dbaeicne - donee o eas is Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueoffisheOObeanuoft a ie } ‘al atthe tae = at p> ee » oa — al? f Published monthly by the University of the State of New York / BULLETIN 278 7 FEBRUARY 1903 New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director Bulletin 60 ZOOLOGY FISHES: 4 OF \NES N_ YORK be / io BON £0 U Tx Eat Coy! CRLETON H. BEAN M.S. M, : Q ——_— i POO et 2 6 eee PAGE PAGE TESS Cb Ganon dons ce DSS BOBT ORC aT Ea aae vel 3 slp podesnmeelsi, \ Aaa ciclerteist iusto ner meeeeits ++. 169 MORO M UM CHONG gate ieiiiecciesiccesisce'nconsed-. 25 | Isospondyli, isospondylous fishes.......... 177 “i Marsipobranchii, lampreys.......... SHOR O TE IH Inmiomi, Janternefishes.)-esictsaresictsteisiersiers cess 285 Hy eroartii, lampreys........... {HeCOODEOE 1r~| Haplomi, pikelike fishes... 005 22. .c.cevccee 287 ca InCe SN Thesislles yes tices iierides cicice deka 17 Synentognathi, synentognathous fishes.... 317 sy Asterospondyli, typical sharks............ 17 Hemibranchii, half-gills ............. Pogo see Cyclospondyli, cyclospondylous sharks.... 43 Lophobranchii, tuftgills ............. veces 347 Batoidei, rays ..... BE etn cieldla'e Koovéat 46 Acanthopteri, spiny-rayed fishes..... .... 351 Selachostomi, paddletishes ......... =50000e 60 | Plectognathi, fishes with ankylosed jaws.. 608 Chondrostet; StULSEONS 2. ésedcc.ccccececes 63 Pediculati, pediculate fishes........... gedion, FEE) Rhomboganoidea, gar pikes............55 69 | Recorded distribution of New York Cycloganoidea, DoWfINS............00e0eees 73 fisheswaasp esi leemes Patio in ie erate vers 739 Nematognathi, catfishes ............s0000: 76 | Index .... -.ssesees --.e09e seer e tee eeeenes 747 | Plectospondyli, carplike fishes............ 97 a ] ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1903 Price $1 34 Ne 500 P| 1892 1878 1873 1877 1877 1881 1881 1883 1885 1888 1890 1890 1893 1895 1895 1897 1g00 Igor Igo! 1g02 1903 1903 1903 1888 1890 1890 I, University of the State of New York REGENTS With years of election Wituram CroswELt Doane D.D. LL.D. ah a Chancellor, Albany WuireLtaw Reip M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor — New York Martin I. TowNsEND M.A. LL.D. It. ce roe Cuauncey M. Depew LL.D. ay $ = — New York CuHarLes E:.Fitch LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. - —- Rochester Wituam H. Watson M.A. M. Disk DD. = — Utica Henry E. Turner LL.D. = a 2s ms Lowville St Crain McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn DANIEL Beacw’ Ph.D? Lie Dyes —! - Watkins CarRoLL E. SmitrH LL.D. - as = = — Syracuse Pruny T. SExTon LED. = ee Jes # a Palmyra T. GuILForD SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. - — Buffalo Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. — Re New York © ALBERT VANDER VEER M.A. Ph.D.M.D. -— ~~ ~— Albany CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio CHESTER 'S. Lorp M.A. LL:D; = — 2 ~ Brooklyn Tuomas A. HENDRIcCK M.A. LL.D. -— A — Rochester BENJAMIN B. ODELL jR LL.D. Governor, ex officio RopertT C. Pruyn M.A. - ~ = = — Albany Witiiam NorrincHAM M.A. Ph.D. - - — Syracuse Frank W. Hiccins Lieutenant Governor, ex officio Joun F. O’Brien, Secretary of State, ex officio CHARLES A. GARDINER B.A. LL.B. M.A. Ph.D. — New York | SECRETARY Elected by Regents 1900 JAMES RUSSELL PARSONS jR M.A. LL.D. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS Metvit Dewey M.A. LL.D. State Library and Home Educatioms James Russet Parsons yr M.A. LL.D. Administrative, College and High School D\‘ FREDERICK J. H. Merriti* Ph.D. State Museum 4m ~ ~ University of the State of New York New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. Mprriwt Director Bulletin 60 ZOOLOGY 9 CATALOGUE OF THE FISHES OF NEW YORK PREFACE In 1836, under the influence of public interest, Secretary of State John A. Dix presented to the legislature a plan for a natural history survey of the state, which was carried out with success and credit and resulted in the publication of a large number of valuable reports. Not the least important of these were the contributions of James E. De Kay to the zoology of New York, which appeared in 1842 and 1843. Since that time comparatively little official recognition had been given to the progress of biologic study, till in 1897 the writer secured the able services of Mr Gerrit S. Miller jr in preparing a preliminary list of New York mammals. Follow- ing this appeared in October 1900 a key to the land mammals of northeastern North America by the same author, and in April 1900 a check list of the birds of New York by Dr Marcus S. Farr, who is now engaged in the preparation of a detailed catalogue of the birds of New York. A list of reptiles and batrachians by Messrs Eckel and Paulmier has recently appeared; and in the present bulletin Dr Tarleton H. Bean gives to the citizens of the state the benefit of his natural talent and long training as an 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ichthyologist. It is hoped and believed that the results of this work will be of much practical use to the public at large and to the teachers and students in the schools of the state. . By special request of the author his synonymies are printed in the form in which they were prepared by him. Freperick J. H. MpRRILL Albany N.Y. July 1902 - INTRODUCTION New York has an extensive water area and a great diversity of surface. Its principal drainage basins are: the Great lakes, the St Lawrence river, including Lake Champlain, the Ohio basin, the Susquehanna, the Delaware, the Hudson and several small streams adjacent to it in the southeastern part of the state. The inland lakes, in the central and western part of the state, almost all communicate with Lake Ontario. Chautauqua lake belongs to the Ohio basin. Lake Otsego and two small lakes east of Keuka lake, empty into the Susquehanna. The Adirondack lakes for the most part belong to the St Lawrence drainage basin, some of them emptying into Lake Champlain, and a few into the upper waters of the Hudson. Long Island has a larger number of species than all the re- mainder of the state. The number of marine species in its waters is 217, and its fresh waters contain 27 species, of which 13 have been recently introduced. In the bays of the south side of the island, wherein the water is brackish or nearly fresh, and where there is a luxuriant growth of water plants, young menhaden and alewives are ex- tremely abundant. One of the fresh-water fishes is a hybrid trout, artifically pro- duced; another is the black-nosed dace, which is perhaps doubt- fully recorded from Long Island; and 13 species have been recently introduced, as before remarked. The permanent residents in fresh water are the following: horn pout, chub sucker, roach, brook trout, striped mud minnow, banded pickerel, chain pickerel, fresh-water killy, pirate perch, fresh-water silverside, sunfish, yellow perch, and Johnny darter. Most of these 13 species, or perhaps all of them, could easily have been introduced by man within the last century or two. - Mitchill recorded only three fresh-water species from Long Island. These are: yellow perch, brook trout and pickerel. To the pickerel he applied the name Esox lucius, a species 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which does not occur on the island. He mentioned also the bony-scaled pike, Esox osseus, concerning which he says: “A few years ago I had a large and complete specimen from Long Island, which agrees in the main with the descriptions extant.” This was doubtless a mistake of locality. The yellow perch was transplanted by Mitchill in 1790 from Ronkonkoma pond to Success pond, in Queens county, a distance of 40 miles. Prior to 1790, he states, there were no yellow perch in Success pond. De Kay also knew only a few species of fresh-water fishes in Long Island waters—the yellow perch, roach, banded pickerel, and brook trout. It seems probable that some of the early writers on New York fishes must have had access to collections from Long Island, and yet a number of species might have existed without dis- covery during the time of their observations. The present num- ber of species whose date of introduction is not recorded is very small, and most of the so called native fishes represent species which lend themselves readily to the purpose of artificial intro- duction. It is a matter of record that some species of fresh-water fishes identical with those found in Long Island waters, have been swept out of the Hudson river by spring floods, and several such species have been seen at Gravesend bay, Long Island. It is certain that incursions of fresh-water forms could have takem place from time to time in the streams of the north side, and also on the south side of Long Island. Once established in that way, their wider dissemination through the agency of man, aquatic birds, and even through their own movements could be very easily accomplished. Of the fresh-water fishes known to Mitchill and De Kay, the brook trout can live in fresh and salt water indifferently; the chain pickerel is frequently found in brackish water; the yellow perch is one of the fish which have been brought down from the Hudson by floods into Gravesend bay; the roach is a common resident of lakes in New York and Brooklyn parks, and its dis- tribution has been greatly extended through the agency of man. FISHES OF NEW YORK 7 The number of fishes included in this catalogue is 375, of which 371 are named, and the following four, which have only recently been discovered in the state, should be added to the list: no. 764 bullhead minnow, no. 914 silver-jawed minnow, no. 944 silver chub, no. 2553 northern darter. Of these species 217 are marine, 141 fresh-water, and 17 anadromous. The number of intro- duced species is 15, and the number whose occurrence in New York waters is doubtful is 18. The small number of fresh- water species would be remarkable but for the fact that no extensive investigations have recently been made of the fresh waters of the interior of the state, and the catalogue is in that respect simply incomplete. The anadromous species are the following: no. 1 sea lamprey, no. 35 common sturgeon, no. 37 short-nosed sturgeon, no. 101 eel, no. 112 hickory shad, no. 118 branch herring, no. 114 glut herring, no. 115 shad, no. 130 quinnat salmon, no. 131 Atlantic salmon, no. 134 steelhead, no. 137 rainbow trout, no. 143 smelt, no. 170 10-spined stickleback, no. 171 two-spined stickleback, no. 260 striped bass, no. 261 white perch. Besides these, the following marine species occasionally run up into fresh water for shorter or longer distances: no. 158 silver gar, no. 223 blue- fish, no. 224 crab-eater, no. 321 naked goby, no. 346 tomcod, no. 368 hogchoker. The introduced species are: no. 71 tench, no. 74 golden ide, no. 99 goldfish, no. 100 carp, no. 180 quinnat salmon, no. 131 At- jantic salmon, no. 132 landlocked salmon, no. 135 Lake Tahoe trout, no. 134 steelhead, no. 135 brown trout, no. 136 Lochleven trout, no. 137 rainbow trout, no. 138 Swiss lake trout, no. 141 Saibling, no. 142 golden trout. The fishes whose pertinence to the New York fauna is doubt- ful are the following: no. 73 Leuciscus margarita, no. 162 longbeak, no. 208 amberfish, no. 226 small dolphin, no. 262 wreckfish, no. 263 spotted grouper, no. 265 coachman, no. 290 Zenopsis, no. 301 globefish, no. 302 hairy bowfish, no. 303 bur- fish, no. 317 sea poacher, no. 327 shanny, no. 328 blenny, no. 329 as ore eA ale 2F-Q p > ‘ snakefish, no. 337 red gurnard, no. 356 cusk, no. 359 rough dab. 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The fishes represent 99 families. The lampreys include 4 species; the sharks 18 species; the catfishes 14 species, of which 2 are marine; suckers 9 species; minnows or carps 39 species; herrings 10 species; salmon family, which includes the trout and whitefish, 20 species, one half of which number have beer introduced; pikes 6 species; killy fishes 5 species; sticklebacks 5 species; silversides 5 species; the mackerel family 10 species; the pompano family 18 species; sunfishes 18 species; perches, including the darters, 17 species; sea basses 8 species; weakfish family 10 species; sculpins 8 species, equally divided between the fresh and salt waters; sea robins 5 species, one of which, the red gurnard, probably never occurred in our waters, though it has been assigned to New York; codfishes 12 species, one of them a permanent resident in fresh water; flounders 10 species, but one of these is of doubtful occurrence. The species whose existence in New York waters has only recently been reported, and which are not numbered in this catalogue, are the bullhead minnow, Cliola vigilax Baird & Girard, the silver-jawed minnow, Ericymba buccata Cope, silver chub, Hybopsis amblops Rafinesque, and the northern darter, Etheostoma boreale Jordan. The first three of these species have been found in the western part of New York, and the northern darter has been recorded in the basin of St Lawrence river, from Montreal to Lake Ontario. The names used in this catalogue are substantially those employed by Jordan and Evermann in bulletin 47, United States National Museum; and I am indebted to these authors for many of the descriptions of the genera. There are some departures, however, from the names employed in that bulletin, for reasons which appear to me satisfactory; for example, the name Etrumeus sadina is discarded for the round herring, and the specific name teres of De Kay is used in its stead, because Mitchill’s type bore a close resemblance to the shad. It has a spot behind the gill cover, a wide and toothless mouth, a projecting lower jaw, and 15 anal rays. There is no prob- ability that Mitehill had the round herring before him for this description. FISHES OF NEW YORK 9 The glut herring in my list is called Clupeacyanonoton Storer; Mitchill’s name,aestivalis, appears to be a synonym of mediocris and mattowaca of the same author. Its relation to the hickory shad was long since pointed out by Dr Gill. Mitchill stated that the fish has seven or eight dark roundish spots extending in the direction of the lateral line. His figure shows a row of eight dark spots on the side extending to the end of the dorsal fin on the level of the eye. The name Coregonus labradoricus, for the Labra- dor whitefish, is omitted because that species is identical with the common whitefish. The characters by which the Labrador ~ whitefish were supposed to be distinguished are untenable, pre- cisely the same characters being found in the whitefish and there being no other basis of separation. The author has discovered that Kirtlandia laciniata Swain is identical with K. vagrans Goode & Bean. The species Querimana gyrans is believed to be the young of Mugil trichodon Poey; and the genus Queri- mana was found to be the young state of Mugil. The name Neomaenis blackfordi is retained for the red snapper for the reasons clearly given in the 19th Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of New York, 1890. There is absolutely no proof that the name aya should be applied to this species. The synonymy given for the species is limited usually to authors who wrote specially on the fishes of New York, or ad- jacent regions, and to the well known general catalogues of recent writers on ichthyology. One principal aim has been to give as many references as possible to illustrations of species. The descriptions of the fishes are based chiefly on collections studied by the author, many of which were obtained in his own field work. The results of investigations made by parties for the United States Fish Commission have also been incorporated in the text. Illustrations of the species would have added greatly to the report; but the time was not available for obtaining drawings 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM for this purpose. Artificial keys also would have been an addi- tional advantage; but, as references are given in every case to bulletins 16 and 47 of the United States National Museum, which contain complete series of artificial keys, this feature was omitted. The author hopes ere long to prepare a new account of the fishes of New York, containing illustrations of all the species, together with keys for identification, but can not complete such an undertaking till after the inland waters of the state have been more thoroughly and systematically investigated. | TARLETON H. BEAN Washington D. ©, 1902 FISHES OF NEW YORK ila Class MARSIPOBRANCHII Order HYPEROARTII Family peTROMYZONTIDAE Lampreys Genus PeTRomyzon (Artedi) Linnaeus Lampreys with the supraoral lamina armed with two or three separate teeth, pointed, and close together, not forming a cres- cent-shaped plate; anterior lingual tooth with a median depres- sion; buccal disk large, with numerous teeth arranged in con- centric series; dorsal fins separate, the second joined to the caudal. 1 Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus Great Sea Lamprey; Lamprey Eel Petromyzon marinus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 230, 1758; MircHiit, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 461, 1815; GuntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 501, 1870; Jonpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 11, 1883; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 10, pl. I, fig. 3, 1896. Petromyzon americanus LE SvuEurR, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. I, 383, 1818; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 379, pl. 66, fig. 216, 1842; SrorER, Hist. Wish. Mass. 275, pl. XX XVIII, fig. 4, 1867. Petromyzon appendix Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 381, pl. 64, fig. 211, 1842 (young). Body cylindric, eellike, stout, somewhat compressed behind. The mouth is terminal, subcircular in shape and suctorial. It is strongly armed with large conical teeth or cusps mounted on papillae, those of the inner series being bicuspid. Guarding the throat are crescent-shaped plates, bearing pectinate lingual teeth; a pair of these plates on either side and another pair below them. The mandibulary plate has seven cusps. There are seven branchial apertures on each side of the head, the first not far behind the eye; the distance of the last opening from the tip of the snout is contained about five times in the total length. Eye rather small, covered by membrane. The first dorsal originates in about the middle of the length; it is little developed and well separated from the second dorsal which is confluent with the anal. The anal is very low and 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM only about half as long as the second dorsal. The vent is far back, opposite the origin of the second dorsal. The specimen described, number 10654 in the U. S. National Museum collection, is 28 inches long. The sea lamprey or lamprey eel inhabits the north Atlantic,, ascending streams to spawn and sometimes becoming land- locked. In some interior waters of New York the landlocked form has received the name, unicolor, of DeKay. The species ranges southward on our coast to Virginia. In the Dela- ware, Susquehanna and their tributaries this is a common fish. Its larval form, which is blind and toothless, is extremely abundant in muddy sandflats near the mouths of small streams. and is a very important bait for hook and line fishing. The sea lamprey grows to a length of 8 feet. It is dark brown in color, mottled with black and white. In the breeding season in spring the males have a high fleshy ridge in front of the dorsal. The spawning is believed to take place in May or June. The eels cling to the rocks by means of their suctorial mouths and the eggs are deposited in shallow water on a rough bottom where the current is swift. Some observers state that they make nests by heaping up stones in a circle and deposit the eges under the stones. The ovaries are large, but the eggs are very small. The food of the lamprey is chiefly animal matter and the fish is somewhat of a parasite, burrowing into the side of shad, sturgeon and some other species. The teeth are adapted for this method of feeding. The tooth-bearing bone of the upper side of the mouth contains two teeth which are placed close together. On the bone corresponding with the lower jaw there are seven or nine stout cusps. There are numerous teeth around the disk, the first row on the side of the mouth con- taining bicuspid teeth; the others are simple. The tooth on the front of the tongue has a deep median groove. The species is adapted for fastening itself to other fishes and extracting from them their blood. ‘ FISHES OF NEW YORK 13 The lamprey is considered a good food fish in some localities, but in other places it is rarely eaten. In Connecticut and Massachusetts the species is highly esteemed. It is preserved by salting for several weeeks before using. The fish is some- times caught with the hands or by means of a pole armed with a hook in the end. As it is found in shallow water and will not usually relinquish its hold on the bottom, its capture is easily effected. The sea lamprey has been obtained in Gravesend bay in small numbers in March, April and June. It is not adapted to cap- tivity because of the impracticability of furnishing it with proper food. 2 Petromyzon marinus unicolor (DeKay) Lake Lamprey Ammocetes unicolor DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 383, pl. 79, fig. 250, 1842. Petromyzon marinus subsp. dorsatus WILDER in JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 869, 1882. Petromyzon marinus unicolor MrEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. 284, 1886; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 10, 1896. De Kay described this lamprey under the name A mmocoe- tes unicolor in ie of New York; or the New York Fauna, pt 4, Fishes, p. 383, pl. 79, fig. 250. His description was made from a specimen 4 a hoe long and 5 of an inch in depth. The plate represents it as having the dorsal scarcely percept- ible, beginning to rise at about the middle of its length, but at no point exceeding +45 of an inch in hight. The anal is sim- ilar to the dorsal and like the latter continuous with the caudal. Dr De Kay received specimens from the Rev. Zadock Thompson, who obtained them from Lake Champlain. This variety is distinguished from the common marine lam- prey only by its size, its uniform dark coloration, more pro- nounced dorsal ridge, and the less degree of separation of the dorsal fins. It inhabits the lakes of northern and central New York and is not anadromous. Prof. Seth E. Meek has published in the Annals of the New York ead ans of Sciences 4: 299. pre; following notes on the species. 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The lake lamprey is found in larger numbers than the brook lamprey, and reaches a much larger size. During the spring of 1886 more than a thousand individuals were taken from Cayuga lake inlet, and all of them within 5 miles - Ithaca. They began to ascend the inlet to spawn on May 21, and continued to do so until late in June. Their nests are excavations made in the bed of the stream, in shallow water, usually just above ripples. The eggs are deposited in the fine sand and gravel at the bottom of these nests, and the embryos developed there. The larvae live in the sand along the edge of the stream just below the water line. This species is parasitic on bullheads, suckers, and other large, soft-rayed fishes. Of the whole number aed and brought to the university by fishermen within two weeks, 480 were males and 265 females. The longest male specimen was 17 inches, and the shortest 9 inches. The longest female measured 14 inches, and the short- est 10 inches. A small female 7 inches long, taken later, con- tained eggs which were quite immature. During the spring a crest is developed upon the back of the male between the nape and the dorsal fin. A smaller crest is developed upon the ventral surface of the female, between the vent and the caudal fin. This was at first supposed to be char- acteristic of the males of Cayuga lake, and was made the basis of anew specific name; but it has since been found in specimens from the Atlantic slope, and it is said by Seeley to occur in European specimens during the breeding season. This crest is seasonal and sexual. The sexes, at other seasons, can not be easily distinguished, if at all. More recent accounts of this lamprey are those of Prof. H. A. Surface in the Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission for 1897 and the 4th annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest of the State of New York. Genus 1curHyvomyzon Girard Differs from Petromyzon in having the anterior lingual tooth divided by a median groove and the dorsal fin notched, but not separated into two portions. Size small. Habitat, fresh waters of eastern United States. 4 Ichthyomyzon concolor (Kirtland) Silver Lamprey Ammocates concolor KirtLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Il, 473, 1840, with plate (larva). Petromyzon concolor JORDAN & Forpicr, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sei. 282, 1886. FISHES OF NEW YORK 15. Ichthyomyzon argenteus JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. * 10, 1882. Ichthyomyzon concolor JORDAN & EVERMAXN, Bull. AAW. Se aN thee MUS sel 1896. The silver lamprey belongs to the subgenus Iehth yomy- zonofGirard. The tooth on the front of the tongue is divided in two parts by a median groove and the dorsal fin is continu- ous but deeply notched. The maxillary tooth is bicuspid; the teeth on the disk are in about four series and all small. The tooth-bearing bone of the lower part of the mouth has seven cusps. The head (from tip of disk to first gill opening is two fifteenths of the total length; with the gill openings its: length is contained four and three fourths times in the total. There are 51 muscular impressions from gills to vent. The body is rather stout, compressed posteriorly. The head is broad and the buccal disk large with its edges not conspicuously fringed. Color bluish silvery, sometimes with blackish mott- lings. Above each gill opening there is a small bluish blotch: The silver lamprey or mud eel is found in the Great lakes region and the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. It grows to a length of 12 inches and is usually found in deep water, but runs up the small streams to spawn in the spring. It is a trouble- some parasite on the lake sturgeon, the paddlefish, yellow perch and some other species. It becomes fixed to the skin by means of its suctorial disk and the irritation of its teeth some- times causes deep ulcers at the point of attachment. This lamprey has the same peculiarities of development as the sea lamprey and sometimes remains in the larval condition, blind and toothless, till it has reached a length of 8 inches. , Genus LAMPETRA Gray Small lampreys inhabiting brooks of Europe and North Amer- ica. The dorsal fin either notched or divided into two parts, the posterior part continuous with the anal around the tail; supraoral lamina broad, crescentic, with a large obtuse cusp at each end and'sometimes 2 minute median cusp; lingual teeth small, with a crescentic toothed edge, the median denticle en- 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM as larged; buccal disk small, with few teeth which are never tricuspid. The genus Lampetra is best distinguished from Pe- tromyzon by the structure of its so called maxillary tooth, which has the form of a crescent-shaped plate with terminal cusps and, sometimes, an additional median cusp. In Pe- tromyzon this bony plate is short and contains two or three teeth which are very closely placed. 4 Lampetra wilderi (Gage) Small Black Lamprey; Pride Lampetra wilderi GAGE, in JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U..S. Nat. Mus. 13, 1896. Petromyzon nigrum RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ohien. 84, 1820. (Name preoccupied). Ammocetes niger JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 9, 1882. Ammocetes branchialis JonpAN & ForpIcE, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. 293, 1886; GAGE, in Wilder Quarter-Century Book, 436, 1893. The high dorsal fin is divided into two parts by a deep notch. Several of the teeth on the side of the buccal disk are bicuspid and the rest simple. The mandibulary plate is nearly straight and has eight or 10 cusps of nearly equal size. The length of the head including the gills is contained four and three fourths times in the total. There are 67 muscular impressions from gills to vent. In the spring a prominent anal papilla is present. The head is larger than the space occupied by the gill openings and is contained eight and one third times in the total; the depth, 14 times. The eyes are large; the mouth moderately small. The lips are conspicuously fringed with papillae. The teeth change considerably with age; young examples have no median cusp on the maxillary plate. This lamprey is bluish black above, the lower parts silvery. The brook or mud lamprey, also known as the small black lamprey, is found in the Great lakes region, the Ohio valley and the upper Mississippi valley. It occurs also in Cayuga lake, New York. According to Jordan it ranges west to Minnesota and south to Kentucky. It grows to a length of 8 inches. Dr Jordan considers it identical with the common brook lamprey of Europe, A. branchialis. FISHES OF NEW YORK Me This lamprey ascends the small Streams in the Spring to spawn just as the silver lamprey does. It is parasitic and its spawning habits are similar to those of the sea lamprey. It clings to stones and clods of earth while depositing its eggs and is believed by some persons to die after spawning. The prob- ability is that it goes to deep water where it remains till the Spawning season again approaches. May 8, 1886, Prof. Gage and Dr Meek caught five specimens in Cayuga lake inlet. More of them were seen but not captured. May 22 they visited the inlet a second time but saw no speci- mens, The five individuals obtained were all males, and all were busily engaged in building nests. They ascend the inlet to Spawn about two weeks earlier than the large lake lamprey, and in smaller numbers. The life history of the brook or small black lamprey is well related by Prof. Surface in the articles referred to in the notes on the lake lamprey. Class PISCES Subclass SELACHII Sharks and Skates Order ASTEROSPONDYLI Typical Sharks Family PSEUDOTRIAKIDAE Genus PSEUDOTRIAKIS Capello Body elongate; mouth wide, with a very short labial fold around the angle; snout depressed, rounded, moderately long; nostrils inferior, near the mouth, but not confluent with it; eyes oblong, lateral, without nictitating membrane; spiracles well developed behind the eye; gill openings moderate, in advance of the pectoral; jaws armed with numerous rows of small, tricuspid teeth; first dorsal fin, opposite the space between pectorals and ventrals, long and low, gradually increasing in hight posteriorly; second dorsal behind ventrals, opposite and similar to anal; ven- trals and pectorals well developed; no pit at the root of caudal 1 10-2) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fin. the basal lobe of which is very low and long; skin with minute asperities. 5 Pseudotriakis microdon Capello Peixe Carago (Portugal) Pseudotriakis microdon CAPELLO, Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. e nat. Lisboa, I,. 321, pl. V, 1868; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 395, 1870; Bean, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus. VI, 147, 1883; JonpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 27, pl. IV, fig. 14, 1896. The greatest hight of the body is at the origin of the first dorsal; it is contained eight and three sevenths times in the total length. The hight at the origin of ventrals is contained nine and one half times in total length. The hight of head at the first gill opening is a little greater than that of body at the ven- tral origin, while its hight at the angle of the mouth is a little less than ore eleventh of the total length. The least hight of the tail equals the hight of the anal, and is contained 25 times. in total length. The head is somewhat depressed in front, with moderately sharp snout, which is nearly twice as long as the distance of its. tip from the mouth. The distance from snout to last gill open- ing is contained five times in total length. The distance from snout to first gill opening, measured horizontally, equals twice the hight of body at origin of second dorsal. The distance between the first and last gill openings equals nearly twice the length of the eye. The hight of the first gill opening is about equal to the distance between the angle of the mouth and the spiracle. The hight of the head at angle of mouth is contained il times and at the first gill opening nine times in total length. The length of the snout equals one half the body hight at origin of first dorsal. The distance of mouth from snout, measured on the axis of the fish, equals one third width of mouth. The distance from snout to angle of mouth, obliquely taken, equals one fourth the distance from snout to last gill opening. The distance between eye and spiracle equals that from mouth to re 4 ry. ic , ; nostril. The distance from angle of mouth to spiracle is about equal to hight of first gill opening. The Spiracle is moderately FISHES OF NEW YORK 19 large, the length of its opening being contained twice in the hight of fourth gill opening. The oblong eye is placed near the dorsal profile; the length of the orbit is about one half the greatest hight of second dorsal; the length of the eye equals about one fourth width of mouth. The length of upper jaw is slightly more than that of lower, and nearly equals the distance between the spiracles. The distance from the mouth to the nostril is about one fourth least hight of tail; the distance between nostrils equals four times the distance from eye to spiracle. The interorbital space equals one half the length of second dorsal base. The distance between the spiracles equals four times their greatest length. The first dorsal is very long and low, highest behind its mid- dle, the length of its base equal to seven times its greatest hight; its distance from the snout is a little more than twice the greatest length of pectoral. The second dorsal is distant from the end of the first a length equal to nearly twice its greatest hight; the length of its base is somewhat more than the body hight at origin of first dorsal. The second dorsal begins at a distance from the end of the first, which is equal to the hight of body at ventral origin; the length of its base equals twice the interorbital distance; its hight equals nearly twice the length of the orbit. The anal is entirely under the second dorsal, but its base is a little less than five sevenths as long as that of the latter; the greatest hight of the anal equals the least hight of caudal peduncle. The caudal originates at a distance from the end of the second dorsal about equal to the hight of the anal; it is divided by a notch into a short upper portion, whose length is very little more than the greatest hight of first dorsal, and a very low and long lower portion, the longest margin of which is nearly twice as long as the snout. The distance of the caudal from the end __ ef anal base equals one fourth the length of second dorsal base. The distance of pectoral from snout is contained five times In total length; the length of pectoral equals nearly twice the width of its base, and is a little more than one ninth of total length. 5 20) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The greatest width of pectoral equals twice the hight of a and is contained 123 times in total length. The origin of the ventral is slightly in advance of the end of first dorsal, and is behind the middle of total length a distance equal to the interorbital space. The length of ventral equals that of lower jaw. The width of ventral base equals that of pectoral base; the greatest width of ventral slightly exceeds its length. 7 Color. When received the margins of the fins were apparently faded; the original color was probably grayish brown with dark margins on all the fins except the first dorsal. Capello states that his example was chestnut brown. Remarks. The gills and mouth were obstructed by sand. The only parasites discovered on the animal were a couple of isopods, one of which was found in the eye cavity. Hundredths MEASUREMENTS Millimeters of length MBCA SM LTO GIN yy so ence’ts aso. ose to ves etic pata’ s at serace a tare pete tcge ceeratene re 2950 100 Body Eight at origin of first, dorsalis: .i.1.s ace esac oe i. 350 12 Might at origin of ventral... = Sisco een 310 10.5 Hight at origin of second dorsal.............. 210 7 Hight at end of ventralvbase. ......03.5.0%5'... 210 ae (Least hight of caudal peduncle............... 118 4 Width at origin of first dorsal...... Pea Aas Lee 250 8.5 Head Distance from tip of snout to first gill opening Hhonizontalliy . . is. tarsewlet eee eee 425 14.4 CODISGO LY oo: ois Cae join 3 Shale ls ota ee toate ets 450 slays: Distance from tip of snout to last gill opening. 583 20: Distance from first gill opening to fifth........ 1383 4.5 Distance from first gill opening to fourth..... a Ope Ree fs Sn Distance from first gill opening to third....... G2 iets arene Distance from first gill opening to seecond..... 27 Beh of first gill opening. ... ). J ysen eee ee 75 Pet Of Second gill opening. |...) sacs cere 1 SGN ABST te 5 Peo oO third Pill openine.......,:.2 eee Teg e SER ere ment of fourth gill opening....... 02.688. 76.0 tater es tll moma Ob. orto gill opening .i.).....iee eee 682 eee See Pena angle of mouth: . 0%. oe ee 265 9 ‘d, Hight at fret gill opening. ...%. Wee. Pou ee ft 3h 82 obit ist) rag bo ol = =" o Buignt at pase Of pectoral... ss... ck cc cc athe FISHES OF NEW YORK MEASUREMENTS Distance from tip of snout to eye (horizontally). Distance from tip of snout to mouth (horizon- TEES RS a Re Oe TL SN PTE WE SR Distance from tip of snout to mouth (obliquely). Distance from tip of snout to angle of mouth ~ (itgrrmepmben lived ees ccanccets seer ee ce Distance from tip of snout to angle of mouth eaey) A pri yeas he eneh mie Geee a foe ances tN Sp Re Pe Res) oh aie aie « s)insere eater eas Anal Greatest length of Spiracke. 2255 2.20 eek eee Length of opening of spiracle................ Distance from eye to spiracle. . Distance from angle of mouth to ycptetel eee SiDopesta tala Cees OLED Uibics -) c+ eLetters oe cee None oe ree HEMET OVE.) of 5s. cows ork tae see VOCE OE SMO UGA 93.2) sc) eloetierstretetea aes Length of upper jaw to angle of mouth....... Length of lower jaw to angle of mouth....... PiIStanee LLOMOmMOWth CO NOStHIY.. «7... eke IDistamcesbelween NoOSttils 2%. a) eeu. uke Distance sbebweEe»n: GY.CS oa csc.) 5 de wees wereer ens Distance between eyes on cartilage.... Distanee between spiracles. ........... 00.6.8. First dorsal PE SeaNee MEOMISTIOUWL) va co clelsseat vee wichcee es aes SHAS Cris so. Pisces eee eee < sre o het, me eee eS [ap TS Hib ee Ze Cw natenen senate ol wienecorere slereremeee Second dorsal Distance from end of first dorsal............. ‘ Distance from snout ............. Hood ondac TORINO ODA GH cps ioieco i goo + cheviess s} a8) shal Ciels oe sietbnepel anes MMR ay ees MU IR Ure sys aes ora on Soep'e ele era\ nacvote iol sia’ ai eeu yteneranerteyle Henri Of pPOSteriON Margin... 2: aia oc) scl @ NOS eAVCO OM STVOUM C6 2c. 224 oiein ci clstoleiewe we epeemcel TL SIVcttiO) GE [ORISSA eres be rcitba5 cee Gures HeSih LNZanh ees eats oer eae Cnre mower nico Gam meer Wengih-or anterior Margin... 0.6... ee este Length of posterior margin.............-..--- Caudal Distance from end of second dorsal........... Distance of tip from*end of second dorsal..... GUPES TEST REC tl dee Peer OPI aOeS cic cn iO Millimeters 176 21 Hundredths of length 6 Or CHEK Cty Lice ts aruie a's {le sj0re. 0 mB OS a 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hundredths MEASUREMENTS Millimeters of length Length of upper lobe..........--+-s2 ee geerees GS tra eee ee Greatest width of upper lobe.........-.++++-- NU L7(ntene at Ce! Distance of lower lobe from anal base........ ONS tae ie anteaneae Length of anterior margin of lower lobe....... DS) eatin = mentee Length of longest margin of lower lobe....... SAD n Rie soscineee ote Pectoral ; DMSANCERIZON) SOUL | of. 6be eer. o eeere nena se 590 20 PeECATE SPICE UIN = ac sc cinereus 's, ches fe steieyateistemetamale 330 i fa en SOU TOMIE MOVs AEELSO? a: is) ietales sis a-a) oleje hiasiene sepnor el veneetepehe 169 Re {s SLES ESTEE Sig U0 a Sno gp a BP Parc) pester 240 8 Ventral PPLE COE LION (STOUT 21 Squalus acanthias Linnaeus Spined Dogfish Squalus acanthias LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 283, 1758; JorpAN & GIL- BERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 16, 1885; JorpDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 54, 1896. Spinax acanthias Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 359, pl. 64, fig. 210, 1842. Acanthias americanus StTorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 256, pl. XX XVIII, fig. 1, la, 1867. : Hy Acanthias vulgaris GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 418, 1870. 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Body slender, moderately long, its greatest depth about one eighth of the total length, and about three fourths of the length of the head; caudal fin sear cely bent upward, its jength nearly one fifth of the total length; snout pointed, its length equaling about one fourth of the length of the head; mouth slightly arched, with a long, s straight, deep, oblique groove on eath side, without labial folds. Teeth small, equal in both jaws, their points turned aside so that the inner margins form a cutting edge; spiracles well developed, just behind the eye; eye large, oblong, its diameter two thirds of the length of the snout; no nictitating membrane; gill openings narrow slits, in front of the pectorals; first dorsal moderate, larger than the second, far in advance of the postmedian ventrals, which are in front of the small second dorsal; pectoral when extended reaches to below the first dorsal spine, its length contained about seven times in the total, including caudal fin; ventral one fourth as long as the head. Color dark slate or gray on upper parts, whitish below, numer- ous white spots on the back, becoming faint or obsolete with age. The spined dogfish reaches a length of 34 feet and the weight of 20 pounds. It inhabits both coasts of the Atlantic and is recorded also from Cuba. It is found in Graveserd bay, Long Island, only in October, and young examples have been taken at Southampton in the same month. The species is common in summer and fall on the fishing banks off the New Jersey coast. It is not hardy in captivity. At Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, it is less abun- dant than formerly,and was comparatively scarce in1897. When the fish fertilizer factory was established at Woods Hole, this was the principal fish utilized in the manufacture of oil and guano; later, the scarcity or irregularity of the supply necessi- tated the use of menhaden. When the horned dogfish first comes, in May, it feeds largely on ctenophores. In Massachusetts bay the species arrives in June and remains only a few days, but returns again in September and stays till FISHES OF NEW YORK 45 the middle of November. These fish are usually caught with the hook and often entangle themselves in nets, to which they do great damage. They feed on mackerel, whiting and other fishes. The oil of the liver is an article of commerce, the flesh is use- ful for fertilizers, and the skin has been used for polishing; on some parts of Cape Cod the fish has been dried for fuel. Mitchill mentions the spined dogfish only in one of his minor papers. De Kay recorded it as common on the New York coast. He found remains of the soft clam and scales of fishes in its stomach. Suborder TECTOSPONDYLI Family SQUATINIDAE Angel Sharks Genus seuaTiIna Duméril Body flat, depressed as in the rays, the snout obtuse or slightly concave in front; nostrils on the front margin of the snout with skinny flaps; mouth anterior; teeth in many series, conical, pointed, distant; spiracles wide, transverse, behind the eyes; gill openings wide, very near each other, partly inferior and partly hidden by the pectoral fins; two small, subequal dorsal fins on the tail behind the ventrals; no anal fin; caudal small, the lower lobe longer than the upper; males with small prehensile organs; vertebrae tectospondylous. 22 Squatina squatina (Linnaeus) Angel fish; Monkfish Squalus squatina LinNAEus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 233, 1758. Squatina dumerili Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 363, pl. 62, fig. 203, 1842. Rhina squatina Guntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 430, 1870. Squatina angelus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16,:U. S. Nat. Mus. 35, 1883. Squatina squatina- Jorpan & EverMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 58; SmirH, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 89, 1898. Body raylike in shape, flat, depressed, its greatest depth less than one fourteenth of the total length and about one third of the length of the head; caudal peduncle stout; caudal fin small, its lower lobe the longer; snout short, rounded; nostrils on its front margin, with skinny flaps. Mouth anterior, its width 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM about equal to the interorbital width; teeth acute, small, con- ical, distant; spiracles large, crescentic, behind the eyes; eye small, its diameter one fourth of the distance between the eyes; gill openings wide, subinferior, partly covered by the pectoral fin; two small dorsal fins, close together, behind the ventrals; anal fin wanting; pectoral fins very large, widely expanded, deeply notched at the base; ventrals very large, their length greater than that of the head; skin covered with stiff prickles, largest on the median line of the back. Color bluish ashy gray or brown above, sometimes blotched and speckled, pale below. The monkfish reaches a length of 4 feet. It is easily recognized by its peculiar shape. It in- habits the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States from Cape Cod and San Francisco south- ward. It is not common in New York waters, but it appears occasionally in Gravesend bay in summer and is believed to occur in this state only in bays adjacent to the Atlantie. Mitchill, apparently, was not familiar with the species. De Kay knew the fish only from Le Sueur’s descriptions and the writings of other ichthyologists. He gives the common names employed in Europe; monk, monkeyfish, kingston, shark ray, and fiddlefish. A New York fisherman informed De Kay that it was known to him as the little bullhead shark, & specimen weighing 35 or 40 pounds and measuring about 4 feet was taken in a trap at Menemsha bight, Marthas Vine- yard, Sep. 1, 1873. The writer saw one taken at the same place a few years later. Order BATOIDEI Rays Suborder SARCURA Family RAJIDAE Skates Genus raga (Artedi) Linnaeus In the rays the disk is broad, rhombic; the pectorals extend to, but not around the snout; the ventrals are large and deeply notched; the tail is usually long, without serrated spine, slender, FISHES OF NEW YORK 47 rounded, or depressed, with caudal fin small or absent, with two small dorsal fins, close together, near its tip, and with a dermal fold on each side. The skin is more or less covered with prickles and spines, males having rows of erectile hooks near the outer angles of the pectorals. No electric organs. Eggs laid in leathery, four-angled cases, having two long tubular tendrils at each end. Teeth in the middle of the jaws, sharp in males, blunt in females. 23 Raja erinacea Mitchill Common Skate; Prickly Skate; Hedgehog Ray Raja erinaceus MircuHiLt, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, IX, 290, pl. 6 (male), 1825; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 372, pl. 78, fig. 246, 1842. Raja eglanteria GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 462, 187 Raia erinacea JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40, 1883. Raja erinacea JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 68, pl. TX, fig. 29, 1896; Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 89, 1898. Disk rhomboid, with the angles rounded; its length nearly equal to its width; spines largest on the anterior extensions of the pectorals, where they are close set, strong, laterally com- pressed and hooked backward; smaller spines scattered over the head, above the spiracles, above and in front of the eyes, on the back, the median line of which is comparatively smooth, without enlarged spines except in the young; a triangular patch of spines on the shoulder girdle; inner posterior angles of the pectorals nearly smooth. Males have two rows of large, erectile hooks, pointing backward, near the outer angles of the pectorals. Females have groups of small scales on each side of the vent. Tail about as long as the disk; a dermal fold on each side; dorsal fins rough, connected at the base; mouth small; jaws curved, with small teeth in about 50 rows above and 48 below, the mid- dle ones sharp in males, all blunt in females. Color light brown, with small round spots of dark brown. Length 1 to 2 feet. (After Garman) A very common species on our coast, from Maine to Virginia. It is one of the small rays and is not much valued for food. Eggs of this skate have been obtained in Gravesend bay in March. In captivity eggs have been deposited in winter. The 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM species will endure captivity during the spring, fall, and part of the winter, but not at all in summer. Mitchill had the ray from Barnegat and from off saa Hook. De Kay did not see the fish, but copied the description and figure of Mitchill. Smith refers to it as the “ summer skate ” or “ bon- net skate.” It is found at Woods Hole from June to October. The names “ hedgehog ray” and “ bonnet skate” are given in allusion to its habit of rolling itself up when caught. At South- ampton L. I. this species was taken in small numbers Aug. 3, 1898. 24 Raja ocellata Mitchill Spotted Skate; Big Skate Raja ocellata Mircuityi, Trans, Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 477, 1815; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 68, pl. X, fig. 30; 1896; Smrrn, Bull. U. 8S. EF. C. XVII, 89, 1898. Raia ocellata DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 369, not pl. 65, fig. 212, 1842; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat: Mus. 40, 1883. Similar in shape to R. erinacea, but larger, with a wider mouth and with many more rows of teeth. The length of the disk slightly exceeds its width. The spines are arranged as in R. erinacea, but additional rows are present down the back and on the sides of the tail. Tail nearly as long as the disk; caudal fin not separate, with small spines; mouth large; jaws curved; teeth in about 90 rows above and 88 below. Color light brown, with rounded dark spots; a translucent space on each side of the snout; near the posterior angle of the pectoral there is usually (but not always) a large white ocellus, with a. dark spot in the center and a darker border; two smaller similar spots often present. (After Garman) The spotted skate reaches a length of nearly 8 feet; its egg cases are more than twice as large as those of R. erinacea. The species is found from New York to Massachusetts and northward. ‘ Dr Mitchill described a specimen which was 30 inches long and 19 inches wide. Dr De Kay calls this species the spotted ray. He found the stomach of one filled with rock crabs, Cancer irroratus. To the fishermen this and allied spe- FISHES OF NEW YORK 49 cies are known as skate. It has no commercial value in Great South bay. In the traps at Islip skates reappear on October first on their fall migration. A female was caught near the inlet at Fire Island, Sep. 29, 1898. The species was more abun- dant later in the fall. At Woods Hole, according to Dr Smith, this is the big skate or winter skate. It is common from February to June and from October 15 to the end of the trap fishing; it is absent or very rare in summer. 25 Raja eglanteria Bose Clear-nosed Skate; Brier Ray Raja eglanteria Bosc in LAcrprpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss. II, 104, 109, 1800; GuUN- THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 462, 1870; JornpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 71, 1896; Smitu, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 89, 1898. Raia eglanteria JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 41, 1883. Raja diaphanes Mircnity, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. 478, 1815. Daikers from. RR. erinacea, and. R. ocellata. im tts acutely produced snout, smaller spines and translucent space on each side of the rostrum. The length of the disk (12 inches) equals four fifths of its width (15 inches)., Spines small and very sharp, most numerous on the front part of the pectoral, the head, the snout, the middle of the back, and the tail between the rows of enlarged spines; enlarged spines around the eyes and spiracles, on the middle of the snout, in a median row along the back, and in two rows along each side of the tail. The spines on the tail are very sharp, large and small ones alternat- ing in the rows; a large spine in the middle of each shoulder; «i spine between the dorsal fins; tail as long as the disk, and with a median and two lateral rows of moderately large spines and one or more intermediate rows of much smaller ones; caudal fin absent or very small; dorsals small, the anterior larger, one ninth the length of tail in hight; mouth moderate; teeth in about 50 rows in upper jaw and 48 in the lower. Color pale brown, with numerous bands, bars, lines and blotches of darker; darker spots in the middle of the pectoral; each side of the snout with a pale, translucent area, 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The clear-nosed skate, sometimes called brier ray, reaches a length of 2 feet or more. It inhabits the eastern coast of the United States from Cape Cod to Florida; it has been found moderately common in Great South bay in and near Fire Island inlet. Early in September both males and females were caught at Fire Island inlet and Wigo inlet, but in October the species appeared to be scarce. It has no commercial value in the bay and is usually thrown away. At Woods Hole Mass. it is not common. : 7 | 66 Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz , Silvery Minnow Hybognathus nuchalis AGassiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts. 224,,1855; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 184, 1868; Jorpan & Gi~BErRT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 156, 1893; Bran, Fishes Penna. 33, 1893: Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 213, 1896. Hybognathus regius GIRARD, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 209, 1856; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 185, 1868. Hybognathus osmerinus Corr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 466, 1870 (Raritan myer, (N:.Ji). Body moderately stout and short, its greatest depth equaling one fourth of the total length without the caudal, and the least FISHES OF NEW YORK NG 4 depth of the caudal peduncle equaling nearly one half of the greatest depth of the body; body compressed, its greatest width less than one half its hight. Head short, its upper and lower profiles tapering equally into the short’and not very obtuse snout, which is as long as the eye, and three elevenths as long as the head. Mouth small, slightly oblique, the jaws nearly equal, or the lower slightly included, the maxilla without a barbel, and reaching to below the anterior nostril. The dorsal origin is over, and the ventral origin under, the 12th scale of the lateral line. The dorsal base is two thirds as long as the head; the longest dorsal ray equals the distance from the nostril to the end of the operculum, and the last ray is less than one half as long as the longest. The ventral does not reach to the vent; its length two thirds that of the head. The anal origin is under the 24th scale of the lateral line; the anal base is scarcely as long as the postorbital part of the head; the last anal ray is one third, and the longest anal ray two thirds, as long as the head. The pectoral is four fifths as long as the head, and reaches to below the 11th scale of the lateral line. The caudal is moderate in size and deeply forked, the middle rays less than one half as long as the external rays. D. ii, 7; A. ii, 7; V.8; P. 15. Scales 6—38 to 39-—4; teeth 44 long, much com- pressed, and with a long oblique grinding surface. Intestines seven to 10 times as long as the body. ‘The lateral line is gently decurved on about the first six scales, thence straight and median to the root of the caudal fin. Color in spirits light brown with a broad silvery band, the fins all pale. Olivaceous green above, translucent in life; sides silvery, with bright reflections; fins unspotted. Length 4 to 7 inches. The silvery minnow, or blunt jaw, is found in clear streams from New York to Georgia and Texas, west to the upper Missouri. In the Potomac river occurs a large variety which reaches a length of 7 inches. This variety has a larger eye and a deeper body than the western form. The U. 8. Fish Commission collectors in the Lake Ontario region obtained specimens at the following localities: Salt YORK STATE MUSEUM A 4 ea -_ I 118 brook, 14 miles above Nine Mile point, June 11, 1893; Mill creek, Sacketts Harbor, July 2,1894; Cemetery creek Watertown, July 5,1894. The fish was most abundant at Mill creek. The fish spawns in the early spring. It is extensively used for food along with the Notropis hudsonius, the so called “smelt” or “ gudgeon.” It takes the hook very freely during the spawning season. Genus PIMEPHALES Rafinesque Body rather robust, little compressed; head short and rounded, mouth small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; no barbel; teeth 4-4, with oblique grinding surface, usually only one of the teeth hooked; dorsal over ventrals, its first (rudi- mentary) ray separated from the rest by membrane, not joined to them as usual in minnows, this character most distinct in adult males, in which the skin of the first ray is thickened; anal basis short; intestinal canal elongate; peritoneum black; pseudobranchiae present; scales rather small; lateral line com- plete or variously incomplete. Size small. Breeding males with much black pigment and with large warts on the head. (After Jordan and Evermann) 67 Pimephales promelas Rafinesque Fathead ; Blackhead Minnow Pimephales promelas RA¥FINESQUE, Iechth. Ohien. 03, 1820; IKXIRTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. III, 475, pl. 27, fig. 2, 1841; Srorer, Syn. Fish. N. A. 166, 1846; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 181, 1868; Jorpan & GuIZ- BERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 158, 1883: BEAN, Fishes Penna. 35, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 217, 1896. The fathead minnow has a short, deep and moderately thick body, and the head short with a very obtuse snout. The greatest depth of the body is equal to or slightly greater than length of head and is contained from three and two thirds to four and one fourth times in total length without caudal. The least depth of the caudal peduncle equals the length of postorbital part of the head. The head forms about one fourth of the total length to base of caudal; the width of the head equals two thirds of its length, The eye is as long as the snout and two ninths as long FISHES OF NEW YORK 119 as the head. The mouth is very small, terminal, slightly oblique; the maxilla not reaching vertical through hinder nostril. The dorsal origin is above, and the ventral origin below the 21st scale of the lateral line. The dorsal base is two thirds as long as the head; the first ray is about as long as the eye, and the longest as long as the head without the snout. The ventral reaches a little beyond the anal origin; its length equal to dorsal base. The anal base equals nearly one half the length of head, and the longest ray is as long as the dorsal base. The caudal is moderate and not deeply forked. The lateral line is con- tinuous on about 20 to 28 scales, and in one specimen continued with interruptions almost to the caudal base. D.i,8; A.i, 7; V. 8; P. 18. Scales 9-45 to 49-6; teeth 4-4. Length of specimens described, 3 inches. Color in spirits light brown, top and sides of head darker. A broad dark band on the base of the dorsal, most distinct anteriorly and sometimes absent behind. Males in spring are dusky, with black head and the snout and chin with numerous coarse tubercles. The fathead or blackhead is an inhabitant of the Ohio valley, and the Great lakes region west to Dakota and southwest to Texas. It is common in sluggish brooks, and instances have been known of its distribution by the action of cyclones. In Pennsylvania it is common in tributaries of the Ohio. The U. S. Fish Commission has obtained specimens from the fellowing localities in the basin of Lake Ontario: Salt brook, 14 miles above Nine Mile point, June 11, 1893; Mill creek, Sack- ett Harbor, July 2, 1894; Three Mile creek, Oswego, July 27, 1894, where the greatest number of individuals was taken. Dr Meek says it is not very common in Cayuga lake, but is easily distinguished from the other minnows by its very long intes- tines. The fathead grows to a length of 25 inches. The sexes differ in color, the females being olivaceous, while the males are dusky and in the spring have the head black and the snout covered with numerous large tubercles. The species has no value as food, but is an interesting one for the aquarium. Its food con- sists of mud and algae, and it seems to prefer a muddy bottom. 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 68 Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) Blunt-nosed. Minnow ; Spotted Minnow Minnilus notatus RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohien. 47, 1820. Hyborhynchus notatus Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. XIIT, 392, pl. 13, fig. 5, 1866 (the separate); GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 182, 1868; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 159, 1888. Pimephales notatus JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 22, 1885; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 36, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 218, 1896. The blunt-nosed minnow has a moderately elongate body and a slender caudal peduncle. The head is somewhat conical with a short and blunt snout. The greatest depth of the body nearly equals length of head and is two ninths of the tota] length without caudal. The least depth of the caudal peduncle equals about one half of greatest depth of body. The snout is as long as the eye and one fourth as long as the head. The mouth is very small, inferior, nearly horizontal, the maxilla reaching to below the anterior nostril and provided with a short, thick, somewhat club-shaped barbel. The dorsal origin is slightly be- hind the ventral origin and over the 17th scale of the lateral line. The dorsal base is two thirds as long as the head, and about equal to the longest ray. The ventral origin is under the © 16th scale of the lateral line; the fin does not reach to the vent. The anal origin is under the 27th scale of the lateral line; the base of the anal is two fifths as long as the head, and the longest ray is equal to the postorbital part of the head. The caudal is moderately large and forked. The lateral line curves very slightly downward as far as the ventral origin and then follows straight along the median line; it is complete. D. i, 8; A. i, 7; V.8; P. 15. Scales 6-42 to 45-5; teeth 44. Length of specimens described, 3 inches. Color in spirits light brown; the fins except the dorsal paler. A black spot about as large as the eye on the front of the dorsal. In life the sides are bluish. Breed- ing males have the black on the dorsal continued backward on the membrane covering the rays and the head black, while the snout has about 14 to 17 large, pointed tubercles. A dusky Shade sometimes present at base of caudal. FISHES OF NEW YORK 121 The blunt-nosed minnow is a larger species than the fathead, reaching a length of 4 inches, and its range extends from Quebec to Delaware, west to Kansas and south to Mississippi. B. W. Evermann and B. A. Bean obtained it for the U.S. Fish Commission in the St Lawrence river, 3 miles below Ogdens- burg, July 17, 1894, in abundance. They found it common also at Scioto creek, Coopersville N. Y. July 19,1894. In the Lake On- tario region the Fish Commission collected the species at Cape Vincent, Grenadier island, Sacketts Harbor, Pointbreeze, Hunt- ingtonville, Charlotte, Stony Island, Pultneyville, Chaumont, Henderson bay, and Salt brook. Livingston Stone obtained the fish at Cape Vincent in the St Lawrence river, and presented it to the state museum at Albany. It is found in large numbers in the southern end of Cayuga lake, and in streams on the flats. Not very abundant at the northern end of the lake and in streams near Ithaca, above the falls, according to the records of Dr Seth EK. Meek. The blunt-nosed minnow differs from the fathead in its larger size and in having a complete lateral line, but the sexual differences are similar in the two species. The males in spring have the head black and the snout with many large tubercles. The species is extremely variable and changes greatly with age. It frequents small and muddy streams, and its food consists of decaying vegetable matter. Genus semoritus Rafinesque Body stout, moderately compressed and elongate; mouth ter- minal, wide, the upper jaw protractile; a small barbel just above the end of the maxillary ; in most American minnows the barbel is at its tip; the maxillary barbel sometimes absent in young individuals; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface ; scales rather large; lateral line complete; a short intestinal canal; dorsal placed behind yentrals; base of anal short.. Vertebrae 22+20—42. Fishes of large size in clear, swift streams from Canada to Virginia, west to Missouri and Wyoming. 122 NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM 69 Semotilus bullaris (Rafinesque) Fallfish; Wind Fish; Dace; Chivin; Silver Chub. Cyprinus bullaris RAFINESQUE, Amer, Month. Mag. I, 120, Dec, 1817. Cyprinus corporalis Mrrcurti, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 324, Mar. 1818. Previous notice in same work, vol. I, 289, July, 1817, insutticient to hold name. The Corporaalen of the Dutch, moreover, was the striped species, atromaculatus. Semotilus bullaris JorDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 1, 1876; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S. Nat. Mus. 222, 1883; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 50, pl. 24, fig. 41, 1893: Goopr, Fish. & Fish. Ind. U. S. pl. 228, upper figure, 1884. Leuciscus nitidus DEIKay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 209, pl. 338, fig. 105, 1842, Lake Champlain. Leuciscus chrysopterus DE Way, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 211, pl. 50, fig. 95 (poor), 1842, harbor of New York. Semotilus corporalis JORDAN & HEVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 221, 1896. The fallfish has a moderately deep, elongate and compressed body and a stout caudal peduncle. The greatest depth is one fourth of the total length without caudal, and the least depth of the peduncle equals three eighths of length of head. The head is rather large, one fourth of total without caudal, with pointed snout, which is two sevenths of the head’s length. The mouth is oblique; the jaws nearly equal, the maxilla extending to below front of eve. The eye is placed high and is about one fourth as long as the head. The dorsal origin is over the 16th or 17th scale of the lateral line; the base of the fin is one half, and the longest ray two thirds as long as the head. The ventral origin is under the 15th seale of the lateral line; the fin does not reach to the vent, its length one seventh of total without caudal. The anal origin is under the 27th scale of the lateral line; the base of the fin is one third as long as the head, and the longest ray is as long as the ventral. The caudal is large and deeply forked. The lateral line curves downward abruptly over the pectoral, becoming median over the end of that fin. D. ii, 7; ALi, T5°V. 8 4,2'or 2, 4— I, 2, all more or less strongly hooked. In spirits the upper parts P18. Seales’ 716-5 teethee as are grayish brown, the sides and cheeks silvery, the lower parts Whitish, the fins all pale. In life the upper parts are steel blue, the sides and belly silvery; breeding males in spring have the FISHES OF NEW YORK 123 belly and lower fins rosy. The specimens described, no. 9202, U.S. National Museum, are from 54 to 6! inches long. The fallfish or dace is one of the largest of the minnow family in New York, reaching a length of 18 inches, and it is one of the most beautiful species as well as game in its qualities. As a food fish, however, this is not greatly esteemed. It is extremely common in the Delaware river and its tributaries and moder- ately abundant in the Susquehanna. The fallfish is found from Quebee to Virginia. Mitchill had it from the Wallkill river and knew of its occurrence in the Hudson, near Albany. Rafinesque recorded it from the Fishkill and other tributaries of the Hud- son. De Kay knew it from Lake Champlain and from New York harbor. Evermann and Bean collected it in Scioto creek,,at Coopersville, and in Saranac river, at Plattsburg, in July 1894; also in Racquette river, at Norfolk, and the St Lawrence river, 3 miles below Ogdensburg, in the same month. In the Lake Ontario basin the U. S. Fish Commission parties found it at Sacket Harbor, Centerville, Watertown, Oswego, Webster, Charlotte, Belleville, Henderson bay, Henderson Har- bor, and Salt brook, near Nine Mile point. ~The fallfish delights in rapid, rocky portions of large streams and in the deep channels. On being hooked, it fights desper- ately for a short time, but its resistance is soon overcome. Thoreau describes it as a soft fish with a taste like brown paper salted, yet the boy fishermen will continue to covet and admire this handsome and ubiquitous representative of the minnow family. A colored plate of the fish, natural size, appears in the 3d Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest of the State of New York, 1898, facing p. 146. There is also a good account of the fish by A. N. Cheney on p. 244 and 245 of the same report. 70) Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) Horned Dace; Chub Cyprinus atromaculatus MircHiLty, Amer. Month, Mag. II, 324, Mar. 1818. Wallkill river. Leuciscus atromaculatus DE Kay, N. Y, Fauna, Fishes 1842. ; 210: ple 32, ne 102 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Semotilus corporalis Corr, Jour. Am. Phil. Soc: XIII, 362) pi 410; figs? (the separate), 1866; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 221, — 1883; Goopr, Fish. & Fish. Ind. U.S. pl. 228, lower figure, 1884. Leucosomus corporalig GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 269, 1868. Semotilus atromaculatus BICKNELL & DRESSLAR, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 16, 1885; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 51, 1893; JorpAN & HEVERMANN, Bull. The chub has a slender and moderately elongate body, its greatest hight immediately in front of the ventrals, about equal to the length of the head without the snout and contained from four to nearly five times in the total length without the caudal. The greatest thickness of the body is about two thirds of its greatest hight. The head is thicker than the body and rather short with an obtuse and moderately declivous snout, whose length is about two sevenths of that of the head and consider- ably greater than the diameter of the eye. The eye is rather small, placed high, its diameter nearly one fifth of the length of the head and scarcely more than one half of the space between the eyes. The mouth is moderate, very slightly oblique, the jaws subequal or the lower slightly included; the end of the maxilla reaches very slightly past the vertical through the front of the eye. Maxillary barbel not evident in this example, though usually present in large individuals. ‘The lateral line is abruptly bent downward over the first half of the pectoral, straight and nearly median during the rest of its course. The origin of the dorsal is over the 27th scale of the lateral line, and the ventral origin is under the 24th scale. The length of the dorsal base equals the combined length of the eye and snout. The first divided ray is the longest; its length two thirds that of the head. The last ray is one half as long as the longest. The ventral does not reach to the vent; its length scarcely greater than the postorbital part of the head. The anal origin is under the 37th scale of the lateral line; the length of the anal base is a little more than one third that of the head, and the longest anal ray equals the postorbital part of the head. The tail is rather slender, the least depth of the caudal peduncle equaling one half the greatest depth and the distance of the anal from the origin of the middle caudal rays nearly equal to FISHES OF NEW YORK 125 the length of the head. The pectoral when extended reaches to below the 16th scale of the lateral line. The caudal is mod- erate in size and not very deeply forked, its middle rays being about two thirds as long as the external rays. D. ii, 7; A. iii, 8; V.8; P. 15! Seales 9—58—6. Teeth of right side 2 +5; of left side 2+ 4. Those of the left side strongly and those of the right side less strongly hooked. Teeth of the upper row with a well developed grinding surface. The length of the specimen described, no. 21661, U. S. National Museum, from the Susquehanna river at Bainbridge Pa., is 44 inches. The color is bluish brown above; sides with a distinct dusky band, not so wide as the eye and becoming obsolete in the adult. Young specimens have the end of this band more pronounced, forming a black spot at the base of the caudal. A small black spot always present on the front of the base of the dorsal, its size in the specimen described being about two thirds of that of the eye. In life the belly is whitish. Breeding males have the belly rose tinted and the black dorsal spot bordered with red; they have, also, rather large tubercles on the snout. The common chub, creek chub, smaller fallfish or horned dace has a wider distribution than S. bullaris, but it does not grow quite so large, seldom exceeding 1 foot in length, Its range extends from New England to Missouri, southward to Georgia and Alabama. It is extremely common and ascends the small streams. The U. S. Fish Commission collectors in 1894 took numerous specimens at the following localities: Sacketts Harbor, July 2; Centerville, July 24; Watertown, July 5; Oswego, July 25; Webster, Aug. 9; Charlotte, Aug. 17; Belleville, July 12; Hen- derson bay, July 4; Henderson Harbor, July 3, and Salt brook, 14 miles above Nine Mile point, June 10 and 11, 1893. Dr Meek reported it as abundant throughout the Cayuga lake basin. Large examples are found in Canandaigua lake. One of them measured 14 inches in July 1897. The fish is killed by om 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSHUM warm water. The food in captivity includes hard clam, earth- worms, and, occasionally, live killifish. A. N. Cheney refers to this species on page 245 of the 3d Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest of the State of New York. In Pennsylvania it is the commonest minnow in the Allegheny and Susquehanna basins and is sufficiently common in the Dela- ware. According to Prof. Cope it reaches 4 pounds in weight and is a fair food fish. This species is more characteristic of the small streams and clear ponds and it takes the hook very freely; but its proper mission is to serve as bait for the larger and choicer fishes. Genus TiInca Cuvier Pseudobranchiae minute; mouth anterior; lips thick but desti- tute of any horny covering; barbels two, one at either angle of the mouth; pharyngeal teeth in one row,4 or 5-5 or 4,cuneiform, with a slightly hooked extremity; gill rakers short and lanceo- late; dorsal fin rather short, commencing slightly behind the origin of the ventral; anal short; caudal slightly emarginate; scales small, embedded in a thick skin and covered with mucus. Lateral line complete. (After Day) -71 Tinea tinea (Linnaeus) Tench (Introduced) Cyprinus tinca Linnarus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 321, 1758; LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. V, 491, 533, 1800. Tinca vulgaris CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XVI, 322, pl. 484, 1842; HECKEL & KNER, Siissw. Fische, 75, fig. 34, 1858; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 264, 1868. Tinea tinea JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check List Fishes N. A. 512, 1896. B. 3; D. 12 to 13 (8 or 9 developed); P. 17; V. 9-10: A. 9-10. Scales 30 to 351—90 to 115. Length of head four and one third to four and three fourths; hight of body three and three fourths to four and one fourth in the total length including caudal. Kye six and one half to seven and one half in length of h ad; two and one fourth in length of snout; two to two and one fourth in distance between eyes. Interorbital space flat. The thickness FISHES OF NEW YORK 127 of the head equals its length exclusive of the snout. Snout obtuse; mouth anterior, jaws anteriorly of the same length, gape wide, cleft rather shallow; the maxilla reaches to beneath the posterior nostril; lips thick. Dorsal origin over the end of the ventral base, and the fin extends almost to above the anal origin; all the fins rounded. In the males the first or even more of the ventral rays are thicker than in the female. Lateral line eradually descending to about the middle of the length, thence proceeding straight to the base of caudal. Leaden or greenish, lightest beneath; fins blackish. The tench has been introduced into the United States. An individual taken in the Potomac river near Washington D. C. has a grinding surface well developed on the pharyngeal teeth, a character concerning which no mention is made in the current descriptions. The tench now extends throughout the fresh waters of Kurope into those of Asia Minor. _Its northern limit is said to be in Finland. It may or may not be native to England. The species prefers still waters in which aquatic plants abound. It is very tenacious of life and has been observed to live a whole day out of water. Its food consists of insects, larvae, worms, and vege- table substances. Spawning takes place in June and July. The eggs are small and adhesive. The rate of growth is rather rapid under favor- able circumstances, the young having attained to a weight of 1 pound in their first year. Individuals of the weight of 10 or 11 pounds are recorded, and Salvianus mentioned a tench of 20 pounds. As for the quality of its flesh, opinions differ, some persons considering it unpalatable, while others regard it as delicious and wholesome. Genus LEuciscus Cuvier Body oblong, compressed or robust, covered with moderate or small scales; lateral line decurved, complete, or variously im- perfect; mouth usually large and terminal, the lips normal, with- out barbel; teeth mostly 2, 5-4, 2 (in American species some 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM times 1, 5-4, 2, or even by atrophy, 1, 4-4, 1) usually 2, 5-5, 2 in the European type, hooked, with rather narrow grinding sur- face or none; anal basis short or more or less elongate; dorsal fin posterior, usually behind ventrals; intestinal canal short. Size generally large, some species very small. A very large group, one of the largest current genera in ichthyology, repre- sented by numerous species in the rivers of Europe, Asia, and North America. .. Individual irregularities in dentition are common in this genus. The typical species of the genus, Leuciscus leuciseus, is the common dace or vandoise of Europe, and differs greatly from any of the American forms. The presence of various inter- . mediate species, however, makes it impossible to draw any satis- factory line between the dace, Le uciscus, on the one hand, and such extreme forms as the long-mouthed minnows, Clinostomus, on the other. Clinostomus isa peculiar group of small, fine-scaled minnows, with the gape of the mouth larger than in any other Cyprinidae whatever. The relationship of the species to those called Richardsonius is however very close. (After Jordan and Evermann) Subgenus chinosromus Girard 72 Leuciscus elongatus (Kirtland) Red-sided Shiner Luvilus elongatus KinKLAND, Rep’t Zool. Ohio, 169, 1836; Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. III, 339, pl. LV, fig. 1, 1841. Leuciscus proviger GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 245, 1868. Squatius elongatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 282, 1883. Phoxrinus clongatus BEAN, Fishes Penna. 52, 1893. Leuciscus elongatus Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 214, 1842; SrorER, Syn. Fish, N. A. 161, 1846; Gunruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 245, 1868: JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 240, 1896. The red-sided shiner has an elongate fusiform body, its great- est depth two ninths of the total length without the caudal, its greatest width nearly one half of its depth. The caudal ped- uncle is long and slender, its least depth two fifths of greatest FISHES OF NEW YORK 129 depth of body. The head is large, two sevenths of total length without the caudal, with long pointed snout and wide mouth. The snout is as long as the eye and two sevenths as long as the head. The width of the interorbital space is about equal to the diameter of the eye. The lower jaw projects strongly. The maxilla reaches to below the middle of the eye. The gill open- ings are wide, the membranes separated by a very narrow isthmus. The dorsal origin is over the 25th scale of the lateral line; the base of the fin is two fifths as long as the head; the longest ray is as long as the head without the snout; the last ray is about half as long as the longest. The ventral origin is under the 23d scale of the lateral line; the fin extends to the vent, equaling length of eye and snout combined. The anal origin is under the 37th scale of the lateral line; the anal base is two fifths as long as the head; the longest ray twice as long as the last ray and one fourth of its distance from the tip of the snout. The caudal is large and deeply forked. The pectoral is two thirds as long as the head, extending to below the 17th scale of the lateral line. The lateral line is abruptly decurved over the anterior half of the pectoral. D. iii, 7; A. ili, 7; V. 8; P.14. Scales 12-63-7 (sometimes 10—70—5); teeth 2, 5—5, 2, hooked, some of them with a narrow grinding surface. In spirits the color is dark brown; a narrow dark stripe along the middle of the side extending on the head and around the snout; the fins are pale. In life the back is dark bluish, the belly silvery; breed- ing males have the first half of the lateral stripe crimson and the belly and lower fins rosy. The specimen described, number 8467, U. S. National Museum, from Meadville, Pa., is 3 inches long. The red-sided shiner is found from Pennsylvania to Minne- sota; abundant in clear streams of the Great lakes region and the upper Mississippi valley. In the Lake Ontario basin the U. S. Fish Commission collectors obtained it in the following localities in 1894: Spring brook, Pulaski, July 24; Wart creek, : - seg + OT July 24; Three Mile creek, Oswego, July 27, 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSBUM Subgenus pHoxmus Rafinesaue ae 4 ape (3 Leuciscus margarita (Cope) Pearl Minnow Clinostomus margarita Corer, Cypr. Penn. 377, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1866. Nqualius margaritus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 235, 18835. Phorinus maraaritus BEAN, Fishes Penna. 53, .1893. Leuciscus margarita GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 246, 1868: Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 241, 1896. Muzzle obtuse, mouth oblique, scarcely attaining the line of the anterior margin of the orbit; head four times in body to base of caudal fin, equal to greatest depth; eye three fourths its diameter from end of muzzle, and equal to postero-inferior mar- gin of operculum. Scales less exposed on anterior than on posterior regions: 11—-58-S8 to 9. The lateral line is discon- tinued 5 to 8 scales anterior to the caudal fin. Pharyngeal teeth slender, 2, 5-4, 2. Dorsal originating behind origin of ven- trals, i, 8; A. I, 8; V. 8, extending three fourths from its origin to the anus; P. 17, reaching two thirds way to ventrals. Lines From origin of caudal to fitst dorsal ray... 22.00. 52.20 2 From first dorsal ray to hind margin of orbit............ oo5 From first dorsal ray to end of muzzled...) t) eee 13-5 Prom first anal ray to caudal base.) see eee $s From end of muzzle to base of ventrals..//. 7.02 3.47. 12 Total length, 2 inches 6 lines. Coloration above light olive, without dorsal line, but darker shade at origin of dorsal fin with a minute slaty dusting and a few lateral speckles of the same. Sides to halfway above the lateral line and opercula plumbeous silvery; below bright erim- son (in midsummer) to lower margins of pectoral and ventral fins; median line below straw-colored. Muzzle blackish: fins un- spotted. (After Cope) The pearl minnow was supposed to be limited to the Susaue- hanna river and its tributaries, but it is now known southward lo the James and the head waters of the Kanawha, and has FISHES OF NEW YORK 45 13t been reported, somewhat doubtfully, from Cemetery creek, at Watertown N. Y. by Dr Evermann. It is a stout-bodied little species, growing to a length of 3 inches. Genus rpus Heckel Pharyngeal teeth in two series, 3, 5-5, 3, four of those in the principal row laterally compressed and hooked at the tips; lat- eral line complete; eyes small. Scales small; dorsal and anal fins short, without thickened anterior rays; mouth small, terminal, oblique. 74 Idus idus (Linnaeus) Golden Ide (Introduced) Cyprinus idus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 324, 1758. Leuciscus idus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XVII, 228, 1844; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 229, 1868. Idus melanotus HECKEL & KNER, Siissw. Fische, 147, figs. 77, 78, 1858. Idus idus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check List Fishes N. A. 512, 1896. Body moderately elongated and compressed; least hight of caudal peduncle two fifths of greatest depth of body, which is two sevenths of total length without caudal; length of head one fourth of total length without caudal; eye large, four times in head and twice in interorbital distance, about as long as the snout; mouth small; jaws equal in length, the maxillary reach- ing to below the posterior nostril; pharyngeal teeth 5, 3-3, 5, hooked, not serrated; dorsal outline almost regularly arched, similar to ventral outline, top of head slightly flattened; dorsal origin at, or somewhat behind, the middle of the length, directly over the origin of the ventral, its hight nearly equal to length of head; ventrals in advance of dorsal, and extending to the vent; pectorals short, not reaching to ventrals; caudal deeply forked, its lobes equal; lateral line decurved, its second half well below the median line. Vertebrae 26+ 21— 47. Reaches a length of 18 or 20 inches and: the weight of 6 pounds. D. 11-12; A. 13-14; V. 10. Scales 9 or 10-56 to 59-7, four and one half series between the lateral line and ventral fin. A variety known as the golden ide, orfe, or gold nerfling has been introduced, for ornamental purposes, into American ponds. 132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The back and sides are vermilion or orange red; belly silvery; a broad indistinct band of violet tint runs longitudinally to the tail, and divides the deep red of the back from the pale tint of the lower parts; all fins red at base and pale at tips; iris golden red, with a black pupil. Genus aBRamis Cuvier Subgenus noremieonus Rafinesque Body subelliptic, strongly compressed, both back and belly curved; back narrowly compressed, almost carinated; belly be- hind ventral fins forming a keel over which the scales do not pass. Head small, conic; mouth small, oblique or horizontal, without barbels; scales rather large; lateral line continuous, strongly decurved; dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals; anal fin with its base more or less elongate; teeth 5-5, hooked, with grinding surface, the edges more or less crenate or serrate; _ alimentary canal short, though rather longer than the body; size rather large. . Several species, one of them in coastwise fresh waters from Nova Scotia to Maryland, west to Dakota; another in rivers of the South Atlantic states and south to Texas. A peculiar form in Central park, New York city. 75 Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill) Roach; Golden Shiner Cyprinus crysoleucas MircHILL, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 23, 1814. Cyprinus hemiplus RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 121, Dee. 1817. Lake George, Lake Saratoga. Abramis versicolor DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fisbes, 191, pl. 32, fig. 103, 1842. Stilbe chrysoleucas DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 204, pl. 29, fig. 91, 1842. Abramis americanus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 305, 1868. Notemigonus chrysoleucas JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 250, 1883; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 53, pl. 24, fig. 42, 1893. Abramis crysoleucas JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 250, 1896, pl. XLV, fig. 111, 1900. The body of the roach is compressed, the back elevated and the head depressed and very small. The depth of the body is one third of the total length without the caudal; the head is con- tained four and two third times in this length. The eye is FISHES OF NEW YORK 133 contained three and one half times in the length of the head. The mouth is small, oblique, the maxillary not reaching to ver- tical through front of eye. The dorsal fin is much higher than long; its base is equal to the least depth of the caudal peduncle or twice the diameter of the eye, situated on middle of body opposite the space between the ventral and anal fins. Anal longer than dorsal, its longest ray slightly exceeding the length of the base. Caudal forked. Lateral line much decurved on lower half of body behind pectorals. D. 8; A. 13. Scales 10-53-83. Teeth 5-5, hooked and with grinding surface. The roach, shiner, golden shiner or bream is one of the com- monest fishes of the eastern states. It is found from New England to Minnesota and southward. A variety of the roach replaces the common northern form from North Carolina to ‘Texas. ; Evermann and Bean obtained it at Rouse Point N. Y. and in Scioto creek, Coopersville N. Y. July 19, 1894. In the Lake Ontario basin, the U. 8S. Fish Commission has it from: Salt brook, 14 miles above Nine Mile point June 11, 1893 Cape Vincent June 21, 1894 Grenadier island June 27, 1894 Black river, Huntingtonville July 5,1894 Guffon creek, Chaumont July 7, 1894 Chaumont river July 10, 1894 Black creek, Scriba Corners July 17, 1894 Mouth Salmon river, Selkirk July 25, 1894 Dr Meek secured it in sluggish water. on the flats near Ithaca. The roach is abundant in the lakes of Central park and in the Bronx; it was not found in the large lake of Prospect park, Brooklyn. | Eugene Smith records its occurrence in the vicinity of New York associated with the common sunfish, killies, and catfish. The roach grows to a length of 1 foot and a weight of 15 pounds. It frequents sluggish waters, abounding in bayous and weedy ponds, as well as in tidal waters. According to Jordan, 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ¢ its favorite shelter is the yellow pond lily. It may be readily | distinguished by its shape, which resembles that of the shad, and by the very long anal fin, which contains from 14 to 17 rays. The colors of this fish are greenish above and the sides silvery with golden reflections. Fins usually yellowish; lower fins scar- let in breeding males. Though the roach is not a good food fish, it is taken by the hook in large numbers and is a very useful species for bait. The roach, writes Eugene Smith, is an active fish and lives well in the aquarium, becoming very familiar with its keeper. Owing to the small size of its gullet, the smaller individuals: will at length starve unless their food is much comminuted. The fish spawned in captivity in May, and early in December of the same year the young were 14 inches long. The adults do not like earthworms, but feed freely on chopped hard clams. | 76 Abramis chrysoleucas roseus subsp. nov. Irish Roach; Pearl Roach- Abramis crysoleucas subspecies, BEAN, Bull, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y. IX, 334, 1897. The “Irish roach” or “pearl roach” of a lake in Centra? park, New York city, is even more distinct from the typical northern roach than is the subspecies bosci of the rivers of the South Atlantic states, and should receive a name. This. form is readily distinguished from A. er ysoleucas by its short and deep body, uniform size of scales on all parts of the body, and the permanent vermilion color of the pectoral, ventral, and anal fins. An example studied in the New York aquarium has D. i, 7; A. i, 12; V. i. 8, scales 10-48-4; teeth 5-5, hooked, crenate, and with a grinding surface. The lateral line appar- ently is not so strongly decurved as in A. er ysoleucas. This is a beautiful fish and extremely shy in captivity. Two females and a male were ready to Spawn in the aquarium ahout the end of June 1896. The females cast their eggs, but they were immediately eaten by the fish. FISHES OF NEW YORK 135 Genus norroprs Rafinesque ‘Body oblong or elongate, m~re or less compressed; mouth nor- mal, mostly terminal and oblique, sometimes subinferior; no barbels; teeth in one or two rows, those of the larger row always 4-4, hooked, sharp edged, or with a narrow: grinding surface; scales large, often closely imbricated, those before the dorsal rarely very small; lateral line complete or nearly so, usually decurved; dorsal fin inserted above, or more usually behind, the ventrals; anal fin short or moderately long; abdomen rounded, never sharp edged. Coloration more or less silvery, often brilliant, the males in spring usually with red or white pigment and the head with small tubercles. A very large group of small fishes, specially characteristic of the fresh waters of the eastern United States, containing about 100 species, many of them characterized by extensive individual variations. (After Jordan and Evermann) ; 77 Notropis bifrenatus (Cope) Bridled Minnow Hybopsis bifrenatus Corr, Cypr. Penna. 384, 1866; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 211, 1868 (as a doubtful species), Hemitremia dbifrenata JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. S. Nat. Mus, 162, 1888. Notropis bifrenatus JorpAN, Check List Fishes N. A. 22, 1885; JorpAn & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 258, 1896. - Front convex between the orbits; length of muzzle equals diameter of iris band and pupil, sometimes nearly equals orbit. Iris colored in continuation of the lateral band.. The lateral line _ rarely extends half way to the dorsal fin, while the pores of the same may be observed at the bases of the scales for half the remaining length of the animal. Length of the largest speci- “men, 19 lines; breadth of muzzle at nares, 1.5 lines. Radii of the scales strong. Color above straw, the scales delicately brown edged; below impure white, with a narrow black line along base of anal fin to caudal. Along each side from caudal fin around the end of muzzle including the end of the mandible, a shining black band 136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM .} one and one half scales in width. This is bordered above on the muzzle, forming an are from orbit to orbit, by an orange band, which is strongly margined above by the brown of the top of the front. Opercular and suborbital regions below the black band, pure silvery. (Rearranged from Cope) Head four and one fifth; depth four and one fifth; eye three. D. 8; A. 7. Scales 5-36-3; teeth 44. Body rather slender, the coe peduncle somewhat contracted; head moderate, the muzzle yery obtuse; mouth oblique, the jaws about equal, upper lip opposite lower part of pupil; eye large, longer than snout; lateral line developed for a very short distance. 13 scales. before dorsal. Length 14 to 2 inches. This little minnow has no common name. It is found from Massachusetts to Maryland and is abundant in tributaries of the Delaware river. On account of its conspicuous colors, it is @. useful bait for game fishes, specially the black bass. 78 Notropis anogenus Forbes Notropis anogenus ForBeEs, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 188, 1885; Merrx, Ann. N. &. Acad. Sei. TV, 304, 1888; is near Montezuma, N. Y.; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 259, 1896. Head four and one fourth; depth four and two fifths; eye three and one fourth. D.8; A.7. Lateral line 34 to 37, 13 before dor- sal. Teeth 4-4. Very similar to N. heterodon, but with the lateral line usually complete; the mouth very small and very oblique, almost wholly anterior; the lower jaw included, the upper lip above level of pupil; snout very short, blunt, shorter than eye. Dusky; a dusky lateral band through eye, ending in | a faint black spot at base of caudal; a black speck above each pore of lateral line; chin black. Length 14 inches. Western New York (Cayuga lake, Meek) to northern Illinois; rather scarce. (After Jordan and Evermann) According to Meek the species is quite common in the canaF near Montezuma N. Y. It is the smallest of all the Cayuga lake fishes. 79 Notropis cayuga Meek Notropis cayuga MEEK, Ann, N. Y. Acad. Sci. IV, 305, 1888, Cayuga Lake, N. Y.; JorDAN, Bull. U. 8. F. C, LX, 17, 1891; Jorpan & EVERMANN,. Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 260, 1896. FISHES OF NEW YORK 13F Head four and one sixth; depth four and one half; eye three and one half. Scales 36; before dorsal 14. Teeth 4-4. Allied to N. heterodon, from which it may be best known by the absence of black on the chin. Lateral line wanting on some scales; mouth very small, anterior, the maxillary not reaching the eye; jaws subequal; eye large, equal to snout. Scales above dark edged, the outlines very sharply defined; chin not black; a black stripe through snout and eye, a dusky lateral shade and a small caudal spot. Length 24 inches. Cayuga lake and north- ern New York, westward to Assiniboia, South Dakota, Ne- braska, Kansas and Arkansas. Not rare, but hitherto usually confounded with N. heterodon. (After Jordan and Ever- mann) Several examples were taken by Dr Meek near Ithaca. The longest was 2; inches. He also obtained it from the canal near Montezuma N. Y. The U. S. Fish Commission parties secured this minnow in many localities in 1894. Mouth of Little Salmon creek July 25 Chaumont river July 10. Black creek, tributary of Oswego river July 17 Three Mile creek, Oswego July 27 Great Sodus bay Aug. 6 Guffon creek, Chaumont July 7 Four Mile creek, Nine Mile point, Webster Anigtt Cemetery creek, Watertown July 5 Mud creek, Cape Vincent June 25 Mill creek, Sacketts Harbor July 2 80 Notropis heterodon (Cope) Alburnops heterodon Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 281, 1864. Hybopsis heterodon Corr, Cypr. Penna. 382, 1866. Leuciscus heterodon GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VU, 261, 1868. Hemitremia heterodon JoRDAN, Man. Vert. 303, 1878; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 163, 1883. Notropis heterodon JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 22, 1885; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 261, 1896. Head four; depth four; eye three in head, D. 8; A. 8. Scales 536-8, the lateral line extending about half the length of 138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM body; teeth 4-4, often crenate. Body moderately stout, the back somewhat elevated; head rather pointed, the muzzle acuminate; mouth oblique, lower jaw projecting, upper lip oppo- site upper rim of pupil; maxillary extending to opposite front of orbit; 13 scales in front of dorsal; lateral line usually more or less imperfect. Color olivaceous; chin black; a blackish rostral band; sides with a leaden or dusky band. Length 23 inches. New York to Michigan and Kansas, common. Va- riable. (After Jordan and Evermann) Common in all the sluggish water on the flats near Ithaca. Not found at the north end of the lake, where it seems to be re- placed by Notropis anogenus. Meek The U.S. Fish Commission collectors have obtained it at Cape Vincent N. Y. June 21, Stony Island, July 2 and 3, and at Guffon creek, Chaumont, July 7, 1894. 81 Notropis blennius (Girard) Straw-colored Minnow Alburnops blennius GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 194, 1856. Pacifie R. R. Surv. X, 261, pl. 57, figs. 13-16, 1858. Minnilus blennius JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 193, 1883. Notropis blennius JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N, A. 24, 1885; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 261, 1896. ' Body slender, elongate, its greatest depth one fifth of total length without caudal; head rather large, one fourth of total length without caudal; the eye large, a little longer than snout, one third as long as the head; mouth small, inferior, horizontal, the maxilla reaching to front of orbit; snout very obtuse; dorsal a little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal, its origin about over end of pectoral, its longest ray three fourths as long as the head; teeth 4-4; 13 to 15 rows of scales before dorsal. The ventral is under the base of the dorsal, its length equal to length of head without snout. D. 8 to 9; A. 7 to 8. Scales 5 to 6-82 to 38-4. Color pale olivaceous; sides usually pale; usually a darker dorsal band and a small dark bloteh before dorsal, sometimes a plumbeous lateral stripe but no caudal spot; fins all plain. Length 2 to 24 inches. FISHES OF NEW YORK 139 This small minnow is found in the Great ae region, west- ward to Dakota and south to Texas. The U.S. Fish Commission collectors secured a moderate number of specimens in 1894 at the following localities. Cape Vincent June 23 Grenadier island June 27 Little Stony brook, Henderson bay July 4 Big Sandy creek, Belleville July 12 Mouth Salmon river, Selkirk July 25 Great Sodus bay Aug. 6 Dr B. W. Evermann and Barton A. Bean secured 12 examples in Scioto creek, Coopersville N. Y. July 19, 1894. They also took many specimens July 17 in the St Lawrence river, 3 miles below Ogdensburg N. Y. Dr Evermann observed a diffuse plum- beous band along the side, each scale in the lateral line punctate with black, making the lateral line very conspicuous. In many a very small black spot was present at base of caudal. The dorsal was very low, only five ninths length of head. 82 Notropis procne (Cope) Shiner Hybognathus procne Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 279, 283, 1864. Hybopsis procne Corr, Cypr. Penna. 385, pl. XI, fig. 2, 1866. Leuciscus procne GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 260, 1868. Cliola procne JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 169, 1883. Notropis procne JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 23, 1885; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 87, 1893; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 264, 1896. This little minnow has a short, slender and compressed body and a very slender caudal peduncle. The greatest depth, at the dorsal origin equals the length of the head, which is about one fourth of the total without caudal. In some described speci- mens the head is contained four and three fourths times and the depth of the body five and one fourth times in total length without caudal. The snout is short and obtuse, shorter than the eye, which is two fifths as long as the head. The mouth is terminal and small, the maxilla not reaching to front of eye, and the jaws equal. The lateral line is gently curved down- 140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ward over the pectoral and, in the specimen examined, becomes interrupted in its posterior half. The dorsal origin is over the 12th scale of the lateral line and nearly over the ventral origin. The dorsal base is a little more than half as long as the head, and the longest ray is as long as the head. The ventral reaches to the anal origin. The anal base is half as long as the head and the longest anal ray is four fifths as long as the head. The caudal is moderately forked. D. 8; A. 7; V. 8; P. 13. Scales 5-32 to 34-3; teeth 4-4. Length of specimen described, from Havre de Grace Md., 24+ inches. Color in spirits light brown, the belly pale and lower half of head silvery. A narrow dark line along the top of the back and a narrow dark median band continued forward on the nose. Fins all pale. In life the body is olivaceous with a dark lateral stripe. The long tail suggests the name procne,a kind of swallow. The shiner is found from western New York to Maryland. Prof. Cope found it abundant in the tributaries of the Delaware and Susquehanna, in slow moving streams. It reaches the length of 24 inches. Eugene Smith records it as “very plentiful in the small brooks directly running into tide water. It appears to approach the sea more closely than any other minnow, though it is never found in brackish water. It delights in strong currents, but in captivity lives well in the aquarium, feeding voraciously. It is almost entirely carnivorous. The Palisade ridge is probably the furthest limit of this species towards the east. It is met with in company of the suckers and the roach.” It has proved an excellent bait for the game fishes. 