186 | Miocene marl, Maryland ..--...-----:---------------- 222-222 -o ens ter neste 47

187 | Track land, Massachusetts .--.---..------------+ +7227 2-2 resets enet cc cens rer ise 50 188-192 | Miocene marl, Maryland.......-.-------------+--------2t rec et te Ree ec wae 193-194 | Eocene marl—glauconite, Maryland .. -.--------------------+---02-e etn rrr 47 195 | Alluvial soil, Massachusetts. .....-..---------++---2++s2eer ect r terre es rrt 49

72

SAMPLES, NOS. 196—405.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

Page

No. of Classification this sample. ile

tin 196-197 | Mocene marl Maryland. 2 .aaseeeculcine danni ceive ese seas helen eee ee se ee 47 198-208 | Columbia, Lower—river terrace, Maryland .............2---0-cece--eeeeee--- ee eee eee 45 209,| ‘Trock—Latayette; Maryland. 2cco0 25. ene cele eee eee ee a on en. cena 48 210) | Lafayette—pine barrens, Maryland :- 2c.) seer nase ee err eeeeee ene eee seen ena nee 46 all") ;Cretaceous man, Maryland o2eneccs cos cence cee ee nes ea aeeee eee eee ae eee eee 47 212'|\"Unclassified—quicksand, Maryland 2 - ose: case ence ee ements een ne nee e enemas 49 213 Cretaceous marl, Maryland sce. scce-eeeseeie seen ee een eee ne eee tee ae eae ene 47 214 | Hocene marl, Maryland .....:...-.----------:---- Sota Sais Bae omaeos wa ere eraaaie Seton eters 47 215-219) |) Phillite, Maryland. 2< Jap2n2-seee os ce sec e rece ne oot ee ee ee ee oe ee 47 220-220) | Helderberzdimestone, Maryland! 22. paca a. ssc eeene ae eeeee eee ate eee aie ee ane 46 226-228 | Oriskany, Maryland cs -cneses sos scose.s oy concce sate ne naeeee ane e eee ee eee 47 220=200))| HANAStONE, WESt, VilPINidesssesccee se coccerae eer ee Eee Eee een ae tae nee a eee 69 231 | Trenton limestone, Maryland 46 as2'| Sandstone, West Virginis. co. ecemoe once ccs epee ren re ence nee Cee eee ee 69 233 | Salina sandstone, Maryland 47 234-237 | Hamilton-Chemung, Maryland 45 238) |UCatskill Maryland’ o.20 ssc ec enc cece eran See ne nee ee ene a ae 44 239-240 | Clinton-Niagara, Maryland 44 241-244 Catoctin erauites Maryland 44 245-266 | Chesapeake, Maryland..--......--......... 44 207—278)| truck land: Maryland=-.-cseecer-eseeeereeceee rece 48 Zid); Hocene; marl, Maryland!2. 22. cosecseesonenecee see e teen cen er ene ee ee reee See eee 47 zio)|| Unelassified, Maryland) <<. 2 Soc scece sos cceper eens oe ee care seen eee e eee eee 49 219 | atayette—pine barrens, Maryland =.= -seees semen eee err eee enee ne acne see ee eee 46 277 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky..............-.....--.------------ 40 278 | Columbia, Lower—river terrace, Maryland 45 219"! ‘Unclassified, Rhode Tsland... 2222s. ccsscsrasnecuceee momee nee cece ene e eee 60 - 280") Chesapeake, Maryland: 2) 22... cciectmae see pic cera ee eae ee rere oe ne ae eae ae 44 281) rack land, Maryland) .22..0 <-ctec semen enin ome nese ue ete ee ee | 48 282 | Triassic red sandstone, Maryland........-..- 47 283-284) | “Trock land! Maryland. 2 js: <cescsseecnte crc ee cst keeaes stds naae een eee 48 285 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky.....-..-.....-.-2---+------+--+--- 40 286' |, Chesapeake: Maryland 2 2a-ce- secs ecncweencesacs So Ss senoe epee e eee eee nee Soere 44 287 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky..........-.........-.------------- 40 288 |, Helderberg limestone, Marylandi-s-- cone: seiceeek ce sens dene eee e eee en eee eee 46 209) Hamilton-Chemunpyarylandesscsseseceeeeeceet es cette conte e ee meee ae aan 45 2905 (Oriskany, Maryland)... 2.ccceccsccoceccmm sere sein odee-can nce et eee ee ee eee 47 291-292 | Limestone—gunpowder lime land, Alabama Pa 23 293-294; “Unclassified, Alabama 2, <<< acces semeee sees ae coe cece oe ee en 24 295-298 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River, Kentucky.-.........-.....------------------ 40 299=302)| (Prairie, Thinois's< 25 < .c..ce5 acne nie coerce ore cen oe eee Seen ce ne | 36 303) | Clay, stoneware, Maryland-e 2. 52sec c (co-scen seecec ce fae te cee eee eee eee 44 304-305: | Clay, ‘tile; Marylands- 220258 a2 de soos ect cite ciclo oe eee eee ne ee ea 44 306-311") Tobaccoilandi(civarity pe) Cuba ance sreecec- mance nee ce ane e eee ee gene 31 312-317 || renton limestone, Marylandes-- 22. asece ease ae nent ee ceeeene eee eee ee 46 318-821 | Chesapeake; Maryland: <sss--cs-cosecceeneescceoes soc cee eee be cee ere a aoe eee 44 322: |, Prairie tKansagee eecs. sscerencemne quae cae: Cae meee eee Riaseem ce eee rion (aoe eee 38 822 || Prairie—black waxy soil, Kansas)... :-..3--2< i-cosc fo cseee coe ee ee eee 38 324-326 | Prairie (corn land), Kansas 38 o21,|| Adobe, Calitormiansaseeeseesese renee cee ene 27 328 | Fresno Plains, California 27 329-330 | Tulare Plains, California 28 3al | Unclassified (salt rass\soil), California. »--coss-smeleeneesesennsasoneuees sn) nee 29 332-333 | Unclassified (red chaparral), California .........-........------------sceeeee--seelee 29 334-385 | Wheatland) California: - <1. 5-2. ots s<qcis scence ae tee eee ce ee | eke, $36| Adobe, Califormia seco. 3.-scck ohae sone ose eee en eee One ee 27 $37). Mojave: Desert, Californias: :~\2csciccceen fon coe eee eee oe eo 28 338 | Unclassified—fruit land of southern California (mesa), California = 28 339 | Unclassified—fruit land of southern California, California ...............--.--.. 2 28 340) Unclassified! (redichaparral); California Classe oeee sent oe cnecen eee a een ae 29 o£1—343) | TAdobe, Calitommian-.9--o-secse eee eee seneeee gain wislnlote's eles e[-19 io ee Sone ae ee ee 27 344°| Unclassified, California .< 322. 2:5,-cse betes ea den sae hea ne tas oe One eee eee 29 345) Alkaliland, California‘... -. 22... s-c=5. cee ale ene ae ee ne 27 346 28 347 50 348-353 54 354-381 67 382 68 383-387 67 388-391 53 392-395 54 396-397 37 398 38 399 38 400-401 | "Prairie—plains marl, (Kansas ’s:...02-.52--d00se) sea en eee eee 38 402)) Alluvial soil, Kansas <2220.csccec ee os 20 coos ee 37

403 | Prairie—blue-stem soil, Kansas: io.. 5.56.05 joes oo eee ce en eee se ee 38 404-405 | Prairie—plains marl, Kansas .-526-2cccs 522 oe ook ent eee tn eee ee 38

rey

501 502-507 508

526-527 528 529

530-531 532 533

534-535

536-537

538-539

340-541

542-542

544-547

548-549

550-551

552-553

554-555 556 557

558-559

560-591 592

593-597

598-610 611 612

613- 614 615

616-618

619-635

SAMPLES, NOS. 406-635.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

Classification.

RLAUPLO pINANSAA mamas ance cnece ese ae acs sae eee eee asetes Mose eee s accede satnee Brairie—- ov sum SOll Kansaspe soe ce seeect sees ascec ce meee scien amie Saynioe.cines me elsielac AIP GVA SAS eee elec a cteia oe ee eae ae ae cise ec ae eae Cee ciste omnes Oke ad wecekion IPrairio—-plainsimarleNGUrAaSKa@ osscemaee cer ncc ences ae ata dae cies sense ees cnicienanice - IETAIEO PNG DLAs Kamen oe cen s cee otis nthe esis sie nwe coe enisias ociomtyaiaiaueeRecadensecse Prairie pliainsmarly NeEDrakkasesea-cses ase aso cesses cele asfaace naneenetsaee seein IPTAITI Se NOD LASK ane scee sec oes cece cee oe misiabe we cisiwic de niciaelat fs semminie seis cea otencecee iBrainrie—loessyNebraskasacscssacsse sees js cae se oes ba seaak bosemec ce acctecees besos Prairie—Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska ......-.-...------------------------ I LAILIOW NO DAS eae camcttentl aan ae eee eee oe oo ans sire ae ena as oe eia lnc eign aoa eaanae Prainrie—loesssNebras kates sesnecesssenc sce aie face e eens eines Sustee selene cceaeamac Erairie=plainsimarl, Kansasecosesmestee cso nose nc actos out coats ciase eaten ja ciewnaceee prainie—benton limestonesMansas ccs secs. sa oss - ace saesee cee ace ecice aamsclcenceecene Prainio—pblue-stem, soileKiansass cece soa2es 2 ns too tose cast coc cecces saccueececeseseccce~ Prainie—plainsimar)s Kansastsen-nscacee’ 222220. ebe cae camels cen ebinctaaeleimamcceacses Shales (rye land), New York.....-.--.. nia ans odie alee ser teseiasis eee a eeieeee eee tiees aed Brairie—plainsmmarl) Kansas csaacases os 0 22 co naeree ase See des come cceeeeee dee wees ccckis UniclassiedheAtab ain aeees see sees eae oe oe arele cae 3 a ets aia eee eee eaten eres iruck—Hocene; Maryland! sscessnccseeee es soc ooo ce eae eeeeminwce cet sega acian else Prainie—bentonidimestone: Kiansas@ soce sacs os scene see cenwne eae aca sjmaceenc ccc gente Prairio—Dakotasandstone Mangas: soe sce: cer lo. secens een oe bee cere ceee pemaees ace Bimestoney:Mrenvon; VAIN Bie bet ce cates e coat e dae soe Gblecle sae aceaetetiolencies sissisieieis Prainie—Bentomlimestome, Kansas) << 22-)- simcice aeciscenceseccace nes cccleciasnccenceececs. Alivia soilsiKan Sas ects. se oe ees aes wea hose ose e cee en aoe ae noe coe caieclos imestonevorentoney Var siniaye ace soe cence ase ne See cieec eon smo cee tennemeeceaneue Eimestone—Knox dolomite, Tennessee-..-.. -2-ssc0.5sscds scent sce ueesencescecsceccoe Lenore limestone, Tennessee Brucigland yManyland! sacseeme ne cseeree <> - eco aese Tadae eo teisne seater oe teemac niece aeetes Chesapeaker Maryland! Sites ecen sec setc- cee accwetaecesctSecene ceases aetccmSeecostcise rouckglands Maryland) esecec acne ceaascmers antes tas coonms Ace. b naee eee seen Melee nee caasie Wnclassitieda Mary] an desma re se poison /fctle te see cicteenae oe tnd tees see eet eee ceee ace Clayspottery,;Marylandten somes acces coe c.cn cedels notes adee aot aeene sere oenennen acceso: imestoneyMrenton; eViErsinisyee este Seen sane bee ee cle neice erica Deena cecetee ncecoee Timestone you woul ce redulandsin aA labamacpen. > snenosmeceeeeneeee toenese eee ccmee afayette(oraneesands) Alabama: sence nce secs sa sent ceneeneesecisc seas ciecnes as -socee EIMeEstons, St.Louis redhands.))s Alabama sac -8 soccccs encss anecoce seer occ csoce Mataverte(erange) sands) eA labam aeossceteoenceccrs seen eee eosco ss eecceemecteot cue. AltivaalisoilMassachusettsncs eee oma s chee te rae eee ek cece eas oe eee ese semen ruckwlandwMassachusebtsissno sce c se Scene ence ee nem meee cee sede ous lbatayetter(orange;sands),, Alabamascoces. oes s 1a ce scene cpemos an cae eee cme cicua cian Eeruckslandt Massachusetts cose as cores ec aes ce see eee RE oe se imestone—-Knoxqdolomite, Adabamacenicecns. os sere sense See ees comes See gee ee CambriantshalewAlabamanescs sme ae ae oosa tee coset sas eee aloe pues Seat. Lafayette (orange sands),-Alabama...........------. Bas oefae SS eee a een ee nies iruckland sh HOd e:lislamd cma ate ccls errs aes eae eo aa See Seon eee Sadulaemaee Be gees Raftayetter(oranreisanus), A labamacoece «eee scn ot oe seen sce oe elena eae sone seam. Cretaceous Alla bam aloe ae etme ee cre mcrae areola ears od bnide emer ee net ai ae nu cklandsRhodewmslandiasheade say cs ve see eo races ose soaee meena woul eet os Se imestonerstsWoulsiqesrealandsi.)) Alabama soma ces as see ete eee ee atayetveorancersands)) Alabama. seen. omen sse ) see Sean gee ee ys enn ceniusne | MOEN. PRIEC KolaAN GINO NypeM OL Katee cacia tions ace ee RL ah on egah sh, heap ote y MATIN eget igen aoe ok UI Greiss—horn Dlen dior Ala Dam asesec ce ona see ee Sse ioe ene er euebnct emo iMatayette (Orange sands) PAlabamaesces eae oooe fos eaeee eae aee ace jena neeeee shri c kplan Gre Werk OL Kena eee ee ae sean ne ne ce eg rh ae eS ed hatayette(Orangesands)Adabamsaens-. see seas ce oe = eee case sega wee mimestone——Knox dolomite sAlabamasee: see nee ee sth ewer eect cease eee eT mafayette,(orangersands) Alabama aceeeces ope eee ace cee ee eee eee eee Truck land, New York Gareiss Alla bam ae tetas, setae ieee ale erate cl os oa Seo oe eae is See Ge imestone—kKnox dolomite, Alabamarsseaen peso. see cece se coe ee nen see Geen emnm amen atayette (orange sands) Alabamamencsaes eee sos ncaa nk escent eles aoe P eee ceeeneae Gmeigss Alabamarscneacs cc acca hee saa aa tee Ree WR eo aye aL hs E Whatayerte,(oranpeisands),Alabamaleans-ssseeceeeen as seeten enna one eet enone nen Coalimeasures, Alabama eas ce soe aoe eee ae ere eee ECan a lee eee aon | iatayetvey(Oranee:sands), A labamaiocceeaseneeee poses oe oescan soe nnd once eoooen sees Erucksand Newt VOLK s- see cece sec cae eee aja Ne ale dels ate eee eee eee ihatayeste (oranve.sands) Alabama... ssseceeer ener. ew oan eat mcs Sasa ne eh meaner Truck land, New York Truck land, Marylané Clay, brick, Maryland Louck land Maryland sates aecccin-ssces oc ceo eee ee etna ns acount eePeE pee hls oemec Chesapeake, Maryland Gumbo, New Mexico EO DOWNG We MOXIE GORI: sy on Weaen ae otee te ae ele ae ie lees stine eos ME EER aates Mesa soil, New Mexico Dead land (coarse), New Mexico Truck land, New York

74

No. cf sample.

636-640 641-650 651-656

657 |

658-659 660-661 662-663 664-667 668-669 670-671

672 673-680 681-682

683

684 685-686 687-689 690-698

* 699-700 701-702 |

703-708

709-712 |

713-714 715-716 717-718 719-720 721-722

723-724 |

725-726 727 728-729 730-733 734-737 738-739 740 741-742 743 744-750 751 752 753 754-755 756 757-163 764 765 766-775

776-777 |

778-779 780-783 784-788

7389

790 791-792

793 794 795 796-797

804-813 814 815-818 819 820-823 824 825-829 830 $31 832 833-835 836-837 838-840 | 841 842 |

SAMPLES, NOS. 636-842.

List of the samples, arranged serially from 7 to 4000—Continued,

Page

in

Classification. this bulle-

| tin Tobacco land(cigar type), LennsiyL wana toe etsen satan ee ote ener dre 60 Tobacco land (manufacturing and export)—gabbro, Virginia -.....---.-.------------ 67 Tobacco land (manufacturing and export)—gneiss, Virginia.....-...-.....---------- 67 Limestone; Trentonis. Vateimia.< 3-2 c= acs cree cee eee Seer ee oie oedema 66 Tobacco land (manufacturing and export)—gneiss, Virginia.--......-.. ------------ 67 Prairie—Bentonulimestone. aS aAsy secre cyecc oaaa ae seine see eee eae eee aie as ee ares 37 Cambrianishales,:A la bamay, .Satce.c ccs sos ciectt oats a eee aero ite nee eetee ae ee eo ee e 22 mimestone——kn0x .dOlOmMIbe: PAU sib suv Bile eat one ts ee ae ee tae te 23 Limestone, Trenton; -Alabama-s--c2es -oocee hee pate = see cone Seeels soe ae eee 23 PTAITIC.-AlADAMA .o canna saa ww a ara terehe opal epee Ree ela al ete ere ee eee 24 Cretaceous .(ereensand); Alabama <2) a. <2 ssqase eee eee eens ee een ene eee 22 Gneiss:) Alabama s5.c55 scene caoas cecleeerejnrye ce Meee EERO ee ots ee eo eee 23 Praime— Tertiary, INCDEAS Kaye a tepelareisiclo ro. nial apne tee ere 53 Unclassified (fresh molding clay), Pennsylvania..............-..---...---.---------- 60 Dead land. (fine), New Mexico: = scc.so-< ses meal eee oe ate are 55 | Prairie— Tertiary, Nebraska oon. ssscinte= 4 ele eee eee ee ae nee eee ne eee eee 53 Wand-blown dust, or ‘“blacksnowa Neviaskal cose ee ssa oe eee eles eee 54 Tobacco.land (cigarette), VanS i als ees ae tcle else mart ileal ela reee 67 Unclassified,’ California... 22 2.2)s: 2-macce net anct sen cece teenies ate ine nee ae eee 29 Unclassified, Mississippl.2--22- oc - 52. ons ee creates seide ee sleale So ce tae =e ne eee ae 51 Alltvialisoil, Ohio. osc .6 2.220 seeeci.dein saeco teen ee tee ee cetera sete eee ee eet eee 58 Limestone—Kknox dolomite; (Penne sseer- assess sees tae ae eae 64 Eenore limestone, Tennessee .=5-.<\-2mc25 cee deciles we ceins eae me temtemiei see ce ee ee 64 Cambrian—Knox shales, Tennesse@s-s22-.--seseee eee eee ene ee eee ae ae eee 63 Limestone;'St. Louis; Wennessee 2. 2 n\<a2)0:20c. cine wieisin sine doce sso ce Seepla dese eee eee 64 Goal-measures, Tennessee - 22 o.2 2522 2 oe Sk oicnmevine secs tceese sme eee eeeeee seer 64 Subcarboniferous, Siliceous group—Keokuk—barrens, Tennessee. .---.-------------- 65 Nashville: limestone, Lennesseé . 2s saceerma con scents onan: Se sets ine cele Melee scene eee 64 Limestone, St. Louis; Lennessee: 3... ss. =< sse0sis.s22.5-2eseciseijeseene sent eene a= eee 64 Unclassified (molding sand), Pennsylvania ---:-:... 22... scene mmm ee a eee oe 60 Tobacco land. (cigar type), Connecticuth oo .- <2 ce aoe eo eetclnie sate wale eee 30 Cretaceous. (latwoods):Vennessee =<. o-0- asco sce eet eee seen ae nee ee eee 64 Lafayette (orangeisands); Tennessee=-- 0 -- = <1 - «so nate enn ee jateiniela eine esa ie 64 ILOCS8 Tenn eSSEC sae cceesceene estes ebie rine eee eee eon we aarete a ee oe ee EEE | 65 Tobacco land (Cigametite) WViT OTN ae ates = see cereals ale me oe ete at ental el leet | 67 Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina: 2. <== 22-5 - <n 2 -- sece eee |e eee eet 56 Tobacco land (¢ igarette), Wiest Maroinial. Us. Oe cleccr mas aijet eee eee eee aerate 69 Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina..-..-.--..-.-.---------------------------+--- 56 Tobacco land) (cigarette); South Carolina s2—- 525-4552 2e eee =e eee ee eer eeeieel 62 Tobacco land (cigarette), TOUS aN Ass 5. oe osisiaey-d- << eee eek Boe ee eee eee aoe 42 Robaccoiland! (cigarette) VAN CIM ale. - ects secs oe ea aera aaa leer eee ate ee 67 Tobacco.land| (cicarétte), North Carolinai------ee. +42) nese eee eee eee eee eee 56 Tobaceoland.(civarette)s Wiest Viroinis oe. = saeco a eee ee ee ete = tial ee 69 Tobacco land (cigarette). North) Carolina. +25c5) 2625. oe sesh eee see e eee eee eee 56 Tobacco land (¢ igarette), South Garolina.- <1 js52. dds Reon See ae eee ee eee 62 Tobaccoiland (cigarette) uoulsiana.-. 0-206 - sseen eee eee Eee ae eee 42 Wheat land of the Eastern Shore;;Maryland.. -2-- ace sseeeo-e eee ese =e eee 49 Wheat land of the Eastern Shore’ (‘‘white-oak land”’), Masyiaud ee one 5: 49 Cambrian—Knox sandstone; lennessee.---- -- ~~ <a eee ee eee = ee eee 63 Unclassified: MiISsISSipp is eemictets nica tacletaetee afateis ie eae siete tee eet 51 Winclassified Oklahoma. 242 ec- 202 ac + settee sees ese ae eee See etal tee 59 ‘Tobacco land (Giwaretiie); WAT OINI a cote crits te ate ae ieee caterer 67 Unclassified: Oklahoma «.: jc-.22--22c 2 2e coss ees k e 3 59 Prairie, ColOradG»-c occ .ccine.« -eas Se Sacre cree seer ne eet eee a, oo ee eee eee 29 Alkali land<Colorado/sc. 22 act. cse~ 2-2 de oe ae ee smn sae eee to ee 29 Alluvial soil, Connecticut 30 Unclassified, Oklahoma. -----.- 59 Drift, glacial, Rhode Island 60 TOSNOyE Lain! CAT LOVTIL A | cre arama soe ete ae atm ete eee at le 27 Clays brick. Marylan dieses ee nan aoc = eae ale rela al eee ie sole ete 44 Unclassified (glass sand, NO. Worade) Maryland = seen ee ee eee see ee 49 Unclassified (glass sand, No, 2 grade), Maryland) .: 22: =dg.2- 22 ssce shen see = eee 49 Unclassified) Marclands cc: -ssseseee sesso ete eo. feet aeeen = eee ale ees ee 49 | rock land) Maryland. cscs. --cseseee tear es eas a) sae ee ene ee ae ee 48 Mobacco land (Cioaretie). Virginia as. .- osm 22 oe eee eee 67 | Crickland, Maryland ess sc. 2cccceeme ee sas aw eel te eee ee Ole te ote ate 48 |) Robaccolland (cigarethe), Wat oii aoe eae a ee ore eee nie ee ie 67 Unclassified, Massachisetts.2-<... o-c0ccecese= ccnp =~ peewee eee se <a a eee eee re 50 Alluvial soil—black swamp muck, Alabama --.--.. .---.<--<--2<=------------=ss=0==e 22 Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama.......--..----.-----------+---+-------------22--5] 23 Hammock land, PAabania... 0... 2c. -cedee oe ldaaccdactece eclatee aie iene eee ne | 23 | Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut... --------- - os. oe ee eee eine ail nee 30 Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama... -...-- ~~. .2.ncec00 cee enin seen ee eres = sss oe eeee= | 23 Hammock, Alabama Fue a wiocidd ncaa acne, Ga a eeeie ce a cme ere ee eee etre alee ee 23 Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama. ......-...-.--- 22.55. 22-2----- 0-5-0 nenene =n == 23 | Post-oak flatwoods, Alabama -..2---...---ce os ele eee meee seme ee te one eee 24 | Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama... <~ dacs ccic eo eee eee Oe a ee ie fae root oe oe a eee 23 | Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut -..... 220-2. 222-620 o on ee eb wen wen snesenses 30

SAMPLES, NOS. 843—1057.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—-Continued.

No. of sample.

843-845 846-847 848 849

850-851 |

852-854 855-856

901 902-904 905-910

911 912-919

920 921-937 938-946 947-949 950-958

959 960-963

964

1000-1001 1002 1003-1004 1005-1007 1008

1009-1010 |

1011-1012

1013 |

1014-1016 1017-1018 1019-1020

1021 1022-1023 1024-1035 1036-1038

1039 1040-1049 1050-1051 1052-1053 1054-1057

| Unclassified—truit land of southern California, California........-.-----------------

Classification. Tiina, AA Parr) 6 Sse banonnecssabas959bS1O6e EGER neOseGSd nOCAn SOURS nae bODODaSedSea es Limestone, St. Louis (‘‘ red lands’’), Alabama-.........-.-----------------+--++++++--- WnelassitiedspAdapamar cose eee ese eee eee acl ols siento Bee em ini e ei ae mini

Unclassified (pipe clay), Alabama Limestone, St. Louis (‘‘ red lands’’), Alabama Lids, JR PTY se gence sce SocOs madenes dew GESe5 Sa nObe OOO Soe aCe aap ean aac ants Hlammocke Ala baman sae sac ee sate ita oie ore ale > =m aim yctnic wlwin tata tn alana iateje lm nl ayoJae clea nian soiiet= Limestone—Quebec dolomite, Alabama.....-.--------..-----------+------------++-- BE baeinlsy AUD ye he Goa o pas GO Soe eS o SSE CO San pe BCS ESO B OE Ean Dp AOb Socce ens oes Deae oc Timestone, St. Louis (‘“redlands’”); Alabama -------5----- 2. se secs ne eee enn- = ome Limestone— Knox dolomite, Alabama ---.----------.----- ee eek nc tate hoa mactanstae oes Wnelassified, Allabam ais << emiaciieeniee- <== aetna Se ee eee ear i omnia ascateiae Limestone, St. Louis (‘‘red lands”), Alabama .......-...---...------------------+---- Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts -.....-..--.---------------------++----+--- Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama. .-........-.-----.--------- +--+ +--+ e-222 esse eee Limestone—Quebec dolomite, Alabama..-....-..-.-.---.------+-------+-----+--02---- Limestone, St. Louis (‘‘red lands”), Alabama-..-.---.-...--.s2..2---52+s0+0++--------- Diol ssn LU pith ocees Hob se aces pasp Roe SSEe OSS CUE aRen Ios CO0nr Noo TnD soos UBobeSes Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts. --..--..--.---------------------+----------- IMEStTONE—— KN OXI OLOMNILO, WAU ADAM a ee see = see a aaa ee alee ie alaisinjn alelsia te retaratat sitet te Limestone—Quebec dolomite, Alabama .......--..-.----------------------- 22-22-22: Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama. .----..----.------------------ 0 --- 2222-22222 252-0 Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts. -...---...---------------------------------- Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Helderberg limestone, Maryland........------- OnskanyyMarylandesssecoseceesesce seas: soe Hamilton—Chemung, Maryland : COPNRE)RrIDL IN yay binysl See = Ae See Rae eee Seep ee ocedtcopaeceenGn sane sms eecsoce | Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts -...--...-.-------------------------------- GER anil IW brad bt lee esecececteosoonsd0ece bee eoe ses Eau UEpooc osc cBnSeoe Sen oesanee aoe Hamilton—Chenung, Maryland:.-.:..--.------.-----5-----2--.e----e=- ee - = === =~ (Wmclassin edyWWesty Wein one yee at eae aceite ea elaisielere eleicleminten leet te atime img som Riven shales Mar yl am dyes eee ale = lala alas = = esis erase elie ela Stine i lnim min ‘Fobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts. .-.--..-.----.-.-.--.----------------------- itrentonulimestone, Marys am ee eee see as ao nese aie Solem seine aise ae ela al Cambrian sandstone; Mary) and eae am ae eared tain ele ole mate lee eile a= === lms Triassic red sandstone, Maryland...--.------------------

1D) Wea bys |S ce seosee Moces eae eee comer = Cp RENN Sob So osee Drea TEU aaasOee Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut Writtwolacialy Connect Guts sees ssl ae a oe a al alae ail toll Wmelassrmeda(timber)) Okl ahomaesssecseee = se s- os an sae laa slo alm clale atetatatetele) siete a leielate iar Unclassified (blue-stem soil), Oklahoma. .----...----.-------------- Soa seeecens es iimestones ©alionmia se cmee see oe eae ere ee ao ee ee na re at selenite rete sree sielaminiae Alavial a Calitorniaeeescscceesce seca eee se ae ences = aie onl na iene a mmeieciersiela clam

Unelassifieds Massachnsehismesssres sas cee son ee eee aera ae ine eines eae ete eer Drift, clacial, Rhodewsland:.---sssecse2s2= ee == ao sea = ile eniminlno = en =~ Transition graywacke,”’ Rhode Island-..-...--...-.-..---------2----2----------=----- DritojelacialwRhodemisland ssesee sees a ose se eles = =m es Saleen eee eine isola actsiaae Carboniferous conglomerate, Rhode Island ...............-.--.---------------------- Writiyolacial bod ees landice= sass cies sa sem = ssa = = are emieets sere essa sistem tel) ie) <= PAU Tnivaalliso ile avis han eto meee eae ass oe oeteta at meloie inte ls annlnieeleiaiciainlaleininletsiay= == Wrnlhvsrhatsil, Wyesloub vaio =o 8 Ao eo so oe dsas as eedeodscedsc Hosa cesecpgounaosoS = sesmorsoas Mobaccoland) (cigar type), Connectieuh = me. -2-- = s\semiole oe ewe ein ei == in == PAN Mrakyat eal Or] ea WWiees hatin ction = aera tape fate ete wasn eia ar ice elelo orale ielelefats alerts ala ial— iain Volcanicvash a Wwiashin Otome ose ace see sere ao sees see eae ernaniemisielerai= S clariei= sieimaminl= Alluvial soil (rice land), North) Carolingte. ssccerecses a cctenoreee ss camescee ecole errs Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts Alluvial soil (rice land), North Carolina ..-....-----.-

Unelassitieds\Washingtoniess.. = sess oc see ease an alna ans nan ciiare eee etiam ia laa [Basalt sWias bin PhONa ae ae eeeeie co elapse ait eter = ere al siinie sine teen siaieietaiaols =inl— iam Miinwaalisoilawiashin Stompers = sees cee ese a aes enna ae Sete eae oie e ae ee are ate tei Wm elassitied saWWias hI OOM eee ees a ae eee te eee ei esate cies ictal eek late esate Atonwialisoisassachnseutsins = ee. (tate coe eencmetereceeconice sce seecac se cinia ele ce eles Aue alsolleiG@onnectiCutcaes ccc see sae ee sae ees ee a wscisic see elaec sa aeis saci Tobaccoland)(cicar type), Massachnsetts:- 52-22... -<-50100 50 oo clem ee eel ae | Trinssicmedisandstone.Connecicnt eso see-nen eases ose een eae aoe -e nin eclenenincesesee Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky ...--.....-----.------------------ Unclassified, fruit land of southern California, California--.-.-.-.....---.--.------------ AlluvialysoilCalutonniaee.cemeres cee oa. oe eee een ete nn saeet ios we tics seen nine alee ae

Wile coll, Wyre lama ron Sen See eecmcr oe aaecre os Sobpo SeboocdsascoOcosasnecbesaesccr Unclassified) Massachusetts) cee ncccenecnes coe ceaenenie cece cae enebus msewiscesaanis=em

Alluvial soil, Massachusetts .....0...--0ssccceccvcccccccs ele ete ete aie neta ele tetalarebe wale leleie aie t=

=I o>

SAMPLES, NOS. 1058-1331.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

pa . Classification.

1058 .|, Unelassified,|Californiac--. sees. -seeeses ceee tee een eee nee eee: ae a ee 1059-1060)| (Coal measures, Kentucky.--2.~- 42h eee eee oe sone See eee ee een: eee ee eee 10611062.) Triassio red sandstone; Connecticut. --.-2n52s--osseeeeeeceneee nes ees lee Lene eee 1063-1064)| Unclassified, Connecticutice-.6- oe oe ate Seen eee ee ree ee ene, en ee 1065-1066 | Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut --..--..-.2.....2-..------- 21+ eee eee 1067-1068 | ‘Eriassic red. sandstone; Connecticut. --_ 2-222. ewe seeeee ee ense en - 2 oee ee eee 1069=1070) Drift. clacial, Connecticut essn].asesc ce teehee oe eRe ene eee eee ee ee L07I=LO72) | Unclassified: Connecticutis-. <2.qciece- -senuetee semen meee cee anne seen ena eee LOTS —LO74 CAN nv ialsoll Connectiouts-caccnssans.iccine cae eos e eee ne nee meee a tea ee LOTS=L076.), Unelassified; Connectiout.;a-c<o.2e sich leone Ae eee ee eee LOM —LOTBH)| Unclassitied: Oklahoman a acacen ajc eee eae eee Peewee cae Se 1079-1084") riassic red sandstone, Marylands----. ------ eee see er eee eee eee ee ee 1085-1088: “Trenton limestone; Marylanders. oj. sc sre cence en oe 1089-1093 | Phillite, Maryland..... Hob SSS ea, 8 ore Sole winks Sa ARES cio oie os SR Ree ee ee 1094-1095 | Devonian black slate glades, Kentucky... -.--- 222-5. see- = poe ene eee eee eee eee meee 1096=2097: |, Uppor Silurian, Kontueky-<2s- 5 = os ee ase o eee e eee ae ee nee ee eee 1098-1099 | Limestone, St. Louis group of Subecarboniferous (‘‘rich barrens”), Kentucky-~.----- 1100-1103 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky-.-.......-........-....------------ 1104-11054) Limestone; Carbpniferous: Kentuckyieen--- onan ee ee cee ences eens seen eee eee nee ame

1106 Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts....-.--..---.-----...--.« RIN OAOS Aas Sa ean

1107. ;| Unclassified, Oklahoma ses. ncn seeeee tere eee He et te 1108=1109')| Unclassified, Massachusetts); -csca-0- 2 coe ces see one eee ee een eee ree 1110=119145)"obacco land! (cigar type), Massachusetts, -.-.----oseees een eee eee eee eae eee eee

115s | Alinvial soil(praiie), Californian -—-o--e=-- eee oo eeee eae eee Cee nee eee

+1116 Unclassified, California .-....... BERS ORO on oA A Spee oacisce ledopopacesoscas+ L718) Drift, glacial (Connecticut ase. -c-meseseee se ese cee seers sete eee ence eee eee 1119\| Wmnclassified,, Nevada scons ccc ccceehe en tose se cine: batten aoe ore eee eee ee eee 1120-11235) (Chesapealse, Maryland). 222 semen scemisesne eee aise ae eee ei oe eee a | 1124-1172 | Wheat land of the Eastern Shore, Maryland. ...-...--.--------------------+---------

L1739|Lobaccovand (cisar type), Massachnsetite 7-5. 2esces sees eee eee Eee eee 1174-1182 | Wheat land of the Eastern Shore, Maryland -......--..-..----- =. -eeee ene eo eesesaee 1183-1198 || Track land: Marylan@ssceser- - nec cme cs sc csice ote = 25-2 cere ee ae ee eee ee ee 1199-1201 | Wheatland of Hastern Shore; Maryland: =~ <.o. 12-2 soe ncce cee seers ee eee eee 1202-1219) Gruckiland: Marylandyco.s-se-secseeeeoeete. oo. ok = cece cee e ee neeee eee eee 1220-1221 | Wheat land of Hastern Shore, Maryland.-........-..------6---sceeceenee sence es eee 1222=1225' |) Crock land)Maryland-..<d22 ease oe cece ie ce see cae eaeee See eet eee eee Eee

1226°) Wheatland! of astern) Shore; Maryland) -=-22-22-2.20: c2- cesses eeeeeee ee ee 1927—1240'.| ruck land, Maryland 225. s22- s-sscerieceee ate soe aee Seen eee eee ee 1241 1244")'Gabbro, Maryland! ©. - o.<< jos-cceeetote ede bec seb es meee o en See eee eee eee 1245-1246 )|--Gneiss; Maryland)... ..2 sc soccstocascenemes seeen a2e S25. ae ee nee nee eee ee eee ee

1247.) Lobacco land. (cigar type), Massachusetts\---..-2-s--25-54--cem-e eae eeeeae ee eee 1248-1249 | Gneiss) Many land) 1-10 sence sa wioeins alesse nie Sa) = stot see ae eeee ee ee ee ee

1250}, Lobacco land \(cigar type), Massachusetts =~ <cee- ose eee eeeee eres eee = eee

1251.,| \Gneiss; Maryland ccc saat ete aie) sas sta)arnieinie siaynneeic siale nie seelsietne eee ele eames mee ciara eee

1252 | Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut ......-.-....-..--..- n Lins io Send he cette wls See ee

1298:.|) Gnoiss; Manylan dec. sc josjaoci = amie stolen sie oe ee iinaie = se eee eee eee ee

1254.) Lobaccoland (cigar type), (Connecticuti---- -- -22o- - ese sees eee eee eee | 1255=1259':| Gnéiss, Marylandicc.cco pce esac sens cose as aco e et ee Se nee |

1260 | Tobacco land, Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania ..---.....----------.------+--:------ 1261-1262; Unclassified: Massachusetts e-o-co-ceclas- ose ees nae ee oe eee eee a ee eee 1263-1264") Alluvial soil, MassachuSetisn oe c.cincem errs mee meee oe a= ee ee a ee 1269-1270 | Unclassified, Massachusetts): =< -.-<2..<sececee eo tee eae === ee eee ee | 1271-1273 | Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts ----.-----.----- 0-2-0 s 22-2 o we eee eee eee ' 14-1275: |) UmelassiticdConmecticntssceeec es none es eeeenen en nee Seen ees Ren a Bet. | 1276-1277 | Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut 2-5 2222-5. --e- == boson eee = epee 1278-1289 | Tobacco land (cigar type), New: Work. = 2-<22c ses. ceenienlow 000s sone ones ae ee 1290-1293'.|, Unclassified) Neyadar.c-. 02 .ccuoe. once be ee ee aeaeec oe Nae 56 Cae ne Loe eee 1294-1295 | Waverly sandstone (Lower Subcarboniferous —‘‘ white oak land’’), Kentucky -..-.--. 1296-1299\), Track land) Maryland 2 .c;--<.-cecencacccls sone ae bbe e nes aeicitm Siete ee a eee

1300 | Wheatiand of Eastern Shore, Maryland). = ooo oes temte win = wets oso oe melee eine eee

1301 |) RrockJand) Maryland <22220 .- = ose. seco Sen Perse ee eeeeee onitte cite sales fee eee 1302-1305 | “Lobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut: ---<---.n- ee -- -ehe ss ee se ene cea eee

1306 | Prairie—loess, Illinois ........-.-.---.---- Sieve dd Soe ott Mea eee oe = ee rr 1307=1308';; Loess—Tllinois -~ o... coc. n= sscdnemene es epee een ce Ee Ree eee ne eee ee 1309-1310 || Prairic—loess, Nlinois: . <0). 2-¢ce sebcce cee sane eee cam abe eee ot ke on Se See IT—1312 || Loess, Un ois 3-.... Se. Sean ecersceeerse aes 6 aaa e ee ee Sern © She a 1313-1314 :| Prairie—loess, Mlinois..--.. 2.2.2 ches cs cone Scho eae eeeeee nae sabiac ens Se 1815-1818 ||: Toes, Thindise. 2% cine cot She ee ee ee re ee 1319-1321 .| Prairie—loesq. Wlanois 2-6-2... 2 coven a2 - ae tn eee ae nee ee

1322 | Glacial Grift, THINOIG: coe <6 oie ow wie ecw = ses -E oe eee ite Bee Sn Ree ea ee

B23 |) TeOO8S) TINO <eSreisce cert ere cic cw Sip rare enna fake oles popcier Ie STS Olen Ei tet ted eee tet ne er

1324'.\; Prairie—lOess: MUIMOIB Fo siiasie p'm a= aye, o(a eo ale ee en ee nee

1325 | Prairie—Galena limestone, Illinois .........-. g osohs aioilemrwle Clue Me Ate Aela Es Sw 3 dws eee 1326-1327 || Glacial. drift: Tilinois:..03.2 222 -..ecu ccc cee nee chee eek ae Bee oe eee see en eee eee

1329 i) iELalrie—loess; LILNOIS seeeeeeeeee ee ee eee eeees ~ chi taias Sepa eie slataa ie baie stam Soe ee

1329 ‘Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia

1330 .|. Goeas; Llinoise.. Je... dana cceeene sas =o 26k cap Re aa cee slene sae Nee pela aeete

1331 |. Prairle—loess, LIinOIs 222)... 2= <scemicn a= come ceteeehe Sep ee cla ula Gaiam nin sia pea eee eee

No. of sample.

