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CATALOGUE

FISHES

BRITISH MUSEUM.

ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A, M.D, Ph.D, F.Z.S.,

ETC. ETC.

VOLU

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1862.

CATALOGUE

ACANTHOPTERYGll PHARYNGOGNATHI

ANACANTHINI

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1862.

3 /I

PREFACE.

NOTICE.

The account of the CoUection of Fishes in the British Museum
having extended heyond the limits indicated on the title-pages of
the first three volumes, it has become necessary to give a title
referring to the whole of the work. Therefore, separate title-
pages, which, in binding the work, are to be placed at the head
of their respective volumes, have been issued ^vith the present
volume.

" No general account of the Chromides and of the Anacanthini has
been given for the last fifty years, and at that time only a small
number of species were known. Therefore, although I believe that
this volume wiU be particularly useful to zoologists, I must ask their
indulgence for the imperfection of a work in a field which hitherto
has been so much neglected. The total number of species in this

((2

PREFACE.

Dh. Gunther observes, — " This volume contains the Pharyngogimthi
acanthopterygii and the Anacnnthim of MlUler. In the preface to
the third volume, I have expressed my doubts whether the Orders
established by that great anatomist are natural groups of fishes ; and
I fuUy share the opinion of those who do not consider the coalesced
pharjTigeal bones as a character of sufficient importance to unite
acanthopterous and malacopterous fishes into one Order. Placing
the structure of the fins above that of the pharjmgeals, I have
changed the name of Pharyngognathi acanthopteri into Acanthopte-
rygii pliary iigognathi.

" The Anacanthini coincide essentially with the MaJaeopterygii
jw/ulares of the old authors, and they apjiear to me to be a very
natural order. The diff'ereuce in general appearance between a Cod-
fish and a Sole, indeed, is great, — so gi'eat, as to induce some ich-
thyologists to consider them as representatives of distinct Orders ;
but the absence of symmetry in the latter will be seen to be the
only constant character on which such an opinion can be founded ;
and this character is but little developed in the higher-organized
Pleuronectidcv, as in Psettodes. In this genus the want of symmetry
is nearly entirely limited to the position of the eyes, which are on
the right side in one half of the specimens of the same species, and
on the left in the other. On the other hand, the Gadoids and Pleu-
ronectoids agree in the great development of the dorsal and anal
fins, in the position of the ventrals, and in the increased number of
caudal vertebrag.

" No general account of the Chromkles and of the Anacanthini has
been given for the last fifty years, and at that time onlj" a small
number of species were known. Therefore, although I believe that
this volume will be particiilarly useful to zoologists, I must ask their
indulgence for the imperfection of a work in a field which hitherto
has been so nuich neglected. The total number of species in this

rt2

volume amounts to 1090, 890 of which are apparently Avell charac-
terized.

" Of the numerous and valuable additions to the National Collection
which have been received in the coiu-se of the last year, 1 may men-
tion the foUowrng as the more important: —

" 1. A Collection of Pharyiigofjnatlii and Anacanihini from the
East Indian Archipelago, illustrative of the species described by
Dr. P. V. Bleeker in his forthcoming great work on the Ichthyology of
the East Indian >Ai-chipelago, published by tlie Dutch Government.

" 2. A Collection of Freshwater and Marine Fishes from Guate-
mala, made by 0. Salvin, Esq. and F. Godman, Esq.

" 3. A large Collection of the Fishes of the Upper Nile, made by
J. Petherick, Esq., H.M. Consul at Chartoum.

" 4. A second and third Collection from Madeira, presented by
J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

" 5. A Collection of Scandinavian Fishes, presented by Hr. A. W.
Malm of Gothabiu-g.

" 6. A Collection of Mediterranean species (South of France),
presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.

" 7. A Collection of Mediterranean Fishes, made at Malta by
Dr. G. GuUa.

" 8. A Collection of Freshwater and Marine species from South-
em Spain, presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, F.E.S.

" 9. A Collection of Freshwater and Marine species from Port
Natal, made by Mr. Th. Ajtcs.

" 10. A Collection of Marine Fishes from Bahia, made by Dr. 0.
Wucherer.

" 11. A Collection of Marine Fishes from Sydney, presented by
G. Krefft, Esq.

" 12. A Collection of Californian Fishes, presented by W. 0.
Ayres, M.D.

"Finally, I return my best thanks to Dr. P. v. Bleeker, and to
Prof. GiU of Washington, Avho have materially assisted me by com-
municating at an early date manuscripts or proof-sheets of their
latest labours before their actual pubhcation."

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Musemu,
June 1.5, 1862.

ADDITIONS

TO THE

INDEX OF THE WORKS

QUOTED IN Tins AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.

1781. Brow^sonet, A. An accoimt of the Ophidium barhatum, L., iu Phil.

Traus. vol. Ixxi.

1782. BroKssi net, P. M. A. Ichthyologia. Decas i. Lond., 4to.

1806. Quemel, C. Forsok att nannare bestanima och naturligare upstalla

Svenska Ai'tema af Flunderslagtet. Vet. Acad. Nya Ilandl.

xxvii.
1809. Dclarocho, F. Sur la vessie aerienne des Poissons, in Aim. Mus.

Hist. Nat. vol. xiv.
1810-11. Tilesim. Piscium Camtschatcicoruin descriptiones et icones,

in Mem. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb. vol. ii. & iii.
1814. 3IiichiU, S. L. Eeport (in part) on the Fishes of New York. New

York, 12mo.
1824. Fabridtis, O. Nye zoologiske Bidrag (Pkwonectes), in Mdensk.

Selsk. Naturv."& Math. Afhandl. Kjobenh.

1826. Soss, J. 0. Zoological Appendix in Journal of a Third ^'oyage for
the Discovery of a North-west Passage in II. M. ships Ilecla and
Fury, by W. E. Pany. Lond., 4to.

1828. Fuher,F. Naturgeschichte der dsenischen Schollen, in Isis.

1835. Goftsclw. Die seeltendischen rieuronectes- Axien, in Wiegni. Ai-ch.

Band ii.
1835. Jciujns, L. A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals. Cambridge,

8vo.

1838. Reinhardt, J. Vaagma3reu, in Dansk. Videusk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii.
Kjobenh. , 4to.

. Ichthyologiske Bidrag til den groenlandske Fauna. Ibid.

. Tilheg til det fdrste Bidrag til den groenlandske Fauna. Ibid.

1838. 'lyioiiip.ioii, W. Contribution towards a knowledge of the Creiiilabri
of Ireland, in Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. Edinb., 8vo.

1856. . The Natural History of Ireland. Vol. iv. Lond., 8vo.

1840. Hcckvl, J. Brn^ilianische Fluss-Fische, in Ann.Wien.Mus. ii.
1840. Fries, B. Fr. Die tiattung Pleuronectes, inWiegm, Arch.

vi iNDKX 01^ rm: works ouotkp

184;i. Miilhr, J. Uiitoi-suchiuigvn iibor dio Eiiigewoido dor Fische. Ab-
biiiuU. Hell. Acnd.

1853. Affassiz, L. Extraordiiinry Fishes from Califoniin. in Am. Journ. xvi.

1854. . Additional notos on tho IloJcouoti. Ibid. xvii.

1864. Gihhom, W. P. Desorijilions of four now spocies of Viviparous
Fishos. Proc. Acad. Nnt. So. Philad.

. Descriptions of new species of Viviparous Fishes. UmL

1854. liichmhon, J. Zoology of tho Voyage of II.INI.S. Ilorald. Fishes.

Lond., 4to.
1850. Kaup, J. Catalogue of Apodal Fish. l>ond., 185G-8.

IggS. . Uobcrsicht dor Familie Gadidfo, in Wiegni. Arch.

. Ueborsicht dor Soloina^ ot Plagusina). Ibid.

1858. Valenciennes, A. Notes sur quolquos Poissons d'Algth'io. in Comptos
Kondus Acad. 8c. xlvi.

. Dosoription d'uno nomolle ospooo d'Aifpidopfiorr (A. /tro-

boscid<dis). Ibid. xhii.

1858. IWi/, F. Momorias sobro la Ilistoria natural do la Isla do Cuba.
Tomo ii. pp. 1-90. Ilabana, 8vo.

18'J0. . Tho same work, pp. 07-230.

ISO I. . The same work, pp. 237-442.

1850. Giinther, A. Second List of Cold-blooded ^'ortebrata of tiio Andes
of Western F.cuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. Nov.

. Ihi Koptilos and Fishos of Northern Africa. Ibid.

18()0. . (hi now Ivoptilos and Fishes from Mexico. Ibid. .luno.

180 1 . . ( hi a now species of Fleet rojwma. Ibid.

■ •, (hi a Colli>ction of Fishes from tlio Pacific Coast of Central

Amorioa. Ibid.

1800. Kner, R. Zur Charactoristik uiul SystonuUik dor l.abroidon. Sitz-

ungsbor. Wion. Akad. vol. xl.

1801. (iidiii, G. Tentamen Ichthyologia^ Molitensis. Molitjv, IGmo.
1801. luiinorino, G. 8opra tro piccoli CViirimecfen, in Arch, per la Zool.
1801. FUlppi, F. dv. Nota sopra Lcptopten/gius, in Arch, per la Zool.

1801. Ciinen/riiii, G. Sopra una uuova specie di Tetrai>tuniK. in Arch, per

la Zool.

. (.'atalogo doi Posci del Colfo di Conova. Ibid.

. Plonronollidi del Golfo di Geneva. Ibid.

. Intorno alio svilnppo del Ductt/lopfen/.i ri>/itii)is. od al gvnoro

Ciphiilaeant/iiif!. Ibid.

. Sopra una nuova specie di <)y)/(/r(yi//«/«,<. Ibiil. [^C7t<inn<t

orieididi.i, HI.)

1802. . 1 tuibii del Golfo di Gonova. Fu'd.

1801. Bleeher, P. v. Conspectus gonerum Labroidoorum analytictis. in

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

1802. . Svnonynia Labn>idooniiii liuln-Aiiliipolauii'inimi rovisa.

ndjootis .spocioruin novaruni dosoripliouibus. in \ oisl. iS: Modod.
.\kad. Wot, Amstoixl. NaUiurk. xiii.

IN THIS AND THE PHECEDING VOLUMES. Vll

1862. Bleekcr, P. o. Siu' quelquea genres de la famille des Pleuronec-
teoidea, in Comptes liendus de I'Acad^mie des Sciences. Am-
sterdam. Vol. xiii.

. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales NtSerlandaises.

Amsterd., fol.*

18(31. Dnmeril, A. Keptiles et Poissons de I'Afrique occidentale. Arch.
Mus. vol. X.

18G1. Agassiz, A. Notes on the Holconoti, in Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist,
vol. viii.

18G1. Gill, T. H. Synopsis of the subfamily of Percinaj, in Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philad.

. Synopsis generum Rhyptici. Ibid.

. Podotheciis (Cataphracti) and Hoplopagrus (Sparidaa). Ibid.

. Hyporthodm (Serranina) and Sarothrodus (C/icetodon) ma-

ctdocinctus. Ibid.

. On the genus Anisotrenms (Pristipoma viryinicuni). Ibid.

. Synopsis of the Ilaploidinotinfe {Curvina yrunniens, &c.).

Ibid.

. Synopsis of the Uranoscopoids. Ibid.

. Synopsis of the Polynematoids. P>id.

. Notes on some genera of Fishes of the Western coast of North

America. Ibid.

. On a new type of Aulostomatoids. Ibid.

. On the genus Poduthecns. Ibid.

. Description of Anoplarchus. Ibid.

. On the tridigitate Uranoscopoids. Ibid,

. Description of Trichidion (Polyneinus) octofilis. Ibid.

. Observations on the genus Cutties, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.

Hist.

. Synopsis of the Sillaginoids, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

. Synopsis of the Chienichthyoids. Ibid.

. Synopsis of the Harpagiferoids. Ibid.

. Synopsis of the Notothenioids. Ibid.

1802. . Synopsis of the Cirrhitoids. Ibid.

. On the limits and ariangement of the family of Scombroids.

Ibid.

. On a new species of Priacanthtis. Ibid.

. On the West- African genus Hemichromis. Ibid.

. Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California. Ibid.

. Catalogue of the Fi.shcs of Lower California in the Smith-
sonian Institution. Ibid. March.

* Of this vf ork, which will be the standard work for Indian Ichtliyology, four
parts liavo been published during the priutinfj of tliis volume, namely, pages 1
io I'JO, and plak-s 1 to 48. By the nutlior's kindness, I havo had the advniitage
of consulting (lie proof-sheets to page l(i4, wliich wiU be found quoted in the
latter portion of this volume.

WORKS QUOTED IK THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMKS.

18G2. Gill, T. H. Notice of a new species of Heniilepidotmi. I'roc. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philad.

Appendix to the Sj-nopsis of Percinae. Ihid.

Note on the Bciicnoids of California. Ibid.

Sj-nopsis of the family of Cirrhitoids. Ihid.

On the limite of the family of Scombroids. Ihid.

On a new species of Priacantkiis. Ibid.

On the West- African genus Hemichromi^. Ibid.

18(i2. Eftmirk, L. Beskrivelse over Brama raschii, in Forhandl. Vidensk.
Selsk. Christian. Nov. 29, 1801.

1862. Schkgd, II. De Dieren van Nederland. Visschen. Haarlem, 8vo.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order n. ACANTHOPTERYGH
PHARYNGOGNATm.

Fam. 1. POMACKNTHID^.

Page

1. Amphiprion, 131. Schn 2

1. bilksciatus, Bl. 3

2. intermedius, Schleg 4

3. trifasciatus, C. et V. . . . . 4

4. sebae, Bkek 4

5. clarkii, Benii 5

6. xanthurus, C. et V. .... 5

7. chrjsogaster, C.etV. . . 6

8. fusciventer, Benn 6

9. percula, Lucep 6

10. bicinctus, Riipp • 8

11. chrvsopterus, C.d,V. . . 8

12. melanopus, Bleek 8

13. *tricolor, Gthr 8

(frenatu.?, Brev 9)

14. rosenbergii, Bleek 9

15. perideraion, Bleek 9

10. akallopisos, Bleek 10

17. ephippiiim, Bl. 10

2. Premnas, Cut 10

1. biatuleatus, Bl. 10

3. Dascyllus, Ciiv 11

1. aruanus, L 12

2. nielanurus, Bleek 12

3. trimaculatus, Riipp 13

4. albisella, Gill 13

0. marginatus, Riipp 14

li. xanthosoma, Bleek 14

( reticulatus. Richurds. . . 14)

7. cyaimiiis, Riipp 15

8. pol\ acanthus, Bkek 15

4. *Lepidozy<ru,«. Gthr 15

1. tapeinosouia, Blkr 15

o. Pomactntius, Lmep Ifi

1. 'robii-stiis, Glhr 17

2. aiuiulatu.'?, Peter.'i 18

3. iipmatopterus. Blrck 18

Page

4. bifasciatus, Bleek 18

5. albofa.«ciatus, Schkg 19

6. fa.sciatus, C. etV. 19

7. trimaculatus, C. etV..... 19

8. cbrysopoecilus, K. et v. H. 20

9. notopbtbabnus, Bleek. . . 20

10. \-iolascens, Bkek 20

11. cyanomos, Bkek 21

12. polynema, Bkek 21

13. cyanostigiiia, Riipp 22

14. tseniui-us, Bkek 22

15. simsiang, Bleek 22

16. pavo, Bl. 23

(pavoninus, Bkek 23)

17. prosopotfenia, Bleek 23

(perspicillatus, C. et V.. . 23)

18. cseruleus, Q. et G 23

19. melanotus, Bkek 24

20. melanopterus, Bleek 24

21. *obtusirostris, Gthr 24

22. ti-ilineatus, Ehreiib 25

23. tfeniometopon, Bkek. . . 25

24. baakanensis, Bleek 26

25. rectifrffinum. Gill 26

26. quadrigutta, Gill 27

27. rbodonotus, Bkek 28

28. scolopsis, Q.etG 28

29. dorsalis, Gill 29

30. cbiysurus, Brottss 29

31. punctatus, Q.etG 29

32. cyanospilus, Blkr 30

33. moluccensis, Blkr 30

34. *interorbitalis, Gthr 30

35. leucostictus. M. et T. . . . 31

36. fuscus, Castilu 31

37. otophoius, Pney 32

38. xantburu?;. Poei/ 32

39. littorali*, K. et'i: H. . . 32
(katunko, Bleek 33)

40. tiipimelatus, C. et V. ... 3:3

41. vanicolensU, C. et V. .... 33

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

42. planifroiis, C. et V. .... 33

4;3. nifj^rieans, Lacep 3-4

44. latifvons, TsclnuU 34

einargiuatus, C. et V.. . . . 16

brachials, C.etV. 10

pictus, Casteln 16

ater, Gthr 16

atrocyaneiis, Poin/ 16

0. Ghpluclodoii, Lacip 34

1. sa.\atilis, L 35

2. troschelii, GiU 36

3. rudis, Poey 37

4. taurus, 3L d T. 37

o. concolor, Gill 37

6. decli^-ifrons, Gill 38

7. coelestiuus, Soland. 38

(waigiensis, Q. et G 39)

8. schlegelii, Bleek 40

y. septemfasciatus, C. et V. . 40

10. beugalensis, C.etV. 41

11. *affinis, Gthr 41

12. sordidus, Forsk 41

13. breviceps, Schleg 42

14. trifasciatus, Bhek 42

15. albofasciatus, H^nhr.^-Jacq. 43
10. xantbozona, Bleek 43

17. oxvodon, Bleek 44

18. spavoides, C.etV. 44

19. bonaiig, Blkr 45

20. sculptus, Peters 45

21. mebis, K. etv. H. 45

22. aureus, K et v. H. 45

23. leucogaster, Blkr 46

24. aThicvlwnSiHomhr.etJacq. 46

25. ternatensis, Bleek 47

26. batjanensis, Bleek 47

27. nivosus, Homhr. et Jacq. 47

28. xautburus, Blkr 47

29. melauopus, Blkr 48

30. xantbonotus, Blkr 48

31. behuii, Blkr 48

32. leucozona, Blkr 49

33. lacrymatus, Q. et G 49

34 *florulentus, Gthr 49

35. dorsalis, Gill 50

36. antjerius, K. et r. H. 50

37. plagiometopou, Blkr. , . 51

38. unimaculatus, C. et V. . . 51
(browTiriggii, Benn 52)

39. uniocellatus, Q. et G. . . 52

40. *assimilis, Gthr 52

41. azureiis, Q. et G 53

42. *di^^par, Gthr 53

4;). anabatoides, Bleek 54

44. biuikieri, Richards 54

45. i'aUax, Peters 55

46. modestus, Schleg 55

Page
(pbaiosoma, Bhek 55)

47. leucopoma, C. et V. .... 56

48. amboinensis, Bleek 56

49. luridus, Brouss 56

50. limbatas, C.etV. 57

51. cbrvsurus, C.etV. 57

52. nigi-os, C.etV. 57

abdoniinalis, Q. et G 34

macrok'pidotus, Bl 34

margai'iteus, C. et V. . ■ . ■ 34

glaucus, C. etv. 34

dickii, Lien 34

7. *Parma, Gfhr 57

1. *microlepis, Gthr 57

2. rubicunda, Girarcl 58

3. *squamipinnis, Gthr. . . 58, 505

4. •polylepi.s, Gthr 59

8. Heliastes, C.etV. 60

1. cbromis, L 60

2. axillaris, Benn 61

3. insolatus, C.etV. 61

4. cnisma, C. etV. 61

5. cinerascens, C. et V. . . . . 61

6. xantliochir, Bleek 62

7. analis, C.etV. 62

8. cseruleus, C. etV 62

9. frenatus, C.etV. 62

10. xantbiu'us, Bleek 62

11. notatus, Schleq 63

12. lepidurus, C. etV. 63

13. ternatensis, Bleek 63

14. marginatus, Casteln 64

15. multiliiieatus, Guich. . . 64

16. cyaneus, Poet/ 64

Fani. 2. LABBrD^ffi.

First G roup. L a b n i n a.

1. Labrus, Art 69

1. maculatiis, Bl. 70

2. donovani, C. etV. 71

3. turdus, L 71

4. festivus, Bisso 72

5. nierula, L 72

6. reticiilatus, Lowe 73

7. prasostictus, Pall 74

8. crassus, Agass 74

9. mixtus, L 74

luscus, L 69

lineolatus, C.etV. 69

saxoruin, C. etV. 69

jagonensis, Bowd. 69

microlepidotus, Bl. .... 69

2. Crenilabnis, Cur 77

1. pavo, Brihin 78

2. mediterraneus, L 79

3. melanocercus, Bisso .... 80

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

4. caeriileus, Risso 80

5. melops, L 80, 505

G. quinquemaculatus, Bl. . . 82

7. griseus, Gtn 83

8. staitii, Nordm 84

9. baillonii, C.etV. 84

10. ocellatus, Forsk 85

11. moi-elli, Nordm 85

12. rostratus, Bl. 86

13. tinea, liriinn 8G

virescens, Bl. 77

chrysophus, Risso .' 77

olivaceus, Risso 77

notatus, Bl. 77

chlorosochrus, Risso .... 77

ai'cuatus, Risso 77

zeraphiiiiis, Gulia 77

schemberianus, Gulia . . 77

serraniis, Gulia 77

serranoides, Gulia 77

intermedins, Gtdia 77

locaninus, Gulia 77

propinquus, Gulia 77

3. Laclinolaimus, C et V. . . . . 87
1. falcatus, L 87

4. Tautoga, Mitch 87

1. ouitis, L 88

teasellata, Bl 87

5. Malacopterus, C. et V. 88

1. reticulatus, C. et V. .... 88

0. Cteuolabi'us, C. et Vf 88

1. rupestris, L 89

2. niarginatus, C. et V. . . . . 89

3. iris, C.etV. 90

4. burgall, .SfAoe/)/" 90

einereus, Pall 88

aculns, C. etV. 88

7. Acantliolabnis, C. et V. . . . . 91

1. palloui, Risso 91, 505

2. couchii, C. et V. 92

vetida, Yarr 91

8. *Centrolabrus, Gthr 92

1. exoletns, L 92

2. trntta, Lowe 93, 505

3. ronieritus, Val. 93

Second Group. Cucehopina.

9. Ohcerops, Riij))) 93

1. niacrodon, Luccp 94, 505

2. oniniopteru.s, Richards. 94, 505
(cyanostolus, Richards. . . 95)

3. leucozona, Bleck 95, 505

4. anchorage, Bl 95

5. japonicus, C. et V. 90

0. oligacanthua, BtecL . .90, 505

7. c)'aiiodon, Richards 90

8. 'rubcscens, Gfhr 97

Pace

Third Group. Julidina.

10. Xiphochilus, Bleck 98

1. typus, Bleek 98

2. *robustus, Gthr 98

11. *Semicos8yphus, Gthr. . . 99

1. reticulatus, C. et V. 99

2. pulcher, Ayres 99

12. *Trochocopus, Gthr 100

1. opercular!?, Guich. . . 100, 506

2. darwinii, Jen 100

3. scrofa, C. e< F. 111,506

13. *Decodon, Gthr 101

1. puellaris, Poey 101

14. Pteragogus, Peters 101

1. opercularis. Pet 101

2. tajuiops. Pet 102

15. Cossyphus, C.etV. 102

1. mesothorax, Bl 103, 506

2. axillaris, Benn 103

3. leucosticticus, Benn 103

4. diana, Lacep 104, 506

5. macrurus, Lacep 104

6. bilunulatus, Lacep. . . 105, 506

7. albotaeniatus, C.etV. 105

8. atrolumbus, C. et V. 105

(perditio, Q.etG 106)

9. anthioides, Benn. . . 106, 506

10. *tredecimspinosus, Gthr. 107

11. eclaueheri, Val 108

12. rufus, L 108

13. pulchellus, Poey 108

15. *uniraaculatus, Gthr. 109, 506

16. diplotjenia, Gill 110

17. pectoralis, Gill 110

18. gouldii, Richards Ill

vulpinus, Richards 102

rubecula, Richards 102

16. Clepticus, C. ctV Ill

1. genizarra, C. et V. 112

17. Labrichthv.s, Bleek 112

1. celidota, Forst 113

2. bothryocosmus, Richards. 114

3. psittacula, Richards 114

4. rubiginosa, Schley 114

5. pyi, C.etV. 115

6. mscripta, Richards 115

7. laticlavius, Richards. 115, 507

8. luculenta, Richards 116

8 a. giintheri, Blkr 507

9. cj'anotaBnia, Bleek 116

10. tetrica, Richards 116

11. parila, Richards 117

12. *gvniiiogf nis, Gthr. 117, 507

13. *punLtidata, Gfhr 118

14. unilincata, Guich 118

ephippiuni, C. et V. .... 112

fucicola, Richards 112

SYSTKMATIC INDEX.

Page

ii'is, Solaiid 112

rubiginosus, Richards. . . 112

18. Labroidcs, Bkek 118

1. dimidiatus, C. et V. 119

2. pai'adiseiis, Bleek 119

3. quadi'ilineatus, Riipp. . . 120

4. .xaiithiu-Lis, Bhvk 120

19. Diiymieria, Bhrk. . . 120, 507

1. aurisraria, Richards 121

(aniWiuensis, Bleek 121)

2. tlao-ellifera, C.etV. 121

3. spilogaster, Bleek 122

4. filamentosa, Pet 122

5. *c£eruleomaciilata, Gthr. . 122

6. euneacanthus, Bleek 123

7. nematoptera, Bleek 123

20. Cirrhilabrus, Schkff 123

1. tLUimincldi, Bleek 124

2. soloreusis, Bleek 124

3. cj-anopleura, Bleek 124

21. *Doratonotus, Gthr 124

1. *megalepis, Gthr 125

22. Cheiliuus, Lacep 125

1. trilobatus, Lacep 126

2. •mossambiciis, Gthr 127

3. ceramensis, Bleek 127

4. punctatus, Benn 127

5. chlorurus, Bl 128

6. oxyeephalus, Bleek 128

7. festivus, C.etV. 129

8. uiidiil.atu.s, Riipp 129

9. fasciatus, Bl. 129

10. quinquecinctas, i2(«p^. .. 130

11. luuulatus, Forsk 130

12. bimaculatus, C.etV. 131

13. mentalis, Riipp 131

14. radiatus, Bl. 131

15. lacrpiians, C. etV. 132

16. *orientalis, Gthr 132

17. areuatus, C.etV. 132

18. celebicus, Bleek 133

19. oxyrbynchiis, Bleek 133

20. boevenii, Blceh 133

21. ketlitzii, C.dV. 134

(sanguineus, C.etV.. .. . 134)

viTiilatus, C. et V. 125

veuosus, C.etV. 125

niertensii, C.etV. 125

polygram ma, C.etV.. .. . 125

niaculosus, C.etV. 125

roseus, C.etV. 125

23. Pseudocheilinus, Bleek. . . 134
1. hoxatit'nia, Bleek 134

2-1. I'^pibidas, Ciir 134

1. insidiator, Pall 135

25. Anampscs, Cm 135

1. cpcruleopmictatus, iJ//y);>. . 1-35

Page

2. meleagris, C.etV. 135

3. cuvieri, Q. et G 136

4. mehxnurus, Bleek 136

5. twistii, Bleek 136

6. amboinen-sis, Bleek 137

7. diaderaatus, Riipp 137

8. viridis, C.etV. 137

9. geogTapbicus, C. et V. . . 137
10. pteropbtbalmus, Bleek. . . 138

26. *Hemigymnus, Gthr 138

1. fasciatus, Thunh 138

2. sexfasciatus, Riipp 139

3. melanopterus, Bl. 139

4. leucomos, Bleek 139

27. *Stethojulis, Gthr 140

1. strigiventer, Benn 140

2. trilineata, Schn 140

3. albovittata, Bonnat 141

4. renardi, Bleek 141

5. inteiTupta, Bleek 142

6. axillaris, Q.etG 142

7. kalosoma, Bleek 142

8. pbebadopleura, Bleek. . . 143
finlaysoni, C.etV. 140

28. Platyglossus, Klein 143

1. dussumieri. C. et V. .... 143

2. cbloroptems, Bl. 144, 507

3. javanicus, Bleek 145

4. geoftroyii, Q. et G 145

5. bicolor, Schn 145

6. scapiilaris, Benn 146

7. bortulanus, Lacep 147

8. corbis, C.etV. 147

9. *operculari.s, Gthr 148

10. papilionaceus, C. et V. . . 148

11. melanurus, Bleek 148

12. schwarzii, Bleek 149

13. byitelii, Bleek 149

14. knerii, Bleek 150

15. miniatus, K. S,- v. H. .... 150

16. pseudominiatus, Bleek. . . 151

17. nebulosus, C.etV. 151

18. pcBcilus, Richards 152

19. kawarin. Bleek 152

20. trimaciilatus, Q. et G. . . 153

21. binotopsis, Bleek 153

22. boevenii, Bleek 153

23. cbrysotsenia, Bleek 154

24. timorensis, Bleek 154

25. notopsis, K. et v. H. .... 154

26. solorensis, Bleek 155

27. prosopeion, Bleek 155

28. guttatus, Bl. 155

29. amboinensis, Bleek 156

30. b?p,iiviisi.^, Bleek 156

31. m.Klrslus, Bleek 157

32. bimaculatus, Riipp 157

SYSTEJIATIC INDEX.

Page

38. liartzffklii, Ble,li 157

34. purpuniscen.s, Srlm 158

35. ceylonicus, lieiui 158

36. pardaleocephaluSjiJ/fri. . 158

37. kallochroma, Blcck 159

38. vrolikii, Bhvk 159

39. podostigma, Bleek 160

40. marginatus, Riipp 160

41. notoplitbalmiis, Bleek. . . 160

42. *tenui.spini8, GtJir 161

43. semiciuctus, Ayres 161

44. cyaiiostigma, C. et V. . . 161

45. gaiuoti, C. etV. 162

46. ruptiis, Poey 162

47. ciuctus, Poe)/ 163

48. opaliuus, C.'et V. 163

49. crotaplius, C.eiV. 163

50. principis, C. et V. 164

51. iuternasalis, Poey 164

52. bivittatus, Bl 164

53. humeralis, Poey 165

54. maculipinna, M. et T. . . 165

55. caudalis, Poey 166

56. pictus, Poey 166

57. pjTrliogramma, Schleg. . . 166

58. pcecilopterus, Schley 166

margaritaceiis, C et V. , . 143

auritus, C.etV. 143

pui-pureo-lineatus, C. et V. 14;3

puuctulatus, C. ctV. 143

horsfieldii, C.etV. 143

patatiis, pt., C.etV. 14;3

gillianus, Poey 143

pictus, Gronow 143

29. Leptojulis, Bleek 167

1. cyauopk'ura, Bleek 167

2. pviTliogranimatoides,5/Av. 167

30. l'seiid<i)uli^^, Bleek 168

1. girnrd'i, Bleek 168

2. modestus, Girard 168

31. Novacula, C.etV. 168

1. cidtrata, C.etV. 169

2. argeutimacidata, Steind. . 170

3. javanica, Bleek 170

4. cyanifrons, C. et V. .... 171

5. martiniceusis, C. et V. . . 171

6. uniopellata, Spix 171

7. lineata, L 171

8. mundicep.?, GUI 172

9. t;eniuvus, Lacep 172

10. vanicolensis, Q. et G 172

11. hoedtii, Bleek 173

12. altipinnis, Riipp 173

13. macrolepidota, Bl 174

14. bimaculata, Riijjp 174

(virens. Parkins 174 )

15. pavo, C.etV. 175

Page

16. dea, Schhg 175

17. tetrazoua, Bleek 175

18. *aneitensis, Gthr 176

19. mundicoi-jiu.s, Gill 176

20. kallosoma, Bleek. . . 176, 508

21. pentadactyla, L 177

22. punctulata, C. et V. .... 177

23. twistii, Bleek 178

(celebica, Bleek 178)

24. melanopus, Bleek 178

25. spilonotus, Bleek 178

vitta, C.etV. 168

tessellata, C.etV. 168

imniaciilata, C.etV. .... 168

32. Julis, C.etV. 179

1. pavo, Hasselq 179

2. lunaris, L 180

3. cupido, Schley 181

4. aniblycepbalus, Bleek. . . 182

5. melanocbir, Bleek 182

6. *aueitensis, Gthr 183

8. *nielanoptera, Gthr 183

9. commersonii, C. et V. 184, 508

10. lucasana, Gill 184

11. umbrostigma, Riipj) 185

12. abbortani, C. et V. 185

13. niattbaji, C.etV. 185

14. bebraica, Lacep 186, 508

15. bifasciata, Bl 186

16. detei-sor, C.etV. 186

17. jausenii, Bleek 187

18. trilobata, Lacep 187

19. pui-piirea, Forsk 189

20. giiutberi, Blkr 189

21. ♦iiitida, Gthr 100

22. dorsalis, Q.etG 190

23. scbwanefeldii, Bleek 191

24. caudalis, Poey 191

25. saDcta3 belense, C. et V. . 191

26. ascensionis, Q. et G 192

27. lamarrii, C.etV. 192

lessonii, C.etV. 179

pavoninus, C. et V. 179

33. Gompbosus, Lacep 192

1. crendeus, Lacep 192

2. tricolor, Q.etG 193

3. varius, Lacep 193

4. melanotus, Bleek 193

5. notostigma, Bleek 194

6. 'saiidvicensis, Gthr 194

34. Cheilio, Cnmm 194

1. inenuis, Forsk 194

35. *Coris, Gthr 195

1. julis, L 195

2. giofi'edi, Risso 197

3. •atlantica, Gthr 197

4. multicolor, Riipp 198

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

"). variegata, Itiipp 198

6. batiieusis, Ulcek 199

7. cuvieri, Be/tn 199

8. gaimardi, Q. et G 200

9. pulcherrima, Gtfir 200

10. tonuosa, Bciin 201

11. •elougata, Gthr 201

12. aygula, Lacep 201

18. annulata, LacSp 202

14. cingiilum, Lacep 203

15. *seniipai-tita, Gthr 203

16. *lonoipps, Gthr 204

17. greeiioiiu^hii, Bcnn 204

18. tlavcivittata, Benn 205

19. oxjTlijucha, Bleek 205

20. caudimacula, Q. et G. . . 205

21. auricularis, C. et V. .... 206

22. heteroptera, Bleek 206

23. lineolata, C.etV. 206

Labnis ornatus, Carni. . . 195

erythropterus, C. et V. . . 195

36. *Cvmolutes, Gthr 207

1. prffitextatus, Q.etG 207

2. leclusii, Q.etG 207

Foiu'th Group. Pseudodacina.

37. Pseudodax, Bleek 208

1. moluccensis, C. etV. . . . . 208

Fifth Group. S c a r i n a.

38. Scarus, Forsk 208

1. creteiisis, L 209

2. *aracauga, Gthr 209

3. abilduaardii, i?/. 209

4. cat,esb\i, Lacep 210, 508

5. frondosus, C.etV. 210

6. rubripinnis, C.etV. 211

7. radians, C.etV. 211

8. cbrysopterus, Bl. 211

9. squaliduR, Poey 212

10. aurofrenatus, C. et V. . . 212

11. *strigatu.'i, Gthr 212

brachialis, Pueij 208

acroptilus, Richards 208

maschale-spilos, Blkr 508

39. Scarichthvs, Bleek 212

1. auritus, K.etv.H. 213

2. cseruleopunctatiis, Riipp. 213

40. Callvodon, C.etV. 213

1. ustus, C.etV. 214

2. auropunctatus, C. ctV. . . 214

3. viridescens, Riijip 214

4. carolinus, C. et V. 214

5. genistriatus, C.etV. .... 215

G. bracliyaoma, Bloeh 215

7. japonicus, C. et V. 215

Page

8. spinidens, Q.etG 215

9. moluccensis, Bleek 216

sandwicensis, C. et V. . . 213

flavescens, Schn 213

dentiens, Fuey 213

41. Callyodouticbthys, Bleek. . 216

42. Pseudoscarus, Bleek 216

1. superbus, Focy 218

2. acutus, Poey 219

3. bicolor, Riipp 219

4. pulcheUus, Riipp 219

5. harid, Forsk 220

6. viridis, Bl. 220

7. chrysopoma, Bleek 221

8. diniidiatus, Bleek 221

9. javanicus, Bleek 222

10. rivulatus, C.etV. 222

11. pjTrbostethus, Richards. . 223
(cantori, Blkr 223)

12. maculosus, Lacep 223

13. dussumieri, Bleek 224

14. lepidus, Jenyns 224

15. hvpselopterus, Bleek 224

16. giobiceps, C.etV. 224

17. oviceps, C.etV. 225

18. psittacus, L 225

19. tseniopterus, Desm 226

20. sanctse crucis, Schn 220

21. cbloris, Schn 227

22. csendeus, Cateshy ...... 227

23. *aracanga, Gthr 227

24. capitaneus, C. et V. .... 228

25. balinensis, Bleek 228

26. macrochilus, Bleek 228

27. dubius, Benn 229

28. peruginosus, Bleek 229

29. tricolor, Bleek 229

30. rubro-violaceiis, Bleek. . . 229

31. foi-steni, Bleek 230

32. ghobban, Forsk 230

33. coUana, Riipp 230

34. bataviensis, Bleek 231

35. scblegelii, Bleek 231

36. pentazona, Bleek 231

37. sumbawensis, Bleek 232

38. moensi, Bleek 232

39. sexvittatus, Riipp 232

40. latus, Ehrenb 232

41. oceUatus, C.etV. 233

42. guacamaia, C.etV. .... 233

43. nuchipunctatus, C. et V. . 233

44. janthochir, Bleek 234

45. cyanognathus, Bleek 234

46. octodon, Bleek 234

47. singapurensis, Bleek 235

48. microrbinus, Bleek 235

49. strongyloceplialus,.B/«Vi:. . 235

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PHge

50. microchilus, Blcek 230

51. iiiger, Riqip 230

52. xantliopleura, Bleek 230

53. trosclielii, Bleek 237

54. celebicus, Bleek 237

55. chloi'odon, Jeiiyns 237

50. pectoralis, C.etV. 237

57. miiricatus, C.etV. 238

58. *caudofasciatus, Gfhr. . . 238

59. rhodiiroptenis, Bleek. . . 238

60. quoyi, Bleek 239

61. cyanot.ienia, Bleek 239

62. capistratoides, Bleek 239

63. gvmnognathus, Bleek. . . 239

64. gibbus, Riipp 240

striatus, C. et V. 216

rubronotatus, C. et V. . . 217
trispinosus, C. et V. .... 217
punctulatus, C.etV. ... . 217
rtavo-marginatus, C. et V. 217

mentalis, C. et V. 217

russelii, C.etV. 217

capistratus, K. et v. H. . . 217

scaber, C. et V. 217

ferrugineus, Forsk 217

cyanescens, C. etV. .... 217
variegatus, C. et V. .... 217

treniurus, C.etV. 217

eyanums, C.etV. 217

benoettii, C.etV. 217

scabriusculus, C. et V. . . 217

arcuatus, C. etV. 217

purpureus, C. et V. 217

cruentatiis, C. et V. .... 217

spilurus, C.etV. 217

roseicep.s, C. et V. 217

frontalis, C.etV. 217

niertensii, C. et V 217

festivus, C.etV. 217

formcsus, C. et V. 217

nuchalis, Poeij 217

coelestinus, C. et V. .... 217

turchesius, C. et V. 217

venosus, C.etV. 217

nigricans, C. et V. 217

csendesceus, C. et V. . . . . 217

lunidatus, C.etV. 217

forsteri, C.etV. 217

lacriniosus, Poey 217

humeralis, Poey 217

distinctus, Poey 217

circiunnotatus, Poey .... 217
atomarius, Poey 217

Sixth Group. Odacina.

43. Odax, C.etV. 240

1. balteatiis. C. et V. 240

Page

2. 'frenatus, Gthr 241

3. semifasciatu-s, C. et V. . . 241

4. *richardsonii,G</ir.. . 241,509

5. radiatus, Q. et G 242

6. vittatiis, Soland. 242

variu.s, C.etV. 240

44. •Coridodax, Gthr 243

1. pullus, Forst 243

45. Olistherops, Richards 243

1. cyanomelas, Richards. . . 243

46. Siphonognathus, Richards. 243
1. arg}Toplianes, Rich. 244, 509

Fam. 3. EMBioTociD.ffi.

1. Diti-ema, Schley 245

1. jacksoni, Ay ass 245

2. laterale, Ayass 245

3. temniinckii, Bleek 246

4. vacca, Girard 240

5. toxotes, Ayass 247

6. furcatum, Girard 247

7. caryi, Ayass 247

8. aggregatuni, Gibbons .... 248

9. ♦brevipinne, Gthr 248

10. niinimiim, Gihbmis 249

11. arcuatiim, Gibbons 249

12. megalops, Girard 249

13. agassizii, Gill 250

14. anale. Gill 250

15. rhodotenim, Ayass 250

16. argenteum, Ayass 251

argyrosoma, Girard .... 245

pulchelluni, Gibbons .... 245

2. Ilysterocarpus, Gibbons .... 251
1. traskii, Gibbotis 251

Fam. 4. Gerrib^.

1. Gerres, Cuv 252

1. longirosti'is, Rapp 253

2. pliimieri, C.etV. 253

3. patao, Poey 253

4. rhombeus, C. et V. 253

5. zebra, 3f.etT. 254

6. nigri, Gthr 254

7. squamipinnis, Gthr 254

8. gula, C.etV. 255

9. aprion, C.etV. 255

10. argeuteiis, Baird et Gir. . 256

11. poeti, C.etV. 256

12. subfasciatus, C. et V. . . . . 257

13. ovatiis, Gthr 257

14. abbrevialus, Blkr 257

15. *altispinis, Gthr 258

16. *philippinus, Gthr 258

17. kapas, Blkr 259

18. limbatiis, C. et J^. 259

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

19. punctatus, C. et V. 260

20. japouiciis, JMr 260

21. fihimentosus, C. et V. . . . . 261

22. macracanthus, Blkr 261

23. oyena, Forsk 261

24. aciuaces, Blkr 262

25. *gigas, Gthr 262

26. argyreus, Forst 263

27. macrosoma, Blkr 263

28. oblongus, C.etV. 264

bilobus, C.etV. 252

peruviaiius, C. et V. .... 252

richii, C.etV. 252

lineatus, Humh 252

lucidu8, C.etV. 252

waigieusis, Q. et G 252

Fam. 5. Chromides.

1. Etroplus, C.etV. 265

1. siu'atensis, Bl. 266

2. maciilatus, Bl. 266

2. Chromis, Cuo 267

1. niloticus, Hasselq. . . 267, 509

2. mossambicus, Pet 268

3. sparrmauni, Smith 269

4. tristrami, Gthr 269, 509

5. polycentra, Dum 270

6. nigripinnis, Gtiich 270

7. heudelotii, Dum 270

8. *latus, Gthr 271

9. giiiueensis, Blkr. . . 271, 509

10. pleuvomelas, Dum 271

11. lateralis, Dum 272

12. melanopleura, Dum 272

13. microceplialiis, Blkr 272

14. macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 273

15. galilaeus, AH 273

rangii, Dum 267

affinis, Dum 267

macrocentra, Dum 267

quindecimaculeatus, iacep.267

3. Sarotherodon, Riqjp 273

1. melanotheron, Rilpj) 273

2. zillii, Gervais 274

(desfontainii, Lacep 274)

4. Hemichromis, Peters 274

1. fasciatiis, Pet 274

2. auritus, Gill 275

3. bimaculatus, Gill 275

4. *guttatu3, Gthr 275

5. Acara, Meckel 276

1. biinacidata, L 276

(marginata, Heck 277)

2. tetramerus, Heck 277

3. brasiliensis, Q. et G 278

4. *gynuiopoma, Gthr 278

(heckelii, M. et T. 279)

5. vittata. Heck 279

6. pulchra, Gill 280

7. doraigera, Heck 280

8. viridis, Heck 280

9. pallida, Heck 280

10. uuiocellata, Casteln 281

11. obscura, Casteln 281

12. ucayalensis, Casteln 281

13. dimerus, Heck 281

14. nassa. Heck 281

(cognatus. Heck 282)

(unicolor, Heck 282)

15. *adspersa, Gthr. 282

16. fuscomacidata, Guich. . . 282

17. miipunctata, Casteln 283

punctata, Casteln 276

lapidifera, Casteln 276

filamentosa, Lacep 276

planifrons, Kaup 276

6. *Theraps, Gthr 284

1. *in'egiilaris, Gthr 284

7. Heros, Heck 285

1. *parma, Gthr 285

2. fenestratus, Gthr 286

3. "temporalis, Gthr 286

4. *niargaritifer, Gthr 287

5. *melanurus, Gthr 288

6. *spilurus, Gthr 289

7. cyauoguttatus, B. et G. . . 290

8. facetus, Jeni/ns 290

9. psittacua, Heck 290

10. *urophthalmus, Gthr. . . 291

11. *aiireus, Gthr 292

12. *affinis, Gthr 292

13. spurius, Heck 293

14. efasciatiis, Heck 294

15. fi-iedrichstlialii, Heck. . . 294

16. *salviui, Gthr 294

17. •niicropbtbalmus, Gthr. . . 295

18. coryphienoides, Heck. . . 298

19. deppii, Heck 296

20. moutezuma. Heck 296

21. *godmanni, Gthr 296

22. nebulifer, Gthr 297

23. •intermedius, Gthr 298

24. angulifer, Gthr 298

25. oblongus, Casteln 299

26. *autochthon, Gthr 299

fasciatua, Casteln 285

8. *Mesonauta, Gthr 300

1. insignis, Heck 300

9. *Petenia, Gthr 301

1. *splendida, Gthr 301

10. Uaru, Heck 302

1. amphiacanthoides. Heck. 302

2. *obsciu'um, Gthr 302

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

11. •Hygi-ogonus, Gthr 303

1. ocellatus, Ayass 303

12. Cichla, Cuv. . . .■ 303

1. ocellaris, J3l. Sckn 304

(toucounarai, Casteln. . . 304)

2. temensis, Hiwib 304

3. multifasciata, Casteln. . . 305

4. conibos, Casteln 305

13. Crenicichla, Heckel 305

1. *obtusirostris, Gthr 305

2. Johanna, Heck 306

3. *acutirostris, Gthr 307

4. macroplitlialma, Heck. . . 307

5. saxatilis, L 308

(frenata, Gill 308)

6. lacustris, Castebi 308

7. orinocensis, Humb 309

8. reticulata, Heck 309

9. semifasciata, Heck 309

14. Chaetobranchus, Heck. . . 309

1. flavescens. Heck 310

2. brunneus, Heck 310

3. "robustus, Gthr 310

15. *Mesops, Gthr 311

1. cupido, Heck 311

2. *t£euiatus, Gthr 312

16. *Satauoperca, Gthr. 312

1. acuticeps, Heck 312

2. pappaterra, Heck 313

3. dffinion, Heck 313

4. jurupari, Heck 313

5. *macrolepis, Gthr 314

6. proxima, Casteln 314

7. leucosticta, M. etT. 314

17. Geophag-iis, Heck 315

1. suiinamensis, Bl 315

18. Sympbysodon, Heck 315

1. discus, Heck 316

19. Pteropliyllum, Heck 316

1. scaliu-e, C. et V. 316

Order lU. AJVACANTHINI.

A. Anacanthini gadoidei,
Fam. 1. Gadopsidje.

1. Gadopsis, Richards 318

1. marmoratus, Rich 318

Fam. 2. Lycodid.s;.

1. Lycodes, Reiuh 319

1. vablii, Reinh 319

2. perspicilhmi, Kriiycr .... 320

3. reticulatus, Reinh 320

4. seniiuudus, Reinh 320

5. luucosus, Ric/ianis 320

VOL. IV.

Page

6. polaris, Sabine 321

7. latitaus, Jenyns 321

8. *variegatus, Gthr 322

9. fimbriatus, Jen 323

uebulosus, Kroyer 319

2. Gvmnelis, Reinh 323

1. vii-idis, Fabr 323

2. *pictus, Gthr 324

3. stio-ina, Richards 325

4. imberbis, L 325

3. *Urouectes, Gthr 325

1. pan-ii, Ross 326

Fam. 3. Gadid^.

1. Gadus, Artedi 327

1. morrhua, L 328

2. navaga, Kcilr 330

3. maerocephalus, Tiles. . . 330

4. tomcodus, Schn 331

(nanus, Faber 331)

5. califomicus, Ayres .... 332
(proximus, Girarcl .... 332)

6. ajglefinus, L 332

7. euxinus, Nordm 333

8. merlaugus, L 334

9. miuutus, L 335

10. luscus, L 335

11. fabricii, Richards 336

12. saida, Lepech 337

13. esmarkii, Niks 337

14. productus, Ayres 338

15. poutassoii, Risso 338

16. poUachius, L 338

17. virens, L 339

18. chalcogTannnus, Pall. . . 340

gi'acilis. Tiles 327

vemalis, Risso 328

f)mi)ureus, Mitch 328
eptocepbalus, Dekay . . 328

Wacbua, Pall. 328

pygmjeus, Pall. 328

2. Gadiculus, Guichen 341

1. argeuteus, Guich 341

2. bleniiioides, Pall. 341

3. Mora, Risso 341

1. mediterranea, Risso .... 341

4. 'Halargyreus, Gthr 342

1. *jobnsonii, Gthr 342

5. Strmsia, Rafin 344

1. tinea, Rajin 344

6. Merluccius, Cuv 344

1. vulgaris, Flem 344

2. argentatus, Fuber 346

3. gayi, Guich 346

ambiguus, Luice 344

fimbria. Pall 344

A

SYSTEMATIC INPEX.

Page

7. laotAla, Kaup 346

1. pliycis, Schleff 346

2. i-hacinus, Forst 347

3. *fuliginosa, Gthr 347

4. bacchus, Forst 347

8. Pliysiculus, Kmip 348

1. dal-n-igkii, Kaiip 348

9. Uraleptus, Costa 349

1. maraldi, Risso 349

10. *Pseudophycis, Gthr 350

1. breviiisculus, Richards. . . 350

11. Phycis, Ctiv 351

1. bleiinioides, JBrUmi 351

2. americanus, Schn 35.3

3. *rostratus, Gthr 353

4. brasilieusis, Katip 354

5. meditei-raneus, Delar. . . 354

6. reo;alis, Schn 355

gmeliiii, Risso 351

dekayi, Katip 351

tenuis, 3Iitch 351

12. *La3iiioiiema, Gthr 356

1. yarrellii, Loive 356

2. '*robustiim, Johnson .... 357

13. *Haloporpliyrus, Gthr. . . 358
1. lepidion, Risso 358

14. Lota, Cuv 359

1. vulgaris, Cuv 359

15. Molva, Niks 361

1. ^-uigaris, Fhni 361

2. abyssorum, Niks 362

3. elongata, Otto 362

16. Hypsipteia, Gthr 362

1. argeutea, Gthr 362

(Lota argentea, Bonap. . . 363)

17. Couchia, Tliomps 363

1. glauca, Cottch . . 363

2. argentata, Reinh 363

18. Motella, Cm 364

1. mustela, L 364

2. tricirrata, Bl 365

(ensis, Rieinh 366)

3. maculata, Risso 366

1. ciuibria, L 367

5. pacifica, Schleg 367

19. Rauiceps, Ctir 367

1. trifui-cus, Walb 367

20. Bregmaceros, Tltomps. . . 368
1. macclellaudii, Thomps. . . 368

21. Brosmius, Cuv 369

1. brosnie, 3IUn. 369

2. flavescens, Lesueur .... 369

Fam. 4. Ophidiidje.

First Group. Brotulin.v.
1, Brotula, Cuv 371

Page

1. barbata, Schn 371

2. multibarbata, Schleg 371

3. *eusifonnis, Gthr 372

4. burbonensis, Kaup 372

2. Lucifuga, Poey 372

1. subterraneus, Poey 373

2. dentatus, Poey 373

3. Sirembo, Blkr 373

1. imberbis, Schleg 373

2. armatus, Schleg 374

4. 'Xiphogadus, Gthr 374

1. setifer, Swains 374

5. Dinematiclithys, Bleeh 374

1. iluocceteoides, Bleek 374

2. uiargiiiatus. Ay res 375

6. Bythites, Reinh 375

1. fuscus, Reinh 375

7. Pteridium, Scopoli 375

1. atrum, Risso 376

8. Brotulophis, Kaup 376

L argentistriatus, Kaup .... 376

Second Group. Ophidiina.

9. Opliidium, Artedi 376

1. barbatum, Midi 377

2. broussonetii, Midi. 377

3. rochii, Midi. 378

(marginatum, Dekay . . 378)

4. vasaUi, Risso 378

5. brasiliense, Valenc 378

6. bre\'ibarbe, Cuv 379

taylori, Girard 376

josepbi, Girard 376

graellsi, Poey 376

10. Genypteriis, Philippi .... 379

1. capensis, Smith 379

2. blacodes, Forst 379

3. chilensis, Guich 380

Third Group. Fiebasferina.

11. Fierasfer, Cuv 381

1. acus, Briinn 381

2. *affinis, Gthr 381

3. homei, Richards 382

4. neglectus, Peters 382

5. gTacilis, Bleeh 382

6. parvipinnis, Kaup 383

7. *cauinus, Gthr 383

8. dentatus, Ctiv 383

9. lumbricoides, Bleek 384

boraborensis, Kaup .... 381

12. Eucheliophis, 3Iidl. 384

1. vermicularis, Midi. 384

Foui-tb Group. A m m o d y x i n a.

13. Ammodytes, Artedi 384

1. lanceolatus, Lcsauv 384

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. tobianus, L 385

3. siciilus, Swains 386

4. americamis, Dekaij 386

•5. persouatus, Girard 387

6. diibius, Reinh 387

vittatus, Dekay 384

14. *Bleekeria, Gthr 387

1. *kalIolepis, Gthr 387

Fifth Group. Congbogadina.

15. Congrogadiis, Gthr 388

1. subducens, Richards 388

2. nebulatus, Bh'ek 389

16. Haliopliis, Ri}pp 389

1. guttatus, Riipp 389

Fam. 5. Macrurid-?:.