83 Notropis hudsonius (DeWitt Clinton) Spawn-eater ; Smelt Clupea hudsonia Dk Wrrr Crinton, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. I, 49, Die 2, fig. 2, 1824 (fide Giinther). Leuciscus hudsonius Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 206, pl. 34, fig. 109, 1842. ‘Hudson river and tributaries) Hybopsis hudsonius Corr, Cypr. Penna, 386, pl. 12; fis, 3)1866; Cliola hudsonia JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. §. Nat, Mus. 171, 1883. FISHES OF NEW YORK 141 Notropis hudsonius JORDAN, Cat. Fish, N. A. 24, 1885; BEAN, Fishes Penna, 38, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 269, 1896, pl. XLVI, fig. 119. The spawn-eater has a moderately elongate and compressed body, its greatest hight contained four and one half times in the total length without caudal, and about equal to length of head. The head is conical, with short, blunt snout equal to the diameter of the eye, which is contained three and one half times in the length of the head. The space between the eyes equals length of postorbital part of head. Mouth small, nearly hori- zontal, the lower jaw very slightly the shorter, the maxilla reaching the vertical through the posterior nostril. The lateral line is slightly curved downward over the pectoral, straight and median for the rest of its course. The origin of the dorsal is over, and of the ventral under, the 13th scale of the lateral line. The dorsal base is two thirds as long as the head, and the longest ray as long as the head. The ventral reaches nearly or quite to the vent. The anal origin is under the 24th scale of the lateral line; the anal base is one half and the longest anal ray four fifths as long as the head. The caudal is large and deeply forked, its middle rays half as long as the outer. D. 8; A. 8 or 9; V. 8; P. 14. Scales 7-88-5; teeth 2, 4-4, 1 or 2, with a narrow grinding surface on at least two. Length of specimens described from Washington D. C. 33 to 4% inches. Color in spirits pale brown, the fins and all of head except upper surface pale; a broad median silvery band, its greatest width about equal to diameter of eye; a dusky spot at the root of the caudal in the young. The spawn-eater is said to occur from Lake Superior to New York and southward. In Pennsylvania begins a form elsewhere described as N. amarus, which differs in the structure of the pharyngeal teeth. This minnow does not much frequent small streams, but is abundant in the Delaware river and also in Lake Erie. De Kay records its occurrence in the Hudson and its tributaries. In the Lake Ontario region the U. 8S. Fish Commission col- lectors obtained numerous specimens in these localities. "142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Salt brook, 14 miles above Nine Mile point June 10-11, 1893 Cape Vincent June 21, 1894 Grenadier island June 27, 1894 Horse island, Sacketts Harbor June 30, i894 Mouth Salmon river, Selkirk July 25, 1894 Three Mile creek, Oswego July 27,1894 Great Sodus bay Aug. 6, 1894 Long pond, Charlotte Aug. 17, 1894 Lake shore, mouth Long pond Aug. 17, 1894 Nine Mile point, Webster Aug. 23, 1894 East end Lake Ontario 1894 Livingston Stone also collected the species at Cape Vincent Aug. 9, 1898. In the Lake Champlain basin Evermann and Bean obtained it at Scioto creek, Coopersville, and Rouse Point July 19, 1894. The spawn-eater reaches the length of 10 inches. Its teeth are usually four in the principal row and two in the inner. Its spawn-eating habits are not verified. 84 Notropis hudsonius amarus (Girard) Gudgeon Hudsonius amarus GirRARD, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 210, 1856. (Chesa- peake Bay; Potomac river at Washington) Hybopsis storerianus Corr, Cypr. Penna, 386, 1866. Leuciscus storerianus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 250, 1868; Kirr- LAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. V, 30, pl. LX, fig. 2, 1847. Cliola storeriana JorpDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 170, 1883. Notropis amarus BEAN, Fishes Penna, 39, pl. 23, fig. 37, 1893. Notropis hudsonius amarus JoRDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 24, 1885; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 270, 1896. The gudgeon has a moderately elongate and compressed body and a slender caudal peduncle. The greatest depth equals one fourth of the total length to base of caudal, and the least depth of the peduncle equals the length of the postorbital part of head. The head is rather short with an obtuse short snout; the length of the head is nearly one fourth of the total to base of caudal. The snout is one fourth and the eye one third as long as the head. The maxilla extends to the vertical through the front of FISHES OF NEW YORK 143 the eye; the lower jaw is slightly included; the mouth is slightly oblique. The width of the head equals nearly two thirds of its length. The distance between the eyes equals the length of the orbit. The dorsal origin is over, and the ventral origin under, the 10th scale of the lateral line. The length of the dorsal base equals two thirds that of the head, and the longest dorsal ray is four fifths as long as the head. The anal base is as long as the postorbital part of the head and the longest ray is about two thirds as long as the head. The ventral reaches nearly to the vent, and the pectoral to below the 8th scale of the lateral line. The lateral line is very slightly bent downward over the pec- toral. The caudal is moderate in size and deeply forked. D. ii, 7; A. ii, 7; V..8; P. 15. Scales 6-36 to 39-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1 or 1, 44, 0 in the example described, from the Susquehanna river. Length 41 inches. The teeth are slightly hooked, and two or three on each side have a developed grinding surface. The color in spirits is light brown, the sides of body and lower half of head silvery; the young have a narrow dusky median lateral band, which is sometimes continued on the snout, and a more or less distinct small dark blotch at the base of the caudal. The fins are all pale. The gudgeon or smelt of Pennsylvania is a variety of N. hudsonius of Clinton, which ranges from Lake Superior to New York and south in streams east of the Alleghanies to Georgia. ‘The southern form is the variety amarus of Girard, which exhibits some difference in its pharyngeal teeth. The species is an extremely variable one. It grows to a length | of about 8 inches. Prof. Cope records it as abundant in the Susquehanna, specially in the lower part of the river. This is a handsome silvery fish, and is as much used for food as its associate, the silvery minnow. 85 Notropis whipplii (Girard) Silverfin Cyprinella whipplii Grrarv, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 198, 1856. Photogenis spilopterus CoPE, Cypr. Penna. 378, 1866. Leuciscus spilopterus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus. VII, 254, 1868. 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Luzilus kentuckiensis KIRTLAND, Bost. Jour, Nat. Hist..V, 27, pl. VIII, fig. 8, 1847. : Hypsilepis kentuckiensis Copr, Cypr. Penna. 371, 1866. : Cliola whipplei JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 178, 1888. Cliola analostana JORDAN & GILBERT, op. cit. 179,.1883. ; Notropis whipplei BEAN, Fishes Penna. 39, 1893, | Notropis whipplit JoRpDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S: Nat. Mus. 278, 1896, pl. XLVIII, fig. 121; 1900: The silverfin has a moderately elongate body, which is fusi- form in the adult. The caudal peduncle is short and stout. The depth of the body at the ventral fin equals nearly one fourth of the total length to the caudal base. The head is conical, com- pressed and with a pointed snout a little longer than the eye, which is two ninths as long as the head. The mouth is moder- ate, terminal, slightly oblique, the jaws nearly equal, the max- illa reaching to vertical through front of eye. The head is two ninths of the total length without caudal. The dorsal! origin is a little behind the ventral origin and over the 15th scale of the lateral line. The length of the dorsal base equals one seventh of the total without caudal, and the longest ray is as long as the head without the snout. The ventral reaches nearly to the anal. The anal begins under the 21st scale of the lateral line; its base is as long as the dorsal base, and its longest ray is about two thirds as long as the head. The caudal is large and moderately forked. The lateral line curves downward over the pectoral. D. 8; A. 9; V. 8; P. 14. Scales 6-38 to 41-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with more or less serrate edges. Length of specimen described, from the Susquehanna river, 4 inches. In spirits the back is brown, the sides dull silvery, the scales with a dusky margin, and the lower parts are whitish. A nar- row and long black blotch on the membrane between the 6th and 7th and another between the 7th and 8th dorsal rays. Lower fins pale. Males in spring have the fins partly or wholly charged with white pigment, and in the hight of the breeding season the pigment in the dorsal has a greenish tint, and the top of the head and snout is covered with minute tubercles. This is one of our finest minnows for the aquarium and is useful as food and bait for larger fishes. FISHES OF NEW YORK 145 The silverfin ranges from western New York to Virginia and > west to Minnesota and Arkansas. It is a common and variable species. It reaches a length of 4 inches. In Pennsylvania it occurs in all the rivers and creeks, but according to Prof. Cope is least common in tributaries of the Delaware. According to Dr Meek it is common on flats near Fall creek and in the southern end of Cayuga lake. Evermann and Bean took it in Scioto creek, Coopersville N. Y. in July 1894. In the Lake Ontario region the U. 8. Fish Commission secured the following specimens: Grenadier island June 27, 1894 Horse island, Sacketts Harbor June 30, 1894 Cape Vincent ; June 21, 1894 Mill creek, Sacket Harbor July 2, 1894 Cemetery creek and Black river, Watertown July 5,1894 Chaumont river July 10, 1894 Great Sodus bay Aug. 6, 1894 Creek near Pultneyville Aug. 7, 1894 Specimens were obtained also by Livingston Stone at Cape Vincent Aug. 9, 1898, and presented to the State Museum. Subgenus Luxitus Rafinesque 86 Notropis cornutus (Mitchill) Shiner ; Redfin Cyprinus cornutus Mircuity, Amer. Month. Mag. I, 289, July, 1817. (meager preliminary notice); op. cit. I1, 324, Feb. 1818. (Wallkill river, N. Y.) Cyprinus megalops RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 121, Dee. 1817. (Hudson river, above the falls) Y Leuciscus vittatus Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 212, pl. 34, fig. 108, 1842. (Chittenonda and other tributaries of the Mohawk; also in Mohawk) Hypsilepis cornutus Corr, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 158, 1867. Leuciscus cornutus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 207, pl. 29, fig. 92, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 249, 1868. Minnilus cornutus JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 186, 1885. Minnilus plumbeolus JonpaAN & GiLBeRT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 192, 1883, Notropis megalops JorDAN, Cat. Fish, N. A. 26, 1885; Brean, Fishes Penna. 40, 1893. Notropis cornutus JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 281, 1896. 146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The redfin when young has the body moderately elongate, but it becomes deeper with age and much compressed. The caudal peduncle is short, and its depth equals length of postorbita} part of head. The depth of the body at the ventral is contained three and one third to four times in the total length without the caudal. The head is short, deep and thin, its length one fourth of the total without caudal, its width about one half its length. The eye is as long as the snout and two sevenths as long as the head. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the max- illa reaching about to vertical through front of eye. ‘The dorsal origin is over, and the ventral origin under, the 12th scale of the lateral line. The length of the dorsal base equals one sey- enth of the total without the caudal, and its longest ray one fifth of the same length. The ventral reaches nearly or quite to vent. The anal origin is under the 23d scale of the lateral line. The anal base is one half, and the longest ray two thirds as long as the head. The caudal is large and deeply forked. The lateral line descends in a long curve, becoming straight and median over the anal origin. D. 8; A. 9; V. 8; P. 15. Seales 7-40 to 41-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with narrow grinding surface. Length of specimens described, from 4 to 44 inches. The upper parts of this fish are steel blue and the scales are dusky at the edge and base. The sides are silvery, overlaid with a gilt line; there is another gilt band along the back. The belly is silvery except in spring males, in which it is a bright rosy color. The male in the breeding season has the lower jaw and the top of the head and nape covered with small tubercles. In the breeding condition this is a very handsome species, though the females and young lack the bright colors of the adult male. The redfin is known also as the common shiner, dace, rough- head, and banded dace. It is a very widely distributed species, is extremely variable, and, as a consequence, some geographic races have received distinct names. It extends from Maine to the Rocky mountains, but is absent from the Carolinas and Texas. It grows to a length of 8 inches. In Pennsylvania the species is common everywhere and is best known under the name of redfin. It reaches a very large size in Lake Erie. FISHES OF NEW YORK 147 In New York Mitchill had it from the Wallkill; Rafinesque from the Hudson above the falls. De Kay knew it from the Mohawk and some of its tributaries including the Chittenonda. Dr Meek found it very,common throughout the entire Cayuga lake basin. Evermann and Bean collected it in the Saranac river, Plattsburg, July 28, and in Scioto creek, Coopersville, July 19, 1894. They secured it also in the St Lawrence river, 3 miles below Ogdensburg, July 17, 1894. The U.S. Fish Commis- sion field parties found it very common in the Lake Ontario basin 1892 to 1894, specimens having been recorded from: Sacket Harbor, Charlotte, Huntingtonville, Henderson Harbor, Cape — Vincent, Pulaski, Oswego, Pultneyville, Pointbreeze, Webster, Belleville, Scriba Corners, Wart creek, North Hamlin and Salt brook. ; The redfin runs into small brooks and is most abundant in eddies and other quiet parts of the streams. It has no value except as food and bait for larger fishes, specially the black bass and pike perch. The flesh is very soft and decays rapidly after death. 87 Notropis cornutus frontalis (Agassiz) Leuciscus frontalis AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 368, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1850, or Hyp- solepis frontalis fide GUNTHER. Hypsilepis cornutus gibbus Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 158, 1867. Minnilus cornutus var. frontalis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bulls slony Wess) Nets Mus. 187, 1883. Notropis megalops frontalis MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. IV, 307, 1888. Notropis cornutus frontalis JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. | 283, 1896. Very close to the typical cornutus, differing in its very heavy head and in the smaller number of scales (13 to 18) in advance of the dorsal. Great lakes; everywhere common in mouths of brooks. Dr Meek found it scarce near Ithaca and common near Montezuma N. Y. Subgenus Norropis 88 Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque Emerald Minnow; Rosy Minnow Notropis atherinoides RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 204, Jan. 1818. Alburnus rubellus AGAssiz; Lake Superior, 364, pl. 3, figs. 1-6, 1850. Leuciscus rubellus GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 254, 1868, 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Minnilus rubellus and dinemus JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 202, 1883. Notropis atherinoides JorDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 27, 1885; MerexK, Ann, N.Y. Acad. Sci. IV, 3808, 1888; Bean, Fishes Penna. 44, 1898; Jornpan & EXVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 293, 1896. The emerald minnow or rosy minnow has a long and thin body and the caudal peduncle moderately short and deep. The great- est depth of the body is contained four and three fourths to five and one half times in the total length to caudal base; the least depth of the caudal peduncle is contained 113 times in the same length. The greatest width of the body is one half its hight. The head is of moderate size, its length two ninths of the total to caudal base. The snout is short and somewhat pointed, its length one fourth that of the head. Eye large, about three and one fourth times in length of head; mouth oblique, moder- ate, the maxilla reaching front of eye. The dorsal origin is midway between the eye and the base of the caudal, over the 17th scale of the lateral line. The base of the fin is two fifths as long as the head, and the longest ray equals the length of the head without the snout. The ventral origin is under the 18th scale of the lateral line, and the fin scarcely reaches to below the end of the dorsal base. The pectoral reaches to below the eighth or ninth scale of the lateral line. The anal origin is under the 24th scale of the lateral line; the base is one half as long as the head, and the longest ray equals the snout and eye combined. The caudal is rather large and deeply forked. The lateral line sweeps downward in a long and shallow curve, becoming nearly median over the anal base. D. ii, 7; A. ii, 9; V. 8; P. 14. Scales 6-39-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2 or 1, some of them with a slight hook and narrow grinding surface. The specimens described (no. 8735, U. S. National Museum) are 4 to 4} inches long. In spirits the upper parts are light brown, the sides and cheeks silvery, and the belly golden brown; the fins all pale; the width of the silvery stripe equal to diameter of eye. In life the upper parts are greenish; breeding males have the snout rosy. The emerald minnow is found in the Great lakes region, the Ohio valley and south to Tennessee, being abundant in lakes FISHES OF NEW YORK 149 and in rapids of rivers. The variety found in Pennsylvania has a shorter snout and a smaller eye than the typical at her- inoides and has received the specific name dinemus; but the differences are not supposed to be constant. The emerald minnow reaches a length of 6 inches; it is gregarious like other minnows; and its golden lateral stripe on a clear green ground makes it a handsome species. Dr Meek found one example near Ithaca, in Six Mile creek, below the falls. A few specimens were also found in a small stream near Montezuma dry dock, in company with N. lythrurus. Evermann and Bean caught a single example in Scioto creek, Coopersville, July 19, 1894; also three specimens in the St Lawrence river, 3 miles below Ogdensburg July 17, 1894. At Cape Vincent June 21, 1894, the U.S. Fish Commission collectors took 29 specimens, and at Grenadier island, June 27, they obtained 14 individuals. Livingston Stone also collected the species at Cape Vincent Aug. 9, 1898, and presented speci- mens to the State Museum, 89 Notropis rubrifrons (Cope) Rosy-faced Minnow Alburnus rubrifrons Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 85, 1865. Alburnellus rubrifrons Corr, Cypr. Penna. 388, pl. XIII, fig. 3, 1866. Leuciscus rubrifrons GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 255, 1868. Minnilus rubrifrons and percobromus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 202, 1883. Notropis dilectus BEAN, Fishes Penna. 44, 1893. Notropis rubrifrons JorDAN, Cat. Fish. N, A. 27, 1885; JoRDAN & HVER- MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 295, 1896. The rosy-faced minnow has the body moderately long and thin, with a short and deep caudal peduncle. The greatest depth of the body equals one fourth, and the least depth of the peduncle, one eighth of the total length to base of caudal. The head is moderate in size; its width one half of its length, which is one fourth of the total to base of caudal. The snout is pointed and shorter than the eye, which is one fourth to two sevenths as long as the head and equal to the distance between the eyes. The mouth is oblique, and the lower jaw projects slightly; the ~ 150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM maxilla reaches nearly to below the front of the pupil. The dorsal origin is over the 15th, and the ventral origin under the 12th scale of the lateral line. The base of the dorsal is half as long as the head, and the longest dorsal ray equals the length of the head without the snout. The ventral reaches to the vent, which is under the 18th scale of the lateral line. The anal base is as long as the snout and eye combined, and the longest anal ray is two thirds as long as the head. The caudal is moderate in size and deeply forked. The lateral line curves gently down- ward over the pectoral. D. ii, 7; A. 11, 8; V. 8; P. 18. Seales 6-86-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked. The specimens described are 2 inches long. In spirits the body is pale brown; a silvery shade along the median line; the head silvery except above; belly golden; fins all pale. In life the upper parts are olive green and the sides silvery. Males in the breeding condition in spring have prickles on the snout and the forehead; gill covers and dorsal base with a rosy flush. The name dilectus means delightful. The rosy-faced minnow, though reaching a length of only 3 inches or less, is a very beautiful fish. It is abundant in the Ohio valley and extends westward to Nebraska. This is the Alburnellus rubrifrons of Cope. The U. 8S. Fish Commission collections of 1894 contain this minnow from Salt brook, 14 miles above Nine Mile point June 11, Mill creek, Sacket Harbor July 2, Wart creek July 24, Sandy creek, North Hamlin Aug. 20. Evermann and Bean secured it in abundance in Racquette river, Norfolk, July 18, 1894, and they had a few specimens from Scioto creek, Coopersville, July 19, 1894. 90 Notropis amoenus (Abbott) Alburnellus amenus Apporr, Amer. Nat. VIII, 334, 1874. - Raritan River, LP Notropis amwnus Jorvan, Bull, U. S.’Fish Com. XIII, 102, 1891; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 296, 1896. Head four; depth five and one third (four and three fourths to five and one half); eye three and one third. D. 8; A. 10. Scales FISHES OF NEW YORK 151 6-39-38. Close to Notropis rubrifrons, but the scales before dorsal smaller, as in N. photogenis. Body elon- gate, compressed; eye large, longer than snout; mouth large, oblique, the jaws subequal, the maxillary reaching to below front of eye; 22 to 25 (rarely 18 to 20) scales before dorsal; lateral line much decurved; dorsal high, placed behind ventrals; pectorals moderate. Translucent green, sides silvery, with sometimes a faint plumbeous band ending in an obscure plum- beous spot. Length 32 inches. Clear streams east of the Alleghanies from the Raritan to the Neuse; abundant; formerly confounded with N. photogenis, of which it may be a variety. (After Jordan and Evermann) Eugene Smith! says it is perhaps a variety of N. photo- genis (Cope). Abbott mentions it from the Raritan river, near New Brunswick N. J. 91 Notropis umbratilis lythrurus Jordan Redfin Notropis lythrurus JorDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 476, 1884... Hypsilepis diplaemia Corn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 162, 1867. Minnilus diplaemius JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S: Nav. Mus) 197, 1883. Luxilus lucidus Girarp, Pacific R. R. Surv. Fishes, 282, pl. LX, figs. 9-12, 1858. Notemigonus lucidus JORDAN & GILBERT, Op. cit. 249, 1883. Notropis lythrurus MEEK, Ann. N. Y, Ac... Sei. IV, 307, 1888. Notropis umbratilis lythrurus JoRDAN & EVERMANN IDO eee WO ISS INE Mus. 300, 1896. Head four and one fourth; depth four to four and one half; eye three to four. D. 7; A. 11. Scales 9-40 to 52-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body compressed, the caudal peduncle long; head long, conical, rather pointed; mouth large, moderately oblique, the premaxillary on level of pupil, the maxillary reaching to below eye; lower jaw somewhat projecting; eye moderate, about equal to muzzle; scales closly imbric: ated, crowded anteriorly, about 30 before dorsal; dorsal fin high, inserted about midway be- tween ventrals and ae personals not reaching bisakogt eee 1Z,inn. Soe. N. Y. Proce. “4807. no. 9, p- 18. 152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ventrals reaching to vent; caudal fin long. Coloration dark steel blue above; pale or silvery below; a more or less evident black spot at base of dorsal in front; the fins otherwise all plain. - Males with the anterior dorsal region and the head profusely covered with small whitish tubercles, the belly and lower fins being of a bright brick red in the spring. Females very pale olive, sometimes almost colorless. Length 3} inches. Minne- sota to western New York (Cayuga lake), North Carolina, Ala- bama, and Kansas; generally abundant in small, clear streams. (After Jordan and Evermann) Dr Meek took a single specimen from a small stream near the Montezuma dry dock. Genus RHINICHTHYS Agassiz Body moderately elongate and little compressed, with usually stout caudal peduncle and long, conical nose; head rather large, sometimes broad and flat above; eye small; mouth small, sub- inferior, the upper jaw fixed by the union of the upper lip to the skin of the forehead; end of maxillary with a small barbel. Teeth 2 4-4, 2 (sometimes 2, 4-4, 1) those of the principal row usually hooked, without grinding surface. A short intestinal canal; scales very small; lateral line decurved, continuous; dorsal origin slightly behind ventral; base of anal short. Small fishes inhabiting clear, cold brooks and streams. 92 Rhinichthys cataractae (Cuv. & Val.) Long Nosed Dace; Niagara Gudgeon Gobio cataractae CuvirR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XVI, 315, pl. 485 (poor), 1842 (specimen 5 inches long, from Niagara Falls, N. Y., Milbert); De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 394; 1842. (After Cuvier and Valenciennes) Leuciscus nasutus Ayres, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. IV, 299, pl. XIII, fig. 3 (very bad), 1844. West Hartford, Conn. Specimen 514 inches long. Rhinichthys marmoratus AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 354, pl. 2, figs. 1-2; 1850; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 189, 1868. Rhinichthys nasutus GUNTHER, op. cit. VII, 189. Argyreus nasutus Copr, Cypr. Penna. 369, pl. XII, fig. 5, 1866. Ceratichthys cataractae GUNTHER, op. cit. VII, 176, 1878. Khinichthys cataractae Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 207, 1883; Bran, Fishes Penna, 46, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 306, 1896. FISHES OF NEW YORK 153 The long nosed dace has a moderately elongate body, with short and stout caudal peduncle and a moderate sized head. The greatest depth is contained four and two thirds times in the total length without caudal; the least depth of the caudal peduncle eight and one half times. The width of the body equals the combined length of snout and eye. The length of the head is one fourth of the total without caudal and three times the length of the snout. The eye is placed high, one fifth to one quarter as long as the head and about two thirds as long as the interorbital width. The mouth is horizontal, small, placed under the snout, the lower jaw the shorter, the upper lip thick and provided with a small barbel at each end. The maxilla reaches to below the posterior nostril. The dorsal origin is above the 23d scale of the lateral line, and the ventral origin is under the 20th. The dorsal base is one half, and the longest ray four fifths as long as the head. The ventral reaches a little beyond the vent and almost to the anal origin. The pectoral reaches nearly or quite to the origin of the ventral, being longer in males. The anal origin is under the 34th scale of the lateral line and a little behind the end of the dorsal. The anal base is one half, the longest ray three fourths as long as the head. The caudal is comparatively large and well forked. The lateral line drops gently downward in a short curve over the pectoral and becomes median over that fin. D. ii, 7; A. ii, 6; V. 8; P. 12. Scales 13-57 to 65-10; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, three of the principal row hooked. Length of the specimen described (no. 8505, U. 8. National Museum) 34 inches. In spirits the color is brown mottled with grayish; the under surface of head sharply defined and pale; the fins all pale. Breeding males in spring have the lips, cheeks and lower fins crimson. The sides are without a black lateral band, which is characteristic of the black nosed species. The general color is olivaceous or dark green with the lower parts paler. The back is nearly black. Some of the scales are mottled with dark and olivaceous. The young haye a trace of a dusky lateral band. The fish reaches the length of 5} inches. | 154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The long nosed dace or Niagara gudgeon is found in New England and the Middle states, and in the Great lakes region in clear, cold water. In Pennsylvania, according to Cope, it is limited to the rapids and swift waters of the eastern part of the state. Evermann and Bean collected 50 specimens in Saranac river, Plattsburg N. Y. July 28, 1894, but did not find it in the St Lawrence river or in the Lake Ontario tributaries. Though Dr Meek obtained no specimens of this species from Cayuga lake basin, he believes it a member of the fauna, as it is common in the streams south of Ithaca near Van Ettenville, Chemung co. BN. | The long nosed dace frequents rapids and rocky pools, and is associated in mountain regions with the brook trout. Its move- ments are swift and powerful and it is a very shapely little fish. As a bait for the black bass it is scarcely surpassed. 93 Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill) Black Nosed Dace; Brook Minnow Cyprinus atronasus MircuiLy, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 460, 1815. (Wallkill River; Fresh-water trout brooks of New York); Amer. Month. Mag. I, 289, Aug. 1817. Mud-fish, from Wallkill Creek. Cyprinus vittatus RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 121, Dee. 1817. Hudson River above the falls. Leuciscus atronasus Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 205, pl. 28, fig. 69, 1842. Rhinichthys atronasus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 191, 1868; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 208, 1883; Mprx, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 308, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 47, pl. 23, fig.- 39, 1895; JoRDAN & EvERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 307, 1896. Argyreus atronasus STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 122, pl. XXI, fig. 4, 1867. The black nosed dace has a moderately long and stout body, with a broad back, and rather small conical head. The greatest depth of the body is contained four and one fourth to four and one half times in the total length without caudal. The least depth of the caudal peduncle equals one half greatest depth of body. The head is one fourth as long as the fish to caudal base; its width is about one half its length and the snout nearly one third to two seyenths. The eye is as long as the snout and much less than width of interorbital space. The mouth is small, FISHES OF NEW YORK 155 slightly oblique and with nearly equal jaws; the maxillary bar- bel small or wanting; the maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the posterior nostril. The dorsal origin is nearer to root of caudal than to tip of snout, over the 26th scale of the lateral line. The length of the base is contained two and one third times in that of .the head, and the longest ray equals length of head without snout. The ventral origin is slightly in advance of the dorsal origin, and the fin extends to the vent. The pectoral reaches to the 16th scale of the lateral line. In breeding males it is greatly thickened. The anal origin is behind the end of the dorsal base, under the 34th scale of the Jateral line; the fin is variable in length with sex and age, some- times five sixths as long as the head. The caudal is small and not deeply forked. The lateral line curves downward over the pectoral, soon becoming median. D. ii, 6 or 7; A. ii, 6;'V. 8; P. 11. Scales 10-56 to 63-10; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, three of the prin- cipal row strongly hooked. Length of the specimens described (no. 33984, U. S. National Museum) 22 to 3 inches. In spirits the upper parts are brown and are separated from the silvery lower parts by a dark lateral band, as wide as the short diame- ter of the eye and continued on the snout. Breeding males in spring have the lateral band and the lower fins crimson, run- ning into orange in summer. In the young the dark median band extends on the tail fin. The black nosed dace or “rockfish” is represented in our waters by two forms, one of which is found in the eastern part of the Great lakes region and from Maine to Virginia; this is replaced in the upper lake region and in the Ohio valley, south- ward to Georgia and Alabama, by the blunt nosed variety, Rhinichthys obtusus of Agassiz. The species grows to the length of 3 inches. The collections of the U. 8S. Fish Commission in the Lake Onta- rio region contained this species from a great many localities: Cape Vincent, Great Sodus bay, Sacketts Harbor, Stony Island, Grenadier island, Oswego, Buena Vista, Belleville, Pulaski, Wart creek, Huntingtonville, Henderson bay, and Webster. The 156 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fish were taken in June, July and August and were rather com- mon in most places. Evyermann and Bean took one example in the St inom river, 3 miles below Ogdensburg, July 17, 1894; they secured eight specimens in the Saranac, at Plattsburg, July 28, 1894.. According to Dr Meek it is common near Ithaca in all streams above and below the falls; but was not found by him near Mon- tezuma. Mitchill described the fish from fresh-water brooks of New York containing trout, chiefly from ‘the Wallkill, where Rafinesque also knew of its occurrence. De Kay states its hab- itat to be clear, fresh-water streams and rivulets of New York and adjoining states. Eugene Smith found it associated with darters, blobs and small minnows in the vicinity of New York city. This fish prefers clear small brooks. Swift and active in its movements and beautiful in colors, it is one of the most inter- esting inhabitants of the waters in which it lives. In the aqua- rium Eugene Smith observed it to eat voraciously of animal food and to be more hardy than any other minnow. Genus HyBoPsis Agassiz Body robust, or variously elongate; mouth terminal or in- ferior, with lips thin or somewhat fleshy, a conspicuous barbel always present and terminal on the maxillary; a second barbel sometimes present on each side; premaxillaries protractile. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1, or 0; hooked, the grinding surface narrow or obsolete. Scales usually rather large; lateral line continu- ous. Dorsal inserted over, in front of, or slightly behind ven- trals; anal basis short. Males usually with nuptial tubercles, and sometimes flushed with red. A large and varied group, closely allied to Notropis, from which it differs chiefly in the presence of the small maxillary barbel. (After Jordan and Evermann) FISHES OF NEW YORK 157 Subgenus erimystax Jordan 94 Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland) Spotted Shiner wucilus dissimilis KIRTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. III, 341, pl. IV, fig. 2, 1841. nae dissimilis CopE, Cypr. Penna. 368, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1866; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 177, 1868; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 215, 1883. 1ybopsis dissimilis JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 29, 1885; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 48, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 318, 1896. The spotted shiner has a long and slender body, its greatest lepth being nearly one fifth of the total length without the caudal. The caudal peduncle is long and low, its least depth ‘wo fifths of greatest depth of body. The width of the body quals two thirds of its depth. The head is moderately large, ts length one fourth of the total without the caudal. The snout is long but obtusely rounded at the point, its length one und one half times the diameter of the eye, which is two sevenths of the length of the head. The mouth is small, in- ‘erior, horizontal, the maxilla reaching to below the anterior 10stril and with a small barbel at its hind end. The gill open- ngs are separated by a very broad isthmus. The dorsal begins yver the 16th scale of the lateral line and slightly in advance yf the ventral; the dorsal base is one half as long as the head; the longest ray is as long as the head without the snout; the last ray is as long as the snout. The ventral reaches to the vent, its length one seventh of the total without the caudal. The pectoral reaches to below the 13th scale of the lateral line. Che anal origin is under the 27th scale of the jateral line; the inal base is short, equaling the diameter of the eye; the longest ray is as long as the ventral; the last ray is one third as long is the head. The caudal is moderately large and deeply forked, the middle rays one half as long as the external rays. The lateral line is nearly straight and median. D. ii, 8; A. ii, 6; V.7; P.15. Scales 6—43-5;, teeth 4-4, hooked and with a short srinding surface. In spirits the back is brown, the lower parts are whitish, and the sides are broadly striped with silvery. In 158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM life the lateral stripe is bluish and overlaid with dusky spots and is continued forward through the eye around the snout. The fins are pale. The specimen described, no, 36746, U. 8. National Museum, from White River Ind., is 34 inches long, The spotted shiner occurs in the Great lakes region and Ohio valley southward to Kentucky and west to Iowa. It is abun- dant in creeks of western Pennsylvania. Kirtland had the spe- cies from the Mahoning river and from Lake Erie. The spe- cies is most common in the Great lakes and in the channels of large streams, and does not run into small brooks. It is a ready biter and is caught in large numbers by hook fishing. It is useful as bait, being employed with minnows to bait the hooks on “set lines.” The species grows to the length of 6 inches, and derives its name from the bluish band along the sides which is inter- ‘rupted so as to form spots. The sides are bright silvery in color and the fins unspotted. The body is long and slender. Subgenus nysopsis Agassiz 95 Hybopsis storerianus (Kirtland) Lake Minnow Rutilus storerianus KirtLAND, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. I, 71, 1842. (Lake Erie) Leuciscus storerianus KIRTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. V, 30; pl. 9) fic: 1847; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 250, 1868. Ceratichthys lucens JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 218, 1883. Cliola storeriana JORDAN & GILBERT, op. cit. 171, 1888. Hybopsis storerianus JorDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 28, 1885; Jorpan & EVER- MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 321, 1896. Body elongate, compressed, the dorsal outline ascending grad- ually to origin of dorsal, thence descending to the caudal fin; head short, compressed, its length four and one third in total without caudal; depth of body one fourth total; eye equal to snout, one third length of head; interorbital space broad, flat, somewhat grooved, its width about equal to eye; preorbital bone large, oblong, conspicuous, Silvery; mouth rather small, horizontal, the lower jaw included; edge of premaxillary below level of eye; maxillary not reaching to front of orbit; barbel | FISHES OF NEW YORK 159 conspicuous; snout boldly and abruptly decurved, the tip thick- ened, forming a sort of pad; lateral line somewhat decurved. Rows of scales along back converging behind dorsal, where the upper series run out, as in Notropis cornutus. Fins rather higher and more falcate than in H.kentuckiensis; dorsal fin inserted well forward, over ventrals; pectoral fins pointed, not reaching ventrals; ventrals not reaching vent; caudal long, deeply forked. Teeth usually 1, 4-4, 0, hooked, without grinding surface. Translucent greenish above; sides and below brilliantly silvery; cheeks and opercles with a bright silvery luster; fins plain; a slight plumbeous lateral shade; no caudal spot; no red. Length 5 to 10 inches. Lake Erie to Nebraska and eastern Wyoming, Tennessee, and Arkansas; abundant in the larger streams, specially in Iowa. (After Jor- dan and Evermann) _ Kirtland found the lake minnow onlyin Lake Erie, where it was frequently taken with seines in fishing for other species. The U.S. Fish Commission recently added it to the fauna of the Lake Ontario basin, three specimens having been collected in Long pond, Charlotte, Aug. 17, 1894. } Subgenus necomis Girard 96 Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Rafinesque) Horned Chub; River Chub Luxilus kentuckiensis RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohien. 48, 1820. Semotilus biguttatus K1RTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. III, 344, pl. V, fig. 1, 1841. Leuciscus biguttatus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 214 (extralimital), 1842. * Ceratichthys biguttatus Corr, Cypr. Penna. 366, pl. 11, fig. 5, 1866; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 178, 1868; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16. U. S. Nat. Mus. 212, 1883. \ Ceratichthys micropogon JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 212, 1883. Hybopsis kentuckiensis BEAN, Fishes Penna, 49, pl. 24, fig. 40, 1893; JoRDAN & EVerRMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 322, 1896. Body stout and rather short, its greatest depth nearly equal to length of head and one fourth of total length without caudal; snout long and obtuse, its length rather more than one third 160 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM length of head, and nearly twice diameter of eye; mouth large amit placed low, the maxilla reaching to below front of eye, the lower jaw shorter than upper; dorsal origin slightly nearer to root of caudal than to tip of snout, its base one half as long as the head and two thirds as long as its longest ray; ventral under front part of dorsal, its length equal to dorsal base; anal origin under 24th scale of lateral line, longest anal ray about one seventh of total to caudal base, pectoral two thirds as long as head, and reaching to below 18th scale of lateral line; caudal moderately forked. D. iii, 7; A. ii, 6. Scales 6-40 to 45-5. Color bluish olive, the head darker; green and coppery reflections on the sides. Fins pale orange, pinkish in spring; lower parts white. Breeding males have the top of head swollen into a crest and covered with coarse tubercles, from which arises the name horned chub; they have also some- times a red spot on each side of head. The young have a broad dark median band and a dusky spot at the base of the tail fin. Rafinesque states that the fish is known as Indian chub, red- tail and shiner. Other names in eastern localities are nigger chub, river chub, jerker, horned dace and horny-head. The species ranges from Pennsylvania westward to Dakota and south to Alabama. In Pennsylvania it is common in the Susquehanna and the Ohio basin, but absent from the Dela- ware. Dr Meek collected a few specimens at Montezuma N. Y. and found none in any of the other localities investigated. Eugene Smith refers to this species two specimens of fish from the Passaic river. The flesh of his fish appeared to be very soft. The horned chub abounds in large rivers and is rarely seen in small brooks. This minnow grows to a length of 10° inches and is good for food. Asa bait for the black bass the young horned chub, because of its endurance on a hook, can not be excelled. Genus covursius Jordan Body elongate; head normal, not depressed, the profile con- vex; mouth terminal, normal, a well developed barbel on the anterior side of maxillary, just re its ti Teeth 2 2 ry, just above its tip. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, FISHES OF NEW YORK 161 hooked, without grinding surface. Scales rather small; lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin over or slightly behind ventrals; anal basis short. Size rather large. This genus is closely re- lated to the section Nocomis under Hybopsis, from which it may be separated by the presence of two teeth in the lesser row, by the position of the barbel, and by the smaller scales. Its relations with Semotilus are equally close. The species are not well known. (After Jordan) 97 Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz) Lake Chub; Plumbeous Minnow; Morse Lake Minnow Gobio plumbeus AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 366, 1850. Ceratichthys prosthemius Corr, Cypr. Penna. 365, pl. XI, fig. 4, 1866. Ceratichthys plumbeus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus. VII, 176, 1868. Couesius dissimilis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 218, 1883, in part. Couesius prosthemius JORDAN & GILBERT, op. cit. 219, 1883; MATHER, App. 12th Rep. Adirondack Surv. 30, 1886. Couesius plumbeus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 328, 1896. Body moderately elongate and somewhat compressed; great- est depth four and one half to four and two thirds in total length without caudal, and equal to length of head; head rather flat above, not much raised above the level of the eyes; inter- orbital space nearly one and one half times long diameter of eye, which equals snout and is one fourth length of head; head © four and one third in total without caudal; maxillary reaching to below front of orbit, a small barbel placed high at its tip, lower jaw well included. Scales small, smaller in advance of dorsal fin. Lateral line beginning high up on the nape, abruptly descending to the median line over the pectoral fin, and thence running nearly straight to the caudal fin. Dorsal origin mid- way between tip of snout and base of caudal fin, over middle of ventral base, longest ray two thirds of head, length of base one half of head; ventral scarcely longer than dorsal base, the fin not reaching vent; longest anal ray equal to ventral, base of anal two fifths of head; pectoral reaching to 18th scale of | lateral line; caudal deeply forked, its upper lobe two ninths of total without caudal. D.8;A.8. Scales 13-65-8; teeth 2, 4-4, 162 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 29. Brown above; sides somewhat silvery, abruptly separated from the dusky upper parts; snout and top of head back as far as hind border of eye, dusky; fins plain. Length 7 inches. Streams and lakes from Lake Superior east to the Adirondack region and Canada; more common northward. Here described from specimens from Beaver river, Herkimer co. N. Y., and Lake Lomond, near St John N. B. ' Mather had specimens from Morse lake, in the Adirondacks, and it is reported also from Seventh lake, Fulton Chain. The species is known from Lake Superior east to the Adirondacks and New Brunswick. Agassiz had it from Lake Huron as well as Lake Superior. Genus ExoG.Lossum Rafinesque Body rather short and stout, subterete; lower jaw three- lobed, the dentary bones being close together and completely united, not forming a wide arch as in the minnows generally; upper jaw not protractile; pharyngeal bones small, the teeth hooked, and without grinding surface, 1, 4-4, 1. Seales moder- ate; lateral line complete. Dorsal origin is nearly over the be- ginning of the ventral;-anal fin short; isthmus broad; gill rakers weak; pseudobranchiae present; air bladder normal; alimentary canal short; peritoneum white. Size large. No marked sexual peculiarities; the males with some black pigment in spring. 98 Exoglossum maxillingua (Le Sueur) Cut-lips; Nigger Chub Cyprinus mavillingua LE Survur, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 85, 1817, Pipe Creek, Maryland. Broglossum annulatum RA¥FINESQUE, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. I, 421, 1818, Hudson River. Eroglossum nigrescens RAFINESQUE, op. cit. I, 421, 1818. Lake Champlain. Baxoglossum vittatum RAFINESQUE, .op. cit. I, 421, 1818. Hudson River. Bxroglossum mavillingua AGassiz, Amer. Jour, Sci.Arts, NIX, 215, 1855; Corr, Cypr. Pena, 360, pl. XI, fig. 1, 1866; GunrHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 188, 1868; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 160, 1883; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 36, pl. 22, fig. 36, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 327, 1896, pl. LIV, fig. 140, head below. The cut-lips has a stout, short and thick body, its greatest hight nearly equal to the length of the head, and one fourth of FISHES OF NEW YORK 163 the total without caudal. The caudal peduncle is short and deep, its least depth about one half the head. The snout is short and obtusely conical, its length somewhat greater than the eye and nearly equal to one third of the head. The maxilla reaches to below the nostrils, its length equaling that of the snout. Head four and one fifth in total to base of caudal. The dorsal origin is nearly over the ventral origin and in the vertical through the 23d scale of the lateral line. The dorsal base is about one half as long as the head, and its longest ray equals twice the distance from the dorsal origin to middle of eye. The pectoral is about as long as the longest dorsal ray, and the ventral reaches to the anal origin. The base of the anal is one half as long as the longest anal ray. The caudal is moderately forked. D.8; A. 7. Scales 9-54-6; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Length of specimen described, 4% inches; from Takoma Park D. C. Color brown or olivaceous, darker above; a short and narrow dark bar above root of pectoral; young with a dusky bar at the caudal base. Fins dusky, their extremities pale. The cut-lips may be readily distinguished by the three-lobed lower jaw, the dentary bones being closely united and the lower lip represented by a fleshy lobe on each side of the mandible. The cut-lips is known also as chub, butter chub, nigger chub, and day chub. It is a very common species in the Susquehanna and its tributaries. Its range is not extensive, reaching only from western New York to Virginia. In New York it occurs in Lake Ontario, the St Lawrence, Lake Champlain, Cayuga lake, and the Hudson river. The U. 8. Fish Commission has it from the following New York localities in the Lake Ontario basin: Mouth Salmon river, Selkirk. Big Sandy creek, Belleville. Wart creek, Buena Vista. Little Stony brook, Henderson bay. Big Stony creek, Henderson Harbor. Spring brook, Pulaski. Black river, Huntingtonville. All of these were obtained in July, 1894. Evermann and Bean collected it also in the St Lawrence, 3 miles below Ogdensburg, ‘ 164 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM July 17, 1894, and in Scioto creek, Coopersville and Saranac river, Plattsburg, July 19, 1894. Dr Meek found it in small numbers in Six Mile creek and Fall creek below the falls. It inhabits clear running water. The fish grows to the length of 6 inches and may be at once distinguished from all of the other minnows by its three-lobed lower jaw. It is believed that this singular structure of the mouth enables the fish to scrape mollusks from their hold on rocks, as its stomach usually contains small shellfish. It takes the hook readily. Genus carassius Nilsson This genus differs from Cy prinus in being without barbels; its pharyngeal teeth are compressed, in a single series, 4-4. Temperate Asia and Europe.” Domesticated and degenerated into numerous varieties. (After Ginther) Pharyngeal teeth spatulate, four in a row on each side; mouth terminal, without barbels; base of the dorsal fin elon- gate; anal fin short; both fins with a spine which is serrated behind. (After Heckel and Kner) : Body oblong, compressed and elevated; mouth terminal, with- out barbels; teeth 4-4, molar, but compressed; scales large; lateral line continuous; dorsal fin very long, with the third ray developed into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short with a similar spine; ventrals well forward. (After Nilsson) 99 Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) Goldfish (Introduced) Cyprinus auratus LInNAEus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 322, 1758; Cuvizr & VALENCIENNES, Hist, Nat. Poiss. XVI, 101, 1842; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 190, 1842; Srorrr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 115, pl. XXI, fig. 1, 1867. Carassius auratus BLEEKER, Syst. Cypr. rev. Ned. Tijdschr, Dierk. I, 255, 1863; Atlas Ichth. Cypr. 74, 1868; GuNnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 32, 1868; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 253, 1883; GoopE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, pl. 231, 1884; Bran, Fishes Penna. o4, pl. 25, fig. 43, 1893; Jorpan & EvEerRMANN, Check List Fish. N. A. 512, 1896. The body of the goldfish is oblong, stout, with the back ele- vated and compressed. Its depth at dorsal origin is contained FISHES OF NEW YORK 165 about two and one half times in the total length without the tail; the head is contained three and one third times in this length. The head is small in front of eye, being depressed on snout, and the dorsal profile from tip of snout to dorsal fin is very steep. The rather small eye equals one fifth or less of length of head. Mouth terminal, oblique, rather small, the maxilla not reaching the vertical from front of eye. No barbels. Teeth compressed, 4-4. The dorsal fin is high and long, com- mencing over the seventh scale of the lateral line and running back to near the caudal; its longest rays, first and second, a little longer than the spine, equal to one half of depth of body, or length of head from pupil to its posterior end. From the third to the last the rays gradually decrease in size, the last being less than half the length of the longest. The first dorsal Spine is minute, one fourth the length of second, which is strong and coarsely serrated. The anal is short, the length of its base being but two thirds the length of its longest rays; first Spine small, one third the length of second, which is stout and ser- rated. Pectoral fin broad and rounded, its length three fifths of that of head, or equal to longest anal ray. It reaches to ventral, which is placed well forward. Caudal fin large; scales large, deeper than long; lateral line median, complete, almost straight. D. II, 18; A. II, 7; V.9. Scales 5-30-6. The specimen described is from the fish ponds, at Washington D. C. Length 8 inches. The common goldfish or silverfish is a native of Asia, whence it was introduced into Europe and from there into America, where it is now one of the commonest aquarium fishes and is extremely abundant in many of our streams. In Pennsylvania it abounds in the Delaware and Schuylkill river. De Kay made the following remarks about the goldfish, or golden carp, as he styles it. The golden carp, or goldfish, as it is more generally called, was introduced from China into Europe in the early part of the i7th century, and probably shortly after found its way to this country. ‘They breed freely in ponds in this and the adjoining states. They are of no use as an article of food, but are kept 166 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM \ in glass vases as an ornament to the parlor and drawing-room. They are said to display an attachment to their owners, and a limited obedience to their commands. They are introduced into lakes, ponds, fountains and reser- yoirs generally. An individual was kept in a fountain at 42d street and 5th avenue, New York, by Patrick Walsh nine years, and was then presented to the aquarium. At the Cold Spring Harbor hatchery, L. I., several varieties were hatched from the same lot of eggs. These included the normal form, the typical fantail, and one which was so deep- bodied that it could scarcely balance itself in swimming. The goldfish in the New York aquarium were never troubled by fungus or parasites. In many of our streams and ponds, the goldfish has run wild, and hundreds of the olivaceous type will be secured to one of ared color. In the fauna of the moraine ponds and in quarry holes, the goldfish stands first. It will breed in foul water where only catfish and dogfish [Umbra] can be found. Bugene Smith The goldfish is extremely variable in color and form. It is usually orange, or mottled with black and orange, yet in some streams, and even in pond culture, silvery individuals are often more common than any of the mottled varieties. The species grows to the length of 12 inches. It spawns early in the spring and is subject to many dangers and is attacked by numerous enemies. The fish, however, is extremely hardy, prolific, and tenacious of life. Genus cyrprinus Linnaeus Body robust, compressed, resembling that of the buffalo fish; mouth moderate, anterior, with four long barbels; snout blunt, rounded; teeth molar, broad and truncate, 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1; scales large; lateral line continuous; dorsal fin very long, with a stout spine, serrated behind; anal fin short, also with a spine. Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia; introduced into Europe and America as food fishes. It has been generally introduced into private ponds in nearly all parts of the United States; from these it has escaped into the streams and lakes, and is now an FISHES OF NEW YORK 167 abundant fish in most of our larger, warmer rivers and in the ponds and bayous of the Mississippi valley. On the south shore of Lake Erie (and in the Mississippi near Quincy Ill. and the Delaware river) it has become well established and is of con- siderable commercial importance. (After Jordan and Evermann) 100 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus Carp (Introduced) Cyprinus carpio LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 320, 1758; Cuvirr & VAL- ENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XVI, 23, 1842; De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 188, 1842; HEcKEL & Kner, Siissw. Fische, 54, fig. 21, 1858; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 25, 1868; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 254, 1883; Goopr, Fish. & Fish. U. S. I, pl. 230, Leather carp, 1884; American Fishes, 411, figure, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 55, pl. 1, colored, 1893; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Check- List Fishes N. A. 512, 1896. The carp has a stout and moderately elongate body and a small head. The greatest depth equals one third of the length without the caudal fin. The length of the head is nearly one fourth of the total to the base of the tail. The caudal peduncle is about two fifths as deep as the body, and the caudal fin is strongly forked. The eye diameter is contained six and one half times in the length of the head. The mouth is moderate, the upper jaw not extending to front of eye. The dorsal begins at a distance from tip of snout equal to twice length of head; the length of its base equals twice length of pectoral; the long- est ray equals length of head without the snout; the last ray is two fifths as long as the head. The anal begins under the 15th ray of the dorsal; its longest ray is two thirds as long as the head and more than twice as long as the last ray; the length of its base is about two fifths of length of head. The ventral begins under the second ray of the dorsal; its length nearly equals longest dorsal ray. The pectoral is nearly one fifth of total length without the caudal. The long spines of the dorsal and anal are strongly serrate along their hinder edges. A bar- bel on the upper lip and another at the angle of the mouth on each side; the longest barbel about equal to diameter of eye. Three varieties are recognized, the scale, the mirror and the 168 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM leather carp, based chiefly on the scaling of the body. The leather carp is nearly naked, and is said to be the best variety; the mirror carp has a few large scales irregularly placed; and the scale variety has the body completely scaled. The color is olivaceous, varying into dusky and blue. In the leather carp the lower parts are more or less suffused with yellowish. D. III, 20; A. Il, 5; V. 1, 7; P. 15. Scales 5-38-5. The carp is a native of Asia and has been introduced into Europe and America as a food fish, chiefly for pond culture. It thrives in all warm and temperate parts of the United States and reaches its best condition in open waters. In Texas it has erown toa length of 23 inches in 11 months after planting. The leather variety is most hardy for transportation. Mr Hessel has taken the carp in the Black and Caspian seas; salt water seems not to be objectionable to it, and it will live in stagnant pools, though its flesh will be decidedly inferior in such waters. The carp hibernates in winter except in warm latitudes, takes no food and does not grow; its increase in size in temperate latitudes occurs only from May to August. Reproduction. The spawning season begins in May and con- tinues in some localities till August. A carp weighing 4 to 5 pounds, according to Mr Hessel, yields from 400,000 to 500,000 ess 's; the scale carp contains rather more than the other varie- ties. During the spawning the fish frequently rise to the sur- face, the female accompanied by two or three males. The female drops the eggs at intervals during a period of some days or weeks in shallow water on aquatic plants. The eggs adhere in lumps to plants, twigs and stones. The hatching period varies from 12 to 16 days. Size. According to Hessel the average weight of a carp at three years is from 3 to 31 pounds; with abundance of food it will increase more rapidly in weight. The carp continues to add to its circumference till its 35th year, and in the southern parts of Europe Mr Hessel has seen individuals weighing 40 pounds and measuring 384 feet in length and 2% feet in -circum- ference. A carp weighing 67 pounds and with scales 24 inches FISHES OF NEW YORK 169 in diameter was killed in the Danube in 1853. There is a record of a giant specimen of 90 pounds from Lake Zug in Switzer- land. Examples weighing 24 pounds have been caught recently in the Potomac river at Washington D. C. Food. The carp lives principally on vegetable food, prefera- bly the seeds of water plants such as the water lilies, wild rice and water oats. It will eat lettuce, cabbage, soaked barley, wheat, rice, corn, insects and their larvae, worms and meats of various kinds. It can readily be caught with dough, grains of barley or wheat, worms, maggots, wasp larvae, and sometimes with pieces of beef or fish. During the summer of 1897 two female leather carp died in captivity as a result of retention of the eggs. Large individuals are found in Prospect park lake, Brooklyn, where the species was introduced. The food of the fish in cap- tivity includes hard clam, earthworms, wheat, corn, lettuce and cabbage. Its growth is remarkable. A leather carp has fully doubled its weight in one year. Linnaeus says the carp was introduced into England about the year 1600. De Kay places the first introduction into New York waters in the year 1831 and publishes a letter of Henry Robinson, Newburg, Orange co., who brought them from France, reared and bred them successfully in his ponds, and planted from one dozen to two dozen annually in the Hudson dur- ing the four years preceding his letter. Mr Robinson stated that they increased greatly and were frequently taken by fisher- men in their nets. Order APODES Eels Suborder ENCHELYCEPHALI Family ANGUILLIDAE True Hels Genus aneurLtA Shaw Body elongate, subterete, compressed posteriorly, covered with small, linear, embedded scales which are placed obliquely, some of them at right angles to others; lateral line well devel- 170 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM oped; head long, conical, pointed; eye small, well forward, over the angle of the mouth; teeth small, villiform, subequal, in bands. on each jaw and a long patch on the vomer; tongue free at tip;. lips rather full, with a free margin behind, attached by a frenum in front; lower jaw projecting; gill openings rather small, slit- like, about as wide as base of pectorals and partly below them; nostrils superior, well separated, the anterior with a slight tube;. vent close in front of anal; dorsal inserted at some distance from the head, confluent with the anal around the tail; pectorals-. well developed. Species found in most warm seas (the eastern Pacific excepted) ascending streams, but mostly spawning in the sea. (After Jordan and Evermann) 101 Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque Kel Anguilla chrisypd RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 120, Dec. 1817. Lake George; Lake Champiain; Hudson River above the falls. Anguilla vulgaris MircHILi, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 360, 1815; GoopE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, pl. 239, 1884. Muraena bostoniensis Le SuErur, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 81, 1821. Anguilla tyrannus GIRARD, Ichth. U. S. Mex. Bdy. Surv. 75, pl. 40, 1859. Anguilla blephura RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 120, Dec. 1817. South shores of Long Island. Muraena rostrata LE SuEurR, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 81, 1821. Cayuga Lake. Anguilla tenuirostris DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 310, pl. 53, fig. 173, 1842. Anguilla rostrata DE Kay, op. cit. 312, 1842. Copied from Le Sueur. Lakes Cayuga and Geneva, N. Y.; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 361, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 95, pl. 30, fig. 58, 1893. Anguilla macrocephala DE Kay, op. cit. 318, 1842. After Le Sueur. Sara- toga Lake, N. Y. Anguilla bostoniensis StorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 214, pl. X XXIII, fig: 1, 1867. Anguilla chrysypa JORDAN & Davis, Rev. Apod. Fish. 668, 1892; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 348, 1896, pl. LV, fig. 143. In the eel the body is elongated, roundish throughout most of its extent, compressed behind. The scales are deeply embedded. and very irregularly placed, some at right angles to others.. The head is conical, elongated with pointed snout and small eye, except in the male. The lower jaw is longer than the upper. The jaws with small teeth in bands; a long patch of teeth on the vomer. The gill openings are partly below the FISHES OF NEW YORK byt pectoral fins, small and slitlike. The beginning of the dorsal is at a distance of nearly twice the length of the head behind the gill opening. The anal begins still farther back, and the vent is close to its origin. The dorsal and anal fins are con- tinuous around the tail. Hight of body nearly two thirds the length of the head, which is contained about eight and one fourth times in the total. The distance from the gill opening to the vent equals two and one half times the length of the head. The color varies greatly, but is usually dark brown, more or less tinged with yellow; lower parts paler. In the male referred to the upper parts were silvery gray sharply separated from the satiny white of the abdomen. In the eel the lateral line is very distinct. The eel appears to have only one common name. It is one of the best known and most singular of our fishes, yet its breeding habits are even now enveloped in doubt. The species ascends the rivers of eastern North America from the Gulf of St Law- rence to Mexico, the former being the northern limit of the species on our coast. In the Ohio and Mississippi valleys it is extremely common, and its range has been much extended by the opening of canals and by artificial introduction. It has been transferred to the Pacific coast. The eel has been known to exceed a length of 4 feet. The average length of individuals however is about 2 feet. The female is larger than the male, paler in color, and is different in certain other particulars, which will be mentioned in the description of the species. This is a very important food fish. It is caught chiefly when descending the rivers in the fall. In 1869 about a ton of eels were caught in a single fish basket aboye Harrisburg. At the present time this method of capture is illegal. Both adults and young eels ascend the streams in spring, the young coming in millions, but in the fall run small eels are seldom seen. Till a comparatively recent date it was not certainly known that the eels have eggs which are developed outside of the body. Even now the breeding 172 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM habits are unknown, but it is supposed that spawning takes place late in the fall or during the winter near the mouths of rivers on muddy bottoms. Dr Jordan has expressed the belief that the eel sometimes breeds in fresh water, since he has found young eels less than an inch long in the headwaters of the Alabama river, about 500 miles from the sea. It is esti- mated that a large eel contains about 9,600,000 eggs. The eggs” are very small, measuring about 80 to the inch, and can scarcely be seen by the naked eye. The difference of size in the sexes has already been referred to. According to one writer the males are much smaller than the females, rarely exceeding 15 or 16 inches in length. The question whether eels will breed in fresh water has an impor- tant bearing on their introduction into places from which they can not reach the sea. The generally accepted belief is that, while the eels will grow large and fat, they will not reproduce under such circumstances. When the eels meet obstructions in streams, they will leave the water and travel through wet grass or over moist rocks. They have not been able to surmount the falls of Niagara. At the foot of this barrier hundreds of wagon loads of young eels have been seen crawling over the rocks in their efforts to reach the upper waters. Dr Mitchill heard of an eel, which was caught in one of the south bays of Long Island, that weighed 164’ pounds. He records the use of eelpots and the practice of bobbing, and also the winter fishing by spearing. Dr Mitchill states distinctly that | the ovaries of eels may be seen like those of other fish, but they are often mistaken for masses of fat. Dr DeKay states that he had examined the silver eel of the fishermen and was disposed to consider it only a variety of the common eel. He charac- terizes it as “silvery gray above, with a clear, satiny white abdomen, separated from the color above by the lateral line.” We found eels moderately common in Great South bay late in September. At Bellport thousands of eelpots are employed, and these are fastened to stakes which are set in straight lines FISHES OF NEW YORK a bres over a large extent of the bottom. These stakes project from four to six feet above the surface of the water. At Blue Point cove,Great River beach and Fire Island we found five individuals of a kind of eel known to the fishermen as silver eel. These were taken between September 25 and October 7, and they were the only ones of the kind seen byus. They attracted attention at once, both on account of their colors, large eyes, short snouts and long pectoral fins, as compared with the common form. There is still some doubt in my mind as to whether this represents a distinct species or not. It may be the silver eel, Anguilla argentea, of Le Sueur, which is described as silvery gray above, separated from the silvery white abdomen by a distinct lateral line. But, to whatever species they may be referred, the greatest interest attaches to them because they have proved, on examination by Prof. John A. Ryder, to be males with the generative glands so well developed as to leave no doubt con- cerning the sex of the individuals. Prof. Ryder has published a report on these specimens, with figures showing sections of the syrskian organs, and announces the fact that the male eel has now been positively indentified from at least two points along our eastern coast, the other locality being Woods Hole Mass. He felt little doubt that, if the eels had been taken a few weeks later, ripe spermatozoa would have been found in them, and he considers it probable that the eggs are cast some time during the months of December or January. The speci- mens from Woods Hole were taken in November 1881, and they show slightly larger syrskian organs than in the Fire island specimens. In captivity eels live many years. They delight to lie buried in the mud or sand with only their heads out, ready for anything edible to come within reach. Mussels and snails are picked out of the shells by them. (After Eugene Smith?) The eel in captivity is particularly liable to attacks of fungus, which do not always yield to treatment with salt or brackish iL,inn. Soc. N. Y. Proce. 1897. no. 9, p. 29. 174 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM water; but the parasite can be overcome by placing the eel in a. poorly lighted tank. In Cayuga lake, N. Y., according to Dr Meek, the eel is not common, but is occasionally taken at each end of the lake. W. H. Ballou makes the following remarks about their feed- ing habits: They are among the most voracious and carnivorous: fishes. They eat most inland fishes except the gar and the chub. .. They are particularly fond of game fishes, and show the delicate taste of a connoisseur in their selections from choice trout, bass, pickerel and shad... On their hunting excursions they overturn huge and small stones alike, working for hours if necessary, beneath which they find species of shrimp. and crayfish, of which they are exceedingly fond. .. They are among the most powerful and rapid of swimmers... They attack the spawn of other fishes open-mouthed, and are even said to suck the eggs from an impaled female. . . They are owl- like in their habits, committing their depredations at night. Family LE PTOCEPHALIDAE Conger Eels Genus LEPTOCEPHALUS (Gronow) Scopoli Body formed as in Anguilla; no scales; head depressed above, anteriorly pointed; lateral line present; mouth wide, its cleft extending at least to below middle of eye; teeth in outer Series in each jaw equal and close set, forming a cutting edge, no canines, band of vomerine teeth short, tongue anteriorly free; vertical fins well developed, confluent around the tail, pectoral fins well developed, dorsal beginning close behind pectorals; gill openings rather large, low; eyes well developed ;. posterior nostril near eye, anterior near tip of snout, with a short tube; lower jaw not projecting. Skeleton differing in numerous respects from that of Anguilla. Vertebrae about 56+100. In most warm seas. This genus contains the well known and widely distributed conger eel and three or four closely related species. (After Jordan and Evermann) Lateral line in a deep, pale furrow, decurved slightly from the head to below dorsal origin, very conspicuous pores in its anterior third. Cre FISHES OF NEW YORK zs 102 Leptocephalus conger (Linnaeus) Conger Eel; Sea Eel AMuraena conger LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 245, 1758. Anguilla conger M1TcHiLL, Trans, Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 360, 1815. Anguilla oceanica MircuiLy, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 407, 1818, off New York. Conger occidentalis DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 314, pl. 58, fig. 172, 1842, very poor, Conger vulgaris GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, VIII, 38, 1870. Conger niger JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 362, 1883. Leptocephalus conger Goopr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, pl. 240, 1884; Jor- DAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 354, 1896, pl. LVII, fig. 148, 1900; SmiTu, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 90, 1898. Dorsal fin begins opposite to or just behind tip of pectoral; eye one and one half in snout, five to six in head; snout three and one fourth to four and one fourth in head; gape extending nearly or quite to below hind margin of eye; head one and four fifths to one and six sevenths in trunk; tail longer than rest of body; pectorals three and one half in head; upper lip full, with conspicuous pores. Length of head one ninth of total length, depth of body two fifths length of head. Pores in lateral line very conspicuous. Color dark olive brown, sometimes nearly black, above; chin, space behind pectorals and lower parts soiled white. The conger eel occurs on both coasts of the Atlantic, on our coast extending from Cape Cod to Brazil, but not often coming into shallow bays. An exception is noted in Great Egg Harbor bay, where the fish is not rare in summer. It is sometimes caught in Gravesend bay also in summer, and occasional indi- viduals are captured on hand lines off Southampton L, I., by men fishing for sea bass and scup. The fishermen dislike to handle the species on account of its pugnacity and strength; it snaps viciously at everything near it when captured in our waters; yet, strangely enough, the writer has seen a hundred or more, taken on trawl lines off the north coast of France, in a boat at one time, and not one gave evidence of ferocity. In captivity in the aquarium the sea eel suffers severely from fungus attacks, which are not relieved by changing the fish from salt water to fresh. Perhaps the salinity of the water in some 176 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM localities is too low, and relief might be obtained by supplying sea water of normal ocean density. The young and larval form of the conger is a curious, elongate, transparent, bandlike creature with a minute head, a very small mouth and. with the lateral line, belly, and anal fin dotted with black points. An individual nearly 3 feet long was captured with a hand line by A. P. Latto in the ocean, near Southampton L. I. Aug. 3, 1898, while fishing for sea bass and scup. In the Woods Hole region, according to Dr Smith, “ it comes in July and remains until fall; very common for several years, but rather rare formerly. Fishermen as a rule do not dis- tinguish it from the common eel. A few are taken in traps and with lines, but many large ones, weighing from 8 pounds upward, are caught in lobster pots. A specimen in the col- lection weighs 10 pounds. One caught on a line at Falmouth, Aug. 30, 1897, weighed 12 pounds. The smallest observed are 15 to 20 inches long.” Mitchill declared the flesh to be very dainty eating. DeKay said the flesh has a peculiar unsavory taste. He discovered that it is a vicious animal, snapping when captured at everything near it. In France the conger eel is among the cheapest and least esteemed of the food fishes. The observations of Dr Otto Hermes, director of the Berlin aquarium, on the habits and the reproduction of the conger eel are of very great interest. Reference is made to them by Goode in Fish and Fishery Industries of the United States, § 1, p. 657, and two figures copied from drawings of Dr Hermes are given in the text. The ovary of the conger, says Dr Hermes, is developed in captivity, and this is often the cause of the death of the eel. In a conger which died in the Berlin aquarium the ovaries pro- truded very extensively, and a specimen in the Frankfort aqua- rium burst on account of the extraordinary development of the ovaries. The ovaries of this eel, which weighed 224 pounds, themselves weighed 8 pounds, and the number of eges was about 3,800,000. The want of a natural opening for the escape of the eggs was evidently in this case, the cause of death. In the fall FISHES OF NEW YORK ME of 1879 Dr Hermes received a number of small,sea eels taken in the vicinity of Havre. These eels ate greedily and grew rapidly. Only one was tardy in its development, so that it could easily be distinguished from the rest. This one died June 20, 1880, and was examined the same day. It proved to be a sexually mature male and served to clear up some very doubtful problems in the reproduction of the species, as well as its ally, the common eel: ; Order ISOSPONDYLI Isospondylous Fishes Family ELOPIDAE Tarpons Genus Tarpon Jordan & Evermann Body oblong, compressed, covered with very large, thick, silvery, cycloid scales; belly narrow, but not carinated, its edge with ordinary scales; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw prom- inent, maxillary broad, extending beyond the eye; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, sphenoid, and pterygoid bones; eye very large, with an adipose eyelid; lateral line nearly Straight, its tubes radiating widely over the surface of the scales; branchiostegals 23; pseudobranchiae wanting; gill rakers long and slender; dorsal fin short and high, inserted behind the ventrals (over the ventrals in M egalops), its last ray elon- gate and filamentous as in Mega 1 ops, Dorosoma, and Opisthonema; anal fin much longer than dorsal, falcate, its last ray produced; caudal widely forked; pectorals and ventrals rather long; anal with a sheath of scales; dorsal naked; caudal more or less scaly; a collar of large scales at the nape. Vertebrae about 57 (28+29). Size very large, the largest of the herringlike fishes. (After Jordan and Evermann) 103 Tarpon atlanticus (Cuv. & Val.) Tarpun; Tarpon; Grande Ecaille; Silver King Megalops atlaniicus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XIX, 398, 1846. Guadaloupe Megalops elo) yi!) * (iRARD, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 224. 1858, Long Island. Megalops thrissviccs Gi NTHRER, C it. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 472,-1868; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. Nat. Mus. 262, 1883; Goopr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 610, pl. 217 e 1884; American Fishes, 406, fig. 1888. 178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tarpon atlanticus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 409, 1896; pl. LXVII, fig; 117; 1900; Smits, Bull U. SS. PCy x Vee, 1505, EVERMANN & MaArsH, Fishes Porto Rico, Bull. U. 8. F. C. 1900; 80, fig. 10, 1900. 30dy elongate, compressed, not deep, its greatest hight about one fourth of total length without caudal. Length of head nearly equal to greatest hight of body. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw very prominent, the maxillary extending beyond the vertical from hind margin of eye; eye moderately large, two thirds length of snout, two elevenths length of head; dorsal origin midway between tip of snout and end of middle caudal rays, dorsal base two fifths as long as head, dorsal filament nearly as long as the head; ventral origin midway between tip of snout and end of anal fin, the ventral fin two fifths as long as the head; base of anal three fourths as long as the head; pectoral fin as long as the longest ray of dorsal; caudal deeply forked, its longest rays equal to dorsal filament. Size large, weight reaching nearly 200 pounds and length 6 or 7 feet. Color silvery, darker above.- D. Tl, 125 Aco, 23.02) Seay eee Scales 12-47. The tarpon inhabits the western Atlantic from Cape Cod to Brazil and the West Indies, being rather uncommon northward, but abundant toward the south, ascending rivers in pursuit of smaller fishes on which it feeds. The species grows to the length of 7 feet and the weight of 150 pounds, or upward. It is not prized for food, but is now very celebrated as a game fish of great endurance and strength. The scales are an article of com- merce as curiosities. Fishermen dread the tarpon because it leaps through their nets with great violence, and the Pensacola Seiners have known of persons being killed or severely injured by its leaping against them from the seine in which it was inclosed. As to the edible qualities of the flesh opinions differ, but the fact is that the species is seldom eaten. Girard had a specimen from Long Island which he described in 1858. Since that time it has been seen there occasionally. In the fall of 1898, Capt. H. E. Swezey reported to me that he found one about 4 feet long in Swan river at Patchogue. The fish was FISHES OF NEW YORK 179 recently dead, and he believes it came into the river alive. In the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. it is now a regular summer visitor. According to Dr Smith, it is “taken every year in traps at South Dartmouth, also occasionally at Quissett and at Menemsha, in latter part of September. All are about one size, 80 to 100 pounds. Fishermen call them ‘big scale fish” An effort has been made to find a market for them in New Bedford, but the people did not like them, owing to the toughness of the flesh.” The tarpon evidently breeds at Porto Rico, as Evermann and Marsh collected a number of individuals measuring from 24 to 3+ Inches at Fajardo in February 1899, these apparently being the first young of the species so far recorded. Genus ELors Linnaeus Body elongate, subcylindric; scales small, silvery; head moder- ate; conical anteriorly, with very long jaws, the lower slightly included; branchiostegals 30; eye large and placed high; dorsal fin high in front, the last rays short, origin of fin about midway between tip of snout and end of middle caudal rays, the fin depressible into a scaly sheath; anal fin short, well behind end of dorsal, also depressible into a sheath; pectorals and ventrals each with a long appendage; caudal fin long and deeply forked; opercular bones thin, with expanded, membranaceous borders, a collar of scales on occiput; lateral line continuous, nearly straight, its tubes simple; large pseudobranchiae. Vertebrae 43+29—72. Large fishes of the open seas. The young are ribbon- shaped, elongate, and pass through a series of metamorphoses similar to the changes observed in the congers. 104 Elops saurus Linnaeus Big-eyed Herring Elops saurus Linnarus, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, I, 518, 1766; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 267, pl. 41, fig. 131, 1842; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 261, 1883; Goopr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. 8. I, 611, pl. 218, upper figure, 1884; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 410, 1896; pl. LX VII, fig. 178, 1900; Bran, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 334, 1897: SmiTH, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 90, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. 96, 1900; EvERMANN & MARsH, Bull, U.S. F. C. for 1900, 81, fig. 11, 1900. Elops inermis Mircuit1, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe, N. Y. I, 446. 180 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM : Body elongate, subcylindric, compressed toward the tail, its greatest depth contained from five to six times in its length without caudal; caudal peduncle slender, its least depth three eighths of length of head; head moderate, obtusely conical, its length four and one fourth to four and one half in total with- out caudal, flattened above, with a broad, deep furrow between the eyes; eye large, one fifth as long-as the head; upper jaw broad, rounded, entire, longer than the lower, which is received into it, the maxillary reaching far behind eye, almost to hind edge of preopercle; the gular plate three or four times as long as broad. D. 20; A. 13; V.15; B.30. Scales 12-120-13. Length 3 feet. Tropical and temperate seas; common in America, north to Virginia and the Gulf of California; occasional as far north as Cape Cod. Color bright silvery, with a greenish tinge along the back. Pupils black; iris golden; summit of the head bronzed; opercles with golden metallic tints; all the fins more or less punctate with black; dorsal and caudal light olive brown; lower fins tinged with yellow. Mitchill found some individuals in the New York market in September 1815, under the name of salmon trout. One which he bought was 22 inches long and weighed-42 ounces. The fish were sold at 75c each, a remarkably good price for a species now generally considered unsalable because the flesh is dry and bony. F An adult was caught in Gravesend bay Oct. 5, 1896. Among the fishermen there it is known as “seering” and “ cisco ”. Several examples, each about 1 foot long, were taken at South- ampton L. I. in October 1898, by A. P. Latto, and presented to the State Museum. At Cape Cod, according to Dr Smith, it is “common in fall, ° none appearing before October. Taken in traps in Vineyard sound and in herring gill nets at Vineyard Haven. Average length, 18 to 20 inches. No young observed.” The fish does not breed on our coast. The young are known to he ribbon-shaped and elongate and to pass through a remark- able series of changes similar to those observed in the ladyfish, Albula vulpes. a FISHES OF NEW YORK 1iSL Family acBuLipare Ladyfishes Genus auBuna (Gronow) Bloch & Schneider Body rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small, brilliantly silvery scales; head naked; snout conical, sub- quadrangular, shaped like the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior, horizontal mouth; maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supplemental bone, slipping under the membranous edge of the very broad preorbital; premaxillaries short, not protractile; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries; both jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of villiform teeth; broad patches of coarse, blunt, paved teeth on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and pterygoid bones; eye large, median in head, with a bony ridge above it, and almost covered with an annular adipose eyelid; opercle mod- erate, firm, preopercle with a broad, flat, membranaceous edge, which extends backward over the base of the opercle; pseudo- branchiae present; gill rakers short, tuberclelike; gill mem- branes entirely separate, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals about 14; a fold of skin across gill membranes anteriorly, its posterior free edge crenate; no gular plate; lateral line present; belly not carinate, flattish, covered with ordinary scales; dorsal fin moderate, in front of ventrals, its membranes ‘scaly; no adipose fin; anal very small; caudal widely forked; pyloric caeca numerous; parietal bones meeting along top of head. Verte- brae numerous, 42+28—70. A single species known, found in all warm seas. In this, and probably in related families, the young pass through a metamorphosis, analogous to that seen in the conger eels. They are for a time elongate, band-shaped, with very small head and loose transparent tissues. From this condition they become gradually shorter and more compact, shrinking from 3 or 34 inches in length to 2 inches. According to Dr’Gilbert, this process, like that seen in various eels, is a normal one, through which all individuals pass. In the Gulf of California, where these fishes abound, these band-shaped young are often thrown by the waves on the beach in great masses. (After Jordan and Evermann) 182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 105 Albula vulpes (Linnaeus) Ladyfish; Bone Fish; Banana Fish Esox vulpes LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 313, 1758. Butirinus vulpes DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 268, 1842, name only. Albula Parrae CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XIX, 339, 1846. Albula erythrocheilos CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit. 352, pl. 574, 1846. Albula conorhynchus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 468, 1868. Albula vulpes JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus, 258, 1883; Goopr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 612, pl. 218, lower fig. 1884; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. Separate, 42, pl. XXIII, fig. 31, 1890; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 411, 1896, pl. LXVIII, fig. 179, 1900; SmitH, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 91, 1898; EveRrMANN & Marsh, Bull. U. S. F. C. for 1900, 82, fig. 12, 1900. ; Body fusiform, elongate, rounded, its greatest depth, at dorsal origin, contained four and two thirds times in total length to base of caudal fin and equal to distance from posterior nostril to end of head; caudal peduncle rather slender, its least depth about one third of greatest depth of body; head long, conical, the snout rather acutely pointed, length of head about three and two thirds in total; eye moderate, one half of snout, one fifth of head, placed high; mouth inferior, small, the maxilla not reaching to below front of eye; collar of enlarged scales on the nape extending down to the base of the pectoral; dorsal origin about midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, the base of the fin a little more than one half the length of head, the longest ray as long as the head without the snout, the last ray one third as long as the longest. The pectoral reaches to below the 15th scale of the lateral line. The-ventral origin is under the 32d seale of the lateral line; the fin three eighths as long as the head. Anal origin equally distant from base of caudal fin and end of ventral base, the longest ray one third as long as head, the last ray less than one half as long as the longest; caudal fin long, deeply forked, the outer rays equal in length to hight of body. D. III, 14; A.1,8; V.1,10. Scales 8- 75-8. Bright silvery; upper parts olivaceous; fins pale; axils of pectorals and ventrals dusky. Size large, length reaching 3 feet, Tropical seas, on sandy coasts, on our coasts ranging north- ward to Cape Cod and San Diego. A valuable food fish, but FISHES OF NEW YORK 183 not esteemed in northern waters. Highly prized at Key West and the Bermudas; not much in favor at Porto Rico. The ladyfish is found on our coast from Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico. It also occurs in the Bermudas and West Indies. The Bermuda names are bony fish and grubber. It is considered an excellent food fish on these islands, and Dr Goode testifies from personal experience to its value as an edible species. At Cozumel, off the coast of Yucatan, it is highly esteemed. On our coast it is occasionally found as far north as Cape Cod. The ladyfish is not described by either Mitchill or DeKay as one of the fishes of New York; and I did not see it in Great South bay, but it was taken later in the fall by Capt. Lewis B. Thurber, of Patchogue, who forwarded it to me. Dr Smith says it is very rare at Woods Hole Mass. where it was reported by Prof. Baird in 1871. Since 1871 it has been observed only once or twice, and none has been taken for, many vears. Family HIODONTIDAE Mooneyes Genus niopon Le Sueur In the mooneyes the body is oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid silvery scales of moderate size. Head short, naked, with obtuse snout and no barbels. The mouth is terminal, of mod- erate size; jaws subequal. The margin of the jaw is formed by the nonprotractile intermaxillaries and the slender maxillaries, which are articulated to the end of the intermaxillaries. The opercular apparatus is complete. Intermaxillary and mandible with small cardiform teeth, wide set; feeble teeth on the maxil- laries; a row of marginal teeth on the tongue, those in front very strong canines; a band of short close set teeth on middle of tongue; yomerine teeth small, close set, in a long double series; teeth on the palatine, sphenoid and pterygoid bones. The lower jaw is received within the upper so that the mandi- bulary teeth are opposite to those on the palatine bone. The very large eye has a little developed adipose eyelid. Nostrils large, close together, with a flap between them; gill membranes 184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEU deeply cleft, free from isthmus, their base covered by a fold of skin; branchiostegals 8 to 10; no pseudobranchiae; gill rakers short, thick and few in numbers; a straight and weil developed lateral line; belly without scutes; no adipose fin; dorsal fin over the caudal part of the vertebral column; anal long and low; ventrals large; caudal deeply forked; stomach horseshoe-shaped, with blind sac; intestine short; one pyloric appendage; air bladder large and simple. The eggs fall into the abdominal cavity before exclusion. 106 Hiodon tergisus (Le Sueur) Mooneye; Toothed Herring : Hiodon tergisus Le SuEuR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 366, Sept. 1818, Ohio River and Lake Erie. : Hiodon clodalus LE SuEUR. op. cit. 367, Sept. 1818, Pittsburg. Glossodon harengoides RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. III, 354, Sept. 1818, Ohio River. Cyprinus (Abramis ?) Smithii RricHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, 110, fig- 1836. -. : Hyodon tergisus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 265, pl. 41; fig. 180; CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XIX, pl. 572, 1846; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 375, 1868; JornpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S. Nai. Mus. 260, 1883; Goopr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 613, pl. 219, 1884. Hyodon clodalis DE Kay, op. cit. 266, 1842, but fig. 164, pl. 51, represents alosoides. ; Hyodon claudalus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. SIX SIS Hyodon tergisus BEAN, Fishes Penna. 57, pl. 25, fig. 44 (named alosotdes), 1898; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 418, 1896, pl. LXVIII, fig. 180, 1900. The shape of the body is similar to that of the northern moon- eye. The belly has a slight but obtuse keel in front of the ven- trals and is compressed to a rather sharp edge behind the ventrals. Head short, its length two ninths of total without caudal; the eye much longer, about one third the length of head. The greatest depth of the body is nearly one third of total length. The pectoral is as long as the head without the snout; the ventral not much more than two thirds the length of head, its origin under the 18th seale of the lateral line. The anal origin is under the 7th developed ray of the dorsal. The longest anal ray is less than one half the head. The anal base is as long as the head; its last ray is less than one half the longest tr FISHES OF NEW YORK 185 ray. Theanalhasadeep notch. The longest dorsal ray is little more than length of dorsal base. The last ray is not much more than one half the longest. The caudal is deeply forked. D. 12; A.-28 to 32. Scales 6-58-8. Upper parts greenish in life. the sides and abdomen brilliant silvery. This species is called mooneye, toothed herring and silver bass. It is found in Canada, the Great lakes region and the upper part of the Mississippi valley, being very common in large _ streams and lakes. It abounds in Lake Erie and the Ohio and is seined in large numbers. DeKay observed the fish in the Allegheny river, N. Y. He records it also from Buffalo and Barcelona, on Lake Erie, at which places it is known as mooneye, shiner, and lake herring. He says it is very indifferent food. This species grows to a length of 1 foot and, like the other, though a beautiful fish and possessed of excellent game quali- ties, its flesh is full of small bones. It is a good fish for the aquarium; it will take a minnow or the artificial fly very readily, and the utmost skill is required in its capture. Its food con- sists of insects, small fishes and crustaceans. Dr Richardson describes this fish as a member of the minnow family, which he says is known to the Canadians under the name la quesche. The fish is described as having the back bril- liant green, sides and abdomen with a silvery luster. The specimens which were taken in the Richelieu, where it falls into the St. Lawrence, were about 9 or 10 inches long. 107 Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) Northern Mooneye; La Quesche _Amphiodon aloscides RAFINESQUE, Jour. Phys. Paris, 421, 1819. Ohio River. Hyodon amphiodon RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohien. 42, 1820. Hiodon chrysopsis RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer. III, 232, 1836. Hyodon alosoides JorpDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 259, 1883; Goopgr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 612, 1884. Hisdon alosoides BEAN, Fishes Penna. 57, 1893 (not figured); JornpAn & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat: Mus. 418, 1896. Hyodon clodalis DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, pl. 51, fig. 164, not deserip- tion, 1842. Body deep, much compressed, its greatest depth equaling two sevenths of the total without caudal. The head is short, con- 186 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM taining the length of the eye about three and one half times and equaling a little more than one fifth of the total without caudal. The snout is very blunt, the mouth large and oblique, the maxilla reaching beyond the middle of the eye. There is a well developed keel along the entire length of the belly. D.9; A. 32. Scales 6—-56-7. The general color is bluish silvery on the sides with golden reflections. The northern mooneye is found from the Ohio river through- out the Great lakes region to the Saskatchewan. It is very com: mon in Manitoba and other parts of British America. In Penn- sylvania it is limited to the western region. De Kay must have had the northern meoneye for study, though his description seems to apply to another species. The figure of his Hyodon clodalis represents a fish with a short dorsal fin, quite unlike his account in the text. The northern mooneye is very readily distinguished from the other species of the genus by its short dorsal fin, which con- tains only nine rays, and by its carinated belly. It grows to the length of 1 foot. The flesh is not greatly esteemed as a rule, but the fish is beautiful and has excellent game qualities. Richardson says the fish inhabits lakes which communicate with the Saskatchewan, in the 53d and 54th parallels of lati- tude, but does not approach nearer to Hudson bay than Lake Winnipeg. This we know to be a mistake. He says further that it is taken during the summer months only, and in small numbers, in gill nets set for other fish. It bites eagerly at an artificial fly or worm. Its flesh is white, resembling that of the perch in flayor, and excelling it in richness. Family DOROSOMIDAE Gizzard Shads Genus porosoma Rafinesque The genus Dorosoma has a herringlike body, with a short and obtuse snout. The body is much compressed and is covered with moderately large, thin, cycloid scales. The head is Scaleless, short and small; the eye large and provided with FISHES OF NEW YORK 187 an adipose eyelid. The belly is compressed to an edge, which is armed with sharp serratures. Mouth small, transverse; the lower jaw the shorter, jaws toothless. The maxilla does not extend to the middle of the eye. Gill rakers numerous, mod- erately long and slender; gill membranes deeply cleft and free from the isthmus; pseudobranchiae well developed; lateral line wanting. The dorsal fin is placed nearly over the middle of the body, slightly behind the origin of the ventral. Its last ray is produced into a long filament. The pectorals and ventrals are rather long and each is provided with an appendage formed of several elongate, overlapping accessory scales. The caudal is deeply forked. Anal very long, its last rays low. The stomach is stout and short, resembling the gizzard of a hen. 108 Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur) Giezard Shad Megalops cepediana L® SuEur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 361, Sept. 1818. (Baltimore and Philadelphia markets). re Clupea heterurus RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. III, 3855, Sept. 1818. Ohio River. Dorosoma notata RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohien. 40, 1820. Ohio River. Chatoéssus cepedianus and ellipticus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 265, 1842, as extra-limital. Chatoéssus ellipticus KirvTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. IV, 235, pl. X, fig. 1, 1844. Chatoéssus cepedianus CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XXI, 99, pl. 612, 1848. New York, Philadelphia, New Orleans; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 409, 1868. Dorosoma cepedianum JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. Papal. 