1332

1333

1334

1334 @ 1335

1336

1337

1338

1339

1340

1341

1342

1343

1344

1345

1346

1347

1348

1349

1350 1351-1357 1358-1359 1360

1361 1362-1363 1364 1365-1367 1368

1369

1370

1371

1372

1373 1374-1377 1378-1379 1380-1381 1382-1383 1384-1387 1388-1389 1390-1391 1392-1429 1430-1431 1432 1433-1434 1435-1440 1441-1442 1443-1444 1445 1446 1447-1448 1449-1450 1451-1452 1453 1454-1455 1456-1457 1458

1459 1460-1463 1464-1465 1466-1467 1468-1471 1472-1473 1474 1475-1476 1477-1478

1479-1480 |

1481-1482 1483-1487

1488 1489-1490 1491-1492 1493-1494 1495-1496 1497-1498 1499-1500 1501-1504 1505-1508 1509-1524

SAMPLES, NOS. 1332-1524.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued. Page in

Classification. this bulle-

tin LOSS, INDO coapo Senna Cope nBGdOn sae Sco ACS eee CORED OE CAS AaB eda sero eeeroae boreee ac 36 Glaciaaiitty (Pra) PULLIN OI i cra qe ae aati as aie ete aterm pie Slee nae a ate easy = lalere aie loloe wib 35 ebaccolandu(Cigarethe) sa VileINia eae aesecee seca = caer sles emaeaecere eee a= oe = 67 Glacial drift—bowlder clay, Wlinois- <-~ - = soina= << =/n'o/ajis acin a ole eeioiseieie cess siesta 35 RGlaciaharifoeeWiNnOisms aces ceceses cee ae nee e as cose os.oee ane ee cee aan beclaeseeseebaces 35 IRrairie——looss#lllinOlsiseccete sae acne cece ees aecoe ccetieeeoeaes he nesceeaseesc es 36 HHOESS PULLIN OLS spe cocisase ees ae aes oe Seloet= ara ona aia! ecaiaia nl alojsiarn = ante mralntalnlejsicisie elo sisi Seieieps © 36 Glicialdrite Mlinoisssscas cesses cess cawerees eas aude mans soca ss seeeoeeaice setae. ee 35 Glacialtdrifii(prairio)Ellinoisi =a ser sees = = Stoo saa. s aint se ea detects ences 35 lena aii sys, WOME) 2s sn cang sce noonbaneqanodeacuonenepeTocpHEocosmocespeeeenac 36 Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia 67 Brairie—loess blmois «.=-o-cscesnseeseesscs sss cee eens 36 Moess MUlinois.----)-ccass cases ce ce ccs e oe Bac cle secidc eleciaule wisi clos c/a sna bejatetas te eiainign aces 36 Glacial drift) Wlinois jess sns< ose aisles cosas acm sols wieleioe soelsisjesie eine woe osijewic See ioe & 35 TOSSES WEIN OIS Soe sae = semisis slsisls ca mance as Soe scisiehe saoee Oo e wnere eiacl- oaisecleeseieiecscisisie 36 Glaciaivdrittrillinoistascesaetee cose os - se co o- Sse eh eae se nccinteheocte sans eencnecncce’ 35 IOG8S; LIN 018 mee aeseiss see eto= eae sees te ons ese ce gee eneodesteece onde me dasen cet 36 IPT AIO OOSS PIN OLS ee eaaaae eee anise ae a ate ee eisai tet aia -ieiatereseiets cca 36 GOESS PMinOIShes see se sciceat see eee aso oe ee aa es De see ce ees posse coe oeeesee se aecic 36 GlaciaO rikiwlllin ose sceactce sce ee ose eee cot ences asa e seremineine tej eisicmeeeeate cect 35 Mebaccoandi(cioaritype) wNe wa Or keene sass cissaae sie eee ciel wale am ae eas 56 WUnelassitiedl(alluvinm-prairie), Oklahomae --- adem sciences se cnel- sistent sis lee 59 Tobacco land (cigar type). Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania 60 Wmelassifeds(pramie) Oklahoman sneer oe mas aie os clone elnino ele = ee mnie pein etaiel= ara 59 Mobaccolanud (cigar type), Connechicutb= o--c2-ce- rae - meee n eee eae eee =e ea 30 Glacial drift, Nlinois-....-.... Beene owe eece ben cians aicie deo de semen e acetee alcctaganctae wee 35 IPrainie=-loess Lin G19) ss cacean se b= s Soo seac 05-5 as otne s eee ceceeseiss oricsce Segoes seceee 36

NGOESS PULLIN OS! see ase oe oe aeinwicte wc c Scie ess esis Sec ee cesciccstisbweccs owns cccice san: 3 Giscialtdritth(prairie) wuuUlinoisyeeme see ss Mo ae)o salen eel eee ae Gea aeiae see ae 30 IPraiTie— Loess wUINOIS! <a -s cosas e oes sonic So cis ces ene te Soe toe oeiee -clecmiseimcemiee ees 36 lUnclassinedehllinoise-masmestesetoessses= ss ae oo ois se a clecee ee Seecenit cee escmete sone 36 Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia --.-.-------- Bo PR ania Saleen eteis Ween eee 67 IPTAITIO— LOCKS DELI OLS wes eeseereta eta aaa ole tse nia ate eiararey=ia lo viaie a einintn io tle sree tetele le sinieisieies aie 36 Sulbbearboniterous mlllim Olga cese terse sess sale eee alaisvein lela aia oe eile Seieieiemieeetacinmeiemne oe 36 Limestone— Keokuk (Lower Subcarboniferous), Kentucky....-..---.-------.------- 39 Hhoxrhlesai-pinemup lands MASssISSUp ple semee era e eal oe ao lelaain ota le aie 5i Flatwoods, Mississippi.---..---.-- bse asdooocnc sdequEssoggnssSLQoSdSE ne sostobcdecunese 51 lena}, WOMENS Suey S55 sos ce coos a ookoe cooReSocEe See seuces cot ace woos eancoceosanSeccas5 51 Wim@bissirietsl WOR SRM rye C55 seco eoo eee oesunpSopope sae 7ecns amgcase no nacdseEeesSeasne 51 RMD IOO TG HE, WU SETERM OO eso co ccsedee doses pode on Seen soon ceassecesecosuoESe 51 Wire lassitied se N ele WON kee alee ate ae tata ate aantee © om iasicce's eieiainleeiceeeie = [aleeiaisinis tere 56 Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous (‘‘rich barrens’’), Kentucky......- 40 Giacialidritt—powlder clay pUulinoise. sesame aoe aaa sans aos eee eases elem le eee 35 Wnelassified SNey Ad dase sees sacs sas ess cease meas ceca cclelo eos seins cisieieiaicieiesiosl. nisin cle 54 ID erat ray, ING IEE coccdions so saeco beceb sae Seu OUD eeericb eco sh oosSe55ceeog. 53 Delite, UOTE OE one aaaqneacb Se POoanpeCco Spa pO ASOD oD DBO DBO rODaMdenaHs soacuEbaseeeoos 41 PAU vATHTA GG ORT OL. pO Ud SUSAN aya a= aa Se ire sete tetai ate) te ae ar atains =a oem aial=| = aiaie aim eleicrniet> == 41 IDA IDO DISITON S aa aod comnec Ub pS oD SO COL DES Sno ono pS DEE UEEEE DE a coonnopooedeonesepecs 41 atayecue) (Olan oesands) MaOWiSl Anaya e cee een one mwine cones ee cela= aeretm eee aim ol= i 41 PTAC MOMS aie sie serene sels ete eee ese cece nen inion wis einem o]la/atelala'a s\=t aia 42 Crefaccous Moutsianaies see sees aee cee ae eee eee aie ene aie sae ieee aie teniee sees ec 41 Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana 41 Dani h JOOS oo gaasScos poco eo por Poe SEe SEDC UCODCORe OE MES ronadobe re bocecsouaneenese 41 Acadia clay, Louisiana......-..- 41 Unclassified, Louisiana 42 Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana 41 Mopsecomandg ele anette) ya vuy QUIN ie tere crete eee eee ete ae ete lee ale lel ete te eel eee eel 67 Lafayette (orange Sands) TOursian a= ce me eects eines otisios cosine seein abet toca eee 41 Ibpue naire, ID nictneteni(® (Chany Eos oacoaconeco boos ssecadamec = beesue oes seerororeescesd 32 iPrairie— Lertiary,NCDLASKA) <<< <== -(nceer eee Fig i broek tee mt vse ieaaeh saan 53 Prairie—Cretaceous (Dakota group), Nebraska..-..-.----- se Ree Eek ha else nae eis 53 IDTairie—UnNClassill Ody Kian SAS eees cc, sass eeeine eens Soetsen = 4 Sseiee cle/enieistere aime sae 38 MOlgani Clas Hwa NS AS mance = ee a eisce caeeisaeiie cee pie eeloete ow iseissictere nie siacl= erslclatmnefa sara 39 Honea pine Me ctOn MASSISSLD Dl cee nse nee ae eee ele mats lals oinie aiotelar sia leietnis iene aimi= imi 51 lea) MMS SM Ole He peace -Beeee er EoEOcror SEE ee noo CbOaat loge be smaoS serene 51 Unelassified | Massissippi- = <<<. 2=- 25-4 - sss 51 Live-oak land, Mississippi 51 NVhesiiandwvomnesOtareceuceaeite sce osican ae teen anes aisles oe ciek eee eeesee 51 Gilacialidritt—vowider clayey Wlinois eee = ae eee ee inn oe ea a cccicce sncic sean ce ats 35 leer a tyne yay, NGC els (65006 soe ee see eo cen god— c+ Dosen o nS REOnOHeOnecderioscsog 53 Prairie—Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska .....-.----------------------------- 3 Wiheabil and iviurn eso tarecmee se aaciee sors cena ae aaeneigor/seic eee <n daemereieeas aa ace 51 Lacustrine—Red River Valley, Minnesota.............-.----------+-22-0------------ 51 Tobacco land (cigar type)-—-limestone, Wisconsin 69 Alluvium, Mississippi River; Louisiana 41 Unclassified) Wonisianaescsscccck ect ece-ss gscaqacecuicce 42 Alluvium, Red River, Louisiana ------ Sane eieereeenle sie : 41 Truck land; North Carolina...........csccess> tas Soeciomicsiewiaieeietesiiscls siacsicielee cinemas 57

78

SAMPLES, NOS. 1525-1776.

Last of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued. . : pails Classification. 1525-1582) ~eocosonirerion, North Caroling... een eee e nee ee ene eeeeee ae oo ae ae eee | 1533-1534.) Erack land; North:Carolinac.---- 2-1-4 ent eet eee een oes ches coe seems 1535-1541 | Unclassified, North Carolina 1542);)Rrack land, North ‘Carolina. -- 1.2% 2 eee cts te ee eee eeioees cae ees cece ee een 1543-1546 | Unclassified, North Carolina 1547-1550)|, Denck land North Carolina sosdssocccdeess25sesssdene adden cen nes css ce eee ree eee 1551-1560 | Unclassified, North Carolina 1561-1566 | Truck land, North Carolina. ...-... 1567-1568 | Unclassified, North Carolina : 1569-1570 1) (Erack Jand North Carolinaescc.cseccs sce sone tee Senne eee ee eee 52 Bees oe ee 1572-1579 | Unclassifled, North Carolina : 1580-1681.) Truck land, North Carolinan <2 J. 552.23 -)-ctee nan ne nee ee eee ee eee ee eee 1582-1587 | Unclassified, North Carolina - 1688-159 | "Druck land, Virginia sciatic saje ce nlainll alata tet lo mtnteletaticlat oi atal a) abel cle tans Seo eee ee 1592, | Lobacco land (cigarette); Virgpimia, 5. Jf olsen sie oe > eee ee eee ee | 1693-1601 |-‘Drack land, Virginian <'/. tae se oes alors o alanate' state olnctntatatateetdatatare Weise renin = Cee ee 1602-1603: |. Greenhouse:soil, ‘Massachusetts. n--0-2 =o ecee eh ae reece 2 eee 1604 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky ........-.-.--.......---+.--.-.-.- 1605. |) Robaccoland) (cigarette) > Win Gia oe am eteme atelectasis = ea ee 1606=1608' | Prairie, Kansas. <n... 2 oie wie ole tolerate fotatovelototele nite ete ioiciota ata ereyenane ee ae 1609 | Prairie—loess, Kansas.........--.. Fo icietetele o clan stbiiciet ite wel nisiawinie sie Saree ere 1610i)|, Prairie, Kansas | 1.1-!eterrowietrsiolotets alate sleie ois da sels sete ae clanie eis So aco eee see eee ee ee 1611) | Prairie—Dakota sandstone, Kansas-.------sssees-cb ea =sceee = a5 oe eee ee ee 1612')| Prairie—plains|marl Kansas i1)2 40% fcescc sont tee eee =e eea ee eee a eee eee 1613 | Unclassified (molding sand), Maryland. stale bin ee tee eb emabas Joba Sone Rena wee ee eens 1614"); Tobacco land’ (cigarette); North Carolina) <6 222 so-e seca soe ee ee eee eee eee 1615-1616 | Greenhouse soil (propagating sand), District of Columbia ...-....--..-.---.---.----- 16175) uPrairie—unclassified: (Nebraskan isae\tecieleinisatcetetelels este te ee eee | IGIS' |; Voleanic: ash; Kan Sage). :.::o <ciet. crciclele ate atate lott ole aiotatat arate areata vesene/oPahc atresia ne ne 1619=1620) SEH th pine land Mlorida cee eet ee tattle eee eee eee ea ee ee UE Sasa eee 1621=1622;)| “Hitonia scrub; MlOriGa mcs. 2 wot tte miawtato ceictetas cio aie es re ee ce oar ete ee ee 1623-1624 | High pine land; Wlorida, 2. nH / ma eee cet ole cieela. cine tee ele ee ee eee eee ee 1625-1626) | Rich vheavy hammock, Mloridaz.-2-.--<.52--te sence sss se seem ee eee ee eee 1627-1632. | ‘Bruck land, New Jersey -c=---2-2s52 <2 n= = 2 elect nee ec tine = os Seer eee ee eee ae eee 1633-1634:1| ‘Cretaceous, New Jersey. ---+-1-++ -e- etree e cee cee crema s se eee aaee ese eee eee 1635-1636),| Druck land WNew diers@ye. oie bc iicisicic winless nels oes - odes eee ee eee ee eee eee 1637—16387))|Cretaceous).Neéwid CLsey: >---s-2-e--a2 2-6 eee en oe telee = ei) eee eee eee eee 1639) | "Robacco land (cigarette), Virginiay--_ 2-2. =. 2 oe eee eee eee eee ee eeee 1640 | Unclassified (glass sand), Connecticut..-.-..---.----. withers Salen eee eee eh eee 1641-1650 | Truck land, New Jersey ...-..--..--.---.-------------- ac a oucle ec hiems cee Sees eaeee ees 1651-1652 | Cretaceous, New Jersey -.-.---------------- md 8: 215 Sen ae eee ene eae cee Eee 1653)|) Lobacco land!:(cigarette)) Varginiaic--- eee ce ten ei ooo ee eee eee ee eee 1654) Mrackiland New: Jersey ica- asc =a = acini ie see een cin ee =o eee ee See ele ae eee 1655-1656 | Cretaceous, New Jersey ..----.----------- b tieait Shics € Ue ea ae ee ee 1657-1658 | Miocene, (New: Jersey <2. 22-2 -pee ent e<cen onto tanec et-ee ook Eee eee ie ee eee eee eee 1659-1660 ||, Rlatwoods, Florida: <.<=s<3--<tesecccceu ce sects ecee eae cemeeee co eeeree sane ee eee 1661-1662 |) TLrock land New:d GLS0y. ttc sas - c= =~ elnree wie oa ratate torn telat oe eters oe ee eee 1663-1669':|. Nobaccoland| (cigarette); Virginia-.- 2 -<- = 2 eee see ee cee aes 1670-1671) | (Prairie—loess; Nebraska. -2228--20-0;--e oan sat eee ene i ee ee eee = cence cine soccer eee 1672=1677..| Sand Hills, Kansas 22 3235.s2sseoecce se acaaseaace sec eee cle sae coe oeoee cee eee Eee 1678-1686 | Prairie, Kansas...... auaceea beecndeaacas eens cssesias saccae cs. camesentins hes eee eee 1687. | Siltitromiurrication ditch, Mansas-o---o eee. eee eee eee ee eee ae eee eee eee eee eee 1688-1689" |) Prairie—salt-orass land, Kansas) .-0-----cees-ceeeen =: oe oa 3 oon eles ee eee 1690) Erainie—cypsum soil Kansas: =o. =e --- me eieee eee ei oe eee men eee eRe eee 1691-1701, Prairie Kansas: -2225< ..c.cccse tosses ee cee eee On eR Reece tne ee eee ae 1702 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky..-....----..-.------- siilcnSeeee ae 1703: | Lrenton limestone, Tennessee «.-.-.--2 2.22 dee aenlectiesiekremin cola cere ieee acaeleeeeee 1704-1705 | Tobacco land (cigar type)—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania .........--..----------- 1706-1711. | Unclassified, Virginia < 25: -- 222.52 cesses eeae sme rec lajtee clone scien oan ae ne 1712-1717 .| Prairie—loess; INGbraska-22.225.52-2-ticuccccecnemoesticdes des ccacieneee. Sete eee 1718 |, Prenton: limestone; ‘Tenhesseev.--.-<<s.cetesee teehee vere e oecs Sao se se ence eee eee 1719-1720 -|. Limestone, ‘St.:Louis; Tennessee: --scacs2s 25's acekalocss cee cecdecnes~ eee. cee eee 172i |: Shale (rye land): New: Mork .-222cctee ces ccecen cee cee eeee oceans nate ene f22.| Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia .-e--te--. ccc e ee eee e en deeece sees ee eee eee 17238-1aet| Truck land, New Jersey::--=-<2<<scecsesc beens neta oaeiseleeeeenn soe = elas tas eee 1745-1746») Cretaceous, New Jersey ----<-c-ccemccte-----2ceee tee ee eer eereee dees ke =e eee L47-1748 4) rnek land, NewiJersey ...2<c--cee ees = cess sc ce ete eeet ee meee ne Sar 1749=1750.,|\ Miocene, New Jersey~ «--c.co-< tremens Here aoe k= 6 eee eee eee eee soe te eee 1751 ||, Lobaccoilland' (cigarette), Virginia ---------c+---boe se eee asa e eee ee 1752-1768 |) Track land; -Newed Orsey.-.- ~~. 2b coriesaoes 22 Soe se eee ne ete ee eee 1759-1760 | Cretaceous; New Wersey: -..-------.s-an 25605220 jae eee ane meee eee ee eee 1761-1762 | Truckiland, New Jersey. .<:.s0<scs0ss- lcs sede nk Gene cee oeatceinesioceieart obese nee 1763-1764 || (Cretaceous, New dersey: ..25--..-2---05¢0~seeecbe ee eeeee sees men earnest ae o> =a eee 1765-1771 | Druck land, New Jersey vc =---.--«5---0.- soc be deen bet eon cee ee eeeeeeee see Lae eee 1772-1778 || Cretaceous, Newd 6rsey. ~~ <2 225-2 -002 dad. tc esco6 saben see eben e ee ab ans oe aee eee 1774.) Lobpacco land (cigarette), Virginia ...-5-60-35-0--sck beer wereedewer cece -atess oases ae Prairie—blue-stem soil, Kansas) -ts...-c cds nesnce ce cemee nace Mebeo doce eh eee nee 1776

Prairie—plains marl. Kansas) .c.s22.L2c =u ccse cecduaneneeeeee enone Sheen eneenwuin bieteieis

SAMPLES, NOS. 1777-1972. 79

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

No. of

sample.

1777 1778 1779-1780 1781-1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787-1788 1789 1790-1791 1792 1793 1794-1795 1796 1797-1801 1802 1803--1804 1805-1806 1807 1808-1809 1810-1832 1833 1834-1843 1844-1845 1846 1847 1848-1853 1854-1855 1856-1857 1858-1863 1864-1869 1870 1871-1876 1877 1878-1881 1882-1884 1885 1886-1889 1890-1897 1898 1899 1900-1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906-1913 1914 1915-1916 1917-1918 1919-1920 1921-1922 1923-1926 1927 1928 1929-1930 1931

1932 |

1933 1934-1935 1936 1937-1939 1940-1941 1942-1952

1953-1954

1955 1956 1957 1958-1961 1962-1963 1964-1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

Page in

Classification. this

bulle

tin eTeInlO WAC AIS AS eee creme eer Se A EOL 2 Raa Sn ee es or ae | 38 Danelle ke eg gonboee sae on Seda eee as esSHOoo Bad sec nesanb os ecco ROU SeODOS nn Soe 37 Sedentary soil, Kansas. .-.----------------------2-- 2222-2 eee eee een reece setae eee 39 Prairie—plains marl, Kansas ...---.--------------------- +++ $2 cert tr cree c eet 38 Prairie—plains marl, Colorado -..--.---------------------------- +--+ errr crete ete 30 Prairie—plains marl, Kansas ...-..------------------ +--+ ---- 2-2-2 e renee errr 38 jDimkhaten CMW AI ooes AoC aL epe abo Ss socoaueeebeE ness Jocee sos secesouren Depo coseEHdepeca 30 Prairie—plains marl, Kansas. .-..----..------------------- +--+ +0 eee ee ree reer ee eee 38 Alluvial soil—cranberry bog, New Jersey .-.-------------------------++-+++2----0---- 54 Prairie—plains marl, Kamsas. ---------------------------- +--+ --++- 222 222-2 eete eee 38 Sedentary soil, Kansas. ..----.----------------------- 0222222222 ere n re sneer eens: 39 Violcanicvashs Wansas eee ces e le eae ne ee oe aie eee ale = re arsenate eee) 9 ie 39 Prairie—magnesia soil, Kansas ..------------------------- fhe SO a SS ace cee tt ees: 38 Prairie— plains marl, Nebraska .....------------------------- +--+ 2202 rcr er tttee ree: 53 PrainiowNe braska sess eeeseetee nese = ae nese are ese a ree ee eet tacit icle = ic 53 Prairie—plains marl, Nebraska .....---------------------+--++-ee22t 222 eects 53 Prairie, Nebraska. ...-----2- 2-2-2 2--- 2 oes eo enn en enn seen e eset eee 53 Prairie—plains marl, Nebraska .---------------------------- ag PRS FOR oem HUNT Vales 53 Prairie—magnesia soil, Nebraska ------.--.------------------+++++ +--+ +2 2rerert eee 53 Prairie, Nebrasika. »o2-2-c5 =e ane anew = ome oma ne em ime ainieiiielne acini = oa 53 Prairie—plains marl, Nebraska ....---.---------------------+-----+2 ect errr er tte 53 raimie, Nebraska ses. sce see eee amie ae ole le cle oe mlm =m elmer atefe lalla no 54 Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia -..-------------------------++--++++-++++--2-- +--+ > 67 Prairie, Nebraska-.......------ ------ e-- 200 9 no nnn en nen nnn Sete ene eee 54 Prairie—plains marl, Colorado. ....---------------------------+ +++ + +0272 -er2 reece 30 Prairie. ColoTACO seas ees see mierie ale =e asia ao ee aloe ela alt tat ale alm i inlay eine ee ita 30 Greenhouse soil, Connecticut .--.---------- Cae bib is in aioe Emre StS CISISE OS Seeree erence nine,- 30 Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky...-..---------------------------- 40 Prairie, Nebraska. -...--.----- 2-2-2 ee een ne nn eee ee nnn eet n sees serene: 54 Prairie (wheat land), South Dakota.......--.-------+---------------++2 2-2 e eter 63 Prairie—lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota-...--------------- 58 Prairie—loess, Nebraska.....------------ Bee ie rine ee SEES oe Shite tee een: sie 53 [pray Ohne eoane bo onoeac esac ce CHOC NS5 BoE UUD HOOD O NS aERS 96 He SbbCoES EECOCCDacmEoD 29 Trenton limestone, Tennessee. --.---.----------------------- +--+ 22 tree etree 64 Prairie vans Syste ete eee ee a aa lle ee ae alec lalm alle miele elal= tein = = 38 Limestone, St. Louis group, Tennessee .-.---------.-------------------+-2e-ree reese: 64 PrainioyMansasese eee eee eee ee eer er ere Fee DRC AERe abe aoa sbie ecmieeatenineten 2 38 Prairie—gypsum soil, Kansas..-.......---------------- +2202 +22 ttre erect eee 38 Prairies Kansas eect eee cee eee e neem eee oe ee asa eerie satel atels alelnicisjere|= =)ein = 38 Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia -.---.-------.--------------+ +--+ ++ +22r22 2225-7 7° 67 Unclassified, Virginia...-.-.----...---------- ++ --- 2-22-2992 2 een en en i es 68 @hieey NaN OPA Uo onoeouedoceasesno5osde 5 be sedelodenserse 7c a5 se sos uC s=ceaace 56 Unclassified, North Carolina -.-...---..---------+------ +--+ 2 == - == 29) S22 eee tees see Ai Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina..-..---.- ----------+----++--+--++++2+-++----- 57 Unclassified, North Carolina..-....-.---.-------------- ++ -5- 22 escee entrant een 57 Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina --.--.-.-------------------+-++-++-------->-- 57 Tobacco land (cigarette) (pipe clay), North Carolina. .-----.----- SOE eS ee ee GY Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina ..--.-.-----.------------++--+-++--+-------- 57 Unclassified) North Carolina. -2.-22--------.----- 2-32 = een = mi ee nie 57 IDeA OMS a cococos cacconSoaae none Sadsesocno Ices Gnene seas =secmaoS SGensose= ore 54 Unclassified, Pennsylvania ..-...-.------------------------+2---- <2 +2222 e2 teens 60 Tobacco land (cigar type)—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania. --..-- ie) sortase te 60 IDA AWE yn ease dae seb esodaesaedebegaagecs= ose C Se oe sae bono a = a cUacddarm onan ao ns py) G@retaccous PA lab ama see mee meee ne see eee ete ele escarole eet sitet tnlnlalninleteste = ihm 22 Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky-.-.----------------------+----------- 40 Gai Way, ay ENGL ee pace dcoocenneeooe can pasecapac sues = Sees sonsesonasacbSca28 Son be 45 Trenton limestone, ‘Tennessee .--------------=------- ++ -- 22-28 een ene 64 Cambrian—Knox sandstone (cigarette tobacco), Tennessee. -.---.------------------ 63 Limestone, St. Louis; Tennessee. ...---.---------------------------+ 222220 r rrr 64 Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky -.--...---------------------------- 4() Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts. .------.------------------+--+-++----------- 50 Tobacco land (cigar type), New York .....-..-.---------------------++--05-2ee ero 56 Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut .--.-------------------------+-++--+-++-------> 30 Prairie—pumbo, Kansas -..-.-------------- 2-0-2 22 22 onsen eee ee 38 Mc aland pH Lord ae cen see ee aimee eae tera earn stay ainlelains inion re la 34 Gray hammock, Florida. -2-.---------------------2-----2-- =~ + -=- 9 se eee ne nae 33 WnclassificdsMlorid ay sce secs oer = os = einer elec ele = lata mata tet alte aa 34 Grayshammocla Wlorida sseceee | 22a eee oe eee nate = ema eos 33 Wind-blown dust or ‘‘black snow,” Indiana ....--..-.--------------------+--++--+-> 37 Tobacco land: (cigar type), Cuba ...--..--.-- ------- ++ 4-222 = ~~ ann = eee 31 TE ba aN JASE Gi poeeicaae de BBe Sob eu Teen eas oes HAS neem Sey boc Ceara a ore rs othe 38

Tobacco land (cigar type), Cuba-..-....----.----------- --------+- == 002204222222 -2- 5 3 Clay, pottery (china clay), New Jersey -.----.------------2--+-- +2200 22eer terre 54 Clay, pottery (china clay), Delaware -......-----.---------------+++-222- 22225 20> 31 Clay, pottery (glass pots and fire brick), Missouri -.-...----..--------++++++++-+----- 52 Clayapotterys Ohiojs. ee a5 2 ------ = ba pi eee BEL AU Sores Ate Lana ea 58 Clay, pottery (Albany slip clay), New York...-------------------+++++++++2ees0000 707) 55

Clay, pottery (crude ball clay), Kentucky.-.------------------++++2e0- 220 ree rrr 39