1. Macrums, Bl. .390

1. rupestris, Fabr 390

2. aiistralis, Richards 391

3. ccelorhynchus, Risso , . . . 392

4. atlanticiis, Lowe -392

5. sclerorhynchus, Valeiic. . . 394

6. macrolepidotiis, Kaup . . 395

7. trachjTbynchus, Risso . . 395

8. japonicus, ScMeg 395

2. Cor>^li;enoides, Gunner . . 395

1. norvegiciis, Niks 396

2. serratus, Lowe 396

3. denticidatus, Richards. . . 396

3. *Malacocephalus, Gthr. . . 396
1. Irevis, Loice 397

Fam. 6. Ateleopobid.s;.

1. Ateleopus, Schleg 398

1. japouicus, B/eek 398

Appemli.T.

Xenocephalus, Kaup 399

1. aruiatus, Kaup 399

B. Anacanthini pleuro-

NECTOIDEI.

Fam. 7. Pleuronectid^e.

1. Psettodes, Biwi 401

1. eniniei, Bl 402

goniopi'apliicus, Rich. . . 401

2. IIippoglos.sus, Cur 402

1. vulgaris, Fletn 403

2. *gT<snlandicus, Gthr. . . 404
.■'i. Ilippoulossoidcs, Gottschc. . 405

1. liniauddides, Bl 405

2. doutatus, 3L'tch 406

platessoides, Fahr 405

4. •Tephvitis, Gthr 406

1. sincHsis, Lact'p 400

5. Rliouibus, K/ein 407

1. maxinius, L 407

2. mpeoticus, Pal! 409

3. lajvis, L 410

4. aquosus, Mitch 411

5. megastoma, Donor 411

6. norvegicus, Gthr 412

7. punctatus, Bl 413

torosus, Ratlikc 407

cristatus, Loire 407

candidissiiuus, Risso .... 407

0. *Phr\n]orhombu.s, Gthr. . . 414
1. unimaculatus, Risso .... 414

7. Anioglossus, Blkr 415

1. laterna, Walb 415

2. conspersus, Canestr 416

3. boscii, Risso 416

4. aspilus, Blkr ^ 417

5. gi'ohmauni, Bonap. .... 417

6. *lophotes, Gthr 417

poeciluru.s, Blkr 415

8. Citliarus, Blkr 418

1. linguatula, X 418

9. ♦Brachypleiu-a, Gthr 419

1. 'novpe zeelandise, 6r^/ir. . . 419

10. Samaris, Gray 419

1. cristatus, Gray 420

11. Psetticlithys, Girard .... 420
1. melanostictus, Girard . . 420

12. Citharichthys, Bleek 420

1. *spilopterus, Gthr 420

2. sordidus, Girard 421

13. Hemirhombus, Bkek 422

1. aramaca, Cuv 422

(ocellatus, Poey 423)

2. *guineensis, Bleek 423

3. soleffiformis, Ayass 423

14. Pseudorhombus, Bleek. . . 423

1. russellii, Gray 424

2. dentatus, L 425

3. oblongu,s, Mitch 426

4. californicus, Ayres 426

5. arsius, H. B 426

6. cinuamomeus, Schley. . . 427

7. javanicu.9, Bleek 427

8. *miUtim:!fulatus, Gthr. . . 427

9. triocellatu.s Bl 428

10. *peutoplulialmu3, Gthr. . 428

11. olivaceus, Schlet/ 429

12. *vorax. Gthr. .'. 429

13. ocellaris, Dekai/ 430

14. oligolepis, Bleek 4^0

maculosus, Cur 423

uauphala. H. B 423

kiugii, Jen 399, 423

cocostnisis. Bleek 423

6 2

sT^ixxxAiic ncMac.

15l Ftoafi^ATS. Girmn/ . . . . ^

1. MifiiliTni' GintrJ 4^1

16LKlMMBboidie)ithTs.£&iri.. 431

l.podbis^2M«r. : 433

3.naants,i&r<Hc». 4SS

ahuiatKsJL 43S

4.ocdSaitK;Jt9N«. 'iSS

5L«iIi^pkk«s.iV«y ^4

a *le<^pudiaK, €ttir. 4-^

T. IlttTo^ JHML 435

8. BKU^kneesancn. VaL . . 435

9L iamdKniHg& ^^9f^ -1%

lammaeter.'SinUy. 436

IL *x;^nilE« Ctih^. 437

12. srandibwaaiBm. ^Srttgp. . . 437

13L wi^kii, 2ML 4-^

mnsfiftn^lVsr ^1

17. FkuaBeetee. .^M. 43$

LffatsEsauZ. 440

± we«dk>&«£. G««$sdhr .. 441

SLfatib^CW. 442

4. •fiaaUiim. GAr. 4IS

& driaaias, Xiijii. 442

& aateonavs. Wtlk. 4^

7.ste0^i^A& 443

8.liliafMbK»4yns 444

SL •dS^mnan^ GCfar. 445

la nunlidnsv e^urwrf 445

lLfiBUida,lL: .... 446

(finpHt^GinHMr. 446)

ISL fcu«gw!a.s. 'Shrwr 444*

1^ Bks«x«pbalK> Hmmr. . . 447

M. qi'aogfciesigy JL 419

Cpo^KvJUr. 430>

15. ooasataEv Tmr, 4^0

16Ldee(^2L 4a0

17.hiBns.iWE. 459

1& itaficK, GOr. 452

19L aspenbne. <S*niU«y. 4-33

30. Tuiegati^ •SrMnjiL. 4-5S

3L nBta!6«^ Girmd ^>l

a±asp«,iUl 454

^MsafisviML 43S

ekakncoaE^ AiL 43S

1& Ftera^oirs. Girvir 454

Lvetah^'Gir. 455

± cwMdta, &U«. 433

3L ^«dntiibaeiuita» RdL . 456

4. «e9«?«L f^i'm^ 456

5. •iT7f "" ■ ■ 456

19L 'Psi r^kr. 457

L 'ccw . : 457

30. •Anuii-:asn.^ ti«*r. 4^

I •r-s^ir-^. '--V. 45S

-■ •'- - ;^V. .... 45g
456>

i na^aima. Gtbr. 45^

SL *lepeniia, Gtkr. 4*3»>

L *iM>T« le^oadWy GOur. . -kU
21 Sofea. Oir. 4<ee

1. T«]^sik> Qtomrf 4(>«

2. kleudi, JZiisw 4ii^

3l seaesalMssis^ JCmq> 4^

4. ocdJtla, X. 4tv5

5. Itgp^liKalma, ifaiw*. 4)lv>

& *iBiaoeepUU. G&r. 4*^)1^

7. heteioAimr JBSbr. 4^

& ^aomitiawa. CMr. 467

aiKeaa^li»M> 467

ICL imf«r. Jb*H. -^>i>

IL *Bni»!arit>fe», GOr. 46&

1± TStiesalcar D^MKR. 469

lahBteaTi&HM 469

14. nmiadsar iW». 470

15. mcaioeiinv Mumap. 47V>

1& japoaiea. iSirMyL 471

17.1iutE»dn,.B8r. 471

IS. handfis^ Omt. 471

la cnrata, J&icfcvdk. 472

2a txkbodartiiiEj. L. 472

2L KdcndataL' Aejr 472

2i •^khbotH, Gsfcr. 472

SSL insesmka, Gww 473

24aiac«niinBu^.4|P>B^ 473

33c *udiea, GOr. 474

3& *aMtna, GHr. 474

37. •»»«»&, eakr. 475

3S. *faKeee9sb^ GOr. 475

SaaebiEvs^lL 4:«

3a*]ean^Gar. 476

SL nrovaSr ear. 47:

Si. svtSabita^ Xii^p 477

33L ^HalHttta. GOr. 477

34 Aefttsn, JSKr. 47^

^pcfo^ptans. Shr. 47S

lNaaneffleb.£M|» 462

UEg«k6a.£My 462

oTatka.QM& M?

tilBnto^JBMterdk ^^

pnttifoa, CMtrAk «^

eiBae%6kiML 4<^

iKtmoea^ 6WmA. 4^-

pd[twida„JlnM«. 4^

Mehanspihy Bflhr. 462

eameaaSi. Wmm 4«?S

24. *PkidKUi^ Gilir. 47^

1. iBamna)ta& £h^ 47S

2. fMT(»m«s« Xae^ -4^

25l *LacMn& ©flr. 471?

L *Bikad[K^ Ga*r. 4?;^

26. STBaptan. Omt. . . 4S'

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

1. savignyi, Kmip 480

2. pan, H.B 4«1

3. foliacea, Richards 481

4. niarmorata, lilkr 482

5. 'cinerascens, Gthr 482

G. heterolepis, Blkr 482

7. a^uilos, Blkr 482

8. albomaculata, Kaitp .... 483

9. commersoniana, Cant. . . 483

10. pectorali.s, Kaup 483

11. orientaUs, Schn 484

12. zebra, Bl 484

13. midtifasciata, Kaup .... 485

14. japonica, Blkr 485

15. qiiago'a, Kaup 485

16. panoides, Bleek 486

17. macrolepis, Bleek 486

18. leucorhjTicha, Bleek 486

19. melanorliyncha, Bleek. . . 487
ien'eus. Cur 480

27. ^.«opia, Kaup 487

1. cornuta, Cut 487

28. Gymnachinis, Kaup .... 488

1. nudus, Kaup 488

2. 'fasciatus, Gthr 488

29. *Soleotalpa, Gthr 489

1. 'unicolor, Gthr 489

30. Apionichth vs. Kaup 489

(dumerilii, Kauj) 490)

31. •Ammopleurops, Gthr. . . 490
1. lacteiis, Bonap 490

32. Aphoriitia, Kaup 490

1. ornata, Lacep 490

33. Plagusia, Cuv 491

1. niarmorata, Bleek 491

2. bilineata, Cant 492

3. japonica, Schley 492

.34.
1
2

a

4

9.
10,
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

Page

CynoglossiLS, H.B 492

kopsii, Blkr 493

waandersii, Blkr 493

. feldmanni, Blkr 494

abbre\-iatu3. Gray 494

. *trigi'ammu3, Gthr 494

. micTolepis, Blkr 495

. *xiphoideus, Gthr 495

. macrolepidotus, Blkr. . . 496
. melampetalus, Richards. 496

oligolepis, Blkr 496

siunatren-sis, Blkr 497

kaupii, Blkr 497

(arel, Bl. 497)

quadrilineatiis, Xac^^J. . . 497

lida, Blkr 498

bomeensis, Blkr 498

oxjThynchus, Blkr 499

bengalensis, Blkr 499

brach}Thynchus, Blkr. . . 409
puncticeps, Richards. . . 500

*brevis, Gthr 500

*elongatus, Gthr 501

lingua, S.B 501

melanopterus, Blkr 502

senegalensis, Kaup 502

cantoris, Blkr 502

capcnsis, Kaup 503

trulla, Cant 503

grandisquamis, Cant 503

baniUtonii, Gthr 504

potous. Cur 492

macrorhj-nchus, Blkr. . . 492
auro-linibatii.s, Richards. 492
nigTo-labeculatus, Rich. . . 492

granimiciis. Rich 492

tiavosquamis. Rich 492

ERRATA.

Page G-4. Eead Heliasfes margiinatus instead of Heliasfes marginata.
Page 108. In the synonymy of Cossyphiis ri/fim, read I.abms rufus, L., in-
stead of Tterdus rufus, L.

CATALOGUE

FISHES,

Subclass I. TELEOSTEI.

{CONTINUED.)

Order II.
ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGOGNATHI.

The inferior pharyngeal bones are coalesced, with
or without a median longitudinal suture. Part of the
rays of the dorsal, anal and ventral fins not articu-
lated, forming spines. Air-bladder without pneumatic
duct.

Cfr. MuUer, in Bcrl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 166.

Synopsis of the Families.

Pscudobranchioe present ; gills three and

a half; scales ctenoid 1. PomacentridsB, p. 2.

Pseudobranchise present ; gills three and

a half; scales cycloid 2. Labridse, p. 65.

Pseudobranchise present ; giUs four ; scales

cycloid ; anal rays numerous 3. Embiotocidse, p. 244.

Pseudobranchiae present ; gills four ; anal

rays in small number 4. Genidae, p. 252.

Pseudobranehiffi none 5. Chrouiides, p. 204.

VOL. IV. B

POMACEXTBID.E.

Fam. 1. POMACENTRIDiE.

Scifenoidoi, pt., Cm: Bigne Anim.

Labroidei ctenoidei, 3IiiU. Bcrl. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 201.

Ctenolabridffi, Owen, Led. Comp. Anat. Fishes, p. 48.
Body compressed, more or less short, covered with ctenoid scales.
Dentition feeble, palate smooth. The lateral line does not extend to
the caudal fin or it is interrupted. One dorsal fin, with the spinous
portion as well developed as the soft, or more. Two, sometimes
three, anal spines ; the soft anal similar to the soft dorsal. Ventral
fins thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays. Branchiostegals
five, six, or seven ; gills thi'ee and a half ; pseudobranchise and air-
bladder present. Pyloric appendages in small number; intestinal
tract of moderate length. Vertebrae 12/14.

This family has great similarity to the Chcetodontidce proper, with
regard to their mode of life and to theti- geographical distribution.
The species are most numerous in the tropical parts of the Indian
Ocean and Pacific, and are represented by several forms in the tropical
portions of the Atlantic, — a few extending northwards to the Medi-
terranean and Japan, soiithwards to the coasts of South Australia, and
eastwards to the Pacific coasts of America. They feed chiefly on small
marine animals ; and those with compressed teeth appear to feed on
the small zoophytes or even on marine plants covering the coral-banks
round which the Pomacentridce and Chcetodontidce abound.

Synojysis of the Genera.

All the opercles and the prceorbital are denticulated.

Teeth conical, in a single series 1. AstPurPRiON, p. 2.

Prseorbital terminating in a very long and strong spine. 2. Premnas, p. 10.

Only the praoperenlum and, sometimes, the praorbital

are serrated. Teeth in a band. L. lat. less than 30. 3. Dascyllus, p. 11.

Pra;operculum serrated ; infraorbital bones liidden. L.

lat. more than 30 4. Lepidozygus, p. 15.

Only the prasopercidum and, generally, the praeorbital
are serrated. Teeth compressed, in a single series.
L. lat. less than 30 5. Pomacentrus, p. 16.

None of the opercles serrated. Teeth compressed, in a

single series. L. lat. 30 or less 6. Glyphidodon, p. 34.

None of the opercles serrated. Teeth compressed, in a

single scries. L. lat. more than 30 7. Parma, p. 57.

None of the opercles serrated. Teeth conical 8. Heliastes, p. 60.

1. AMPHIPRION.

Coracinus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 66.
Amphiprion, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 47.
Ampliiprion, Cui\ Sf Val. v. p. 384.

All the opercles and the praiorbital are denticulated, the teeth of

1. AMPHIPEION. 3

the operculum and suboperculum being veiy long. Teeth in a single
series, small, conical. Dorsal fin with nine to eleven spines, anal
with two. Scales rather small ; the lateral line ceases below the end
of the dorsal lin. Branchiostcgals five ; giUs three and a half ; pseudo-
branchiffi present ; an air-bladder. Pjdoric appendages two or three.
All the Indian seas. Western parts of the Pacific.

Si/nojisis of the Sjiecies,

a. Three or two white cross-bands, that below the dorsal fin being pro-
duced backwards along the upper part of the soft dorsal.

1. A. bifasciatus. 3. A. trifasciatus.

2. A. iutennedius. 4. A. sebse.

h. Three white cross-bands, the middle of which is not bent backwards
above.

5. A. clarkii. 8. A. fusciventer.

6. A. xauthm'us. 9. A. perciila.

7. A. chrysogaster.

c. Two white cross-bands, the posterior not bent backwards above.

10. A. biciuctus. 11. A. chrysopterus.

(1. A single cross-band.

12. A. melanopus. 14. A. rosenbergii.

13. A. tricolor 15. A. perideraion.
(A. frenatus, Bra:).

t\ No cross-band.

16. A. akallopisus. 17. A. ephippiuni.

1 . Amphiprion bifasciatus.

Percis, sp., Kolreut. N. Cmnm. ritrop. x. p, 340. tab. 8. fig. 4,

? Sciajna, sp., Gronoi: Mm. Icltth. p. 38.

? Coracinus, sp., Gronoi: Zoophijl. no. 227.

Anthias bifiisciatius, M tab. 316. fig. 2.

Amphiprion bifii-scicatus, £/. Schti. p. 204 ; Cm: S)- Vol. v. p. 392 ; Schleff.

Orcrz. Aniphipr. S^c. in Verh. Ned, Overz. Bezitt. p. 18 ; Bleek. Amb.

Sf Cer. p. 282.
Ilolocentrus bifasciatus. BI. Schn. p. 567.

in. p. om.
. 191, 235.

Lutjanus jourdin. La rep. iv. pp

Amphiprion laticlavius, Cm: ^- Val. v. p. 296. pi. 132. fig. 1.

? Coracmus vittatus, Gronor. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 57.

D. ^^. A. j^,. L. lat. 50-55. L. transv. ,-g^.

Brownish-black, with two broad wliite cross-bands : the anterior
from the nape of the neck to the interoperculum, touching the poste-
rior margin of the orbit ; the posterior spanning from between the
two or three last dorsal spines to the eighth soft ray. and produced
superiorly towards the posterior upper angle of the soft dorsal fin.
Caudal fin black, with a broad white upper and lower margin. The
dorsal spines are stout and short, the foiu'th being the longest, whilst
the posterior ones decrease in length. The height of the l)odv is

b2

4 POMACENTRin^.

somewhat less than onc-lialf of the total length (the caudal fin not
included).

East Indian Archipelago ; New Guinea.

Var. hifasciata : the posterior cross-band extends downwards to
the vent. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 5/17.
a, h. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Var. kdiclavia : the posterior cross-band extends downwards onlj-
to below the lateral hne. L. lat. 5o. L. transv. 7/19.
c-cf. Adult and half-grown. East Indies. From the E. I. Collection.

2. Amphiprion intermedius.

Scisena, var., Gronor. Mas. Ichthi/ol. p. 39.
Amphiprion intermedius, Schleq. I. c. p. 18.
trifasciatus, Bleek. Celeb, iii. p. 767 (not Cuv. ^ VaL).

D. l^\ A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/19.

Brownish-black, with three broad white cross-bands : the anterior
from the nape of the neck to the inter- and sub-operculum, touching
the posterior margin of the orbit ; the middle spanning from between
the two last dorsal spines to the sixth soft ray, and produced supe-
riorly towards the posterior upper angle of the soft dorsal fin ; the
third across the free portion of the tail and the base of the caudal
fin. Caudal fin black, with a broad white upper and lower margin.
The dorsal spines are stout and short, the third and fourth being the
longest, whilst the posterior ones decrease in length. The height of
the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal fin not inchided).

Molucca Sea.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Skin. From Gronow's Collection.

This species is, perhajis, only a variety of A. hifasciatus.

3. Amphiprion trifasciatus.

Cuv. 8f Val. V. p. 395.

B.5. D.li. A.^.

Brownish-black, with three broad white cross-bands, the two an-
terior of which are united by a horizontal line running along the
base of the spinous dorsal ; the second produced posteriorly towards
the posterior angle of the dorsal fin. Caudal fin uniform brown,
without white margin. {Cuv.)

Molucca Sea.

4. Amphiprion sebse.

Seha, iii. p. 70. tab. 26. fig. 24.
Amphiprion sebre, Blcek. Batav. p. 478.

^- TJT5- ^- h- ^- l'^*- 46-55. L. transv. 6/20.
Black, with two white cross-bands, the posterior of which is pro-

1. AiirniPEioN. 5

duccd superiorly towards the hinder angle of the soft dorsal fin ; the
free portion of the tail and the caudal yellow ; muzzle light-brownish ;
pectoral blackish, the other fins black ; anal edged with white. The
dorsal fin is deeply notched and has its spines stout and short. The
height of the body is rather less than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included).
Seas of Batavia and Sumatra.

a. Fine specimen. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

5. Amphiprion clarkii.

Anthias clarkii, Benti. Fish. Ceijl. pi. 29.

Amphiprion clarkii, Ciir. 8f Val. ix. p. 504 ; Peters in Wiegm. Arch.

1855, p. 265.

japonicus, Schhy. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 66.

chrj'sargurus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 254.

xauthm-us, Sleek. Amhoina, ii. p. 560 (not Cuv. Sf Val.).

? Amphiprion polymnus, Steindachner, Verhatull. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch.

Wien, 1861, p. 79.

B. 5. D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/19.

Ground-colour brown or black, with three pearl-coloured cross-
bands, the last round the tail ; thorax and chin, pectoral, ventral and
caudal fins yellow ; dorsal fin black. The dorsal fin is scarcely
notched and has the spines stout and short. The height of the body
is rather less than one-half of the total length (caudal not included) ;
the caudal fin is emarginate.

From the coast of Mozambique to China.

Var. a. Anal fin yellowish, with blackish margin.

a, h. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Fine specimen. Singapore.

d. Half-groA\Ti. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

e. Adult. China. Presented by F. K. Keeves, Esq.
/. Adult. China.

g, h, i, k. Adult, half-grown, and young.

Var. /3. Anal fin black.

I. Adult. China. Presented by F. R. Reeves, Esq.
m. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by F. R. Reeves, Esq. — Type
of A. chrysargyrus.

6. Amphiprion xanthurus.
Cuv. (§• Val. V. p. 402; Bleek. Batav. p. 480 (not Amboina, ii. p. 560).
D. 'X A. ,4. L. lat. 50.

(5 14

Scarcely different from A. clarlcli.

Black, with three broad pearl-coloured cross-bands, the middle of
which is not produced on to the upper margin of the soft dorsal.

6 POMACENTRID^.

Snout orange-colom-cd ; pectoral and caudal fins yellow, the former
blackish at the base ; the other fins deep-black.
He de France. Bata%-ia.

o. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
7. Amphiprion chrysogaster.

Ciiv. ^- Val. T. p. 400 ; Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. Poiss. p. 191. pi. 28. fig. 3;
Cuv. Regne Aiiim. Ill, Poiss. pi. 32. fig. 1 ; Gu6r. Iconoyr. iii. pi. 19.
fig. 2.

D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. G/18. Csec. pylor. 2.

Brownish-black, with three white cross-bands, and with the thorax,
pectoral and ventral fins yellowish ; the soft dorsal and caudal with
a white edge, the pectoral with a broad blackish margin. The dorsal
spines are rather stout and moderately long, the third and fourth
being the longest, whilst the posterior ones decrease in length. The
height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal fin not
included).

He de France. Bourbon.

«. Fine specimen. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological

Societ}\
h. Adult: stuffed.

8. Amphiprion fusciventer.

? Anthias polymnus, Bl. taf. 316. fig. 1.

? Amphiprion polymnus, Bl. Schn. p. 203 ; Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 396.

? Lutjaniis polymnus, Lacep. iv. p. 224.

Amphiprion fusciventer, Berin. Proceed. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 165.

D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 52. L. transv. G/18.

Brownish-black, with three rather narrow whitish cross-bands,
that round the tail being very indistinct ; caudal fin with a rather
broad white posterior margin, dorsal and anal with a narrow whitish
edge. Pectorals brownish ; the outer half of the ventrals black, the
inner white. Dorsal fin slightly notched, with the spines of moderate
strength and length ; the third, fourth and fifth are the longest.
Caudal fin rounded. The height of the body is rather less than one-
half of the total length (the caudal fin not included).

Sea of Mauritius.

rt. Six inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
— Type of the species.

9. Amphiprion percula.

Tetragonopterus, no. 5, Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 38. tab. 11. fig. 8.

Seha, iii. p. 69. tab. 26. fig. 20.

Perca, sp., Tyson in Philos. Trans. Ixi. p. 247. tab. 7. fig. 8.

Anthia.s polymna, var., Bl. tab. 316. fig. 3.

Liitjanus polymnus, var., Lac^p. iv. p. 224.

1. AMPniPRION. 7

Lutjanus percula, Lac&p. iv. pp. 239, 248,

Amphipriou percula, Cuv. 4- Val. v. p. 397 ; Bleek. Amb, Sf Cer. p. 287 ;

Schleg. Overz. Amphipr, ^-c. in Verhand. Nat. Gcsch. Nederl. Overs.

Bezitt. p. 19 ; Steindachner, Verhandl, Zool, Bot. Gesellsch. Wien,

1801, p. 78.
tunicatus, Cue. l^- Val. v. p. 399. pi. 132. fig. 2 : Less. Voy. Cuou.

Zool. Poks. p. 192. pi. 25. fig. 3.

ocellaris, Cin: 4' Val. v. p. 399.

melanurus, Cm: 4'" Val. v. p. 400.

D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/23.

Ground-colour light-brown or brown, with three broad white cross-
bands, edged with black : the anterior is curved and encircles com-
pletely the hind part of the head, its convexity being directed back-
wards ; the middle descends from the notch of the dorsal fin to the
vent, and is angularly produced on the middle of the side ; the pos-
terior round the free part of the tail : fins with a black and white
margin. The dorsal spines are moderately strong and long ; the
posterior ones, however, are much shorter than those on the middle,
there being a deep notch between the spinous and the soft dorsal fin.
The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
not included).

From the seas of China to those of Australia.

Var. a. Ground-coloui" light-brown ; the fins are nearly white
within the black edges. (^A. polymnus, var., Bl.)

Or-h. Fine specimens. China Sea. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir

E. Belcher, C.B.
c-f. Fine specimens. Sumatra. From the Collection of Sir T. S.

Raffles.

Var. j3. Ground- coloiu" brown ; the vertical fins are of the same
colour as the body, within the black edge. {A. melanurus, C. & V. ;
A. ocdlaris, C. & V.)

g-h. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

i. Half-grown. Sumatra. From the Collection of Sir T. S. Raffles,
— Tji^e of A. melanurus.

k. Half-gro\vn. Sumatra, From the Collection of Sir T. S. Raffles,
— Type of A. oceUaris. — The large whitish ocellus, on account
of which Cuvier, relj-ing on the examination of Valenciennes,
has created this nominal species, is a mark produced by the
chemical action of some fluid, and %'isible only on one side of
the fin.

Var. y. Ground-colour brown ; between the two anterior bands
blackish-brown : A. iunicaius.

Var, S. Ground-colom- dark-brown, the black edges of the cross-
bands and fins being rather indistinct.

?, m-p. Adult, half-grown, and young.

8 POMACENXKIDiE.

10. Amphiprion bicinctus.

Riipp. AtL Fische, p. 139. taf. 35. fig. 1 ; Ckiv. Sf Val. ix. p. 505.

B. 5. D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 58. L. transv. 8/20.

Brown, with two white cross-bands, one across the head and neck,
the other across the middle of the body ; the soft dorsal is greenish,
the others yeUow, the ventral having the outer margin brown.
Caudal fin emarginate, sometimes with the upper lobe produced.
Dorsal fin scarcely notched, with the spines of moderate strength and
length. The height of the body is one-half or a little more than
one-half of the total length (the caudal fin not included) .

Red Sea.

a, b-c. Adult. Red Sea. Collected and presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

11. Amphiprion chrysopterus.
Cuv.^- hal. V. p. 401.

Black, with two pearl-coloured cross-bands ; anterior part of the
head, thorax and fins orange-coloured ; the caiidal fin alone is red-
dish-grey and has the lobes somewhat prolonged.

Hab. ?

This fish is known from a figure only, and is closely alUed to A. bi-
cinctus.

12. Amphiprion melanopus.

Bleeker, Amboina, ii. p. 561.

D. 12. A. :^. L. lat. 48-50. L. transv. 5/18.

Brownish-black, lighter anteriorly, with a pearl- coloiu-ed band
from the neck to the opercles ; tail yellow posteriorly ; ventral and
anal fins black ; dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins yeUow. Dorsal
spines moderately strong. The height of the body is one-half of the
total length (the caudal fin not included).

Sea of Ambopia.

a-b. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Piu-chascd of Mr. Frank.

13. Amphiprion tricolor.

^- 1^- ^- n^n- ^- ^^^- ^^- ^- transv. 7/19.
Blackish-brown : thorax, all the lower parts and the free portion
of the tail duU-orange-coloured ; a pearl-coloured band, edged with
black, from the nape of the neck across the opercles. Ventral,
anal and caudal dull-orange-coloured, the two former edged with
black — the ventral exteriorly, the anal inferiorly. Prseorbital and
pra^operculum strongly serrated. The dorsal fin is nearly even, the
middle and posterior spines having about the same length. Caudal

1. AMl-niPKION. 9

rounded. The height of the body is one-half of the total Icngtli (the
caudal fin not included).

Total length 3^ inches.

Port Essington.

a-g. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.
7*. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
?. South Australia.

This fish is, perhaps, identical with a very imperfectly known
Japanese species ; it has been called Amphiprlon frenatm. A
thoroughly incorrect figure may bo seen in the ' Narrative of an Expedi-
tion of an American Squadron to the China Seas and to Japan,' pi. 6.
fig. 4, where (p. 2(J3) the colours are stated to be a rich dark-violet,
pale-red below ; an ultramarine-blue stripe from the base of the first
dorsal spine, obhquely forwards below the eye and over the pra3-
opercle, terminating near the throat ; dorsal spines twelve.

Mr. Gill mentions this A. fmiutus in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
18G0, p. 148. The coloui- of the preserved specimens was tawny;
the oblique band behind the eye purplish-white, edged with black.
Dorsal spines nine.

14. AmpMprion rosenbergii.

Bkeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi. Niemo-Guinea, p. 10.
D 1^ A ^

Body and fins yeUomsh-orange-coloured ; a broad white band
round the whole head, behind the eye. Prajoperculum slightly,
praeorbital not denticidated. The middle dorsal spines are the
longest; caudal obtusely rounded. The height of the body is
rather less than one-half of the total length (the caudal fin not in-
cluded).

Coast of Doreh (New Guinea).

15. Amphiprion perideraion.

Bkeker, Groot Oby, p. 437.

D.i^. A.^. L.lat.55.

Orange-coloured, each scale with a bluish dot ; a blue line com-
mences on the middle of the forehead and runs along the base of
the dorsal fin to the back of the tail ; a narrow vertical pearl-co-
loured band on the opercles, edged with brown. Dorsal fin Avith a
distinct notch and with the spines of moderate lengtli and strength,
the third, fourth and fifth being the longest ; caudal fin subtrun-
cated. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the
caudal fin not included).

Seas of Groot Oby and Amboyna.

rt. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.

10 POMACENTEID.'E.

l(i. Amphiprion akallopisus.
Bk'eker, Sumatra, ii. p. 281, and Groot Obi/, p. 438.
^■^s- ^h- L.lat.60.
Uniform orange-coloured, each scale with a bluish dot. A blue
line commences on the middle of the forehead and runs along the
base of the dorsal fin to the back of the tail. Dorsal fin with a
slight notch superiorly.
Sea of Priaman.

a. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection,

17. Amphiprion ephippimn.

Prochilus, sp., Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. v. p. 60. tab. 12, fig. 1.

Chffitodon, sp., Seba, iii. p. 70. tab. 26. fig. 25.

Lutjanus ephippium, £1. iv. p, 121. taf. 201. fig. 2 ; Lac^p. iv. pp. 229,

230.
Amphiprion ephippium, Bl. ScJin. p. 200 ; Cuv. i^ Val. v. p. 386 ;

ScJik'q. Overz. Amphipr. iSjr. m Verhancl. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Overz.

Beziit. p. 18 ; Bleek. Batoe, p. 321.
Coracinus insignitiis, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 57.

^- iTiB- ^- h ^- ^at- 55- I'- t^'^nsT, 7/18. Cffic, pylor. 2.

Wholly dirty-yeUowish (ia spirits), with a very large brown blotch
below the dorsal fin, and cxtendrng nearly to the anal fin ; ventral
fin with the oiiter margin brownish. The spinous dorsal is rather
low, with the five posterior spines longest. The height of the body
is one-half of the total length (the caudal not included).

Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen.

2. PREMNAS.

Premnas, Cuv, Bkgne Anim.

AH the opercles are serrated, the prteorbital terminating in a very
strong and long spine posteriorly. Teeth small, conical, in a single
series. Dorsal fin with nine or ten spines, anal with two. Scales
small ; the lateral line ceases below the end of the dorsal fin. Bran-
chiostegals five or six ; gills three and a half; pseudobranchite present;
an air-bladder. Pyloric appendages three.

East Indian Archipelago,

1. Premnas biaculeatus.

Premnas biaculeatus, Bhek. Banda, iii. p. 105,

Var. a.
Premnas loucodesmus, i^KiM i^- v. Hass.) Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 409.

Yar. /3.
Bennrd, Poiss. Mol. i. pi. 22. fig. 122.

Percis, sp., Kolreut. in Nov. Comm. Pctrop. x. p. 346. tab. 8. fig. 5.
Chfetodon biacideatus, Bl. taf. 219. fig. 2.

3. DASCVLLU8. 11

Lutjanus trifasciatus, SI. Schu. p. 568.

Holacanthus biaculeatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 528, 537.

Holocentrus soimeratii, Lacep. iv. pp. 344, 391.

Scorpa3na aculeata, Lacep. iii. pp. 258, 2(j8.

Preuuias trifasciatus, Cuv. 4" Val. v. p. 405 ; Cuv. Eef/ne Anim. III.

Poiss. pi. 32. tifr. 2 ; Schley. Overz. Amphipr. ^-c. in Verhand. Nat.

Gesch. Nederl. (Jverz. Bezitt. p. 20. tab. 0. fig. G; Bkek. Verhand, Batav.

Genootsch. xxi. Labr. CUm. p. 9.

Var. y.

Preninaa semicinctus, Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 409. pi. 133. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Ver-
hand. Batav. Genootsch. xxi. Labr. Cten. p. 7 ; Giter. Iconocjr. R^gne
Anim. iii. pi. 19. fig, 5.

Var. b.

Chsetodon, sp., Sebii, iii. tab. 26. fig. ] 9.

Premnas unicolor, Cuv. l^ Val. v. p. 410.

Sargus ensifer, Gronov. Syst, ed. Gray, p, 66,

B. 5-6, D, ^.. A. -V.- L. lat. 60-70. Cfec. pylor. 3.
Yert, i2_

Reddish-brown ; fins with a black margin. Generally three pcarl-
colourcd cross-band,s.
East Indian Arcliipclago.

Var, a. The bands encircle the whole body, and the second and
third are produced on the middle of the side into a process pointing
forwards.

Var. /3. The bands encircle the whole body, and have no process
anteriorly,

a. Fine specimen. Coram, From the Collection of Fran Ida Pfeiffer.

b. Half-grown. PhiHppine Islands,

c. Adult female : skeleton. Amboyna, Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Var. y. The bands do not descend beyond the middle of the side,

Var. I. The bands are very indistinct.

d. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

3. DASCYLLUS.

Dascyllus, Cuv. Regne Anim.
Tetradrachmum, Cant. 3Ial. Fish. p. 240.

Prxoperculum and sometimes the pneorbital serrated. Teeth small,
villiform, in a narrow band, with an outer series of somewhat larger
ones. Dorsal fin with twelve or thirteen (in D. pohj acanthus with
seventeen) spines, anal with two. Scales of moderate size, in less than
thirty transverse series. The lateral line ceases below the soft dorsal
fin. Branchiostcgals five ; gills three and a half ; pseudobranchia;
present ; air-bladder large. Pyloric appendages two or three.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to Polynesia and Is^cw Zealand.

12 POMACENTRIMi.

1. Dascyllus aruanus.

Vuknt. Amh. iii. p. 501. fi^--. 489 ; Reitanl, i. fig. 165; Seba, iii. 20. 23.
ChfBtodou arcuatus, L. Bins. Ad. Fried tab. 3?.. fig. 8 ; Shaw, Zool. iv.

p. 341.
aruamis, L. Si/d. Nat. i. p. 4G4 ; £1. iii, p. 62. tab. 198. fig. 2 ; Bl

Schn. p. 220 ; SJiaw, Zool. iv. p. 348.
Tetragonopteius, no. 6, Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 38. tab. 11. fig. 9.
Chietodon abu dafur, Forsk. p. 15.
Lutjanus aruanus, Lacep. iv. p. 720.
Poniacentrus aruanus, Ri'qtp. Atl. Fiscke, p. 39.
Dascyllus aruanus, Cui'. ■Sf Vol. v. p. 434 ; Bleek. Banda, i. p. 246 (not

variety), and Banda, iii. p. 108.
Chajtodon araneus, Benn. Ceyl. Fish. pi. 17.
Tetradrachmum arcuatum. Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 241.

D, i|. A. ^. L. lat. 26-27. L. transv. 3/9. Caec. pylor. 3.
Vert. 12/14.

Three black cross-bands : the first descending obliquely from the
origin of the spinous dorsal Ha through the orbit to the chin, leaving
a grcjdsh patch on the forehead ; the second slightly curved, from the
sixth to ninth dorsal spines to the ventral fins, which are black ; the
third from the soft dorsal to the anal ; dorsal and anal fins black,
caudal whitish.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to Polynesia and New Zealand.

a. Red Sea. From the Berlin Museum.

h. Adult. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

c. Adult : stuffed. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

d-7i. Adult and half-grown. xVmboyna.

i. Adult. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

k. Half-grown. East Indies. From the Collection of the East India

Company.
Z-w. Adidt. China Seas. Presentedby Vice- Admiral Sir E. Belcher,

C.B.
n-t. Adult and half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
u. Fine specimen. Tongataboo. Presented by Sir E. Home.
v-fi, 7-2. Adidt and half-grown. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar

Collection.
e. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by Sir J, Richardson.
^-t]. Half-grown. South, Sea.
0-r, X-fj., i'-|, o. Adult and half-grown.
n. Adult ; skeleton. Amboyna.

2. Dascyllus melanurus.

Dascyllus aruanus, var., Blcck. Banda, i. p. 246.
melanurus, Bleek. Banda, iii. p. 109.

^'^2- ^-rr L- lat. 27-28.

Yellowish, with three black cross-bands : the first descending

vertically from the crown of the head through the orbit to the chin ;

the second straight and vertical, from the six first dorsal spines to the

ventral fins, which are entirely black ; the third from the soft dorsal

3. BASCYLLUS. 13

fin to the anal ; dorsal and anal fins black ; caudal j'ollowish at the
base and on the upper and lower margins, the remainder black.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. Dascyllus trimaculatus.

Pomaeentrus trimaculatus, liiipj). Atl. Fische, p. 39. taf. 8, fig. 3.

nuchalis, Bftui. in Life of Raffles, p. 688.

Dascyllus trimaculatus, Ctiv. ^- l\il. v. p. 441.

unicolor, Bom. I'roc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 127.

niger, Blevk. Vvrhind. Batav. Genootsch. xxi. Lah\ Cten. p. 10.

Sparus nigricans, pt., (ironov. Syd. ed. Gray, p. 61.

D.i|. A.^. L.lat.27. L. transv.3/11. Case, pylor. 3. Vert. 11/14.

Blackish ; vertical fins with a black margin. A single white spot
on the nape of the neck (sometimes indistinct); another above the
lateral lino below the middle of the dorsal fin. The second dorsal
spine is shorter than the head, and not twice as long as the last.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the East Indian and Louisiade
Archipelagos.

a. Adult. Red Sea. From Dr. lliippell's Collection.

h. Adult: stuffed, lied Sea. From Dr. Eiippell's Collection.

c-e. Adult and half-grown : bad state. Mauritius. Presented by
Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

/. Fine specimen. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Typo of Dascyllus unicolor.

g. Adult. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

h. Half-grown. Sumatra. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Type of romacenlrus nuchalis, Benn.

i, I: Fine specimen and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Z. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the ' Rattle-
snake.'

m. Adult: stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

n. AduJt: skin. From Gronow's Collection.

0. Adult: skeleton. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

The white lateral spot becomes nearly obsolete in dried adult spe-
cimens, which then appear to be uniform brown. In the typical
specimen of D. unicolor and in others there is no nuchal spot, and the
lateral spot is indistinct, although clearly indicated.

4. Dascyllus albiseUa.

GiU in Broc. Acad. Xat. Sc. PhiUtd. 1862, p. 149.

D. i|. A. f^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 5/12.

Dark grcj-ish, with a transv(>rsc white band, descending halfway
down from the middle of the back below the fifth and tenth dorsal

14 POMACENTRIDiE.

spines. All the fins, except the pectorals, are very dark. The
second dorsal spine is as long as the head, and about twice as long
as the last. (Gill.)

Sandwich Islands.

Evidently closely allied to D. tnmaculatm.

5. Dascyllus marginatus.

Pomacentnis marginatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 38. taf. 8. fig. 2.
Dascylhis uiargiuatus, Ctw. i^ Val. v. p. 439. pi. 133. fig. 2 ; Lefebrre,
Voy. Abyss, vi. p. 231 ; Gu^r.-Menev. Iconogr. iii. pi. 19. fig. 6.

D. if. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/12.

Head and thorax grey ; back and tail yellowish, with a bluish
streak on each scale ; tail with a blue superior and inferior margin ;
dorsal and anal fins with black margins; ventrals black; caudal
transparent.

Ked Sea.

a, h. Adult. Red Sea. From Dr. RiippeU's Collection.

c. Adult. Red Sea. From the Berlin Museum.

d. Adult : not good state.

6. Dascyllus xanthosoma.

Dascyllus xanthosoma, Bleeh. Banda, i. p. 247.

marginatus, var., Steindachner, VerhatuU. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch.

Wien, 1861, p. 77.

D. if. A. ^. L. lat. 25.

Yellow, with a brown band from the back to the pectoral fin ;
each scale with a smaU blue streak ; ventrals black ; anal brownish ;
the other fins greenish, sometimes with a darker margin.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Bleached. From the Haslar Collection.

Heliases reticulatus (Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 254) is described as
follows : —

D. i|. A. :i. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 11-12.

" The profile, leaving out part of the tail, is nearly orbicular.
Teeth in one row, short, subulate, acute, with very minute ones
behind, scarcely perceptible even through a lens. Narrow prteorbital
scaly, and, when examined by a lens, seen to be minutely toothed,
as is also the vertical limb of the praeoperculum, a few teeth at the
corner of this bone being larger. Caudal slightly notched at the end.
After long maceration in spiiits, the ground-colour is milk-white,
with a well-defined pale-yellowish-brown border to each scale, pro-
ducing a network with acutely elliptical meshes."

China Seas.

4. LEPIDOZTGUS. 15

The typical specimens appear to be lost ; the characters given in
the dcseiiption indicate that this fish does not belong to Heliastes ■
it appears to be identical with D. .ranthosoma.

The " Pomacentre gros yeux," Lienard, Dixieme Eapp. Soc. Hist
JNat. Maur. p. 34, also appears to be identical with this species.

7. Dascyllus cyanurus.
? Poniacentrus viridis, (Ehrmb.) Cm. &,■ Val. v p 420
Dascyllus cyanurus, EiipjieU, N. W. Fische, p. 127. taf.'si. fig. 4.

^- 9=fr ^- T^,- Caec. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length.
Green: tail blue; operculum with some blue spots; a black spot at
the base of the pectoral ; the other fins reddish.

Massaua.

8. Dascyllus polyacanthus.

Bheher, Natimrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ix. p. 503, and Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-JSedeii. ii. Amhoina, p. 71.

^- IFTi- ^^- 1^6- ^- ^at. 32-33. L. transv. 3/11.

Teeth of the upper jaw in a double, of the lower in a single series.
Caudal fin forked. Brownish, sometimes with darker spots ; pec-
torals yellow, the other fins brown. ^

Coasts of Sangi, Batjan, and Amboyna.

«. Four and a half inches long. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

4. LEPIDOZYGUS.

Pomacentni.9, sp., Bleeker.

Praoperculum serrated ; prseorbital distinct, the other suborbitals
and the praoopcrcular Umbs hidden by scales. Teeth smaU, subconical
111 a single senes. Dorsal fin with about twelve spines, anal with

I' i'm"'' ""^ "'O'lerate size, in more than thirty transverse series.

bea ot Ternate.

This genus is separated from Pomacentrus on account of the in-
creased number of scales, a character accompanied by quite a pecu-
liar physiognomy and by a diiferent dentition.

1. Lepidozygus tapeinosoma.

Pomaceutrus tapeinosoma, Bkvker, Tvniate, vii. p. 376.
D. n- A. ^. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 3/9.
The height of the body is one-fourth or rather more than one-
toui-th ot the total length. Prajoperculum slightly serrated The
posterior and midcUe dorsal spines are nearly equal in length ; caudal
fan forked. OUve, with blue dots ; fins immaculate.
Sea of Ternate,

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's CoUection.

IG POMAQE^rTRIPiE.

5. POMACENTRUS *.

Pomacentrus, (Lacdp.) Ciiv. (^ Vnl. v. p. 412.
Pristotis, Elipp. N. TV. Fisckc, p. 128.

Prfeopereiilum and, generally, the infraorbital ring serrated ; oper-
culum with one or two small spines. Teeth small, compressed, with
the crown entire or slightly emarginate, in a single series. Dorsal fin
with twelve or thirteen spines, anal with two. Scales of moderate
size, in less than thirty transverse series ; the lateral line ceases below
the soft dorsal fin. Branchiostegals five; gills three and a half ; pseudo-
branchia? present ; an air-bladder. Pyloric appendages three.

Tropical seas of both hemispheres ; more abundant in the Indian
Seas and in Polynesia.

One of the characters mentioned, viz. the serrature of the praj-
operculum and praeorbital, is subject to variation according to the
age of the individual. The serrature, especially of the praeorbital,
is less distinct or entirely absent in young individuals of a species
which has that bone strongly denticulated in the mature state ; in
other species the prfeorbital does not appear to be serrated in any
stage of development. A similar change extends also to the prae-
operculum in some species; and such young individuals as show
neither the praeorbital nor the praeoperciilum serrated may be easily
mistaken for Glyi^hidodonts. If we consider moreover that the colours
also are subject to variation, we may well be cautious in describing
new species of these two genera. The British Museum possesses a
number of such young specimens, which we are unable to refer to any
known species. Several of the species established by Cuvier and
enumerated in the following list are apparently fomided on young
individuals, and \nll prove to be identical with others.

Synojjsis of the Species.

A. Body with broad cross-bands, or with large blotches across the back.
a. Those markings are pennanent in every age, p. 17.

1. P. robustiis. 4. P. bifasciatus. 6. P. fasciatus.

2. P. annulatus. 5. P. albofasciatus. 7. P. ti-imaculatus.

3. P. nematoptenis. 8. P. chrysopcecilus.

h. Those markings disappear in mature age, p. 20.
9. P. notophthalmus.

B. Body uniform, or with small dots or fine and short streaks.

a. The height of the body is one-third or less than one-third of the total
length.

* 1. Pomacentrus emarginatus, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 422; Less. Toy. Coqu. Zool.
Poiss. p. 189. pi. 28. fig. 1.— Waigiou.

2. brachialis, Cuv. 4' Val. v. p. 420. — Java.

3. pietus, Casteln. I. c. pi. 2. fig. 1.— Brazil.

4. at-er (Pomacentre noir), Lienard, Dixihne Rapp. Soc. Hist. Nat.

Maurif. p. .34.— Mauritius.
5- atrocyaneus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 190.— Cuba.

5. POMAC'ENTRUS.

17

* Caudal lobes or some rays of the vertical fins produced iuto fila-

ments, p. 20.

10. P. violasceus. 12. P. polynema. 13. P. cyanostignia.

11. P. cvanomus. ' 14. P. tfeniuinis.

** None of tlie rays of the vertical fins are prolonged, p. 22.

15. P. siiusiang. 17. P. prosopotasnia 19. P. melanotus.

16. P. pavo (perspicillatus). 20. P. melanopterus.

(pavoninus). 18. P. cseruleus. 21. P. obtusirostris.

b. The height of the body is more than oue-third of the total leng-th.

* Blue lines along the nape and the forehead, p. 25.

22. P. trilineatus. 24. P. bankanensis. 2o. P. rectifrfenum.

23. P. trenionietopon. 26. P. quadrigutta.

** Forehead without longitudinal lines, p. 28.

27. P. rhodonotus.

scolopsis.

dorsalis.

chrj'surus.

punctatus.

cyanospilus.

moluccensis.

34. P. interorbitalis

35. P. leucostictus.

36. P. fuscus.

37. P. otophonis.

38. P. xanthui'us.

39. P. littoralis

(katunko).

40. P. tripunctatus.

41. P. vauicolensis.

42. P. planifrons.

43. P. nigi'icans.

44. P. latifrons.

1. Pomacentrus robuBtus.

D.

A.

L. lat. 28. L. transv. 4/10.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (one-half,
without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The upper
profile, from the origin of the dorsal fin to the snout, is a regular
curve ; interorbital space convex, wider than the orbit. Prae-
orbital not serrated, nearly as wide as the orbit ; prscoporculum
finely denticulated. The dorsal spines are of moderate length and
strength, the third, fourth and fifth being the longest, two-fifths of the
length of the head ; the posterior spines are only half the length of
the middle soft rays ; the soft dorsal fin is higher than long. Caudal
fin shorter than the head, slightly emarginate, with the lobes ob-
tusely rounded. The second anal spine is very strong, and as long
as the fom-th of the dorsal fin. The first ventral ray is produced
into a veiy short filament. Greenish-olive, the scales on the lower
parts of the sides ha\'ing a light centre ; seven or six blackish-brown
cross-bands, broader than the ground-colour between them : the
first is ill defined, across the head ; the second from the nape and
origin of the dorsal to the base of the pectoral, which has a black
spot superiorly in its axil ; the third, fourth and fifth from below
the spinous dorsal ; the sixth from the soft dorsal fin to the end of
the anal ; the seventh is indistinct, across the back of the tail. Ven-
tral fin blackish, the first soft ray white along the outer margin.

Hab. ?

a. Fine specimen, six inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

VOL. IV. 0

18 POMACENTRIDJ..

2. Pomacentrus annulatus.

Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 265.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length ; prceorbital without, prseoperculum with a rather in-
distinct serrature. The middle dorsal spines are somewhat longer
tlian the posterior ones. Caudal fin emarginate. Yellow, with five
black cross-bands, the first through the eye, and the last round the
root of the caudal fin.

Coast of Mozambique.
a. Half-grown. Mozambique. Prom Prof. Peters's Collection.

3. Pomacentrus nematopterus,

Pristotis trifasciatus, Bleek. Journ. Ind. Archipel. ii. p. 637.
Pomaceutrus nematopterus, Bleek. Amhoina S,- Ceram, p. 285.

D. {^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is contained twice and one-third in the
total length (the caudal filament not included) ; prseorbital not ser-
rated, prseoperculum indistinctly denticulated. The posterior dorsal
spine longer than the others ; the sixth ray of the dorsal fin, the
eighth of the anal, and the caudal lobes produced into filaments (in
mature specimens). Yellowish, with three broad brownish -violet
cross-bands : the first through the eye ; the second triangular, from
the back to the base of the pectoral ; the third towards the anal fin,
terminating on the middle of the side. Most of the scales with a
bluish spot ; the soft dorsal greenish, with blue dots ; anal yellow ;
caudal with violet dots arranged in cross-series.

East Indian Archipelago.

«, h. Half-grown.

c. Yoimg. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

4. Pomacentrus bifasciatus.

Bleek. Floris, p. 3.30.

D. 1|. A. ^. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is rather more than one-third of the total
length ; prseorbital not serrated. Caudal emarginate, with the lobes
rounded. Yellowish, with a broad black band from the neck to the
opercles, and with a second on and below the posterior dorsal spines ;
praeorbital with a blue curved line ; fins yellow. {Bl.)

Ploris, Temate, Booroo.

a. Eighteen lines long : bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

I

5. POMACENTRUS. 19

5. Fomacentrus albofasciatus.

Pomacentriis albofasciatus, Sckleff. Overz. Amphipr. i^c. in Verhand.

Nat. Gesch. Xeclerl Overz. Bezitt. p. 21.
leucopleura, Bkek. Sumatra, iv. p. 85.

D. ||. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds or thrice
in the total length ; prseorbital not serrated. The posterior and
middle spines of the dorsal fin are nearly of the same length ; caudal
forked. Dark-olive, with a broad yellowish band across the middle
of the body, below the posterior dorsal spines ; a curved bluish line
below the eye ; a blackish spot on the base of the hinder dorsal rays
and on the base of the pectoral.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Twenty-eight lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

6. Fomacentrus fasciatus.

Cuv. ^ Vol. v. p. 426. pi. ]34 ; Schleg. Overz. Amphipr. 1^-c. in Verhand.
Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Overz. Bezitt. p. 20. tab. 4. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Batav.
p. 482 ; Guer. Iconogr. Regne Aniin. pi. 19. fig. 7.

B. 5. D. ^^^ A. j^3. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is contained tvrice and three-fourths in
the total length ; prseorbital denticulated. The dorsal spines in-
crease in length posteriorly ; caudal very slightly emarginate. Brown,
lighter beneath, wdth four yellow cross-bands : one from the neck
to the operculum, the second from the front part of the dorsal
fin to behind the axil of the pectoral, the third from the posterior
dorsal spines, and the fourth, spot-like, on the back of the tail ; two
parallel series of black spots from the opercle along the side of the
trunk.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Ceram. From Mr. Stevens's Collection.

b. Adult. Philippine Islands.

f. Half-grown. Presented bv Sir J. Richardson.

7. Fomacentrus trimaculatus.

Cuv. ^ Val. V. p. 320; Schkq. Overz. Amphipr. $-c. in Verhand. Nat.
Gesch. Nederl Overz. Bezitt. p. 20. tab. 4. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Batav. p. 481
(not Riipp.).

D.i|. A.^. L. lat. 28.

13 14

The height of the body is one-third or rather less than onesthird
of the total length ; prasorbital serrated. The dorsal spines increase
in length towards behind : caudal emarginate. Greenish or violet,
with two or three large blackish spots on the back ; two bluish lines
from one orbit to the other ; the scales on the base of the vertical

c2

20 POMACKNTRIDJE.

fins with a bluish dot ; anal with one bine longitudinal stripe, dorsal
fin with two.

East Indian Archipelag:o. China.

a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

8. Pomacentrus chrysopoecilus.

Pomacentrus chrysopoecilus, (Kiihl lV vatt Hass.) Schleg. Overz. Am-
phi]}): i.^V. in Verhand. NeclerJ. Ovcrz. Bezitt. p. 21. tab. 5. fig. 3 ; Bleek.
Amhoina S,- Ceram, p. 284.

Pomacentrus notostigmus. Richards. Voy. Stilph. Ichth. p. 89. pi. 44.
figs. 1 & 2.