18883; Goopz, Fish. & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 610, pl. 217 A, 1884; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 63, 1893; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 416, 1896, pl. L-XIX, fig. 183, 1900. The depth of the body is contained two and two thirds times in the total without caudal, the length of the head four and one third times. Eye longer than snout, one fourth length of head. The third ray of the dorsal is two thirds as long as the head, and the filamentous ray nearly equals the head in length. Leneth of dorsal base about one half that of head; anal base two sevenths of total length of body without caudal, its longest ray two thirds of length of ventral or one third of that of head. Pectoral three fourths as long as head. Lower caudal lobe 188 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM longer than upper, its length-equal to that of the head. D. iii, 10; A. ii, 31. Scales 56 to 64, about 20 in a transverse series- Scutes in front of ventrals 17, and from ventral to vent 12. Upper parts bluish; sides silvery, sometimes with golden reflec- tions. In young individuals there is a large dark blotch on each side not far behind the head. This disappears with age. The mud shad, also known as gizzard shad, winter shad, stink. shad, white-eyed shad, hickory shad, hairy back, and thread herring, is found in brackish waters along the coast from New York southward to Mexico, ascending streams and frequently becoming landlocked in ponds.- A variety of this fish is alsu common in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, whence it has. spread through canals into Lakes Erie and Michigan. Cuvier and Valenciennes had the species from New York, whence it was sent by Milbert. De Kay mentions it only as an extralimital fish; but in his time the fish fauna of Lake Erie was very little known. This fish grows to a iength of 15 inches and a weight of 2 pounds. It spawns in summer, and its food consists of algae, confervae, desmids and diatoms. With its food it takes large quantities of mud, from which it separates the organic sub- stances after swallowing. This is a beautiful species, some- what resembling the shad in general appearance and has been very successfully kept in the aquarium, where its bright colors and graceful movements make it attractive, but its flesh is soft, tasteless and seldom eaten when any better can be obtained. In most regions fishermen consider it a great nuisance and throw away their entire catch. Negroes eat the mud shad from tributaries of the Chesapeake, and in Florida the fish has been utilized to some extent in making guano. The name gizzard Shad alludes to the form of the stomach, which is very much like that of a hen. Family CLUPEIDAE Herrings Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with cycloid or pectinated scales: belly sometimes rounded. sometimes compressed, in which case it is often armed with FISHES. OF NEW YORK A89 bony serratures; head naked, usually compressed; mouth rather large, terminal, the jaws about equal, maxillaries forming the lateral margins of the upper jaw, each composed of about three pieces; premaxillaries not protractile; teeth mostly small, often feeble or wanting, variously arranged; adipose eyelid present or absent; gill rakers long and slender, gilli membranes not con- nected, free from the isthmus; no gular plate; gills four, a slit behind the fourth; branchiostegals usually few (6 to 15); posterior lower part of opercular region often with an angular emargination, the tips of the larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate; pseudcbranchiae present; no lateral line. Dorsal fin median or somewhat posterior, rarely wanting; no adipose fin; ventrals moderate or small (wanting in Pristt- gaster); anal usually rather long; caudal fin forked. Verte- . brae 40 to 56. Genera about 30; species 150; inhabiting all seas, and usually swimming in immense schools; many species ascend fresh waters, and some remain there permanently. The northern and fresh-water species, as in many other families, differ from the tropical forms in having a larger number of vertebral segments. : Genus mrrumevus Bleeker Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed; the abdomen rounded and without serratures; mouth terminal, of moderate width, formed as in Clupea, but the maxillary more slender; teeth moderate, in patches on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; scales cycloid, entire, very deciduous; branchiostegals numerous, very slender. Ventrals inserted posteriorly, entirely behind dorsal; the dorsal fin rather long, of 18 to 20 rays; anal low, of moderate length. Pseudobranchiae well developed; pyloric caeca numerous. No silvery lateral stripe. Few spec‘es: Asiatic and American. (After Jordan and Evermann) 109 Etrumeus teres (De Kay) Round Herring Alosa teres Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 262, pl. 40, fig. 128, 1842. New York harbor. Etrumeus teres GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 467, 1868; JonpAn & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 263, 1883; BEAN, Bull. U. 8. F. C. VII. 148. 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. separate, 44, 1890. Picnacus sadina JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 420, 1896, not Clupea sadina MItcuILL; Swirn, Bull. U. S. F. ©. XVII, 91, 1898. 190 NEW YORK STATE, MUSEUM Body slender, rounded, elongate, its greatest depth one sixth of total length without caudal; head rather long, one fourth of total without caudal; mouth small, the jaws subequal in front, the maxilla extending to or slightly beyond the front of the eye; the mandible not at all projecting when the mouth is closed, but rather included; thickness of body more than two thirds of its depth; vomerine teeth present, lingual teeth well developed, teeth in the jaws weak; eye large, equal to snout, three and one third in length of head; dorsal origin midway between tip of snout and origin of anal, the longest dorsal ray more than one half length of head; ventrals well behind dorsal, the length little more than one third length of head; anal basis short, about one third length of head; axillary scales above pectorals and ventrals very long, those over the pectoral more than one half as long as the fin. D. 18; A. 13. Color, bright silvery; darker above, with a tinge of blue and yellow on the sides. Head metallic silvery with coppery reflections; iris golden; dorsal and caudal tinged with yellow, the remaining fins translucent, with minute dark specks. Cape Cod to the sulf of Mexico, not rare southward; a favorite food of bluefish. The “ New York shadine” of Mitchill can not be identified with this species; it was evidently a species of Pomolobus bearing a close resemblance to the shad. Mitchill’s shadine had a spot behind the gill cover, a wide and toothless mouth, a projecting lower jaw and 15 anal rays. These characters are in opposition to the known characters of the round herring, and there is no probability that this little' fish was before him for description. De Kay saw only a single specimen of the round herring from the harbor of New York. A copy of Mitchill’s! description is here given for comparison. 13 New York Shadine, Clupea sadina An elegant species with a small smutty spet behind the gill cover; but with neither spots nor stripes on its back or sides. Mouth wide and toothless. ‘Tongue small. Back delicately variegated with green and blue. Lateral line straight. Sides silvery white, considerably above that line; and ’Mitehill. Lit. and Phil Soc. N. Y. Trans. 1815. 1:457. FISHES OF NEW YORK 191. below it quite to the belly. The white reflects vividly green, red, and other splendid hues. Head rather elongated. Lower jaw projecting. Scales very easily deciduous. Form neat, taper, and slender. Gills rise into the throat on each side of the root of the tongue. Eyes pale and large. Tail deeply forked. On account of the even connection of the false ribs, the belly is not at all serrated, but quite smooth. A semitransparent space in front of the eyes- from side to side. Pests 65°P 162 V9; DD. 18; Alas ©.19: This species was not taken in Great South bay, but on the ocean beach adjacent to the Blue Point lifesaving station. It is the slender herring described by Dr DeKay from a single specimen taken with a seine in New York harbor in the latter part of October. He found it associated with numerous speci- mens of the big-eyed herring, Elops saurus. Delay states that the Elops appeared to be known to the fishermen as the round herring, but the name is more applicable to the little species now under consideration. Several specimens were seined on the ocean beach at Blue Point Lifesaving station, Octo- ber 7. None were obtained in the bay. September 24, 51 exam- ples of this fish were found lying on the beach, in the vicinity of the same station, having been driven ashore by bluefish. In August 1890 great schools of round herring were stranded in this way. Prof. Baird found a number of specimens along the beach of Great Egg Harbor bay in 1854, and a single specimen was seined by Capt. Thomas Steelman in the same locality in October 1887. Young individuals, from 41 to 4% inches long, were taken in Gravesend bay July 30, 1896. They were associated with young mackerel, of slightly larger size, in bunches and schools. John B. DeNyse saw some schools that he estimated to contain 25,000 fish. Dr Smith says it is apparently rare at Woods Hole; known to: have been found on only a few occasions. In October, some years ago, several were taken in traps at Menemsha bight,. Marthas Vineyard. 192 NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM Genus ciupea (Artedi) Linnaeus True herrings with the body elongate, numerous vertebrae, the ventral serratures weak, and an ovate patch of small but persistent teeth on the vomer. The few species belong to the northern seas, where the number of individuals is inordinately great, exceeding perhaps those of any other genus of fishes. Not anadromous, spawning in the sea. The genus Clupea, which includes the shad, river alewife or herring and the Ohio golden shad or skipjack,admits of division into several subgenera, one of which includes the common sea herring and other marine species, another the shad and still another the river alewives. The last have the suborbital bone longer than deep and are supplied with teeth on the tongue and in some species in the jaws. 110 Clupea harengus Linnaeus Sea Herring Clupea harengus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 317, 1758; Mrrcuict, Amer, Month. Mag. II, 823, Mar. 1818; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XX, 30, pl. 591, 1847; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus. VII, 415, 1868; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 265, 1883: XOODE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 549, pl. 204, 1884; Bran, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. separate, 42, pl. XXIV, fig. 32, 1890; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 421, 1896, pl. L-XX, fig: 185, 1900; SmiTu, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 91, 1898. Clupea halee Mrrowtt1, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 451, 1815. Clupea pusilla MircuILy, op. cit. 452, 1815. Clupea coerulea MrvcHILy, op. cit. 457, 1815. Clupea elongata Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 250, 1842; Srorer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 152, pl. X XVI, fig. 1, 1867. Body elongate, slender, fusiform, compressed, its greatest depth one fourth of total length without caudal; caudal pedun- cle slender, its least depth one third of length of head; head moderate, two ninths of total length without caudal; eye large, three and one half to four in head, and with a well developed adipose eyelid; lower jaw strongly projecting; maxilla reaching to below middle of pupil, its length three sevenths of length of - head; cheeks longer than high; an ovate patch of small teeth on vomer, palatine teeth minute or wanting, small teeth on the tongue, small teeth in the jaws in young examples, usually dis- FISHES OF NEW YORK 193 appearing with age; gill rakers very long and slender, about 40 on the lower part of the first arch; dorsal origin midway between tip of snout and end of scales, dorsal base one eighth of total length without caudal, longest dorsal ray equal to pos- torbital part of head, last dorsal ray one half the length of longest; ventral under about middle of dorsal, its length three eighths of head; anal base a little shorter than dorsal base, its longest ray one fifth, and its shortest ray one tenth of greatest depth of body; caudal fin well forked, its longest rays three fourths of head; pectoral fin about two thirds as long as the head. Scales very deciduous. Abdomen with weak serratures, before and behind the ventrals, 28 scutes in front of and 13 behind the ventrals. D.'18; A. 17. Scales 14-57. ‘Vertebrae 56. Peritoneum dusky; back and head deep blue, tinged with yellow; opercles yellowish, tinged with violet; iris silvery; sides silvery with bright reflections. Length 12 to 17 inches. North Atlantic ocean, on our east coast south to Cape Hatteras, spawning in the sea. The sea herring is the most important food fish of the world and it is undoubtedly the most abundant of all the fishes. Its” food consists of small invertebrates, chiefly copepods and the Jarvae of worms and mollusks. It forms the most important food of many of our valuable food fishes including the cod, had- dock, halibut, bluefish, and a great many others. Herring spawn at two seasons, spring and fall, the first spawning con- tinuing from April to June and the second season between July and December. The eggs are adhesive and are deposited on | the bottom, where they adhere to seaweeds and other objects of support. The egg is about #5 inch in diameter. The hatch- ing period lasts from 12 days to 40 days, according to the tem- perature of the water. Sea herrings were artificially hatched as early as 1878, both in Germany and in the United States. It has been estimated that the annual yield of sea herring is 3,000,000,000 fish, principally taken in Norway. The herring occurs on our east coast from Labrador to New York. When found as far south as New York, it usually occurs 194 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in midwinter. Capt. Thurber obtained it in Great South bay im the fall. The young of the sea herring is well known as the whitebait of England and the United States, though in the latter country the young of other species are sometimes mingled with those of the sea herring. Many young, translucent fish of the genus Clupea, a little under 2 inches long, are seen in spring in the shad fykes and pounds of Gravesend bay. They are called “ shad bait,” because they are said to be taken frequently from shad stomachs. John B. De Nyse brought some of them to me for examination Ap. 30, 1896. They showed the following characters. D.18; A. 17. Muscular impressions along sides of body about 60. The ventral is very slightly in advance of the origin of the dorsal. Intestinal tract full of minute orange-colored sub- stances resembling entomostraca. A row of black dots on sides, low down, extending from pectoral to anal. Iris silvery; top of eye very dark. Large sea herring, according to W. I. De Nyse, are rare in Gravesend bay. Only about 100 or 200 are obtained there dur- ing fall and winter. Young examples, from 4} to 6 inches long, were obtained in that bay Nov. 23, 1897. In the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, schools of large herring, in a spawning condition, appear about October 15 and remain till very cold weather sets in, their depar- ture corresponding with that of the cod. By January young her- ring } inch long are taken in surface tow nets; by May 1 they are | to 1} inches long, and by August 1, 24 to 3 inches. Fish 3 to 5 inches long, called “sperling,” are found from September 1 to end of season and are used for mackerel bait. About June 1 there is a large run of herring, smaller than those in the fall run. This lasts two weeks, during which the traps are full of them. No use is made of the early run, but in fall they are caught in gill nets for food and bait. ‘FISHES OF NEW YORK 195 Genus romovonus Rafinesque Body oblong, more or less compressed; mouth moderate, erminal, the jaws about equal, or the lower projecting, the ipper scarcely notched at tip; teeth feeble, variously placed, xrobably never wholly absent, mandibles very deep at base, shutting within the maxillaries; gill rakers more or less long ind slender, numerous; adipose eyelid present; scales thin, ‘yeloid, deciduous, entire, rounded posteriorly; cheeks with the ree part longer than deep; dorsal fin rather short, nearly nedian, beginning in advance of ventrals, its posterior ray not rolonged in a filament; ventral present; anal moderate; belly ‘ompressed, strongly serrated ‘before and behind ventrals. “lesh rather dry and poor, less oily than in Clupanodon. Yertebrae 46 to 55 in number, usually 50. Species numerous, nostly anadromous. 111 Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafinesque Skipjack; Blue Herring; Gold Shad omolobus chrysochloris RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohien. 39, 1820. Ohio River; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat: Mus. 425, 1896, pl: LXX, fig. 187, 1900. feletta swoertt CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XX, 375, 1847. \losa chrysochloris KIRTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. IV, 307, pl. XV, fig. 3, 1844. : lupea chrysochloris JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 266, 1883; GoopbE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 594, pl. 211, 1884; Bran, Fishes Penna. 59, 1893. This species has a few strong and distinct teeth in the jaws, he lower jaw strongly projecting, the caudal peduncle stout nd the belly strongly serrated. In shape the body resembles hat of the sea herring; it is compressed, rather low, its depth lightly more than one fourth of the total length without caudal nd about equal to the length of the head. The eye is large, early one fourth the length of head; the maxilla extends nearly 0 the hind margin of the eye; the length of the upper jaw is 1ore than one half the length of head. The origin of the dorsal ; over the ninth series of scales, and the length of its base orresponds with 10 rows of scales. The yentral origin is under 196 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the middle of the dorsal; the fin is one half as long as the head The pectoral reaches the 14th series of scales of the lateral line its length is two thirds of that of the head. The anal is moderately long and low; its longest ray about twice the lengtl of eye and one half the length of its base. The longest dorsa’ ray equals postorbital part of head. The caudal is deeply forked. There are 23 gill rakers below the angle of the first arch. D. iii, 15; A. iii, 16. Scales 15-52 to 58. Scutes 20+18 to 14 The body is blue with reflections of green and gold; the lower parts silvery. The golden shad or skipjack is a common inhabitant of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and the Gulf of Mexico. In Penn syivania this fish is confined to the Ohio and its tributaries. I prefers large streams. It has made its way into the Great lakes through canals. The presence of the golden shad in the sal water of the Gulf of Mexico was discovered by Silas Stearn: near Pensacola Fla. This species grows to a length of 18 inches Unlike most other species of herring, this one, according to observations of Prof. S. A. Forbes of Illinois, is predaceous feeding on other fishes. Two examples examined by him hae eaten gizzard shad, Dorosoma, and another one, individual: of some unidentified fish. The young of the golden shad, 24 inche: long, had consumed nothing but terrestrial insects, including flies, small spiders, ete. As far as I can learn it never ascends small streams. In the lower part of the Mississippi valley it migrates into salt water In the upper portion of this region its permanent residence i: in fresh water. The name skipjack is given in allusion to it habit of skipping along the surface of the water. | The fish is full of small bones, and its flesh is reputed to. b tasteless and without value as food; yet Kirtland says it i esteemed in Ohio as a good pan fish. In the water its move ments are graceful and active, and its peenliarity of leapin; above the surface when in pursuit of its prey is interesting ant unusual in this family. ; FISHES OF NEW YORK 19 “i 112 Pomolobus mediocris (Mitchill) Hickory Shad; Fall Herring; Shad Herring lupea mediocris MircuHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 450, 1815. New York; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 266, 1883; Mc- DONALD, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 607, pls. 216A, 216B, 1884; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. separate, 48, pl. XXV, fig. 34, 1890. lupea mattowaca MITcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 451, 1815. Long Island. upea virescens DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 252, pl. 18, fig. 37, 1842. losa mattowaca Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 260, pl. 40, fig. 127, 1842. losa lineata STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 162, pl. XXVII, fig. 2, 1867. upea mattowaca GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 488, 1868. pmolobus mediocris JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 425. 1896, pl. LX XI, fig. ic8, 1900; SmiruH, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 91, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 96, 1900. Head comparatively long, its length being contained four mes in that of the body; the profile straight, and not very eep, form more elliptic than in others, and less heavy forward; wer jaw considerably projecting, upper jaw emarginate. The 2pth of the body is contained three and three eighths times iu ie length. Opercles rather less emarginate below and behind an in P. pseudoharengus. Fins low; dorsal fin serted nearer snout than base of caudal. Bluish silvery; des with rather faint longitudinal stripes. Peritoneum pale. ength 24 inehes. Cape Cod to Florida; rather common; not ighly valued as a food fish; not ascending streams to spawn. . 15; A. 21. Lateral line 50; abdominal scutes 20+16. This species is referred to by Dr Mitchill as the Staten Island rring, Clupea mediocris, which he says grows very rge for a herring, being frequently 18 inches long and almost ; big as a small shad. It has “ six or eight brown spots, longi- idinally, below the lateral line, as reported by an inhabitant that part of the bay of New York which borders on Staten land.” Mitchill, also, has the same species under the name of ong Island herring, Clupea mattowaca. This, he says, also called the autumnal or fall herring, as well as shad ‘rring and fall shad. Mitchill recognized it as probably the ll-grown fish of the C. mediocris. He was not able to stinguish it from that species, The length of the greenback, 198 NEW YORK STATHB MUSEUM according to this writer, frequently reaches 2 feet with a dept’ of from 44 to 6 inches. At the time of his writing the fish wa taken in October and November in seines on the surf side of th beaches fronting Long Island. Dr DeKay mentions example in the market early in July, which are brought from the Co1 necticut river, where they are called weesick. He states tha the specific name bestowed on it by Mitchill was derived fro1 the aboriginal name of the island, Mattowaca or Mattowax. 1 Great South bay the name greenback is well established fo the species. A single example was seined September 29 at Fir island. Oct. 1, 1890, considerable numbers of large greenback were caught in a trap at Islip. The hickory shad is caught i Gravesend bay during September, October and November, but i less plentiful than it was formerly. Large hickoryshad, weighin from 4 pound to 2} pounds, were shipped from waters nea New York city to Fulton market Oct. 30, 1896. Each of ther had in its stomach from 15 to 20 sand lance from 34 to 5 inche long. A few specimens were seined at Blue Point cove, Grea South bay, and at Howell’s point, in the same bay, Aug. 31, 189% At Woods Hole Mass. it comes in the spring, but is mos numerous late in September and till trap fishing ends. In Oct ber 1895 a trap near Tarpaulin cove caught 3500 at one lif These brought 10c¢ each in New York. In spring and summe the fish has no market value, but it sells in the fall. The name hickory shad is applied to this species from th Chesapeake bay region southward, and in some Georgia river this is abbreviated to hicks. In the Potomac, and some othe rivers tributary to the Chesapeake, the name tailor shad is ay plied to this fish. The hickory shad occurs from Maine t Florida, entering rivers except in New England. The species i much less valuable than the shad, for which it is often sold b dealers. Nothing definite is known about its habits, but Marshal McDonald was of the opinion that it spawns in the rivers at | little earlier period than the shad, which it always precedes ii the ascent of the streams in spring. FISHES OF NEW YORK 199 115 Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson) Branch Herring ; Alewife lupea pseudoharengus WILSON, Rees’s Encyel. LX, about 1811. lupea verndlis MITcHILL, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 22> 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 454, 1815; Jorpan & GiLBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. .Mus. ' 267, 1883; BEAN, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 588, 1884; Fishes Penna. 58, pl. 25, fig. 45, 1893; Goon, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, pls. 207, 208, 1884. losa tyrannus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 258, pl. 138, fig. 38, 1842. omolobus vernalis GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. 24, 1879. omolobus pseudoharengus GILL, Rep. U. 8. F. C. I, 811, 1873; Jorpan & HVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 426, 1896, pl. LX XI, fig. 189, 1900; Smith, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 91, 1898; Bran, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 96, 1900. Body deep and heavy forward, much compressed. Its greatest lepth, at dorsal origin equals one third of total length to base of audal. The least depth of caudal peduncle equals but one half of ength of head. The head is short, being almost as deep as long, bout one fifth of the standard length. The eye is large, deeper han long, its length slightly greater than its distance from tip f snout—about three and one half in head. Maxillary broad, xtending to the vertical through pupil; upper jaw emarginate, ower jaw slightly projecting. Length of dorsal base almost equal o that of head; its highest ray about two thirds as long as the vase, or equal to anal base. The anal is low, its longest ray eing equal to length of eye. Caudal deeply forked, partially ‘caled near base. Length of pectoral less than that of dorsal yase. D.16; A.17 to 19. Scales 15-50 to 54. In the male the dorsal is higher, its longest ray about equal o length of dorsal base, or two thirds the length of head. Color on black blue silvery and paler on sides and underneath; i black spot behind head; dusky lines on body, which are only risible on large examples. Described from no. 27197 U. S. National Museum from Poto- nac river. Length 11 inches. The branch herring, river herring or alewife has a variety of 1dditional names. It is the ellwife or ellwhop of Connecticut ‘iver, the spring herring of New York, the big-eyed and wall- 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM eyed herring of the Albemarle, the sawbelly of Maine, the gray back of Massachusetts, the gaspereau of Canada, little shad ot! certain localities, and the Cayuga lake shad of New York. The recorded range of the branch herring is from the Neuse river N. C., to the Miramichi river, in New Brunswick, ascending streams to their head waters for the purpose of spawning. The fish is found abundant in Cayuga and Seneca lakes, N. Y., where it has probably made its way naturally. In Lake Ontario, since the introduction there of the shad, the alewife has become sc plentiful as to cause great difficulty to fishermen, and its periodi cal mortality is a serious menace to the health of peop‘e living in the vicinity. The belief is that the fish were unintentionally introduced with the shad. In Pennsylvania the branch alewife occurs in the Delaware and the Susquehanna in great numbers in early spring. The U.S. Fish Commission, in 1894, obtained specimens at the following localities of the Lake Ontario region. Cape Vincent June 2) Grenadier island June 2% Mouth Salem river, Selkirk July 25 Long pond, Charlotte, N. Y. Aug. 17 Lake Shore, mouth Long pond Aug. 17 Sandy creek, North Hamlin Aug. 20 Not a native of Cayuga lake but often found there in large numbers. Known to the fishermen as sawbelly. It is thought to have been introduced into the lakes of central New York by the state fish commission. Large numbers are often found dead on the shores of Seneca and Cayuga lakes. (After Meek) De Kay says it appears in New York waters with the shad about the first of April, but never in sufficient numbers to form a separate fishery. The branch herring, or alewife, is the first of the alewives to appear in Grayesend bay; it comes with the shad. It endures captivity well. Noy. 30, 1897, individuals above 7 inches in length were caught in Gravesend bay, which were probably the young of the year. FISHES OF NEW YORK 201 This alewife seldom exceeds 1 foot in length, the average mar- ket examples being about 10 inches. The weight of the largest is about 3 pound, and the average weight is about 5 or 6 ounces. The fish enter the rivers earlier than the shad and return to the sea, or to estuaries adjacent to the river mouths, at some undetermined date in the fall. During the summer months enormous schools of full grown, but sexually immature alewives migrate along the coast, feeding on small crustaceans and them- selves furnishing food for bluefish, sharks, porpoises and other predaceous animals; but none of them are known to enter fresh waters. In the rivers the alewives appear to eat nothing, but they can be captured with small artificial flies of various colors. Their eggs are somewhat adhesive and number from 60,000 to 100,000 to the individual. They are deposited in shoal water; spawning begins when the river water is at 55° to 60° F. The period of hatching is not definitely known, but is believed to exceed four days. During the spring and summer the young grow to a length of 2 or 3 inches; after their departure from the streams nothing is known of their progress, but it is believed that they reach maturity in four years. We have no means of learning the age of the immature fish seen in great schools off shore, and thus far the rate of growth is unsettled. The branch alewife, though full of small bones, is a very valuable food fish and is consumed in the fresh condition as well as dry salted, pickled and smoked. The fry can be reared in ponds by placing adults in the waters to be stocked a little before their spawning season; and they furnish excellent food for bass, rockfish, trout, salmon, and other choice fishes. The proper utilization of the immense oversupply of these fish in Lake Ontario has become a serious economic problem. Alewives are caught in seines, gill nets, traps and pounds and they are often taken by anglers with artificial flies. 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 114 Pomolobus cyanonoton (Storer) Glut Herring ; Blueback Alosa cyanonoton STorER, Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. II, 242, 1848, Hist. Fish. Mass. 161, pl. X XVII, fig. 1, 1867. Pomolobus aestivalis Goopr & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. 24, 1879; JoRDAN & SVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 426, 1896, pl. LX XI, fig, 190, 1900; Surry, Bull. U. S. F.C. XVII, 91, 1898: Clupea aestivalis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 267, 1883; McDonatp, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 579, pls. 209, 210, 1884, not Clupea aestivalis Mrrcnitu, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 456, pl. V, fig. 6, 1815. Body moderately deep and compressed, its greatest depth two sevenths of the length without caudal; least depth of caudal peduncle two sevenths of greatest depth of body; head short, one fifth of total length without caudal, the maxilla extending to below the middle of the eye, its width about one third of its length, lower jaw somewhat projecting, upper jaw notched; eve smaller than in P. pseudoharengus, equal to snout and one fourth of length of head, chiefly covered by an adipose mem- brane; gil! rakers about 44 below and 21 above the angle of the first arch, the longest about equal to iris; lower caudal lobe the longer, about equal to length of head. Dorsal fin begins in advance of ventral origin, over the 15th row of scales; the longest ray is about three fourths as long as the base of the fin and twice as long as the last ray. Anal base two and one half times as long as the longest ray and as long as the head with- out the snout. Ventral under the 6th developed ray of dorsal, the fin one half as long as the head; its axillary scale about one half as long as the ventral fin. A small black spot behind the opercle on the level of the top of the eye. Narrow dark streaks on about five rows of scales above the median line. Peritoneum very dark. D. iii, 15; A.ii, 18; V.i,8; B. i, dh) Scales tae. scutes 21+ 14. Above bluish, sides and gill covers with coppery reflections, lower parts silvery. Irish golden. Here described from a male specimen taken in the Potomac river and now in the U.S. National Museum. Mitchill’s name, aestivalis, can not be applied with any certainty to the “ glut herring’; it appears to be a synonym of FISHES OF NEW YORK 203 mediocris and mattowaca of the same author. Its relation to mattowaca was long since pointed out by Dr Gill. The description! herewith appended appears to make this conclusion inevitable. Summer herring of New York (Clupea aestivalis). Has a row of spots to the number of seven or eight, extending in the direction of the lateral line. Tail forked. Belly serrate; and, in most respects, resembling the C. halec, herein already desentped. Kays: Br. 6; Ps 15; V9; Dale As19: Cale The figure shows a row of eight dark spots on the side extend- ing as far back as the end of the dorsal fin on the level of tue eye. This resembles the hickory shad, Pomolobus medio- eris, more than anything else, and it probably was that species. The glut herring arrives later than the branch herring and does not ascend streams far above salt water. It appears to spawn only in the larger streams or their tidal tributaries and at a temperature of 70° to 75°; while the branch herring spawns in water as low as 55° to 60° and ascends far up the streams and their small fresh-water branches. In Gravesend bay the glut herring is called shad herring. Noy. 30, 1897, two young fish of the year, measuring about 7 inches in length, were obtained from that bay. In Great South bay the species is called herring. A single example was secured there on Sep. 29, 1890. In 1898 it was not collected either in Great South bay or Mecox, in both of which the branch herring was abundant. At Provincetown the species is known as the blueback and kiouk. According to Storer, it appears there in small numbers in May, but is not abundant before June 10, and it remains on the coast for a short time only. The alewife, or branch herring, arrives on the coast of Massachusetts about the end of March, and is taken till the middle or last of May. Genus aALosa Cuvier Body deep, compressed, deeper than in related American genera, the head also deep, the free portion of the cheeks deeper 1Mitchill. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. Trans. ‘1815. p. 456, pl. 5, fig.. 6. 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM than long; jaws wholly toothless (except in young); upper jaw with a sharp, deep notch at tip, the premaxillaries meeting at a very acute angle. Vertebrae 56 (in Alosa alosa), other- wise as in Pomolobus, to which genus Alosa is very closely allied. Species three, of the north Atlantic, ascending rivers; highly valued as food fishes. Though very full of small bones, the flesh is white and rich, but not oily. 115 Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) Shad Clupea sapidissima WiILSON, Rees’s New Cyclopedia, 1X, about 18i1, no pagination, no date; RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 205, Jan. 1818, says Wilson first distinguished and named the Shad; McDonaLp in Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S, I, 594, pls. 212, 213, 1884; Bran, Fishes Penna. 60, pl. 2, 1898; CHENEY, 4th Ann. Rep. N. Y. Comm. Fish. colored plate ‘facing p. 8, 1899. Clupea alosa Mircuity, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 449, 1815. Alosa praestabilis Dm Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 255, pl. 15, fig. 41, 1842: SToRER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 154, pl. X XVI, fig. 2, 1867. Alosa sapidissima LInsLey, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, XLVII, 70, 1844; Srorrr, Syn. Fish. N. A. 206, 1846; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 427, 1896, pl. LX XII, fig. 191, 1900; Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 91, 1898. The American Shad. Goopr, American Fishes, 400, fig. 1888. The shad was formerly referred to the genus Clupea, but differs from the typical sea herring in the shape of the cheek bone, which is somewhat deeper than long. The adult is tooth- less, but the young has well developed, though small, teeth in the jaws, which sometimes persist till the fish has reached a length of i5 inches. To this subgenus the name Alosa was given by Cuvier. The shad has a deep body and a large mouth, with the jaws about equal. The gill rakers are very long and slender, varying with age from 40 to 60 below the angle of the first arch. In the female the dorsal originates a little in front of the middle of the length; in the male somewhat farther in front. The dor- sal of the male is rather higher than that of the female, while the body is not so deep. In the female the greatest depth is one third of the total without caudal and the length of the head two ninths. In the male the length of the head is one FISHES OF NEW YORK 205 fourth of the total without caudal. The dorsal has 13 divided rays and 4 simple ones; anal 19 divided and 3 simple. Scales 16—60 to 65. Scutes 22+16. ; The color is bluish or greenish with much silvery; a dusky blotch close behind the head, two thirds as large as the eye, and frequently from several to many, in one or two rows, behind this. The lining of the belly walls is pale. The shad is known also as the white shad, and in the colonial days it was known to the negroes on the lower Potomac river as the whitefish. It is found naturally along the Atlantic coast of the United States from the Gulf of St Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, ascending streams at various dates from January in its extreme southern limit to June in far northern waters. In the Delaware and Susquehanna it makes its appearance in April and departs after spawning; but remains sometimes as late as July 18, and many die. The original distribution of the shad has been widely extended by artificial introduction. In certain rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico the fish has been established by planting. In the Ohio river a fishery has been created by the same method; and in the Sacramento river, Cal., the shad was successfully introduced, and it has colonized not only this river but all suit- able rivers from San Francisco to southern Alaska. It is now one of the common market species in San Francisco and other west coast cities. In the Susquehanna the shad was formerly one of the most important native food fishes, but its range is now very limited on account of obstruction by dams. 20 years ago the fish commissioners reported that a few shad are taken yearly above the Clark’s Ferry dam, none or at most a few dozen above the Shamokin dam, none above the Nanticoke dam and none above Williamsport. The largest run of shad that has been known to pass the Columbia dam was that of 1867. “In 1871 the finest Golumbia shad were hawked in the market at Harrisburg, 30 miles from the fisheries, at considerably less than a dollar a - pair. The catch at Columbia exceeded 100,000.” 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSBUM The obstructions in the Delaware have been almost entirely overcome. In 1891 shad were caught higher up the Delaware than for many years, and spawned in the upper reaches of the river beyond the New York state line. In 1891 the Delaware, for the first time _sinee 1825, was restored to its normal condi- tion by means of the fishway at Lackawaxen; and, according to Col. Gay, it is at present the best shad river in the country. The number of eggs obtained for artificial propagationin the lower river was unusually small, but the number naturally deposited in the upper waters was greater than for many years. Col. Gay observed a large number of big female shad at Gloucester City, but a great scarcity of males. This necessitated a long run up the river before spawning. The cause is believed te be the low temperature of the water during May, the lack of rain cutting off the usual supply of warm surface water and the tributaries of the upper river bringing down nothing but cold spring water, keeping the temperature of the river below the normal for spawning purposes. Consequently, the shad as. cended more than 5300 miles. Mr Ford noticed that every pool in the upper river was full of shad, and he saw them playing in the water by hundreds. Mr Van Gordon saw them above Port Jervis, and they were observed as far up as Deposit N. Y. The shad reaches a length of 2 feet. It is asserted that 50 years ago shad weighing from 8 to 13 pounds were not uncom- mon in the Susquehanna. It is said that even larger individuals were taken. In California the shad reaches a larger size than it does in the east, specimens weighing from 13 to 14 pounds being often seen in the markets. The average weight of females is 4 or 5 pounds. The male is much smaller. The young shad remain in the rivers till the approach of cold weather, when they descend to the sea, and they are usually seen no more till they return as mature fish ready for repro- duction. They are known to feed on small flies, crustaceans and insect larvae. They have been fed with fresh-water cope- pods and kept alive in this way till they had obtained a length of more than 1 inch. In the carp ponds, at Washington, Dr VISHES OF NEW YORK t 207 Hessel succeeded in rearing shad on the Da phnia and Cyclops to a length of 3 or 4 inches, and one time, when they had access surreptitiously to an abundant supply of young carp, well fed individuals reached a length of 6 inches by the first of November. Shad have been kept at the central station of the U. S. Fish Commission over the winter, but at the age of one year, doubtless for lack of sufficient food, the largest was less than 4 inches long. At this age they were seen to capture smaller shad of the season of 1891, which were an inch or more in length. The commissioner of fisheries detected young shad also in the act of eating young California salmon; and on one occasion found an undigested minnow, 2 or 3 inches long, in the stomach of a large shad; and they have been caught with minnows for bait. The principal growth of the shad takes place at sea, and, when the species enters the fresh waters for the purpose of spawning, it ceases to feed, but will some- pur} I 2 times take the artificial fly and live minnows. The migratory e t=) ev habit of the shad has already been referred to. The spawning habits have been thus described by Marshall McDonald. The favorite spawning grounds are on sandy flats bordering streams and on sand bars. The fish appear to associate in pairs, usually between sundown and 11 p.m. When in the act of spawning they swim close together near the surface, their dorsal fins projecting above the water and their movements producing a sound which the fishermen call ‘‘ washing.” The eggs are expressed by the female while in rapid mofion; the male following close and ejecting his milt at the same time. Such of the eggs as come in contact with the milt are impreg- nated, but the greater portion of them are carried away by the current or destroyed by spawn-eating fishes. After impregna- tion the egg sinks to the bottom, and under favorable conditions develops in from three to eight days. According to Seth Green, the embryo shad swim as soon as they break the shell, and make their way to the middle of the stream, where they are comparatively safe from predaceous fishes. A mature female shad of 4 or 5 pounds contains about 25,000 eggs on the average, but as many as 60,000 have been obtained from a 6 pound fish, and 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 100,000 were obtained from a single female on the Potomac. There is great mortality among the shad after spawning.. Dead fish of both sexes are frequently seen floating in the water in the late months of summer. Mitechill states that the shad visits New York annually about the end of March or beginning of April; that is, ascends toward the sources of the Hudson; that it usually weighs 4 or 5 pounds, but sometimes as much as 12 pounds. De Kay says a large variety, supposed to be an old fish, and weighing from 10 to 12 pounds, were frequently taken in the Hudson, under the name of yellow backs. The shad, in his time, ascended the river 150 miles, to spawn, and descended in the latter part of May. The introduction of gill nets, he writes, has caused a scarcity of the fish and will drive them from the river before many years. Nets set off shore in Gravesend bay in the fall frequently inclose large quantities of young shad, sometimes a ton and a half at one time, during their migration seaward, but they are at once liberated. The fish are usually about 6 to & inches long. Oct. 17, 1895, 60 or 70 were caught in John B. De Nyse’s pound, among them a male 11 inches long and 2{ inches deep, and a female 12 inches long and 3 inches deep. Oct. 31, 1895, a male 134 inches long and 3s inches deep, and a female 134 inches long and 314 inches deep were obtained in the same pound. Apparently the shad do not all remain at sea after their first migration till they are sexually mature. In the Potomac river young shad 8 to 9 inches long occasionally enter in the spring with the adults in large num- bers, Mr De Nyse informs me that in the first spring run of small shad in Gravesend bay fully 904 are males. Genus sarpiIneELLA Cuvier and Valenciennes Small herrings of the tropical seas, with the vertebrae in re- duced numbers, about 40 to 44, and with the scales large, usually firm and adherent, often crossed by vertical striae. Ventral Seutes strong, 25 to 35 in number; adipose eyelid obsolete; lower jaw projecting, upper jaw somewhat emarginate, teeth weak; ventrals inserted behind front of dorsal; body compressed ; FISHES OF. NEW YORK 209 cheeks not deep; gill rakers long and numerous; otherwise essentially asin Pomolobus. The genus Sardinella, as here understood, covers a wide diversity of forms and may be divisible into several genera when the anatomy of the species is better known. (After Jordan and Evermann) 116 Sardinella species Scaled Sardine An individual about 9 inches long was obtained by W. I. De Nyse in Gravesend bay in 1895. This was the only one observed in that locality, and it is the only record known of the ocecur- rence of a fish of this genus north of Florida. The specimen was seen and identified asa Sardinella by the writer, but, before he had opportunity to make a detailed study, it disap- peared from the tank in which it was placed and could not be found. Genus opisTHONEMA Gill Characters essentially those of Sardinella, except that the last ray of the dorsal is produced in a long filament as in Dorosoma, Megalops and Tarpon. Species few, American. . 117 Opisthonema oglinum (Le Sueur) Thread Herring; Shad Herring; Sprat Herring Megalops oglina Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 359, Sept. 1818, Newport, R. I. , Megalops notata Lr SuEuR, op. cit. 361, Sept. 1818. Guadeloupe. Chatoessus signifer DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 264, pl. 41, fig. 132, 1842. Opisthonema oglina GoopE & BEAN, Proce. U, S. Nat. Mus. VIII, 206, June 8, 1885. ; Opisthonema oglinum JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 482, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 336, 1897; SmirH, Bull. esse. ©.-X VIL, 91, 1898. Body oblong, deep, compressed, its greatest depth one third of the total length without caudal; caudal peduncle short, stout, its least depth one half the length of head; head short, deep. its length one fourth of total length without caudal; eye large, two sevenths to one third of length of head, slightly longer than snout; maxilla reaching to below front of pupil, its width more 210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM than one half its length, the bone almost covering the mandible, which is scarcely projecting; gill rakers very long and slender; pseudobranchiae well developed; dorsal origin much nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal, equidistant from snout and origin of anal, base of dorsal as long as the longest ray and two thirds as long as the head, filament reaching to base of caudal, much longer than the head in examples measuring from 7 to 9 inches; anal base as long as the head without the snout, its longest ray three fourths of diameter of eye; ventral origin under Sth or 9th developed ray of dorsal, the fin half as long as the head; pectoral four fifths as long as the head. Seales smooth, firm, but easily detached. Bluish above; lower parts silvery; an indistinct bluish spot behind the operculum; each scale on the back having a dark spot at its base, these forming streaks as in the glut herring. Length 12 inches. D.19; A. 24. Scales 15-50; scutes 17:14. (West Indies, northward to Cape Cod in summer.) The thread herring appears in July and August in Gravesend bay, and is sometimes so abundant as to fill the nets (fykes) of the fishermen. The great run begins toward the end of July and lasts two weeks. The fish is known there as the sprat herring. De Kay, in New York Fawa, Fishes, p. 264, pl. 41, fig. 132, de- scribes the species under the name Chatoéssus signifer. The colors, according to that author, are as follows: “ Bluish above, with a series of dark points along the sides of the back, forming four or five longitudinal lines. A round black spot behind the upper part of the branchial aperture. Pectorals, ventrals and anal white. Dorsal and caudal yellow; the mem- brane finely punctate with black, and bordéred with dusky. [rides white varied with yellowish.” He further says: “It appears in our waters about the beginning of September, where it is often called the shad herring. It has also the names of thread herring and threadfish, in allusion to its last filamentous dorsal ray.” FISHES OF NEW YORK 2A In the Woods Hole region of Cape Cod it is very rare, accord- ing to Dr Smith. A number were taken in the fall of 1871. In 1885 it was common in Buzzards bay and Vineyard sound in July. It remained about a month, and specimens were taken in traps at almost every lift. During the next four years the fish was also noticed, but none has been seen since 1890. Genus BREVOORTIA Gill Body elliptic, compressed, deepest anteriorly, tapering be- hind; head very large; cheeks deeper than long; mouth large, the lower jaw included; no teeth; gill rakers very long and slender, densely set, appearing to fill the mouth when it is opened; gill arches angularly bent. Scales deeper than long, closely imbricated, their exposed edges vertical and fluted or pectinated. Dorsal fin low, rather posterior; anal fin small. Intestinal canal elongate. Vertebrae 48. Peritoneum dusky. Species few; inhabiting the Atlantic; spawning probably in brackish water in the spring. Coarse, herbivorous fishes, not valued as food, but the young of the greatest value as food to other fishes. (After Jordan and Evermann) 118 Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) Menhaden ; Mossbunker Clupea tyrannus LATROBE, Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. Phila. V, 77, pl. 1, 1802, (Chesapeake bay) Clupea menhaden Mircuity, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe Ne. b45e;. Dive fig. 7, 1815, New York; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 436, 1868. Alosa menhaden DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 259, pl. 21, fig. 60, 1842; SroreER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 158, pl. XX VI, fig. 4, 1867. Brevoortia tyrannus Goopr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, 531, 1878; Fish & Fish. Ind. U. 8. I, 569, pl. 205, 1884; Jonpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S. Nat. Mus. 269, 1883; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. separate, 44, pl. XXV, fig. 35, 1890; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. LX, 336, 1897; 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 96, 1900; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 433, 1896, pl. LX XIII, fig. 195, 1900; Smiru, Bull. U. 8. F. C. XVII, 91, 1898. The menhaden has the exposed surfaces of its scales very narrow and deep. The body is similar in shape to that of the shad, the depth being one third of the length without caudal, and somewhat greater than the length of the head. Mouth large; jaws toothless. The maxilla extends to below the hind PAA WA NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM margin of the eye. The eye is about as long as the snout, one fifth of length of head. The fins are small, the pectoral not much more than half the length of the head and twice as long as the ventral. The dorsal base is equal in length to the pec- toral; longest dorsal ray more than twice as long as the last ray and about two fifths of length of head. The anal rays are shorter than those of the dorsal; length of anal base little more than one half the length of head. The origin of the dorsal is about midway between tip of snout and end of middle caudal rays. The sides and fins are silvery, yellowish, the upper parts bluish. Behind the head there is a large dark spot, larger than the pupil, and behind it numerous smaller dark spots. The menhaden has received more than 380 common names, among which the one here employed is the best known and most suitable. In New Jersey it is frequently called bunker or moss- bunker, and in some other localities it is the bony fish. It is also called bugfish, because of a crustacean parasite which is found in the mouth. The menhaden reaches a length of 15 inches or more; its aver- age size is about 1 foot. It is found along our east coast from Maine to Florida, swimming in immense schools and fluctuating greatly in abundance. In certain localities its movements are affected chiefly by temperature. The use of the menhaden as a source of oil and a material for fertilizers is so well known as scarcely to need mention here. As an edible fish it is not generally esteemed; in most localities it is seldom eaten, though in some places it is considered a good food fish. Since the mackerel is becoming scarce, menhaden are often salted in barrels as a substitute for that fish. | The menhaden appears in Dr Mitchill’s Fishes of New York as the bony fish, hardhead or marshbanker. The aboriginal name menhaden, and the one most suitable for the species, is men- tioned by this writer. Dr De IKkay, in his New York Fauna, intro- duced the name mossbunker as well as the Indian names pan- hagen and menhaden. He notes also the names skippang and bunker as in use at the east end of Long Island. For a survey FISHES OF NEW YORK 215 of the 30 or more additional appellations of this well known fish, the reader is referred to the complete history of the Ameri- ean menhaden by Dr G. Brown Goode. The menhaden comes into Gravesend bay in May and through the summer. Occasional individuals are seen there in the fall as late as November. The fish can be kept alive in the winter in captivity, provided the water temperature does not fall below 50° F.. It makes its appearance on the shores of Long Island about the beginning of June, sometimes in May, and remains till the cold season sets in. A few specimens were taken September 22 in Blue Point cove in 1884, and Oct. 1, 1890, many thousands were caught in a trap at Islip; these were large and very fat fish. The use of the menhaden as a bait fish is too well known {to need special mention. In “chumming” for bluefish near Fire island inlet this is the favorite bait. In 1898 the young were obtained at Duncan’s creek, Howell’s point and Nichols’s point August 29. Adults were sent from Islip by W. F. Clark August 18. In the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, menhaden arrive in schools about May 20, but scattered fish are taken in March with alewives; they remain till December 1, some- times till December 20,but are most abundant in June. When the schools first arrive, the reproductive organs of many of the fish are in an advanced stage of development, but after July 1 none with large ovaries are found. Late in fall the fish again have well developed roes. The smallest fish are about an inch long; these are found in little schools about the shores and wharves as early as July 15. The young are abundant throughout sum- mer and fall. The average length of adults is 18 or 14 inches; one fish 18 inches long was caught at Woods Hole in 1876. Family ENGRAULIDIDAE Anchovies Genus sroternores Lacépéde Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous scales; belly rounded, or weakly compressed; snout conical, compressed, projecting beyond the very large mouth; 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM maxillary narrow, little movable, usually formed of three pieces, extending backward far behind the eye, to the base of the mandible, or beyond, not beyond gill opening; premaxillaries very small; teeth small, subequal, present at all ages, usually on the jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids. Anal fin moder- ate, free from caudal (its rays 12 to 40); no pectoral filaments;. dorsal inserted about midway of body, posterior to ventrals; pectorals and ventrals each with a large axillary scale. Adi- pose eyelid obsolete. Vertebrae about 40 (40 to 42) in species. examined. Flesh rather pale and dry, more or less translucent, the bones firm. Pseudobranchiae present; branchiostegals nine to 14; gill rakers long and slender; gill membranes separate, free from the narrow isthmus. 119 Stolephorus brownii (Gmelin) Striped Anchovy Atherina brownii GMELIN, Syst. Nat. I, 1897, 1788. Clupea vittata MircHILy, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N.Y. I, 456, 1815; DE IKay,. N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 254, 1842. Engraulis vittata Barrp, 9th Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst. 347, 1855. Engraulis brownii GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VII, 389, 1868. Stolephorus browni JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 273, 1888; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 149, 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 279, 1890. Stolephorus brownii JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 448, 1896; SmiTH, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 92, 1898; Bran, 52d Ann. Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. 97, 1900. 30dy moderately elongate, compressed, but thicker than in S. mitchilli, its greatest depth two ninths of the total length without caudal, and equal to length of head without the snout, the thickness one half length of head; head moderate, its. length rather more than one fourth of total without caudal, the snout short and obtusely pointed, one fifth of length of head, two thirds of length of eye; eye equal to width of interorbital space, about two sevenths as long as the head. The maxilla reaches as far back as the mandible, but not to hind edge of opercle. The mandible is partly covered by the maxilla, its tip in advance of the front of eye and overhung by the snout. Teeth moderately strong, those on the posterior part of the maxilla FISHES OF NEW YORK 215 raking forward. Gill rakers rather long and slender, numer- ous, the longest on first arch three fourths as long as the eye. Origin of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and front of eye, its length of base four sevenths of length of head, its longest ray one half as long as the head, a sheath of seales at base; anal with a strong sheath of scales, its base as long as the head without the snout; ventrals small, originating in advance of dorsal origin, the length equal to eye; axillary scale of pec- toral one half as long as the head. Width of silvery band one fourth the length of head. D. 14 to 15; A. 20. Scales 40 to 42. Upper parts light brown; sides silvery; a broad, bright silvery lateral stripe. Length sometimes above 6 inches. Here de- scribed from an example taken at Lifesaving station no. 22, Long Island, and now in the U. 8S. National Museum. The species occurs from Cape Cod southward to Brazil and the West Indies. : This is the satin striped herring of Mitchill’s Fishes of New York, p. 456. By some of the fishermen in Great South bay it is supposed to be the whitebait and is so called. The anchovy was extremely abundant in the bay in September 1884. I found it at the mouth of Swan creek, in Blue Point cove, near the Life- saving station, at Oak island and at Fire island. Specimens were seen as late as October 7. This anchovy forms a very important part of the food of the young weakfish and bluefish in Great South bay. It is present in very large numbers and could be utilized as a food species. The largest examples of this fish which we have seen were taken in Great Egg Harbor bay in August; individuals measuring 5} inches in length were taken in the surf by hundreds, and weak- fish were feeding on them ravenously. In two hauls of a 20 fathom seine we took here 54 weakfish. This species was not common in Great South bay during the summer of 1898. It was found at Blue Point cove August 18, and young were obtained at Nichois’s point September 1. Dr Smith records it as usually abundant at Woods Hole, occa- sionally rather uncommon. Found from August to late in fall. More numerous than any other anchovy. 216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 120 Stolephorus argyrophanus (Cuy. & Val.) Silvery Anchovy Engraulis argyrophanus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. X XI, 49, 1848. Stolephorus perfasciatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S. Nat. Mus. 273, 1883, not Engraulis perfasciatus Poey, Mem. Cuba, II, 312, 1858. Stolephorus eurystole SwAIN & MEEK, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 34, 1884; BEAN, Bull.. U. S..F.'C. VIL, 150, pl. ILL, fis. 19% 188s. Stolephorus argyrophanus JORDAN & HVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 444, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 337, 1897; S»aru, Bull. U. 8. F.C. XVII, 92, 1898. Body elongate, much more slender than in 8S. brownii, and not so much compressed; head not so deep as in 8S. brownii, more pointed, the snout rather sharp; eye rather small, four and one half in head, not larger than snout; maxil- . lary teeth well developed, mandibulary teeth very slender; gill rakers very long, as long as the eye; maxillary'shorter than in S. browni, not reaching quite to the base of the mandible; belly slightly compressed, not serrated. Scales very deciduous. Ventrals short, very slightly in front of dorsal; caudal peduncle jong and slender; dorsal inserted scarcely nearer caudal tian snout. Silvery stripe broad, half wider than the eye, bordered above by a dusky streak. Head three and four fifths; depth 6. D. 12; A. 20. Length 4 inches. West Indies; occasional northward. A specimen in our collection from Woods Hole Mass. (After Jordan and Gilbert) The types of this species were obtained by Kuhl and Van Hasselt in the equatorial Atlantic. Cuvier and Valenciennes, in their original description! of the fish, contrast it with 8. browni and others, from which it is distinguished by its form and by other characters. It has the body longer and slenderer; the cleft of the mouth more oblique; the pectoral and anal much shorter; the teeth excessively small. B.11; D.15; A.17. The color is blue, more pronounced on the back than on the belly. A silvery band run- ning along the sides. Ouwvier and Valenciennes Young individuals were seined at Ocean City: Ni, J. Age, oh 1887; again at Longport N. J. numerous young were taken Aug. *Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1848. 21:49, FISHES OF NEW YORK 217 29, 1887; no adults were seen. pe eee oe ee eee 20 9 Length ‘of longest: ‘ray.2satee: ee ee 33 5 Length ‘of last-ray: (5 3e.ceee eee ee eee 11 5 Anal: Distance, from. snouts) ees eee 162 (es Length of base... . .. oe eee ee ee 24 ile! Length of longest ‘ray sain see ee eee 20 9 Length of last ray «... {<2 eae 8 4 Caudal: Length of middle rays from end of seales...... 12 de Length of external rays, iii), 200; 0 ee A+ 20 Pectoral: : Wistance from snout... Scene ee eee 52 24 16. Length ROMO SET SS eng enn PA ceo me 356 16% Ventral: ememee-from snout.',.\s.).. 50mm eee. eee 118 D5 BEE srs oss ania eee ee oo oe, 15 Ortem from anal origin... -;... cee ieee wee 48 22. nd of extended ventral to Anal oniPinio. .:..aee 15 Gs FISHES OF NEW YORK Jae MEASUREMENTS Milli- Hundredths meters of length OT Sell ere ier abicesy crete ascites. x. ose cee bee ee ili, 9 JAM DGMP ee Ss bet See ERODE EI eae Pa Sa neg Tet ap glesy ii, 13 FR CCLORA eee smal ae eae elite a se oo een DEG ane eee Sees AVCeoUb aT eal pe ceee te RUA Aas Sy au slewe ES oh ctascats\ owe c eet eee UE Dee aca Py Bec peer atice x Number-or scales in lateral lime. .. 26569 22 ak BZ Us tear tac lateue Number of transverse rows above lateral line...... Ree Pate vekeaties Number of transverse rows below lateral line...... 8 The attention of the writer was called to this graceful little whitefish by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp and J. C. Willetts. Mr Willetts forwarded numerous specimens from Skaneateles. Individuals were obtained also from Prof. H. L. Smith, which he received from Seneca lake. One of these specimens, 10 inches long, is described above. 3 The fish was then somewhat doubtfully supposed by me to be identical with Hoy’s whitefish, but it is now known to be distinct. 126 Argyrosomus artedi (LeSueur) Lake Herring; Cisco Coregonus artedi LE SuEur, Jour. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 231, May, 1818. Lake Erie & Lewistown, Upper Canada; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 301; 1883; Bran, Fishes Penna. 69, pl. 26, fig. 48, 1893. Salmo (Coregonus) harengus RIcHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer. III, 210, pl. 90, fig. 2, 1836. Coregonus clupeiformis DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 248, pl. 60, fig. 198, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 198, 1866. Coregonus harengus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 199, 1866. Argyrosomus. artedi JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 468, 1896. The body of the lake herring is moderately elongated, com- pressed, and the head pointed. The greatest hight of the body at the origin of the dorsal is one fourth of the total length without caudal. The caudal peduncle is short and stout; its least depth is somewhat more than one third of its greatest depth. The eve is contained four to four and one half times in length of head; the snout three and one half times. The max- illary reaches nearly to below the middle of the eye. The lower jaw projects strongly. The dorsal begins midway between tip of snout and base of tail. Its longest ray equals length of 234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM head without snout. The ventral begins under the middle of the dorsal, its longest ray two thirds of length of head. The pectoral is slightly longer than the ventral. The anal base equals the length of its longest ray, which is nearly one half the length of head. The adipose dorsal is slender, its width one half its hight, and about one half the length of eye; 25 to 30 gill rakers below the angle of the first arch. D. 11; A. 10 (counting only divided rays in dorsal and anal); V. 10. Seales 9-80-8. The upper parts are greenish or bluish black; the sides silvery and with narrow pale streaks along the rows of scales, specially above the lateral line. This species is known as the lake herring or cisco. The name cisco is applied more particularly in the small lakes of Wiscon- sin, Indiana and New York. The lake herring is most abun- dant in the Great lakes, extending northward into British America; eastward it has been obtained from Labrador. It becomes variable in certain parts of its habitat, notably in Labrador and in the lakes in which it is known as cisco. In 1885 more individuals of this species were taken in Lake Erie than in all the other Great lakes put together, more than 19,000,000 pounds having been caught there out of a total of less than 26,000,000. The average length of this species is about 1 foot, and the weight 9 to 12 ounces, but examples measuring 19 inches in length and weighing 2 pounds have been recorded. The lake herring frequents shoal waters moderately, and occurs in enormous schools, as one may judge from the quan- tity captured in Lake Erie. Its food consists of insects and crustaceans. During the spawning season of the whitefish, how- ever, it feeds exclusively on the eggs of this species and proves very destructive. The lake herring will take the hook, and has been caught with live minnows. Spawning takes place about the end of November in shoal waters. As a food fish this species is inferior to the whitefish, but it is in great demand over an extensive area of the country, and is shipped in the fresh condition many hundreds of miles east and west. I have elsewhere referred to the enormous number FISHES OF NEW YORK 2a taken in 1885 in Lake Erie. These are caught chiefly in pound and gill nets. The catch in 1885 amounted to more than one third of the entire quantity of fishes taken in this lake. There is no apparent diminution in the number of these fishes, and their artificial propagation has not been practised. A male and a female were forwarded by Mr Annin from Three- mile bay, Lake Ontario, Nov. 22 and 25, 1895. MEASUREMENTS MALE FEMALE Inches Inches Tepes orto rn CAT NTT CEU AIL) tL N, 5c 5! ys: igi a veto cbisueie ole antbewsteteoans 13% 13 Peene tino dale icaudal Tay Seis). kicicys sues oe sopetereusnerals Sie ar ae oes Peast-depth of caudal peduncle. i626 000.0. 55.00 2ee28 s sever ks a2 MA tao OO Oval UL ClOTS A: ccs. vets sce saver ce ticte siete “clofeier onalereteeh 3 2% ILS: GEA JOVERACLA ais aeae eee ee SCRE eee OE ALORS Go Sor ore 2% 2% Beretta Ieee) Gyae's e sasc(s sits:e csi cae overs, euale aeyensisyeheicrane 34 % ANB) Tea IAME eT pe Oster OV ai cde es she k occa sal sieace a clea Mah ara! ah Voltelray a Peyacetat bas leyraihane % iy DGS Hao OMMESt VOT MAKE T 2) eres. tetiela c/a) stey)e lovelolicvoteretencreneys SUN SHel a. TIA oc The male has 17+31 gill rakers; the female, 47. Scales of the male, 8-74-8; of the female, 76. In the female the maxilla reaches to the front of the pupil; the lower jaw projects a little; the dorsal and anal each have 10 divided rays; the dorsal has a black tip; the pectoral is dusky above; the ventral and anal are pale; the caudal is dusky towards its margin. The cisc6, according to Mr Annin, lives in deep waters and spawns in brooks in December. Dr Meek saw a few specimens of the species from Cayuga lake. The U.S. Fish Commission obtained four specimens at Cape Vincent N. Y. Nov. 11 and 17, 1891. The U. 8. National Museum has a number of examples from Lake Champlain, some of them from Vergennes Vt., and others from Ticonderoga N. Y. DeKay says the shad salmon occurs in the smaller lakes in the interior of the state, which still communicate with our inland seas. 127 Argyrosomus hoyi Gill Mooneye Cisco; Shiner Argyrosomus hoyi GILL, Mss. JORDAN, Amer. Naturalist, 185, March, 1875, Lake Michigan, near Racine, Wis.; EVERMANN & Smiru, Rept. U. S. F. CG. XX, 310, pl. 22, 1896; Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist. IX, 342, 1897, Canandaigua Lake; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 469, 1896. 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Coregonus hoyi JoRDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 275, 1878; JorpAn & GILBERT,. Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 299, 1883; Smrru, Bull. U. S. F.C. XIV, 6, Dy eens! VS; Head, four; depth, four and four sevenths; eye, five (nearly); snout, three and one half; maxillary, nearly three in head, reach- ing to vertical through front of pupil. D. 10; A. 11. Scales, 8-70-9. Gill rakers, 14+28, left side, 40 on right side, longest about 4 inch, about two in eye. Branchiostegals, 8. Body rather elongate, compressed, the back little elevated; mouth rather large, terminal, the lower jaw slightly longer than upper when . the mouth is closed; tip of muzzle conical as in A. artedi;. mandible nearly reaching vertical through posterior edge of eye, nearly two in head; head rather long and slender, with pointed snout; interorbital width equal to eye; supraorbital and preorbital long and narrow; distance from tip of snout to occiput two in distance from occiput to origin of dorsai fin; dorsal rays much longer anteriorly than posteriorly, the longest ray nearly equal to distance from front of pupil to end of head, the last ray only one third as long; longest anal ray two and one half in head, last anal ray two fifths as long as the longest; pseudobranchiae well developed; tongue with evident teeth. Color in spirits silvery, with purplish iridescence on back; scales: without punctulations; belly whitish; dorsal and caudal fins dark on terminal half, pale at base; other fins all pale. Length, without caudal, 8 inches; total length, 94 inches; depth 13 inches; head, 2} inches; eye, +4 inch; maxilla, +4 inch; interorbital width equal to diameter of eye. Mr Annin wrote me that the people at Canandaigua lake told him that there were large quantities of small lake shiners, as they are called, in the lake. A fisherman said that they are seen in immense schools at the top of the water occasionally, and, by firing a gun loaded with shot into them, men can stun them so as fo pick up quite a number. They are eagerly sought after for trolling bait for the salmon trout found in that lake. This species is recorded with certainty from Lake Michigan only. It is taken in gill nets in deep water and, notwithstand- Ing its small size, has become commercially important. It is FISHES OF NEW YORK 25k here for the first time announced as a member of the New York fauna, and the description leaves no doubt of the correctness of the identification. The fish examined, a female with ripe eggs, was taken in Canandaigua lake, Dec. 19, 1896, by Mr Annin’s men. It was the only one caught, and was captured by becom- ing gilled in the funnel of the net. Mr Annin is satisfied that. this is the lake shiner of the fishermen, which they sometimes see in immense schools at the surface, and kill for trolling bait by shooting them. 128 Argyrosomus prognathus (H. M. Smith) Long Jaw; Bloater Coregonus prognathus HucH M. Smiru, Bull. U. 8S. F. C. XIV, 4, pl. 1, fig. 5, 1895, Lake Ontario, at Wilson N. Y. Argyrosomus hoyi MILNER, Rept. U. 8. F. C. II, 86, 1874, Outer Island, Lake: Superior, not of GILL. : Argyrosomus prognathus EVERMANN & Situ, Rept. U. 8. F. C. XX, 314, pl. 26, 1896; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 471, 1896. Body oblong, much compressed, back elevated, tapering rather abruptly toward the narrow caudal peduncle, the adult fish hav- ing a slight-nuchal hump asin C. clupeiformis; greatest depth three and one half to four in body length; head rather short and deep, pointed, four to four and one third in length; greatest width half the length, cranial ridges prominent; snout straight, its tip on level with lower edge of pupil; top of head two in distance from occiput to front of dorsal; mouth large and strong, maxillary reaching to opposite middle of pupil, two and one half in head, length three times its width, mandible long, projecting beyond upper jaw when mouth is closed, reach- ing to or beyond posterior edge of eye, one and three fourths to one and seven eighths in head; eye small, five in head, one and one half in snout, one and one third in interorbital space, one and one half in suborbital space; gill rakers slender, about length of eye, 13 above and 25 below angle. Adipose fin the length of eye, its width half its length. Narrowest part of cau- dal peduncle contained nearly four times in greatest body depth. Dorsal rather high, with nine or ten developed rays, the longest one half longer than base of fin and contained one and three 238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fourths times in greatest body depth, three and one fourth times in distance between dorsal and snout, and one and one half times in head; free margin slightly concave; origin midway between end of snout and base of caudal; dorsal base opposite nine scales. Anal with 10 to 12 developed rays, the longest ray equal to base of fin and two thirds of hight of dorsal. Ventrals as long as dorsal is high, their origin midway between anterior edge of orbit and base of caudal. Ventral appendage short, covering about three scales. Pectorals as long as ventralis. Scales rather large, about 75 in lateral line, seven or eight above the lateral line, seven or eight below the lateral line. Lateral line straight except at origin, where it presents a rather marked curve. Sides of body uniformly bright silvery, with pronounced bluish reflection in life; the back dusky, the under parts pure white without silvery color. Above lateral line, light longitudi- nal stripes involving central part of scales extend whole length of body. Fins flesh color or pinkish in life, the dorsal and cau- dal usually showing dusky edges; postorbital area with a bright golden reflection; iris golden, pupil black. Branchiostegals, eight. Average length, 15 inches. Habitat: Lake Onterio, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and doubtless the entire Great lake basin, in deep water. This fish is called long-jaw in Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Specimens were obtained from John S. Wilson of Wilson N. Y. and from George M. Schwartz of Rochester N. Y. Dr R. R. Gurley also secured examples at Nine Mile Point N. Y. in June 1893. This species is quite different from any other whitefish inhab- iting the Great lake basin. It may be at once distinguished from all the whitefishes known to occur in the United States by the general form of body combined with the very long lower jaw, which is contained less than twice in the length of the head and extends backward to or beyond the posterior edge of orbit. 129 Argyrosomus tullibee (Richardson) Tullibee ; Mongrel Whitefish Salmo (Coregonus) tulliber Rr HARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer Ill 201 1836 . ’ ’ > Cumberland House, Pine Island Lake. FISHES OF NEW YORK 239 Coregonus tullibee GUNTHER, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 199, 1866; JorpAn & ‘GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 301, 1883; JorDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 43, 1885; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 70, pl. 27, fig. 49, 1893. Argyrosomus tullibee JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 361, 1878; EvERMANN & SmitH, Rept. U. S. F. C. XX, 320, pl. 28, 1896; JornpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 473, 1896; Bean, Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 348, 1897. The body of the tullibee is very short, deep and compressed; its greatest hight about one third of the length without caudal. The head is pointed, as in the blackfin, the mouth large, with the lower jaw scarcely longer than the upper. The maxilla extends to below the middle of the eye. The eye equals the snout in length and is two ninths of length of the head. Scales much larger on front part of body than on the caudal peduncle. The gill rakers are long, slender and numerous, about 30 below the angle on the first arch. D.11; A. 11. Seales in lateral line 74, eight rows above and seven below lateral line; pyloric caeca,. 120. The upper parts are bluish; sides white and minutely dotted. The spermary, according to Richardson, is wood brown. This species is usually called the tullibee, but in Lakes Erie and Michigan it is sometimes styled the mongrel whitefish on: the supposition that it is a cross between the common white- fish and the lake herring. The tullibee has been taken recently in Lake Michigan; and Dr E. Sterling had a specimen from Lake Erie. It is found occa- sionally in others of the Great lakes and extends northward into British America; but is comparatively little known to the fisher- men and is very rare in collections. This fish grows to a length of 18 inches. The late F. C. Gilchrist was the first to describe the habits of the tullibee, and this he did in Forest and Stream in the following language. In September they will again be found gradually nearing the shoal water, feeding heavily, and plump with fat and the now swelling ovaries. Later on they appear to eat little or nothing and devote all their time to playing until about the 25th of October, when they have settled down to the business of propa- gation, which they have finished by November 10. They prefer shallow water close to shore with clean sand to spawn on, and P40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM during the day they may be seen in pairs and small schools, pok- ing along the shores, but at night they come in thousands and keep up a constant loud splashing and fluttering, very strange and .weird on a calm night. Two years ago I carefuly counted the ova from a ripe fish 24 pounds in weight, and found there were 23,700, closely resembling whitefish eggs in appearance, but somewhat smaller. After spawning the fish are very thin, lank, dull in color, and quite unfit for human food. James Annin jr furnished me the following notes. on the spawning of the tullibee in Onondaga lake, N. Y. They generally commence running up onto the shoals about November 15, and the season extends into December. They come up to the banks or gravelly shoals and spawn in from 8 to 6 and 7 feet of water. They have never been caught with the hook in this lake; and an old fisherman told me that he had tried almost every kind of bait, and had used the very finest gut and the smallest hooks baited with Gammarus (fresh-water shrimp) and other kinds of natural food—that is, he supposed the food was natural to them. At the same time, he claims he could see them in large schools lying in the water 8 or 10 feet from the surface. A female tullibee was sent from Onondaga lake by Mr Annin Noy. 18, 1895, and another of the same sex Nov. 25, 1896. The following notes relate to the female obtained Noy. 18, L895. Inches Length ‘to end of “candals o:5 Se. ae eee eee 18% Lenstth: o&-upper caudal. lobes fii. teas ee eee ee 2% beugthvot middle.caudal stays): 2s. e e eeeaae 1 Least ‘depth of caudal’ peduncle. 2923220 ee ae 1% Depth ‘of ‘body. at dorsal origin: ::\, 3.).'2 ideo ee ie tee ee 456 BPO (OL Wea dds... 5. se ail epsice wisn he LU ae cal TE 3 Length, of maxilla 3 oe es oe ae ee ee % Piameter’ of eye 6.0 Stes a sO Le ee 5 Length: of longest gill rakers.{c\.\. oo Sit, ee ee ee ee 16 The mandible projects slightly. B. 8; D. 11; A. Dike. Vong: Scales 8-75-8; gill rakers, 17+27, The female received Nov. 25, 1896, is 15 inches long. New York is well supplied with Coregonidae, having seven of the 16 North American species. ©. quadrilateralis. is the frostfish of the Adirondacks and the Great lakes. @C. clupeiformis, the common whitefish, inhabits the Great lakes and Lake Champlain; it is very abundant also in the FISHES OF NEW YORK QAL Adirondacks. Argyrosomus osmeriformis is a shapely little herring of Seneca and Skaneateles lakes. A. artedi is the common lake herring or cisco of the Great lakes and Lake Champlain. vsiereleisvs, «1 mise) cnslbiegdsvelsisheiene te ROTA THItMMR eee te tah es oc! ctlig Llclal o/s (gis) ele. ole tells (aj syahaishellal ahaa) ot efelie leu 34 VSO ET) “GUSTS let ee aS ANS ee ee Tee IG Sigin io Ss bit 0 mie C 9% Hay iereall Ma oneness rte eit) clue ac's) a)'e'0) eo lenedeveye oy oneneens ans akeataie Renan 234 : WOME RE MMOS TAY. osetia ck ee cee clea ele cone eae me nin a aime 236 ESC OSA Te eho ct fetches siete cis vleloce oct, « oe larintelets) «tile ohelatel aleteNeiel eloliatahs WA, 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Inches SniGilit tO eVemiralls oft o $5.) J oraseashe toed epetepeecbet elo ia = onheehin peateetasBetcare arty ee MY enatheot ventral... 0... 5. Lec eynterebiedatene ste os le) spcgetetapemasam sage ens 214, SOTTO EO SATA cise ce 0 clove ache t, wim Suapclistcricteie's o/s uc o-yeMAranonemarentstr isin 16%% [\ai2i 10 Se A oe rete sic oy etic do .G Cio cus tet 1% TECH ORA(SS) DAE We) lo) aad PorcLon Gomori cis Sela poo coc u. & 1% JL ATIS (0 ita eh ge eee Gino. cutnstal tac camiGchaie Sremia Bc ty olds Naa 1% SHOU LO AGIPOSe COrSal st Are cetera choke eco rotelel cretion mela ies nereneaea 17% Widih, OF AdipoSerdors ale... susciepc reuters releetekans exelgen eter ot eens el oe seein gare % ensth of adipose vdorsale cs: ieee ie tole ae eens ene ieee ee GA ene th.of pectoral. 26 235) .2cFe esate ree eaeeelers cteastot ere peeve ria en eee 34 Ld eyes) oa oh aa ee i oie OT ENH Donic: oo. ou A co 04 Fe auc ea aie ote 2, Wibod i Pr Ane GRIN mo Arai a ae Wy at aie O95 0.0 Go 2 The head has about 28 dark spots, the largest on the gill cover, oblong, 2 inch long. Body with many large and small black spots, a few with a pale ring around them, and some as large as the largest on the gill cover; one on the caudal peduncle of one side distinctly X-shaped. General color dark bluish gray; belly and lower parts iridescent silvery; fins all dusky; the dorsal with many black spots; eye pale lemon, the upper part dusky. Gill rakers, 9411, the longest °;inch. B. 11; D. 10... Seales, 21—-123-20. 133 Salmo henshawi Gill & Jordan Lake Tahoe Trout; Red-throat Trout (Introduced) Salmo henshawi Git & JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 358, 1878, Lake Tahoe; Rept. Chief Eng. Part 3, 1878, App. NN, 1619, pl. IV; Jorpan, Proc. Dees Nat. Muss Tea isis: Salmo purpuratus var. henshawi JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 316, 1888. Salmo mykiss Cuenny, Third Ann. Rept. N. Y. Comm. Fish. 239, color pl. facing p. 238, 1898. Salmo mykiss henshawi Jorvan, Bull, U. 8S. F. Oy TX, 14) pls tie. Ss 18a: JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 493, 1896. Salmo clarkii henshawi JorpAN & EVERMANN, op. cit. 2819, pl. LX XIX, fig. 208, 1900. Body elongate, not much compressed, its greatest depth one fourth of the total length without caudal: caudal peduncle rather long; its least depth equaling two fifths of the length of the head; head long, conical, slender, its length contained about four times in the total to caudal base: a slight keel on the top of the bead; snout obtusely pointed; maxilla not extending far behind the eye, about equal to pectoral, which is three fifths of FISHES OF NEW YORK 251 length of head; gill rakers short and stout, about 18 on the first arch, of which 15 are below the angle; vomerine teeth in two long, alternating series; hyoid teeth rather weak, in a small patch; dorsal fin small, its last rays two thirds as long as the highest; anal fin rather high; caudal short and distinctly forked. D: 9 to 11; A. 12; B. 10. Scales 27 to 37-160 to 200-27 to 40; pyloric caeca 50 to 60. Color dark green in life, varying to pale green; the sides sil* very with a broad coppery shade which extends also on the cheeks and opercles; a vellowish tinge on the sides of the lower jaw and red or orange dashes between its rami; back every- where covered with large, roundish black spots; dorsal, adipose fin and caudal fin with similar spots, and a few on the anal; belly with black spots. The Tahoe trout is a large species inhabiting Tahoe lake, Pyramid lake, Webber lake, Donner lake, Independence lake, Truckee river, Humboldt river, Carson river, and most streams of the east slope of the Sierra Nevada; it occurs also in the head waters of Feather river, west of the Sierra Nevada, prob- ably by introduction from Nevada. The usual weight is 5 or 6 pounds, but individuals weighing 20 to 29 pounds are recorded. Eggs of the Lake Tahoe (Cal.) trout were obtained by James Annin jr at Caledonia N. Y., and young fish reared at his establishment were sent to the aquarium in November 1896. They throve till the latter part of June 1897, when they were overcome by the warm water. They could not endure a transfer to the cooler salt water, like most of the other fish of the salmon family. At Caledonia station, according to Mr Cheney, this fish begins to spawn before the middle of March and continues for two months. The impregnation of eggs is from 90¢ to 95%, but just before the hatching period a large number of the eggs burst and the embryos are lost. There is loss too between the hatching and feeding times, and the fry do not feed as readily as the brook trout. Altogether, Mr Annin, the superintendent of \ 252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM hatcheries, estimates the total loss between impregnation of the eggs and feeding of the fry as about 40%. After the fry begin to feed, they are not more difficult to rear than brook trout. 134 Salmo gairdneri Richardson Steelhead; Gairdner’s Trout; Salmon Trout (Introduced) Salmo gairdnerii RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Amer, III, 221, 1836, Columbia River. Fario gairdneri GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, 318, pl. LX XI, fig. 1, 1858. E Salmo purpuratus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 116, 1866, not of Pallas. f Salmo gairdnerii GUNTHER; op. cit. 118, 1866. Salmo gairdneri JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 318, 1883; Bean, Bull. U. S. F. C. IX, 198, pl. XLIX, fig. 9, 1891, not fig. 10, which is young mykiss; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat- Mus. 498, 1896, pl. LX X XI, fig. 215, 1900; CHenry, Third Ann. Rept. N. Y. Comm. Fish. 241, color pl., 1898. Form of 8. salar. Body elongate, little compressed, its greatest depth two ninths of the total length without caudal; caudal peduncle short, its least depth three sevenths of length of head; head rather short, one fifth of total length without caudal, maxilla reaching far behind the eye, its length one half the length of head; eye small, two thirds of length of snout, two elevenths as long as the head; teeth rather small, vomerines in two long, alternating series about as long as the palatine series; gill rakers short and stout, about 20 on the first arch, of which 12 are below the angle; dorsal origin much nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal, base of dorsal two thirds of length of head, longest dorsal ray one half the length of head and twice as long as last ray; adipose fin very small and nar- row, over the beginning of the anal; caudal fin moderately forked in the young; ventral origin midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, ventral fin one half the depth of body; anal base one half as long as the head, longest anal ray equal to postorbital part of head; pectoral fin one eighth of total length withont caudal. B. 11 or 12; D. 11; A. 12. Scales from 137 to 177, usually about 150-28; pylorie caeca 42; vertebrae 38+20—= 98. Color olive green above, sides silvery, head, back, dorsal FISHES OF NEW YORK 253 and caudal fins profusely covered with small black spots, no red between the rami of the lower jaw. The steelhead trout is found in coastwise streams from southern California to Bristol bay, Alaska. It spawns in the late winter and early spring; ripe eggs were obtained at Sitka, Alaska, June 10. Spent fish of this species are frequently taken with the spring run of the king salmon. The economic value of the steelhead is very great; the fish reaches a weight of 30 pounds, though the average weight is under 20 pounds, and the non-anadromous forms seldom exceed 5 or 6 pounds. : From information furnished by Mr Annin it appears evident that some of the eggs of trout received at Caledonia N. Y. many years ago from the McLeod river, Cal., as- rainbows, really in- cluded both rainbows and steelheads. He finds certain females producing deep salmon colored eggs, while in the same pond and receiving the same food as other females which furnish very light colored, almost white, eggs. Some of the females also differ from others in going to the spawning beds nearly two months earlier. It is now known also that the McLeod con- tains a small-scaled form of the rainbow, known to the Indians as the no-shee, and this also may easily have been sent to the east under the name of rainbow. Striking differences in the appearance and habits of so called rainbows introduced into the various states, lend color to this supposition. Steelheads were obtained for the New York aquarium in No- vember 1896, from the U. S. Fish Commission. They were hatched from eggs shipped from Fort Gaston Cal. to the station at Craig brook, Me. The length of the trout when received ranged from 4 to 44 inches. After one year they were 10 inches long on the average, and weighed many times as much as they did when received. None of them at any time showed a red lateral band such as is present in the rainbow, and they are farther distinguished by the presence of white tips on the ven- tral and anal fins; the dorsal also has a small white tip. They have been kept almost from their arrival in salt water, and 254 NEW YORK SLALTH MUSEUM could not have been kept in the warm Croton water in June. The salt water never rose above 714° F and continued at this high temperature only 10 days. The N.Y. Fisheries,Game and Forest Commission planted some of these trout in a Long Island stream and some in a lake in northern New York. Those that were planted on Long Island, says Mr Cheney, when rather more than a year old rose to the fly of the trout fisherman and made a most gallant fight, but it is too early to tell the outcome of the experiment. The eggs are one fifth of an inch in diameter; they hatch in 42 to 50 days with water at 50°. 135 Salmo fario Linnaeus Brown Trout (Introduced) Salmo fario LINNAEUwvS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 30, 1758; Biocu, ichth. I, 121, taf. 22, & 157, taf. 23, 1785; RicHarRDsSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer. IIT, 144, pl. 92, fig. 3, A & B, 1886; Day, Fish. Great. Brit. & Ireland, II, 95, plates CIX, fig.8, CXIII, CXIV, CXVI, fig.1, 1884; BEAN, Fishes Penna. 78, color pl. 6, 18938; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. A. 512, 1896. Salmo fario ausonii GuNtTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 64, 1866. Salar ausonii CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, XXI, 319, pl. 618, 1848. The brown trout of Europe was introduced into the United States from Germany in February 1883 and in subsequent years; it has now become thoroughly acclimated in the fresh waters of many of the states. The body of this trout is comparatively short and stout, its greatest depth being contained about four times in the length without the caudal. The caudal peduncle is short and deep, its depth equal to two fifths of the length of the head. ~The length of the head in adults is one fourth of the total length without caudal or slightly less. The diameter of the eye is about one fifth of the length of the head, and less than length of snout. The dorsal fin is placed nearer to the tip ef the snout than to the root of the tail; the longest ray of this fin equals the dis- tance from the eye to the end of the opercle. The yentral is under the posterior part of the dorsal; its length is about one half that of the head. The adipose dorsal is placed over the end FISHES OF NEW YORK ~ 255. of the anal base; it is long and expanded at the end. The caudal is emarginate in young examples, but nearly truncate in speci- mens 10 inches long. The pectoral is nearly one sixth of the length without the caudal. In the male the jaws are produced, and very old ones have a hook. The maxilla extends to the hind margin of the eye.. The triangular head of the vomer has a transverse series of teeth, and the shaft of the bone bears two opposite or alternating series of strong persistent teeth. D. 13-14; A. 10-11; P..13; V. 9. Scales 25-120-30; pyloric caeca ~ 38-51; vertebrae 57-58. On the head, body and dorsal fin usually numerous red and black spots, the latter circular or X-shaped and some of them with a pale border; a yellowish margin usually present on the front of the dorsal and anal and the outer part of the ventral. The dark spots are few in number below the lateral line. The ground color of the body is brownish or brownish black, varying with food and locality. Names. In European countries in which this species is native it bears the name of trout or brook trout or the equivalents of these terms. In Germany it is bachforelle; in Italy, trota; in France, truite. In the United States it is known as the brown trout and von Behr trout, the latter in honor of Herr von Behr, president of the Deutscher Fischerie Verein, who has been very active in the acclimation of the fish in America. Distribution. The brown trout is widely distributed in conti- nental Europe and inhabits lakes as well as streams, specially in Norway and Sweden. Tributaries of the White sea, the Bal- tic, the Black sea and the Caspian contain this species. In Great Britain it lives in lakes and streams and has reached a high state of perfection; in Germany and Austria, however, the trout is a characteristic fish, and our supply has been drawn prin- cipally from the former country. Moreau found it at an eleva- tion of 7000 feet in the Pyrenees, and a color variety is native to northern Algeria in about 37° north latitude. In the United States the brown trout has been successfully reared in Colorado at an elevation of nearly 2 miles above sea level; it is now well 256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM established in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado, and several other states. This trout has proved to be well adapted to the region east of the Rocky mountains, which has no native black spotted species, though the western streams and lakes contain many forms in a high state of development. . Size. Under favorable conditions the brown trout has been credited with a weight of 22 pounds and a length of 35 inches. In New Zealand rivers, where it was introduced with unusual success, it now approximates equal size; but in most localities 10 pounds is about the limit of weight and 5 or 6 pounds is a good average, while in some regions the length seldom exceeds 1 foot and the weight ranges from 4 pound to 1 pound. In the United States a wild specimen, seven years old, weighed about 11 pounds. In a well in Scotland an individual aged 15 years measured only about 1 foot in length. These illustrations will serve to show how much the growth of a brown trout is affected by its surroundings and food supply. The species has been known to become sexually mature when two years old and 8 inches long. Habits. The brown trout thrives in clear, cold rapid streams and at the mouths of streams tributary to lakes. In its move- ments it is swift, and it leaps over obstructions like the salmon. It feeds usually in the morning and evening, is more active dur- ing evening and night, and often lies quietly in deep pools or in the shadow of overhanging bushes and trees for hours at a time. It feeds on insects and their larvae, worms, mollusks and small fishes and, like its relative, the rainbow trout, it is fond of the eggs of fishes. In Europe it is described as rising eagerly to the surface in pursuit of gnats and is said to grow more rapidly when fed on insects. Reproduction. Spawning begins in October and continues through December and sometimes into January. The eggs are from + to $ of an inch in diameter and yellowish or reddish in color; they are deposited at intervals during a period of many days in crevices between stones, under projecting roots of trees, and sometimes in nests excavated by the spawning fishes. The FISHES OF NEW YORK 257 parents cover the eggs to some extent with gravel. The hatch- ing period varies according to temperature from 40 to 70 days. Females aged three years furnish on the average about 350 eggs each, but individuals of this age have yielded as many as 700, and even at the age of two years some females produce from 400 to 500. When they are four or five years old, the num- ber of eggs has reached 1500 to 2000. The young thrive in water with a temperature of about. 50° F. Sterility in the females is common, and breeding females have been observed to cease reproduction when eight years old. Qualities. The brown trout is in its prime from May to the last of September. Its flesh is very digestible and nutritious, - and deeper red than that of the salmon when suitable food is furnished; the flavor and color, however, vary with food and locality. Insect food produces the most rapid growth and best condition. This species has been so long known as one of the noblest of the game fishes and its adaptability for capture with artificial flies because of its feeding habits is so well understood that I need not dwell on these familiar details. The brown trout is remarkably hardy in captivity. A large female, received from Eugene G. Blackford in April 1896, and placed in a salt-water tank at the aquarium, lived there and throve till 1898. During most of the time the trout was in salt water, but at certain intervals fresh water was substituted for a short time, specially when symptoms of fungus made their appearance. In November 1896 she excavated a shallow depres- sion in the gravel bottom and deposited a lot of eggs. The fish was extremely shy, and never lost its fear of the attendants. Liver and live killifish were used for its food. A very beautiful and interesting hybrid is produced by cross- ing the brown trout and the brook trout. The following is a description of this hybrid: Salmo (uyprip—fario-+fontinalis) Hybrid Trout In a paper published seven years ago the writer stated, as a result of his studies, that, when a large-scaled trout is crossed 258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with a small-scaled one, the hybrid will be large-scaled which- ever way the cross be made. The hybrid between the brown trout and the brook is a large-scaied form, and it is sterile as far as reported. The aquarium has had this hybrid from the South Side Sportsmen’s Club, and from the New York hatcheries at Cold Spring Harbor L. 1. and Caledonia. It is always a strik- ingly handsgme fish, and grows to a large size; but it is far less hardy than either of its parents. The cross has always been artificially made, and never occurs naturally. Two. specimens studied gave the following measurements in inches: MEASUREMENTS Caledonia N. Y. Oakdale N. Y- June 10, 1896 Mar. 23, 1897 Jawes Anninjr G. P. Slade PRISM OMLO TIP its oecevvess < ictornisse ahal Specs louse OY mete eoRe 9% 144 Length of middle caudal rays from end of seales. 34. a Depth of body. Pama Teajalis alines tote Nolen ere Pe neele 1% Bie Least depth ce Cé ant peaeaete ioe ba eit vee te Nek etre 7a ie rE ESO TOE Cnr e se vcsaf elie oye. af avelsiatnan se Wepetetareieraae ote 2 34 PMT) ER STVONEL 55.0 oe ct icke Sis ord es ohens cans tea A mene % 1% ANCUTEMEL OE ALD DOL PEL Wien win’ sc s/s atousteeees As oer RE eee 14 FATIH GOT ILOWIOL JAVii, 3a) osc sucteie ae theese eee 1% . PIM DATS TONS CME R ios iin ts, west ote suckers oi eae Cae eae 16 16 Distance from snout to dorsal origin. ............ 354. Biri mOl CORSA DASCS). (isis sett otciuckYo Qa Blo 17s 5 PenonwOLre longest, dorsal Lay ois fio cee moe lv MEE NAME COTS AMA Ys so cceid ae cchenems Riche See 34 Distance from snout to ventral origin............ 