80

SAMPLES, NOS. 1973-2240

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

Page No. of ‘ ¢ A an sample. Classification. ai tin 1973 | Clay, pottery (ground feldspar), Pennsylvania -.....-...2.----2-42 520.22 -seccecnnneee 59 1974 | Clay, pottery (ground Cornwall stone), England---......-.-2..........--------=------ 32 1975:| ‘Clay, pottery: (china clay), Delaware .<--2...--7--4> «2-2 aereeemeeeeeeete sche sseece ee 31 1976: | Clay; pottery (kaolin), Hlorida, <2... o-.5252-sessn2.sc on eee eee ae eee ae ee ee 32 1977-1978 | Clay, pottery (stoneware clay) /Ohio.2- 22. ssessessee one eee eeee eee eee ee ae 58 1979'| Clay, pottery (crade kaolin) “Ohbioss: se: eco. oe ae bene eee ee eee eee eee ae | 58 1980) (Clay, potteryn(washedukaolin) Obiossescasccne: meee eee enna eee == ene ae 58 1981 | Unelassified, North Carolina-2.- os--< 2:2. 2-2 = ee aa eeeenene aa Oceana eee ee eee 57 1982; | Tobacco land (cigar type), Cuba -ss-<c2s2-2--o ese eebeeeeer eee eee eens tose 31 1983'| ‘Greenhouse soil. Ohidsc.ceecs oe beac cool ce ose) se ce ee a ne 58 1984-1988 | Wheat land of Eastern Shore, Maryland........-..------.--20- +------2------- eee 49 1989) Track land, Maryland... 2: 2sf2si5520scsss020 ans 5205s B oat onsen eee eee sees 48 1990-1991 | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky.-....-.......-----.--------------- 40 1992-1994 | High pine land; Plorida. =... 22. 2-5. ssc s-c cess an escuae sect e sa oe rene ae eee nee eee 33 1995 | Wind-blown dust or ‘“blackisnow,¥-Indianae.: 2. sees cee eee ce ose eee een ene eee a 37 1996'| Unclassified: ‘North Carolinas.---es--5- 22. see eee een 57 1997 | Tobacco land (manufacturing and export), Virginia 67 1998-20083) Limestone; Trenton, Virginia) s22.-5-sse-ceee = eee eee eee ee 66 2009-2014 ||| Track land, Virginia. «.. 2622022 sc5h 2-225 bone eee outs ne eae tee cee s ene e eee ee eee 67 2015; |) Truck land, Maryland =... 02225 2-4-5 5-5 o52cesoeesese see aan eee oes nee ee eee 48 2016-2025 || “Lobaccoland! (sunicured), Virginiae---2s-0-= see see nne seen ae eee eee eee eee 67 2026-2032 || Lobaccoiland (cigarette), Wareinia ene. oe. eee ence ae eee ete en eee 67 2033=2040 | Lamestone, ‘Brenton: Virginia: 5.22: 2. sses--- emer nee eae ae eee os ee eee 66 2021-2056" | Lobacco land (cigarette) Warginiga-s.coe> sscceeeee amen e aaa ee eee ee eee eee eee 67 2057-2058 || Limestone; ‘Trenton, ‘Virginid..c-s-scesncc sos are ee cote nee te eee eee ee 66 2059-2069 | Tobacco land (manufacturing and export), Virginia. ......----..-.---.--- Sao ceqesane 67 2070-2073 | Prairie—Carboniferous, Nebraska ......-.--..------------- sacs scoot ane ocoonacSsce sc 53 2074-2075 | Prairie—Cretaceous (Dakota group), Nebraska..--...-.------.---.--------------e---- 53 2076-2085 || Prairie—Tertiary, Nebraska : 2 .-c2s.2.sne8 sensor 2c bees snes sce seeeese ae eee eee 53 2086-2087 | Prairie—Cretaceous (Dakota group), Nebraska..-.-...------..-.--------------------- 53 2088-2091 | Prairie—Tertiary, Nebraska. oocss..0-5 sence cane nadees sn enee ee eee eeee en eee ee 53 2092-2093 | Prairie—Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska ...-.......--..--------------------- 53 2094-2095 | Prairie—Tertiary, Nebraska; 22--s-<ssco5-cccec-s-cncc sche eee tee nee ee eee eee eens 53 2096-2097 | Prairie—Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska 53 2098-2103 | Prairie—Tertiary, Nebraska........-...-- nc oon Sdgcs 53 2104-2105 | Prairie—Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska..-....--.-------- 53 2106-2107 | Prairie—Tertiary, Nebraska .----.....-.---..- Seno RD ssc aet sus soSzeoseatstendascsse a) 2108-2109 | Prairie—Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska.....-..----------------------------- 53 2110-2151 || Prairie—Tertiary, Nebraska: =... 052. -sece steeice non =e Sesee ee cane ee ee ee eee 53 2112-2113 | Prairie—Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska... -...--.- Soe pamoccssoqmancos2aONtoS = 53 e1I4-2117 | Rrairie—Tertiary, Nebraska :.2-s<-5-. ss. s2esc—--s-2 42s oe bos Ae eae ee eee 53 2118-2120 | “Track land,'Maryland! -222- 222. -s.cnt oc eck see nce c ce. oe Se eee ee eee een e eee 48 2121-2124 | Tobacco land (cigarette); Virginia a.-- =~ .-s2.--- 5 eet noe oe eee eee 67 2125-2126 | Tobacco land (sun cured), Virginia 67 2127, || Barrens (pipe clay) sVaroinia eee n sess eoe ere ae sees 66 2128-2129 | Tobacco land (sun cured), Virginia 67 2130. | ‘Barrens|(pipe.clay);\Virginias:+=-- .-so22.-c a. <ee acces ee ec eees nae pees - eee eee 66 2131-2133 | Barrens (crayfish land), Virginia ..-.-.- oe hae cittesc.cts hs SR Ener ree be 66 2134-2142 | Barrens:(pipe clay); Virginia 22.252... -cssee concn ae e eee eee ee 2 ee teen ene noe ee eee | 66 2143 | Black waxy soil—Cretaceous (‘‘ Eagle Ford clay”’), Texas ..........---------------.-| 65 2144-2162 | Chesapeake, Maryland!..:2s.2-2s02=- +22 ses-cesees come eee 2) eee ee eee eae 44 2168=2164 || ‘Prairie, Nebraska: 2.5.22. cec.ebec sos oee oe seco coon ee eee ee ee 54 2165=2168 | Prairie, Texas. ...---.2.-2ce~sccceacasnsc eee eee eepeee ene oe ne cee ee 65 2169'| Unclassified, Maryland -------c..-$:52225 -eeceeeene eee meee rie LOL eee en ee ee eee 49 2070-2181 || Catskill, Maryland oc.2 <a 8 < cose asotc cic ciao ee ete ets bole re ne ear 44 2182-2183. | Unclassified, Winginia.s2-.----cs.-<.--.e2eecee ee Leena ee Lee oe 68 2184'|-‘Clay, pottery, Maryland 22.2. 222 2<2,25.055.< sence saciaces essen. deeeneee ne one eee nee 44 2185-2186 | Clay, brick and tile, District of Columbia--eessssees.-ne-. cass nee een eoee ee eee 32 2187-2190 | Truck land, Maryland ....--...-..--- sale did)2'6 Beaininis eielscin oid sam le Semis s alee sal ae eee 48 2191-2194 ||| Unclassified) North Caroling o2 <2-\4..--5-ceus ee cenotee eee aoe oe een ween ee 57 2195-2202: ||: Lobacco'land, ‘Suwmatrate:.--.csccc cnt oc hee ee ee ee eee ee 63 2203-2206 | Unclassified, North Carolina.........--. Ba Ee dh ocich do ean's Rae Seige elos eae gee = eee 57 2207-22101) "Lobacco land, Sumatra. 2.7.2.2 .2 022: ees eme sete cee oe Aeon cle eee ee ene eee ee 63 2211 | Greenhouse soil, Pennyslvania..--....-......... waetepetesee Sstesb eco cennetee eee 59 2212-2214" |"Pineapple land, Florida... 222 -22< 2.22205. ee a Re eee eee nee eee 34 2215-2220 ,| ‘(Greenhouse soil, Pennsylvania. .-<.-2 4222 < 3-222 cece net eee ee eee ee eae eee eee 59 2226-2228 | Greenhouse soil; Ne@w Y ork 2. 22.024 25 senescence cece eben een eeae eee ace aee ee eee 55 2229 | Greenhouse soil, Vermont:...-'.<.-2.2.s.scccce cach eee neces eee es cone cee ee 66 2230 | Greenhouse'soil, Pennsylvania... ..2-2oscese5- sense eee ee eee eee ee 59 2231 | Greenhouse'soil; Tilimois ..... 22.22.1202 .2hee beeen ee eee 36 2232 | Greenhouse'soll, Imdiana.- .-. <<: 2252 - san. 2 os Seen ee eee See eee 36 2233 | Greenhouse soil, Michigan ..-.-.- . aw sjnit.on'd niplpiceees ie See Ue oS Sea a 50 2234 | Greenhouse soil, Maryland). ..:<.-2.<-.0-5< c2 sense os ane ee eee eee ee 45 2235-2236 | Clay, pottery and brick, Maryland |...... <2. 2202) seco s dete eee eases | ee eee 44 2237 |-Greenhouse'soll, New Jersey.c-=22 +... <2 ~ 2 <2 = one 2 ee nee 55 2238 | Greenhouse soil, North Carolina 56 2239 | (Greenhouse eoil, New York’. cice..c2.. e-c.2sscee Bee cee eee eee 55 2240 } Greenhouse soil, Minnesota. . 25.2 2 os css ce = onc de cies ere ne aaldide stews oona e eee eee me 51

SAMPLES, NOS. 2241-2466. 81

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

Page

No. of ; acy hea Classification. this samples. Balle:

tin. posi 221 Greenhouse, sol Wlassachusetts. a e-teceste wet font o lh cocbedosnt a Uesleaetek atingextiact- 50 22d3e Be ReennOUsersOll Magni Ganesan ee = ere ene tn Sion joe eh feie cent ten be teceeeeky 50 2244-2245 | Alluvial soil, Texas...........- BS TSeH AGS oS Ba AOSTA See Ebr Hea eRe Ober ae aD eSRs ae eee 65 Poi baie Green houseisoll ln Grandes eee eee epee es: oe he ocean cn hese nanesbotdocaefadecs 36 Zoe eCTOCNNOUSOSS OH MGI Z a sc eck atten aan teers neat rp ee mmekeie sinc s pee eRmaeeis bases 50 224 Sal Greenhouseisolls Now wie CLSCY tec saiseme ee es eeee heen bere ene sete he stedee se qeeee ee 55 Dodoeis GC resnhouseisolleManwlande scr er emetic ass ainsi) ng eesee teense es chee ate nesbu ose 45 2200N|e Greenhonusersoil Californias --macemeeseeese ae Sie Aalbers ea cccece tenets be et edese 28 2202p as | Aree nhoOuse soll ben sy ly ami aaseneeeesns sases <4 e5 aqaee nen cee ce sees cncceee neces on 59 22ps—or Dou GreenhouseisOllaNews YOLKS 5 ssc 5 oe note eo lk hiss Nea bns Soke sect cence semen eoti ducks = 55 DeOOs BC TECHMOUSE SOL MassaChuse vlan tee eee noe oe an ete eed eee eel ne sooner 50 Doig |= Greemhouseisoil Michi ganiee --mel- eaters oF se oy Rater nea som eet cuss Senncee 50 2eHoun Greenhouse Sollee Massachusentsemescsaia | cence coe cee aceon ne oe eC eee au 50 2259-2260 | Greenhouse soil, New York...--- See ete eae feiscle bit aise one Sees Pn ada season eeeeee 55 p2GleGreenhousesolli@alitorniamenccesscoo cates oe oases eee meene ce ace soe asco ene oer 28 2262-2263 | Tobacco land (cigar type). California. --..----- oS Ot sins ays ae wad seals: ete eames coe 28 Ht 2270)s| 4 Gr COnNOUSE SOM RNOWeW OF Keane seks act eo cle cewisec ne Sec och Seceeee ese esnentebeewe 55 2216s GTESMBOUSE:SOil-« NOW: OLSOYee tas 2 c= eens sie seek d Joos eet aooe toe Soto aemacaccesas 55 Zoti—221o i) Greenhousesoml. Massachusetts res -=4ee ses c5. cone eele seo ack se ook eccdescueee Le ce ece. 50 Poo = 22 OU MU nGlassilicd sWashiN@lON seen an e-nsecicaccen ace Se See opie wolente aise cea eb eens Uotoe = 68 Popil—2280 Wm hovaccosand (cigar type); LAXaScicocoaaceec scene 5 jee c beacon cee emosiee peel esuees 65 Poeieecou Orit Placial wMannesoba aso) Soneeeneaec otc ou cebeets as dee Suet Seen iceeunid oe oe 51 2289-2295 | Lacustrine (Red River Valley) prairie, Minnesota ........-.-.-..-.--..-------------- 51 2296-2297 | Alluvial soil (Tamerse River) prairie, Minnesota..................--..----0+-2------ 51 2298 | Lacustrine (Red River Valley) prairie, Minnesota ..........-....-...--. Serene den of 51 2299-2300 | Lacustrine (Red River Valley) gumbo, Minnesota................-..--.--..--------- 51 230I—25020 Alkalijland eMlinnesotarces-s--ssc<2os5cccc- w= soe ei ceele oe le ey OEE IEE rok ee EE 51 Palo~2o00: heb hillites Marylan daewes ac jeseeeecoeoek stan cabot oassat a dese vent tee hoe cee ee tito 47 SUG aim GN OISS eM Isp han Os ese tees eee ee os Serna lan te eh ge ed oe ey Se 45 Ppii oslo. ohennozem (black earth); (RUSSIa - <= shee = fa2c2$2 boone des oe oe be Sees eee aoe eee 61 Zo 14g GLCCMnOUSASOlly PENNS Viva ame. ft Stra tee aes Les ce came pence cee anne eneieos 59 2315 Unclassified, Georgia .-.--. Meelis alae e aatscise siete se ale sae of ee aaa Ee eS sat Se esoe 34 Palade) erucCkatangd en Ont Canolin atc seers. hie. a See Son -\rac hehe ceen ace nemeeme aajraetee aint 57 2323-2324 | Truck land, Illinois... - Fea aero na ee res Seni cio eic eee ak Sm Soe he ose Okc cigs 36 aeepo anon Un ClaNSine ce MlINOLSssesene sae OS epee e ee cee Soon ans nine) Sa cob ae seneeckice wee ioe 36 Po colOn ye rc Klan ds lin Ols sss e2 Saaiae Osea seas ae Os fee owe aa ace os jenn oee ee done se aah 36 a ooe BOUL Gin IMO LO Wiel sae ae cate ese meee aria a tesa cae See te ns de Penne wo obe chen uiestedoecste 37 2331 | Unclassified, Iowa...... BAS eee eee woe een e eae ae eee G Mepek aalceeteeescnt 37 DoD SB Sow RIND On MLO Witte Tatas oceb aie tetas Mier emcee ears aes Sees Sere eee eiee b ceed eb cmci ede owut 37 Poses GU NCLASSINCU MLO Wa sas aos nes cee Ror re sake ee cin te Ne ore oa sian ao ceiatite ieee ke 37 DAO BONE CEN DO sel OW seine ete les tetaret ets se eis Sine wk Bola dotole ed athe ate cee tells co eisace 37 Seed ial UMNClaSsin COLO webisas see cece sees cates eee a wk nts oa eee ee ee eee ae ae Caen oS 37 2338 |~Gambo, lowa...-...-...----- CBE BAS AUGER EICOLE E Ted ASE te Cer a ie eer 37 2300. SL GOSS LO Wa see oer oceises ore ch oceee sence Sobekieeces Sete seen meee ay se aa eee 37 2340 | Tobacco land (manufacturing and export)—gneiss, Virginia ..........-........------ 67 2edl— 25465) sone-leat-pine bills, (souisiana, 2222. - -+ scsi -2 22 fee ede se dso ne eee oueeneetoe lee 41 2347-2348 | Long-leaf-pine hills (hogwalluw land), Lonisiana................--..--- Ee ee 41 2349-2356 | Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana ..-..........---.-- Bal a\sh hate ive oe Were A ta ite Ba ete nee 41 Pani SO HAL VUE COM VEL Walley) = MLOMISIANA +S hs save cer. noe eeu sheets ue ce ets seek 41 230 eon clesimpin Oghill SsyOULSlAna eeeee eee ta. tes oo eee ae vue oo ete eae oe 41 Pabo— ab Opn MOM ClLASSiOC wkiO UIST aml aie ons oe aS yo) ios ae Bae cryuell ne een Oe anny cee oe 42 25044|ehong leat pineyiillswliGuisianaag: 22s c2. oe Sass eae oe Soe eens kode soto beoene peewee 41 Polos Gun enanle ype AO UISian a= sacs eee ec Se se eee eRe ole et Ae te Bon See 42 Pai=coLUMeaLalOnlanrm OUciOMISlaAnateeee 22 twee ees sae ie see hc ee tees es eee 42 Poi oo one MClAssIMeO iO NISIANA soosser cee. ae es neice eceeseys eee ec Dee nes Seb oe eae int none ee 42 Bois colon, brain selagg@emine LOmisianaecs.s-c.-2 see bnee eet aeSs foc ee Saeeen Nac oo ee deo eaece 42 Pol—2060) |e brarie sLOUISIaNa saeeeeces s= --se oss os-en-- Se eee ye eek St er ee aac ee cope ates 42 Pesl—2o5o) |e hraikie, Caleasiel, MOuisiala).2.2-+-+-+--ce 2s ae8 22 sees aden sawed ot Cees sees 42 Bao Dood eran; swallow wuOulsian see -sce -22ee i ons; See aoe oc itoupe Aces ote aes ee een eee 42 Zool 23 oi ehrainioarm On MLOUiSIaMar nso nae acee ecicneeceeren oats tien acne cece oe eee 42 win Hoots Eras HAagiuatalg We: ZOUWIBIaN as. <<2.4-422 sem Seo ecs eat oe ceo ease ceeehee ee edeeeee 42 Podo—cou Gs Erato we Aquemine LOUIsl ANMie ss sn2Fenak eee aoe s ee ces ao nn oeee mob nes os ee dae ccice 42 ppd eoaode PE ite land eM OnisiaN ae eee see casa ae eee ee eee tee cnn te ected oie Si ag eee eee 41 2422-2425 |. Allnvium, Mississippi River; Louisiana... =-.:c220. 2020s --e neces cus cece eee ece ce eee 41 ea Get ie ee naliie we bOMIniaN aes ee eee es Be cate rc cece Ce ne ee Reise d tee Geass Re cee donee saaee 42 2428.,|cbrairie jblacks( buckshotiand.,?)) Wuouisianaas cteasus8 22. scsehe a) ewcdececceenccet 42 mano sO Ee LALIIO PISO UL STAM ER Yeo aie cieniacieioe no Sasen ooo a ee ee on Senin oben eh EE centecasace -oseet 42 masGel on Peloal-pin onl s WuOuIsIan Aes. saee oa meee eee ain ests 2 aaarose ee oacnneate leaner | 41

Pe aA Sab EAT OOK OILIST ATLA ga cette stebes eaves /mee es pes eyn we ced oe se swede eneee | 4] Basu aeon On ooleaf-pinGHi aba yO UISiAMA sae ens oq So ae Eee ER, oe Aeron! wasaee cabeeM ease ems 41 2443-2444 | Unclassified, Louisiana ........-...... 2 PRS ASEe Se 5 Sovniate ate ete eel yal satepeeece as 42 2445-2446 | Long-leaf-pine hills, Lonisiana..-...........--. tosh secuuaeeacsemtner acceded = hendice 41 PAW POUL Gy elb VETeE WO eA rho DYD gD UES yh 01 psc a a Canes aa 42 ps40- 24002 EEEMEO SW Allo Wy OUISIANB)s2c5se. coco cco Soa ecos 5. bec ceccwees ecceaeeeedscunse sone: | 42 Ped l= 24a eel nal rl Cg VE AEN OU GO UIS LMM 72 ee coe ie ie ae ek Sree sas Se eee ee nee cook 42 2453-2454 | Prairie, black (‘“buckshot land”), Louisiana -.-..-----------2-s2-2cs-ss-scseele--see jr. a2 Po aPk Coplay ae ey ips y aes Tay (Sy RPE Eee ar nen el a pee eR mS pe ert pat Sny Reic ay gee 42 2463-2464 | Prairie, black (‘‘ buckshot land ’’), Louisiana .............--.--------eeeeee sees eeeee 42 2465-2466 | Bln tialandiao nisian a camera cas tceciec ces oeees enc ane oie Gab ree oc oben ck ae cette acs 4)

8670—No, 16 6

82

SAMPLES, NOS. 2467-2769.

List of soil samples, arranged serially from 1 te 4000—Continued.

No. of sample.

2467-2468

2469-2474 |

2475 2476-2481 2482-2484

2485

2486

2487 2488-2489 2490-2493

2494 2495-2499

2500

2501

2502 2503-2506

2507-2510 |

2511-2512 2513-2516 2517-2518 2519-2520

2521-2522 |

2523-2525 2526 2527-2528 2529-2541 2542

2543-2548 |

2549-2550 2551-2554 2555-2597 2558-2559 2560-2562 2563-2564 2565-2566 2567-2568 2569-2570

2571

2572 2573-2574 2575-2578 2579-2589 2590-2647 2648-2649 2650-2653 2654-2657

2658

2659 2660-2663 2664-2670

2671-2672 | 2673-2680

* 2681-2682

2683-2684 2685-2686 2687-2688 2689-2690

2691-2692 |

2693-2694 2695-2696

2697 | 2698 | 2699 |

2700 2701-2702 2703-2704

2705-2707 |

2708 2709-2716 2717-2718 2719-2721 2722-2724

2725

2726 2727-2742 2743-2744

2745-2761 | 2762-2769 |

Classification.

Prairie, black (‘‘ buckshot land”’), Louisiana. -..-.---<- ecco oe. oe Blue land: sO Wisi am aie = ccs eect eB era = heel eee ee tee a i oe ie teraotetectatate Prairie, black (“buckshot land ")) WuOnWISIAD 3c nc io van ee eee eee clninistee slate =(ala a ait ee bat Ob yO NE eae Gee OE Com Sane Smal ccric Saar tr phococesbaccno + Sate cccecbadsensesscn= Unclassified, owisiana = 22 -ossccc cc satan ee eistae cise are ain oe ne iene ener tetsiara a orate Les bow ey OV bE Ny.) Sen Se ea aa See eEesne Se asae COnmobcceooe Cences eee sScS50nbeEepepRee =: hipiel bw Reet) Ch ewe wees eos SoS cescebceneaosSoon coc. cop see so so cod ceoronsnSaanee Ss

Alluvium, Mississippi River, Louisiana. -.....----.-.----------..2.--eeeen--------=== LOC) Erttert hte ago decd sec aneeSenoecoodmraaadossscos SSeotenssesesa das) Alluvium, Mississippi River, Louisiana. ......-..-.-------------------0-------------- bien UG bbl ent ogee aornc a oaec boo acmecm ocboCde sSdac sens dsopoce cnc anaEeSnc ss Prairie, black (‘‘ buckshot land’), Louisiana ......-..-..........---------.---------- Bluff land Wouisiana, oo cone nen are cleo oie twre alo meal tm im ated lara el titre Prairie, black (*‘ buckshot land’’’), Louisiana. ...<-- 223.022. 2. ee cece ee cene-= Prairie, WOUISIaNa’. sc -s0. <= ac cose een oan apie wereeluieisiela slo -lein pia ininin)-is'e mln > =e inteierte AVinvium, RediRiver, Wouistana---sses-= -e-sseereee eee eee ee ema eee = alee Tobacco land (cigar type)—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania ...-.------------------- Tobacco land (cigar type)—phillite, Pennsylvania-..--.-......-.-----.--------------- Tobacco land (cigar type)—shaly limestone, Pennsylvania .----- Diadeissatcthnceasceae | Bluff land, Louisiana=2-~ <<. <2... oe ea ecie ems om wm eee Sele ons eee alee ee eee Bluff land! (eraytish), Wuouisiana s+ se-css-cree ee sates oan ea ee cee meee n= eee eee ee | Long leaf-pine flats, Louisiana ..-...-.-.------------------2----- 202002222 - == ee eee -| Tong-Jeaf=pine hills; ouisianacss sos oe cassns ea= see eee ane ee eee eee eee | Binth lands Wouisianaesacs sess aes cee See ele eee ae ata eee oa ate see See eee | Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana ..-....--.----------------------+-s0--220e--22-------- | Athuvium. Red River: Wouisianayess- 2s 2. esse. saa eae = eet eee eel BBCi 6 (yp None SO GE Oro mr Bae aaeenc Dae Conon Soocao jes Ssshboasecs Sesesmstecgsecess = Wheatland of Eastern Shore, Maryland: 2-2. o- ome occ ecco = one enon a= one ae Track land, Maryland - <i << <= <(@ <rloos «lee = sini = re elmo esteem le alee Wiheatlandsot Hastern Shore, Maryland) 22 =-ecen n= ee - 25a eee =e See ae W heat Jand of Eastern Shore (‘‘ white-oak land’’), Maryland.........-.-----.------ | Wheat land, ot, Hastern: Shore: Maryam Wier cae cje epee oe safe e te ae a eee eee Wheat land of Eastern Shore (‘‘ white-oak land”’), Maryland..-..-.---.-------------| Wheat land of Eastern Shore, Maryland-.----.-----.-+..---2-222-2---522--2------== Black waxy soil—Cretaceous, Texas. -..-.----.---.----------------=-+--- 22 +-2---+----- Tobacco land (cigar type)—shaly limestone, Pennsylvania. ...---.------------------ Vobaceo land (cigar type)—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania. ---- Ses scceee wets Potsdam sandstone, Pennsylvanias <6. noe. cise amin ie oe male oi eae ee Tobacco land (cigar type)—shaly limestone, Pennsylvania .--.----------------------| Tobacco land (cigar type)—river land, Pennsylvania.......------------------------- Unclassified, Pennsylvania. -<--- 2.22 ce. - ea aw eee eee = een eein aes sim oleae ie | Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky..-.«----.--..--------.-..-------- Timestone, st.louiss, Mennessee.se.--) -—-s2oen-= = = see ee eee ee eee eee Potomac Wharyland cee cwies sass as alae co leisie mail lee mie mere ieee eel ea tetera Track land; Maryland: <2 < cqmiais wie on oe te aca lam lao ele lalallala eo Potomac, Wlarylan Gi. se we era a= Sense icle Saree ee late lwie © ab wl al=lolo in teeieta te aietolo ieee sine ater Truck lands Maryland ees ccecssestee seces seen eben aan nee amen ee eees see ae eee eee Columbia} Lower—river terrace, Maryland). 22 soe Soe eee sees em ele ie eet | Potomac, Maryland ------ 2-22. o0 = io Sent eee en = foe = see ss se = el Pruckiland, NOW oJ CLIC. a= sete miele alee ee ae let Seis ee aoe eee ee ae eee es Alluvialisoil! cedar swamp, N@w VieLSOYy <=. ataape a miele mete ieee ele oe ele lalate eee rareate | Truck lands New J CLSOY = <= alm ane © Sawn teen aw ot oe > mimi mle im feline hin Lafayette, pine barrens, Maryland ......-..--------------+----------+--2-------2-2225 Potomac: District of Columbia=o--22ss2scocse eee eeee ee eines = eee ae ae eee Lafayette District of Columbia........-------.------------------+++ <2 -e---5+---2--- Potomac Districtob-Columbidee=. ose seaase eee eae = ele ieee eee eee eee Chesapeake, District of Columbia..........--..-----+---.---------------s ge. Sethe ee Eocene, District.of Columbia +-35--..- 2 = S- eee cece <i wins a eetata oalein= = le ete Trock Jand.dsocene, Maryland: .--2. - 2.2 ac seed = = ote ate eae eee en Golumbia, District of:Columbia.-22-2-scse cons (eens eee cee aeein ae eee Silt:terrace Of NUCCES RIVET LOXaS ce 220 = ane senna © Sn Se eee el eee | Allavial. SOM, Lexas tae cok send cee cena ate a do taethcte a sate steele lets erateta te eee eile eee Basalt, Texas. . {o..5.0)- 256 -soiosc omen eine jaar - ee ta see ieee sea See enisets sale oe tn Silt terrace of Nueces River, Lexas:. occ sac ce-tsecs == onl cca ee oan eaten ee oe eee Hocene:, District of Colnmbid eee. ames sae see ek ae = oe ee ie ee eee ee! Columbia, Districtof Columbiae -os-de-ec 2c - ss sean ne ee iene ees = = eel eee | Potomac Wary land ies sere sree ee eee eee eae age eee eee 534.0. 2 eaeoes eee Potomac, District Of Columbia. oe 2.22. ew --ctee ae ates ale wie melee ieee cele re al a Lafayette,.District of Columbia. <-- 22 5-2-8 oon nc ene eee ele annie ae Lafayette—pine barrens, Maryland..-...--...--.------+------------+-----2--- Gaeeee Drift, glacial, Connecticut ...---.------- "foun b's 6 Gest eee ae Got ee anon Meee ee Alluvial soil—peat swamp, Connecticut. -....-.-. 22220. .-2 22-02 e ene e ee ene e eee =e Phillite, Maryland’: 22s nico ws eee a wpee neem neem oe ela ote oie ee Reel aie oe laine Loess, Obie arene cre natarctc ce sw ms oie 4 nlntenictele ccleial a oj male plete ettaiate ipiete elete fatale Chia ete iam Trenton limestone, Maryland ........---.------------+----+-2 2-2 +e eee ee eee n eee Cambrian sandstone, Maryland. ..-....---.-.--- 2.2205 -0n et eene eee - +2 eee nese == se na= Trenton limestone, Maryland ..--.-.--....- <2. <2. +e nnn nnn ecteen es ceeenseerss--=nes | Hudson River shale, Maryland ........------2--0- 02 ce erence cer ene pew e nnn censensesn= |

SAMPLES, NOS. 2770-3121.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

Page No. of Spe te a

Classification. this sample. bulle-

| tin. 20-2783") ckrentontlimestone,; Maryland = 222 2-2 see oe 2- sone oa ake ae se acme as Deloss se Sem ckoeee 46 2784-2785 | Hudson River shale, Maryland 46 Zis6—2792n eerenton limestone, Maryland .<22se=e- sess se ssc= =e eel ee 46 2793 | Greenhouse soil, Pennsylvania ; 59 aio4=— aos Ee Gihesapeaken Mian cin Met 7 eels toatl aio o[ ae we ee ee eee eae ene eso eeees 44 2796-28029 Umelassified pWlarylan de. 53) Noct olen cesta ioe cferaictetsten nie alien mies Ses See eoee be,ciae 49 Zevon Rede tllatormation«soweanCarolna.«-2css2 cc <.- cate nee eee oe aA cee | 62 2804 | Tobacco land (cigar type)—Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania.-.-.....-...-------.---. 60 280he | uImMestone yk Len Ons iV IPSN Aes ee ro cin wa ale celle elolein se nam ee ea eee se ce eleee secre 66 2806") “Eruckland) Maryan die je 12.2 at ieee allan ose sece es cene A bobotbsecaseapomoSUseSSey | 48 28074)|| Seausland, cottonand truck soil} South Caroling ©--2-2--20-s)-es--sscse ee ene eeno te 62 ARS || lees lees, WNT Soec cosets oseocd po aeSes ae aes SaaS 55 saad 2s5 aaSee sags soceeee soe 36 2809 | Prairie—plains marl, Nebraska 53 aoLU=2cliel Adober(diabasic)s Oregon tae f3)-)scpse ee elas a= Spe Sei coe eee eee | 59 Pel2=08138 | Muck land: Mloridarxcercect oe sae cero cl Sains Seno Site hci sled ae eee eee 34 2o14—2816) | Greenhouse soll New: Merseyien-e- cs scc =e seuee 1. Sane Meme oeicicinne= Suse aen eee aoe 55 2eui=2821= || Grayshammockybloridajsac eo os batty + dso tm aicis oo eee eeles Melee eeeeie sie = Se 33 2eea-2eeer | Milatbounamnock -KlOnTidg-t eras sack Sais we ees kate Sen ol oe oe eae See eee cenecees 33 peed 282b3| hich pine Vand Wl Orid aaj alas aln'wlo os ae eee nia cs eons sone ae lee earn cles 33 aor sols lal ohtrnamMmocke Mor Cater tenet. sete oe em a enaeie meee np oe Se meee hee ae oa 33 2832-2836: | Rich heavy hammock, Florida...--...-....------.-.+---+--0- suaaaseeemestiseean as ae 33 28sf—28460l| Mixed lands lOrid aaerioe ter eit eltcaioi- sis ee nieces aS cae nalavie adie Settee sea eee oe 34 28a 7 —2848nl i ohivhammocks RlOnidan- === 2 s5- sect c cen soe eine mee temee salsa teem eaters seetonises <6 33 Zea One Umeclassieds ORIG aie ee ee oe aoe rae ee ne a PE fo AS eee Bes ofa 34 2eo0-28o07 || igh«pine lands Mlorida. 7. 4so5 a asiao == no ents cle eelc ee ee dees ian coer Sate 33 28561 |p Latay ene sMlOLidas. ace sas assess sel ee Se Ae eee ee Sees Shee et ee 34 ep opoOs Gran hammock wMlorid at ceecte ue aioe os 2} ote eee eee sie a aoe Semi ette mek k 33 Weol=28h4s|SRed coquinai/hammock, Mlorida:s2 i242. 2/\ is. shoes a aoc soe tow a ce eee seek he 33 Bebo“ 2sber PS PLUCE- pine SCLUD MOOV Bee =o einloarreraid e 22 eistole epetelo an ASS Oe Saeco RIE Soelsee a4 2869-28 On Each pine ll and Hl Oriel eee tre eetsle rats taro elo ta sia gata hn) a, acta A ae soe facta 33 ZO 28 745 bi hit ham Mock OF Cay emrsam iam sacle ais = oo taleia ie sini a eesigaw see e eRe eeiae eee 33 aioe Sour Hu chupineiand “Mlomda cacao eas a sens Saco So ste eee a eee weenie oe 33 Pebl-ossonlhichwheavyanammockHlonid aris wee St a-Si ae ee Mats ooien On see eee ses 33 Decu=2 SU la bineappleland 2B OLiG daa patel es iota oe tal sioie to ralssictnsiael a aaa oe See eee eisiome 34 2892-28050 le vbuc kolan Geb Oni days cra semi ae ee ees Sloe wlan inte ol oa tts DE oe eee Loc 34 2804-29024) Matayette EB lOridas.- ass moos a aese oe oes Saas oom eee eee iste ee saene ar ons Secs dee neee 34 A003—290ps eH aler:s/Garbh; Hl OFld alse canescens elena oe ta arctorarave =e cternelctne is ema teao e ace waere sails 33 2906— 2909s Ha whopine land 4Hlonid arn csos ao pact lance aes Oe oe ae Sd Ses os een oo see aiaa~ oe 33 2910) | -atayette;, Mlorida asses 3 3. ek asso sie sees Sek 52 Ses see is Dees weenie sos 34 25 oles High pine land KOM dass. soa caste ene eee se Seal on asc arian oe eae cette ee 33 2913 IOTOs MELONS CLUDE LOT ars saan Aen ete telesales Soc aa nes aera a eee eae relate emer a oe 33 POD 0E tera ohypin eylan dahl Oni Calpe anes to toot thal ae fetch ala fal atta Ree eee ee aa Ia 33 2921 | Basalt, Washington. -.-....-.-.-- SEER Son Aiea ee a SESS SAP EEG SURREE a eoeee 68 aoe 29ole |e LObaCCO; LeLigueMOUISIANG... tome oe alaay-ia acco ns as Saale ne seieare seen ees Seon e eee eee 42 29a2—eoodel IMnek land. MlOridaer ss... as ooo see Seana se ee obi pate emoaee Sane se Seite tect Soe 34 PORT O9S bs teGuraye AMM OC Kk yRuOLIGs ssasce ote oan oeae So Sas Aoi wae Se Seer a ets See Soe eaaee Coe 33 Da POsck munclassilied:<HlORid ass aoe eee seco aeons etune casa cee, Se eee et oes cou oee 34 PARR SED | 1sGiain jae ene MOWER coe ooeanos aco Scerer. eases 5— soees ease Iaconesees= Sonepeeoes 33 ZOd= 2947. ES pnlLCe-pIUeSChub pH OMA seesee ee sae eesti Soa oh emake eee gee siiceee ee eee alee ate 34 298 3= 29445 ain GlAaSSTHeG whOMRESSCO. aa eet soem roan ee etal ctor alent ee toes & aioe ee eee C oles 65 POR 204 Gal Black waxy, 80!) — Cretaceous) -LOXaS|saqseete cain oct aad hasan Dols sete cee eee enisetoceas 65 Bee o1Sh Gray, NAaMmmMOC KH ORIdas sana son seca cls a aetna e nei aclo ae ate alae saa me se che fone 33 2949-2950)|. Lobacco land (cigarette), zNorth Carolina: - =<... soot sinn nies ofc ose abe cele lenses 57 BO5I-2952s Carboniterousisandstone; Wiest Virginias 2 sccener S2s2 osc meno enclose nels e oe =e 68 2920p Cosy UMClASSitLed.- Wes taVINOUMIA Me ool el c same ese yis wie aise aan s/s Ses ae mene pee nic eee 69 2956-2960 | Limestone, Trenton and Hinson River Kentucky - css 2 soc eee esac se soe 40 Paul 29645 | SAU ith ales Olle Gn GU C Kyser ses 2 se Semmes Sea mes gee are aim sinciaa Cant aa\ate tale Sree ie etal) y= 39 DObS— Ob Ta Un ClLassiNeas Nina sss. oe eoee oe Se coe Sane oe eee ee ee ne peu ae aoe eeebedaee 59 2IGS— OOS TalNGaApOLO my Lany lan Gets saaac scene ames ate catia Sets Samet aaah ori aemeiteeaciaysiees cremate 45 poes=c9OO MN Gneiss Maryland s-cecc2s245¢ goons boar ecm eaee : Stuns Sates aeemeig eee ae de ceeces 45 209 GapbpronWlarylan dessa scini oso o cae eaeils sae emaaeie a Jaana aes Bae eeee cassia casa se 45 2992-sOlos mG HeIss-sMlamyLan Was ses nean ate oats ess a tata tae aap ot TS seen eR es eee ee 45 SULG=s02OM Ee hilintesMaryland.222.222 face Se ost encces scae cian se Coes ae sahemioncit omcamene cee 47 SHOWER |W Sie Nera e I Gia Bh mee eee Gee earoe oc br nin Gn SB CRCC CES R Ar CoE Soe eee Sanaa 47 3038=3051-) -PhillitexMarylands/0 ogee. tase sess ce ee ou SAEED EAP SS SRBC Ose aus ter BORN Se 47 uo =50 ope MG NOlsss Man wlan Casa sce ce eas aay eee aaa a cea he cyanate neo saeco mee 45 a0n4—s0a8u! Umelassified Wanylam dy s.2n9-ccccies eee noe So saceete aoee anda ees oe wow ane cce ee saa nae 49 S0Do-s0Gun| sei lie sMinrwlamn des sees sere os et: Sc eeeamee sees Seee creas SEs Sake ae eeed 47 BOGSa ELIAS SG redmand stone Wlaryland: 22:2.) a. 22 eee Shh ok Necks Son Sgsees ene 47 3064-3065: SU mclassinjed. sbermud sa. 2t2 556: =2---54-25-o20 5255 eees SS unin Seteers Peano Se Oe eee 25 3066-3080 | Limestone, ‘’renton and Hudson River; Kentucky 40 B0BI-J0le een dsonskiver limestone; Ohidjssc-s=<+-- sess asee sate sees hoe od een ec dsceaewesaen 59 BUS 2 OO meAUL in eS Ol O) 1 Omeateret ens cree eee cee harass Ses Sat eh fe eee ee ek 58 SUB-D 100M NGlaciadriit(Cleartopacco); Ohi0?s 2255. = = s2sencess 35. oscns statements teem es on === 58 SRS OSs EAU Oa O UO NIG) seers en serene = cots acy cmae act e Bete Ok eee ten 2 Kaudao sos 58 3104s l0Sne Glacial ati (Cifaribonpacco) Ohio tas-c2-ess 552222 ee sari be eae ee Boas otis cee 58 3106-310 7e Al ovialisoul Ohio = caceqacmscecbsc Sse couaens Juss soe vosenes cteealsueee cee see haste cealce 58 DOB=aloly Glaciak Gritn (Cigar tobacco), OIO. 2s. se= 224 vice csiclo sue e a ariciceaee yeotncieccp ep ceeee 58

84

No. of

sample.

3122-3145 3146-3157

3158-3183 |

3184-3189 3190-3201

8202-3203 |

3204-3209 3210-3211 3212-3219 3220-3237 3238 3239

3240 |

3241

3242-3243 | 3244-3259 | 3260-8270

3271-3273 3274-3277 3278-3283 3284-3292 3293-3294

3295

3296 3297-3302

3303-8304

3305-3306

3307-38323

3324-3325 3326-3328

3329 3330-3338 3339-3341 3342-3355

336 3357-3364

3365-3376 |

3377-3382 3383-3384 3385-3386 3387-3390

3391 |

3392 3393-3396 3397-3399

3400 3401-3403

3404

~ 3405 3406-3407 8408-3409 3410-3417 3418-3423 3424-3425

3426 3427-3428

3429 3430-3437 3438-3464 3467-3474 3475-3476 3477-3479 3480-3481 3482-3485

3486 3487-3488 3489-3495 3496-3501 3502-3520 3521-3535

3536-3540

3541-3546

8547-3549 3550-3556

3566-3575 3576-3584 3585-3591

7-3565 |

Catskill, Maryland); « 0) oe ewe cj. weled we oeiaa= ayials Si daw ae eee eka Sea eee

SAMPLES, NOS. 3122-3591.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

Classification.

Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous (‘‘rich barrens’’), Kentucky... ----- Subcarboniferous, -Cennessee.--2~ = no ee oee eee ae ee eee tate eee re Limestone, St. Louis group of Subearboniferous (‘rich barrens’’), Kentucky... -..--. | Lafayette (orange:sands), Tennessees- coe. sec oa tele ne eee a eae en Post-'Tertiary, Kentucky Baac SE SosoadABesoeAc Bt pagnancoe oh eos2 bs. .ee eo oueone cesta = Alluvial soil, Kentucky widbisis Cclocieee Seb ac esc ace e SE eae on eeie eect ae see ne eee Post: Tertiary, montuckycsecs sta ccc core ee ee me eee es pee | JAN pws Bors em TUCK tera ps ste aie Satellite ei eee a rl ie

Post-Mertiary, Kentucky eas csteicmio eats eee eo alee let aisle slate eee ee eet eee ele ere Limestone, Carboniferous Jmenuue iy a. <a oese aneoteeenae aee e leieee are | Mnller!s earth yee an Cece ceil wieiesi=im late 2m ole aa ote ete eee eee ete Mualler’s/earth, Nebraskans. -.2c-. 2-1. e-ocises oa See ae eee eee ae ate ete Silt; ATIZONA occ con ae ec acccceoees sees sadness saned ebewetbas ce coueceteses emotes Kxolinite, Colorado. 2. <2 sac = se ane oes eiroos ecto = Sane eens ce oie ee eee a eee IPTAITIO MNOD TASCA oe aoe ce esses alerelelete teeta alee eerie te eee ScPeDPeceser cabot oscc cee <obacco land (cigar type), WaSCODSIN sc. s.cjse = nlc oe ae eee a ae eee Prairie—damestown Valley: North akotar fo csrsem ate see ate ias ere Prairie—lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota ...--. ae Pe oe Prairie (wheat Land): North) aio Geeta oleate tat erent leas ee ete ete ee Prairie—lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota......-...-...---- Prairie (wheatJand). North Dakotas. 22 .ccssnnces cece weer e seen see eee eee eneeee Alkalidand North Dakota joss csaecees ccs ee ssa eeeeeee oie as ee ee ee ee Prairie: (wheatiland)s North Dakota. ciseroee tae eee. eee eee ee SOE SOARS eae ae Alkali land (hardpan), North Dakota Prairie.(wheat land). North: Dakota ee scaccces aces eee eee eee eee

Basalt, ARO ya osetia = aye neta a alate le ale lace me ele et ele ee Prairie—alkali layd, Montana-.ccscec.ccelestoee = inne eee -eielee Sea e Sere a ae ee IPTAITIOn MONTANA: ase eee oeiinle foci clot sere See la eels aie elaine eee eee sowie eens Bsa, WASTING CO Me reat eter em mt rt let et Molcaniciash yp Wias bin eto) sje cete <n a saiatatatera ealete alate an olan isieetale es a eeeeeee Unclassified, Washing tons < on. - mace aoe ea ce ee cebecieee eee men ante ee eee ee eee Basalt Was Dino tO sa. awoeee eee esis oe ee nl = anna sion eee ee ee Alkali land, Washington ...------- SOS a Se aU Bene anae Soecb econ sence dacins Haguo see: Lo ETE WVE FS Ma) NES pe pend secs donde coos anen oes Sage sede soe Saus6 Ses sS Ses ecesco see UnclassifiedsswWashin etoner.-ein-te sos eceee =a om ste cinerea at el ee ee ea eee Prairie—alkali land, Montanalo. -a- = cerca se os aeiente eee oe eee eee eee eee eee eae Prairie; Montanaaccoc.c1- ce oe won = Seem reeie ee ele emesis neta nie ote tele ae eee Tulare: Plains (alicali); (California)... as22- 522) nec oe Soon oe ch eas See ee een ee eee eee Mojave Desert (alkali hardpan), Califormia-- 5-2 --0--- 25.622 sees ease eee eee Mojave Desert (alkali), California -........--....-.-....- awa so Shei eiee ee ero ore ee ees Mojave Desert, California: = 02 ae. secs seis ctes nese = een ee ee ee eee Hresno :Plaing; Californigyemcrciceieceise rae sis se tates © sits ates anlar ince atte aie eee a Fresno Plains (hogwallow), California ...--..---.-- Sun deve ca neceaece stances tem Saeee eae Fresno Plains, Califormia..- 2-22. - 2 sc~ cies = c's 02 = a -mecseide sesiee enon dee ener eee Fresno: Plains (alkali), ‘Californias. 3... sc 2o.ce nee «os cw ecere ecsadoee ers ade ase eeeer Hresno, Plains; Californie oe acta -lelele sis ini ernie cones = ne ee ese eee eee Unclassified—fruit land of Southern California, California ..............-..--------

Adobe, Califormia.i...-.. sss sce cieeecescccseceestss aces cadeceeraseae os Sopp acces seeee ae Unclassified—fruit land of southern California, California -..........-....---.....--- Alkali land; California. a5 < =\226 cec cc home sos hoes onesie poss se eee Ere cena eee Alluvial soil, California 2c. .ceaco Sok ce were cece ciaceeie qe eo wies> Sale Sac eipaie isla eee Tulare Plains, California-s< <= :- 32 .o-)os<..to5 oo ce sce sere] Jeeees de sase eee ceca as eee Alkali land: Nevada o-:.s2c5 226 a5 cc Sein os bie Eee be b eee eee oe Bee Prairie, Colorado ; 2s=\. ce -onc naece ce cock see e eee aaeee Se ess aw deaee ee eee Bench land Witahie.- ean se.-e. == 2 da arcace ate ae eins Gardin anced dense! neee ee ee Valley land: Utah's 22-2 2e.c 3st 53 cece a eeaseale soci oes) tins eset ae Bench land’, Utah’. -= 235.20 .2'..- bad ooo n oe en ene seed coe coc nticlesenE ae ceo Unclassfied—fruit land of southern California, California.............-...........--- Unclassified; Alaska 22. seen 2 oie sateen ese eee see Ree oes ae ee Devonian black slate (glades), Kentucky BRR SO oS oe eit Pine re seas Sere ae ae Prairio, Colorad or... ws <8 bom 8 tetas oe Sete are eee ne See ate epee Sa ee Unclassified, BerMuG ah ” «sinc Fob +o oe wcdew neste san nese cs cen se Geene caesar Medina sandstone, Manyland-2n 0 ese cemec aden omnme eae oe oe eee ie ee Clinton-Niagara, Maryland) ---... 5-92-25 <-.0ccectem see e= odese ssc eee eae a: eee Alluvial soil, Maryland). 22.33. a2--pissanoe tae cos+ aon eee ee = Saeee weal ee eee Clinton-Niagara, Maryland. ;.- - 2-'-:<jesios= s.0=:s = 0ico<ancigepieee eae tae neite eee AS Helderberg limestone, Maryland... <2. cs.) ss5- so. sone Sree ne sess eee eee Oriskany, Maryland ce se)c5< cnacnecse seep san aoe meee eae eee go setae Hamilton- Chemung, Maryland. «. 22s secs se0c0 «scidhase dandaae tne pee ane ae eee

Subearboniferous—Pocono sandstone, M: BDy land. 2 se.4. beso oe ee eee ee eee Subcarboniferous—Greenbrier, Maryland ......--..---..----2--+----------+---------.| Subcarboniferous,, Maryland ..< << oe. oe ssc cce ane ce nie oe ee eee eee eee Pottsville, Maryland . - -<-<<5<..20<<..-5-sees0i 4505 sane one = seein ae one ee Lower.coal measures—Savage, Maryland ..---.-. 00. saeco e eee ee eee Lower coal measures—Bayard, Maryland --..--.- sia Sra efamsenmagh otis iieiater e/a’ (nin/Sie Snipe eae Lower coal measures—Fairfax, Maryland ..-.....---- Emacs te te ae A ce Upper coal measures, Maryland .......-...-----.-----c-e-05- Sw aNEK. 5 wiht hohe eel one

——

No. of sample

3592-3593 3594-3597 3598-3607 3608-3609 3610 3611-3622 3623-3628 3629-3630 3631 3632 3633 3634-3639 3640 3641 3642 3643-3656

3657-3681 |

3682 3683-3686 3687-3692 3693-3694

36u5

3696

3697 3698-3699 3700-3701 3702-3706

|

3707-3709 3710 |

3711-38713 3714-3722

3723 |

3724 |

3725 3726-3729 3730-3731 3732-3733 3734-3736 3737-3738 3739-3742 3743-3747

3748

3749-3751 |

3752

3753 |

3754

3755-3756 | 3757 |

3758

3759-3785 | 3786-3788 |

3789-3790

3791 | 3792-3793 |

3794-3797 3798-3801 3802-5804 3805-3806 3807-3808 3809-3810 3811-3814 3815-3816 3817-3818 3819-3824 3825-3826 3827-3828 3829-3840 3841-3842 3843-3858 3859-3861 3862-3863 3864-3872

3873 3874-3880 3881-3887 3888-3889 3890-3895 3896-3897 3898-3901

SAMPLES, NOS. 3592-3901.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

85

Page in Classification. this bulle- tin

Winclissitico Maryland acs ssa. sass seecinaas anes = sas ee ministsleinisialetalvis slaisis/< stata sa sale 49 MIE VIALS Olly Maryan eee. oe = sae ee eee aca moet om ma eects maine eels 43 Prenck lande Ala DaAMaice cnc = o% cate Sok See ew One eens Dees bende Hated Sepinaciadocs alee 24 PMestones Sus Owls) (Ted an Siz) PAC aD aN = on ertes = Sean —eomie miata sins iow te = stele 23 Nubearboniterous Lenn essee. = 25s sa eee ee ee os ne oe ea eaaenie Seelam eee Godse sees 65 Woleanteash sawarnan: Tslan @8ssosne een earns Seco ackwe ws cere pet cas oes sentence 35 Gray nammock Hlorida.o25-2s besos sie oe ee ae eas omen Dee ek oeneee eee cteee ieee aes 33 To hyp Ine ane hLOLG dete = eee ee ent oh te Jeans eee eee ser ete sos see nore a eee 33 Gnay hammock Wlorid ais sen see = sae eee sb ces ne res tele eicid noite aases avi we 33 Hiatwoods: (alkali). Mloridat =025-cecssee coe eo oe See ee ee slate pase ete ee Daseet lees 33 Guaynammockesbloridasse. «ese een aeer = ee ease e ee eee sae ae alee tes eee eae ae 33 Unclassified (tobacco and coffee), Mexico 50 Dishase Varela: els > Sacto es ree ce lociok Sisk na aes sacm clew sine cece te aenessaseeee es 66 Unclassified sDistrict/ot.Columbiaw-se 352 se cee eee Oasielneae eisai See Wem eioe ee 32 Potomace District ol Colum Dias: aoc. soho s seem ese eee tia emerede aoc saee 32 ‘Pmnclassified Ad ask assesses sce se ee eed Bihe ae ince Se Skee Je eees oe eRe Rene a ase cee 24 Wheatland! Ar cen tina’ soc a=, nos tees aic nec coris ns 5 ia he Sateels Haas aiok oh iie slog oe stele 25 Unclassified, Idaho .-..-.-- ae a se eee BERS A Soe tats eae ea eae ate Beye 35 IPTC SNODTAS Kae Sees oe eae oe eis Sas erin eas as Oe ted care oe See eSB os austen 54 Gray. hammock, Florida.-=....-2----:-2.- AR eae oe ere Siblein Sie See ee ene nants een 33 Hashypine land, swloridasecas.\5-6noas— ees hose CE Bae ieaiasateeeys yoo ae aly Se ee 33 Umnolassineds Maryland een -samaes earl eee ean sa sear ek tee eeemn tenon coae ae 49 Unelassified cAdaska =a... cca sccostr access ae Stoee te tee pets Ae aowa sere edowe istend a= 24 Adlikaltland RUSS] ais a5 seanee Soe wee ee hee SR sin Sofa Daa Wate wale e Ftke Bes cSas Bhd | 61 Permian: (wheat land): Lexass q 24520. aocce este ate opis stile se cecbsGniakeebe secs 65 laMiedinatsandstone,; Maryland sss. Saas poo coment een eee tacics Sabie sere becisee ee 47 Clinton: Nidvaras Maryland's. 2-=8925-<52 a= soo ec acen eet oes esaaeesee Soke | « 44 Helderberg limestone, Maryland..----- {EPH ao. n8 586 sua Soe Sune sae Caer eos | 46 Oriskany, Maryland BS Ae ee Ee aT seein bee etre Sir aes, Wir ans Be rae eye ore 47 iHiamilton-<Chemuny;. Maryland ise. epee cae sn ad- aan eels Doe eee amete nase ces 45 Catskill Marylanderct sassosieas ae S2 seme Sete One sree nol ein sets Himbopeee sae 44 Subcanboniterous Maryland sete rca sa sie =a sae aces ce neeenins Aas e opie el eae 47 Potts yvallesMiaryilan disses ecsacas ne pene ec near eee ato ee ae ea ceerie see peas 47 Lower.coal measures—Savage, Maryland --.--......-.--..-..--222-2-+--222-2eee-e 222s 46 Lower coal measures— Bayard, Maryland ---.--- IEEE ieee cag sen ae SE A Ne Ae ae 46 Lower coalimeasures—Wairfax, Maryland. 2. -< 45-5. ..22..-se0+- ss Jeasene-o2- eas Bae 46 Giacialldnitti7Ohiors Ssee ones ceriee Seatac ise See one tacts eee Reena nnce leases 58 Unelassifieds@olorad Oreste cists see sees See ae Set Sere ee ate cen cere ee sles 30 PLAITIC—lOCSS MANS AS) 5 on eels asa e ee sae Sime > Se So oma SEIS Se See neces serene es ociaee 38 IPEAITIC—1OCRS TN CDPASK As See eee ciate Se ae tae eee oe ne ee oe ee eee eee 53 Brairie.wheat.land) North: D akotasices sca sea ase sss Sooner oeiern es eel esisaittae een see 58 ‘Badiland ANorth: Dalcotassacsas pense sees sos nae See Se no ceae eek bent b tue ce seen wee 58 Alkali (bad land), North Dakota.......-- a See ee oe ee IE A ae tees e 57 ‘Badiand North’ Dako tases a5 sates ae ont wind as ew eee a bananas eailnee baeee eae 58 Prairie—lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota...........--..--- 58 ICTS Shale AMON GaN Bee oes eee os aoe Sd ein wis soe ioe s Dan ec eabe wl eciactnds Soee es 52 Fox Hill sandstone, Montana : Say ACrYemshalesMOntan a: sos canoe Sat eee aoe ate en eee cro tas ue ee anes e once ses 52 Prairie —alkalwand: (gumbo); Wontana sec of2 ssc os ec ce Se eerie tee ae a saleteeseee es 52 TAILIC MLOMLAN Bee nae ae a aerate See oe ee aS EN ore cae PaCS eE SEOh ene tao 52 Columbia, bower—river terrace; Mary land. 222- Josie. 7 2832. c ca sesncces soszeet ese 45 HGcene man eMinmmlan Geen spree ese ie ares ie ne OR te Deas a Digna Une atgoctaiats 47 Cotambia District of: Colwmnibias se. cass atic te ot een ote a sate ctnes cleans Shenae be nese 32 Columbia, Lower—river terrace, Maryland......--.---.----------------- #6 veeeateies 45 ihatayette; pine barrens-VWanyland 2 sceslsase sn ae aaa eles ata oa tee c aes ese 46 Columbia: Lower—river terrace,,Maryland—.222-5-2 50. o- 52-2. 22h. cases bee ee seee ae 45 iRateyeube-=pinerbarrens,;Maryland= 2 mwo2 oseptentesemee sits was meat cate ieee pena 46 Chesapeake sMary land ice este ka ch ee eee spew oat toc Sule einy, meee as Scere 44 Lafayette— pine: barrens <Maryland'=!2 ssc seo oats So ecice tejeids noe cesar eae 46 @hesaperker Many land: 232 soo. tee eee se coe sta a Sn natiee Septem sau eere as 44 Erne kala des Mary Van Gi era theta a orea sree Sint ar ch Ae ar, SR aes Mei ASS Reo 48 Columbia,;(uower—river terrace, Maryland 2. 25ss2522--2c sen. 22s oce ee foce ee eee tes se 45 Geiss Many land sa. ton oee se Sow ak aetnre, eee ce ons ata on wae cache saeeek Seat eusee 45 WirclassihedTRexage sn. 2s once Gch ston Sera oe ee ee Tes ee cet nig Reve emcee en cena aie 66 Alluvial soil—Dismal Swamp land, Virginia....-......2--2-2-0----s0s22----e- 22+ 22s 66 RTC PAN aw hE CUNT a Suit fo eeiaie soc oe Ses er eS ee See hae ae eens Soe goes ER wee 7 Altuvialisou—Dismal Swampland, Virginias 8 oc joe. oe eck a 2 eels eminence es 66 Wnclassifiede North Carolinal2==- sc. se ose Sse oe os els ease che see ees Sea ot 57 Hakeskhn le pothoms OI Om test aces Seems De oe eee ie Be cine Rares Ste ome eed eet 58 Unclassified svar ima see eee eas ree ne see oe oes oe wo oe cane eects 68 Unelassified “Manvylani dssascme sat eee Sas eeeeiee cea acme dais 4 .toeneas Seceeences aaa aes. 49 IBTaine wheat and) - SOMbMIeA KObal == sos eisee re ce ee Soe fawn Sein tec oa eOeaiins ations 63 Serpentine, Marylands 25-45 2a oon oan ce sae jac eecidn oasis Se dabei elocea sweeties saa a 47 Winevandsoil;:Genmanysc 2st dae a baac oo sete nie cs = Saito eiaeis ae ds Sameera 35 Mirdsonckiver shales Maryviand=: esta: sos = scenic ocisce cee ce chon tomc ene ee RWEL aad 46 Lrentonilimestone, Manylantes. eso. secasecs ce s-s-ee lee ection ttl feel ae dseeoys S 46 Cambrian sandstone, Maryland ..--..-. eS SER een IO ne He Sete eee NE lees erste 43 Catoctinveranite, Maryland’: j-2o5. sec -ccce=- co ces oes nbeeem ee etee usu Rathod to =. 44 Chtoctinachists Mary lant: ses. occes so ace soso omen cad sae one acca so stone action viseds 44

86 ; FORMATIONS, ACADIA CLAY—ADOBE.

List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000—Continued.

| Page No. of | in ONS Classification. this samples. | Baltes | tin.

3902-3906 | Catoctin granite, Maryland .......--.----------------------+-------- 2-2-2 - etree: 44 3907-3908 | Catoctin schist, Maryland..-..-----.---- oe Siete cicero e ene rene eee is ance aeons 44 3909-3913 | Catoctin granite, Maryland ........-..-----.----------- 2.20002 22-222) enone nee 44 3914 | Trenton limestone; Maryland ---.--2225--5-2- 22-2 sie penne eae ae 46 3915-3916 | Cambrian sandstone, Maryland ...--..---------2-2-2+-----+ +--+" eee = ere Beas 43 3917-3918 | Trenton limestone, Mar land noe cose So ee chee see te ee BS eeeeee een eee nee bea P arene 46 2919239204| Allcalitlands Mississippl) asceesccueccccess - mses ce ee =e eae ae mee ee eee lege alate Bil 3921-3934 | Alluvial soil—Dismal Swamp land, Virginia.........-------------------------------- 66 3935-3955 | Unclassified, North Carolina.......--.-.-.------.------0e2 Sennen eee ene ene eee 57 3956 | Basalt, Washington ee ar eR ER ee Ge Se. BS SS SE an Senin 68

3957 | Triassic red sandstone, Maryland.....--..--.---------------------------------+------- 47

3958 | Gneiss, Maryland .-....--.-.----..--- 2-02-22 eee e eee ee renee cere ee nee een ee 45

3959 | Tobacco land (manufacturing and export)—guneiss, Virginia. .--. Pu eae ees ph ee 67

3960 | Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina ...-...----------------------------+--+------ 56

3961 | Alluvial soil, South Carolina Be Se ee ae cis incisal aor inte iam le ARO Sacre Sci 61

3962 | Alluvium, Mississippi River, Louisiana 41

9969 |" Alkali Jamd sNevada cee cm te = ocr tei cie eter = = ere eco tale aime me mtete (medal elma aoe me nae 54

3964 | Prairie—lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota.-...-..-.---.------ 58

3965 | Pineapple land, Florida. -...-.-.---------------------------2-02 +2222 eee steerer ee eee 34

3966 | Prairie. TUN ari GAG cie a See 1 OS EE, SPIER Oe Ree G2 SA a ee ees eae 36 3967-3974 | Fuller’s earth (crude), Florida.--....-.-...-----.--------- Seite Se ee te Leg ree ph ee 33 3975 | Unclassified (irrigation hardpan), California........--------------------------------- 29

3976 | Unclassified (coral sand), Bermuda ..-..-.-.----.-..--.------2----- 25 - pean -2--=--58- | 25

S077 (MU mclassified. BermMuUd Wea ick nee sans 4 seme oe eee one ieee ela o> Ue en eee 25

3978 | Prairie (zinc clay, sulphide), Kamsas -.....--------------.----------------------------- 38

3979 | Volcanic ash, Nebraska. --:.-...--..------------------- #2 2+ 222222 eee ee eee eee ee eee ee 54 9980-3981 |’ Unclassified) California .<- --5-- -ccscerc- cece oe nce tare cena ere a Seen ania 29 3982-3985 | Tobacco land (cigarette), North Carolina ...---.----.----------------------------+---- 57 3986-3992 | Unclassified, North Carolina..-.--.-.-----.------------------+---+ +++ ++++2--2 2-22 +222-- 57 3993 | Gneiss, Maryland .-.----..----.-.---=- =. 5-200 - oe ee eee new ie ene an ene nee 45 3994 | Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous (‘‘ rich barrens”), Kentucky -.-----, 40 3995-3999 | Unclassified, Bermuda ..-..----------+-+---+-- Jee apie eae Seed aoe elsnaionen aaa 25 4000 | Alluvial soil, Michigan \i22-~ S2-co 2 .ccssenn nnn ~ ewe ee ee == nem eaies nese ae been 50

LIST OF THE FORMATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION OF SOILS.

The following alphabetical list of the formations represented in the collection of the Division shows the States or countries from which samples have been obtained and the number of samples from each locality, with references to the pages of this bulletin in which data regarding these samples are to be found. A brief description is given of the formations in which any peculiar properties or relations are pointed out, and the basis for the classification is shown:

ACADIA CLAY. Locality : Houisiana; 2 samples +20. e4 3 a0 sot eee eben ee eee ee ee 41 Description.—The basis of this classification is geological, and apart from this the group is of no general interest.

ADOBE. Localities : 2 age California, ‘6. samples 2: 22 222 . 22... 22 Se <3 se es Oe ee ane ee ae 27 New. Mexico, Lisample. <2) v2-5 2. 2252 S23 = eines ee mete ee 55 Oregon, 2samples..:........--.--------------- ee Dens ee ae tal. ech ea 59

Total, 9 samples.

FORMATION—ADOBE. 87

Description.—Agriculturally, the term adobe relates to a condition of the soil often: seen in the West. Geologically, the term is frequently applied to certain areas in the West which closely resemble loess. Such a description by I. C. Russell, from the standpoint of a geologist, is given under the loess group.

The soils classed agriculturally as adobe vary considerably in texture and in chemical composition. Different types are recognized as sandy adobe, ridge adobe, brown adobe, black adobe, and black-waxy adobe. As arule adobe soils act as stiff clay lands, rather heavy in texture and extremely productive. The soil is usually quite sticky when wet, but is easily cultivated when in the right condition. The heaviest adobe is, however, difficult to till, as plows do not scour well, and need. to be repeatedly cleaned. When plowed too wet the adobe is liable to break up in lumps, but these are easily pulverized on drying. When subjected to superficial cultivation the adobe is liable to contract greatly in drying, leaving great cracks going down into the subsoil. When thoroughly cultivated it forms in dry weather an almost ash-like dust mulch.

The following references to adobe, by Prof. E. W. Hilgard,' bring out very clearly the marked and peculiar character of adobe as the term 1s used in agriculture:

Black adobe.—The black soil here [on the agricultural grounds at Berkeley] is over 30 inches deep, underlaid by a yellow, stony subsoil. It becomes exceedingly “‘sticky” when wet, but plows easily when taken just at the right point of mois- ture; when plowed a little too wet, clots heavily, but the clots tend to pulverize in drying. With shallow tillage, or when left untilled, it forms widely gaping cracks in the dry season. If tilled deeply and thoroughly, it retains moisture and a luxuriant growth of weeds throughout the dry season, and is almost ashy in its tilGhe ssh Ss

Adobe, ridge.—Tint, a tawny yellow. Very heavy in working; difficult to till at all times; downward it gradually passes into ‘“‘rotten” clay sandstone at a depth varying from 2} to 5 feet. It is, therefore, ill-drained naturally, holds water for a long time, and is esteemed rather a poor soil. * * * To one familiar with the prairie soils of the southwestern United States, the resemblance of the “black adobe” of California to the “black prairie” of Mississippi and Alabama is very striking. The analyses abundantly confirm this supposition. Both the mechanical and chemical composition of the adobe is so nearly like that of the ‘‘ white-lime prairie” soil of Monroe County, Miss., that the differences are scarcely greater than might be found in different localities in either region. * * * There is one difter- ence in favor of California adobe—it is about one-third richer in phosphates than the “prairie,” and this explains the fact that grain crops, so exhaustive of that ingredient, have for a succession of eighteen to twenty years been grown without apparent diminution.

The fact that the black adobe contains 1 per cent of lime shows that the addition of any small amount of lime, as a manure, would be useless—a conclusion directly confirmed by the culture experiments. But it is nevertheless true that the till- ability of the soil may be greatly improved by such addition of lime as can. be afforded in cultivation on a large scale, as in truck gardens, orchards, flower gar-

' Report on agricultural experiment stations of the University of California, with descriptions of the regions represented, pages 28-30.

88 FORMATION—ALKALI SOIL. dens, lawns, etc. *~ ~*~ *“ The differences in the mechanical and chemical com- position of the ridge adobe from that of the valley is sufficiently striking. It contains less than two-thirds the amount of clay, yet it is much heavier in working, owing to the small quantities of the finer sediments, which chiefly serve to break up the extreme tenacity of pure clay, that is but little disturbed by the large-sized grains. Then the soil contains less than half as much lime as the lowland adobe; less than half, also, of the primarily important ingredients, potash and phosphoric acid; and, finally, very much less humus, as is shown by its tint. *~ * * Of course, the soils vary in accordance with the rocks from which they have been formed. Those derived from the Tertiary clays and soft clay stones are predomi- nantly ‘‘adobe” or heavy clay soils, mostly brown or blackish, and very commonly overlie the very rocks from which they are derived (‘‘colluvial” and ‘‘sedentary’’). They are found on the higher lands rather than in valleys, and usually appear on the “divides” and ridge lands generally, as well as in the higher valleys.

ALKALI SOIL.

Localities : nee California,'24 ‘samples® -o20. 222 oe cee cies oc ceeee See eres Seve ene 27 Colorado;1 sample:-. 20. Soo coee oo eines Sere ee en oa ee 29 Florida, i:sample:(see: Mlatwoods)|2 see o5-ess eee eee eee eae ee 33 Kansas: isample\(see Prairie)= -ossec: s<2 ose eee eee eee 37 Minnesota,'2 samples:s.- tho jbeiehS Pao oe Bees 51 Mississippi;2. samples, 22.22. se. eae oe eee ee eee ee 51 Montana,,20'samples(se¢ Prairie) 2252 2sosen---- +225 see eee ee 52 Nevada, (Samples -.28.2: 0. 2.220 qaeeeie eee ee ans oo Saale, eee 55 North; Dakota, 6 samples@if-ciasess fiace ios ® foarte Soe eee 57 Russia, 1.sample ist 222s 25 6 Seas aes ee Bec re oe ERE eee 61 Washington sisamples..2cc2: cee sect eee ee ase ene See eee 68

Total, 68 samples.

Description.—The term “alkali soil” is applied generally to any soil containing an excessive amount of mineral salts or alkalies proper, especially sodium, potassium, and magnesium chlorides, sulphates and carbonates, and occasionally nitrates and borates. They are confined to arid districts where the rainfall does not exceed 10 or 15 inches per annum, but are widely distributed within these areas. Injudicious methods of irrigation, especially in the use of too much water without adequate underdrainage and the consequent accumulation of seepage waters and seepage from canals frequently cause a rise of alkali and a local accumulation at the surface. Of the three most important and widespread salts, sodium carbonate is the most destructive to vegeta- tion; sodium chloride comes next; and lastly sodium sulphate. Hil- gard states that few plants can stand as much as 0.1 per cent of sodium carbonate, 0.25 per cent of sodium chloride, and 0.45 to 0.50 per cent of sodium sulphate. Plants can stand more alkali on heavy than on light soils.

I‘requent cultivation and care in applying water to the land and pre- vention of seepage from canals are the best preventives against the rise or accumulation of alkali. A correction for sodium carbonate is heavy applications of gypsum to the soil. The only remedy for a large excess of the chlorides or the sulphates is thorough underdrainage. An idea

FORMATION—ALLUVIUM. 89

of the general distribution of these salts may be inferred from the fol- lowing statement. In the Dakotas and Montana, the prevailing salts are sodium and magnesium sulphates; in Washington and Oregon, sodium carbonate and sodium and magnesium sulphates; in southern California, all of the above salts and sodium chloride characterize cer- tain districts; in Arizona and New Mexico, the prevailing salts are sodium and magnesium sulphates; in Utah, sodium chloride covers the largest area; in Nevada, sodium chloride covers a very large area, but the other salts predominate in certain districts, and at least one large - area is covered with borates.

All kinds of soil are liable to contain alkali, but soils of light texture, being generally better drained, are easier to treat than heavy soils. The catalogue classification is therefore based upon the soluble salt content of the soil, but the basis of the field examination and classifica- tion will have to be physical as well as chemical, and soil maps will show the physical character, the kind and amount of alkali in the soil, and the drainage relation.

ALLUVIUM.

Localities : Page Alabama samplers ss. mesmano cesses la oes 2 a2 Sebelee ride eel aoe ean 22 California. 6 Samples esse. en a= lees ainm = seis qa [anies winnie eens oe orenicioo 27 Connecticut..c samples) 25 see nasser loses Sa see Some talemiee oe) a= sees 30 Hioridastsisamples (see Muck land))p se 25 2 oe ccm ne oes 32 KAM SAS ORS all) PLCS tote sere lor tas crepe sie aint Selous aoa eee master ssa ate 37 Kentucky. 6 Samples): ssses oss. cose lesa oes oon Sas wcittce a bew ase 39 LoOuisinna oo isamplesse. +t wadenaeoee Sao- satioe Sa sese eee sae sa 41 Maryland 5 Samples! s2cs-s.c-ces a seco see ot ee eed oan She enn ee 43 Massachusetts; 10 samples: 2: <5. s-c goes <i seteeise eins oorie )- Sanewee Sais 49 Muchimansl samp lemtec ares e se cceie ase oo anc aces sniioe va coslen ee 50 Minn esotas:|4 samp lesmccatasiea's sescis ose sve s tec sa welc dlee ceeesesne cose 51 INO WAT eTRey, asa pleSe === sete ma cee cae me Sees anie cyeitee eins Sececs Sees 54 NorchCarolinacsamples 22s tao. ee oa Soe aia oa na eb tures Saristssa = 56 ORiOS MES amiplesne esses oe at ee Se Poe hace ee ree ee oe nto ee 58 Souths C arolima ss SAmplessse ojos Salas sie spas See we sees a aele asta aS 61 MOxaS eo °SAMl PLOSs te aes eases ee we Os © oma ee es Sid Bal eteinw else 65 WARSI ASSAM PLOS ess ae ars tae) Sey a sia Ses ee Seat bk Bynes cea css eine wma Aelssieiars 66 Wraslimowonnel sisal Os ve esos, ets cians ee Scie Gays armrel ais oie wie yeiniroheya <ee 68

Total, 191 samples.

Description.—The term “alluvium” is generally used in this catalogue in connection with the most recent river, lake, and ocean deposits des- ignated as marshes, swamps, meadow, and bottom lands. There is a certain character about these lands that is well recognized in agricul- ture. Owing to their generally moist condition and proximity to water they usually maintain a luxuriant growth of vegetation, and owing partly to this and partly to the slow oxidation of the organic matter in the wet soil, they usually contain a high percentage of organic matter as a characteristic feature. When well drained they are generally very productive and adapted to certain classes of crops.

90 FORMATIONS, BAD LANDS—BARRENS.

The group contains all classes of soil, however, from the very coarsest sands and gravels to the heaviest clay or to the purest muck and peat. The collection contains typical samples of salt and fresh water marshes, cranberry bogs, celery soils, rice lands, and sugar-cane lands of the Mississippi bottom and of Florida. The basis of the classification is thus physiographic and the group contains samples derived from vari- ous geological formations and having very different physical properties and chemical composition.

a BAD LANDS Locality:

Description.—Large areas in the western part of South Dakota and contiguous parts of North Dakota and Nebraska are covered with alternate strata of indurated clays and soft arls of the Tertiary period. This soft material washes very badly whenever a stream forms, either of a permanent nature or resulting from the sudden and severe storms which occur. Yet the walls of the gullies and canyons thus formed have the requisite tenacity and firmness to stand up in perpendicular sides, and the surface of the land is traversed in all directious by deep channels, making cultivation impossible and traveling very uncertain and dangerous except with an experienced guide. Wherever vegeta- tion has a chance to take hold the land is fertile and some of the broader valleys afford excellent grazing. The classification here is based on physiographic conditions, although this in itself must be based upon the chemical and physical peculiarities of the material.

BARRENS.

Localities: Page Alabama;> samples (2533. 0-vosessieet o tee tee toc cue eee ne eee oneeeee 22 Kentucky.’ 55 samples. 2722s aae eo ao ee ee er eee 40 Tennessee, 2 samples (see Subcarboniférous)............-.---.-------- 65 Virginia; 14 samplest eso cssejs ess was oe. cee ce So ee oe ee eee 66

Total, 76 samples.

Description.—The term “barrens” is used in a different sense in different parts of the country, and the group really should be divided into “barrens” and “rich barrens,” if indeed the latter term should not now be altogether discarded. The samples in the collection are properly distinguished by the terms just given.

The “rich barrens” of Kentucky have a level or gently rolling surface with broken or hilly country along the water courses. Much of this land was formerly devoid of trees and called “barrens,” and later “rich barrens.” It was really a prairie region and should have been desig: nated assuch. The causeof the treeless condition is popularly supposed to be due to prairie fires. At any event, since the country has become settled and these large fires prevented, a fine growth of hickory and oak has covered the country. The land is very fertile.

FORMATIONS, BASALT—BENCH LAND. 91

In contrast with this are the “barrens” proper, samples of which are contained in the collection, principally from Virginia. The soil is thin and underlaid at from 6 to 20 inches with an almost impervious “clay,” usually white or mottled red and yellow with oxides of iron where air has access through cracks or root holes. Thisis usually not a true clay, but a silt having about the mechanical texture of loess. Similar soils occur on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and are known there locally as “white-oak lands.” Silt of this character, even when in good condi- tion, is easily ruined by injudicious methods of tillage, and when it gets in the condition above described it is the most difficult of all soils to improve. Underdrainage and lime are the principal remedies, but the improvement is slow and costly. It is not known what gives this silt its wonderful plasticity when wet or what makes it so impervious when in certain conditions. It exhibits these properties to an extent rarely surpassed by true clay. This material is admirably adapted to inves- tigate the cause of plasticity and the forces acting between grains of soil which determine their structure and their agricultural “condition” or “heart.” The basis of this classification is thus seen to be in the physical properties of the soil.

BASALT. Localities : Pane Idaho.) samples isin soe ue Jesters, coos shee ress Stee cherie esa a als 35 Rexastely Samiples tes. semyoee annals pote aioe Baines ae ae ects ae ome cee 65 Washinton, 29) sampless- ise. cee. ae eet es oak shoe eran ance eees 68

Total, 32 samples.