D. if. A. A. L. lat. 28. L. transv. ^.

15 14 9

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fom'ths in
the total length ; prseorbital serrated ; the dorsal spines increase in
length towards behind ; caudal fin very slightly emarginate, with
the upper lobe somewhat longer and more pointed than the lower.
Bro'sraish, with a large white spot on the back, below the middle of
the spinous dorsal fin.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B. — Tj^De

of P. notostigrims.

b. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

9. Pomacentrus notophthalmus.

Bleek. Natmtrk. Tydschr. Ntderl. Ind. iv. p. 137, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-
Nederl. i. Manado 8f Macass. p. 51.

D. -H-. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 2^/9.

12-14 12 '*'

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds to twice
and four-fifths in the total length ; praBorbital strongly serrated in
adidt specimens and without serrature in yoimg ones. The dorsal
spines increase in length posteriorly ; caudal fin emarginate, with
the lobes rovmded. Brownish, whitish below ; tail yellow : imma-
ture specimens with a pearl-colom-ed cross-band below the anterior
dorsal spines, and sometimes with a second below the soft dorsal fin.
A black spot above the operculum ; sides of the head with pearl-
coloured dots. A large blackish ocellus, edged with yellow, between
the eighth and eleventh dorsal spines, near the base. The other fins
orange-coloured.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. H^f-grown. From Dr. P. v. Blockers Collection.
10. Pomacentrus violascens.

Pristotis violascens, Bleek. Contr. Ichth. Sumh. in Joiirn. Ind. Archiijel.
ii. 1848, p. 637.

5. rOlIACKXTKUS. 21

Pomacentrus violascens, Bleek. Nutuurk. Tydschr. Nedcrl. Ind. vi.

p. 318 & xii. p. 222.
Dascyllus xanthurus, lilvck. Ainbuina, iii. p. 117.

D.i^. A.^. L.lat.27.

The height of the body is two-sevenths or one-fourth of the total
length ; praeorbital not serrated. The dorsal spines increase in length
posteriorly ; the middle rays of the dorsal and anal fins and the lobes
of the caudal are more or less produced into filaments. Violet, silvery
beneath ; each scale Avith a vertical bhiish streak ; a large blue spot
on the shoulder ; the posterior part of the tail with the caudal and
the hindmost portion of the dorsal yellow ; anal yellowish. (Cfr.
Ghiphidodon hankieri or nemurus, p. 54.)

Seas of Nias and Sumbawa.

a. Adult: fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection as

Dasci/Uus xanthnrHS.

b. Half-grown : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection

as Pomacentrus violascens.

11. Pomacentrus cyanomus.

Bleek. Xatuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1856, xi. p. 89.

D. [^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is contained t\vice or twice and a fifth in
the length taken to the end of the dorsal fin, and thrice and two-
thirds in the total. Prneorbital not serrated. The posterior and
middle dorsal spines are nearly equal in length j the soft dorsal, the
anal, and the caudal lobes are produced into long filaments. A large
violet spot at the origin of the lateral line, another in the inner part
of the axil of the pectoral fin . Dorsal fin violet, with a blue longi-
tudinal band, and with a yellowish spot on the base of the posterior
rays ; anal violet ; caudal greenish, each lobe with a violet longi-
tudinal band on the margin.

Seas of Java and Nias.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

1 2. Pomacentrus polynema.

Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 283.

D. j|. A. -1. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of tlie total length ; pra;-
orbital denticulated. The dorsal spines increase in length poste-
riorly ; the dorsal and anal rays and the lobes of the caudal are pi'o-
duccd into short filaments. Yellowish- violet, the scalis on the head
with a blue spot, those on the body with a blue vertical line ; blue
lines from the orbit to the maxillary ; the spinous dorsal superiorly.
and the anal between the single rays with blue streaks. {BJ.)

Sea of Priaman.

22 rOMACENTRIDJE.

13. Pomacentrus cyanostigma.

Pristotis cyauostigma, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 128. taf. 31. fig. 5.
DmT^2- ^-Tv Ca)c. pylor. 2.
The height t)t' the body is one-third of the total length (the caudal
filament not included) ; the posterior dorsal spines are a little shorter
than the anterior ones ; caudal fin forked, with the upper lobe pro-
duced into a long filament ; operculum with two spines. Greenish,
dotted with blue ; dorsal fin with two series of blue dots ; caudal fin
with transverse series ; a blue streak from the orbit to the extremity
of the snout ; a black spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.
{Rupp.)
Massaua.

14. Pomacentrus tseniurus.

Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Imh-Neclvrl. i. Atnboina, p. 51.
D. i^. A. ■^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths to
thrice and four-fifths in the total length ; prseorbital not serrated.
The posterior dorsal spines are nearly as long as the middle ones ;
caudal fin with the lobes pointed and produced. Violet-olive, each
scale with a pearl- coloured spot ; a blackish spot above the oper-
culum and above the base of the pectoral fin. Dorsal and anal fins
dark-violet, the posterior half of the soft portion and the pectorals
orange-coloured ; caudal orange-coloured, with a dark-violet longi-
tudinal band on each lobe.

Seas of Biliton and Amboyna.

n. Two inches long : bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
This species is extremely similar to Ohjphvlodon anabatoides (p. 54) !

15. Pomacentrus simsiang.

Bleek. in Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1856, xi. p. 90.
D. i§. A. A. L. lat. 26.

14 14

The height of the body is contained thrice and a quarter in the
total length ; prteorbital not serrated. The dorsal spines increase in
length posteriorly ; caudal fin slightly emarginate. The upper part
of the head and the anterior part of the back and the dorsal fin umber-
brown ; the remainder, the anal,' caudal and the hindmost part of the
dorsal yellow; each scale with one or three small blue spots or
stripes ; two blue lines along the forehead, convergent on the snout
and ascending towards the back. Three oblique blue longitudinal
stripes on each side of the head : one from the eye to the suprasca-
pula, the second from the eye to the snout, and the third below the
eye. A black ocellus edged with blue on the middle of the soft dorsal
fin, near its base : anal edged with blue. {Bh)

8ea of Batavia.

5. I'OMACENTfiUS. 23

16. Pomacentrus pavo.

Chffitodon pavo, Bl. t. 198. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 228.

Pomucentrus pavo, Lacdp. iv. p. 508 ; Rupp. All. Fische, p. 37 ; Cuv.

l<f Vol. V. p. 413 ; Cuv. Rbyne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 32. fig. 3 ; Bleek.

Banda, i. p. 247 ; Peters in Wiegtn. Archiv, 1855, p. 265.
Holocentrus diacanthus, Lacep. iv. pp. 338, 373.

^- Fa- ^- 1^- ^- ^^*- 2^-30.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a fourth or thrice
and a thii'd in the total length ; the serrature of the praeorbital is
minute and inconspicuous ; operculum with a single spine. The pos-
terior dorsal spines are scarcely longer than the middle ones ; caudal
deeply emarginate, with the lobes pointed. Blue, each scale with a
brown vertical streak. Belly and fins yellow, the former and the base
of the dorsal and anal with blue dots ; a brown spot on the scapula.

Molucca Sea. Coast of Mozambique.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Pomacentrus pavoninus (Bleek. Solor, p. 85) has been separated by
Dr. Bleeker from this species, because it has the lobes of the caudal
fin roimded, like P. prosopotcenia; but it is known fi-om a single
specimen only.

17. Pomacentrus prosopotsenia.

Bleek. Singapore, p. 67.

^- iTTs- ''^- n- ^- ^^*^- 28-29. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; prteorbital
strongly serrated ; the dorsal spines increase in length towards behind ;
caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes rounded. Greenish, each scale
with a narrow vertical blue streak ; a blue line across the praeorbital
and another between the orbits ; a small blue ocellus at the oiigin of
the lateral line ; sides of the head and base of the dorsal and anal fins
with blue dots, the latter with a blue line along and near the margin;
axil of the pectoral blackish-violet.

Singapore. Molucca Sea.

a. Six inches long. Moluccas.

h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Madame Ida PfeifFer.

c. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

d. Seven inches long. From Dr. Berthold Seemanu's Collection.

Pomacentrus perspicUlatus{(^\iy . & Val. v. p. 417), with a brown spot
between the seventh and ninth dorsal spines, is, perhaps, a varietj' of
this species.

18. Pomacentrus cseriUeus.
Quoy (§• Gaim. Voij. Uran. Zool. p. 397. pi. 64. fig. 2; Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 418.
D. i|. A. ^. Ctec. pylor. 3. Vert. 1115.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the dorsal

24 POMACENTKlD.i;.

spines increase in length towards behind ; caudal lin emarginate, with
the lobes rounded. Blue, with very numerous small vermiculated
black lines which suppress one-half oi' the g-round-colour on the upper
parts of the sides ; the spots are less numerous on the lower parts,
each scale having a black dot at the base and three or four very small
ones towards the margin. Vertical fins brownish-black, with series
of blue dots, the outer series being formed by the largest dots.

He de France.

The above characters have been given on the authority of Cuvier,
the desci-iption and figure by Quoy and Gaimard difi'ering from each
other and from Cuvier's account in several respects.

19. Pomacentrus melanotus.

Bkch. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Xcderl iii. Celebes, x. p. 13.
D.jf. A.^l. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; pra^orbital
serrated. The dorsal spines increase in length towards behind ; caudal
with the lobes rounded. The upper part of the head and the anterior
part of the back brown, the posterior and aU the lower parts yellow ;
sides of the head with whitish dots ; opercidum with a dark-bro-mi
spot superiorly. The dorsal fin is brownish-violet, with a golden
intramarginal hue, to the tenth spine, orange- coloured behind it ;
anal yellow, with a broad violet margin anteriorly; the other fins
yellowish. {BJ.)

Sea of Manado.

20. Pomacentrus melanopterus.

Bleek. Amboina, ii. p. 562.

D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; prseorbital
not serrated. The dorsal spines become gradually longer posteriorly ;
caudal fin emarginate, with the upper lobe rather pointed. Greenish,
fins blackish; base of the pectoral blackish. Brownish (in spirits),
each scale with a shining transverse spot.

East Indian Archipelago, entering rivers.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

I

21. Pomacentrus obtusirostris.

D. i^. A. :^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. '^.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length ; snout
obtuse, much shorter than the diameter of the orbit, the width of
which is more than that of the interorbitai space. There are only
six small incisors anteriorly in the upper jaw, and eight in the lower,

\

5. POlIACENTia'S. 25

the lateral teeth being very small. Prasorbital very narrow and not
serrated ; prajoperenluui finely serrated ; operculum with two spines.
The scales on the iijjper side of the head do not advance to the front
margin of the orbit. Of the dorsal spines the fourth, fifth and sixth
are the longest, the posterior ones being a little shorter ; the soft
dorsal and anal and the caudal lobes are j^roduced into a point.
Light-yollowish-olive (in spirits), dorsal fin blackish ; a deep-black
spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral.
Hab. ?

a. Four inches long. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

b. Two inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

22. Pomacentrus trilineatus.

Poniacentrus trilineatus, (Ehrenh.) Cuv. S,- Val. v. p. 428.

biocellatiis, J?(V/jp. N. W. Fischc, p. 127. tab. 31. fig. 3 (young,

not good).

D. f^. A. l^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length ; prteorbital denticulated, with two stronger teeth an-
teriorly. The dorsal spines increase in length towards behind ;
caudal emarginate, with the lobes rounded. Greenish-olive (in spiiits
brown) ; the base of the caudal and the caudal itself yellowish ; each
scale with one, two or three sky-blue dots ; three or five very fine
blue lines along the forehead, the outer of which are continued on
the nape of the neck and sometimes along the base of the dorsal fin ;
a round dark spot above the operculum ; a black spot edged with
blue on the back of the tail, immediately behind the dorsal fin ;
yomig specimens with a second similar spot on the anterior third of
the soft dorsal fin.

Red Sea. Mozambique. Molucca Sea.

a-c. Adult, half-grown, and young. Red Sea. Collected and pre-
sented by Dr. Riippell.

d. Adult. Massaua. From the Berlin Museum.

e. Fine specimen. Molucca Sea.
f-(j, h, i. Adult and half-grown.

23. Pomacentrus tseniometopon.

lileeh. Amboina Sf Cera»i, p. 283.

D. ,-^j. A. ^3. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is contained tmce and two-thirds in the
total length ; pr«orbital and suborbitals denticulated, with the an-
terior teeth not stronger. The dorsal spines increase somewhat in
length towards behind ; caudal emarginate, with the lobes rounded.
Greenish -violet (in spirits bro\^^l) ; vertical fins darker posteriorlv ;
scales ^vithout blue dots. A pair of very fine blue lines or series of
dots along the forehead and the neck ; a round dark spot above the

26 POMACENTKIDj;.

operculum ; sides of the snout with blue spots or streaks ; no spot on
the back of the tail.

East Indian Arclupelago.

a. Four inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

24. Pomacentrus bankanensis.

Pomacentrus teeniops, Bleek. Bcutka, ii. p. 729 (not Cuv. ^- Val).
bankanensis, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 513.

D. -. A. rA-s- L. lat. 26-28. L. transv. 3/9.

14 14-10 '

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length ; praeorbital denticulated. The dorsal spines increase in
length towards behind; caudal fin subtruncated. Brownish (in
spirits), caudal yellow, each scale with a bluish dot ; two bliiish lines
along the forehead, convergent on the snout and extending on to
the back ; two similar lines through the ii-is to the maxillary ; a
dark-blue spot supeiiorly on the opercuhmi ; a black ocellus edged
with white on the base of the ninth, tenth and eleventh dorsal rays.

East Indian Ai'chipelago. Sea of China.

a. China Sea. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

? b. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection as P. bankanensis. — This
specimen differs from the other and from Bleeker's description
in several points : A. -^ ; no blue lines on the upper side of the
head ; no blue dorsal ocellus. It is similar in coloration to P.
chrysurus, Brouss.

25. Pomacentrus rectifrsenum.

Pomacentrus rectifrjenum, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862,
p. 148.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/10.

15 14 '

The height of the body is a little less than one-third of the total
length ; praeorbital without, praeoperculum with a very fine, and in
young specimens without serrature. The lower praeopercular limb
scaly. The dorsal spines increase in length towards behind ; caudal
fin emarginate. Brownish, or bluish-olive, the scales on the back
and above the anal with a bluish spot. Three or five blue streaks
along the forehead and snout, the middle single one being sometimes
indistiact, the outer pair a little deflexed behind the eyes and con-
tinued into a band or series of dots above the lateral line. No dark
spot above the operculum ; a black spot edged with bluish-white
anteriorly, on the back of the tail, immediately behind the dorsal
fin : young specimens with a whitish spot on the base of the last anal
rays, and with a black ocellus anteriorly on the soft dorsal, both
gradually disappearing with age.

Coasts of Lower California and Central America.

a. Thirty-four lines long. Cape St. Lucas. Presented by the Smith-
sonian Institution. — One of the types of P. recti frcmum, Gill.

n. POMACKNTBUt;.

h. Twenty-six lines long. Cape St. Lucas. I'resented by the Smith-
sonian Institution. — One of the types of/*, bairdii, Gill.

c. Twenty-four lines long. West coast of Central America. From
Captain Dow's Collection. Presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer.
Zool. Soe.

d-h. Adult, half-grown, and young. Island of Cordova. Presented
by J. U. Skinner, Esq.

After having seen the variations of colours in P. trilineatus, P. leu-
costicius, and in many other species of this genus and of GhjpMdodon,
it is impossible for me to share Professor Gill's opinion as to the
validity of three of the four species established by him in the ' Pro- ,
ceedings of the Philadelphia Academy,' I. c, P. rectifrcenum, Jlavi-
latus, and bairdii. I am not only indebted to that gentleman for the
opportunity of examining typical specimens, but also for an account
in MS., in which he disting-uishes a fifth form among the numerous
examples collected by Mr. Xantus at Caj^e St. Lucas. I am fully
convinced that they are specifically identical, and that the differences
pointed out by Professor Gill are dependent chiejly on age, — P. recti-
frcenum being the old, and P. bairdii the j'oung state, whilst the
other represents a variation of colours similar to that observed in
P. Jeucostictus. However, in order not to omit anji;hing which may
assist others to form their own opinion, I insert the following cha-
racters assigned by Professor GiU to his species and kindly com-
municated to me by him for that purpose : —

" I. T-wo blue lines on upper surface of head con-
tinuous to occiput.
n. Sides, pectoral, caudal, and dorsal and anal fins

behind, yellowish P.jlavilatus.

(j. Sides and fins coloured nearly as back.

1 . Vcntrals and anal not margined ; no dorsal

ocellus nor anal spot P. rectifrcenum.

2. Yentrals, and anal in front, margined with
blue ; anal with a blue spot at base of last

rays ; dorsal ocellus P. ancdigutta.

II. Two blue lines from snout decurved behind eyes.

1. Body uniformly coloured, with two dorsal
spots ; also one behind dorsal fin and one at
base of last anal rays ; occiput with a blue

spot on each side P. C[uadrigutta.

2. Body below and tail yellowish, without di-
stinct spots ; occiput with two parallel lon-

tudinal blue lines, &c P. bairdii."

26. Pomacentrus quadrigutta.

. Gill i„ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 149.

D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3 10.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the

28 roMACENTKID-E.

total length ; pnvorbital not, pracoperculum scarcely serrated ; the
lower prajopercular limb is scaloless. The dorsal spines increase in
length towards behind; caudal fin emarginate. Brownish, each
scale blue in the centre ; two blue streaks diverge from the snout
and run along the upper margin of the orbit, their continuation on
the nape appearing as an oblong bluish spot. Two distant bluish-
white spots above the lateral line, one on the base of the last dorsal
rays and one on the base of the last anal rays. A black spot edged
■with wliite anteriorlj on the back of the tail ; a similar superiorly at
the root of the pectoral.
Lower California.

«. Eighteen lines long. Cape St. Lucas. Presented by the Smith-
sonian Institution. — One of the typical specimens.

Although this species is very similar to the preceding, I consider
it as specifically diiferent on account of its body being rather more
elevated, and also on account of the scaleless lower limb of the
praeopercidum.

27. Pomacentrus rhodonotus.
Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 28i'.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 24.

15 15

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length ; prteorbital not serrated. The dorsal spines increase in
length towards behind; caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes
rounded. The upper part of the head and the anterior part of the
back bro-wnish-red, the remainder blackish-vdolet. The spinous
dorsal red ; the soft dorsal violet, Avith a large black ocellus, edged
with blue, between the last dorsal spine and the sixth ray ; anal
black. {Bl.)

Sumatra, Nias.

28. Pomacentrus scolopsis.

Pcmacenti-us scolopseus, Quoy ^- Gaim. Voi/. Uraii. Zool. p. 398.

tajniops, Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 423 ; Less. Voy. Cuqu. Zool. ii. p. 190.

pi. 28. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 512 (not Banka, ii. p. 729).
't emamo, Less. I. c. p. 190.

D J^. A. tA.- L- lat. 27. L. transv. 2/10. Vert. 12/15.

10-17 13-14 '

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length ; prae-
orbital serrated. The posterior dorsal spines are scarcely longer
than the middle ones ; caudal fin slightly emarginate, with the lobes
rounded. Blackish-brown, each scale with a sUveiy dot ; a curved
silvery line round the lower part of the orbit. A black spot on the
base of the three last dorsal rays, and another superiorly in the axil
of the pectoral.

He de France ; East Indian Archipelago ; PoljTiesia.

rt-rZ. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
e. Half-grown. Presented by Dr. P. v. Bleeker.

5, POMACENTRCS. 29

29. Pomacentrus dorsalis.

Gill I'n Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 147.
D. If. A. ^. L.lat.25.

The upper profile of the head is straight. Prseorbital obtusely
denticulated. Brown, obscurely dotted ■with blue ; a large black
spot, edged anteriorly with bluish, on the posterior rays of the dorsal
fin. A blackish sjjot superiorly on the operculum and another at the
base of the pectoral ; caudal fin j-ellow towards the base. The spot
on the dorsal fin becomes indistinct with age ; sometimes a blue
streak round the lower part of the orbit.

Seas of Japan and China.

«. China. Presented by Yice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
h. From the Haslar Collection.

30. Pomacentrus chrystirus.

Chsetodon chrysurus, Broussonet.
Pomacentrus chrysurus, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 423.

D. 1|. A. ~. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length. Snout rather shorter than the eye, the diameter of which
is nearly one-third of the length of the head ; interorbital space
slightly convex, as broad as the orbit. Prseorbital naked, half as broad
as the orbit, with a shallow notch anteriorly and with a spinous tooth
posteriorly ; suborbital ring slightly serrated posteriorly ; scales on
the cheek in two series ; the lower pra^opercular limb with another
series of verj' small scales ; praeoperculum strongly serrated. Teeth
narrow. The two last dorsal spines rather longer than the middle
ones, three-fifths as long as the head; the soft dorsal and anal rounded;
caudal fin emarginate, its length being a little more than one-fifth
of the total. Brown : caudal yellow ; the other fins blackish ; some-
times a round black spot, edged anteriorh- Avith bluish, near the base
of the six last dorsal rays ; an indistinct brown dot superiorly in the
axil of the pectoral. No spot at the origin of the lateral line.

Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen, thirty lines long. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Three inches long. Presented by .J. B. Jukes, Esq.

31. Pomacentrus punctatus.

?? Chffitodon lividus, Forsf. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 227 ; BI. Schu.

p. 2.35.
Pomaceutms punctatus, Quoi/ Sf Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. ,395. pi. G4.

fig. 1 ; Riipp. AH. Fi.sche, p. .37 : Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 429.

D-l-H-:- A.^^. C^c.pylor.3.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length. Prtcorbital denticidated, nearly as broad as long ;
caudal emarginate. Brownish : head with irregidar bluish dots, the

30 POIIACENTRID^.

body ^vith a blue spot on each scale. A black spot, edged with
white anteriorly, on the back of the tail, immediately behind the
dorsal fin ; operculum with a dark spot above.
Red Sea ; He de France ; Bola Bola.

32. Pomacentrus cyanospilus.

Poniacentrus cyanospilos, Blcek. Ceram. ii. p. 709.
prosopotasnioides, Bleek. Amh. ^- Ceram, p. 286.

D. i|. A.-^^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length. There is no notch between the prseorbital and the
other suborbitals, their lower or posterior margin being equally and
finely serrated. The dorsal spines become gradually longer poste-
riorly. Caudal rather deeply emarginate, with the lobes rounded.
Brownish, sides of the head and the scales above the anal fin with
round bluish spots ; anal and dorsal fins very dark posteriorly ; axil-
lary or dorsal spots none.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Five inches long. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection (P.prosojjo-

tcenioides).

b. Twenty-three lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection as

P. cyanospUos.

c. Twenty-eight lines long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Dr. v. Bleeker has considered this species as identical with P.
punctatus, Q. & G. (see Enumer. p. 87), but I prefer to keep them
separate, as the latter species has a black caudal ocellus according to
the accounts of Gaimard, Cuvier, and Riinpell.

33. Pomacentrus moluccensis.

Bleek. Amhoina, iii. p. 118.

D. -^^. A. -V,. L. lat. 2Q. L. transv. 3/9.

IJ— 14 lJ-14 '

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length ; praeorbital much longer than broad, with a deep notch
anteriorly and with two spinous teeth posteriorly ; caudal fin emar-
ginate, with the lobes rounded. Yellow or brownish-yellow, most
of the scales with a bluish transverse streak ; a small blue spot at
the origin of the lateral line and a black one superiorly on the base
of the pectoral fin ; a bluish streak from the belly across the anal
spines to the posterior angle of the anal.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Thirty-two lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

34. Pomacentrus interorbitalis.

D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2^/9.
The height of the body is contained twice and four-fifths in the

5. POMACENTRUS. 31

total length ; praeorbital not serrated, half as wide as the orbit ; snout
rather shorter than the eye, the diameter of which equals the width
of the interorbital space. The nine posterior dorsal spines are equal
in length, half as long as the head. Caudal fin emarginate, with the
lobes rounded. Brownish (in spirits) ; a bluish line across the fore-
head, another curved round the lower half of the orbit ; cheeks and
base of the anal with bluish dots ; fins immaculate, pectoral, dorsal
and caudal light- coloured, ventrals and anal blackish ; no axillary
spot.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Two inches long. — The British Museum has received this specimen
from Dr. v. Bleeker's Collection as P. tceniops, from which it
difters in the number of the fin-rays, in the structure of the
prteorbital, and in the coloration.

35. Pomacentrus leucostictus.

Pomacentrus leucostictus, MiilJ. ^- Trosck. in Schomburffk's Barhad.
p. 674.

D. ~. A. ^^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/9. Ceec. pylor. 3.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths iu the
total length ; interorbital space slightly convex ; the upper profile of
the head arched ; only the posterior part of the infraorbital ring is
minutely denticulated. The lower praeopercular limb scaly. The
upper and lower teeth nearly equally broad. Caudal fin forked, with
the lobes rather pointed. No spot on the back of the tail ; a white
dot on the base of the last anal rays. Either nearly uniform brown,
with scarcely any dots on the snout and the base of the dorsal and
anal fins, or brownish -black above, yellowish-green on the sides and
on the belly, and yellow on the posterior part of the tail and on the
caudal fin ; numerous bluish-white dots on the head, back, and on the
soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins, the dots being less numerous
on the sides.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a, h-c. Fine specimens. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
d-e. Young. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection.
f~g. Adult. America. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

Young specimens have a distinct black ocellus on the middle of
the anterior soft dorsal rays ; blue dots are crowded round it, form-
ing a blue ring. Snout with two short, convergent blue lines supe-
riorly.

36. Pomacentrus fascus.

Pomacentrus fuscus, Cut. Sf Vol. v. p. 432,

variabilis, Casteln. Anim. tiouv. ou rares, Poiss. p. 9. pi. 3. fig. 3.

nigricans, pt., Grortov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 61.

D. jJ^. A. -i. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the

32

POMACENTRID.E.

total lengtli ; iiiterorbital space convex ; the upper profile of the head
arched ; only the middle aud hinder parts of the infraorbital ring are
finely denticulated ; the lower praeopercular limb scaly. Caudal fin
emarginate, with the lobes obtusely rounded, the upper being the
longer. iS^early uniform brownish, mth a yellowish shade ; only a few
indistinct bluish dots on the side of the snout and above the anal fin ;
vertical fins deep-black ; a rather indistinct blackish blotch on the
back of the tail ; axil of the pectoral blackish superiorly.
Bahia.

a-b. Fine specimens (3| to 4^ inches long). Bahia. From Dr. 0.
Wucherer's Collection.

37. Pomacentrus otophorus.

Poei/, Memor. Cub. ii. p. 188.
D. If. A. -^. L. lat. 27. Cffic. pylor. 3. Vert. 11/15.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length ; the maxillary does not extend to the orbit ; only the
posterior infraorbitals are denticulated ; caudal fin forked, the other
vertical fins produced into a point. Brown : fins blackish, with their
points yellow ; base of the pectoral black ; a black spot superiorly on
the operculum. {Poey.)

Cuba.

38. Pomacentrus xanthurus.

Poey, I. c. p. 190.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length ; the maxillary extends to the vertical from the orbit ;
denticidation of the infraorbital very feeble. Brown : pectoral, ven-
tral, caudal, and the point of the dorsal orange-coloured. {Poey.)

Cuba.

39. Pomacentrus littoralis.

Pomacentrus littoralis, {Kuhl 8,- v. Ilass.) Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 425;

>Schh'{/. Ovcrz. Amphqv. S)C. in Vcrhind. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Overz.

Bezitt. p. 20. tab. 4. tig. 3 ; Blcek. Batav. p. 483

pi-istiger, Cuv. 4'" Val. ix. p. 506.

hogoleiiensis, Hombr. Sf Jacqu. Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 47. pi. 5.

fig. 3.
? Pristotis fuscus, Blcek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Bali, p. 9.

D. 11^^. A. j^^. L. lat. 26-27. L. transv. 3/9. Vert. 11/15.

The height of the body is contained twice and four-fifths or twice
and three-fourths in the total length ; prajorbital strongly denticu-
lated, vrith one or two stronger teeth anteriorly. The dorsal spines
increase in length towards behind ; caudal emarginate, with the lobes
rounded. Brown, either uniform or "with some darker spots, namely

5. POMACENTRUS. 33

one at the base of the pectoral fin, one at the commencement of the
lateral line, and one on the back of the tail behind the dorsal tin.

lie de France. East Indian Archipelago. Polynesia. Coasts of
Australia.

a. Adult. East Indies. From the Collection of the East India

Company,
b-d, e, f, g. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. Dove's Island. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
i. Adult. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.
k. Adult. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
I. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Pomacentrus Icatunl-o (Bleek. Timor, p. 169) is very closely allied
to, if not identical with, this species.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

40. Pomacentrus triptmctatus.
Cuv. Sf Val. V. p. 421.

D. i|. A. f.

15 14

Praeorbital not serrated (? in immature specimens). Caudal fin
forked, with the lobes pointed. Dark-bro^vn, with a small black spot
above the operculum, another on the soft dorsal fin, and a third, which
is edged with white anteriorly, on the back of the tail, immediately
behind the dorsal fin. {Cnv.)

Sea of Vanicolo.

Known from specimens 11 to 2 inches long ; perhaps the imma-
ture state of a known species.

41. Pomacentrus vanicolensis.

Cuv. Sf Val. V. p. 421.

Praeorbital denticulated, much longer than broad ; caudal fin emar-
ginate. Brown, with a black spot, edged with white anteriorly, on
the back of the tail ; opercidum \^'ith a dark spot superiorly. Imma-
ture specimens with a dark spot on the soft dorsal fin. (Cuv.)

Vanicolo.

42. Pomacentrus planifrons.

Cttv. (§- Val V. p. 431.

D. IB. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length ; interorbital space flat, anterior profile of the head straight ;
only the posterior half of the infraorl)ital ring is finely denticulated.
The dorsal spines increase in lengtli towards behind ; caudal forked.

TOI,. IV. D

34 pomacentrih.t:.

Brown : a black spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral, and a
blackish spot on the back of the tail.
Caribbean Sea.

a-e. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

43. Pomacentrus nigricans.

Holocentnis nigricans, Lacep. iv. pp. 332, 367.

Pomacentnis nigricans, Cuv. ^- Vol. v. p. 425; Quoy ^- Gaim. Vay.
Uran. Zool. p. 399.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length ; the upper
profile of the head is nearly straight ; the infraorbital is narrow and
very finely serrated posteriorly ; prseoperculum rather indistinctly
denticulated ; operculum with two small spines. Uniform blackish-
brown.

Sandwich Islands.

44. Pomacentrus latifrons.

Ihchudi, Faun. Per. Pise. p. 17.

"■ 20- ^- iT

The height of the body is somewhat more than one- third of the
total length. The middle dorsal spines are longer than the posterior
ones. Caudal emarginate. Uniform grey. (Tsch.)

Coast of Peru.

We are not certain whether this species really belongs to Poma-
centrus. Tschudi does not say anything about the denticulations of
the prfeorbital and praeopercijum ; the vertical fins are scaly. We
are not aware whether, or where, the typical specimens, which were
nine inches long, are preserved;

6. GLYPHIDODON*.

Glyphisodon, pt., LacSp. iv. p. 542.
Glyphisodon, Cuv. Rbgne Anim.

Euschistodus, Hvpsj'pops, sp., et Glvphidodon, Gill in Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sc. Philad. 1862, pp. 145, 147.

* 1. Glyphisodon abdominalis, Qiioy S( Gaim. Voy. Urayi. Zool. p. 390; Cuv.
^ Val. v. p. 457. — Sandwich Islands.

2. Bodianus macrolepidotus, Bl. t. 230; Bl. Schn. p. 831 ; Lacep. iv. p. 286.

— Glyphisodon macrolepidotus, Cuv. ^ Val. r. p. 473. — East Indies.

3. margariteus, Cuv. 8f- Val. v. p. 470. He de France.

4. glaucus, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 475. — Guam.

5. dickii, Lienard, Dix. Bapp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maurit. p. 35. — The pub-
lication containing the short description of this species not being easily
accessible, we copy the note of M. Lienard : " Elle a et4 trouvee dans
I'estomac d'un Merou peche par 40 brasses de profondenr. Sa forme
est tres raccourcie, sa dorsale et son anale sont tres ^levees et finissent
en pointe. Son profil n'est pas arque comme celui de presque tons

6. GLYPHIDODON. 35

Praeoperculum not denticulated. Teeth compressed, in a single
series ; the series sometimes composed of alternate teeth. Dorsal
fin with twelve or thirteen spines, anal with two (three in 6?. nigros).
Scales of moderate size, in 30 or less transverse series ; the lateral
line ceases below the posterior portion of the dorsal fin. Branchio-
stegals five or six ; giUs three and a half ; pseudobranchiaa present ;
an air-bladder. Pyloric appendages tkree.

Tropical seas of both hemisjjheres. Single species extend north-
wards to the latitude of Madeira in the Atlantic and of California
in the Pacific, southwards to the latitudes of New Zealand and of
Soiith Australia.

Sifiwpsis of the Species.

I. Teeth fixed : Ghjphidodon.

A. Body with several transverse bands.

1. Cross-bands darker than the ground-colom;, p. 35.

2. Cross-bands lighter than the ground-colour, p. 43.

B. Body more or less uniform, or bicoloured, or with small ornamental

markings.

1. The height of the body is one-half, or more than one-half, of the

total length (the caudal fin not included), p. 44.

2. The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length

(the caudal fin not included), p. 50.

n. Teeth in the upper jaw moveable : Microspathodon, p. 57.
(in. Three anal spines, p. 57. )

I. Teeth fixed.

A. Body with several transverse bands.

1. Cross-bands darker than the ground-colour.

1. Glyphidodon saxatilis.

The Jaqueta. La Demoiselle.

Marcgr. p. 156 ; Pison. Lid. p. 68.

Chffitodon saxatilis, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 466 ; Bl. iii. p. 96, part, (the

figure appears to be taken from an Indian specimen).
marginatus, Bl. iii. p. 98 (tab. 207 incorrect) ; Lac&p. iv. pp. 451,

463.
mauritii, Bl. iii. p. 109. taf. 213. fig. 1 : Bl. Schn. p. 234 ; Lac^.

iv. pp. 452, 470.

les Glyphisodons. Toutes les 6cailles sont vermiculfes et le bord de
chacune richement guilloche. La prunelle grande et noire est entour^e
d'un petit cercle jaune. Uneteinte legere de violet couvre la tete. Le
ventre est violet bleuiitre, le dos grisatre ; la dorsale, I'anale et la ventrale
8onf noires ; la peetorale griae, la queue et la caudale aurores. Une
bande verticale qui embrasse la largeur de trois 6cailles est plac6e un
peu avant la queue. L'iiidividu a '6\ ponces de long.'" — Maiu-itius.

1) 2

36

POMACENTEID^.

Chfetodon sargoides, Lac^p. iv. pp. 453, 471, 472.
Glyphisodon saxatilis, Cuv, cV J al. v. p. 446.

D. j|. A.^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/11. Ca3c. pylor. 3.
Vert. 12/14.

The height of the body is contained once and three-fourths (twice iu
young specimens) in the total lenr/th (the caudal fin not included) ;
the width of the interorbital space equals that of the oi-bit ; the
breadth of the infraorbital ring below the centre of the eye is one-
half of the greatest breadth of the prseorbital. Incisors rather narrow,
notched. The soft dorsal is produced into a point, the fourth and
fifth rays being the longest ; caudal fin forked. Body with five black
cross-bands, which are not broader than the interspaces between
them : the fii-st from the fii'st dorsal spine to the humerus ; the
second from the fourth and fifth dorsal spines towards the middle of
the ventral fin ; the third from the ninth and tenth dorsal spines
towards the vent ; the fourth from the end of the spinous dorsal to
the middle of the anal ; the fifth immediately below the end of the
soft dorsal, and continued on the posterior rays.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic.
a-c. Young. Island of Cordova. Presented by J. U. Skinner, Esq.
d, e. Fine specimens. Puerto CabeUo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
/. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
g-h, i. Adult and half-grown. Caribbean Sea.
h-x. Skins. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
y-z. Adult : bad state. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
a, ft, y, S, e-^. Adult and half-grown.
r]. Half-grown : stuffed.
0. Adult : skeleton. Caribbean Sea.

2. Glyphidodon troschelii.

Gill hi Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 150.

D. if. A. A L. lat. 29-30. L. transv. 4/11.

The height of the hody is one-half of the total length (■without
caudal) ; the width of the interorbital space equals that of the orbit ;
the breadth of the infraorbital ring below the centre of the eye is
rather less than one-half of the greatest breadth of the praeorbital.
Incisors narrow, notched. The soft dorsal is slightly -pi'oduced into
a point formed by the third, fourth and fifth rays, which are the
longest ; caudal forked. Body with five blackish cross-bands, which
are not broader than the interspaces between them : the first below
or immediately before the origin of the dorsal fin ; the second below
the third and fifth spines ; the third from the seventh and ninth
dorsal spines to the vent ; the fourth below and immediately before
the origin of the soft dorsal ; the fifth immediately behind the end of
the dorsal and anal fins.

Coast of Lower California.

a-c. Young. Cape St. Lucas. Presented by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

6. GLYPHIDODON. 37

This species is extremely similar to 0. saxatilis, but appears to
have the body more elongate, and the last cross-band does not extend
over the posterior dorsal rays.

y. Glyphidodon rudis.

Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 101.

D. j|. A. ^. L. lat. 25. Ciec. pylor. 3.

12 10 ^ "^

Teeth deeply notched^ [praeoperculum with coarse denticulations ?j.
The height of the body is contained twice and a quarter in the total
length ; caudal fin emarginate. Brown, with five broad vertical
bands. (Poet/.)

Cuba.

4. Gljrphidodon taurus.

The Uove-tail Fish.

Miill. ^ Trosch. in Schomh. Barbad. p. G74.

^- Tr ^- To-

Teeth notched ; the cleft of the mouth does not extend to the
vertical from the orbit ; the praeorbital, above the angle of the mouth,
is nearly as broad as the diameter of the eye. The five vertical
bands are less distinct than in G. saxatilis. (M. Sf T.)

Barbadoes.

5. Glyphidodon conoolor.

Euschistodus conoolor, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 145.
D. i;?. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3^/10.

12 10 *'

The height of the bodj' is somewhat more than one-half of the
total length (without caudal) ; the width of the interorbital space,
which is slightly convex, is more than that of the orbit. The breadth
of the infraorbital ring below the middle of the eye is two-thirds of
the greatest breadth of the praeorbital. (Pneoperctdar margins not
serrated.) Incisors moderately broad, deeply notched. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate. Body dark-greenish-olive, with five rather
indistinct blackish cross-bands : the first very obscure, in front of
the dorsal fin ; the second from the third to fifth spines ; the third
from the seventh to ninth towards the vent ; the fourth from the
last dorsal spines towards the anterior soft anal rays ; the fifth from
below the posterior half of the soft dorsal ; pectoral with a tapeiing
black transverse line at the base.

Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America.

«. Four inches long. Panama. Presented by the Smithsonian

Institution.
h-e. Adult, half-grown, and young. Panama. Collected by Captain

Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.
/. fj. Many young and half-grown specimens. Island of Cordova.

Presented liy J. U. Skinner, Esij.

38 POMACENTRID^'E.

6. Glyphidodon declivifrons.

Euschistodus declivifrons, Gill in Pruc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. 1862,
p. 146.

D. 15. A. ^*. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3^9.

The height of the body is a little more than one-half of the total
length (without caudal) ; the width of the interoi-bital space, which
is very convex, equals that of the orbit ; the breadth of the infra-
orbital ring below the centre of the eye is rather less than one-half
of the greatest breadth of the prseorbital. Incisors moderately broad,
deeply notched. Body light-greenish, shining golden, with six
blackish cross-bands, which are as broad as the interspaces between
them : the fii'st is indistinct and immediately before the origin of
the dorsal ; the second below the thii'd to fifth spines ; the third
below the sixth to eighth ; the fourth from the eleventh and thir-
teenth to the anal spines ; the fifth from the middle of the soft dor-
sal towards the end of the anal ; the sixth across the middle of the
free portion of the tail.

Coasts of Lower California and Nicaragua.

a. Two and a haK inches long. Cape St. Lucas. Presented by the
Smithsonian Instittition.

h. Many young specimens (from 1 to 2 inches long). Island of Cor-
dova. Presented by J. U. Skinner, Esq.

7. Glyphidodon coelestinus.

Renard, i. pi. 33. uo. 176; Valent. uo. 75.

Sparus, sp., Gronov. Zoojihyl. no. 222.

Chsetodon saxatilis, Forsk. p. 62 ; Bl. tab. 206. fig. 2.

Labrus sexfasciatus, Lacep. iii. p. 477. pi. 19. fig. 2.

Eahti potah, Unssell, i. p. 67. pi, 86.

Chsetodon tyrwhitti, Beim. Fish, of Ceylon, pi. 25.

Glyphisodon saxatilis, Hiijip. All. Fische, p. 35, and N. W. Fische, p. 126.

rahti, Cm: 8)- Val. v. p. 456, ix. p. 507 ; Cant. 3Ial. lish. p. 242 ;

Schleff. Ovirz. Awphipr.SfC.in Vcrh. Ned.Overz. Bezitt.'^.'iS,; Bhek.

Amb. Sf Cer. p. 287; Eichards. Ichth. Chin. p. 253.
ccelestinus, (Soland.) Cnv. 8,' Val. v. p. 464, ix. p. 508 ; Richards.

I. c. ; Bleek. in Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxi. Lab?: Cten. p. 15;

Gver.-Menev. Iconogr. iii. pi. 19. fig. 8.

tji-wbitti, Richards. I. c.

quadrifasciatus, Bleek. Labr. Cten. p. 17.

waigiensis, Bleek. Labr. Cten. p. 13, and Batav. p. 484.

Sparus fasciatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 60.

^- Ti- ^- rsrn- ^- ^^*- 29-30. L. transv. 4/11. Vert. 11/15.

The height of the body is one-half or somewhat more than one-
half of the total length (the caudal fin not included). The width of
the interorbital space equals that of the orbit (in immature speci-
mens), or is rather more in adult ones ; the breadth of the infraorbital

* Mr. Gill mentions twelve anal rays, whilst I can find only ten in one of the
typical epccimens sent by the Smithsonian Institution to the Museum.

6. HLYPHIDODON. -^

ring below the centre of the eye is one-third of the greatest breadth
of the praeorbital. The soft dorsal fin is produced into a point, the
fourth and fifth raj-s being the longest ; caudal fin forked. Body
with five blackish cross-bands, which are not broader than the inter-
spaces between them : the first from before the origin of the spinous
dorsal to the base of the pectoral fin ; the second from the fourth,
fifth and sixth dorsal spines towards the middle of the ventral fin ;
the third from the tenth, eleventh and twelfth dorsal spines towards
the anal spines ; the fourth from the middle of the soft dorsal to the
middle of the anal ; the fifth across the middle of the free portion
of the tail.

From the Red Sea thi'ough all the Indian Seas to Polynesia.

Var. a. (?. ccelestinus. The caudal fin has a blacldsh streak along
each lobe.

a. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by Sir J. C Bowring.

b. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

c. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

Var. /3. G. rahti. The caudal fin is uniform transparent, or black-
ish on the basal portion.

d-i. Half-grown and young: skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
k. Young. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
/. Half-gro'mi : skin. China. Presented by J. R. Peeves, Esq.*
m. Young. China. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
n-]}. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
q. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. (G. waigi-

ensis.)
r. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. (G. quadri-

fasciatus.)
s. Many young specimens. India.
t. Half-grown : bad state. Old Collection.

Whilst I cannot hesitate to consider G. rahti and G. ccelestinus as
individual varieties of one and the same species, G. luaigiensis may
be really different, and distmguished by a more elevated body, the
depth of which is three-fifths of the total length (the caudal fin not
included) ; it has been described by Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool.
p. 391, and by Cuv. & Val. v. p. 457. The following specimens in
the British Museum Collection appear to belong to this species or
variety : —

a. Half-grown. Sandwich Islands. From the Berlin Museum.
h. Half-grown : stuffed.

* It is very probable that this is the specimen mentioned by Sir J. Richardson
as Gli/pkisodon tyrwhifti {I. c.) ; its teeth ore in a single series as in the other
Glyphidodonts ; and we suppose that Sir J. Richardson considered the broad-
toothed Cliinese species (G. srpfemfa/trinfiis) as G. crfrffinti!'. which, in fact, has
the Icelh as narrow and slender as in G. ^.x-afi/ix.

40 pomacentkidjE.

8. Glyphidodon schlegelii.

Bleeker, Ternate, p. 138.

D. i-^ A. r- L. lat. 26. L. transv. 2/10.

10 li '

The height of the body is contained once and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal). The snout is much shorter than the
eye ; the praorbital, above the angle of the mouth, is one-half of the
width of tlie eye. Teeth small, about 56 in the upper jaw. Caudal
fin deeply forked. Greenish, with five or six brown cross-bands
which are close together, the first across the opercidum, the second
to the pectoral, the thii'd to the ventral, the fourth and fifth to the
anal, the sixth on the tail.

Coasts of Celebes, Ternate, and Goram,

(t. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

9. Glyphidodon septemfasciatus.

Cuv. 8f Vol. V. p. 463 ; Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 582.

D. if. A. fg. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/11. Vert. 12/14.

The height of the body is a little more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin not included) ; the interorbital space is as
wide as the orbit, and the scales on it do not advance quite as far as
the front margin of the eye. The breadth of the infraorbital ring
below the centre of the orbit is somewhat more than one-half of the
greatest breadth of the preeorbital. The upper jaw with eight in-
cisors in front, which are more or less emarginate and broader than
the lateral teeth. The soft dorsal is somewhat produced, the third,
fourth and fifth rays being the longest. Caudal fin forked. A more
or less distinct eychd covers the upper anterior part of the eye. Body
with seven brownish cross-bands, which are broader than the inter-
spaces of the ground-colour between them : the first rather indistinct,
from the occiput to the praeoperculum ; the second from the nape of
the neck and fi-om the first dorsal spine to the base of the pectoral,
which has a black spot superiorly at the base ; the third to sixth from
the dorsal fin ; the seventh across the tail, immediately behind the
dorsal and anal fins.

From Mauritius to the Philippine Islands and to the coasts of
China.

a-b, c. Adult. China. Presented by Vice- Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

d. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

e. Skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

/. Adult : skeleton. China. Presented by Vice- Admiral Sir E. Bel-
cher, C.B.
Skeleton. — In no other species of this genus and the genera allied
to it have I so distinctly observed a certain peculiarity of the man-
dible as in 01. septemfasciatus. The suture between the dentary and
articulary bones is so loose, that the former is quite moveable, as if
a joint existed between them.

6. GLYPHIDODON. 41

10. Glyphidodon bengalensis.

? ? Chaetodon bengalensis, £1. taf. 213. fig. 2.
Labrua uiacrogaster, Lac6p. iii. pp. 4^0, 477. pi. 19. fig. 8.
Glj^hisodon bengalensis, Cuv. Sf FaZ. v. p. 458 ; Bleeh. Verhatid. Batav.
Genootsch. xxi. Lnhr. Cten. p. 11.

D. ||. A. ^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/11.

The height of the body is contained once and three-foiirths in the
total length (the caudal fin not included) ; the width of the inter-
orbital space is more than that of the orbit ; the breadth of the infra-
orbital ring below the centre of the eye is one-half of the greatest
breadth of the prajorbital. The soft dorsal fin is produced into a
point, the third, fourth and fifth rays being the longest ; caudal fin
forked. Body with seven blackish cross-bands : the first is indistinct,
and descends obliquely from the nape to the orbit and praeoperculum ;
the second from the first and second dorsal spines to the axil of the
pectoral ; the third from the fifth dorsal spine towards the middle of
the ventral ; the fourth from the eighth and ninth dorsal spines
towards the vent ; the fifth from the two last dorsal spines to the
second of the anal fin ; the sixth from behind the middle of the soft
dorsal fin towards the end of the anal ; the seventh is indistinct,
across the tail.

Indian Seas.
a, b. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

11. Glyphidodon afSnis.
D. i5. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 4/11.

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fiji not included) ; head a little higher than long.
The width of the intororbital space equals the extent of the snout,
and is rather more than the width of the orbit. The scales on the
upper surface of the head advance to the front margin of the eye.
The breadth of the infraorbital ring below the centre of the eye is one-
half of the greatest breadth of the praorbital. Teeth compressed,
very narrow, of moderate length. The soft dorsal and anal fins
angular ; caudal forked, with the lobes rounded. Body with six dark
cross-bands, which are narrower than the interspaces between them :
the first indistinct, from the nape to the operculum ; the second from
the two first dorsal spines to the base of the pectoral ; the third from
the fifth and sixth dorsal spines to behind the base of the ventral ;
the foxrrth from the tentli and eleventh dorsal spines to the vent ; the
fifth from the three anterior dorsal rays to the three anterior anal rays ;
the sixth across the tail, immediately behind the vertical fins.

Chinese Sea.

a. Six inches long. China.

12. Glyphidodon sordidus.

Chfctodon sordidus, Forsk. p. 02. no. 87 ; Bl. Schn. p. 2.30.
Poniacantluis sordidus, Lucdp. iv. p. iJl'.t.

42 POMACENTEID^.

Hussell, tab. 85.

Glyplusodou sordidus, Riipp. Ail. Fische, p. 34. taf. 8. fig. 1 ; Cuv. Sf

Val. V. p. 466; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Geiiootsch. xxi. Labr. Cten.

p. 16.
g'igasy Lienard, Div. Rctpp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maur. p. 35.

D. ^. A. ~~- L- lat. 29. L. transv. 4/12. Caec. pylor. 3.

14-10 l4-i5 ' * *'

Vert. 12/14.

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin not included) ; the width of the interorbital
space is more than that of the orbit ; the scales advance to the front
margin of the eye. The breadth of the infraorbital ring below the
centre of the eye is more than one-half of the greatest breadth of the
prsBorbital. Teeth very narrow and slender ; vertical fins obtusely
rounded ; caudal deeply emarginate. Body with about six dark,
rather indistinct cross-bands, broader than the interspaces of the
ground-colour between them ; a large black spot across the back of
the tail, immediately behind the dorsal.

Young specimens have the anterior half of the spinous dorsal fin
black.

Indian Seas.
a, b. Adult. China.

c, d-e. Adult, half-grown, and young. Mauritius. From the Col-
lection of the Zoological Society.
/. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. RiippeU's Collection.
g. Adult: stnffed.

h. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Adult : skeleton. China. From the Haslar Collection.

13. Glyphidodon breviceps.

Schleg. Overz. Amphipr. l^c. in Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Overz.
Bezitt. p. 23.

V. -. A. -.

Body oblong ; snout very short ; the sixth and seventh rays of the
dorsal fin, the ninth and tenth of the anal, the ventrals, and the caudal
lobes produced into filaments. Yellowish, with three broad darker
cross-bands : the first from the occiput through the eye, the second
from the nape and the origin of the dorsal fin, the third from the soft
dorsal. Dorsal and caudal fins with numerous light dots disposed in
series. (Schleg.)

South-west coast of Sumatra.

14. Glyphidodon trifasciatus.

Chsetodon cm-a9ao, Bl. iii. p. 106. taf. 212. fig. 1 ; Bl Schn. p. 234 ;

Lacep. iv. p. 463.
Glyphisodon curassao, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 471.
trifasciatus, Bleek. Labr. Cten. p. 19.

^- T¥T3- A- ,-Fn- I^- lat. 27. L. transv. 3/10. Vert. 12/14.
The height of the body is three-fifths of the total length (the caudal

6. GLYPHIDODON. 43

fin not included) ; tlie snout is nearly as long as the eye ; the praB-
orbital has a distinct notch above the maxillaiy, and its greatest
^vidth is one-half of that of the orbit. Incisors short, small, tren-
chant. The seventh and eighth dorsal spines are longer than the
tweKth, which is generally somewhat shorter than the last ; the soft
dorsal elevated ; the caudal forked. Greenish-olive, with three black
cross-bands, which are ill-defined, and formed by black spots on the
cutaneous sheaths of the transparent scales : the first from the first
five or six dorsal spines to the pectoral, the second from the ninth
and twelfth dorsal spines to the vent, and the third between the soft
dorsal and anal.

East Indian Archipelago.

rt, b. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : skeleton. Coram. From the Collection of Madame Ida
Pfeiifer.

This species does not come from the West Indies, as stated by
Bloch, but from different islands of the East Indian Archipelago.
The species may be easily recognized from the figure given by Bloch ;
the name, however, which he has proposed for it must be rejected, as
it is derived from a wrong locality.

2. Cross-bands lighter than the ground-colour.

15. Glyphidodon albofasciatus.
Hombr. 8; Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 49. pi. 5. fig. 4.

D. i5 A. K

18. 12

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; teeth narrow ; caudal fin emarginate. Brownish-
green, with three white cross-bands : the first descends obliquely
from the shoulder behind the pectoral to the base of the ventral ; the
second also is somewhat oblique and descends from before the middle
of the spinous dorsal fin to the vent ; the thii'd across the middle of
the free portion of the tail : ventral fins whitish, with the exterior
margin blackish. Cheeks with some whitish dots. {H. <^- J.)

Island of Poulolant (Borneo group).

16. Glyphidodon xanthozona.
Bkeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 283.

D.,^3. A.j^3. L.lat.28. L. transv. 3/8.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length (the caudal fin not included) ; the width of the prae-
orbital, above the angle of the mouth, is one-half, or, in immature spe-
cimens, less than one-half of that of the orbit ; teeth very narrow, with
a second series of still narrower ones which are alternate with those
of the front series. Caudal tin emarginate. Brownish-violet, with
throe yellow cross-bands : one across the ojicrcuhim. one from the

44 POMACENTRIB.E.

fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines to the middle of the belly, and
one across the tail ; fins orange -coloured ; the spinous dorsal and the
caudal with a bro-\vn margin, the soft dorsal with an oblique round
black spot at the base of the six last dorsal rays ; anal with an oblique
blue longitudinal streak.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Four and a half inches long.

b. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

17. Glyphidodon oxyodon.

Bleeker, Act. Soc, Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii. Celebes, x. p. 14.
D. ||. A. j|- L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2i/9.

The teeth of the upper jaw are slender, lanceolate, of unequal size,
in a single series ; some of those of the lower are lobate. The height
of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal fin not included) ;
the snout is much shorter than the eye ; the width of the praeorbital,
above the angle of the mouth, is less than one-half of that of the
orbit. Caudal fin scarcely emarginate,with the lobes obtuselyroimded.
Blackish-violet, with three white cross-bands descending obliquely
forwards : the first from the origin of the spinous dorsal towards the
snout ; the second fi'om the origin of the soft dorsal ; the thii-d from
the back of the free portion of the tail ; another whitish streak from
the chin to the praeoperculum ; a very broad whitish blotch anteriorly
on the sides ; a whitish ocellus at the base of the eighth dorsal spine.