414 4 Length of ventral. Sh oes 14% Distance from snout to NAP origin, aac Ss diek 6 MON OL NAL DASE, ca's.)cc. chase ees hee Be es 7B cesternom tongest anal: rays. oe ee 1%, PSM MEM OL WSC, 18 Lenay:..':. ss. rs —_— / FISHES OF SEW YORK 291 fin alone. It can turn its head sideways at an angle and remais awhile in that position. When feeding, it gorges the morsel at one attempt, after star ing atita while. Sometimes when overfed, the dogfish can no swim about at all, but lies like a log on the bottom. (After Eugene Smith’) Family tecupar Pikes Genus tocmws Rafinesque Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed pos teriorly, broad anteriorly; head long, the snout prolonged an depressed; mouth very large, its cleft forming about half th Jength of the head; lower jaw the longer; upper jaw not pro tractile, most of its margin formed by the maxillaries, whic are quite long and provided with a supplemental bone, pre maxillaries, vomer and palatines with broad bands of stron; cardiform teeth which are more or less movable; lower jaw wit! strong teeth of different sizes; tongue with a band of smal teeth; head naked above; cheeks and opercles more or lew scaly; gill openings very wide; gill membranes separate, fra from the isthmus; gill rakers tuberclelike, toothed; branchio stegals 12 to 20; scales small; lateral line weak, obsolete it young specimens, developed in the adult; dorsal posterior opposite and similar to anal; caudal fin emarginate; pectora fins small, inserted low; ventrals rather posterior; vent normal bo adipose fin; no barbels; stomach not caceal, without pylori appendages; pseudobranchiae glandular, hidden; air bladde simple. Basis cranii double (Cope). Fishes of moderate o large size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the northern parts o: Europe, Asia and North America. The genus Lucius is readily subdivided into three group: distinguished by their size, scaling and coloration. In the firs group are three species of true pickerels, in which the cheek: and opercles are entirely scaly, the color is greenish, usnalh with dark reticulations, and the largest species reaches ; *Linn. soc N.Y. Proc. 1907. no. 9, p. 27-. 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM length of about 2 feet. To this group the subgenerie name Kenoza is sometimes applied; it includes the banded pick- erel, the little pickerel and the chain pickerel, all of which occur in New York. 147 Lucius americanus (Gmelin) Banded Pickerel Esor lucius 7 americanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 1890, 1788, Long Island, New York. Esoxr niger LE SuEur, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 415, 1818, Lake Sara- toga, New York; Srorer, Syn. Fish. N. A. 185, 1846: GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 229, 1866. Esox scomberius Mircuit~t, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 322, March, 1818, Murderer’s Creek, New York. Esox fasciatus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 224, pl. 34, fig. 110, 1842, streams and ponds of Long Island. Esor raveneli HOLBROOK, Ichth. S. C. 201, 1860, Charleston, 8, ©. Esor americanus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 352, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna, 89, pl. 28, fig. 538, 18938. Lucius americanus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 626, 1896. The banded pickerel has an elongate body; its depth con- tained about five times in the total length without caudal; the length of the head three and one fourth times in the standard length. The snout is contained two and two thirds times in the length of the head, and the eye five and one half times in the same length. The maxillary extends to vertical through middle of eye; the lower jaw projects considerably beyond the upper. Teeth in the jaws strong, directed backwards. The ventral is placed in middle of body, the dorsal and anal fins far back, opposite each other; their longest rays of about the same length, much longer than the bases of the fins. Caudal deeply emarginate. B. 11-13; D. 11-14; A. 11-12. Scales in lateral line 105. The body is usually dark green, sometimes brownish black, above; the sides greenish yellow with about 20 dark curved bars, which are generally very distinct; dorsal and caudal fins dark brown, the other fins lighter, sometimes red- dish; a dark bar from the eye to angle of jaw, another from the snout through the eye to upper edge of opercle. The banded pickerel is probably identical with the “ mackerel r pike” of Mitchill. It is a small fish, seldom exceeding 12 ee FISHES OF NEW YORK 293 inches in length, and will not average more than 4 pound in weight. It occurs only east of the Alleghanies, from Massa- chusetts to Florida in coastwise streams. In Pennsylvania it is limited to waters in the eastern part of the state, and the same is true in New York. This pickerel is too small to have much importance as a food fish. It resembles in general appearance and habits the little pickerel of the west. It frequents clear, cold and rapid brooks and is said to associate with the brook trout without injury to the latter. Dec. 30, 1895, James Annin jr sent from Rockland N. Y. a small pickerel which had attracted his attention on account of its colors and markings. It was taken in a small spring brook, tributary to the Beaver kill, which, about 10 or 15 miles below, unites with the Delaware. Subsequently two examples were forwarded alive from the same place, and one of them is still living in the aquarium 1897. The following notes and measure- ments, in inches, relate to the first individual of undetermined sex, the organs being undeveloped. MEASUREMENTS Inches Benet. inciimer caudal fin... .. 0. 62. cee we ce cs cee 7% External caudal lobe (horizontally).............-.... 1% Middle caudal rays (from end of scales).............. % COS DET PP Lets ES eres nse or ry % STLD GLE SUE CC ee ee ek 1% Least depth of caudal peduncle................2..--. % Cbs 3 TPIT aera se on 5g TLE ETE ESTES 1 gaa are ee duly +10 Great Sodus bay Aug. 6 Creek near Pultneyville AUe 5 20 Long pond, Charlotte Aug. 17 St Lawrence river, 3 miles below Ogdens- burg July 17, According to Dr Meek, it is common on the flats and in the southern end of Cayuga lake, also in streams on the uplands, at Cayuga and Montezuma. Dr Mearns took it in Echo lake and Long pond of the Hudson Highlands. The state museum secured numerous individuals from Shinnecock bay July 21, Scallop pond, Peconic bay July 28, and Mecox bay Aug. 1, 1898. The fish is very common in a lake at 110th street and 5th avenue, Central park, New York city. In Eugene Smith’s experience the species throve better in the aquarium than any other killifish except Fundulus heteroclitus, and became very tame in captivity, though always attacking the fins of other fishes. In the New York aquarium the fish proved to be very delicate, usually dying from fungus attacks before the salt water treatment removed the parasite. In Ohio, and west, is found a variety with very distinct and somewhat irregular bands and the back always spotted, which has been called variety menona by Jordan and Copeland. Eastern specimens have the back unspotted and the cross bands faint and regular, but extremely variable in number. The dif- ference in coloration of the sexes is very striking, specially in the breeding season, when the adult males have silvery cross bands. The barred killifish grows to the length of 4 inches. It runs down into brackish waters along the east coast and ascends far up the streams, delighting in cold water. It is eaten in large numbers by the striped bass and the weakfish. In the fresh waters the black bass and trout also feed on it. 314 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Genus Lucania Girard The body oblong, compressed; lower jaw prominent, the cleft of the mouth short and very oblique; mouth moderate, the snout not produced, each jaw with a single series of conical teeth; scales very large; gill openings not restricted; dorsal and anal rays in moderate number, the dorsal above or slightly in advance of the anal; anal fin not modified in the males. Very small, oviparous fishes of the brackish waters, swamps ind — shallow bays of the United States. 156 Lucania parva (Baird & Girard} Raineater Fish Cyprinodon parvus BAtRD & GIRARD, Ninth Smithsonian Rept. 345, 1865, Greenport, Long Island; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 307, 1866. Lucania parva JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 893, 1883; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F.. C. VII, .148, pl. II, fig.. 18,. 1888; 19th Rep: Comm: Fish. N. Y. 275, 1890; Hucu M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C..X, 68, 1890; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 665, 1896, pl. CIX, fig. 292, 1900; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 99, 1900. Body rather short and stout in the adult, its greatest depth two sevenths of the length to base of caudal; caudal peduncle moderately long and deep, its least depth nearly one half the length of head; the mouth small, oblique, with heavy projecting lower jaw; snout short, nearly equal to eye, about two ninths as long as the head; eye rather large, its horizontal diameter two sevenths as long as the head; head stout, with obtuse muz- zle, its length nearly one third of the total to base of caudal; dorsal origin midway between tip of snout and base of middle caudal rays, the dorsal base about one fifth of total length to caudal base, the longest dorsal ray one half as long as the head, the last dorsal ray a little more than one third as long as the head. The anal fin begins under the middle of the dorsal, its base as long as the snout and eye combined, its longest ray one half as long as the head. The ventral is slightly in advance of the dorsal, its length three eighths of length of head. The pectoral reaches slightly beyond the origin of dorsal, its length nearly one fifth of total length to base of caudal. Caudal large, a FISHES OF NEW YORK 315 roundish, scarcely truncate behind in the adult. D. ii, 8; A. ii, 6; V..1,.5. Seales 10-27. Color in life: males olive or pale brown, with bluish reflec- tions, edges of the scales darker, dorsal dusky orange, some- times with a large, black spot at the base in front, ocellated with orange, caudal orange yellow, tipped with black, ventrals and anal orange red, tipped with dusky, pectorals translucent; females with the fins pale olive, without black spot or edgings. Length 14 to 2 inches. The species is found along the coast in brackish waters from Massachusetts to Florida; very common on Long Island. Abun- dant in Peconic, Shinnecock, and Great South bays, and in a fresh-water stream at Water Mill L.1I.; not yet reported from Gravesend bay. It seldom exceeds 1} inches in length and is interesting chiefly on account of its translucent body and grace- ful movements. It has not proved hardy in captivity. The species was first described by Prof. Baird from Green- Jere. 1. FE 2s : Genus cyprinopon Lacépeéede Body very short and stout, the back elevated; mouth small, the bones of the jaws well formed; snout short; teeth mod- erate, incisorlike, tricuspid, in a single series; scales very large; dorsal fin moderate, inserted in advance of front of anal, its first ray not enlarged; anal smaller; ventral fins small, occasion- ally wanting in specimens from desert pools; intestinal canal little longer than body; gill membranes considerably united, free from the isthmus; gill openings restricted, the opercle above adnate to the shoulder girdle. Chubby little fishes, inhabiting the brackish waters of middle America, sometimes living in warm salt springs, their colors generally brilliant. Oviparous; the sexes similar except in color. 157 Cyprinodon variegatus Lacépede Sheepshead Minnow Cyprinodon variegatus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. V, 486, 1803, South Caro- lina; GunTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 305, 1866; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 329, 1883; Bran, Bull, U. S. F. C. VII, 148, 1888; 19th Rept. Commrs. Fish. N. Y. 275, 1890; 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 99, 1900; JornpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 671, 1896, pl. CXI, fig. 296, 296a, 1900. 316 _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM carer. ’ Esor ovinus MircuiLu, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 441, pl. IV, fig. 7, 1815, New York. Lebias ovinus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 215, pl. 27, fig. 84, 1842. Lebias ellipsoides LE SuEuR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Il, 6, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 1821; SrorER, Syn. Fish. N. A. 179, 1846. Body short and stout, heavy anteriorly, its width more than one half its hight, its greatest hight two fifths to nearly one half of total length to base of caudal, the males higher than the females; caudal peduncle short, its least depth equal to postorbital part of head; head conical, its width at gill covers equal to its length without the snout, its length one third of total without caudal; jaws very short, mouth small, terminal, slightly oblique when closed, the lower jaw somewhat promi- nent, the upper protractile; the maxilla curved abruptly down- ward at the end, about as long as the eye, not reaching to the front margin of the orbit; eye circular, longer than snout, not quite one fourth as long as the head, placed near the top of the skull, about two thirds of width of interorbital space; dorsal origin a little nearer to tip of snout than to base of middle caudal rays, the dorsal base, in males, as long as the head with- out the snout, three and two thirds in total length without caudal, the longest dorsal ray, in males, about equal to length of head, and twice as long as the last ray. The ventral reaches nearly or quite to anal origin, its length one half length of head. The anal base is two fifths as long as the head, its longest ray one fifth of total without caudal. The pectoral is narrow and as long as the head in males, reaching almost to the beginning of the anal; in females it is not quite so long as the head, and | does not reach beyond the middle of the ventral. Caudal fin short and truncate, its length about one fourth of the total without caudal, and about equal to the head without the snout. oat: A 10:-B: 6. «Scalesmiz_aR: This is known in Great South bay as the porgy mumuiny. Mitehill recorded it as more rare than the other killifishes. DeKay has it as the Sheepshead Lebias. This little fish seldom exceeds 2 inches in length. The males are more brightly colored and higher bodied than the females, and have a narrow, dark margin to the caudal fin. FISHES OF NEW YORK! pel Oe The Sheepshead killifish ranges from Cape Cod to Florida. It is not important except as food for other fishes. Very common in salt water ditches. One of the best of its family for aquarium purposes, as it thrives and breeds in captivity; the young, however, may be eaten by. their parents. Order SYNENTOGNATHI Family ESOcIDAE Needlefishes Genus TYLOsuRUS Cocco Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed; both jaws prolonged into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer in young fishes, the very young resembling Hemiramphus; each jaw armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a series of longer, wide set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales small, thin; lateral line running along the side of the belly, becoming median on the tail; no finlets; dorsal fin more or less elevated anteriorly; caudal fin short, unequally lunated or forked; pectorals moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind the middle of the body; gill rakers obsolete; bones usually more or less green; size comparatively large. Species numerous. Voracious fishes, chiefly American; one species crossing to Europe; some of them entering rivers. This genus differs from the old world genus Esox (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (=Belone, Cuvier) in the absence of gill rakers and of vom- erine teeth. 158 Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum) Billfish; Silver Gar Esoxr marinus WAuLBAUM, Artedi. Gen. Pisce. III, 88, 1792, based on ScHopr,. Sea Snipe, Long Island. Esox longirostris MiTcHiLtu, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 322, March, 1818. Belone truncata LE SuxruvRr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. II, 126, 1821; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 227, pl. 35, fig. 112, 1842; Gunruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 244, 1866; SrorrR, Hist. Fish. Mass. 136, pl. XXIV, fig. 3, 1867. Tylosurus longirostris JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 374, 1883. : 318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tylosurus marinus JORDAN & Forpice, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 351, 1886; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 146, 1888; 19th Rept. Commrs. Fish. N. Y. 273, 1890; Fishes Penna. 97, 1898; JonDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 714, 1896; MEARNs, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. X, 318, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 99, 1900. Body long, slender and somewhat compressed. The depth of the body is less than one fifth of length of head; the eye is rather large, two fifths of the length of the postorbital part of the head. The pectoral is as long as the postorbital part of the head and twice as long as the ventral. The distance of the dorsal from the root of the caudal is one fourth its distance from the tip of the lower jaw. The anal ends under the end of the dorsal and begins in advance of the dorsal origin. The ven- tral is almost equidistant from the root of the caudal and the hind margin of the eye. D.15 to 16; A. 15 to 17; V. 6. The body is green with a broad silvery band along the sides and a dark bar on the operculum. The scales and bones are green. The silver gar, also called soft gar, billfish and needlefish, is found along our coast from Maine to Texas, and, though a marine species, it ascends rivers far above the limits of tides. It has been found in the Susquehanna river at Bainbridge Pa.,; and it also runs up the Delaware, the Hudson and other rivers. Schopff is authority for the names sea pike and sea snipe for this species at New York. Mitchill refers to it as the long-jawed fresh-water pike, and also as the billfish, a name still in use in various localities for this fish. Billed eel is the name used in Great South bay. DeKay calls it the banded garfish. Still another name used for the species is needlefish; and it is said that gar is derived from a Saxon word meaning needle. The species is found on our coast from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. Mearns has found it in the Hudson and its estuaries in autumn. Mitchill observed it so frequently in that river that he considered it an inhabitant of fresh water. In Gravesend bay the fish occurs from June to September. In Shinnecock bay, Mecox bay, and Great South bay the writer collected it almost everywhere, FISHES OF NEW YORK 319: This species reaches a length of 4 feet. It is very destructive to small fishes, which are readily seized in its long and strongly toothed jaws. In the Gulf of Mexico the habits of the silver gar have been observed by Silas Stearns, whose notes are to be found in the Fishery Industries of the United States. It is found at Pensacola Fla. in the summer, but retreats farther south in the winter. The silver gar swims at the surface and feeds on schools of small fish. On the New York coast it devours killifishes, anchovies, silversides, and other little species. Its movements. are swift and its aim certain. It has been known to seize mullet and other fish one third as large as itself and is some- times killed by attempting to swallow spiny fish too large to pass through its throat. It spawns in the bays in May and June. Mr Stearns found it to be an excellent food fish, though it is seldom eaten on the Florida coast. Though the fish is one of excellent flavor and, according to DeKay, greatly relished by epicures, it meets with little favor in northern markets. Nothing is recorded about its breeding habits except the statement of Silas Stearns that it spawns in the bays of the Gulf coast in May and June. The fish is not hardy in transportation and in captivity. 159 Tylosurus raphidoma (Ranzani) Houndfish ; Guardfish Belone raphidoma RANZANI, Noy. Comm. Ac. Nat. Sci. Inst. Bonon, V, 359, pl. 87, fig. 1, 1842, Brazil; Gunruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 249, 1866. Belone gerania CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. DG Dl Wet SiG 1846, Martinique; GUNTHER, op. cit. 241, 1866. Belone crassa Porky, Memorias, II, 291, 1861, Cuba. Belone melanochira Pory, op. cit. 294, 1861; GUNTHER, op. cit. 249, 1866. Tylosurus gladius BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 239, 480, 1882, Pensacola; BulkWecsS. i Cy Vil, 146," pi. TI, fig. 15, 1888, young, Ocean City, N. Jk Tylosurus crassus JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 112, 1884. Tylosurus raphidoma JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 715, 1896, pl. CXVI, fig. 308, 1900. Body robust, little compressed, its greatest width a little more than two thirds its greatest depth, which is about one fourth 320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the length of head and one thirteenth of total to base of caudal; caudal peduncle slightly depressed, a little broader than deep, with a slight dermal keel; head broad, broader above than below, three tenths of total length to base of caudal; inter- orbital space nearly two thirds of length of postorbital part of head, with a broad, shallow, naked, median groove, which is wider behind and forks at the nape; supraorbital bones with radiating striae; distance between nostrils a little more than one sixth of length of snout; jaws comparatively short, strong, tapering, very stiff, lower jaw wider and longer than upper, both jaws with broad bands of small teeth on the sides, within these a series of very large knife-shaped teeth. The length of the longest teeth is a little more than three times their breadth. Posterior teeth in both jaws directed backward, anterior teeth erect, number of large teeth about 25 on each side of the upper jaw and 23 below, length of the large teeth about one fifth of diameter of eye, no vomerine teeth. Upper jaw from eye about one and three fourth times as long as the rest of the head; eye large, one seventh as long as snout, three eighths of postorbital part of head, and five ninths of interorbital width; maxillary entirely covered by preorbital; cheeks densely scaled; opercles scaly only along anterior margin; scales minute, specially on the back, somewhat larger below. Dorsal fin rather high in front, becoming low posteriorly, the hight of its anterior lobe equaling postorbital part of head, its longest ray two fifths of length of dorsal base. In a young example, 64 inches long, the posterior part of the dorsal is much elevated, the longest ray equaling the distance from middle of pupil to end of head. Caudal fin lunate, its lower lobe nearly one half longer than the upper; iniddle rays about as long as eye; anal fin faleate, low posteriorly, its anterior lobe equal to anterior dorsal lobe; ven- tral fins inserted midway between base of caudal and middle of eye, a little shorter than pectorals, and equal to postorbital part of head; upper ray of pectorals broad, sharp edged, length of pectoral three and two fifths in head, and slightly greater than postorbital part of head. D., i, 21-28; A. i, 20-23; V. 6; P. 14. FISHES OF NEW YORK 321 Color dark green above, silvery below; dorsal and pectoral blackish; ventrals somewhat dusky; anal yellowish, the lobe slightly soiled; caudal dusky clivaceous; no suborbital bar and no scapular spot; a slight dusky shade on upper posterior part of cheeks, and a yellowish bar on anterior edge of opercle; caudal keel black. This species is very closely allied to T. fodiator Jordan & Gilbert, described from Mazatlan, differing from it appar- ently in its longer jaws, slightly greater number of fin rays, and larger scales. Here described from the type of T. gladius Bean, which is 29 inches long. A young example was seined at Ocean City N. J. Aug. 1, 1887. D1; 21; A. 1,202 Length 64 inches. A dark cutaneous flap attached along the side of the mandible and folded underneath, meeting its fellow of the opposite side and concealing a small part of the lower jaw; dorsal black, except on the first six rays, which are pale, much elevated at the posterior part, where the longest ray equals the distance from the middle of the eye to the end of the head. 14 black blotches on sides not extending to caudal, the largest two thirds as wide as length of eye; paired fins and anal pale; caudal the same, except anterior half of upper lobe, on which the membrane covering the rays is black, while the intervals between the rays are pale; back greenish; under surface, except mandibular flap, silvery. This species has not previously been recorded in the region. The usual range of the species is from the West Indies and Florida Keys to Brazil; the young straying northward occa- sionally in summer. The fish reaches.a length of 5 feet and is sometimes dangerous to fishermen in its powerful leaps from the water. The scales and bones are green; the flesh is little . esteemed for food on this account. A description and figure of ihe young are published by Bean in the Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1887, p. 146, pl. 2, fig. 15. S22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 160 Tylosurus acus (Lacépéde) Houndfish Sphyraena acus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. V, 6, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1808, Martinique. : Belone latimana Pory, Memorias, II, 290, 1861, Havana; GUNTHER, Cat- Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 249, 1866. Belone jonesi Goopr, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 295, 1877, Bermuda; GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II], 150, 1879. Belone caribbea GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 241, 1866, not of LE SUEUR. : Tylosurus acus JORDAN & Forpicek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 355, 1886; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 716, 1896, pl. CX VI, fig. 309. 1900. Body slightly compressed, its greatest depth one twentieth of total length, its greatest width about one twenty-eighth of the same; free part of tail somewhat depressed, quadrate, its depth one third of greatest hight of body; caudal carinae moder- ate, black; head somewhat depressed above, striated, with a broad, shallow median groove which expands posteriorly into a wide, somewhat depressed triangular area, length of head con- tained three and one fourth times in total length without caudal; superciliary region sharply striated; snout equal to maxillary, one fifth of total length, and three times postorbital part of head; mandible slightly shorter than distance from snout to nape, 10 times vertical diameter of eye, and projecting beyond tip of upper jaw; eye equal to width of interorbital area and one eighth of length of head; teeth large, sharp, not very close, maxillary teeth about 60, the largest one sixth as long as the eye; mandibular teeth about 60, the largest one ninth as long as the eye; no vomerine teeth; dorsal origin at a distance from tip of snout equal to two and one fifth times length of head, slightly behind anal origin, length of dorsal base five times long diameter of eye, greatest hight of dorsal fin equal to greatest width of head, and contained seven and one half times in length of head, last dorsal ray about one third of anterior rays; anal base terminat- ing anterior'y to end of dorsal at a distance equal to length of first dorsal ray; ventral origin midway between front of orbit and base of middle caudal rays, length of ventrals one seventh FISHES OF NEW YORK Byes of length of head; length of pectoral slightly greater than that of postorbital part of head; caudal forked, the lower rays about one fourth longer than the upper. D. 23-24; A. 21-22; P.13; V.5; B.12. Scales in lateral line (estimated) 380. Above deep green, below silvery white, opercles and cheeks silvery white, anterior rays of dorsal and pectoral fins blackish, caudal carinae also blackish. “The houndfish, as it is called in Bermuda, is a graceful, active species attaining to the length of 3 feet or more. It fre- quents swift tide courses, where it preys upon small fishes, par- ticularly the schools of silversides and anchovies. It takes the hook well.” Goode The species occurs in the West Indies and sometimes strays northward as far as Buzzards bay in summer; it was first described from Martinique. Individuals have been recorded from Beaufort N. C. Family HEMIRHAMPHIDAE Balaos Genus nyporHampnes Gill Body elongate, moderately compressed, the sides of the body not vertical, but more or less convex; the dorsal outline parallel with that of the belly; upper jaw short, lower jaw prolonged into a slender beak,. bordered with membrane, this beak shorter in the young; premaxillaries forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which fit against the toothed part of the mandible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries; teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid; gill rakers rather long; head covered above with large, shieldlike scales; scales large, deciduous; no finlets; caudal fin more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; dorsal and anal similar, opposite each other, not modified in the males, last ray of dorsal usually short; ventrals small, inserted well forward, nearly midway between opercle and base of caudal. Oviparous. Air bladder large, simple, not cellular. Young with the lower jaw short. Sides in our species with a distinct silvery band, asin Atherina. Species numerous, in all warm seas, 324 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM going in large schools, but usually remaining near shore, feeding chiefly on green algae. Size comparatively small. 161 Hyporhamphus roberti (Cuv. & Val.) Halfbeak Hemirhamphus roberti CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XIX, 24, 1846, Cayenne; GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 263, 1866; MEEK & Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. ‘Sci. Phila. 223, 1884; BEAN, Bull. U. S: PF. CG. VII, 147, pl. III, fig. 16, 1888; 19th Rept. Commrs. Fish. N, Y. 274, 1890. . Hemirhamphus unifasciatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 376, 1883. Hyporhamphus roberti JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N, A. 321, 1896; Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 721, 1896, pl. CXVII, fig. 312, 1900; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 100, 1900. Body compressed, elongate, its greatest depth one eighth of total length to caudal base, its greatest width equal to post- orbital part of head; caudal peduncle short and deep, its least depth equal to eye. From eye to end of upper jaw equals one third the distance from end of upper jaw to hind margin of opercle. Head including lower jaw three eighths of total length without caudal, without projecting part of lower jaw two elevenths of the same; eye equal to interorbital width, about one eighth of length of head (one fourth of head to end of upper jaw); projecting part of lower jaw a little longer than rest of head; dorsal origin over the anal origin, 34 rows of scales between it and the nape, base of dorsal equal to eye and postorbital part of head combined, longest dorsal ray equal to postorbital part of head, last dorsal ray less than one half the longest, and about two thirds of the eye; anal base slightly shorter than dorsal base, longest anal ray slightly longer than postorbital part of head, last anal ray one half of eye; ventral origin about midway between eye and base of caudal, the fin about as long as the postorbital part of head; pectoral base high, on the level with the eye, the fin about as long as upper jaw and eye combined; candal fin symmetrically forked, the middle rays two thirds as long as the external, and nearly twice as long as the eye (from end of scales only a little longer than the eye); dorsal and anal fins densely scaled; lateral line com- FISHES OF NEW YORK a 4s) mencing at the isthmus, running close to the ventral edge of the body to the origin of the ventrals, where it rises slightly and is discontinued over the end of the anal base. D. ii, 13; Ast, 15s Vi 1, 6; P. 10; B.12, Scales (54; vertebrae 34+17—ol. Translucent green above; the scales above with dark edges; a narrow silvery band, about one half the width of eye, along the side from axil of pectoral to base of caudal; tip of lower jaw crimson in life and with a short filament; three narrow dark streaks along middle of back; anterior part of dorsal and anal and tips of caudal dusky, almost black; peritoneum black. The halfbeak is occasionally found on our northern coast to Cape Cod, but appears to have been unknown to Mitchill and De Kay. The species ranges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. We found 12 small examples Oct. 1, 1890, at Fire island. Two young examples were taken in Great Egg Harbor bay in 1887, and a larger one, 64 inches long, was taken in the same locality. According to B. A. Bean this fish was not abundant in the Chesapeake, at Cape Charles, Va., during September 1890. The halfbeak is a rare fish in New York waters. It attracts attention because of the great inequality in the length of the jaws, the lower jaw being many times as long as the short upper jaw. One of the most striking color marks of this fish is the crimson tip of the lower jaw. The body is silvery, darker on the back, and has a distinct silvery lateral stripe. In 1898 the writer collected this species for the New York state museum in small numbers in Great South bay, during August and September. Only one adult was obtained. The localities are: south side Great South bay, Clam Pond cove, and Horsefoot creek. This fish, like the silver gar, is readily taken at night by means of a lantern. The light dazes the fish, so that it does not see the net. Genus EULEPTORHAMPHUS Gill This genus consists of pelagic species related to Hemi- rhamphus, the body much more slender and greatly com- pressed, and the pectorals very long, approaching those of the flying fishes. Ventrals small, inserted posteriorly. Air blad- 326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM der not described, probably cellular. One species in our limits. 162 Euleptorhamphus velox Poey (?) Slender Halfbeak Euleptorhamphus velor Pory, Syn. Pisce. Cubens, 383, 1867, Cuba; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 724, 1896. ?Hemirhamphus longirostris GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 276, 1866. Buleptorhamphus longirostris PUTNAM, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 238, 1870: Hemirhamphus (EBuleptorhamphus) longirostris JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 377, 1888. Body much compressed, elongate, its greatest depth one eleventh of total length from tip of upper jaw to base of caudal; greatest width of head equal to long diameter of eye; least depth of caudal peduncle two thirds of eye; snout equal to eye, three and one third in head (length of head here is from tip of upper jaw to hind margin of opercle); length of head including lower jaw two fifths of total to base of caudal, the lower jaw projecting beyond upper a distance equal to three times rest of head; eye three in head, greater than interorbital width; dorsal origin at a distance from tip of snout equal to four and two thirds times length of head (without lower jaw), dorsal base equal to nearly three times hight of body, longest dorsal ray two thirds length of head; the anal begins under the third ray of the dorsal, its base two and one third times hight of body, its longest ray equal to hight of body; ventral short, Slightly shorter than eye, three and two thirds in head, extend- ing nearly half way to anal origin; pectorals long, reaching half Way from pectoral origin to anal origin, nearly twice as long as the head; caudal lobes very unequal, the upper much shorter than the lower. .D. 22; A. 21; V. 6; P.7, the upper very broad and long, the others slender. The back with a very thin edge. Color light brown above, the sides from the upper edge of the pectoral base downward bright silvery, this extending also on the head. The species is found in the West Indies; it has been taken at Newport R. I, and at Cape Cod. It reaches a length of 18 inches. The Hemirham phus macrorhynchus of FISHES OF NEW YORK B20 Yuvier and Valenciennes, taken in the south Pacific, appears to ve closely related. Family SscOMBERESOCIDAE Sauries Genus scomBEerRESOx Lacépéde Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, thin, decidu- us scales, the general aspect being that of a mackerel; both aws in the adult more or less prolonged, forming a slender yeak, the lower jaw always the longer, teeth very feeble, yointed, maxillaries joined fast to premaxillaries; pectoral and rentrals small; dorsal and anal low, similar to each other, each vith four to six detached finlets, as in the Scombridae; gill ‘akers numerous, long and slender; pharyngeal bones essen- jially as in Exocoetus, fourth upper pharyngeal on each side wanting or fused with the third, third pharyngeal greatly nlarged, separate from its fellow, covered with tricuspid teeth, second with simple teeth, first toothless, lower pharyngeals inited, forming a triangular bone with concave surface, covered vith tricuspid teeth; into the hollow of this bone the upper yharyngeals fit. Pelagic fishes, swimming close to the surface in large schools n temperate regions. They bear strong analogic resemblances to the mackerels in form, color and habits, as well as in the lorsal and anal finlets. The significance of these resemblances S unknown. . Young with the jaws short, precisely as in the genus Colo- labis, but lengthening with age, which is not the case in Cololabis. Air bladder large. Atlantic. 163 Scomberesox saurus (Walbaum) Saury ; Skipper Asox saurus WALBAUM, Atrtedi. Gen. Pisc. III, 98, 1792, Cornwall. Scomberesox scutellatum Le SuEur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. II, 182, 1821, Newfoundland. Scomberesor equirostrum Le Surur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. II, 182, 1821. 328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Scomberesox storeri DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes,: 229, pl. 34, fig. 111, 1842, New York; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 137, pl. XXIV, fig. 4, 1867. Scomberesox saurus FLEMING, Brit. Anim. 184; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 257, 1866; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 21, 1879; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 375, 1883; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 725, 1896, pl. CXVII, fig. 314, 1900. . Body compressed, elongate, its greatest hight one ninth of total length to base of caudal; anal equal to eye and postorbital part of head combined; least hight of caudal peduncle equal to eye; both jaws slender and produced, the lower longer than upper, the distance from eye to tip of lower jaw equaling one fifth of total to base of caudal; eye one third as long as post- orbital part of head, about one fifth of length of upper jaw; small scales on opercle, but none on subopercle; body covered with small scales; dorsal origin at a distance from front of eye equal to five times hight of body, dorsal base three times as long as the eye, longest dorsal ray one half as long as post- orbital part of head, last dorsal ray equal to eye, five separate finlets behind the dorsal; anal under the dorsal, its base slightly longer, as long as postorbital part of head, longest anal ray equal to longest of the dorsal, last anal ray scarcely equal to eye, six finlets behind the anal; caudal fin deeply forked, sym- metric, the outer rays as long as the anal base; ventrals mid- way between front of eye and base of caudal, length of fin about twice diameter of eye, distance from ventral origin to anal origin equal to length of upper jaw; length of pectoral one fourth the length of head to tip of upper jaw; lateral line con- taining minute, roundish pores, near the ventral edge, in modi- fied scales which extend obliquely backward. D. 11+v; A. 13+vi; V.i,5; P. 14. Scales 14-124 (186 to free part of middle caudal rays, 50 rows from axil of pectoral to origin of dorsal); operele with about 8 rows of scales. Back brownish to upper level of eye; sides with a silvery band, nearly as broad as the eye and almost on the same level; lower parts silvery with a golden tinge overlying it. The saury grows to the length of 18 inches. It inhabits the temperate parts of the Atlantic in Europe and the United FISHES OF NEW YORK 329 States, congregating in schools in the open seas, where it is preyed on by porpoises, tunny, bonito, cod, bluefish and other predaceous animals. At Provincetown Mass., according to Storer, large quantities are yearly thrown on the shore, but they are considered worthless, while on other parts of Cape Cod they are taken in immense numbers, and are considered very nutritious food. The saury, or skipper, is migratory, arriving on our coast in summer and departing on the approach of cold weather. It is a surface swimmer and, therefore, is particularly liable to the attacks of voracious fishes. Couch says: It is sometimes seen to rise to the surface in large schools and fly over a considerable space. But the most interesting spec- tacle, and that which best displays their great agility, is when they are followed by a large company of porpoises, or their still more active and oppressive enemies, the tunny and bonito. Multitudes then mount to the surface and crowd on each other as they press forward. When still more closely pursued, they spring to the hight of several feet, leap over each other in sin- gular confusion, and again sink beneath.’ Still further urged, they mount again and rush along the surface by repeated starts for more than 100 feet, without once dipping beneath, or scarcely seeming to touch the water. At last the pursuer springs after them, usually across their course, and again they all disappear together. Amidst such multitudes—for more than 20,000 have been judged to be out of the water together— some must fall a prey to the enemy; but, so many hunting in company, it must be long before the pursuers abandon. From inspection we should scarcely judge the fish to be capable of such flights, for the fins, though numerous, are small and the pectorals far from large, though the angle of their articulation is well adapted to raise the fish by the direction of their motions to the surface. Its power of springing, therefore, must be chiefly ascribed to the tail and the finlets. It rarely takes bait; and, when this has happened, the boat has been under sail, the men fishing with a “lash,” or slice of mackerel made to imitate the living body. The skipjack is frequently seen springing above the surface on our coasts, and no doubt at such times it is pursued by bluefish, bonito and, probably, mackerel or cod. 330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Family EXOCOETIDAE Flying Fishes Genus Exocortrus (Artedi) Linnaeus Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed; head short, blunt, narrowed below; mouth small; jaws very short, about equal; chin without barbel; maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries; teeth very feeble or wanting; eyes large; gill rakers moderate; scales large, deciduous; no finlets; dorsal fin short, opposite anal; caudal widely forked, the lower lobe the longer; pectoral fins very long, reaching past the beginning of the anal, and serving as organs of flight, their great size en- abling these fishes to sustain themselves in the air for some time; ventral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also used as organs of flight; air bladder very large; no pyloric caeca. Species numerous in all warm seas, living mostly in the open water and swimming in large schools. Subgenus Ex0coETUS 164 Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus Flying Fish Exocoetus volitans LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 316, 1758; JonDAN & MEEK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 57, 1885; JornDAN & EVERMANN, Buil. 47, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 734, 1896, pl. CX VIII, fig. 318, 1900. Exrocoetus rubescens RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. II, 205, January, 1818, Banks of Newfoundland. : Exocoetus afinis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 288, 1866. Bxrocoetus melanurus JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 379, 1883. Perocoetus exiliens JORDAN & GILBERT, op. cit. 8380 and 904, 1883. The hight of the body is nearly one sixth of the total length without caudal, the length of the head one fourth. The depth of the head equals the distance from the tip of the snout to the hind margin of the orbit. Snout little produced, shorter than eye, which is two sevenths to one third as long as the head; interorbital space flat or slightly concave, slightly greater than diameter of eye; width of body at pectoral base four sevenths of length of head; dorsal origin opposite anal origin, length of longest dorsal ray two fifths of length of head; anal fin long, its y FISHES OF NEW YORK Sol longest ray one third of length of head; pectoral fin reaching slightly beyond dorsal and anal, its length five sevenths of that of the body; ventral origin midway between the eye and the base of caudal, the fin reaching beyond the middle of the anal base, its length two sevenths of length of body. D. 11-18; A. 11-13. Scales 55 (30 to 35 rows between occiput and dorsal origin; 25 rows before ventrals), 6 rows between the origin of dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral fin with an oblique white blotch across its lower half, and with a narrow whitish edge; ventrals grayish or whitish, with a slight dusky shade in the axil; dorsal and anal without dark markings. The flying fish is found in open seas on the Atlantic coast; it extends northward to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland; it is known also in southern Europe, and in the Pacific and the Indian ocean. The flight of the flying fish has been much discussed, for and against; but no doubt remains in the minds of those who have seen the action at close range that the flight is genuine. Not only can the fish start from the water and rise into the air, but it can also change its direction suddenly at will, to escape its pursuers, and it has been observed to hover like a humming bird or a great moth and then dart off suddenly out of reach of the net thrust out to secure it. Such an occurrence took place at Woods Hole Mass., some years ago in the presence of the writer. The flying fish is an excellent food fish, but does not come to our markets frequently, because of its habitat in the open sea. It comes aboard vessels occasionally in storms or when trying to escape from its enemies, and is highly prized by its captors. The species reaches the length of 1 foot. Subgenus cypseLURUs Swainson 165 Exocoetus heterurus Rafinesque Flying Fish Exocoetus heterurus RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Ale. Nuov. Gen. 58, 1810, Palermo; JorpAN & MEEK, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 59, 1885; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 735, 1896. 332 NEW YORK STATHD MUSEUM Exocoetus comatus MircuHILu, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 418, pl. V, fig. 1, 1815, New York. : Exocoetus noveboracensis MircuILu, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, pl. V, fig. 3, 1815; Amer. Month. Mag. II, 323, March, 1818;.DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 230, pl. 36, fig. 114, 1842, near New York; Jorpan &. GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus, 904, 1883. Body slender, its greatest depth contained from five to five and one third times in the total length without caudal; length of head contained four and two thirds in total to base of caudal; the snout slightly shorter than eye, its length three and three fourths times in head, while that of the eye is contained three and one fifth times; dorsal origin in advance of anal origin, dor- sal base from one and one half to two times as long as anal base; first ray of pectoral simple, second divided, third and fourth rays longest, extending to last ray of dorsal and contained one and four ninth times in total length without caudal; ventral origin midway between eye and base of caudal fin, the ventrals reaching last ray of anal, the length contained two and three fourth times in length of body. The lower caudal lobe is three fifths longer than the upper, which is equal in length to the hight of the body. D.14; A.9; P.15; V.6. Scales 58-63, 33 rows before the dorsal fin, 7 rows between the dorsal origin and the lateral line; vertebrae 31+14—45. Pectoral fins grayish brown with a broad whitish margin, an oblique white band on their lower half; dorsal and anal uniform grayish without bands; ventrals whitish, slightly dusky in the axils, The species grows to the length of 15 inches. The young often have a long barbel at the chin, this disappearing entirely in the adult. Dr Mitchill described a specimen, 1 foot long, which was taken in a seine near New York. This flying fish inhabits the Atlantic ocean and is most abund- ant in the tropical parts, but Strays northward to England and to the banks of Newfoundland. a at pi FISHES OF NEW YORK 333 166 Exocoetus furcatus (Mitchill) Flymg Fish Exocoetus furcatus MircHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 449, pl. V, fig. 2, 1815; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 231, 1842. Exocoetus nuttalli LE SuEuR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 10, pl. IV, fig. 1, 1821, Gulf of Mexico; GunrHeErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 286, 1866. Cypselurus furcatus JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 380, 1883. Exocoetus furcatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VI, 286, 1866; JorDAN & MEEK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 61, 1885; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 737, 1896. Body slender, compressed, moderately elongate, its depth con- tained five and one fourth times in total length without caudal; head not very broad, much narrowed forward, its length con- tained four and one half times in total without caudal; the snout rather pointed, more compressed than in other species; inter- orbital area flat, its width at anterior margin of orbit equal to diameter of eye, which is one third of length of head; mouth small, maxillary not reaching orbit, its length four and three fourths in head, mandible two and one half in head; snout four and one fifth in head; eye one third of length of head; pectoral fin long and broad, its length one and two ninths in length of body, extending to 10th ray of dorsal, first pectoral ray simple, slightly more than one half the length of fin, second ray divided, third and fourth rays longest; ventral origin mid- way between hind margin of eye and base of caudal, ventrals long, four ninths of length of body, their tips reaching almost to caudal fin; dorsal fin rather high, its longest ray two thirds as long as the head, its base nearly equal to head; anal fin inserted farther back than dorsal, its base three fifths as long as dorsal base, its longest ray one half as long as the head; lower caudal lobe two sevenths as long as the body. D.15; A.9 to 10. Scales in lateral line 46; about 29 rows in advance of dorsal fin and about 23 on the lateral line in advance of the ventrals; 8 rows. between the dorsal origin and the lateral line. Brownish above, silvery below; the lower posterior half. of pectorals black, the upper pectoral rays with a broad white band, the tips of the rays whitish, other parts marbled with 334 NEW YORK STATE MUSHUM black; the ventrals black except on two outer rays, on inner ray, and a small spot on next two inner rays, about one fourth dis- tance from ventral origin; axil of ventrals pale. Gtinther describes the yentral as having the posterior part black. Three black spots on dorsal fin and three blackish cross bands on the lower caudal lobe, a black spot on tips of third, fourth, fifth, and sixth rays of the anal, or the lower part of the fin some- times black. The species grows to the length of 6 inches. Young indi- viduals haye barbels at the symphysis of the lower jaw, which vary in length and disappear with age. The fish is found abundantly in warm seas, ranging north to Cape Cod and to the Mediterranean. Specimens have been taken at Newport R. I. Dr Mitchill described the species from an example 3 inches long. His specimen had two barbels, each half an inch long. The eyes, according to his description and figure, are very much x larger than in Exocoetus heterurus. 167 Exocoetus gibbifrons Cuy. & Val. Bxocoetus gibbifrons CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XIX, 118, 1846, Atlantic; JORDAN & MEEK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 65, 1885; JORDAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 528, 1886; JornpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 741, 1896. Body robust, lictle compressed, its greatest depth one sixth of the total length without caudal; head rather short, inter- orbital area slightly concave, about one fourth wider than eye; profile of snout convex, descending more abruptly than in any other American species, making a decided curve downward; snout rather blunt, one fourth as long as the head; length of head contained four and three fifth times in total without caudal; maxillary two ninths as long as head; pectoral fins rather broad and long, two thirds of total without caudal, their tips reaching to tips of last rays of dorsal, first ray of pectoral simple, its length five elevenths of length of fin, second pectoral ray Simple, about one half longer than first ray, third pectoral ray divided, fourth ray longest; ventral origin midway between hind margin of eye and root of caudal, length of ventrals about one third of total without caudal, the fin reaching to last anal FISHES OF NEW YORK 335: ray; dorsal origin far in advance of anal origin, longest dorsal ray five elevenths of length of head; anal base five eighths us long as dorsal base, longest anal ray one third of length of head; least depth of caudal peduncle contained three and one fifth times in length of head, the lower caudal lobe two sevenths of total length without caudal. D.12; A.8. Scales before dorsal 30; before ventrals 25; between dorsal origin and lateral line 7. Color brown above, silvery below; on each scale on the upper part of the body a darker brown spot near its posterior extremity, which gives the appearance of a dark brown streak along each row of scales; pectorals uniformly brown, or greenish brown; ventrals dusky, nearly black mesially, the posterior part of the fin still darker; no dark markings on dorsal or anal fins; caudal dusky, plain. Atlantic ocean, two specimens known, both examined by Dr Jordan, from whose description the above was taken. One indi- vidual was secured by Samuel Powell at Newport R. I.; the other was obtained by Dussumier in the Atlantic ocean and by him presented to the Museum of Natural History at Paris. This. example is 9 inches long. Order HEMIBRANCHII Half-gills Family GASTEROSTEIDAE Sticklebacks Genus BucaLia Jordan Fresh-water sticklebacks, feebly armed, the skin not mailed, the dorsal spines few and nondivergent, the gill membranes, forming a free fold across the isthmus, pubic bones fully united. One species known. 168 Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland) Brook Stickleback Gasterosteus inconstans KirtTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. III, 273, pl. UH, fig. 1, 1841, brooks of Trumbull County, Ohio; Storer, Syn. Wish. N. A. 64, 1846; BEAN, Bull. 15, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1380, 1879; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 3894, 1883. 336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Eucalia inconstans JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 65, 1877; EIGENMANN, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 238, 1886; Bran, Fishes Penna. 98, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 744, 1896; EVERMANN & KENDALL, Rept. U. S. Commr. Fish & Fisheries for 1894, 599, 1896, Franklin Cotinty, Vermont. The body is more elongated than in the other sticklebacks described, and stouter, the caudal peduncle has no keel, and the skin is entirely smooth. The ventral spines and pubie bones are very small, the latter concealed under the skin. The thoracic processes are covered by the skin, slender and widely separated. The dorsal spines are short, nearly equal in length, placed in a straight line; the anterior spines shortest. The ventral spines are small and serrated. The depth equals one fourth and the head two sevenths of the total length without caudal. D. III-IV, I, 10; A. I, 10. Males in the breeding season are jet black, tinged entirely with coppery red. The females and young are greenish, variegated with darker. The brook stickleback occurs in the fresh waters from New York westward to Dakota and is said to extend north to Green- fand. heats Pirate Perches Genus APHREDODERUs Le Sueur Body oblong, elevated at the base of the dorsal, compressed behind, the head thick and depressed, the profile concave; FISHES OF NEW YORK 353. caudal peduncle thick; mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw projecting, maxillary reaching to anterior border of the eye; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; premaxillaries not protractile, maxillaries small, without evident supplemental bone; preopercle and preorbital with their free edges sharply serrate, opercle with a spine; bones of skull somewhat cavernous, sides of the head scaly; lower pharyngeals narrow, separate, with villiform teeth; gill membranes slightly joined to the isthmus anteriorly; gill rakers tuberclelike, dentate; pseudobranchiae obsolete; gills four, a small slit behind the fourth; branchiostegals six; scales mod- erate, strongly ctenoid, adherent, lateral line imperfect or want- ing; vent always anterior, its position varying with age, from just behind the ventral fins in the young to below the opercle in the adult; dorsal fin single, median, high, with but three or four spines, which are rapidly graduated, the first being very short; anal small, with two slender spines; ventral fins thoracic, with a very short spine, the number of soft rays usually seven; caudal fin rounded behind; air bladder simple, large, adherent to the walls of the abdomen; vertebrae 14415; pyloric caeca about 12. A single genus, with probably but one species, confined to the United States. 177 Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams) Pirate Perch Aphredoderus sayanus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 35, pl. 21, fig. 62, 1842; hear Philadelphia Pa. : Aphredoderus gibbosus LE SuEuR, in CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. [X, 448, pl. 278, 1833. Aphredoderus sayanus Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 35, pl. 21, fig. 62, 1842; STORER, Syn. Fish. N. A. 47, 1846; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S. Nat. Mus. 460, 1883; Bran, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 145, 1888; Fishes Penna. 101, 1893; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 786, 1896, pl. CX XII, fig. 331, 1900; EUGENE SmiTH, Proc. Linn, Soc. N. Y. No. 9, 33, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 101, 1900, Patchogue, Long Island. The body is moderately stout, oblong, somewhat compressed posteriorly. Scales ctenoid. The dorsal fin is continuous, with three or four spines and 11 soft rays. The anterior spines much the shortest. The anal has two spines and six rays. The mouth 354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM t is rather large for the size of the fish; the lower jaw somewhat longer than the upper; the maxilla reaches to front of eye; jaws, yomer and palatine bones with villiform bands of teeth; lateral line wanting. The depth of the body is two sevenths and length of the head one third of the total without caudal. The eye is two ninths as long as the head. The origin of dorsal is much in advance of the middle of the total length; the pectorals do not reach as far back as the ventrals; ventrals more than one half length of head; the longest anal spine three sevenths of length of head; the caudal rounded. Scales in 48 to 55 series. The color is variable, sometimes olivaceous, at other times dark brown with numerous dark punctulations; a dark bar at the base of the caudal followed by a light one. The pirate perch ranges from New York westward to Minne- sota, and in the Mississippi valley it extends to Louisiana. In Pennsylvania the species occurs in Lake Erie, probably in tribu- taries of the Ohio and in the lower Delaware. Common in East lake at Patchogue and in the head of Swan river. The farthest place east from which it is known appears to be Suffolk county on Long Island.t This is one of the most interesting little fishes of the fresh waters, particularly because the position of the vent varies with age. In the young it is behind the ventrals, while in the adult it is in the throat. The fish grows to a length of 4 inches. Nothing is recorded about its habits except that it is very voracious and feeds at night. It is common in sluggish streams and ponds in the Shelter of aquatic plants. In captivity it has never been observed to feed; perhaps it takes food, however, at night, but it does not thrive in the aquarium. Suborder PERCESOCES family ATHERINIDAE Silversides Genus menrpr1a (Bonaparte) J. & G. Body elongate, more or less compressed; head oblong, com- pressed; belly before ventrals, more or less rounded in section, ‘See Ayres. Enumeration of the Fishes of Brookhaven L. I. ete. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1844, LV. é lca FISHES OF NEW YORK 355 not compressed to an edge; mouth small, the gape curved, very oblique, usually not reaching the eye; lower jaw short and weak; maxillary slipping entirely under preorbital; jaws each with a band of simple, usually villiform teeth; premaxillaries very freely protractile, their spines comparatively long, nearly equal to the eye, extending backward beneath a fold of skin, which connects the basis of the maxillaries; posterior part of the pre- maxillaries broad; no teeth on vomer or palatines; both dorsals short, the usual radial formula being D. V—-1, 8, first dorsal usually, but not always in front of anal; soft dorsal and anal scaleless; scales rather large, entire. 178 Menidia gracilis (Giinther) Slender Silversides Atherinichthys gracilis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 405, 1861. Menidia gracilis JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 797, 1896, Specimens: from St George’s Island, Potomac River. The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is opposite to the vent, exactly in the middle of the distance between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal. The distance between the origins of the two dorsal fins is somewhat more than one half of that between the origin of the posterior and the caudal. The hight of the body is contained nine times in the total length, the length of the head five and one half times. The silvery band is narrow, and occupies a part of the fourth series of scales. Scales with the margin entire. Caudal lobes equal in length; ‘audal somewhat longer than the pectoral, and rather shorter than the head. 31 lines long. Probably young. Habitat unknown.’ D. IV, 1, 8; A. 1,19. Scales 9-40. (After Gtinther) The specimens above referred to, from St George’s island, lower Potomac river, were obtained by Dr Hugh M. Smith, of the U.S. Fish Commission, in the summer of 1890. The specimens were compared with the published descriptions of M. beryllina (Cope) and were found to differ in some minor details, the dorsal formula being V, I, 10 instead of V, 1, 11, the anal rays averaging I, 16 or I, 17 instead of I, 18, and the silvery stripe apparently taking a different course. 356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Some large examples (34 inches long) of the Potomac river silverside no. 43125, U. S. National Museum, collected by W. ie Seal, apparently in 1890, agree very well with the description of beryllina and also with the characters of Dr Smith’s specimens. It is probable that Cope’s name must be associated with this fresh-water form, and not the name gracilis of Giinther. None of our individuals have four dorsal spines, and there is no certainty that Dr Giinther’s type came from the United States. I have, however, followed Drs Jordan and Evermann in their identification. The species is said to range from Woods Hole Mass. to Albe- marle sound. 179 Menidia beryllina (Cope) Fresh-water Silversides Chirostoma beryllinum Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 408, 1866, Potomac River, at Washington, D. C. : Menidia beryllina JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 408, 1883; BEAN, Fishes Penna, 100, 1893; 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 102, 1900. Menidia gracilis beryllina JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 797, 1896, pl. CX XIV, fig. 338, 1900. The body is shorter than usual among the silversides. The spinous dorsal is well separated from the soft dorsal, and its posterior margin extends almost to the vertical from the first anal ray. The ventral reaches to below the first ray of the dorsal. The length of the head is contained four and one fourth times in the total length without caudal. The eye large, orbit one third as long as the head; mouth small; the mandible slightly longer than the maxilla and slightly curved; greatest depth of body one sixth of total length without caudal. Scales in lateral line 36, transverse series 10. The lateral line is repre- sented by a pore on the anterior part of the exposed portion of each scale, except on the caudal peduncle, where it runs through a groove. D. V-I, 11; A. I, 18; V-1,5; P.15. “The caudal is deeply forked. Pale olivaceous in color with a silvery lateral band, on two and one half rows of scales, with a lead colored margin. The anal base is lead colored; sides of the head silvery. FISHES OF NEW YORK 357 This species corresponds in many particulars with Menidia peninsulae of Goode & Bean, but in that species the silvery streak covers only one and one half rows of scales. The soft dorsal in M.peninsulae appears to show considerable vari- ation in the number of rays. The fresh-water silversides was first described from the Potomac river, where it has recently been rediscovered in abun- dance, both in fresh and brackish water. It is very common at Water Mill L. I. and in fresh-water tributaries of Great South bay. Several examples were seined in 1898 in salt water at Clam Pond cove. In some of the Water Mill specimens the following characters were noted: D. V, 1,10; A. I, 16-17. Scales 8-40. Its associates in fresh water at Water Mill were: Fundulus diaphanus, Lucania parva, Eupomotis gib- bosms, and Lucius reticulatus. /* Imy-1898.1t, was obtained also in Shinnecock bay, Scallop pond (Peconic bay) and Mecox bay. The localities in Great South bay were: Swan river, south side of Great South bay, Horsefoot creek and Bell- port Lifesaving station. 180 Menidia notata (Mitchill) Silversides ; Friar; Whitebait Atherina notata MiTcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 446, pl. IV, fig. 6, 1815, New York; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 141, pl. 28, fig. 88, 1842, New York; StorrER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 87, pl. XVI, fig. 1, 1867. Atherina viridescens MITCHILL, op. cit. 447, 1815, New York. Chirostoma notatum GooprE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 21, 1879, and of many other authors. Atherina menidia Dr Kay, op. cit. 142, pl. 74, fig. 236, 1842, New York; not of LINNAEUS. Atherinichthys menidia and notata GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 406, 1861. Atherinopsis notatus BAtrD, Ninth Ann. Rept. Smith, Inst. 8388, 1855. Menidia notata JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 407, 1883; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 146, 1888; 19th Rept. Commrs. Fish. N. Y. 271, 1890; JornpAan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 800, 1896; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. No. 9, 32, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 102, 1900. Body elongate, compressed, its greatest depth contained six and one third times in total length without caudal, and equaling 358 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM three fourths of length of head; the caudal peduncle long and slender, its least depth about one third the length of head, width of body about one half the length of head; head short, pointed, its length one fifth of the total without caudal; snout slightly shorter than eye, about three and one fourth in length of head; margin of upper jaw formed chiefly by the curved premaxillary, which is nearly as long as the eye; eye equal to interorbital space, and one third as long as the head; two rows of scales under the : eye; exposed part of maxilla two fifths as long as the eye; dorsal origin nearly midway between tip of snout and base of middle caudal rays, base of dorsal about as long as eye, longest dorsal spine one third as long as the head, fifth dorsal spine one fifth as long as head, interspace between the two dorsals contained 104 times in total length without caudal, second dorsal base one half as long as head, longest dorsal ray equal to eye and snout combined, last dorsal ray equal in length to snout; anal origin under end of spinous dorsal, also under 25th scale of lateral line, anal base three elevenths of total length without caudal, corresponding with 15 rows of scales, longest anal ray equal to snout and eye combined, last anal ray one fourth as long as head. The vent is under the last spine of the dorsal. The ventrals are distant from the end of the head a space equal to length of head, length of ventral equal to snout and eye com- bined, 15 rows of scales between ventral origin and throat. Middle caudal rays about one half as long as head, external rays five sixths as long as head, the fin deeply forked. The silvery band nowhere covering more than the width of one scale, though not limited to one row. Translucent green; lateral band silvery, mostly on the level of the eye, its width less than one half the diameter of eye. Seales of upper parts with dark dots along their edges; chin speckled. The common silversides grows to a length of 6 inches. The silversides was first made known by Dr Mitehill under the name of small silverside, Atherina notata, and he des- cribed the young of the same species as the green-sided silver- Dr De Kay states that the side, Atherina viridescens. j FISHES OF NEW YORK 359 silversides was known in the harbor of New York as the anchovy and the sand smelt. Friar is a New England name for the species; capelin is in use about Boston, and merit fish in the vicinity of Watch Hill. Sperling is a name recently applied to this species by some fishermen, and we have known persons to offer the silversides as whitebait. In Great South bay it is known as shiner. The silversides is known to occur on the coast from Maine to Virginia. It is one of the most abundant of the small fishes in our waters, Swimming in immense schools made up of fish of different sizes, and it forms a considerable part of the food of more valuable species, such as the mackerel, bluefish, weakfish and flounders, and is very much in demand as a bait for hook and line fishing. We seined the silversides in all parts of Great South bay, and found it to be one of the most abundant and characteristic species. The common silversides, or spearing, lives in Gravesend bay almost all the year, hibernating in spring holes in winter. It is well suited for a captive life and can endure a temperature of 714° in the salt water. In 1898 the species was found for the state museum at all Long Island localities visited, Peconic bay, Mecox bay, the ocean at Southampton, and throughout Great South bay. Small individuals are sold in the markets as whitebait. In the time of De Kay the fish was called anchovy and sand smelt and was esteemed a savory food. 20 years before he wrote of the fishes of New York, it was caught from the wharves and sold for bait. Genus KIiRTLANDIA Jordan & Evermann This genus is close to Menidia, but differs from it in hav- ing the scales laciniate and the dorsal and anal fins scaly. Three species known from the United States and Martinique. 181 Kirtlandia vagrans (Goode & Bean) Rough Silversides Chirostoma vagrans GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 148, 1879, Florida. Menidia vagrans JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 267, 1882, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 407, 1888. 360 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Menidia vagrans laciniata Swain MS in Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull: 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 908, 969, 1883, Beaufort, N. C.; JoRpAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 589, 1883. Menidia laciniata Swarn in JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 969, 1883; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 146, 1888, Great Egg Harbor Bay, N. J.; Jorpan & EvERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 795, 1896; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 102, 1900. Kirtlandia vagrans JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 794, 1896, pl. CX XIV, fig. 336, 1900. Kirtlandia laciniata JORDAN & EVERMANN, Op. cit. 795, 1896; BEAN, 52d Ann, Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 102, 1900. Hight of the body contained five and one half to six times in length without caudal, and six and two thirds times in total length, considerably less than length of head and lengih of pec- toral; origin of spinous dorsal fin situated behind a point mid- way between origins of ventral and anal fins and opposite the middle of the interspace between anal fin and vent; eye longer than snout, one third as long as the head, and less than width of interorbital space; mouth slightly protractile, lower jaw equal to length of eye; length of head contained four and three fourths times in total length without caudal, and equal to length of pectoral; pectoral reaching only a very little beyond origin of ventral when extended; ventral not reaching to vent, its length one half the length of head; anal base about as long as the head; caudal slightly forked, the lobes equal; vertical fins excessively scaly; scales of body large, laciniate, some of the exposed edges with 12 points. TD. IV to V-I, 7; A. I, 18 to 19; V. I, 7; P. 14. Scales 7-48 to 50. Lateral silvery stripe covering the lower two thirds of the third series of scales and the upper one third of the fourth series. Light greenish above; sides and belly silvery; tip of snout and of lower jaw yellow mingled with blackish; scales on the back with several to many dark spots on the free edges, these usually forming streaks; caudal yellow with dark points, its margin dusky; dorsal and pectorals dusky; lower fins pale, the anal with dark points at its base. As here described, the species includes M. laciniata (Swain) which has been recorded from New Jersey and North Carolina, The only difference discoverable between them is in FISHES OF NEW YORK 361 the number of the dorsal spines, which is generally four in laciniata, but sometimes five, as observed in examples from Great Egg Harbor bay, N. J., no. 45158 U. S. National Museum. The rough silversides grows to the length of 4 inches; it is not important for food, but serves as food for the larger fishes. It was found abundant at Somers Point N. J. in August 1887, where it had previously been unknown. The largest individual taken in Great Egg Harbor bay, 44 inches long, was secured at Longport N. J. The only example so far known in New York waters was caught in Mecox bay, L. I. Aug. 1, 1898. Though the bay was seined repeatedly afterward in search of the fish, no other speci- mens were seen. The following notes were obtained: D. V, I, 7; A. I, 20; P. 143 V. 1,5. Scales 7-47. Genus LABIDESTHES Cope This genus differs from Menidia chiefly in the prolongation of the jaws, both of which are produced into a short depressed beak. The scales are smallasin Leuresthes and Basil- ichthys, their edges entire. 182 Labidesthes sicculus (Cope) Brook Silversides ; Skipjack ; Glassfish Chirostoma sicculum Corr, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 81, 1865, Crosse Isle, Detroit River. Labidesthes sicculus CoprE, Proce. Am. Phil, Soc. Phila. 40, 1870; JonpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 406, 1883; MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. IV, 312, 1888, Montezuma, N. Y.; BEAN, Fishes Penna, 100, 1898; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 357, 1897; Chautauqua Lake; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 805, 1896. The body is slender and elongate, its depth one sixth or one seventh of the total without caudal. Length of head about two ninths of total; eve two sevenths of length of head, two thirds of length of snout. D. IV, I, 11; A. I, 23. Scales 14-75. Caudal deeply forked. Color olivaceous, the fish in life translucent, the upper parts with small black dots, the silvery lateral band edged above with lead color and covering one row and two half rows of scales; cheeks silvery. 362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The genus Labidesthes has a very oblique mouth, with the upper. jaw flat above and concave beneath, the inter- maxillaries forming a rooflike beak. The mandible is convex. The brook silversides, or skipjack, is found in streams and ponds in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. It has also been dis- covered recently in some of the southern states, from South Carolina to Florida. In New York it is recorded from near Montezuma, from Chautauqua lake, where it is called silver skipjack and glassfish, and from Lake Ontario. Dr Meek says it is not found near Ithaca. The U. 8S. Fish Commission col- lectors obtained it at the following places in New York: Stony Island July 2 and 3 Great Sodus bay Aug. 6 Long pond, Charlotte Aug. 17 Sandy creek, North Hamlin Aug. 20 The fish grows to the length of 4 inches and is important only as food for larger species. It has been kept in the aquarium, but does not endure transportation or captivity. The brook silversides is a surface swimmer, and the name skipjack is derived from its habit of skipping out of and along the surface of the water. It abounds in “clear pools left in summer by the fall of the waters in the streams, which has filled them.” Family MUGILIDAE Mullets Genus mug (Artedi) Linnaeus Body oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with large scales, head large, convex, scaled above and on sides; mouth sinall, subinferior, the lower jaw angulated; jaws with one or a few series of short, flexible, ciliiform teeth, no teeth on yvomer or palatines; eye large, with a large adipose eyelid, which is little deyeloped in the young; stomach muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. Species yery numerous, living on mud and running in great schools along the shores and in b ‘ackish lagoons of all warm regions. We here exclude from M ugil the old world group, Liza (type Mugil ca pito) similar in habit FISHES OF NEW YORK 363 to Mugil, but lacking the adipose eyelid. (After Jordan & Evermann) 183 Mugil cephalus Linnaeus Striped Mullet Mugil cephalus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 316, 1758, Europe; JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 263, 1884; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 811, 1896, pl. CX XVI, fig. 343, 1900; Bran, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 1038, 1900. Mugil albula LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, 520, 1766, Charleston, S. C.; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 403, 1888; BEAN, 19th Rept. Camm. Fish. N. Y. 272, pl. X XI, fig. 26, 1890: Mugil lineatus MITCHILL, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XI, 96, 1836, New York; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 144, pl. 15, fig. 42, 1842, iNew York; STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass, 39, pl. XVI, fig. 4, 1867. Body fusiform, elongate, stout, its greatest width contained one and three fourths times in length of head and equal to length of ventral fin, greatest depth of body one fourth of total length without caudal; snout narrow and somewhat pointed, its length about one fifth of length of head, its profile scarcely more convex than profile of lower jaw; interorbital space little convex, its width one half length of head; thickness of upper lip scarcely more than one third of length of premaxillary; space between the mandibles oblanceolate, its greatest width about one fifth of its length; eyes covered by an adipose membrane leaving a free space only about as wide as the pupil; length of head contained three and one half to four times in total length without caudal; eye about two sevenths as long as the head; teeth in upper jaw in a rather broad band, the outer row slightly enlarged, teeth in lower jaw similar but much smaller; scales smaller than in M. curema, about 24 or 25 rows of scales between tip of snout and origin of spinous dorsal, some scales on top of head slightly enlarged, soft dorsal and anal fins almost scaleless; origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of middle caudal rays, about over the middle of the ventral, base of spinous dorsal one third as long as the head, first spine longest, one half as long as the head, last spine one half as long as the first, interspace between dorsals about one half length of head, upper margin of soft dorsal deeply concave, base of the fin a little more than one third of 364 NEW YORK STATE MUSBUM length of head, longest ray one half the length of head, last ray one fourth the length of head; caudal deeply forked, its middle rays one half as long as_ the head, its ex- ternal rays nearly as long as the head; pectoral reaches to the 11th row of scales from its axil, about as far back as the end of the ventral appendage, its length two thirds of length of head; ventral origin midway between tip of snout and fifth ray of anal, its length four sevenths of length of head, the fin extending to below the end of the base of spinous dorsal, the tip distant from the anal origin a space about equal to the length of the fin. D. IV-I, 8; A. III, 8. Scales 14-42. Color, dark bluish above; the sides silvery; exposed part of scales, specially of eight or 10 upper series, darker than body coler, causing a striped appearance; belly and lower part of sides yellowish; ventral fins yellowish; soft dorsal, anal and ventrals dusky; tip and base of pectoral dusky. The striped mullet grows to the length of 2 feet, but the average size in New York waters is much less. The fish is known in Great South bay as mullet and jumping mullet; the name mullet is applied to it also in the Gulf of Mexico, and is in general use along the east coast; it is known in the Chesapeake as mullet or fatback. The latter name is probably applied to more than one species. The striped mullet is known on our coast from Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico. The young are much more abundant than ihe adults. In Great South bay we found the species not un- common; two examples were taken at the mouth of Swan creek, September 12. Several schools were present. We were informed that they appear occasionally, and one gentleman of Patchogue was very successful in taking this and its allied species with hook and line. De Kay states that the striped mullet was first observed in New York waters by Dr Mitchill. He found them in the markets in the beginning of September. This species is one of our choice food fishes. It is not uncommon in September in Great Egg Harbor bay, N. J., but we were informed that large specimens are never taken in that body of water. FISHES OF NEW YORK 365 In 1898 the striped mullet was not abundant in the waters seined till fall; the great schools were absent till October. Several individuals were obtained in Mecox bay August 2 and a larger number in Clam Pond cove, Great South bay, August 22. The young of this species are abundant in Gravesend bay in midsummer; larger ones appear in September and October. One winter, some years ago, mullet hibernated in the mud in Sheepshead bay and were taken with eel spears. The mullets feed and thrive most of the year in captivity, but will not sur- vive the intense heat of summer. In the aquarium their food includes hard clam and shrimp. In 1883 Jordan and Gilbert established a genus Queri- mana for “little mullets with but two spines in the anal fin and with the teeth in the jaws less ciliiform than in Mugil. Adipose eyelid wanting; preorbital serrate.” The genus was based on Myxus harengus of Gtinther. Querimana is nothing more than the young of Mugil. The only good character by which it was distinguished is the presence of two anal spines instead of three; in all other respects Queri- mana and Mugil agree perfectly. Asa matter of fact, all young Mugils pass througha Querimana stage in which only two of the three anal spines are developed, the adipose eye- lid is rudimentary and the teeth are comparatively stouter than in the adult. The third anal spine of Mugil is really a simple articulated ray till the fish reaches a length varying from about 40 mm to 50 mm. The first simple ray of the anal becomes a spine by the breaking off at an articulation, the subsequent sharpening of the point, and the deposit of hard material in the articulations, thus forming a somewhat slender, but perfect, spine. — This fact of development was carefully studied in large series of specimens in the U. S. Nationa! Museum, and it is both inter- esting and important from the fish cultural as well as the sys- tematic standpoint. In Mugil cephalus one example, 41 mm long, shows the third anal spine very plainly; it is well developed and has a sharp point, but several articulations still 366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM remain. Other examples of equal length have the first simple anal ray scarcely developed into a spine, and in still others this ray does not take on the character of a spine at all. Queri- mana harengus, the bee of the genus, is the young of Mugil curema, and Q. gyrans is the immature Mugii fan sean Oso! m1.” - A iéesramninaeee of the types of Querimana gyrans shows the presence of 33 rows of scales in some ex- amples instead of 29, as originally recorded. 184 Mugil curema Cuv. & Val. White Mullet Mugil curema Cuvinr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XI, 87, 1836, Brazil; Martinique; Cuba; BEAN, Bull. U.S. F. C. VII, 145, 1888; 19th Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 272, pl. X XI, fig. 26, 1890; Jorpan & EVER- MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 813, 1896, pl. CX XVI, fig. 344, 1900; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 103, 1900. Mugil petrosus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit. 88, 1836, Brazil to New York; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 147, 1842. Mugil brasiliensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 431, 1861; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 403, 1883. Body shaped like that of the striped mullet, its width equaling two thirds of length of head, its greatest depth contained three and one half to three and five sixths times in total length with- out caudal; least depth of caudal peduncle equal to one half the length of head; snout nearly as in M. cephalus, sometimes with its outline more declivous, its length one fifth of length of head; interorbital space slightly convex, its width nearly one half the length of head; thickness of upper lip scarcely one third of length of upper jaw, space between the mandibles nearly lanceolate, its width one sixth of its length; eyes covered with an adipose membrane leaving only a space about as wide as the pupil exposed, eye about two sevenths as long as the head; head one fourth, or nearly one fourth, of total length without caudal; teeth in outer row on premaxilla somewhat enlarged, distant; scales rather large, about 22 rows between tip of snout and origin of first dorsal; soft dorsal and anal densely scaled, origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of external caudal rays, directly over the 10th row of scales, counting from the axil of the pectoral, the first spine nearly two thirds as long as the head, the last spine less than one half FISHES OF NEW YORK 367 as long as the first, interspace between the dorsals equal to three fifths of length of head, upper margin of soft dorsal deeply concave, base of fin equal to length of postorbital part of head, the longest ray three fifths of head, the last ray one fourth the length of head; caudal deeply forked, its middle rays one half as long as the head, its external rays equal to the head; pectoral reaches the eighth row of scales, its length equal to head with- out snout; ventral origin midway between tip of snout and third ray of anal, its distance from vent equal to its own length, which is two thirds of length of head; about 24 rows of scales between the head and the anal origin, base of anal three fifths as long as the head, longest anal ray equal to length of post- orbital part of head, last anal ray two sevenths of length of head. D.IV-I, 8; A. II, 9. Scales 12-88. Color silvery, bluish above; no dusky streaks along the sides in life, but faint streaks are evident after preservation in spirits; a small dark blotch at base of pectoral; caudal pale, yellowish at base, dusky at tip; anal and ventrals yellowish; two yellow blotches on side of head. The white mullet reaches the length of 1 foot.. On the Atlantic coast it ranges from Cape Cod to Brazil; in the Pacific it is recorded from California to Chile. It is a very important food fish. The white mullet appears with the striped species, but is less abundant in Gravesend bay and is smaller in size. The young were taken in Great South bay in August 1898, and half grown individuals were abundant in September and October. Adults were scarce. Dr Mitchill calls this the summer mullet. He records a speci- men that weighed 24} pounds, the heaviest coming under his observation. DeKay found the species in New York markets in July and August. 185 Mugil trichodon Poey Whirligig Mullet (young); Fantail Mullet Mugil trichodon Porky, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. XI, 66, pl. 8, figs. 4 to 8, 1875, Cuba; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus. 816, 1896. Mugil brasiliensis JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 270, 1884; not of Agassiz fide JORDAN & EVERMANN. . 368 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Querimana gyrans JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 26, 1884; JoR- DAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 818, 1896. Body robust, its greatest depth three elevenths of the total length without caudal; head short, its length contained four and one fifth times in total to caudal base; snout moderately acute, its upper and lower profiles equally oblique; interorbital space little convex, its width two fifths of the length of the head; upper lip remarkably thick; space between the mandibles underneath narrow, oblanceolate, rather pointed behind; an adipose membrane covering all but the central part of the eye; teeth comparatively large and wide set, about as long as the nostril; about 21 rows of scales between origin of spinous dor- sal and tip of snout, soft dorsal and anal densely scaled, the margin of soft dorsal concave, the second, and longest, ray two and three fourths times as long as the seventh; anal similar to soft dorsal; the pectoral short, not reaching nearly to vertical from front of spinous dorsal; caudal large, deeply forked. D. IV-I, 8; A. III, 8. Scales 33-11. Upper parts dusky, olivaceous, with bluish reflections, lower parts silvery; scales without dusky spots; a dark blotch at base of pectoral; dorsals and caudal pale, the dorsals with minute dark points, caudal with a dark margin; anal and ventrals yellowish; pectorals pale, with fine brown punctula- tions, The fantail mullet ranges from Brazil to the Florida Keys and Cuba. The young, which is Querimana gyrans of Jordan & Gilbert, migrates northward in summer to Cape Cod; it has been recorded from Long Island and the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. The species reaches the length of 10 inches. Family sprryRABNIDAE Barracudas Genus spayragna (Artedi) Bloch & Schn. sody elongate, subterete, covered with small cycloid scales; head very long, pointed, pikelike, scaly above and on sides; mouth horizontal, large; jaws elongate, the lower considerably projecting, upper jaw nonprotractile, its border formed by the FISHES OF NEW YORK 369 premaxillaries, behind which are the broad maxillaries, large, sharp teeth of unequal size on both jaws and on palatines; none on the vomer; usually a very strong, sharp canine near the tip of the lower jaw; opercular bones without spines or serratures; gill openings wide, the gill membranes not united, free from the isthmus; gill rakers very short or obsolete; branchioste- gals seven; gills four; pseudobranchiae well developed; air bladder large, bifurcate anteriorly; many pyloric caeca; lateral line well developed, straight; pectoral fins short, placed in or below the line of the axis of the body; ventrals I, 5, abdominal, in advance of the middle of the body; first dorsal over ventrals, of five rather stout spines, second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to and opposite anal; caudal fin forked; vertebrae 24; first superior pharyngeal absent, second, third, and fourth separate, with teeth, lower pharyngeals separate. 186 Sphyraena guachancho Cuy. & Val. Long Barracuda Sphyraena guachancho CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist, Nat. Poiss. III, 342, 18z9, Havana; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 824, 1896. Sphyraena guaguancho GoovE & BEAN, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 146, 1880; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus, 411, 1883. Sphyraena guaguanche Pory, Memorias, II, 166, 1860; MEEK & NEWLAND, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70, 1884. Sphyraena giintheri Haty, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. XV, 270, 1875, Colon. Body moderately elongate, subcylindric, its greatest depth one seventh of the total length without caudal, its width two thirds of its depth and one third of length of head; the caudal peduncle stout and not elongate, its least depth one fourth the length of head. The head is long, nearly one third of total without caudal, its width two sevenths of its length; the lower jaw projects a space one half as long as the iris, the top of head flat and with a long and well marked median groove; the interorbital space equal to iris; the maxilla broadly expanded and abruptly bent downward, its width at the posterior end one fourth of its length, its end reach- ing about to front of orbit; mandible as long as head without postorbital part; preocular ridge three fourths as long as iris; 370 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM premaxillary teeth small, about 45 developed in the individual examined (sometimes 35 to 40), front of the premaxillaries with four large canines, the posterior pair slightly larger, one third as long as the eye; three large, bladelike fangs on each side of palatines; a large compressed fang at symphysis of lower jaw, mandible with about 17 moder- ately large, compressed teeth on each side; eye one sixth of length of head, one half postorbital part of head; dor- sal origin at a distance from snout equal to three times length of snout, base of spinous dorsal one third length of head from tip of upper jaw, second spine longest, nearly one third of length of head, fifth spine one half as long as the second, inter- space between first and second dorsal equal to snout and eye combined, base of second dorsal two sevenths of length of head, including lower jaw, longest ray as long as base of fin, last ray one fifth of length of head; ventral a little in advance of spinous dorsal, its distance from the head equal to length of pectoral, its length two sevenths of length of head; ‘anal origin under middle of dorsal base, anal base one fourth the length of head, longest anal ray equal to ventral, last ray one half the postor- bital part of head; middle caudal rays very short, external rays as long as snout and eye combined; pectoral as long as postor- bital part of head; top of head with minute embedded scales; cheeks and opercles scaly, but interopercle and posterior half of opercle naked. B. VII, D. V—I, 95 A. 1, 83 V. 1.552: fo2e seater 15 to 16-112 to 121-18 to 17. Color pale green above, soft dorsal yellowish; anal and ventral fins chiefly pale but basal part of ventral dusky; pectoral and eaudal dusky at tip; dark punctulations on spinous dorsal and on upper part of body. The specimen described is no. 30015, Jamaica, in the U. 8S. national museum. An individual 212 inches long was taken at Woods Hole Mass., and is described by Goode and Bean in Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 11, 147, 1880. The species ranges from the West Indies to Florida, and occasionally northward in sum- mer to Cape Cod, FISHES OF NEW YORK atl 187 Sphyraena borealis De Kay Northern Barracuda Sphyraena borealis DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 39, pl. 60, fig. 196, 1842, New York; MEEK & NEWLAND, Proce. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila. 75, 1884; BEAN, Bull. U. S. BP. C. VII, 145, 1888; 19th Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 271, 1890; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 825, 1896. Sphyraena spet JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 411, 1883; not of Havy. Body moderately elongate and compressed, its greatest depth equal to length of snout, and contained seven and one half times in total length without caudal, its width equaling two sevenths of length of head; caudal peduncle subterete and tapering, its least depth one fifth of length of head. The head is one third of total length without caudal, its width one fourth of its length, the lower jaw projecting a space equal to pupil, top of head slightly convex, a very shallow median groove, the interorbital Space equal to length of eye; maxilla broadly expanded poste- riorly, its greatest width one fourth of its length, its end not reaching front of orbit by a space two thirds as long as the eye; mandible as long as snout and eye combined; preocular ridge two thirds as long as the eye, not very prominent; premaxillary teeth small, smaller anteriorly, about 45 in number, front of the premaxillaries with three large canines on each side, one of them much larger than the others, one third as long as the eye; two large fangs on one side of the palatines, three on the other, fol- lowed on each side by three smaller teeth; a large, compressed fang at the symphysis of lower jaw, mandible with 10 to 12 teeth, increasing in size and becoming more widely separated posteriorly; eye equal to interorbital width and its length con- tained six and one fourth times in length of head; dorsal origin at a distance from tip of snout equal to a little more than three times length of snout, base of spinous dorsal nearly one third as long as the head, second dorsal spine longest, about one third length of head, last dorsal spine one half of postorbital part of head, interspace between dorsals one half of length of head, base of second dorsal equal to longest dorsal ray and two sevenths of length of head, last dorsal ray equal to long diameter of eye,. a12 NEW YORK STATE MUSHUM and one seventhof lengthof head; ventral under the second spine of the dorsal, its distance from the head one half of length of head, and much greater than length of pectoral; anal origin under fourth ray of second dorsal; the anal base two sevenths of length of head, longest anal ray equal to base of anal fin, last ray three fourths of diameter of eye, one third of postorbital part of head: middle caudal rays very short, external rays one half as long as the head; pectoral equal to postorbital part of head; top of head with numerous minute, embedded scales and with many series of mucous pores; cheeks and opercles scaly and with- out naked spaces. B. VII; D. V-II, 9; A. IU, 8; V. 1, 5; P. I; 12. Scales 13-126-13. Color greenish above; lateral line yellow; lower parts silvery; iris golden; young with dusky blotches on the back and along the lateral line. This fish seems to have been unknown to the early writers on | New York fishes, the species not appearing in any publication earlier than De Kay’s New York Fauna, in 1842. Dr De Kay calls it the northern barracuda, to distinguish it from the southern species. The young barracuda have been taken from Cape Cod to New Jersey, the southern limit being indefinite. Individuals of 1 foot in length have been rarely seen, but examples measuring from 2 to 6 inches are extremely common as far north as Cape Cod annually, in the summer. De Kay makes the following state- ment about the barracuda: “ This is a very active and voracious little fish. A number of them were caught in the harbor of New York and placed in a vessel with several other species. In a few hours they had devoured them all, and then commenced devour- ing each other. It has not been very commonly observed, owing to the difficulty of capturing them; but I have reason to believe that they are not very rare.’ In Great Egg Harbor bay the young were found in abundance. The smallest example seen there by myself was 22 inches long. The species was unknown to the fishermen. In Great South bay a single example was captured at Oak island September 30. FISHES OF NEW YORK 373 This barracuda is not seen in our markets, but the adults of more southerly species are considered excellent food fishes. At Key West and on Cozumel island, and in the West Indies, the barracuda is highly prized. Several young barracuda were caught in Gravesend bay in September 1896. The species is not common in that bay. An individual 5} inches long was seined at Sandy Hook, Oct. ce 1897. The fish does not live long in captivity. Suborder RHEGNOPTERI Family POLYNEMIDAE Threadfins Genus Potypactryius Lacépede Anal fin not much longer than soft dorsal, of about 13 or 14 rays; vomer with teeth; preoperculum serrate; free filaments of pectorals mostly shorter than body; teeth in villiform bands on both jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; preopercle sharply serrated on its posterior margin, its angle with a scaly flap; scales rather small, finely ctenoid; first dorsal with seven or eight feeble, rather high spines, the first and last short, soft dorsal and anal fins about equaling each other; pectoral fila- ments three to nine; pyloric caeca in great number. Species numerous, in warm seas. 188 Polydactylus octonemus (Girard) Threadfin Polynemus octonemus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 167,1858, Brazos; San- tiago; Galveston; young; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 320, 1860; GoovE & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. II, 128, 1880; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16,,U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 4138, 1883. Polydactylus octonemus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 830, 1896; pl. CX XVIII, fig. 350, 1900; Bran, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 358, 1897. Trichidion octofilis Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 280, 1861, New York; adult. [vichidion octonemus GILL, op. cit. 280, 1861. Polynemus octofilis JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 590, 1882; Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 413, 1883. Body compressed, moderately elongate, its greatest depth from one third to two sevenths of the total length without caudal, its thickness equal to two fifths of length of head; STA NWW YORK STATO MUSDUM caudal peduncle short and stout, its least depth one half the longth of head; head short, a Tittle more than one fourth of (otal length without caudal, its width nearly one half its length; snout obtusely conical, its length varying with age from one seventh to one fitth of length of head; eye equal to interorbital space and its length contained from four and one third to five and one halt times in length of head; mouth inferior, slightly oblique, wide, the lower jaw ineluded, maxilla broadly expanded behind, its end reaching far behind eye, length of upper jaw nearly one half of length of head; hind margin of preopercle with numerous rather coarse spines, Distance of spinous dor- sal from tip of snout equals one third of total length without caudal, base of spinous dorsal one half as long as the head, second spine longest one fifth of total without caudal, last dor- sal spine two ninths as long as the second, interspace between dovsals equal to postorbital part of head, base of second dorsal contained one and three fourth times in length of head, longest dorsal ray equal to postorbital part of head, last dorsal ray one third as long as the head. Anal origin is under the fifth or sixth vay of the second dorsal, the base of the fin equals the second spine of the dorsal in length; the longest ray is one half as long as the head; the last ray is as long as the snout and eve combined, Phe ventral ovigin is under the middle of the spinous dorsal; the length of the tin is about one half the length of head, The peetoral reaches beyond the end of the spinous dorsal, but not to the vent, its length equal to length of head without the snouts the peetoral filaments ave eight in number on each side, (he longest reaching past the vent, Caudal deeply forked, its external rays longer than the head. D, VIIT-I, 12 A. Bi) ds; Ve 15; POT, 15,8; Bo VIT, Gill rakers, 21 below the angle, the longest nearly equal to eve; scales 6-70-10. Color light oliva- eeous, With davk punetulations; belly whitish; peetoral black in adult, pale in young, Nhe threadtin is found on the east coast of the United States from New York to Texas, occurring northward in summer only, Sep, 24, TS9G, three specimens were obtained by John B. De FISHES OF NEW YORK 875 Nyse in Gravesend bay and sent to the aquarium dead, as they would not endure captivity. The fish agrees in coloration and in every other respect with P. octofilis Gill, and is be- lieved to be the adult form of P. octonemus Girard. This is probably the first record of its oecurrence in New York waters for more than 80 years. MEASUREMENTS Inches TEL EAULIMTLCLULCLURDREMCSECLICLELAN, 4.4; 4,8 v0 00.0 00 cru Wrdth w ATRCO Ot acy Bei xip ust 8 84 OUT UOUONG On MICS GAUCA) PAYS...) sieve uetunarnvewens TM% WEDS b LO-OLIaln- OF MIG CAUCA] YAYS.cs ent nt tek ee Oe es OQ CONE IN OL SS CPCI EPONCLIONG Gh ha kar vsacg.e oye. n'a a, oct APRA eMGN SVR NRRNeNGES ans 2 LOSAU CenticGn GAGA) DEdUNcle..........cevrvccasaveuauare 18 DERE Se Cen EL PIN Viena yy e408. 