Description.—The basalt covers an extensive plateau in central and southeastern Washington and contiguous portions of [daho and Oregon. It is known agriculturally as the well-known wheat lands of the Palouse region. Over most of this locality the rocks have disintegrated to a great depth. The rich dark-red soil is 5 or 6 feet deep, and the subsoil, having the same texture and nearly as fertile, extends to 40 or 50 feet below this. The soil is fine-grained, containing but little true clay, and is quite free from gravel or coarse fragments. It can be easily worked and plowed. The extreme surface dries out rapidly, leaving a fine dust mulch which conserves moisture, and from other physical peculiarities crops are able to withstand long periods of drought with- out suffering in the least. From the nature of the minerals of the rock and the way it breaks down, the soils have a large percentage of potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. The basis of this classification is geological.

BENCH LAND.

Locality :

Description.—The bench land of Utah, represented in the collection, is from terraces constituting at one time the shore line of the extensive

92 FORMATIONS, BENTON LIMESTONE—BLUFF LAND.

lake which covered the Great Salt Lake basin. The fertile valley lands were first settled, but gradually these low level lands have been almost inundated by the accumulation of seepage waters from over irrigation, and the agricultural districts are extending farther and farther up and out on these bench lands. The basis of this classification is the physio- graphic features, and the group might contain soils of very different texture and properties.

BENTON LIMESTONE.

Locality: Page.

KMansas;)12isamples. i222 5h. J20. ico: Ge ee es ee eee ees o7

Description.—The basis of this classification is in the geological

formation, and the samples present little of general interest beyond this.

BLACK WAXY SOIL.

’ y ry 9G

Localities: Pape. Kansas; 1 sample!(see Prairie) o2:222.2 3-2 sass ene se eee ee 38 ‘Texas; 5:samples 200 .. s2./32 baskistcs tok snaps seen eee en eee eae oe 65

Total, 6 samples.

Description.—The black waxy soil of Texas, as the name implies, is very plastic and sticky when wet, and always hard to till. The material is so fine that the implements do not scour well. The soil has normally avery high water content. It contains a high percentage of potash, and is considered one of the most fertile soils of the State. The basis of this classification is thus the physical character of the soil.

BLUE-STEM SOIL.

s Localities: = age Kansas, 5.sampless(s¢ePrairl) o252--).2- seem on oe ee eee boas case 38 Oklahoma; Jcsampley (sce Unclassified) toss er on} ener see eee eae 59

Total, 6 samples.

Description.—The basis of this classification is the persistent char- acter of the vegetation. The soil generally occurs in spots, covering small areas usually somewhat depressed and containing excessive amounts of alkali, but rarely enough to appear as a crust on the surface.

BLUFF LAND. Locality: Louisiana, 41 samples...-5 2) g26s=s0 see se toe 2 oes ee ee ee 41

Description.—The bluff lands of Louisiana are similar to the hammock lands of South Carolina. They are adjacent to the water courses and have good elevation. The material is similar to, if not identical with, loess in texture and physical properties, and the lands are therefore well drained. The lands are fertile. The basis of this classification is in the physiographic relations, as well as the physical texture and condition.

FORMATIONS, BOWLDER CLAY—CARBONIFEROUS. 93

BOWLDER CLAY—GLACIAL DRIFT. Locality: Page:

OUbNCNE, BSE ON EESe Gs osc o gate copa case SO SeOEU Deol Sou Co LORS ep oeaerne ns 35

Description.—This is a finely ground mass of clay, varying in color, but usually white, blue, or buff, and containing varying quantities of sand, gravel, stones, and bowlders of all sizes and of a great variety of material. It is a form of glacial till. The rocks were ground by the moving glacial ice sheet to a fine, tenacious clay, still containing fragments of the rock masses which did the grinding and were being ground in all stages of disintegration. The thickness of this material in [ilinois, where most of our samples were obtained, is said to reach the great depth of 400 and 500 feet in places. The basis of this classi- fication is geological, and the group contains a variety of soils.

BUCKSHOT LAND. Locality:

ouisianas| 47 samples! (see bratrie)) ssa. 1s- -2e— ence selec asia1< a= eeesin AQ

Description. Hilgard regards the buckshot land as one of the most fer- tile soils of the Southern States. He describes it as ‘‘a stiff, dark-colored clay, traversed by numerous cracks and mottled with spots of ferru- ginous matter.” These ferruginous concretions are often as large as buckshot, which they resemble. The soil is rich in all sorts of plant food. It is very retentive of moisture, yet well drained, and can have the deepest tillage. It may be tilled at almost any time, for if it turns up in wet lumps, these slake and break down into a fine tilth.

CAMBRIAN SANDSTONE AND SHALE.

Localities: Page. Mabamasd sam plese. ese moses stameteee cae sn Se eo eee eco eaalce es 22 Moan ylandse LOS am plese mre, s\oes a tense ee tee ene a susie ace ays thse 43 Monnessee; D.Samples™ 2 sass a sco sa= oes aa =\/yah class Ware mas foe 63

Total, 28 samples.

Description.—The samples in this group from Maryland came from a narrow belt on the west side of South Mountain, in western Maryland. It constitutes the famous mountain peach belt of that locality. The soil is a sandy loam, containing about 30 per cent of large stones, mak- ing cultivation difficult and adapting it to nothing but fruit-tree cul- ture and small fruits. The elevation above the valley seems to insure the trees against damage from frost. The basis of this classification is geological, but it forms a distinct agricultural district.

CARBONIFEROUS. Localities :

Page. Nebraskavclisamples) (see Eb raiti@)eree ss ss Seciset con co <sicics oe ec oem 53 nhoderslandsdisammple cits sats t= ate eto tose. so-so case c! soeeee 60 Wes tavernas, SAMPLESis.\ each eran tte neice wis odes S = < ociers oe eominei ce 68

Total, 7 samples.

Description.—The basis for this classification is geological, and the group may include many types of soil.

94 FORMATIONS, CATOCTIN GRANITE—CHESAPEAKE,

CATOCTIN GRANITE AND SCHIST. Locality : Maryland, 22 /samples ae eee soo. letra) nine ae et ae ete eter eral lettre 44

Description.—This covers a small area in western Maryland which is of little agricultural importance. The basis of classification is purely geological and of very little general interest.

CATSKILL, Locality: Page, Maryland) 45 Samples 222 \ecca cc sa a= a= saneee oe eeeeoe nee ee mem ae ete 44

Description.—Rather heavy, dark-red clay soil, formed from sand- stone rock. It is moderately fertile. The basis of the classification is geological, and there are no particularly interesting features about it.

CHERNOZEM. Locality:

Russia, 7 AaAMpPles .. ~ 22 Pee «<5 0p ioe neste ae eae Se ee eee 61

Description.—The chernozem is known as the “black earth” of Rus- sia. It isa prairie region with a very deep, rich, black soil. The origin is still unknown, although many theories have been advanced to explain the formation and the relation to the adjacent loess. It is celebrated as a wheat region, and soil which has been under cultivation for a hun- dred years is said to show no deterioration. The investigations of the Division of Soils show it to be quite similar to the prairie soils of Illi- nois and the Red River Valley soils in Minnesota and North Dakota.

CHESAPEAKE,

Localities:

Page District of Columbia, 2 samples -.........- BO SSSA Sh 55 LS ae 32 Maryland, $4.samples. 2250 cos2s. ¢ Ses. nese sic Soca ae eee ERE 44

Total, 96 samples.

Description.—The Chesapeake covers a large area in southern Mary- land with a moderately fertile clay loam. The most interesting gen- eral feature is the large area of rather strong clay, derived directly from the weathering of diatomaceous earth. This diatomaceous mate- rial weathers quickly, and within two or three years the white earth exposed in railroad cuts weathers to the compact yellow clay. Over these areas the diatomaceous earth is often found within a few feet of the surface, following the contour of the land. There is an opportu- nity for an interesting study here. The diatomaceous earth is so light and open in structure and contains so much air that a lump of it readily floats for a time in water. The diatoms are quite a pure form of silica. It is surprising, therefore, and suggestive that in the disintegration of this material a compact, rather tenacious clay is produced which can be used for brick. The basis for this classification is geological,

FORMATION, CLAYS—POTTERY, BRICK, TILE. 95

CLAYS—POTTERY, BRICK, TILE.

Localities: Page Delaware, 2 samples (china clay) --..---------.- Saharan Mae scabs Sd tec 31 District of Columbia, 2 samples (brick and tile).......-..---.---..... 32 Idinedeyacl il Senoaplksy (nosy) Kaan eos ceeoessaoos > Sabie eon Hon neaemeee 32 Hloridaslysanmle,(kaolim)= sos. sees ca coisa t= ee coe eb acpewece ss 32 Kentucky. lusample (ernde ball: claye\as.s-2. 2-25 5255 a2-se cee eee 39 Maryland, 10/samples (pottery, brick, tile): .--2..25-22--.2-2-22 02-2 44 Missouniselesamplen(iire: Oriels)/s 22s aseeesa «2 ises hese sess ce 2

a) Newsverseyalesampley(china clay )pacas ss. ece2-> se 5 -2- aoe os eee ee 5 Newavork lisamplecAlbamysslipeclay: peceesse- s8= sas eee ase eee 55 Ohxoyo samples ((poOltery,) eae s soe cine ces os acc sects s seeks eos 5 Bennsyhvaniay lesampllen(potbery)semsse-iceee seers Sees esac. soe ccs 5 south: Carolina, lgsamplex(potteny)tee-- =ssocs sees = a eee oe 61

Total, 27 samples.

Description—The general properties of commercial clay are (1) plasticity when wet, enabling useful objects to be molded and retain their shape on drying; (2) permanence and durability after burning; and (3) refractiveness under high temperature. Few other substances have these properties. Plasticity is a property which has never been satisfactorily explained. It is probably due to molecular forces acting between the fine grains, but these forces have never been thoroughly investigated. On account of the practical importance, not only in clay industries but in general agriculture in the condition and treatment of soils, as well as from the scientific interest of the subject, it should be thoroughly investigated.

The principal classes of high-grade clays are kaolin, china and por- celain clays, fire clay, and pottery clay. The low grade clays are shale, siliceous clay, tile clay, brick clay, and calcareous clay. The high- grade clays are more refractory than the other clays. The fusibility of a clay usually increases with the impurities other than sand. Potash increases the fusibility more than other impurities; iron is next; then lime, and then magnesia. Pure kaolin and quartz are infusible in any ordinary temperature of the kiln. The high-grade clays should not contain over 4 or 5 per cent of impurities; the low-grade clays contain often 20 per cent or more. As a rule brick clays should not contain over 3 per cent of lime, but some of the celebrated cream-colored bricks of the Northwest contain upward of 20 pei cent of this sub- stance, which entirely hides the color effect of the iron oxides. The low-grade clays contain from 10 to 70 per cent of kaolin base, from 2 to Do per cent of alkalies, and two or three times as much of the other fluxes combined.

Albany slip clay is used to give a glaze and finish to stoneware. It is quite fusible at a high temperature, and as it burns into the surface it does not crack in cooling or in subsequent use. On account of the high temperature at which the Albany slip clay fuses, litharge or some other flux is mixed with it when glazing clay which can not stand the required temperature,

96 FORMATIONS, CLAY SLATE—COLORADO GROUP.

The ball clays are very tough, waxy, and plastic, and are used to mix with other clays which have not the required plasticity. Very pure clays shrink excessively when burned, and to counteract this ground flint (quartz) is mixed with the clay. In this case finely ground feldspar is added as a flux to get the mixture to fuse at a reasonable temperature. Calcined bones can also be used for this same purpose.

The basis for this classification is physical and chemical, and the property of plasticity is an interesting problem for the physicist.

CLAY SLATE.

Locality :

Page. South Carolina;-2:samples .-.23-2-225/5- 2. -s tee cee ee eee eae eee 61 Description—The basis of this classification is geological and the formation has no particular general interest. The soil is a yellow clay loam, moderately productive.

CLINTON-NIAGARA,

Locality : Page.

Maryland,13 samples’...+.. 22-2205 2, cece see ee eee ee eee 44 Description.—This formation occurs in several narrow bands in the mountains of western Maryland. It is of small agricultural importance and is interesting mainly from the geological derivation.

COAL MEASURES.

Localities : Page Alabama; 2 samples® oc jc isch sSitecise os ssiene uence ate. Soler eee eee 22 Kentucky. 2:samplesso- cbc s2e aoc ee woe ieee oe oe eee eee 39 Maryland, 35‘samples\(lowen)! 2 sts52 2 Se: B Bate oo eee eee oe 46 Tennessee, 2:samplés.. i. 2-0 a4 5. eens oep ites pe ot eee ees 64

Total, 41 samples.

Description.—The soils of the coal measures are, as a rule, very het- erogeneous. They are usually alternate layers of limestone, sandstone, and shale, hard to differentiate, and as the country is of little agricul- tural importance and the formations are hard to follow out the group contains samples of different physical types. The basis of this classi- fication is thus geological. .

.

P COLORADO GROUP—CRETACEOUS., Locality : Pus Nebraska; 14 samples (sce Prairie)e- --.5- ses see ee ee ee 53

Deseription.—The Colorado group of the Cretaceous, covering large areas in Kansas and Nebraska, is made up of limestones, shales, and clays which have not been separately mapped. The basis of the clas- sification is geological and the collection contains samples of different physical and chemical properties,

FORMATIONS, COLUMBIA, LOWER—CORAL SAND. IG

COLUMBIA, LOWER (FOR UPPER COLUMBIA see TRUCK LAND),

Localities: - age Distrcmoim Columbia. osama ples\s esses 2 = Seeeie 6 Sons a ncele cine canis cincis 32 Migr yin ea LeSee teense Dae. coer ae 2 oad coe mos ecies eee sa = Soo 45

Total, 29 samples.

Déscription.—The Lower Columbia forms level terraces along the lower part of the Potomac River, and covers isolated areas along the water courses and adjacent plateaus in the District of Columbia and contiguous portions of Maryland. This high level phase, as it occurs along the plateaus, is not yet perfectly understood, and it is difficult to differentiate this from other formations.

The terraces along the Lower Potomac River vary in width from a quarter of a mile to a mile or more. They have an elevation above water of from 10 to 20 feet. At the back there are high bluffs of Lafay- ette material.

The soil is a fine silt with no coarse fragments and very easy to till. Agriculturally it resembles the bluff lands of the South. In mechan- ical composition it resembles loess, except that it contains a trifle less silt and rather more clay. It is very durable, and fields are said to have been cultivated for upward of two hundred years without appar- ent deterioration. The principal crops at present are corn, wheat, and tobaceo. The basis of this classification is geological, and the soil is interesting from its uniform texture, the good heart, and the lasting qualities.

CORAL SAND. Locality:

Bermuda, 1 sample........--- MESSER Cope Oe SSE ECE Nen sae Hae aoeooaoae 25

Description—The coral sand is an unconsolidated or disintegrated coral limestone. It is snow white and about the same texture as build- ing sand. With the naked eye the larger grains are seen to be frag- ments of coral, and under a low-power microscope many beautiful and curious coral forms are seen. The sand in this form is nearly sterile, and few attempts are made to crop it. It is quite free from humus, and is almost entirely dissolved by dilute hydrochloric acid. Speci- mens of the coral limestone have been shown to contain 99.95 per cent of carbonate of lime. Where considerable areas of the rock are exposed in sections, layers of red earth are seen throughout it and cov- ering the surface for a slight depth. This soil contains considerable clay, coral sand, and humus. It is upon such soil that the lilies and other staple crops of the island are grown. The carbonate of lime is relatively quite soluble in the natural waters. The impurities in the limestone, consisting of traces of silica, iron, alumina, and earthy phos- phates, are relatively insoluble. As the carbonate of lime is dissolved and carried off by the pereolating waters, these impurities are left behind and constitute the present productive soils of the island. The

8670—No. 16 7

98 FORMATIONS, CORN LAND—CRANBERRY BOGS.

basis of this classification is geological, and the group is interesting from the unusual form of the disintegration of the limestone rock and the evident and apparent example of the formation of soil from this class of rock by the simple process of disintegration and solution.

CORN LAND. Localities:

Page. Alabama, 140 samples: ...2 222255 525054 20 Soe cints Sacto eee a's aete oneal's 22 Mlinois, 63 samples... 22226 2s2socene bale te see eee ee ea os Bi) Towa; 2 samples. 25 <0 Se Sai 2cite coins acl eters eee eee sei eae etoile 37 ISPS TUL ey MES Seeks aso ses cos soe egos toa 5b oo ss de ssaonoHess coe 37 Kentucky .th72' samples: sa. set ccer coe napa or eee ee ete reer teeter rae 39 I Dpoyuyisvemaye is AUS Y (cea NYS Sasa Seba essing seco sas2 0525 codon eos sone boss 41 Maryland; 460 samples S222 27.-/ 55 Se alse ete eeeeterater easter ee ear 45 MISSISSI pry alas Semple Sec eee tte tee aera eee rete 51 Ohio; 49isamples.2 : .S2csthoce ae ches cee ee oe ce eee ee a ee 58 South Carolina, 38 samples=es--- eee ee ee ee ee eee ae 61 Tennessee, 109 samples ......---.---- Se: ee Se eer a ae eats 64 Miroinia, 127samples: i 2i.c sss ee cg ote rcteia eae ohana een see 66 Wisconsin, 18' samples (see Tobacco land): 222) 22222 -- 2 eae oar Hee 69

Total, 1,420 samples.

Description—This group is simply a collection of all the samples upon which corn is at present considered an important commercial crop, either for home consumption or for export. The basis of classifi- cation is purely agricultural, and the group contains many types of soil, which are indicated under the appropriate States. No attempt has yet been made to correlate the usual yield per acre with the char- acter of the formation. It is considered that in time this collection will form a valuable basis for such an investigation..

COTTON LAND.

Lovalities: age Alabama, 140 samples: ...-.225 22:2. -2s: casos cce Saseeaeassee saea= sess 22 Mlorida, isamples (seesuatayetie)!--- asses +--+ =a ae 39 Louisiana, 191 samples ..---. aja ba.d eee ects 6 vin oreteine naa eeeere ce sees 41 Mississippi, 14 samples 2 /:25.: S-.,-2 =e eee ee ene ee eee eee ete 51 Sou Carolinia, Gd) Samples se jee ote eta ea ee etree aaa ee 61 Ateyrwa¥s}\-Cyey ds) (seni \ae Soe5 baoeoe Bobo San Sone voDCoaESSceroDSsoce sosse 64

Total, 437 samples. Descriptton.—The remarks under the group of corn land will apply equally well to this group.

CRANBERRY BOGS. Localities:

Page Massachusetts, 10 samples (see Alluvial soil). ..-.....-.-...-..--.---. 49 New Jersey, 2 samples (see Alluvial soil). ........-.-.--------.-------- 54

Total, 12 samples.

Description.—This is a fresh-water alluvial formation, consisting of muck, and contains frequently a large proportion of coarse fragments of roots and other portions of partly decayed vegetation as found in bogs. The lands are, as a rule, very wet and even subject to overflow in time of freshets, The subsoil may be either a compact sand or stiff

FORMATIONS, CRAYFISH LAND—CRETACEOUS. 316.

clay, in either case poorly drained. The basis of this classification is therefore partly geological, depending often upon physiographic reia- tions, and partly agricultural. There is no apparent difference in physical properties or chemical composition between the cranberry and celery soils except perhaps in the depth of the overlying soil. With the proper exposure and situation a good celery soil would make a good cranberry soil; but the average cranberry soil, on account of the superficial depth of the soil and the poor surface drainage, would not necessarily make a good celery soil.

CRAYFISH LAND.

Localities : ae . age ouisiana,,-2isamples! (see Blutie land) 9222 25-522 ace = eee Secs 41 Warcimiaes) sampless (see Barrens) baca- 28. Se st creas) eo a Sa\on ene saaee 66

Total, 5 samples.

Description.—The characteristics of this group have already been dis- cussed under “barrens.” They are sandy or silty soils, quite impervi- ous to water, and on account of the poor drainage are not adapted to the staple agricultural crops. They are interesting from the peculiar structure, which renders them readily impervious to water, and from the opportunity they seem to present to the physicist to study the forces acting between the soil grains upon which the tilth of agricultural soils depends, but which is so marked in this case as to render the soil too close and impervious for agricultural crops. The basis of this classifi- cation is the physical structure of the soil.

CRETACEOUS. Localities: 2 age ADAMI, Uh BADNPLOR bess ws chok siececicc oeco ec Seas veces waste atiosescsucec 22 WOUISIAN Aiea (SAMPLES ers oeec ee celjewice te See soc ee et eee tise he Saale 41 Pe Maryland s2isamplesi(sce Maris) 22522-52520 Sas. -2 26s cease cece eee AT Nebraska, 22 samples\ (sce erairie)): 2... 2. s22cscee secon Jocess acs 53 INe@WadlcEseyegl GISAIMDlOS ome cnn ee sore ea ates ie ahem me So ee 55 Rennessees 4 asamp lesyss aan Saint rene Siesta Scien cals sins se ome aise Se 64 Mexas; > samplesi(see Blackiwaxy. Soil). t22. 2452--2--2 24222 422282. 65

Total, 58 samples.

Description.—The basis of this classification is geological, and whie the samples in the collection are mainly loams and sandy loams adapted to fruit and truck growing, the group may contain very differ- ent types of soil. The collection contains a number of samples of glauconite sand (greensand), from which many of the samples in the collection have been derived. This glauconite is interesting not only from its chemical composition, which has never yet been satisfactorily worked out, but from its occurrence and mode of formation and the use which has been made of it as a fertilizer, especially in New Jersey, the agricultural value depending mainly on the potash and phosphoric acid it contains. This substance is not confined to this geological period or to any particular formation, but it has been principally described from the Cretaceous.

100 FORMATIONS, DAKOTA GROUP—DIABASE.

DAKOTA GROUP—CRETACEOUS.,

Localities: i age Kansas, 3 samples (see Prairie) :-- 2... 2-2. ee mein = in 38 Nebraska, 8 samples (see Prairie) ...-..------------ ----++-+----+------ aa"

Total, 11 samples. Description.—Barbour thus describes this group:

Of the various kinds of rock above-mentioned as occurring in the Dakota group. the sands, sandstones, and clays are most abundant and exert the greatest influence upon the soil. The clays are valuable for brick and pottery. Where they form continuous strata of considerable extent, with a level surface, the water is retained, causing boggy or swamp land. By themselves these clays impart too great heavi- ness and tenacity to the soil, but with a suitable proportion of sand intermixed a good loam is formed. An abundance of sand and sandstone is everywhere present in the Dakota group to temper the clays. In some places the sandstone predomi- nates so much as to form sandy knolls, with a thin and poor soil or none at all. But these bald knobs are not numerous, and are never of great extent. The glacial drift and loess cover the country occupied by the Dakota group so generally that it is only on the high points projecting into the valleys that the sandstone foundation is in sight, making thin land.

The basis of classification of this group is thus geological, and the samples may be very different in texture and composition.

DEAD LAND. Locality:

New Mexico, 2 samples .....- 22..-. .----- ------ ---- 0-2 = o-oo os === 55

Description.—This ‘dead land” is sand found along the bars and banks of some of the rivers in New Mexico. The coarser sand occurs in the bars. Much of the best land in some of. the valleys is under- laid with this sand. Wherever it occurs within a foot or two of the surface fruit trees soon die. Grapes are said to do fairly well over it, and alfalfa to flourish. It appears to be quite free from organic matter or fertilizing material of any kind. The peculiar properties of the specimens and of the localities where it occurs have not been investigated. The basis of this classification is thus agricultural.

DEVONIAN BLACK SLATE. Localtty: P:

Kentucky, 10 samples’. - 2. ...5 ---./22- 22 - seen cone cen e owe ware 39

Description.—The basis of this classification is geological, and the group may contain samples of different chemical composition and physical properties. As a matter of fact, the samples in the collection consist of samples of the “glades,” the properties of which will be described under a subdivision of that name.

DIABASE. Localities: Bane Massachusetts, I’ sample. .2--2-cc-- se. oe ee eee = = eee eee ile = 50 Virginia, 1 sample. .--....--. ------ o2-- ce eee eee nee teen eee es ree 66

Total, 2 samples.

FORMATIONS, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH—DRIFT. 101

Description.—The basis of this classification is geological. The sam- plein the collection from Virginia formed the basis for an investigation by Dr. George P. Merrill! on the origin of soils and the chemical changes occurring in the disintegration and decomposition of rocks.

: DIATOMACEOUS EARTH. Locality: Maryland, 3 samples (see Chesapeake) ....---..-.-..------------------ Ad

Description—This group contains some interesting specimens of diatomaceous or infusorial earth, from which the soils over a large area of the Chesapeake formation in Maryland have been directly derived. This is discussed at length under the Chesapeake formation. The samples contain many beautiful and curious forms of diatoms.

DISMAL SWAMP LAND. Locality:

Warcinia, 25 Samples (ScecAl MVM) eo epee seston stele einis minis Selects 66

Description.—The basis of this classification is physiographic. The swamp is of great extent, with an elevation above tide of from 10 to 25 feet. On account of the slight fall, the dense growth of vegetation, and the accumulation of peat the natural surface drainage is very slow. Some rather large areas on the edge of the swamp have been cleared, drained by open ditches, and cultivated for a number of years. The soil is a rich peat, from 1 to 10 feet thick, resting on a sandy subsoil which allows water to drain through it readily. The soils are quite acid, requiring frequent and heavy applications of lime. The water of the swamp and canals is also quite acid. It is of a dark color, quite free from sediment, and has long been noted for its excellence for drink- ing purposes on ship voyages. This property is usually attributed to a trace of tannin carried by the water. Fields which have been under cultivation for fifty years show a decided diminution of organic matter in the soil. Corn and hay grasses are the principal crops.

a DRIFT.

Localities: Page Alabam ae2isamiples: 2. - es eciclec cles os cweceri cece eee tee Vea eine cane 22 Connecticut uitsamplesi(glacitall) aeesmasee.- ees eee aie emeee es 30 Mliivois 15 samplesiGelaciall)-sossse oes eee cee see ae nee e eee 35 HOuIsaAna + SAMPLES. sccse = je stes eae Sees Foe ee ae eae aeee Cece e ees 41 Minnesota, 2 samples:(glacial) 22 5576ds goes ees «anette aeons ote ates 51 Ohioy2isamplesi(clactall)s*s52a--case seek eee eee a ae oe eieces 58 Rhoedevisland 10:\samples:( glacial). stesso. . 2. S225). Sc PE se ce 60

Total, 65 samples.

Description.—The basis of this classification is geological, and in- cludes glacial and nonglacial drift soils, the former belonging, like the bowlder clay, to the broad class of glacial till. The group contains different kinds of soil.

'The Weathering of Rocks, Part III. Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils.

102 FORMATIONS, EOCENE—ETONIA SCRUB.

EOCENE. Localities: Page District of Columbia, 4 Sampleseesstce ee eee alee eta eta 32 Maryland, 24 samples ..... ---- ------ ---- +--+ 222+ +--+ eee nee eee eee eee 45

Total, 28 samples.

Description—The basis of this classification is geological, and the group may contain soils of different chemical composition and physical properties. Most of the samples in the collection are light loams, adapted to peaches and the heavier truck crops. Most of the samples have been derived directly from the green glauconite sand (greensand). They are easy to till and as a rule very productive for the class of crops adapted to them.

ETONIA SCRUB. Locality: Page.

Plorida, O'samples.o- 42 sere lei seein e se stele l= aint eit ata ea 33

Description.—The basis of this classification is agricultural, depend- ing especially upon the character of the native growth. The scrub occurs in spots, often of large extent, in Florida. The soil is a light, sandy loam, and there is no apparent reason for the difference in vege- tation and in agricultural value between this and the adjacent high pine land. The following extract, from Bulletin No. 13 of this Division, will show the characteristics of these lands and the interesting problem presented in an investigation of the cause of their peculiarities:

The great Etonia scrub formation was examined at Altoona. It is an impressive sight to stand at the border line between the scrub and the high pine land and notice the difference in the character of the vegetation. The high pine land is open, the trees are large and vigorous, and the ground is covered with a crop of grass which gives very good grazing for cattle. The vegetation is quick and generous, and the most tender garden plants will grow luxuriantly if properly attended to. These conditions stop abruptly at the edge of the scrub. The boundary between the high pine land and the scrub can be located without trouble within a few feet.

In the serub there is a dense growth of scrub oaks and low bushes and plants, all having thick leaves protected to the utmost from loss of water by evaporation by the property that desert plants have of turning the leaves up edgeways to the sun to expose as little surface as possible to the direct rays. No grass is found, and only the most hardy desert plants grow. When pines grow it is the dwarf spruce pine and not the long-leaf pine, while on the other hand the spruce pine is not found across the border in the high pine lands proper.

The full-grown scrub vegetation reaches about the height of a man’s head. This scrub growth stretches out at this place in an unbroken line for 10 or 15 miles to the northward, and the whole country presents a most desolate appearance. The coun- try is generally rolling in both the high pine land and serub. There are lakes at which the serub and the high pine vegetation meet at the water’s edge. There is no indication from the topography of the country of any difterence in the climate over the two soils. Very few attempts are known to have been made to cultivate the scrub lands. A few efforts to grow truck and oranges are known to have been fail- ures. It is generally believed that the scrub is colder at night, and that frosts are liable to occur over these areas when they do not oceur over the high pine land. There is no apparent reason for this, however, in the topography of the country.

ORMATION—FLATWOODS. 103

There are differences in elevation in the scrub in quite short distances of 25 feet or more, over which the same growth extends in an unbroken line following the con- tours of the surface. The same character of growth extends down to the lake bor- ders in what is almost a muck soil. *~ * * ‘There is no apparent reason, from the chemical or physical examination, to account for this difference in the native growth on the scrub as compared with the high pine land or the hammock, and, so far as our investigations show, there is no difference in the soil. The only explanation for the difference in the character of the vegetation is that it is accidental, and that the one kind of crop or the other received a start and simply spread, the two kinds of vegetation not being capable of growing together. As a matter of fact, however, in comparing the scrub with the high pine land the conditions in the scrub appear more natural than those in the high pineland. Insuch sandy soils as these the won- der is that tender vegetables can be grown at all, and that such a large and generous growth of pines and grass is naturally produced.

FLATWOODS. Localities: = age Mabamayvs samples @oOstiOmks) eases cccc~s 2 osee wens = see eseecieeea eae 24 Elorida, disamples= 2. -s-s-5--2- faeiats vale avs where larein as clara aio, sicle ates omental 33 IMISSISSIPPInaziSAM plese ses. sie see sao cee sce eels eee Sees Beet ise cree se 51 Tennessee,.4 samples (see Cretaceous) ..--.-----.-----<-- --<+ s--- seones 64

Total, 12 samples.

Description.—The basis of this classification is agricultural. Along the South Atlantic and Gulf coast there is a strip of low, flat land havy- ing at present very little agricultural value. It is usually not immedi- ately adjacent to the coast but separated by a strip, often not more than a mile or a few miles wide, of better-drained and more productive land. In this broad classification there is little difference in the soils of the lower pine belt of South Carolina and the pine flats or flatwoods of Florida and Mississippi. Hilgard gives the following description of the flatwoods and pine flats of Mississippi in the volume on cotton production, of the Tenth Census, which describes very well the soils of the whole area:!

The flatwoods region of Mississippi is throughout underlaid by a strata of heavy gray clay belonging to the older Tertiary formation from which its prevalent soil is almost directly derived. The gray, heavy, intractable soil bears almost throughout a moderately dense growth of post oak, interspersed with short-leaf pine and black gum, and varied with occasional belts or tracts of small-sized, round-headed black- jack where the soil is excessively heavy. * * * Near the streams the growth becomes more sturdy. The streams have scarcely any true bottoms. The drainage is therefore exceedingly slow, and during winter rains the country over large areas is covered with a shallow, slow-moving sheet of muddy water. This, together with the tenacity and depth of the mud, renders the flatwoods belt almost impassable to teams in winter and far into spring. The soil frequently remains untillable until the planting season is nearly over, and thus subjects the crop to uncertain chances of a short growing season; yet in favorable years, when water subsides early and plowing can be done, very good crops of corn and cotton are made.

The soil of the pine flats proper is not materially different from that of the pine prairies. It is a whitish or gray, unretentive silt, with brown ferruginous or rusty spots, increasing downward, and indicating a lack of drainage. The cause is found,

! Tenth Census, Vol. V, Cotton Production in Mississippi, Part 1, 1880, p. 25.

104 FORMATIONS, FOX HILL SANDSTONE—FULLER’S EARTH.

at 18 or 30 inches, in a compact, whitish, or bluish subsoil, full of bog-ore gravel, and consisting generally of siliceous silt compacted by clay, or sometimes true clay, almost impervions to water and of the consistence of putty, where it is brought up by the crawfish that inhabit the lower tracts.

In ill-drained tracts the subsoil becomes whitish by the formation of concretions of bog ore or black pebble, and thus the soil becomes poorer than in the uplands, unless enriched bysediment. This kind of “ pine flat soil” is about the least esteemed in this region, as even its timber growth is often quite stunted.

FOX HILL SANDSTONE.

Locality: Mombamiay-2;8am ples! -jsscp satel am = em =psmte al are ele et el ot 52 Description.—The basis of this classification is geological. The sam- ples are interesting in being derived from the Fox Hill sandstone which is one source, although not the principal source, of the alkali in the

Yellowstone Valley. FRESNO PLAINS.

Locality: Paves (SAbbinsnh. WEEE Nee oeeoe Gann eoeoeo oRbU bcos Heo J ogsn nooado ene dor 27

Description —The basis of this classification is physiographic and the group contains many kinds of soil. Among the most interesting to the student of soil problems, as well as among the most valuable agri- culturally, are samples representing a considerable area where subirri- gation is practiced on a relatively enormous scale. Over these areas standing water in the wells, which before the practice of irrigation was introduced stood at a depth of 80 to 100 feet or more from the sur- face of the ground, is now found at a depth of from 6 to 12 feet. It is no longer necessary to irrigate the fields provided the water is allowed to run in the main irrigating canals, which may be located at distances of one-half a mile or a mile apart, notwithstanding the fact that the normal rainfall for the summer months is less than 5 inches in the aggregate. The seepage from the canals supplies the crops with neces- sary moisture. These interesting features were brought out in an arti- cle in the Yearbook for 1897, entitled ‘‘ Some interesting soil problems.”

FULLER’S EARTH. Localities :

Page lordly) Gh eo qoceicEcocessaseGec oon ocu aoSndnosgcad apaSracoce “32 Mloridas Ll samples’ =.ssceseis aa os a aes ae See ene ee nice alee leer 33 Nebraska, 1 sample sa-48 22 sos ec.scts ole siomisints ioe) steele line imtoo els ate eal to 52

Total, 13 samples.

Description—Fuller’s earth is a rather pure clay or impure kaolin, appearing unceous to the touch. It is extensively used for fulling and whitening cloth and for filtering purposes and clarifying oils and sirups. The properties which contribute to this are not clearly under- stood, and the only way at present of judging of the filtering and clari- fying value, as with the brick and pottery clays, is an actual trial under the conditions of practical commercial work. As prepared for market, the material after being washed and dried is ground and sifted into many grades of fineness for different commercial purposes.

FORMATIONS, GABBRO—GNEISS AND GRANITE. 105

GABBRO. 7? Localities : < Z age. Maryland y4iisamplesys.as2 2 a2025 2 es ace: sia Semone Stasis SS Sseink Ses 45 Miroimianl0jsamples)(see- Tobacco land). 2: 22-22. 52.2.2 ---2s2- sess 2-20 67

Total, 51 samples.

Description.—The basis of this classification is geological. The soils are quite uniform, strong clay lands, generally quite productive. A good opportunity is afforded in the area covered by these rocks to study the formation of soils from the disintegration and decomposition of the older crystalline rocks in place—supposed to be one of the ultimate sources of the vast areas of sedimentary rocks and soils which cover by far the larger part of the surface of the country.

; GALENA LIMESTONE, Locality: lilimors'sivsamplen(sce Prairie pees. o-e <c oaate. a= = eects in) seit ete es 36 Description.—The basis of this classification is geological, and there is no other general interest attached to the sample in the collection.

GLADES. Localities : - age Kentucky, 10 samples (see Devonian black slate).......----..---.---- 39 Maryland, 11 samples (see Hamilton-Chemung)...--..---..--.-.--.---- 45

Total, 21 samples.

Description.—The “ glades” are locally and very expressively known as mountain swamps. Occurring at high altitudes, they are generally level stretches, underlaid by an impervious clay, and almost always covered with more or less water. They are difficult and expensive to drain on account of the topography and the nature of the substratum. They are at present of little agricultural value.

GLASS SAND.

Localities : mae Connecticut; sample (sce Wmclassitied))a2 5-2-2 2222 ss e252 = oe - - 31 Maryland; 2.samples (see Unelassified )) 222 << 2. 2 Ss Ss a sss 49

Total, 3 samples.

Description.—Glass sand is a pure white quartz sand of different degrees of fineness used for glass manufacturing. It has no value as an agricultural land, and indeed is found in only few localities and then covered with other material. It is frequently used in pot experiments with fertilizers as a sterile medium out of which to construct an arti: ficial soil of any chemical composition or containing any combination of salts. The basis of this classitication is thus the commercial use and value of the material.

GNEISS AND GRANITE.