Sea of Celebes.

a. Twenty-two hues long : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's
Collection.

B. Body more or less uniform, or bicoloured, or with small ornamental
markings.

1. The height of the body is one-half, or more than one-half, of the
total length (the caudal fin not included.)

18. Glyphidodon sparoides,

Sargus annularis, var., Lacep. iv. pi. 11. fig. 1; \Quoy^ Gaini. Voy.

Urcm. Zool. p. 394 : cfr. Cm. Sf Val. v. p. 469.]
Glyphisodon sparoides, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 468 ; Peters in Wiegm. Arch.

1855, p. 266.

D.i|. A.-^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/11.

The height of the body is somewhat more than one-half of the
total length (the caudal fin not included) ; the scales on the upper
surface of the head advance to before the orbit, nearly to the extre-
mity of the snout. Teeth small, short, narrow ; the greatest width
of the pra3orbital is not quite one-half of that of the orbit. Caudal
fin deeply forked. Greenish-olive, with a large black blotch on each
side of the tail.

Mauritius. Coast of Mozambique.

a. Adidt. Mauritius. Collected by C. Telfair, Esq.

6. GLTPHIDODON. 45

19. Glyphidodon bonang.
Bhcker, Sumatra, i. p. 582.

B. 6. D.y^g. k.^^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. ^/ll.

The height of the body is contained once and four-fifths in the total
length (without caudal) ; infraorbitals scaly ; caudal fin slightly
emarginate, with the lobes rounded. Mature specimens uniform
brown, the dorsal, anal and ventral fins being blackish towards the
margin ; a black spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral fin.
Immature specimens with lighter dots, and with a large dark ocellus
edged with whitish on the base of the posterior portion of the soft
dorsal fin.

Coasts of Java and Sumatra.

a. Three inches long, with the dorsal ocellus very distinct. From
Dr. P. V. Bleeker's Collection.

20. Glyphidodon sculptus.
Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 200.

B. 6. D. 1^. A. ~. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin not included)*. Greenish above, silvery be-
neath. \Ptt.)

Coast of Mozambique.

21. Glyphidodon melas.

Glyphisodon melas, {Kuhl i^- van Ilass.) Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 472 ; Bleek.

Verhand. Bafav. Genootsch. xxi. Lahr. Cten. p. 23 ; SMeg. Overz.

Amphipr. ^-c. in Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Overz. Bezitt. p. 28.

pi. 5. fig. 2.
ater, Cuv. <§• Val. v. p. 473.

D. ||. A. -|. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included) ; the infraorbital ring below the orbit
is not much narrower than the prseorbital. Teeth very narrow,
scarcely compressed. Dorsal spines rather short ; caudal fin sub-
tnmcated. tJniform black, shining greenish.

Red Sea. East Indian Archipelago. New Hebrides.

a. Fine specimen. Ceram. Piirchased of Mr. Stevens.
6. Seven inches long : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's
Collection.

22. Glyphidodon aureus.

Glj-phisodon aureus, (Kuhl &• van TZam. ) Cuv. S)- Val. v. p. 472; Schleg.
Overz. Amphipr. 4"C. in I erhand. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ooerz. Bezitt.

* Professor PoUjre says tliat tlie bodv is t'lovated as in (/. sordi<!i(>i.

46

POMACENTRrD.E.

p. 22. pi. 5. fig. 1 ; Cuv. R^gtie Anim. El. Poiss. pi. 33. fig. 1 ; Bleek.
Labr. Cten. p. 21.

D. [5. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is three-fifths of the total length (the
caudal fin not included) ; the snout is nearly as long as the eye ;
the prasorbital has a distinct notch above the maxillarj^, and its
greatest width is one-half of that of the orbit. Incisors short, small,
not emarginate. The seventh and eighth dorsal spines are not longer
than the twelfth, and shorter than the thirteenth ; the third dorsal
ray produced. Caudal forked. Nearly uniform yellow.

Java, Celebes, and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

23. GljrpMdodon leucogaster.
Bleeker, Labr. Cten. p. 26.

D. il. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/10.

Body suborbicular, its height being contained once and two-thirds
in the total length (without caudal fin) ; snout shorter than the eye ;
the prseorbital has a very shallow notch behind the maxillary, and
its greatest width is one-half of that of the orbit. Incisors short
and veiy small. The seventh and eighth dorsal spines equal in
length to the thirteenth ; the third dorsal ray is the longest ; caudal
fin forked, with the lobes pointed. Brownish, with scattered blue
dots ; beUy and ventral fins bright yellow ; the posterior dorsal and
anal rays yellow, caudal with a darker superior and inferior margin ;
a black spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral fin.

Coasts of Java, Amboyna, and Banda.

a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

24. Glyphidodon orbicularis.

Hombr. 4" Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 52. pi. 5. fig. 6 (teeth and
prfBoperculum incorrect).

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin not included). Teeth narrow, trenchant at
the extremity. The posterior dorsal spines are shorter than the
middle ones ; caudal emarginate ; the first ventral ray produced into
a long filament. Greenish-silvery, with dark streaks along the series
of scales ; fins uniform, caudal with the upper and lower margins
somewhat darker. {H. 6f J.)

Hah. ?

• ). OI.YPHTDODON. 47

25. Glyphidodon teniatensis.

likekfr, Tcrnitte, p. 137.

D.jf. A.^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). Snout shorter than the eye ; the pra>-
orbital, above the angle of the mouth, is half as \vide as the orbit ;
incisors notched. The middle dorsal spines are the longest ; caudal
forked, Avith the lobes pointed ; the first ventral ray produced. Uni-
form greenish-olive, the margin of each scale being darker. {El.)

Sea of Temate.

26. Gljrphidodon batjanensis.
Bleeker, Bnijan, p. 373.

D. j-3. A.^. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is a little more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin not included) ; snout shorter than the eye ;
the width of the praeorbital, above the angle of the mouth, is less
than one-half of that of the orbit ; the six posterior dorsal spines are
nearly equal in length, and higher than the anterior ones ; caudal fin
emarginate, with the lobes obtusely rounded. Head and anterior
part of the trunk violet ; sides and posterior parts and the fins yeUow ;
sides of the head dotted with blue ; two blue streaks from the eye
to the snout ; the spinous dorsal violet ; a brownish spot at the base
of the pectoral. {Bl.)

Coasts of Batjan and Booroo.

a. Fifteen lines long: not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's
Collection.

27. Glyphidodon nivosus.
Hombr. 8)- Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 50. pi. 5. fig. 5.

10 )4

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; caudal fin emarginate. Head and trunk brown-
ish-violet ; back and spinous dorsal dotted with white. Tail and
posterior part of the vertical fins green, the former with scattered
black spots.

Hah. ?

The description of this species has been taken from a figure ; it
appears to be nearly allied to G. batjanensis, Bleek.

28. Glyphidodon xanthums.

Bleekn-, Amhoinn, iv. p. 345.

D. j|. A. ^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included) : snout as long as the eve ; the prffi-

48 POMACENTRIB^.

orbital, above the angle of the mouth, is half as wide as the orbit ;
the posterior dorsal spines are the longest ; caudal fin emarginate.
Violet*, orange-coloured posteriorly ; a curved browu band between
the orbits, the convexity of which is above the extremity of the
snout ; an indistinct brown band through the eye ; another on the
operculum, along the prseopercular margin. The soft dorsal, the
caudal, and a portion of the anal fin orange-coloured ; a brown spot
superiorly at the base of the pectoral ; ventrals black.
Coasts of Flores, Sangi, Amboyna, and Coram.

a. Fine specimen. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

b. Adult : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

29. Glyphidodon melanopus.
Bkeker, Natuurk, Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. xi. 1856, p. 82.
D.if. A.^. L.lat.28.

The upper profile of the head is convex ; snout shorter than the
eye ; the width of the praeorbital, above the angle of the mouth, is
less than one-half of that of the orbit. Each jaw with about 40
teeth. YeUow : most of the scales with a blue spot ; the anterior
portion of the ventral and anal fins black. {Bl.)

Sea of Ora Malang (south-eastern coast of Java).

a. Eighteen lines long : bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

30. Glyphidodon xanthonotns.

Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. xviii. p. 357.
D. if. A. ^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). The snout is much shorter than the eye ; the
width of the praeorbital, above the angle of the mouth, is one-half of
that of the eye. The upper jaw with about 60 teeth. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate. Violet : neck, back, and dorsal fin yellow ;
caudal with a bright-yellow superior and inferior margin ; anal
blackish-violet ; ventrals black, whitish posteriorly. {Bl.)

Sea of Bawean.

Very nearly allied to G. melanopus.

31. Glyphidodon behnii;

Sleeker, Labr. Cten. p. 25.

D. i|. A. f^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is exactly one-half of the total length
(without caudal) ; snout as long as the eye ; the infraorbital ring

* Bleeker mentions blue dots on the bodv in Nafimrk. Ti/dschr. Nederl. Ind.
vii. p. 373.

6. GLYPHIDODON. 49

below the eye is not much narrower than the prseorbital, which has
a shallow notch. Teeth rather narrow. The dorsal spines increase
in length posteriorly, the length of the ninth being one-half of that
of the head. Caudal fin forked, with the upper lobe longest. Chest-
nut-brown (in spirits), Hghter on the head and shoulders ; a deep-
brown spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral.
Java.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
32. Glyphidodon leucozona.

Bkeker, Naturk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. xix. p. 338.

D. If. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; the snout is shorter than the orbit ; the width of
the prseorbital, above the angle of the mouth, is two-thu'ds of that
of the orbit. Each jaw with about 40 teeth. Caudal fin emarginate,
with the lobes rounded ; the spinous dorsal scaly. Brown, with blue
spots on the side of the head and belly. A Hght band crosses the
body below the sixth and seventh dorsal spines. A bla'ckish spot
superiorly in the axil of the pectoral and behind the last dorsal rays ;
vertical fins blackish.

Java.

a, h. Three and a half and three inches long. From Dr. P. v.
Bleeker's Collection.

33. Glyphidodon lacrymatus.

Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 388. pi. 62. fig. 7 ; Cuv. S,- Val. v.
p. 478 ; Bleek. Ternate, v. p. 303.

^■laiC.SfV.). A.^. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body is one -half of the total length (without
caudal) ; the snout is shorter than the orbit ; the width of the prae-
orbital, above the angle of the mouth, is one-half of that of the orbit.
Each jaw with about 40 teeth. Caudal fin emarginate, with the
lobes rounded ; the spinous dorsal scaly. Brown, with small, scat-
tered blue spots ; the outer portion of the soft dorsal and anal
orange-coloured ; caudal and the posterior portion of the tail brown-
ish-yellow ; pectoral with a blackish spot across the base. {BJ.)

Coasts of Java, Sangi, Ternate, and Guam.

34. Glyphidodon flomlentus.

D. i|. A. l^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin not included) ; the profile between the origin
of the dorsal fin and the snout is very slightly bent, obliquely de-
scending. Snout shorter than the eye ; the greatest width of the

vol. IV. E

50 POMACENTEID^.

praeorbital is less than one-half of that of the orbit. The spinous
dorsal scaly. Eeddish-olive, with scattered bluish-white ocelli edged
with darker ; a large black blotch on the hind part of the spinous
dorsal fin ; the soft dorsal and the anal greyish ; caudal yeUow ;
ventral black.
Indian Ocean.

a. Fifteen lines long. Indian Ocean.

35. GlypMdodon dorsalis.
Hypsypops dorsalis, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 147.

Dorsal spines twelve ; dorsal and anal fins densely scaly. The
height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal) ;
prteorbital elevated, nearly as high as the orbit. Teeth truncated,
not notched. Caudal forked, with the lobes pointed. Twenty-six
transverse series of scales. Deep purphsh-brown, with a blue spot
below the fourth si^ine, and with another below the third and fourth
rays ; a third above the first scale of the lateral line ; a transverse
linear spot behind the dorsal. A blue line extends from the snout
to the front of the orbit ; another blue line on the praeorbital ; sides
of the head with some blue dots, (Gill.)

Lower California.

2. The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included).

36. GlypMdodon antjerius.

Glj'phisodon antjerius, Bleeh. Kokos, iv, p. 454.

antjerius, (Ktihl ^ v. Hass.) Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 481.

biocellatus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 482 ; Quoy c^ Gaim. Voy. Urun.

Zool. p. 389 ; Schleq. Overz. Amphipr. SfC. in Verhand. Nat. Gesch.

Nederl Overz. Bezkt. p. 24. tab. 6. fig. 4; Bleek. Sum. ii. p. 286;

Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. Poiss. p. 188.
zonatus, Cur. S)- Val. v. p. 483 ; Schley. I. c. ; Peters in Wiegm.

Arch. 1855, p. 266.

punctulatus, Cuv. 4" Val. v. p. 484.

andjerinus, Schleg. I. c. p. 24. pi. 6. fig. 3.

rossii, Bleek. Kokos, p. 48.

D-n- A.j^^. L.lat. 26-28.

The height of the body is contained twice and a quarter to twice
and a half in the total length (without caudal). The snout is shorter
than the eye ; the width of the prseorbital, above the angle of the
mouth, is one-half of that of the orbit. Teeth narrow, with a second
series of stiU narrower ones which are alternate with those of the
front series. The dorsal spines increase in length towards behind ;
caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes rounded. Ground-colour
brownish, or brown, or greenish, or violet-oUve, with the ornamental
markings variously disposed : a blue streak along the median line of
the nape and of the forehead, a second along the base of the dorsal fin

6. GLTPHTDODON. 51

proceeding above the eye to the snout, a third through the eye to the
maxillary, a fourth below the eye ; body with more or less numerous
blue spots ; two black ocelli edged with blue on the dorsal fin, the
anterior on the base of the posterior spines, the posterior smaller and
on the base of the posterior rays. Some specimens with a large
bluish transverse spot on the body, below the fourth and sixth dorsal
spines.

Either or several of these characters may be absent : —

Var. a. The posterior dorsal ocellus is absent : G. antjeruis.

Var. /3. The blue spots on the body are scattered and not nume-
rous ; two dorsal ocelli ; no transverse spot on the body : G. biocel-
latus.

Var. y. The blue spots on the body are numerous ; two dorsal
ocelli ; no blue lines along the forehead : G. punctulatus.

Var. I. Body with a bluish transverse spot : G. fasciatiis.

Var. e. Nearly all the markings disappear sometimes in large
specimens : G. rossit.

From the eastern coasts of Africa thi'ough the Indian Archipelago
to Polynesia.

Var. /3.
a. Half-grown.

Var. S.
6, c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
cL Adult. Borneo.

37. Gljrphidodon plagiometopon.
Sleeker, Singapore, p. 67.

D. T7^.- A- f/r.- L. lat. 26-28. L. transv. 3/9.

14-13 14-15 /

The height of the body is rather less than one -half of the total
length (the caudal fin not included) ; the upper profile of the head
is very oblique and very slightly convex ; snout longer than the eye ;
the pi-seorbital, above the angle of the mouth, equals the width of the
orbit ; teeth truncated. Caudal fin obliquely truncated ; the length
of the last dorsal spine is three-fifths of that of the head. Brown : ■
head and the base of the soft dorsal and anal fins dotted with blue ;
each scale on the sides with a blue transverse streak.

Coasts of Singapore and Java.

a. Six and a half inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

38. Glyphidodon unimaculatus.

Glyphisodon imimaculatus, Cuv. 6f Vol. v. p. 478 ; ScMcff. Overz. Am-
phipr. Sfc. in Vcrhand. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ovcrz. Bezlit. p. 23. taf. 6.
fig. 1 ; Blcek. Sumatra, ii. p. 284.

balinensis, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Bali, p. 9.

D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 2 7.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total

e2

52 POMACENTRIB.?:.

length (without caudal). Teeth very narrow and slender, with a
second series of stiU narrower ones which are alternate with those
of the front series. The width of the praeorbital, above the angle of
the mouth, is less than one-half of that of the orbit. Caudal fin
forked. Green, each scale with a bluish transverse streak ; a large
oblong black spot on the posterior dorsal rays.
East Indian Archipelago.

a, h. Borneo.

Chcetodon hroivnr'iggii (Benn. Fish. Ceyl. pi. 8) or Olyphisodon
brownriygii (Cuv. & Val. v. p. 484), which has been referred to 0.
antjerius by Bleeker, appears rather to belong to this species.

39. Glyphidodon uniocellatus.

Quay Sf Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 393. pi. 64. fig. 4 (bad) ; Cuv.Sf Val.
V. p. 481 ; ? Schleg. Overz. Amjihipr. ^c. in Verh. Nat. Gesch, Nederl.
Overz. Bezitt. p. 23.

D. ||. A. ,^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; the width of the orbit is more than that of the
interorbital space or than the length of the snout ; the greatest width
of the praeorbital is one-third of the diameter of the eye. Teeth
very narrow. Caudal subtruncated, with the lobes rounded. Blue,
each scale with a yellow spot ; a dark band along the middle of the
nape and of the forehead ; another from the origin of the lateral line
through the eye to the snout, where it meets that of the other side.
The lower side of the head brownish. The lower half of the dorsal
fin dark- violet, the upper transparent, with a black margin along the
spinous portion. A round blacJc spot posteriorly in the accil of the
soft dorsal Jin, extending on the base of the three last rays. Caudal,
anal and ventral fins yellowish, the anal with four pearl-coloured
longitudinal streaks ; pectoral light-violet.

Young specimens (1| inches long) have the spinous dorsal uniform
transparent light-violet.

Timor. Vanicolo. Feejee Islands,

a-d. Adidt and half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the 'Herald.'
40. Glyphidodon assimilis.

Glyphisodon imiocellatus, Bleek. Amboina, iii. p. 119 (not Quoy 8)-
Gaim.).

D. i5. A. ^. L. lat. 28, L. transv, 2-3/8,

The height of the body is contained twice and a fourth or twice
and a half in the total length (the caudal fin not included). The
width of the orbit is more than that of the interorbital space or than
the length of the snout. The greatest width of the praeorbital is
nearly one-half of that of the orbit. Teeth very narrow. Caudal
slightly rounded. Blue, each scale with a yellow spot ; a dark band

6, GLTPHIDODON. 53

along the middle of the nape and of the forehead ; another from the
origin of the lateral line through the eye to the snout, where it meets
that of the other side ; two other similar but less distinct streaks
further below ; the lower side of the head brownish (yellow in hfe) ;
dorsal and anal bluish ; a round black spot occupies, if present, the
base of the fifth and of some of the following rays.

Var. a. The black dorsal spot is present, and the caudal fin is blue.

Var. /3. The black dorsal spot is present, and the caudal fin is
yeUow.

Var. y. The black dorsal spot is absent, and the caudal fin is blue.

Coasts of Batjan, Amboyna, Goram, Borneo, and of the Philippine
Islands,

a. Fine specimen. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank. (Var. /3.)

b. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

(Var. y.)
c~d. Half-grown. Indian Seas. (Var. /3.)

This species is very distinct from Q. uniocellatus of Quoy & Gaimard,
which has the black dorsal spot " pres de la base et de la fin de la
dorsale," whilst it is situated more anteriorly in this species. The
variety without the black dorsal spot agrees so closely with 0. assi-
milis, that it is certainly not specifically distinct from it. I am, how-
ever, not as certain whether specimens of this variety have not been
described as G. azureus, Quoy & Gaim. ; yet none of the French
naturalists mention th« bands on the head, and therefore I have pre-
ferred to describe the present species under a separate denomination.

41. Glyphidodon azureus.

Quoy Sr Gaim. Voij. Uran. Zool. p. 392. pi. 64. fig. 3 ; Cuv. 8f Val. v.
p. 479.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (the caudal
fin included). Caudal fin rounded. Uniform blue, fins yellowish.
Timor ; Friendly Islands.

42. Gljrphidodon dispar.

D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2/8.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length, the length of the head thrice and a half. The diameter of
the eye is nearly two-sevenths of the length of the head, somewhat
longer than the snout, and equal to the width of the interorbital space,
which is convex. The width of the proeorbital is one-half of that of
the orbit. Praeorbital and pra;opercular Hmb naked ; scales on the
cheek in two series. Teeth narrow, not emarginate, about forty in
each jaw. The middle and posterior dorsal spines are nearly equal
in length ; the soft parts of the vertical fins not prolonged, slightly
rounded ; caudal somewhat emarginate, two-ninths of the total length.

54 POMACENTEIB^.

Browiiish-olive, each scale with a light vertical streak ; sides of the
snout with two bluish hnes ; dorsal fin of the same colour as the
back, with a roundish deep-hlach spot on the base of the four last
rays ; ventral and anal black ; pectoral u'ithout axillary spot.

Var. a. The free portion of the tail yellowish, caudal blackish.
a-h. Thirty-three and twenty-three lines long. Amboyna. Pur-
chased of Mr. Frank.

Var. /3. Tail and caudal bright yellow.
c. Thirty-one lines long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

43. Gljrphidodon anabatoides.

JBleeker, Lahr. Cten. p. 28.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Snout as long as the eye ; the width of the prse-
orbital is one-third of that of the orbit; suborbital inconspicuous.
Caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes pointed. Violet, each scale
with a blue dot ; a blue spot at the origin of the lateral line ; dorsal
greenish, blackish superiorly, dotted with blue ; anal greenish, black-
ish inferiorly, dotted with yellowish ; caudal with a brownish longi-
tudinal band on each lobe ; pectoral with a blackish spot superiorly ;
ventral greenish.

Coast of Java.
a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

44. Glyphidodon bankieri.

Glyphisodon bankieri, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 253.
nemurus, Bleeher, Booroo, ii. p. 73.

DmI^- ^■^.- L-lat. 26-28.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; the snout is shorter than the eye ; the width of
the infraorbital ring below the orbit is less than one-third of that
of the orbit; each jaw with about forty teeth, the anterior ones
short, distinctly compressed. The middle rays of the dorsal and anal
fins form an angular point ; caudal deeply forked, with the lobes
more or less produced into filaments. Violet : tail and caudal fin
orange-coloured ; the scales on the head and tail with a blue dot,
those on the trunk with a transverse streak ; a blue ocellus edged
with brown at the origin of the lateral line. Dorsal fin brownish-
violet, yellow posteiiorly ; anal brownish-yeUow ; pectoral with a
large brown spot superiorly at the base.

Coasts of China, Booroo, and Amboyna.
a-h. Types of the species. China. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.
0. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — One of the typical specimens
of G. nemurus.

6. GLYrniuoDON. 55

45. Glyphidodon fallax.
Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 2(30.

D. i^. A. A. L. lat. 28. L. transv. ?^.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; the snout is as long as the eye ; the width of the
infraorbital ring below the orbit is less than one-third of that of the
orbit ; scales on the cheek of moderate size, in two series. Each
jaw with about forty teeth, the anterior ones of moderate length,
distinctly compressed ; the middle rays of the dorsal and anal fins
and the caudal lobes are more or less produced into filaments.
Reddish-olive (in spirits) : head and base of the soft dorsal and anal
dotted with bluish ; dorsal and anal blackish ; caudal and ventral
light-brownish.

Mozambique.

a. Forty-fom' lines long. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Col-
lection.

Prof. Peters says that this species has during life a coloration
very similar to that of Pomacentrus pavo.

46. Glyphidodon modestus.

Schleg. Overz. Amphipr. ^-c. in Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Nederh Overz. Be-
zitt. p. 23. tab. 6. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 285.

D. if. A. l^. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 2/8.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a
half. The diameter of the eye is two-sevenths of the length of the
head, equal to the extent of the snout and to the width of the inter-
orbital space, which is convex. Infraorbital ring aud prseopercular
limbs naked ; the width of the prteorbital, above the angle of the
mouth, is rather less than one-half of that of the orbit. Scales on
the cheek small, in tliree series. Teeth rather narrow, about forty in
each jaw. The posterior dorsal spines somewhat longer than the
middle, three-fifths of the length of the head. The soft dorsal and
anal and the caudal lobes roimdod ; caudal scarcely emarginate, its
length being rather more than one-fifth of the total. Yellowish-
olive on the back, yellowish on the sides ; the outer half of the ver-
tical fins greyish, pectoral and ventral white ; a very faint brownish
dot superiorly on the axil of the pectoral.

East Indies.

a. Forty lines long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half-gro-\vn. China Seas. Presented by Yice-Admiral Sir E.

Belcher, C.B.

c. Half-grown.

I cannot find any other difference between this species and Ohj-
pJiidodon j^haioxoma (Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Bali,
p. 9)> except that the colour of tlie latter is a uniform browii.

56 POMACENTKID,^.

47. Gljrphidodon leucopoma.

Cuv. ^ Val. V. p. 480 ; Less. ^ Gain. Voy. Duperr. Zool. Poiss. p. 189.

71 '* A -
"• l2- ^- 12-

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (the caudal
included) ; caudal fin rounded. Greyish-violet : operculum white,
■with a small black spot at the angle ; a black spot on the middle of
the caudal fin. (Cuv.)

Coast of Oualan.

48. Glyphidodon amboinensis.

Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina, viii. p. 72.
D. '-^. A. f-^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included) ; snout shorter than the eye ; the width
of the infraorbital ling below the ej^e is less than one-third of that
of the orbit ; each jaw with about forty teeth. Dorsal and anal fins
with the middle rays longest ; caudal deeply forked, with the lobes
much produced. Brownish-violet, the scales on the tail with a blue
dot ; caudal and the posterior parts of the dorsal and anal yellow,
the former with a brown band along each lobe ; a brown spot at the
base of the pectoral; ventrals brownish- violet. (Bl.)

Coast of Amboyna.

49. Glyphidodon luridus.

Chsetodon luridus, Broussonet.

Glyphisodon luridus, Cuv. fy Val. v. p. 475, ix. p. 509.
? Stegastes imbricatus, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, pp. 63, 165. pi. 9.
fig. 2.

D.i|. A. •^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/11. Vert. 12/14.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length (the caudal fin not included). Teeth very narrow and slender ;
the sixth and seventh dorsal rays are produced into a point, and
sometimes into a filament ; the spinous portion of the dorsal fin nearly
entirely enveloped in scales. Caudal deeply forked. Brownish-
black, each scale of the lower parts with a bluish dot ; axil of the
pectoral, the ventral and anal spines bluish.

Coast of Madeira.

a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. E. T. Lowe.

b. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

c. Adult : not good state. Madeira. Presented by H. H. Methuen.

d. Adult. Madeira. Presented by E. B. Webb, Esq.

e. Adult female: skeleton. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
It has been asserted by Lowe, and acknowledged to be the case

by Jenyns, that Stegastes imbricatus is identical with thLs species,
although Stegastes has been described as having a denticulated prse-
operculura and teeth on the vomer.

/. PARMA. gy

50. Glyphidodon limbatus.
Cuv. Sj- Fal. V. p. 477,

B.lf. A. A

The spinous dorsal fin is scaly. Teeth slightly emarginate. Brown •
the soft dorsal and anal fins blackish ; the spinous dorsal with a broad
black margin. (Cuv.)

Sea of Bourbon.

n. Teeth in the upper jaw moveable.

51. Glyphidodon chrysurus.

Glj'phisodon chrvsurus, Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 476
Pomacentrus denegatus, Poey, Mem. Ciib. ii. p. 190.

^- I?T6- ^- TiT4- ^- lat. 28-29. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; the teeth in the upper jaw are very fine and
moveable, as mSalarias. Pra^orbital square, or rather wider than
long Caudal fin forked. Brown: dorsal, anal and ventral fins
black, caudal yellow ; blue dots round the eyes and on the back.

Caribbean Sea.

a-e. Adult: skins. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. Parnell's CoUection.
( in. Three anal spines.)

52. Glyphidodon nigros.

Glyphisodon nigroris, Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 485.

14 '^* 12-

Brownish: Hps black. (Cuv.\
Hah. •? '

This fish, perhaps, does not belong to the present group.

7. PAEMA.

Gh-phisodon, sp., Girard.
Hypsj-pops * sp., Gill.

Praeoperculum not denticulated. Teeth compressed, in a single
series. Dorsal fin with twelve or thirteen spines, anal with two
fecales of moderate size, in more than thirty transverse series: the
lateral line ceases below the posterior portion of the dorsal fin

Pacific.

1. Parma microlepis.
^- Ii- ^- h- ^- ^^t- 37. L. transv. 4/13.
The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
• This genus is founded on characters entirely different from tho<.e of Pnrn,^

58 POMACENTEID^.

fin not included) ; teeth very narrow and slender ; prseorbital much
narrower than the orbit. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the
longest, the posterior being shorter than those in the middle ; caudal
fin emarginate. Brown, with two blue lines on each side of the
back : the upper commences below the spinous dorsal fin and pro-
ceeds above the orbit to the snout ; the lower from the ocellus above
the lateral Hne to the orbit. A large black ocellus edged -with, blue
on the four posterior dorsal spines ; body with scattered bliie dots,
the dots forming a series or an uninterrupted line below the orbit ;
anal and ventral fins blackish ; a blue spot posteriorly in the axil of
the dorsal fin.

Coast of New South "Wales.

a, b-d. Adult and young. Port Jackson. Presented by Dr. G.
Bennett.

This fish has a coloration similar to that of G. antjerius or O. bi-
ocellatus, under which name a figure of Mr. G. F. Angas has been
pubHshed by Dr. G. Bennett in the ' Proceedings' of the Zoological
Society, 1859, Pise. pi. 9. fig. A. Nevertheless it may be readily di-
stinguished by a more accurate examination, when the scales will be
found to be smaller than in the species of Glypliidodon, the fin-rays
more numerous, &c. The figm-e quoted is not quite correct: the
oceUus is on the back, instead of on the dorsal spines ; the eye is
rather too small, and the posterior dorsal spines are too long.

2. Parma rubicunda. •

Glyphisodon rubicmidus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 148, and U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 161. pi. 24.

Hypsypops rubicundus, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861,
p. 165.

D. ^. A. ■^. L. transv. ca 20.

10 15

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included) ; prseorbital high ; caudal fin deeply
emarginate, with the lobes rounded. Scales on the operculum larger
than those on the middle of the body. Uniform deep crimson (Gir.).

Coast of California.

3. Parma squamipimiis,
D. i£iL^ A. ^. L. lat. 40. L. transv. A

15-17 15 14

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Snout a little longer than the eye. Teeth nar-
row, compressed, of moderate length, about fifty in the upper jaw.
Praeorbital scaly, rhombic, its width, above the angle of the mouth,
being two-thirds of that of the orbit. The scales on the upper surface
of the head advance nearly to the extremity of the snout ; jirteoper-
culum covered with small scales, a narrow space round its margins
being naked. Scales on the operculum only half the size of those on

7. PAEMA. 59

the middle of the body. The fourth to eighth dorsal spines are the
longest (two-fifths of the length of the head), and of moderate
strength. The anterior half of the soft dorsal fin is much higher
than the spinous, and the posterior part of its upper margin is vertical.
Caudal fin deeply forked, ■s\dth the lobes soniewhat pointed, the upper
lobe being as long as the head. The second anal spine is as long as,
but stronger than, the longest of the dorsal fin. The basal half of
the dorsal and nearly the whole of the caudal and anal fins are covered
■with scales. The ventral extends to the anal. Uniform brownish (in
a preserved state), with the fins blackish ; posterior margin of the
soft dorsal white. The colour during life appears to have been red
with golden reflexions.
Australia.

a. Six inches long : stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

b. Six inches long : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.

This species is closely allied to P. ruhkunda, from the Eastern
Pacific ; both, however, ajjpear to be different, the Australian speci-
men having small opercular scales, — although the distance of the
locahties would not be a reason against their specific identity.

4. Parma polylepis.
D. i5. A. :^. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 5/15.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included) ; the profile between the origin of the
dorsal fin and the snout is arched, forming nearly a quarter of a
circle. Snout elevated, a little longer than the eye ; teeth very nar-
row, compressed, about fifty in the upper jaw. Prseorbital naked,
subquadrangular, nearly as wide as the eye. The scales on the upper
surface of the head do not advance to the front margin of the eye ;
prtcoperculum covered with small scales, a naiTow space round its
margins being naked. Scales on the operculum of about the same
size as those on the body. The dorsal spines are of moderate length
and strength, increasing in length posteriorly ; they are nearly en-
tirely enveloped in scales ; the soft dorsal is angular, with the pos-
terior part of its upper margin vertical. The second anal spine is as
long as, but stronger than, the longest of the dorsal fin. Anal and
caudal fins scaly. Caudal fin forked, with the lobes rounded, the
upper lobe being as long as the head. The ventral fin extends to
the anal.

Owing to the preservation of the specimen in chloride of zinc,
the colours are nearly destroyed. The ground-colour appears to
have been greenish, fins and snout blackish ; two ])road brownish
cross-bands are still distinct — the anterior below the fourth to
the seventh dorsal spines, the posterior between the soft doreal and
anal fins.

Norfolk Island.

n. Six inches Ions. From the Haslar Collection.

60 POMACENTBID^.

8. HELIASTES.

Chromis, sp., div. Rt-gne Arim.
Heliases, Cm: Sf- Veil. v. p. 493.
Furcaria, Poej/, 3Iem. Cub. ii. p. 194.

Praeoperculum not denticulated. Teeth small, conical, in a narrow
band or irregular series. Dorsal fin witli twelve to fourteen spines,
anal with two. Scales of moderate size ; the lateral line ceases
below the posterior portion of the dorsal fin. Branchiostegals five ;
gUls three and a half ; pseudobranchiae present ; 2>yloric appendages
two.

Tropical seas, extending to the Mediterranean and to the coasts of
Japan and Chile.

1. Heliastes chromis.

? Xpojiis, Aristot. iv. c. 8, 9, v. c. 9, viii. c. 19 • ; ^lian, ix. c. 7, x.

c. 11.
Chromis, Rondel, v. e. 21. p. 152 ; Gesner, pp. 223, 264 ; Aldrov. ii.

c. 14. p. 168 ; Jonsto7i, i. tit. 8. e. 1. art. 7. taf. 17. fig. 14 ; Willughhy,

p. 330 ; Ray, Syn. p. 141.
Sparus, Artecii, Si/n. p. 62. no. 12, and Genera, p. 37. no. 10.
Sparus chromis, i. Syst.Nat, i. p. 470; Lacep. iv. p. 146; Risso, Ichth.

Nice, p. 254.
Chromis chromis, Ctw. Rkgne Anim.
castanea, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 343 ; Cuv. Rigne Anim. III.

Poiss. pi. 90. fig. 1 (half-grown) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ.

Merid. iii. p. 384. pi. 16. fig. 1.
Heliases limbatus, Cuv. 8r Val. ix. p. 511 (adult).
castaneus, Midi. Berl. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 168.

D. jii-,. A. ^^. L. lat. 26-28. L. transv. ?^.

The height of the body is one-half or two-fifths of the total length
(the caudal not included). Dorsal spines rather strong ; the length
of the second anal spine is considerably more than one-half of that
of the head ; caudal fin forked. Bro^vn, shining golden ; snout, chin
and thorax shining silvery. The spinous dorsal and the four anterior
rays black, the rest whitish. Caudal fin whitish, with a broad upper
and lower black margin ; anal black, whitish posteriorly.

Immature specimens more uniform brownish, with silvery shining
longitudinal bands.

a. Fine specunen : seven inches long. Madeira. Presented by the

Rev. E. T. Lowe.

b. Adult. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.

c. Half-grown. Mediterranean. From the Berlin Museum.

d. Half-grown. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.

e. Half-grown. Coast of Dalmatia.

f-h. Adult and half-grown : bad state. Malta. From the Haslar

Collection.

i-k, I, m. Half-grown.

■*
* The Chromis of the ancients appears to be some Scicenoid fish.

8. HELIASTES. 61

2. Heliastes axillaris.

Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zuol. Soc. 1831, p. 128.

T> '* A A
^- Yi- ^- li-

Axil black ; caudal and anal fins blackish-blue. (Benn.)
Mauritius.

3. Heliastes insolatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. V. p. 494. pi. 137.

^- li- ^- Yr ^- ^'^t- 27- L. transv. 2/9. Caec. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes rounded ;
the length of the second anal spine is more than one-half of that
of the head. Brownish (in spirits), with metallic reflexions ; the
scales on the upper side of the head and on the anterior part of the
back with a blue dot.

Young specimens with two blue lines along the forehead, con-
vergent on the snout, and with a black spot immediately behind the
dorsal fin.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Adult. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
h-d. Young. Island of Cordova. Presented by J. U. Skinner, Esq.

4. Heliastes crusma.

Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 510 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 54 ; Gay, Hist.
Chil. Zool. ii. p. 206. lam. 4. fig. 1 ; Cuv. mgmAnim. III. Poiss. pi. 33.
fig. 2.

D. 1^. A. jA_. L. lat. 27-29. L. transv. 3/11.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Caudal fin forked, with the lobes pointed.
Brownish-ohve.

Coasts of Chile.

a-h. Eight to nine inches long : have been in chloride of zinc.
Chile. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.

5. Heliastes cinerascens.

Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 495 ; Schley. Overz. Amphipr. in Verhand. Nat. Gesch.
Nederl. Overz. Bezitt. p. 24. pi. 6. fig. 5 : Bleak. Lahr. Cten. p. 31.

D. H. A. A. L. lat. 24. L. transv. ^.

The height of the body is four-ninths of the total length (the
caudal not included) ; dorsal spines rather slender ; anal spine shorter
than the rays ; caudal fin forked. Uniform greyish -olive.

Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Molucca Sea.

62 POMACENTEID^.

6. Heliastes xanthocliir.

Sleeker, Banda, i. p. 248.

D. i^. A. :^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/8.

The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length (with-
out candal) ; dorsal spines rather slender, anal spine somewhat shorter
than the rays ; the length of the pectoral is nearly one-fourth of the
total ; caudal deeply forked, with the lobes produced. Greenish-
olive ; axil of the pectoral yellow ; a black band along each caudal fin.

East Indian Archipelago.
a. Five and a quarter inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

7. Heliastes aualis.

Heliasea analis, Cuv. (§• Val. v. p. 496.

macrochir, Bkeker, Amboina, iv. p. 346.

D. 'A A. ^. L. lat. 26-28.
11 11

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included); pectoral long, its leng-th being contained
thrice and two-thirds in the total ; caudal deeply forked, with the
lobes produced ; the second anal spine is rather longer than the rays.
Dorsal spines strong. Orange-coloured, back violet.

Amboyna.
a, b. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

8. Heliastes cseruleus.

Cui\ Sr Val. V. p. 497 ; Schleg. Oven. Amphipr. ^c. in Verhand. Nat.
Gesch. Nederl. Overz. Bezitt. p. 25.

D.i^. A.^.

10 11

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal not included) ; caudal fin deeply forked. Blue : dorsal
and anal fins brownish ; ventrals and caudal yellow, the latter with
the upper and lower margins black.

New Guinea ; Ulea ; Molucca Sea.

9. Heliastes frenatus.

Ciiv. ^ Val V. p. 498.

D '^ A -?-

Caudal fin deeply forked ; a white line from the eye to the ex-
tremity of the snout. (Cuv.)
Guam.

10. Heliastes xanthurus.
Bleeker, Banda, iii. p. 107.

D. {^. A. f-^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; caudal fin deeply forked. Violet-brown, each scale

8. HELIASTES. 63

with a blue dot ; tail and caudal fin orange-coloured, the latter with
a large irregular spot at the base ; dorsal and anal fins black, pos-
teriorly edged with yellow ; ventrals brown. (BI.)
Coast of Banda Neira.

11. Heliastes notatus.

Schleg. Fatm. Japon. Poiss. p. 66.

D. i|. A. A. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Teeth in a distinct band, with an outer series of
larger ones. The nine posterior dorsal spines are of moderate strength,
and nearly equal in length, which is rather more than one-half of
that of the head. The soft dorsal and the caudal lobes pointed.
Caudal deeply forked ; the second anal spine is stronger and somewhat
longer than the dorsal spines. Yellowish-olive (in spirits); a roimd
white spot on the back below the end of the dorsal fin ; axil of the
pectoral brown.

Chinese and Japanese Seas.

a. Five and a quarter inches long. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

12. Heliastes lepidurus.

Heliases lepidiunis, Ciiv. 4" ?'«'• v. p. 498 ; Bkek. Iclith. Sumb. Journ.

Ltd. Arclup. 1848.
Gl^-phisodon bandanensis, BIcek. Banda, i. p. 248.
Hehases frenatus, Bleek. Coram, ii. p. 710 (not Cuv. S^ Val.).
cseruleus, Bleek. Kokos, iv. p. 455 (not Cuv. llf Vol.).

D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. ^.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
not included). There is only one distinct series of teeth. Dorsal
spines slender ; the length of the second anal spine is cne-thii'd of
that of the head ; caudal fin forked, scaly. Greenish-oKve, the scales
on the head and on the back with a blue dot ; a blue line from the
orbit across the praeorbital ; hinder part of the axil black.

Coasts of New Guinea and of the East Indian Archipelago.

a-c. Adult and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown : not good state. From Dr. P. v, Bleeker's Collection
as H. cceriileus.

13. Heliastes tematensis.

Sleeker, Ternate, vii. p. 377.

D.l?. A.^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is a little more than one-half, or one-half,
of the total length (the caudal fin not included). Teeth apparently
in one scries only. Caudal fin deeply forked ; the second anal spine
shorter than the first soft ray. Brownish- violet, each scale^vith a bhiish

64 POMACENTRID^. .

spot or small transverse streak; dorsal fin violet, the other fixis yellow-
ish ; the caudal with a brown band along each lobe ; axU not black.

Ternate, Booroo, Goram.
a. Not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

14. Heliastes marglnata.

Heliases marginata, Casteln. Anim. ftouv. Poiss. p. 9. pi. 3. fig. 1.
Chromia afcrilobata, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 149.

D. i|. A. :^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (Avithout
caudal). Teeth in both jaws in a distinct band, with an outer series
of stronger ones. Dorsal spines slender ; caudal fin deeply forked,
with the lobes produced. Greenish-olive above, yellowish on the
sides ; posterior part of the axil, dorsal fin, and a band along each
caudal lobe deep-black ; the last three or four dorsal rays and the
other fins transparent.

Bahia. Coast of Lower California.

a-h. Fine specimens, 4-4^ inches long. Bahia. From Dr. 0.
Wucherer's Collection.
A careful comparison of Gill's description does not show any essen-
tial point in which the Californian specimen differs from those of
Brazil ; the former is said to have the snout equal in length to the
diameter of the eye, whilst the snout of the Brazilian specimens is
a little shorter. But when we consider that the typical specimen
of H. atrilohata is much injured and shrivelled up, we cannot admit
this as evidence against the identity of those specimens. This would
be another instance of one and the same species inhabiting both sides
of America.

15. Heliastes multiliueatus.

Heliases multilineatus, Guich. in Sagra,Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 76. pi. 2. fig. 2.
Furcaria puncta, Poep, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 195 ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1862, p. 149.

D.l|. A. ,-^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 12. Cffic.pylor.2. Vert. 11/15.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; caudal
lobes equal in length. Teeth in a band. Brown, each scale with the
centre darker ; pectoral with a large black spot at the base ; an
orange-coloured spot on the back, immediately behind the dorsal fin ;
dorsal and caudal fins^with yellow edge.
Cuba.

16. Heliastes cyaneus.
Furcaria cyanea, Poey, I. c. p. 196. tab. 14. figs. 5-8.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length ; the
upper caudal lobe longer than the lower. Teeth in a band. Blue,
each scale with the centre darker. (Poey.)

Cuba.

65

Fam. 2. LABRIDtE.

Labrida?, pt., Cuv. Eegne Anim.

Labroidei cycloidei, Miill. Hoi. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 16G.

Cyclolabridse, Owen, Lcct. Cump. Anat. Fishes, p. 48.

Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales. The lateral
line extends to the caudal or is interrupted. One dorsal fin, with
the spinous portion as well developed as, or more than, the soft ; the
soft anal similar to the soft dorsal. Ventral fins thoracic, with one
spine and five soft rays. Palate wathout teeth ; only one lower pha-
ryngeal bone without median suture. Branchiostegals five or six ;
gills three and a half ; pseudobranchiae and air-bladder present. Py-
loric appendages none ; stomach without caecal sac.

All the fishes of this family are marine, inhabiting the seas of the
temperate and tropical regions, becoming scarcer towards the Arctic
portions : none are known from the Arctic and Antarctic seas. Feed-
ing chiefly on moUusca, their dentition is admii'ably adapted for
crushing shells : many species have a strong curved tooth at the pos-
serior extremity of the intermaxillary, for the purpose of pressing a
sheU against the lateral and front teeth, by which it is crushed.
The Scarina are herbivorous as well as carnivorous.

The following synopsis of tlie genera is, in the main, the same as that proposed
by me in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 1861, viii. p. 382, but
with several alterations, of the necessity of wliich I have convinced myself by a
study of the most elaborate analytical conspectus given by Dr. v. Bleeker in the
'Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' 1801, p. 408. Too much importance
appears to me to have been attached, in that paper, to the shape of the lower
pharyngeal and to the arrangement of its teeth, a character the systematic value
of which I readily admit, so long as it is constantly joined with a second (in
Pseudodacina, Scarhia, and Odacina). \VTien Dr. v. Bleeker describes these
teeth as " paviincntati" in his family of Cossyphifornws, he must attribute the
same character to the genus Lcwhnolaimiis, placed by him along with Labrus,
which has these teeth "non pavimenfafi'' although Lcichno/aimus is certainly
merely a modified form of the typical Lahri. I am inclined to consider Ckptimts
and Siphanognafhus as being in a similar relation, the former to Cossyphus and
the latter to Odax.

A character which has been entirely overlooked, but which, for the further
division of the Lahrida, is as important as that taken from tlie dentition or from
the structure of the vertical fins, is that of the number of the vertebra;, the value
of which has been maintained by me on several occasions. It will be evident,
from the niunerous statements contained in the following pages, that in those
genera wliicli are composed entirely or for the greater part of tropical species, the
vertebral column is composed of '1\ or nearly 24 vert<;br;p, whilst those which
are chiefly confined to the temperate seas of the northern or southern hemisphere
have that number increased in the abdominal and caudal portions. Not having,
at present, quite sufficient materials, I have thouglit it better not to let this cha-
racter interfere with the division proposed ; but I hope soon to be able to base
a revision of the genera and groups on a complete series of skeletons.

A valuable contribution to the knowledge of the pharyngeal apparatus of the
Labroids has been given by R. Kner. in ' Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien.' xl. 1800,
p. 40.

VOL. IV. . F

66 LABKID^.

Synopsis of the Oroups and Genera.
First Group : Labrina.

Dorsal fin many-rayed, composed of more than twenty rays, thir-
teen of which at least are spinous. All the teeth in the jaws are
conical ; no posterior canine tooth.

* Anal spines three.

Teeth in a single s'^ries ; cheeks and opercles
with imbricate scales ; dorsal spines not pro-
longed. L. lat. more than 40 1 . Labrus, p. 69.

Teetli in a single series ; cheeks and opercles
with imbricate scales ; dorsal spines not pro-
longed. L. lat. less than 40 2. Chenilabrus, p. 77.

Teetli in a single series ; cheeks and opercles

scaly ; anterior dorsal spines much produced. 3. Lachnolaimus, p. 87.

Teeth in a double series ; scales on the cheeks

rudimentary ; opercles naked 4. Tautoga, p. 87-

Teeth in a single series ; imbricate scales on the
cheeks ; opercidum with a series of scales
along the lower margm, the rest of the oper-
cular apparatus being naked 5. Malacopterus, p. 88.

Teeth of the jaws forming a band ; cheeks and

opercles scaly 6. Ctenolabrus, p. 88.

** Anal spines more than three.

Teeth in the jaws forming a band 7. Acantholabrus, p. 91.

Teeth in a single series 8. Centrolabrus, p. 92.

Second Group: Choeropina.

Dorsal fin with twenty rays, thirteen of which are spinous. The
lateral teeth are more or less confluent into an obtuse osseous ridge,
whilst the anterior remain free, conical.

Cheek elevated 9. Ciicerops, p. 93.

Third Group : Julidina.

Dorsal fin with less than thirteen spines* ; anterior teeth free,
conical (compressed in Anampses); teeth of the lower pharyngeal
not confluent or pavement-like.

* Eleven or twelve (ten) dorsal spines; lateral line not interrupted; cheeks and

opercles scaly.

The membrane of the soft dorsal scaleless ; both
limbs of the prwoperculmn naked ; a poste-
rior canine tooth. L. lat. 26-28 10. Xipiiochilus, p. 98.

The membrane of the soft dorsal scaleless ; both
Umbs of the prseoperculum naked ; no poste-
rior canine tooth 11. Semicossyphus, p. 99.

* Thirteen occasionally in Cosm/phus rufus and in Cossyphus tredecimspinosus.

LABEIDiE. 67

Base of the soft dorsal naked ; both Hmbs of the
pra;opercuKim naked, not serrated. L. lat.
45-62; a posterior canine tooth 12. Trochocopus, p. 100.

The membrane of the soft dorsal scaleless ; pric-
operculum with the lower limb scaly, and
with the posterior naked and serrated 13. Decodon, p. 101.

Base of the dorsal fin scaly. D. -^— . A.—.

Praioperculum serrated 14. Pteragogus, p. 101.

The membrane of the soft dorsal is scaly at the
base ; dorsal spines twelve 15. Cossyphus, p. 102.

The soft dorsal is enveloped in scales ; teeth very
small 16. Clepticus, p. 111.

** 'Nine dorsal spines ; lateral line not interrupted ; cheeks and opercles scaly.

Praeoperculum not serrated ; scales large ; teetli

in the jaws in a single series 17. Labrichthys, p. 1 12.

A pair of curved, erect fangs in each jaw ; the
other teeth minute, forming a band ; scales
of moderate size 18. Labroides, p. 118.

Praeoperculum serrated 19. Duym.eria, p. 120.

*** Nine to eleven dorsal spines ; lateral line interrupted ; checks and opercles scaly.
Eleven dorsal spines 20. Cirrhilabrus, p. 123.

The middle of the spinous dorsal is strongly

depressed 21. Doratonotus, p. 124.

The third anal spine is the longest ; nine or ten
dorsal spines, which are subequal in length ;
lower jaw not produced backwards 22. Cheilinus, p. 125.

The second anal spine is the longest ; nine dor-
sal spines 23. PSEUDOCHEILINUS, p. 134.

The lower jaw much produced backwards 24. Epibulus, p. 134.

**** Eight or nine dorsal spines ; head entirely naked or with only a few very small
scales, either on the cheek or cm the operculum.

Nine dorsal spines ; each jaw with two com-
pressed cutting teeth anteriorly 25. Anampses, p. 135.

Nine dorsal spines ; opercles naked, cheek with
a strip of very small scales ; scales of mode-
rate size 26. Hemigvmnus, p. 138.

Scales in the thoracic region as large as, or
larger than, those on the side of the body ;
scales rather large 27. Stethojulis, p. 140,

Nine dorsal spines ; head entirely naked * ;
scales of moderate size, those in the thoracic
region smaller than those on the side of the
body ; lateral line continuous ; anterior teeth
conical, not bent backwards and outwards ; a
posterior canine tooth 28. Platyglossus, p. 143.

Nine dorsal spines ; head entirely naked ; scales
of moderate size, those in the thoracic region
smaller than those on the side of the body ;

* Except in H. hortulanus and H. notophthabmis.

v2

68 LA.BEIT»^.

lateral line continuous ; the outer anterior
canine teetli bent outwards and backwards ;
a posterior canine tooth 29. Leptojulis, p. 167.

Nine dorsal spines ; head entirely naked ; scales
of moderate size ; lateral line continuous ; an-
terior teeth conical ; no posterior canine tooth. 30. Pseudojulis, p. 168.

Nine dorsal spines ; scales of moderate size,

lateral Hue interrupted 31. Novacula, p. 168.

Eight dorsal spines ; snout of moderate extent. 32. Julis, p. 179.

Snout very much produced 33. Gomphosus, p. 192,

Cheeks naked, opercidum with a single series of

very small scales ; body elongate, head low. . . 34. Cheilio, p. 194.

Scales small, lateral line continuous 35. Coris, p. 195.

Scales small, lateral line interrupted 36. Cymolutes, p. 207.

Fourth Group : Pseudodacina.

Each jaw armed with two pairs of broad iiicisors and with a cut-
ting lateral edge ; teeth of the lower pharyngeal confluent, pave-
ment-Hke.
Eleven dorsal spines 37. Pseudodax, p. 208.

Fifth Group : Scarina.

The teeth in both jaws are intimately soldered together into a
broad, convex, cutting lamina, and sometimes are entirely indistinct ;
pharyngeal teeth pavement-Uke. Scales rather large. From eight
to ten dorsal spines.

Cheek with a single series of scales ; upper lip

double in its whole circuit ; dorsal spines

pmigent; the lower jaw projecting beyond

the upper 38. Scarus, p. 208.

Cheek with a single series of scales ; upper Up

double in its whole circuit ; dorsal spines

flexible ; anterior teeth soldered together,

those of the lower jaw disposed in very oblique

series 39. Scarichthys, p. 212.

Cheek with a single series of scales ; upper Hp

double only posteriorly ; jaws with distinct,

oblong, imbricate teeth anteriorly 40. C allyodon, p. 213.

Cheek with a single series of scales ; upper lip
double only posteriorly ; teeth of the lower
jaw distinct, disposed in oblique series 41. Callyodonticiithys, p. 216.

Cheek with two to four series of scales 42. Pseudoscarus, p. 216.

Sixth Group : Odacina.

The edge of each jaw is sharp, cutting, without distinct teeth an-
teriorly; pharyngeal teeth pavement-like. Scales small or rather
small. Dorsal spines numerous and flexible.

Cheeks and opercles scaly; snout conical, but
with the upper jaw not produced 43. Odax, p. 240.

1

1. LABRTTS. 69

Head nearly entirely naked ; scales small 44. Coridodax, p. 243.

Head entirely naked ; scales of moderate size. . . 45. Olistherops, p. 243.

Upper jaw terminating in a pointed appendage 46. Siphonognathus, p. 243.

First Group. LABRINA.
1. LABRUS*.

Labrus, sp., Artedi, Genera, p. 33.