0.0 kcae # bac 8. dead gee NPP 1 We rails yay id aoa hit ey Se Oa ae a ee are LSND YEE RE oy Gel 1 POSTIEN Un) Ras TR CHIME CEI ae A RUMI T ts “hy uu -o'v nis § @- vlad dee wine 4k > Mean GROEN i's TRS LO COCO OOTY hile a Wve ¢ ts even, vecb ¢ a tiulgk parebre eRe eres , Length of mandible.......... TERE OME TA eke tei ke A Length of longest peetoral Aid merit. PTA Weis 2'% Length of upper and lower enudal ibben. gic b bu kph, © ReGen neat 2 Length of pectoral . SV Wauntice hak oh vn a) Length of longest (third) horwal pitie. b eraed civ! SE REa te hte un OE 14% PL ULAR MOOS OLMELUELELY, 5 ej on be we av viet y 0.0 deve’ peeled yibes 1%, Hou siint goate yy ipa sil se S50 ea a OE at eae 18 IPERS UO MALLU EUW Se sie vA fisaa es slew w bis dyin sleet bly wasn aon 1 [Poco tira ein IE 08 sane eee a Oe ee es Sr La ee Lvs Length of base of first doreat. oe g ye era Ne Wire -ofehogad, MURR Cea Length of base of second dare. Py MTOM ee eH ka ot 1%, The longest pectoral filament reaches to below the inter- space between the two dorsals and slightly past the vent, The diameter of the eve equals the length of the snout and one fifth the length of the head. Group AMMODYTOLDEI Family AMMODYTIDAE Sand Lances Genus ammopyres (Artedi) Linnaeus Body elongate, lanceolate, the skin with’ many transverse folds running obliquely downward and backward, the small cyeloid seales mostly placed in cross series between them; lat- eral line concurrent with the back; a fold of the skin along each side of the belly; vomer not armed with a bicuspid tooth; color silvery; vertebrae 62 or 63; one pyloric caecum, Carnivorous 376 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ’ fishes inhabiting sandy shores in cold regions, living in large schools, burying themselves in the sand near the tide mark. Valued as bait and useful as food for salmon and other larger fishes. i189 Ammodytes americanus De Kay Sand Lance; Sand Hel Ammodytes americanus Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 3i7, spl o2 ene lOn, 1842, Queens County, New York, and Stratford, Conn.; STORER, Hist. Fish, Mass. 216, pl. XXXII, fig. 2, 1867; Goopr & Bran, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 20, 1879; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 414, 1883: JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 833, 1896, pl. CXXIX, fig. 351, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. TX, 359, 1897. Ammodytes vittatus Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 318, pl. 60, fig. 197, 1842, New York, apparently based upon a mutilated specimen, fide JORDAN & EVERMANN. Argyrotaenia viltata JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 415, 1888. sody long, slender, subterete, its greatest depth one tenth to one twelfth of total length without caudal, its width two fifths of length of head; head moderately long, with acutely pointed snout, length of head one fifth of total without caudal; snout nearly one third as long as the head; eye small, one sixth as long as the head, and equal to width of interorbital space; lower jaw somewhat projecting, the mandible nearly one half as long as the head, the maxilla reaching back to front of orbit; dorsal origin in advance of tip of pectoral; length of pectoral about one half the length of head; length of anal base nearly one third of total without caudal; dorsal and anal rays about equal in length and not much longer than the eye; intermaxillary pro- iractile; vomer not armed with a bicuspid toothlike prominence, D. 55 to 63; A. 27 to 31. Lateral folds 127, to 141. The specimens examined are from 45 to 7 inches long, from Nantucket, Woods Hole and Bass Rocks, Mass. Colors as given by Dr Storer: of a dirty greenish brown on the back, the sides and abdomen silvery, the top of the head flesh-colored, the preopercles silvery, opereulum cupreous and silvery, pupils black, iris silvery. The sand lance occurs on sandy shores from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras. In certain harbors of Cape Cod and Marthas ineyard it often schools in myriads, so that the entire bottom ’ FISHES OF NEW YORK Bal is covered from 1 to 2 inches deep and appears like an immense sheet of silver. These little fish are a very important source of food for the cod, salmon and other valuable fishes and are excellent for bait. De Kay found the young frequently washed on shore after heavy northerly gales. The sand lance appears in Gravesend bay in July, but is more plentiful in winter. The fish buries itself in sand and some- times, when alarmed, will leap 4 inches above the sand. In captivity it swims continually and soon dies. It will not thrive for want of sand and proper food. Group BERYCOIDEL Family MULLIDAE Surmullets Genus moutuus Linnaeus Villiform teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer and pala- tines, none in the upper jaw, the bone forming a hook over the maxillary well developed; opercle without spines; interorbital space flat and wide. Otherwise ‘as in Upeneus, the head rather shorter. One species known. 190 Mullus auratus Jordan & Gilbert Red Mullet ; Goatfish Mullus barbatus auratus JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 280, 1882, Pensacola, Florida; Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 981, 1885. Mullus auratus JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 39, 1884; Bean, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 359, 1897; Jorpan & HVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 856, 1896, pl. CX XXII, fig. 360, 1900. Body moderately deep and compressed, its width equal to postorbital length of head, its greatest depth nearly equal to length of head and contained three and one half times in total length without caudal; least depth of caudal peduncle equal to postorbital part of head; head two sevenths of total length without caudal; anterior profile rather steep; intermaxilla protractile; mouth small, terminal, the upper jaw one third as long as the head and about equal to length of mandible; eye placed high, interorbital space nearly flat, its width greater 378 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM than long diameter of the eye, and about two sevenths of length of head, eye about three elevenths of length of head; barbels one fifth of total length to end of scales, and equal to length of pectoral. The spinous dorsal begins over the fifth scale of the lateral line, its base one half as long as the head, its longest spine two thirds as long as the head, its last spine scarcely as long as the eye, interspace between dorsals equal to one third the length of head, base of second dorsal one half as long as the head, longest ray slightly more than one half the length of head, last ray as long as the eye. The ventral origin is under the axil of the pectoral, also under the third scale of the lateral line; the length of the ventral is one fifth of total length to end of scales; the ventral fin reaches a little farther back than the pectoral, to a point below the twelfth scale of the lateral line. The anal origin is under about the third ray of second dorsal; the base is as long as postorbital part of head; the long- est ray one half, and the last ray two sevenths of length of head. Caudal deeply forked, the middle rays, from end of scales, two fifths as long as the outer rays, which are three fourths as Jong as the head. Pectoral fin three fourths as long as the head, reaching to below the 12th scale of the lateral line, and end of spinous dorsal base. D. VII-I, 8; A. II, 6; V.1.5;P.16. Scales 34-35-6. Color scarlet; side with two yellow longitudinal stripes; snout and caudal fin scarlet, the latter with about five narrow dusky bands after preservation in spirits; first dorsal fin with an orange band at base and a yellow band higher up, the rest of the fin pale; second dorsal fin with about three narrow bands of scarlet; anal and ventrals pale; pectoral reddish; iris violet or golden; sides of head silvery, iridescent. The red mullet ranges from Cape Cod to Florida; it is found at Woods Hole Mass., occasionally in summer; on the red snap- per banks off Pensacola Fla. it is moderately abundant. The fish grows to the length of 8 inches. It has no economic value, but furnishes food for the red snapper, groupers and other food fishes. FISHES OF NEW YORK 379 Three individuals of Mullus were captured in a seine at Sandy Hook N. J. Oct. 8, 1897, and brought alive to the New York aquarium, where they are now (Nov. 30, 1897) in good con- dition and feed freely on shrimp. As the fish are living, it is uncertain whether or not they are M. auratus; but they agree in the main with the description of that species. Their endurance of water at a temperature of 50° F. is unexpected. Fishermen at Sandy Hook reported that* large numbers were seen there in September and October 1897. Recent examination of one of the specimens above referred to {No. 48796, U. S. National Museum) shows its entire agreement withthe typeof Mullus auratus. Group SCOMBROIDEI Family SCOMBRIDAE Mackerels Genus scomBer (Artedi) Linnaeus Body fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal peduncle slender, without median keel, but with two small keels on each side; mouth wide, with a single row of rather small, slender teeth in each jaw and on the vomer and palatines; maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital, a fleshy lobe on each side of lower jaw near its junction with maxillary; scales very small, not forming a corselet; first dorsal of nine to 12 feeble spines, separated from the second by an interspace greater than the base of the fin, second dorsal small, followed by five to nine detached finlets; anal similar to second dorsal, with similar finlets; pectorals and ventrals small, the former placed high, on the level of the eyes; caudal fin small, widely forked; pyloric appendages exceedingly numerous; air bladder small or wanting; vertebrae normally formed, 14417 =31; gill rakers long and slender. Subgenus sCOMBER 191 Scomber scombrus Linnaeus Common Mackerel Scomber scombrus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 297, 1758, Atlantic; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 14,1879; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S. Nat. Mus. 424, 1883; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 865, 1896, pl. CX XXIII, fig. 363, 1900. Stell) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Scomber vernalis MircuiLyt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 428, 1815, Sandy Hook, New Jersey; Dr Kay, name omitted from chapter head- ing, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 101, pl. 12, fig. 34, 1842, New York coast; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 54, pl. XI, fig. 2, 1867. eek Scomber scomber LANNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, 492, 1766; GuNnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 357, 1860. 30dy moderately long, subterete, fusiform, the snout acute and the caudal. peduncle much tapering posteriorly, the great- est hight two ninths of total length without the caudal, the least depth of caudal peduncle equal to the short diameter of the eye, the width of body one half the length of head; head conical, pointed, its length one fourth of total without caudal, its width one half its length, the width of the interorbital space one half postorbital length of head; snout rather long, one third as long as the head; lower jaw slightly projecting, the mandible extend- ing behind orbit, its length more than one half the length of head, the maxilla reaching to below front of pupil. The eye is one fifth as long as the head. The spinous dorsal originates over the middle of the pectoral; its base is a little longer than the mandible; the second, and longest, spine is two fifths as long as the head; the last spine is very short, about one third of length of eye; the interspace between the dorsals is about equal to depth of body; the second dorsal base is nearly opposite anal base, slightly in advance, its length two fifths of length of the head; the longest ray is one fourth as long as the head, the last ray two thirds as long as the eye; the second dorsal is followed by five finlets, each as long as the last ray. The anal origin is under the fourth or fifth ray of the second dorsal; the base of the fin is one third as long as the head; the longest ray is one half of postorbital length of head: the last ray is two thirds as long as the eye; the fin is followed by five finlets which are immediately opposite the dorsal finlets and of about the same size. The middle caudal rays, from end of scales, are equal to one half the greatest depth of body; the external rays are nearly twice as long as the middle rays. The ventral origin is very Slightly in advance of the origin of spinous dorsal, its distance from tip of snout equaling the distance from origin of second dorsal to root of caudal fin: the length of the ventral equals three FISHES OF NEW YORK 381 eighths of length of head. The pectoral is one half as long as the head; the fin reaches to below the sixth spine of the dorsal. No air bladder. D. XI-I, 11-V; A. 1, 11-V; V.1I, 5; P. 1, 16. Color dark blue, or greenish blue, above, the upper parts with 30 or more wavy transverse bands of a darker hue, these extend- ing below the lateral line and nearly to the median line of the body; beneath the ends of these lines and slightly separated from them is a narrow, longitudinal, dark streak running almost the entire distance from the pectoral to the caudal; top of the head very dark; a dark blotch in the axil of the pectoral; gill covers and jaws silvery; sides white with cupreous reflections; belly white. The mackerel is one of the best known food fishes of the north Atlantic, ranging from Norway to Spain in Europe and from Labrador to Cape Hatteras in North America. It reaches the length of 18 inches. The fish is migratory and frequently dis- appears for a short or long period of time from its accustomed localities. On the New York coast the mackerel appears in May and June in great schools, but the number varies greatly in different years. Two young, 34 to 54 inches long, were taken in Gravesend bay, L. I., May 28, 1896, in John B. De Nyse’s shad fyke. No more were seen, and these were the first for the year. They come about the time of the appearance of anchovy and weakfish. They are often seen swimming at the surface of the bay in small bunches of 18 or 20,‘occasionally 100, in the latter part of May or early in June. They are always split up into small bunches, probably by the attacks of weakfish and other predaceous spe- cies which are present at the time. Flukes attack them also in shallow water. Subgenus pyeumarornores Jordan & Gilbert 192 Scomber colias Gmelin Chub Mackerel; Thimbleeye Mackeral Scomber colias GMELIN, L. Syst. Nat. 1329, 1788, Sardinia; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 104, pl. 11, fig. 33, 1842; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 866, 1896, pl. CX XXIII, fig. 364, 1900; Bean, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 360, 1897. 302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Scomber pneumatophorus DE LA RocuE, Ann, Mus. Nat. Hist. XIII, 615, 334, 1809, Balearic Islands. Scomber grex MircuwiLy, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 422, 1815: SrorEr, Syn. Fish. N. A. 90, 1846. Scomber dekayi Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 52, pl. XI, fig. 1, 1867; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 15, 1879. Body fusiform, subterete, moderately elongate, its greatest depth two ninths of total length to base of caudal fin; least depth of caudal peduncle two thirds of the short diameter of the eye, its width more than one half the length of head and equal to snout and eye combined; head conical, pointed, com- pressed, its length contained-three and three fourths times in total to base of caudal, its width equal to one half its length, width of interorbital space three fifths of length of postorbital part of head; snout long, pointed, two sevenths as long as the head; lower jaw slightly projecting, the mandible extending to below hind edge of pupil, its length less than one half the length of head; the maxilla reaching nearly to front of pupil. The eye is large, covered in front and behind by an adipese mem- brane, its length three elevenths of length of head or two thirds of length of postorbital part of head. The spinous dorsal origi- nates over the middle of the pectoral, a little behind the inser- tion of the ventral; the base is as long as the head without the snout and is much longer than the mandible; the second spine longest, one half as long as the head, the last spine minute, about one fifth as long as the eye. The interspace between the dorsals is only two thirds of depth of body. The second dorsal base is chiefly opposite anal base, but more in advance than in Scomber scombrus, its length equal to postorbital part of head; the longest ray is one fourth as long as the head, the last ray one half as long as the eye; the second dorsal is fol- lowed by five finlets, which increase in size posteriorly, the last one larger than last ray of dorsal, and two thirds as long as the eye. The anal origin is under the fifth or sixth ray of, the second dorsal; the base of the fin is as long as the postorbital part of the head; the longest ray equals the longest of the dor- sal; the last ray is one half as long as the eye; the fin is fol- lowed by five finlets of the same size as the dorsal finlets and FISHES OF NEW YORK 383 placed nearly opposite to them. The middle caudal rays are very short; the external rays are as long as the snout and eye combined. The ventral origin is equally distant from tip of snout and vent; the fin is two fifths as long as the head. The pectoral is one half as long as the head and reaches to below the fifth spine of the first dorsal. Air bladder present. D. IX to X-I, 11 to 12-V; A. I-I, 11-V or VI; V. 1,5; P. 1,19. Scales nearly 200. Colors essentially the same as in Scomber scombrus, the wavy transverse bands about 30 in number; sides mottled with small dusky blotches below the median line; about 20 black specks on base of preopercle, usually arranged in more than one series; belly and sides silvery; a black blotch in axil of pectoral. The chub mackerel is found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, north to England and Maine and to San Francisco; very com- mon in the Mediterranean and in southern California; some- times abundant on our eastern coast and frequently absent for long periods. It reaches the length of 14 inches and is an im- portant food fish. : July 25, 1887, the schooner Peter Cooper caught 6000 thimble- eye mackerel off Manasquan N. J. About 50,000 mackerel were taken by the menhaden steamer, A. Morris, near Ocean City, July 19,1887. Some of these were preserved in brine by W. B. Steel- man, and I found them to be S. colias. The thimbleeyes usually arrive in August. In 1886 they were often caught. This species was not found in large numbers in Gravesend bay in 1897, but in 1896 it abounded in all the little creeks, and in some instances the fish could be dipped up by the boat load with scoop nets. The fish reached 10 inches in length before the end of the summer. Genus auxis Cuvier Body obiong, plump, mostly naked posteriorly, anteriorly cov- ered with small scales, those of the pectoral region enlarged, forming a corselet; snout very short, conical, scarcely com- pressed; mouth rather small, the jaws equal; teeth very small, mostly in a single series, on the jaws only; tail very slender, 384 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM depressed, with a rather large keel on each side; first dorsal short, separated from the second by a considerable interspace, second dorsal and anal small, each with seven or eight finlets; pectorals and ventrals small; no air bladder; branchiostegals seven; pyloric caeca dendritical; gill rakers very long and slen- der, numerous; vertebrae 39 in number, peculiarly modified, essentially asin Gymnosarda. 193 Auxis thazard (Lacépéde) Frigate Mackerel ; Scomber thazard LacrrEepE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. III, 9, 1802, Coast of New Guinea. Auris vulgaris CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VIII, 139, 1831, Mediterranean. Auvis rochei GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 369, 1860; Jorpan & Giz- BERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 425, 1883. Auris thazard JORDAN & GILBERT, op. cit. 911, 1888; Jorpan & EXVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 867, 1896, pl. CX XXIII, fig. 365, 1900. 3ody stout, subterete, fusiform, tapering to a very low caudal peduncle, the greatest depth one fourth of total length without caudal, the width nearly two thirds of the depth; the least depth of caudal peduncle about two fifths of length of iris; head short, conical, pointed, its length one fourth of the total to end of mid- dle caudal rays, its width two thirds of its length, the width of the interorbital space one half postorbital length of head; snout short, as long as the eye, one fifth as long as the head; the lower jaw not projecting when the mouth is closed, the maxilla reach- ing to below middle of pupil, the mandible two fifths as long as the head and reaching nearly to below hind margin of orbit. The eye is as long as the snout and one fifth as long as the head. The spinous dorsal originates a little behind the origin of pectoral and ventral, at a distance from tip of snout nearly equal to one third of total length to caudal base; its base is nearly one half as long as the head; the second spine longest, two fifths as long as the head, the last spine minute, about one sixth as long as the eye. The interspace between the dorsals equals the length of the head without the snout. The second dorsal is in advance of the anal; its base is about one fourth as long as the head; its longest ray equals snout, and its last ray is less than FISHES OF NEW YORK 385 one half the snout; the fin is followed by eight finlets, which de- crease in size posteriorly. The anal origin is below the inter- space between the end of the second dorsal and its first finlet; the anal base is as long as the second dorsal base; its first ray is as long as the snout, its last ray is one half the short diameter of the eye; it is followed by seven finlets, decreasing in size poster- iorly. The middle caudal rays, from end of keel, are one fourth as long as the outer rays, which are one half as long as the head; the caudal lobes form a very obtuse angle with the caudal peduncle. The ventral origin is directly under the root of the pectoral; the fin is as long as the snout and eye combined, the ventral sheath about as long as the fin. The pectoral is falcate, many-rayed, its length four ninths of length of head; the fin reaches to below the last spine of the first dorsal. D. X—12- Wea tae Nir. 5: P. 223 BRB. VIL. Color dark blue above with reticulated markings on the back, chiefly in the second half of the length and all above the lateral line; sides, lower parts and head silvery; ventral dark. The frigate mackerel is found in all warm seas and ranges northward occasionally to Cape Cod; it is a rare visitor in our waters, but sometimes appears in immense schools. It has little value as food. It reaches the length of 16 inches. The species was unknown on our shores till 1880, when it arrived in almost countless numbers. Its food is the same as that of the common mackerel. Genus GYMNOSARDA Gill This genus according to Liitken differs from Thunnus 1)in the absence of teeth on vomer; 2) by the complete absence of scales outside of the corselet (for in Thunnus of the same size the skin is covered with small scales; and the limits of the corselet in the tunny and albicore are obscure, so that it can not properly be said that they have distinct corselets), and 3) by an important osteologic character, namely the peculiar develop- ment, in the form of a network or trellis, of a portion of the abdominal part of the backbone, between the vertebrae proper and the hemapophyses. Vertebrae 38. Species of smaller size than the tunnies, also pelagic, and of little value as food. 386 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 194 Gymnosarda pelamys (Linnaeus) Oceanic Bonito Scomber pelamis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 297, 1758, tropical seas. Thynnus pelamys CuUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VIII, 118, 1831. Orcynus pelamys PoEy, Syn. Pisce. Cubens. 362, 1868; GooDE & BEAN, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, 24, 1878; Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 15; 1879. Euthynnus pelamys JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 4380, 1883. Gymnosarda pelamis DRESSLAR & FESLER, Bull. U. 8. F. C. VII, 486, 1889; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 868, 1896. Body oblong, abruptly tapering at both ends, stout, short, its greatest hight one fourth of total length to end of middle caudal rays, its width a little more than one half the length of head, equal to postorbital part of head; least hight of caudal peduncle one half the length of eye; keel one fourth as long as the head; head rather long, somewhat compressed, acute in front, conical, its length two sevenths of the total without caudal, its width over the opercles one half its length; snout not long, acute at tip, somewhat compressed, its length two sevenths of length of head; the mandible heavy and prominent, scarcely projecting; the maxilla with rounded extremity extends to below middle of pupil; the mandible extends to below hind margin of eye, its length nearly one half the length of head. The eye is obliquely oblong, its length about one fifth of length of head. The spinous dorsal orginates immediately over the origins of the pectoral and ventral; the base of the fin is four fifths as long as the head; the first and longest spine one half as long as the head, the last spine one fourth as long as the snout. The interspace between the dorsals equals two thirds of length of snout. The second dorsal is equidistant from the upper angle of the gill opening and the base of the caudal fin; the base of the fin is as long as the snout and equal to base of anal; the longest ray is a very little longer than the base of the fin, the last ray is one fourth as long as the snout; the fin is followed by eight finlets, the largest in front, two fifths as long as the snout. The middle eaudal rays, measured from keel, one third as long as the outer rays, which are nearly two thirds as long as the head (equal to postorbital part of head). The anal origin is nearly under the end of the second dorsal; the base of the fin is two sevenths as long as the FISHES OF NEW YORK 387 head; the longest ray is as long as the base of the fin, the last ray one third of length of snout; the fin is followed by seven finlets, which are rather broader than those of the dorsal. The ventral origin is directly under the origin of spinous dorsal; the length of the fin is two fifths of length of head; the ventral sheath is bifureate and less than one half as long as the fin. The pectoral is scarcely falcate, its length one half*the length of head, the fin reaching to below the 11th spine of the dorsal. DI MIVe toe AT: 12—-VEI1; A. IL, 12-V iby Bi 28: NV. 1%5. The corselet is very prominent. Its contour is defined by lines at the edge of the branchial cleft, about midway between the axil of the pectoral and the median line of the belly, extending below, beyond, and around the extremity of the pectoral (which, when normally placed, touches with its tip the outer margin of the corselet), then extending beyond its tip for a distance nearly equal to its length, around up into the lateral line, down which a narrow tract of scales continues to its extremity, though nar- rowed to a single row after passing its curve; passing the lateral line, the contour of the corselet curves forward and inward, then, ascending to a point distant from the median line of the back about the diameter of the orbit, it follows backward in a direc- tion parallel to this line, to a point opposite the posterior extrem- ity of the second dorsal, where it curves upward to the median line of the body, and completes its circuit. When viewed from above, the rows of scales appear to be arranged concentrically about the origin of the first dorsal fin. The scales are largest along the edges of the pectoral arch and the dorsal fin, decreasing rapidly in size as they recede from these regions. There are about 30 rows between the dorsal and the upper margin of the pectoral, normally placed. The upper parts deep bluish in life; the belly and flanks below lateral line, the opercles and throat pearly opalescent white; the lower part of the pectoral arch and tracts at the base of the ventrals and anal, as well as those parts of the opercles where the bone is close to the outer skin, chalky white. The corselet is bronzed brown in the alcoholic specimen. There are four dis- 38! NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tinct bluish lines on the sides, which are nearly parallel with the lateral line, and constitute the most prominent specific character. The first of these begins directly under the tip of the pectoral, the second at the margin of the corselet, at a point in the line from the upper to the lower axillary angles of the pectoral. The third and fourth are rather indistinct anteriorly, but very dis- tinct in the posterior half of the body, and are about as far dis- tant from each other as are the first two, the interval between the two pairs being slightly greater than that between the mem- bers of each pair, and equal to the diameter of the orbit. The first or uppermost line is nearly straight, the others, following the lower contour of the body, curve upward over the anal fin, and all four become lost in the darker color of the caudal peduncle. If the Japanese fish, which has been referred to this species, be really the oceanic bonito, we must add the following notes on colors; three shorter dark stripes on the middle of the body, be- tween the lateral line and the uppermost of the four long stripes; dark blotches on the membrane connecting the dorsal spines, be- ginning between the sixth and seventh spines and continuing to the end of the fin. It is not at all certain, in my estimation, that the Japanese form is the same as ours, since it appears te have a more compressed body, the spinous dorsal more poster- iorly placed, and the coler differences above mentioned. The oceanic bonito is said to inhabit the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Indian oceans and the seas of China and Japan. It is a rare visitor in our waters and has no importance for food. Persons who have eaten it say the flesh is dry and, sometimes, disagreeable, It feeds on flying fish, skipjacks, small cuttle- fish, mollusks, and marine plants. The maximum length re- corded is 30 inches. 15 Gymnosarda alleterata (Rafinesque) Little Tunny Scomber alleteratus RAVINESQUE, Caratteri Alc. Gen. 46, 1810, Palermo. Thynnus thunnina Cuvinr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, VIII, 104, ISS1, Mediterrancan; GunrueErR, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 364, 1860. Thynnus brasiliensis Covirn & VALENCIENNES. op. cit. 110, Mediterranean. Thynnus brevipinnis Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, op. cit. 112, Mediterranean. FISHES OF NEW YORK 389 Orcynus alliteratus GILL, Rept. U. S. Fish. Comm, 802, 1875; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 15, 1879. EButhynnus alliteratus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 430, 1885. : Thynnus affinis GUNTHER, op. cit. II, 363, 1860. Thynnus brevirostris GUNTHER, op. cit. II, 365, 1860. Gynnosarda alleterata JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 869, 1896, pl. CX XXIV, fig. 366, 1900. Body fusiform, much tapered at both ends, moderately com- pressed, its greatest hight one fourth of total length without caudal, its width one half the length of the head; least depth of caudal peduncle one third of length of snout; keel well devel- oped, three eighths as long as the head; head moderate, pointed in front, its length one fourth of the total to end of middle caudal rays, its width over the opercles equal to eye and snout combined; snout not long, acute at tip, its length two sevenths of length of head; the interorbital space equal to snout; the mandible heavy, not projecting, the maxilla expanded poster- iorly, extending to below middle of pupil; the mandible extends to below hind margin of orbit, its length nearly one half the length of head. The eye is one fifth as long as the head, and two thirds of width of interorbital space. The spinous dorsal originates directly above the insertion of the ventral and slightly behind that of the pectoral; the base of the fin is nearly as long as the head; the longest spine is one half as long as the head, the last spine about one half as long as the eye; the interspace between the dorsals extremely short. The sec- ond dorsal is preceded by a short, stiff spine, which is about one third as long as the eye; the base of second dorsal is one fourth as long as the head; the longest ray is two ninths as long as the head, the last ray one half-as long as the eye; the fin is followed by eight finlets, of which the fourth is longest, two thirds as long as the eye. The middle caudal rays, measured from the root of the fin, are two fifths as long as the outer rays, which are two thirds as long as the head. The anal origin is under the first detached finlet; the base of the fin is as long as the snout; the Jongest ray two ninths as long as the head, the last ray two thirds as long as the eye; the fin is followed by seven finlets, which are similar to the dorsal finlets. The 390 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ventral origin is at a distance from tip of snout equal to one third of total length to caudal base; the fin is two fifths as long as the head, extending as far back as the pectoral, to a point below the ninth spine of the dorsal. The ventral sheath is little bifurcate at its tip, its length little more than one half the length of ventral fin. The pectoral is‘somewhat falcate, its length equal to postorbital part of head. D,. XV—I, 12-VII; A. ii, 12-VII; Vue 5s Paes Color bluish above, sides and lower parts silvery; several wavy, more or less interrupted, dark streaks above lateral line, beginning under the middle of the spinous dorsal; five or six roundish brown spots, about as large as the pupil, between the pectoral and ventral fins; tip of spinous dorsal and inner sur- face of ventral dusky. The little tunny is common in the Mediterranean and the West Indies and ranges northward occasionally to Cape Cod. It is said to reach the length of 4 feet, but no individuals of that size are recorded from our waters. Prof. S. F. Baird coilected an example about 2 feet long at Woods Hole Mass. in 1871. A spe- cimen 13 inches long was taken at Pensacola Fla. by Silas Stearns in 1878. Though eaten in Mediterranean countries, the flesh is not much esteemed. Genus rHunnus South . sody oblong, robust, with very slender caudal peduncle; head conical; mouth wide, with one series of small, conical teeth in the jaws and bands of minute villiform or sandlike teeth om the vomer and palatines; scales present, those of the pectoral region forming an obscure corselet; first dorsal of 12 to 15 spines, which grow gradually shorter backward, the interval between last spine and second dorsal slight; second dorsal and anal short and rather high, each with eight to 10 finlets; ven- trals moderate, pectorals moderate, inserted rather below the level of the eye; vertebrae normal, 39 to 41 in number, the lower foramina very small. Open seas; the single species widely dis- tributed. Size very large. FISHES OF NEW. YORK Bt A wae 196 Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus) Tunny ; Horse Mackerel Scomber thynnus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 297, 1758, Europe. Thynnus vulgaris CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VIII, 58, pl. 210, 1831, European Seas; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 105, pl. 10, fig. 28, 1842, after STORER, Thynnus brachypterus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. Cit. 98,- pl. 211, 1831, Mediterranean. Thynnus secundidorsalis STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 65, pl. XII, fig. 4, 1867. Orcynus thynnus GOODE & BEAN, Bull, Essex Inst. XI, 15, 1879; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 429, 1883. Thunnus thynnus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 870, 1896. Body oblong, tapering greatly at both ends, very robust, its greatest depth nearly one fourth of the total length to end of middle caudal rays, its greatest width one sixth of the same length. The least depth of caudal peduncle equals the length of the eye. The head is two sevenths of total length without the caudal; the snout is rather short, acute, its length contained three and one third times in length of head; the maxilla does not quite reach to below front of eye; eye small, two fifths as long as the snout, one seventh as long as the head. The spinous dorsal originates above the insertion of the pectoral; the fin is very long, reaching almost to second dorsal, high in front and rapidly and regularly diminishing in hight posteriorly, its first spine longest, four ninths as long as the head, the last spine about as long as the pupil. The second dorsal base is as long as the anal base and two fifths as long as the head; the fin is deeply concave and very low behind, its longest ray one half as long as the head; the fin is followed by nine finlets which are about two thirds as long as the eye. The anal origin is under the end of the second dorsal; the base of the fin is two fifths as long as the head; the longest ray is nearly one half as long as the head; the fin is deeply concave like the second dersal, and is followed by eight finlets of about the same size as the dorsal finlets. The caudal fin is very deeply forked, almost lunate in shape, the middle rays, measured from caudal base, contained two and one third times in the outer; the caudal keel is enor- mously developed, its length equal to length of snout. The ventral origin is under the second spine of the dorsal; the fin is ie ie 392 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one half as long as the head; when extended it reaches to below the 11th spine of the dorsal. The pectoral reaches to below the 12th spine; it is faleate, its length equal to length of head with- out the snout. The corselet is not so well defined as-in some other related species, because the entire body is scaly. The lateral line curves downward from a point under the origin of the second dorsal. _D. XIV, i, 13-IX; A. i, 12-VIII; V. I, 5. Color dark blue above; grayish below with silvery spots; pupil black, iris golden with greenish reflections; rays of spinous dor- sal dusky, the connecting membrane nearly black, second dor- sal reddish brown; pectorals silvery gray; ventrals black aboye, white beneath; dorsal and anal finlets bright yellow, dark at base and on anterior edge; gill covers silvery gray. The tunny is the largest fish of the mackerel family, reaching a length of 10 feet or more. It is pelagic, but comes to all warm coasts, northward to England, Newfoundland, San Fran- cisco, and Japan. In our waters it appears usually in summer and is often taken in rather large numbers off Block Island. and on Cape Cod and Cape Ann. On account of its enormous size and great strength, it is often destructive to the fishermen’s fixed nets. Dr Storer says it comes into Massachusetts bay about the middle of June and remains till early in October. It was not uncommon to observe 50 or more in a day at Provincetown. It feeds on menhaden, mackerel, whiting, dogfish and other small fishes. The usual implement of capture at first was the har- poon, but, now that its flesh has become valuable for canning and when marketed fresh, it is taken in pound nets and by line fishing. The fish arrives on the coast in poor condition and without value; but becomes very fat during the summer months, and is then utilized for the oil, which is obtained from the head and belly by boiling, and for its flesh, which is favorably regarded, either fresh, salted or preserved in cans. The tunny is said to Spawn in June, and the recently hatched young, according to Yarrell, weigh 14 ounces, growing to 4 ounces by August and 30 ounces in October. Adults often = i oe A ay. FISHES OF NEW YORK 393 weigh 1000 pounds. The killer whale is the most dreaded enemy of the tunny. ; In southern California this fish is highly prized by anglers who are fond of big game and hard play. In the Bay of Chaleur and off Caraquette, in the Gulf of St Lawrence region, 100 tunny were captured by means of baited lines, and the fishing was considered exciting because the fish pulled with such vio- lence as to endanger the lives of the fishermen by dragging them overboard. This kind of exercise might be had near Rockport Mass. or off the New Jersey coast annually in summer. Genus sarpba Cuvier Body rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral region forming a corselet; caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled; head large, pointed, compressed; mouth large; teeth in the jaws rather strong, conical, slightly compressed, similar teeth on the palatines, but none on the vomer; maxillary not concealed by preorbital; gill rakers long and strong; first dorsal long and rather low, of 18 to 22 rather stout spines, - which are gradually shertened behind; interval between the last spine and the second dorsal short; second dorsal small, fol- lowed by 8-9 finlets; anal fin similar, usually with one less fin- let; paired fins small; pectorals placed below the level of the pupil; no air bladder; pyloric caeca very numerous, treelike; vertebrae normally formed, 50 to 54 in number. Fishes of rather large size, of metallic coloration. (After Jordan and Evermann) 197 Sarda sarda (Bloch) Bonito Scomber sarda Biocn, Ichth. X, 35, pl. 334, 1793, Europe. Pelamys sarda DE Kay, N. Y, Fauna, Fishes, 106, pl. 9, fig. 27, 1842; GunN- THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II. 367, 1860; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 68, pl. XI, fig. 5, 1867. Sarda pelamys GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 15, 1879. Sarda mediterranea JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 427, 1888. Sarda sarda BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VI, 138, 1888; Dresstar & FESLER, Bull, U. S. F. C. VII, 440, pl. VIII, 1889; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 872, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. TX, 360, 1897, Gravesend Bay. 394 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Body fusiform, much tapered at both ends, moderately elon- gate, robust, its greatest hight nearly equal to length of head and nearly one fourth of total length without caudal, its great- est width two thirds of its hight; least depth of caudal peduncle one third of length of snout; head four fifteenths to one fourth of total length to caudal base, its width over the opercles equal to length of its postorbital part; interorbital space strongly convex, one third of length of head, greater than snout, twice diameter of orbit; snout rather long, one third as long as the head, acute, the jaws equal in front; maxilla much expanded behind, reaching slightly behind orbit, the upper jaw one half the length of head; mandible equal to width of body, reaching considerably behind eye; eye small, vertically oblong, its verti- cal diameter about one half the length of snout. The spinous dorsal begins directly over the insertion of pectoral; the fin is very long, high in front, tapering rapidly and almost regularly to the last spine, which is only about one sixth as long as the second, and longest, this being two fifths as long as the head. The interspace between the dorsals is one half as long as the eye. The second dorsal base is as long as the snout and eye combined; the longest ray is four times as long as the last ray and one third as long as the head; the upper margin of the fin is deeply concave; the fin is followed by eight small finlets, the longest as long as the eye. The anal origin is under the last dorsal ray or the first dorsal finlet; the base of the fin is as long as the snout; the longest ray is nearly five times as long as the last ray and three eighths as long as the head; the fin is followed by seven or eight finlets (usually seven) the long- est equal to length of eye; the anal is deeply concave, like the second dorsal. The caudal fin js crescentic, the external rays three times as long as the middle rays and the lobes narrow and tapering, their width at base about one third of their length and one fourth the length of head. The ventral origin is under the second or third spine. of the dorsal; the fin is three tenths as long as the head; its Sheath is small and raylike, less than one half as long as the fin. The pectoral is falcate, broad at base, short, reaching to ~~ FISHES OF NEW YORK 39d below the eleventh spine of the dorsal, its length one half the length of head. The lateral line very wavy but with no great curves; the caudal keel nearly as long as the eye and snout com- bined. The corselet is developed only as a narrow stripe ex- tending from the nape to a point a little behind the tip of pec- toral, its width about one fifth of its length, and about equal to eye. D. XX to XXI, 13 to 14-VIII; A. 14-VI1 or VII; V. 1,5; P.I, 24. : Color steel blue above, the sides silvery, the abdomen and under surface of head silvery white; from 10 to 20 dark bluish, narrow bands obliquely downward and forward from the back, some of them almost reaching the belly; iris yellowish; first dor- sal fin sometimes pale, sometimes nearly black; pectoral dark above, light beneath. The bonito inhabits the Atlantic ocean on both coasts and is common in the Mediterranean. On our coast it ranges habitu- ally north to Cape Ann. It reaches the length of 30 inches and the weight of 10 or 12 pounds. Though not generally esteemed as a food fish, it meets with a steady sale either fresh or salted, like the mackerel. The fish is believed to live in the open sea, coming to the shores only to feed or to deposit its eggs. It is predaceous and active, feeding insatiably on mackerel and men- haden; it takes trolling bait as freely as the bluefish, to which it is not inferior in quality of flesh. The fish is generally scarce in Gravesend bay. Five were taken in one day in a pound net in October 1897, an unusual number for that species. The bonito will not live in captivity. Genus scomperomorus Lacépéde Body elongate, wholly covered with rudimentary scales, which do not form a distinct corselet; head pointed, comparatively short and small; mouth wide, the strong teeth in the Jaws more or less compressed or knife-shaped; villiform or sandlike teeth on the vomer and palatines; maxillary not concealed by preor- pital; gill rakers few; caudal peduncle with a single keel; spin- ous dorsal low, of 14 to 18 feeble spines; soft dorsal and anal short, similar, somewhat elevated and falcate, each followed by 396 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM seven to 10 finlets; ventrals small; pectorals moderate, near the level of the eye; air bladder present; vertebrae normaily formed, 45 in number. Fishes of the high seas; graceful in form and beautiful in color; among the best of food fishes. (After Jordan and Evermann) 198 Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill) Spanish Mackerel — Scomber maculatus Mrrcuttu, Trans. Lit, & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 426, pl. VI, fig. 8, 1815, New York. Cybium maculatum Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 108, pl. 78, fig. 252, 1842,. New York; Guntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, II, 372, 1860; STorer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 68, pl. XIII, fig. 1, 1867; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 15, 1879. Scomberomorus maculatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 426, 1883; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 188, 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 254, pl. VII, fig. 9, 1890; JornpAN & HVvERMANN, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus. 874, 1896, pl. CX XXIV, fig. 368, 1900. sody elongate, much compressed, fusiform, its greatest depth from one fourth to two ninths of total length without caudal, its width two fifths of its depth and equal to postorbital part of head; least depth of caudal peduncle one half the postorbital part of head; head rather short, compressed, the lower jaw heavy, but not projecting, length of head one fifth of totai with- out caudal; maxilla somewhat expanded posteriorly, extending to hind margin of orbit, the upper jaw equal to snout and eye combined; 16 strong conical teeth on each side in upper jaw, and 15 in the lower, vomer with a broad, short patch of minute, villi- form teeth, palatine teeth similar, in club-shaped patches; man- dible equal to head without snout; snout one third as long as head, very acute; posterior nostril twice as large as anterior; eye one fifth as long as head; interorbital space very convex, its width nearly equal to snout; gill rakers short, 2 above and 11 below the angle of the first arch. The spinous dorsal origi- nates over the insertion of the pectoral and considerably in ad- vance of the ventral origin; the base of the fin is long, as long as the head plus the length of the snout; the second and longest spine is three sevenths as long as the head and four times as long as the last spine, the fin decreasing in hight regularly from FISHES OF NEW YORK 39T the second to the last spine. The interspace between the dor- sals is about one half the length of the eye. The second dorsat base is three fourths as long as the head; the longest ray nearly four times as long as the last ray, and one half as long as the head; the fin is followed by eight finlets, none of which are longer than the eye. The anal originates under the middle of the soft dorsal; its base is two thirds as long as the head, its longest ray three and one half times as long as its last ray, and one half as long as the head; the fin, like the second dorsal, is deeply concave; it is followed by eight finlets equal in size to the dersai finlets. The caudal is very deeply forked, its outer rays as long as the head. The ventral originates under the fourth spine of the dorsal, its length three elevenths of length of head, the fin reaching to below the ninth spine of dorsal; there is no ventral covering, the inner rays of the two sides being slightly united at the base. The pectoral is broad, falcate, extending to below the 10th dorsal spine, its length equal to head without snout. D. XVII to XVII{-16 to 18-VIII to IX; A. ii, 16 to 17; V.1,5; P.i, 21. Lateral line strongly developed, with a moder- ate curve under the second dorsal, its course from there to caudal somewhat wavy. Color silvery; upper parts bluish; sides with numerous oblong spots of a dull orange, none of them more than one third as long as the snout, these spots fully as numerous above the lateral line as below it; the membrane connecting the first eight spines of the dorsal black, the rest of the fin white; soft dorsal with a yellowish tinge, its margin dark; anal and ventral white; pec- toral black inside, yellowish with dark borders outside and covered with dusky points; caudal dusky except at base. The Spanish mackerel inhabits the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, on our coast ranging north to Maine and south to Brazil. It is one of the choicest of. our food fishes and grows to the length of 3 feet and the weight of 10 pounds. The species spawns on the Long Island coast in August or earlier. The eggs are very small, about ~'5 inch in diameter, and they float in salt water. The rate of growth is unknown, as the 398 NEW YORK STATE MUSHUM young are seldom or never seen by persons who know -the fish. The Spanish mackerel] is caught chiefly in pound nets. It is recorded that the species has been obtained off the coast of Maine by Capt. Atwood. Mitchill describes the species with- out making any remark on its abundance or scarcity, and states that it comes in July.’ In 1854 the species had very little im- portance in the New York.market, but at the present time it is one of the most highly prized fishes and is obtained in large numbers. Spanish mackerel have been sparingly caught by trolling off Fire island inlet. We did not obtain the species in Great South bay, but Erastus Gordon of Patchogue informed us that it is obtained in moderate numbers. In 1884 the fish was not plentiful and the average price was about $1 each. They: appear in New York waters in July and usually leave in September. The spawning season at Long Island begins late in August and continues about a month. The Spanish mackerel congregate in enormous schools. Mr Earll records the appear- ance of a school off Long Island which was estimated to contain several million individuals. The fish are taken principally in traps; a few are caught by trolling, but this is an unsatisfactory method of capture. 199 Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch) Cero Scomber regalis BLocu, Ichth. pl. 333, 1795, Martinique. Cybium regale GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 372, 1860. Scomberomorus regalis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 426, 1883; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 875, 1896, pl. CXXXYV, fig. 369, 1900. Very similar in shape and general appearance to: S. macu- Jatus; the greatest depth of body one fifth of total length without caudal, the greatest width two fifths of length of head; the least depth of caudal peduncle one half the length of snout; head longer than in 8. maculatus, two ninths of total without caudal; the snout long and very acute, three eighths as long as the head; the interorbital space scarcely con- vex, its width two sevenths of length of head; jaws equal in FISHES OF NEW YORK 399 _ front, maxilla not reaching to hind margin of orbit, the upper jaw equal to snout and eye combined and much more than one half the length of head; the mandible equal to head without snout, reachirg to below hind margin of orbit; 15 or 16 large, compressed, conical teeth in each side of upper jaw, and about the same number of similar teeth in lower; eye large, more than one fifth of iength of head, nearly equal to interorbital space; gill rakers 3+12, the longest one half as long as the eye. The spinous dorsal originates a little farther back than the pec- toral and nearly over the insertion of the ventral; the base of the fin equals its distance from tip of snout; the second spine is the longest, one half as long as snout and eye combined; the fin is shaped as in S. maculatus, the last spine being very short. The interspace between the dorsals is about one third the diameter of the eye. The second dorsal base is one half as long as the head and equal to its longest ray; the last ray is one half as long as the eye; the fin is followed by eight or nine finlets; its upper margin, like that of the anal, is deeply convex. The anal origin is under the middle of the second dor- sal; the longest ray a little exceeds longest of dorsal; the last ray one half the length of eye; the fin is followed by eight fin- lets. The caudal keel is one third as long as the head; the caudal fin is very deeply forked, the outer rays as long as the head and the lobes narrow at the base. The ventral origin is. midway between tip of snout and vent; the fin is two thirds as long as the snout and extends to below the seventh spine of the dorsal. The pectoral is broad at the base, falcate, its length equal to snout and eye combined, the fin extending to below the 10th spine of the dorsal. D. XVIJ-i, 15—-VIII; A. ii, 14-VIII; V. 1. 5; P. i, 24. Lateral line curved downward below the second dorsal and the second half of it more or less undulat- ing; pectoral scaly. Color silvery; a narrow longitudinal stripe of brownish or bronze beginning behind the pectoral and running to base of eaudal; numerous oblong brownish spots mostly below this stripe, none of them more than one half the diameter of eye; 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM upper anterior part of spinous dorsal black, the rest of the fin white. The spotted cero is found from Cape Cod to Brazil, but is not common northward; it is abundant in the West Indies. The species grows to the length of 5 feet and the weight of 20 pounds; it is a fish of the same good qualities as the Spanish mackerel and is readily caught by trolling. 200 Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier) Kingfish ; Sierra Cybium cavalla Cuvier, Régne Anim., ed. 2, II, 200, 1829, Brazil. Cybium caballa Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VIII, 187, 1831, Caribbean Sea; StorER, Syn. Fish: N. A. 93, 1846; GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 373, 1860. Scomberomorus caballa JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 427, 1883. Scomberomorus cavalla DRESSLAR & FESLER, Bull, U. S. F. C. VII, 444, pl. XI, 1889; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus: 875, 1896. sody more slender and elongate than in the other species of the genus, its greatest depth one sixth to one fifth of total length without caudal; rather less compressed than in S&S. regale; the least depth of caudal peduncle one half the length of snout; head one fifth of total Jength without caudal; snout acute, two fifths as long as head; maxilla long, reaching beyond hind margin of orbit; mandible a little longer than snout and eye combined; eye small, one sixth of length of head, the inter- orbital space convex; teeth triangular, much compressed, about 25 to 30 in each side of each jaw; gill rakers very short, eight below the angle on first arch. The spinous dorsal is inserted directly above the origin of the pectoral and slightly behind the ventral; its base equals one half the distance from tip of snout (0 origin of second dorsal; the second, and longest, spine is three times as long as the last spine and two sevenths as long as the head. The interspace between the two dorsals equals diameter of eye. The second dorsal originates midway between tip of snout and end of middle caudal rays; the base is as long as the snout and eye combined and is about equal to anal base; the longest ray is six times the length of last ray and equal to snout; the upper margin of the fin is deeply concave; the fin is FISHES OF NEW YORK 401. followed by nine small finlets, all nearly equal in size, about two thirds as long as the eye. The caudal fin is crescentic, the width of the lobe at base two fifths of its length, the external rays two and one half times as long as the middle rays, meas- ured from root of fin, and one third of distance from tip of snout to origin of second dorsal. The anal origin is under the middle of the second dorsal; the longest anal ray is four times length of last ray and equal to snout; the upper margin is deeply concave; the fin is followed by eight finlets, the longest about one half the diameter of eye. The ventral is a little in advance of pectoral; its length one half the length of mandible, the fin reaching to below the sixth spine of dorsal. The pec- toral is faleate, median, its length equal to snout and eye com- bined, and reaches to below the ninth spine of dorsal. A patch of elongate scales on head behind and below the eye and at the upper angle of the gill opening; several much enlarged scales behind the head, in front of and above the base of pectoral. The lateral line makes a deep downward curve under the end of the spinous dorsal, and its second half is sinuous. TID 35. V- F, 5; P. I, 15.° Scales 14-60 to 65-29. Color blackish, greenish, frequently pale bluish or bluish black with metallic reflections. Often with irregular bands of— a deeper hue. Lips, lower jaws and abdomen lighter, sometimes pale, sprinkled with black points, and sometimes of the same color as the rest of the body. Eye greenish. This is better known in New York as the blackfish; farther - south it is styled chub or salt-water chub, Moll, Will George and oyster fish. Mitchill gives the name tautog as of Mohegan origin. He publishes for the species the names toad, blackfish and runner. The Mohegan name tautog, according to De Kay, is said to mean black. The fish is found from Nova Scotia to Virginia. It occurs in all parts of Great South bay visited by us. Some of the localities at which it was taken are the fol- lowing: Blue Point cove and Lifesaving station, Great River beach and Fire Island. The name used at Patchogue is black- fish. \e saw a few tautog among the fishes caught in a trap at Islip, October 1, 1890. In 1898 specimens were obtained in: Peconic bay, at Blue Point cove, Islip, Nichols’s Point and Fire Island inlet; young individuals were taken July 29, August 25, September 1 and 16. Following is a list of localities in which the tautog was sparingly taken in Great South bay in 1901: Oiammi Pond cove... il. asdaseeh eee. 0 ee July 19° pire; ielsind inlet... .2..i/seeoes oc. fee August 15 CREME MATOVe..:. 2... Oe My nth. co LU ee August 17 SOCIO POM. ..... cs cakes obec. «en August 23° MOULIN ema Tiver.......cclpeebe. sk.) . oe September 5 Off Widow's creek (young)... 00:2...) 7 es September 28: iin em waver (young); ... 624.8 ies, AA eee October 7 and*11 FISHES OF NEW YORK 599 Dr Mitchill gives a most entertaining account of the habits -and mode of capture of this well known species. At the time of his writing, in 1814, the price varied from eight to 12 cents a pound. It has been known to reach a length of 3 feet and a weight of 213 pounds. Individuals of 12 to 14 pounds have occasionally been taken off Cape Ann. The fishing season begins in April -and may last till winter. Examples are sometimes speared in the winter months in New England rivers. The tautog is not migratory, but hibernates in cold weather, going into the mud in November or December. It is sometimes destroyed by freez- ing; such accidents have occurred in ponds on Martha’s Vine- yard and elsewhere. The spawning season begins late in April. The eggs are deposited in depths of 6 to 8 feet or more among the rocks. In the fish cultural operations at Woods Hole Mass. it was found that the egg is buoyant and only 2, inch in diameter; in the automatic tidal box they hatched in about five days with the water temperature at 69° F., and in two or three days with the temperature at 71°. There is great diversity in the colors of the young, just as in the case of the young cunners. Some are bright green, others brown or red and some are mottled with brown, red and green, intermingled with pale areas. The food of the tautog consists of mollusks and crustaceans; crabs, and specially fiddlers, bar- nacles, clams and lobsters are among the favorite articles of food. The annelids, known as sandworms, are also very attrac- tive to it. The tautog is an excellent food fish and one of the commonest -of our market species. It is a permanent resident in the bays and is hardy in captivity. Individuals have been kept longer than three years and some of them have grown remarkably. Their food includes chopped hard clam, live killifish, shrimps, and fiddler erabs, of which latter they are extremely fond. — Spawning takes, place regularly in the tanks in spring, but, as the eggs are very small and buoyant, they must invariably be lost at the overflow. As the newly hatched embryos are only -tz inch long they too would flow out unseen if any were left for development. 600 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM = © Group ZEHOIDEA Family z=1DAE John Dories Genus zenopsis Gill | Body ovate, much compressed, without scales, and without | warts or humps in the adult. Head deeper than long, its ante- rior profile steep. Mouth rather large, upper jaw protractile ;. teeth small on jaws and vomer, none on the palatines. Various bones of the head and shoulder girdle armed with spines. Series of bony plates along the sides of the belly and the bases of both dorsal and anal, each plate armed with a strong spine. Eye large, placed high. Gill rakers short. Dorsa! spines very strong, usually 10 in number, some of them filamentous; anak spines three; ventral fins long, the rays I, six or I, seven. Caudal peduncle slender, the fin not forked. Three species. known, differing from the European genus Zeus mainly in the presence of three anal spines instead of four, and in the greater development of the spinous armature. Pelagic. 290 Zenopsis ocellatus (Storer) John Dory Zeus ocellatus StoRER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. VI, 385, 1858, Provinece~ town Mass.; PuTNAM in STorer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 279, 1867. Zenopsis ocellatus GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI, 126, 1862; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 456, 1883; Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 224, with plate, 1896; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, 1660, 1898, pl. CCXLYVI, fig. 618, 1900. Body short, deep, compressed, its greatest depth one half of total length including caudal; the caudal peduncle short and very slender, its least depth scarcely more than one half diame- ter of eye. Head subquadrangular, large, the mouth large and very oblique, the maxillary one sixth of total length without caudal, its width posteriorly nearly one half its length. ) FISHES OF NEW YORK 617 Four teeth in each side of lower jaw. Color olive gray or brownish; a faint blue spot in the center of each of most of the scales; nostril in a yellow spot; boun- daries of upper scutes blackish, of lower bluish; outlines of various scutes behind gill opening black, forming a dusky area, specially distinct in the young; a similar smaller dusky area on side on level of eye; iris yellow; fins all pale olive; vent yel- low; belly light olive, outlines of the scutes bluish; base of pectorals yellowish. The trunkfish reaches the length of about 1 foot; it is com- mon in the West Indies, the Bermudas, and the eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico, occasionally migrating northward in sum- mer under gulf weed as far as Cape Cod. Dr Storer had it from Holmes Hole, on Marthas Vineyard. Dr H. M. Smith records no adults from the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. but young indi- viduals are not uncommon and are taken every year. They are found from July to October. On quiet days they are seen, singly or in scattered bodies, in the eelgrass about the wharves. The largest specimens secured by Dr Smith are 1 inch long, and the smallest + inch. They are taken under the gulf weed, in sur- face tow nets and in shore seines. Several dozen have been obtained at one seine haul. De Kay knew the fish only from the description by Dr Storer. The only individual taken in Gravesend bay was found in August 1897; it was 2 inch long. The fish lived a very short time in a balanced jar, though it appeared to feed freely upon minced hard clam. Suborder GYMNODONTES Family Te TRAODONTIDAE Puffers Genus LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson Body comparatively elongate; skin smooth or variously prickly, the prickles most developed on the abdomen; abdomen capable of very great inflation. Dorsal and anal rather long, faleate, of 12 to 15 rays each; caudal lunate. Nostril without distinct papilla, each one with two distinct openings; mucous 618 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tubes on upper part of head and on sides of body very conspic- uous. Lower side of tail with a fold. Species reaching a rather large size, chiefly tropical, one of them, L. lagocephalus L., reaching the coasts of southern Europe. Vertebrae in increased number (about 8+18==-21). The increased number of — vertebrae and of rays in the vertical fins mark a transition toward the allied family, Chonerhinidae, in which there are about 29 vertebrae, the dorsal rays about 35, the anal 30. 299 Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus) Smooth Puffer; Rabbitfish Tetrodon laevigatus LinNAEvs, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, 411, 1766, Charleston, S. C.; MircuHILy, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 28, 1814; GuntHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 274, 1870. Tetraodon luevigatus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 329, pi. 56, fig. 182, 1842. Tetrodon curvus MircHityt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 474, 1815; New York; young. Tetrodon mathematicus MircnHitL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 474, DLW, ie 6, 1815: Lagocephalus lacvigatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 860, 1883; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 133, 1888; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 369, 1897; H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 104, 1898; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1728, 1898, pl. CCLXIII, fig. 642, 1900; SHERwoop & Epwarps, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1901, 30, 1901. Body elongate, stout, its depth about one fourth or two ninths of total length without the caudal. Caudal peduncle rather slender, tapering, its least depth about equal to diameter of eye. Head short, very obtuse in front, its length two sevenths of total without the caudal. Mouth very small, terminal. Nostrils midway between eye and tip of snout. Snout twice as long as the eye, which is one fourth as long ag the head, and two thirds of width of interorbital space. Dorsal and anal fins opposite, about midway between eye and origin of middle caudal rays; each fin on a fleshy base. Base of dorsal two sevenths as long as the head; longest dorsal ray about one half ag long as the head. Anal equal in size to dorsal. Caudal fin lunate, the middle rays as long as the snout; fold of skin on side of tail very distinct, ] sack and sides smooth; belly prickly, the spinous region extending backward from the throat nearly to the vent FISHES OF NEW YORK 619 and on the sides as high as the base of the pectoral; spines rather large, three-rooted, well separated, and with no smaller ones intermixed. Pectoral short and deep, its longest rays nearly one half as long as the head. Date Aa, P15. Upper parts greenish, sides and lower parts silvery white; no distinct markings. The smooth puffer is a common resident of tropical seas, on our coast ranging from Cape Cod to Brazil. It reaches a length of 2 feet. According to Parra its flesh is poisonous. No recent observations have been recorded, however, on this subject. In the waters of Cape Cod the species is not common though a few specimens are taken annually in traps in Buzzards bay and Vineyard sound, chiefly in September and October. The young are not found at all, the individuals observed being 11 or 12 inches long. During 1900 several specimens were taken in the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. The Rhode Island Fish Com- mission secured three specimens in Narragansett bay, the larg- est weighing 10 pounds. Occasionally taken in the fall in Gravesend bay. Five young were obtained in October 1897, but all of them died in November, notwithstanding that they had been taking food readily. The temperature could not be endured. : Though this fish was unknown to the fishermen met in Great Egg Harbor bay in 1887, it was moderately common there, 13 examples having been taken from August 27 to September 18. It has the same habit as the swellfish of inflating its abdomen. Genus sPHEROIDES Lacépéde Body oblong, not elongate; skin variously prickly or smooth, sometimes with cirri. A single, short, simple nasal tube on each side, with two rather large openings near its tip. Dorsal and anal fins short, little falcate, of six to eight rays each; caudal truncate or rounded, rarely slightly concave. Vertebrae 8+10—18. Frontal bones expanded sidewise and forming the lateral roof of the orbit, the postfrontals limited to the pos- terior portions. Species numerous, in warm seas; largely 620 é NEW YORK STATE MUSBUM American. Our species represent two well marked subgenera, the extremes of which appear very different from each other so far as the skulls are concerned. Some of the typical species of Spheroides approach Canthigaster in the narrow- ness of the frontal area. Subgenus sPHEROIDES 300 Spheroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider) Swellfish ; Puffer Tetrodon hispidus var. maculatus Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth, 504, 1801, Long Island. Tetrodon turgidus MrrcuiLyu, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 473, pl. VI, fig. 5, 1815, New York; Gunruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 285, 1870; JornpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 861, 1883; Bran, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 133, 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Wish.:N. Y., 242, 1890. Tetraodon turgidus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 327, pl. 55, fig. 178, 1842. Spheroides maculatus JoRDAN & Etpwarps, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 282, 1886; Bran, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 369, 1897; H. M. Sirs, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 104, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1788, pl. CCLXIV, fig. 645, 1900; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 108, 1900. Body fusiform, thick, its width and depth about equal and one third of total length without the caudal. Head moderately large, three eighths of the length without caudal. Eye smal, about two fifths of interorbital width and one ninth as jong as the head. Snout long, four sevenths as long as the head. Interorbital space slightly concave; profile not steep, depressed in front of the eyes. Dorsal origin twice as far from middle of eye as from base of middle caudal rays; base of dorsal fin as long as the eye; longest ray one third as long as the head. Anal origin under the end of dorsal base, the fin about equal to dorsal. Caudal convex, the middle rays two fifths as lonz as the head. Pectoral deep, but short, its upper rays three eighths as long as the head. Distance of nostrils from front of eye one half their distance from tip of snout. Sides of head and body always prickly; back prickly from upper lip to base of dorsal; belly prickly from lower lip to vent; prickles all similar, small, mostly three-rooted, stiff and close set, rather largest pos- FISHES OF NEW YORK 621 teriorly on back and belly, never obsolete; sides without cirri. i ore Get P16: Color darkish olive green on the upper part of the head, body and tail, with a yellowish tinge along the sides. Sides and under surface white. Along the sides from beneath the eye to the caudal fin is an indefinite series of six to eight oblong black blotches, which occasionally take the appearance of transverse bars. De Kay observed some individuals which were nearly a uniform black above. Caudal fin nearly uniform pale, the tip darker. The swellfish inhabits the Atlantic coast from Cape Ann to Florida; it grows to a length of 10 inches. In most localities the fish is not eaten, but at Somers Point N. J. certain persons professed to find in it excellent food qualities. De Kay states that the species is scarcely ever eaten in New York. This species is known also by the additional names, puffer, blower, eggfish, swelltoad, sucking toad, toadfish (at Somers Point N. J.) It is the puffer and toadfish of Mitchill’s Fishes of New York. The swellfish is extremely abundant about the eastern end of Long Island, and is caught by hundreds at a time in pound nets during the summer. The writer has taken it at the follow- ing localities in Great South bay: Fire Island inlet, Oak Island beach, Clam Pond cove, Islip, Cherry Grove, Nichols’s Point, Blue Point. In Gravesend bay the species is found at all times except during the cold months; it is hardy in captivity, but can not be kept with other fish because of its predatory habits. In the vicinity of Woods Hole, according to Dr Smith, it ap- pears about June first, and is abundant during the run of scup. It is common throughout the summer at the head of Buzzards bay. The spawning season is June 1 to 10. From about July 1 to October 15, the young, from 4 inch to 1 inch long, are ex- tremely abundant at Woods Hole, frequenting chiefly sandy beaches, where as many as 100 are often taken in one seine haul. The fish leaves as soon as cold weather sets in. 622 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The name swellfish is derived from its habit of inflating itself by means of air or water. It can be made to inflate itself by scratching its belly. During the process of inflation the fish makes a sucking sound, from which doubtless comes the Chesa- peake bay name of “sucking toad.” Mitchill gives the follow- ing account of the inflation: The air is inhaled with a sucking or swilling noise. When received into the cavity it is confined there by a vaive in the throat. This valve is so strong and so tight that not a particle of air can escape. The hardness equals that of a football, and the fish will bear to be kicked about without discharging it. I have seen them stamped upon and still retain their charge of air. I have known them to bounce from the surface of a rock, against which they have been thrown, as turgid as ever. And it is a piece of sport, common enough among fishermen, to burst them between two stones, when the air is let loose with a noise almost equal to the report of a pistol. The habit of inflation is a protective one. By means of it the fish can readily escape from the closed hand unless particular effort is made to retain it. When the abdomen is inflated the swellfish often remains on the surface of the water, and is driven by wind and tide till it desires to sink, when the air is suddenly discharged and the abdomen returns to its normal state. It often takes a baited hook, notwithstanding the small size of its mouth and its clumsy teeth. Subgenus cuemicuruys Miiller 301 Spheroides testudineus (Linnaeus) Globefish; Blowfish Tetrodon testudineus LinNAEus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 332, 1758; GunTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, VIII, 282, 1870; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 861, 18838. Spheroides testudineus JorpAN & Epwarps, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 239, 1SS6. Spheroides testudineus JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1734, 1898, pl. CCLXV, fig. 646, 646a, 1900. Body fusiform, subterete, moderately elongate, its greatest width and depth equal, and two sevenths of total length with- out caudal. Caudal peduncle comparatively stout, its least depth one third length of head, the width not decreasing rapidly 2 a ee. FISHES OF NEW YORK 623 - toward the base of the caudal. Head one third of total length without caudal; eye small, its length nearly one fourth length of snout and nearly one seventh that of head; interorbital width two fifths length of head; nostrils one diameter of the eye in advance of eye. Gill opening one fourth length of head. Origin of dorsal fin twice as far from front of eye as from root of middle caudal rays. Dorsal base one fifth as long as the head, two fifths as long as longest dorsal ray. Anal origin slightly behind dorsal origin, the anal fin a little smaller than the dorsal, and mostly opposite to it. Caudal slightly concavo- convex, the lower lobe a little the longer, the middle rays two thirds as long as the head. Pectoral very deep but short, its longest ray two fifths as long as the head. Lateral line begin- ning behind the nostril, extending under the nostril to the mid- dle of the snout, thence curving back on the cheek, ascending below and behind eye in a broad curve, its highest point on the level of the eye, to the middle of the caudal peduncle and thence nearly straight to the base of the caudal.. Small, sparsely set prickles on back from nape to about middle of total length; larger, closely set prickles on belly from throat to vent, extend- ing up to lower edge of pectoral fin; these prickles rarely obscure or absent; sides sometimes with cirri. Back dark brownish or grayish and with whitish narrow curved lines and streaks, one of these usually a rhomb in the middle of the back surrounded by a long ellipse which often contains also a short crescentic streak. Two half ellipses on posterior part of back between dorsal and caudal fins. Two pale streaks across the interorbital space. Entire body and head, except back and belly, profusely covered with roundish black spots, the largest smaller than the pupil. A dark bar at base of pectoral. Caudal dusky at base, then pale, the posterior halieblackasho Dy 8s AT: C.10; BP. 15. The globefish abounds in the West Indies, occasionally ascending rivers, and sometimes ranging northward in the Gulf Stream as far as Newport R. I. No specimens have yet been recorded from New York waters, but its occurrence is to be 624 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM expected in bays of the south side of Long Island. The species reaches the length of 7 or 8 inches; it is known in Cuba as the Tambor. 302 Spheroides trichocephalus (Cope) Hairy Blowfish Tetrodon trichocephalus Corr, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 120, 1870, Gulf Stream off Newport, R. I.; JorpAn & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 862, 1883. : Sphaeroides trichocephalus JORDAN & EDWARDS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 236, S86 ate trichocephalus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1737, 1898. Head two sevenths of total length; eye two sevenths as long as the head; interorbital width four fifths diameter of eye. Profile suddenly descending from prefrontal region to premaxil- lary, arched from the former point backward; belly spinous to near vent; dorsal region spinous from a little behind the nares to above the ends of the pectoral fins; spines on the head long, close set, like seal bristles; caudal fin truncate, with prominent angles. 1D Sr ea 2 only Brownish above, faintly vermiculated with lighter; sides yel- lowish, becoming white below; fins uniform light yellow; a brown spot at base of pectoral. (After Cope) The hairy blowfish is known only from the small specimen 4 inches long described by Professor Cope; the specimen was taken in the Gulf Stream off Newport. Jordan and Evermann suggest that it may be the young of Spheroides pachy- gaster (Miller & Troschel), from Barbados. Possibly it may. be nearer to S. nephelus (Goode & Bean), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 412, 1882, a southern species known from Georgia to Texas. No specimens have been recorded from waters of New York. Family DIODONTIDAE Porcupine Fishes Genus tTRicHopIopen Bleeker Body oblong, little depressed; nasal tentacle present; dermal ossifications yery small, each with a pair of lateral roots, and | FISHES OF NEW YORK 625 each terminating in a fine, flexible, bristlelike spine; fins as in Diodon, of which the species are possibly the very young. 303 Trichodiodon pilosus (Mitchill) Hairy Porcupine Fish Diodon pilosus MiTcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 471, pl. VI, fig. 4, 1815; supposed to be from New York Harbor; specimen 114 inches long. f Trichodiodon pilosus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 316, 1870; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 862, 1883, name but probably not description which is from Dkr Kay; JorpAN & EVER- MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1743, 1898. Mitchill’s description as given by Jordan and Evermann is as follows: “ Hairy diodon (Diodon pilosus), with a coy- ering of bristly hair. Length about 14 inches; breadth less than 4 inch; depth nearly a quarter, making a blunt lump of a fish; covered all over—back, sides, head and belly—with bristly hair. The bristles strong and flexible, without the power to scratch or to prick; hair about 4 inch in length. Complexion dun or brown, with spots on the back, sides, and toward the belly; has, at first glimpse, the appearance of a young mouse. Mouth small, midway, and horizontal. Eyes vertical, lateral, and large. No ventral fins. Pectorals broad. Dorsal and anal very far back, and no hair between them and the tail. This is but a small projection from the thick and clumsy body, and is terminated by a fin of seven rays. Dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins contain each about 13 rays.” Gtinther (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 316, 1870) describes a young example, { inch long, and by some authors supposed to be of the same species as Mitchill’s hairy diodon, as follows: “TricHocycLuS. Jaws without median suture. Body covered with long, hairlike bristles. No nasal tentacle. (Dorsal and anal fins absent ae Sy eG ho cy: elusive 1 ain e enue. Owing to the indifferent preservation of the specimen, I can give but an incomplete description of it. It is inch long, and the longest hairs (which are those on the sides) about 2 inch. _ The entire body, except the snout, is covered with such hairs. The jaws are prominent, depressed; and the upper terminates 626 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 5 in a slight hook, overlapping the lower jaw. The caudal fin is distinct, and the pectoral a narrow fringe behind the gill opening; but I am unable to find a trace of the dorsal and anal fins.’ Habitat unknown. ce Under the name Diodon pilosus De Kay describes and | figures a specimen 2 inches long which he considered identical with the Diodon pilosus of Mitchill, but which may be the young of Diodon hystrix, a species not yet recorded in New York’ waters. Genus cHmomycrervs Bibron Body broad, depressed, moderately inflatable. Dermal spines short, stout, immovable, triangular, each with three roots; nasal tube simple, with two lateral openings; the tube some- times rounded, sometimes flattened, and with the partition feeble and easily torn so that the tentacle appears divided; caudal peduncle short; fins small, formed as in Diodon ; jaws without median suture. Species numerous, of smaller size than those of Diodon, the spines broader and lower, their bases forming a coat of mail. Subgenus cycticuruys Kaup 304 Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum) Spiny Boafish; Burfish ; Cucumberfish Diodon schoepfi WALBAuUM, Art. Gen. Pisce. 601, 1792, Long Island. Diodon maculostriaius Mircuiii, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 470, pl. VI, fig. 3, 1815, New York; DE Kay, :‘N: Y. Fauna, Fishes, 323, pl. 56, fig. 185, 1842. Diodon rivulatus Cuvier, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. IV, 129, pl. 6, 1818, New York. Diodon nigrolineatus Ayres, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. IV, 68, 1842, Brook- haven, Long Island. Chilomycterus geometricus GuNvTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 310, 1870; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 863, 1883; BEAN, Bull. U7 Sab. ©. VII, 1382:: 1888. ; Chilomycterus schoepfli BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 369, 1897. Chilomycterus schoepfl JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. 47,.U. S. Nat. Mus. 1748, 1898, pl. CCLXVI, fig. 649, 1900; H. M. Smrru, Bull. U. S. F. CG. 1897, 105, 1898, Body elliptic, a little broader than deep at gill openings, the depth four ninths of total length without caudal. Caudal — FISHES OF NEW YORK 627 peduncle very short, one third as long as the head, its least depth one half of its greatest depth, and less than diameter of eye. Eye placed high, one fourth as long as the head, about equal to width of gill opening; interorbital space broad, concave. Snout nearly equal to eye. A cirrus, longer than pupil, above each eye. Origin of dorsal four times as far from tip of snout as from base of middle caudal rays. Dorsal base one third as long as the head; longest dorsal ray one half as long as the head. Anal immediately under the dorsal and about equal to it in size. Caudal rounded, the middle rays as long as the postorbital part of the head. Pectoral one half as long as the head, its depth when expanded six sevenths of length of head. A ‘small cirrus on chin. About nine spines between eye and tail, their hight about two thirds diameter of eye; spines on belly much smaller, partly embedded in skin; some of the posterior with cirri; spines on caudal peduncle; anterior root of each spine little if any larger cham otherse Diddy, A. 10; C29; P..20. Color of a living specimen as given by De Kay: “ Bright sea green above, with longitudinal olive-brown irregular stripes on the back and upper part of the sides; on the cheeks, below the eyes, these stripes are oblique; transverse across the snout, and sloping downward over the fleshy portion of the tail. The large Olive-brown spots are irregularly rounded, occasionally ap- proaching a quadrate form, and eight in number; one on each side, above the base of the pectorals, of an oblong oval form; one on each flank, behind and partially covered by the pectoral, irregularly subquadrate; one on each side of the base of the dorsal, ascending upon that fin; this is considered by Cuvier as a single spot; finally a small oblong spot on each side, about midway between the dorsal fin and the vent. Abdomen light- colored, with a light tinge of pink. Spines on this portion of the body inclining to orange. Pupils dark greenish; irides yellow.” Other writers speak of the spots and stripes as of a black color, and state that the belly is often black in the young. The spiny boxfish grows to the length of ten inches. It is found on our coast from Cape Cod to Florida, The body is 628 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM capable of considerable inflation, but less than in the common swellfish. A young example, 3 inches long, seined at Longport N. J. Aug. 29, 1887, is much less elongate than the adult, and has the orbital tentacles greatly developed. The black spot which is present near the anal origin in the adult is absent in the young. The species is known as “ Cucumberfish ” at Somers Point N. J. It takes the hook. The fish is found occasionally in small num- bers from May to October in Gravesend bay, but no very small ones are seen. It lives in the aquarium in winter only in water heated to a temperature of 68° to 70° F. 305 Chilomycterus fuliginosus (De Kay) Burfish ; Unspotted Balloonfish Diodon fuliginosus DE WaAy, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 324, pl. 55, fig. 181, 1842, New York Harbor; Barrp, Ninth Ann. Rep. Smith Inst. 351, 1855, Great Egg Harbor River, N. J. Chilomycterus geometricus subsp. (2?) fuliginosus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 864, 1883. Chilomycterus fuliginosus BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 183, 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 248, 1890. The following is the original description of the species: Body subcubicai, rather more slender toward the tail. Irregular series of triangular spines on the upper surface, the extremities of which, in the living animal, are furnished with long strips of membrane. Similar spines, but more numerous, smaller and recurved, on the abdomen. Three spines over each orbit, and another eauidistant between each orbit. Lips fleshy and susceptible of being drawn over the teeth. Three or four iinute barbels under the chin. Pectorals short and broad, with “ slightly sinuous margin; the upper rays longest. Dorsal placed far back, and obtusely pointed. The anal fin long, placed onan clongated fleshy base. Tail slender, supporting a lanceo- | late caudal fin. All the fins exceedingly feeble and delicate. Color, Nbove dark olive-green, tinged with brown, with meandering dusky lines... chin vellowish white. Abdomen Hblack; but the bases of the spines are bright orange, which so far predominates as to give this color to the whole underside, Length, 2 inches. Depth and transverse diameter, 1 inch.’ Pin rays, }). 14; P, 92: A'S: o, A This species, which might be mistaken for the young of the preceding, | the spot-striped balloonfish] is readily distinguished FISHES OF NEW YORK 629 by its lanceolate tail... The specimen whieh furnished me with the above description was found in a net in the harbor of New York in the latter part of October. sy some ichthyologists this has been considered the voung of the common C. geometricus, but by Drs Goode and Bean, who base their opinion on a specimen taken at Block Island and the example found in Great South bay in 1884, near the Blue Point Lifesaving station, it is accepted as a valid species. Pro- fessor Baird recognized it also in Great Egg Harbor river, N. J. in 1854. The following is a recent deseription: Entire body covered with large three-rooted spines, which are numerous and close set, specially on the belly; spines of the belly as large or even larger than those on the back; not embedded. D. 12; A. 10. Dark brownish olive above, with wavy dusky lines; belly black, the base of the spines bright orange. Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod southward; not common. Family MOLIDAE Headfishes Genus mois Cuvier Body ovate, strongly compressed, covered with a thick, rough, leathery, e!astic skin, which is without bony plates. Profile forming a projecting fleshy nose above the mouth. Dorsal fin beginning not far behind pectorals, short and high, faleate, con- fluent with the anal around the tail; no large spines on the body. Clumsy fishes, found in most warm seas, reaching a great size; the young (Molacanthus) with the body deeper, much compressed, without trace of caudal fin, its place taken by a row of marginal spines. 306 Mola mola (Linnaeus) Sunfish; Mola; Headfish Tetrodon mola LiNNAkus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 334, 412, 1758, Mediterranean. Cephalus brevis MirrcHiLL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y¥. I, 471, 11815. Diodon carinatus MiTCcHILL, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. II, 264, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1815, New. York; young. {canthosoma carinatum DE Ikay, N, Y. Fauna, Fishes, 330, pl. 55, fig. 179, 1842. 630 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Orthagoriscus mola Svrorer, Rep. Ichth. Mass. 170, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1889; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 331, pl. 59, fig. 198, 1842, New York Bay; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 226, pl. XXXIV, fig. 2, 1867; GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. VIII, 317, 1870. Orthagoriscus analis AyRES, Proce. Cal. Ac. Sci. II, 31, fig. 54, 1854, San I'rancisco. Mola rotunda Cuvier, Tableau Elem. Nat. Hist. 323, 1798, fide Jorpan & EVERMANN; GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 3, 1879; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 865, 1883. Mola mola JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, Us S. Nat. Mus. 17538, 1898, pl. CCLX VII, fig. 651, 1900; H. M. Smite, Bull. U. Si B.- C1897, 105; 1898, Vineyard Sound. oe The length of the head is one third of the length of the body which is one and three fifths times the depth of the body; dorsal and anal fins high in front, rapidly decreased backwards; caudal fin low, and with a wavy outline; depth always more than half length, and in the young the vertical diameter exceeding the longitudinal; form varying with age, the body becoming more elongate, the fins comparatively shortened, the eye much smaller, and a hump being developed above the mouth, topped by an osseous tubercle. D.17; A. 16. Dark gray; sides grayish brown, with silvery reflections, belly dusky; a broad blackish bar running along the bases of the dor- sal, caudal, and anal fins. Pelagic, inhabiting most temperate and tropical seas, swimming slowly near the surface, with the high dorsal fin exposed. It ranges northward to San Francisco, Cape Ann, and Eng- land, occurring rarely in the West Indies. The Essex Institute has a specimen which was taken in Salem harbor in the summer of 1865. An individual, 4 feet long, wag caught off Gloucester Mass. July 31, 1860. Dr Smith reports it rarer now than formerly in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass. It was not unusual to observe eight or 10 specimens annually in Vineyard Sound, but of late not more than one in a season is seen. In 1896 a 400 pound fish was seen off Tarpaulin Cove. A 200 pound specimen, caught off Great Harbor, was kept alive at the station for about a week in 1887. The sunfish are usually found there in August. Mr V. N. Edwards has opened a number of stomachs and found — in them only ctenophores and medusae. The largest individual FISHES OF NEW YORK 631 recorded was captured at Redondo Beach, California, in June 1893; this was 8 feét 2 inches long and weighed 1800 pounds. The specimen mentioned by Mitchill and De Kay from lower New York bay, within Sandy Hook, was 54 inches long and weighed 200 pounds. The sunfish is not edible. De Kay states that various para- sites are frequently found adhering to its body; this is rendered easy on account of the sluggish movements of the fish. The young sunfish is very different in appearance from the adult and has been described under various generic names and even referred to a distinct family. Suborder LORICATI Mail-cheeked Fishes Family scoRPAENIDAE Rockfishes Group SEBASTINAE Genus sEBASTES Cuvier Body oblong, compressed. Head large, scaly above and on sides; cranial ridges well developed. Mouth terminal, very broad, oblique, the broad, short maxillary extending to below the eye; lower jaw projecting, with a bony knob at the symphysis, fitting into a rostral notch; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Eye very large, close to upper profile, preopercle with five diverging spines, opercle with two; suprascapular spines strong; gill rakers long, slender. Scales small, ctenoid, irregu- larly arranged; no dermal flaps. Dorsal fin continuous, very long, the spinous part much longer than the soft part, of 15 strong spines; anal spines three, strong; caudal emarginate; pectorals long, narrow. Branchiostegals seven. Vertebrae 12+ 1931. Coloration mostly red. Ovoviviparous. One species known, in the North Atlantic. 307 Sebastes marinus (Linnaeus) Rosefish ; Norway Haddock Perca marina LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 290, 1758, Norway. Sebastes norwegicus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 327, pl. 87, 1829; GunTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IT, 95, 1860. ~ 632 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sebastes norvegicus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 60, pl. 4, fig. £1, 1842, off. New York in deep water; Srorer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 38, pl. VII, fig. 1, 1867. Sebastes marinus GooDE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 14, 1879; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 651, 1883; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 260, pl. LXIX, fig. 248, 1896; H. M. Smrrn, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 105, 1898: JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1760, 1888, pl. CCLXVITI, fig: 653, 1900; The depth of the body is contained two and four fifths times in the length of the body which is three times the length of the head. Body ovate; back elevated, the ventral outline straight- ish; top of head evenly scaled; interorbital space with two low ridges, between which it is concave; nasal spines present; cranial ridges moderate, rather low and sharp; preocular, supra- ocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital ridges present, the latter with tips abruptly divergent; suprascapular spines very Sharp and prominent; opercular spines long and sharp; sub- opercular spine prominent; preopercular spines slender and Sharp, the second longest; suborbital stay not reaching pre- opercle; preorbital narrow, with two spines. Eye exceedingly large, three in head, more than twice as wide as interorbital Space. Mouth very large, oblique; maxillary very broad, reach- ing middle of eye, its length two and one third in head; pre- maxillaries on level of middle of pupil; tip of lower jaw much projecting, with a conspicuous, pointed symphyseal knob; mand- ible and maxillary scaly; pseudobranchiae very large; gill rakers long, stiff and strong. Dorsal spines sharp, the longest about as long as eye; the fin deeply emarginate; soft rays not very high, higher than the spines; caudal narrow, moderately forked; anal spines moderate, graduated; the second a little shorter than eyes pectoral rather long, reaching vent, its base narrow; ventral reaching vent, Scales small, irregular, not strongly ctenoid. Peritoneum brownish. D, XV-13; A. IH, 7; Lat. 1. 40 (tubes); scales about 85. Orange-red, nearly uniform, sometimes a dusky opercular blotch, and about five vague dusky bars on back. Peritoneum brownish. The rosefish is abundant at the hundred fathoms line off the south coast of New England, and has been found in depths of FISHES OF NEW YORK 633 180 fathoms. It breeds abundantly in late summer at these depths, and there is no reason to believe that the young rise to the surface. The fry were caught by the bushel in the trawl net of the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk. The species was originally described from Norway by Linnaeus. Cuvier had specimens from Miquelon Newfound- land. Day mentions a number of localities of its capture about the British Isles, but it is rare south of Faroe Islands. It occurs on the southwest coast of Spitzbergen, and on the Norwegian coast it is found everywhere from Christiania around to the Varanger-Fiord. It also occurs in Greenland, and from Labrador, as a shore form, as far south as Cape Cod, and in deeper water as far south as New Jersey. In the Woods Hole region it was taken on the shore on Dee. 20, 1895 in Great Harbor. Seven or eight specimens, 3 inches long, were found in a hole on a flat where they had been left by the tide; four or five of these had been stranded and were dead; the others were alive when captured. Fishermen claim that they sometimes catch these fish in traps very late in fall at Province- town. (After Smith) De Kay has the following remarks upon the fish: This is a-very rare fish in our waters. It is called by our fisher- men red sea perch, and they say it is only found in deep water. By the fishermen of Massachusetts it is known under the various names of rosefish, hemdurgon and snapper. Fabricius states that it is rather agreeable food, but meager. It feeds on floun- ders and other fish, and takes the hook readily. The species reaches the length of 2 feet; it is frequently to be found in the Boston markets and is seen occasionally in the markets of New York with the skin removed on account of the hard scales, Genus HELICOLENts Goode & Bean Body oblong, somewhat compressed; head large, ctenoid scales on its top, and on cheeks and opercles; several series of spinous ridges on head, but no occipital pit; mouth large, with bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Dorsal } fin continuous, not deeply notched, with 10 stout spines and 10 | to 12 rays; anal with three spines and six rays; pectoral broad, 63 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fan-shaped, with rays arranged in three groups, the first of two simple rays, the second of eight or nine branched rays, the third of eight simple rays, sometimes prolonged, with their tips tendrillike and free from membrane for one half their length or less; soft dorsal with tips free from membrane; suborbital keel smooth, or with a single anterior spine under eye; preorbital with spines small and hidden beneath the skin. Vertebrae — 10+14—24; no air bladder. Atlantic. 