Localities : Page Mahamarel ssa nplGswas ee eee enna nd cach coctchs = at as altets ae 23 NMamylande GO'samuip lesen ee =a ee aes wees et Wo oo ede eeios geiser 45 North Carolinaro.samplests2se5 sane wa aacae = eas leaes Be sient as i< ts 56 South Carclina, 9/samples ” Eee See nee ore 5 st OR to ean id, ite 61 Virginia, 10 samples (see Tobacco land) espe SEL ade (BS Beene OaheE oC Es 67

Total, 97 samples.

106 FORMATIONS, GRANITE—GREENHOUSE SOIL.

Description.—These residual soils are from the disintegration and decomposition of gneiss and granite rocks. The minerals of the rock are almost completely decomposed and unrecognizable, except the quartz and mica—the latter being a very characteristic feature, in the gneiss soils particularly. The gneiss soils of the Piedmont Plateau are strong red clays, very fertile in the northern part and adapted to general agriculture, but washing or eroding badly in the southern portion of the area. The basis of this classification is geological.

GRANITE (see GNEISS AND CATOCTIN).

Description.—The collection contains only a very few samples of true granite soils. These vary from light sandy soils to stiff clays, depend- ing partly upon the composition of the original rock and partly upon the extent of decomposition of the minerals.

GRASS LAND.

Localities: 2 age Kentucky, 138 samples so 62s sacssscctes secrlaemiae ee eee eee 39 Maryland, 330 samples: 22235. -% 2c cece secs aes a2 ates oiner sae eens 45 Ohiowlilsamples se. ees oka eerie iete tone see ae ete eae ea 58 Pennsylvania, 24 samples’.2.2.-.2- 222 sac+ cscs seems ase eee eer ee oe 59 Tennessee, 93 samples: 52 o.55 cs cec esses str os Pace ne nes aerelaeioies 64

Total, 596 samples.

Description.—The samples in the collection grouped under this head come only from the Eastern States, from lands upon which the hay crop takes a prominent, place in the crop rotation. It has not been thought wise or practicable to include in this group the purely pasture lands. This is often a matter of mere local environment—such as dis- tance from markets, lack of transportation facilities for crops, rough and mountainous topography of the land. The samples in this group all have heavy clay subsoils, containing 25 per cent or more of clay and averaging 30 or 35 per cent of clay. “The soils represented in the col- lection are all adapted to wheat and corn, although the strongest grass lands are usually too heavy for the best wheat crops, as the crops are liable, especially in wet weather, to develop an excessive growth of straw, which is liable to lodge and develop disease. They are still less adapted to the best development of the corn crop. The basis of this classification is thus agricultural.

GREENHOUSE SOIL.

Localities: Page: California, 2:samples.c...<-- =. ocee cee n= a- one e eos eee ee ee eee 28 Connecticut, 1 samples. - ses. = 255 eee ee ee ee eee ee 30 District of Columbia, 2 Samplesi- 22 s.1s sacar ee oe ee a ate ee eet 32 Wihinois, 1 sample sees... ---- ¢- > - clea ees eee eee eo 36 Indiana;2 samples) sco. o--5.s+ scm. 2< + so amchs dene Soe eee 36 Maryland, 2'samples\*-- ss. sacnc5 02. aoe thee e an ae eee eee 45 Massachusetts, 10 samples. --_ =... --- 30 5505 one see eee eer 50 Michigan, 4 samiples. -..- 2. 02s<.:2os=--4 32a deem ts ete 50 Minnesota, I sample: 22.5. 25-2 face. cos oe eee ake ie eel eter 51

New. Jersey,'6 Samples c. - 0-22 ee et re ce ttete nein ee eee 55

FORMATIONS, GUMBO—GYPSUM SOIL. 107

Localities—Continued.

Page.

Ne warOnkolasampledssecices ta-m nieces ct uscoo Se oot doe ss Seek ce 55

a North Carolitia piesamiploen 54 2-----es tess -- Sete ia-ls oe ens ae nale c= m o 56 Ohiowisamplerreete ssa ee sete ovis «Sep st socie= Mawes ses Sheen e = 58 Penns ylyaniasrlasamplespac ete. Syncs. - Sooo oS sages sane cecccinescicls 59 (VIGTINOU Ep ls SAUL 2 eye Stee aac ate retiay- on = an ca ven ae ee Sa Selon aiele cre cle 66

Total, 72 samples.

Description.—With the control of temperature and moisture in green- house culture it is possible, with judgment and skill, to grow nearly all crops on almost any kind of soil; still the recent development in the specialization of certain greenhouse crops marks certain localities as particularly adapted to certain crops—for example, Boston for lettuce, Poughkeepsie for violets, Kennett Square, Pa., for tomatoes, and so on. This is partly due to particular care and skill in the local develop- ment of the industries, partly to climatic conditions of sunshine, and largely, it appears from the investigations of the Division of Soils, to the soil used. The collection includes samples of soil from which the finest commercial crops are grown, such as lettuce, tomatoes, roses, car- nations, and violets. No general results have yet been obtained in attempting to correlate these with the texture of the soil and the crop produced, which is the object of the collection. The basis of this clas- sification is agricultural.

8 GUMBO.

Localities: Pike Hilimors} wesamples(sce: Prairie) es soe sce e os) joesataw co skcerseseieee sic es 36 Owe wigsamp legys eeete sera eens cea eee icicle nace aks See ae Sa ce 37 Kansasesamplesn(seé Prairie) a-oacisa0 et coe eee eteeos 2snc ke eee ls- 38 Mimnnesota,2 samples (see lacustrine)e->5 2. 52. -s 222s 5 Ss eke 51 Montana Ossampless(segePraitie eos aeet ies o.- oe cree is hone ecee seco ea 52 Neweliexico-mhsamplem-cas sececccsnct lace Secs o- cectincs sheets sees ee 55

Total, 25 samples.

Description.—This is a local term applied in the South and West to a tough, dark-colored mass exhibiting plasticity and clay-like proper- ties to a remarkable degree. It is very sticky and difficult to till when wet, and when dry it breaks with a cuboidal fracture in very hard lumps. Farmers dislike to find it near the surface of their lands, as it is so very difficult to till or improve. While exhibiting all the plastic properties of clay in a marked degree, it does not necessarily contain a high clay content, as it may consist mainly of silt or of very fine sand. By deep plowing and cropping, and especially by greenhouse manuring, these soils may be gradually improved. It is advisable to keep them in hay crops for a few years. The basis of this classification is the physical character of the soil.

GUNPOWDER LIME LAND.

Locality: Bags: Al patias 2 Saniplestees sees ae toe ee Steet US Wwe lade dade —wine ys 23

: GYPSUM SOIL. Locality: Page:

Kansas, 3 samples (see Prairie). ..--..-...---.-:-- Seater so. {gee 38

108 FORMATIONS, HAMILTON-CHEMUNG SHALES—HAMMOCK.

Description.—Recent investigations by the Division of Soils of the gypsum soils of New Mexico show this to be a very unusual and, from a soil physicist’s standpoint, a very interesting soil. It is derived from the disintegration of the gypsum rock. It is usually covered with a layer of loam from 1 to 2 feet thick, grading down into the more or less pure gypsum formation. The soil and especially the subsoil frequently contain fragments or crystals of gypsum which easily crumble between the fingers. In some places it is said to exist as white sandy soil and subsoil. In most cases, however, where thoroughly disintegrated, it is «a white impalpable powder when dry. In natural lumps it absorbs water readily and falls apart into a sloppy mass, resembling slacked lime when mixed for mortar. It has a remarkable power of allowing seepage waters to flow readily and rapidly through it. Great damage is frequently done in the irrigated districts where the canals flow through areas underlaid by this substance. The canals occasionally lose as much as 15 or 20 per cent per mile, and large areas below the canal may be flooded or swamped by the seepage water. This damage may extend several miles from the ditch, even where no water is applied to the surface of the land in the immediate vicinity. This is locally known as subirrigation. When such lands are directly irrigated, great care must be taken not to injure the land and the surrounding area by an accumulation of seepage waters. In sampling such soils, after the first 12 or 18 inches are drawn up, it is no unusual thing for the auger to suddenly drop 2 or 3 feet with little or no pressure on the instru- ment. Cattle frequently get swamped and perish in these areas. The material has such aremarkable power of drawing water up, by capillary power, that even above and some distance from the ditches and on land of much higher elevation, the surface may be quite wet after months of dry weather, even where standing water is from 10 to 20 feet below the surface. The basis of this classification is the chemical composition and physical property of the material.

HAMILTON-CHEMUNG SHALES,

Locality: i Page.

Maryland, 36samplesise: cs econ ease eens es) eee terete 45

Description.—The Hamilton-Chemung shales are generally thin soils in elevated plateaus and valleys of western Maryland, used mainly as pasture lands. The basis of this classification is thus geological.

HAMMOCK,

Localities: Hiss age.

PME aps ei Ce OG oeaceeanee cob riba ao Se coScds GoGacs encase socab +: 23 Blorida, ‘59 samples) scecces oc -o- see sis ee eis sale ate Sa eee 33 Iouisiana, 2 Samiplestee ss = <a se se ome eee eee err 41 South: Carolina, 10'samples 2. --- ..---..--22-- shee ee weme eee eel ee Hn 61

Total, 77 samples.

Description——The term hammock, or hammock, is used in the South- ern States to designate certain areas characterized by a more or less

FORMATION—HARDPAN. 109

dense growth of hard-wood trees and made more conspicuous by the surrounding pine forests. The basis of this classification is thus botan- ical. The following description is from Bulletin No. 13 of this Division:

The hammock lands of Florida, which have been principally studied, are charac- terized by a native growth of hard-wood trees, principally of oak, hickory, mag- nolia, dogwood, and the cabbage palmetto. There are quite a number of grades of hammock land, distinguished by the kind and density of the growth as well as by the character of the soil. There are light and heavy hammocks, so named from the density of the growth rather than from any appreciable difference in the character of the soil, the low, flat hammock, the high hammock, the heavy clay hammock, and the marl hammock, the various grades differing somewhat in the kind and relative proportion of the native trees.

As indicated by the name, there is considerable difference in the texture of some of the hammock soils, but by far the largest area which has been studied consists of the light hammock and the heavy gray hammock, between which there is no appar- ent difference in texture. The soil and subsoil of these two hammocks consist of a moderately fine sand, containing less than 5 per cent of clay. The heavy hammocks are very dark colored from the accumulation of organic matter from the dense growth which they have maintained in the past. This black soil is light and porous and has the tilth of an excellent garden mold. It has a depth of from 1 to 3 feet.

These hammock lands are considered the most valuable in the State for general agricultural purposes. For special industries, however, especially for pineapples and some of the early truck crops, some of the other types of soil in the State have a higher value. The hammock soil at Fort Meade maintains about 8 per cent of water on the average, which is about twice as much as the high pine-land truck soils at Winterhaven maintain. It seems strange, indeed, to a person familiar with the soils of the Northern and Western States, to see such a luxuriant growth of oak, hickory, and other hard-wood trees on such light sandy soil as this.

HARDPAN. Localities: 5 age Adabaman lesample (sce barrens) assesses = 5 ocsiescloncle sel sie\sloe se clcnee 22 California, 2’samplesi(see Mojave Desert): --..-, \.o55.5- cosine case Je ~ 28 Connecticut, sample (see Unclassitied)-- 22. - co. cos. ccc cwe cnve'acene 30

Total, 4 samples.

Description.—This term applies to a hard, compact, and often nearly impervious layer which is found to exist or may form at a short dis- tance below the surface of the ground. It is frequently due to an accumulation of lime or iron compounds, reduced and deposited as a cementing medium, in a thin layer at a nearly uniform distance below the surface. Frequently it is in a layer of gravel which becomes so firmly cemented and so impervious that it must be broken with a pick or blasted with dynamite before trees can be successfully grown. Such formations usually indicate a lack of air and insufficient drainage at the present or some previous period. Hardpan frequently forms, as Hilgard has shown, by a local accumulation of alkali, especially of sodium carbonate, at the average depth to which rain water penetrates. Lastly, hardpan may form as a result of continuous plowing at a uni- form depth, the sole of the plow smoothing down or puddling the layer over which it moves. This is usually broken up readily by deeper plowing or by use of the subsoil plow. There is no satisfactory expla nation of the cause of the formation, It is a subject of considerable

110 FORMATIONS, HELDERBERG LIMESTONE—HIGH PINE LAND.

agricultural importance, and it requires and deserves further investi- gation, The basis of this classification is thus the physical property of the material.

HELDERBERG LIMESTONE.

Locality: Page.

Maryland, 21'samples o2..7.. 358.2 35-eetoe e ee eeeeene ee eee 46

Description.—This is a strong clay soil resulting from the disinte- gration of the Helderberg limestone, a magnesium limestone from which hydraulic cement is extensively made. The subsoil has a rich yellow color, very retentive of moisture, and makes a safe and fertile soil for general agricultural purposes. The surface of the country is rolling, offering a succession of sharp hills and valleys which are uniformly fertile. The basis of this classification is geological.

HIGH PINE LAND.

Locality:

Description.—The basis of this classification is botanical. The fol- lowing description of the pine lands of Florida is taken from Bulletin No. 13 of the Division of Soils:

There are four important grades of pine land in the State—the pine flats or “ flat woods,” and the first, second, and third quality of high pine land.

The soils of the pine flats have not been particularly examined, as they need underdrainage in order to make them at all productive. Besides being an expensive operation, this is at times an exceedingly difficult one on account of the flatness of the country and the slight fall which can be obtained to carry off the surplus water. The growth on the pine flats consists of the long-leaf pine, palmetto, and grasses. The woods are open and very irregular in density; the soils are generally wet, with standing water from 1 to 4 feet below the surface. But few attempts have been made to reclaim or cultivate these flat woods on any extensive scale.

The first quality of pine land occurs only in small areas. It has a dark, rich, light sandy soil, in which a stick can often be pushed with ease to a depth of 2 or 3 feet below the surface. It has avery dense growth of long-leaf pine, so dense in fact that the trees are small, and for this reason it is frequently called ‘‘ sapling” land.

The soil, though loose and open like a garden soil in excellent tilth, holds together well, and has the property of taking any impression when molded in the hand, as a good quality of molding sand does. On drying it is not inclined to fall apart to a loose, incoherent condition, and roads through it have generally a compact, hard surface, very easy for traveling. ‘This soil is very similar to the hammock and is considered quite as valuable as the hammock land for general agricultural purposes,

The second quality of high pine land covers vast areas in the peninsula. Itisa very light, rather coarse, sandy soil, less coherent than the hammock or first quality of pine land. Still the roads through it are good. The characteristic growth is the long-leaf pine. The trees are sparsely set and often of quite large size. There is very little undergrowth and a wagon or carriage can be driven through the forest in almost any direction. ‘There is generally a good growth of grass, and these lands are very extensively used for grazing.

These second quality high pine lands form the principal truck areas at Gaines- ville, Orlando, Winterhaven, Grand Island, and Bartow. The country is generally rolling, with differences of elevation of from 25 to 50 feet. The whole elevation of the lake region, which is extensively used for truck growing, is from 100 to 200 feet

FORMATION—HOGWALLOW. 142

above sea level. The soil is a coarse white or yellow sand, underlaid by a coarse, sandy subsoil. It looks like a barren sea sand, or a coarse, sharp, building sand, but that it is very productive is shown by the large and vigorous growth of pines, the luxuriant growth of grass, the great quantity of truck crops which can be pro- duced during the season, and the enormous growth of beggar weed which takes possession of the land after the crops are removed.

These second quality high pine land soils seem particularly adapted to truck growing. The climate of the region is such that the crops can be grown during the winter and placed upon the Northern markets during the winter and early spring. The winter months constitute the dry season of this locality. A particularly valu- able property of these soils is the evenness of the water supply which they maintain. The surface of the ground quickly dries after a rain, and for a depth of an inch or two it is soon as dry as dust. Immediately below this depth, however, the sand is always moist. Truck crops seldom suffer on these soils from drought. It is claimed that in one year a crop of tomatoes was secured with but 1 inch of rain from the planting to the harvesting of the crop. Certainly a dry period which would cause a most disastrous drought upon the soils at the North appears to have hardly any effect on the crops of these truck soils. Several weeks after a rain the soil imme- diately under the dry surface is so moist that it will hold together when molded in the hand.

Four per cent of water seems to be an abundant supply for these truck lands, and 6 per cent makes the soil quite wet. During an entire season the water supply in the soil at Winterhaven, at a depth of 3 to 6 inches, has never fallen below 3 per cent, although there have been periods of fifteen or twenty days without rain.

No reason can be assigned for the peculiar property these soils possess which enables them to maintain such a uniform water content. The soils are compara- tively high, and the wells throughout the area are comparatively deep. Standing water is found on the average about 15 or 20 feet below tbe surface of the ground. Nowhere in the Eastern States are there soils similar to these where such a uniform water supply can apparently be maintained regardless of the frequency or amount of the rainfall. There are, however, in the Northwest, in southern California, and in Texas, soils which have this same power of withstanding drought to an even more marked extent than these high pine land soils. On some of these Western soils it is no unusual thing for crops to thrive for a period of five or six months without rain and without irrigation.

The third quality of high pine land consists of very loose and incoherent sand which, on drying, falls apart, so that the roads are exceedingly sandy and heavy for teams. The native growth of pine has little value. The soil is very poor and is not generally considered fit for cultivation.

HOGWALLOW.

Localities : Park Calntorniae ly sampler see Eresnou aims) yes sa eeete sc 2s - cle soi sleeleola = 28 Louisiana, 2 samples (see Long-leaf-pine hills) .....-.-.....-.-----..- 41

Total, 3 samples.

Description.—The basis of this classification is the physical condition of the soil. The following definition of “hogwallow” lands is taken from two of Dr. Hilgard’s papers in the agricultural volume of the Tenth Census:'

In California we find the singular rounded hillocks, popularly known as “ hogwal- lows,” from 10 to 30 feet in diameter and from 1 to 2 feet high. These hillocks are

‘Tenth Census, Vol. VI, Part II, Cotton Production in California, 1880, page 19; also Vol. V, Part I, Cotton Production in Mississippi, 1880, page 55.

112 FORMATIONS, HUDSON RIVER LIMESTONE—SHALES. .

most abundant near the foothills, with long scallops toward the valley, and the tracts seem to diminish in width toward the axial ‘“‘ trough,” which they seldom reach. They oceur on all kinds of soil, and even on the rolling foothill lands them- selves, constituting an obstacle to easy cultivation that is sometimes costly to remove, the more as their material is usually somewhat more compact than that of the inter- vening lower soil, and their leveling involves baring of the subsoil. In some cases they are thickly set and resistant so as to render the land valueless for ordinary cul- tivation. They are almost always present on strongly alkaline soils and bear good grain crops, while on the lower portions of the land the soil is whitened with alkali and grain isdying. In other cases, owing to ditferences in capillary power of the soil in the two locations, the reverse is seen. ‘‘ Hogwallow land” does not imply any definite character of soil in general, although locally the character is often an exceedingly definite and distinct one.

A sample of ‘ hogwallow subsoil” from Jasper County, Miss., shows 48 per cent of clay. It is no wonder that the soil is found excessively refractory in tillage, as it entirely lacks the quality of many of the black prairie soils of “slaking” or pulverizing in passing from wet to a dry condition. In that process it cracks open into widely gaping fissures, and is wetted with difficulty. When wet it becomes excessively tenacious; when taken under the plow in the right condition it assumes fair tilth and in good seasons yields fair crops.

In “ hogwallow” soils the lime percentage is uniformly lower, falling below five- tenths—from 0.13 to 0.48. Phosphoric acid is low, the humus a little over one-half of that in the black prairie soils, and about the same as in other good upland soils.

In order to render ‘‘hogwallow” soils more similar, chemically, to black prairie soils, they should be supplied with more lime, which, with green manuring, would supply deficient humus.

The mechanical condition of these soils stands in the way of productiveness, and this would in a measure be remedied by the application of lime and vegetable mat- ter, but in addition thorough tillage and good drainage are essential. It is probable that simple underdrainage and use of lime would render these soils fairly and uni- formly productive.

HUDSON RIVER LIMESTONE (seé TRENTON LIMESTONE).

Description.—The soils of this formation are quite similar to and closely associated with the Trenton limestone, which is described in detail in another place.

HUDSON RIVER (MARTINSBURG) SHALES.

Locality: Maryland, 25isamp lest sean. ccccicecs sae seem a seisiee rine cist ieee teens 46

Description.—The samples in the soil collection of the Division, derived from this formation, represent rather a small area in western Maryland where the rocks cross the State in a low, flat, narrow ridge near the west side of the Cumberland or Hagerstown Valley. The soil is a rather light clay loam, usually containing small fragments of shale.

The subsoil contains a large amount of small fragments of soft and partially decomposed shale, so that it is difficult to bore for samples to a depth of 18 inches. The soil is fairly well adapted to wheat, but the crop is neither as safe nor as certain as on the adjacent limestone lands. It is very dependent upon the character of the season. It is well adapted to the growth of rye. Peaches do fairly well, but the crop is uncertain.

FORMATIONS, JAMESTOWN VALLEY—KAOLIN. 113

Apples and pears do better. The soil, as a whole, requires careful farm- ing to keep it in good condition. It responds well to fertilizers and is greatly benefited by green manures. ‘

JAMESTOWN VALLEY (see LACUSTRINE),

Locality: Norche Dakota ll (ecemnd er Praivie))s2css<< . ss scans ce selec oetec acceee 58

Description.—These samples represent some of the immense wheat farms near Fargo, N. Dak. The Jamestown Valley at this point is about 50 miles broad and almost perfectly level. The soil is very dark in color and from 1 to 3 feet deep, or more. It is avery heavy loam, partaking of the nature of gumbo at times. During rainy periods the surface drainage is hardly sufficient to carry off the water as it falls, and the soil is so close and sticky that the roads become quite muddy and often nearly impassable. The soil contains rather a high percent- age of organic matter. It is used almost exclusively for the production of a very fine quality of hard wheat. The farming is on an immense scale, and the cultivation is, as a rule, very superficial. This probably accounts for the low average yield of only about 12 bushels per acre upon soil which should and does under good cultivation give 40 or 50 bushels." The soil is a lacustrine or fresh-water deposit of the great Lake Agassiz, which formerly covered an immense area. The soils are quite similar, both in chemical composition and mechanical texture, to the famous wheat lands of the black-earth deposit or chernozem of Russia.

KAOLIN. Localities:

Hlorida sl sample: (seeClay, pOweLy)is- so j-cccdc socec co scee cece seeece 32 Total, 1 sample.

Description.—The basis of this classification is the chemical compo- sition and commercial use of the material. The sample of kaolin in the collection is derived mainly from the decompositidn of highly feldspathic gneisses. As the gneiss rock contains, in addition to feld- spar, both quartz and mica, the resultant clay is more or less colored with iron and contains fragments of quartz and undecomposed feldspar. It is nearly always more or less impure. Where the mica has been very abundant the iron stain is so pronounced as to make the resultant clay suitable only for low-grade stoneware. The kaolin used for the manufacture of pottery has to be washed and freed from impurities in nearly all cases. The kaolin contains many crystals characteristic of true kaolinite. A sample of washed kaolin analyzed by Professor Mer- rill' contained 48.73 per cent of silica, 37.02 per cent of aluminum, and 12.83 per cent of combined water. This same sample gave by mechan- ical analysis 30.86 per cent of silt, 7.31 per cent of fine silt, and 47.78

' Bull. 150, U. 8. Geological Survey, 1898, page 384, 8670—No. 16-——8

114 FORMATIONS, KAOLINITE—KNOX SHALES.

per cent of clay. Professor Merrill shows the material to be far from uniform in composition, carrying abundant crystalline particles, such as quartz granules and shreds of undecomposed feldspar. The alkalies resulting from the decomposition of the feldspar have almost entirely disappeared and over 12 per cent of water of crystallization has been taken up. The collection contains samples of crude kaolin and of the washed kaolin as used in the manufacturing of high-grade pottery.

KAOLINITE.,

Locality: Base, Colorado; ltsample. (oss s<s <> cSeeterwa sis steieeie aa e eileen nei eerie 29

Description.—This is a finely crystalline mineral, in loose erystals of almost microscopic size. It is contained in kaolin, in many impure clays, and is found in pure deposits in very few localities. It was formerly assumed to be the basis of all clays, but in itself and in a pure state it has none of the properties of clay. It is not plastic, nor does it contain as much capillary water as clay does. It is loose and granu- lar. The modern conception of the properties of clay is entirely differ- ent from this early conception, and the properties of a clay now are ascribed to certain properties of finely divided matter of various kinds. (See definition of clay under the appropriate head.)

KEOKUK. Locality:

Kentucky: 2isamp] ese meseretete cists ste sneieete eae) sae ee areata ae eee 39

Description.—The samples are of interest merely as representing a certain geological formation.

KNOX DOLOMITE.

Localities: Pago AMlabamayt3 samples) (see imestone)e)n ee --e oe eee eee 23 Tennessees6, samplesi(see aiMeStOne) eases n= eel eee eee ae 64

Total, 19 samples.

Description.—These samples are interesting as representing a geo- logical formation and as being derived from a magnesium limestone. It is typically developed in Tennessee, where it forms a soil of consid- erable local importance.

KNOX SANDSTONE, Locality:

Tennessee, 3 saniples (see Camibriam) seeasea. ose wees eat eee eeimlaleteraominere 63

Description.—The samples from this formation are fron Tennessee. They are interesting agriculturally, as they form some of the important fruit lands and bright-tobaeco lands of east Tennessee. The basis of this classification is geological.

KNOX SHALES. Locality: Tennessee, 2 samples (see Cambrian)... ----.. -< <5. 222. came meee --- =n 63

Description.—These samples are interesting mainly from a geological standpoint and offer no particularly interesting agricultural features.

FORMATIONS, LACUSTRINE—LAKE ERIE BOTTOM. iW

LACUSTRINE (see JAMESTOWN VALLEY SOIL).

Localities : | Biv Minn esotanplps ann] ester aie easels a\c\clee eae winrse aim aisinlec ein limi='= <i 51 North Dakota, 17 samples ........---. Ae ajhoa/yatseisio wis slsiese Guise sosssis 58

Total, 29 samples.

Description.—Lacustrine is a general term for deposits from fresh- water lakes, but it is applied in almost a specific manner to the vast deposits of the old glacial Lake Agassiz, in Minnesota and North Dakota, a prominent agricultural feature of which is the Jamestown Valley, which has been described under another head. The deposits may be of any sort of material, ranging from the coarsest sands and gravels to the finest clay. The basis of this classification is thus geological.

LAFAYETTE.

Tncalities : page Mabama mot Samples semester se cer a= seme eo aaaceese wan teeta 23 District otColumbia, i2isamples! ss. -.1- 2525 -eis - 228 oo ner ae eee 32 loridarsdly samplesyc ssee.-c% co seeascitie 2 te. Sas aa alcce oe ayes sete oe 34 MOUISIANA oO. SAMp LeSteewaree re a eee tetera ee Sian, haat Seas ee 41 Manyland;-t5:samplesii2t oc sec eect eee noe aos ase eee cee erent seen = 46 Mennessee: 1 0fsamplestens str-42 ose cen ce aeceus Aaa abenc acs ceae cece e 64

Total, 110 samples.

Description—The Lafayette formation has been very elaborately investigated and described by W J McGee. The formation extends from New Jersey along the Atlantic coast and Gulf States. It is made up of gravels, sands, and clays, and, as a rule, gives very poor soils. The samples in the collection are derived mainly from the pine barrens of southern Maryland, and most of them are coarse sands, having little or no agricultural value. The cause of the unproductiveness of these sands offers an interesting field for investigation, as they have sufficient plant food, and sands of equal coarseness in other localities have con- siderable value for certain plants and agricultural industries. Nothing has yet been tried on this particular formation, however, with any marked degree of success. There is no reason why some crops should not be found adapted to these lands, and the area become of recognized agricultural value in consequence of special adaptation to the con- ditions. The basis of this classification is geological.

LAKE ERIE BOTTOM,

Locality: OOM GISAM POS S82 mete a ene ha ee ae cle melanie oc exciesitre st eee iwiaayeree ce 58

Description.—The basis of this classification is physiographic. This is a series of samples collected by Mr. A.J. Pieters in investigating the flora of the bottom of Lake Erie in some work for the United States Fish Commission. The samples were taken at various distances from the shore and at different depths. They range from a coarse sand, found near the shore, to a fine clay of greater depths. The texture was not entirely determined by the depths, but in part by the confor- mation of the lands and the currents. There appears to be a marked

116 FORMATION—LIMESTONE.

relation between the texture of the soil and the flora. About one-half of the samples contained over 20 per cent of clay. These had little or no vegetation, whether they were in deep or shallow water. The veg- etation is confined almost exclusively to soils containing less than 20 per cent of clay. The results of this will probably be embodied in the report of the commission.

LENORE LIMESTONE,

Locality: Page.

Tennessee; 4 samples sos.) 222i2 2225 oS eee eee as see cee nee 64 Description.—This formation has given some of the most fertile lands of middle Tennessee, including the blue-grass region of that State. The soils are strong clay lands, quite similar to the Trenton limestone lands of Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.

LIMESTONE. Kinds and localities:

Benton— Page.

Kansas,-12 samples) (see Prairie) sss .2see0 seme ee eee eee 37 Carboniferous—

Kentucky, 20:samples) N55 cb 6 oasis cia ee ee eee noes 39 Galena—

[Nisxois, 1 sample (see: Prairie) pee sas sas eo ose eee ase eiee anne 36 Gunpowder lime land—

Alabama, 2' samples! 2.0.2 3322.5 -ks ssh 25 -foebiad ieeaceeeeeteees 23 Helderberg—

Maryland -21 samples 22. jctesam ene co ie ae eee ere ieie sete yee _ 46 Hudson River (see Trenton). Keokuk—

Kentucky, 2 samples’. 22335. tec sh sheet ee eee 39 Knox dolomite—

Alabama,‘13: samples). 23.32 stec) = -cere als Sone sean oe ee ee eee 23

Tennessee, o1samples) ts. sc ee = te seein a eee Bae byes ae 2e 64 Lenore—

Tennessee, 4 samples ............--..-- J Oise Selon tacos sees 64 Nash ville—

Tennessee, 2 samplesis.c2thc.N.ceS cn se seer tees eee eee eee 64 Quebee dolomite—

Alabama; 4 samples =... 22. ..<.. 22). ss eee ote ecseesbie a eeas see 23 St. Louis—

Alabama, 17 samples: \o 0. Sos. - 4 sescrcee ee eee ae eee ee eee 23

Kentucky; 55'samples:: 2.22 25.2 cee sae oon mes ots eee eee 40

Tennessee, 69 samples...) .- Saat oe cs ee ee eae eae 64 Trenton and Hudson River—

Alabama, 2jsamples 212+ sereee cee coe sate cea eee eee aeeee 23

Kentucky; o7‘samples). ..tiso0 sj cocles 2-12 oe tae ee eee 40

Maryland; 93'satiples \.-:2./-2-s.2 cee. - eee ane ae oie eee 46

Ohio; Tl samples’. 252... 2. 2 eee ose ee a ee eee ee ee ee 59

Pennsylvania, 24 samples (see Tobacco land) ..--..----------.---- 60

Tennessee, 10 samples). 3823: 2. oS ss2 2s oe ee nee 64.

Virginia, 53: samples ..2026-92 | <50 ccdte. ones tae eee ees 66 Unclassified—

California, sample 2.2 252s. . sace <3 pasa eee eee eee 28

Wisconsin, 2’samples: 2... 6 Sae.s< soo ecncee eee Ho as os eee 69

Total, 481 samples.

FORMATION—-LIMESTONE. lia be

Description.—The basis of this classification is geological. The lime- stone soils as a rule give rise to very productive agricultural lands, but this is not necessarily so. The origin of large masses of limestone has usually been ascribed to the remains of organic life, as is certainly the case in many coral limestones. There is no doubt that organic life has had much to do with many of these limestone areas, but Mr. Bailey Willis calls attention to other physical and chemical means of forma- tion which have been rather too little considered, namely, that from evaporation from an inclosed sea and a chemical precipitation of lime and magnesia from ocean waters.

Whatever the origin, the beds of limestone are usually intermingled with beds of shale, showing that the conditions of deposition were not uniformly alike while the material was being deposited. Sometimes there is a sharp line between the limestone and the other material, but usually this is not the case, and there is a gradual transition from lime- stone to shale. Frequently the limestone is far from pure and contains fragments of quartz and other finer material.

The best known of the limestones, from an agricultural point of view, is the Trenton limestone, which gives rise under complete disintegra- tion to the very fertile blue-grass soils of Kentucky and the fertile lands of the Cumberland Valley in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl- vania. The Trenton limestone, as occurring in this area, is a compact blue limestone, usually very pure carbonate of lime with some magne- sia. Therock frequently contains 90 per cent and occasionally as much as 99 per cent of carbonate of lime. This lime carbonate is relatively quite soluble in natural waters, especially where they are charged with earbonicacid. By the prolonged digestion and leaching with rain waters the carbonate of lime is almost completely removed, leaving the small percentage of impurities as a surface covering to the rock, which con- stitute the soils of the present time. Where there is but i per cent of impurities in the rock a vast amount of rock material must be dissolved and removed in solution in the formation of each foot in depth of soil. As the limestone is usually bounded on either side by areas of less solu- ble material, such as shale and sandstone, the solution of the rock mass and consequent lowering of the surface over the limestone area gives rise to valleys bounded on either side by sandstone or shale ridges as a characteristic physiographic feature of a country derived from a pure limestone. A freshlimestonefrom Virginia, described by Prof. George P. Merrill’ and analyzed by Mr. George Steiger, contained 28.59 per cent of lime, 18.30 per cent of magnesia, and 41.85 per cent of carbon dioxide. The impurities amounted to 11.46 per cent. There was 7.37 per cent of silica, 1.92 per cent of aluminum, and 1.09 per cent of potash, the other impurities being in very small quantities. The residual clay from this limestone contained only 0.50 per cent of lime, 1.18 per cent of magnesia, and 0.38 per cent of carbonic acid, so that the original constituents were almost entirely removed. ‘The silica in this residual material had

1 Bul. 150, 8. 8. Geological Survey, 1898, pages 384, 385.

118 FORMATION—LIVE-OAK LAND.

increased to 55.90 per cent, the alumina to 19.92 per cent, the potash to 4.79 per cent. These, being in a less soluble form than the carbonates of lime and magnesia, had remained as the principal constituents of the residual clay. Another analysis quoted by Mr. Russell! shows even more strikingly the process of soil formation from the disintegration and solution of the Trenton limestone.

Analysis of Trenton limestone and of the residual clay left by its decay.

Constituents | Unaltered | Residual : : limestone. clay. SID, 5.0000 ccccccccccnecacccccccs we cacnseccccccccccccccs o ninlsla(aimeiainialaia sence cbescic 0. 44 | 43.07 Al,Og «== 2222 ee een eee eee eee eee eect eee cette tenn eect ener e nee cee ee 42 f 25.07 Beas SB OC RICO SOD UBO DEO TO BRCo On OCHO DO neoOSaDeo DOL beseqpdddacacaqsan sbeccsssecess¢ ae 15. oe EXO) Bo SB np cOQSUSOE BOOB OCOD EDOOSEC UIS040 COCOnEaHooA SpouSabooSonosodoadaganosnsé 4.7 : MoO ites cece ce ocnciseicnsecciseseaslcccleinlcawemainceciecisaes mleam nieletelatetete/otetem = iintete Trace - 03 rap COS EE eee neine, fyen Sa enn RRM P RT RES Et MEE OSE oe act obaccoecd Waacubdcocos 2. 50 BHO) so eeeinedosi cod OOC Sc OCOCO 500 NOCCO CHO OnDUDeOSOC DSS SoCNcOobOncosohscnadospodocarlloosocssoosige : 11S ASL ER DE PPL IM SORE Pan OM Lae ALLIEN TY. 7 SERB oe hi aso 42.72 00 1860) Secngscpoc Dee ere eee ree eer cere CONT ere e eee ees seee Eee eet esr enneessesaenenns 1.08 12. 98 TRA) SrehosgedcocconnS SOC UCO HOO SI COCHIOC Sn na Sasia ds dodoaapaodonanSsécuaesSs65 99, 43 100, 64

Over this area of the Trenton limestone, from which most of the samples of that formation have been derived, the covering of residual clay is from 1 to 6 feet deep. The soil proper is from 6 to 12 inches deep, resting on a stiff, reddish yellow or orange-colored clay, contain- ing on an average about 30 per cent of clay, as shown by the mechan- ical analysis. Occasionally the soil contains fragments of limestone rock or of quartz. These soils as a rule are extremely fertile and very productive. They will stand a good deal of rough usage and of hard farming, but respond well to good treatment. On account of the great solubility of the carbonate of lime from which they are derived, they are frequently deficient in lime. Itis no unusual thing to see the rocks brought up from just below the surface, burnt in kilns, and applied to the land as a top dressing. A limestone soil is not necessarily a cal- careous soil, the name signifying merely the origin and not the compo- sition of the soil.