Labrus, Cuv. Eigne Anim. ; Cuv. df Val. xiii. p. 16 ; Bkek. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1861, p. 417.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size, in
more than forty transverse series ; snout more or less pointed ; im-
bricate scales on the cheeks and opercles, none or only a few on the
interopercidum. Teeth in the jaws conical, in a single series. Dorsal
spines numerous, thirteen to twenty-one, none of which are pro-
longed ; anal spines three. Lateral line not interrupted.

Coasts of the temperate parts of Europe and Africa.

SheJeton of Labrus onixtus. — When we compare the skeleton of one
of the typical Labroids with that of a tnie Acanthopterygian similar
in external appearance, as for instance with that of Dentex vulgaris
or Sargus vulgaris, we do not find greater differences in the structure
of the skidl than we may expect between two closely allied genera.
Besides the pharyngeal bones, it is only the basioccipital which
shows some peciiliarity, hi having on each side a large, flattish
condyle, fitting into a concavity of the upper pharyngeals ; or, in
other words, there is a joint between the bones mentioned, whilst in
those Acanthopterygians the pharyngeals are fixed to the basioccipital
by a very loose cellular tissue.

The bones of the upper jaw are verj- similar to those of Sargus, but
more elongate. Both fishes require strong jaws for crushing the
hard substances which form a part of the animals on which they
feed ; the front part of the intermaxillary is dilated, not only to
form a base for the strong teeth in function, but also to afford space
for the germs of teeth which are developed in the interior of the
bone ; the latter teeth enter the scries from the outer surface of
the bone. The maxiUarj' is strongly curved, a shape by which the
protraction of the mouth is essentially faciUtated; the process of

* 1. Labrus luscus, L. Miis. Ad. Fred. ii. p. 80, and Sysf. Nat. i. p. 478 ; Bl.
Sckn. p. 253 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 217 ; Cuv. 4' Val. xiii. p. 69. — Me-
diterranean.

2. lineolatus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 90. — Mediterranean.

3. saxorum, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 91. — Medittrranean.

4. jagonensis, Bated. Excurs. Mad. 4' Porto Santo, p. 234. fig. 47 (fig. and

description very bad) ; Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 100. — Porto Praya. Perhaps
identical with L. i»/.v/us.

5. microk'pidotus, Bl. taf. 292 ; Bl. Si-hn. p. 2.")0.— Cossypluis micro-

Icpidolus, Cuv. # Va'. xiii. p. IA0.—Hal>. ?

70 LABRID^.

the palatine to which the maxillary is joined is much produced
forward.

The proportion of the vertebrae is very characteristic: the ab-
dominal portion is composed of eighteen and the caudal of twenty-one
vertebrae — the length of the former being to that of the latter as
1:1-15.

1. Labrus maculatus.

The BaUan Wrasse.

Labrus bei-gylta, Ascan. Ic. tab. 1 ; Cuv. fy Val. xiii. p. 20 ; Yarr. Brit.

Fish. i. p. 275, 2nd edit. i. p. 311, 3rd edit. i. p. 482.
maculatus, Bl. vi. p. 17. taf. 294 ; Bl. Schn. p. 250 ; Fries ock

Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 43. tab. 2 ; Jen. Man. p. 391 ; Parn. Wern.

3Iem. vii. p. 256, and Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 96 ; Niks. Prodr. p. 74,

and Skatid. Faun. iv. p. 261.

aper, Befz. Faun. Suec. p. 335.

baUan, Art. Walh. iii. p. 259 ; Bl. Schn. p. 252 ; Lacep. iii. p. 513.

Ballan Wrasse, Perm. Brit. Zool iii. p. 216. pi. 44, and edit. 1812, iii.

p. 334. pi. 55.
Vieille, Duham, Piches, iii. sect. iv. p. 34. pi. 6. fig. 1.
Labrus berg-galt, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 46.

neustrise, Lacep. iii. p. 522.

tancoides, Lacep. iii. p. 501.

tinea, Shato, Nat. Misc. xi. pi. 426, and Zool. iv. p. 499. pi. 72;

Donov. Brit. Fish. iv. p. 83.

ballanus, Shaiv, Zool. iv. p. 398.

balanus, Flein. Brit. An. p. 209.

lineatus, Donov. Brit. Fish. iv. pi. 74 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 99 ;

Flem. Brit. An. p. 209; Jmi. Man. p. 392 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. edit. 1.

i. p. 279.

comubiensis, Couch, Trans. Limi. Soc. xiv. p. 80,

variabilis, Thomps. Nat. Hist. Jrel. iv. p. 120.

Youtig.

Labrus pusiUus, Jenyns, Catal. Brit. Vert. p. 25, and Mati. p. 392;

Yarrell, Brit. Fish. edit. 2. i. p. 330.
Crenilabriis midtidentatus, TJiomps. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 56, and

Maff. Zool.^Bot. ii. p. 449. pi. 13, and Ann. S^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839,

ii. p. 418.
pusUlus, WJiite, Catal. Brit. Fish. p. 24 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 3rd

edit. i. p. 506.

D. ^-^^^^ A. ^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6-7/14. Vert. 19/19*.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thrice and three-fourths in the total. The width of the inter-
orbital space is two-thirds of the extent of the snout, which is one-
third of the length of the head. Ground- coloiu' bluish-green or
reddish-brown, more or less distinctly reticulated with yellow or
orange-red ; vertical fins bluish-green, sometimes spotted ; pectorals
and ventrals orange-red.

European coasts. Mediterranean. North-west coast of Africa.

a-c. Adult : skins and stuifed. Fii-th of Forth. From Dr. Pamcll's
Collection.

* Valenciennes states 20 vertebroe, an error copied by Yarrell.

1. LABRUS. 71

d. Fine specimen. Brighton. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

e. Two feet long : stuii'ed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F.

Spence, R.N.
/-)•. Adult, half- grown, and young: stuffed and skins. Plymouth.
s-u. Adult and half-grown. Polperro. Presentedby J. Couch, Esq.
v-y. Adult, half-gi'own, and young: skins. British coast. From

Mr. Yarrell's Collection,
5. Adidt : skin. EngUsh coast. Purchased.
e. Half-grown: skin. English coast. Purchased. — D. 19/11.
^. Young. Devonshire. Presented by — Ross, Esq. Named La-

brus Ihieatus.
ri, d. Half-grown. England. From the Haslar Collection.
I. Half-grown. Gibraltar. From the Haslar Collection.
K-fi. Half-grown. Mogador. Presented by the Eev. II. T. Lowe.
V, ^, o, TT. Adult and half-grown.
p-v. Adult: stuffed.
0, X. Half-grown and young. From the Haslar Collection.

Young specimens show the praeoperculum very distinctly serrated ;
and traces of the serrature may be frequently found in specimens of
four to six inches in length, if the skin covering the praeopercular
edge is removed. Such specimens have been described as Labriis
pusillus and Crenilahrus multklentatus.

2. Labrus donovani.
Cuv. 8f Vol. xiii. p. 39.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thrice and three-fourths in the total ; the length of the snout
if one-third of that of the head. Upper parts and fins green, a
silvery band along the sides ; head with some irregular blue lines.
{Val.)

Coasts of Bretagne.

It is very probable that the Labrus comber of Pennant (Brit. ZooL
iii. p. 221. pi. 47, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 342. pi. 58) has been founded
on a specimen of this species.

3. Labrus turdus.

? Exoccetus, Rondel, vi. c. 15. p. 193.

Turdus viridis minor, WUhnilihy, p. 320.

? Turdus viridis major, Willughhy, p. 322; Ray, Syn. p. 137.

Labrus, no. 2, Artvdi, Geiwra, p. 34.

? Labrus, no. 11, Artedi, Synmi. p. 57; & no. 5, Genera, p. 34.

? Labrus turdus, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 478 ; Bl. Schn. p. 257 ; Ri.<so, Ichth.

Nice, p. 278, and Eur. M6rid. iii. p. 303.
Labrus viridis, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 478 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 221.

psittaous, Lacep. iii. p. 501.

? Labrus saxatilis, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 300.

Labrus turdus, Citv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 62 ; Guichen. Exphr. Algir. Poiss.

p. 84 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Ettss. Mend. iii. p. 449.
? Labrus viridis, Cuv. 4" V(d. xiii. p. 75. pi. 370.

D. 1^^. A. j^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 20/21.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head three times and two-thirds.
The width of the interorbital space is one-half of the extent of the
snout, which is more than one-third of the length of the head (in
adult specimens). The length of the longest dorsal ray is less than
that of the base of the soft dorsal fin. Greenish, generally with a
silvery band along the sides, wliich is edged with brown on the head.
Fins generally immaculate. Head and back sometimes marbled with
brown.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult : bad state. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.

b. Thirteen inches long : skin. Mediterranean. From Mr. YarreU's

Collection.

c. Six inches long. Coast of Barbary.

d. Six inches long. Old CoUeetion.

e-g. Twelve and eight inches long : stuffed,
h, i. Half-grown : not good state.

Specimens c &d show the praeoperculum finely but very distinctly
serrated.

4. Labrus festivus.

Tm-dus oblongus fuscus, maculosus, Wilhtghby, p. 323 ; Ray, p. 137.

— — , no. 11 (Labnis tm'dus), var., Ariedi, Syn. p. 57.

Labrus festivus, Eisso, Eur. Mend. iii. p. 304 ; Cuv. i^ Val. xiii. p. 71.

D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head three times and two-thirds.
The width of the interorbital space is one-half of the length of the
snout, which is more than one-third of that of the head. The length
of the longest dorsal ray equals that of the base of the soft dorsal fin.
Eeddish-ohve on the back, the scales becoming gradually silvery
towards the belly ; an indistinct silvery band along the side of the
body ; praeorbital with irregular brown bands ; the lower half of the
side of the head reticulated with orange -yellow. The soft parts of
the vertical fins with pearl-coloured ocelli edged with violet.

Mediterranean.

a. Fine specimen, 12 inches long. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther,
M.D.

5. Labnis merula.

Hernia, Aldrov. i. c. 6. p. 35 ; Eondel. vi. c. 5. p. 172.
Turdus niger, WiUuf/hhy, p. 320 ; Eay, p. 137.
Labrus, no. 7, Artedi, Syii. p. 5-5.

merula, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 480; Cwr. cV 7?//. xiii. p. 80; Cuv.

Ergne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 86. fig. 1.

1. LABRUS. 73

Labrus livens, Bri'mn. Pise. 3Iass. p. 53 (not X.).

Scarus, sp., Grmwv. Zoophyl. no. 228.

Labrus ossiphagus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 223 (not L.).

lividus, Cm: df Val. xiii. p. 87.

limbatus, Cm: ^- Val. xiii. p. 89.

Scarus viridis, Gronov. Si/st. eel. Gray, p. 63.

D. ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 6/14. Vert. 18/20.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thj'iee and threo-fom-ths in the total. The width of the
interorbital space is two-thirds of the extent of the snout, which is
one-third of the length of the head. The length of the longest ray
of the soft dorsal fin equals the length of its base. Uniform brown
(in spirits), or greenish-ohve with some obscure blackish blotches.

Mediterranean.
a. Adult female. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.
h. Adult. Nice. From the Berlin Museum.
c, d. Adult. Egypt. From Mr. Petherick's Collection,
e. Half-groAvn. Mediterranean. FromDr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
/. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
g. Yoimg : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

6. Labrus reticulatus.

? Labrus nereus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 231, and Eur. Merid. iii, p. 302 ;

Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 78.
Labrus reticulatus, Loiue, Tram. Zool. Soc.iii. p. 11, and Proc. Zool. Soc.

1839, p. 85.
nubilus, Valenc. in Webb S; Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 62.

D. If. A. |. L. lat. 43. L. transv. '^.

The height of the body is contained four times or three times and
two-thirds in the total length, and equals the length of the head.
The width of the interorbital space is two-thii'ds of the extent of
the snout, which is one-third of the length of the head. The longest
dorsal ray is longer than the base of the soft dorsal fin (in adult
specimens). Brownish, reticulated with dark chestnut-brown lines,
each scale having a pale centre ; irregular dark-brown spots on the
side of the snout and beliind the orbit. Vertical fins immaculate or
spotted.

Mediterranean . Madeira .

rt. Seventeen inches long : stuffed. Madeira. From the Eev. E. T.

Lowe's Collection. — Type of the species.
6. Fifteen inches long. Madeira. From the Rev. P. T. Lowe's

Collection.

c. Seven inches long. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.

d. Five inches long. Alexandria. From the Berlin Museum. —

This specimen has a very distinct silvery longitudinal band, as
in L. tin-<h(.<i ; traces of which, and the brown edges on the snout
arc still visible in specimen c. The prajoperculum is finely but
vorv distinctly serrated. — D. J^.

74 LABRID.E.

e, f. Four to five inches long. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson,
Esq. — These specimens agree with the former, but D. j|.

7. Labrus prasostictus.

Labrus prasostictes, Pall. Zoof/r. iii. p. 272; Nordm. m Demid. Voy.

Rtiss. Merid. iii. p. 445, Poiss. pi. 16. fig. 2.
rufus, Rathke, Fauna der Knjm, p. 337.

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head and two-sevenths of the total. Snout one-third of the length
of the head. The length of the longest ray of the soft dorsal fin is
less than that of its base (according to the figure quoted). Green,
during Ufe, witli series of blue dots or oceUi on head, body and fins ;
pectorals immaculate ; dorsal with a red, anal and caudal Avith a
blue margin ; lower parts reticulated with brownish. Brownish, in
spirits, reticulated with darker.

Black Sea.

8. Labrus crassus.

Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bi-asil. p. 95. tab. 52.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total length, the length of the head four times ; snout of moderate
extent. The length of the longest dorsal ray is rather less than
one-half that of the base of the soft portion. (Agass.)

? Coast of Brazil.

The typical specimen is in the Museum of Munich.

9. Labrus mixtus.

Striped Wrasse. Red Wrasse.

Labrus mixtus, Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 160. pis. 37 & 38
(Labrus dispar) ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 265.

Male.

Tiu'dus perbelle pictus, Wilhighby, p. 322 (not fig.).

major varius, Willughhy, p. 322.

Labrus, no. 3, Artedi, Genera, p. 34.

, uo. 4, AHedi, Genera, p. 34.

mixtus, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 479 ; Lacep. iii. p. 436 ; Risso, Ichth.

Nice, p. 222 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 43 ; Yatrell, Brit. Fish. i. p. 281,

2nd edit. i. p. 317, 3rd edit. i. p. 491 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss.

p. 83.
? Labrus ossiphagus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 478 ; Rl. Schn. p. 268 ; Lacq}.

iii. p. 440.

coeruleus, Ascan. Ic. pi. 12.

Blaastaal, Strom, Sondm. i. p. 269.

Striped Wrasse, Pe7m. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 218. pi. 45, and edit. 1812, iii.

p. .337. pi. 57.
The Cook, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii, p. 253, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 340 ; Bl.

Sclui. p. 268.

i

1. LABEUS. 75

Labms variegatus, L Gm. i. p. 1294; Lacip. iii. pp. 442, 508; Donov.

^rit Ff. 1. pl. 21; Risso Ichth. Nice, p. 229; Turt. Brit. Faun.

p. 99; Je,uj7is, Man. p. 394; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iv p 124
— coquus .ir^TTfl/i. iii. p. 200; Lacep. iii. p. 443; Tu,-t. Brit.

Faun. p. 99 ; Flem. Brit. Atmti. p. 209. "^ ^ '

vittatus, Art. Walb. iii. p. 256

— — vetula, Bl. taf. 293; Bl. Sclm. p. 250; Lacep. iii. p. 447.
tTi-ammistes vane-iatiis, Bl. ScJm. p. 190
ypanis fonuosus, Sliaw, Nat. Misc. i. pl. 31 (cop. Ascan.).
l^abrus torniosus, S/iaw, Zool. iv. p. 512.

pavo, Eisso Fur. Merid. iii. p. 299 (not Ichth. Nice\

Imeatus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 220.

larvatus, Loive, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1850, p. 249.

Fe77iale.

Labms cameus Ascan Ic. tab. 13; Bl. taf. 289; Bl. Schn. p. 249-

Parn. Wern. Me^n. vii. p. 258, and Fish. Firth of Forth, p 98 '

— - trimaculatus, L. Gm. i. p. 1294; Lacep. iii. p. 488; Shatv 'Nat

■ M^c XIX. pl. 7SQ-,mso, Ichth. Nice, p.'219; ^Dono^. B^' S^.

i>/«« p 396; larr.Brd. Fish. i. p. 286, 2nd edit. i. p. 320, 3rd edU

'■ ^Vi^ 'n Z"""^';"- ^•^^''"'■- ^'^'''- ^- '■ ' ^^''"'i'^'- ^^<^t- Hik Irel. iv
p. 12b; nelaroche,Am>. 3Ius. 1809, xiv. p. 281 (air-bladder).

exoletus, feni., Petz. Faun. Suec. p. 335

Tnmaculated Wrasse, Pe>«/.. Brit. Zool iii. p. 218. pl. 46, and edit,
lolz, m. p. 33b. pl. 56.

Varietxj of Female.

Labrus bimaculatus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 477; Bl. Schn. p. 261 ■ Tzirt

Bnt. Faun. p. 99; Jen. Man. p. 396 ^ '

Bima|idated Wrasse, P«i«. ^n<. z«o^. iii. p. 247, and edit. 1812, iii.

Labrus quadrimacidatus, Risso, Fur. Merid. iii. p. 302.

^- rrrr ^- n- I'- l^t. 55, L. transv. 7/20. Vert. 18/21.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third or
four times and a quarter in the total length, the length of the head
three times and a third to three times and a half. The width of
the interorbital space is contained once and two-thirds or twice in
the length of the snout Snout elongate, its length being consider-
ably more than one-third of that of the head. Cauda! and anal
and sometimes the other fins with a more or less broad blue margin •
a black or blmsh-black oblong spot or band along the base of the
anterior dorsa spines. Male with blue streaks or a blackish band
aiong the body sometimes nearly uniform. Female with two or
three large black blotches across the back of the tail

Coasts of Europe.

Males.

Var a Body with irregular blue longitudinal streaks ; the lower
part of the anterior half or third of the spinous dorsal black ; anal
and caudal fins with blue margins.

a. AduU: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,

76 LABRID^.

6. Adiilt. English coast. Presented by Messrs. Oliffe & Cole.

c-f. Adnlt : stuffed and skins. British coast.

ff. Adult. Dahnatia.

h. Adult.

i. Adult: skeleton.

Var. (3. Body nearly uniform ; the lower part of nearly the entire
spinous dorsal black ; anal and caudal fins with blue margins.

k-l. Adidt: stuffed.
m. Adult.

Var. y. Yellow : head, back of the trunk, and anterior portion of
the spinous dorsal fin blackish -violet ; head with some irregular
blue streaks. Vertical fins and pectorals with blue margins. (Labrus
larvatus, Lowe.)

n-o. Fine specimens. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
p. Fine specimen. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.

Var. ti. Greenish : head, back of the trunk, and anterior portion
of the spinous dorsal brownish, the former with irregular bluish
lines ; a broad brown longitudinal band to the base of the caudal
fin. Vertical fins with blue margins.
q. Fine specimen. London market. Presented by Messrs. J. & C.

Grove.
r-u. Adult and half-grown : stuffed and skins. Plymouth.
V, HaK-grown: skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection as Labrus

lineatvis.

Females.

Var. e. Like var. d, but with two or three rather indistinct dark
spots on the back of the tail,
tt'-.a;. Half-grown : skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

y. Adult : stuffed. EUlough, Ireland.

Var. ^. Red or reddish, with one to three large black spots on
the back of the taU ; a blackish spot anteriorly on the spinous dorsal
fin ; vertical fins edged with blue.
z. Half-grown : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F.

Spence, R.N.
a. Adult: skin. South Devon. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
/3. Half-grown. Swansea. Mus. Leach,
y. Adult : stxiffed. English coast.

5. Fine specimen. Cannes. Pi-esented by Th. Giinther, M.D.
e. Half-grown. Malta. Presented by Capt. Strickland, R.N.
^. Adult. Dalmatia.

T). Adidt. Adiiatic.

6. Half- grown. Mediterranean.
I, K. Half-grown.

X. Half- grown: stuffed.

ft. Young : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
For description of Skeleton, see p. n9.

2. CRENILABHUS. 77

2. CRENILABRUS*.

Crenilabriis, Cuv. Mdi/iie Anim. ; Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 146 ; Bleek. Proc.

Zuul. Soc. 1861, p.'417.
Coricus, Ciir. Ri'qne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 253 ; Bleek. Proc.

Zoul. Sue. 1861 "p. 417.

Body compressed, oblong, covered mth scales of moderate size, in
less than forty transverse series ; snout more or less pointed ; imbricate
scales on the cheeks and on all the opercles. Teeth in the jaws
conical, in a single series. Dorsal spines numerous, 13—18, none of
which are prolonged ; anal spines three. Lateral line not interrupted.

Coasts of the temperate parts of Eiu'ope and Afi-ica.

Cuvier has separated the genus Crenilabrus from Labms on
account of the denticulated praeoperculum. Having observed the
praeoperculum to be serrated in young specimens of Cuvier's true
Labri, whilst several Crenilabri lose the serrature of that bone in old
age, I formerlj' refused to acknowledge the validity of the two genera.
Dr. V. Bleeker, however, has shown (7. c.) that there are other
distinctive characters, and has particularly directed attention to the
number of scales. He also adopts the genus Coricus ; but this fish
is so closely allied to Crenilabrxis ocelJatus, that the single character
of the snout being more or less produced does not appear to me to
be of generic value.

The vertebral column of the different species of CrenUahms is com-
posed of nearly the same number of vertebrae, viz. of fifteen or four-
teen in the abdominal portion, and of eighteen or seventeen in the
caudal. The length of the fonuer is to that of the latter,

in C. pavo, as 1 : 1-2.

in C. melops, as 1 : 1*26.

in C. quinquemaculatus, as 1 : 1-4.

in C. griseus, as 1 : 1-27.

* 1. Lutjanus virescens, Bl. taf. 254. — Labrus virescens, Bl. Sckn. p. 249. —
Crenilabrus virescens, Cuv.^~ Val. xiii. p. 182. — Hub. ?

2. Crenilabrus chrjsoplirus, Eisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 319. — Ctcv. ^- Val. xiii.

p. 190.— Nice.

3. Lutjanus olivaceus, Risso, Ichih. Nice, p. 279 (not Lacep.). — Crenilabrus

rissoi, Cuv. 4' Val. xiii. p. 197. — These names have probably been given
to specimens of Cr. ocellatus and yomig specimens of other species.

4. notatus, Bl. taf 251. fig. 2.— Labrus notatus, Bl. Schn. p. 248.—

Crenilabrus notatus, Cuv. (^^ Val. xiii. p. 217. — Hah. ?

5. clilorosochrus, RL<iso, Ichth. Nice, p. 275. pi. 8. fig. 27. — Crenilabrus

chlorosoclirus, Risso, Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 327. pi. 10. fig. 24 ; Cuv. i.^- Vol.
xiii. p. 215. — Mediterranean.

6. Crenilabrus areuatus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 328 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 216.

•^Mediterranean .

7. zeraphinus, Crulia, Teiitamen, p. 13. — Malta.

S. schomberianus, Gulia, I. c. — Crenilabrus dubius, Gulia, I. c. — Malta.

9. serranus, Gulia, I. c. p. 14. — Malta.

10. serranoides, Gulia, I.e. p. 15. — Malta.

11. intermedius, Gulia, I.e. — Malta.

12. locaninus, Gulia, I. c. p. 16. — Malta.

13. propinquus, Gu^ia, I. c. p. 17. — Malta.

78 LABRIBiE.

1. Crenilabrus pavo.

Pavo, Salv. fig. 233; AMroj. i. cap. 4. p. 29; Willughhy, tab. x. 3 (not

descr.).
? Tuidus, Bellon. p. 160 ; Rondel, iv. cap. 6. pp. 174, 175.
Paoii de mer, Belon, Hist. nat. Poiss. etrang. p. 18.
Tardus viilgatissimus, etc., Willughhy, p. 319 ; Ray, p. 136.
Labrus pavo, Briinn. Ichthyol. Mass. p. 49 (not i.).
? Labrus lapina, Forsk. p. 36; Bl. Schn. p. 260.
Lutjanus linckii, Bloch, iv. p. 127. taf. 252.
Labrus violaceus, Bl. Schn. p. 248.

Lutjanus geoffi'oj'ius, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 261. pi. 8. tig. 25.
? Lutjanus lapina, Risso, I. c. p. 262.
Crenilabrus geoffi'oi, Risso, Bur. Merid- iii. p. 314.
lapina, Risso, I. c. p. 313 (?) ; Nordni. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid.

iii. p. 451. pi. 19 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. 3Iosc. 1859, 2. p. 444. ^
Labrus polychrous. Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 262.
Crenilabrus pavo, Cut: ^ Val. xiii. p. 149. pi. 372 ; Guichen. Explor.

Alger. Poiss. p. 85.

B.5. D.^l^HiM. A.-^^^. L.lat.35. L. transv. |§\
Vert. 15/18.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a half or thrice
and two-thii'ds in the total length. Cheek with four or five series
of small scales, the scaly part below the eye being higher than the
orbit. The length of the snout is more than one-third of that of
the head. The serrature of the praeoperculum disappears in old
specimens. Coloration variable : ground- coloiu' green or brownish,
with longitudinal series of blue and red (in spirits brownish) dots ;
two of these series form the edges of a light band running fi'om the
eye to the caudal fin ; generally a dark blotch above the axil ;
vertical fins dotted with blue, pectorals uniform yellow or transparent.
Other specimens have the colours less bright and are more uniform.

Mediterranean ; Black Sea.

o. Adult. Gibraltar. Presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater.

h, c. Fine specimens. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.

d-e. Fine specimens. Dalmatia.

/, g-7i. Adidt and half-grown. Trieste. From the Berlin Museum.

i-m. Half-grown. Malta. From the Berlin Museum.

n, 0, p. Adult. Egypt. From ISIr. Petherick's Collection.

q. Adiilt. Mediterranean. From the Berlin Museum.

r. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Museum.

s, t-ti, V. Adult.

w. Sixteen inches long : stuffed.

X. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

y. Adult : skeleton. Nice. From the Berlin Museum.

For a long time I thought that two or three species were confounded
imder the name of Cr. pavo, and that their distinctive characters
might be found in the colours, in the numbers of the soft dorsal and
anal rays, and in the number of scales above the lateral line. A
further examination, however, of numerous examples has shown me

2. CRENILABEUS. 79

tW Zch llrtT ''''™'*''' "'' constantly joined with a second, and
ocilitv n J nfi'^^'-r 'f ''"^'^^ '^"S^t t^S'^ther at the same
locality and otherwise qiute identical. One of the most singular
varieties is the specimen b, from Cannes, with U longitudinal seres
of scales above the lateral line. Specimen ., procured by my brother
later, w' ^ ''"^- V^\'^^' Pl^^e, has the scales a^bove the
in^douM f r.fTr '"^ *^' °ther specimens; and there can be scarcely
any doubt that both are specifically identical. The colours are given

a. Cohurs of specimen n {male), seven inches ?ori^.— Pectoral yel-
low; a blackish blotch above the pectoral. Green each scale with

the ttTti T' -J^f *-^-'l bands: one on t^ baling
the base of the dorsal hn, the second immediately above the lateril
hue and along the back of the tail, the third alo^ng and below the
caudal portion of the lateral line; snout violet; numerous br thlred

rel' :^'u '" •• . "^'^ «P.-«-,^l--^l dark:violet, with a serL of
red spots a blue intramargmal line and a red margin ; the soft
dorsal and the ana green below and reddish above, with many blue
oceUi. The caudal and ventral red at the base and yellow Sfthei?
outer half, with numerous blue oceUi. ^ ^ow m tneir

hl.tkS w"T f f ''"^T ^'■^'■''^ C^«nn.s.-Pectoral transparent; a
bkckish blotch above tie pectoral, another smaUer one at the root
of the caudal below the end of the lateral Hue. Eeddish-olive
above and on the sides, silvery below ; a light shining silvery band
mns from the eye to the middle of the caudal, and is bordered by
two purphsh bands-the upper along the anterior portion of the
lateral line and the back of the tail; three series of large blaksh
blotches on the sides. The soft portions of the verticaf fins S
small ocelli m moderate number.

2. Crenilabrus mediterraneus.

Perca mediterranea, LMis. Ad. Fred. ii. p. 85, and Stjst. Nat. i. p 485
Labrus, Brunn. Pise. 3Iass. p. 56. no. 72. ^

Labnis _unimacidatus, Brilnn. Pise. Mass. p. 57. no. 73 • £1. Sc/ui

Lutjanus bidens, Bl. taf. 251. fig. 1.
Labnis mediterraneus, Bl. Schn. p. 255.

bidens, Bl. Schn. p. 248.

Lutjanus bmnnichii, Laeep. iv. p. 222; Risso, lehth. Nice, p. 273

massiliensis, Laeep. iv. p. 222 (not Risso). ^

mediterraneus, Laeep. iv. p. 226 ; Risso, lehth. Nice, p 272

C-renilabrus boryauus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 320; Cue. k' Val. xiii.

nigrescens, Risso, I. c. p. 320.

briinnichii, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 183.

pictus, Loive, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 186.

J) L_kOl), ^ _!__ L lat. 34. L. transv. 4/12. Vert. 13/17.
The height of the body is contained thrice and a third to tlirice

80 LABRID.E.

and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times.
Cheek with four series of small scales. The length of the snout is
one-third of that of the head in young specimens, but longer in adult
ones. A black spot at the base of the pectoral iin ; sometimes a
blackish spot superiorly at the base of the caudal ; vertical fins with
dots, which are blue during Hfe.
Mediterranean. Madeii'a.

a. Adult. Madeira. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

— Type of C. picfus, Lowe.
b-c, d. Half-grown. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
/. Half-grown. Malta. From the Berlin Museum.
g. Half-grown.
h-k. Half-grown: stuffed.

3. Crenilabrus melanocercns.

Lutjanus melanocercus, Hisso, Ickfh. Nice, p. 283.
Crenilabrus melanocercus, Sisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 316 ; Ctiv. Sf Val.
xiii. p. 213.

6-7 9

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. Brown-
ish; a curved bluish streak from the eye to beneath the lower jaw.
Caudal fin dark- coloured towards the hind margin, -nath some blackish
spots ; pectoral pale, with a black spot on the extremity of the upper
rays.

Western parts of the Mediterranean,

4. Crenilabrus caemleus.
Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 316. pi. 10. fig. 25; Cuv. 8j- Val. xiii. p. 214.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length.
Brownish, with an indistinct streak below the eye ; caudal fin yellow
at the base, and black on the posterior extremity, which has a yellow
edge. Pectoral without black spot at its extremity.

Mediterranean.

5. Crenilabrus melops.

Berggylte, Strom, Sondm. p. 266. nos. 1 & 2.
Labrus melops, L.

Labrus melops, L. Mus. Ad. Fred. ii. p. 78, and Syst. Nat. i. p. 477 ;

Bl. Schn. p. 261 ; Lacep. iii. p. 435 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk.

p. 182. pi. 44.

turdus, Midi. Prodr. no. 383.

Lutjanus melops, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 265.

Creiiilabnis melops, Cuv. Riqne Aiu'tn. ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 318 ;

Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 167 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. i. p. 325, 3rd

2. CRENILABRrS. 81

edit. i. p. 498 ; Guichm. Explor. Algir. Poiss. p. 85 ; Niks. Skand.

Faun. iv. p. 270.
Labrus tinea, Tnrton, Brit. Faun. p. 98 ; Jen. Man. p. 397.
Crenilabrus tinea, Yarr. Brit. Fish. 1st edit. i. p. 293 ; Thotnps. in

Mag. Zool Sf Bot. ii. p. 442, and Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 126 ; Parn.

Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 99.

Labrus rone, Ascan.

Labrus rone, Ascan. Ic. tab. 14 ; Lacep. iii. p. 437 ; Nilsi. Prodr. p. 77.
Crenilabnis rone, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 172.

Thb Gibbous Wrasse, Pennant (monstros.).

Gibbous Wrasse, Penn.Brit. Zool iii. p. 2.50. pi. 46; edit. 1812, p. 338.

pi. 56, cop. in Yarr. Brit. Fish. 3rd edit. p. 503.
Labrus gibbus, L. Gin. i. p. 1295 ; Bl. Schn. p. 261 ; Lac^. iv. p.219;

Turf.. Brit. Faun. p. 98 ; Jen. 3Ian. p. 399.
CrenUabrus gibbus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 209; Cuv. 8f Vol. xiii. p. 176;

Yarr. Brit. Fish. 1st edit. i. p. 298.

GoLDSnsTNY, Pennant.

Goldsinny, Petm. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 220. pi. 47 ; edit. 1812, iii. p. 339.

pi. 58.
Crenilabrus peunantii, Cuv. Sf Val xiii. p. 178.

LUTJANUS NOR^VEGICUS, B/och.

LutjaniLS norwegicus, Bl taf. 256; Lacip. iv. pp. 190, 232, 234.
Perca maculosa, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 337.
Labrus noi-wegicus, Bl. Schn. p. 254 ; Niks. Prodr. p. 76.
Crenilabrus norwegicus, Cuv. <§• Val. xiii. p. 176; Yarr. Brit. Finh.
2nd edit. i. p. 328.

Labrus cornubius, Donovan.

? Labrus cornubicus, i. Gni. i. p. 1297 ; Lacep. iii. p. 389.

Labnis cornubius. Donor. Brit. Fish. iii. pi. 72; I\irt. Brit. Faun.

p. 99 ; Jen. Man. p. 398.
Crenilabnis cornubicus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. 3rd edit. i. p. 504 ; Parn.

Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 102, and Wern. Mem. vii. p. 262.
douovani, Cuv. 4" ^'^cJ- ^iii- P- 180 ; Guichen. Explor. Alq^r.

Poiss. p. 86.

COHKWING, Couch.

Corkwnng, Couch in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 17. fig. 4.
Crenilabrus couchii, Cuv. <§■ Val. xiii. p. 178.

D. <1^. A. ^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 4/12. Vert. 15/18.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a quarter to thrice
and a half in the total length. Cheek with five or six series of small
scales, the scaly part below the eye being much higher than the
orbit. The length of the snout is one-third of that of the head.
A black or deep-brown spot behind the orbit. The upper parts pur-
plish, the lower greenish ; sides of the head red, ^vith vermiculated
green bands edged ^\'ith darker ; body ^vith violet longitudinal stripes,
composed of spots which are intermixed with red ones on the lower

VOL. IV. a

82 XABRID.i;.

parts ; vertical and ventral fins green, the anal dark-green ; pectoral
reddish-yellow.
Coasts of Europe.

a. Adult : stuffed. Firth of Forth. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.

b, c-h. Half-groAATi and young. Brighton. Presented by J. G. Chil-

dren, Esq.
i-q. Adult, half-grown, and young : skias and stuffed. Plymouth.
r. Young. South Devonshire. Mus. Leach.
s-iv. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins. British coast. From

Yarrell's Collection,
.r. Young. British coast.

y. Fine specimen. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
z, a. Half-grown. South "Wales. Presented by J. Stokes, Esq.
/3. Young. Wales.

y. Adult. Lisbon. — With a caudal spot.
S. Adult. Mogador. Presented by the Eev. R. T. Lowe. — Without

caudal spot. The colours are preserved, and nearly the same as

in the specimen from Polperro.
e-C- Half-grown. Mogador. Presented by the Eev. R. T. Lowe. —

With a caudal spot.
Tj. Half-grown. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection,
0. Adult. Mediterranean. — This specimen has four irregular dark,

cloudy cross-bands, indistinct on the back and the side, but very

distinct on the dorsal fin ; anal fin with two large dark blotches.

(C. donovcmi.)
t. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
K, X, ju. Adult : not good state.
r-l. Adult : stuffed.
o. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

6. Crenilabrus quinquemactdatus.

? Labrus, no. 76, Uriinn. Pise. 3Iass. p. 59.

? Labrus guttatiis, L. Gin. i. p. 1296 ; Lacep. iii. p. 508.

Labrus quinquemaciilatus, Bl. taf. 291. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schit. p. 250.

ffiruginosus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 264 ; Rathke, Fauna der Krym,

p. 340.

capistratus, Pall. I. c. p. 269.

Lutjauus roissali, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 276. pi. 8. fig. 28.

• alberti, Bisso, I. c. p. 277.

varius, Bisso, I. c.

Crenilabrus roissali, Bisso, Eur. MSrid, iii. p. 323 ; Ctn: ^ Val. xiii.

p. 205.

tigrinus, Bisso, Mir. 3fSrid. iii. p. 317.

capistratus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 220 ; Nordm. in Detnid. Voy.

Buss. Mcrid. p. 457.
feruginosus, Nordm. I. c. p. 456, Poiss. pi. 17. fig. 3 ; Kcssler, Bull.

Soe. Nat. 3Iosc. 1859, 2. p. 450.

D.ii^. A.|. L. lat. 31, L. transv.^j. Yert. 14/18.

The height of the body is one-third or rather less than one-third
of the total length. Cheek with four or three series of small scales,

I

2, CBENILABBUS. 83

the scaly part below the eye being not much higher than the orbit ;
the length of the snout is one-third of that of the head. The soft
dorsal fin with two black spots at the base. Back with five dark,
indistinct cross-bands. Prseorbital and operculum with a dark spot ;
a dark streak below the orbit descending obliquely forwards to the
chin ; body with some irregular dark spots ; sometimes a dark spot
on the middle of the base of the caudal fin.
Mediterranean. Black Sea.

a, h. Adult. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.

c. Adult. Dalmatia.

d-e. Adult. Trieste. From the Berlin Museiim.

/, g. Adult, half-grown, and young : many specimens. Malta.

h. Adult : stuffed. Malta.

i. Adult. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.

h-l. Adult. Alexandria. From the Berlin Museum.

m. Adult. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection.

n. Adult. Lisbon.

o,p. Adult.

Varietji : Dorsal fin with fourteen spines ; the spots are of an in-
tense black and rather numerous on the lower half of the body ;
praeoperculum with three oblique black streaks.

q. Adult. Malta. From the Haslar Collection : has been in chlo-
ride of zinc.
r. Adult: skeleton.

Crenilahrus quinqitemacuIatuK, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 324,
Cuv. <fe Val. xiii. p. 212, is another variety, Avith three other black
spots on the base of the spinous dorsal fin, and two on the anal fin.

7. Crenilabrus griseus.

Labnus, no. 75, Brihin. Pise. Mass. p. 58.
Labrus griseus, L. Gm. Syst. Xat. i. p. 1296.

cinereus, Lacdp. iii. p. 487.

fuscus, Pall. Zoof/r. Ross.- As. iii. p. 266 ; Pathke, Fauna der

Krym, p. 340.
? Labrus trenatus. Pall. Zoof/r. Poss.-As. iii. p. 270.
Lutjanus cinereus, Pisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 200. pi. 8. fig. 26.

cottse, Pisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 282.

masse, Pisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 274.

Crenilabrus massa, Pisso, Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 326 ; Cuv. <§• Val. xiii.

p. 202.

cottre, Pisso, Eur. MSrid. iii. p. 315 ; Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 204.

frenatus, Benii. Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 90.

? Crenilabrus frsenatus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 204 ; Nordm. in Demid.

Vol/. Puss. Merid. iii. p. 457.
Crenilabrus fuscus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 219 ; Nordm. I. c. p. 455 ;

Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 446.
pusilhis, Nordm. I. c. p. 454, Poiss. pi. 18. fig. 2.

D.^. A.|-. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 3/9. Yert. 1417.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length. Cheek

e2

84 LABRID^.

with two series of scales, the scaly part below the eye being equal in
height to the orbit. The length of the snout is one-third of that of
the head. A black spot anteriorly on the spinous dorsal ; a black
spot which is frequently absent on the lower part of the base of the
caudal fin ; a brown band runs from above the orbit, along the
lateral line, to the back of the tail ; another from the lower half of
the orbit towards the black caudal spot ; the interspace between the
two bands is of a light colour ; a brown streak round the lower part
of the orbit and across the chin ; sides of the body and vertical fins
with brown dots.

Mediterranean, Black Sea.

a. Adult. Trebizond. From the Collection of the Zoological So-
ciety.— Typo of C. frenatiis, Benn.
b-c, d-e. Adult and half-grown. Dalmatia.
/. Adult. Trieste. From the Berlin Museum.
g, h. Adult. Cadiz. From the Haslar Museum.
i. Adult: skeleton. Cadiz. From the Haslar Museum.

8. Crenilabrus staitii.

? Labrus simus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 271.

Crenilabrus staitii, Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Muss. M^rid. iii. p. 452.
pi. 18. fig. 1.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length.
Greenish-olive, variegated with brown and whitish ; a brown streak
from the eye to the upper lip, and another to the lower jaw ; body
with two brown longitudinal bands ; two dark spots at the root of
the caudal, the lower of which is the larger and edged with black ;
vertical and ventral fins with small spots ; dorsal without black spot
anteriorly. (Nordm.)

Odessa.

Kessler considers this fish to be a variety of C. ftiscus, Pall., or
C. griseus, Gm,

9. Crenilabrus baillonii.

Crenilabrus baillonii, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 191. pi. 873 ; Cuv. Rkgne
Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 87. fig. 3.

D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. if.

The height of the body is contained three times and a third or three
times and a half in the total length. Cheek with two or three series
of scales ; the length of the snoiit is one-third of that of the head. The
soft dorsal and the anal with two black or blackish spots at the base.
Back with five or six dark cross-bars, more distinct in young indivi-
duals. Operculum without dark spot ; base of the pectoral black.

Coasts of Lisbon and Mogador ; British Channel.

a-h. Fine specimens. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
c-h. Fine specimens. Mogador. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

2. CRENILABRTTS. 85

This species may be easUy distinguished from its nearest ally, C.
quinq\t,emaeulatus, by the larger scales on the check, and by the
greater number of longitudinal series of scales above the lateral line.
The characters by which the two species have been distinguished
are constant in all the specimens examined ; the anterior spot on the
dorsal fin is the most distinct, whUst the others are paler and may
entirely disappear with age. The number of the anal rays has been
incorrectly given by Valenciennes.

10. Crenilabrus ocellatus.

Labrus ocellatus, Forsk. Faun. Arab. p. 37 ; Bl. Schn. p. 259.
Labrus, no. 71, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 56.

, no. 74, Briinn. I. c. p. 58.

olivaceus, L. Gm. i. p. 1295 ; Bl. Schn. p. 254.

venosus, Z. Gm. i. p. 1296 ; Bl. Schn. p. 255.

Lutjanus ocellatus, Lacep. iv. p. 218.

olivaceus, Laccp. iv. p. 218.

Labrus reticulatus, Lacep. iii. p. 508.

perspicillatus, Pall. Faun. Ross.-As. iii. p. 267 ; Rathke, Fauna

(Icr Ktijm, p. 341.
Crenilabrus ocellatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 193 ; Guicheii. Explor. Algh\

Poiss. p. 87; Norchn. in Demid. Voy. Russ. M4rid. iii. p. 468;

Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 449.
? Crenilabnis littoralis, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 322 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xiii.

p. 198.
Crenilabrus perspicillatus, Nordm. I. c. Poiss. pi. 17. figs. 1 & 2,

pi.

argenteo-striatus, Nordm. I. c. p. 461. pi. 18. fig. 4 (young).
D. '-i^5^. A. j. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is contained three times and two-thirds in
the total length, and is equal to the length of the head. Cheek with
three series of scales, the scaly part below the orbit being rather
higher than the eye ; the length of the snout is one-third of that of
the head. Operculum with a deep-black spot, frequently edged with
white ; sometimes a small spot on the middle of the root of the
caudal fin.

Mediterranean.

a, b, c. Adult. Dalmatia.

d, e,f. A great number of specimens of diflxjrent ages, from Malta.

f/. Half-grown.

h. Half-grown : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

11. Crenilabrus morelli.

Crenilabrus morelli, Nordm. in Demid. Voi/. Russ. 3I^rid. iii. p. 459.
pi. 18. fig. 3.

The height of the body is contained three times and two-thii-ds
in the total length, and c<pial to the length of the head. Red, witli
two obsolete brownish longitudinal bands ; a black spot on the opcr-

culum, and another on the middle of the root of the caudal fin.
Three large brownish blotches along the base of the dorsal fin, three
others along that of the anal, and a similar one on the basal half of
the ventral. (Nordm.)
Sebastopol.

Probably onlj' a variety of C. ocellatus.

12. Crenilabrus rostratus.

Lutjanus rostratus, Block, taf. 254. fig. 2.

rubescens, Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 271.

virescens, Risso, I. c. p. 280.

■ lamarckii, Risso, I. c. p. 281. pi. 9. fig. 29.

Coricus rostratus, Cuv. 8f Veil. xiii. p. 256. pi. 376 ; Cuv. Rhyne Aniin.

m. Poiss. pi. 88. fig. 1 ; Chiichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 89 ; Nordm.

in Demid. Toy. Riiss. Merid. iii. p. 463, Poiss. pi. 20. fig. 2.

, lamarckii, Risso, Eur. Merid. lii. p. 332.

rubescens, Risso, I. c. p. 333.

virescens, Risso, I. c. p. 332 ; Bonap. Faiin. Hal. Pesce, pi. fig. 4.

brama, Nordm. I. c. p. 464. pi. 20. fig. 1.

j^_ (i4)_i606)^ A.^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/11. Vert. 13/18.

A black spot anteriorly on the dorsal fin ; head, body and spinous
dorsal with brown dots.
Mediterranean.

«. Fine specimen. Dalmatia.

h-e, d. Adult and half-groAvn. Trieste. From the BerHn Museum.

e. Adidt. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.

f, g-i. Adult and half- grown. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther,

M.D.
h-l. Adult : bad state. Old Collection.
m-n. Adult : stuffed : bad state.

13. Crenilabrus tinea.

Labrus tinea, Briinn. Pise. Mass. uo. 70 ; Bl. Schn. p. 256.
Lutjanus tinea, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 270.

Crenilabrus tinea, Risso, Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 315 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xiii.
p. 199 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 87.

D. 1|. A. J. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 3/11.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thrice and three-fourths in the total. Cheek with three
series of small scales, the scaly part below the eye being as high as
the orbit ; the length of the snout is rather more than one-third of
that of the head. A broad (in spirits, brown) band runs from the
snout through the eye to the upper portion of the base of the caudal ;
it is bordered by a silvery band above and below, the lower of these
silvei'y bands preceding from the angle of the mouth to the lower
half of the base of the caudal ; the black caudal spot is small and

4. TAUTOGA. 87

situated above the lateral line, if present. Vent black ; no black
spot on the dorsal fin.
Mediterranean.

a. Adult. Old Collection.
6, c. Half-grown. Dalmatia.

3. LACHNOLAIMUS.

Lachnolaimus, Ctiv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 274.

Body compressed, somewhat elevated, covered with scales of
moderate size ; snout pointed ; imbricate scales on the cheeks and
opercles. Lateral line not interrupted. Teeth in the jaws conical,
in a single series ; no posterior canine tooth. Dorsal sjiines numerous
(14), the anterior of which are much produced; outer caudal rays
more or less prolonged ; anal spines three.

Caribbean Sea.

1. Lachnolaimus falcatns.

Suillus, Cateshy, Hist. Carol, ii. pi. 15.

Pen'o, Parra, lam. 3. fig. 2.

Labriis falcatns, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 475 ; Lacep. iii. pp. 425, 463.

Lachnolaimua aigula, Cuv. ^ Vat. xiii. p. 277. pi. 378.

dux, Cuv. 4" Val. xiii. p. 285.

canuuis, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 288.

psittacus, Cur. 4" Val. xiii. p. 291.

? Lachnolaimus suillus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xiii. p. 286 ; Cuv. Regne Anini.
Ml. Poiss. pi. 86. fig. 3.

D. j-^. A. ^. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 8/19. Vert. 12/17.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) ; anterior dorsal spines and caudal lobes produced
into more or less long filaments. Generally a black spot on the base
of the posterior dorsal rays.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Adult. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
/. Fine specimen. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
g. Fine specimen. Caribbean Sea. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
h. Half-grown : stuffed. Mexico. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
i. Half-grown : skin. West Indies.
k. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

4. TAUTOGA*.

Tautoga, Mitch. Report Fish. New York, 1814, p. 23.
Tautoga, sp., Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 292.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with small scales ; scales on the
check rudimentary, few in number, opercles naked. Teeth in the

* 1. Labrus tessellatiis, 5/. taf. 291. fig. 1 ; B'. Schn. p. 2jl.— Tautoga tcssel-
lata, Cuv. 4' Val. xiii. p. 315. — Norway.

88 LABRID^.

jaws conical, in double series ; no posterior canine tooth. Dorsal
spines numerous (17), anal spines throe. Lateral line not interrupted.
Temperate parts of the north-western Atlantic.

1. Tautoga onitis.

Labrus onitis, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 478 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1290 ; Bl. Schn.

p. 260 ; LacSp. iii. p. 501.
Black-fish, Schoqif in Schrift. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, viii. p. 156.
Labrus americaaus, Bl. Schn. p. 261 ; Storer, Syn. p. 137.
Tautoga nigra, T. fiisca, T. rubens, T. alia, T. ccerulea, Mitch. Report

Fish. Neic York, 1814, p. 23.
Labrus tautoga, 3Iitch. in Lit. Sf Phil. Trans. Neio York, i. p. 398. pi. 3. f. 1.
Tautoga nigra, Cm. i^- Val. xiii. p. 293 ; Dekai/, New York Fauna,

Fishes, p. 175. pi. 14. fig. 39.

B. 5. D. '^. A. |. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 16/35. Vert. 16/18.

Nearly uniform brownish or blackish.

Atlantic coasts of the Northern States of North America.

«. Fine specimen. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.
b. Half-grown. New York.

c-(I. Young. Beesley's Point. Presented by the Smithsonian In-
stitution.
e. Adult. North America. Pm-chased of Mr. Warwick.
/. Half-grown. Old Collection.
g. Half-grown: skin.

5. MALACOPTERUS.

Malapterus, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 355.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
imbricate scales on the cheek ; operculum Avith a series of scales along
the lower margin, the rest of the opercular apparatus being naked.
Teeth in the jaws conical, in a single series ; no posterior canine
tooth. Dorsal spines numerous (18) ; anal rather long, with three
spines ; the spines are feeble and flexible. Lateral line not interrupted.

Coast of ChUe.

1. Malacopterus reticulatus.

Cmv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 355. pi. 383 (not good) ; Gay, Hist. Cliil. Zool. ii.p. 301.

D. i|. A. :^. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 3/11.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length. Brownish.
Island of Juan Fernandez.

6. CTENOLABRUS *.

Ctenolabrus, Cuv. <5* Val. xiii. p. 223.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;

* 1. Labrus cinereus, Pall. Faun. Ross.-As. iii. p. 267.^Ctenolabru8 cinereus,
Cuv. # Val. xiii. p. 234.— Black Sea.
2. Ctenolabrus acutus, Ctiv.i^- Val. xiii. p. 235. — Mediterranean.

6. CTENOLABRUS. 89

imbricate scales on the cheeks and opercles. Teeth in the jaws in
a band, with an outer series of stronger conical teeth ; no posterior
canine tooth. Dorsal spines numerous, 16-18; anal spines three.
Lateral line not interrupted.

Mediterranean, and temperate parts of the North Atlantic.

Syiiojysis of the Species.
* Interoperculum scaly. Em'opean : Ctenolabrus, p. 89.
** luteroperciilmu naked. American : Tautogolahncs, p. 90.

* Interoperculum scaly : Ctetiolabrus.

1. Ctenolabrus rupestris.

Jago's Goldsinny, ii«y, Si/n. Pise. p. 163. tab. 1. fig. 3 ; Yarr. Brit.

Fish. i. p. 301, 2nd edit. i. p. 333.
Scisena rupestris, L. Mus. Ad. Fred. p. G5. tab. 31. fig. 7.
Kanulse, Strom, Sondm. i. p. 291.
Po)doppidan, Nat. Hist. Norway, ii. p. 226.
Bergnultra, Linn. Westg. Resa, p. 179.

Labrus suillus, L. Faun. Suee. p. 117, and Si/st. Nat. i. p. 476.
rupestris, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 478 ; Walb. Artedi, iii. p. 252 ; 3IiiU.

Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 45 ; Bl. Sehn. p. 248 ; Nilss. Prodr. p. 76 ;

Frk'S Sf Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 45. tab. 9. fig. 1.
Perca rupestris, 3Iidl. Zool. Dan. iii. p. 44. tab. 107 ; Retz. Faun. Suec.

p. 337.
Lutjauus rupestris, Bl. taf. 250. fig. 1.
Spams carudse, Lacep. iv. p. 148.
Crenilabrus rupestris, Selbij, Mag.- Zool. 8f Bot. i. p. 167 ; TJiomjis. ibid.

ii. p. 445, and Zool. Prod. p. 57 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 264, and

Fish. Firth of FoHh, p. 104.
Ctenolabrus rupestris, Ciiv. 6( Vol. xiii. p. 223 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 3rd

edit. i. p. 509 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 88.

B. 5. D. if=i^'^ A. ^. L. lat. 38-40. L. transv. 3/12.

Vert. 15/18.
The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length ; five
series of scales on the prajoperculimi. A large black spot anteriorly
on the dorsal fin, another superiorly on the base of the caudal.
Coasts of Europe.

n. Fine specimen. Lyme Regis. Presented by the Earl of Ennis-

kiUen.
h. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,

R.N.

c. Adult. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. Riippell.

d. Adult : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
«. Adult: stuffed.

2. Ctenolabrus marginatus.
Cm. Sf J'al. xiii. p. 232.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thucLs in

90 LABP.ID.E.

the total length. A large black spot anteriorly on the dorsal fin,
and another on each side of the caudal ; vertical fins with a narrow
blackish margin. (Val.)
Mediterranean.

3, Ctenolabrus iris.

Cm. Sf Val. xiii. p. 236. pi. 374 ; Loive, Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 11 ;
Bonap. Faun. Ital. Fesc. pi. fig. 8.

D. if. A. ■^. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length ; snout
conically produced; head twice as long as high. A brown longi-
tudinal streak through the eye and across the operculum. A black
spot on the anterior soft dorsal rays, and a second round one on the
posterior part of the two middle caudal rays.

Mediterranean. Madeira.

a. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.