308 Helicolenus dactylopterus (De la Roche) Redfish; Seran Imperial Scorpaena dactyloptera DE LA Rocur, Ann. Mus. Paris, XII, 316, 337, pl. XXII, fig. 9, 1809, Ivica, Barcelona; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.S. Nat. Mus. 679, 1883. Sebastes dactylopterus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 99, 1860. Sebastoplus dactylopterus GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. X, no. 5, 214, 1883. Helicolenus dactylopterus GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 249, pl. LX VIII, fig. 244, 1896; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1837, 1898. De la Roche states that at Ivica this form is found only at considerable depths, outside of the regions commonly frequented by the fishermen; indeed, that it is very rare, or scarcely at all known, in the markets of the towns where the fishermen are not in the habit of going far out to sea. He saw many individuals taken off Ivica at a depth of 260 to 290 meters, and in the vicinity of Barcelona saw the same species from a depth of 540 meters. At Ivica the species is known as the Seran imperial, and at Barcelona as the Fanegal. Risso saw specimens at Nice in which locality of the Mediter- ranean it is very common and is known as the Cardonniera. He Says it grows to a length of 30 centimeters (about 1 foot) anda weight of 2 kilograms (42 pounds). It is obtained on rocky bot- toms at considerable depths throughout the year, and he has observed females full of eggs in summer. The species is recorded aiso from Naples, Genoa, Messina and Catania. Capello states that the fish is found off Lisbon, but it is very rare and oecurs only in summer, Off the coast of France, it has FISHES OF NEW YORK 635 been identified from Marseilles, St Jean de Luz, Biarritz, Valence, and Arcachon. In the western Atlantic the redfish occurs in numerous locali- ties in deep water from Narragansett bay to Chesapeake bay. Family corripaEr Sculpins Group COTTINAE Genus corrus (Artedi) Linnaeus Fresh-water sculpins. Body fusiform. Head feebly armed; Skin smooth or more or less velvety, its prickles, if present, not bony or scalelike; villiform teeth on jaws and yomer, and some- times on palatines. Gill openings separated by a wide isthmus, over which the membranes do not form a fold; no slit behind fourth gill. Branchiostegals six. Dorsals nearly or quite sepa- rate, the first of six to nine slender spines, ventrals moderate, each with a short, concealed spine and four soft rays. Lateral line present, usually more or less chainlike, sometimes incom- plete. Preopercle with a simple spine at its angle which is usually curved upward, its base more or less covered by skin, very rarely obsolete; usually two or three spines turned down- ward below this; subopercle usually with a concave spine turned downward. Vertebrae 10+23—33. Pyloric caeca about four. Fishes of small size, inhabiting clear waters in the northern parts of Europe, Asia and America. The species are extremely numerous and are very difficult to distinguish, all being very Similar in form, coloration and habits. The species are most destructive to the eggs of salmon and trout. Subgenus PEGEDICTIS 309 Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque) Miller’s Thumb; Blob Pegedictis ictalops RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohien. 85, 1820, spring near Lexing- ton, Kentucky. . Cottus Richardsoni AGaAssiz, Lake Superior, 300, 1850, Montreal River; - GIRARD, Monograph Fresh-Water Cottoids N. A. 39, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, pl. 3, figs. 18-21, 1850; GunTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 158, 1860. Cottus Bairdii GIRARD, Monograph F'resh-Water Cottoids N. A. 44, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, 1850. 4 636 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Uranidea richardsoni JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus, 696, 1883; BeEAN, Fishes Penna. 136, pl. 35, fig. T4, 1893. Cottus ictalops bairdi’ MrrK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. LV, 515, 1888. Cottus ictalops MEEK, op. cit. IV, 314, 1888; JornDAN & HVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1950, 1898. | Body rather robust, gradually tapering to the tail, the depth varying from one fourth to one sixth of the length; the length of the head is contained about three and one third times in the standard length of the body; long diameter of eye almost equal- to length of snout; preopercular spine short and sharp, turned upward and backward, with two smaller spines below it; skin usually smooth, sometimes with minute prickles behind axil of pectoral; spinous dorsal begins slightly behind end of head, separated from second dorsal by a deep notch; second dorsal about two and one third times longer than first, and one third longer than anal base which slightly exceeds greatest length of head; pectoral, ventral, and caudal fins well developed. D. VI-VIII, 16; A. 12-13; V. I, 4. Lateral line conspicuous, sometimes wanting on caudal peduncle. Color olivaceous, much speckled; sides usually with several distinet and rather broad cross bands; fins barred and mottled. Bullhead, blob and mufile-jaws are names applied to the miller’s thumb, which has been associated with Richardson’s name, The typical Richardson’s miller’s thumb is found in the upper Great lakes. In general it inhabits the “ middle and northern states, abounding in all clear, rocky brooks and lakes east of the Dakotas and Kansas to New York and Virginia, extending southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina and northern Alabama, especially abundant in limestone springs and entering caves.” The U. 8. Fish Commission had specimens from Grenadier island and Stony island, in the Lake Ontario region, collected June 28 and July 3; also from the St Lawrence river, 3 miles below Ogdensburg N. Y., July 17, taken by Dr Evermann and Mr Bean in 1894. Meek records the species from the southern FISHES OF NEW YORK 637 end of Cayuga lake. It is extremely variable in size, color and length of fins and number of rays. This species grows to a length of 7 inches under favorable circumstances and is one of the most destructive enemies of the eggs and young of brook trout and other members of the salmon family. Genus URANIDEA De Kay _ This genus is very close to Cottus, from which it differs in the reduction of its ventrals to a concealed spine and three soft rays, a step further in the degeneration characteristic of fresh- water types. The skin is smooth, or very nearly so, the pre- opercular spines small, and there is usually no trace of teeth on the palatines. Cold streams and springs of the United States from New England and the Great lakes to the Pacifie coast. | 310 Uranidea gracilis (Heckel) Miller’s Thumb Cottus gracilis HECKEL, Ann. Wien Mus. II, 148, 1837, New York; Grrarp, Monograph Fresh-Water Cottoids N. A. 49, DlvAks fies: dE ak ot Sates GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 157, 1860; Mmrx, Ann. N. ¥. Ac. Sci. IV, 315, 1888; HUGENE Smiru, Proc. Linn. Soe. N. Y. 1897, 40, 1898. Uranidea quiescens DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 61, pl. 5, fig. 14, 1842, stream and lake in Hamilton county, N. Y. Uranidea gracilis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 699, 1883: BEAN, Fishes Penna. 137, 1893; JornpAan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1968, 1898. The body is moderately slender, spindle-shaped; mouth large, the upper jaw reaching nearly to the middle of the eye. The preopercular spine is moderately large, covered by skin. »'The pectorals reach to the origin of the anal, and the ventrals to the vent. The depth of the body is one fifth, and the length of the head two sevenths of the total without caudal. Teeth in villi- form bands on the jaws and vomer, none on the palatine bones. DOV IER IGS A212: The sides are olivaceous, mottled with darker; a red margin on spinous dorsal. The miller’s thumb or little stargazer is an inhabitant of New England and New York. In Pennsylvania it occurs in the head- 638 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM waters of the Susquehanna and Allegheny rivers. In New York it was first taken in a stream emptying into Round lake, Hamil- ton county, and in Lake Pleasant, of the same county. Dr Meek examined specimens from the southern end of Cayuga lake, Beaver creek, McLean N. Y., Worcester N. Y., and Bangor N. Y., put it was not so abundant as the preceding species. Eugene Smith says that it is very plentiful in the head streams of the Hackensack and Saddle rivers in New York and New Jersey, in company with black-nosed dace and darters. This species grows to a length of 4 inches and is represented by several varieties, one of which has the body robust instead of slender and another has the slender body as in gracilis, but with longer fins. This fish is found under stones in clear, rocky and gravelly brooks. It has no importance either as food or bait and is very destructive to the eggs of other fishes. 311 Uranidea formosa (Girard) Lake Blob Cottus formosus GiRARD, Monograph Fresh-Water Cottoids N. A. 58, 1850, Lake Ontario off Oswego, in stomach of Lota maculosa. Uranidea formosa JonDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 955, 1883; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Buil. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1969, 1898. Body slender and graceful; head small, depressed above; the length of the head is contained four and one fourth times in the length of the body; eyes moderate; preopercular spine short, stout, acute, curved upwards; a small .spine below it; sub- opercular spine well developed. Dorsals well separated; anal beginning under third ray of soft dorsal; pectorals not reaching to posterior margin of spinous dorsal; ventrals not nearly to vent. D. VIII-16; A. II; V. 1, 3. Length 3} inches. Deep water in Lake Ontario. A single mutilated specimen has been recorded, this having been found by Prof. S. F. Baird in the stomach of a Burbot (Lota’maculosa) off Oswego N. Y., in Lake Ontario. FISHES OF NEW YORK 639 Genus MyoxocEPHaALus (Steller) Tilesius Body slender or robust, subfusiform, covered with thick skin, in which are sometimes embedded prickly plates; deciduous, granular, or stellate tubercles also sometimes present, but no true scales. Head large. Mouth terminal, large, the lower jaw always included, the uppermost the longer; yilliform teeth on . the jaws and vomer, none on the palatines; suborbital stay strong; preopercle with two strong straight spines above directed backward, and one below directed downward and for- ward; operele, nasal bones, orbital rim, and shoulder girdle more or less armed; gill membranes forming a fold across the rather narrow isthmus; slit behind last gill reduced to a mere pore, or wanting; vertebrae about 28. Branchiostegals mostly six. Dorsal fins two, separate, the first short, its spines rather slen- der; ventral rays I, 3; caudal fin moderate, fan-shaped; pectoral fin broad, its lower rays procurrent. Lateral line well devel- oped, its tubes sometimes provided with bony or cartilaginous plates, never chainlike nor reduced to separated pores. Species numerous, in the seas of northern regions; coarse fishes, little valued as food. Subgenus acanrHocorrus Girard 312 Myoxocephalus aeneus (Mitchill) Grubby; Brassy Sculpin; Pigmy Sculpin Cottus @neus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 380, 1815, New York; CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 189, 1829; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 52, 1842 (not figure); GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 13, 1879; JorpAn & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 702, 1883; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 251, 1890. Cottus scorpio MircuHILi, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 380, 1815, New York. Cottus mitchilli CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 188, 1829, NewYork: Dn ikay, N.Y. Mauna, Wishes, 53, pl Ui, fies 4 1842- GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IT, 164, 1860. Cottus (Acanthocotius) anceps SAUVAGE, Nouy. Archiv. Mus. Paris (2), I, 145, pl. 1, fig. 18, 1878, New York. Acanthocottus @neus BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 369, 1897; H: M. SmitTH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 105, 1898. Myoxocephalus wneus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 1972, 1898, pl. CCXCV, fig. 716, 716a, 1900. 640 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Depth of body, one fourth of total length without caudal. Head four elevenths of the same length, rather broad, covered with smooth thin skin; no cirri; a few very small warts between occipital ridges. Caudal peduncle short and slender, its least depth about one sixth length of head and less than diameter of eye. Maxillary three sevenths as long as head, reaching to below hind margin of pupil. Supraocular and occipital ridges prominent, each with a low, bluntish spine; the region between the supraocular spines rather convex, the space before and behind it concave; nasal spines moderate; upper preopercular Spine shorter than eye, nearly twice length of next spine, about reaching middle of opercle. Eye two thirds as long as snout, one fifth as long as head. Lateral line complete, each pore with a concealed cartilaginous plate; scattered, concealed asperities on skin of sides. No trace of slit behind last gill. Dorsal base two thirds as long as head; fourth spine longest, one third as long as head. Base of soft dorsal nearly as long as head; first soft ray as long as the eye; fifth, sixth and seventh rays longest, one third as long as head. Caudal rounded, its middle rays two fifths as long as head. Anal origin under third ray of soft dorsal; anal base three fifths as long as head; longest anal ray nearly one third as long as head. Pectoral reaches to below origin of soft dorsal; ventral to below eighth spine of dorsal. Do TX, 185 AL dO SV Ho Pots Grayish olive, much variegated with darker; no distinet paler spots; back and sides with broad, dark irregular bars; all the fins barred; mandible mottled; belly pale. : This little sculpin was known to Mitchill as the brazen bull- head and also to De Kay, who said it is frequently taken with the hook in Long Island Sound, and the harbor of New York. De Kay describes it again under the name of the smooth browed bullhead and states that it is commonly taken with the hook in company with the flat fishes. The grubby seldom exceeds 5 inches in length. It ranges from the Bay of Fundy to New Jersey and is very common in sea- weeds near shore. The fish has been found mode ‘ately abundant’ FISHES OF NEW YORK 641 at Fire Island in September. In Gravesend bay it is practically a permanent resident, spawning in winter; the eggs have a beau- tiful green color. In the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass., accord- ing to Dr Smith, it is very common, remains during the entire year, and is the only sculpin found in summer. In winter from 10 to 50 are caught daily in fyke nets set in the harbor. The fish is then in a spawning condition, and the eggs adhere to the twine. 313 Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus (Mitchill) 1IS-spined Sculpin; Hacklehead Cottus. octodecimspinosus Mircnity, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y: I, 380. 1815, New York; CuvirER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 181, 1829; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. I, 163, 1860; Goopr & Bray, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 138, 1879; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 701,1883; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 187, 1888. Cottus virginianus De Ikay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 51, pl. 5, fig. 18, 1842. Acanthocottus virginianus STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 28, pl. LV, fig. 2, 1867. Acanthocottus octodecimspinosus BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 370, 1897; H. M. Smirn, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 105, 1898. Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 1976, 1898, pl. CCXCVI, fig. 718, 1900. Body moderately robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, its depth contained four and one half times in the standard length while the least depth of the caudal peduncle is less than one sixth length of head, the length of the latter being contained two and two thirds times in the standard length; maxilla twice long diameter of eve and contained two and one half times in the length of head; the spines of the head are long, the upper oper- cular spine being longer than in any other species of the genus; the first dorsal originates over the base of the pectoral, its third and fourth spines being longest, about four fifths as long as the base or equal to the distance from the posterior margin of the eye to the tip of the snout; the length of the second dorsal base equals the length of the head, and the longest rays of the second dorsal equal the length of the spines; anal base shorter than second dorsal base; longest rays of anal equal to length of sixth> dorsal spine; caudal slightly truncate, its length equal to the depth of body; pectorals long, broad, their bases equal to half the length; the length of the ventrals is equal to the dis- 642 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tance from the posterior margin of the eye to the origin of first dorsal. D. IX, 16; A. 14. General color dark olivaceous above, paler below, under side of head and belly white; fins barred and mottled. This large sculpin reaches the length of about 1 foot. It occurs on the Atlantic coast from Virginia to Labrador and is very common about Cape Cod and in Massachusetts bay. In the southern part of its habitat it is found only in late fall and winter; in Great Egg bay, for example, an individual 12 inches long was caught at Somers Point in November. In Gravesend bay the fish is taken only in winter and early spring and it can not endure the temperature of the water in summer. It is known to the fishermen of that vicinity as the hacklehead. De Kay does not mention any particular locality for the species, but says it ranges from Virginia to Newfoundland, and perhaps farther north. He makes the following additional remarks: “ This species, which, on account of its uncouth form, is regarded with aversion by fishermen, is nevertheless not a bad article of food. In fact, when freshly taken from the water, and irritated, they do present rather a formidable appearance. The head is swollen to twice its usual size by the distension of the branchial membrane; the spines stand out prominently, and the rays of all the fins become erect. It is known under the various popular names of sculpin, quere scorpion? sea robin, bullhead, sea toad, and pigfish; the latter from its croaking noise when drawn from the water.” Dr Smith states that it first appears in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass., about October 1, becomes very abundant by October 15, and remains till December or January. ‘The spawning time is November and December; the eggs often come ashore by bucketfuls on Nobska beach. 314 Myoxocephalus groenlandicus (Cuvy. & Val.) Daddy Seulpin Cottus granlandicus Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 156, 1829; RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer, III, 46, 297, pl. 95, fig. 2, 1836; | Dre Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Dishes, 54, pl. 4, fig. 10, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat, lish, Brit. Mus. II, 161, 1860. | FISHES OF NEW YORK 643 Cotius scorpius grenlandicus GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 13, 1879; BEAN, Bull. 15, U. S. Nat. Mus. 118, 1879; Jonpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, , U. S. Nat. Mus. 703, 1883. Acanthocottus variabilis StORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 26, pl. IV, fig. 1, 1867. Acanthocottus grenlandicus H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 105. 1898. Myoxocephalus grenlandicus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 1974, 1898. The length of the body is four and one half times the depth. Head large, the length being contained two and one half times in the length of the body. Mouth large, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching posterior edge of orbit, its length three sevenths length of head; the supraorbital and occipital spines blunt, tuberclelike, without cirrus; a small tubercular spine on front of occipital ridge; upper preopercular spine short, only reaching the middle of opercular spine, its length equaling eye, not twice that of the spine below it; opercular spine sharp; nasal spines sharp; suprascapular spine rather strong and short. Sides of body above lateral line with a series of embedded prickly plates, below which are numerous scattered spines and prickles. Dorsal and anal fins high, their hight more than one seventh total length without caudal. Ventrals long. Pectorals reaching to vent. Eye large, equal to width of interorbital space. D. X, He Soe oT 8 P. 18. Dark brown above, with broad darker bars; below yellowish, the belly in the male with large pale spots; back and top of head with grayish blotches; fins brown and yellow, all of them spotted and barred. Sexual differences great, the males more brightly colored; the round white spots strongly marked; females with rough crests on the head. The daddy sculpin is the largest of its kind on our east coast as it grows to the length of 25 inches. It ranges from New York to Greenland, but is common in New York and Massachusetts aters only in fall and winter. De Kay had met with a single specimen which was taken near Hell Gate. Storer records it as abundant on the coast of Massachusetts feeding on small fish, crabs, sea urchins and other invertebrates; but not valued as ‘ood. Dr Smith remarks that it arrives at Woods Hole in Octo- yer, remains till December or January, spawning in November 644 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ; and December when there is a great loss of eggs through storms. © Fabricius: records its spawning in Greenland in December and January and describes its eggs as red colored. The eggs, he — states, are deposited on seaweed. The Greenlanders eat the fish — for their daily food and they eat its eggs raw. Genus TRiGLopsis Girard . Body and head slender; skin naked; lateral line chainlike; teeth on vomer, none on the palatines; eye large, the interorbital area concave; bones of lower part of head extensively cavernous; a small but distinct slit behind last gill; gill membranes almost — free from the isthmus, forming a broad fold across it; preoper- — cular spines straight, simple, 4 in number, the lower turned — downward; fins large. Fresh-water fishes, closely related to 7 Oncocottus, from which they have doubtless become — degraded through fresh-water life. There is no tangible differ- — ence in structure in any part of the body. E 315 Triglopsis thompsoni Girard Lake Sculpin Triglopsis thompsoni GIRARD, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. IV, 19, 1851, off — Oswego, Lake Ontario; Monograph Fresh-Water Cottoids, N. A. 65, : pl. 2, figs. 9, 10, pl. 3, figs. 22-25, 36-88, 1852; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 4 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 709, 1883; JornpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. 7 Mus. II, 2005, 1898. | Triglopsis stimpsoni Hoy, Trans. Wisconsin Ac. Sci. 98, 1872, Lake Michi- — gan. ; Ptyonotus thompsonii GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 175, 1860. Body elongate, very slender, the depth being one sixth of the F length. Head long, depressed above, the length being one third q of the length of the body. Snout long and pointed; eye quite large, nearly as long as snout, much wider than interorbital space, one fourth as long as the head; jaws subequal; mouth large, the maxillary extending rather beyond middle of eye; pre- opercle with four sharp spines, the upper much shorter than pupil; cavernous structure of skull highly developed; upper sur- face of head smooth; gill membranes not broadly united; nearly free from isthmus. Dorsal fins well separated; spinous dorsal short and low, its hight little more than length of snout; second FISHES OF NEW YORK 645 dorsal very large, three times hight of first, its longest rays about as long as head; anal high, half as high as second dorsal : pectoral’ long, reaching past front of anal; ventrals well developed; lateral line chainlike, conspicuous; skin perfectly smooth. Length 3 inches. D. VII-18; A. 15; V. I, 3; pyloric caeca seven. ; Pale olivaceous, with darker blotches; upper fins faintly banded. Deep waters of the Great lakes; specimens have been taken sparingly in Lakes Ontario and Michigan. The U.S. Fish Com- mission obtained two examples at Nine Mile Point N. Y. and on June 10, 1893, a single individual was collected at the same place. The type of the species was taken by Spencer F. Baird off Oswego, Lake Ontario. Dr William Stimpson obtained a Specimen in deep water of Lake Michigan which formed the type of Dr Hoy’s Triglopsis stimpsoni. The close relationship of Triglopsis and Oncocottus has been pointed out. Both young and adults of Oncocottus have been found occasionally in fresh water and the descent of the lake sculpin froma species of Oncocottus is highly probable. Genus HEMITRIPTERUS Cuvier Body moderately elongate, scaleless, but the skin covered with prickles and bony protuberances of various sizes and forms. Head large, with numerous bony humps and ridges and fleshy slips above; orbital rim much elevated, the interorbital space deeply concave; a depressed area at the occiput, behind which are 2 blunt spines on each side. Mouth very wide; jaws, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of teeth; no slit behind last gill; gill membranes broadly, united, free from isthmus; preopercle with stout, blunt spines; suborbital stay very strong, forming a sharp ridge. Spinous dorsal much longer than the soft part, of 16 to 18 spines, of which the first two are the highest, and the fourth and fifth shorter than the succeeding ones, the fin thus deeply emarginate; pectoral fins very broad, much procur- rent; ventrals I, 3. Large fishes of singular appearance, inhabit- ing the North Atlantic and Pacific, 646 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 316 Hemitripterus americanus (Gmelin) Sea Raven Scorpena americana GMELIN, L. Syst. Nat. 1220, 1788. Cottus hispidus Buocu & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. 63, 1801, New York. Scorpena flava Mircuitt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. ¥. I, 382, pl. II, fig. 8, 1815. Scorpena purpurea and rufa MITCHILL, Am. Month. Mag. II, 245, February COR ss ioe acadianus StorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 35, pl. VII, fig. 4, 1867. Hemitripterus americanus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 268, pl. 84, 1829; De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 56, pl. 6, fig. 16, 1842; GuntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 143, 1860; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 685, 1883; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fisk. N. Y. 251, 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 370, 1897; H. M. Smrrn, Bull. U. S. F. G. 1897, 105, 1898; Jorpan & Evermann, Bull. 4%, U. S. Nat: Mus. II, 2023, 1898, pl. CCCV, fig. 738, 1900. The length of the body is three and three fourths times the depth and two and two thirds times the length of the head. Body villous, the prickles enlarged and tuberclelike along the back and lateral line; nasal spines strong; supraocular ridge much elevated, with dermal flaps and two blunt spines; three pairs of fleshy slips on nasal bones, and two on supravcular ridges; smaller cirri on maxillary, on preorbital, and several on lower jaw; interocular space very deeply concave; two blunt occipital spines on each side, outside of which:are two or three others; opercle small, with a bony ridge; preopercle with two blunt spines, below which are one or two others; lower jaw slightly projecting; maxillary reaching beyond eye, and about half as long as the head; pectorals nearly reaching anal; highest dorsal spine three fifths length of head, as long as caudal; vent- rals reaching half way to anal. D. IV, XII-I, 12; A. 18; Lat. 1. 40; vertebrae 164238. Reddish brown, marbled with darker brown, and much varie- gated; yellowish below; fins variegated with light and dark. Atlantic coast of America; chiefly northward from Cape Cod. This fish is the Acadian bullhead of Pennant and the yellow scorpaena of Mitchill. Aecording to De Kay the name sea sculpin is sometimes applied to this species. Other names given (o it are rock toadfish and deep water sculpin. It is found along the east coast from Nova Scotia to Chesapeake bay. | FISHES OF NEW YORK 647 ' De Kay saw it very rarely. In Gravesend bay, specimens have been taken by John De Nyse in April, May, October, November and December. We are indebted to Captain Lewis B. Thurber, of Patchogue, for specimens, which were taken in the fall of 1884. These were all the more remarkable for having attached to the head and back a peculiar hydroid. In the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. the fish is common in Octo- ber and November, the individuals usually measuring about 16 inches; the young are rare. It grows to a length of 2 feet and is one of the most brightly colored of the marine fishes. Its colors are subject to great variation. The head is furnished with numerous fringes and the dorsal spines are often produced into filaments. The mouth is large, the skin rough and the belly very distensible at the will of the fish, making this species one of the curiosities of the sea. It feeds upon mollusks and all other inver- tebrates of suitable size. The sea raven is not eaten, though its flesh is of excellent flavor. It is useful as a scavenger and as bait for the eel and lobster. The sea raven spawns in November. Eggs observed Nov. 29, 1897, were in masses adhering tightly together. - The egg at that date was sz inch in diameter, and showed the form of.the fish distinctly. Its color when first deposited is yellow but soon changes to salmon and then to amber before hatching. Family AGONIDAE Group AGONINAE Genus ASPIDOPHOROIDES Lacépéde Body and head more or less slender; head 4 to 6, width 5 to 8 in length of body; eight longitudinal rows of plates, the lateral line in the upper lateral row; about 40 plates in the dorsal series. Terminal rostral plate present, unarmed; mouth ter- minal; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Supraocular and occipital spines absent; plates of body more or less keeled, with- out spines. First dorsal absent; second dorsal and anal small, opposite each other, each with four to seven rays. Gill mem- 648 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM branes united, narrowly joined to isthmus anteriorly, free behind. Subgenus uncrva Cramer 317 Aspidophoroides monopterygius (Bloch) Sea Poacher Cottus monopterygius BLocu, Ichth. II, 156, pl. 178, figs. 1, 2, 1786. Aspidophorus monopterygius CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 224, 1829; VI, 554, pl. 169, 1830; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 62, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1842. : { Aspidophoroides monopterygius STORER, Rep. Ichth. Mass. pes 0) eae Is ake abs 1839; Gunruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 216, 1860; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 32, pl. VIII, fig. 1, 1867; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 12, 1879; Jorpan and GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1724, 1883; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 288, pl. LXXII, fig. 260, 1896; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 2091, 1898, pl. OCCXII, figs. 756, 756a, 1900. | Body very slender, tapering, elongate, its greatest depth nearly one twelfth of total length without caudal, its greatest width about one tenth of the same length. Head triangular, much narrowed anteriorly, its length one sixth of total without caudal; nasal spines very large, diverging, inserted near tip of snout; no other spines anywhere; eyes very large, longer than snout, one fourth as long as the head; supraocular ridges very high; a ridge extending backward from eye along temporal region; lower jaw slightly included. Caudal peduncle very long and slender, forming about two fifths of the length. Breast with flat plates. Dorsal ridges high anteriorly, the median line of back from snout to dorsal fin concave. Dorsal origin mid- way between hind margin of orbit and base of middle caudal rays; base of dorsal one half as long as the head and equal to — length of second,and longest ray. Anal immediately under dorsal and nearly equal to it in length of rays. Caudal convex behind, the middle rays two thirds as long as the head. Ventral two fifths as long as head. Pectoral reaching to eighth plate of the dorsal ridge, nearly as long as the head. Plates on breast radially striate, the two median ones larger than the rest; a few small plates on hinder median part of gill membranes, and on narrow underside of mandible; two large plates with raised aye FISHES OF NEW YORK 649 or two series on base of pectoral. D.5 or 6; A. 5 or 6; P. 9; V. I, 2; C. 10 or 11; pyloric caeca four or five; lateral line about 50. Color brownish, pale below, with indefinite cross bands of darker, two in front of, and one under dorsal, and two or three on caudal peduncle ; rays of dorsal and upper rays of pectoral brownish, interrupted by lighter, giving an indefinite appear- ance of cross bands; caudal dark; ventrals and anal in both sexes pale. This fish reaches a length of 6 inches; it is found in moderate depths from Greenland to Rhode Island and doubtless occurs off Long Island in suitable depths though specimens have not been recorded in New York waters. The species is very fre- quently obtained from the stomachs of haddock and cod, and the trawl has taken it in depths as shallow as 44 fathoms. In 1874 the head of a sea poacher was dredged up on the “ Pecten Ground,” off Watch Hill R. I. The fish exists in great abundance in Massachusetts bay and farther north. Family cyCLOPTERIDAE Inmp Suckers Group CYCLOPTERINAE Genus cycLoprerus (Artedi) Linnaeus Body more or less compressed toward the back, somewhat triangular in a transverse section at the first dorsal, covered with conical, rough, bony tubercles; head short, thick, subquad- rangular in a cross section; snout blunt, rounded; mouth anterior, opening slightly upward; teeth simple, small, arranged in a band; eye moderate, lateral; dorsals two; caudal distinct; disk moderately large, anterior, below the head; no barbels about the mouth; first dorsal fin in the adult completely hidden _ by the skin, the larger tubercles of the flanks, though in regular Series, having a scattered appearance. One species, reaching a considerable size, in the north Atlantic. 318 Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus Lumpfish; Lumpsucker Cyclopterus coeruleus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 480, pl. I, fig. 7, 1815, New York Harbor. Lumpus anglorum DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 305, pl. 54, fig. 175, 1842;, STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 208, pl. XX XII, fig. 2, 1867. 650 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cyclopterus lumpus LinnaEus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 260, 1758; GunTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 155, 1861; GooprE & BEAN, Bull. Hssex Inst. XI, 11,1879; Jornpan & GILBERT, roe 16S eke Mus. 747, 1883;. BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 370, 1897; H. M. Smirx, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 105, 1898; Be - ee ee eal 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. IF, 2096, 1898, pl. CCCXIII, fig. 757, 1900. Body massive, compressed, subtriangular in transverse sec-_ tion through the middle, belly flattened, the portion behind the abdominal chamber much compressed, and less than one half the length of the body proper; greatest depth of body one half or more than one half of total length including caudal. Caudal peduncle short, its least depth one third length of head. Head short, subquadrangular in transverse section, forehead broad, flattened; length of head one fourth of total length with caudal. Nape high. Snout short, broad, blunt, one fourth as leng as the head. Mouth wide, terminal, oblique, the maxillary reaching to © below the front margin of the orbit. Eye lateral, placed high, as long as the snout, and one third as wide as interorbital space. Nostrils small, the hinder smaller, near the eyes on interorbital Space, the anterior farther forward, halfway to the mouth, with a short tube. Gill opening moderately wide, about three fifths length of head, its lower third in front of base of pectoral. : | | | | ; [ | | ; Fins with rounded margins, rough, with small tubercles. First dorsal distinct in very young individuals, variable in shape, thick and fleshy, with weak rays in older stages; second dorsal always distinct, broad, rounded, its origin two and one half times as far from tip of snout as from base of middle caudal rays, its longest ray one half as long as head. Caudal broad, subtruncate or rounded behind, its middle rays one half as long as the head. Anal exactly opposite the dorsal and about equal in size. Pectoral broad, rounded, fringed, not indented at the sides of the disk, its length one sixth of the total without caudal. Disk little longer than wide, about as wide, or nearly three fourths as long, as the head. Skin thickly covered with small, irregular subconical tubercles, the sides of which are roughened with small, conical protuberances. On older individuals, larger, longitudinally compressed tubercles form a vertical series from the nape over the first dorsal; a series of three tubercles at_ FISHES OF NEW YORK 651 each side of the space between the dorsals; a row of larger ones extends from the supraorbital region along the flank to the upper part of the tail; a series, starting a little above the pec- toral, passes to the lower portion of the tail; and a third lateral series reaches along each line of the lower surface from the side of the disk to the anal. The fleshy ridge enveloping the first dorsal is subject to considerable variation; it usually continues forward on the nape and becomes indefinite at the occiput. D. Wal to Vat, 11 -A- 9 or 10; V..6; P. 20; C. 12: to 14; B. 6; vertebrae 11+18—29. Colors in alcohol, brownish or olive to grayish, the tubercles darker. In life the tints vary from yellowish or greenish in the young to more or less brilliant red in males, or bluish to dark brown in females; spots, blotches, cloudings, or other markings are not infrequent. The young often take the color of their sur- roundings. De Kay had a specimen with the following colors: — above deep blue, becoming paler on the sides, which are tinged with yellowish beneath, approaching to red. Ventrals bright _ yellow, and in the spawning season, bright red. Irides yellow- ish. Kumlien had one with iris umber. The lumpfish is called cock-paddle and hen-paddle in Scotland, lumpsucker, lumpfish, and sea owl in England, Licorne de Mer in France. Its habitat is in the North Atlantic, on rocky shores of both coasts, south to New York and France. It is said to attain to a weight of 17 pounds and a length of 20 inches, but is usually much smaller. The species is rarely used for food in our country, but in Scotland it is said to be considered a great delicacy. By means of its ventral disk it can adhere firmly to any solid Substance. Pennant relates that upon throwing one of these fishes into a pail of water it adhered so strongly that upon tak- ing hold of the fish by the tail he lifted the whole vessel contain- ing several gallons of water. The lumpfish is found in Gravesend bay in May. It will not live longer than a few weeks in captivity. Adults are common in the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. in April and a few are seen 652 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in May. The young are very common throughout the summer in Vineyard Sound among driftweed. Spawning occurs in April, sometimes in March, near the shore. After spawning the female retires to deep water and the male guards the eggs which hatch among seaweed. Family LIPARIDIDAE Sea Snaiis Group LIPARIDINAE Genus neouiparts Steindachner This genus differs from Liparis in having a deep notch in the dorsal fin anteriorly, separating the spines from the soft rays. The species approach more nearly to the cottoid type, from which the liparids are descended. In general the vertebrae are fewer, the fin rays fewer, the ventral disk larger, and the vertical fins better separated than in the more degenerate members of the family. The retention of the notch between the dorsals fully justifies the recognition of Neoliparis ag a distinct genus. 319 Neoliparis atlanticus Jordan & Evermann Sea Snail; Lumpsucker Liparis montagui Cuvier, Régne Anim. ed. 1, vol. 2, 227, 1817; Jonpan & GILBERT, 743, 1883, in part; GARMAN, Discoboli, 47, 1892, with plate. Liparis Montagui PugRNAM, Proc. Am. Assoc. Ady. Sci. 338, 1874; GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 12, 1879. Neoliparis montagui H. M. Smirn, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 105, 1898. Neoliparis atlanticus JonpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. TI, 2107, 1898. Body widest at gill opening, compressed posteriorly, deepest below third dorsal spine, its depth two ninths to one fourth of the total length without caudal. Head broader than deep, depressed above the eyes, its length contained four and two thirds times in total without caudal; snout one third and eye one fifth as long as the head. Mouth narrow, its cleft transverse and extending to anterior nostril; lower jaw included; teeth tricuspid, the middle cusps highest; gill openings very narrow, the lower border opposite first ray of pectoral; anterior nostril tubular, the tube three fifths as long as the eye; posterior nostril with a low flap; skin loose, lying in folds. Origin of dorsal not~ far behind pectoral, its distance from tip of snout one third its. FISHES OF NEW YORK 653 distance to base of caudal. Dorsal with a very shallow notch, the spines nearly continuous with the soft rays; in the males much elevated, the tips thickened and membranes deeply incised; the first or longest spine as long as head; the sixth or last not quite one half as long as head; middle rays of soft dorsal one half as long as head; dorsal and anal joined to base of caudal; caudal nearly as long as head; pectoral almost reaching anal, slightly longer than head; lower rays exserted, forming a slight lobe. Ventral disk one half to four sevenths as long as the head. DE VIi25; A. 235:P.30. Color reddish brown, with small scattered light or bluish dots over the body; fins darker, clouded with pale, the dorsal broadly edged with darker. Described from a specimen about 5 inches long, from Godbout, Quebec, and from other specimens collected at Salem Mass., and Woods Hole Mass. (After Jordan and Evermann) The sea snail is generally common along rocky shores from Newfoundland to Connecticut. At. Woods Hole it is not common in the shallow waters near the shores. In Massachusetts bay it is a resident of rocky bottoms among the roots of the Kelp (Laminaria saccharina), but is less frequently taken than the striped lumpsucker. Putnam recorded specimens from Salem and Nahant. The species reaches a length of about 5 inches. Genus tiparis (Artedi) Scopoli Body rather elongate, covered with smooth skin, which is usually freely movable; head short, flattened above; mouth hori- zontal, the jaws equal or the lower jaw included; teeth in several series, close set, always more or less tricuspid, the adult with the outer cusps often worn or obliterated; maxillary covered by skin of preorbital region; anterior nostrils tubular or not; vent- ral disk well developed on the breast, its front below or behind the middle of the head, its surface with 15 lobes; an anterior median lobe, and one corresponding to each of the six rays in the fin; each lobe with a horny papilla covering, which is sometimes lost; vent well behind the head, about midway 654 NEW YORK.STATE MUSEUM between the sucking disk and anal fin; dorsal fin continuous, undivided, its spines not differentiated; caudal well developed; dorsal fin free from caudal or joined; pectoral broad, procurrent at base, emarginate and free at tips, some of the lower rays pro- duced; vertical fins enveloped in the lax skin; vertebrae 35 to 55. Northern seas, near the shores; the species less arctic in distribu- tion and, in general, inhabiting shallower water than is the case with Careproctus and Paraliparis, a ‘fact asso- ciated with the reduced number of vertebrae in Liparis. The species are numerous, but in general well defined, their char- acters varying with age. In most of the species color varieties occur, several having the body often marked everywhere with concentric curved stripes or rings. Subgenus tirparis (Artedi) Scopoli 320 Liparis liparis (Linnaeus) Sea Snail; Striped Sea Snail Cyclopterus liparis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, I, 414, 1766, Northern Ocean. | = Liparis vulgaris FLEMING, Brit. Anim. 190, 1828; GunrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 159, 1861; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 12, 1879; BEAN, Bull. 15, U. S. Nat. Mus. 115, 1879. Liparis lineata JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 742, 1883. Liparis liparis CUVIER, Régne Anim. ed. 1, vol. 2, 227, 1817; GaRMAN, Dis- coboli, 57, 1892; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1], 2116, 1898; H. M. Smirn, Bull. U:. S. F. C. 1897, 105, 1898. Body thick and subcylindric anteriorly, compressed pos- teriorly, enveloped in an unctuous, thin, loose skin; its greatest depth about one fifth of the total length. Head obtuse, one fourth of total length; nape slightly swollen. Snout broad, not depressed, moderately long. Cleft of mouth horizontal, not reaching vertical from front of eye; lips rather thick; upper jaw longer than lower. Both jaws with a band of villiform teeth, becoming cardlike in very large individuals. Eye lateral, but interfering with the upper profile of head, one seventh as long as head, one half as long as snout and one half of width of inter-_ orbital space. Nostril close before eye. Gill opening reduced to — a vertical slit extending downward on upper part of base of : pectoral, the remainder of the gill membranes being united with FISHES OF NEW YORK 655 the base of the pectorals and with the isthmus. Gills 34; pseuo- dubranchiae not evident. Pectoral very broad, extending down- ward and forward under the throat; the twelve upper rays reach to the vertical from the origin of the anal, the remainder grad- _ ually becoming shorter as far as the last but six, which are con- siderably produced. The six rays which constitute the base of the ventral disk may be easily distinguished; the disk is sur- rounded by about 13 soft and flat papillae. Dorsal fin ¢om- mencing above middle of pectoral and slightly connected with caudal; its middle rays highest. Caudal moderately long and rounded, its rays simple, articulated. Anal origin below seventh ray of dorsal, the fin continuous with the caudal. Vent midway between ventral disk and anal fin. B. 6; 33 to 36; A. 27 to 29; P. 34 to 37; C. 10 to 14; pyloric caeca 10 to 16; vertebrae 38 to 42. Color very variable. Some specimens are pale yellowish brown, mottled and spotted with dark brown. Others are red- dish gray, with broad, irregular black spots; fins reddish, with black dots arranged in transverse bands. Others, again, are brownish, with irregular darker longitudinal streaks on the head and body. (After Giinther) The species grows to the length of 5 inches. It inhabits the North Atlantic, on both coasts, extending southward to Long Island Sound and France. > At Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, it is common in winter on rocky bottoms, and is found full of spawn in December and January. In Massachusetts bay it is a resident of rocky bottoms among the roots of the kelp. Mr J. H. Sears discovered it in the vicinity of Salem, near Baker’s island, in 6 feet of water. Kumlien found it fastened to kelp in Cumberland gulf in depths of 5 to 7 fathoms. It is to be noted that Kumlien’s specimens had an increased number of rays in the dorsal and anal fins. Richardson mentions this sea snail from the west side of Davis strait, in lat. 70° n. and from Regent’s inlet. Professor Collett found the alimentary canal of one specimen filled with small amphipods, one of them being Caprella 656 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM septentrionalis, together with many individuals of | Protomedeia fasciata. Dr Giinther found the stom- — ach of a large specimen filled with shrimp. Group GOBIOIDEI (Gobies) Family GOBIIDAE Subfamily GOBIINAE Genus cosrosoma Girard | Body entirely naked; mouth moderate, horizontal; snout blunt; teeth in several series, the outer row enlarged; no canines; dorsal spines normally seven, rarely five or six; second dorsal and anal short; no barbels about head; shoulder girdle without flaps. Species chiefly American. 321 Gobiosoma bosci (Lacépéde) Naked Goby; Mud Creeper; Oysterfish Gobius bosci LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. II, 555, pl. 16, fig. 1, 1798, Charles- ton, S. C. Gobius alepidotus Buoch & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. 547, 1801; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 160, pl. 23, fig. 70, 1842, New York Harbor. . Gobius viridipallidus Mrrcuitt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 379, pl. 1, 7 fig. 8, 1815. a Gobiosoma alepidotum Gunvuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 85, 1861; Jorpan ~ & Girpert, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 688, 1883. . CGobiosoma bosci JORDAN & GILBERT, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. 613, 1882; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 136, 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 249, g 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 370, 1897; Jorpan & EVER- — MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2259, 1898; H. M. Smirnu, Bull) U. S. F. C. 1897, 105, 1898; Bran, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus: z 109, 1900. 3ody moderately elongate, its depth one fifth or one sixth of total length without caudal; head very broad, three tenths of total length without caudal, flattish above, with tumid cheeks. Eye small, longer than snout, one fifth as long as the head. — Mouth large, little oblique, the jaws subequal, the maxillary, at — least in males, extending to below posterior part of orbit, three sevenths as long as head. Teeth in few series, the outer con: siderably enlarged; two teeth on each side of inner series of lower jaw specially large canines. Dorsal spines slender, not filamentous, Caudal rounded. D. VII, 14; A. 10. FISHES OF NEW YORK . 657 Olivaceous or grayish, with darker cross shades of rounded spots; seven or eight paler transverse bars over the body and tail; fins dark brown, with a bluish shade. De Kay says the body is greenish brown, with seven vertical dusky bands, and the caudal fin with two or three curved bars. The naked goby, or mud creeper, is found on the Atlantic coast from Cape Cod to Florida. This is the variegated goby of Drs Mitchill and De Kay. Dr Mitchill described it as Gobius viridi-pallidus. He had specimens 2} inches long from the bay of New York, and illustrates one of them in fig. 8, pl. I, of his Fishes of New York. The ventral fins of this little fish form a sucking disk of com- paratively great power, as may be appreciated from the follow- ing sentence of Dr Mitchill: “One of the individuals now lying before me adhered so firmly to a stone that he was lifted out of the water by an oysterman.” The variegated goby does not exceed 24 inches in length, and is now known from Buzzard’s bay southward, its southern limit being undetermined. In the . Gulf of Mexico occurs a form which was set apart as a distinct Species by Girard, but this may be merely a color variety. The fish has no economic value. Its name in Great South bay is mudcreeper. Numerous examples were found at the mouth of Swan creek and in Blue Point cove. Several were obtained also at Fire Island. All of these were secured late in September. In 1901, the young, measuring from 4 inch to 14 inches, were taken in Swan river, August 8, and on September 14 some large individuals were secured in empty oyster shells off Duncan’s creek. Numerous specimens were caught in eel pots off Swan river and off Widow’s creek, and the species was obtained once in fresh water in Swan river. Taken in moderate numbers in oyster dredges at Eaton’s Neck Long Island, in the fall of 1896. Several individuals lived all winter in a balanced tank, and took food greedily, but on the approach of summer all died. . On August 13, August 30, and September 16, 1887, the writer seined a few examples at Somers Point and Ocean City N. J, 658 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM At the latter place they were associated with Fundulus, Cyprinodon, Lucania, Mugil, Bairdiella, Anguilla, and swarms of shrimp. This little goby seizes its food with a snap, and immediately darts off to conceal itself in a rock crevice or behind plants. Group TRACHINOIDEI Trachinoid fishes Family uRANOSCOPIDAE Stargazers Subfamily uRANOSCOPINAE Genus astroscorus Brevoort Body robust. Head above not entirely covered with bone, the occipital plate ceasing much behind the orbits; from the middle line anteriorly a Y-shaped bony process extends forward, the tips of the fork between the eyes; a trapezoidal space on either side of the Y, covered by ‘naked skin, bounded by the Y, the eyes, the suborbitals, and the occipital plate. A covered furrow behind and on the inner side of each eye terminating near front of orbits, its edges fringed. Head without spines; humeral spine obsolete; lips and nostrils fringed; no retractile tentacle in ~ mouth. Young individuals with top of head largely covered by 4 bone. Head scaleless; back and sides covered with close set scales; belly mostly naked. No spine before the ventrals. First dorsal small, of four or five low, stout, pungent spines, connected by membrane to the second dorsal which is rather high and long; pectorals and ventrals large. Species American, distinguished from the Old World genus, Uranoscopus, chiefly by the unarmed head. 322 Astroscopus guttatus Abbott Spotted Stargazer ° Astroscopus guttatus ABBort, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 365, 1860, Cape May, N. J.; Bran, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 370, 1897; JonDAN © & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. IIT, 2310, 1898. Upsilonphorus guttatus BEAN, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. 60, 1879; Kiuscuill Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila. 264, 1889. istroscopus anoplus BEAN, Bull. U. 8S. F. C. VII, 186, pl. I, figs. 1, 2, 1888, Somers Point, N, J., not Uranoscopus anoplos C. & V. FISHES OF NEW YORK 659 Depth of body contained four times in its length in the young, three and one fourth times in the adult. Eye small, its diameter contained five and one half times in interorbital space. Naked space between forks of Y on top of head short and broad, but _ longer than the vertical limb of the Y, which is very short. Two distinct spinules directed forward before eye; white spots on body very small and irregular, without dark rings; base of dor- sals equaling in length the distance from front of first dorsal to tip of snout; base of first dorsal twice length of its longest spine; first spine equaling second in length, and three times length of last. Middle caudal rays a little shorter than ventral fin. Pectoral slightly longer than ventral, two sevenths of total length to caudal base, and extending to fifth anal ray. DeVore ts or 14--A: IV, 5. Color of upper parts of body and lower jaw bright chocolate; belly and throat white; darker portions covered with numerous circular spots much lighter than ground color; membrane of first dorsal black; second dorsal white with three irregular bands of dull black obliquely across it; the caudal with three parallel bands of blackish brown, the middle of which appears to _ be the continuation of a variable longitudinal band on the center of each side; the anal having a variable band of dull brown, darker upon the posterior termination. If the young stargazer identified as Astroscopus ano- plus by the writer in his paper on the Fishes of the Great Egg Harbor Bay, be identical with the A. guttatus of Abbott, the following notes will be of interest in connection with the Species under discussion: A single young individual, 1 inch long, was seined at Ocean City, August 1. The species has not previously been recorded from this bay. . Another example, 24 inches long, was caught at Longport, August 26, not far from the inlet. The colors of the specimen, August 28, are as follows: Top of head, cheeks, sides, and a nar- row strip along dorsal bases, plum color; back, olive; lower part of head, belly, ventrals, anal, and soft dorsal, whitish; caudal, 660 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~ pale, with a faint yellow blotch at base and a dusky streak on middle portions; spinous dorsal, black; chin with a yellow {T-shaped marking, the stem of the T bounded on each side by a wing-shaped blotch of purple, which has a dark inner edge; pectoral, plum color, its lower margin whitish. D. IV, 14; A. 18. A prominent anal papilla. A low fold of skin extends from the ventrals along the median line of the belly to the anal papilla. Two slight furrows between the eyes, with two rows of papillae along their inner margins. Behind these furrows are naked spaces, little developed, but quite distinct. Nostrils surrounded by a row of papillae. The same stargazer was caught in Gravesend bay Oct. 24, 1894. It lived about a month in captivity and then was killed by the low temperature of the water. This stargazer inhabits the Atlantic coast of the United States from Long Island to Virginia, but is nowhere plentiful. It has been recorded from Gravesend bay, N. Y., Tompkinsville N. Y., Somers Point N. J.. Cape May N. J. and Norfolk Va. The species attains to the length of 12 inches. The changes through which the fish passes from youth to adult age are rather remarkable. Family BATRACHOIDIDAB Toadfishes Genus opsanus Rafinesque Body comparatively short and robust, scaleless; head large, depressed; jaws, vomer, and palatines each with a single series 4 of strong blunt teeth; mandible with an additional external Series at symphysis; teeth of upper jaw small; dentary bones forming an acute angle at symphysis; lips fleshy; upper angle of opercle with two diverging spines, more or less concealed in the skin; no poison glands; spinous dorsal of three stout, short spines, the second the longest; axil of pectoral with a large foramen; lateral line obscure, its pores not conspicuous; young with a series of small, tufted cirri on back and sides; branchi- ostegals six; vertebrae 12422. Shore fishes, mostly of tem- — perate regions; voracious creatures, living on the bottoms, feed- ing on mollusks and crustacea, and having great strength of — jaw. si FISHES OF NEW YORK 661 523 Opsanus tau (Linnaeus) Toadfish ; Oysterfish Gadus tau LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, I, 440, 1766, Carolina. Lophius bufo MiTcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 468, 1815, New York. Batrachus celatus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 170, pl. 50, fig. 161, 1842, New York. Batrachus tau CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XII, 478, 1837; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 168, pl. 28, fig. 86, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 167, 1861; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 105, pl. XIX, figs. 1,-2, 1867; GooprE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI. 11, 1879; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 185, 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 249. 1890. Body robust, naked, its depth about one fourth of the stand- ard length; depth of caudal peduncle one fourth length of head; head broad, its length about one third that of the body with head; mouth large; jaws strong, armed with blunt teeth; well developed teeth on vomer; long diameter of eye one third length of mandible; a broad flap above orbit; tip of maxillary, lower side of mandible, and margin of preopercle fringed with cirri; subopercle ending in a sharp spine; first dorsal small, placed over base of pectorals; second dorsal long, its base about one half of total length without caudal; pectorals broad, the width of their base equaling one half length of head. D. III, 26-28; A. 24. Color dark olive; under parts lighter; black markings on sides forming irregular bars; many pale or yellowish spots on body; soft dorsal, anal, pectoral, and caudal fins with light cross bands formed of light colored spots. In some parts of the south this species is known as the oysterfish, from its habit of living in dead oyster shells. The toadfish ranges on our east coast from Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico. The fish is said to grow to the length of 15 inches. It is a voracious species, feeding upon other fishes, and upon shell- fish, crabs and other crustacea, annelids, ete. On rocky bottoms it occurs under stones, and on sandy and muddy areas it frequents localities abounding in eelgrass. The toadfish lies in concealment for its prey, and darts out quickly to effect a capture. Its breeding season is during the summer 662 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM months. The habits are fully described by Storer in the Fishes of Massachusetts. The eggs adhere to stones in shallow water. By the end of August the young have reached a length of about one inch. The nest and young are guarded by the parent fish. The species is not an attractive one, and though the flesh is sweet and palatable it is rarely eaten. ‘To the fishermen this is one of the worst nuisances in our waters, since it is always ready to take the hook and swallow the bait intended for more useful fish. In Great South bay the toadfish was taken at the mouth of Swan creek and in Blue Point cove late in September. Young individuals were collected September 10 at the Bine Point Life- saving station. In 1898 the toadfish was again found abundantly in Great | South bay in August and September. They are distributed in all portions of the bay, except where the water is nearly fresh. In 1901 the eggs were found upon the point of hatching in the middle of July and in the month of August. On July 16, a lot of embryos measuring from 7; to 1% of an inch were ob- tained. The eggs adhere firmly to the bark of stakes, or the undersurface of sunken wood, stones, or any other heavy sub- stance which will answer the purpose of concealment. The toadfish is not present in Gravesend bay in the hot sum- mer months. Most of the individuals taken were caught in August, September and October. It is possible to keep it in captivity during the summer months by careful management, Jroup BLENNIOIDEL Blennylike Fishes Family BLENNUDAE Blennies Genus BLennrus (Artedi) Linnaeus Body oblong, compressed, naked; head short, the profile usually bluntly rounded; mouth small. horizontal, with a single series of long, slender, curved. close set teeth in each jaw, besides which, in the lower protractile; cil) openings wide, extending forward below, the jaw at least, is a rather short and— stout fanglike canine tooth on each side; premaxillaries not ee ee Ee a, Ma Aenacpre a FISHES OF NEW YORK 663 membranes free from the isthmus, or at least forming a broad fold across it. Dorsal fin entire, or more or less emarginate, the spines slender; pectorals moderate; ventrals well developed, I, 3; no pyloric caeca; lateral line developed anteriorly. Species - numerous, lurking under rocks and algae in most warm seas; some species in the lakes of northern Italy. The European Species in general are larger in size than ours, with higher fins. 324 Blennius fucorum (Cuy. & Val.) Seaweed Blenny Blennius fucorum CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XI, 263, pl. 324, 1886, 240 miles south of Azores; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 149, pl. 22, fig. 66, 1842, in seaweed, not far from New York coast; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 217, 1861; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 759, 1883; JorpAN & HEVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2879, 1898. Blennius oceanicus CUuVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit. 265, 1836, open At- La nitiGe2O Ne a Omi. The length of the body is five times the length of the head; orbital cirri nearly as long as head, bifid above, and with fringes at the base; dorsal fin slightly emarginate, free from the caudal, the spines rather stiff. Head very short and deep, its profile nearly vertical; 24 teeth in each jaw; both jaws with very strong canines. Gill membranes free from isthmus posteriorly. Eyes very large, one third as long as head. JD. XI, 17; ‘A. 18. Color olive green, becoming darker above, with numerous brown spots on cheeks and sides of body; below faintly reddish; dorsal with a large black spot in front, behind which are some smaller spots; spinous dorsal edged with paler. The seaweed blenny was obtained by De Kay ina voyage from Constantinople to New York in 1831. He met, the species swimming about seaweed not far from the coast of New York and made notes of it at the time, considering it as either a young individual of some larger species or undescribed. This specimen was not more than 14 inches long. The type of the species was taken south of the Azores. The coloration as stated by De Kay is as follows: “Soiled greenish, changing to brownish above, with numerous brown spots on the cheeks and side of the body; 664 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM throat and belly faintly rosaceous; iris bluish with reddish points radiating about the pupils.” ; The largest specimen recorded is 2} inches long. Genus cHasmMopDEs Cuy. & Val. Body oblong, compressed, naked; head triangular in profile, the snout somewhat pointed; mouth large, with lateral cleft, the maxillary usually, but not always, extending to beyond eye; premaxillaries not protractile; teeth in a single series, long and slender, comblike, confined to the front of each jaw; no canines; cirri very small or wanting; gill openings very small, their lower edge above the middle of the base of the pectorals; lateral line incomplete. Fins as in Blennius. American. The species with smaller mouth approach Hypsoblennius, which genus is not far separated from Chasmodes. 325 Chasmodes bosquianus (Lacépéde) Banded Blenny Blennius bosquianus LacErEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. Il, 493, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1800, South Carolina. Blennius pholis Mircui.y, Tr rans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1, 374; 1815. Chasmodes boscianus GUnruEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ELT; 229, Soir Chasmodes bosquianus CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. KI 235, pl. 327, 1836; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 151, pl. 24, fig. 73, 1842, New York Harbor; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 75t. 1883; JonDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2394, 1898. The depth of the body is contained three and one half times in its length which is three and one half times the length of the head. Orbital tentacle very minute or wanting; maxillary ex- tending to rather beyond eye; interocular Space very narrow, not concave. Dorsal fin not emarginate, the spines slender. Dorsal joined to base of caudal; anal free. D. XI, 195: Ay 20: Color (in 24) olive green, with about nine horizontal narrow biue lines, these somewhat irregular and interrupted, converg- ing backwards; opercular membrane and a broad stripe through middle of spinal dorsal deep orange yellow; anal fin dark, the rays with white membranaceous tips; 2 dark olive green, reticulated with narrow pale green lines, and with several broad dark bars, which are more distinct posteriorly; vertical fins FISHES OF NEW YORK 665 Similarly marked; head finely dotted with black; a dusky spot at base of caudal in both sexes. New York to Florida. Mitchill found a specimen of this little blenny in an oyster, and described it under the name Blennius pholis. Another specimen was sent to Cuvier from New York, and a specimen in the Lyceum in New York, described by De Kay, was obtained from New York harbor. This blenny is common south- ward in shallow water. It seldom exceeds the length of 34 inches. Family x1pHimipbaAre Rock Eels Genus PHOLIS (Gronow) Scopoli Body long and low, considerably compressed, somewhat band- shaped, the tail slowly tapering; head small, compressed, naked; mouth rather small, oblique; jaws with rather small teeth in narrow bands or single series; vomer and palatines usually toothless; gill membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; scales very small, smooth; no lateral line. Dorsal fin long and low, beginning near the head, composed entirely of stiff, sharp, Subequal spines; anal similar in form, of two spines and many, soft rays; caudal fin short and small, more or less joined to dorsal and anal; pectorals short, rather shorter than head; ven- trals very small, of one spine and a rudimentary ray; intestinal canal short, without caeca. Shore fishes of the Northern seas. 326 Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus) . Butterfish; Rock Eel Blennius gunnellus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 257, 1758, Atlantic Ocean. Centronotus gunnellus Buoch & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. 167, 1801; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 285, 1861. Ophidium mucronatum MircHitt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 249, pli 2, fig-t, 1815. Gunnellus mucronatus Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 153, pl. 12, fig. 36, 1842, New York Harbor; StorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 94, pl. XVII, fig. 2, 1867. Muraenoides gunnellus GoopE & BEAN. Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 11, 1879. Pholis gunnellus BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.. LX, 370, 1897; H. M. SmitH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2419, pl. CCCXLII, fig. 882, 1900. 666 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Body much compressed, elongate, its greatest depth equal to length of head and one eighth to one seventh of the total length without the caudal. Eye small, twice width of interorbital space, and one fifth length of head. Maxillary one third as long as head, reaching to below front of orbit. Teeth blunt, in a single row, not close set. Origin of dorsal immediately over the gill opening; the longest spine as long as the snout; the fin separ- ated from the caudal by a slight notch. Pectoral about one haif as long as head, reaching to below sixth spine of dorsal. Ven- tral minute. D. LXXVI to LXXXV; A. II, 38 to 44; V.-1-4; P, 12. Color grayish or brownish, with a series of oval vertical dusky rings on the sides; abdomen grayish white, tinged with yellow; dorsal fin gray, with about 14 black vertical distant stripes; pectorals and caudal yellow; anal fin greenish gray, with alternate darker stripes; iris white. : This fish reaches the length of 12 inches. It is found in the North Atlantic from Labrador south to Cape Cod and from Nor- way south to France. Dr Smith states that this rock eel or butterfish is abundant around the shores in the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. in Mareh and April, but is rare at other times. It may be taken in Vine- yard Sound with a dredge at almost any season at a depth of 4 or 5 fathoms. It occurs only on gravelly bottoms. The only individuals collected by myself were taken on the oyster beds at Eaton’s Neck in the fall of 1896. The species does not live long in captivity. On June 6, 1899, Captain H. E. Swezey obtained a few specimens of this species on the ocean beach at Water Island. Mitchill described the rock eel or butterfish (Ophidium mucronatum) in Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 249, pl. I fig. 1. De Kay says this fish “is frequently found among rocks b) along the seashore and in the mud. It swims with great rapid- ity although its usual habit is that of creeping slowly among rocks, in which it is probably assisted by its spiny ventrals. It abounds in Robyn’s reef, in the harbor of New York.” —S SS —- - - FISHES. OF NEW YORK . 667 Subfamily sricHAEINAE Genus unvaria Jordan & Evermann This genus is very close to Eumesogrammus, from which it differs in the absence of the lowermost or third lateral line, the median line being bifurcate. 327 Ulvaria subbifurcata (Storer) Radiated Shanny Pholis subbifurcatus STORER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 63, 1839, Nahant, Mass.; Hist. Fish. Mass. 92, 1867; De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 150, 1842. Eumesogrammus subbifurcatus GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 10, 1879; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 775, 1883. Ulwaria subbifurcata JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. & M. A. 475, 1896; Bull. 47, U..S. Nat. Mus. III, 2440, 1898, pl. CCCXLYV, fig. 842. . Body moderately compressed, fusiform, its greatest depth about one fifth of the length without caudal. Head moderately ~ large, nearly one fourth of total length without caudal; mouth large, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the eye, the jaws equal in front; eye large, a little longer than the snout, one fourth as long as the head. Dorsal origin at a distance from tip of snout equal to length of head; longest spines about in the middle of the fin two fifths as long as the head; first Spine two thirds as long as the eye. Caudal rounded, its middle rays one half as long as the head. Anal origin under the 14th Spine of the dorsal, the fin not extending to the caudal, its longest ray one third as long as the head. Pectoral ex- tending slightly past the vertical from the ninth spine of the dorsal, its length one sixth of total without caudal. Ventral in advance of dorsal origin, three eighths as long as head. Back somewhat arched; ventral outline nearly straight. Median lateral line forked over the pectoral, the upper branch extend- ing about as far back as the extended pectoral. Scales very small. Deane GAs 28)-to 303) V. 1,3; P. 14: “Color, above reddish brown. Opercle and preopercle yel- lowish. Light colored circular patches along the base of the dorsal fin; beneath the lateral line lighter. Abdomen yellowish 668 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM white. From beneath the eye, a broad black band, which is widest at its origin, crosses the opercle obliquely; two other. bands of the same color extend from behind the eye backward, in nearly a straight line, to a distance of from one to two lines. Numerous black spots on the dorsal fin [one of these extending from the fifth to the tenth spine]. Pectorals light, with darker shades. Anal fin with a dark colored margin. Caudal with small dusky spots,” sometimes forming about four narrow con- centric bars. The fish reaches the length of about 6 inches. This species is very rare in the North Atlantic, south to Cape Cod. Storer records the capture at Nahant Mass. in 1858. It has been taken by the U. 8. Fish Commission at Grand Manan and Halifax, and by Prof. Verrill off Anticosti. De Kay had not met with the species in New York waters and his descriptior is copied from that of Storer in his report upon Fishes of Massa- chusetts, page 63, 1839. De Kay called it the radiated shanny. Its occurrence in New York waters remains to be noted. Genus sricHaEus Reinhardt Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales; teeth — on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Lateral line present, single, running along side of back; pectorals and ventrals well devel- oped. Dorsal moderately high, of spines only; gill openings con- tinued forward below, the membranes scarcely united to the isthmus; pyloric caeca present. Arctic seas. 328 Stichaeus punctatus (Fabricius) Spotted Blenny Blennius punctatus Fasricius, Fauna Grinl. 153, 1780, Greenland. Clinus punctatus RIcHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer. III, 88, 1836. Gunnellus punctatus Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XI, 428, 1836. Stichaeus punctatus GuNTuER, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus. ITI, 283, 1861; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 775, 1888; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2489, 1898, pl. CCCXLV, fig. 841, 1900. Body compressed, tapering at both ends, moderately elongate, its greatest depth one sixth to one seventh of total length with- out caudal. Head two ninths of total length without caudal; FISHES OF NEW YORK 669 mouth moderate, the maxillary extending to below front of pupil, one third as long as head, the lower jaw slightly shorter than upper; eye small, one fifth as long as head; snout slightly longer than eye. Dorsal origin over top of gill opening; dorsal fin subcontinuous with the caudal,its longest spine two sevenths as long as the head. Caudal fin rounded in adult (emarginate in young), the middle rays two thirds as long as the head. Anal origin under 17th spine of dorsal, the fin well separated from the caudal, its longest ray one third as long as the head. Pectoral extending to below the 14th spine of the dorsal, its length one sixth of the total without caudal. Ventral nearly under dorsal origin, one third as long as the head. Back little arched; ventral outline also arched. Lateral line single, in the upper fourth of the hight of body, and ending about the middle of the total length including caudal. Scales small, but larger thanvin Wlvaria subbifurcata. D. XLVIII to.L; As areas V2 1o3 P. 15. Color bright scarlet, the cheeks with five or six small dark blotches; smaller dark blotches on opercle and interopercle; a dark streak from snout through eye and extending behind the eye; five roundish dark spots, about as long as the eye, each with a white band near its upper margin, on the dorsal fin at almost regular distances apart; the anal fin with eight to ten narrow oblique crossbars; caudal with about six narrow, con- centric, dark rings. This blenny inhabits the Arctic seas from Greenland to North Siberia, south to Bristol Bay and Cape Cod: Young individuals were found in considerable numbers in Plover bay, Siberia, and at Cape Lisburne, Alaska. The species grows to the length of about 7 inches. The young are so different in appearance from the adult that they have been described as the type of a distinct genus. The occurrence of the species in New York waters is very doubtful. Genus tumpeeEnus Reinhardt Body greatly elongate, moderately compressed, covered with small scales; lateral line indistinct or obsolete; head long; snout 670 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM short; no cirri; eyes large, placed high; mouth moderate, with a single row of rather small conic teeth on each jaw, palatine teeth present or absent; gill openings prolonged forward below, very narrowly united anteriorly to the isthmus, not forming a free fold across it; dorsal composed of numerous sharp, flex- ible, rather high spines; caudal fin long; anal many-rayed; pectorals large, more than one half length of head, the middle rays longest; ventrals well developed, jugular, I, 3 or I, 4; intes- tinal canal long; pyloric caeca present; no air bladder. Chietly herbiyorous. Northern seas. Subgenus LeprosLenntius Gill 329 Lumpenus lampetraeformis (Walbaum) Eel Blenny; Snakefish Blennius lampetraeformis WatBaum, Artedi Gen. Pise. III, 184, 1792; Iceland. Blennius serpentinus SrorER, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Ill, 30, 1848; Massachusetts Bay; Hist. Fish. Mass. 91, pl: XVII, fig. 1, 1867. Leptoblennius serpentinus GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. Mel, dO 80s Massachusetts Bay; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat Mus. 778, 1885. Stichaeus islandicus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, III, 281, 1861. Lumpenus lampetracformis CoLtterr, ,.Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 71, 1880; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 778, 1883; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 24388, pl. CCCXLIV, fig. 840, 1898. The depth of the body is one fifteenth of the length, which is nine times the length of the head. Head not large, its sides sparsely covered with small scales; eye as long as snout; maxil- lary reaching front of pupil; gill openings extending forward below for a distance less than length of snout; pectorals long, seven eighths length of head; ventrals moderate, two and two thirds in head. D. LX XV; A. 50; V. I, 38. Olive above with lighter cloudings; pale below; dorsal fin brownish, with broad, oblique, white bands; pectorals pale. The snakefish inhabits the North Atlantic and Arctic on both shores, ranging south to Sweden and Norway, east to Spitz- bergen; on our coast extending south to Cape Cod and perhaps Long Island. It is a common resident of the deep waters of Massachusetts bay, where it is a favorite food of the cod and | FISHES OF NEW YORK 671 halibut. The species grows to the length of 12 to 15 inches. Other names for it are eel blenny and snake blenny. No record of its occurrence in New York waters has yet appeared, but it may be found in moderate depths off Long Island. Family cryPTACANTHODIDAE Wrymouths Genus CRYPTACANTHODES Storer Body long and slender, compressed, naked, without lateral line; head cuboid, with vertical cheeks and conspicuous mucifer- ous cavities; eyes small, placed high; mouth large, very oblique, the very heavy lower jaw prominent in front; jaws, vomer, and palatines with stoutish conic teeth, in few series; gill openings prolonged forward below, narrowly attached to the isthmus; dorsal fin of stoutish spines, hidden in the skin; dorsal and anal joined to eaudal; pectorals short; ventrals wanting. 330 Cryptacanthodes maculatus Storer Ghostfish; Wrymouth Cryptacanthodes maculatus StoRER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 28, 1839; Hist. Fish. Mass. 34, pl. VIII, fig. 6, 1867; De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 63, pl. 18, fig. 50, 1842, from Massachusetts specimen; LINSLEY, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, XLVII, 60, 1844, Long Island Sound; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 291, 1861; Goopr & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 10, 1879; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 780, 1888; H. M. Smirn, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2443, 1898, IV, pl. CCCXILV, fig. 848, 1900. The depth of the body is one thirteenth of the length, which is six and one half times the length of the head. Eyes small, placed high, not so wide as interorbital space, which has two ridges and three pits; orbital rim raised; two deep pits behind eye at the temples, a deeper pit on top of head between them; a raised ridge continued backward on each side of head behind orbital rim; maxillary extending to beyond eye; pseudobranchiae small; pectorals short, three in head, their tips reaching beyond front of dorsal; vent a little in front of the middle of the body. DHX; A, 50: | Light brownish, with several series of smallish dark spots, arranged in more or less regular rows, from the head to the 672 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM base of the caudal; vertical fin closely spotted with darker; head above thickly. speckled; body sometimes (“inornatus ”) entirely immaculate. The wrymouth or ghostfish has been taken from Labrador to Long Island sound. It is recorded by Linsley in his catalogue of the Fishes of Connecticut. The species grows to a length of 24 inches or more. According to Dr Smith, it is very rare at Woods Hole Mass. A specimen from Woods Hole, now in the National Museum, was taken about 1875. Sep. 18, 1896, an individual 18 inches long was caught there in a fyke net set in Great harbor. In Massachusetts bay the fish is also rather rare. Storer, in his History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, 1867, mentioned seven specimens: one from Nahant, one from Dorchester, one from Provincetown, three from Massachusetts bay; the seventh was from a beach in Nova Scotia. The U.S. Fish Commission collected seven specimens on the coast of Mass- achusetts previous to 1879. There is an albino form of this fish, of which four individuals were known prior to 1879. One of these was obtained at Marblehead and another at Swampscott. Family ANARHICHADIDAE Wolf Fishes Genus anaruicuas (Artedi) Linnaeus ° Body moderately elongate, covered with rudimentary scales; head scaleless, without cirri, compressed, narrowed above, the profile strongly decurved; mouth wide, oblique; premaxillary not protractile; jaws with very strong conic canines anteriorly; lateral teeth of lower jaw either molars or with pointed tuber- cles; upper jaw without lateral teeth; vomer extremely thick and solid, with 2 series of coarse molar teeth; palatines with one or two similar series; gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; no lateral line; dorsal fin rather high, composed en- tirely of flexible spines which are enveloped in the skin; anal fin lower; caudal fin developed, free from dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pectoral fins broad, placed low; air bladder present; no pyloric caeca. Northern seas. FISHES OF NEW YORK 673 331 Anarhichas lupus Linnaeus Wolf Fish Anarhichas lupus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 247, 1758; H. M. Sir, Bull. U. 8S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; Jorpan & EverMAnn, Bull. 47. U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2446, 1898; IV, pl. CCCXLVII, fig. 846, 1900- Anarrhicas lupus Mircuitt, Am. Month. Mag. II, 242, February, 1818; STORER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 69, 1839; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 158 pl. 16, fig. 48, 1842. Anarrhichas lupus GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 11, 1879. Anarrhichas vomerinus STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 99, pl. XVIII, fig. 1, 1867. r The depth of the body is contained five and one half times in its length, which is six times the length of the head. Maxillary reaches beyond orbit; band of vomerine teeth extending much farther back than the short palatine band; pectorals large, rounded, two thirds length of head; dorsal high, beginning over the gill openings, its longest rays about half length of head. DX EL: A, AD. Brownish; sides with numerous (9-12) very dark transverse bars, which are continued on the dorsal fin, besides numerous dark spots and reticulations; fins dark; caudal tipped with reddish. This is the sea wolf of Mitchill, mentioned by him in the American Monthly Magazine, v. 2, p. 242. De Kay writes of the species as follows: The voracious.and savage character of this fish is manifest in the formidable array of teeth with which he is provided, and by his vicious and pugnacious propensities when first drawn from the water. .. He is known under the various popular names of cat, wolf fish, and sea cat. His ill-favored aspect causes him to be regarded with aversion by fishermen, but his flesh is by no means unsavory; when smoked it is said to have somewhat the flavor of salmon. He prefers rocky coasts and is said to spawn in May. Not unfrequently taken off. Rockaway beach, as I am informed, in company with the common cod. This I suppose to be the most extreme southerly limit yet observed. In high northern latitudes it is said to attain to the length of 6 and 8 feet. In the deep waters of Massachusetts bay it occurs frequently, approaching the shore, particularly in winter. In Vineyard sound it is quite rare and has been taken late in fall in traps 674 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and also on lines fished for cod. The range of the species is, in the north Atlantic, south to Cape Cod and France. It is rather common both in America and Europe. In Norway the skin of the fish is tanned and makes a very good leather. Group OPHIDIOIDEI Eelpouts | Family zOARCIDAE Genus zoarces Gill Body elongate, compressed, tapering posteriorly; head oblong, heavy, narrowed above, the profile decurved; mouth large; teeth strong, conic, bluntish, in two series in the front of each jaw and one series on the sides; teeth in outer series larger; no teeth on vomer or palatines; dorsal fin very long, low, some of its” posterior rays much lower than the others, developed as sharp spines; pectoral fins broad; ventrals jugular, of three or four soft rays; scales small, not imbricated, embedded in the skin; lateral line slender, lateral in position; size large; species vivi- parous. The American and Asiatic species (subgenus Macro- zoarces) differ from the European type of Zoarces (Cuvier) in the increased number of fin rays and vertebrae. In Zoarees viviparus (Linnaeus), the European eelpout, the — dorsal rays are about 100, the anal about 85, and the number — of vertebrae is proportionally diminished. Hoo 332 Zoarces anguillaris (Peck) Muttonfish; Ling; Belpout Blennius anguillaris Prox, Mem. Am, Ac. Sci. II, 46, figure, 1804, New ILampshire. Blennius ciliatus Mrrcnixy, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 374, pl. I, fig. 6, 1815. Blennius labrosus Mircni.1, op. cit. 375, DLL, figs TSS: ; Zoarces anguillaris Storer, Rep. Fish. Mass. 66,1839: Dm IKeAyY, Na we Fauna, Fishes, 155, pl. 16, fig. 45, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit, Mus. III, 296, 1861; Srorrr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 97, pl. XVII, fig. 4, 1867; Goope & Bran, Bull. Essex Inst. XT, 9, 1879; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 784, 1883; H. M. Swiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1G Bm 2457, 1898; IV, pl. Cc OXTLVIII, fig. 850, 1900. The depth of the body is one seventh of the length, which is | six times the length of the head. Maxillary reaching beyond — yf Heke, FISHES OF NEW YORK 675: orbit; pectoral long, about two thirds length of head; ventrals: one fifth head; highest ray of dorsal about equal to snout; the posterior spines about one third length of eye; first ray of dorsalabove preopercie.D..95, X VIII, 17; A. 105. Reddish brown, mottled with olive, the scales paler than the skin about them; dorsal fin marked with darker; a dark streak from eye across cheek and opercles; lower jaw included. _ This fish grows to the length of about 3 feet. De Kay noticed it most abundantly in the New York market in February and March. He states that it is caught on the coast in company with the common cod. It feeds on various marine shells and affords a very savory food.. At the time of his writing it was called by the fishermen ling and conger eel. De Kay employed for it the English name eelpout. Fishermen who go out for cod off Sandy Hook at the present time catch this fish in large numbers and know it under the name of muttonfish. The range _ of the fish is from Labrador to Delaware. It is rather common north of Cape Cod. Dr Smith says it is abundant in the fall off Gayhead and Cuttyhunk; it is caught while line fishing for cod on rock bottom and occasionally late in fall in Vineyard sound, off Great harbor, on lines baited for tautog. In Massa- chusetts bay it is a common resident of deep water, eo approaching the shore. Family oPHIDIDAE Genus rissoLa Jordan & Evermann This genus contains species agreeing with Ophidion in general characters, but with the air bladder short, broad, sphe- rical or kidney-shaped, with a posterior foramen. Species chiefly of the Mediterranean. 333 Rissola marginata (De Kay) Slippery Dick Ophidium marginatum DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 315, pl. 52, fig. 169, 1842, New York Harbor; Barrp, Ninth Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst. 351, 1855; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 792, 1883; Bran, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 135, 1888. Rissola marginata JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. & M. A. 483, 1896; Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2489, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLIII, fig. 868, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 370, 1897. 676 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ophidium barbatum Mircni11, ‘Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe, N. YP 15362; pie, fig. 2, 1815. ; De Kay writes of the species as follows: This very rare and curious species was taken in a seine in the harbor of New York in company with a school of the striped bass. It is doubtless the O. barbatum of my venerable friend, Dr Mitchill, which is too succinctly noted in the work cited above. . . It has so much the habit of some of the Gadidae, and more especially of the genus Brotula, that our fisher- men call it the little cusk. The fish inhabits. the coast of the United States from New York south to Pensacola and Texas. It is not very common. It grows to the length of about 10 inches. A specimen was taken in Great Egg Harbor bay during the winter of 1853-54, but collectors who have visited the region since have not found it again. In Gravesend bay, where the species is rare, an exam- ple was obtained Oct. 24, 1894. The fish is known there as Slippery Dick. Suborder CRANIOMI Family TRIGLIDAE Gurnards Genus prionotus Lacépéde Body subfusiform; profile of head descending to the bread, depressed snout, which is much longer than the small eye; eyes — close together, high up; surface of head entirely bony, the bones q rough with ridges and granulations; scales on head few or none; preopercle with one or two sharp spines at its angle; opercle with a sharp spine; nape with two strong spines, a spine on- shoulder girdle; mouth rather broad; bands of small, almost granular, teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; gill membranes © nearly separate, free from isthmus; gill rakers rather long; body covered with small, rough scales, which are not keeled; lateral line continuous; scales on breast very small; dorsal fins distinct, the first of 8 to 10 rather stout spines, the third usually 1 highest, but mostly shorter than head; anal fin similar to softs dorsal; pectoral fin with the three lower anterior rays thickened, | entirely free from each other and from the fin; ventrals I, 5, FISHES OF NEW YORK 677 wide apart, with a flat space between them, the inner rays longest; pyloric caeca in moderate number; air bladder generally with lateral muscles and divided into two lateral parts; ver- tebrae 10 or 11+15. Species numerous, all but one being Amer- ican. Representing in America the old world genus; Tr 1¢ Kan Some of them in deep water. They are well defined and easily recognized, but vary considerably with age, and are not easily thrown into subordinate groups. . . Young examples in most cases differ from the adults in the following respects, in addi- tion to those characters which usually distinguish young fishes. The spines on the head are sharper, more conspicuous, and more compressed in the young, and some spines, specially those on the side of the head, disappear entirely with age. The interorbital space is more concave in the young. The pectoral fins are algo much shorter. The gill rakers are longer in the young, and pro- portionately more slender, and some of the color markings— specially the darker cross shades the spots on body and fins are less so. are more conspicuous, while 334 Prionotus carolinus (Linnaeus) Sea Robin; Gurnard Trigla carolina LINNAEUS, Mantissa, 528. Trigla palnvipes MITcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 481, pl. LV, fig. 5, 1815, New York Harbor. Prionotus palmipes Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 18, pl. V, fig. 1, 1867; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 734, 1883; Goopr, Fish & Wish. Ind We sk. 255. pl. T1, 1884: Prionotus carolinus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VI, 90, 1829; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 46, pl. 5, fig. 15, 1842; GunTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 192, 1860; Bran; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. LX, 371, 1897; H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 2156, 1898; IV, pl. CCCXVILI, fig. 768, 1900. The depth of the body is one fifth of the length, which is three times the length of the head. Head comparatively smooth; pre- opercular spine strong; band of palatine teeth short and broad, shorter than eye; pectorals short, not reaching middle of second dorsal, two and one third in length; pectoral appendages strong, more or less dilated at their tips; ventrals long, reaching anal; 678 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ; j gill rakers rather short, about 10 below angle; maxillary three and one third in head. JP. X-13; A. 12; Lat. 1. .58. Brownish aboye, clouded with darker; throat and branchio- stegals dark; a distinct dark blotch above on membrane be- — tween fourth and fifth dorsal spines, this ocellated below; two longitudinal light streaks below dorsal blotch; second dorsal with oblique whitish streaks. . The sea robin, known also as the red-winged sea robin, com- mon gurnard, flying fish, butterfly fish, wingfish, grunter, and cuckoo fish, is very common on our east coast, its range extend- ing from the coast of Maine to South Carolina, chiefly north- ward. The name flying fish is applied to the species in Great Egg bay, N.J. This sea robin appears in Gravesend bay in May, and is caught in the shad fyke nets. It is the earliest of the sea robins to arrive. At Woods Hole Mass., accord- ing to Dr Smith, it appears in May or June and remains till October or later, and it is mere abundant than the striped sea robin. This fish grows to the length of about 1 foot. It is not a mar- ketable fish, and causes fishermen a great deal of annoyance by its wonderful yoracity, and yet its flesh is firm and white, and the species deserves a place among the food fishes. It feeds on crabs, shrimp and similar crustaceans, and occurs on clean bot- toms. This sea robin-begins to spawn at Woods Hole early in June. Its eggs are bright orange. The young are very common in Waquoit bay in summer, but are rather rare elsewhere. The young were found in Great South bay, at Point of Woods, and — both sides of Fire Island inlet in August and September. Adults are also found in large numbers at Fire Island and at other parts of Great South bay. This fish is taken in enormous numbers in pound nets in spring and summer. Curiously enough, De Kay refers to this as a very rare species. He says that in the course of eight years he has not met with more than six or eight individuals. One specimen which he examined, had its stomach filled with the remains of crabs. ! FISHES OF NEW YORK 679 335 Prionotus strigatus Cuv. & Val. Red-winged Sea Robin Trigla lineata Mitcuity, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 480, pl. IV, fig. 4, 1815; not Trigla lineata Biocn. Trigla strigata CuUviER, Régne Anim. ed. II, 2, 161, 1829, New York. Prionotus lineatus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 45, pl. 4, fig. 12, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus. II, 192, 1860. Prionotus evolans var. lineatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 736, 1883. Prionotus evolans GOODE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 255, pl. 71, 1884; not Trigla evolans LINNAEUS. Prionotus strigatus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 86, 1829; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 974, 1883; Bran, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 250, 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 371, 1897; H. M. Situ, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 2167, 1898. The length of the head is contained two and two thirds times in the length of the body, which is four and one half times the depth of the body. The length of the eye is contained two and one half times in the length of the snout. Gill rakers rather long and slender, 15 below angle; band of palatine teeth wide, shorter than eye; spines on head moderate in size, compressed, the one at upper posterior angle of orbit little developed; mem- branous edge of opercle scaly; ventral reaching to front of anal; pectoral reaching past middle of soft dorsal and anal, from one and seven eighths, to two and one fourth in length. D. X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. about 60. Olive brown above, mottled and spotted with blackish; whit- ish below; a narrow streak along the lateral line, with a broader one below it, which terminates behind in a series of spots and blotches; lower jaw and branchiostegal membranes sometimes bright orange yellow; pectorals blackish edged with olivaceous and orange, with numerous transverse dark lines; membrane of spinous dorsal with a black blotch between third and sixth spines; soft dorsal plain or with two black blotches at base; ventrals and anal orange; pectoral appendages slender, dusky. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras; common northward. Perhaps a distinct species but seeming to vary into P. evolans. 680 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The red-winged sea robin is distinguished from the striped sea robin by the following characters: pectoral with its rays each crossed by fine black bars, these specially distinct toward the base of the fin; free rays spotted; scales comparatively, small, 10+1+23 in a vertical line from last dorsal spine to vent; interorbital area broad and almost flat, its width a little more than length of eye; first dorsal spine granulated; second spine four elevenths length of head; pectorals about one half as long as body. In the striped sea robin the pectoral rays are ali plain black- ish; free rays plain dusky; scales 8+14+21 in a vertical line from last dorsal spine to vent; interorbital space more deeply con- eave, its width in adult not quite length of eye; first dorsal spine nearly smooth; second spine one third length of head; pectorals a little more than one half as long as body. This fish is found on our Atlantic coast from Cape Cod to Virginia. It is very common in shallow water and is extremely close to Prionotus evolans, of which it may be a geo- graphic variety. Drs Jordan and Evermann have not however seen examples intermediate between the striped sea robin and the red-winged species. This fish is the Prionotus line- atus of De Kay. De Kay distinguishes this fish, which he calls the banded gurnard, by the broad; reddish brown line along q the sides below the lateral line, as well as by other characters. He says it is not uncommon and is known under the various C, popular names, grunter, gurnard, sea robin and flying fish. He | states that the banded gurnard is seldom eaten as food. This is also the gurnard or sea robin, Trigla lineata, of Mitchill in the Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 480, pl. 4, fig. 4. 1815. The red-winged sea robin comes into Gravesend bay in May, but later than the common species. It was found more abun- dantly in Great South bay than the unstriped species. Indi- viduals were taken in Blue Point cove, and at Fire Island, late © in September. This fish grows larger than the other species = $$$ ae ee New York Fauna, Fishes. 