Farther south, in Georgia and Alabama, the Trenton limestone has associated with it many veins of quartz rock and other impurities. In the disintegration of the limestone this quartz remains as fragments on the surface and distributed through the residual clay. Far from repre- senting the fertile conditions of the Northern soils, the Trenton limestone in this locality is noted as being classed among the poorest soils. So with some of the other limestones. The amount of quartz and other impurities are so great that the resultant soils are stony and infertile, and the country is liable to be barren and unproductive.

LIVE-OAK LAND. Locality: Page.

MISsISSIpP Pi, 2 SAM ples Sse - 2 se = oe en eee eee eee 51

1 Water Supply and Irrigation Papers, U. 8. Geological Survey, No. 4, p. 64.

FORMATION—LOESS. eed By 83)

Description.—This is a soil classification of the Southern States based upon the native vegetation and refers to a strip of land near the ocean and gulf upon which the live oak is the principal native vegetation. Little can be said at present of the character of the soil or of any basis of classification, other than the mere occurrence of the live-oak trees. The soils. as a rule, are quite productive.

LOESS.

Localities: Page. Ohinaydesampleeets-2— ssaee.-neeee seem a ssc nooo sseeee see ans sees 29 Illinois, 37 samples... 25.2.. --=--2 2-- 2-2 -- 22-262 22-2 ses ene soe eee n= 36 llowaye Sam plesiss seen sea eee eee aaa sola alae neal anal - ee == 37 Kansas, 3 samples (see Prairie) ....-.--------------------------------- 38 Nebraska, 26 samples (see Prairie) ..--..-.----------------------------- 53 Tennessee, 2samples.......----------- ------ ------- -- 220 5- -- 22-2 eee 65

Total, 71 samples.

Description.—This name is applied to a class of soils having very uniform texture and physical properties. Therefore, the basis of the classification is the physical property of the material.

The loess is characterized by containing upward of 60 per cent of silt, as shown by the chemical analysis. It is a very fine loamy soil, usually containing a high percentage of lime. In typical localities it is permeated by little tubes formed either by worms or by the roots of plants which have decayed. It is loamy and soft to work and yet it resists erosion to a remarkable degree. Perpendicular cliffs stand for long periods without much erosion or surface alteration. Nearly every- where the loess is valued as a fertile and easily worked soil, responding readily to thorough cultivation. It is usually well drained, but in places it occurs as an impervious strata, having all the essential peculiarities of an impervious clay, which is extremely difficult to improve.

The origin of the loessis ascribed by different investigators to wind and water action. Probably each of these agents is responsible in certain localities. It is certain that the material has been sifted out, as in a mechanical analysis, and is made up of grains of nearly uniform size. Similar natural assortments of material occur in various places and of various-sized particles. Thus, the State of Nebraska is made up of sev- eral grades of material. The northern part of the State is covered by the sand hills, having uniformly coarse sandy soils. The southwestern part is covered by the plains marl, containing upward of 70 per cent of very fine sand. East of this is the loess, with 60 per cent of silt; while along the Missouri River the clay soils contain from 30 to 60 per cent of clay, as indicated by the mechanical analysis. The same assortment of material is found in many lecalities in the old glacial lake deposit of the Connecticut River and along the sluggish rivers of the South Atlantic coast. In South Carolina the rich rice lands, containing from 50 to 60 per cent of clay in the organic-free material, are found along

120 -: FORMATION —-LOESS.

the sides of the rivers, where the waters have made broad terraces, in the dense vegetation of which the fine silts and clays have been deposited. Farther up the river the sand hills show where the coarser material has been déposited, while the Sea Islands, formed in front of the mouths of the rivers, contain upward of 70 or 80 per cent of medium sized sand grains, as shown by the mechanical analysis.

The loess is widely distributed in this country, especially along the Mississippi River, in Illinois, Indiana, Lowa, Missouri, and Nebraska. The soil collection contains samples from all of these localities and one sample from a typical locality in China which has been so widely studied and so often described.

I. C. Russell’ describes the adobe of the extreme Western States as a loess. This description applies so well to the loess, and brings out so strongly the prominent features, that a summary is given here:

Distribution.—The area over which adobe forms a large part of the surface has not been accurately mapped, but enough is known to indicate that it is essentially coex- tensive with the more arid portions of this country. Jn a very general way it may be considered as being limited to the region in which the mean annual rainfall is less than 20 inches. It forms the surface over large portions of Colorado, New Mex- ico, western Texas, Arizona, southern California, Nevada, Utah, southern Oregon, southern Idaho, and Wyoming.

It occurs from near the sea level in Arizona, and even below sea level in southern California, up to an elevation of at least six or eight thousand feet along the eastern border of the Rocky Mountains and in the elevated valleys of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. It occupies depressions of all sizes, up to valleys having an area of hundreds of square miles.

Thickness.—The maximum thickness of the adobe is always difficult to determine, for the reason that it is still accumulating, and has not been sufficiently dissected by erosion to expose sections of any considerable depth. That it not infrequently has a depth of many hundreds of feet is apparent to one who traverses the valley in which it occurs. The profiles of very many of these valleys indicate that they have probably been filled to a depth of at least 2,000 or 3,000 feet. In the larger valleys there are rocky crests called “ lost mountains,” which project above the broad, level, desert surfaces, and are in reality the summits of precipitous mountains that have been almost completely buried beneath recent accumulations.

With these measurements before us, it does not seem that an estimate of 3,000 feet or more for the thickness of the superficial deposits in many of the valleys of the avid region is too great.

Physical characters.—Typical examples of adobe may be seen in thousands of places in the arid region, where sun-dried bricks are being made. In every Indian and Mexican village of Arizona and New Mexico there are excavations where mate- rial has been obtained for this purpose. Many times the bricks used in the con- struction of a building are made from the earth removed in digging its foundations. At these and many other localities, where the adobe is open to view, it appears as a fine-grained porous earth, varying in color through many shades of gray and yellow, which crumbles between the fingers, but separates most readily in a vertical direc- tion. The coherency of the material is so great that vertical scarps will stand for many years without forming a noticeable talus slope. The sun-dried bricks made from it are more durable than the escarpments 6f natural earth and, when built into

| “Snbaerial Deposits of the Arid Region of North America.”—I. C, Russell. The Geological Magazine, Vol. VI, No. 7, July, 1889.

FORMATIONS, LONG-LEAF PINE FLATS—LONG-LEAF PINE HILLS. 121

walls, are capable of standing the atmospheric conditions to which they are sub- jected for scores of years. There are buildings now in use in Santa Fe, N. Mex., built of sun-dried bricks, which, I have been assured on good authority, have been standing for more than a century.

The adobe used for brick making is usually light gray in color, but this is not always the case. It is frequently light yellow, and has varying tints, according to locality. Sometimes it has a reddish tint, caused by the prevailing color of the surrounding rocks from which it was in large part derived. The gray color of the adobe commonly seen in buildings is due in many, and probably in all cases, to an admixture of organic matter. Its characteristic color, when free from organic mat- ter, is light yellow.

The principal characteristics observed were the extreme angularity of the parti- cles composing the deposit, and the undecomposed condition of the various minerals entering into its composition. Adobe collected at typical localities is so fine in texture that no grit can be felt when it is rubbed between the fingers.

Chemical characters.—Analyses of several samples of adobe show that it not only has a varied composition, but differs in its chemical characteristics in different localities.

These analyses show that adobe is very distinct from residual clays, as is also proven by its appearance under the microscope. The analyses of residual clays from the southern Appalachian region [show them to be] composed essentially of ferru- ginous silicate of aluminaand are remarkably free from substances which are readily soluble in ordinary surface waters. Adobe, on the other hand, has a complex com- position and carries many substances which on exposure to percolating waters would be dissolved out. The difference is shown especially by the absence of cal- cium from residual clays and its abundance in adobe. Correlated with those differ- ences in chemical composition are marked contrasts of color. The prevailing and characteristic color of residual clays is dark red; the adobe when not affected by organic matter is ight yellow.

LONG-LEAF PINE FLATS.

Locality: Wourstana, GisalUplesir-2cc cs oscewsaniaccte Se et aascee sscces steele cee-es 41 Description.—Hilgard describes the pine flats of Louisiana as follows:!

The soil of the pine flats proper in this region is not materially different from that of the pine prairies, with which its herbaceous growth has much incommon. It isa whitish or gray unretentive silt, with brown ferruginous or rusty spots, increasing downward, and indicating a lack of drainage. The cause is found, at a depth of 18 to 30 inches, in a compact whitish or bluish subsoil, full of bog-ore gravel, and con- sisting generally of siliceous silt compacted by clay, or sometimes of true clay, almost impervious to water, and of the consistence of putty, where it is brought up by the crawfish that commonly inhabit the lower tracts. The roots of the pines themselves remain above this water-sodden substratum, and hence hurricanes uproot them with great ease.

In tke better-drained portions a very pale yellow silty loam is found in the place of the white ‘‘ crawfishy ” subsoil.

LONG-LEAF PINE HILLS. Localities :

é Page Mouistana,OG samples ==. senG 2. = 5-Jss2 2 canoe cscs seen temic cess 41 MUISSISSIP PIA 2 SAN PlOs asses ws owe see otek ioe vcs ces beeeee Moscieees 5

Total, 28 samples.

1 Tenth Census, Vol. V, Cotton Production, Part I, Louisiana, p. 26.

122 FORMATIONS, LOWER PINE BELT—MARLS.

Description.—Hilgard describes the pine hills of Louisiana as follows:!

A sandy, pale-yellow subsoil, covered a few inches deep by a tawny or gray, some- times ashy, but more generally light, sandy surface soil, characterizes the long-leaf pine hills from Texas to Georgia. * * * The pervious soil and subsoil, often underlaid by loose, pervious sand at the depth of 14 to 3 feet, prevents the formation of deep gullies or abrupt banks. Hence the dividing ridges are mostly broad and gently rolling plateaus, whose valleys are often without any definite water channels in their upper portions; wells in such regions sometimes finding only sand for 150 feet, | >

The long-leaf pine forest is mostly open, so that a wagon can frequently traverse it with little more difficulty than the open prairie. The shade of the pine being very light, grasses and other plants requiring sunshine flourish underneath them, thus affording an excellent pasture, which fact has made See the earliest industry of this region.

The uplands are usually exhausted by a few years’ culture in corn or cotton, the crops being often fairly remunerative for the time, especially on tracts where a notable amount of oak and hickory mingles with the pine. In general, however, the bottoms of the larger streams are alone looked to for cotton production in the Tong- leaf pine hills. As in the prairies and flats, we find in them occasional oases of fer- tile land; usually ridges timbered with oak and some short-leaf pine.

LOWER PINE BELT,

Locality: poe South, Carolina, 7 samples:< 202% s.s02 22 S-0e ches see eee 61

Description.—Harry Hammond describes the lower pine belts of South Carolina as follows:?

The general appearance of the country is low and flat. The uniform level of the surface is scarcely broken any where, except here and there on the banks of the streams by the occurrence of slightly rolling lands. Its maximum elevation above tide- water is 134 feet. *~ * * It appears that the average slope is about 34 feet per mile. * * * This fall would, with skillful engineering, be sufficient for thorough drainage as well as for irrigation. Left as it is, however, wholly to the operations of nature, this desirable object is far from being accomplished, and the broad but slow currents of the tortuous streams never free the swamps and lowlands of their superfluous water.

MAGNESIA SOIL.

Localities: Page. Kansas, J sample\(see-Prairie)\ sc. os ccjsece a eee Sere ieee eee 38 Nebraska, 2)samples (see Prairie): .-...20 sss aeeiae ee elec eae ee ineee 53

Total, 3 samples.

Description —The samples of magnesia soil in the collection were obtained by Professor Hay in Kansas, and little is known about the localities from which they are derived or the character of the soil.

MARLS., Kinds and localities:

Cretaeceous— Page.

Maryland;:2 sampless:2c252...< S226 tose) ee eee eee eee eee 47 Eocene—

Maryland, 9isamples'- 2.2% 2a. n2 seco eee ee ees eee eee 47 Miocene—

Maryland, 7 samples.-..-.--.------ ee leee aeae: oe 47

Total, 18 samples. :

‘Tenth Census, Vol. V, Cotton Production, Part I, Louisiana, pp. 26, 27. ?Tenth Census, Vol. VI, Cotton Production in South Carolina, Part II, 1880, p. 22.

FORMATIONS, MAUCH CHUNK—MIOCENE. 123

Description—tThe soil collection contains a number of samples of marls. The Miocene marls are all shell marls, more or less rich in carbonate of lime. Part of the Cretaceous and Eocene marls are “ shell marls” also, but part of them are the greensand marls containing more or less glauconite or greensand as the characteristic feature.

MAUCH CHUNK. Locality:

Maryland, 4 samples (see Subcarboniferous) .........-.---..----+----- AT

Description—The samples from this formation are from Maryland, and they are only interesting from the geological formation from which they have been derived. The area is very small and of little agricul- tural value.

MEDINA SANDSTONE,

Locality: Maryland, 4 samples.-- 22) 2-222 - - Joc ene oe ne w= ee 47

Description.—The samples of Medina sandstone are of interest mainly as coming from this geological formation. The Medina sandstone is a hard rock, which disintegrates very slowly and forms the capping of several mountains in western Maryland. The lands have little or no agricultural value.

MESA SOIL. Localities: Page Calitornia, 2/samples\(see Unclassified). 2----c-25.- cse-+--- -5-- ee = = - 28 News Mexico,2 Gamplestc,s..ctiss sien enemac i tee toes soe seo mew eeee esse 55

Total, 4 samples.

Description.—The mesa or table-land is an interesting physiographic feature in the Pacific coast States. They are generally tlat table-lands, elevated from 20 to 100 or more feet above the surrounding country. The soils may be of various kinds, the classification being physio- graphic. The term has no more agricultural meaning than the term “valley lands” would have.

his, MIOCENE.

Localities : Page District of Columbia, 2 samples (see orig Sede eoeeeoeee 32 Maryland, ee ee eae Re aoe Neco cate en eone tee 44 Newidiersey. 4 sam pleses sa S208 = ac siectneret etree sinners ate secs oe Homing Cece aier 55

Total, 100 sam mies!

Description.—The classification here is geological, and the group may contain soils of all grades, including gravels, sands, and clays. The samples from Maryland, however, are particularly interesting, as they are derived from the diatomaceous horizon of the miocene. The dia- tomaceous earth occurs in very pure deposits in southern Maryland, in beds of great thickness. Lumps of this material will frequently float in water from the large amount of air contained in the spaces

124 FORMATIONS, MIXED LAND—MOJAVE DESERT SOIL.

between the particles. Under the microscope more than thirty species of diatoms have been found in the material, many of them of very beautiful forms. This diatomaceous earth is familiar in the commercial form of “silicon,” used for polishing and cleaning silverwares and in several other forms for packing steam chests and boilers. It is used also as an absorbent for nitroglycerine in the manufacture of dynamite. On exposure to air in a moist condition this white diatomaceous earth quickly disintegrates into a fine yellow loam, forming the wheat and tobacco lands of southern Maryland.

MIXED LAND.

Locality: Baga

Plonida; WOisamples eee c asc. os sae sa creo ec seat eta tern ee eee ete attetere ater 34 Description.—This is a light sandy area in Florida upon which the red oak and long-leaf pine grow together. In this respect it is inter- mediate between the pine lands and the hammock. There is no appre- ciable difference in the soil of any of these three formations, but a very decided difference in the character of the native vegetation and the agricultural value, the reason for which is not understood. The classi- fication is thus based upon the botanical character of the native vegetation. MOJAVE DESERT SOIL. Locality:

California; 9isamples 22222225 eee aoe cane ee ee eee eee 28

Description.—The surface of the Mojave Desert around Lancaster, Cal., where most of these samples were obtained, is covered with a rather coarse sand which is somewhat compact below the surface of the ground. This compact sand is frequently exposed as the loose surface sand is blown off. The samples were collected at least 20 miles from the mountains in the midst of a level plain. No rain had fallen for at least five and one-half months before the samples were taken. Contrary to expectation the soil at a depth of 12 to 18 inches below the surface was still moist. The amount of moisture in the subsoil was probably not sufficient to support any of our commercial crops, and what moisture there was was alkaline, but the fact of there being any moisture at all with no rain for so long a time is a subject for very careful investiga- tion. There was a sparse native vegetation peculiar to the deserts of that locality. The surface wells over this part of the desert vary in depth from 6 to 30 feet, occasionally being 200 feet deep. On certain parts of the desert it is the common practice to dig water holes for stock from 6 to 10 feet deep, which quickly fill with water, affording a supply for stock. The water as a rule is strongly impregnated with alkali. There is an artesian belt under a portion of the desert. The distance to water varies with the nature of the underlying material, as in the humid portions of the country. The basis of this classification is thus physiographic, and the group may contain different kinds of soil.

i ee

FORMATIONS, MOLDING SAND—ORISKANY SANDSTONE. 125

MOLDING SAND. Localities:

Page Mary land-pananaple:cace- ne lassife@G a= .-. - << 2<.0cce. wee oensecse s+ 49 Pennsylvania, 2 samples (see Unelassified) .....-.-........-.--..-----6 60

Total, 3 samples.

Description—This is a sand of medium-sized grains, which in a moist condition receives impressions and holds up well whep molten metals are poured into the molds. Molding sand may be used a number of times, but finally it loses its powers of cohesion and becomes ‘ dead.” The reason for this is not understood, as there is no apparent change visible to the eye and it is only apparent to the workmen. The best grades of molding sands are found in few localities—one of the princi- pal sources of supply for the Eastern States being near Albany, N. Y. The collection contains samples of both the good and the “dead” sand and offers an interesting field of investigation on some problems con- nected with the physical properties of soils. The basis of this classifi- cation is the commercial use to which it is adapted.

NASHVILLE LIMESTONE.

Locality:

Page. Mennessee; 2 samples). 72osssgs Cease sess os Sete loe cele ns Hoots oe ooes ode 64 Description.—The Nashville limestone is similar to the Trenton lime- stone and gives rise to some of the most fertile agricultural lands in the blue-grass region of Tennessee. For a general discussion of the limestone soils, see Limestone.

ORANGE SAND.

Localities: Page Alabama, 54asamples'\(sce Watayette): <=. o--.-5-- sc clne cle ase resece 23 WouIsIana, SiSaMplesi(sceWaAtAN@tbe) <a - 2 5 wn om Saco eos cn een ne 41 Tennessee; 10 samples (see Lafayette) 22... 22-2... sc. esc ste ct tee ss 64

Total, 72 samples.

Description.—The samples of the orange sand formation are sandy loams, easily worked, and very productive and durable when properly managed. They wash badly, however, when neglected. These soils are quite similar in texture to the loess, containing upward of 60 per cent of silt as shown by the mechanical analysis.

ORISKANY SANDSTONE.

Locality:

Page. Marylangrel2isamples) 2. es 22 5ss7 Soest ee co ele Se cos tele Geate Jeers 47 Description—The Oriskany sandstone formation occurs in narrow belts in the mountains of western Maryland. The rock disintegrates with difficulty and usually forms a capping to the mountain ranges. It gives rather a coarse-grained sandy soil, usually containing many fragments of rock. The areas of this soil are small and of very little agricultural importance,

—_ bo oP)

FORMATIONS, PERMIAN—PINEAPPLE LAND. k PERMIAN. Locality: Roxas) 2ISAMN PLES aoa c ele ae wee = ome oleate ete theta tells oe ee 65 Description.—The samples of the Permian formation in the collection represent some of the best wheat lands of Texas.

PHILLITE.

Localities: 5, age Maryland o5'ea moles ese ses cess ae ates oer 47 Pennsylvania, 2 samples (see Tobacco fend) Saale sos ece sec cos se 60

Total, 57 samples. Description.—This is mainly a hydromica schist, occurring on the Piedmont plateau and found in large areas in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. It forms some of the most fertile lands of the Piedmont area of these States. It is adapted to corn, wheat, and grass, and is a fair type of the most productive soils of the Eastern States for general

agricultural purposes. PIERRE SHALES.

Locality:

Monitiamna2isamiples 25 22". <2 ena - Sim scare lela elm ale'niel=win= lninloleielai atin 52

Description.—The samples from this formation are from the Yellow- stone Valley, Montana. The rocks bound the southern side of the Yellowstone Valley and give rise to the heavy type of clay and gumbo soil found in the valley. In many places in the valley this clay is mixed with or overlaid with sandy soils of the Fox Hill sandstones. The shales carry a quantity of ‘ alkali” salts, mainly sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate, together with large quantities of gypsum, The soils derived from these shales likewise contain considerable alkali. A full description of these soiis is given in Bulletin No. 14 of this Division, ‘On the Investigation of the Alkali Soils of the Yellowstone Valley.”

PINEAPPLE LAND.

Locality: Ares lords. 1 Oisamip ese soe ares aoe ste eae edie eee a areal ea 34

Description.'\—Pineapples are grown very extensively on the high pine land at Orlando, Winterhaven, and at many other places in the center of the peninsula, but along the east coast from Fort Pierce down to Lake Worth there is a narrow strip of country almost entirely devoted to the pineapple industry. The pineapple lands comprise here a narrow strip, hardly more than an eighth or a fourth of a mile wide, with the Indian River or the ocean on one side and the pine flats on the other, stretching out into the great savannas or everglades. The ridge has an average elevation of perhaps 15 or 20 feet. ‘The growth is mainly scrub oak, spruce pine, and palmetto. Much of it is quite dense and the character of the growth makes it quite expensive to clear the land. The soil is a coarse sand, almost pure white and to all appearances as free from any trace of plant food as the cleanest glass sand. The subsoil is either a coarse white or yellow sand. The yellow sand is generally preferred, as it is considered rather stronger than the white. Nothing would seem

1 Bull No. 13, Division of Soils, pages 16 and 17.

FORMATIONS, PINE BARRENS—PIPE CLAY. 127

more unpromising to a Northern farmer than the white sand thrown out from a ditch or exposed in a railroad cut extending through these pineapple soils, upon which the pineapple industry is so profitable and the returns are so sure that the growers can not only afford enormous applications of fertilizers, but expend from $400 to $500 an acre in irrigation or in covering the fields with open lattice sheds. * * *

This land presents some very interesting problems to the student of the soil, as it appears to be lacking in every requisite of food and to have the physical conditions most unsuited to agricultural purposes. * * ~*

There is no more striking example of the adaptation of special soil conditions to particular crops than is afforded here, and the utilizing of conditions which could not possibly have been used for general agricultural purposes. If the whole country were looked over it would be hard to find a less promising soil than this, which, however, through a peculiar adaptation to a certain kind of plant has, when cleared and planted, a value ranging from $500 to $2,500 per acre and even more.

The months of March, April, and May constitute the dry season for that locality, and the two latter months are important in the pineapple industry, as that is the time when the apple is forming. Serious damage has often been done at this season by severe droughts, and to provide against this injury irrigation has been employed to quite a considerable extent. The usual method of irrigation is to produce a fine overhead spray with standpipes 3 or 4 feet high at intervals of from 15 to 20 feet each way. This method had not been altogether satisfactory, however, and lately the method of shading has come into considerable use. The roof of the open shed consists of 3-inch strips nailed to light framework, the strips being 3 inches apart, so that less than one-half as much sunlight falls upon the plants or the surface of the ground as would be received if the shed were not there, This tends to retard evaporation from the soil and from the plant. It is also very efficient in protecting the plants against frosts, and it is used for this purpose extensively in the north- ern part of the pineapple area.

The most favorable water content for these soils is from 3 to 4 percent. The drought line is about 2 per cent.

PINE BARRENS. Locality: Maryland,J5 samples. (see Lafayette) ©... <- 52. . 2-56.55 -- soccce oo cen= 46

Description.—The soils are coarse sandy lands, covered with rather small growth of pine with considerable undergrowth. The lands have little agricultural value for any of our commercial crops.

i PIPE CLAY.

Localities: Bake Alabama desample.¢see Unclassitied))speeee. «jee ces ee ae 24 SouthiCarolina. 2isamples) (see! Trap) is see acs c els aa - es oisie ae ia clnlciia eee 62 Wir cinia wd samplesi(see Barrens) ic sssecem => += = += - ese ae ai 66

Total, 17 samples.

Description.—This is a very impervious impure clay, found in a number of geological formations. Where reasonably pure and plastic it would be used for pottery. The term is confined to the eastern part of the country. It corresponds with the heavy adobe and gumbo soils of the West. In its agricultural sense it means any soil which is close and sticky when wet, nearly impervious to water, and which requires underdrainage for profitable cultivation. It may contain a large amount of clay, or it may be made up mainly of silt or even fine

128 FORMATIONS, PLAINS MARL—PONTOTOC RIDGE.

sand, which sometimes possesses these impervious, plastic qualities, For further discussion of this subject see under the head of “Clays, pottery.” The basis of this classification is the physical property of the material.

PLAINS MARL. ‘Localities:

Page Coloradove samples) (see Prairie) jens sea nels ede aie ella eeealare 30 Kansas: 25) Samp lest (ae eran e)) ria o pete amie teeta ola 38 Nebraska. Loisamples! (sceue-ralni6)) fetes estes aioe eat eee al petal 53

Total, 41 samples.

Description.—This is an interesting soil area, as it is one of the classes of sediments which have been assorted out into a nearly uniform size of grain by wind or moving water. It covers a large area in western Nebraska and Kansas. It is a very fine loam containing upwards of 70 per cent of very fine sand, as shown by the mechanical analysis. This is one grade coarser than the loess, which adjoins it upon the east. The soil usually contains rather a high percentage of carbonate of lime. It is easily worked and exceedingly fertile and productive when properly cultivated.

PLEISTOCENE (see TRUCK LAND).

Description.—The samples under this name, from New Jersey, repre- sent merely this particular geologic age. The character of the samples may be quite different, as they include gravels, sands, and clays.

POCONO SANDSTONE. Locality: Page:

Maryland, 5 samples (see Subcarboniferous)........-..---------+----- 47

Description.—This is a group of little agricultural importance, as the rock is not easily disintegrated and forms cappings of some of the mountains of western Maryland. The soils are usually coarse-grained sands, and have little agricultural value.

POCOSON REGION, Locality:

Page. North Carolina, 8 samples ....--.- soem Reeee S Sieib/elcis oe ac nee coe eee eee 56 Description.—These soils cover a large area in eastern North Carolina. The soil is very deep, black, and rich looking, but the country is very level, low, and flat, with insufficient fall to give adequate surface drain- age. The country was once drained with an extensive system of open ditches, but since the war these have been neglected and are no longer efficient. The lands need drainage, but this is difficult to provide on account of the topography of the country.

PONTOTOC RIDGE. Locality :

Mississippi, 2 samples .... 2... 0-2-2 - n+ en cnne senees = 90 ee sece cones 51

FORMATIONS, POST-TERTIARY—POTSDAM SANDSTONE. 129

Description.—This is a geological classification adopted by the Mis- sissippi survey. Little is known of the character of the soils, except as these have been described in Hilgard’s report on the geology of Mis- sissippi and in the Tenth Census.

POST-TERTIARY. Locality: Kentucky +26 Samplesie so. ..s'ee <2 sol ery « Livecch mesh ceil nes cease mosis 40

Description.—These are fertile tobacco lands in the western part of Kentucky, between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers.

POTOMAC. Localities : Page Disieichot Columbia jG samplesie--- se -- 5-252 s 4-6) tees eee ieee 32 Maryland, 13 eamples os scctcisiscsscccns bo cicss -ossecossach e<isneaneeese 47

Total, 19 samples.

Description.—The Potomac formation extends in a narrow belt from New Jersey southward, through the Atlantic coast States, along the fall line of the rivers. It belongs to the Lower Cretaceous. It is usually unproductive, and is made up of a succession of various colored clays, gravels, and sands. The samples in the collection are mainly from Maryland and represent the red and white clay features of the formation. These red clays contain from 30 to 50 per cent of clay, as shown by the mechanical analysis, and have about the same texture as the Trenton limestone soils, forming fertile lands of the Cumberland Valley in western Maryland. It is probable, however, that the struc- ture is different as the Potomac clays are very impervious to water and the movement of water through them is so slow that plants may suffer where an analysis would show an abundant supply of moisture. The growth on these clay lands is mainly pine. The same class of vegeta- tion and the same habits of growth are seen as prevail in the loose dry sands of the pine barrens. Thisoffers an interesting subject for inves- tigation in soil physics, as the infertility of these Potomac clays is unquestionably due to their physical properties and conditions.

POTTSVILLE.

Locality: Manvland’)S samples’: siss35 2 oscslstonoaiat see eae ee - odie oet aces neces 47 Description.—These samples are interesting merely as they represent

this particular geological formation in Maryland. The area is small and the soils have little agricultural value.

. POTSDAM SANDSTONE, Locality:

Rennsyilvanias lsampleyacseme acne ara nese sco ce oe Ja swe cltcoaeece et aeoe 60 Description.—This sample merely represents this particular formation

and little is known about the character of the soils. 8670—No. 16——9

130 FORMATIONS, PRAIRIE—PROVISION LAND.

PRAIRIE.

Localities: het Alabama 5:Sam plese <atec. <pertetetete oles ee ae la ee eee 24 California, 1)sample (eee Alluvialisoils)\ ees oe as eee eeee tae nna 27 Colorado Wis aay |e eee re a re ate ae 29 bbb, Sul Fei EAS Soe Ase eas cece 6oboce se sees 2205 sesce ss a5 seDowens 36 Reams ase 2) eur] Sere ee ce ate te ea el 38 Ib HVE, (Hl CERIN Sh See a5 eapems cage cet Ho55 so 2s enegbseo Sens Soecee 42 Minnesota, 16 samples (sce Lacustrine)..-...-..--.-----.--- .----.---- 51 MISSISSIPPI, GsSaMOp] OS) ape eee ate ala ma eee ae eee atl t 51 WGN ENN Secore cogkeobococbben aso po otéo ceeome ososso caeest 52 Nebraska wld SAU CS se eae ete ete ee eee 53 North: Dakota,ooiS VOU les | ae acter cre stele are tet reece 58 Oklahoma, 5 samples) (sce Uneclassitied)) ose ae eee 59 South Dakota, livsampless.-22. es --en ae ene ee ee eee 63 Moscas: Ai Sarl OS. wae a7 a ee ae eae a ae eee eae 65 WISCONSIN, 7 SAM pl eS ix o< eter eer er eee ee 69

Totai, 574 samples.

Description.—This classification is based upon the botanical charac- teristics in the absence of trees. Prairies may be level or rolling and they may contain all kinds of soils of any geological formation. The reason for the absence of trees has been an interesting field of investi- gation, upon which much has been written in the past. The most plaus- ible reason is the occurrence of forest fires which have annually swept over the country, destroying all trees and even the seeds of trees. Very ingenuous theories have been advanced, holding that the soil itself is not adapted to tree growth. This is hardly tenable, as the prairies con- tain soils of the most varied chemical composition and physical struc- ture. There are large areas in Tennessee which have been particularly studied,which were formerly prairies, which are now covered with a luxu- riant tree growth. Many successful attempts have been made at forest plantings on various prairies in the West, proving that_the soil is not necessarily unsuited to tree growth. Still, such forests do not spread very rapidly, and it is noticeable that even along the wooded water courses the tree growth does not spread inland. to any great distance from the rivers. The question is not satisfactorily settled and still offers an interesting field of speculation and investigation.

bo PROVISION LAND. Locality: Panes South, Garolinay 4 samples2-2- ses seca oes eee ee ee eee 61

Description.—On the sea islands off the coast of South Carolina the principal cotton lands are around the edges of the islands where the drainage is good. In the interior, with nearly the same character of soil, the drainage is not so good and water stands within a short distance of the surface. There is often a layer of bog iron ore within 2 or 3 feet of the surface, which is very impervious to water. These lands are not adapted to the sea island cotton, but they produce good

FORMATIONS, QUARTZITE—QUICKSAND. 131

crops of corn and forage, and they are used for this purpose; hence their name. The soils are darker than the better-drained cotton lands, as would naturaily be expected.

QUARTZITE. Locality:

Meryl ands a Samp lest ses ciscc tec sees 2 facts Lele ene s welee eee cose AT

Description.—These samples are from a narrow ridge in central Maryland. The soils are of rather coarse-grained sand, covered with a growth of chestnut. They are of small extent and have little agri- cultural value. They stand out as a prominent feature of the country, both from the elevation of the ridges and the dense chestnut growth.

QUICKSAND.

Locality: Maryland slssample (see Unclassified). 22225... 22 -cectse aces seem saese 49

Description.—This group is interesting from the peculiar physical characteristics that are not very well understood. The name is often applied to layers of sand through which springs of water bubble up. This sand, being filled with a large volume of flowing water, is soft, easily caves in, and allows heavy objects to sink into it. The grains of quicksand are rather uniform in size and have rounded edges. Some authorities believe the peculiar properties to be due entirely to the rounded condition of the grains and the condition of saturation. The sample in the collection is from a small area ina spring. There are no samples representing the large dangerous areas occasionally found in this and foreign countries. These deposits are so mysterious and treacherous and the occasional accidents are so sudden, appalling, and tragic that they have often been described by novelists in the most graphic way.

The following, by Victor Hugo,' is one of the most remarkable and powerful descriptions of quicksand given in any literature, and shows very strikingly the popular conception of many treacherous areas:

It sometimes happens, on certain coasts of Brittany or Scotland, that a man, tray- eler or fisherman, walking on the beach at low tide far from the bank, suddenly notices that for several minutes he has been walking with some difficulty. The strand beneath his feet is like pitch; his soles stick to it; it is sand no longer, it 1s glue. The beach is perfectly dry, but at every step he takes, as soon as he lifts his foot, the print which it leaves fills with water. The eye, however, has noticed no change; the immense strand is smooth and tranquil, all the sand has the same: appearance, nothing distinguishes the surface which is solid from the surface which is no longer so; the joyous little crowd of sand fleas continues to leap tumultuously over the wayfarer’s feet. The man pursues his way, goes forward, inclines toward the land, endeavors to get nearer the upland. He is not anxious. Anxious about what? Only he feels somehow as if the weight of his feet increased with every step which he takes. Suddenly he sinks in; he sinksin2 or3inches. Decidedly he is not

1Les Miserables.

132 FORMATIONS, QUEBEC DOLOMITE—RED CHAPARRAL.

on the rightroad; he stops to take his bearings. All at once he looks at his feet; his feet have disappeared; the sand covers them. He draws his feet out of the sand; he will retrace his steps; he turns back, he sinks deeper in; the sand comes up to his ankle; he pulls himself out and throws himself to the left, the sand is half leg deep; he throws himself to the right, the sand comes up to his shins, Then he recognizes with unspeakable terror that he is caught in the quicksand and that he has beneath him the fearful medium in which man can no more walk than the fish can swim. He throws off his load if he has one, he lightens him- self like a ship in distress; it is already too late, the sand is above his knees; he calls; he waves his hat or his handkerchief; the sand gains on him more and more. If the beach is deserted; if the land is too far off; if the sand bank is of too ill-repute; if there is no hero in sight, it is all over—he is condemned to enlizement; he is condemned to that appalling interment—long, infallible, implacable, impossi- ble to slacken or to hasten; which endures for hours; which will not end; which seizes you erect, free, and in full health; which draws you by the feet; which, at every effort that you attempt, at every shout that you utter, drags you a little deeper; which appears to punish you for your resistance by a redoubling of its grasp; which sinks the man slowly into earth while it leaves him all the time to look at the horizon, the trees, the green fields, the smoke of the villages in the plain, the sails of the ships upon the sea, the birds flying and singing, the sunshine, the sky. Enlizement is the grave become a tide and rising from the depths of the earth toward a living man. Each minute is an inexorable enshroudress. The victim attempts to sit down, to lie down, to creep. Every movement he makes inters him. He straightens up; he sinks in. He feels that he is being swallowed up; he howls, implores, cries to the clouds, wrings his hands, despairs. Behold his waist—deep in the sand. ‘The sand reaches his breast, he is now only a bust. He raises his arms, utters furious groans, clutches the beach with his nails, would hold by that straw, leans upon his elbows to pull himself out of this soft sheath, sobs frenziedly. The sand rises; the sand reaches his shoulders; the sand reaches his neck. The face alone is visible now. The mouth cries; the sand fills in—silence. The eyes still gaze; the sand shuts them—night. Then the forehead decreases, a little hair flut- ters above the sand, a hand protrudes—comes through the surface of the beach— moves and shakes and disappears. Sinister effacement of a man.

The depth of these areas has never been sounded nor the conditions and properties sufficiently studied. It offers an interesting line of investigation to the soil physicist. It is the extreme opposite of pipe clay in physical properties, and, while seldom encountered in such areas as described by Victor Hugo, is frequently of considerable economic importance in digging wells and excavating for the foundation of buildings.

QUEBEC DOLOMITE,

Locality: apes Alabama, samples /s:.2\.=-.8e2 Soo ase n= ben ee eee 23

Description.—These soils are rather heavy clay, usually containing a ‘large amount of chert and fragments of undecomposed rock.