** Interoperculum naked : Tautogolahrus.

4. Ctenolabrus burgall. •

Labrus burgall, Schoepf in Schrift. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, viii.

p. 155; m. Schn. p. 251.
chogset, Mitch, in Trans. Lit. 8f Phil. Soc. Neiv York, i. p. 402.

pi. 3. fig. 2.
Ctenolabrus chogset, Cuv. Hf Val. xiii. p. 237.
ccendeus, Storer, Synops. Fish. N. A. p. 134 ; Dekay, Neiu York

Fauna, Fishes, p. 172. pi. 29. fig. 93.

D. 1^). A. |-. L. lat. 46-50. L. transv. 6/17. Vert. 17/19.

The height of the body is equal to, or rather more than, the length
of the head, and is contained three times and one-third or thi'ee
times and two-thirds in the total ; five or sis series of small scales
on the cheek. Greenish or bluish, sometimes faintly clouded ; head
and back with yeUow dots.

Atlantic coasts of the northern parts of North America.

a. Adult. Canada. Presented by the Officers of the Army Medical

Department at Fort Pitt.
h. Half- grown : skin. New York.

c. Fine specimen. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.

d. Adult. Nahans Bay. Presented by B. "Winstone, Esq.
^> /) 9y ^» ir-m,. Adult and half-grown. North America.

n. Adult female: skeleton. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.

Variety.

Ctenolabrus uninotatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 239; Dekay, New Ym-k
Fauna, Fishes, p. 174. pi. 29. fig. 90.

A black spot on the base of the two anterior soft dorsal rays.

a. Fine specimen. Halifax Harbour. ProsentedbyB. Winstone, Esq.
h. Yoimg. Presented by the Smithsonian Institution.

7. ACANTHOLABRUS. 91

The stomach passes gradually into the intestine ; the mucous
membrane of both is laid in numerous reticulated folds ; a small
circular valve separates the lower fourth of the intestine from the
upper portion. The intestine is short, and makes only one complete
circumvolution. Air-bladder large, simple, firmly attached to the
sides of the abdomen.

Skeleton. — The longitudinal axis of the maxillary is straight, and
not curved as in Lahriis and Crenilahrus ; occipital crest very low.
The lower pharjmgeal bone has a straight posterior margin, and is
armed with conical teeth, the posterior being the largest. The ab-
dominal portion of the vertebral column is scarcely shorter than the
caudal.

7. ACANTHOLABRUS *.

Acaiitbolabrus, sp., Cnv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 242.

Body moderately compressed, oblong, covered with scales of mode-
rate size ; imbricate scales on the cheeks and opercles. Teeth in
the jaws in a band, those of the outer series conical, strong ; no
posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines numerous, 20-21 ; anal spines
more than three. Lateral line not internipted.

Mediterranean ; western coasts of Europe.

The description of the teeth given by Valenciennes agrees only
with a portion of the species ; the others have the single series of
teeth of the true Lahri.

1. Acantholabnis palloni.

Lutjanus palloni, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 263.
Ci-euilabrus exoletus, Risso, Eur. 3ferid. iii. p. 319.
Acantliolabrus palloni, Cuv. (^ Val. xiii. p. 243. pi. 375.
Crenilahrus luscus, Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 187 (not L,).
Acantholabnis imbricatus, Lowe in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 86, Sc 1843,
p. 87, and Tnaw, Zool. Soc. iii. p. 10.

D. |. A. |-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 4/16. Vert. 18/18.

The height of the body is less than one-fourth of the total length.
A black spot on the back of the tail, at the base of the caudal fin ;
another on the last dorsal spines (sometimes absent).

Mediterranean ; Madeira ; coast of Cornwall.

a. Adult : stuffed. Cornwall. From Mr. Couch's Collection as A.
couchii (anal spines five).

* 1. Labrus Tctiila, Yiirr. Brif. Fish. Ist edit. i. p. 284; Jen. Man. p. 395 (not
BL). — Acantholabnis yarrellii, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 250 : Yarr. Brit Fish.
2nd edit. i. p. 339, 3rd edit. i. p. 516.— Nilsson {Skand. Faun. iv. p. 278)
has suggested that Yarrell examined an abnormal specimen of Labrus
mixtu.'', in which three of the soft rays were transformed into spines.
1 fully concur with this opinion, and would further remark, that this
typical specimen does not appear to hare been preseryed.

92 LABRID^.

6. Advilt : stuffed. Madeira. From Mr. Lowe's Collection. (Tyi^e

of A. imhrkaUis, Lowe.)
c-e. Very fine specimens. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson,

Esq.
/. Adult : skeleton. Madeira. Presented by tbe Rev. R. T. Lowe.

The abdominal portion of the vertebral column, in this species,
exceeds in length the caudal.

2. Acantholabrus couchii.

Labrus luscus, Couch in Loud. May. Nat. Hist. v. pp. 18, 742. fig. 121 ;

Jm. Man. p. 400 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. edit. 1. i. p. 300 (not L.).
Acantholabrus couchii, Cuv.i^- Val. xiii.p. 248; Yarr. Brit. Fish. edit. 2.

i. p. 337, and edit. 3. i. p. 514.

The height of the body is less than one-fourth of the total
length. A black spot on the back of the tail, at the base of the
caudal fin.

Coast of Cornwall.

Only one specimen, from which Mr. Couch has given his descrip-
tion, has occurred, and it was not preserved. All the other accounts
of the fish are reproductions of Mr. Couch's original description. Con-
sidering the frequent cases of variation in the number of the spines
of the genera Labrus and Acantholabrus, we cannot help thinking
that the specimen observed was an individual variety.

8. CENTROLABRUS.
Acantholabrus, sp., Cuv. ^- Val.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
imbricate scales on the cheeks and opercles. Teeth in the jaws in a
single series, conical; no posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines nu-
merous, 16-20 ; anal spines more than three. Lateral line not in-
terrupted.

Atlantic coasts of Europe and Greenland.

1. Centrolabrus exoletus.

Strom, Sondm. i. p. 267. no. 3.

Labrus exoletus, L. Syst. i. p. 479, and Fatm. Siiec. p. 117 ; 3Iilll. Prodr.

Zool. Dan. p. 46 ; Fahr. Faun. Gronl. p. 166 ; Retz. Faun. Suec.

p. 335 ; Bl. Schn. p. 260 ; JViks. Prodr. p. 77 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand.

Fish. p. 48. tab. 9. fig. 2.

pentacantlius, Lacep. iii. p. 503.

Crenilabrus microstoma, Thomp.^. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 55, and

Mag. Zool. Sf Bot. ii. p. 446. pi. 14, and Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 132.
Rock-Cook, Couch, Corn. Faun. p. 39.

9. CHCEROPS. 93

Acantholabrns exoletiis, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 247; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

edit. 2. i. p. 341, edit. 3. i. p. 518.
microstoma, Cuv. ^ VuL xiii. p. 250.

j).8-^)_ ^5 L.lat. 33-35.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length. Light
reddish-brown ; no black spot behind the orbit.

Coasts of northern Europe to the coasts of Greenland.

a. Stuffed. Cawsand. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence, R.N.
h~c. Younar. From the Mus. Leach.

2. Centrolabrus trutta.

Crenilabrus ti-utta, Loice, Proc. Zool. Soc. i. 1833, p. 143.
Acantholabrus viridis, pt., Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 252.

\dridis, Valvnc. in Wibb ^- Berthel. Iks Canar. Poiss. p. G4. pi. 17.

fig. 14.
? Acantholabrus romerus, fulenc. I. c.

D. 'j7. A. -i. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 2f.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length. Back
with interrupted brown cross-bars ; a dark spot behind the orbit, as in
CreniJabrus mehps. Sometimes a spot on the root of the caudal fin.

Madeira. Canary Islands.

a, h, c. Adult and half-grown. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson,
Esq.

3. Centrolabrus romeritus.

Acantholabrus viridis, pt., Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 252.

romeritus, Valenc. in Wehb ^- Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. G4.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length.
Brownish-green, sometimes with indistinct darker longitudinal
streaks.

Canary Islands.

Probably identical Avith C. trutta.

Second Group. CHOEROPINA.
9. CH(EROPS.

Cossvphus, sp., Cuv. Sj- Val., Bleek.

Chceiops, Riipp. Verz. Mus. ScncJcenb. Fische, p. 20; Bleek. Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1801, p. 416.
Hypsigenys, Oiinth. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, viii. p. 383.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with rather large scales ; snout
obtuse ; cheeks high, with veiy small scales which are generally not
imbricate ; operculum scaly. Each jaw anteriorly with four strong

94 LABRID^.

canine teeth, the lateral teeth being more or less confluent into an
obtuse osseous ridge. Formula of the fins : D. y. A. ^j^. Lateral
line not interrupted.

Indian and Australian Seas.

1. Choerops macrodon.

Labrus macrodontus, Lacdp. iii. pp. 451, 522 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 98.

Chosrops meleagris, Miijip. I. c.

Cossyplius macrodon, Bleek. Verhaml. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr.

p. 10.
? Labnis chlorodus, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 80.

D. •^. A. |. L. lat. 32.

A posterior canine tooth. Serrature of the prseoperculum minute
in young specimens, and lost with age. Head obtuse, with the fore-
head elevated, its length being two-sevenths of the total. Scales on
the cheek subimbricated. Ground-colour of the head and of the back
darker than of the posterior and infeiior parts and dotted with red ;
a more or less distinct white blotch below the lateral line, covered by
the hinder thii'd of the pectoral. Dorsal fin blue, with orange-
coloured sj^ots along the base and with two bands of the same colour
along the middle ; anal blue, reticulated with orange ; caudal greenish.
Pectoral yellow, dark-blue at the base.

East Indian Archipelago. North coast of Australia.

a. Eight inches long.

6. Eleven inches long : stuffed. Hope Islands (N.E. coast of Aiistralia).
Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

2. Choerops ommopterus.

? Cossyphus 8cbonleinii, (Ac/ass.) Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 143.
Cossj^hus ommopterus, Richards. Ichth. Cliin. p. 257.
scliouleinii, Bleek. Celebes, v. p. 252.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 4/12.

Posterior canine tooth absent. Serrature of the prseoperculum
very distinct. Head obtuse, as high as long ; prseorbital very high ;
scales on the cheek not imbricate. Green, each scale with a blue
spot in the centre ; an oblique blue band from the angle of the mouth
to the interoperculum ; a blue streak round the gill-opening ; dorsal
fin with a series of blue spots along the middle and with a round
black spot on and before the last spine ; anal fin with a blue streak
along the base, two series of blue spots, and with a purple margin ;
corners of the caudal fin purplish.

Coasts of China and Australia. Molucca Sea.

a. Fourteen inches long : stuffed. Canton. Presented by J. R. Reeves,

Esq. — Type of the species.
h. Half-grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Half-grown. Molucca Sea.

i

9. cncEROPS. 95

d. Half-grown. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.

e. Half-grown : stuftcd. Cape York, in 63 fathoms, with hook and

Une. Voyage of the ' llattlesnake.'

Sir John Richardson has evidently confounded the measurements
of the typical specimens of this and other allied species. _^A specimen
65 inches in length does not exist in the British Museum CoUectiou.

Cossi/jjhKS ci/anostolus, Eichards. Ichthyol. Chia. p. 256, is founded
on a mounted specimen, on two others in spirits, and, finally, on a
drawing of Mr. Beeves. The mounted specimen has evidently served
as the type not only of 0. ci/anostolus, but also of a second species (C.
ommoptenis), to which it properly belongs. Secondly, the two speci-
mens in spirits belong to a very different species, which is distin-
guished by a large pearl-coloured spot on the side of the body (CA.
oligacanilnis). Thus the species rests entirely on Mr. Reeves's drawing,
which is described by Sir J. Richardson ; that drawing shows only
twelve dorsal spines.

3. Choerops leucozona.
Crenilabrua leucozona, Bleck. Biliton, iv. p. 238.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 25-26.

Posterior canine tooth ?

Serrature of the prasoperculum very distinct. Head obtuse. Vio-
let-olive, with five wliitish cross-bands, the first below the eye, the
second behind the axil, the fifth on the tail. Dorsal fin with a
blackish spot between the two first dorsal spines, with another be-
tween the two last, and with several other violet -olive spots ; base of
the pectoral with a large double brownish-violet and whitish spot.
(5?.)

Biliton.

The single specimen observed is 44 mm. long, and is probably the
immature state of some other kncwn species, perhaps of Chcerops
ommopterus.

4. Choerops anchor ago.

Sparus anchorage, Bl. v. p. 108. taf. 27G ; Bl. Sc/m. p. 276.
Coss}-phus ancliorago, Trosch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1840, p. 279.

D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 30.

A postertor canine tooth, absent in young specimens. Prajoper-
culum serrated. Head nearly as high as long. Scales on the pne-
operculum small, numerous, imbricate. Body with four dark, broad
cross-bands, the middle of which arc sometimes confluent ; a white
cross-band on the back of the tail, behind the dorsal ; sides of the
head with yellow (in life red ?) dots ; base of the pectoral brown ;
dorsal with two dark longitudinal lines ; the other fins ycUowish.

Araboyna.

«. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

96 LABRrD.E.

5. Chcerops japonicus.

Labrus japoniciis, Cmu. Sr Val. xiii. p. 99; Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss.

p. 163. pi. 85.
Cossyphus japonicus,^/^'?^. Verhand.Batav. Genootsch. xxv.Nalez. Jap.

p. 16, and xxvi. Nak-z. Jap. p. 114.

j),E, A. -. L. lat. 28-29. L. transv. 3|/10.

A posterior canine tooth. Prfeoperculum minutely serrated. Head
obtuse, as high as long^ with the upper profile convex, its length
being contained thrice and three-fifths in the total. The teeth ra
both jaws are confluent into an osseous ridge. Red ; a brownish
\aolet band from the sixth, seventh and eighth dorsal sprues to the
axU, each scale with a blue streak or spot ; a short violet streak from
tho eye to the snout. Dorsal and anal fins yellow, the former with
a reddish-\aolet band along the base, the latter with a similar one of
rose-colour ; caudal with dark upper and lower margins ; base of the
pectoral yellow.

Seas of Japan and China.

a-b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — The
dark cross-band sometimes disappears in stuffed specimens.

c. Adult : stuffed. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

d. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

6. Chcerops oligacanthus.
Crenilabrus oligacanthus, Bleek. Riotiw, p. 489, and Singapore, p. 68.
D. L3. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/11.

7 10 '

A posterior canine tooth, absent in young specimens. Serrature of
the praeoperculum veiy distinct. Head nearly as high as long ; prae-
orbital elevated ; scales of the prfeoperculum small, numerous, imbri-
cate ; the inner canine teeth of the upper jaw are the strongest.
Greenish : an oblong white blotch, with a brovni one below, between
the pectoral and the sixth and eighth dorsal spines ; sometimes
another brown spot on each side of the tail, behind the dorsal fin ;
red and blue streaks from the eye to the maxillary and to the oper-
culum ; dorsal and anal fins bluish, with red spots ; caudal red, with
blue dots ; the anal fin of immature specimens shows oblique white
lines.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Singapore.

h-c. From the Haslar Collection.

7. Chcerops cyanodon.

Labrus cyanodus, Richanh. Ann. SfMag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 355.
Lachnolaimus cyanodus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 131.
pi. 55. figs. 5-7.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/10.

Posterior canine tooth absent. Serrature of the preeoperculum

9. CHCEROPS. 97

none. Head obtuse, as high as long ; praeorbital very high ; scales
on the cheek not imbricate. Back crossed by three or four dark
bands separated by shining sUvery interspaces ; dorsal and anal fins
with yellow longitudinal lines ; caudal greyish, with small round
transparent spots and with an intramarginal line ; pectoral with a
blackish upper margin. Cheeks with irregular bluish lines. The
dark cross-bands are sometimes indistinct.
Coasts of AustraUa.

a. Twenty-six inches long : stuffed. Harvey River, West Australia.

(Freshwater.) Purchased of Mr. Gould.

b. Twenty-six inches long : stuffed. Houtmans Abrolhos. Pur-

chased of Mr. Gould.

c. One foot long : stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl

of Derby.

d. Adult : skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection. —

Type of the species.

e. Half-gro^vn : stuffed. Victoria. From the Voyage of H.M.S.

Herald.
/. Half-grown : skin. Bramble Island, Endeavour Straits.
y. Adult : stuffed. Cape York, in 62 fathoms, with hook and hne.

Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.'

8. Chcerops rubescens.

D. y. A. ^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/12.

No posterior canine tooth. Serrature of the praeoperculum very
distinct. Uniform reddish.
West coast of Australia.

a. Skia. Houtmans Abrolhos. ' Rockfish' of the Colonists.

Description. — The form is the same as in all the fishes of this
generic group. The height of the body is contained thrice and two-
fifths in the total length, the length of the head thrice and three-
fifths. The head is obtuse, nearly as liigh as long ; praeorbital very
high ; scales on the cheek small, not imbricate ; eye rather small,
situated near the upper profile. There are four anterior canine
teeth in each of the jaws, the middle of which are very strong ; the
two lower middle ones are received between the two upper middle
ones. No other teeth are visible in the upper jaw, where they are
replaced by very indistinct granulations of the bono, which is not
covered by mucous membrane. The lower lateral teeth are small,
and united into a low ridgo. Scales on the operculum smaller than
those on the body ; the muciferous channel of the lateral line
branches off into numerous short tubes on each of the scales. The
scales which cover the base of the caudal are the largest, triangular,
forming a sort of sheath for the fin. The last dorsal spine is not
much longer than the anterior ones, two-sevenths of the length of the
head ; the third aiial spine is somewhat shorter and stronger than
the last of the dorsal fin. The ground-coloiu: appears to have been
reddish, \vithout any other markings.

VOL. IV. H

98 LABRIDiE.

inclies. lines.

Total length 15 8

Height of the body 4 0

Length of the head 3 8

of the pectoral 2 11|-

of the ventral 2 3

of the last dorsal spine 0 11

of the third anal spine 0 9

Third Group. JULIDINA.

10. XIPHOCHILUS.

Xiphocheilus, Bleek. Nias, p. 223.

Body oblong, covered with large scales. (L. lat. 28-29.) Head
scaly, nearly as high as long ; snout obtuse ; both Hmbs of the prse-
operculum, the posterior and the inferior, are naked. Lateral line
continuous. Fins not scaly at the base. Formula of the fins :
D. '■^. A. ^. The upper lip is thin, sword-shaped, and can be
nearly entirely hidden below the praeorbital. Both jaws anteriorly
with four canine teeth ; the lateral teeth united into an osseous ridge ;
a posterior canine tooth. Branchiostegals six.

Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

1. Xiphochilus typus.
Bleek. I c. p. 224, and Atl. Iclith. tab. 21. fig. 7.
D. ^. A. ■^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and three-fifths ;
head obtuse, as high as long ; the maxillary extends to below the
posterior half of the orbit ; canine teeth large, green-coloured. The
praeorbital as high as the orbit. Scales on the head large, those
on the cheek in three series ; limbs of the praBoperculum naked ;
operculum terminating in a broad membrane. Olive : head, body
and fins with blue stripes edged with violet : one curved across the
snout, from one eye to the other, another from the eye to the inter-
maxillary, a third from the lower jaw towards the opercidum ; the
streaks on the body are oblique, descending backwards, subin-
terrupted. Dorsal with two or three longitudinal stripes, anal and
caudal with transverse ones. {Bl.)

Sea of Nias.

2. Xiphochilus robustus.

D. H A. ■^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/9.

Cheek with seven series of small scales.
Mauritius.

a. Thii-teen inches long : stuffed. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.

Description of the specimen.— ThQ height of the body is nearly

11. sEMicossYPntJgi. 99

equal to the length of the head, and is contained three times and two-
fifths in the total length. Head nearly as high as long, with a very
high cheek and obtuse snout. There are four strong canine teeth in
each of the jaws, the outer ones of the mandible being turned out-
wards ; an obtuse osseous ridge round the edge of the jaws, with
scarcely any distinct teeth ; posterior canine tooth strong. Prae-
orbital elevated, much higher than the orbit ; cheek with seven series
of small scales, the limbs of the praeoperculum being naked ; scales
of the operculum nearly as large as those of the body, arranged in
three series. Prajopcrculum not serrated. Dorsal spines stout, the
last being the longest, one-third of the length of the head ; the soft
dorsal and anal are not scaly at the base and extend backwards to
the root of the caudal. Caudal rounded. The third anal spine is
the longest, stronger but rather shorter than the last dorsal spine.
The first ventral ray produced. The coloiu', in a dried state, is
uniform yello'wish, perhaps red during life ; a yeUow longitiidinal
band runs along the basal half of the anal fin, and another appears to
occupy the middle of the dorsal.

11. SEMICOSSYPHUS.

Cossyphus, sp., Cuv. Sf Vol.

Semicossyphus, Giinth. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, vol. viii. p. 384;
Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 415.

Body compressed, oblong, with rather small scales ; head longer
than high. Scales on the cheeks and opercles ; base of the vertical
fins and limbs of the prteoperculum not scaly. Lateral line not
interrupted. Four canine teeth in each jaw anteriorly ; no posterior
canine tooth ; an obtuse osseous ridge roimd the edges of the jaws,
without distinct lateral teeth. Formula of the fins : D. ^. A. — .

Coasts of Japan and California.

1. Semicossyphus reticulatus.

Cossyphus reticulatus, Cur. S)- Val. xiii. p. 139 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin.

p. 255 ; Blvek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ncderl. vi. Japan, vi. p. 72.
Labrus reticulatus, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 161. pis. 83, 83 a,

&84.

D. IB. A. ^. L. lat. 49-50.

10 12

Snout rather pointed in young age (specimens of twelve inches in
length) ; a large adipose hump is developed with age on the fore-
head and on the chin ; head longer than high ; praeoperculum not
serrated ; dorsal fin not scaly ; caudal subtruncated, ventral produced.
Uniform greyish-violet or grej-ish-rcd.

Sea of Japan.

2. Semicossyphus pulcher.

Labrus pulclier, Ai/res, Prnc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sn. i. 1854, p. 3.

Dr. Ayres describes this species, which ajipears to be aUied to
Semicossi/phus reticulatus, as follows : —

h2

100 LABEIDJ2.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. Fore-
head protuberant, especially in large individuals, from an accumu-
lation of fat immediately above the eyes. Lips thick, fleshy. Teeth
on the intermaxiUaries and in the lower jaw alike, consisting ex-
ternally of a single row, stout and conical, of which the two anterior
pairs are much larger than the others and project forward ; within
this external row is a band of blunt, rounded teeth, scarcely pro-
jecting above the membrane. Pharyngeal teeth flat, tessellated,
tubercular. Operculum and suboperculmn scaly, prseoperculum
naked. Scales deeply imbedded, extending but slightly on the ver-
tical fins ; cutaneous flaps of the dorsal spines long. The length of
the ventral is one-seventh of the total ; caudal slightly concave. Dark
blackish-brown, anterior portion of the trunk sometimes red.

Coast of San Diego (California).

12. TROCHOCOPUS.

Body oblong, covered with scales of moderate or rather small size
(L. lat. 45-62) ; head scaly, as long as, or longer than, high, with
the snout of moderate extent ; both limbs of the prseoperculum are
naked, not serrated. Lateral line continuous. Base of the soft
dorsal not scaly. Formula of the fins : D. i^. A. ■^. Both iaws

J 10 12 «

with four canine teeth anteriorly ; lateral teeth distinct ; a posterior
canine tooth.

Indian Ocean. Galapagos Islands.

1. Trochocopus opercularis.
D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 45.

10 12

Head much longer than high, one-third of the total length (the
caudal fhi not included) ; snout produced, conical ; cheek with about
six series of small scales. Dorsal spines of moderate strength and
length, pungent, gradually becoming longer posteriorly. Uniform
yellowish (in a dried state), with a black spot on the end of the
operculum.

Mam-itius ?

a. Six inches long : stuffed : not good state. From Dr. Janvier's
Collection.

2. Trochocopus darwinii.

Cossyphus darwinii, Jenytis, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 100. pi. 20.
Labrus aper, Valenc. in Voy. Venus, Zool. p. 338, Poiss. pi. 8. fig. 1.

D.I|. A.I. L. lat. 62.

Snout pointed ; head nearly as long as high ; prseoperculum with-
out serratui-e ; fins not scaly ; the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal
lobes produced into points ; scales on the cheek imbricate. Red,
with a large yellow spot above the pectoral, and with a black spot
anteriorly on the dorsal fin.

Galapagos Islands.

With a little attention, Valenciennes might have convinced him-

14. PTERAGOGUS. 101

self that Lahnts aper is identical with the fish described by Jenyns.
The latter very careful ichthyologist had only a dried skin for ex-
amination, owing to which the form of the fish has been represented
much too elongate : the posterior canine tooth appears to have been
lost in that specimen.

13. DECODON.

Cossyphus, sp., Poei/.

Body moderately compressed, oblong, covered with large scales.
Head longer than high ; cheeks, opercles, and lower limb of the
praeoperculum scaly, only the posterior limb being naked ; base of
the vertical fins not scaly ; lateral line continuous. Teeth in the
jaws in a single series ; four canines in each jaw anteriorly ; a pos-
terior canine tooth. Formula of the fins : D. i^. A. ^.
Caribbean Sea.

1. Decodon puellaxis.
Cossyphus puellaris, Poei/, 3Icm. Cub. ii. p. 210.

D. ii. A. ^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. |.

Eye rather large, as wide as the interorbital space, but somewhat
shorter than the snout. The height of the body is two-ninths of the
total length. Posterior edge of the praeoperculum minutely denticu-
lated, angle roimded, somewhat projecting beyond the posterior edge.
Operculum produced into a membranaceous flap. Ventral fin not
prolonged ; dorsal and anal fins not scaly ; caudal emarginate. Rose-
coloured, ^vith three large red blotches ; head with several pearl-
coloured streaks : a transverse one between the nostiils, two obUque
ones running from the orbit towards the suboperculura, and a broad
one from the angle of the mouth to the angle of the praeoperculum.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Fine specimen. South America (probably Barbadoes). Presented
by Sir R. Schomburgk.

14. PTERAGOGUS.

Pteragogus, Peters in Wiegin. Arch. 1855, p. 261.
Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales ; imbricate
scales on the cheeks and opercles ; praeoperculum serrated on its pos-
terior margin. Teeth in the jaws in a single scries ; foiu' canines
anteriorly in each jaw ; a posterior canine tooth ? Base of the dorsal
fin scaly. Formula of the fins : D. -f--. A, — .

•' 11-10 10

Coast of Mozambique.

1. Pteragogus opercularis.

Cossj-phus opercularis, Peters in Wicf/m. Arch. 1855, p. 261 (not
Guich.).

D. ii. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. ^.
The U])pcr profile of the head concave above the eyes ; praeoperculum

102 LABEIDJE.

distinctly serrated ; operculum produced into a membranaceous flap
reaching behind the level of the base of the pectoral ; the first ventral
ray twdce as long as the second. Light reddish : a large black ocellus
edged with yellow on the operculum and behind each of the two first
dorsal spines ; cheeks, sides of the body, the upper part of the caudal
and the base of the anal dotted. {Pet.)
Mozambique.

2. Pteragogus tseniops.
Cossyphus taeniops, Peters in Wiepn. Arch. 1855, p. 262.
D. 1^. A. ■^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. ^^■

The upper profUe of the head concave above the eyes ; prajoperculum
distinctly serrated ; operculum produced into a membranaceous flap
reaching behind the level of the base of the pectoral ; the first ventral
ray twice as long as the second. No ocellus on the operculum ; a
single one behind the first dorsal spine ; a vertical brown band over
the head, through the eye towards the throat ; caudal with transverse
series of dark spots. (Pet.)

Mozambique.

15. COSSYPHUS *.

Cossyphus, sp., Ctw. fy Val. xiii. p. 102.

Cossj^hus, (jriinth. Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, vol. viii. p. 384.

Hai-pe et Lepidaplois, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 140.

Body compressed, oblong, with scales of moderate size ; snout more
or less pointed ; imbricate scales on the cheeks and operclcs ; vertical
fins scaly on their basal portion. Lateral line not interrupted. Teeth
in the jaws in a single series ; fom- canine teeth in each jaw ante-
riorly; a posterior canine tooth (except in C. gouldii). Formula of the

Inhabitants of nearly aU the seas between the tropics and of the
parts adjoining them.

The genus as at present circumscribed forms a very natural group,
with the exception of C. gouldii, which has eleven dorsal spines only
and no posterior canine tooth ; this species, however, is known only
from a very large stufi'ed specimen.

Our knowledge of C. tredecimspinosus is not much more perfect ;
it is so nearly allied to the other species of this genus, that the
occiu'rence of thirteen dorsal spines in the single specimen known
does not appear sufficient to justify a generic separation.

* 1. Cossyphus vulpinus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p.71, and Ann. 8f Mat/.

Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 287.— Australia, (j). ~. A. j|.~)

2. Julis (?) rubecula, Richards. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 423.—
Queen Charlotte's Sound.

15. COSSYPHUS. 103

1. Cossyphus mesothorax.

Renurd, tab. 26. no. 143 ; Valent. iii. p. 388. fig. 126.

Labriis mesothorax, Bl. Schn. p. 254.

Cossv'phus niesothorax, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 129 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.

Genoidsch. xxii. Labr. p. 13.
Scarus mordax, Grwiov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 64.

D. {|. A. l^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/12.

ISnout pointed, its length being one-third of that of the head ;
upper lip broad, with folds ; serrature of the praeoperculnm minute,
distinct ; caudal truncated. Head and anterior part of the body
reddish-brown, posterior parts reddish-yeUow, both colours separated
by an obb'que deep-black band rimning from the base of the pectoral
towards the hind part of the spinoiLS dorsal ; axil black ; a horizontal
black band behind the angle of the mouth.

Molucca Sea.

a. Fine specimen. Ceram. From Mr. Stevens's Collection.
6. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection,

2. Cossyphus axillaris.

Labrus axUlaris, Betm. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 166.
Cossyphus axillaris, Cuv. 4" V(d. xiii. p. 131. pi. 371.

D. i?. A. f^. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 5/13.

Snout pointed, one-third of the length of the head ; head longer
than high ; upper lip broad, with folds ; serrature of the praeoper-
culum minute, indistiliet ; caiidal fin subtruncated ; the first ventral
ray produced. Piu-plish-red anteriorlj', posterior part of the body
and fins yeUomsh : a black spot on the base of the pectoral, a
second and third on the commencement of the spinous and of the soft
dorsal, and a foiirth behind the last anal spine ; ventrals dotted with
brown.

Mauritius ; Madagascar ; Ulea ; New Hebrides.

a. Type of the species. Maiuitius. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.

b. Adult. IMauritius. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

c. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

cl. Adult : stuffed, Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgilli\Tay's Collection.

3. Cossyphus leucosticticns.

Labrus leucosticticns, Beim. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 166.

D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 4/12.

Snout pointed, one-third of the length of the head ; head longer
than high ; upper lip broad, with folds ; serratiu-e of the prseopercidum

104 LABEID^.

minute, indistinct ; caudal fin triincated ; the first ventral ray not
produced, Yellomsh (in spirits) : a series of four white spots between
the lateral line and the base of the dorsal fin ; anterior portion of the
back with series of blackish dots ; axU black ; anterior portion of the
spinous dorsal fin white.
Mauritius.

a. Type of the species. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.

4. Cossyphus diana.

Labrus diana, Lac^). iii. pp. 451, 522. pi. 32. fig. 1.

Cossyphus diana, Cuv. 4" Val. xiii. p. 127 ; Bleek. Sumatra, iv. p. 86.

D. ||. A. j^. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 4/12.

Snout produced, pointed, its length being two-fifths of that of the
head ; head longer than high ; upper lip broad, with folds ; serrature
of the prseoperculum minute, indistinct ; caudal fin truncate, ventral
not produced. Three or four reddish-white spots above the lateral
line ; back of the tail and the portion between the lateral line and the
soft dorsal with black spots ; a black spot at the end of the lateral
line.

Mozambique ; Mauritius. Sumatra, Batjan, and Amboyna.

Var. a. A. ^. A white spot before the origin of the lateral Une ;
anal and ventral fins uniform.

a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6. Half-grown: stufied. Mauritius.

Var. /3. A. ^. Operculum without white spot. Ventral with one
large, anal with two black spots.
c. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

5. Cossyphus macrurus.

Labrus hirsutus, Lacep. iii. p. 429. pi. 20. fig. 1 ; Cuv. B^gne Anim.
— — macrourus, Lacep. iii. p. 438. pi. 9. fig. 3.

rubro-lineatiis, Lacep. iii. p. 433.

Crenilabrus chabrolii, Le&s. Voy. Coqu. Zool. Poiss. p. 133. pi. 38, cop.

by Guer. Icmiogr. iii. pi. 42. fig. 3.
Labrus spilonotus, Bemi. Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. 1835-36, p. 207.
Cossyphus nialdat, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 114.

D. {^. A. ^. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 6/13. Vert. 11/17.

Snout pointed, its length being more than one-third of that of
the head in mature, and one-thii'd in half- grown individuals; head
longer than high ; upper lip broad, with folds ; serrature of the prae-
operculum minute, indistinct; caudal lobes slightly produced ; the
first ventral ray long. Head yeUow, with eight violet longitudinal

15. COSSTPHTJS. 105

bands; body orange-coloured, with bluish longitudinal stripes or series
of spots ; a large black blotch between the soft dorsal fin and the
anal ; the spinous dorsal with a black spot anteriorly; the soft dorsal
and. anal with brown dots and with a black margin ; the outer ven-
tral ray blackish.
Mauritius.

a-h. Fine specimens. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society. — Types of Lahrus spilonotus, Benn.
c-d. Adult : stuffed : bad state. Mauritius.

6. Cossyphus bilunulatus,

Labrus bilunulatus, Lacep. iii. pp. 454, 526. pi. 31.
Cossyphus bUimiilatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xiii. p. 121 ; Meek. Act. Soc. Sc.
Itido-Nederl. iii. Ainboina, ix. p. 4.

D.L^. A.I. L.lat.34.

Snout pointed, head longer than high ; serrature of the pra;oper-
culum only visible at the angle; caudal lobes slightly produced.
Uniform yellowish-red, with a large black blotch between the soft
dorsal fin and the lateral line, not extending on the fin ; the spinous
dorsal with a black blotch anteriorly.

He de France. Amboj-na.

a. Half-grown. Mamitius. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
This fish is perhaps merely a variety of C. macrurus.

7. Cossyphus albotsBniatus.
Cossyphus albotseniatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xiii. p. 141.
D.;-^. A. i L.lat.30.

Praeoperculum very finely serrated, entirely scaly ; caudal concave,
its angles not being produced. A broad white longitudinal band
below the eye, to the angle of the operculum, edged with brown
inferiorly ; four brown streaks between the eyes, and another broad
one passing through them ; an oblique brown streak from the angle
of the mouth to the interoperculum ; throat white, with brown
spots. Body red, with brown longitudinal stripes, and vdth a large
black blotch across the back of the tail ; a black spot anteriorly on
the dorsal fin. Fins yellowish. {Vol.)

Sandwich Islands.

8. Cossyphus atrolumbus.
Cossyphus atrolumbus, Cuv. d)- Vul. xiii. p. 123.

D. 1^. A. 1. L. hit. 35. L. ti-ansv, 6/14.
Posterior canine tooth very small, hidden in the skin. Snout

106 LABKIDiE.

pointed, its length being more than one-third of that of the head in
mature, and one-thu'd in hah'-grown specimens ; head longer than
high ; upper lip broad, with folds ; serrature of the praeoperculum
minute, distinct ; caudal with the lobes somewhat produced, and
with the margin convex in adult specimens ; the first ventral ray
elongate. Yellowish, with a large black blotch between the lateral
line and the soft dorsal fin, extending forwards to the tenth dorsal
spine. An oblong, vertical, bright-yellow or rose-coloirred spot in
front of the black one ; the membrane between the anterior dorsal
spines black.

Mauritius. West Pacific.

Var. a. The anterior spot of a rose-colour.
a-b. Young : stuffed. Mauritius. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.

Var. /3. The anterior spot bright-yellow.

c. Nineteen inches long : stuffed. Minerva Eeef (South-west Pa-

cific). Voyage of the ' Herald.'

d. Twenty inches long : stuffed. Saumarey Eeefs. Voyage of the

' Herald.' From Dr. Eayner's Collection.

e. Half-grown : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Col-

lection.
Variety /3. is perhaps identical with Labriis perditio (Quoy & Gaim.
Voy.Astrol.Poiss. p. 702. pi. 20. fig. 4); yet those naturalists give as
the numbers of the fins, D. j^, A. ~, and the yellow and black spots
are placed more backwards.

9. Cossyphus anthioides,

Crenilabrus anthioides, Benn. Troc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 167.
Cossyphus zosterophorus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Lido-Nederl. ii. Am-
boina, viii. p. 75.

D.|^. A.I. L.lat.33.

Snout obtuse ; head as high as long ; serrature of the prseoper-
culum very distinct ; caudal with the lobes pointed, deeply emargi-
nate. YeUowish-rosecoloured : inferior half of the head brown ; a
narrow, oblique, curved brown band commences on the upper mar-
gin of the soft dorsal fin and descends towards the abdomen, the
convexity being directed forwards ; two other brown bands ran along
the upper and lower margins of the taU and of the caudal fin ; pos-
terior part of the body with scattered, irregular brown spots ; the
spinous dorsal with a black spot anteriorly.

Amboyna.

rt. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. — The brown transverse band

is indistinct.
c. Adult : stuffed.

15. COSSYPHUS. 1Q7

10. Cossyplius tredecimspinosus.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5/12.

Snout pointed, its length being more than one-third of that of the
head ; head longer than high ; prajoperculum not serrated. A large
whitish blotch below the soft dorsal ; a blackish cross-band in front of
the blotch, descending from the ninth, tenth and eleventh dorsal spines.

Hub. ?

a. Twelve inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

Description. — The greatest dejjth of the body is above the ventral
fins, equal to the length of the head, and one-third of the total length
(without caudal). Head compressed, longer than high. Intcrorbital
space very convex, nearly twice as wide as the orbit, the diameter
of which is two-fifths of the length of the snout, and nearly one-
seventh of that of the head. Snout pointed.

The scales on the cheek and interoperculum are small ; those on
the cheek are arranged in eight series, without the scales which cover
the hmbs of the prseoperculum ; opercular scales smaller than those
on the body. The posterior limb of the praeoperculum nearly twice
as long as the inferior. Pectoral obliquely rounded, two-thirds as
long as the head, with seventeen rays ; the ventral has the outer
ray prolonged, and rather exceeding the length of the pectoral ; the
spine is strong, its length being contained t'wice and two-thirds in
that of the head. The dorsal fin commences above the base of the
pectoral ; the spines increase in length posteriorly, the first being
rather shorter than the eye, the last as long as the ventral spine; the
membrane between them is deeply notched, emitting a short lobe for
each spine. The soft dorsal and anal do not extend to the root of
the caudal, when laid backwards ; there is a broad scaly sheath on
the base of the dorsal and anal ; anal spines strong, the third the
longest, as long as the ventral spine. Caudal fin slightly rounded,
but with the lobes produced.

Tubes of the lateral line not branched.

Each jaw with four- strong, curved canine teeth, the outer of the
upper jaw and the middle of the lower being smaller than the
others ; the lateral teeth are distinct, but united into a ridge ; six-
teen are found on each side of the lower jaw ; intermaxillary with
one or two posterior canines on each side. The interior of the jaw-
bones is not covered by a mucous membrane, granular, containing
numerous young teeth destined to replace the lateral ones.

The form of the lower pharyngeal bone is the same as in other
Cossi/phi, viz. hammer-hke, with the anterior branch not longer than
the lateral ; posterior margin slightly convex ; teeth pavement-hke,
those on the middle of the posterior margin much larger than the
others, which arc granular ; those on the extremity of the front
branch conical, distant.

The colours have apparently faded ; the markings mentioned arc
very distinct, and the first ventral ray appears to be bro\^'nish, with
the outer mai'gin wliite.

108 LABEID^.

.11. Cossjrphus eclancheri.
Cossyphus eclancheri, Valenc, Voy. Venm,Zool. p. 340, Poiss. pi. 8. fig. 2.
D. •-^ A. 1. L. lat. 32.

10 12

Snout pointed, with the upper profile slightly concave ; head longer
than high ; dorsal and anal fins produced, caudal emarginate. Ver-
milion, with two large, irregular black blotches, the anterior on the
first six dorsal sinnes, the posterior extending over the whole soft
dorsal and over a portion of the back of the tail. ( Val.)

Galapagos Islands.

12. Coss3rplius mfas.

Aipi mixira, Mcircgr. pp. 145, 146.

Perro Colorado, Parra, p. 3. lam. 3. fig. 1.

Turdus flavus, Cateshy, ii. tab. 11. fig. 1.

rufus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 475 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1287 ; Bl Schn. p. 244 ;

Lacep. iii. p. 427.
Bodianus bodianiia, Bl. iv. p. 33. tab. 223 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 569.
Lutjanus verres, Bl. taf. 255; Bl. Schn. p. 243; Lacep. iv. p. 209.
Sparus falcatus, Bl. taf. 258; Bl. Schti. p. 269; Lacep. iv. pp. 39, 127 ;

Sha^o, Zool. iv. p. 409. pi. 58.
Bodianus blochii, Lacep. iv. pp. 279, 290.
Hai-pe coeruleo-aiu-eus, Lacep. iv. pp. 426, 427. pi. 8. tig. 2.
Labrus semiruber, Lac&p. iii. p. 428 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 487.
Spams verres, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 414.
Cossyphus bodianus, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 103.
ven'es, Castehi. Anim. nouv. ou rares Amer. Sml, p. 27.

D. '^. A. ^^. L. lat. 32. L. traasv. 5/13.

Snout pointed, its length being more than one-third of that of
the head ; head longer than high ; upper lip thick, with folds ; prse-
operculum not serrated ; the soft dorsal and anal, the ventrals, and
sometimes the caudal lobes produced. Yellowish, the upper parts
backwards to the origin of the soft dorsal fin reddish-brown ; some-
times more uniform.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America. St. Helena.

a. Adult. ? Cuba. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

h. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir E. Schomburgk.

c. Half-grown : bad state. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Col-

lection.

d. Adult: skin. Jamaica.

e-i. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

13. Cossyphus pulchellus.
Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 208.

^- g3T5- ^- 12-13-
Snout pointed, head longer than high, lips thick, prasoperculum
finely denticulated ; the soft dorsal and anal, the ventrals, and the

15. cossYPnus. 109

caudal lobes, especially the upper one, ai'e prodviced. Red, with a
whitish-rosecoloured longitudinal band. {Poey.)
Cuba,

14. Cossyphus opercularls.

Cossj'phus opercularis, Guichen. in Guer.-Menev. Rev. Zool. 1847,
p. 283 (not Peters).

Snout conical ; head longer than high. Praeoperculum not ser-
rated. Caudal rounded. Uniform yellowish (in a dried state) ; a
black spot superiorly at the operculum. {Gulch.)

Bourbon ? Madagascar ?

15. Cossyphus unimaculatus.
D. i^. A. -^. L. lat. 36. L. transv. C/12.

Snout pointed, its length being more than one-third of that of the
head ; head longer than high ; prajoperculum minutely serrated.
An oblong deep-black spot on the middle dorsal spines.

Australia.

a. Stivffed. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Description of the specimen. — The greatest depth of the body is
above the base of the ventral fins, equal to the length of the head, and
contained three times and foiu'- fifths in the total length (taken from
the end of the snout to the midcUe of the caudal margin). The
head is compressed, longer than high, the width of the interorbital
space being a httle more than that of the orbit ; the snout is conicaUy
pointed, its length being two-fifths of that of the head ; the max-
illary does not extend backwards to the vertical from the orbit. Both
jaws are armed with four canine teeth anteriorly, the outer of which
are the strongest, though of moderate size ; there are seven rather
small teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and foiu'teen in the lower ;
the posterior canine tooth is of moderate size, obliquely bent out-
wards ; the interior of the jaws is not covered by mucous membrane.

The scales on the cheek and on the interoperculum arc small, the
former disposed in seven series ; the limbs of the prajoperculum are
naked ; the operculum is covered with scales, which are smaller than
those on the body. The length of the lower limb of the praeoper-
culum is two-thirds of that of the posterior, Avhich is minutely ser-
rated. The pectoral fin has its margin obliquely rounded, and is
more than half as long as the head : the ventral is somewhat longer,
its first ray being produced ; its spine is strong, two-fifths of the
length of the head. The height of the dorsal fin gradually increases
to the seventh soft ray ; its spines are very strong, the last being
more than twice as long as the first and equal to the ventral spine.
The upper margin of the soft dorsal fin is even, terminating poste-
riorly in a point which is not prominent ; the seventh ray is the
longest, equal in length to the base of the soft dorsal. The anal

110 LABRID.T;.

spines are exceedingly strong, the third heing the longest, nearly as
long as the twelfth dorsal spine : the soft anal is lower than the soft
dorsal, and has the lower margin straight ; its longest ray is shorter
than its base. Caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes produced. The
tubes of the lateral line are not branched.

Ground-colour of the dried specimen red, with darker streaks along
the series of scales ; an oblong deep-black spot on the base between
the sixth and eighth dorsal spines ; the fifth and ninth have a small
black speck.

inches, lines.

Total length 16 6

Distance of the snout from the middle of

the posterior margin of the caudal .... 15 6

Height of the body 4 1

Length of the head 4 1

of the twelfth dorsal spine 1 7

16. Cossyphus diplotaenia.

Harpe diplotfenia, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 140.
D. 1?. A. •^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5/12.

The length of the head scarcely exceeds the height of the body,
which is one-fourth of the total length (to the end of the middle
caudal rays). The upper profile of the head is not or very little
gibbous in the adult. Prseoperculum entire or scarcely crenulated.
The soft dorsal and anal fins increase in length with the age of the
fish, and in the adult the former extends nearly to, and the latter
beyond the middle caudal rays, whilst the external rays of the caudal
are twice as long as the middle. Brownish-yellow : a dark band
commences behind the snout and is divided into two- — the upper
portion running along the back, and nearly joining its fellow from
the other side on the back of the free portion of the tail, whilst the
lower crosses the angle of the operculum, and is continued on to the
middle of the tail, terminating near the caudal, and alternating with
two spots behind the base of the caudal fin. Fins immaculate. {Gill.)

Coasts of Lower California.

Described from two specimens, nine and sixteen inches long.

17. Cossyphus pectoralis.

Harpe pectoralis, GUI in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 141.

D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 32-33. L. transv. 5/12.

The height of the body is contained rather less than thrice in the
total length (to the end of the middle caudal rays), the length of the
head thrice and a third. Forehead very gibbous in the adult ; prae-
operculum either entire or very slightly crenulated. The vertical
fins become elongate with advancing age, so that, finally, the dorsal
extends backwards nearly to, and the anal beyond the middle caudal

IG. CLEPTICUS. 11J

rays, and the caudal lobes become twice as long as the middle rays
Brownish-yellow : pectoral with a large dark spot on its extremity'
During hfe, blue, with a yellow patch behind the pectoral fins. (Gill\

Coasts of Lower California.

Attains to a length of two feet.

18. Cossyphus gouldii.

Labrus gouldii, Richards. Ann. ^- 3faff. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 353
Lo^}T)hus vel Lachuolaimus gouldii, Richards. Voij. Ereb. Sf Ten:

Cossyphus gouldii, Richards. Ann. Sr Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, vii n 288
aud Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 72. pi. 3. fig. 3. > f ,

D. 11. A. :i. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 6/14.

Posterior canine teeth none.

Four anterior canine teeth in each of the jaws. The upper profile
of the head bent downwards in a regular curve ; prceorbital elevated •
scales on the cheek not imbricate ; praioperculum not serrated- dor-
sal fin scaly ; caudal truncated. Unifonn dark pui-])lish.

Western Australia.

a. Thirty-nine inches long: stuffed. Western Australia Pre-
sented by Mr. Gould.— Type of the species.

19. Cossyphus scrofa.

Labrus scrofa, Cuv. Sj- Val. xiii. p. 93.

Creuilabrus caninus, Lmoc in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 84, and in Tram
Zool. Soc. 11. p. 186, & iii. p. 10.

^■T^- ^•iirr4- L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/19. Yert. 28.

Prajoperculum serrated or entii-e. Snout pointed, its length being
contained twice and two-thirds in that of the head. Red • the lower
parts and the fins yeUow, the dorsal and anal with brown spots ■ a
large black blotch between the five anterior dorsal spines

Madeira ; Canary Islands ; Cape Verde.

I have seen but one specimen, in the CoUection of the PhUoso-
phical Society of Cambridge, and for a very short time only Al-
though the species differs from the otliers in the size of the scales, it
did not appear to me to differ generically from Cossyplms.

16. CLEPTICUS.
Clepticus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 2G5.
Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size •
snout obtuse ; cleft of the mouth narrow, with a series of very small
teeth anteriorly ; no posterior canine tooth. Imbricate scales on the
cheeks and opcrclos ; dorsal and anal fins enveloped in scales ; lateral
lino not interrupted. Formula of the fins : D. -. A. 4-.
Caribbean Sea. '" '^

112 LABRIDJi.

1. Clepticus genizarra.

Rabirubbia genizarra, Parra, p. 44. lam. 21. fig. 1.
Clepticus genizarra, Ciiv. iSf- Val. xiii. p. 207. pi, 377; Cwt'. R^gne Anitn.
III. Poiss. pi. 89. fig. 1.

D. 1|. A. ^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 5/12.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length ; the
fourth and fifth rays of the dorsal and the seventh and eighth of the
anal produced ; caudal forked.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.

17. LABRICHTHYS*.

Labrus, sp., Cuv. 8r Val.

Labrus, sp., Tautoga, sp., et Julis, sp., Richardson.
Labriclithys, Bleek. Floi-is, p. 331.

Pseudolabrus et Labrichthys, Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, pp. 413,
415,

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales ; snout more
or less pointed. Opercles scaly ; cheeks more or less scaly ; prae-
operculum not serrated ; lateral line continuous. Teeth in the jaws
in a single series ; but there is sometimes an interior series of smaller
teeth destined to replace those in function. Posterior canine tooth
generally present. Formula of the fins : D. ^. A. ^.

Pacific. East Indian Archipelago.

Bleeker has established the genus Labrichthys for L. ci/anotcenia,'
and distinguished it from Pseudolabrus (rubiginosus) by the single
series of teeth on the lower pharyngeal. L. celidota has two series,
L. tetrica, L. rubiginosa, and L. lucidenta have three. All these series
are very irregular, and form rather a band or a patch.

* 1 . Labrus epbippium, Ciiv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 96. — Java ?

2. fucicola, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 26, and TVans. Zool. Soc.

iii. p. 136 ; Voy. Ereb. # Terr. Fishes, p. 127. pi. 54. figs. 1 & 2.— Tas-
mania and South Australia.

3. iris, Solandcr, MS. — Sir John Eichardson has introduced into the

literature a fish obtained on Cook's first voyage to the coast of New
Holland, off Bustard Bay ; there are no means of ascertaining its proper
place in the system, but Solander's description is as follows : — " Dor-
sum pallide olivaceum, infra mediimi e citrulescenti-albidum. Vitta
in medio qaadruplex, a. superne lutescens, /3. pallide cyanea, y. lutes-
cens, S. griseo-ceerulescens. Supra os fascire tres splendidic, a. intense

cajrulea, /3. flava, y. . Capitis latera pallide cserulescentia ad pin-

nas pectorales ducta. Vittse cterulese per iridem continuantur. — Obs.
Vitta lateralis postice cyanea, ad basin pinnfe caudalis arcuata et inferne
reflexa. Pinna caudalis rubescens, subpellucida ; dorsahs lutescens ;
pinna pectorales e corneo-albidae, pellucidaj ; ventrales et pinna ani
albido-pellucidte. — Obs. Eadius supremus pinna3 caudalis elongatus, ut
Cauda triplo longior."

4. Julis (?) rubiginosus, Richards. Ann. S[ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 425. —

New Zealand.

17. LABEICHTHYS. 113

We divide the species of this genus thus : —

A. Cheeks with several series of scales.

a. Base of the dorsal fin not scaly, p. 113.

b. Dorsal scales extending on the base of the fin, p. 116*.

B. Cheeks with only one or two series of small scales, p. IIG.

A. Cheeks with several series of scales.
a. Base of the dorsal fin not scaly,

1. Labiichthys celidota.

Labrus celidotus, Forst. Descr. Anim. cur. Licht. p. 133 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 265 ; Richards. Voy. Erch. S,- Terr. Fishes, p. 53. pi. 31. figs, 1-5.

poecilopleura, Cuv. 8c Val. xiii. p. 95.

Sparus notatus, Solander, MS.

Jidis (?) notatus, Richards. Ann. SfMag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 425.

D, :^, A. ^. L, lat. 27. L, transv, 3/9. Vert. 10/13.

A posterior canine tooth (absent in young specimens). Reddish-
olive (in spirits), with some irregular cloudy spots, several forming
indistinct cross-bands ; a large round brown patch on the lateral
line, below the origin of the soft dorsal fin ; two brown streaks
radiate from the orbit to the shoulder and to the operculum, another
across the prajorbital. Anal fin with two brown spots near the base.

Coasts of New Zealand and Australia.

a. Fine specimen. Australia. Presented by Sii* J. Richardson.

b. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the College of Surgeons.
c-f. Half- grown. Botany Bay. Presented by the College of Sur-
geons.

</, h. Fine specimens. New Zealand. Presented by Captain Stokes.
i, k-u. Adult, half-grown, and young. New Zealand. From the

Haslar Collection,
t'. Adult : skeleton. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.

The intestinal tract is short, shorter than the entire fish ; the
stomach is merely a somewhat more dilated portion of the intestine,
without a distinct pylorus ; the intestine makes two short bends, an
upper and a lower one ; its posterior straight portion is narrower
than the anterior, and separated from it by a circular valve. The
ovaria are united posteriorly. The au"-bladder is ovate, and has a
thick membrane, which is not fixed to any other part of the abdo-
minal cavity ; there is no glandular mass in its internal cavity.

The transverse portion of the lower pharyngeal is provided with
obtuse, rounded molars, which become more conical anteriorly ; the
teeth are pointed on the longitudinal portion of the bone, where they
are arranged in three series, extending to the extremity.

* We do not tliink it advisable to establish another genus for the species with
the base of the dorsal fin naked, as this character is unaccompanied bv any other;
L. luculenta and ridnginosa, for instance, are extremely similar to each other.
VOL. IV. I

114 LA.BRID,T5.

2. Labrichthys bothryocosmus,

Labms bothryocosmus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8,-Terr. Fishes, p. 53. pl.31.
figs. 6-10.