1842. p. 45, pli 4, fig. 12. FISHES OF NEW YORK 681 and is much handsomer; the young are specially interesting on account of the great development of their pectoral fins. 336 Prionotus tribulus (Cuvier) Big-headed Sea Robin Trigla tribulus CUvIER, Régne Anim. ed. 2, II, 161, 1829, America. ; Prionotus tribulus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 98, pl. 74, 1829, New York; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes 48, pl. 70, fig. 226, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 195, 1860; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 735, 1883; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, ‘U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 2171; 1898. Pectorals rather short, not reaching end of dorsal, twice in length to base of caudal; pectoral appendages thick, tapering. Body robust. The depth is one fourth of the length of the body, which is two.and one half times the length of the head. Head shorter and broader, snout shorter, and bones more strongly striate than in P. evolans; interorbital space deeply con- cave; occipital and superorbital spines very strong and much compressed; band of palatine teeth as long as eye; gill rakers shortish, nine below angle; membranous edge of opercle scaly. D. X12; A;11; Lat. 1. about 50. Dark brown above, with darker blotches and numerous small, pale spots; belly pale; a black blotch at base of mandible; mem- brane of spinous dorsal, between the third and sixth spines, with a black blotch above; second dorsal with brownish spots, form- ing oblique bars, and with two dark blotches at base, the pos- terior blotch continued obliquely downward and forward to below the lateral line; pectoral olive brown, with dark cross- bars, which are more distinct toward the tip of the fin, its upper edge white, pectoral appendages with dark spots; basal half of caudal paler. This gurnard is very common on the south Atlantic coast and occasionally ranges northward to Long Island. It is well separated from the other sea robins of the Atlantic by the ereater development of the spines of the head. “The young have these spines much larger and more compressed than the adult, and in the very young three or four strong knifelike 682 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM af spines are developed on each side of the snout. In very young individuals the spine at the base of the preopercular spine is much larger than the latter.” De Kay obtains his deseription of this fish from Cuvier and Valenciennes, but he saw very small individuals which he at first confounded with the young of the ~ red-winged sea robin. Cuvier states that he received numerous specimens of the species from New York. De Kay mentions among the characteristics of the fish the long pectoral which ‘ reaches the end of the anal fin and acute spines of the head which are flattened like sword blades. As for colors he gives the following: “The first dorsal fin has a black spot between the fourth and sixth ray. The second with two black spots along its base; one from the fifth to the seventh, the other between the fourth and sixth rays; pectorals blackish, more spe- cially on the interior where the upper border is whitish. Body brownish above, lightish beneath.” Specimens 8 inches long are recorded. \ Genus rrieva (Artedi) Linnaeus This genus differs from Chelidonichthys, with which it agrees in the absence of palatine teeth, in having the sides of the body armed with transverse bony plates, crossing the lateral line. Species numerous; very abundant in the Mediterranean. Genus CHELIDONICHTHYS Kaup This genus differs from Prionotus chiefly in the absence of palatine teeth. The scales are much smaller, and the pec- toral fins less developed; a series of bony, spinous plates ex- tends along the base of the dorsal fin, a pair of them to each ray, the fin thus running in a shallow groove; there are no plates along the lateral line; caudal fin usually emarginate; lateral line usually forked at base of caudal, the branches running to tip of fin. The numerous species abound on the coasts of Eu- rope, Africa and India, ranging north to Japan. 337 Trigla cuculus Linnaeus Red Gurnard Trigla cuculus LINNAEUvS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 301, 1758; CuvizR & VALEN- CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 26, 1829; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 43, pl. 70, fig. 225, 1842; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 2177, 1898. ; FISHES OF NEW YORK 683 The depth of the body is one fifth of the length, which is three and one half times the length of the head. Rose-red; profile of snout rather steep, slightly concave; preorbital with short denti- culations; maxillary nearly reaching front of orbit; lateral line with a series of unarmed plates, which are deeper than long; first dorsal spine tuberculated; second longest, two thirds length of head; pectoral reaching past front of anal. D. IX—-18; A. 17; cartels Td. The red gurnard is a native of southern Europe. It is said by Cuvier to have been once brought from New York by Milbert, but this is a very doubtful record, as no collector has recently found any species of Trigla in American waters. De Kay did not see this fish on the coast of New York, and he copied his description from Cuvier and Valenciennes. De Kay states that Cuvier and Valenciennes mention having received “a spe- cimen from New York, which so much resembles the T. cucu- lus, not only in all its generalities but even in its most minute details, that it is very difficult for us not to consider it the same species; but, as our specimen was not recent, it may possibly present some distinct characters.” Family CEPHALACANTHIDAE Flying Gurnards Genus cepHaLacanruus Lacépede Body elongate, subquadrangular, tapering behind; head very blunt, quadrangular, its surface almost entirely bony; nasals, preorbitals, suborbitals, and bones of top of head united into a shield; nuchal part of shield on each side produced backward in a bony ridge, ending in a strong spine, which reaches past front of dorsal; interocular space deeply concave; preorbitals forming a projecting roof above the jaws; preopercle produced in a very long rough spine; cheeks and opercles with small scales; opercle smaller than eye; gill openings narrow, vertical, separated by a very broad, scaly isthmus; pseudobranchiae large; gill rakers minute; mouth small, lower jaw included; jaws with granular teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales 684 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pony, strongly keeled; two serrated, knifelike appendages at @ base of tail; first dorsal of four or five rather high flexible spines, ; the first one or two spines nearly free from the others; an immovable spine between the dorsals; anal and second dorsal short, of slender rays; caudal small, lunate; pectoral fins divided to the base into two parts, the anterior portion about as long as the head, of about six rays, closely connected; the posterior and larger portion more than twice length of head, reaching nearly to caudal in the adult, much shorter in the young; these rays very slender, simple, wide apart at tip; ventral rays I, 4, the long fins pointed, their bases close together, the inner rays shortest; air bladder with two lateral parts, each with a large muscle; pyloric caeca numerous; vertebrae 941322. Warm seas; the adult able to move in the air like the true flying fish, but for shorter distances. Two species known, one of them (Cc. spinarella) East Indian. 338 Cephalacanthus volitans (Linnaeus) Flying Gurnard; Flying Robin Trigla volitans LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 302, 1758. Polynemus sexradiatus Mircuiti, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, pl. IV, fig. 10, 1815; Am. Month. Mag. II, 323, March, 1818. Dactylopterus volitans Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 117, 1829: Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 49, pl. 17, fig. 46; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. I], 221, 1860. Cephalacanthus volitans BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C. VII, 1386, 1888; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat., Hist. IX, 371, 1897; H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorpAN & EVvERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. II, 2183, 1898; IV, pl. CCCXXIII, fig. 778, 1900. Body elongate, subquadrangular, tapering to caudal, its depth about one sixth of total length; profile blunt, the head being quadrangular in shape; mouth rather small, the lower jaw in- cluded; granular teeth in jaws; no teeth on vomer and pala- tines; eye large, its diameter being contained about three and one half times in length of head; bones of top of head, pre- orbitals, and suborbitals, forming a shield, the nuchal part on each side being produced backward in a bony ridge and ending in a strong spine which reaches to the fourth or fifth dorsal Spine; another spine extends backward from the preopercle past ventrals; pectorals in adults reaching almost to caudal, . FISHES OF NEW YORK 685 shorter in the young; the first dorsal originates over the ven- trals, its longest spine is equal in length to the distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of orbit; the second dorsal rays are slightly longer; anal base shorter than either dorsal base, equal to base of first six rays of second dorsal; caudal emarginate; ventrals as long as head. D. II-V, 8; A. 6. Color of varying shades of greenish, olive, and reddish brown on upper parts of body, paler underneath; irregular markings of dusky and vermilion, varying to salmon yellow; pectorals with bright blue streaks near base, and blue spots and bars toward the tip, their under sides glaucous blue edged with darker; three brownish red bars on caudal fin. The flying gurnard is found in the Atlantic ocean on both coasts. It is very abundant on our south Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. It ranges as far north as Cape Cod. Several specimens were obtained in Great Egg Harbor bay in August and September 1887. Their lengths were respectively 24, 64 and 7;> inches. In Gravesend bay, L. I., this is an uncom- mon species. An individual was taken there Oct. 30, 1897. Dr Smith says that a few are taken every year late in the fall in the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. They sometimes come ashore in Buzzards bay and Vineyard sound, benumbed by cold. They are not so abundant now as they were prior to 1887. Mitchill described and figured the fish in 1815 under the name Polyne- mus sexradiatus. De Kay calls it the sea swallow and has the following notes on it: Dr Mitchill, in his memoir on the Fishes of New York in 1814 (1815), gave a good figure of this species; and in his supplement to this memoir in the American Monthly Magazine in 1818 fur- nished a detailed description which sufficiently establishes its identity with D. volitans... The subject of our examina- tion was caught in a net in the harbor in the month of August. If our species be identical with that of Europe, it has a wide geographical distribution. On the American coast it ranges from Brazil to Newfoundland. By means of its immense pec- torals, it is enabled to spring from the ocean and support itself for some time in the air. This is often done to protect itself from its enemies. It feeds on various small crustacea. 686 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Suborder DISCOCEPHALI Family ECHENEIDIDAE Remoras Genus EcHENE!sS (Artedi) Linnaeus a Body comparatively elongate, the vertebrae 14416=30; disk long, of 20 to 28 laminae; pectoral pointed, its rays soft and flexible; soft dorsal and anal long, of 30 to 41 rays each; caudal lunate in the adult, convex in the young. Species of wide dis- tribution, attaching themselves mainly to sea turtles and large fishes. . 339 Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus Sharksucker ; Sucking Fish Eecheneis neucrates (misprint for naucrates) LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 261, 1758. Pcheneis naucrates MitcHILu, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. NPY 1, otis oloe DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 308, 1842; GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, II, 384, 1860; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 416, 1883; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 371, 1897; H. M. Smrrx, Bull. U. 8. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U.S. Nat. Mus. III, 2269, 1898; IV, pl. COCX XIX, fig. 796, 1900. Echeneis albacauda MitcuitL, Am. Month. Mag. II, 244, February, 1818. Echeneis albicauda DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 307, pl. 54, fig. 177, 1842; Long Island; Hudson River. Body elongate, subterete, slender. The length of the body is five and one half times the length of the head. The disk is con- tained three and two thirds times in the length of the body, which is about seven and one half times the width between the pectorals; disk long. Dorsal and anal fins longer than the disk; inner rays of ventral fin narrowly adnate to the abdomen; caudal becoming emarginate with age. Vertebrae 14416. Vertical fins low; pectorals three fourths length of head, rather long and acute; lower jaw projecting, with the tip flexible; maxillary barely reaching vertical from nostril. D. XXI to XXV-32 to 41; A. 34 (32-38). Brownish; the belly dark like the back, as usual in this family; sides with a broad stripe of darker edged with whitish, extending through eye to snout; caudal black, its outer angle whitish; pectorals and ventrals black, sometimes bordered with pale; dorsal and anal broadly edged with white anteriorly. FISHES OF NEW YORK . 687 The sharksucker or sucking fish is also known as the remora. It inhabits all warm seas, ranging north to Cape Cod and San Francisco. De Kay describes this species under the name of the white-tailed remora, and the Indian remora. He figures the species on pl. 54, fig. 177, of his New York Fauna. He says it is not uncommon on the coast of Long Island, and has been several times brought to him by those who took it in ordinary seines. He states that it is called sharksucker. He saw a specimen which had ascended a considerable distance up the Hudson river. He states further that it appears most commonly in July and August. In Mitchill’s account of the fishes of New York, an individual measuring 31 inches in length, and weighing 4 pounds 10 ounces is mentioned. In Gravesend bay the species is found in summer only attached to sharks, usually the sand shark, Carcharias littoralis. An individual obtained there July 28, 1897, lived and fed till November 13, when it ceased feed- | ing, and Noy. 23 it died because of the low temperature of the water. In captivity the fish usually remains stationary on the bottom, with the head and anterior part of the body slightly raised, but will often rise to the surface to take pieces of clam or fish from the hand. At Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, the fish is not uncommon. An example 21 inches long was caught at West Fal- mouth July 16, 1897, on a hook baited with fresh clam. In August 1901 an individual of medium size was caught with a hook on the Cinders, Fire Island, by an angler. This was the only specimen seen during the summer. 240 Echeneis naucrateoides Zuiew. Pilot Sucker Echeneis naucrateoides Zurew, Nova Acta Ac. Sci. Imp. Petropol. IV, 279, 1789; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 20, 1879; H. M. Smita, Bull. U. §. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorpDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2270, 1898. Echeneis holbrooki GuNvHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 3882, 1860. The form of the body is similar to that of the sharksucker; its depth forms ;; of the total length. The length of the head is one fifth of the total. The cephalic disk is very long, nearly 688 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one fourth of the total, and equal to twice the width of the body between the pectorals. The number of laminae is 20 or 21, and they are far apart. The radial formula, D. XX or XXI-32 to 35; A. 33 to 35. : The color is the same as in the sharksucker. This species ranges from Cape Cod to the West Indies. It is common on our south Atlantic coast. An individual was recorded by Prof. Baird at Woods Hole Mass. in 1871, and a number of specimens were taken during the next 10 years. According to Dr Smith, however, it has not recently been collected there. Genus REmMoRA Gill Body rather robust, the vertebrae 12+15=27; disk shortish, of 13 to 18 laminae; pectoral rounded, its rays soft and flexible; soft dorsal and anal moderate, of 20 to 30 rays; caudal subtrun- cate. Species attaching themselves to large fishes, specially to sharks. 341 Remora remora (Linnaeus) Remora Echeneis remora LINNAEws, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 260, 1758: MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 378, 1815; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 309, 1842; GunTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 378, 1860; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 417, 1883. Remora jacobaea GoopE & BEAN, Bull, Essex Inst. XI, 21, 1879. 4vemora remorad JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. A. 490, 1896; H. M. Suiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, iv6, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2271, 1898. Body and tail comparatively robust, the latter compressed. The length of the body is four times the length of the head, two and three fourths times the length of the disk and five and one fourth times the width between pectorals. Pectoral fin rounded, Short, and broad, the rays soft and flexible; ventral fins adnate to the abdomen for more than half the iene of their inner edge. Tip of lower jaw not produced into a flap. Wertebrae 12+15. — Head broad and depressed; disk longer than the dorsal or anal : fin; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit; caudal lunate; vertical fins rather high; pectoral three fifths length of head. D. 9 XVITI-28; A. 25. Uniform dark brown. Warm seas, north to New York and San Francisco; usually found attached to large sharks. % FISHES OF NEW YORK 689 In 1815, Mitchill described this species under the name of small oceanic sucker. De Kay did not see the fish but obtained his information from the writings of Mitchill and Schoeff. He states that Schoeff saw this remora taken from the bottoms of _vessels in the harbor of New York. At Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, the remora is rare. It was reported by Prof. Baird in 1871, and the specimen in the collection at that place was taken in July. It is usually found attached to large sharks. In 1879 Messrs Goode and Bean found in the museum of the Essex Institute, at Salem Mass. a specimen which was reported to have come from Salem harbor. If it really was obtained in that locality, it must have been attached to the bottom of some vessel from a southern port. 342 Remora brachyptera (Lowe) Swordfish Sucker Echeneis brachyptera Lows, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 89, 1839, Madeira; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 378, 1860; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 417, 1883. Echeneis quatuordecimlaminatus StToRER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 155, 1839; De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 309, 1842 (extralimital); SrorEr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 212, pl. XXXII, fig. 4, 1867. Remoropsis brachypterus GiLu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 60, 1864. Remoropsis brachyptera GooDE & BEAN, Bull. Hssex Inst. XI, 21, 1879. Remora brachyptera JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. A. 490, 1896; H. M. Situ, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S..Nat. Mus. III, 2272, 1898; IV, pl. CCCXXX, fig.- 797 797a, 1900. The length of the head is contained nearly four times in the length of the body, which is six and one half times the width between the pectorals. Body robust, the greatest depth nearly twice the length of the short pectoral fins; disk shorter than base of dorsal, rather broad; upper jaw angular; caudal nearly trun- eate. D. XVI-80; A. 26. Light brown, darker below; fins paler. The swordfish sucker is an inhabitant of warm seas, ranging northward to Cape Cod, and to Japan. It is a small species and has usually been found attached to the swordfish. Dr Storer, in his Report on the Fishes of Massachusetts, 1839, recorded a speci- men from Holmes Hole, Marthas Vineyard. At Woods Hole t 690 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mass. this sucker is rare. There is in the U.S. National Museum en individual from that locality. Storer again describes the species in his History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, 1867, and gives a figure of it. De Kay refers to this description on page 309 of his New York Fauna. He regards this fish as one of the 4 extralimital species. Goode and Bean in 1879 recorded it as a parasite of the swordfish, which not infrequently accompanies : that species into Massachusetts bay. They had also seen spéci- mens from Newfoundland. Genus RHOmMBOocHTIRUS Gill This genus agrees with Remora in every respect excepting the structure of the pectoral fins. These are short and broad, rhom- bic in outline, the rays all flat, broad and stiff, being partially ossified, though showing the usual articulations; upper rays of pectoral broader than the others. One species known. 343 Rhombochirus osteochir (Cuvier) Spearfish Sucker Echeneis osteochir CuviER, Régne Anim. ed. 2, II, 348, 1829; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. II, 381, 1860; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 418, 1883. Rhombochirus osteochir JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. A. 490, 1896; H. M. Smiry, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 106, 1898; JorpAN & EVER- MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2278, 1898; IV, pl. CCCXXX, fig. 798, 1900. The length of the body is four and two thirds times the length of the head, two and one fourth times the length of the disk and five times the width between the pectorals; mouth very small, maxillary not reaching to the line of orbit; disk very large, broader and rougher than in Echeneis remora, extending — forward beyond tip of snout; caudal fin emarginate, with rounded angles. D. XVIII-21 to 23; A. 20; P. 20. Light brown; under side of head, ventral line, part of ventrals and a spot on pectorals pale. This small species inhabits the West Indies and ranges north- 4 ward occasionally to Cape Cod. It is parasitic on the species — of spearfish, and is rather rare. It was recorded at Woods Hole Mass. by Prof. Baird in 1871. According to Dr Smith, a speci- men was taken Aug. 6, 1886, in a fish trap at Quissett harbor, | near Woods Hole. \ FISHES OF NEW YORK 691 Suborder ANACANTHINI Jugular Fishes Family MERLUCHDAE Whitings Genus meRLuUcIUs Rafinesque Body elongate, covered with small, deciduous scales; head slender, conic, the snout long, depressed; a well-defined, oblong, triangular excavation at the forehead, bounded by the ridges on the separated frontal bones, these ridges converging back- ward into the low occipital crest; eye rather large; edge of preopercle free; preopercle with a channel behind its crest, crossed by short radiating ridges; mouth large, oblique; maxil- lary extending to opposite the eye; lower jaw longer; no barbels; jaws with slender teeth, of various sizes, in about two series, those of the inner row longer and movable; vomer with similar teeth; palatines toothless; branchiostegals seven; gill rakers long; gill membranes not united; dorsal fins two, well separated, the first short, the second long, with a deep emargination; anal emarginate, similar to second dorsal; ventral fins well developed, with about seven rays; vertebrae peculiarly modified, the neural spines well developed and wedged into one another; frontal bone double and the skull otherwise peculiar in several respects. Species several, very similar in appearance, ill-favored fishes of soft flesh and fragile fins, inhabiting water of some depth. Large, voracious, little valued as food. 344 Merlucius bilinearis (Mitchill) Whiting; Silver Hake Stomodon Bilinearis MircuiLy, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 7, 1814. Gadus merlucius MircHiLy, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 871, 1815. Gadus albidus MircuiLt, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 409, 1817. Merlucius albidus DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes 280, pl. 46, fig. 148, 1842; SroreER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 185, pl. XXVIII, fig. 2, 1867. bie bilinearis GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 9, 1879; JorDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 809, 1888; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 249, pl. IV, fig. 5, 1890; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 386, fig. 330, 1896; H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 107, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2530, 1898; Bran, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 109, 1900. 692 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The length of the body is six and one half times the depth of _ the body and three and three fourths times the length of the head. Top of head with W-shaped ridges very conspicuous; eye shorter than snout and less than interorbital in width; maxillary reaching posterior border of pupil; teeth not very large, smaller than in M. smiridus; scales larger than in other species; pectorals and ventrals long, the latter reaching three fourths distance to vent, their length being three fifths that of the head. D. 13-41; A. 40; Lat. 1. 100-110. Grayish, darker above, dull silvery below; axil and edge of pectoral somewhat blackish; inside of opercle dusky silvery; © inside of mouth dusky bluish; peritoneum nearly black. The whiting is known by the additional names of hake and Silver hake. Mitchill describes it as the hake, Gadus mer- lucius. He states that it is caught with the other cod. De Kay called it the American hake. He styles it a rare fish in the waters of New York, and, when caught, always associated with the common cod. The specimen described by De Kay was taken in November off Sandy Hook. In his New York Fauna, he mentions Mitchill’s description of a specimen which measured 21 inches in length. The whiting ranges from Labrador to Virginia. Young ex- amples have been found even farther south in very deep water. This fish occurs in Gravesend bay in spring and fall. In Great South bay no individuals were seen by the writer during the sum- mer, but an individual was obtained late in the fall by Capt. Thurber. Oct. 28, 1898, several examples were received from the Atlantic, off Southampton. According to Dr Smith, the species is abundant every fall at | Woods Hole Mass. and some years it is common in summer. The fish swims close to the shore, and is caught in considerable num- bers at Buzzard’s bay at night with spears. Large individuals weighing 5 or 6 pounds are caught in traps. The young measur- ing 24 to 8 inches long, are seined in the fall about Woods Hole. The names in use for the fish in that locality are silver hake, Whiting, and frostfish. In Massachusetts bay the whiting is a FISHES OF NEW YORK 693 frequent visitor to the shores and is probably a resident of the . middle depths. The'young are frequently trawled in deep water. Family GApIDAE Codfishes Genus PpoLuacurius Nilsson Body rather elongate, covered with minute scales; mouth moderate or large, the lower jaw projecting; barbel very small or obsolete; villiform teeth on vomer, none on palatines; teeth in jaws equal or the outer slightly enlarged; gill membranes more or less united; subopercle and postclavicle not enlarged and not ivorylike; dorsal fins three; anal two; caudal lunate; vent under first dorsal. Large fishes of the northern seas. 345 Pollachius virens (Linnaeus) Pollack Gadus virens LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 258, 1758. Gadus purpureus MITcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 370, 1815. Merlangus purpureus STORER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 130, 1839; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 286, pl. 45, fig. 147, 1842; StorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 180, pl. XX VII, fig. 3, 1867. Merlangus carbonarius StoRER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 129, 1839; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 287, pl. 45, fig. 144, 1842. Merlangus leptocephalus DE KAy, op. cit. 288, pl. 45, fig. 146, Long Island. Pollachius carbonarius GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 8, 1879. Pollachius virens JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. A. 493, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 371, 1897; H. M. Smiry, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897; 107, 1898; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2534, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLIX, fig. 886, 1900. The length of the body is four and one fourth times the depth of the body and four times the length of the head. Body rather elongate, compressed; snout sharp and conic; mouth rather small, oblique; maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit; lower jaw slightly the longer; teeth in upper jaw nearly equal, the outer series not specially enlarged; barbel rudimentary or obso- lete; gill membranes considerably united, free from isthmus; vent under first dorsal; caudal fin lunate; pectorals short, scarcely reaching anal; ventrals short. D. 13-22-20; A. 25-20; Lat. 1. about 150; vertebrae 54. Greenish brown above; sides and below somewhat silvery; lateral line pale; fins mostly pale; sometimes a black spot on the ‘axil. 694 : NEW YORK STATE‘ MUSEUM The pollack is a native of the north Atlantic. It is common northward on both coasts, and extends south to France and New Jersey. Mitchill described the fish under the name of the New York pollack. De Kay mentions it under several names: the New York pollack, the coalfish, and the green pollack. De Kay says the fish is taken with the common cod, but is by no means common on the coast of New York. He saw a specimen weigh- ing 17 pounds, and measuring 38 inches in length. In another description he states that the coalfish is often taken off the harbor of New York in company with the cod, and is known as pollack and black pollack. The third form under which the fish was known to De Kay was described by him from a specimen captured by hook out of a large school in Long Island sound. The pollack enters Gravesend bay in the fall. In captivity it is a ravenous feeder. It requires cold water and will not endure high temperatures. De Kay states that the fish flipped in the same manner as the menhaden, and was at first supposed to be of that species. The school seemed to be very timid; for, on a very slight noise in the boat, they all disappeared. Dr Smith states that adult pollack appear in Vineyard sound, Great harbor, Woods Hole Mass.in May, following the run of cod. They depart when the temperature of the water reaches 60° or 65°. In April there is a run of pollack, measuring from 1 to 1} inches long. By June, when these fish leave, they have reached 5 a length of 4 inches. In fall there is a small run of pollack 7 | or 8 inches long. The average weight of adults in that locality is about 10 pounds, the largest one seined having weighed 14 — pounds. In Massachusetts bay this is an extremely abundant species, and constitutes an important food resource. Genus mrcroGapus Gill Very small codfishes allied to Gadus, but with the vent — placed before the second dorsal and with a different structure of the cranium. The following is Prof. Gill’s account of the skullof Microgadus proximus, the italicised part indi- § cating the difference from Gadus. FISHES OF NEW YORK 695 The cranium is proportionally broader toward the front and less flattened, while the brain case is flattened below, decidedly swollen on each side of a depressed sphenoidal groove, and has an ovate cardiform shape; the paraeccipital or epiotic is not produced into an angle behind, but is obtusely rounded, and its posterior or outwardly descending ridge blunt; the opisthotie is well developed, oblong, and with its reentering angle high wp, and, on a line with it, the surface is divided into two parts—a narrow and flattened one, and a lower, expanded one, much swollen; the alisphenoid or prootic is oblong, acutely emarginate in front, swollen from the region of the high anterior sinus, and above a little produced forward; the great frontal is a little longer than broad, with supraoccipital crest continued forward on the bone, and near the front expanded upward, and with the expanded portion behind dividing into narrow lateral wings; the lateral testiform ridges of the frontal are continued forward and curved outward toward the antero-lateral angles; the ante- rior frontals are mostly covered in front by the great frontal, and are much developed in the direction of the antero-lateral angles, the inferior expanded axillary portion being very nar- row; the nasal has a rounded ridge in front, continued well below, and its posterior crest is Jaminar and trenchant. Species American; valued as food. 346 Microgadus tomeod (\Walbaum) Tomcod; Frostfish Gadus tomcod WALBAUM, Art. Gen. Pisce. III, 1335, 1792. Gadus tomeodus MircuHity, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 368, 1815; STorER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 126, 1839; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. TV, 331, 1862. Gadus pruinosus Mrrcutti, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 4, 1814. Morrhua pruinosa. DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 278, pl. 44, fig. 142, 1842; STorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 179, pl. X XVII, fig. 5, 1867. Microgadus tomcodus Goopr & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 8, 1879; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 248, pl. III, fig. 3, 1890. Microgadus tomcod JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 806, 1883; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 371, 1897; MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. X, 322, 1898; EucEnE Smirxu, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 1897, 40, 1898; H. M. Surru, Bull. U. S..F. C. 1897, 107, 1898; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U: S. Nat. Mus. III, 2540, 1898; IV, pl. OCCLX, fig. 890, 1900; Bean, 52d Ann. Rep: N. Y. State Mus. 109, 1900. 696 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Body subfusiform, moderately robust, its depth slightly less than length of head or about one fifth of the total length; depth of caudal peduncle contained three and one half times in greatest depth of body; snout rounded, the distance from eye to tip of snout twice diameter of eye, the latter being contained five and one half times in length of head; length of maxillary contained two and three fifths times in length of head; mandible much shorter ; mandibulary barbel well developed; first dorsal ray inserted over middle of length of pectorals, the distance of this ray from tip of snout being about equal to its distance from end of second dorsal base,’ the length of the latter being equal to the distance from first dorsal ray to first ray of second dorsal; length of third dorsal base equal to that of second anal, these fins being opposite each other; first anal opposite second dorsal, its base slightly longer; length of pectoral equals base of third — dorsal; ventral filamentous, longer than pectoral. ist D. 13-15; 2d D, 15-19; 3d D. 16-18; 1st A. 18-20; 2d A. 16-20. Color olive brown with reticulations and blotches of darker; sides and back profusely covered with dark punctulations; under parts lighter; dorsal, caudal and anal fins with dark blotches; — pectorals and ventrals dusky. This fish is very generally known in New York waters under the name of frostfish. It ranges from Nova Scotia to Virginia, and is excessively common in shallow bays in cold weather. The name frostfish is derived from the fact that it appears after frosts have set in. ‘The species ascends fresh-water rivers far — above the limits of tide, and may be transferred suddenly from | salt water to fresh without inconvenience. It spawns in the — early part of winter, and is present at this time in such large ¥ numbers as to make its capture with dip nets comparatively § easy. The frostfish is the commonest member of the cod family } in New York waters. Its size is small, but, from the fact that it occurs in such abundance, it is an important market species. It — is subject to great variations in color; Dr Mitchill enumerates — among its varieties five forms: the brown, yellow, yellowish white, mixed tomeod and the frostfish. De Kay has published — FISHES OF NEW YORK 697 the statement that he has known the frostfish to be taken out of — the water along the shores of Long Island in great numbers with a common garden hoe. He was informed that the species occasionally ascends the Hudson as far as Albany. In Great South bay we found large numbers of tomcod, which were coy- ered with a lernaean parasite. The same thing has been observed frequently at Woods Hole Mass. and other northern localities. We found the species in nearly all parts of the bay late in September in moderate numbers, and more plentiful at Fire Island October 1. July 29, 1898, a few young tomcod were seined in Peconic bay, near Southampton. In Gravesend bay the fish is a fall and winter visitor. It does not live in captivity in summer. Dr Mearns has found this fish in the Hudson river, where it is usu- ally called frostfish by the fishermen, who catch many of them in their fyke and ice nets during fall and winter. It bites read- ily and is esteemed as an article of food. Dr Mearns has found it during the entire year, and in August has found young tomcod fully an inch or two in length. He states that this fish is very often found in eel grass along shore, half dead, floating on the surface, but able to swim a little. Mr Eugene Smith says that the tomcod runs up stream into nearly pure fresh water in the vicinity of New York city. At Woods Hole Mass. it is abundant in winter, coming about October 1 and remaining till May 1. It spawns in December. In Massachusetts it is a resident species, entering brackish waters; it is common about the wharyes and bridges in summer and is taken with nets and hooks in winter, in company with the smelt. The tomcod reaches the length of about 10 inches. It is an important food fish and its eggs have been hatched artificially by the New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission in large | numbers. Genus gapus (Artedi) Linnaeus Body moderately elongate, compressed and tapering behind; scales very small; lateral line present, pale; head narrowed an- teriorly; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching past front of 698 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM eye; chin with a barbel; teeth in jaws cardiform, subequal; vyomer with teeth; none on the palatines; cranium without the expanded crests seen in Melanogrammtus; no part of the skeleton expanded and ivorylike; dorsal fins three, well sepa- rated; anal fins two; ventral fins well developed, of about 7 rays. Species of the northern seas; highly valued as food. 347 Gadus morrhua Linnaeus Cod Gadus callarias LINNAEUvS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 252, 1758, young; -Mrrcuinn, Rep. Fish. N.Y. 5, 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc: N: 2. E367, 1815: JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 804, 1883: HH. M. Smurru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 107, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull: 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2541, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXI, fig. 891, 1900; SuERwoop & Epwarpbs, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1901, 30, 1901. Gadus arenosus and rupestris M1vcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 368, 1815. Morrhua americana Srorer, Rep. Fish. Mass. 120, 1889; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 274, pl. 44, fig. 140, 1842. Morrhua americanus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 165, pl. XX VII, ‘fig. 4, 1867. Gadus morhua LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 252, 1758; MiTcHinn, Rep. Bish Ne YC'6 Sie Gadus morrhua GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 328, 1862; Goopr & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 8, 1879; Oceanic Ichth. 354, 1896; BRAN. Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist. IX, 372, 1897. sody elongate, robust, its greatest depth one fourth of length to end of vertebral column, tapering to caudal, the depth of the peduncle being less than one fourth of greatest depth of body; the length of the head slightly more than depth of body, one fourth of total length; eye one fifth length of head; maxillary longer than snout, reaching vertical through eye, and contained two and one half times in length of head; teeth moderately strong, in bands; the first dorsal originates behind vertical from base of pectorals, its base equal to length of eye and snout; second dorsal base much longer than first, four fifths length of head; third dorsal and second anal fins Similar, their bases of equal length; first anal base almost equal to second dorsal base; candal emarginate; pectorals and ventrals comparatively small. D. 14, 21, 19: A. 20, 18. Color olive or yellowish brown; numerous dark brown spots on body; fins dark, | FISHES OF NEW YORK 699 The cod is an inhabitant of the north Atlantic and the north Pacific. It is a very important food fish and grows to a large size. Individuals weighing about 100 pounds have occasionally been taken. Mitchill has described this fish under several ' -names: the torsh, or common cod, or rock cod of New York. De Kay calls it the American cod. In November 1897 the cod was abundant in Gravesend bay. It thrives in captivity during the winter and spring, but can not be kept during the warm months without cooling the water. In Vineyard sound, accord- ing to Dr Smith, the cod appear about April 1 to about April 15, when the dogfish drive them away. After the middle of October the cod come again but in less numbers than in the spring, remaining till the first wintry weather. The fish spawns during the late fall and winter. The young are first observed at Woods Hole about the first of April, when fish about 1 inch long are seined. Most of the young leave by June 15, having attained a length of from 3 to 4 inches. No cod are seen between small fish of that size and fish weighing from 14 to 2 pounds, which are caught in traps in the spring. Off the coast of New England cod are very abundant in the deep waters, and they come up to the shoals and near the shores to spawn, from November about Cape Ann till February on Georges banks. Genus MELANOGRAMMUS Gill This genus is distinguished from Gadus_ by its smaller mouth, the produced first dorsal fin, black lateral line, and spe- cially by the great enlargement of the hypocoracoid, which is dense and ivorylike. The lateral line is always black, and the supraoccipital and other crests on the head are largely devel- oped. Food fishes of large size. 348 Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus) Haddock Gadus aeglefinus LiNNAEws, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 251, 1758; Mircni.t, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 370, 1815. Morrhua aeglefinus StorreR, Rep. Fish. Mass. 124, 1889; DE TSP ANY) VIN kee Fauna, Fishes, 279, pl. 48, fig. 188, 1842; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 177, pl. XXVIII, fig. 1, 1867. 700 NEW YRK STATE MUSEUM Melanogrammus aeglefinus GiLtProe, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 280, 1862; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Ins/XI, 8, 1879; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 803, 1888GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 854, 1896; Bean, Bull, Am. Mus. Na Hist. IX, 372, 1897; Jonpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Ij 2542, 1898; IV, pl. OCCLXI, fig. 892, 892a, 1900. The length of the bodyis four and one half times its depth and three and three fourts times the length of the head. Snout long and narrow, overlapmg the small mouth; maxillary barely “ reaching front of orbit; eeth subequal, large, in a eardiform m band in upper jaw; in . 8 Fishes, S51 pt. Oh Oe 1G son River. Gadus comprestus Le Surcm, Jot Ac. Nat Sei. Pole tM PD Lota compressa De Kay, op. ot ©, ph 74, dew 264, SO5, 1865 Molva maculosa Le Suxvn, Mémos. Parts, V, 4, 1890 Lota maculosa Dx Kay. op. cit. 2, pl. 52, fig. 2168, 1843; Jompas Bull. 16, _U. 8 Nat. Mos. & ISS; Meex. Ase x. Y¥ $15, 1888, Cayuga Lake; Bay, Fishes Penne = EVERMANN & Kexpatr, Rey U. & F.C. 154, 8, lo Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1X. @ 1807, Canandaigua Lake EVERMANS, Bull. 47, U. S. N Mow. IIL, Se, fig. 897, 1900. The body of the burbot | elongate, hight equaling the length f head wit one sixth of total without cadal; it is pressed posteriorly. The €} is small, less of snout and about one h length of reaches slightly beyond thehind margin of t three sevenths length of ead. The lower within the upper, and has stout barbel fifth as long as the head; thventral is longer tl ps De ips TOO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Melanogrammus aeglefinus GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 280, 1862; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 8, 1879; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 808, 1883; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanie Ichth. 354, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 372, 1897; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2542, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXI, fig. 892, 892a, 1900. The length of the body is four and one half times its depth and three and three fourths times the length of the head. Snout~ long and narrow, overlapping the small mouth; maxillary barely reaching front of orbit; teeth subequal, large, in a cardiform band in upper jaw; in a single series on lower jaw and on vomer; occiput carinated; a ridge extending backward from each orbit; eye very large, two thirds length of snout, four in head. Anterior rays of first dorsal elevated, three fourths length of head, the fin pointed, higher than second and third dorsals; caudal lunate; vent below front of second dorsal. The skull in this species much more depressed thanin Gadus callarias, broader, and thinner in texture; occipital crest exceedingly high, much higher than in Gadus, the winglike projections at its base anteriorly spreading widely, raised above the surface of the skull. D. 15-24-21; A. 23-21. Dark gray above, whitish below; lateral line black; a large dark blotch above the pectorals; dorsals and caudal dusky. Mitchill described the haddock under the name Gadus. q aeglefinus. De Kay also describes the fish and gives a figure of it in his New York Fauna. He states that it is nearly as — common in the New York markets as the cod, and during the summer it is even more abundant than the cod. The haddock inhabits the north Atlantic on both coasts, rang- ing south to France and to North Carolina. Off Cape Hatteras it occurs in the deeper water. It is an important food fish, and reaches a moderately large size, attaining to a length of nearly 3 feet. At Woods Hole Mass. it was reported by Prof. Baird in 1871.. ly Smith, however, says it is not found in Vineyard sound or Buzzards bay, but is common 6 or 7 miles off Gay head, and the ocean side of Marthas Vineyard. In Massachusetts bay it is i common residént species. FISHES OF NEW YORK TOL Genus tora (Cuvier) Oken Body long and low, compressed behind; head small, de- pressed, rather broad; anterior nostrils each with a small barbel; chin with a long barbel; snout and lower parts of head naked; mouth moderate, the lower jaw included; each jaw with broad bands of equal, villiform teeth; vomer with a broad, cres- cent-shaped band of similar teeth; no teeth on palatines; gill openings wide, the membrane somewhat connected, free from the isthmus; scales very small, embedded; vertical fins scaly; dorsal fins two, the first short, the second long, similar to the anal; caudal rounded, its outer rays procurrent; ventrals of several rays. One or two species, living in fresh waters of northern regions. 349 Lota maculosa (Le Sueur) ' Burbot; Lawyer; Ling Gadus maculosus LE SuEuR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 83, 1817, Lake Erie. Gadus lacustris MrrcH1tt, Am. Month. Mag. II, 244, February, 1818. Lota brosmiana StrorER, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. IV, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1839. Lota inornata De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 283, pl. 45, fig. 145, 1842, Hud- son River. Gadus compressus LE SuEuR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, 84, 1817. Lota compressa DE Kay, op. cit. 285, pl. 78, figs. 244, 245, 1842. Molva maculosa Le Surur, Mém. Mus. Paris, V, pl. 16, 1819. Lota maculosa DE Kay, op. cit. 284, pl. 52, fig. 168, 1842; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, _U.-S.-Nat.-Mus.-804, 1888; MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. IV, 315, 1888, Cayuga Lake; BEAN, Fishes Penna. Byes joy Sis ais (Play ASE EVERMANN & KENDATL, Rept. U. 8. F. C. 1894, 603, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 372, 1897, Canandaigua Lake; JorDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. ITI, 2550, 1898; IV, ee CCCLXIYV, fig. 897, 1900. The body of the burbot is elongate, eel-shaped; its greatest hight equaling the length of head without snout, and about one sixth of total without caudal; it is roundish, somewhat com- pressed posteriorly. The eye is small, less than one half length of snout and about one eighth length of head. The upper jaw reaches slightly beyond the hind margin of the eye, its length three sevenths length of head. The lower jaw is included within the upper, and has a stout barbel which is nearly one fifth as long as the head; the ventral is longer than the pectoral, 702 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM x but does not reach half way to vent; the pectoral is half as long as the head; the distance of the first dorsal from the head equals the hight of the body; the longest ray of the first dorsal equals half the length of its base; the dorsal fins are separated by a narrow interspace; the second dorsal is higher than the first, and the length of its base is nearly one half total without caudal; the anal begins under the ninth ray of the second dor- sal and extends as far back as that fin; caudal rounded; the scales are deeply embedded in the skin, not imbricated. D. 13, 68 to 76; A. 67; V. 7; vertebrae, 22 to 234388 to 39; pyloric caeca, 30 to 188. The color is dark olivaceous, reticulated with blackish; the lower parts yellowish or dusky; the dorsal, anal and caudal fins with a narrow dark edge. The ‘American burbot was first described by Le Sueur from Lake Erie in 1817, and also from Northampton Conn. under a different name. This common fish has received a great many names, including the following: marthy, methy, losh, eelpout, dogfish, chub eel, ling, lawyer, lake cusk, fresh-water cod, aleby trout and mother-of-eels. The southern limit of this fish appears to be Kansas City Mo.; according to Prof. Cope, it has been once taken in the Susque- hanna near Muney, Lycoming co.; it is extremely common in the Great lakes; westward it ranges to Montana and north- ward throughout British Columbia and Alaska to the Arctic ocean; it is most abundant in the Great lakes and lakes of New York, New England and New Brunswick; it abounds also in rivers and lakes of Alaska. Ne The burbot was sent from Canandaigua lake by Mr James Annin jr in November 1897. It is hard to transport and still harder to keep alive in captivity, being specially liable to at- tacks of fungus. Dr W. M. Beauchamp, writing from Baldwinsville N. Y. Ap. ¥, 1879, said that the burbot is found in Seneca river and is abundant in Oneida lake; that it is caught with a hook and is Si i I ae ‘ J ] y 4 ; j 1 fom eaten, though there is a way of making it palatable. FISHES OF NEW YORK 703 According to Dr Meek it is found rarely in Cayuga lake. The average length of this species in the Great lakes region is about 2 feet; in Alaska, according to Dr Dall, it reaches a length of 5 feet and occasionally weighs 60 pounds; the size of the fish depends chiefly on the amount of food accessible LO. it: It is stated that the burbot is usually found in deep water on mud bottom, except during the spawning season, in March, when it frequents hard or rocky bottoms. The eggs are small and numerous, and are believed to be deposited in deep water; Dr Dall estimates that some individuals contain several millions of eggs; in Alaska the eggs are of a creamy yellow color, and the fish are found full of spawn from November to January. From the observations mentioned, it will be seen that the spawning period extends at least from November to March; according to Dr Dall the males are usually much smaller than the females and have a smaller liver; in some males he found two or three gall bladders opening into a common duct, but he never observed this phenomenon in the female; the eggs are laid separate or loose on the bottom of the river. According to Baron Cederstrém, a medium-sized female of the European bur- bot, which is a near relative of the American species, contained about 160,000 eggs; in the European burbot, some eggs are clear, some yellowish and others almost colorless; the period of incubation occupies from three to four weeks; the eyes appear in 15 or 16 days; the embryos swim by quick movements of the pectorals, usually toward the surface of the water, whence they fall passively to the bottom. The burbot is extremely voracious, and feeds on bottom fishes and crustaceans. It destroys the pike and such spiny fishes as the yellow perch and sunfish. In Alaskan rivers it feeds on whitefish, lampreys and other species; large stones have some- times been found in its stomach. Mr Graham took a stone weighing a pound from the stomach of a burbot. In the Great lakes region the burbot is considered worthless for food, occasionally the livers are eaten; in Lake Winnepe- TO4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM saukee, when caught through the ice in winter, the fish is highly esteemed; in the fur countries the roe is an article of food; on the Yukon river the liver is eaten and the flesh is liked by some persons; in Montana the burbot is in great de-— imand for food; the quality of the flesh appears to depend chiefly on the nature of the habitat of the fish. | This is the only member of the cod family permanently resi- dent in the fresh waters of America. Genus uropHycts Gill Body rather elongate; head subconic; mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching to below eye; lower jaw included; chin with a small barbel; jaws and vomer with broad bands of subequal, pointed teeth; palatines toothless; dorsal fins two, the first sometimes produced at tip; second dorsal long, similar to the anal; ventrals wide apart, filamentous, each of three slen- der rays closely joined, appearing like one bifid filament; gill membranes somewhat connected, narrowly joined to the isthmus. Subgenus UROPHYCIS 350 Urophycis regius (Walbaum) Spotted Codling; Spotted Hake Blennius regius WALBAUM, Art, Gen. Pisc. ITI, 186, 1792. Gadus punctatus MircurLy, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 372, pl. I, fig. 5, 1815, New York; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Wishes, 292, pl. 46, fig. 149, 1842. ’ Phycis regalis GuNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 354, 1862. Phycis regius GoopE & Bran, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 8, 1879; Oceanic Ichth. 357, 1896; Bran, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 372, 1897; H. M. Smits, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 107, 1898. Urophycis regius Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 240, 1863; JorpAN & EVER-. MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, III, 2553, 1898; IV, pl. COCLXIYV, fig. 898, 1900. The depth of the body is contained four and one half times in its length, which is four and one fourth times the length of the head. Body rather stout; head broad; mouth large, the maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye; eye less than snout ~ or interorbital width; first dorsal low, its hight about equal to half length of head; ventral fin longer than head, about three and one half in the length of the body; caudal fin subtrun- FISHES OF NEW YORK T05 cate. D. 8-45; A. about 45; scales rather large, about 90 in the lateral line. Pale brownish, tinged with yellowish, the lateral line dark brown, interrupted by white spots; inside of mouth white; first dorsal largely black, this color surrounded by white; second dor- sal olivaceous, with irregular, round, dark spots; caudal, anal and pectorals dusky; ventrals and lower edge of pectorals white; two vertical series of round dark spots on the sides of the head. Mitchill described and figured the spotted codling under the name of Gadus punctatus. De Kay called it the spot- ted codling, Phycis punctatus, and he gives a good fig- ure of it. His example was 10 inches long. He says it is an exceedingly rare but distinct species, and that it occurs from the coast of New York to the Gulf of St Lawrence. As a mat- ter of fact, the species extends even farther north. The codling ranges southward to Cape Fear. In the northern part of its habitat it is found in shallow water, but at the southern limit it lives in considerable depths, having been taken from 167 fathoms. The fish is said to exhibit electrical powers in life. The spotted codling appears in Gravesend bay in small num- bers in the fall. It lives in water below 60° F., and is easily kept in captivity by refrigerating the water in summer. Its habit of lying on the side, in imitation of the tautog and other labroids is often observed. Prof. Alexander Agassiz discovered electric powers in this fish. At Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, it is taken in the seine only late in the fall. It varies in length from 7 to 12 inches.’ The species has been observed at Halifax N. 8. - Subgenus empnycus Jordan & Evermann This subgenus differs from Urophycis in having the first dorsal fin elevated, with one or more of its rays filamentous. 351 Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill) Hake; White Hake Gadus tenuis MrTcuHrILu, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 5, 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. N. Y. I, 372, 1815, New York. TOG NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Phycis tenuis DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 293, 1842; GooDE & BEAN, Bull. 1 Essex Inst. XI, 8, 1879; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 799, 1883: BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y.:248, pi. 1 fie 1890; Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 359, fig. 312, 1896; Brean, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 372, 1897; H. M. Smrru, Bull. UlS. PSG: 189107, 1898; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2555, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXYV, fig. 901, 1900; Bran, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. — 109, 1900. The length of the body is five and one half times the depth of the body and four and one fourth times the length of the head. Snout longer than eye, narrower and more pointed than in P. chuss. Eye large, usually wider than interorbital space; maxillary reaching beyond pupil; filamentous dorsal ray about two thirds length of head; ventral fins about reaching. vent; scales very small. D. 9-57; A. 48; Lat. 1. 138. Brownish, lighter and yellowish below; fins very dark. Dis- tinguished from U. chuss chiefly by the smaller scales. De Kay calls the hake the American codling, adopting Mitch- ill’s common name for the species. He says it appears to feed chiefly on smaller crustacea; that it is very abundant at some seasons, but most abundant in the early part of autumn; and varies in weight from 3 pounds to 30 pounds. He states that it is called indiscriminately hake and codling by New York fishermen. Small individuals were seined in Mecox bay Aug. 2, 1898, and a very young example was received from Southampton Sep. 11. This was caught in the Atlantic. In Great South bay small examples were found sparingly at Blue Point cove and Fire Island late in September. The hake, according to Dr Smith, is known also as white hake ~and squirrel hake in the vicinity of Woods Hole Mass. Fish weighing 1 to 15 pounds are abundant there in November, when a great many of them enter Eel pond. Young fish 1 inch long and upward associate with pollack in spring and are also found throughout the summer in considerable numbers. They are also obtained in summer at the surface, under gulf weed and eel grass, As a rule the common hake will not live in water of a tempera- ture above 60°F, but one individual survived the summer tem- FISHES OF NEW YORK TOT perature in 1897, and became plump and sleek after the arrival of cold weather. In summer it was much emaciated, and suffered greatly from fungus attacks. It is abundant on our shores from Labrador to Virginia, and its young are among the commonest of the surface fishes in our bays and sounds, during the summer months. The hake reaches a weight of 40 pounds, but in the markets the average weight is only about 10 pounds. The species frequents muddy bottoms and is local in its habits. Its food consists of crabs and other crustaceans, besides small fishes. The chief fishery for hake takes place in the fall and winter months, and they will take the hook at night as well as during the day. Trawl lines are the usual implements of capture. 352 Urophycis chuss (Walbaum) Squirrel Hake Blennius chuss WALBAUM, Art. Gen. Pisce. III, 186, 1792. Gadus longipes MiTcHILy, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 5, 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soe. NGNenleeage. pl tne 4 18lb) New Yorlk. Phycis filamentosus StorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 189, pl. X XIX, fig. 4, 1867. Phycis chuss GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 237, 18653; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Hssex Inst. XI, 8, 1879; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 799, 1883; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 359, fig. 311, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1X, 372, 1897; H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F.-C, 1897, 107, 1898. Urophycis chuss JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus, III, 2555, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXYV, fig. 902, 1900. The depth of the body is one fifth of its length, which is four and one half times the length of the head. Body rather slender; head depressed; eye large, about equal to interorbital width; maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil; filamentous dor- sal ray about two sevenths length of body, when perfect; pector- als four fifths length of head; ventral fin extending beyond the vent; scales comparatively large. D. 9-57; A. 50; Lat. 1.110. Brownish above, sides lighter and tinged with yellowish; thickly punctulate with darker; below pale; inside of mouth white; vertical fins somewhat dusky; anal fin margined with pale; lateral line not dark. According. to Jordan and Evermann, this fish is sometimes called codling. It inhabits the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of 708 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM St Lawrence to Virginia, being very common northward. It is sometimes found in waters as deep as 300 fathoms. The squirrel hake occurs occasionally in Gravesend bay; it lives usually in the deep water off shore. At Woods Hole Mass. according to Dr Smith, it is abundant in May and June, and in October and November. It fills the traps and causes the fishermen much annoyance, as they can not sell the fish. Its weight there is from 2 to 5 pounds. In Massachu- setts bay it is less abundant than the common hake. It was described and figured by Storer in 1867, under the name Phycis filamentosus. Genus GarpRopsaRus Rafinesque Body rather elongate, covered with minute scales; head not compressed, the upper jaw the longer; snout with two conspicu- ous barbels, the chin with one; teeth on jaws and vyomer in bands, palatines toothless; dorsals two, the anterior of a single long ray followed by a series of short fringelike rays concealed in a groove; second dorsal and anal long, similar to each other; caudal rounded or lanceolate; ventral rays 5 to 7. Small fishes of the northern seas, descending to deep water. 353 Gaidropsarus argentatus (Reinhardt) Silvery Rockling; Mackerel Midge Motella argentata REINHARDT, Dansk. Vidensk. Selskrift, Afh. VII, 128, 1838, Greenland. Couchia argentata GuNtTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 365, 1862. Ciliata argentata GiLx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 241, 1863. Onos reinhardti GILL, op. cit. 241, 1863; JorpAN & GILBERT, Bull, 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 797, 1883; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 383, 1896. Gaidropsarus argentatus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2559, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXVII, fig. 906, 1900. The length of the body is five times the length of the ae Head depressed, but rather pointed anteriorly; snout rather short, with two barbels; chin with one; teeth in villiform bands, those of one series in each jaw longer than the rest; first ray of first dorsal short, little longer than snout; vent near middle of length; distance from snout to first dorsal three tenths of length. 1D. 56; A. 45; V. 8. FISHES OF NEW YORK 709 Uniform reddish brown; cirri and tips of fins red. Greenland. The silvery rockling, or mackerel midge, inhabits the coast of Greenland, and extends southward probably as far as Long Island, the young having been taken in Vineyard sound. 354 Gaidropsarus ensis (Reinhardt) Rockling Motella ensis REINHARDT, Dansk. Vidensk. Selskrift. Afh. VII, 15, 1838, Greenland. Onos rufus GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 259. 1883, Gulf Stream; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 172, 1884. Onos ensis GILL, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila. 241, 1863; JonpAN &.GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 797, 1883; Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 381, fig. 327, 1896. ' Gaidropsarus ensis JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S.,Nat. Mus: III, 2558, 1898. Body unusually deep, its greatest depth at vent equaling two ninths of total length without caudal; head small, a little more than one sixth of total without the caudal; eye rather large, nearly as long as snout, equaling interorbital area, and situated in first half of head; posterior margin of orbit nearly equidistant from tip of snout and posterior margin of opercle; mouth normal; Supramaxillary ending under posterior margin of pupil; teeth in a narrow band in each jaw, some of those at least in outer row of upper jaw slightly enlarged and brownish colored; vomerine teeth in two rows forming a short curved band; nasal barbel about equal to diameter of eye; chin barbel small and not much exceeding one half diameter of eye; foremost ray of first dorsal springing from back above opercular margin; second dorsal fin low in front, but rising rapidly to seventh or eighth ray, behind which it is nearly uniform for a long distance and highest at posterior portion; anal fin much iower than second dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate, almost truncate behind, its median rays about two thirds as long as the head; pectorals nearly three fourths as long as the head, produced toward the ‘upper angles, the third ray being longest; ventrals with their bases mostly in advance of pectorals, the longest ray filamentous and nearly equaling pectoral; lateral line obsolescent. D. 59; m™. 44 (0/46; P..22 to 27; V. 8. 710 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Inhabits the Atlantic coast of North America from Greenland — to Cape Hatteras in deep waters. It reaches a depth in the Gulf Stream of 1081 fathoms. The fish is described and figured by Goode and Bean in Oceanic Ichthyology, p. 881, fig. 327. It is a small species, scarcely reaching 1 foot in length, and is without importance as food. + sate Genus EncHELyopus Bl. & Schn. 3arbels four, one at each nostril, one at tip of snout, and one at the chin; head high and compressed anteriorly; teeth in nar- row bands, some of them enlarged; otherwise essentially as in | Gaidropsarus. North Atlantic. ! 355 Enchelyopus cimbrius (Linnaeus) Four-bearded Rockling Gadus cimbrius LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat, ed. XII, I, 440, 1766, Atlantic Ocean. Motella caudacuta SToRER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 183, pl, X XIX, fig. 1, 1867. Onos cimbrius JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 787, 1883. Rhinonemus cimbrius GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 384. fig. 328, 1896; H. M. Suiru, Bull, U. S. F. C. 1897, 107, 1898; SHERWOOD & EDWARDS, Bi ees: HE Cat GOi Side LOOM: Enchelyopus cimbrius JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2560, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLX VII, fig. 907, 1900. Body slender, tapering, its depth nearly one sixth of the total without caudal; caudal peduncle narrow, one fourth length of — head, which is contained five and one half times in total without caudal; snout moderate, blunt, rounded, not depressed, a little shorter than the eye, which is one fourth as long as the head; interorbital space narrow, one sixth length of head; teeth villi- form, small and unequal in upper jaw, with about eight enlarged in front, long, slender, and equal in lower jaw, a few somewhat enlarged in front; maxillary reaching beyond posterior border of eye; a barbel at each nostril, one on tip of snout and one on ; chin; lateral line with about 35 enlarged pores along its entire ; length; first (free) ray of dorsal nearly as long as the head; ventral one half as long as head; pectoral equal to head without — snout; caudal narrow, rounded behind, two thirds as long as” head, Color, light rufous or salmon red; first dorsal ray and pos- terior end of dorsal and anal abruptly black; lower half of caudal FISHES OF NEW YORK rea f black; pectorals and ventrals pale; sides of head somewhat silvery; cavity of mouth dark bluish. The four-bearded rockling is found in the north Atlantic on both coasts, ranging south in deep water to the Gulf Stream. It is common in Massachusetts bay. This fish is also described in Oceanic Ichthyology, p. 384, fig. 328. At Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, it is a rare visitor, found only in winter. It was once taken in a fyke net in Great harbor. In 1900, according to Sherwood and Edwards, young rockling were taken in the surface towings at the fish commission wharf, Woods Hole Mass. from June 27 to July 6. They formed into schools in the eddies, around the wharves and were mixed with young stickle- backs. An example measuring 10 inches in length was speared in the Eel pond Jan. 5, 1889. A second example was caught in Little harbor also in the winter. Storer described and figured this fish under the name Motella caudacuta. It isa resident of the deep waters of Massachusetts bay, where it occurs in considerable abundance. The young swim at the surface and have often been erroneously identified with the mackerel midge. The species grows to the length of 1 foot. Genus Brosme (Cuvier) Oken Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales; mouth rather large, with teeth in the jaws, vomer and palatines, some of those on the vomer and palatines enlarged; chin with a barbel; branchiostegals seven; dorsal fin single, continuous, not elevated, not notched; anal fin similar, but shorter; caudal fin rounded; ventral fin several-rayed. Northern seas. 356 Brosme brosme (Miiller) Cusk Gadus brosme MULLER, Prodr. Zool. Dan. 41, 1776, Denmark. Brosmius vulgaris? DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 289, pl 44, fig. 143, 1842. Brosmius flavescens GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 369, 1862; STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 190, pl. X XIX, fig. 2, 1867. Brosmius brosme, GUNTHER, op. cit. IV, 369, 1862; GoopDE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 9, 1879; JonpDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 802, 1883; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 385, fig. 329, 1896;:11: M. SmirH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 107, 1898. Brosme brosme JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. LIE 25605 1898. \ G12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Body cylindric, posteriorly compressed, its depth contained five and one fourth times in total length without caudal; head flattened above, its length contained four and one fourth times in total; mouth large, oblique, maxillary reaching beyond orbit; lower jaw included; several rows of sharp teeth on jaws, vomer and palate; barbel about one fifth as long as the, head; inter- orbital width greater than diameter of eye; origin of dorsal above anterior half of pectoral; pectoral round, two fifths as long as head; caudal rounded behind. D. 98; A. 71; P. 24; V. 5. Color brownish above, the sides yellowish, sometimes mottled with brown; young uniform dark slate, or with transverse yellow bands; vertical fins bordered with blackish, and with a white edge. | The cusk is described and figured by De Kay, but he did not see the fish and copied his information from Storer and others. Storer mentions a specimen weighing 20 pounds, but the fish grows even larger. It inhabits the North Atlantic, ranging southward to New Jersey and Denmark. It is an important food fish. According to Dr Smith, it was formerly not uncommon in Vineyard sound, and was caught with cod in April and May. It has been very rare for more than 20 years, though a few are still taken in April. The average weight of individuals in those waters is 5 pounds, and the maximum weight from 12 to 13 pounds. It is known also as ling. In Massachusetts bay and vicinity the cusk is a common resident on the inshore fishing grounds, where it occurs in great abundance, lurking among the stones, but it is soon caught up by the fishermen after the dis- covery of a new bank. Family MACRURIDAE Grenadiers Genus COELORMYNCHUS Giorna This genus agrees with Macrurus in all essential respects, except that the small mouth is wholly below the long- pointed, sturgeonlike snout. Dorsal spine smooth in typical species, those with serrate spine having been lately sepa- rated under the generic name Coeloec ephalus. Species humerous, FISHES OF NEW YORK 713 357 Coelorhynchus carminatus (Goode) Grenadier Macrurus carminatus Goopr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. III, 346, 475, 1880. Macrurus (Coelorhynchus) carminatus GuNTHER, Challenger Report, Deep- sea Fishes, XXII, 129, pl. 5, fig. 138, 1887. Coelorhynchus carminatus GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 398, fig. 336, 1896; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. III, 2588, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXIX, fig. 914, 1900. The body is stout anteriorly, tapering very rapidly to a rather long and slender tail. The depth is one eighth, and the length of the head about one fifth of the total length. The eye is iarge, one fifth as long as the head, equaling the interorbital width. The snout is as long as the eye. The body is less elongate than in Baird’s grenadier. The snout is long, sharp, depressed, tri- angular. Strong horizontal ridges run from the supraorbital margins to the gill openings, parallel with the subocular ridges. The nostrils are immediately in front of the orbit; barbel very short; teeth small, conic, somewhat recurved, arranged in villi- form bands; base of first dorsal fin two ninths as long as the distance from its origin to the snout. The first dorsal spine is very short, hardly perceptible above the skin. The second spine is about one half as long as the head, slender and unarmed; when laid back, the tip reaches to or beyond the origin of the second dorsal. The spines decrease in length very gradually, the sixth being nearly as long as the second. The second dorsal begins in the perpendicular from the seventh anal ray. The anal fin is much higher than in Baird’s grenadier, nearly equal to one half of the interorbital width; its origin is under the 18th scale of the lateral line; its longest ray is as long as the interorbital width. The distance of pectoral from snout equals twice its own length, and about equals the longest dorsal spine; the origin of the pectoral is below the middle of the depth of the body, and below the level of the middle of the orbit; the tip of the pectoral does not reach the origin of the anal. The insertion of the ventrals is behind the pectoral, slightly in advance of the first dorsal, its distance from the snout greater than twice its length, its long filament not reaching the anal. Color silvery gray. Length of the specimen described 10 inches. 714 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This grenadier inhabits the West Indies, the Gulf of Mexico, and is found in the Gulf Stream in deep water. It is abundant. The U.S. Fish Commission steamer, Fish Hawk, has taken it in the Gulf Stream off Rhode Island in 115 fathoms. The fish is described and figured by Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, p. 398, fig. 336. Order HETEROSOMATA Flatfishes Family PLEURONECTIDAE Flounders Genus HIPPOGLOsSsUS Cuvier Eyes and color on the right side; form oblong, not strongly compressed; mouth wide, oblique; teeth in the upper jaw in two series, those below in one, anterior teeth in upper jaw, and lateral teeth in lower, strong, no teeth on vomer or palatines, lower pharyngeal teeth in two rows; dorsal fin beginning above _the eye, its middle rays elevated, the posterior rays of dorsal and anal bifid; caudal fin lunate; ventral fins both lateral; scales very small, cycloid; lateral line with a strong curve in front; gill rakers few, short, compressed, wide set. Vertebrae 16+34. Largest of the flounders. One species; abundant on both coasts of the north Atlantic and of the north Pacific. 3 ‘ 358 Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus) Halibut Pleuronectes hippoglossus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat.ed. X, I, 269, 1758; MircHI“1, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 10, 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. ¥: 1, 386,-1815: Hippoglossus vulgaris De Kay, N.Y. Fauna, Fishes, 294, pl. 49, fig. 157, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, IV, 408, 1862; SrorER, Hist. Kish. Mass. 192, pl. XXX, fig. 1, 1867; Goopr & BEAN, Bull, Hssex Inst. XI, 7, 1879; JorDAN & GiLBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 819, 1883; GooDE, Fish & Fish. Ind, U. S. I, 189, pl) 54, 1884. Hippoglossus hippoglossus JoRDAN, Cat, Fish. N. A. 133, 1885; H. M. SmirH, Bull, U. S. IF. C. 1897, 108, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus. III, 2611, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXXI, fig. 918, 1900; SHERWOOD & Epwarps, Bull. U. S. F. CG, 1901, 31, 1901. Body comparatively elongate, not strongly compressed, deep mesially, its depth one third of total length without caudal, tapering rapidly in its posterior half; head broad, moderately FISHES OF NEW YORK Als long, its length contained three and three fourths times in total length without caudal;-mouth large, the maxillary reaching to below middle of orbit; eyes large, separated by a very broad, flattish area; lower eye slightly.in advance. D. 105; A. 78; P. 196 V6: Color, nearly uniform dark brown; blind side white. The halibut lives in all northern seas, ranging southward to Sandy Hook, or beyond, and occasionally to the Farallones off San Francisco. The halibut was described by both Mitchill and De Kay under its present name. De Kay says that the capture of the halibut on the shores of Nantucket at one time afforded employment to 80 vessels of from 60 to 80 tons each. He says the fish is very voracious, Swimming near the ground and devouring other flat fishes as well as shells and crustaceans. It occurs on both shores of the Atlantic as also in the north Pacific, migrating south on the approach of spring and returning in June or July. An indi- vidual was found some years ago near Colonial Beach, in the Potomac river. The fish grows to the length of 8 feet or more, and the weight of several hundred pounds. It is a very valuable food fish. In the Pacific, according to Jordan and Evermann, it extends its range southward to the Farallones, off San Francisco. The halibut was formerly not very uncommon in Vineyard sound, where it is now very rare. In 1872 and 1873, V. N. Edwards caught a number weighing 235 or 240 pounds while fishing for cod. Ap. 16, 1900, a halibut weighing 100 pounds was caught off Block island by cod fishermen, and was taken to New- port. The fish was very abundant at one time in Massachusetts bay, but is now found chiefly in depths of 100 to 250 fathoms on the slopes of the outer banks. In August 1878 a halibut weigh- ing over 200 pounds was caught in Gloucester harbor. Genus HIPPOGLOSSOIDES Gottsche Eyes and color on the right side (except sometimes in H. elassodon, a Pacific species); body oblong, moderately com- pressed; mouth rather large, with one row of sharp teeth on each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill rakers rather 716 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM long and slender; scales ctenoid; lateral line nearly straight, simple; dorsal fin low in front, beginning over or before the eye; ventrals both lateral; caudal double truncate, produced behind. This genus, as here restricted, contains three closely related species, two of the north Pacific, one of the north Atlantic. All are essentially arctic species, inhabiting shallow waters in the regions where they are most abundant. _ 359 Hippoglossoides platessoides (abricus) Rough Dab Pleuronectes platessoides FABRICIUS, Fauna Groenlandica, 164, 1780, Green- land. Platessa dentata StoRER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 148, 1889; Hist. Fish. Mass. 197, pl. XXX, fig. 3, 1867; Dr Kay, N. Y.- Fauna, Fishes, 298, 1842, New York markets. 5 Hippoglossoides dentatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1V, 406, 1862. Hippoglossoides platessoides GILL, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila. 217, 1864; GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 7, 1879; Jornpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 826, 1888; Goopzr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 197, pl. 55, 1884; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth, 438, 1896; H. M. Smirn, Bull U. S. F. C. 1897, 108, 1898; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2614, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXXII, fig. 919, 1900. The length of the body is two and one half times its depth and three and three fourths times the length of the head. Body ovate; mouth moderate, oblique; maxillary narrow, reaching to beyond pupil, two and two thirds in length of head; teeth rather small, conic, larger anteriorly, in one row in each jaw, those in the lower largest; eyes rather large, the upper longer than snout, four and one third in head; lower jaw included, but with a projecting knob at the chin; snout thick and scaly; inter- orbital space narrow, with a raised obtuse ridge, entirely cov- ered with rough scales in about six series; mandible with a series of scales; gill rakers rather short and robust, not toothed, about 10 below angle; longest raker less than one third length of eye; fins with small, rough scales; a strong preanal spine; pectoral not quite half length of head. D. 88 (80 to 98); A. 70 (64 to 75); Lat. 1.90 (pores). Reddish brown, nearly plain. North Atlantic; abundant northward on both coasts. FISHES OF NEW YORK (ere De Kay described this flounder under the name of the toothed flatfish. He said it was extremely common in New York markets, where it is called the summer flounder, and that it grows to the length of 25 inches. It is a rather common food fish of the deep waters northward on both sides of the north Atlantic, ranging habitually south to Cape Cod and the coasts of England and Scandinavia. At Woods Hole it is sometimes called sand dab and rusty flounder. Dr Smith says it is not common there, but is found some years in winter in inshore waters adjacent to Woods Hole; specimens have been taken in February on lines. One year some were caught in a fyke net in Great harbor... In Massachusetts bay it is a common species in the deep waters, approaching the shores in winter. Genus PARALICHTHYS Girard Eyes and color normally on the left side; body oblong; mouth large, oblique; each jaw with a single row of usually slender and sharp teeth, which are more or less enlarged anteriorly, no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill rakers slender; scales small, weakly ctenoid or ciliated; lateral iine simple, with a strong curve anteriorly; dorsal fin beginning before the eye, its anterior rays not produced; both ventrals lateral; caudal fin double truncate, or double concave, its middle rays produced; no anal spine. Species numerous, found in all warm seas. This genus, as now restricted, contains a considerable number of species, inhabiting both coasts of America and the eastern and southern coasts of Asia. As indicated by the reduced number of verte- brae, the species range farther southward than do those of the type of Hippoglossoides. 360 Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus) Summer Flounder Pleuronectes dentatus LANNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, I, 458, 1766; Mirren, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 390, 1815. Pleuronectes melanogaster MITCHILL, op. cit. 890, 1815, New York. Platessa ocellaris Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 300, pl. 47, fig. 152, 1842. Pseudorhombus ocellaris GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 430, 1862, Platessa oblonga StorER, Hist. Fish. Mass. 201, pl. XXXT, fig. 2, 1867. Pseudorhombus dentatus GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 7, 1879. TIS NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Paralichthys ophryas JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 822, 1883. Paralichthys dentatus GooprE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 178. 1884 (part); JoRDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A. 134, 1885; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish? N- Y. 246, pl. Il, fig. 2, 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. EXy-372= 189%; H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 108, 1898; JornpDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2629, 1898; IV, pl. COCL-XXITI, fig. 922, 1900: BEAN, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 110, 1900. — The depth of the body is contained two and one third times in its length, which is three and two thirds times the length of the head. Body oblong, moderately compressed; mouth wide, oblique, the mandible very heavy and much projecting; eight to 10 teeth on side of lower jaw, the two anterior teeth very long; anterior teeth of upper jaw strong, but smaller than those in the lower jaw; the lateral teeth very small and close set; eyes small, shorter than snout, about one sixth length of head, and in adult as wide as the broad, flattish, scaly interorbital area. The latter is much narrower in the young. Scales small, eyeloid; aecessory scales few; gill rakers lanceolate, dentate, stoutish, wide set, much shorter than eye, the longest two and one half .times as long as broad at base, five and one half in the maxil- lary, about 2+10 in number; pectoral fin about as long as maxil- lary, which extends beyond the eye, and is rather more than half length of head; dorsal low, its anterior rays somewhat exserted, but short; caudal double concave, the middle rays pro- duced; anal spine obsolete; ventrals small; fins all scaly. D. SS (85 to 93); A. 66 (65 to 73); Lat. 1. about 100. Blackish olive, mottled and blotched with darker; in life ight brown; adults with numerous small white spots on body and vertical fins; sometimes a series of larger white spots along bases of dorsal and anal; about 14 ocellated dark spots on sides, these sometimes inconspicuous, but always present; a series of four or five along dorsal base, and three or four along anal base, those of the two series opposite, and forming pairs; two pairs of smaller, less distinct spots midway between these basal series and lateral line anteriorly, with a small one on lateral line in the center between them; a large distinct spot on lateral line behind middle of straight portion; fins without the round dark blotches. t FISHES OF NEW YORK 719 Is styled flounder, or summer flounder, turbot flounder, toothed flatfish, fluke, and, in Great South bay, it shares the name flatfish with the Pseudopleuronectes ameri- canus.- Brail and puckermouth are names applied to it in Rhode Island. The name fluke is the one most frequently used on Long Island. The fiuke is a very abundant fish and is found on the eastern coast from about Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico. Centers of abundance are found on the Connecticut coast and on Long Island. It is a summer visitor in Gravesend bay, arriving in May or June, and leaving when cold weather begins. It frequents the sandy flats for the purpose of feeding on little fishes, which it destroys in large numbers. - in INV7 a single example was taken at the mouth of Salem harbor by the U. 8. Fish Commission. iF Genus LopHopserra Gill Eyes and color on the left side: body broadly ovate, strongly compressed, pellucid; mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reach- ing to beyond eye; teeth subequal, in narrow bands, or in single series; a small patch of teeth on the vomer: ; Scales small, cycloid, imbricate, the skin without bony tubercles: lateral line strongly arched in front, without accessory branch; dorsal fin beginning FISHES OF NEW YORK 723 on the snout, its anterior rays exserted; no preanal spine; ventral of left side free from the anal, inserted nearly on the ridge of the abdomen, its base broad, the rays well separated; pectoral and ventral fins moderate. One species. Very close -to the European genus Bothus Rafinesque, from which it differs in the more numerous gill rakers, pellucid body and pro- duced dorsal rays. The European turbot, Psetta Swainson, is also closely related, but the typical species, Psetta maxima, isa large, robust fish, scaleless and beset with bony tubercles. 363 Lophopsetta maculata (Mitchill) Window Pane Pleuronectes maculatus MircnHiILyt, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 9, 1814, New York; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 301, pl. 47, fig. 151, 1842; Srorrr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 204, pl. XX NI, fig. 4, 1867. Pleuronectes aquosus Mircuiuu, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 389, pl. HU, fig. 3, 1815, New York. Rhombus aquosus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus. IV, 411, 1862. Bothus maculatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 815, 1885; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, IX, 372, 1897; H. M. Suiru, Bull. U. S. F.C. 1897, 108, 1898: Bean, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 110, 1900. Lophopsetta maculata Gitu, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 216, 1862: GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 6, 1879; BEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Wish. N. Y. 247, 1890; Jornpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus. III, 2660, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLXXXII, fig. 938, 1900. The length of the body is one and three fifths times the depth of the body and three and three fourths times the length of the head. Body broadly rhomboid, very strongly compressed; inter- orbital area flattish; eye rather large, about equal to snout; teeth in both jaws in one series laterally, in a very narrow band in front; maxillary nearly half length of head; gill rakers rather long and slender, numerous, about 25 below the angle of the arch; scales well developed, cycloid, loosely imbricated; those of the blind side a little smaller; no bony tubercles; vertical fins scaly; anterior rays of dorsal elevated, branched, with free tips. DaGor A. 52; bat. 1.85. Light olive brown, almost translucent, everywhere marbled with paler, and with many roundish, irregular, blackish blotches; fins spotted. Length 18 inches. Atlantic coast of the United States, very common northward. Size rather small. 426 XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and September, and has also been taken in Great South bay. The individuals collected in Great Egg Harbor bay, varied from 2 inches to 44 inches in length. One of these was dextral and all the rest sinistral as usual. Genus tiwanpba Gottsche Teeth chiefly uniserial; lateral line with a distinct arch in front and without accessory dorsal branch; scales imbricated,. + rough ctenoid; vertebrae about 40. This genus is closely allied to Pseudopleuronectes, from which it differs only in the presence of an arch on the anterior part of the lateral line. 365 Limanda ferruginea (Storer) Sand Dab Platessa ferruginea STORER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 141, pl. 2, 1839; Hist. Fish. Mass. 198, pl. XXX, fig. 4, 1867; De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 297. pl. 48, fig. 155, 1842. Platessa rostrata H. R. Srorer, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. V, I, 268, ples VL fig. 2, 1857. Pleuronectes ferrugineus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 447, 1862; Jor- DAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 834, 1883. Limanda ferruginea GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 6, 1879; Oceanic Ichth. 427, 1896;'\Goopr, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. §. I, pl. 49, 1884; HeaMe SmirH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 108, 1898; JorpAn & HVERMANN, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus. III, 2644, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLX XVII, fig. 929, 1900. The length of the body is two and one fifth times its depth and four times the length of the head. Body ovate-elliptic, strongly compressed; teeth small, conic, close set, in a single series on, each side in each jaw; snout projecting, forming a strong angle above upper eye with the descending profile; gill rakers of mod- erate length, very weak, not toothed; eye moderate, four and one half in head, the lower slightly in advance of the upper, sepa- rated by a high, very narrow ridge, which is scaled posterior.y and is continued backward as an inconspicuous but rough ridge A to the beginning of the lateral line; scales imbrieate, nearly uni- form, those on right side rough ctenoid, those on left side nearly or quite smooth, scales on body rougher than on cheeks; caudal peduncle short, higher than long; dorsal inserted over middie of eye, its middle ray highest; pectoral less than two fifths length of head; candal fin rounded; anal spine present; lateral line. simple, with a rather low arch in front, the depth of whith is FISHES OF NEW YORK LONG barely two fifths the length; a concealed spine behind ventrals; ventral of colored side partly lateral, the other wholly so; anal spine strong. D. 85; A. 62; Lat. 1. 100. Brownish olive, with numerous, irregular reddish spots; fins similarly marked; left side with caudal fin, caudal peduncle, and margins of dorsal and anal fins lemon yellow. Atlantic coast, chiefly northward. This is also known as the rusty dab. It inhabits the coast of North America from Labrador to New York. De Kay calls it the rusty flatfish, which he says is a rare species, reported by the fishermen to occur only in deep water. The specimen described by him was 18 inches long. According to Dr Smith, it is very common in Vineyard sound and observed by him in water from 10 to 12 fathoms deep, where it may be found throughout the year. There is no fishery, but numbers are caught incidently while bottom fishing for other species. In Great harbor a few are taken in fyke nets, only in winter. The average length there is about 14 inches. In Massachusetts bay it is a common resident species, inhabiting deep waters in sum- mer, and approaching the shores in winter. Genus PSEUDOPLEURONECTES Bleeker 30dy oblong, with firm flesh; the scales firm, regularly imbri- cated, strongly ctenoid on eyed side in both sexes; fin rays scaly; mouth small; teeth uniserial, incisorlike, close set, all more or less blunt, lower pharyngeals very narrow, each with two rows of separate, conic teeth. This genus is distinguished from Pleuronectes chiefly by the well imbricated ctenoid scales, and from Limanda, which it more closely resembles, by the want of arch to the lateral line. 366 Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) Flatfish; Winter Flounder Pleuronectes americanus WALBAUM, Art. Gen. Pisce. III, 113, 1792; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 448, 1862; Jorpan & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 837, 1883. Pleuronectes planus Mircuity, Trans, Lit. & Phil. Soc, N. Y. I, 387, 1815, New York. Platessa plana SvoRER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 140, 1839; Dre Kay, N, Y. Fauna, Fishes, 295, pl. 48, fig. 154, 1842; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 195, pl. ROOK, fig. 2; 1867. 728 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Platessa pusilla DE KAy, op. cit. 296, pl. 47, fig. 153, 1842, New York. Pseudopleuronectes americanus GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 216, 1864;- GooprE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S. I, 182, pl. 44, 1884; Bran, 19th Rep.. Comm. Fish: N. Y. 245, pl. I, fig. 1, 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.. IX, 373, 1897; H. M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 108, 1898; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2647, 1898. vp COCLXXIX, fig. 933, 1900; Bran, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 4 110, 1900; SHERWoop & Epwarps, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1901, 31, 1901. Body elliptic, an angle above eye. The length of the body is two and one fourth times its depth and four times the length of the head. Head covered above with imbricated, strongly ctenoid scales similar to those on body; blind side of head nearly naked; interorbital space rather broad, strongly convex, its width half. eye; the space entirely sealed; teeth compressed, incisorlike, and widened toward tips, close set, forming a continuous cutting edge, some of teeth often emarginate, sometimes movable; right side of both jaws toothless; highest dorsal rays less than length. of pectorals, and more than half length of head; anal spine present. D. 65; A. 48; Lat. 1. 83. Dark rusty brown, spotted or nearly plain; young olive brown, more or less spotted and blotched with reddish. The common flatfish is equally well known as flounder or win- ter flounder. It ranges from the Chesapeake bay to Labrador and appears to. be alike abundant in both limits of its distribu- tion. The flatfish was found in Blue Point cove, at Blue Point Lifesaving station, and on Fire Island beach. It was moderately common in all of these localities. The species is a permanent resident of Great South bay, but undergoes a partial hibernation in the mud in winter, and the adults in summer migrate into- deeper and cooler water. A few individuals were observed by me in a fish pound at Islip Oct. 1, 1890. Dr Mitchill describes two color varieties of the flatfish. One of these had a yellow margin on the lower side, surrounding the white of that side. This border was three fourths of an inch wide and in striking contrast with the pearl of the contiguous. parts within it and the brown of the adjacent fins. The other variety, obtained Ap. 9, 1815, has “a whiteness of the upper sidé- nearly as clear as that of the nether surface over rather more FISHES OF NEW YORK (29 than half its extent. The anterior part is blanched in this man- ner. The dorsal fin very sensibly partakes of the lighter hue; but its dark brown is tinctured with yellow, specially on the rays. Something of the same kind, though less distinct, is observable on the ventral fins, and on about a dozen rays of the anal. The length of this individual was 5 inches and the breadth 3. Dr De Kay obtained a specimen in April which was reversed and double. “Its color on both sides was uniform bronze, with a white patch on its right side near the chin, almost entirely denuded of scales; it had the singular protuberance over the eye, noticed by Dr Mitchill in his melanogaster.” On the New Jersey coast young individuals are very common in summer, but the adults are rarely found except in the winter. At Woods Hole Mass. this is a very abundant permanent resi- dent, frequenting muddy or grassy bottoms. The average weight. of those taken in the immediate vicinity of the Fish Commission station was only 1 pound, but larger fish are found in the deeper water of the sound and bay.’ In October fish averaging 2 pounds and apparently migrating are taken with lines in Vine- yard sound on sandy bottom. In the markets this species is extremely common in the winter and spring months and the flesh is delicious even when the eggs are nearly mature. It feeds on small shells, crabs and other invertebrates living in the mud. When at rest it partly sub- merges itself in the sand or mud, and changes its color to suit its surroundings. In Long Island bays the flatfish spawns from February to the end of March, and in July the young have attained to the length of half aninch. At Woods Hole Mass. according to Dr Smith, it spawns from February to April. On being transferred to tanks containing running water, many deposit their eggs during the night. The eggs are x of an inch in diameter and very glutinous, Sticking together in masses of various sizes. The average num- ber to a fish is 500,000. Mar. 6, 1897, a fish that weighed 34 pounds after spawning furnished 30 fluid ounces of eggs, num- bering 1,462,000. The eggs hatch in 17 or 18 days, when the mean water temperature is 37° or 38° F. 730 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Genus PLATOPHRYS Swainson 7 Eyes and color on the left side; body ovate, strongly com- pressed; mouth of the large type, but comparatively small; the maxillary one third or less of the length of the head; teeth small, subequal, in one or two series, no teeth on yomer or palatines; interorbital space broad and concave, broadest in adult males; gill rakers moderate; dorsal fin beginning in front of eye, all its rays simple; ventral of colored side on ridge of abdomen; caudal convex behind; pectoral of ieft side usually with one or more filamentous rays, longest in the male; scales very small, ctenoid, adherent; lateral line with a strong arch in front; coloration usually variegated. All the species are extremely closely related and can be dis- tinguished with difficulty. On the other hand, the variations due to differences of age and sex are greater than in any other of our genera. 567 Platophrys ocellatus (Agassiz) Sand Flounder Rhombus ocellatus AGAssiz, Spix, Pisce. Brasil. 85, pl. 46, 1829, Brazil. Platophrys nebularis JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31, 143, 1884, Key West; Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth. 441, 1896. RKhomboidichthys ocellatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. IV, 433, 1862; Pory, Syn. Pise. Cubens. 408, 1868. Platophrys ocellatus Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, 13025218395 SEAN, 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 247, 1890; Jorpan & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2663, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLX XXII, fig. 939, 190), sody rhomboid ovate, its depth one half of the total length; length of head one fourth of total without caudal; mouth small, oblique; eyes large, the diameter of the upper eye contained two and two thirds times in length of head, almost equal to depth of caudal peduncle; teeth cenic, the upper jaw with two series, the lower with one; the dorsal fin originates a short distance from tip of upper jaw and continues to caudal; ventral origin on a vertical through front of eye; the ventral and anal sepa- rated by a short space; pectoral of eyed side about equal in length to caudal; scales of moderate size, those of colored side |). ee eeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeeeroorrrreeeeeee FISHES OF NEW YORK ToL «tenoid, of blind side smooth; lateral line sharply arched over two thirds of pectoral. D. 85; A. 64; V. 6 (5 on blind side). Color light gray with reddish tinge; spots and blotches of darker on head and body; also lighter rings inclosing spaces of ground color; dorsal and anal with a black spot on each ‘sixth or eighth ray. The sand flounder, or spotted flounder, is a native of the western Atlantic, from New York southward to the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies, and perhaps to Rio Janeiro on sandy shores. It is a small species, the largest individual taken being only 3 inches in length. Two small examples of this little flounder were collected at Fire Island inlet beach Sep. 30, 1890. These specimens were obtained on a sand beach in shallow water. The discovery of this fish in Great South bay was entirely unexpected, as this is many degrees north of its original habitat. Family SOLEIDAE Soles Genus acutrus Lacépede Eyes and color on the right side; body oblong, bluntly rounded anteriorly; head small; eyes small, close together, the upper eye in advance of the lower, the two separated by a bony ridge; ‘mouth small, somewhat turned toward the colored side; nasal flaps present, the nostril of the blind side fringed; lip of the colored side fringed; teeth very small, on blind side only; gill openings rather narrow, but confluent below, not reduced to a slit; the branchiostegal region scaled; head closely scaled every- where, the scales on the colored side similar to those on the body, those of the nape and chin much enlarged; scales on the blind side anteriorly with their pectinations more or less pro- duced. forming cirri, scales of both sides extremely rough, extending on the fins; lateral line straight, simple; edge of pre- opercle covered by the scales; dorsal beginning on the snout, low in front and thickly scaled, its rays divided; anal fin simi- lar, without spine; caudal fin free, convex; caudal peduncle very 732 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM short and deep; pectoral fin of left side wanting, that of right side small or obsolete; ventral rays three or four, the ventral fin of the colored side long, connected with the anal by a mem- brane. This strongly marked genus contains numerous species, all very closely related, and nearly all American. 