RED CHAPARRAL. Locality:

Page. California, 3 samples (see Unclassified).......-.---.-..-.--- Cot Soe ee 29

Description—On the mountain slopes of the Santa Cruz range the lands are largely covered with “chaparral” or serub growth. A sample of chaparral soil from Saratoga, Cal., is a dark reddish-brown color when dry, forming hard lumps;

1 Tenth Census, Vol. VI, Part Il, Cotton Production in California, 1880, page 51.

a

FORMATIONS, RED LAND—RICE LAND. 133

dry umber color when wet, softening easily; quite stiff in working, but assuming good tilth when taken at the right stage of moisture. Below 12 inches lies a gravelly, rather stiff clay subsoil of an orange tint. More or less fragments of the country rock (a fine, soft, caleareous samdstone or shale) are contained in both soil and subsoil.

RED LAND.

Localities : te Alabama, 17 samples (see St. Louis limestone) ..........--..----------- 23 iHMorida, ldesamples} (seeWatayette)ios--.4>s50- soo 22 oe ae) -eoe = 34 South Carolina, 13 samples (see Red Hill formation)...--....--..----- 62

Total, 41 samples.

Description.—The “red lands” of South Carolina adjoin the Sand Hills on one side and the upper pine belt on the other. ‘Phere is a large area of these lands around Aiken and another one at Wedgefield. The soil is a red loam and the subsoil is a rather stiff red clay, which, however, is well drained. The lands are very well adapted to cotton and corn. They are easily cultivated and respond readily to fertilizers and thorough cultivation. They are easily run down, however, if they are neglected or abused. The soils of this class in Alabama and Florida are Similar to those of South Carolina.

RED RIVER VALLEY (se@é LACUSTRINE and JAMESTOWN VALLEY).

Localities : Bate Minn esotalgle samples: asm y sepessts cee es + 22 < aoa oee: sete le ie ehe 51 North Dakota, 17 samples (see Lacustrine) -.........---..--.---/.---- 58

Total, 29 samples. ie RICE LAND.

Localities : Pues Wlorida aS samplesi(sce Muck land!) sces 292 sees) sees ae eee eee By WOURSTAM A AMC SAM] OS mets necios tare as sis oe ae oer haa eee eens AQ North Carolina, 7 samples (see Alluvial soil)... .............---...---- 56 South Carolina, 7 samples (see Alluvial soil).......-.....-.-...-=.-.- 61

Total, 109 samples.

Description.—The soils of the rice lands are very rich alluvial deposits in the Southern States brought down from the upcountry and deposited along the low-level terraces at high tide or when the water overflows its banks during the time of freshets. The unconsolidated material of the coastal plains is very much broader at the south, and the rivers having cut down into this are broad and sluggish. The upland soils in the South, as a rule, wash much more readily than soils of the Northern States, and the sediments carried by these sluggish Streams contain the most fertile portion of the soil of the upeountry. The soil of the rice lands is a very strong and plastie clay, containing from 20 to 50 per cent of organic matter so thoroughly disintegrated in the best rice lands as to have lost all of its original structure and exists as an amorphous humus-like mass. In its usual moist or wet con- dition the soil can be cut with ease, like butter, and worked like putty. A stick can be pushed down into it to a very considerable depth. Cul- tivation is usually done by oxen, instead of mules or horses, as they are

134 FORMATIONS, SALINA SANDSTONE—SAND HILLS.

less likely to mire in this soft, sticky material. A description of these soils, with their mechanical analysis and methods of cultivation, is con- tained in Report No. 6 of the Miscellaneous Series of the Division of Statistics of this Department, on “ Rice, its Cultivation, Production, and Distribution in the United States and Foreign Countries.”

SALINA SANDSTONE, Locality: Maryland, sample =... 4:.: 542532. 215 5 ae eee ee nem en me seas 47 Description.—This is a small area, in narrow belts of red clay loam, found in the mountains of western Maryland. The area represented by the samples is so small that it is of little or no agricultural importance, and the samples are interesting merely as they represent this geological formation.

SALT-GRASS LAND.

Localities: = age California,-lisample\(see Unclassified) )-224>- 225 --- = - eee eee eee 29 Kansas,-2/samples, (see) Prainie)| 2.92.5 4..4-255 ee eas see eee eee 38

Total, 3 samples.

Description.—Over many of the western plains there are frequent small depressions where soluble salts, or so-called ‘alkali salts,” have accumulated to such an extent that only the salt grasses and saltbushes grow under natural conditions. There is usually not sufficient alkali to preventcultivation, and the lands areeasily reclaimed if properly treated. The soils may be of any texture, from sand to compact clay, but they are generally underlaid by more or less impervious material which inter- feres with the proper drainage.

SAND HILLS.

Localities: Pp age Kansas, 6°samples 2552 scones seo eee Ss cee Seen eee eee eee eee 39 South: Carolina, 12 samples’: 2223-52 2-2-0 aaa eee eee 62

Total, 18 samples.

Description.—The Sand Hills proper include both water deposits and wind deposits or sand dunes. Although usually of relatively small area, they form distinct physiographic features of long, narrow ridges more or less elevated above the surrounding country. The material in the collection has been sorted over by moving water, which has removed the finer portions and deposited them elsewhere. After this mechanical separation the wind frequently piles up the deposits in dunes, which are liable to shift around unless protected by a close mat of vegetation. Some of these deposits of sand show a remarkable power of maintain- ing capillary water within a few inches of the loose, dry surface. Some- times the Sand Hills are covered with a sparse growth of pines and scrub oaks; at other times they are covered with grasses, and there are times, again, when they are quite bare of vegetation. Often, in the val-

bi)

FORMATIONS, SANDSTONE—SEA-ISLAND-COTTON soIL. 135

leys between the ridges, the soil has sufficient moisture for vegetation. Such valley areas are adapted to vegetables and quick-growing spring crops, but as a rule the soils at present have little agricultural value for any of our staple crops. Along the coast they are often a serious menace to the adjacent lands, as they are liable to shift about and cover forests and arable lands, often encroaching rapidly upon fertile tracts. This has offered serious problems in many places to find sand-binding grasses or forest trees which will protect adjacent lands from the devas- tation caused by the shifting sands. At other places, particularly in inland situations, the boundaries are fixed and the areas are not sub- ject to change.

SANDSTONE, Locality: Wiest Wirciniasrs Samplese to's .. o5 <2c0 2-2 ss5d es ashe wacelomneeet ase 69

Description.—The nature of this sandstone is not known, and the samples represent a small area of little agricultural importance.

SEA-ISLAND-COTTON SOIL. Locality: NOMUNCarolinarworsaMl ples terme een che ee foe ee etl epee ee yd 62

Description.—The sea islands along the coast of South Carolina are made up of nearly uniform-sized grains of sand, containing upwards of 80 per cent of fine sand, as shown by the mechanical analysis. These sands have been sifted out of the rivers and this grade of material is deposited just off the coast in sand bars, which have gradually been elevated or built up into islands, elevated about 6 feet, on the average, above the present sea level. The interior of the islands is usually poorly drained, and frequently underlaid with bog iron ore. These interior lands are not well adapted to cotton, but are well adapted to corn and forage plants and are used for this purpose; hence they are frequently known as “provision lands.” The best cotton lands are around the edges of the islands, where the soils are dry and the drain- age is good. ‘There are several grades of soils recognized by the plant- ers, which differ slightly in their physical texture. These are distin- guished as sandy lands, gravelly lands, andloams. The differences are very slight and only appreciable to a careful observer who is thoroughly familiar with the soils. As standing water is found from 2 to 6 feet below the surface, a peculiar system of cultivation is practiced, in which salt mud and reeds are put in the bottom of the furrows, upon which a bed 2 or 3 feet high is thrown up, as in the old Roman method of cultivation before underdrainage was practiced. This method keeps the roots of the cotton plants from going down into the moist soil and insures a dry bed, which hastens the maturity of the slow-growing variety of long- Staple cotton peculiar to this locality. Within recent years tile drain- age has been introduced, but nearly the same methods of cultivation

136 FORMATIONS, SEDENTARY SOIL—SILT.

are still practiced, as the planters dread any radical change in methods which have been used for many years and upon which the success of the fine staple formerly depended.

SEDENTARY SOIL.

Locality : Pate Kansas, 4 samples. 2852.0 seit alos oes ener ae eee eee ete ae 39

Description.—This is a classification adopted by Prof, Robert Hay in the geological survey of Kansas, and little is known about the char- acter of the soils.

SERPENTINE.

Locality:

Page Maryland oulOisamiplesi rate src el iat oe ee oe 47 South’ Carolina, 4 samples! (see Wall c)/322 se eee ae ee 62

Total, 14 samples.

Description.—There are two distinet types of soil in the serpentine area. As arule the soils wash badly, leaving but little covering over the finely disintegrated rock. For this reason the areas are usually quite barren. This condition is characteristic of several areas in Mary- land from which the samples have been derived. Recent investiga- tions by the Division have shown, however, that there are comparatively small areas in the northern part of Cecil County, Md.,in which the dis- integration and decomposition have been more thorough, and the thor- oughly decomposed and disintegrated material has accumulated to a considerable depth, giving a highly colored red clay, very strong and quite productive. None of these samples of fertile serpentine soil are included in this catalogue. The samples of tale soil from South Caro- lina, belonging to this group, give a light, fine-grained loam adapted to bright tobacco, but having little value for the other staple crops.

SHALES. Locality: ae New: Work. Sam ples) sss ocr sone cise ete eee ie ea ree ee 56

Description—The samples from New York represent a large area upon which a particularly fine quality of rye is produced. The soils are filled with small fragments of undecomposed shale. Little more is known of their agricultural value.

SHORT-LEAF PINE UPLANDS.

Locality: pass MISSISSip pl, 2 Samples 2) \--- = Sse. soe eee ee a a 8 a eee ee ee 51

Description.—The soil of the short-leaf pine uplands is somewhat richer than the long-leaf pine hills, but otherwise the two are almost

identical. SILT (FROM IRRIGATION DITCHES).

Localities: Base Arizona, sample = 22. \2- 5-2 tesa ce ee oe soe mine wi am eee tier eons 25 Kansas, I sample... 23525. ieee seco oo - S e eee Se 39 Texas,(2 .eamiples:c.-< 4-6 <2sheenpea- 7stie lesb, tee eee ee 65

Total, 4 samples.

FORMATIONS, SILURIAN, UPPER—SPRUCE-PINE SCRUB. 137

Description.—These samples of silt are from irrigation ditches, where they are valued for their fertilizing properties when deposited on the land. They are also valued for their cementing effect on the ditches themselves, in which they prevent, to a very large extent, the loss by seepage of ‘water from the canals.

SILURIAN, UPPER. Locality: Page. Kentuckayseois amp Osteo ener eee cena ce ema me Hea cet S 40

Description.—The samples of Upper Silurian represent some of the fertile wheat, corn, and grass lands of Kentucky.

SNOW DUST (see WIND-BLOWN DUST).

Description.—These samples were sent in by the observers of the Weather Bureau, and a statement was published in the Monthly Weather Review of January, 1895, of which the following is a summary:

On the nights of January 11 and 12, and along the advancing edge of a cold wave, there fell throughout a large part of Indiana and Kentucky a shower of dust in connection with snow. It does not appear that this dust was the nucieus of snow- flakes, but was intermingled in the air with the snow or fell with the wind that preceded the second snow fall. * ~*~ ~*

The soil is made up largely of silt, mixed with organic matter. A number of fresh-water alge could be distinguished, though they had evidently been dead and dried for along time. Two of these, viz, Coleochiete and Desmid, indicate that the “dirt” was the bottom of some shallow lake, pond, or marsh that had dried up. These two alge usually grow in water that is comparatively fresh, and which sel- dom dries up completely. A fungus was found which occurs very commonly on dead plant tissue. The cells of decayed grasses and sclerotic cells from the decayed fruits of grasses occur in the débris. Animal and plant hairs are common; also fibers of grasses, shreds of woody tissue of shrub or tree. Masses of mixed and interlaced fibers looking like paper are occasionally seen. Everything indicates that the ‘‘dirt” came from the bottom of some dried-up lake, pond, marsh, or some river bottom. Itis light enough to be carried some distance by a strong wind. war

All the samples show that the dust was lifted by some windstorm, spread out in an upper-air stratum, and precipitated. *~ ~*~ ~*

Prof. H. L. Bruner, of Irvington, Ind., states that in general a layer of snow about one-fourth inch deep was colored distinctly brown by the dust. It fell on a bed of snow several inches deep and was thus protected from contamination by surface dust.

The mechanical analysis of several of the samples showed the mate- rial to be similar in texture to the loess, as it was made up of 50 or 60 per cent of silt. This is probably an instance of the characteristic formation of loess from aerial forces which are constantly going on in that locality, made apparent by the covering of snow which received the deposit.

SPRUCE-PINE SCRUB. Locality : Base: Mlorida, Gisamplese ==: 22%). sete ce. gee eee at coe meee sone eee ee = Se 3

Description.—This is a sandy soil from Florida upon which the char- acteristic growth is scrub, containing a considerable growth of spruce

138 FORMATIONS, ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE—TALC.

pine. There is no apparent difference in the soil between this and the hammock and high pine lands of this locality, but the botanical fea- tures are very characteristic and interesting.

ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE. Localities:

Page. INE Ve MU PEE a Wee 6 Sao Seen ols Soc agos co base ~ oe tasan bose ssessss- 23 IGA NOayabisy cehey GIs Ao Bote caeode ao S60 =o os bees Sasa ue sean eseses soe 40 MENT OSSC Os OO) STUN CS eats ware ae ate a ae eer 64

Total, 141 samples.

Description—This formation forms one of the important soil areas of Kentucky and Tennessee, giving rise to a strong clay adapted to grass, wheat, and corn. It is similar to the Trenton limestone soils. For general discussion of limestone soils, see under the appropriate head of limestone.

SUBCARBONIFEROUS. Kinds and localities :

Page.

Keokuk—

SGT) a5 CPE NGS Sad Saas ee SaoonHoeed soos ase sce oosden sseesces 39

Pennessee, 2\sam ples) ja. - eee esse eee ee eee 65 St. Louis group— f

Gywiliag Maen Oe Se kno saeoce casees cacuos Soe 525654 cedscr 40

Mennessee,, 9/8 amp OS recep rap tat cet ee eee 65 Unclassified—

Dlhnois: 4;samplesec.ceesesasee eee ee eel 2 ese ie ie eee ee ee 36

Maryland) sl bssamplesys tae = ease oe nei eee ae 47

Tennessee, 13 samples ...-.. -- Baers bl Sehareie eres aiapnal em tee ie ep aerate eee 65 Waverly sandstone— ,

Kentuekysisamples) eee sae eee oe ee eee ta ee 40

Total, 162 samples.

Description—This is a general geological subdivision, including several limestones and one sandstone area, which are described under their several names.

SUGAR-CANE -LAND.

Localities: = age Mlorida; 18 samples (sceiMiuck land) e-em aateee tee ee eal ere 32 Wouisiana, Tot *samplesieac aos ae sleet tte eee 42 Mexico; 6 samples (see Lobacco land) 2222 22. sec eee oe ee eee 50

Total, 181 samples.

Description.—These are rich alluvial deposits in the Southern States, containing a high percentage of organic matter and adapted particu- larly to sugar cane and rice. The soils are very deep and rich; many of them are still subject to overflow unless protected by dikes along the river banks.

TALC. Locality: South Carolina, 4samples -.---<--. ---. ~~... sccee coos eee oe === = == 62

Description.—There is a large area of serpentine in South Carolina upon which a very pure tale is found, which has been mined to a con-

FORMATIONS, TERTIARY—TOBACCO LAND. 139

siderable extent. The soils are light yellow and rather fine and pow- dery in texture. They are’ adapted to bright-yellow tobacco, but as a rule are thin and are not of very great agricultural importance.

TERTIARY. Locality: Pave. Nebraska, 44 samples (see Prairie) .--......---.---------+------------ 53

Description.—These samples merely represent this geological age and have not been subdivided. They may contain samples of very different texture, including gravels, sands, and clays. The individual samples are all described in the collection, but no general description can be given.

TOBACCO LAND. Kinds and localities:

Page. Bright yellow (cigarette)— IDM 2) Senay UG) Soc ode o eoue coer Caco coe Sees seen caso coe cnoe 42 Nigiddn Coro ter) at) camino sy Se See eee cee nesooe ocoo ceees5 ose meonaee 56 SouthiG@arolinay 2 scalp esters. se) ee es eae lees ce ree ee le 62 Tennessee, 3 samples ....--.- ---- ey se Vnreicteit Maye siete elas A cinta Bie anc eie 65 Virginia, 70 samples .....---..---------------- -+-2 2222 2-222 ee ee 67 West Virginia, 2 samples ...:..--.. -----<-------- ---- 222+ e205 ees 69 Cigar— (Gali Dims Sasa VTi CGE Bebe See oes ee OREES ccc sob oacce oa earear 28 Connecticut, 21 samples'—-<-2----.----.-----t ooo eese scSeas cons 30 CubaslGisampleswacerctscats ci as = epee l= eee ys eet ee = = =~ 31 Florida, 101 samples .....----- jsb0 S500 Saobne ab Guedcodde ae Soeeeae 34 MARERYE NURSE), 2A Senin DG eo55 so. 655 bases Sooo soso b0o0 aan sae aaae 50 Wiese, Gast NOs) ssa kao Sees 55 2955 955 Soe oses GoGo scedbsuaisasas 50 Oinroy, Al Sali NS) Sas spec osos50 eases Boos ae Repo pedados= casa case sone 59 INGiy MGR Eten NGS aa65e25 be os ease cons chee ecard Bees ese cecoosec 56 Pensa. es) Senin Oss so. 2ees Bee S NSA aoeeoe boc sec 45555 5obSoe 60 Simei, 2) Reno) 256 ocas se5ces 05055 asea suns ecu sods soe aooe 63 {Mer (3 Sea DIGS: | ek aces Saaomese se55 co5=obe5 soeupoee Sale ase cone 65 Wicixcnaisrba., Ie Gerinilee554 cao565 ade egc4 gopupacD cogs 9008 sHodissade 69 Export and manufacturing— Kentickacstalilivaaimiplesys-). q-er sear eee enna a eae Setenleeine 40 Meaney lan denis SeSamp less seeps ete ee as ale Sele ~)a aimee iene aii 47 FRENMESSEC HOURS AT) CS ps se ee aes see are eae iol a ehaie, ae elerel niearel i= alate 65 Winnie eerily ooh seat bses one Sones een ee soso mp eo eecpoduae 67 Perique— LGUs ne). NO) Repos So55 ph edoo Gece ed seeps] s cond boos caSaee ee 42 Sun-cured— Waigiinie ik isenit ei eieeemsoacee cones aneeb aeeen Gane Saeesy cegeoe 67 White Burley— iKenuaeksymorsamiples: 25-22. sirens see ae ecm Sines. ae nce 40 Ohbionbitsamplesiepeset: ct. oct tee seee rs seets were wanes eset 59 MennesseesslisaMUples; secs Sa < assole ais © cine e co cet- + oe = oltre = 65

Yotal, 850 samples.

Description.—This embraces all types of tobacco lands upon which the different commercial types and grades of tobacco are produced. A description of these soils is given in Bulletin No. 11 of this Division, to which reference is made of more detailed description than can be

140 FORMATION—TRANSITION-GRAYWACKE.

given here. The bright yellow cigarette tobaccos are grown upon a light sandy soil in Virginia, North and South Carolina, East Tennessee; and to a small extent in West Virginia and some of the more southern States. The character of the soil is quite uniform. Of the cigar tobaccos, the fillers are grown in the heavy clay soils of Pennsylvania and Ohio; the binders—that is, the second grade of wrappers—are pro- duced in Connecticut, New York, and Wisconsin, while the finest types of wrappers, supplying the present market demands, are produced on the light sandy soils of the Connecticut Valley as well as in New York and Wisconsin. The southern localities, Florida and Texas, have light sandy soils, preferably with clay subsoil, upon which the finest types of Sumatra wrapper and Cuban filler are produced. The export and manufacturing types of tobacco are produced on the heavy clay soils of Virginia and North Carolina and on the silt soils of Tennessee and Kentucky, with smaller areas in the adjoining States. The Perique tobacco is produced mainly in two or three of the southern parishes of Louisiana on a rather light alluvial soil. The peculiarity of this tobacco depends mainly upon the peculiar method of curing used by the Acadians of that locality. Little is known of the characteristic soil upon which the sun-cured tobacco of Virginia is produced. The White Burley tobacco is confined almost exclusively at present to the Trenton limestone strong red clay soils of central Kentucky and south- ern Ohio.

TRANSITION-GRAYWACKE. Locality:

IRIE BCE Noe Soaoon sasnhe code oo oem cas ecb noe sasSsaSosce 60

Description.—The graywackes from Wisconsin are thus described by W.S. Bayley,! and the description applies equally well to the soils from Rhode Island:

The graywackes differ from the sandstones in composition. Whereas the latter consist essentially of quartz grains (or of quartz and feldspar) cemented by quartz- itic, caleareous, or other cement, simple in composition, the graywackes contain grains of many different minerals and small fragments of rocks, united by a cement of the composition from many slates. In the formation of the sandstones the rocks from which the sands were derived were broken down into their constituent min- eral components, and these were sorted by the waters in which they were deposited. On the other hand, the rocks from whose detritus the graywackes were made were not so completely disintegrated. The sands contained not only quartz and other mineral grains, but also little particles of rock, all so intermingled that we can not believe that much sorting took place. When rock particles are not to be found in the graywackes, the distinetion between these rocks and the sandstones must rest upon the cementing material, which in the former is dark in color and contains much chlorite and some mica.

Little is known of the character of the soils resulting from the disin- tegration and decomposition of the graywackes.

' Bul. 150, U.S. Geological Survey, 1898, page 8&4.

FORMATIONS, TRAP—TRIASSIC RED SANDSTONE. 141

TRAP. Locality:

Souls Carolmanro samples. .j2e=eee eos c ot. ttt ose 62

Description.—The trap soils of South Carolina cover a rather small area and are not of much agricultural importance. The soils as a rule are clay loam, often containing rounded fragments of gravel highly colored with iron. Larger bowlders, known as “nigger heads,” are usually seen over the surface. The subsoil is frequently a pipe clay, providing very poor drainage. The lands are liable to be wet and sticky for a long time after rains, and water is frequently found at a short depth below the surface and oozes out in springs, which give the soil almost the character of an upland marsh. With underdrainage and thorough cultivation the lands may be made fairly productive. Several of these samples could be classed as pipe clay.

TRENTON AND HUDSON RIVER LIMESTONE.

Localities: Pape Mei anal SUDO PICS Reece re ae Skee oem ees ee A 23 INCHUUCIGY UU B ATO DIOR. riers eee Goa FE Ss AeA ee ae 40 Maryland: Goisampless essa) acc nue. aE ee so ee Seas es 46 Olivoretligampyl espa sense ae eee kok hres D IG oy ede ada ee my A Coe le 59 Pennsylvania, 24 samples. 422) 2.45ls (ce-ch eS, 60 Renn eSss6e nM Sarn pl ess eee ee eS eu eee weg ton iy 64 SIE D Inti a Ses HIN MeN Hienen ates ween Sh A eee Aim ue N ee 66

Total, 250 samples.

Description.—The soils from these two formations, which can hardly be distinguished geologically, are quite similar in their agricultural value. They are the most important types of limestone, giving the highest type of agricultural land in the northern areas; but, being filled with chert in the Southern States, these soils are very infertile. These lands have been described in detail under the head of limestone.

TRIASSIC RED SANDSTONE. Localities:

Connecticut, 7 samples RMaryland te sannp les eee Aa te oe = es ee a ee hn ee 47 Total, 22 samples.

Description.—The Triassic red sandstone disintegrates and decom- poses very thoroughly, forming a heavy clay soil of a characteristic Indian-red color. In the southern extension of the area in Virginia the soils are quite stony from fragments of the rock. These southern lands have not been very productive. In the areas in Maryland, Penn- sylvania, and New Jersey, however, the soils have less rock and form very fertile agricultural lands. In Maryland they are adjacent to the Trenton limestone soils, and in favorable seasons they are considered Just as valuable for wheat, corn, and grass. They are not quite so safe or certain, and crops suffer from extremes of drought or wet weather more than on the limestone. The northern extension of the area in New Jersey is extremely fertile and productive.

142 FORMATIONS, TRUCK LAND—UNCLASSIFED.

TRUCK LAND (MAINLY COLUMBIA).

Localities: Pose, Alabama, 10 samples .----- 2-05 2 eee mom mest el eee == ai 24 Florida, 112 samples.-.--..---.... ~~ -- s-202- s2-500 rece ernn=~ =~ == === 34 Tilinois, 4 samples...... ..-- 220-0 s-e000 - eos eee nnnseews ass ==0 sa nans 36 Maryland, 175.samples >.<... 20 <2 5c aise oe ae bee een min = ak 48 Massachusetts, 4 samples......------ --------------++------5+-------- 50 New Jersey, 76 samples. .----.- <2. 225s in seater 55 New York, 2) samples... : ------ 2-22 < wate ae Sele ee 56 North Carolina, 41 samples = -<. 2] «sees = sere = ere ett et ee 57 Rhode Island: 4 samples - 2525222 oe ce eee aie 60 South Carolina, 23 samples (Sea Islands)...--...-----.--------------- 62 Virginia, 54 samples... ... ..2.-- secnce see ene none weenie se cece eee enne ees 67

Total, 524 samples.

Description—The truck lands of the Atlantic Coast States, from which most of the samples in the collection have been obtained, occur as a narrow belt bordering the coast, bays, and rivers. This is mainly Columbia, and the sand is uniform in texture. The deposit varies from 12 inches to many feet in thickness. It is desirable to have a loam or clay subsoil at a depth of from 18 to 24 inches, as the soils are stronger, more durable, and rather more productive. These soils are valued chiefly because the spring vegetables mature so early that there is no local competition from the heavier soils of the locality. This sub- ject has been discussed in great detail in various bulletins of this Divi- sion and in publications of the Maryland Experiment Station.

TULARE PLAINS.

Locality: Page.

California, 17 samples... - 32-2 =. s325-2-.55 <- 0022 62S eee ee 28 Description.—This group contains a number of samples of the char- acteristic soils around Tulare, Cal., many of them being alkali soils collected during the investigation of this subject. Some of the inter- esting features of these soils were pointed out in a paper, entitled ‘Some Interesting Soil Problems,” published in Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 1897.

UNCLASSIFIED. Localities:

Page Alas: 11) SS PlOS 26 = wok os oe ees ties ier = ae eee 24 Ajaskea;.44 samples. :.-2.20 522.2 cose eae ea ee aeew eee ee 24 Bermuda, 12samples:.:-.>. 2.50. eens Seas oe ob cee sepa ee errs 25 California, 29 SAM PlOS < <= = 254 2 sc ea ce coe mes ee ee ne eS ee 28 WOlOTRCO; 3 SANNDIGS-222,- 2: 0-3 en ne eee ee ee ee reer ores 2 oe 30 COnDeotviou; CO BAM PlES so. ooo = ee oe i ee or... = see 30 Districtiof Columbia, 1 sample’... .2-/s-c eset e wore. so Cee 32 RLOTICS; 4 BAMNNIGR fo a4 =~ Seek ie see ae ete es ee eS GSOrnii, 1 SAINI PIG s 22 acetic ainie ate era eee = ate oie ee ee a, = ao IANO; ke RSMO oe ou See ole eae een = au een Ss on = 35 PINTS, Si BRT DLOR m0 nts, octet ole aie oe RE a= = = ma ae 36 RO W9fiy ts BANOS: ceo ee oc oe ee ee EE on ae nelle 37

DOUISIGNAS LT SAIN DIOS so-so oe eines eee emia eo. 05-2 sae 42

FORMATIONS, UPPER COAL MEASURES—VALLEY LAND. 143

Localities—Continued.

Page Maney leant deans aMNpl OSiamttes sirole sR ING an iie 2 scsi cisco nmalsines nsec cece 49 Massachuseitsp osamplesaeesqcscs ne teeeet ees sece.se5 tics sone ess she 50 MUSSISAID PleeLORAAM PLOSS soot ce amas ft eM eee eee ce ne elt Os oo ie 51 LEER OMI 7) SUPP TUS eae er SPORE he ee, — oe a ee d4 INGwEMOLKeroo SAM pPlesre wan coer, ewes ses coos seems cet case eee ce 56 NonunECarolinas Si samiplesee- aa. scecieeweise- <.coo4 os Seioe asic se caes =e 57 OhiowsesaM pl OS essere = = a2 eerciefe Se stee sao Geiser ease Sci oaec'- 59 Oklahoma. loisam plestessae 2 ssa Se eee cae en tie co ee = eee sci 59 Renn syilivanianspSaMlpleser = ..1s= sees eee sae ae assess sone eee aac 60 iRboderslandaisamples. ihcs5 -ase ce cee cises be ines secs o-s ee ecc ee} 60 SouchhCaroluna,:2:samples=s: secemmecesace bis ccc cesses ec schees cee, -. 62 WennesseeraiSall PLES oe aoe oh Seawater cieiee= oa ac wane eee ocelnsee case 65 Moxash Osa plesiese ates eaten eee Sneek sce socens edocs hanknclcieec 66 War oinia wl owsamplesmece. wet oeteese saa Necatcc ceesr-pe ts veces enc, cae aoe 68 Wishing fonse scalp lesa=se te saeee os to ae oe oi Spsieiniay- needa sere aee 68 WiestiVircinia dsamples=aneeecet sists. Secs soc ce cieiace ean cc vere 69

Total, 377 samples.

Description.—This group contains samples from nearly all the States which, by reason of the small areas represented or the exceptional or peculiar characteristics of the samples, or because of an uncertainty as to their geological origin and an absence of any local designation, have not been grouped under any special class. Much of this material is valuable for the study of the chemical and physical properties of soils, and the individual samples are all fully described.

UPPER COAL MEASURES. Locality:

Manylandsai SAMples sess Seer sees ani ees ee aoe e a wae As cease 49 Description.—The basis for this classification is purely geological, and

the group may contain soils of different physical characteristics, inelud- ing gravels, sands, and clays.

UPPER PINE BELT.

Locality: apes NOME ALO MNaaSAMIG Ospee ee or ane a rene eee nec ote ie cere eT 62

Description.—The upper pine belt in South Carolina, from which these samples were derived, is a rather broad strip crossing the State, and given up mainly to pine forests. The soils are generally thin and rather poor. They are better drained than the lower pine belt, but the coun- try is sparsely settled and very little of the land is actually under cultivation,

VALLEY LAND. Locality: Pea GIDL OS): oo ao ea eee es eee oe Na 2 he cla ence eB 66

Description.—These samples from Utah are from Utah County, and represent the lands in the vicinity of Salt Lake City.

144 FORMATIONS, VINEYARD SOIL—-WHEAT LAND.

VINEYARD SOIL. Locality:

fod

Germany, 7 samples ...... .----- ------ ------ senses ca weme wn ane sec ees 35

Description—The samples under this group are from an important grape district in Geisenheim, Germany. This is described in a previ- ous section under Germany.

VOLCANIC ASH.

Localities: eae Hawaiian Islands, 12 samples ..-..................-...--------.----- 35 Kansas, 3 samples ......-----5 22.2 oo 25 anes one enn e ene mean == 39 Nebraska, 1 samplosecc so -ias cele ine soe ceteiel teenie te tee ee ete 54 Washington, 6 samples .... .... --2- - 202-22 e ee eee cee eee enn e cee ees 68

Total, 22 samples.

Description.—V oleanic dust is thus described by J. P. Iddings:!

This fine dust forms a deposit about 20 feet thick within Neocene lake beds of the Gallatin Valley, Montana, where it has been studied by A.C. Peal. The major part of these lake beds consists of voleanic dust presumably brought into the Jake basins by waters from the neighboring slopes, where it has been deposited by the wind. The purer material occurring in these beds is considered to have been deposited directly from the air. It occurs in beds 2 to 5 feet thick, separated by thin calcare- ous layers, the thickness of the whole being 20 feet. When examined with a micro- scope it is seen to be made up of minute fragments of colorless glass, whose angular shapes in some instances and thread-like form in others, together with the presence of air pores, which are spherical, elliptical, and tubular, indicate plainly that the fragments are broken pumice. * * * A very small percentage of the fragments are pieces of crystals, and these appear to be feldspar, hornblende, pyroxene, and possibly some quartz. This small percentage of crystals, as compared with glass, may be due to the original paucity of crystals in the magma exploded in the dust, or it may bethe result of a partial separation of the material during its transportation through the air, by which means the denser and more compact particles settled nearer the vent from which the eruption took place than the lighter and more attenuated ones. Hence, it can not be assumed that the material found in this deposit necessarily represents the composition of the lava before explosion. The glass itself is absolutely free from microlites, and is perfectly colorless in the thin bits forming the dust.

These soils are usually rich in potash. They apparently disintegrate rapidly upon exposure to air, to a light-colored, light-textured loam, which is quite productive.

WAVERLY SANDSTONE. Locality: Kenpucly, 2) samplesiece sere mes sateen ae aia alr 40

Description.—This is one of the export tobacco lands of Kentucky, adapted to tobacco, corn, wheat, and grass.

WHEAT LAND.

Localities: Babe. Alabama, o(osamplesicecet- ooo 2 = ce teeter) = selatelnie oe alae 24 Arcentina, 25 samples sec. seo == oleae ee = = ae ame es 25 CRINFOTMILA; B! SALAD LOB cae 3 ae arate mie arate aoe ele 29 Idaho, 2 samples\(see, Basalt) 2222. oe oe a eee core ole weir te t= i 35

1 Bulletin No. 150, Educational Series of Rock Specimens Collected and Distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey, page 146.

ae

FORMATIONS, WHITE-OAK LAND—WIRE-GRASS SOIL. 145

Localities—Continued.

Page LLINTONE SS) CORDGRASS eee = SAO Sea een ee aa 36 LOW ay ETO GSS Ske eee RS 5st eee Bane 3 Kentucky 160/samples|...- 322). .. 25225252 SER ausacie sretsis ise <iaae << 40 Maryland,580 samples .-.--.-.-..--.---- a Aenean Beste Reese 49 Minnesota, 23 samples.........--.---. SeO00G DESDSS aan On0G aneenn Sone P 51 NenbivOsl ota, 53 Samples s-- 22 occ. 4 ocean. sso scesc eee ec sles. - os 58 Ohio; 49) samples --sssse-2 5422 2-- BE eee cree tees ta win) eo tainio cae og oc 59 Penns ylivaniay2OisaAMpPles) cane cae ace Jose Seema S- occes tees. cece e's 60 RUSSIa, esamplesn(sce CheETNOZEM) see 32 - ace see ce nes eee see 2 61 Southa@arolumanlesamples acca. s2<cceeicoe assists cs- css cesses cee 62 SoutheDakotailsamplesi(seemeraitie) a2 - 222566222 se eee eo sns =. 8 63 MonMessee WOSISAMUD OSs a sclee Gees cetnen eset cette cee cases seine 65 Hlexas so samplesn(see: PerEmiaM) scceo- cess 22 oe 5 sees nee skeet aes oes 65 NES GO SAMPLOS, cerita See ce mieeoasmo eee sek See Geemecenents ches 68 Washington, 29 samples (see Basalt) ......-...-.....---.-2------22--. 68 Wisconsin, 18 samples (see Tobacco land) --.-...--.-.-----..---..----- 69

Total, 1,298 samples.

Description.—This group contains all samples upon which wheat is a staple and characteristic crop. It contains samples from a great many geological formations. It is the basis of an extensive collection of wheat soils which it is proposed to study.

WHITE-OAK LAND. Locality: Maryland, 8 samples (see Wheat land) -...-...-......-....-...5------.- 49 Description.—This is a small and relatively unimportant group, occasionally met with, and locally known as white-oak land from the character of the native forest growth. As seen on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, it occurs in small areas. There appears to be no difference in the texture between this and surrounding lands, but the subsoil has a different structure and is nearly impervious to water. It could almost be classed as pipeclay, although it has not a large percentage of true clay, as shown by the mechanical analysis. The soil is generally unpro- ductive, but may be reclaimed by underdrainage and proper methods of cultivation. Itis believed that this condition can be imparted to cer- tain soils through abuse and improper methods of cultivation. The soil is usually made up largely of silt, and has the texture of loess.

WIND-BLOWN DUST (see SNOW DUST).

Localities: . age RSPAS AEN OB << Saas lderny 1s eA ge she oS wok ae =, sales Soneteees 37 Me bRASKSIBAIMPLOS(. <=...) aac gs Bee emra Ske sae Sooo cee woe 54

Total, 5 samples. WIRE-GRASS SOIL.

Locality: pare California, I sampler(see Tulare plains) 222-222-222 -.<.-2 2-22-22. eee 28

Description—These soils occur in small areas in the Western plains and in California, and are characterized by the native growth of wire- grass. Little is known about the character which causes this peculiar growth.

~) 8670—No. 16——10

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