D. fj. A. l^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/9.

A posterior canine tooth. Eeddish- or grecnLsh-olive (in spirits) ;
a cluster of black spots between the lateral line and the hind part of
the spinous dorsal fin. Infraorbital ring with a bluish streak. Dorsal
and anal fins with a dark longitudinal band.

Coasts of South Australia and Tasmania.

«, b. Fine specimens. Types of the species. From the Haslar Col-
lection.

3. Labrichthys psittacula.

Labrus psittaciilus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 26, and Trans.

Zool. Soc. iii. p. 141.
Tautoga psittacula, Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 129. pi. 50.

figs. 7-10.

D. :^. A. ■^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/9. Vert. 9/16.

A posterior canine tooth. Two anterior canine teeth in each of
the jaws ; cheek entirely scaly below the eye, the scales being
arranged in four series. Uniform hyacinth-red : the soft dorsal and
anal with five or six series of yellow spots ; a few streaks behind the
angle of the mouth.

Tasmania.

a. Adult: stuffed. Tasmania. Presented by Mr. Gould. — The typi-
cal specimen appears to be lost.

4. Labrichthys rubigiaosa,
Labrus rubiginosus, Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 1G5. pi. 86. fig. 1.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9.

A posterior canine tooth. Brownish-red, with some white spots
on the back ; the spinous dorsal with some irregular black spots ;
anal with three indistinct bro^vnish longitudinal streaks ; body some-
times with four brownish longitudinal bands, two of which are con-
tinued on the side of the head.

Seas of China and Japan.

a. Adult, China.

b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — Type

of Labrus eotliinus, Richards.

c. Half-grown: Japan.

Sir John Richardson has named and described a Labrus eothinus
(Ichthyol. Chin, p. 255), from a stuffed specimen in the British Mu-
seum Collection and from a drawing. The former is identical with
Labrus ruhiginosus, Schlcg. ; and with regard to the drawing, which

17. LABRICHTHYS. 115

is said to bo numbered 197, I am unable to find it in Mr. lleeves's
Collection. No. ll>7.represents a species of Masiacemhelus; and none
of the drawings of Labrida) correspond with Sir J. Richardson's
description.

5. Labrichthys gajri.

Labrus gayi, Cuv. i^* Val. xiii. p. 1)7 ; Guichcn. in Gay, Hist. Chil. Zoo/.
ii. p. 299. lam. 8. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25.

? A posterior canine tooth. Cheek covered with scales. Uniform
reddish-brown ; vertical fins dark-coloured.
Island of Juan Fernandez.

6. Labrichthys inscripta.

, Labms inscriptus, i Richards. Vorj. Ereb. ^ Terr. Fishes, p. 1.34. pl.56.
Tautoga inscripta, ) figs. 1 & 2.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25-27. L. transv. 3/9.

A posterior canine tooth. The anterior pair of mandibulary teeth
long, subhorizontal. Cheek ^vith five to seven series of small scales.
Dark brown, with a pale mark on each scale, bearing some resem-
blance to the characters of the Persian alphabet. Some dark marks
on the cheek and prajopcrculum, one on the base of the pectoral ; the
membrane connecting the first three dorsal spines is blacldsh, some-
times with pale specks. Anal fin uniform, or with many pale specks.

Norfolk Island ; Raoid Island.

a. Type of the species : has been in cliloride of zinc. Norfolk Island.

Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

b. Fourteen inches long. Raoul Isand. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.

7. Labrichthys laticlavius.

Labrus laticlavius, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 99, and Trans.
Zuol. Soc. iii. p. 1.39, and Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 128. pi. 56.
figs. 3-G.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9. Vert. 9/16.

A posterior canine tooth. Two anterior canine teeth in each of
the jaws. Caudal rounded. Green, with two red (blackish in spirits)
longitudinal bands, which are confluent on the side of the tail ;
another, rather indistinct and interrupted, along the lower side of
the tail. Dorsal and caudal fins purplish, edged with vermilion and
blue, and si)otted posteriorly with round blue dots. The anal has
along the base a narrow stripe of vermilion, then a broad one of
yellow, edged above and below with blue, and lastly a band of purple,
spotted thickly with blue and edged with the same.

Coast of Tasmania. King George's Sound.

a. Tasmania. Tj-pe of the species. From the Ilaslar Collection.
b Adult: skin. King George's Sound. Purchascdof Mr. Leadbeater.

i2

116 LABRID^.

b. Dorsal scales extending on the base of the fin.
8. Labrichthys luculenta.

Labrus luciilentus, I ^., ,,^ r^ i o rr m-? ion

Tautoga luculenta^ [ ^«^^»«'-^«- ^'"y- ^'-^b- Sf Ten: Fishes, p. 130.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/7.

A posterior canine tooth. The interopercles overlapping each
other. Four anterior canine teeth in the lower jaw and two in the
upper; cheek with about six series of small scales. Greenish or
reddish, each scale below the lateral line with a vertical silvery line ;
a black spot on the two first dorsal spines ; sometimes two irregular
brown hnes along the snout and two blackish spots on the base of
the soft dorsal fin.

Eastern and Wcstei'n coasts of Austi'alia. Norfolk Island.

a, b. Types of the species. Norfolk Island. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson. *

c-e. Types of the species. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
f-g. Skins. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
h. Adult : discoloiu'ed.

9. Labrichthys cyanotsenia.

Labrichthys cjanotsenia, Bleeh. Floris, p. 331, and Atl. IcJitJi. p.
tab. 22. fig. i.

D-n- ^-ro- L- lat. 25.

A posterior canine tooth. Four anterior canine teeth in the upper,
and two in the lower jaw ; head longer than high ; lips broad, fleshy;
praeoperculum entii'ely scaly, not serrated. I3rownish-violet, with
about fifteen blue longitudinal stripes ; vertical fins brownish, edged!
with yellow, and with series of blue streaks or spots ; base of thej
pectoral black. (Bl.)

Floris.

B. Cheek with only one or two series of small scales.
10. Labrichthys tetrica.

Labrus tetricus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 25, and Trans.

Zool. Soc. iii. p. 13G.
Tautoga tetriga, Richards. Voy. Ereh. ^ Terr. Fishes, p. 126. pi. 55, fig.l.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/9.

A posterior canine tooth. Two anterior canine teeth in each of the
jaws ; cheek with only two series of narrow scales, a large portion
of it being naked. Uniform purplish-red : vertical fins dark on the
base, lighter towards the margins, and with a fine blackish edge ;
pectoral with a black spot superiorly at the base.

Coasts of Tasmania and South Australia.

a. Skin. South Australia. Purchased of Mr. Gould.

h-d. Half-grown : skins. Swan River.

t. Type of the species. From the Haslar Collection.

17. LAURICHTHiTS. 117

11. Labrichthys parila.

Tautoga parila, Richards. Proc. ZooL Soc. 1850, p. 70, and-4;i«. ^- 3Iu(/.
Nat. Hid. 1851, vol. vii. p. 286.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/10.

Posterior canine tooth none. Two anterior canine teeth in each
of the jaws ; cheek with only one (indistinct) series of scales, the
greater part of it being naked. Greenish, irregularly spotted and
dotted with brown, the spot on the anterior dorsal spines being darker
than the others.

Coasts of Australia.

a. Skin. Swan Kiver. — Type of the species.

b. Skin. West Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

c. Skin. Australia.

? d. Skin. Austraha. — This specimen belongs probably to another
species, having a posterior canine tooth ; it is in a very bad state
of preservation.

12. Labrichthys gymnogenis.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L, transv. 3/10.

A posterior canine tooth. Cheek nearly naked, only a single series
of small scales descending from behind the eye to below the infra-
orbital ling. Greenish (in a dried state), with more or less numerous
whitish s])ots ; anal fin with a dark longitudinal band ; vertical fins
witli a narrow dark edge.

Australia.

a-h. Stuffed. Australia.

Description. — The form is the same as in all the fishes of this
genus ; the height of the body is one-third or rather less than one-
thii'd of the total length, the length of the head three limes and three-
fifths ; head longer than high ; snout pointed, of moderate length.
Each jaw has two canine teeth in front, the lower of which are sub-
horizontal and received between the two upper ones ; the lateral teeth
are rather small, especially the posterior ones and those which stand
behind the canines. Scales of the operculum nearly as large as those
on the body ; the muciferous channels of the scales of the lateral
line arc di\ided into five or six branches. Spines of the fins of mo-
derate strength and length ; none of the fin-rays produced ; long
pointed scales cover the basal half of the caudal membrane.

inches, lines.

Total length 9 0

Height of the body 3 0

Length of the head 2 0

of the ninth dorsal spine 0 0

of the third anal spine 0 8

of the pectoral fin 1 11

118 LABiUDJi.

13. Labrichthys punctulata.
D. ^. A. f^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/10.

A posterior canine tooth. Cheek nearij naked, some rudimentary
scales being situated near the limb of the praeoperculum. Yellowish-
olive (in a dried state), with numerous bluish dots ; they are edged
with brownish on the middle of the length of the fish, and entirely
brownish posteriorly on the tail.

Swan River.

a-b. Fourteen inches long : skin. Swan River.

Description. — The form is the same as in all the fishes of this
genus. Head longer than high. The upper jaw has two canines in
front, and a series of lateral conical teeth, within which there is
another series destined to replace the former. The prseorbital is
wider than the orbit ; the naked limb of the praeoperculum is very
broad ; scales of the operculum as large as those of the body ; the
tube of each scale of the lateral line is divided into fouiteen to six-
teen branches, occupying nearly the whole of a scale. Spines of the
fins of moderate length and strength ; none of the fin-rays produced ;
base of the dorsal and anal not scaly.

inches, lines.

Total length 14 0

Length of the head 3 11

of the ninth dorsal spine 0 11|

of the thii-d anal spine 0 10|

of the caudal fin 2 0

of the pectoral 2 4

of the ventral 1 6

To this genus perhaps belongs

14. Labrichthys (?) imilineata.

Cossypbus uniliueatus, Guichen. in Guer.-Menev. Rev. Zool. 1847,
p. 284.

^' 10-12 V'' 12(?)

A posterior canine tooth. Two anterior canine teeth in each of
the jaws ; head scaly, longer than high ; prfeoperculum not serrated.
Brownish (in a di'ied state), with a j-eUowish band from the snout,
below the eye, to the upper part of the tail. (Guich.)

Guam.

18. LABROIDES,

Labroides, Bkek. Banda, i. p. 249.

Labroides et Diproctacanthus, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 415.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
snout pointed, with the lips prominent, one or the other notched
anteriorly. Opercles, cheeks, and base of the vertical fins scaly ; prae-

18. LABROIDES. 119

operculuin not serrated ; lateral line continuous. Teeth iu the jaws
minute, forming a band ; a pair of curved, erect canines in each jaw,
the upper pair received between those of the lower ; a posterior
canine tooth. Formula of the fins : D. ^. A. g-^. The gill-
membrane is attached to the isthmus.
Red Sea. East Indian Archipelago.

Dr. V. Bleaker separates this genus into two : —

a. The lower lip divided into two lobes ; anal spines three : Lahroidcs,

p. 119.

b. The lower lip without produced lobes ; anal spines two : Diprocta-

caidhiis, p. 120.

a. Lahroides, Bloek.

1. Labroides dimidiatus.

Labrus latovittatus, liUpp. N. IV. Fische, p. 7. taf. 2. fig. 2 (not Litcep.).
Cossyphiis dimidiatus, Cuv. 4" Val- xiii. p. 130.

Labroides latovittatus, Bleek. Act. Soc. 8c. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina,
viii. p. 73, and Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 44. fig. 1.

D.i. A.l L.lat.50.

Lips fleshy, both emarginate anteriorly. Head much longer than
high, pointed. A black band from the snout through the eye to the
extremity of the caudal fin, gradually becoming broader posteriorly
and occupying nearly the whole of the caudal fin ; the inner half of
the soft dorsal and anal bro^^^l, the outer yellowish ; caudal fin with
the upper and lower margins whitish.

lied Sea. Amboyna ; Goram.

a. Seventeen lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Labroides paradiseus.

Valent. iii. p. 348. fig. 8, and p. 407. fig. 193 ; Eeuard, Poiss. MoL i.

tab. 24. tig. 131.
Labroides paradiseus, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 249, and Atl. Ichth. p. " .

tab. 44. fag. 2.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 50.

Lips fleshy; two anterior canine teeth in each of the jaws. Head
much longer than high, pointed. A black band from the snotit
through the eye to the caudal fin, bent downwards posteriorlj- to the
lower margin of the tail, and leanng a great portion of the lower
part of the caudal fin white. Fins yellowish ; dorsal and anal fins
black at the base.

East Indian Archipelago.

o. Thirty lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

If I had not seen Dr. P. v. Bleeker's accounts, I .should not have
hesitated to consider liis L. paradiseus as identical with IJiippcll's
L. latovittatus, and the small specimen, named by lUeoker L. lata-

120 LABHID^.

vittatus, as the young state of that species. I find the same number
of scales in both, and not forty only, as stated by Bleeker for L. para-
diseus. But the two si^ecimens to which my observations were limited
differ in the number of the dorsal rays, as noticed by Bleeker. It is
stiU possible that this is merely a variation, and that both fishes are
specifically the same.

3. Labroides quadrilineatus.

Labrus quadriliueatus, Hiipp. N. W. Fische, p. 6. taf. 2. fig. 1.
Cossyphus tseniatus, Cuv. ^ Veil. xiii. p. 134.
quadriliueatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 135.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/12.

The front part of the upper lip swollen, prominent ; lower lip pro-
minent, deeply emarginate anteriorly. Head much longer than high,
pointed. Brownish or blackish, with two blue longitudinal bands,
the space between them being generally darker than the ground-
colour or entirely black ; the membrane between the anterior dorsal
spines black ; caudal with a whitish margin.

Red Sea.

a. Fine specimen. Bed Seft. From Dr. RiippeU's Collection.

b. Diproctacanthus, Bleek.
4. Labroides xanthurus.

Labroides xanthurus, Bleek. Act. Sue. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Manado en

Makassar, p. 52.
Diproctacanthus xanthurus, Bleek. All. Ichth. p. . tab. 21. fig. 2.

D.^. A.f L. lat. 40.

Lips very thick, the lower not notched. Head much longer than
high, pointed. Brownish, with two light-bluish longitudinal bands,
the space between them being darker than the ground-colour or
black. Fins yellow. {Bl.)

Amboyna.

19. DUYMiERIA.

Duymseria, Bleek. Act. Soc. Se. Indo-Nederl. i. Amboina, p. 52.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales ; lateral line
continuous ; opercles and cheeks with large scales ; prseoperculum
serrated on its posterior margin. Teeth in the jaws in a single series,
with four strong canines anteriorly in each jaw ; a posterior canine
tooth (in the species examined). The uppermost scales on the back
are dilated, tiu'ned upwards, forming a sheath for the fin. Formula
of the fins: D. j^^. A. |-.

From the coast of Mozambique to Japan and the New Hebrides.

i

19. DUYM^RIA. 121

1. Duymaeria aurigaria.

Crenilabrus am-ig^arius, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 90. tab. 45
ngs. 1 & 2.

mbellio, Richards. I. c. p. 93. tab. 45. fig. 3.

Duyniferia aurioraria, Bkek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Amboina, p 53
mbellio, Rlcek. I. c. > t- •

D. Yi- A. |. L. lat. 22. L. transv. 2/6. Vert. 10/15.

Two posterior canine teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Pne-
oporculum finely serrated, ^vith two series of large scales, which are
partly imbedded in the skin. The lobes of the anterior dorsal spines
are more or less prolonged. PurpUsh : vertical fins with irregular red
hues ; sides of the head with tortuous blue bands ; a dark spot on the
operculum remains visible in specimens preserved in spirits.

China.

a, b. Adult. China.— Types of C. auriganus.
e. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Beeves, Esq.— Type of C.
ruhellio.

d. Adult : stufl'ed. China. Presented by J. E. Reeves, Esq

e. Adult: skeleton. China.

It is probable that Sehlegel is right in supposing that this species
IS identical with D. flag ellif era. The cjiief differences between the
descriptions appear to be : —

1. The specimen of Valenciennes has a black spot between the two
fii'st dorsal spines ; none on the operculum. (Duymceria flaaelUfera
Cuv. & Val., Bleek.) J J j >

2. The fig-ure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' does not show any dark spot.
{Duymceria japonica, Bleek.)

3. The fishes in the British Museum, described by Sir J. Richardson
under two different names, have a dark opercular spot; none on the
dorsal fin. {Duymceria aurigaria and D. rubellio, Richards., Bleek.
=D. aurigaria, m.)

Duymceria amhoinensis, Bleek. /. c. p. 54, and Atl. lehth. p. 78.
tab. 23. fig. 7, appears to mo to be identical with D. auri(/aria.
The blue bands on the head of the species from China and Japan
disappear in spirits, and are entirely absent in the AmbojTiese species.
a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection as D. amboinensis.

2. Duymaeria flagellifera.

Ctenolabrus flageUifer, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 240 ; ? Faun. Japan. Poiss.

p. IGO. pi. 86. fig. 2.
Duymffii-ia flagellifer, BkcJc. Act. Soc.Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Amboina,p.53.
r Duymaeria japonica, Bkek. I. c.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 20.

Pi-teoperculum finely serrated. The lobes of the anterioi- dorsal
spines prolonged. [Pm-pUsh, head with tortuous blue bands;] a
black spot between the first two dorsal spines.

Japan.

122 LABBID^.

3. Duyraseria spilogaster.

Crenilabrus spilogaster, Bleok. Japan, p. 416, and Verhaml. Batav. Ge-

nootsch. xxvi. N. Nalez. Japan, p. 113. tab. 8. fig. 2.
Duyniaeria spilogaster, JBIvek. Act. Sue. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. p. 64

D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 26.

Posterior canine tooth? Prseoperculum distinctly serrated, with
two series of large scales. Anal spines strong. Brownish-yellow,
anteriorly and posteriorly with a violet shade ; a violet spot on the
operculum ; body with violet dots disposed in longitudinal series ;
caudal yellow, with violet margin. {Bl.)

Sea of Nagasaki.

4. Duymaeria filamentosa.

Uossyphus filamentosus, Peters in Wiegm. Ar.ch. 1855, p. 263.
D. l^- A. l^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2/7.

Two small posterior canine teeth on each side of the upper jaw.
The membrane behind each dorsal and anal spine is prolonged into a
very long black filament, sometimes nearly as long as the head.
Green, with fine vertical blue lines below the eye ; occiput with
black dots ; back and lateral lino with black spots irregularly distri-
buted ; the middle of the side of the body with lighter S2)ots and
black dots ; all the fins, except the pectorals, variegated with darker
and lighter.

Mozambique.
a. Adult. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

5. Duymaeria cseruleomaculata.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2/8.

Two posterior canine teeth on each side of the upper jaw ; prse-
operculum distinctly serrated ; anterior dorsal spines with yellow
filiform lobes. Brownish-olive (in a dried state), each scale with a
large blue spot in the centre.

Aneiteum (New Hebrides).

a. Stuffed. From Mr. MacgQlivray's Collection.

Description of the specimen. — With regard to the general form, this
species does not differ from its congeners. The height of the body is
contained three times and one-third in the total length, the length of
the head three times and a half. Each of the jaws anteriorly with
four canine teeth, the outer of which are bent outwards. Cheek with
two series of scales ; prseoperculum with the limbs naked, and with
the posterior limb distinctly serrated. Pectorals rounded ; spines of
the fins rather strong : that of the ventral and the last of the dorsal
are nearly equal in length, their length being less than one-half of
that of the head ; tlic second dorsal spine is not much shorter than
the last ; the membrane behind the two or three anterior dorsal spines
is filiform, the filaments being not quite so long as the spines. The

20. CIERHILABEUS, 123

thii-d anal apine is longer than the second, but rather shorter than the
last of the dorsal fin. Caudal rounded.

Tlie ground-colour is now brownish -olive, each scale having a blue
centre ; the lower jaw blue-spotted ; some dark-brown spots on each
side of the occiput, along the lateral line, on the interoperculum, and
on tho spinous portions of the fins ; the soft dorsal fin with series of
brown dots. Traces of a dark spot are visible on the extremity of the
operculum.

inches, lines.

Total length 5 7

Height of the body 1 8

Length of the head 1 6

of the last dorsal spine 0 7^

6. Duymaeria enneacanthus.

Crenilabrus enneacanthus, Bleek. Amboina, iii. p. 120.
Duymaeria enneacanthus, Bleek. Act. Soc. So. Indo-Ncderl. i. p. 54, and
Atl. Ichth. p. 78. tab. 23. fig. 4.

D, •^. A. |. L. lat. 24.

The two or three posterior teeth of each side of the intermaxillary
are larger than the lateral ones. Anterior dorsal spines Avith the
lobes produced. Green, with rose-coloured longitudinal bands ; each
scale with four to eight blue dots on the margin ; fins red, violet
towards the margin ; dorsal filaments blackish ; pectorals rose-
coloiu'ed ; caudal dotted with violet.

Amboyna.

a. Not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
7. DuymsBria nematoptera.

Crenilabrus nematopterus, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 250.
Dujanffiria nematopterus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. p. 54, and
Atl. Ichth. p. 79. tab. 23. fig. 5.

D. :^. A. |. L. lat. 24.

Posterior canine tooth ?

Dorsal and anal spines with long filaments. Green : head with
red bands; dorsal filaments black. Ventrals reddish-violet. {Bl.)
Sea of Eunda Neira.

20. CIRRHILABRUS.

Cirrliilabrus, Srhlei/. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 1G7.

Cheiliuoides, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. 1851, ii. p. 71.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
cheeks and opercles with imbricate scales ; praH)perculum serrated ;
teeth in a single series, Avith stronger teeth anteriorly in addition.
Lateral line interrupted. Formula of the fins ; D. -. ^^- ■^•

.Tapancsc Sea. East Indian Aj'cbipelago.

124

1. Cirrhllabrus temminckii.

sp.

pan, p. 17.

Cirrhllabrus, sp., Schhy. I. c.

Cirrliilabrus teuuuuickii, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv. Ja-

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is about
one-fourth of th^i total. Caudal rounded ; the second and third
ventral rays produced into a long filament, extending to the end of
the anal. Brownish -green (in spirits), with a whitish band along
the base of the dorsal and another along the middle of the side.
Dorsal and anal fins with a blackish edge, and vni\\ a blackish band
along the middle of the dorsal ; anal with a blackish band along its
base. (Schlec/.)

Japanese Sea.

2. Cirrhilabrtis solorensis.

Bleeker, Solor, p. 88, aud Atl. Ichth. p. 76. tab. 23. fig. 3.
D. y. A. |. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 7-8.

The height of the body is contained foiu' times in the total length,
the length of the head foiu- times and a third. The second ventral
ray is produced, extending to the origin of the anal ; caudal rounded.
Reddish- violet : several small deep-violet spots on the middle of the
sides, below the posterior half of the spinous dorsal ; an oblong spot
of the same colour before the root of the pectoral. Spines and rays
of the vertical and ventral fins blue.

Seas of Solor and Banda.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

3. Cirrhllabrus cyanopleura.

Cheilinoides cyanopleura, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr, Nederl. Lid. 1851,

ii. p. 72. pi. 1.
Cirrhilabrus cyanoplem-a, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 76. tab. 23. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. J. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length
of the head two-ninths. Ventral fin not prolonged ; caudal rounded.
Greenish-olive, with a longitudinal series of several crescent-shaped
blue spots behind the pectoral. {Bl.)

Sea of Batavia.

21. DORATONOTUS.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales ; (? cheeks and
opercles scaly). The spinous dorsal is composed of nine spines, its
middle being strongly depressed. Teeth in a single series ; a pos-
terior canine tooth. Lateral line interrupted.

Caribbean Sea.

22. cHEiLiNrs. 125

1. Doratonotns megalepis.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 19. L. transv. 2/5.

Ventral fins united at the base ; caudal rounded.
Caribbean Sea.

rt. Twenty-eight lines long. St. Christopher. Presented by Dr. J. E.
Gray.

Description. — Although the single specimen is not in so good a
state of preservation as to admit of a complete description of the
species, its principal characters are so well marked that we cannot
hesitate to consider it as the type of a distinct genus. The body is
strongl}' compressed, its height being equal to the length of the head,
and contained thrice and three-fourths in the total. The upper
profile of the head descends in a nearly straight lino. The snout is
pointed, much longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-
fifth of the length of the head. The maxillary can be entirely hidden
below the prtieorbital, and does not extend backwards to the anterior
margin of the eye. Teeth conical, in a single series ; each jaw with
two canines in front, the lower received between the upper ; the
teeth standing next to the canines are somewhat larger than the
rest ; cheeks and opercles appear to have been scaly, but the scales
are nibbed ofi". The first two dorsal spines are half as long as the
head, whilst the following decrease in length to the ninth, which,
again, is nearly as long as the second ; the soft portion is somewhat
higher than the spinous ; the base of the dorsal fin is not scaly, but
the scales of the uppermost series form a sort of sheath for the fin.
The anal spines are rather strong and pungent, like those of the
dorsal. Caudal rounded, not quite so long as the head. Pectoral
rounded, two-thirds of the length of the head. Ycntrals close toge-
ther, united at the base by a membrane, situated somewhat in front
of the pectoral, composed of a pungent spine and five soft rays. GiU-
membranes united below, and not attached to, the isthmus. Lateral
line interrupted below the end of the dorsal.

22. CHEILINTJS*.

Clieilinus, (Lacep.) Cuv. IHgne Anim.

Clieilinus, Oxycheilinus, et Crassilabrus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. So.
Philad. 1862, p. 143.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales ; lateral line
interrupted ; cheeks with two series of large scales ; praeoperculum
entire ; teeth in a single series, two canines in each of the jaws, none

* 1. Cheilinus rivulatus, Chiv. Sf Vol. xiv. p. 86. — New Ireland, Vanicolo.

2. Tenosu?, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 100.— R<>(1 Sea.

3. mertensii, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 102. — Guam.

4. polygramma, Cuv. 8c Val. xiv. p. 103. — Ulea.

5. macolosus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 101. — Oualan.

(i. ro9eu3, Cuv. 4" Val. xiv. p. 105.— Ulea.

126 LABRID^.

of which are bent outwards ; no posterior canine tooth : lower jaw
not produced backwards. Dorsal spines subequal in length ; formula
of the fins : D. -tttv ^' Wq) ' ^^® third anal spine is the longest.
From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Chinese Seas and the
tropical parts of the Western Pacific.

1. Cheilinus trilobatus.

Cheilinus trilobatus, Lacep. iii. pp. 529, 537. pi. 31. fig. 3 ; Hiipp. Atl.

Fisch. p. 22 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 79 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Ge-

nootsch. xxii. Lahr. p. 34, and Atl. Ichth. p. 60. tab. 27. fig. 2 ; Cuv.

Rbgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 86. fig. 2.
Labrus trilobatus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 487.
? Cheilinus sinuosus, Quoy ^- Gaim. Voy. Uran. Poiss. p. 278 ; Cuv. ^

Val. xiv. p. 95 (young).
Cheilinus nebulosus, Richards. Ichth. Chin, p. 261.
tetrazona, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 293.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 20. Vert. 10/13.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; snout
subconical in young specimens and obtuse in adult ones. Canine
teeth rather small. Caudal in young specimens rounded, in adult
ones trilobed, the upper, lower and middle rays being more or less
produced. Tubules of the lateral line much branched. Green :
head with red stripes and dots, the former disposed before and below
the eye ; each scale on the body with one or two red vertical streaks.
Vertical fins green, dorsal and anal with red margins ; the soft dorsal
sometimes red. A blackish spot at the base of the hinder dorsal
rays, more distinct in immature specimens than in adult ones.
Young specimens with four broad, irregular brownish cross-bands.

Prom the eastern coasts of Africa to China and the New Hebrides.

a. Specimens, 18-20 inches long, with the caudal lobes considerably
prolonged.

a. Stuffed. Mauritius. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.

b. Stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

jS. Specimens, 9-12 inches long, with the caudal strongly convex,
and with the upper and lower rays slightly produced.

c. Stuffed. Aneitoum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.

d. China. Presented by Sir J. Hichardson.

-/. Specimens, 2-8 inches long, with the caudal simply rounded.

e. Stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.
/. Moluccas.

g. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. — Type of Cli. nebulosus,

Richards.
i-lc. From the Haslar Collection.

22. CHEiLixtrs. 127

2. Cheilinus mossambicus.

? Cheilinus radiatns, Cue. l^- Val. xiv. p. 91.

Cheiliuus radiatus, Peters, Wie(/m. Arch. 1855, p. 264 (not Bl. Schn.).

D.f-^. A.-|. L. lat. 20.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
and one-thii-d of the total length (\vithout caudal) ; head longer
than high ; snout subconical, one-thu'd of the length of the head,
without prominent chin. Scales on the cheek in two series, the
lower of which is composed of three scales covering the pra?opercuIar
limb. Caudal fin in adult specimens (4-5 inches long) two-lobed,
with the upper and middle rays prolonged. Tubules of the lateral
hne simple. Brownish-olive (in spirits), clouded with blackish ;
yellow lines radiate from the orbit ; a violet spot behind the orbit ;
the spinous dorsal brownish-black ; the upper part of the soft dorsal,
the anal and caudal with reticulated yellow Hnes.

Coast of Mozambique.

a. Four and a half inches long. Presented by Prof. Peters.

3. Cheilinus cerameusis.

Sleeker, Amboma ^ Ceram, p. 290, and Atl. Ichth. p. 69. tab. 28. fig. 4.
D. f„. A.|. L. lat. 21.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Canine teeth rather small ; snout very obtuse.
Caudal fin with the upper and middle rays produced, the lower
comer of the fin being rounded. Tubules of the lateral hne scarcely
branched. Greenish, with some dark blotches along the middle of
the side ; head with yellow dots and lines radiating from the orbit ;
the spinous dorsal violet, red-edged, \^ith a blue spot between the
first and second spines ; the upper portion of the soft dorsal, the
posterior part of the caudal, and the anal fin with reticulated yellow
hnes, enclosing blackish oceUi.

East Indian Archipelago. Now Hebrides.

a. Six inches long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Six inches long: stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's
Collection.

4. Cheiliiius punctatus.

Cheilinus punctatus, Benn. Proe. Coinm. Zool. Soc. i, p. 167.

punctulatus, Cuv. ^' Vol. xiv. p. 87. pi. 396 ; Peters, Wicgm.

Arch. 1855, p. 264.

D. y. A.|. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is one-third, or rather less than one-third,
of the total length ; canine teeth of moderate size. Caudal rounded,
with the upper lobe shghtly produced in adult specimens. Tubules
of the lateral line moderately branched. Greenish-brown : head
with round yellow spots, body with series of red dots along the rows

128 LABRIBiE.

of scales. The spinous dorsal brown, with numerous blue spots, its •
margin and the soft dorsal being red ; anal red, ivith a few blue spots
and with a blue intramarginal band. Caudal violet, red towards the
margin, with numerous small blue ocelli. Ventral purplish, with.
some scattered bluish spots.
Mauritius. Mozambique.

a, b, c. Types of the species. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Only the largest specimen, which is nine inches long,
shows the upper caudal lobe shghtly produced, whilst this fin
is rounded in two other specimens of seven and eight inches in
length.

Although Valenciennes mentions only nine dorsal spines in the
text, we see from the figure that the specimens in the Paris collec-
tion also have ten ; the dots on the ventral fin are represented too
numerous in that figure.

5. Cheilinus chlorurus.

Sparus chlorurus, Bl v. p. 24. taf. 260 ; Bl. Schn. p. 269 ; Lacep. iv.

pp. 55, 163.
Clieilinus guttatus, Sleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxii. Lahr. Cycl. p. 36.

decacanthus, Bleek. Batida, i. p. 256.

chlorurus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 65. tab. 27. fig. 3.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is a little more than one-third of the total ;
snout subcorneal ; canine teeth of moderate size. Caudal rounded,
•with the lobes slightly produced in adult specimens. Tubules of
the lateral line moderately branched. Greenish-brown : head with
round yellow spots, body with series of smaller dots. The spinous
dorsal brownish, with red margin and black dots on the spines ; the
soft dorsal red ; anal and ventral ivith numerous very small yellow
dots ; caudal green, yellow-spotted.

From Ceylon to the New Hebrides.

a. Specimens, 7 inches long, with the caudal lobes slightly produced.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Skin, discoloured. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

/3. Specimens, 5|-6 inches long, with the caudal simply rounded.

c. Fine specimen. Ceram. From the Collection of Madame Ida

Pfeififer.

d. Stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Maegillivray's Collection.

6. Cheilinus oxycephalus.
Bleek. Amboyna, iv. p. 349, and Atl. Ichth. p. 65. tab. 28. fig. 5.
D. :^. A. |. L. lat. 22.
The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head.

22. CHEILINUS. 129

•and two-fifths of the total (without caudal) ; head a little longer
than high. Canine teeth moderately strong ; snout pointed, chin
not prominent. Tubules of the lateral Hne simple, bifid or trifid.
Caudal rounded. Uniform brown, with a series of six to eight darker
spots along the side ; the spinous dorsal brownish, with a black spot
anteriorly, the soft yellow behind ; ventrals and anal violet, spotted
with yellow ; caudal with transverse series of violet spots.
Batoe, Flores, Batjan, and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

7. Cheilinus festivus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 104.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length. Brownish-
olive, with numerous short vertical lines ; snout with two or three
lines.

Island of Oualan.

Known from a drawing only.

8. Cheilinus undulatus.

Eiipp. N. W. Fische, p. 20. taf. 6. fig. 2; Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 108;
Bleek. Batav. p. 492, and Atl. Ichth. p. 68. tab. 26. fig. 3.

D. 9^. A. |. L. lat. 22. Vert. 9/14.

The height of the body is one-third or a little less than one-third
of the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; head a little
longer than high, with a prominent hump in old specimens ; jaws
subequal anteriorly, lips thick. Tubules of the lateral Kne simple ;
the scales disappear with age on the head and fi'ont part of the trunk.
Caudal rounded ; ventrals not produced. Head and thorax with
numerous undulated yeUow vertical lines, scales of the body with
similar lines of greenish colour ; a blackish band on the snout and
two oblique ones behind the eye. Vertical fins with numerous un-
dulated lines.

Jied Sea. Batavia.

9. CheUinus fasciatus.

Renard, Poiss. Mol. tab. 26. no. 132 ; Valeiit. iii. nos. 74 & 113.
Spai'us fa.«ciatus, BI. v. p. 18. taf. 257; Bl. Sch». p. 269; Lacep. iv.

t>p. 39, 127
abr

Labnis enneacanthus, Lacip. iii. pp. 433, 480.

Cheilinus fasciatus, pt., Riipp. Atl. Fi.sclu>, p. 23.

fasciatus, Cuv.^- Val. xiv. p. 92; Rdpp.N. W. Fi.'iche, p. 18 ; Bleek.

Verhand. Batav. Gcnootsch. xxii. Labr. p. 31, and Atl. Ichth p. 67.

tab. 26. fig. 2.

D. A. A. |. L. lat. 23. Vert. 10/13.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal
fin truncated, witli the upper and lower rays slightly produced.

TOL. IV. K

130 LABEID^.

Tubules of the lateral line simple. Eed, with six black cross-bands,
the first below the anterior dorsal spines. ]!\ ape of the neck and ex-
tremity of the operculum with black spots ; numerous black dots on
the side of the abdomen ; belly with niunerous pearl-coloured dots ;
caudal with two black cross-bands — one across the basal half, the
other on the posterior margin. Ventral rounded, blackish.
From the Eed Sea thi-ough all the Indian Seas.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h. Adult : has been in chloride of zinc. Piu'chased of Mr. Frank.

c. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

d. Adult: skeleton.

The macnllary hone of this species shows the peculiarity, that its
lower extremity is bent forwards into a short hook, in the concavity
of which the end of the intermaxillaiy is received.

10. Cheilinus quinqueciaictus.

Cheilinus fasciat\is, pt., Huj)]). Atl. Fische, p. 23.

quinquecinctus, JRiipp. iV. W. Fische, p. 19. pi. 6. fig. 1.

D.^. A.f L.lat.23.

The height of the body is a little less than one-third of the total
length. Caudal fin rounded, each ray being produced beyond the
membrane. Tubules of the lateral line simple. Brownish-green,
with five light cross-bands : the first below the third and fourth
dorsal spines, the foui'th between the extremities of the dorsal and
anal fins, extending on the posterior rays, the fifth across the base
of the caudal. Several scales on the body with a blackish vertical
band. Ventral roimded, blackish.

Red Sea.

«. Eleven inches long: stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. E. Riippell's
Collection. — Larger specimens than the present appear to lose
the light cross-bands.

11. Cheilinus lunulatus.

Labnis lunulatus, Foisk. p. 37.

Cheilinus lunulatus, liiipi). Atl. Fische, p. 21. tab. 6. fig. 1 ; Cuv. S)- Val.
xiv. p. 88.

D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 21, Vert. 9/14.

The height of the body is somewhat less than one-third of the total
length. Caudal rounded, sometimes each ray produced beyond the
membrane. Tubules of the lateral line slightly branched. Green :
head with red dots ; each scale on the body with a red vertical streak.
A Uglit band across the middle of the body ; opercidum with a short
crescent-shaped yeUow, black-edged streak near its extremity.

Red Sea.
o. Fourteen inches long: stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's
Collection.

22. CHEILINUS. 131

12. Cheilinus bimaculatus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 9G.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length ; caudal
rounded, with the middle rays produced. Head with green lines ;
two series of brown dots above, and a band formed by reticulated
green lines below, the lateral line. A bluish-black spot behind the
eye, and another black one on the side, on the sixth series of scales.
Dorsal with a black margin ; margins of the anal and caudal black-
ish with lighter dots. {Val.)

Sandwich Islands.

13. Cheilinus mentalis.

Riijip. Atl. Fische, p. 24.

The height of the body is much less than one-third of the total
length, or than the length of the head ; lower jaw prominent ; caudal
truncated. Reddish, with a reddish-brown spot at the base of each
scale ; a large blackish spot behind the upper end of the giU-opening ;
fins reddish, with irregular brown spots along the rays. {Riipp.)

Massaua.

14. Cheilinus radiatus.

Valent. fig. 176.

Spanis radiatus, Bl. Schn. p. 270. tab. 56.

Labrus diagramma, Lacep. iii. pp. 448, 517.

Cheiliuiis commersonii, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 167.

coccineiLS, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 23.

diagramma, Cuv. i^- Val. xiv. p. 98 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Ge-

nootsch. xxii. Lahr. p. 38.
radiatus, Bleek. Atl. Ickth. p. 68. tab. 26. fig. 1.

D. \. A. -. L. lat. 23.

10 H

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, and
is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total. Snout somewhat
produced and pointed, compressed. Anterior canine teeth strong.
Caudal fin subtruncated ; ventral rounded. Body uniform reddish
or greenish ; snout with wliitish lines ; the lower part of the gill-
apparatus and of the cheek with oblique brown lines ; the spinous
dorsal clouded with brownish, the soft violet at the base ; caudal
green, with the upper and lower margins bro-miish.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the "Western Pacific.

a. Fine specimen. Moluccas.

h. Half-grown. Moluccas. From the Leyden Museum as Ch. la-

crifmans.
c, d. Half-grown. Araboyna.
e-f. Adult: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of H.M.S.

Rattlesnake.
g. Adult : stufted. Cape Flattery (N.E. Australia). From Mr.

Macgilli^Tav's Collection.

132 LABRTDiE.

15. Cheilinus lacrymans.

Chiv. 8i Val. xiv. p. 109; Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 71. tab. 2.3. fig. 6.
D.^. A.-. L. lat. 23.

10 8

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
or than one-third of the total length (without caudal) : the height
of the head is contained once and a third in its length ; its upper
profile is concave. Snout twice as long as the eye, with the jaws
subequal anteriorly ; the lower series of scales does not cover the
praeopercular hmb ; tubules of the lateral line simple. Two red
streaks between the eye and the mouth ; upper parts of the head and
trimk with red dots ; opercles without brown streaks ; no dark spot
on the dorsal fin.

Java.

16. Cheilinus orientalis.

Cheilinus coccineus, BIeel<. Atl. Ichfh. p. 71. tab. 33. fig. 8 (noiRupp.).
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is much less than the length of the head,
and two-ninths of the total : the height of the head is contained once
and three-fifths in its length ; its upper profile straight. Snout very
long, nearly thrice as long as the orbit, with the jaws subequal ante-
riorly ; the lower series of scales does not cover the praeopercular hmb ;
tubules of the lateral line simple. Caudal fin rounded. Oblique
blue lines across the pras-, sub-, and interoperculum ; snout with
blue dots ; a black blotch on the lateral line, behind its origin. A
bluish-black spot between the first and third dorsal spines ; the
spinous dorsal with a red intramarginal hue ; caudal and anal with
blue ocelli. {Bl.)

Batjan.

17. Cheilinus arenatus.

Cheilmus arenatus, Cuv. 8)- Veil xiv. p. 101. pi. 397.

noto^hihalmns, Bleek. Bafavia, p.493, andAtl.Ichth. p.72. tab. 28.

fig. 1.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 23.

The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
two-sevenths of the total ; head longer than high, with the upper
profile concave above the eye. Tubules of the lateral line simple.
Caudal rounded, with the lobes produced ; ventral not prolonged.
Yellowish-olive, with a brown band along the side, commencing
from the eye. Back dotted with brown and blue. A bluish-black
spot between the first and third dorsal spines.

Mauritius. Java.

a. Nine and a half inches long : stuffed. Mauritius.

Valenciennes states twelve soft rays for the anal fin in this and
several other species, which is incon-ect ; his artist has represented
the proper number.

22. CHEILINUS. 133

18. Cheilinus celebicus.

Cheiliuus celebicus, jpt., Hkek. Celebes, iv. p. 171.
celebicus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 70. tab. 28. fig. 3.

D. ^. A. f . L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, and
one-fourth of the total ; head not quite twice as long as high ; jaws
subequal anteriorly ; tubules of the lateral line simple. Caudal
rounded. Rosy-olive : head with red streaks on the snout, and
reticulated violet lines on the side ; scales with red or violet dots ;
two large irregular blackish spots on the tail ; dorsal with a deep-
blue (blackish) spot between the first and second spines ; the caudal,
and sometimes the soft dorsal and anal, reticulated with violet.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Sixty-eight lines long. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

19. Cheilinus oxyrhynchus.

Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 73. tab. 28. fig. 2.

D. :^. A. |, L. lat. 23.

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, and a
little more than one-fourth of the total; the depth of the head is
contained once and three-fifths in its length ; snout produced, coni-
cal, with the jaws equal ; tubules of the lateral line simple. Caudal
rounded. Yellowish -olive (in spirits) ; snout without markings ;
reticulated brown lines on the hinder half of the head, on the body,
and on the soft portions of the vertical fins ; suboperculum crossed
by several brown lines ; two irregular blackish blotches on the tail ;
dorsal with a blackish spot between the first and second spines.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Sixty-five lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
20. Cheilinus hoevenii.

Bleeker, Versl. ^ Meded. Ahad. Wet. Amsterd. Natuurk. 1862, p. 297,
and Atl. Ichth. p. 70. tab. 27. fig. 1.

D. :^. A. f. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-
sevenths of the total (with the caudal) ; the height of the head is
contained once and a foiu'th in its length ; the upper profile of the
head is concave ; snout more than twice as long as the eye ; jaws
subequal anteriorly ; the lower series of scales does not cover the
praeopcrcular Umb ; tubules of the lateral line simple. Caudal fin
rounded, not produced. Short red streaks radiate from the orbit ;
each scale on the body Avith several red dots ; a very large, band-
like brown spot on the lateral line of the tail ; a blue spot between
the first and second dorsal spines. (Bleel.)

.Vmbovna.

134 LABBID^.

21. Cheilinus ketlitzii.

Cuv. ^ VaL xiv. p. 106.

Snout rather pointed ; the upper profile of the head concave ; caudal
rounded. Rose-coloiu-ed,with red spots, and a blue spot on the opercle.

Ulea.

Known only from a drawing, four inches and a half long.

Cheilinus sanguineus (Cuv. & Val. xiv. p. 106), described from a
drawing, eight inches long, is, perhaps, merely the adult state of C7i.
Tcetlitzii ; it has the caudal lobes produced.

23. PSEUDOCHEILINTJS.

Pseudocheilinus, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 409.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales ; lateral line
interrupted ; cheeks with two series of large scales ; praeoperculum
entire. Teeth in a single series ; the upper jaw with a pair of very
large canine teeth bent outwards and backwards ; no posterior canine
tooth ; lower jaw not produced backwards. Nine dorsal spines, sub-
equal in length ; three anal spines, the middle of which is the longest.

East Indian Ai'chipelago.

1. Pseudocheilinus hexataenia.

Cheilinus hexoXidmA, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Lido- Nederl. ii. Amhoina, viii.
p. 84, and Atl. Ichth. p. 73. tab. 23. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 24.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained thrice and a half or foiu- times in the total length ;
head longer than high, with the upper profile concave ; jaws equal
anteriorly ; chin not prominent. Tubules of the lateral line simple.
Caudal rounded ; ventral not prolonged. OUve, with six rosy longi-
tudinal bands ; head with numerous white dots inferiorly ; a black-
ish ocellus superiorly at the base of the caudal ; fins immaculate,
with the spines and rays green.

Seas of Amboyna and Goram.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

24. EPIBULUS.

Epibulus, Cm: Reyne Anim.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales ; lateral line
interrupted ; cheeks with two series of large scales ; praeoperculum
entire ; mouth very protractile, the ascending branches of the inter-
maxillaries, the mandibles and the tympanic being much prolonged.
Teeth in a single series, two canines in each of the jaws ; no pos-
terior canine tooth. Dorsal spines pungent ; formula of the fins :

10 8

Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

25. ANAMPSES. 135

1. Epibnlus insidiator.

Ruysch, i. p. 3. no. 6. tab. 2. nos. 6, 7.

Renard, pi. 42. nos. 209, 210, ii. pi. 4. fig. 13, pi. 17. fig. 81 ; Valent. iii.

p. 375. fig. 86, p. 384. tig. 112.
Spai'us insidiator, Pall. Spicil. Zool. viii. p. 41. tab. 5. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn.

p. 278; Lacep. iv. p. 120; Sliaw, Zool. iv. p. 445.
Epibulns insidiator. Cm: ^- Vol. xiv. p. 110. pis. 398, 399; Cuv. Eigne

Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 88 ; Bleek. Verhaml. Batav. Genootsch. xxii.

Lahr. p. 40, and Natimrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vii. p. 458, and Atl.

Ichth. p. 74. tab. 22. fig. 3.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 22. Vert. 10/13.

Vertical and ventral fins more or less produced.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
c, d, e. Adult and half-grown.

25. ANAMPSES.

Anampses, Cuv. Rhgne Anim.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
lateral Kne continuous ; head naked ; praeoperculum not serrated.
Teeth in the jaws in a single series ; two front teeth in each jaw
prominent, turned forwards, compressed, with cutting edge ; no pos-
terior canine tooth. Formula of the fins : D. ^. A. ^.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Western Pacific.

1. Anampses cseruleo-punctatus.

R'upp.Atl.Fische, p. 42. taf. 10. fig. 1 ; Cuv. 8^- Vul. xiv. p. 5 ; Cuv.Rigne
Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 87. fig. 2 ; Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 104. tab. 24. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 4/10. Vert. 11/15.

Brownish (in spirits), each scale with a bluish-white spot, sur-
rounded by a darker ring ; head with rather numerous bluish ver-
tical lines, some of which radiate from the eye. Dorsal with three
series of bluish spots, anal with two ; caudal with several similar
spots ; vertical fins edged with yellowish.

Red Sea. Mamitius.
a, b. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
c, d. Adult : not good state.

2. Anampses meleagris.

Ruysch, Thes. i. p. 42. tab. 7. fig. 1, a.

Anampses nieleagi-ides, Cuv. k Veil. xiv. p. 12 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc:
Imh-Nederl. i. Amboina, p. 57, and Atl. Ichth. p. 102. tab. 24. fig. 1.

D.l A.I. L. lat. 27.

Violet, each scale with a round white spot ; head with numerous

136 LABRICi;.

spots similar to those on the bod}'. Dorsal and anal fins with a
black, yeUow and blue margin and with numerous white dots, but
without longitudinal lines ; caudal unifonn yellow.
Mauritius ; Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Mauritius. Presented by Sir J. Kichardson.
b-c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. Anampses cuvieri.

Quot/ ^- Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Poiss. p. 276. pi. 55. fig. 1 ; Ctiv. ^ Val. xiv.
p. 11.

D.^. A. A L.lat.27.

Brownish-olive, thoracic region red; each scale with a round
white spot ; head with small spots *n its lower parts. Dorsal and
anal fins with small blue dots and three or four blue longitudinal
lines ; caudal reddish near the base and greenish posteriorly.

Sandwich Islands.

a. Adult : skin. Sandwich Islands. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
6. Adult : skin.

4. Anampses melanurus.

Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Xederl. ii. Aniboma, viii. p. 79, and Atl. Ichth.
p. 103. tab. 25. fig. 1.

D.^. A. A L.lat.27.

Violet, each scale with a round white spot ; head and thorax with
spots which are much larger than those on the body ; opercular mem-
brane with a large black spot, edged with white anteriorly. Dorsal
and anal with a yellow and black margin — the former with spots
similar to those on the body, the latter with three blue, black-edged
longitudinal stripes ; caudal yeUow, with the base black, and with a
broad black transverse band on its posterior haK. Pectoral brown-
ish at the base. {Bl.)
Amboyna.

5. Anampses twistii.
Sleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Kederl. i. p. 56.

D. l^. A. :^. L. lat. 28.

Dorsal spines stifi'. The upper parts violet; sides of the head and
thoracic region yellow ; tail yellowish-violet ; opercular lobe blackish,
with a red spot ; no white spot on the scales of the thorax, belly,
neck, and hind part of the tail ; the other scales with a blue, blackish-
edged dot. Dorsal and anal fins "svith two or three series of blue ocelli,
and with a large black, blue-edged ocellus posteriorly near the base ;
anal with a white and black margin. Caudal bro^\^lish-yeUow dotted
with blue, and with a white margin. Pectoral with the base black-
ish-violet.

Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

25. AXAMPSES. 137

0. Anampses amboinensis.

lileeket; Act. Sue. Sc. Iitdu-Ncderl. ii. Amboina, viii. p. 80, aud Atl.
Ichth. p. 103. tab. 25. tig. 2.

D. K A. ^. L. lat. 29-30.

12 12

Dorsal spines flexible. Violet : scales on the back with a small
roundish blue spot, those on the sides with a longitudinal stiipe ;
lateral and inferior parts of the head vfiih. some blue spots and un-
dulated lines. Dorsal and anal tins with a blackish and yellowish
margin, and ^\ath three or four blue longitudinal streaks which are
interrupted posteriorly. Caudal brownish-violet, with several blue
oceUi and with a yeUow and blackish crescent ; its upper and lower
margins are yellowish. Pectorals brown at the base.

Amboyna.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
7. Anampses diadematus.

Anampses diadematus, Rilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 21. taf. 6. tig. 3.
? Anampses lineolatiis, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. 1837, p. 208.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 30.

Green : hps, a transverse streak above and below the mouth, a
streak along the thi-oat, a band between the eyes, some lines on the
opercles, a vertical streak on each scale of the side of the bodj-, and
a longitudinal one on each scale of the thoracic region, blue. Verti-
cal fins orange-coloured ; a blue spot between eveiy two rays of the
dorsal ; dorsal with a blue streak along the upper and lower margins ;
anal blue at the base and at the margin. Base of the pectoral blue.

Ked Sea. Mauritius ?

8. Anampses viridis.

Cuo. Sf Val. -xiv. p. 13.

D.^. A.^. L. lat. 24.

Uniform green ; anal with j^ellowish margin. ( Val.)
Mauritius.

9. Anampses geographicus.

Cuv. Sf Vdl. xiv. p. 10. pi. 389; Bh't-l: Art. Soc. Sr. Indu-Nedeii. i.
Amboina, p. 58, and Atl. Ichth. p. 102. tab. 25. tig. 3.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 8/22.

Dorsal spines stiff. Brownish-violet, each scale with a blue ver-
tical streak ; head, thoracic region and caudal fin with reticulated,
blue, darker-edged lines. Vertical fins Avith a yellow, blue and
black margin ; dorsal and anal with numerous small blue dots.

Amboyna.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Blcekcr"s Collection.

138 LABRID^.

10. Anampses pterophthalmus.

Bheher, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina, viii. p. 81, and Atl. Ichth.
p. 102. tab. 24. fig. 3.

D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 7/24.

Dorsal spines stiif. Violet : sides of the head and tail yellowish-
brown ; two or three obliqne blue lines between each pair of spines
and rays of the'Borsal and anal fins, and a black, yellow-edged ocellus
posteriorly near the base of those fins. Caudal brownish-yellow,
with a yellow posterior margin, and with blue longitudinal lines
between the rays ; pectorals brown at the base. ■-

AmbojTia.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

26. HEMIGYMNUS.

Halichoeres, sp., Riippell.
Tautoga, sp., Cuv. 8f Val.

Body compressed, oblong, with scales of moderate size ; cheeks
rather high. Opercles naked ; cheek with a stripe of very small
scales ; prseoperculum not serrated ; lateral line continuous. Teeth
in the jaws in a single series ; two canines in each jaw anteriorly,
the lower pair received between the teeth of the upper ; generally
a posterior canine tooth. Formula of the fins : D. ^. A. ^.

From the Red Sea to the north coast of Australia.

1. Hemigymnus fasciatus.

Mullus fasciatus, TImnb. Reise nach Japan, iv. p. 351. tab. 314.
Labrus fasciatus, Bl. tab. 290 ; Bl. Schn. p. 249.
Spariis meaco, Lacep. iv. p. 161.

zonephorus, Lacep. iv. p. 155.

Labrus fuliginosus, Lacep. iii. pp. 437, 492, 493, 496.

malapteronotus, Lacep. iii. pp. 450, 516.

Scanis quinquefasciatus, Benn. Fish, of Cei)lon, pi. 23.
Tautoga fasciata. Cm. ^ Val. xiii. p. 303. pi 379; Bkek. Batav. p. 484.
? Tautoga mertensii, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 308.
Cheilinus blochii, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 108.