368 Achirus fasciatus Lacépede American Sole; Hogchoker Achirus fasciatus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IV, 659, 662, 1803, Charles- ton; JORDAN & Goss. Rep. U. 8S. F. C. 1886, 315, 1889; Bran, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX,-373, 1897; H. M. Smitn, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 108, 1898; EUGENE SmiTH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 1897, 41, 1898; Manns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. X, 322, 1898; JorpAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2700, 1898; IV, pl. CCCLX XXVII, fig. 948, 1900; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 110, 1900. Pleuronectes mollis MiTrcHILL, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 9, 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 388, pl. II, fig. 4, 1815. 5: Achirus mollis Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 303, pl. 49, fig. 159, 1842; Srorer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 206, pl. XXXII, fig. 1, 1867; Bray, Bull. U.S. F. C. VII, 134, 1888; 19th Rep. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 244, 1890. Achirus lineatus CuvieR, Régne Anim. ed. 2, II, 348, 1829, and of various American authors. Form a well rounded oval, regular in outline; head small, its fength about one fourth of standard body length; the depth of the body equals one half of the total length; eyes minute, close together on right side of head; mouth small, curved; lateral line distinct, straight; dorsal fin continuous from snout to caudal; ventral connected by membrane with anal, the latter then con- tinuous to caudal; caudal peduncle broad, the fin thumb-shaped; ; body everywhere densely scaled; anterior dorsal rays scaled; about 75 rows of scales along lateral line. D. 55; A. 40; V. 4. General color olive brown; body and fins with numerous black spots and clouded areas; usually from six to eight vertical narrow cross bands of black; left side whitish, usually much mottled with dark spots and shadings. This is called hogchoker, cover clip, or cover, calico and Ameri- can sole, the name calico is used on the New Jersey shore oppo- site New York. The American sole has a wide distribution along our east coast, but is not important for food, and sometimes proves yery inconvenient to pigs, as may be inferred from one FISHES OF NEW YORK 733 of its common names. Dr’ De Kay has eaten the species, how- ever, and pronounces it to have a delicate flavor. Dr Mitchill also describes it as “ delicate eating.” De Kay records it as high up the Hudson as Peekskill. The following interesting observa- tions are to be found in his work: “ When it is taken from the water, it escapes readily from the hand by an undulating move- ment, in which it is aided by its mucous surface and by an eleva- tion of its scales beneath. By the same means it can make con- siderable progress over a moderately smooth surface. It is extremely tenacious of life, and I kept one alive four days out of water.” Another very curious habit of the American sole is that of clinging to the glass front or side of an aquarium for an indefinite length of time. It is common on the shallow flats of Great South bay in the summer and early fall. We obtained specimens‘at the mouth of Swan creek and in Blue Point cove in September 1890. This species is abundant in Swan creek, at Patchogue L. I., and many very young examples were taken there in the summer and fall of 1898, where the water was brackish and, at low tide, fresh. In 1901 this species was taken at Howell’s point, Duncan’s creek and Smith’s point. Eugene Smith caught one very small example in a tidal creek of the Hackensack river, where the water was fresh. He states that it is believed that soles spawn in fresh water. = the American sole, or calico flounder, has been obtained in Gravesend bay every month of the year except the first four. It is hardy in captivity. Its habit of clinging to the glass front and the walls of its tank is interesting. Order PEDICULATI Pediculate Fishes Family tOPHIDAE Fishing Frogs Genus Ltopuius (Artedi) Linnaeus Head wide, depressed, very large; body contracted, conic, tapering rapidly backward from the shoulders; mouth exceed- ingly large, terminal, opening into an enormous stomach; upper jaw protractile, maxillary without supplementary bone; lower 734 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM N jaw projecting; both jaws with very strong, unequal, cardiform teeth, some of the teeth caninelike, most of them depressible; yomer and palatines usually with strong teeth; gill openings comparatively large, in the lower axil of the pectorals; pseudo- branchiae present; no gill rakers; gills three; skin mostly smooth, naked, with many dermal flaps about the head; spinous dorsal of three isolated, tentaclelike spines on the head, and three smaller ones behind, which form a continuons fin; second dorsal moderate, similar to the anal; pectoral members searcely geniculated, each with two actinosts and with elongate pseudo- brachia; ventrals jugular, I, 5, widely separated, large, much enlarged in the young. Young with the head spinous. Pylorie caeca present. Vertebrae numerous, about 30 in number. Living on sea bottoms, at moderate depths; remarkable for great voracity. 369 Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus Angler; Goosefish; Bellows Fish Lophius piscatorius LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I. 236, 1758; MiTcHI“n, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 465, 1815; Gunruer, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus. III, 179, 1861; Goopr & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst. XI, 2, 1879; Jor- DAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 844, 1883; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IX, 373, 1897: H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 109, 1898; JoRDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. LET. 27137898 IV, pl. CCOLXXXVIII, fig: 952 (skeleton), 1900; SHeRwoop & Epwarps, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1901, 31, 1901. Lophius piscator MiTcury, Rep. Fish. N. Y. 28, 1814, Long Island. Lophius americanus Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. XIT, 380, 18387; Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 162, pl. 28, fig. 87, 1842; STorEr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 101, pl. XVIII, figs 2, 1867, Body depressed, tapering, scarcely longer than head; humeral Spine with points, of which the posterior is the longest; head sur- rounded with a fringe of barbels: top of head in young with many strong spines; anterior dorsal spine elongate, fleshy at tip. D. I-I-I, III-10: A. 9. Brownish, mottled, below white: mouth from behind the hyoid bone immaculate; pectorals and eaudal black at tip; peritoneum back. North Atlantic, on both coasts; generally common, from North Carolina northward. A fish of singular ugliness of appearance, ee FISHES OF NEW YORK 735 De Way calls this fish the American angler. He says it is not an uncommon fish in New York waters, and that among its popular names are sea devil, fishing frog, bellows fish, goosefish, monkfish, and various others. The largest one he saw was 4 feet long. It is not eaten, but is often opened by fishermen for the numerous fishes which are found in its stomach. He says it is found on the south side of Long Island. The angier is moderately abundant on the fishing banks in the vicinity of New York city, and small ones are sometimes caught in Gravesend bay. No examples of this fish were obtained by me in Great South bay during three seasons of summer investiga- tions, but it is found sparingly in the ocean adjacent to the bay. According to Dr Smith, it is abundant in Vineyard sound, usually from Ap. 1 to July 1, some seasons from April to Novem- ber, or as late as the traps are set. Traps often take boat loads of these fish, which are carried to the shore and put on the land. No other use is made of them, though the flesh is considered very palatable. Those caught in traps are from 4 inches to 4 feet long. The young keep off shore in deep water and are never taken in the seine. The spawn is often found floating in Vine- yard sound. During the fall of 1900, according to Sherwood and Edwards, anglers were very abundant in Great harbor, at Woods Hole Mass. and late in the fall several large ones were washed ashore. The fish are not often seen near Woods Hole, though abundant at Menemsha and Cuttyhunk, where the shores are frequently strewn with their bleached skeletons. In Massachusetts bay it is a common resident of the deep waters, often coming to the shores. An individual about 4 inches in length was taken off the banks of Newfoundland in 1856. This is probably the most northern recorded occurrence of the fish in the western Atlantic, except the unconfirmed state- ment by Pennant of its appearance in Hudson’s bay. The angler ranges from North Carolina northward. Mitchill called this fish the sea devil. Family ANTENNARIIDAE Genus PTEROPHRYNE Gill Body smooth or scarcely granular, short, somewhat com- pressed, with tumid abdomen; mouth small, oblique; palate with 736 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM teeth; wrist and pectoral fin slender; ventrals elongated; soft dorsal and anal vertically expanded. Small fishes of fantastic shape in the Wést Indies and Gulf Stream. 370 Pterophryne histrio (Linnaeus) Mousefish Lophius histrio LINNAEws, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 237, 1758. Chironectes laevigatus SToRER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 78, 1839; DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 165, pl. 27, fig. $83, 1842. : Antennarius histrio JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 846, 1888. Pterophryne histrio GiLL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 216, 1878; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth, 486, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist. TX, 378, 1897; H. M. SmirH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 109, 1898; JorpDAN & EVER- MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 2716, 1898. The length of the body is one and four fifths times its depth and two and one fourth times the length of the head; skin of head and body, as well as dorsal fins, with fleshy tags, which are most numerous on the dorsal spines and abdomen; wrist slender; ventrals large, nearly half as long as head; dorsal and anal with posterior rays not adnate to the caudal pedunele. D. I1I-14;.A. 7; V.5. Yellowish, marbled with brown; three dark bands radiating from eye; vertical fins barred with brown; belly and sides with small white spots. Tropical parts of Atlantic; abundant on our Gulf coast and occasional northward. The mousefish inhabits the tropical parts of the Atlantic. It is abundant on our Gulf coast and occasional northward to Cape Cod, specially in floating masses of Sargassum. It was once taken in Europe in floating seaweed, from the Gulf Stream, and has been recorded from the coast of Senegambia. De Kay described this species under the name of the smooth mousetish. He refers to the descriptions of Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, and Storer. He states that the geographic range of the species at that time was known to extend from Charleston to Boston. This species is not uncommon in summer in floating masses of gulf weed brought near our shores by the Gulf Stream and other currents. An example was caught off the ocean shore of Long ; ) FISHES OF NEW YORK Tat Island in August 1897. At Woods Hole Mass., according to Dr Smith, it was taken in 1877. In November 1885, 12 specimens were seined in Quissett harbor. From that year till 1897 none were observed, but in 1897 the fish were comparatively common in Vineyard sound. During July there was an unusual preva- lence of southerly winds, and a large quantity of sargasso weed was blown in from the Gulf Stream, and with it this fish, which he calls the marbled angler. In Vineyard sound, a few miles from Woods Hole, 50 individuals were taken July 24, 1897. Probably not less than 100 specimens were taken during that year. Many were kept alive in aquaria for several weeks. Some remain under or among the gulf weed at the surface, some con- ceal themselves in the algae on the bottom, some hide behind stones and other objects, and some seek crevices among rocks. While clumsy in their movements, they were adept in approach- ing and capturing other fishes. They were cannibalistic, one about 6 inches long swallowing another 4 inches long, and they frequently bit off the fleshy dermal appendages of their fellows. In August several spawned in the aquarium. The eggs are con- nected in long bands, like those of the angler. It is reported that in the summer of 1889 the fish was not uncommon off Nan- tucket, and in 1897, eight specimens were taken in gulf weed off that island. Family 0GCOCEPHALIDAE Batfishes Genus oGcocEPpHaALus Fischer Body stoutish, tapering backward; head very broad and de- pressed, triangular in form, the forehead elevated and produced; eyes large, lateral; mouth rather small, subinferior under the snout; villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer and palatines; skin covered with rough, bony tubercles; dorsal and anal fins very small; rostral tentacle present, retractile into a cavity under a bony prominence on the forehead; ventrals present, I, 5, well separated; pectorals large, placed horizontally; gills 23; no air bladder; no pyloric caeca. Tropical America, in shallow water. Small fishes of singular form, often regarded by the ignorant as venemous. ms NEW YORK STaTE MUSEUM >: S25 371 Ogeocephalus vespertilio (Linmaess) Batfish: Malthe se 23 : Lophius vespertilio Laxwaxcs, Syst. Nat ed. X. L 36 1758. sa eee Malthors vempertilie Ccvize & Varexcresses, Hist Nat Poiss. XI, 440 : 1837: De Kar, N. Y. Fauna. Fishes. 167, 1822. . ; ee Malthe vespertilie GUyTsEs_ Cat. Fish. Brit, Mus. Ii. 200. 190; Jonas & a Guzeer, Ball 16. U.S Nat Mus $50, 1883. - “ : Ogoxephalus vespertiliso Jompaxs & Evezwanx. Bull 47. U. & Nat Mus HL 273i, 1898; Iv, B. CCOKCH, Sx 8 oe Seiemce, N. S CX, no. 211. & 18. a Anterior half of body (the head), between eyes and gill open- = ings. much depressed and broadened, the greatest width in front _ of gill openings equaling distance from tip of rostral process to. gill openings or about half length of entire fish; from gill open ings to caudal the body is rounded. tapering te width of the body at the vent equals one third of the width — at gill openings; forehead produced in a subconic process of vary- — ing length. its length measured from eye being contained six and one half times or more in total length without caudal; meuth — small, inferior: jaws, vomer. and palatines with bands of villi. form teeth. D4: A 4; V_L 5. Color dark gray and brown. often varying from almost black to light gray and orange. ; The batfish is a West Indian species, ranging north io thee Plorida Keys, and has been taken at least once in the harbor of — = New York. It grows to a length of 12 inches. De Kay did not meet with this fish on the coast of New York, but he copies the — description of Cuvier and Valenciennes. In the midsummer of 1854 or 1855, Dr Theodore Gill saw an individual of this species, which was recently caught at a wharf ai the foot of 27th st East river, New York. No record of its occurrence was pub ~ lished, but the writer noted this circ umstance in Science, Jan BEX 1899. mn. « vy. &. -— FISHES OF NEW YORK RECORDED DISTRIBUTION OF NEW YORE FISHES Aiaquehanna baatn 1P st) 2 P. marinus unicolor.__. ..._ ___. 3 Iehthyomyzon concolor. -__.._._. 4 Lampetra wilderi_____._...____ > Pseudoiriskis microdan._.._._- G6 Musfeles canis. _.__.._____..... 7 Galeocerdo tigrimus .........._- & Priomace elanca-----_........... 9 Carcharhinus obseurus_-_______- a J See ee ii Aprionodon isodor.-_..........- 12 Seoliodon ierrac-novae_-___-._-.- 13 Sphyrna tibure .......... ..._.. 4S. aygaena.-.---- SF eee 15 eee A 16 | eee 18 Lamna cormmubica —... ......_.. 19 Careharodon earcharias -...___- 20 Ceterhinus maximus ..........- *21 Squalus acanthias----.. __.. .__./- 22 Squaima squatina.-_-_-_-..-..-_-_- 23 Raja erimaces ---- ...... ......-- 24 ¥ ll Eee 23 &. evlanteria. _... .... .......... OTE Eee 27 Tetranaree occidenialis -......- 28 Dasyaiis cenirura -... ........-- (oS SS 3 ee [oo Ee sl Pieroplatea maciurs -~........-. x2 Mytiebaiis freminvillei...-- — 3 | 7 epenen: ve ee Lilie Ohamplain Olio basin Dolaware basin Hiidson baain Lone Taland aivennia Annidromons ———— = <| sig] = mi“) ot = oj 2ijiaj sc =|Jolol|=< sis |] =i sS Sle sls 22+ 2 Oo] oS liai 2 Reeerded alse frem the Walkill, Passzie and Hackemsaca. 740 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Recorded distribution of New York fishes (continued) J SIRE Ens amop aaa banscS Se OO ONINTUS teas eae t ese Soscrseee 55 Carpiodes thompsoni -.--...-.---. 56 Catostomus catostomus......-. Bie GiCOMMeETSONI Asses. ecse ces 58 C. vigricans............. aeceeel 59 Erimyzon sucetta?............. 60 E. sucetta oblongus .-...-...-- 61 Minytrema melanops ........-- 62 Moxostoma anisurum.......... ie PUL TAULEOUIM =<. wodsiocs nese ee 64 Campostoma anomalum ...-... 65 Chrosomus erythrogaster...... 66 Hybognathus nuchalis ........ 67 Pimephales promelas.......... Sok notatus,-s22.2-0 5 oS See ae eats 69 Semotilus bullaris............. 70: §S. atromaculatus.... 2... °)..2.- Mi menea tINCa, <0. .-..- <2 ao Aad 72 Leuciscus elongatus........... io a. Marearitas...... TOAST TT C0 TY geal eat a ee ie 75 Abramis crysoleucas! .._.._... 76 A.crysoleucas roseus, Cen’] Park UMMA VADLIAX ose ces tll 77 Notropis bifrenatus ..... anorenus ...-..-. 2-5. . cayuga .... . heterodon. . . blennius ... SRR ne atin ea hacen tee . budsonius . budsonius amarus . Whipplii . Cornutus . cornutus frontalis. . atherinoides ao . rabrifrons 90 amoenus........ 91 N. umbratilis ... 914 Ericymba bueeata 92 I x AA 8I a 2 83 4 85 R56 87 bata! ZABZAAAAZAZAAZADZ” ne MTOURIS!. ee 91 Hybopsis dissimilis 44 TL. amblops 95 H. storerianus -............__. 96 H. kentuckiensis.... 97 Conesius plumbeus.... ._.. 1% Exoglossum maxillingua 9 Carassius auratus .... 100 Cyprinus carpio ...........__. ROL Avguilla chrysypal * Recorded alao from tha Walkill, Kecorded also frum the Passaic and Hac KM KM HK HK Great lakes ‘ | Interior lakes i a MM: WAY nw RRK KARR: kensack, ! | St Lawrence | Adirondacks er a ~e- > eek Passaic and Hackensack. | Lake Champlain Ohio basin Susquehanna basin | Delaware basin x oA .< sccleee Hudson basin Long Island streams Sie =| SPS re |e xl ce ees iee aero lee Bee act = alee e ase oe pee ee ee K lee eas oe wd | Seats x ies 3s+|-53 was fe ce lowe a oe [22 | Soa eee Kips se | eee} ead KX f---]- ee]. ee x ce |eecl ewe FISHES OF NEW YORK Recorded distribution of New York fishes (continued) 4 Recorded also from the Walkill and Passaic. 2 Introduced into Sterling lake. 3 Introduced into Lake George. 4 Recorded from the Passaic and Hackensack. a -|é\e|2|= URS ENE la 3 I al s | lS |e iP ep g/e/4/2/8 a =] Ss 3 Slael|ni{alixA 1OZBMeptocephalus|conger. —-22)..-2-- |---| 22 - eee ROS e aT pon qanlantiCusee, 2. -(=-- --'||~ <= |= <|\a- 2 | soi are LOSS Ploaps Saurus. ----\...55--- saiacte’ nO Ne ks Se Oe TOAD AR VILLE Saison icccis ease 32ks | 22s) ace | see lsec eas A GeEOdonsercIsuUss.--s+ 5.4 -2-+2| Xs. 2) X. (Zac xX NUlee al OSOTDCS see ten cic sce stale. |X, |= sleet 108 Dorosoma cepedianum .---- ---- Xgl [ee avallsec HOSMER MIMEUS COLES a) -2, seme cciece ees eto) S<\2 | S20) oe. d10;@lupeayharengus=22-- <-.-..--. Pe AW sisal Kei Seale 111 Pomolobus chrysochloris ...---. Kilfeseles rN COLOCRIS se osc. seisc)-a2 5-2 =| <0'<|\0'-] = =i Sevaliee Lise pseudoharencus -.--.--.-..-.- »- Gal ip-Gal yD: Gall oes Gee RcyaADONOLON: = .2-4.22<.60-.5--- Spee | he te Ae iipeAlosarsapidissima,.--- 2... -2--.- Meine os | Socrates Ge ranenr ila Spa. -- ---\--0> -2-- Pee \oer|eew era eers 117 Opisthonema oglinum -.- -.-.---- Wale as fe SeBrevoortiatyrannus .-6--.-----|/--'.|4-|<-<]|o--|=- 119 Stolephorus brownii.-.-..-.....--- S| Fee [als | (Bt 11210) Qe eneanoy Te eee eas eeee bees se S| eee esc cec||oe WZ eepentasclavUSpcsan/scl-<.-- 6 -\-2 5 | ela 1B 4S\o imnitece ot hee ne See a ee ee zea vs he 123 Coregonus quadrilateralis ...--. |S ae ea | WAC cClupeMOLMIS 2-22 -.<<<> =-5- Deep DSP Beall 53 [Bee 125 Argyrosomus osmeriformis..---. 85 |Sclleeel (oe TSH}. JEN SETH (SYC TSS ge aXe eXes | eseaees | Pey ee MO MPACH OVI een n sas soe cies ecic cee Se (eo -ch fers el eee eM eaREM TAGS |. Sooo. oesiees 5-2 =| M12 |--|- 32 (a1 TB) ANS TEU oYe\2) eo ae eer xa aes |ree Uses 130 Oncorhynchus chouicha ---.-.----| X |---|-- ei oe Asie salimorsalate. 5. s-koc-ses2eee- Xa | sae exe es)|e 152 S. salar Sebago. ...-...----.---- | Eos) 22a ec e Dosmomhenshawi.-.2---6 2-514 --ciss- was Sell = zZ Ae Sema eT Gist i.5 cin. cises == Boyles = ill arere Se IBS S\, init GSueee eee Se ee eee ee VabISe ELUTE Venensis .-.....--.-- Ba eae ude eee CUR) + -- ..-<.- <-.5--,------ rege eae ses OSES OM ANUS. = 2) =< isc. cesee s+ oo Ht eee ee] oe] 139 Cristivomer namaycush ....-.-.- Ks | eh | a | ee 140 Salvelinus fontinalis! ..---..---- et | Seal | KS | WAT Se On Gy eee eee ee ereee sed|is5e - 142 §S. alpinus aureolus3........-.--- ae ae 143 Osmerus mordax...-.-.-..-----|---|--- 244 Synodus foetens..-..----------- epee ee ae EP ee TAG Ue Mitre Se eee 3) |p| koe or |e frapomuemines! .....-----.----->=-|--\-|---|--i-4- 147 Lucius americanus. .--.--------|---|--- ee fase, vermiculatus.....-....------- > ayes |Seeliaos!|- 5 IGileereiiculatus! 22. .2ck\-2-ses- |. Xo) |X x AS MMEMTCKIS oe ee so ae cee n es |) X |) Ki; Kees) 151 /L.. masquinongy---.------------ pe Pear We x =| 2 2) 8 £\2|4 2) |p xe =| = 4 _ = 2 2 3 2 e =| 2 S E S$ ) S| alin Elen! a = al/el]o| 8 Oo|;/nl|A|E >: GN ey ba < DS ese cil Gs aS ep choo elec x =|- ae = ee] | Xe x | | = --|- x Fs |-- | x x S sere | Aas x x X |- Soc x | | Long Island streams ee ee Mo | Marine OEY pur ane Nitra val | Anadromous (Osea), Oe ee ee MMM KKM MM ME) |= \ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Recorded distribution of New York fishes (continucd) Great lakes Interior lakes St Lawrence 152 L. m. ophiensis (Kirt.)----.----|---|---|--- Pundwius MaAjalis 4 2-252 tei |= =-0)||o ml ee We hereroclhitus: .-csn nas ose -wse sos | ona |eee 161 F. diaphanus! De a>. Ge lie 3 Lucania parva. ....---.--------|---|---|--- Cyprinodon variegatus ---.------|---|---|--- Tylosurus marinus =-<-.----\----|/--- |---| - GINS Ser Oi ek ae SE ee en llee Sec CSD GR Se Gril 2223 ce = BS Sega $e5 oo Bolom alisee Hyporhamphus roberti--......-.|---|---|--- Euleptorhamphus velox ....----|---|---]--- Scomberesox saurus....--..--..|---|---|--- Exocoetus volitans. .:-.....----|-.-|---|)--- Cypsilurus heterurus...---.---- Bee ©. furcatus:....-. C. gibbifrons Eucalia inconstans. --....-..--.| X |---| x E. inconstans cayuga...........- Soles lisce Pygosteus pungitius! ......-... Keyes eee Gasterosteus bispinosus ....---- hee St bes fed Apeltes quadracus....... BPE Beer alls (Sil orev Fistularia tabaccaria ...-...---- Sie aie ere epee Siphostoma fuscum ..--......-- Be ee ae Hippocampus hudsonius...-.---. SeHilSsollos- Percopsis guttatus.-.......-.-- Xa ee ex Aphredoderus sayanus....-----. 2 PS te MOMIOIG PTACHIN = 3 02522 sss cess locale alone Me Perv INnee >. 6c cecemce ee cl eeiecele oe AMOUR oo Seas Socs cnt Sees eee ee Kirtlandia vagrans. .......-.--. Sell tesl ee Labidesthes sicculus........-.. xX ee Mipilicephalns 2-22.25... 028) sone lee Wg OURGIOAC 2 boone Sere c elle eee Mi MGAOUON. =. Jo.<.. on ieen bee eee eee > Syphraena guachancho.........]...|---].-- Re WOLGHMNG «Css - wuice voc menneces le eee oee Polydactylus octonemus......../...|...|..- Ammodytes americanus........]...]...].-. Malins auratns.... —- w0cs poss Soe. eee oe eee peomberscombrus z.. 2.6.52 22 eeceee B. COU epics cord ven eh tee BUXIB TNAIBLO 6. sie sos scmcert Con Moe eee Gymnosarda pelamis ...........|...|-..].. DNR s: SIGPORA Ss one ge om e'm rs esiss te eee PSO DUS LAPNNUG «Wooo coe eoe Seen eee OCC a es Bates) PS) |S ot We Scomberomorus maculatus......|...|-..]... Sa ROCA te dee vin oso. ee ~~] 8 aaa SB, Gm¥elles oo cl vin2. «i>. coc. Geet eee Trichiurus lepturus ............|...}--.)e- Istiophorus nigricans. ..........|...{...|.. Tetrapturus imperator .........!... zee Ni Recorded also from the Passaic and Hackenaack. | Adirondacks e | Lake Champlain | Susquehanna basin 1 | Ohio basin | Delaware basin a= -|eoe|--- [ee -]-- -)-- lees i Se en fone poe a-Si fe > coe) cecal Sacl ses | Se ee ee ee wa =| 2s |eow | = = 2 eet ee eee ey ra eres (ermal a5) | = x |e pa aes = Seino b.Se ~e-|---|---[---|---|---]- ==] X |-=- Aes oce ano acs oe ee +. Cit fae SSe\| = = =|: 2m] Sa, ten ee tee ee es 2. TF p= pee Cod ee ro ete She | ea 5 ae} XK] se] aaa He eae -<2- -—-*- -—-« -“—-- -—-- -—<-* Bees etal its eavelie dc | andoc.]loetel a Set a ae ees SS (ee re rele cei: | Se word fialscc | atecedista w\| 225 Se ee en oae|occ|oes]eocifaee] Rook ees eee eee oad | soc}ocspelecle Selmi. see meena By ee ee eee eco eee ii 5 .-2|s0=|-2<|- 0) oe ene wee[ece|eee[eee|---)---)---] BX ey Oe Se es ec oe ale = SN SEP tere Pe feet fae cl heel he oe eal oe drei) 6 Sed he ee ea Py een pee. Gen (ey eye Pe ae | | leaf nef tees ee eth ee SSS) ass ine = Pere ee et ee) Wee wae) sen] och) 26| S00] eee we = |< all sons [ioena | aps eee woe fie cane toe 4) eee eee XS Re Pre ere (ee Pen emr eehoe if es = wietn'|in c «| ec] rel crt een een er ow alee 54 tobe eee > eal here el here Te MN (ene eR 5. = wo[oce] ee ctece| eae) Se eee ee eee asastien lar mw © fice olf cee Soon eal eee we ofa ac iece finn «lec el sre eel eexaeleeeel A (Pn (eee (ef 8 Pare epee a VO Fe et oe ee as o| cardecpol ce oleate ee eee PP ae ere ea Se Marine Anadromous FISHES OF NEW YORK Recorded distribution of New York fishes (continued) 222) Log TEI ee ae eres 240 Eupomotis gibbosus + 241 Micropterus dolomieu > Pe Mesalmoiies ©.----- -s4. =: -=-- 243 Stizostedion vitreum Pe te CAMMGCHSO. .--. .-.. :-..---~--| 245 S. canadense griseum --...----- | 216 Perea flavescens* 247 Percina caprodes 248 P. caprodes zebra 219 Hadropterus aspro - .--. 250 Cottogaster copelandi PaleGs CHONGYI: 2.2. -22=-~-'-------|---!- » Recorded in the Hackensack. wees wee ew tere a tal q 2 Introduced into the Passaic and Long Island waters. ° Recorded from Long pond, Hudson Highlands. es | & | mm = g|2'e}ale Pace ae | e| 8 3s ~ onl Ss a 2 SS lees | at [2 s18/4/2/2)2 SolH|nal4d}AI/SO —- |— —— Wie phins Pla GtOS.--o. -25r2 = se. |5=54 os 5} 22 ak BISaN Pipers Onlites SAUFHS--.2.5.... <--.|~.-|---|2==fo2-f2=<]-5- HObeNanerarcs GUCLOL s- 2sce---~ =. [5 s-|o--|Sec]osc fess |e - 2O(=Seriola zonata>.. 2.5525. /o255 == a ee ed ee pasa see DANE Sik SUS ee ee a et eels Spe alee 209 Elagatis bipinnulatus-.-........|.-.|---|--2|.--|---|--- 2IOpDecapterus punctatus =~ -. 2 5.2 |5.-|-<:}sse|/-4 242 Mileb smacarellus: <=. -s24ics-.. - SEP ee eee ee ete ee Pee Praehurus: LHACHULUS. =< 2¢.2-0--|5=-f>-<|2.2|s4se2}--- 213 Trachurops crumenophthalmus..|. -.|-<.|.--|.--j.-- hace elias (Opies Thee 1090) 10) ee Sa ay See a ee Pee SCEYSOS: fae es /oas Soe eo ccoe 5s Bo ee asl Seay Se) Sed BihoMlechis Clllatis ..-.. -seo-< 2s 2. |rz_}eecte Sts |-} PREMMEMELSSGhl INNIS = coe scouse=-|- 22 |==2)s.=)-cs |= == )o2 MIS Selene: VOWEL 22-.-.s2 soo eee ees =f 5-2 fe s- +35 oe 219 Chloroscombrus cbhrysurus..-. -. Bp Pree eas eee el ee 220 ehrachinotus taleatus = .5=- c=. f=--|=--|2<4}- --1.2-|--- Piguet LOCUS: =... -sss2s- ssc. <-)¢-- Fe ere ee Por asCALOM MUS. 5-202 =<- 2 S-~ + A PA 5 (a Py DPOMAsOMmuUSs SaltALTIX 2=---.= 222.|>5.|=-*)ss-}-- =] -=-}-2- Seach Vecentron canadum--=--=>--}=~:|+=-}=>=|-<-|e=-f-- 225 Coryphaena hippurus:-.::.. .:--.)-=:}--+|---|-- a SPE MAIR CtaNe sj. S22. <= S5-|25-|2--| 2 2]2-5 22h 5- 227 Palinurichthys perciformis -=---|=--|---}---|---|---|--- 2 SSO SSS ee ee es eed (oe Puen telacaAnunus ~--— 225526 See (ees) Pees) eee (emer egy 230 Pomoxis annularis- ........----. SE aS s) ce: sos} (S55 lel MA PALOIOS= <>... --ss<-- . ee pp cal [Fee 234 Chaenobryttus gulosus -....--.- X |- ane eee 235 Bnneacanthus obesus!. -.2+-.-- -|---|---|==-|---|---|=-= 2uMP I SIOROSUS: -=-- 222.5 --< Le Re ee en ea = 237 Apomotis cyanellus....--------. X | X ad ee be 238 Lepomis auritus..-....---------/---|---|-++|---/-++]- 2. <<. Vie sal Bd ec ede Ba Dee a Coe eS et } | } | T44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Recorded distribution of New York fishes (continued) Ohio basin Susguekanna basin Hudson basin Great lakes Interior lakes St Lawrence Maivonnaow “Lake Champlain Delaware basin | Long Island streams Anadromous > | I | [ | | 252 Diplesion blenniodes ......--2.| X |---|---|---|---|---]---|---|---|--- 253 Boleosoma nigrum -...--.-.---- Kp |LESI chevet ern Sais’. oa" |esee lepers | een 254 B. nigrum olmstedi? .......-.. Mi], | Ree Se le 255 Etheostoma cueruleum .....-..| X |-,-|-- 211? SE ORY 00) wey USS Oa pea eee Spe | Gill eas Fa-< Boor favellares 2. 5-02 bso Sel. 5G] [>-< | fae 257 Boleichthys fusiformis --.--.-.- pay Ned ene) boners be Hees | panel fae 258 B: fusiformis eo0s.---.......-.. bl (Paes Pe bape era mn (uae eo (eRe 259°’ Roecus chrysops.?: 22.2.5 scss | Rs 2 | el SS el Ra eee ee ROvewy. JINCARRS see cen epee we ceee[eee |---| X |---]---[---] ¥] X | XR 261 Morone americana ........ .-- eee ROS see eee pie ge Pt ee || eel Se 269° Poly prion americanus =... 2-2-2: |2) 7 ese eee eee ee , 263 Epinephelus niveatas..... seeei|des [seis ) Sorel Sa SNe 2 [aos eee fetes fees ee ce 264 Centropristes striatus ..-...... wee New aan veil motes] oe ome eee fen ee BhaV Dulles saunied a2. sto e se ccisce oo wis | eV cfc oll ee cee cil Se ctl eet ee eee ene Zope ey Pucus DIStriSpinus:.2o.cesea |S. | oe28 | Lede eo Bere (amen ees renee sth a ee 267 Lobotes surinamensis .-....-..|..-|--.]-. a): - | 22 =|. -s)|eae| oom eee 268 Priacanthus arenatus .-....--. frais 2] ee] Se epoca peels peal (eS Beat ee al eas ee 269 Pseudopriacanthus altus....--. eae (essen (ene (ad lees earn gD ok Meteo) 270 Neomaenis griseus ..-......--.| wszcif scecei|i=recell Sods [ te pets ere ee ea leer Hee STI IN. Dlackfordi -; 22-2. cc cco 3. fe eles bod Sa (ee 272 Orthopristis chrysopterus -.-.. Joma |oveny. ce loee | eal cecil ee ak eee ee 273 Steuotomus chrysops.-......... a (rome re eel enol Peelers (Pie 2 | 274 Lagodon rhomboides..........|-... hese es fe aR Paes fete eee Pare a PAS [p+ 275 Arcbosargus probatocephalus..|...).-.).-- jos aie'| jeter fa Sl eee [iene ae : pee 276 Eucinostomns gula...... 2s eel ana aie Pi pees eae freee em TP per SS I ose Es Sa? . Kyphosns sectatrix:. 2. 222-08 er ess Pes (mre ee ee eee Bite YNORCIONINCCELIS:. oo foo. cesses cle wales Watae ['bv a= is tow S-Ston geet ae kan PapPeC WenuUlONUs %:cs28. ose eed Pears ee Pe leas Way Wr, oes PON le PoOMBUALIMUS SAG Atise 2 jee a Sal le 0 ogee ae eee ries fees | eels ent hsso5/ wok eoalrdrella chiyvaura «2.220520 |o0- SY Gane sate iffei Sie, |e eeran| eats pesado yet eee 282 Sciaenops ocellatus ....2 2.2... heh. ol 2 od lashes ee 283 Leiostomnus xanthurus.........].../.-. we ihe we ok x Ie sisi ee See a | 20% ©Micropogon undulatus...) 2-2. ece}o2. | oe) 2. eo alt ceils | a aep.. Menticitrhus'saxatiligs.c 222]. oes) | a Zuo. a OPONIAN CLOMIS: -s--velenk ss. Ye esce | Son; if oS) | LEYS Rael Seer oa 287 Apludinotus grunniens -...<.2.| x |. 2). 102) eee ee ee ee 288 Tautogolabrus adspersus ...--. [Scrcil fe atlas oleic toy Ssya 2) peer | eee ene LAULOGR ONItIS 3.2500 ke ent ee | Rie ae Pe (a eS eed ee es avo +Zenopsis ocellatus. .. 22. ...22.).22] |e. foes an ee See 291 Chaetodipterus faber.... 2. 2... S| soa || Ben oe BS Meat i SS Alper aiirec aft 292 Chaetodon ocellatus.........../..2 yA Pics tes bee fe iy eee ee 293 Teuthis hepatns .............. -,) bale ohn bal S| See x 294 Balistes carolinensis...........]...|.. aS "SORES jeans - eas Meee gaa OILS ioc ce wis ance, eo ee = : Ry AB iro x es 296 Movacanthus hispidus. .... 2... ke | Le ie feet al lat cast | é Sanna au! Alutera schoepfii.........---..|-. lec.) «beck ecole ae x io 298 Lactopbrys trigonus ...-...... lc ae es ee ee x PES, 299) =Lagecephalus laevigatus ...... Pate Le alle oh . | hae = aie 300) Sphervides MacHinins.. 2... lee Lg: a a ae < it 30L 5S. testudineus... pedis MR Libiem F Neot. at Li a wah eae) at ee | = eS Recorded from the Passaic, Hackensack and Bronx. > Recorded frou the Hackensack. Lotroduced into Greenwood lake. _— ~ FISHES OF NEW YORK 745 Recorded distribution of New York fishes (continucd) Great lakes St Lawrence Adirondacks Lake Champlain Susquehanna basin Long Island streams Anadromous Ohio basin | Delaware basin | Hudson basin | Marine 1 | i | | | | | | | | | Boze sirichocephialusy seni). oes Sel 303 TT. trichodiodon pilosus. ........|--- be tl iP ete Baas 304 Chilomycterus schoepfii ..-..--.! Bee fei cacea Cotes el mal pees | ome Pel Py BORO s LWICIMOSUS) I 9 ales een cil eh ert Sols 8 x ‘ . | Interior lakes AKKKA KH ‘ 310 Uranidea gracilis!....-... -.-.../--+| x pal (5, fear eaten (PA NE hs Tha Bib io (ONTOS Bdos coamoooSoa eooues ESE eee sell Ste ileal keel ee 312 Myoxocepbalus aeneus ..--.-.-.-- pay Pe FR ES re (a a ARGS eM | 313 M. octodecim-spinosus.....----. Ey boa nse eel ool ete en aise eels cst VPs (| 5 DilaeMesoroenlandi@us js 2 valess EGA Sa elasalaes Pe cibsal(Seolsaaioelst Re |= 2 315 Triglopsis thompsoni.-.--..----- Bd (Pees Ha ae oe a er Nt eel oA 8 316 Hemitripterus americanus..-.--. St SIN POTN | sell apa kegs eGanT R ORata No 317 Aspidophoroides monopterygius|.--|---|---|---]-.-|---]---|---]---|---| X |--- 318 Cyclopterus lumpus:...-.-..-.-- Ecol es [save hea Ice me BES HE REDE IY boc 7 ha RIORNecolipanis atlanuicus 2. 2.omcl |!-(j-|- bee a (as Peete st eel male eal] mie na oma ALISMALIS: hoes sac. 2 aoa ccd Sin [l= eee oem | Gretel teal ted lade ocmctts| oe tae 321 Gobiosoma bosci . ---..--------- SMCA Peale teenie sll uc KOS eae eo et cles 322 Astroscopus guttatus........-..|---|---|---|---|---|-2-|---]---]---]---| % late Soa OmsamUSapa: (0. s--- == 2 sac e's Bees) ee (es le RR RI SE 80 aze blennins fncorum .--...-...2---. RS neice Mere Maal Sa wie cle il erent Ra rate 325 Chasmodes bosquianus. .--.--.- EP ed oe Nee sae eon ee See eat eC 326 Pholis gunnellus. ..-...-------.|---|---)---|---)---|--+|--- | tala wral hahe le ate SUilvariae smb bitincataencsos5 sae) ayia l= seule oil aerate er SP NES Ale Mes 328 Stichaeus punctatus,.-......---. Se TE Re ee eae halle Son Ge Re ase het a ea 329 Lumpeuus lampetraeformis.---.|...|-.-|.--|---|---|-:-]---|+--]---|---|/% [=== 330 Cryptacanthodes maculatus ....|-..|---|---|---|---)---|---|---|---|---] ¥4--- BoleAnarhichas lupus ---.--:------- Hoss aie allio! Vee) eet eel tesa) scat route ed 332 Zoarces anguillaris.......-..---}---|---|---|---|-+-|---;---|---]--*je2-|.% [--- Sooemissolarmarginata.. 225222003... s.|i-- aoc al ties 5 ete a) | ne ee SOA ETOMOUUS CAlOMIMUS eres Nc) selec [tere veto ere ee Ne ae fe ee se cea ee elo BSa mb . SA5ePollachius Virens : 2.2 -ccs----4 |---| | -° «|| = om == ithe ial =| inion ee 346 Microgadus tomcod -...-.------|---|---|---|---}---|---|---]---| * |---| ¥ | * 347- Gadus morhua .-.-2--.---..----|---}---|--S)2--]-- [2-2 ]o= “| 22] se laine 348 Melanogrammus aeglifinus......)---|---)---|---|---)--- 2 teil Seeks eet eg SAM otaymaculOsae... 5-5 -2-- > --.- | x |x| xX |---| X|---]. Saher 350 Urophycis regius--....----.---- Bae) (Geo (sree Ween Pe alee AIIM SS ole 2c Sul OL wens) Gs eae ease enoo poeeEseer Pee fae al ere oclle ce weefeee]e--|---| EK ]--- SR) (iy CIS a5e5 Seeee see eaee tecoee Bae ties lien ENN i le Nae at wed Bc, 353 Gaidropsarus argentatus--.---.|---|---|---|---|---)--- PP Pere epee fees ae dh = EMC SIS aes ats eyes us, oe ayaileicitye licpcicl sie elie era) a el aege nl a ate enn tetsu lms edna cated -—- * Recorded also in the Hackensack and Passaic. ~] re for) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Recorded distribution of New York: fishes (concluded) | Great lakes 355 Rhinonemus cimbrius..-.-.-...--. 356 Brosmius brosme..-.....-.--.---- 357 Coelorhynchus carminatus...-.|.-- 358 Hippoglossus hippoglossus. ..-.]---|- 359 Hippoglossoides platessoides. --|- 360 Paralichthys dentatus..-.-..-..- 361 P. lethostigma .-...-....--...-- SOAR TODLONOUS seen meee alee tericcel| ae 363 Lophopsetta maculata--......-.|---|- 364 Etropus microstomus....-...---|.-- 365 Limanda ferruginea 366 Pseudopleuronectes americanus.}. -- 367 Platopbrys ocellatus.......-.-.|-.-- 368 Achirus fasciatus!...........--.|--- 369 Lophius piscatorius..........-.|---|- 370 Pterophryne histrio............|.-- 371 Ogeocephalus vespertilio. ......|-.-- 2 | © e| ° 3s =| =|o0 i=] i= Sle mR 3 = 4 + Lal NM fa = Dm 2/2 ° al] s fa | EES =a bee} TO | oe qj eeelo eel] | — nm a = 38 a ie es sia es pape | ice ee Oo} mM eel- e-- o- Q g & a 2 |e | Ae | tee D2 s|a/s Sis | = fo) =] eS A ee Se ae Re Pe es =o = | » Recorded also from the Hackensack. HMM MMMM MMMM od | Marine EN: Dae Abramis, 132-34 Albula, 181-83 americanus, 182 conorhynchus, 182 ‘chrysoleucas roseus, 1384 erythrocheilos, 182 erysoleucas, 132-34 Parrae, 182 Smithii, see Cyprinus (Abramis?) vulpes, 182-83 Smithii Albulidae, 181-83 versicolor, 132 Alburnellus amoenus, 150 Acadian bullhead, 646 rubrifrons, 149, 150 Acantharchus, 464-66 Alburnops blennius, 138 pomotis, 464-66 heterodon, 137 Acanthias americanus, 43 Alburnus rubellus, 147 vulgaris, 43 rubrifrons, 149 Acanthocottus, 639-44 Aleby trout, 702 aeneus, 639 Alectis, 431-33 anceps, see Cottus (Acanthocottus) ciliaris, 482-33 anceps crinitus, 432 groenlandicus, 643 Alewife, 5, 199-201, 441 octodecimspinosus, 641 river, 192 variabilis, 6438 Alligator, 71 virginianus, 641 Alligator gar, 71 , Acanthopteri, 351-608 Alopecias vulpes, 33 Acanthosoma carinatum, 629 Alopias, 32-3 Acanthurus chirurgus, 607 vulpes, 33-34 nigricans, 607 Alopiidae, 32-34 phlebotomus, 607 Alosa, 203-8 Acara aya, 554 alosa, 204 Achigan, 487 chrysochloris, 195 Achirus, 731-33 eyanonoton, 202 fasciatus, 732-33 | lineata, 197 lineatus, 732 mattowaca, 197 mollis, 732 menhaden, 211 Acipenser, 63-69 praestabilis, 204 brevirostris, 68 sapidissima, 204-8 brevirostrum, 68-69 teres, 189 maculosus, 66 | tyrannus, 199 oxyrinchus, 64 Alutera, 613-15 rubicundus, 66-67 schoepfii, 613 sturio, 63-65 schoepfii, 613-15 var. oxyrrhynchus, 64 Aluteres cuspicauda, 613 Acipenseridae, 63-69 Alvordius, 507-9 Aelurichthys marinus, 77 aspro, 507 Agonidae, 647-49 Amber fish, 416-18 Agoninae, 647-49 Amber jack, 418 748 Amblodon grunniens, 590 neglectus, 590 Ambloplites, 466-70 rupestris, 467-70 Ameiurus, 81-906 catus, 85-86 lacustris, 81-83 melas, 90 natalis, 84 nebulosus, 85, 87-89 marmoratus, 89 vulgaris, 84-85 American angler, 735 American cod, 699 American codling, 706 American hake, 692 American shad, 204 American sole, 732-383 Amia, 738-76 calva, 74-76 occidentalis, 74 Amiidae, 73-76 Amiurus albidus, 86 borealis, 81 eatus, 87 cauda-fureatus, SO dekayi, 84 marmoratus, 87, 89 natalis, 84 nigricans, 82 ponderosus, 82 pullus, 90 vulgaris, 84 Ammocoetes branchialis, 16 concolor, 14 niger, 16 unicolor, 13 Ammodytes, 375-77 americanus, 376-77 vittatus, 376 Ammodytidae, 375-77 Ammodytoidei, 375-77 Amphiodon alosoides, 185 ?Amphiprion americanus, 532 Anacanthini, 691-714 Anarhichadidae, 672-74 Anarhichas, 672-74 lupus, 673-74 x 9 ~~ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Anchovies, 213-19, 359 banded, 217-18 silvery, 216-17 striped, 214-15 : Angel fish, 45-46, 57, 602-4 Angel sharks, 45-46 Angler, 734-35 American, 735 marbled, 737 Anguilla, 169-74 blephura, 170 bostoniensis, 170 chrisypa, 170 chrysypa, 170-74 conger, 175 macrocephala, 170 oceanica, 175 rostrata, 170 tenuirostris, 170 tyrannus, 170 vulgaris, 170 Anguillidae, 169-74 Antennariidae, 735-37 Antennarius histrio, 736 Apeltes, 342-44 quadracus, 342-44 Aphredoderidae, 352-54 Aphredoderus, 352-54 gibbosus, 353 sayanus, 353-54 Aplodinotus, 590-92 grunniens, 590-92 Apodes, 169-77 Apomotis, 475-77 cyanellus, 475-77 Apvionodon, 28-29 isodon, 28-29 punctatus, 28 Archosargus, 561, 562-65, 563-65 probatocephalus, 563-65 Argentinidae, 282-85 Argyreiose, hairfinned, 486 Argyreiosus capillaris, 435 setipinnis, 433 vomer, 435 Argyreus atronasus, 154 nasutus, 152 Argyriosus yvomer, 435 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Argyrosomus, 230-41 artedi, 283-35, 241 hoyi, 285-37, 237, 241 osmeriformis, 230-35, 241 prognathus, 237-38, 241 tullibee, 288-41 Argyrotaenia vittata, 376 Arius equestris, 78 felis, 78 milberti, 78 Aspidophoroides, 647-49 monopterygius, 648-49 Aspidophorus monopterygius, 648 Asterospondyli, 17-43 Astroscopus, 658-60 anoplus, 658 guttatus, 658-60 Atherina brownii, 214 menidia, 357 mordax, 282 notata, 357 viridescens, 357 Atherinichthys gracilis, 355 menidia, 357 notata, 357 _ Atherinidae, 3854-62 Atherinopsis notatus, 357 Atlantic salmon, 244-48 Autumnal herring, 197 Auxis, 383-85 rochei, 384 thazard, 384-85 vulgaris, 3884 Aya, 9, 554 Bachelor, 460 Bachforelle, 255 Baione fontinalis, 272 Bairdiella, 576-78 chrysura, 576-78 Bait-stealer, 595 Balaos, 323-27 Balistes, 608-11 aurantiacus, 613 broccus, 611 capriscus, 608 carolinensis, 608-10 cuspicauda, 6138 fuliginosus, 608 hispidus, 611 Balistes (continued) schoepfii, 613 vetula, 610-11 Balistidae, 608-11 Balloonfish, spot-striped, 628 unspotted, 628-29 Banana fish, 182-83 Banded anchovy, 217-18 Banded blenny, 644-65 Banded dace, 146 Banded drum, 589 Banded Ephippus, 603 Banded garfish, 318 Banded gurnard, 680: Banded larimus, 575 Banded mummichog, 309 Banded pickerel, 292-94 Banded pilot, 415 TAD Banded rudder fish, 414-16, 428-29 Banded sucker, 104 Banded sunfish, 471-73 Bank lake bass, 462 Barfish, 463 Barndoor skate, 50-51 Barracuda, 368-73 long, 369-70 northern, 371-73 ‘ Barred killifish, 311, 312 Barred maskalonge, 304-7 Basking shark, 41-48 Bass, bank lake, 462 bayou, 491 big, 487 big-fin, 462 biack, 537 brown, 487 calico, 462-64: channel, 578-80 dark, 487 gold, 487 grass, 462, 463 green, 491 hog, 488 lake, 462. 468, 487 Lake Hrie, 462, 465 large-mouthed black, 490-95 little, 488 minny, 487 moss, 491 Oswego, 491, 492 750 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bass (continued) Otsego, 225 river, 491 rock, 467-70, 537 ruddy, 529 sea, 522-42 silver, 185, 462, 523 small mouthed black, 486-90 spotted, 487, 580 stone, 532 strawberry, 462-64 streaked, 525 striped, 523, 524-27 striped sea, 525 white, 522-23 yellow, 487 Bass fry, 309 Bass killy, 307-9 Bass mummy, 309 Bass sunfish, 466 Basse, striped, 525 Bat fishes, 737-38 Batoidei, 46-60 Batrachoididae, 660-62 Batrachus celatus, 661 tau, 661 Bayou bass, 491 Bellows fish, 734-35 Belone caribbaea, 322 crassa, 319 gerania, 319 jonesi, 322 latimana, 322 melanochira, 319 raphidoma, 319 truncata, 317 Bengal, 595 Bergall, 598-96 spotted, 596 Bermuda chub, 568-69 Bermuda whiting, 586 Berycoidei, 377-79 Bessy corka, 610-11 Bigeye, 544-45 short, 546-47 Gig-eyed herring, 199 Big-eyed scad, 426-27 Big-fin bass, 462 Big-mouthed eat, 86 Billed eel, 318, 848 Billfish, 61, 70-72, 317-19, 349, 405-7. Bitter head, 463 Black bass, 587 large-mouthed, 490-93 small-mouthed, 486-90 Black bullhead, 90 Black croppie, 463 Black drum, 589 Black grunt, 548 Black lamprey, small, 16-17 Black mullet, 586 Black-nosed dace, 5, 154-56 Black-nosed sucker, 108 Black perch, 488, 529, 537 Black pilot, 454-55 Black pollack, 694 Black salmon, 267 Black sea bass, 537 Black-sided darter, 507-9 Black sucker, 104 Black will, 537 Blackfin whitefish, 228 Blackfish, 536-89, 597-99 Blackharry, 537 Blackhead minnow, 118-19 Blennies, 662-65 banded, 664-65 eel, 670-71 seaweed, 663-64 snake, 671 spotted, 668-69 Blenniidae, 662-65 Blennioidei, 662-74 Blennius, 662-64 anguillaris, 674 bosquianus, 664 chuss, TOT ciliatus, 674 fucorum, 663-64 gunnellus, 665 labrosus, 674 lampetraeformis, 670 oceanicus, 663 pholis, 664 punctatus, 668 regius, T04 serpentinus, 670 Blenny darter, 508 -Blennylike fishes, 662-74 | Blepharvichthys crinitus, 482 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Blepharis crinitus, 432 Bloater, 237-38 Blob, 635-37 Bloody stickleback, 343 Blower, 621 Blowfish, 622-24 hairy, 624 Blue bream, 482 Blue cat, 80 great, 82 Blue darter, 517-18 Blue herring, 195-96 Blue Johnny, 518 Blue perch, 595 Blue pike, 303, 494, 497 Blue shark, 39 great, 25 Blue snapper, 446 Blue-spotted sunfish, 473-75, 477 Blue-striped trigger fish, 610-11 Blue sunfish, 480-82 Blueback, 202-3 Bluefin, 228 ‘Bluefish, 445-48, 537, 571, 595 Bluegill, 480-82 Blunt jaw, 117 Blunt-nosed minnow, 120-21 Blunt-nosed shiner, 434 Bodianus argyroleucus, 576 aya, 504 bistrispinus, 541 costatus, 583 flavescens, 500 rufus, 528 rupestris, 467 triurus, 542 Boleichthys, 520-21 eos, 521 fusiformis, 520-21 eos, 521 Boleosoma, 513-16 fusiformis, 520 maculatum, 513 nigrum, 513-14 olmstedi, 514-16 olmstedi, 514 tesselatum, 509, 514 Bone fish, 182-83 Bone shark, 43 Bonito, 393-95 oceanic, 386-88 Bonnet skate, 48 Bonnethead, 30-31 Bony fishes, 76-212 Bony gar, 71 Bony pike, 71 Bony-scaled pike, 6 Bony sturgeon, 66 Bothrolaemus, 439 pampanus, 443 Bothus, 723 maculatus, 723 Bowfins, 73-76 Boxfish, spiny, 626-28 Brail, 719 Branch herring, 199-201 Branded drum, 580 Brassy sculpin, 639-41 Brazen bullhead, 640 Bream, 133, 484 blue, 482 copper-nosed, 482 salt water, 562 Brevoortia, 211-13 tyrannus, 211-13 Bridge perch, 460, 487 Bridled minnow, 135-36 Brier ray, 49-50 Bristly dory, 434 Broad shiner, cryptous, 458 Brochet, 299 Bronze backer, 488 Brook lamprey, 16 Brook minnow, 154-56 Brook silversides, 361-62 ~ Brook stickleback, 335-37 Brook sucker, 101 Brook trout, 6, 255, 272-75 Brosme, 711-12 brosme, 711-12 Brosmius brosme, 711 flavescens, 711 vulgaris?, 711 Brotula, 676 Brown bass, 487 Brown catfish, 90 Brown tomceod, 696 | Brown trout, 254-57, 488 ~j 752 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bryttus fasciatus, 471 gloriosus, 473 longulus, 475 Buffalo fish, 71 Bugfish, 212 Bullhead, 87-89, 636, 642 Acadian, 646 black, 90 brazen, 640 smooth browed, 640 Bullhead shark, little, 46 Bullpout, 87 Bumper, 437-3 Bunker, 212 Burbot, 701-4 Burfish, 626-29 Burn stickle, 341 Butirinus vulpes, 182 Butter chub, 163 Butterfish, 444, 457-59, 665-66 humpbacked, 484 Butterfly fishes, 604-6, 678 Butterfly ray, 56-57 Calico bass, 462-64 Calico flounder, 733 Calico sole, 732 Calliurus formosus, 475 longulus, 475 Campbellite, 460 Campostoma, 112-14 anomalum, 113-14 dubium, 113 Cantharus nigromaculatus, 462 Capelin, 359 Capriscus, 608-10 Carangidae, 410-44 Carangus hippos, 428 Caranx, 427-31 carangus, 428 chrysos, 430 chrysus, 480 crumenophthalmus, 426 erysos, 430-31 defensor, 428 hippos, 428-29 hippus, 428 macarellus, 42938 isquetus, 480 punctatus, 421 ‘ Caranx (continued) . spotted, 422 or sutor, 432 trachurus, 425 yellow, 429 Carassius, 164-66 auratus, 164-66 Carcharias, 34-37 americanus, 34 atwoodi, 40 caeruleus, 26 glaucus, 25 (Prionodon) glaucus, 25 isodon, 28 (Aprionodon) isodon, 28 littoralis, 34-87 (Prionodon) milberti, 26 obseurus, 25 (Prionodon) obscurus, 25 punctatus, 28 terrae-novae, 29 (Scoliodon) terrae-novae, 29 vulpes, 33 Carcharidae, 34-37 Carcharinus, 25-28 glaucus, 25 milberti, 26-28 i obseur'us, 25-26 C Carcharodon, 40-41 earcharias, 40-41 Cardonniera, 6384 Carp, 112-69. golden, 165 a lake, 98 | leather, 168 | mirror, 167 scale, 167 Carpe blanche, 101 Carpiodes, 97-98 thompsoni, 98 Carplike fishes, 97-169 Casabe, 437-38 Catalufas, 544-77 Catfishes, 76-97 big-mouthed, 86 blue, 80 brown, 90 . channel, 80-81, 85-86 chubby, 84 common, 87 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK (53. Catfishes (continued) | flannel-mouth, 82 Florida, 82 ‘great blue, 82 great fork-tailed, 82 lake, 81-83 long-jawed, 84-85 marbled, 89 Mississippi, 82 mud, 82 Schuylkill, 86 sea, 77-78, 78-79 silver, SO Spoonbill, 61-63 spotted, 80-81 stone cat, 91-92, 93-94 white, 80, 85-86 yellow, 84 Catonotus fasciatus, 51S flabellatus, 518 Catostomidae, 97-112 Catostomus, 99-104 anisurus, 109 aureolus, 110 carpio, 109 eatostomus, 99-101 commersoni, 101 eommersonii, 101-3 communis, 101 eyprinus, 98 duquesnii, 110 fasciatus, 108 hudsonius, 99 longirostris, 99 melanops, 108 nanomyzon, 99 nigricans, 103-4 oneida, 110 pallidus, 101 sucetta, 105 teres, 101 tuberculatus, 105 Cavalla, 401 Cayuga lake shad, 200 Cayuga lake sticklebacks, 337 Centrarchidae, 459-93 Centrarchus aeneus, 467 gulosus, 470 hexacanthus, 462 pomotis, 464 viridis, 470 Centrolophidae, 454-55 Centronotus gunnellus, G65 spinosus, 449 Centropristes, 535-39 atrarius, 536 nigricans, 536 striatus, 536-39 Cephalacanthidae, 683-85 Cephalacanthus, 688-85 spinarella, 684 volitans, 684-85 Cephalus brevis, 629 Ceratacanthus, 613-15 Ceratichthys biguttatus, 159 cataractae, 152 dissimilis, 157 lucens, 158 micropogon, 159 plumbeus, 161 prosthemius, 161 Cernier, 532 Cero, 398-400 spotted, 400 Cetorhinidae, 41-48 Cetorhinus, 41-438 maximus, 42-43 Chaenobrytus, 470-71 antistius, 470 gulosus, 470-71 Chaetodipterus, 601-4 faber, 602-4 Chaetodon, 604-6 alepidotus, 456 bimaculatus, 604 faber, 602 maculocinctus, 605 ocellatus, 604-6 oviformis, 602 sheepshead, 603 Chaetodontidae, 604-6 Chaetodontops, 604-6 Chain pickerel, 6, 296-98 Channel bass, 578-80 | Channel eat, 80-81, 85-86 Chasmodes, 664-65 boscianus, 664 bosquianus, 664-65 Chatoéssus cepedianus, 187 ellipticus, 187 signifer, 209 7a4 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Checouts, 571 Cheilichthys, 622-24 Chelidonichthys, 682-83 Chickwick, 571 Chilomycterus, 626-29 fuliginosus, 628-29 geometricus, 626, 629 subsp. (2?) fuliginosus, 628 schoepfi, 626.28 Chinook salmon, 241-44 Chinquapin perch, 460, 463 Chironectes laevigatus, 736 Chirostoma beryllinum, 356 notatum, 357 sicculum, 361 vagrans, 359 Chivey, 221 Chivin, 122-23 Chloroscombrus, 436-38 caribbaeus, 437 chrysurus, 487-38 Chog-mummy, 310 Chogset, 593-96 Chondrostei, 63-69 Chonerhinidae, 618 Chorinemus occidentalis, 410 Chrosomus, 114-16 erythrogaster, 114-16 Chub, 123-26, 163, 491, 582, 598 Bermuda, 568-69 butter, 163 day, 163 horned, 159-60 Indian, 160 lake, 161-62 nigger, 160, 162-64 river, 159-60 salt-water, 598 silver, 122-23 Chub eel, 702 Chub mackerel, 381-83 Chub sucker, 105-7 northern, 106 Chubby cat, 84 Cichla aenea, 467 Cigar fish, 287 Cillata argentata, TOS Circharra, 427 Cirrlmens, 584 | Cisco, 180, 233-35, 241 mooneye, 235-37 Citharichthys, 724 microstomus, 725 Clear-nosed skate, 49-56 Clinostomus, 128-29 margarita, 130 Clinus punctatus, 668 Cliola analostana, 144 hudsonia, 140 procne, 189 storeriana, 142, 158 whipplei, 144 Clupea, 192-94 aestivalis, 202 alosa, 204 chrysochloris, 195 coerulea, 192 cyanonoton, 9 elongata, 192 halee, 192 harengus, 192-94 heterurus, 187 hudsonia, 140 mattowaca, 197 mediocris, 197 menhaden, 211 pseudoharengus, 199 pusilla, 192 sadina, 190-91 sapidissima, 204 tyrannus, 211 vernalis, 199 virescens, 197 vittata, 214 Clupeidae, 188-219 Coachman, 539-40 Coalfish, 694 Cobbler, 510 Cobblerfish, 432-33 Cobia, 449-50 Cobitis heteroclita, 309 majalis, 307 Cock-paddle, 651 Cod, 698-99 American, 699 common, 699 fresh-water, 702 rock, 699 Codfishes, 693-712 ire INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Codling, 706, TO7 American, 706 spotted, 704-5 Coelocephalus, 712 Coelorhynchus, 712-14 carminatus, 713-14 Conger eels, 174-77 Conger niger, 175 occidentalis, 175 vulgaris, 175 Copelandia, 471 Copeland’s darter, 509-10 Copper-nosed bream, 482 Coregonus, 220-30 albus, 224 artedi, 233 clupeiformis, 224-30, 233, 240 harengus, 233 hoyi, 230, 236 labradoricus, 9, 224 latior, 224 novae angliae, 221 osmeriformis, 230 prognathus, 237 quadrilateralis, 221-24, 240 sapidissimus, 224 tullibee, 239 Cornet fishes, 344-46 Corvina argyroleuca, 576 ocellata, 578 oscula, 590 Coryphaena, 450-54 equisetis, 452-54 globiceps, 451 hippuris, 451 hippurus, 451-52 perciformis, 454 punctulata, 452 sueuri, 451 sueurii, 451 Coryphaenidae, 450-54 Cottidae, 635-47 Cottinae, 635-47 Cottogaster, 509-11 cheneyi, 510-11 copelandi, 509-10 putnami, 509, 510 -Cottus, 635-37 aeneus, 689 (Acanthocottus) anceps, 639 Cottus (continued) Bairdii, 685 formosus, 638 gracilis, 637 groenlandicus, 642 hispidus, 646 ictalops, 635-37 bairdi, 636 mitehilli, 639 monopterygius, 648 octodecimspinosus, 641 Richardsoni, 635 scorpio, 639 seorpius groenlandicus, 643 virginianus, 641 Couchia argentata, 708 Couesius, 160-62 dissimilis, 161 plumbeus, 161-62 prosthemius, 161 Cover, 732 Cover clip, 732 Cow-nosed ray, 59-60 Crab-eater, 449-50 Cramp fish, 51-52 Cranberry, mountain, 85 Craniomi, 676-85 Crappie, 459-62 Crawl-a-bottom, 104, 505 Creek chub, 125 Creek fish, 106-7 Crevalles, 410-44 Cristivomer, 266-71 namaycush, 266-71 Croakers, 569-92 Crocus, 591 Croppie, black, 463 lake, 463 timber, 460 white, 460 Cryptacanthodes, 671-72 maculatus, 671-72 Cryptacanthodidae, 671-72 Cryptous broad shiner, 458 Ctenolabrus, 593 adspersus, 593 burgall, 593 ceruleus, 593 chogset, 593 uninotatus, 593 =] ot 756 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cuckold, 616-17 Cuckoo fish, 678 Cucumberfish, 626-28 Cunner, 593-96 Cusk, 711-12 lake, 702 little, 676 Cut-lips, 162-64 Cutlas fishes, 402-3 Cybium caballa, 400 eavalla, 400 maculatum, 396 regale, 398 Cyclichthys, 626-29 Cycloganoidea, 73-76 Cyclopteridae, 649-52 Cyclopterinae, 649-52 Cyclopterus, 649-52 coeruleus, 649 liparis, 654 lumpus, 649-52 Cyclospondyli, 48-46 Cylindrosteus, 72 Cynoperea, 498-99 Cynoscion, 569-74 maculatum, 573 nebulosus, 573-74 regale, 570 regalis, 570-73 Cyprinella whipplii, 148 Cyprinidae, 112-69 Cyprinodon, 815-17 parvus, 314 variegatus, 315-17 Cyprinus, 166-69 atromaculatus, 123 atronasus, 154 auratus, 164 bullaris, 122 carpio, 167-69 catostomus, 99 commersonnii, 101 cornutus, 145 corporalis, 122 crysoleucas, 132 hemiplus, 132 idus, 131 maxillingua, 162 megalops, 145 oblongus, 106 Cyprinus (continued) (Abramis?) Smithii, 184 sucetta, 105 teres, 101 tinea, 126 vittatus, 154 | Cypselurus, 331-35 furcatus, 333 Dab, rusty, 727 sand, 717, 726-27 Dace, 122-23, 146 banded, 146 black-nosed, 5, 154-56 horned, 123-26, 160 long-nosed, 152-54 mud, 288 red-bellied, 114-16 Dactylopterus volitans, 684 |! Daddy sculpin, 642-44 Dark bass, 487 ; Darter, black-sided, 507-9 blenny, 508 blue, 517-18 Copeland’s, 509-10 fantail, 518-20 greensided, 512-18 Johnny, 513-14 manitou, 506-7 rainbow, 517-18 tessellated, 514-16 Dasibatis hastata, 54 Dasibatus centrura, 53 Dasyatidae, 53-57 Dasyatis, 53-56 centrura, 53-54 hastata, 54-55 say, 55-56 Dasybatis sayi, 55 Day chub, 163 Daylight, 724. Decapterus, 420-24 macarellus, 423-24 punctatus, 421-22 Deep water sculpin, 646 Diodon carinatus, 629 fuliginosus, 628 hairy, 625 hystrix, 626 maculostriatus, 626 be INDEX TO FISHES OF Diodon (continued) nigrolineatus, 626 pilosus, 625 rivulatus, 626 schoepfi, 626 Diodontidae, 624-29 Diplesion, 511-138 blennioides, 512-13 Diplodus argyrops, 558 probatocephalus, 563 $ rhomboides, 561 Dipterodon chrysurus, 576 Discocephali, 686-90 Distribution of New York fishes, 739-46 Doctor fish, 607 Dog shark, 23 Dogfishes, 43-45, 75, horned, 44 smooth, 23 spined, 48-45 Doliodon, 439 Dollardee, 482 Dollarfish, 484, 458 Dolphin, 450-54 common, 451-52 small, 452-54 Doré, 495 Dorosoma, 186-88 cepedianum, 187-88 notata, 187 ; Dorosomidae, 186-88 Dory, bristly, 484 hair-finned, 436 rostrated, 486 spinous, 489 Dotted scad, 422 Drum, 98, 587-90, 591 banded, 589 big, 589 black, 589 fresh-water, 590-92 red, 589 young, 589 Drummer, 571 Duck-billed cat, 61 Dules, 539-40 auriga, 539-40 Dusky shark, 25-26 Dwarf salmon, 246 288-89, 702 1 OL a | NEW YORK Eagle rays, 57-60 Eastern pickerel, 297 | Eeaille, grande, 177-79 | Echeneididae, 686-90 | Keheneis, 686-88 albacauda, 686 albicauda, 686 brachyptera, 689 holbrooki, 687 | naucrateoides, 687-88 naucrates, 686-87 neucrates, 686 osteochir, 690: ? quatuordecimlaminatus, 689 remora, 688 | Kel blenny, 670-71 EKelpouts, 674, 702 | Hels, 169-77 billed, 318, 348 chub, 702 conger, 174-77 lamprey, 11-18, 67 rock, 665-71 sand, 376-77 ; sea, 175-77 true, 169-74 | Heegfish, 621 | Elaeate atlantica, 449 Canada, 449 nigra, 449 Elagatis, 418-20 | pbipinnulatus, 419-20 pinnulatus, 419 Eiectric ray, 51-52 | Elephant shark, 42-48 Ellwhop, 199 | Hilwife, 199 | Klopidae, 177-80 | Elops, 179-80 inermis, 179 saurus, 179-80 Emerald minnow, 147-49 kimphycus, 705-8 _ Enchelycephali, 169-77 | Hnehelyopus, 710-11 eimbrius, 710-11 Hnegraulididae, 213-19 Engraulis argyrophanus, 216 brownii, 214 mitehilli, 218 758 Engraulis (continued) perfasciatus, 217 vittata, 214 vittatus, 219 Enneacanthus, 471-75 eriarchus, 473 gloriosus, 473-75 obesus, 471-73 simulans, 473 Ephippidae, 601-4 Ephippus, 602 banded, 603 faber, 602 gigas, 602 Epinephelus, 533-35 niveatus, 5383-85 Erimystax, 157-58 Erimyzon, 104-7 goodei, 105 sucetta, 105-6 oblongus, 106-7 Esocidae, 317-23 Esox affinis, 296 americanus, 292 boreus, 299 crassus, 294 cypho, 294 estor, 299 fasciatus, 292 flavulus, 307 immaculatus, 304 longirostris, 317 lucius, 5, 298 f americanus, 292 marinus, 317 masquinongy, 302 immaculatus, 304 niger, 292 nobilior, 302 osseus, 6, 70 ovinus, 316 phaleratus, 296 pisciculus, 309 pisculentus, 309 porosus, 294 raveneli, 292 reticulatus, 296 salmoneus, 286, 204 saurus, 327 scomberius, 292 ’ NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM | Esox (continued) tridecemlineatus, 296 umbrosus, 294 vermiculatus, 294 vulpes, 182 zonatus, 307 Etheostoma, 516-20 aspro, 507 blennioides, 512 (Diplesion) biennioides, 51 caprodes, 505 coerulea, 517 coeruleum, 417-18: flabellare, 518-26 flabellaris, 518 fusiforme, 520 linsleyi, 518 nigrum, 513 olmstedi, 514 olmstedi, 514 Etropus, 724-26 microstomus, 725-26 Etrumeus, 189-91 sadina, 8, 189 teres, 189-91 Eucalia, 335-37 inconstans, 333-34, 336 cayuga, 337 Eucinostomus, 565-67 argenteus, 566 gula, 566-67 Eugomphodus littoralis, 34 Hulamia milberti, 26 Euleptorhamphus, 325-27 longirostris, 326 velox, 326-27 KHumesogrammus subbifureatus, 667 Kupomotis, 482-86 aureus, 483 gibbosus, 483-86 Euthynnus alliteratus, 889 pelamys, 386 Eventognathi, 97-169 Exocoetidae, 330-35 Exocoetus, 330-35 affinis, 330 comatus, 332 exiliens, 830 furecatus, 333, 335-37 gibbifrons, 334-35 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK 15 Hxocoetus (continued) heterurus, 331-82 -melanurus, 330 noveboracensis, 332 nuttalli, 333 rubescens, 330 volitans, 330-31 Exoglossum, 162-64 annulatum, 162 dubium, 1138 (Hypentelium) macropterum, 103 maxillingua, 162-64 nigrescens, 162 vittatum, 162 Fairmaid, 559, 562 Fall herring, 197-98 Fall shad, 197 Fallfish, 122-23 “ smaller, 125 Fanegal, 684 Fantail darter, 518-20 Fantail mullet, 367-68 Fario gairdneri, 252 lemanus, 264 Fatback, 364 Fathead, 118-19 Fathead minnow, 118 Federation pike, 297 Felichthys, 76-78 marinus, 77-78 Fiddlefish, 46 Filefish, 611-15 orange, 6138-15 Fishing frogs, 733-35 VWistularia, 344-46 neoboracensis, 345 serrata, 345 tabacaria, 345-46 Fistulariidae, 344-46 Flannel-mouth cat, 82 Flasher, 542-43 Flatfish, 714-33 rusty, 727 toothed, 719 Florida cat, 82 Flounders, 714-31 calico, 733 fourspotted, 721-22 oblong, 721 Tlounders (continued) rusty, 717 sand, 724, 730-31 small-mouthed, 725-26 southern, 720-21 spotted, 731 summer, 717-20 turbot, 719 my watery, 724 , winter, 727-29 : Fluke, 719 ‘ Flying fishes, 330-35, 678, 680 Flying gurnards, 683-85 Flying robin, 684-85 Fork-tailed cat, 82 Four-bearded rockling, 710-11 Fourspotted flounder, 721-22 I'resh-water cod, 702 Fresh-water drum, 590-92 Fresh-water killy, 311-13 Fresh-water salmon, 246 Fresh-water silversides, 356-57 Friar, 357-59 Frigate mackerel, 384-85 Frost fish, 221-24, 240, 692, 695-97 Fundulus, 307-13 diaphanus, 311-18 fasciatus, 307 fuscus, 289 heteroclitus, 309-11 macrolepidotus, 309 majalis, 307-9 multifasciatus, 311 pisculentus, 309 swampina, 311 viridescens, 309 zebra, 209 Gadidae, 676, 693-712 Gadus, 697-99 aeglefinus, 699 albidus, 691 arenosus, 698 brosme, 711 callarias, 698 cimbrius, 710 compressus, 701 lacustris, 81, 701 longipes, 707 maculosus, 701 760 Gadus (continued) merlucius, 691 morhua, 698 morrhua, 698-99 pruinosus, 695 punctatus, 704 purpureus, 693 rupestris, 698 tau, 661 tenuis, 705 tomcod, 695 tomcodus, 695 virens, 693 Gaff topsail, 77-78 Gaidropsarus, 708-10 argentatus, 708-9 ensis, 709-10 Gairdner’s trout, 252-54 Galeichthys felis, 78 marinus, 77 Galeidae, 22-30 Galeocerdo, 23-24 tigrinus, 24 Ganoid fishes, 60-76 Ganoidei, 60-76 Gar, alligator, 71 bony, 71 short-nosed, 72-73 silver, 317-19 soft, 318 Gar pikes, 69-73 Garfish, banded, 318 Gascon, 425-26 Gaspagie, 591 Gaspereau, 200 Gaspergou, 591 Gasterosteidae, 335-44 Gasterosteus, 340-42 aculeatus, 340 biaculeatus, 340 bispinosus, 340-42 canadus, 449 carolinus, 448 cataphractus, 341 concinnus, 838 ductor, 412 iInconstans, 335 millepunctatus, 342 nebulosus, 338 neoboracensis, 340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM a / Gasterosteus (continued) occidentalis, 338 ; pungitius, 338 quadracus, 342 saltatrix, 445 Gerres argenteus, 566 gula, 566 Gerridae, 565-67 Ghostfish, 671-72 2, Gizzard shads, 186-88 Glasseye, 494 Glassfish, 361-62 Globefish, 622-24 Glossodon harengoides, 184 Glut herring, 9, 202-3 Goatfish, 377-79 Gobies, 656-58 naked, 656-58 variegated, 657 Gobiidae, 656-58 Gobiinae, 656-58 : Gobio cataractae, 152 plumbeus, 161 Gobioidei, 656-58 Gobiosoma, 656-58 alepidotum, 656 bosci, 656-58 Gobius alepidotus, 656 bosci, 656 viridi-pallidus, 657 Vividipallidus, 656 Goggle-eye, 460, 463, 468, 470-72 Goggle-eye perch, 463 Goggle-eyed jack, 427 Goggler, 426:27 Gold bass, 487 Gold nerfling, 131 Gold shad, 195-96 Golden carp, 165 Golden ide, 131-32 Golden mullet, 111 Golden red horse, 111 Golden shiner, 132-34 Golden sucker, 111 Golden trout, 278-82 Goldfish, 164-66 Goody, 582 s00sefish, 734-35 Grand-oranchee, 516 | Grass bass, 462, 463 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK T6L Grass pike, 306, 494 Gray-back, 200 Gray pike, 498, 499 Gray snapper, 548-50 Gray sucker, 101 Gray trout, 267 Grayling, 246 Greenback, 198 Green-backed shark, 30 Green bass, 491 Green pike, 296-98, 494, 498 Green pollack, 694 Green-sided darter, 512-18 Green sunfish, 475-77 Greenfish, 446 Greenhead, 525 Grenadiers, 712-14 Grey trout, 571 ~ Grilse, 246 Grindle, 75 Ground shark, 35 Grouper, snowy, 533-35 spotted, 533-35 Growler, 487 Grubber, 183 Grubby, 639-41 Grunt, 589 thornbacked, 444 Grunters, 555-57, 589, 678, 680 Guardfish, 319-21 Gudgeon, 142-438 New York, 309 Niagara, 152-54 Gunnellus mucronatus, 665 punctatus, 668 Gurnard, 676-83 banded, 680 common, 678 flying, 683-85 red, 682-83 Gymnodontes, 617-31 Gymnosarda, 385-90 alleterata, 388-90 pelamis, 386 pelamys, 386-88 Hacklehead, 641-42 Haddock, 699-700 Norway, 631-33 Hadropterus, 507-9 aspro, 507-9 Haemulon fulvomaculatum, 556 Hair-finned argyreiose, 486 Hair-finned dory, 486 Hairtail, 402-3 Hairy back, 188 Hairy blowfish, 624 Hairy diodon, 625 Hairy porcupine fish, 625-26 Hake, 586, 692, 705-7 American, 692 silver, 691-93 spotted, 704-5 squirrel, 706, TOT-8 white, 705-7 Halatractus zonatus, 414 Half-gills, 335-46 \ Halfbeak, 324-25 slender, 326-27 Halibut, 714-15 Hammerhead, 104 Hammerheaded shark, 30-32 Hanna hills, 537 Haploidonotus grunniens, 590 Haplomi, 287-317 Harvestfishes, 455-59 short-finned, 458 Headfishes, 629-31 Hecht, 299 Hedgehog ray, 47-48 Helicolenus, 633-35 dactylopterus, 634-35 Hemdurgon, 633 Hemibranchii, 335-46 Hemioplites, 471 simulans, 473 Hemirhamphidae, 523-27 Hemirhamphus longirostris, 326 (Huleptorhamphus) longirostris, 326 macrorhynchus, 326 roberti, 324 unifasciatus, 324 Hemitremia bifrenata, 185 heterodon, 137 Hemitripterus, 645-47 acadianus, 646 americanus, 646-47 762 NEW YORK STATP MUSEUM Hen-paddle, 651 Herring, 188-219, 241 autumnae, 197 big-eyed, 179-80, 199 blue, 195-96 branch, 199-201 fall, 197-98 glut, 9, 202-3 lake, 233-35, 241 Long Island, 197 river, 199 round, 8, 189-91 satin striped, 215 sea, 192-94 shad, 197-98, 208, 209-11 sprat, 209-11 spring, 199 Staten Island, 197 summer, 203 thread, 188, 209-11 toothed, 184-85 wall-eyed, 199-200 Heterosomata, 714-33 Hexanematichthys, 78-79 felis, 78-79 Hickory shad, 9, 188, 197-98 Hicks, 198 Hiodon, 183-86 chrysopsis, 185 clodalus, 184 tergisus, 184-85 Hiodontidae, 183-86 Hippocampinae, 349-51 Hippocampus, 349-51 heptagonus, 350 hudsonius, 349-51 Hippoglossoides, 715-17 dentatus, 716 elassodon, 715 platessoides, 716-17 Hiippoglossus, 714-15 hippoglossus, 714-15 vulgaris, 714 Hippos mackerel, 422 Histiophorus americanus, 404 belone, 406 llog bass, 488 Ilog mullet, 104 Ilog sucker, 108-4 Hogcehoker, 782-33 | Hogfish, 505, 556-57 Hogmolly, 104, 505-6 Holocentrus surinamensis, 542 Hololepis fusiformis, 520 Homoprion xanthurus, 576 Horned chub, 159-60 Horned dace, 123-26, 160- Horned dogfish, 44 Horned pout, 87-89 Hornfish, 495 Horny head, 160 Hors, 425 Horse mackerel, 391-98, 446 Horsefish, 349-51, 433-34, 498 Houndfish, 23, 319-21, 322-25 Hoy’s whitefish, 241 Hudsonius amarus, 142 Humpbacked butterfish, 484 Huro nigricans, 490 Hybognathus, 116-18 nuchalis, 116-18 osmerinus, 116 procne, 139 regius, 116 Hybopsis, 156-60 bifrenatus, 135 dissimilis, 157-58 heterodon, 137 hudsonius, 140 kentuckiensis, 159-60 proecne, 1389 storerianus, 142, 158-59 ILyborhynchus notatus, 120 Hybrid trout, 5, 257-59 Hydrargira atricauda, 288 _diaphana, 311 fusca, 288 limi, 288 multifasciata, 311 Hydrargyra fusca, 288 majalis, 307 Swampina, 311 Hyodon alosoides, 185-86 amphiodon, 185 claudalus, 184 clodalis, 184, 185 Hypentelium macropterum, ~~ / see Exoglossum (Hypentelium) ma- cropterum Myperoartii, 11-17 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Hyporhamphus, 323-25 Johnny, blue, 518 roberti, 324-25 Johnny darter, 513-14 Hyporthodus flavicauda, 533 Jorobado, 434 Hypsilepis cornutus, 145 Jugular fishes, 691-714 gibbus, 147 Jumper, 488, 491, 492 diplaemia, 151 Jumping mullet, 364 kentuckiensis, 144 Hypsoblennius, 664 Kenoza, 292 Hypsolepis frontalis, 147 Iillifishes, 307-17 barred, 311, 312 Ice fish, 282-85 big, 311 Ichthyomyzon, 14-15 sheepshead, 317 argenteus, 15 striped, 309 concolor, 14-15 white-bellied, 3811 Ictalurus, 79-81 yellow-bellied, 311 albidus, 85 Ixilly, bass, 307-9 lacustris, 81 fresh-water, 311-13 lophius, 85 Kking,, silver, 177-79 nigricans, 81 IXing salmon, 241-44 punctatus, 80-81 Kingfish, 400-1, 585-87 Ide, golden, 181-82 Kingston, 46 Idus, 181-32 KKiouk, 203 idus, 1381-82 Kirtlandia, 359-61 melanotus, 131 laciniata, 9, 360 Indian chub, 160 : yagrans, 9, 359-61 Indian remora, 687 Kit, 54-55 inomi, 285-87 Kyphosidae, 567-69 Irish roach, 134 IXyphosus, 567-69 Isospondyli, 177, 285 sectatrix, 568-69 Isospondylous fishes, 177-285 Istiophoridae, 403-7 La quesche, 185-86 Istiophorus, 403-5 Labeo elegans, 106 nigricans, 404-5 esopus, 105 Isuropsis dekayi, 38 gibbosus, 105 Isurus, 37-39 oblongus, 106 dekayi, 38-39 Labidesthes, 361-62 ; sicculus, 361-62 Jack, 297, 299, 495 Labrador whitefish, 9, 224-30 goggle-eyed, 427 Labrax albidus, 522 salt-water, 446 lineatus, 524 Jack salmon, 495 nigricans, 528 Jenny, silver, 566-67 notatus, 522 Jerker, 160 pallidus, 528 Jewel head, 591 rufus, 528 John-a-grindle, 75 Labridae, 593-600 John demon, 460 Labroid fishes, 593-601 John dories, 600-1 Labrus adspersus, 593 Johnius ocellatus, 578 appendix, 478 regalis, 570 auritus, 478 saxatilis, 585 chogset, 593 T64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Labrus (continued) fulva, 593 cromis, 587 falcatus, 439 fulvomaculatus, 556 griseus, 548 grunniens, 588 onitis, 597 pallidus, 480 salmoides, 490 sparoides, 462 squeteague, 570 var, maculatus, 573 striatus, 536 tautoga, 597 versicolor, 558 Lactophrys, 615-17 trigonus, 616-17 yalei, 616 Ladyfishes, 181-83 Lafayette, 458, 577, 580-83 Lagocephalus, 617-19 laevigatus, 618-19 lagocephalus, 618 Lagodon, 561-62 rhomboides, 561-62 Lake bass, 462, 468, 487 Lake blob, 638 Lake carp, 98 Lake catfish, 81-83 Lake chub, 161-62 Lake croppie, 463 wake cusk, 702 Lake Erie bass, 462, 463 Lake herring, 233-35, 241 Lake lamprey, 13-14 Lake minnow, 158-59 Morse, 161-62 Lake mullet, 111 Lake pike, 300 Lake seulpin, 644-45 Lake shiner, 236, 241 Lake sturgeon, 66-67 Lake Tahoe trout, 250-52 Lake trout, 266-71 Swiss, 263-66 Lamna, 89-40 candata, 27 cornubiea, 39-40 punctata, 38 Lamnidae, 37-41 Lampetra, 15-17 | wilderi, 16-17 } Lamplighter, 463 ae Lamprey eel, 11-18, 67 Lampreys, 11-17 a brook, 16 great sea, 11-13 lake, 13-14 - mud, 16 silver, 14-15 small black, 16-17 Lampugus punctulatus, 452, 453: Lances, sand, 375-77 Landlocked salmon, 246, 248-50 Lantern fishes, 285-87 Larimus, 574-75 banded, 575 fasciatus, 575 Lawyer, 75, 701-4 Leather carp, 168 Leather jacket, 410-12, 608-10 Lebias ellipsoides, 316 ovinus, 316 sheepshead, 316 Leiostomus, 580-83 obliquus, 581 xanthurus, 580-83 Leopard shark, 24 Lepidsosteus osseus, 71 platystomus, 72 Lepisosteidae, 69-73 Lepisosteus, 69-73 bison, 70 osseus, 70-72 platostomus, 72-73 platyrhineus, 72 Lepomis, 477-82 : auritus, 478-80 eyanellus, 475 elongatus, 478 gibbosus, 488 > mystacalis, 478 pallidus, 480-82 a Leptoblennius, 670-71 serpentinus, 670 Leptocephalidae, 174-77 Leptocephalus, 174-77 conger, 175-77 Leuciscus, 114, 127-31 Ay aS se Se INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Leuciscus (continued) atromaculatus, 123 atronasus, 154 i biguttatus, 159 chrysopterus, 122 eornutus, 145 elongatus, 128-29 erythrogaster, 114 frontalis, 147 heterodon, 137 hudsonius, 140 idus, 181 leuciscus, 128 margarita, 130-31 nasutus, 152 nitidus, 122 procne, 189 proriger, 128 pygmaeus, 289 rubellus, 147 rubrifrons, 149 spilépterus, 143 storerianus, 142, 158 vittatus, 145 Leucosomus corporalis, 124 Lichia carolina, 443 Licorne de Mer, 651 Limanda, 726-27 ferruginea, 726-27 Ling, 674-75, T01-4 Liparididae, 652-56 Liparidinae, 652-56 Liparis, 653-56 lineata, 654 liparis, 654-56 montagui, 652 vulgaris, 654 Lirus perciformis, 455 Lizard fishes, 285-87 Lobotes, 542-43 auctorum, 542 emarginatus, 548 surinamensis, 542-43 Lobotidae, 542-43 Loch Leven trout, 259-61 Log perch, 505-6 Long-eared sunfish, 478-80 Long Island, species from, 5-6 Long Island herring, 197 Long jaw, 237-38, 241 a = ne Long-jawed catfish, 84-85 Long-nosed dace, 152-54 Long-nosed sucker, 99-101 Long-tailed porbeagle, 27 Lookdown, 485-36 Lophiidae, 733-35 Lophius, 733-35 americanus, 734 bufo, 661 histrio, 736 piscator, 734 piscatorius, 734-35 vespertilio, 738 Lophobranchii, 347-51 Lophopsetta, 722-24 maculata, 723-24 Loricati, 631-56 Losh, 702 Lota, 701-4 brosmiana, 701 compressa, 701 inornata, TOL maculosa, 701-4 Lueania, 314-15 parva, 314-15 Luccio, -299 Luciidae, 291-307 Lucioperca americana, 495 canadensis, 498 grisea, 499 pepinus, 499 vitrea, 494 Lucius, 291-307 americanus, 292-94 lucius, 298-801 immaculatus, 304 masquinongy, 302-4 immaculatus, 304-7 reticulatus, 294, 296-98 vermiculatus, 294-96 Lumpenus, 669-71 lampetraeformis, 670-71 Lumpfish, 649-52 Lumpsucker, 649-52, 652-55 Lumpus anglorum, 649 Lunge, 267 Lutianidae, 547-55 Lutjanus aya, 554 blackfordi, 551 Blackfordii, 550 TOD T66 NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM Lutpanus (continued) caballerote, 548 campeachianus, 551 campechianus, 553 griseus, 548 stearnsii, 548 vivanus, 554 Luxilus, 145-47 dissimilis, 157 elongatus, 128 erythrogaster, 114 kentuckiensis, 144, 159 lucidus, 151 Mackerel, 379-401, 446 chub, 381-83 common, 379-81 frigate, 384-85 hippos, 422 horse, 391-93, 446 skip, 446 snap, 445-48 snapping, 446 Spanish, 396-98 thimbleeye, 381-83 yellow, 430-31 Mackerel midge, 708-9 Mackerel pike, 292 Mackerel sead, 423-24 _ Mackerel shark, 37-41 Mackinaw, 267 Macrozoarces, 674 Macruridae, 712-14 Macrurus carminatus, 713 (Coelorhynchus) carminatus, 713 Mademoiselle, 577 Maiden, 559 Mail-cheeked fishes, 631-56 Makaira nigricans, 404 Malashegany, 592 Malthaea vespertilio, 738 Malthe, 7388 vespertilio, 738 Man-eater, 40-41 Mangrove snapper, 548-50 Manitou darter, 506-7 Marbled angler, 727 Marbled cat, 89 Margined stone cat, 95-96 Marse banker, 425 Marsipobranchii, 11-17 Marthy, 702 Mascalongus, 301-7 Maskalonge, 302-4 barred, 304-7 spotted, 302-4 unspotted, 304-7 Maskinonge, 3038 Masticura, 58-59 Mayfish, 309 Megalops atlanticus, 177 cepediana, i87 elongatus, 177 notata, 209 oglina, 209 thrissoides, 177 Melanogrammus, 699-700 aeglefinus, 699-700 Melanura annulata, 289 pygmaea, 289 Meletta suoerii, 195 Menhaden, 5, 211-13 Menidia, 354-59 beryllina, 356-57 | gracilis, 355-56 beryllina, 356 laciniata, 360 notata, 357-59 vagrans, 359 laciniata, 360 Menominee whitefish, 221 Menticirrhus, 584-87 nebulosus, 585 saxatilis, 585-87 Merit fish, 359 Merlangus carbonarius, 6938 leptocephalus, 693 purpureus, 693 Merluciidae, 691-93 Merlucius, 691-93 albidus, 691 bilinearis, 691-98 Mesoprion caballerote, 548 griseus, 548 Methy, 702 Microgadus, 694-97 proximus, 694. tomcodus, 695 Micropogon, 583-84 costatus, 583 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Micropogon (continued) ‘lineatus, 5835 undulatus, 583-84 Miecropterus, 486-93 dolomieu, 486-90 pallidus, 490 salmoides, 490-93 Micropteryx chrysurus, 457 Milbert’s shark, 26-28 Miller’s thumb, 635-37, 637-38 Minister, 87 Minnilus blennius, 1388 cornutus, 145 var. frontalis, 147 dinemus, 148 diplaemius, 151 notatus, 120 percobromus, 149 plumbeolus, 145 rubellus, 148 rubrifrons, 149 Minnow, blackhead, 118-19 bluntnosed, 120-21 bridled, 135-36 brook, 154-56 emerald, 147-49 fathead, 118 lake, 158-59 Morse lake, 161-62 mud, 287-91 pearl, 130-31 plumbeous, 161-62 red-bellied, 115 rosy, 147-49 rosy-faced, 149-50 salt-water, 310 sheepshead, 315-17 silvery, 116-18 spotted, 120-21 steel back, 113 straw-colored, 138-39 striped mud, 289-91 toothed, 312 top, 807 Minny bass, 487 Minytrema, 107-9 melanops, 108-9 Mirror carp, 167 Mishcuppauog, 559 Mississippi cat, 82 Mitchill’s perch, 525 Mixed tomcod, 696 Mojarra de Ley, 566-67 Mojarras, 565-67 Mola, 629-31 mola, 629-31 rotunda, 630 Molacanthus, 629 Molidae, 629-31 Moll, 598 Molva maculosa, 701 Monacanthidae, 611-15 Monacanthus, 611-138 aurantiacus, 613 broceus, 612 hispidus, 611-13 massachusettensis, 612 setifer, 612 Mongrel whitefish, 238-41 Monk, 46 Monkfish, 45-46, 735 Mooneye, 183-86 northern, 185-86 Mooneye cisco, 235-37 Moonfish, 483-34, 4385-36, 602-4 Morone, 527-31 americana, 528-31 flavescens, 500 maculata, 483 pallida, 528 rufa, 528 Morrhua aeglefinus, 699 americana, 698 americanus, 698 pruinosa, 695 Morse lake minnow, 161-62 Moss bass, 491 Mossbunker, 211-13 Motella argentata, 708 caudacuta, 710 ensis, 709 Mother-of-eels, 702 Mountain trout, 488 Mousefish, 736-37 smooth, 736 Moxostoma, 109-12 anisurum, 109-10 aureolum, 110-12 crassilabre, 112 macrolepidotum, 111 oblongum, 106 768 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mud cat, 82 Mud creeper, 656-58 Mud dace, 288 Mud eel, 15 Mud lamprey, 16 Mud minnow, 287-91 striped, 289-91 Mud shad, 188 Mud sucker, 104 Mud sunfish, 464-66 Mudfish, 74-76, 310 Muflle-jaws,. 636 Mugil, 9, 362-68 albula, 363 brasiliensis, 366, 367 cephalus, 363-66 curema, 866-67 gigas, 587 grunniens, 587 lineatus, 363 obliquus, 581 petrosus, 366 trichodon, 9, 366, 367-68 Mugilidae, 362-68 Mullet, 106, 111, 362-68 black, 586 fantail, 367-68 golden, 111 jumping, 364 lake, 111 red, 377-79 striped, 363-66 summer, 367 Whirligig, 367-68 white, 366-67 Mullidae, 377-7: Mullus, 377-79 auratus, 377-79 barbatus auratus, 377 Mummichog, 309-11 banded or striped, 309 spring, 312 Mummy, 510 porgy, 316 Muraena bostoniensis, 170 conger, 175 rostrata, 170 Muraenoides gunnellus, 665 Musealonge, 308 Muskallunge, 808 Muskellunge, 303 Mustelus, 22-23 eanis, 23 Muttonfish, 674-75 Myliobatide, 57-60 Myliobatis, 57-58 acuta, 58 freminvillei, 58 ? say, 55 Myoxocephalus, 639-44 aeneus, 639-41 groenlandicus, 642-44 , octodecimspinosus, 641-42 Myxostoma anisura, 109 Myxus harengus, 365 Naked goby, 656-58 Namaycush, 266 Narcobatidae, 51-52 _ Nauclerus, 412 Naucrates, 412-14 ductor, 412-14 indicus, 412 noveboracensis, 412 Needle-fishes, 317-23 Nematognathi, 76-97 Neoliparis, 652-53 atlanticus, 652-53 montagui,. 652 Neomaenis, 547-55 aya, 551 blackfordi, 9, 550-55 griseus, 548-50 Nerfling, gold, 181 New York gudgeon, 309 New York pollack, 694 New York shadine, 190-91, Newligut, 460 Niagara gudgeon, 152-54 Nigger chub, 160, 162-64 Nipper, 598-96 Nocomis, 159-60 Northern barracuda, 871-73 Northern chub sucker, 106 Northern mooneye, 185-86 Northern pickerel, great, 299 Northern Sucker, 99, 100 Norway haddock, 631-33 Notemigonus, 132-34 chrysoleucas, 132, lueidus, 151 INDEX TO FISHES Notropis, 185-52 amarus, 141, 142 amoenus, 150-51 anogenus, 136 atherinoides, 147-49 bifrenatus, 135-386 blennius, 138-39 cayuga, 136-37 cornutus, 145-47 frontalis, 147 dilectus, 149 dinemus, 149 heterodon, 137-38 hudsonius, 140-42, 143 -amarus, 142-43 lythrurus, 151 megalops, 145 frontalis, 147 photogenis, 151 procne, 139-40 rubrifrons, 149-50 umbratilis lythrurus, 151-52 whipplei, 144 whipplii, 143-45 Noturus, 91-92 flavus, 91-92 gyrinus, 95 insignis, 95 . lemniscatus, 95 marginatus, 96 miurus, 96 Numbfish, 51-52 Oblong flounder, 721 Oceanic bonito, 386-88 Oceanic sucker, 689 Odontaspis americanus, 34 Ogcocephalidae, 737-88 Ogcocephalus, 737-38 vespertilio, 738 Ohio golden shad, 192 Ohio river sturgeon, 66 Okow, 495 Oldwife, 582 Oligocephalus, 517-18 Oligoplites, 410-12 occidentalis, 410 saurus, 410-12 Oncocottus, 644, 645 OF NEW YORK Oncorhynchus, 241-44 chouicha, 242 orientalis, 242 quinnat, 241 tschawytscha, 241-44 Oneida sucker, 111 Onos cimbrius, 710 ensis, 709 reinhardti, 708 rufus, 709 Ophidiidae, 675-76 Ophidioidei, 674-75 Ophidium barbatum, 676 marginatum, 675 mucronatum, 665 Ophioscion, 576, 578, 583 Opisthonema, 209-11 oglina, 209 oglinum, 209-11 Opsanus, 660-62 tau, 661-62 Orange filefish, 613-15 Orcynus alliteratus, 389 pelamys, 386 thynnus, 391 Orfe, 131 , Orthagoriscus analis, 630 mola, 630 Orthopristis, 555-57 chrysopterus, 556-57 duplex, 556 Osmerus, 282-85 mordax, 282-85 viridescens, 282 Ostariophysi, 76-738 Ostraciidae, 615-17 Ostracion, 615 trigonus, 616 yalei, 616 Ostracium trigonum, 616 trigonus, 616 Ostracodermi, 615-17 Oswego bass, 491, 492 Otolithus, 569 carolinensis, 578 nebulosus, 573 regalis, 570 Otsego bass, 225 Ouananiche, 249 Ovate pompano, 439-41 Oysterfish, 598, 656-58, 661-62 69 770 NEW YORK STATHD MUSEUM Paddlefishes, 60-63 Pagrus argyrops, 558 Painted tail, 487 Pale sucker, 101 Palinurichtbys, 454-55 perciformis, 454-55 Palinurus perciformis, 454 Pammelas perciformis, 455 Panhagen, 212 Pappytish, 456-57 Paralichthys, 717-22 dentatus, 717-20 lethostigma, 720 lethostigmus, 720-21 oblongus, 721-22 ophryas, 718 Paratractus, 480-31 pisquetus, 480 Parche, 604-6 Parr, 245 Pastinaca hastata, 53, 54 maclura, 56 Pearl minnow, 130-31 Pearl roach, 134 Pediculate fishes, 733-38 Pediculati, 733-38 Pegedictis, 635-37 ictalops, 635 Peixe carago, 18-22 Pelamys sarda, 393 Perca, 500-4 acuta, 500 americana, 500, 528 atraria, 536 chrysops, 522 chrysoptera, 556 flavescens, 500-4 fluviatilis, 500 gibbosa, 483 gracilis, 500 granulata, 500 marina, 631 mitehilli, 524 alternata, 524 interrupta, 524 ocellata, 578 saltatrix, 445 schrenckii, 500 sectatrix, 568 septentrionalis, 524 Perea. (continued) serrato-granulata, 500 undulata, 583 varia, 536, 537 vitrea, 493 Percesoces, 354-73 Perch, 488, 493-521, 529, 595 black, 488, 529, 537 blue, 595 bridge, 460, 487 chinquapin, 460, 463 goggle-eye, 463 log, 505-6 Mitchill’s, 525 pike, 493-97 pirate, 352-54 red, 529 red-eyed, 468 red sea,! 633 ring, 500-4 river, 529 sand, 463 sea, 595 Silver, 463, 576-78 speckled, 460 strawberry, 460, 463 striped, 502 tin, 460 trout, 351-52, 488 white, 528-31, 590-92 yellow, 6, 488, 500-4, 529 Perch pike, 494 Perchlike fishes, 459-599 Percidae, 493-521 Percina, 504-6 caprodes, 505-6 var. manitou, 506 zebra, 506-7 manitou, 506 Percoidea, 459-599 Percopsidae, 351-52 ' Percopsis, 851-52 guttatus, 351-52 hammondi, 351 Petromyzon, 11-14 americanus, 11 appendix, 11 concolor, 14 marinus, 11-13 subsp. dorsatus, 18 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Petromyzon (continued) unicolor, 13-14 nigrum, 16 Petromyzontidae, 11-17 Pharyngognathi, 593-601 Pholis, 665-66 gunnellus, 665-66 subbifurecatus, 667 Photogenis spilopterus, 145 Phoxinus, 114, 1380-8 elongatus, 128 margaritus, 130 Phycis chuss, 707 filamentosus, 707 punctatus, 705 regalis, 704 regius, 704 tenuis, 706 Picarel, 495 Pickerel, 5, 298-301, 495, 498, 505 banded, 292-94 chain, 6, 296-98 eastern, 297 great, northern, 299 little, 294-96, 505 trout, 295 Pickering, 498 Pigfish, 556-57, 642 Pigmy sculpin, 639-41 Pike, 291-307, 493-97 blue, 303, 494, 497 bony, 71 bony-scaled, 6 common, 298-301 federation, 297 gar, 70-72 grass, 300, 494 gray, 498, 499 great, 303 green, 296-98, 494, 498 lake, 300 long-jawed fresh-water, 318 rock, 499 sand, 498-99 sea, 318 wall-eyed, 493-97 yellow, 494 Pike perch, 493-97 Pikelike fishes, 287-317 Pileoma semifasciatum, 505 zebra, 506 Pilot, banded, 415 blaek, 454-55 shark’s, 416 Pilot-fish, 221, 412-14 Pilot sucker, 687-88 Pimelepterus boscii, 568 Pimelodus atrarius, 85 catus, 87 cupreus, 84 flavus, 91 insigne, 95 lemniscatus, 96 livrée, 96 marmoratus, 89 natalis, 84 nebulosus, 87 nigricans, 81 pullus, 90 vulgaris, 84 Pimephales, 118-21 notatus, 120-21 sromelas, 118-19 Pinfish, 562 Pipefish, 847-49 common, 347-49 spotted, 346 Pirate perches, 352-54 Pisces, 17-78 Plaice, 724 Platessa dentata, 716 ferruginea, 726 oblonga, 717, 720 ocellaris, T17 plana, 727 pusilla, 728 quadrocellata, 721 rostrata, 726 Platophrys, 730-31 nebularis, 730 oceHatus, 730-381 Plectognathi, 608-733 Plectospondyli, 97-169 Pleuronectes, 727 americanus, 727 aquosus, 728 dentatus, 717 ferrugineus, 726 hippoglossus, 714 Fer 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pleuronectes (continued) - Pomolobus, 195-203 aestivalis, 202 chrysochloris, 195-96 cyanonoton, 202-3 mediocris, 197-98 pseudoharengus, 199-201 vernalis, 199 Pomotis appendix, 478 auritus, 4838 maculatus, 728 melanogaster, 717 mollis, 732 oblongus,. 721 planus, 727 platessoides, 716 Pleuronectidae, 714-31 Plumbeous minnow, 161-62 gibbosus, 480 Pneumatophorus, 381-83 gulosus, 470 Poecilia macrolepidota, 309 guttatus, 472 Poecilichthys coeruleus, 517 hexacanthus, 462 — eos, 521 , incisor, 480 fusiformis, 520 longulus, 475 Poeciliidae, 307-17 obesus, 471 rubricauda, 478 Speciosus, 480 vulgaris, 483 Pomoxis annularis, 459-62 nitidus, 459 Sparoides, 462-64 Pomoxys, 459-64 Sparoides, 462 : Pompano, common, 443-44 ovate, 439-41 * round, 439-41 shore, 441 Silvery, 441-43 Pompeynose, 444 Pondfish, 484 : Porbeagle, 39-40 long-tailed, 27 2 Porcupine fishes, 624-29 hairy, 625-26 Porgee, 583: big, 559 Pogonias, 587-90 chromis, 588 cromis, 587-90 fasciatus, 587 Pogy, 559 Pollachius, 693-94 carbonarius, 693 virens, 693-94 Pollack, 693-94 black, 694 £reen, 694 New York, 694 | Polydactylus, 373- octofilis, 875 octonemus, 3 ~] ai Polynemidae, dto- Polynemus octofilis, 8 octonemus, 373 Sexradiatus, 684 Polyodon, 60-63 feuille, 61 little, 582 folium, 61 rhomboidal, 562 Spathula, 61-63 Sand, 558-61, 582 ‘olyodontidae, 60-63 three-tailed, 603 *olyprion, 53 -30 Porgies, DDT-65 ‘americanus, 532-39 Porgy mummy, 316 cernium, 532 Poronotus, 457-59 OXYgeneios, 532 triacanthus, 458 OXygenius, 532 Pout, horned, 87-89 omadasys fulvomaculatus, 5d6 Priacanthidae, 44-47 omatomidae, 445-48 Priacanthus, 544-45 omatomus, 445-48 altus, 546 Saltator, 445 arenatus, 544-45 Saltatrix, 445-49 ltatrix, 445-48 macrophthalmus, 544 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Prickly skate, 47-48 Pride, 16-17 Prionace, 24-25 glauca, 25 Prionedon glaucus, see (Prionodon) glaucus milberti, see Carcharias don) milberti obseurus, see Carcharias (Priono- don) obscurus Prionotus, 676-82 carolinus, 677-78 evolans, 679 var. lineatus, 679 lineatus, 679 palmipes, 677 strigatus, 679-81 tribulus, 681-82 Pristipoma fasciatum, 556 fulvomaculatum, 556 Promicropterus, 541-42 Psetta, 723 Pseudopleuronectes, 726, 727-29 americanus, 727-29 Pseudopriacanthus, 545-47 altus, 546-47 Pseudorhombus dentatus, 71 oblongus, 721 ocellaris, 717 Pseudotriakidae, 17-22 Pseudotriakis, 17-22 microdon, 18-22 Pterophryne, 735-37 histrio, 736-37 Pteroplatea, 56-57 maclura, 56-57 Ptyonotus thompsonii, 644 Puckermouth, 719 Puffers, 617-24 smooth, 618-19 Pug-nosed shiner, 4384 Pumpkin seed, 458, 483-86 Pygosteus, 337-40 pungitius, 338-40 sinensis, 338 Carcharias (Priono- Querimana, 9, 365 gyrans, 9, 366, 368 harengus, 366 Quinnat salmon, 241-44 s =] Cas | Go Rabbitfish, 618-19 Rachycentridae, 448-50 tachycentron, 448-50 canadus, 449-50 tadiated shanny, 667-68 Raia eglanteria, 49 laevis, 50 ocellata, 48 tainbow darter, 517-18 tainbow trout, 261-63 Rainwater fish, 314-15 Raja, 46-51 bonasus, 59 centroura, 53 diaphanes, 49 eglanteria, 47, 49-50 erinacea, 47-48 erinaceus, 47 laevis, 50-51 maclura, 56 ocellata, 48-49 say, 55 torpedo, 51 Rajidae, 46-51 Rakehead, 32 Ray, 46-60 brier, 49-50 butterfly, 56-57 common sting, 53-54 cow-nosed, 59-60 eagle, 57-60 electric, 51-52 hedgehog, 47-48 southern sting, 55-56 spotted, 48 sting, 53-57 whip, 55 whip sting, 55 whip-tailed, 53-59 Razor back, 463 Red-bellied dace, 114-16 Red-bellied minnow, 115 Red drum, 578-80, 589 Red-eyed perch, 468 Red gurnard, 682-83 Red horse, 110-12 golden, 111 Red mullet, 3877-79 Red perch, 529 Red sea perch, 633 TTA NEW Red-sided shiner, 128-29 Red-sided sucker, 100 Red snapper, 9, 550-55 Red sturgeon, 66 Redtail, 160 Redthroat trout, 250-52 Red trout, 267 Red-winged sea robin, 678, 679-81 Redeye, 467-70, 475-77 Redfin, 145-47, 151-52 Redfish, 684-385 Remora, 686-90 brachyptera, 689-90 Indian, 687 jacobaea, 688 remora, 688-89 white-tailed, 687 Remoropsis brachyptera, 689 brachypterus, 689 Reniceps tiburo, 30 Requiem sharks, 22-30 Rhegnopteri, 373-75 Rheocrypta copelandi, 509 Rhina squatina, 45 Rhinichthys, 152-56 atronasus, 154-56 cataractae, 152-54 marmoratus, 152 nasutus, 152 obtusus, 155 Rhinonemus cimbrius, 710 Rhinoptera, 58-60 bonasus, 59-60 quadriloba, 59 Rhombochirus, 690 osteochir, 690 Rhomboganoidea, 69-73 Rhomboidal porgee, 562 Rhomboidichthys ocellatus, 730 155-59 Rhombus, aquosus, 723 longipinnis, 456 ecellatus, T30 paru, 456-57 triacanthus, 457-59 Rhypticus decoratus, 541 maenlatus, 541 Riehardsonius, 128 Ring perch, 500-4 YORK STATHD MUSEUM Rissola, 675-76 marginata, 675-76 River alewife, 192 River bass, 491 River chub, 159-60 River herring, 199 River perch, 529 Roach, 6, 132-34, 582 Ivish, 184 pearl, 184 Robin, flying, 684-85 Roceus, 522-27 americanus, 528 chrysops, 522-23 comes, 570 lineatus, 524-27 striatus, 524 Rock, 525 Rock bass, 467-70, 587 Rock cod, 699 Rock eels, 665-71 Rock pike, 499 Rock sturgeon, 66 Rock toadfish, 646 Rockfish, 155, 505, 524-27, 631-35 Rockling, 709-10 four-bearded, 710-11 silvery, TOS8-9 Roneador, 590 Rosefish, 631-383 Rostrated dory, 486 ) Rosy-faced minnow, 149-50 Rosy minnow, 147-49 Rough dab, 716-17 Rough-head, 146 Rough silversides, 359-61 Round herring, 8, 189-91 Round pompano, 439-41 Round robin, 421-22 Round whitefish, 221-24 Rounded sucker, 106 Roundfish, 221, 222 Ruddertish, 454-55, 457, 567-69 banded, 414-16, 428-29 Ruddy bass, 529 Ruddy sturgeon, 66 Runner, 419-20, 598 Rusty dab, 727 Rusty flatfish, 72 > Rusty flounder, 717 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Rutilus anomalus, 113 Salmo (continued) Storerianus, 158 salar, 244-48 Rypticus, 540-42 sebago, 248-50 bistrispinus, 541-42 var. sebago, 248 ; salmarinus, 275 Sac-a-lait, 460, 463 salvelinus, 275 Saibling, 275-78 sebago, 248 Sailfishes, 403-7 siscowet, 266 Sailor’s choice, 561-62 | trutta, 263 Salar ausonii, 254 | levenensis, 259-61 Salmo, 244-66, 257-59 | tshawytscha, 241 adirondacus, 266 (Coregonus) tullibee, 238 alpinus, 275, 278 umbla, 275 amethystinus, 266 willughbii, 276 -amethystus, 266 Salmon, 61-62, 219-82 aseanil, 275 | Atlantic, 244-48 canadensis, 272 black, 267 elarkii henshawi, 250 chinook, 241-44 clupeaformis, 224 | dwarf, 246 eolii, 276 | fresh-water, 246 confinis, 266 jack, 495 erythrogaster, 272 | king, 241-44 fario, 254-57 landlocked, 246, 248-50 ausonii, 254 Quinnat, 241-44 foetens, 286 Susquehanna, 494 fontinalis, 272 white, 495, 497 gairdneri, 252-54 Salmon killer, 341 gairdnerii, 252 Salmon shark, 40 gloverii, 248 Salmon trout, 180, 252-54, 266-71 grayi, 276 Salmonidae, 219-82 4 (Coregonus) harengus, 255 Salmoperea pellucida, 351 henshawi, 250-52 ; Salmopereae, 351-52 hoodii, 266 Salt water bream, 562 immaculatus, 272 Salt-water chub, 598 irideus, 261-63 Salt-water jack, 446 shasta, 261 Salt-water minnow, 310 killinensis, 276 Salt-water trout, 571 (Coregonus) labradoricus, 224 Salvelinus, 271-82 lemanus, 263-66 alpinus, 275-78 levenensis, 259 aureolus, 278-82 mykiss, 250 aureolus, 278 henshawi, 250 fontinalis, 272-75 namaycush, 266 namaycush, 266 pallidus, 266 Sand dab, 717, 726-27 perisii, 276 Sand eel, 376-77 purpuratus, 252 Sand flounder, 724, 730-31 var. henshawi, 250 Sand lances, 875-77 (Coregonus) quadrilateralis, 221 Sand perch, 4638 quinnat, 241 Sand pike, 287, 498-99 rivalis, 276 Sand porgee, 558-61, 582 ot T76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sand rollers, 351-52 Sciaenops, 578-80, 583 Sand shark, 34-37 ocellatus, 578-80 Sand smelt, 359 Sciena fusca, 588 Sand sucker, 108-9 . gigas, 588 Sareura, 46-52 Sclerodermi, 608-15 Sarda, 393-95 Scoliodon, 29-30 mediterranea, 393 Scoliodon terrae noyae, 29-30 pelamys, 393 Scolopsis sayanus, 353 — sarda, 393-95 - | Scomber, 379-83 Sardine, scaled, 209 alleteratus, 388° Sardinella, 208-9 chrysurus, 4387 sp., 209 : colias, 381-83 Sargus ambassis, 558 crumenophthalmus, 426 arenosus, 558 crysos, 430 ovis, 563 j dekayi, 382 rhomboides, 561 ductor, 412 grex, 382 Sarothrodus maculocinctus, 605 on nippos, 421, 428 Satin striped herring, 215 Sauger, 498-99 maculatus, 396 Saurel, 425-26 pelamis, 386 plumbeus, 445 plumieri, 426- pneumatophorus, 382 Sauries, 327-29 Saurus foetens, 286 mexicanus, 286 : Sawbelly, 200 eee Scabbard fish, 402-3 sae ae 410 ‘ Sead, 421-22, 425 is 4 ‘ } scomber, 380 big-eyed, 426-27 scombrus, 379-81 dotted, 422 thazard, 384 mackerel, 423-24 thynnus, 391 Seale carp,. 167 trachurus, 425 Sealed sardine, 209 ~vernalis, 380 Sealy fins, 601-8 zonatus, 414 Schilbeodes, 92-97 Scomberesocidae, 327-29 gyrinus, 93-94 Scomberesox, 327-29 ‘ insignis, 95-96 equirostrum, 327 minurus, 96-97 saurus, 327-29 Schoodie trout, 246 scutellatum, 327 Schuylkill cat, 86 storeri, 328 Sciaena, 578, 590 Scomberomorus, 395-401 caprodes, 505 cayalla, 400-1 chrysura, 576 maculatus, 396-98 imberbis, 578 regalis, 398-400 lineata, 524 Scombridae, 379-401 nebulosa, 585 Scombroidei, 8379-459 obliqua, 581 Scombroides occidentalis, 410 ocellata, 578 Scorpaena americana, 646 oscula, 590 dactyloptera, 634 punctata, 576 flava, 646 Xanthurus, 581 purpurea, 646 Sclaenidae, 569-92 rufa, 646 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Scorpaenidae, 631-35 Scorpoena, yellow, 646 Sculpin, 635-47 brassy, 639) daddy, 642-44 deep water, 646 18-spined, 641-42 lake, 644-45 pigmy, 659-41 sea, 646 Scup, 558-61 Scuppaug, 559 Scuteeg, 571 Sea basses, 522-42, striped, 525 Sea catfish, 77-78, For Sea devil, 735 Sea eel, 175-77 Sea herring, 192-94 Sea horse, 349-51 Sea lamprey, great, 11-13 Sea mink, 585-S7 Sea owl, 651 Sea perch, 595 red, 633 Sea pike, 318 Sea poacher, 648-49 Sea raven, 646-47 Sea robin, 642, 677-78, 680 big-headed, 681-82 red-winged, 678, 679-81 Sea sculpin, 646 Sea snails, 652-56 striped, 654-56 Sea snipe, 318 Sea swallow, 685 Sea tead, 642 Sea trout, 571, 573-74 Sea wolf, 673 Seaweed blenny, 663-64 Sebago trout, 246 Sebastes, 631-33 dactylopterus, 634 Iwarinus, 631-33 norvegicus, 632 norwegicus, 631 Sebastinae, 631-35 Sebastoplus dactylopterus, 634 Seering, 180 Selachii, 17-60 9360-39 78-79 Selachostomi, 60-63 Selachus maximus, 42 Selene, 484-36 argentea, 4385 gallus, 485 setipinnis, 483 vomer, 435-36 Semotilus, 121-26 atromaculatus, 123-26 biguttatus, 159 bullaris, 122-23 corporalis, 122, 124 Seran inperial, 634-35 Sergeant fishes, 448-50 Seriola, 414-18 bipinnulata, 419 cosmopolita, 457 gigas, 416 lalandi, 416-18 pinnulata, 419 zonata, 414-16 Seriolichthys bipinnulatus, 419 ‘Serranidae, 522-42 Serranus atrarius, 536 brasiliensis, 539 flaviventris, 539 margaritifer, 5 nigrescens, 536 - niveatus, 533 Shad, 192, 204-8, 460 Cayuga lake, 200 fall, 197 gizzard, 186-88 gold, 195-96 hickory, 9, 188, 197-98 little, 200 mud, 188 Ohio golden, 192 stink, 188 tailor, 198 white, 205 white-eyed, 188 winter, 188 Shad bait, 194 Shad herring, 197-98, 208, 209-11 Shad trout, 571 Shad-waiter, 221, 224-30 Shadine, 190-91 Shanny, radiated, 667-68 Shark ray, 46 © —9) vo be! -l Sharks, 17-60 angel, 45-46 basking, 41-43 blue, 39 bone, 45 dog, 23 dusky, 25-26 elephant, 42-45 great blue, 25 great white, 40-41 green-backed, 30 ground, 35 hammerheaded, 30-32 leopard, 24 little bullhead, 46 mackerel, 37-41 Milbert’s, 26-28 requiem, 22-30 salmon, 40 sand, 34-37 sharp-nosed, 29-30 shovelhead, 30-3 shovelnose, 82 small blue, 27 swingle-tail, 33-34 thresher, 32-34 tiger, 24 Shark’s pilot, 416 Sharksucker, 686-87 Sharp-nosed shark, 29-30 Sheepshead, 458, 563-65, 591 three-tailed, 603 young, 589 Sheepshead chaetodon, 603 Sheepshead killifish, 317 Sheepshead Lebias, 316 Sheepshead minnow, 315-17 Shiner, 139-40, 145-47, 160, 241, 359, 562 134 eryptous broad, 458 blunt-nosed, golden, 132-3 lake, 236 14 reda-sided, 128-20 pugc-nosed, spotted, L57-AS Shoemaker, 104 Shoemakerfish, 452-33 Shore pompano, 441 Short-finned harvestfish, 458 12-73 Short-nosed wear, NEW YORK 9p oF 235-37, | STATRD MUSEUM Short-nosed sturgeon, 68-69 Shovel fish, 61 Shovelhead shark, 80-31 Shovelnose shark, 82 Sierra, 400-1 Siluridae, 76-97 Silurus catus, 85-ST felis, T8 gyrinus, 93 marinus, 77 melas, 90 punctatus, SO Silver bass, 185, 462, 523 Silver cat, SO Silver chub, 122-23 Silver gar, 317-19 Silver hake, 691-93 Silver Jenny, 566-67 Silver king, 177-79 Silver lamprey, 14-15 Silver perch, 468, 576-78 Silver trout, 278-82 Silverfin, 148-45 Silverfish, 165 Silversides, 354-62 brook, 361-62 fresh-water, 356-57 rough, 359-61 slender, 355-56 small, 358 Silvery anchovy, 216-17 Silvery minnow, 116-18 / Silvery pompano, 441-48 Silvery rockling, TO8-9 Siphostoma, 347-49 fusecum, 347-49 peckianum, 347 Skate, 17, 46-51, 49 barndoor, 50-51 big, 48-49 bonnet, 48 Clear-nosed, 49-50 common, 47-48 prickly, 47-48 spotted, 48-49 summer, 48 winter, 49 Skip mackerel, 446 Skipjack, 192, 195-96, LS Skippang, 212 361-62, INDEX Skipper, 327-29 Slender halfbeak, 326-27 Slender silversides, 355-56 Slippery Dick, 675-76 Smelt, 140-42, 143, 282-85 sand, 359 Smelt of New York lakes, 230-3: Smolt, 245 Smooth browed bullhead, 640 9o Smooth dogfish, 25 Smooth mousetish; Smooth puffer, 618-19 Snake blenny, 671 Snakefish, 287, 670-71 Snap mackerel, 445-48 rH 736 Snapper, 445-48, 547-55, 632 blue, 446 gray, 548-50 mangrove, 548-50 red, 9, 550-55 Snapping mackerel, 446 Snipe, sea, 318 Snowy grouper, 5383-35 Soapfish, 541-42 Soft gar, 318 | Soft sucker, 108 Soldier fish, 518 © Soleidae, 731-383 Soles, 731-83 American, 732-33 calico, 732 : Southern flounder, 720-21 Spadefishes, 601-4 Spanish mackerel, 396-9: Sparidae, 557-65 Sparus argyrops, 558 aureus, 483 chrysops, 558 ovis, 563 probatocephalus, 563 rhomboides, 561 Spawn-eater, 140-42 Spearfish, 287, 405-7 Spearfish sucker, 690 Spearing, 359 Speckled perch, 460 Speckled trout, 273 Sperling, 194, 359 > Sphaeroides trichocephalus, 624 TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Spheroides, 619-24 maculatus, 620-22 nephelus, 624 pachygaster, 624 testudineus, 622-24 trichocephalus, 624 Sphyraena, 368-73 acus, 322 borealis, 371-73 guachancho, 369-70 guaguanche, 369 guaguancho, 369 elintheri, 369 spet, 371 Sphyraenidae, 368-73 Sphyrna, 30-32 tiburo, 30-31 zygaena, 31-32 Sphyrnidae, 30-32 Spikefish, 404-5 Spinax acanthias, 43 Spined dogfish, 43-45 Spinous dory, 439 Spinous trachinote, 441 Spiny boxfish, 626-28 Spiny-rayed fishes, 351-608 Spoon-billed sturgeon, 61 Spoonbill, 61 Spoonbill cat, 61-63 Spot, 580-83 Spot-striped balloon fish, 628 Spotted bass, 487, 580 Spotted bergall, 596 Spotted blenny, G6S-69 Spotted caranx, 422 Spotted cat, 80-81 Spotted cero, 400 Spotted codling, 704-5 Spotted flounder, 731 Spotted grouper, 53 Spotted hake, 704-5 Spotted maskalonge, 802-4 Spotted minnow, 120-21 Spotted pipefish, 346 Spotted ray, 48 Spotted shiner, 157-58 Spotted skate, 48-49 Spotted stargazer, 658-60 Spotted sucker, 108-9 Spotted turbot, 724 9 9r p-ow TSO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~ Spotted weakfish, 573-74 Sprat herring, 209-11 Spring herring, 199 Spring mummichog, 312 Squalidae, 43-45 Squalius elongatus, 128 margaritus, 130 Squalus, 43-45 acanthias, 43-45 canis, 2¢ carcharias, 40 cornubicus, 39 glaucus, 25 littoralis, 34 maximus, 42 obseurus, 25 punctatus, 29 spathula, 61 Squatina, 45 (Carcharias) terrae-noyae, 29 tiburo, 30 vulpes, 33 zygaena, 31 Squamipinnes, 601-7 Squatina, 45-46 angelus, 45 dumerili, 45 Squatina, 45-46 Squatinidae, 45-46 Squeteague, 570-73 Squid hound, 525 Squirrel fish, 562 Squirrel hake, 706, 707-8 Starfish, 458 Stargazers, 658-62 little, 637 Spotted, G58-G60 Staten Island herring, 197 Steel-back minnow, 112 Steelhead, 252-54 Stellifer, 576 Stenotomus, 557-60 airgyrops, 558 chrysops, 558-61 Stephanolepis, 611-12 Stichaeinae, 667-71 Stichaeus, 668-69 islandicus, 670 punctatus, G6S-Go Sticklebacks, 335-44 | i. bloedy, 343 brook, 335-37 Cayuga lake, 337 four-spined, 342-44 10-spined, 338-40 ~ two-spined, 340-42 Stilbe chrysoleucas, 132 Sting rays, 53-57 Stink shad, 188 Stizostedion, 493-99 canadense, 498-99 griseum, 499 vitreum, 493-97 Stizostedium canadense, 498 var, griseum, 499 vitreum, 494 Stolephorus, 213-19 areyrophanus, 216-17 browni, 214 brownii, 214-15 “ eurystole, 216 mitchilli, 218-19 perfasciatus, 216, 217-18 Stomodon Bilinearis, 691 Stone bass, 532 Stone cat, 91-92, 93-94 margined, 95-96 tadpole, 93 variegated, 96-97 Stone lugger, 104, 113-14 Stone roller, 103-4, 113-14 Stone toter, 104, 113 Straw-colored minnow, 138-39 Strawberry bass, 462-64 Strawberry perch, 460, 463 Streaked bass, 525 Streaked head, 438 Striped anchovy, 214-15 Striped bass, 523, 524-27 Striped basse, 525 Striped killifish, 309 Striped mud minnow, 289-91 Striped mullet, 363-66 Striped mumimichog, 309 Striped perch, 502 Striped sea bass, 525 Striped sea snail, 654-56 Striped sucker, 108-9 Stromateidae, 455-59 1 GB e INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK Stromateus alepidotus, 456 Summer skate, 48 cryptosus, 458 Sun trout, 571 gardenii, 456 Sunapee trout, 278-82 longipinnis, 496 Sunfish, 434, 459-93, 483-86, 615, 629 paru, 456 banded, 471-73 triacanthus, 457 bass, 466 Sturgeon, 63-69 blue, 480-82 bony, 66 blue-spotted, 473-75, 477 common, 63-65 green, 475-77. lake, 66-67 long-eared, 478 Ohio river, 66 mud, 464-66 red, 66 Sunny, 484 rock, 66 Surgeons, 606-7 ruddy, 66 eee Surmullets, 377-79 short-nosed, 68-69 | Susquehanna salmon, 494 Sweet sucker, 106 Swellfish, 620-22 spoon-billed, 61 Suckers, 97-112 banded, 104 black, 104 Swelltoad, 621 black-nosed, 108 Swingle-tail shark, 35-34 brook, 101 Swiss Lake trout, 263-66 chub, 105-7 | Swordfish sucker, 689-90 common, 101-3 | Swordfishes, 71, 407-9 golden, 111 | Synentognathi, 317-35 gray, 101 Synegnathidae, 347-49 hog, 103-4 ° Syngnathinae, 347-49 large-scaled, 104 Syngnathus fasciatus, 347 long-nosed, 99-101 | fuscus, 347 mud, 104 | hippocampus, 350 northern, 99, 100 peckianus, 347 oceanic, 689 | viridescens, 347 Oneida, 111 .| Synodontidae, 285-87 pale, 101 | Synodus, 285-87 pilot, 687-88 foetens, 286-87 red-sided, 100 rounded, 106 Tadpole stonecat, 93 sand, 108-9 Tahoe trout, 250-52 soft, 108 Tailor, 446 spearfish, 690 Tailor shad, 198 spotted, 108-9 Tambor, 624 striped, 108-9 Tang, 607 sweet, 106 | Tarpon atlanticus, 177-79 swordfish, 689-980 Tarpons, 177-80 white, 101 Tarpum, 177-79 white-nosed, 109-10 Tautog, 597-99 Sucking fish, 686-87 Tautoga, 596-99 Sucking toad, 621 americana, 597 Summer flounder, 717-20 | eaerulea, 593 Summer herring, 203 niger, 597 Summer mullet, 367 onitis, 597-99 Tautogolabrus, 593-96 adspersus, 593-96 Tectospondyli, 45-46 Teleostei, 76-738 Teleostomi, 60-76 Temnodon saltator, 445 Tench, 126-27 Tessellated darter, 514-16 Tetraodon laevigatus, 618 turgidus, 620 Tetraodontidae, 617-24 Tetrapturus, 405-7 albidus, 406 belone, 405 imperator, 405-7 Tetrodon curvus, 618 hispidus var. maculatus, 620 laevigatus, 618 mathematicus, 618 mola, 629 testudineus, 622 trichocephalus, 624 turgidus, 620 Tetronarce, 51-52 occidentalis, 51-52 Teuthididae, 606-7 Teuthis, 606-7 hepatus, 607 Thimble-eye mackerel, 381-83 Thorn back, 339. 343 Thorn-backed grunt, 444 Thread herring, 188, 209-11 Threadfins, 373-75 Threadfish, 210, 432-33 Thresher shark, 32-34 Thunder pumper, 591 Thunnus, 390-93 thynnus, 391-93 Thynnus affinis, 889 brachypterus, 391 brasiliensis, 888 brevipinnis, 388 brevirostris, 889 pelamys, 886 secundidorsalis, 891 thunnina, 388 Vulgaris, 391 Tiburon, 28-29 Tiger shark, 24 Pinibe: cropple, 1) 182 NEW YORK STATP MUSEUM Tin mouth, 463 Tin perch, 460 Tinea, 126-27 tinea, 126-27 ‘ vulgaris, 126 Toad, 598 sucking, 621 Toadfish, 621, 660-62 rock, 646 Tobacco box, 484 Togue, 267 Tomcod, 586, 695-97 brown, 696 mixed, 696 vellow, 696 yellowish white, 696 Toothed flatfish, 719 Toothed herring, 184-85 Toothed minnow, 312 Top minnows, 807 Topsail, gaff, 77-78 Torpedo, 51-52 occidentalis, 51 Torsh, 699 Trachinoidei, 658-62 Trachinote, spinous, 441 Trachinotus, 4388-44 argenteus, 441-43 carolinus, 443-44 cupreus, 441 faleatus, 439-41 fuscus, 439 pampanus, 443 rhomboides, 439 spinosus, 439 Trachurops, 426-27 crumenophthalmus, 426-27 Trachurus, 424-26 saurus, 425 trachurus, 425-26 Trachynotus, 439 carolinus, 443 ovatus, 439 pampanus, 443 rhomboides, 489 Trichidion octofilis, 373 octonemus, 373 Trichiuridae, 402-3 Trichiurus, 402-3 argenteus, 402 lepturus, 402-8 INDEX TO FISHES OF NEW YORK (83 -Trichocyclus erinaceus, 625 Trichodiodon, 624-26 pilosus, 625-26 Trichopterus, 428-29 Trigger fishes, 608-11 blue-striped, 610-11 Trigla, 677, 682 carolina, 677 cuculus, 682-83 eyolans, 679 lineata, 679 palmipes, 677 strigata, 679 tribulus, 681 volitans, 684 Triglidae, 676-83 Triglopsis, 644-45 stimpsoni, 644 thompsoni, 644-45. Triple-tails, 542-43, 602-4 Trota, 255 Trout, 488, 491, 571 aleby, 702 brock, 6, 255, 272-75 brown, 254-57, 488 Gairdner’s, 252-54 golden, 278-82 gray, 267, 571 hybrid, 5, 257-59 lake, 266-71 Lake Tahoe, 250-52 Loch Leven, 259-61 mountain, 488 rainbow, 261-63 red, 267 red-throat, 250-52 salmon, 180, 252-54, salt-water, 571 Schoodie, 246 sea, 571, 573-74 Sebago, 246 shad, 571 Silver, 278-82 speckled, 2 ‘steelhead, 252-54 sun, 571 Sunapee, 278-82 Swiss Lake, 263-66 white, 488 Trout perches, 351-52, 488 ‘ 7 (5 Trout pickerel, 295 Trout pike, 287 True fishes, 60-76 Truite, 255 Trumpet fish, 345-46 Trunkfishes, 615-17 Trutta, 244 Trygon hastata, 53-54. sayi, 55 Tuftgills, 347-51 Tuladi, 267 Tullibee, 258-41 Tunny, 391-93 little, 888-90 Turbot, 608-10 spotted, 724 Turbot flounder, 719 Tylosurus, 317-23 acus, 322-23 cerassus, 319 gladius, 319 longirostris, 317 marinus, 317-19 raphidoma, 319-21 Ulcina, 648-49 Ulvaria, 667-68 subbifurcata, 667-68 Umbra, 287-91 limi, 288-89 pygmaea, 289 pygmaea,. 289-91 Umbridae, 287-91 Umbrina, 585 alburnus, 585 nebulosa, 585 Unspotted balloonfish, 628-29 Unspotted maskalonge, 304-7 Upsilenphorus guttatus, 658 Uranidea, 687-38 formosa, 638 gracilis, 637-38 auiesecens, 637 richardsoni, 636 Uranoscopidae, 658-60 Uranoscopinae;, 658-60 Urophycis, 704-8 chuss, TO7-S regius, 704-5 tenuis, 705-7 7TS4 Variegated goby, 657 Variegated stone cat, 96-97 Vomer, 433-34 brownii, 4338 setipinnis, 433-34 Von Behr trout, 255 Wall-eyed herring, 199-200 Walleyed pike, 493-97 Warmouth, 470-71 Watery flounder, 724 Weakfish, 570-75 spotted, 573-74 Weesick, 198 Welshman, 491 Whip ray, 55 Whip sting ray, 55 Whip-tailed rays, 53-59 Whirligig mullet, 367-68 White bass, 522-23 White-bellied killifish, 311 White cat, 80, 85-86 White croppie, 460 White-eyed shad, 188 White hake, 705-7 White mullet, 866-67 White-nosed sucker, 109-10 White perch, 528-31, 590-92 White salmon, 495, 497 White shad, 205 White shark, great, 40-41 White sucker, 101 White-tailed remora, GST White trout, 488 Whitebait, 194, 215, 217, 218-19, 357-59 Whitefish, 205, 219, 446 biackfin, 228 common, 224-30, 240 Iloy's, 241 Labrador, 9, 224-30 Menominee, 221 mongrel, 238-41 round, 221-24 Whiting, 585-87, 691-928 Bermuda, 586 Will George, 598 Wind fish, 122-2: Window light, Windowpane, Wingtish, G78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM na Winninish, 246 Winter flounder, 727-29 Winter shad, 188 Winter skate, 49 Wolf fishes, 672-74 Wrassefishes, 593-600 Wreckfish, 532-85 Wrymouths, 671-72 Xenarchi, 352-54 Xiphias, 407-9 gladius, 408-9 imperator, 405 Niphidiidae, 665-71 Niphiidae, 407-9 Xystophorus, 412 Yellow backs, 208 Yellow bass, 487 Yellow-bellied killifish, 311 Yellow caranx, 429 Yellow cat, 84 Yellow fins, 571 Yellow mackerel, 480-31 Yellow perch, 6, 488, 500-4, 529° Yellow pike, 494 : Yellow scorpoena, 646 Yellow-tail, 309, 562, 576-78 Yellowish white tomcod, 696 Zeidae, 600-1 Zenopsis, 600-1 ocellatus, GOO-1 Zeoidea, GO0-8 Zeus capillaris, 485 ciliaris, 452 crinitus, 432 geometricus, 435 ocellatus, G00 3 rostratus, 485 setapinnis, 483 spinosus, 489 vomer, 455 Zoarces, 674-75 anguillaris, 674-75 Viviparus, 674 Zoarcidae, 6G74-T5 Zonichthys gigas, 416 Zygaena malleus, 31 tibure, 30 Universily of the State of LVew Yorr New York State Museum MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Any of the University publications will be sold in lots of 10 or more at 20% discount. When sale copies are exhausted, the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged by second-hand booksellers to limit their distribution to cases of special need. Such prices are inclosed in brackets. All publications are in paper covers, unless binding is specified. Museum annual reports 1847-date.