Hemigymnus fasciatus, Giinth. Ann. ^-May. Nat. Hist. 1861, viii. p.386;
Bleek Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 46. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. Yi- L. lat. 30. L. transv. 5/11.

A posterior canine tooth. Lips very thick, with folds ; the lower
lips are notched anteriorly, broad, pendent, Hke wattles ; cheek with
a band of small scales. Body with five brownish-black cross-bands;
ventral and anal blackish ; the lower half of the soft dorsal yellowish,
the upper blackish. A brownish spot behind the eye.

From Mauritius to the East Indian Archipelago. ? Carolines.

a, h. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
c. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

26. HEMIGVMNVS. 139

2. Hemigymnus sexfasciatus.

Ilaliehceres sexfasciatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 18. taf. 5. fig. 3.
Tautoga sexfasciata, Cuv. v^- Val. xiii. p. 309.

D. ;^. A.. ^. L. lat. 32. L. transv. Ij.

A posterior canine tooth. Lips veiy thick, with folds ; the lower
lips are not continuous, broad, pendent, Uke the wattles of a cock ;
cheek with four series of small scales. Body with five or six dai'k-
brown cross-bands ; dorsal and caudal tins with numerous imdu-
lated red lines ; anal blackish, with irregular blue lines ; ventral
yellowish.

Red Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. Riippell.

3. Hemigymnus melauopterus.

Labi'us melapterus, Bl. tab. 285.

Tautoga melapterus, Cuv. l^ Val. xiii. p. 311 ; Bkck. Verhund. Butav.

Getiootsch. xxii. p. 16 ; Michards. Ann. 4" Mug. Nat. Hkt. 1843, xi.

p. 358.
Tautoga, sp., Bleek. Verhaml. Batuv. Genootsch. xxii. Lubr. Cycl. p. 17.
Hemigymnus melauopterus, GUntli. I.e.; Bleek.Atl.Ickth. p. . tab.45.

figs. 2 & 3.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 5/14.

A posterior canine tooth hidden by the skin. Lips very thick,
with folds ; the lower Hp is notched anteriorly, each lateral part
pendent, like a wattle. Cheek with a band of small scales. Back
and sides between the vertical fins brownish, abdomen and thoracic
region yellowish ; a blacldsh blotch behind the orbit ; dorsal and
anal fins with a light margin, and with a bluish intramarginal baud,
edged with darker.

Singapore. East Indian Archipelago. Goram. Port Essiagton.
Endeavour Reef (N.'E. coast of Australia).

a. Half-gi-own. Celebes. Pirrchased of Mr. Brandt.

b. Fine specimen. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

c. Adult: skin. From Gronow's Collection.

d. Adult : stuffed. Port Essington.

e. Adult : stuifed. Endeavour Reef. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-

lection.

4. Hemigymnus leucomos.

Tautoga leucomos, Bleek. Bititun. \\. p. 239.

Hemigymnus leucomos, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 44. fig. 6.

D. ^. A. f^. L. lat. 26-27.

No posterior canine tooth. Brownish-violet, with four whitish
transverse bands : the anterior broad, between the front part of the
doi-sal fin and the belly ; the second below the posterior dorsal spines,
and not extending downwards to the lateral line ; the third between

140 LABKIDJ-:.

the middle of the soft dorsal and of the anal ; the fourth on the tail,
behind the last dorsal and anal rays. (Bl.)
Bill ton.

Is not this tish the yomig oi Hemir/tfrnnus fasciatus'?

27. STETHOJULIS*.
Julis, sp., Cuv. Sf Vol.
Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
head entirely naked ; lateral line not interrupted ; scales on the
thorax as large as, or larger than, those on the side of the body. A
posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines nine.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Western Pacific.

1. Stethojulis strigiventer.

Julis strigiventer, Benn. Proc. Zool. Sac. 1832, p. 184 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xiii.

p. 468; Bleeh. Banda, i. p. 251.
Stethojulis strigiventer, Giiiith. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, viii.

p. 386 ; Bleek.Atl. Ichth. p. 135. tab. 43. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length
of the head two-sevenths ; caudal rounded ; ventral rather short.
Greenish : lower parts of the sides with several yellow longitudinal
lines and with some black dots ; a brownish band from the mouth,
below the eye to the operculum ; a black dot at the base of the penul-
timate dorsal ray ; sometimes a small black spot on the base of the
caudal fin.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the noi-them coasts of Australia.

a. Adult. Mauritius. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection. — Type of the

species.
h-d. Adult. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.
e,f. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Half-grown. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.

2. Stethojulis trilineata,

Seba, iii. 31. 5 ; Valent. fig. 54.
Labrus trilineatus, pt., Bl. Schn. p. 253.
Julis sebaniis, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 474.

castm'i, Bleek. Celebes, iii. p. 768.

Stethojulis trilineata, Gilnth. Ann. S,-3fag. Nat. Hist.lQQl, viii. p. 386;
Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 131. tab. 4?j. fig. 3."

D. ^. A. If. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-
sevenths of the total. Caudal rounded. Body with four white (in
life, red) longitudinal stripes, edged Avith brown : the upper from the
occiput along the base of the dorsal ; the second from the snout
through the upper part of the eye, along the anterior portion of the
* 1. Julis finlaysoni, Cuv. <^ Vcd. xiii. p. 471. — Ceylon.

27. STKTHOJULIS. 141

lateral line to the caudal ; the third runs from the extremity of the
snout, below the eye, through the opercular point, and terminates
behind the pectoral ; the fourth mns uninterruptedly from the angle
of the mouth below the base of the pectoral to the caudal.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. Stethojulis albovittata.

Gallenay castouri, Renuril, tig. 1:33.

Labrus albovittatu8, (Bonnat.) Lucep. iii. pp. 443,509.

Julis balteatus, Qiioy &,- Gaim. Voi/. Uran. p. 267. pi. 56. fig. 1 ; Cuv. ^•

Veil. xiii. p. 475 ; Bleek. Banda, i. p. 253.
Stethoiiilis albovittata, Giinth. Ann. df Mag. Xat. Hist. 1861, viii.

p. 386 ; Blcek. AtJ. Ichth. p. 132. tab. 44. fig. 5.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-
sevenths of the total. Body with four longitudinal stripes (red
during life) : the upper is bluish (in spirits), sometimes indistinct,
and nins from the upper margin of the orbit along the base of the
dorsal ; the others are yellow or white : the second proceeds from the
snout, through the upper part of the orbit, and terminates behind
the commencement of the lateral line ; the third from the maxillary,
below the eye, through the extremity of the operculum to the middle
of the trunk, and sometimes continued on to the base of the caudal ;
the fourth crosses the lower jaw in a cuiTe, traverses the prae- and
sub-operculum, ascends along the gill-opening to behind the axil,
where it is slightly interrupted, and rims tuially in a gentle curve to
the caudal.

Madagascar. East Indian Archipelago. Sandwich Islands.

n, h. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Graj'.

c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mi'. Frank.

d, e. Adult : skin and stuffed. ^Sand^vich Islands. From the Col-

lection of the Zoological Society.

4. Stethojulis renardi.

Renard, i. tab. .30. fig. 100.

.lulls renardi, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 253.

Stethojulis renardi, Blcek. Atl. Ichfh. p. 132. tab. 43. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 2/10.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the
total length, the length of the head thrice and a half. Body with
three longitudinal stripes : the upper is bluish (in spirits), and runs
from the occiput along the base of the doi-sal ; the others are white
(in life, red) : the second runs from the end of the gill-opening along
the middle of the body to the root of the caudal ; there is a minute
black spot above its termination ; the third band commences from
below the root of the pectoral and terminates above the front part of

142 LABKlDiE.

the anal ; a similar band on the head, running from the upper lip,
below the eye, to the axil of the pectoral.

East Indian Archipelago.
a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

5. Stethojulis interrupta.

Valent. figs. 30, 447 ; Menard, i. fig. 60.
Julis inteiTupta, Bleeker, Banda, i. p. 252.

Stethojulis interrupta, Gww<7(. Ann.8f3Iag.Nat. Hist. 1861, viii. p.386;
Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 133. tab. 44. fig. 4.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths.
Caudal fin convex. Green : an indistinct reddish-violet line on the
back, along the base of the dorsal ; another from below the root
of the pectoral to the caudal, interrupted behind the pectoral and
recommencing above the anal. Head wdth a reddish-\aolet band
between snout and eye, and with another between the eyes. Fins
immaculate ; a large triangular black spot on the base of the pec-
toral, and a white spot above it.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

6. Stethojulis axillaris.

Julis axillaris, Quoy^ Gaim. Voi/. Uran. Zuol. p. 272 ; Cm: ^ Val. xiii.
p. 472.

bandanensis, Bleeker, Banda, i. p. 254.

Stethojulis axillaris, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 136. tab. 44. fig. 7.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2/10.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length
of the head two-sevenths. A small posterior canine tooth. Caudal
convex. Back olive, with numerous bluish dots ; tail with one or
more very small black, yellow-edged ocelli ; frequently a black spot
between the posterior dorsal rays.

East Indian Archipelago. Madagascar. Sandwich Islands.

a. Adult: bad state. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

b. Half-grown.

7. Stethojulis kalosoma.

Bleek. Amboina Sf Ceram, p. 289, and Atl. Ichth. p. 134. tab. 43. fig. 4.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
and is contained four times and a half or four times and two-thirds
in the total. Head and back violet, xide.f posteriorly with Jive series

28. PLATYGLOSSUS. 143

of brown S2)0ts ; fins greenish, immaculate ; a short brown longitudi-
nal streak, edged with white, from the opercular lobe to the end of
the pectoral.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

8. Stethojulis phekadopleura.

Julis phekadopleiu-a, Sleek. Verhand. Batav.Genootsch. xxii. Bali,'p.8.
Stethojidis phekadopleura, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 134. tab. 43. fig. 5.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is more than one-fourth of the total
length, and nearly equal to the length of the head. Head with a
more or less distinct yellowish band from the snout, below the eye,
to the operculum ; upper parts densely dotted, sides reticulated with
yellow ; the lower parts of the side with series of brown dots ; dorsal
fin with yellow and violet spots, the other fijis orange-coloured.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

28. PLATYGLOSSUS*.

Platiglossus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 40.

Halichceres, sp., RU})2)ell.

Jidis, sp., Cuv. 6f Val.

Halichceres, Giinth. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, ^iii. p. 386.

Platyglossus, Halichceres, Macrophar\'iigodon, Giintheaia, et Hemi-

tautoga, meek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 186l, pp. 411, 412, 413.
Chcerojulis, Gillin Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 142.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size (L.
lat. 30 or less) ; head naked f ; lateral line not internipted ; scales
on the thorax smaller than those on the body. A posterior canine
tooth ; none of the anterior canine teeth are bent outwards and back-
wards. Dorsal spines nine.

Seas between the tropics and the parts adjoining them.

1. Platyglossus dussumieri.

? Seha, iii. tab. 31. fig. 2.
Sahnee moia, RusseU, ii. fig. 120.

* 1. Julis margaritaceus. Cuv. S( Val. xiii. p. 484. — Yanicolo.

2. auritiis, Cin: &^ Val. xiii. p. 486.— Ulea.

3. ■ purpureo-lineatus, Cnv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 471. — Ceylon.

4. Renard, fig. 1 1 .5.— Jidis punctulatus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 483. — East Indies.
.'). Julis horsfieldii, Cuv. 4' Val. xiii. p. 48(>. — Siam.

fi. patatus, pt. (un quatrieme indi\idu, &c.), Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 400. — ■

Cuba.

7. gillianu8, Poei/, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 214. — Cuba.

8. Labrus pictus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 80. — East Indies.

t A few rudimentary scales behind the orbit in P. fiorfulanus and P. notaph-
thalmus.

144 LATtRni.=E.

? Labms nigrescens, Bl. Schn. p. 2(33.

Julis dussumieri, Ciir. Sf Val. xiii. p. 478. pi. 387 (coloration incorrect);

Cant. Catal. p. 236.

exornatus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 258.

notophtlialmus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr.

Cycl. p. 20.
Halichoerea nigi-escens, Bleek. Syn. Labr. p. 14, and Atl. Ichth. p. 118.

tab. 37. fig. 4.

D. ^. A. -^-. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/10. Vert. 10/15.

The height of the body is two-sevenths to two-ninths of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth. Caudal rounded ; dorsal
spines rather slender; the first ventral ray produced. A bluish-
black, yellow-edged ocellus between the fifth and seventh dorsal spines ;
corners of the caudal broadly yellow. Brownish-green, with eight or
nine dark cross-bands on the back ; pectoral with a bluish-black spot
at the axil; dorsal and anal fins with one or two series of large
round yellow spots along the basal half.

Sea of China. East Indian Seas.

a. Adult ; skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
b~c, d, e,f,g, h. Adult and half-grown. China.— Types of Julis ex-
ornatus.
i-k. Adult and half-grown. Chusan. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
I. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
m. Adult ; stuffed. China. Presented by J. E,. Beeves, Esq.
w. Adult ; skeleton. China.

2. Platyglossus chloropterus.

?? Labrus chloropterus, Bl. taf. 288 ; Bl. Schn. p. 248.

Julis semidecorata, Less. Mem. Soc. Hint. Nat. iv. p. 403, and Voy.

Coqu. Zool. ii. p. 138. pi. 25. fig. 2.
cuvieri, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr. Cycl. p. 24

(not Bemi. ).
Halichoeres chloropterus, Bleek. Synon. Labr. p. 12 *.

D. ^. A. -^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 4/11.

The height of the body is contained thi-ice and two-fifths in the
total length, the length of the head four times. Head with broad,
irregular reddish-violet bands ; a darker spot behind the orbit ;
anterior part of the body violet, the posterior and the tail yellowish;
four series of yeUow, blue-edged ocelli, confluent into bands, between
the lateral line and the pectoral. Pectoral ivith a violet streak across
the base. Dorsal and anal yellow, the former with a broad violet
band along the base, serrate<i on the soft portion ; anal ivith a light
hand edged with violet along the middle. The other fins uniform.

Java, Banka, and Celebes.
a. Fine specimen, 6| inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

* Dr. V. Bleeker's description does not agree well with the specimen sent by
him to tlie British Museum as H. cuvieri, Bleek. = i7. chloropterus, Bl. We give,
therefore, the description of the species as it appears in a preserved state.

28. PLATYGLOSSUS. 145

3. Platyglossus javanicus.

Julis iavanicu.s, Bleek. Jara, iv. p. 341.

nalichcei'es javanicu.'^, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 125. tab. 40. fig. 3.

D.^. A.^. L.lat. 28.

The height of the body equals the length of the head and is two-
ninths of the total. Caudal rounded; dorsal spines piuigent. Brown-
ish-red: head with reddish-violet streaks; a blue spot behind the
orbit ; a black spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral ; dorsal with
tivo to three series of yeUow ocelli; anal immaculate; caudal with
numerous yellow ocelli and with the corners broadly edged with
yellow. (Bl.)

Coast of KarangboUong. Singapore.

a. Four inches long : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

4. Platyglossus geoflfroyii.

Julis geoffroyii, Quay S,- Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 270. pi. 56. fig. 3 ;

Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 479 ; Bleek. Act. Sac. Sc. Itulo-Nederl. i. Manado

en Makass. p. 58.

meleagris, Cuv. Hf J'al. xiii. p. 481.

Macropharyngodon geoffi-oyi, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Sac. 1861, p. 412, and

AU. Ichih. p. 129. tab. 37. fig. 5.

D. :^. A. ^. L. lat. 27-28.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds to
four times and a half. Nech elevated. Caudal rounded. Rosy-violet,
each scale with a green, blue-edged oceUus ; a black spot, divided into
two by a yellow one, behind the operculum ; thorax ^vith two oblique
greenish, blue-edged bands; a black spot behind the isthmus; head
with short streaks and ocelli ; dorsal with two series of yellow, blue-
edged ocelli, one along the base, the other along the middle and partly
confluent on the soft doi-sal ; a violet, yellotu-edijed spot between the
first and third spines ; anal coloured like the soft dorsal ; caudal with
five transverse series of similar ocelli and with the corners broadly
edged with brown. Ventral with two or three ocelli. {Bl.)

Sandwich Islands, Ulea. Celebes.

a-b. Adult : stuffed.

o. Platyglossus bicolor.

Scha, iii. pi. 31. fig. 8.

Labriis bicolor, Bl. Schn. p. 267.

•Julis niola, pt.. Cant. Catal. p. 238.

margaritophoru.'^, Bleek. Bataria, p. 487.

Halichares bicolor, Bleek. Synon. Labr. p. 12, and Atl. Ichth. p. 118.
tab. 39. fig. 5.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body equals the length of the head and is two-
ninths of tlie total. Caudal rounded. Greenish : a A-iolet band be-

VOL. IV. L

146 LABRID^.

tween the snout and the eye ; sides of the head with oblong violet
spots ; a reddish-violet spot behind the orbit ; a violet band, bordered
by series of silvery ocelli, mns from the operculum to the caudal ;
scales on the back with a brown spot, the spots on the nape forming
two longitudinal series ; a large black spot between the fifth and sixth
dorsal spines ; axil yellow.
Java, Singapore, Pinang.

a. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h, c-d. Adult. Singapore.

It may be questioned whether the figure given by Seba should not
more properly be refeiTed to PI. macvhpinnis. I willingly adopt,
however. Dr. v. Bleeker's opinion, in order not to increase the num-
ber of synonyms.

6. Platyglossus scapularis,

Julis scapularis, £e)i». Proc. Cmmn. Zool. Soc. 18.31, p. 167.

cceruleovittatus, Ritpp. N. W. Fische, p. 14. taf. 4. fig. 1 (var.).

elegans, {K'uhl ^ v. Hass.) Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 467 ; Bleek. Na-

tuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 289, ii. pi. 3.

leschenaultii, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 453.

phaiotfenia, Bleek. Batne, p. 322.

Giintheria creruleovittata, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 413; Ve^sl.

Akad. Wet. Amsterd. xiii. p. 291, and Atl. Ichth. p. 137. tab. 32. fig.2.

D. A. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. f^.

The height of the body equals the leng-th of the head and is one-
fourth of the total ; caudal rounded ; the outer ventral ray prolonged.
A broad brownish-violet band runs from the scapulary region towards
the bach of the tail and is darkest anteriorly ; a broad red, blue-
edged band from the snout to the eye ; another, irregular and oblique,
ascends from below the eye to the commencement of the lateral band;
a red streak descends from the axil to the abdomen. Anal and dorsal
fins with a green, blue -edged band ; caudal with reddish- violet more
or less confluent transverse bands.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

— Type of the species.
h. Adult. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

c. Fine specimen. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. Young : not good state. Ambojma. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

e. Adult : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

/. Young : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
(Julis phaiotoiyiia.)

In the variety figured by Eiippell, the red postocular band is con-
tinued along the front part of the lateral line ; and the lateral band
is not of a brownish, but of a blue colour. The specimen from
Mozambique approaches the variety from the Red Sea. The mark-
ings on the head are exactly the same in all the specimens.

28. PLATYGLOSSUS. 147

7. Platyglossus hortulanus.

Rettard, i. tab. 11. fig. 71, ii. fig. 120; Valcnt. p. 376. fig. 87.
Labrus hortulainis, Lacep. iii. p. 516. pi. 29. fig. 2.

centiquadrus, (Commers.) Lacfip. iii. p. 493.

Spams docLissatus, Benn. Fish, of Cn/lon, pi. 14.
Halichoeres eximius, Hiqyp. N. W. Fische, p. 16. tab. 5. fig. 1.
Julis deciissatus, Cur. &■ Val. xiii. p. 4:33.

hortiilanus, Cm: 6f Val. xiii. p. 430 ; Bhek. Batav. p. 486.

Hemitautoga centiquadrus, Bleck. P)-oc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 413, and
Ail. IcJith. p. 139. tab. 32. fig. 3.

D.-^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv.|. Vert. 10/15.

The height of the body is contained three times and a third to three
times and three-quarters in the total length, the length of the head
four times or four times and a quarter. Two series of small scales
behind the eye. Caudal subtruncated ; the fii'st ventral ray prolonged.
Brownish-yeUow, each scale with a brown vertical streak, the basal
membrane being of that colour ; head with broad bluish longitudinal
bands ; anterior part of the back with series of bluish spots ; one,
two or three yellow spots on the bacJc, the anterior never being absent,
situated below the fourth dorsal spine ; a blach spot behind it. Dorsal
fin with paii's of oblique brownish sti'eaks, sometimes anastomosing
with one another and enclosing round spots. Caudal immaculate, or
with transverse series of brownish spots; anal with some longitudinal
bands. A black spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral ; generally
a small black spot on the upper half of the root of the caudal.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to Polynesia.

a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. EiippeU's Collection.

h. Adult : stuffed. Mauritius. From Mr. Telfair's Collection.

c-d. Half-grown. Mauritius. Presented by Dr. E. Eiippell.

e,f. Adult. Ceylon. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

</. Young. Moluccas.

h. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Pm-chased of Mr. Frank.

/. Adult : bad state. Celebes.

k--m. Half-grown : stuffed. East Indies. From the Collection of the

East India Company.
H. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's CoUeetion.
o,p-q. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

8. Platyglossus corbis.

Henard, ii. pi. 17. fig. 97 & pi. 25. tig. 120.
Julis corbis, Cuv. 4" ?'"/■ xiii. p. 435.

A large black, oblong blotch on the back along the base of the
dorsal fin. Head blue, \^'ith yellow spots and black dots; each scale
with a red vertical streak.

East Indies.

This fish has not yet been recognized, and is known only from a
drawing by Vlaming.

l2

148 LkBRIDM.

9. Platyglossus opercularis.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. ?|.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the
total length, the length of the head three times and four-fifths. A
posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines of moderate length, pungent.
Caudal rounded. Ventral not produced. Colours in spirits : Head
■nith a reddish-violet, darker-edged band running from the snout
through the lower half of the eye to the operculum ; a silvery band
immediately below the fii'st band. A violet spot behind the orbit,
and another larger one, edged ivifh darJc-brown, on the extremity of
the operculum. Lower third of the head whitish. Each scale on
the izpper half of the body has a blackish-brown margin and is pearl-
coloured in the centre ; a series of five pearl-colom-ed spots on the
back along the base of the dorsal, the first spot being below the
fourth dorsal spine ; a second series of similar but less distinct spots
below the lateral line ; the lower half of the body is whitish, with
two silvery lines on the side of the abdomen, descending obliquely
forwards. Base of the pectoral silvery -luhite ; pectoral transparent,
ventral white. Dorsal fin yellowish, with pairs of oblique reddish-
violet, darker-edged streaks, the streaks of each pair being confluent
towards the base of the fin ; a very small hlack spot between the two
first spines ; a larger blaclc, yellow-edged ocellus between the three first
rays, below the margin. Caudal yellowish, with the outer half in-
distinctly transversely striped ; anal white, with some very indistinct
greyish spots along the base.

Feejee Islands. Ambojma.

a-b. Thirty lines long. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
c. Four inches long: not good state. Amboyna. Purchased of
Mr. Frank.

10. Platyglossus papilionaceus.

Julis papilionaceus, Cm: ^ Val. xiii. p. 484.

Caudal truncated. Blue spots and streaks on the body ; a blue
band between the eye and the snout, another on the praeoperculum
inferiorly ; a vertical band descends along the margin of the prae-
operculum and crosses the operculum. A clarh-hlue spot between the
third and fourth dorsal spines ; dorsal and anal fins with lilac ocelli ;
caudal blackish on the middle of its margin. ( Val.)

Vanicolo.

11. Platyglossus melanurus.

Jidis melanurus, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 251, and Solor, p. 87.
Platyglossus melanurus, Bleek. Syn. Labr. p. 11, and Atl. Ichth. p. 109.
tab. 46. fig. 1.

D. l^. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. f|.

The height of the body equals the length of the head and is two-

28. PLATYGLOSSUS. 149

ninths of the total. Caudal convex. Brownish, with five dark cross-
bands on the back ; caudal posteriorly ivith a large black spot in the
middle, or with a broad black crescent-shaped band ; a blackish blotch
on the side of the abdomen, covered by the pectoral fin. Head and
anterior portion of the trunk -with yeUow bands ; a short black
streak anteriorly on the dorsal ; a black spot superiorly in the axil ;
anal violet along the base, yellow along the middle, and with three
blackish lines along the margin.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

12. Platyglossus schwarzii.

Jidis schwarzii, Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Bcdi, p. 7.

dieschismenacanthus, Bleek. Banda Neiru, p. 645.

dieschismenacanthoides, Bleek. Amhoina, iii. p. 121.

Halichoeres schwarzii, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 117. tab. 39. fig. 3.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. ^.

The length of the head is nearly equal to the height of the body,
and two-ninths of the total. Caudal rounded ; the four anterior
dorsal .yjines are divergent. Greenish-yellow, with five or six more
or less distinct violet cross-bands ; each scale within the bands with
a reddish-violet dot ; bach with Jive or six yelloivish spots along the
base of the dorsal, alternating with the cross-bands ; head with
undulated reddish-violet bands ; two or three violet longitudinal
bands between the lateral line and the pectoral ; dorsal fin blue-
edged, with a large blue spot between the fourth and sixth spines,
and with three longitudinal series of red, blue-edged oceUi on the
soft portion ; anal blue-edged, with two series of blue-edged ocelli,
and with a red, blue-edged band along the middle ; caudcd with a
hlacMsh-violet spot posteriorly in the middle and with numerous
oceUi.

East Indian Archipelago.

a-b, c-d. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr.

Frank.
«,/. Adult and half-gro-mi. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

13. Platyglossus hyrtelii.

Julis mola, pt.. Cant. CataL p. 238.

h3Ttlii, Bleek. Act. Sac. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Manado en Makass.

p. 60.
Halichoeres hjTtlii, Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 121. tab. 39. fig. 2.

D. :^. A. ^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is one-fifth or rather less than one-fifth of
the total length, the length of the head two-ninths. Caudal rounded;
dorsal spines pungent. Greenish-rosecoloiu-ed, icith tico brown loiigi-

150 LABRID^.

tudinal bands : the first is united on the snout with that of the other
side, and proceeds above the eye, near the base of the dorsal, to the
back of the tail ; the second runs from the snout, through the eye,
to the base of the caudal, and is interrupted on the operculwm by a
bright-red spot. Dorsal fin with three series of rosy ocelli edged
with violet, and luith a violet spot betiueen the first and third sjrines ;
anal immaculate ; caudal with rose-coloured ocelli, and with a black-
ish ocellus superiorly at the base. Pectoral with a blackish spot supe-
riorly at the axU.

Pinang, Java, Nias, Celebes, and Sangi.

a. Half-grown. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

b. Half -grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

c. Half-grown : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

Dr. Cantor has confounded two species under the name of J. niola,
two of his typical specimens which are in the British Museum be-
longing to J. hyrtelii, Bleek., and a third to PI. bicolor, Schn.

14. Platyglossus knerii.

Halichceres knerii, Bleek. Syn. Labr. p. 34, &xidiAtl. Ichth. p. 119. tab. 39.
fig.l.

D. :^. A. -1. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and a foui'th in the total length. Brownish-oHve
(in spirits), ivith two broiun longitudinal bands on each side : the
upper on the back, along the base of the dorsal, confluent with its
fellow on the nape ; the second from the eye to the upper part of
the base of the caudal ; an oblique brown spot between the third and
fifth dorsal rays. A black dot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Thirty-one lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

15. Platyglossus miniatus.

Julis miniatus, (Kukl ^ v. Hass.) Cuv. (§• Vol. xiii. p. 460 ; Bhek. Ver-
hand. Batav. Getwotsch. xxii. Bali, p. 8, and Act. Sac. Sc. Indo-Ne-
derl. i. Amhuina, p. 60.

miniatus, pt., Bleck. Timor, p. 171.

Halichceres miniatus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 114. tab. 41. fig. 5.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is equal to the leng-th of the head, and
rather less than one-fourth of the total. Caudal rounded. Red : most
of the scales along the middle of the sides with a blackish spot ; six
blackish spots along the back ; sides of the beUy with numerous
crescent- shaped vertical streaks ; a deep-violet spot behind the eye;
a curved silvery streak from the angle of the mouth to below the
orbit, bent downwards over the operculum to the interoperculum.
Dorsal fin with numerous oblique, undulated violet lines, descending

28. PLATYGLOSSUS. 151

obliquely backwards, and generally with two black ocelli between
the two anterior spines and behind the first ray; cnud dotted all
over ivith bJccck ; caudal rays with small red dots.
East Indian Archipelago. Coasts of Australia.

a, h. Adult and half-grown. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's

Collection.
c. Adult. China. Presented by Vice- Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

16. Platyglossus pseudominiatus.

Julis miuiatus, pt., Bleek. Timor, p. 171.

pseudominiatus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Necleii. i. Amboina,

p. 63.
Halichceres pseudominiatus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 115. tab. 40. fig. 5.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth, or rather less than one-fourth, of the total. Caudal rounded.
Red : most of the scales along the middle of the sides with a large
blackish spot ; similar spots form three or four bands across the
back ; there are two to four whitish streaks on the side of the belly,
which descend obliquely forwards ; a deep-violet spot behind the
eye ; a curved reddish band edged with blue runs from the snout,
below the eye, to the suboperculum. Dorsal fin with numerous
purplish lines, descending obliquely backwards, and with two black
ocelli between the two anterior spines and behind the first ray ; amd
with severed oblique rosy streaks edged ivith blue ; caudal rays with
small red dots. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

17. Platyglossus nebulosus.

Julis nebulosus, Cut: ^- Val. xiii. p. 461.

reichei, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ill. Sumatra, vi. p. 43.

Halichojres reichei, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 116. tab. 37. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. ■^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
and is contained four times and a third in the total. Olive (in spirits),
^vith a rather indistinct dark band running from the opercular lobe
along the middle of the side, disappearing on the tail, and emitting
some short processes inferiorly and superiorly ; some irregular silvery
spots between these processes; severed oblique silvery transverse strealcs
or bands on the side of the belly, covered by the pectoral. About seven
silvery S2)ots on the back, along the base of the dorsal. Head with
several reddish-violet bands, that on the chock being curved, iclthout
forminy a complete riny. Opercular lobe dark-violet, preceded by a
silvery spot. Dorsal fin with a black spot between the first and
third ra5-s, sometimes with a minute one between the first two spines,
with two or three series of red, blue-edged ocelli, and with dark-

152 LABRID^.

violet bands, ascending obliquely foi-wai'ds ; anal with a series of
ocelli along the base and with a band along the middle ; caudal with
black dots, and sometimes immaculate.
Red Sea. East Indies.

a. Adult. Red Sea. Presented by J. Burton, Esq.

h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. [HaJichceres reichei.)

d. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

18. Platyglossus pcecilus.

Jidis poicila, Richards, in Beech. Voy. Zool. Fish. p. 66. pi. 19. fig. 1.

harloffii, Bhek. Verhand. Batav. Getiootsch. xxii. Labr. C'ycl. p. 22.

Halichceres pcecila, Bkek. Synon. Labr. p. 15, and Atl. Ichth. p. 115.
tab. 39. fig. 4.

D. A. A. ^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
and one-fourth of the total. Olive (in spirits), with three irregular,
more or less interrupted violet longitudinal bands, the lower of which
runs from above the pectoral to the middle of the root of the caudal ;
irregular series of silvery spots between these bands ; sides of the
helly ivith severed silvery blotches. About Jive silvery spots on the
back, along the base of the dorsal. Head with several reddish-violet
bands, those on the cheek and on the ojoercles forming complete rings.
Opercular lobe dark-violet, preceded by a silvery spot. Dorsal fin
with a black spot between the first and third rays, and sometimes
with a second between the first two spines, and with red ocelli ; anal
with a series of ocelli along the base and with a band along the
middle ; caudal with red oceUi.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

19. Platyglossus kawarin.

Julis kawariu, Bleek. Timor, p. 172.

HaUchoeies kawarin, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 121. tab. 41. fig. 4.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 28,

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total. Caudal rounded. Greenish, with irregular
violet spots on the back, and ivith red (in spirits white) subreticulated
S2J0ts on the side ; head with reddish-violet streaks ; a deep-blue spot
behind the orbit ; a black spot between the last .spine and second 7'ay of
the dorscd Jin ; large reddish -violet spots along the base of the anal,
smaller ones on its outer portion ; caudal violet posteriorly. {Bl.)

Coasts of Celebes and Timor.

a. Thirty-four lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — This
s-jjecimen has no spots along the base of the anal fin.

28. I'LATYGLOSSUS. 153

20. Platyglossus trimaculatus.

Julis trimaculata, Quoy lij- Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Zoul. ii. p. 705. pi. 20.

tig. 2 ; Cur. 4- Val. x'iii. p. 452 (not p. 386).

spilurus, lik'ek. Bandit, i. p. 252.

Giintlieria trimaculata, Bh-cl;. Si/non. Lahr. in Versl. Akad. Wet. Am-

sterd. xiii. p. 291, and Atl. Ichth. p. 138. tab. 32. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. |. Vert. 10/15.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is
rather more than one-fourth of the total. Caudal truncated. Head
with a broad bluish band from the snout, below the eye, bent down-
wards across the operculum and suboperculum ; several other oblong
spots above this band ; a crescent on the interoperculum and the
margin of the suboperculum bluish ; an obhque white streak fi'om the
axil to the belly. Each scale with a bluLsh vertical streak ; a darJc-
brown sj^ot near the root of the caudal, above the lateral line; sometimes
one or two other brown spots on the side of the body. Dorsal with
three, anal with two longitudinal lines, which are whitish in spirits ;
a small black spot superiorly in the axil.

Sea of Vanicolo. East Indian Ai'chipelago.

a, b-c, d-g. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Skeleton.

21. Platyglossus binotopsis.

Halichcsres binotopsis, Bleek. in Verhand. Butav. Genootsch. xxii. Bali,
p. 7 ; Timor, p. 1 70, and Atl. Ichth. p. 120. tab. 40. fig. 4.

D. ^. A. l^. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Caudal fin rounded. Back reticulated with
blackish-violet and brownish, and with foiu' or five darker cross-
bands ; head with irndulated reddish- violet streaks; tail superiorhj
at the base of tlte caudal with a black, red-edged spot; dorsal with
numerous red ocelli, and ivith iivo black, red-edged spots, one betw^een
the first and second spines, the other between the first and third
rays ; anal with yellow ocelli ; caudal orange-coloured ; a violet streak
across the base of the pectoral.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

22. Platyglossus hcevenii.

Halichoeres hrevenii, Bieek. Banda, i. p. 250.

Platyglossus hoevenii, pt., Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 111. tab. 42. fig. 3.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, and
nearly equal to the length of the head. Caudal rounded. Brownish :
he<id and bodg with eight or nine e<trmine-red longitudinal bands ;
snout yellow ; a bluish spot behind the orbit ; fins red, dorsal and

154 LABRID^.

anal with violet longitudinal bands ; a round black spot between the
first and third rays of the dorsal fin ; a black spot superiorly in the
axil. A black ocellus on the upper part of the root of the caudal.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen, 3| inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

23. Platyglossus chrysotaenia.

Halichceres chrysotfenia, Bleek. Batavia, p. 488.
Platyglossus hoevenii, pt., Bleek. Si/non. Lahr. p. 11.

D. :^. A. :i. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fourth of the total. Caudal rounded. Bluish, iviih ten or
more golden longitudinal bands ; a small deep-blue ocellus supe-
riorly at the base of the caudal ; dorsal with a large deep-blue ocellus
between the last spine and the fourth, ray ; no black spot superiorly in
the axil of the pectoral or behind the orbit.

Java and Sumatra.

a. Fine specimen, 3^ inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

This species appears to be very distinct from PI. hoevenii; it has
no axillary spot, more numerous longitudinal bands alternately nar-
rower and broader, one more dorsal ray, &c.

24. Platyglossus timorensis.

Halichceres timorensis, Bleek. Timor, p. 171, and Ail. Ichth. p. 120.
tab. 40. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. i. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body equals the length of the head and is one-
foui'th of the total. Caudal fin rounded. A very small black spot
between the first and second dorscd spines and another between the first
and third rays. Yellow : sides with scattered black dots, two to four
being cdways together ; a violet spot behind the orbit, and another
superiorly at the root of the caudal. Dorsal with oblique red streaks ;
anal with reddish- violet spots along the base. (Bl.)

Coast of Timor.

25. Platyglossus notopsis.

Julis notopsis, (Suhl ^- v. Hass.) ; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 290, and

Natmirk. Tyikchr. Nederl. Ltd. ii. 1851, pi. 1.
? Julis notopsis, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 485.
Julis pliaiopus, Bkek. Sumatra, ii. p. 291.
Platyglossus notopsis, Bleek. Synon. Labr. p. 11, and Atl. Ichth. p. 111.

tab. 41. figs. 1 & 2.

D.:|. A.^. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. Caudal

28. PLATVGLOSSUS. 155

rounded. Brown, with four or five red longitudinal bands. (Three
round yellow spots above the lateral Hne and several silvery lines
along the side in j'oung age.) Dorsal and anal fins brownish-^•iolet
with series of red spots, the former ^^'ith two black ocelli : one is
snutll, between the first and second spines, the other very large, between
the first ami sixth rays ; base of the pectoral luith a blue cross-band.
Caudal yellow at the base and margins.
Java, Sumatra, and Batu.

a, b. Adult and young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
26. Platyglossus solorensis.

Julis soloreusis, Bleek. Solar, p. 86.

Halichojres solorensis, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 116. tab. 40. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. •^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fourths
in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half.
Caudal rounded. Violet-olive, sides of the head with reddish-violet
longitudinal bands. Dorsal fia yellow anteriorly, with the margin
red ; a black spot between the first and third spines, and another be-
tween the fifth and sixth rays; anal with indistinct spots and brown
margin ; caudal with a small black spot superiorly at the base ; pec-
toral with a deep-blue band across the base. (Bl.)

Coasts of Solor and Ambojnia.

27. Platyglossus prosopeion.

Julis prosopeion, Bleek. Amboina, iv. p. 347.

Halichoeres prosopeion, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 122. tab. 37. fig. 2.

D. l^. A. l^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. ?j.

The height of the body is contained four times and a quarter in the
total length, the length of the head four times and two-thii-ds. Caudal
rounded. The first ventral ray prolonged. A lanje black spot between
the first and fourth dorsal spines, bluish longitudinal lines behind ;
vertical fins ycUow : dorsal blue- edged ; anal with three bluish longi-
tiuhnal streaks; pectoral with a triangular blackish band across the base.

Sea of Amboyna.

a. Not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Fine specimen. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank. — The

bluish lines of the dorsal and anal fins become very indistinct
in preserved specimens.

28. Platyglossus guttatus.

Prochilus, sp., Klein, 3Iiss. Pise. v. tab. 12. fig. 5.
Labriis guttatus, Bl. tab. 287. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 247.
? Labrus argus, Bl. Schn. p. 263.

Julis argus, Benn. Zonl. Journ. iii. p. 577. pi. 13. tig. 7.
polyophthahuus. Blrrk. Banka. ii. p. 731.

156 LABRID^i:.

HalichcEres guttatus, Bleek. Si/non. Lahr. p. 13, and Atl. Ichth. p. 124.
tab. 35. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is a Kttle more than the length of the
head, and two-ninths of the total ; caudal fin rounded. Body dark
reddish-violet, with a brown band from the head to the caudal, above
the lateral line ; a series of four or five light spots on the back ;
sides with seven series of red, blue-edged ocelli ; head with reddish-
violet bands. Dorsal and anal fins with two or tliree series of red,
blue-edged ocelli, which are partly confiuent, forming bands ; caudal
with bluish rings, blacki.sh posteriorly, the angles being yellow.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult. Sumatra. From Sir T. S. Raffles's Collection. — Type of

Julis arr/us, Benn.

b. Half-grown. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Fine specimen. Chusan. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

29. Platyglossus amboinensis.

Julis amboinensis, Bleek. Act. Soc. So. Indo-Nederl. i. Ambuina, p. 55.
Halichoeres amboinensis, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 122. tab. 37. fig. 3.

D. l^. A. l^. L. lat. 27-28.

The height of the body is contained four times and a fifth in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. Caudal
rounded ; the first ventral ray produced. Croivn of the head and
nape ivith series of reddish-violet spots. Head with three longitudinal,
thorax with two oblique reddish-violet bands. A blnish-black spot
between the first and third dorscd spines ; anal immaculate, and, like
the dorsal, edged with blue. Caudal with five or six rose-coloured
transverse stripes, violet posteriorly. Pectoral with a violet and red
streak across the base.

Amboyna.

30. Platyglossus leparensis.

Julis leparensis, Bleek. Banka, ii. p. 730.

Halichoeres leparensis, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 119. tab. 42. fig. 5.

D.^. A.f,. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half to four
times and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the head
four times. Caudal rounded. Dorsal fin ivith two black ocelli, one
between the two first spines, the other between the two first rays ;
a third black, red-edged ocellus posteriorly and superiorly on the tail.
Most of the scales on the back with a browTi spot ; six ivell-defined
silvery lines along the sides, the upper of which runs from the eye to
the caudal fin. A broad brown streak from the eye to the maxillary ;
a brown spot behind the eye ; operculum with four curved yellowish
stripes superiorly. Caudal fin red.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleekcr's Collection.

28. PLATYGLOSSUS. 157

31. Platyglossus modestus.

Julis modestus, 5/rt/,-. Vcrhand. Batav.Genuutsch. xxil Lrihr.Ci/cl. p. 26.
Haliclioeres modestus, Blcck. Vcrsl. Akacl Wet. Amsterd. xiii. p. 287.
and Afl Ichth. p. 126. tab. 35. fig. 2.

D. -^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length,
tlie length of the head tliree times and two-thirds. Caudal rounded ;
dorsal spines pungent. A lanje black hhtcli on the middle of the
sides ; lack tvith hngituduud series of venj small black dots. A
bluish-black spot behind the eye ; an undulated whitish band from
the angle of the mouth, below the eye, to the operculum ; root of the
pectoral with a black transverse streak.

East Indian Ai-chipelago.
a-c. Fine specimens. Singapore.

32. Platyglossus bimaculatus.

Halichoeres bimaculatus, Eiipp. JV. W. Fische, p. 17. taf. 5. fig. 2.
Julis bimaculatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 490.

D. ^. A.-^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/10.

The height of the body equals the length of the head and is one-
fourth of the total. Caudal truncated. A black sjjot on the ninth
and tenth scales of the lateral line. Green, with a blue longitudinal
band running from the operculum across the bend of the lateral line
to the upper part of the base of the caudal. Head with light-violet
bands racUating from the eye.

Var. a. Dorsal and anal with the inner half reddish-violet and
with a series of blue dots along the base, the outer half with red,
black, blue and green longitudinal bands ; caudal spotted ^vith bluish.
— Eed Sea.

Var. ft. Dorsal with two longitudinal, caudal with three trans-
verse series of ocelli. — Ceylon.

a-b. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's
Collection.

33. Platyglossus hartzfeldii.

Julis hartzfeldii, Bleek. Amhoina, ii. p. 563,

Haliclioeres hartzfeldii, Bkck. Afl. Ichth. p. 123. tab. 3-5. fig. 4.

D.:^. A.^. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body is contained foiu' times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths.
Caudal subtruncated. Head green, with rcddish-^-iolet bands. Bodi/
with a broad jmrple lonrjitudinal hand, edged with blue, runnin'o-
from the operculum to the caudal fin, and sometimes marked with
one or two black dots behind the dorsal ; an obliepie reddish-violet
band from the base of the pectoral to the belly ; a large violet spot on
the side, covered by the end of the pectoral. Dorsal fiii rcddish-nolet
below, yellow above with a blue longitudinal stripe; blue ocelli be-

158 LABRIB.E.

tween the single soft rays at their base. Anal fin with a blue stripe
and violet margin ; caudal jeUow, with three transverse series of red-
dish-violet spots ; a black spot superiorly in the axil.
Celebes, Ternate, Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

34. Platyglossus purpurascens.

Seha, iii. p. 95. tab. 31. fig. 6.

Lalirus, sp., Groiiov. 3Ius. Ichth. ii. p. 28. no. 183, and Zoophyl. no. 240.

purpurescens, Bl. Schn. p. 262.

leucurus, Bl. Schn. p. 259.

Jiilis temrainckii, Bleek. Batav. p. 491.

kallopisos, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iv. p. 491 & v. p. 348.

Platyglossus purpurescens, Bleek. Synon. Lain-, p. 11, and Atl. Ichth.
p. 108. tab. 45. fig. 1.

D. :^. A. ^. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body equals the length of the head and is one-
fourth of the total. Caudal rounded. Gi-een : each scale with a
red spot ; head with red bands ; dorsal and anal with numerous
oblique red stripes, and Avith a yeUow, blue, black and red margin ;
a deep-blue and bright-yellow spot superiorly in the axil; caudal
violet, with numerous red vertical streaks, the angles being broadly
margined with yellow and blue.

Java, Banka, Celebes, and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

35. Platyglossus ceylonicus.

Julis ceylonicus, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. ii. 1832, p. 183.
The typical specimen of this species appears to be lost, nor has the
species been recognized, so that we are obhged to repeat Bennett's
description : —

D.^. A. A

Caudal rounded ; a posterior canine tooth. Yellowish : head grey,
rivulated with yellow ; a yellow interrupted band along the lateral
line ; another lateral band of the same colour, edged with blue, rims
along the side and emits numerous short processes towards the beUy ;
an obhque yellow streak across the base of the pectoral to the belly ;
vertical fijis yeUow : a band along the base of the dorsal edged with
blue inferiorly ; an oblique blue streak behind the base of each dorsal
ray, a second behind its middle, and a spot of the same colour behind
its top ; anal fin with two blue bands ; caudal with three irregular,
transverse, rivulated blue lines.

Ceylon.

36. Platyglossus pardaleocephalus.

Julis pardaleocephalus, J5fceA;. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. BaH,-p.8.
Halichceres pardaleocephalus, Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 123. tab. 35. fig. 5.

D. ^^. A. ■^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body eqiials the length of the head and is one-

28. PLATTGLOSSUS. 159

fourth of the total. Caudal truncated. Violet, each scale with a green
crescent ; head with blue streaks and spots. Vertical fins greenish,
with numerous ocelli ; a blackish spot at the base between the tivo first
dorsal spines. Pectoral tuithout a dark band across the base.

Sumatra and Bali,
rt. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

37. Platyglossus kallochroma.

Julia kallochroma, Bkek. Sumatra, ii. p. 289.

Platyglossus kallocliroma, Bleek. Si/ti. Labr. p. 11, and Atl.Ichth. p. 108.
tab. 42. fig. 4.

D. l^. A. ^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is a little less than one-fourth of the total
length, the length of the head two-ninths. Caudal fin rounded.
Head reddish-violet, with blue bands and spots ; body red, with about
ten violet, blue-edged stripes ; vertical fins b^ownish-^^olet, with
numerous small blue spots : dorsal and anal edged with ycUow and
blue ; anal with two yellow, blue-edged bands besides, one along the
base, and the other along the middle ; anc/les of the caudal yelloiv,
the yellow part being edged with blue interiorly. Pectoral red, ^vith
a violet streak across the base.

Sumatra. Nias.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

38. Platyglossus vrolikii.

Julis vrolikii, Bleek. Batoe, p. 323.

Platvglossus vrolikii, Bleek. Syn. Lahr. p. 12, and Atl. Ichth. p. 110.
tab. 42. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. j^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is contained four times or four times and
a quarter in the total length, the length of the head foui" times and
a half. Caudal roimded ; the fii-st ventral ray produced. Head yel-
low, with reddish-violet bands edged with darker: one from the
snout to the eye, a second curved from below the eye to the suboper-
culum, two parallel ones behind the eye united by a transverse spot,
a fourth on the snout and forehead, and a fifth transverse one on
the membrane, of the operculum. Anterior portion of the back with
six to eight reddish-violet longitudinal bands, formed by confluent
spots ; posterior part of the back with four yellow cross-bars edged
with violet, and scarcely extending below the lateral line ; each scale
on the sides with a violet transverse spot ; dorsal fin with three series
of red, blue-edged ocelli and with a blue intramarginal line ; anal
Nvith two or three undidated red, blue-edged bands and with a blue
intramarginal line ; caudal with similar occUi as the dorsal ; pec-
toral with a black spot suj^eriorly at the base ; a black occUus supe-
riorly at the root of the caudal fin.

Batu, Nias, Banka.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

160 L.\BKrD^.

39. Platyglossus podostigma.

Julis podostigma, Bhek. Floris, p. 332.

HaliehcKres podostianua. £ltek. Hi/ii. Labr. in Versi. AJiad. Wet. Am-
sterd. xiii. p. 288. and Ati Ichth. p. 126. tab. 32. fig. 4.

D.,^^. A.l L.lat.27.

The height of the body is equal to, or somewhat less than, the
length of the head, and one-fourth of the total. Caudal rounded.
Head and thorax veUow. caudal fin reddish, body violet ; head with
red streaks edged with blue (^during life). Ventral with a black,
blue-edged spot on the nuddle in the young : a black oblong spot
behind the axil of the pectoral, and another on its base ; dorsal and
anal fins with blue margins, and with numerous oblique reddish
stripes or spots ; caudal immaculate.

Coasts of Floris, Booroo. and Amboyna.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

40. Platyglossus marginatus.

r PlatTglossus, no. 1, Klein, Pise. Jli.'is. iv. p. 40. tab. 12. fig. 5.

Halicliceres marginatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 16.

Julis mai-ginata. Cm: &,- Val. xiii. p. 490.

Julis annularis. (Kuhl ^- v. Sass.) Cm: 4" ^ol- xiii. p. 482; Bleek.
Katuurk: Tydschr. Xederl. Ind. v. 1853, p. 513, ii. 1851, pi. 2 (in-
correct).

PlatTglossus annularis, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 411.

marginatus, Bleek. Syn. Labr. p. 10, and Afl. Ichth. p. 109. tab. 41.

fig. 3.

D. ^. A. 1. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3 10.

The height of the body is contained three times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. Caudal
rounded : the tirst ventral ray prolonged. Blackish-green ; head and
anterior part of the body with undulated light-green streaks, edged
with blue. Vertical tins with numerous red ocelli and streaks, each
edged with blue. A large green crescent-shaped spot on the basal
half of the caudal. Vertical fins with a blue margin.

Eed Sea. Mauritius. Ceylon. East Indian Ai-chipelago.

a. Adult : stuffed. Mauritius. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.
h. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.
c. Young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

41. Platyglossus notophthalmus.

Tautoga notophthalmus. Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Xederl. i. Manado

Sf Macassar, p. 53.
Hemitautoaa notophthalmus. Bleek. Versl. Akad. Tf'et. Anist. xiii.

p. 292, and At/. Ichth. p. 140. tab. 21. fig. 1.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27.

A posterior canine tooth ; some small scales behind the eye :
opercles naked. The height of the body is contained four times and

2S. PLATVGLOSSCS. JQl

a third in the total length; snout pointed ; cleft of the mouth nar-
row Body %nth three very broad, rather irregular brown cross-
bands, the middle of which extends over the dorsal fin, between the
fatth spuie and the fifth ray ; a large yellow ring between the eighth
spme and the hfth ray of the dorsal fin ; caud;d yellow. (BL)
Coasts of Java, Celebes, Goram, Timor, and Xew Guinea.

«. Twenty lines long: not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's
Collection.

42. Platyglosstis tennispinis,
^- nrrs- -^- ?.- ^- l^t. 29. L. transv. 2/9.
The height of the body equals the length of the head and is two-
nmths ot the total. A posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines shmler,
tlexiWe, a.s long as the rays ; caudal rounded; ventral not produced,
a httle shorter than the pectoral. Colours in spirits: uniform red-
cksh-ohve ; fins whitish ; a large black blotch between the fii-st and
tluTd dorsal spmes ; a black spot superiorly in the axd.
Seas of China.

a, b, c. Sixty-two lines long.

43. Platyglossus semicinctus.

Julis semicinctus, Ai/ns, Proc. Calif. Acad 1859, p. .32.
D. ^. .A.. A

11 '^- 12"

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is not
quite one-fourth of the total. Dark greenish-oUve, with a broad
black band arising on the side, at about the middle of the body in
height, andpassmg down to join, on the abdomen, the corresponding
band from the opposite side : this band is overlaid bv the pectoral
hn. Dorsal and anal fins diuskv. Caudal with numerous, narrow,
vertical, waving darker and lighter streaks. (Aiires.)

Cerros Island (coast of Lower California).

44. Platyglossus cyanostigma.
Julis cyanostigma, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. .301.

;- patatiLs, pt. (deux autres, long de treize pouces, &c.), Cuv. Sc Val.
xiii. p. 399. ' r > . ^

D.^. A.l L. lat. 28. L. transv. ?i.

The height of the body is contained three times and a half in the

t/^1 u^ r' ^^"^ ^"""^^^ ""^ ^^^ ^"^'^ ^o"'' t™^s- <^"'»"^'il trimcated.
lU^ddish-ohve (in spirits), each scale on the taU and al.mg the lateral
ime wnth a blue spot ; two indistinct light bands along the bodv ■
aead w-ith irregular blue lines, several of which ascend towards the
nape ot the neck. A black spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral,
uack with three blackish blotches ; the middle is the darkest, and

VOL. IV.

u

162 LABRID.'E.

situated below and on the anterior part of the soft dorsal ; large silvery
spots between the black ones. Dorsal fin with irregular blue spots
and with blue margin ; anal with a series of blue ocelli along the
base and with blue margin, a band and a series of spots of the same
colour running along the middle ; caudal with numerous dots, and with
the upper and lower margins blue ; the upper part of the extremity
of the pectoral blackish. Young specimens with a black spot on the
root of the caudal .
Caribbean Sea.

a. Fine specimen, ten inches long. Cuba. From the Collection of
the Zoological Society.

b-c. Adult and young : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Col-
lection.

d-f. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

g. ' Adult : has been in chloride of zinc. From the Haslar Col-
lection.

h-i. Eighteen inches long : stuffed.

45. Platyglossus garnoti.

Jidis garnoti, Ciiv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 390.

Similar to P. cyanostigma.

Caudal rounded. Three or four fine blackish lines ascend from
the eye towards the neck. Bluish or greenish, back red : the spinous
dorsal bluish-black ; the soft hghter, with red spots along the base ;
anal with a series of blue dots near the base ; caudal with ten cross-
bands alternately wider and narrower. (Val.)

Martinique.

46, Platyglossus ruptus.

? Julia patatus, pt. (rindividu a plus de quinze pouces), Ciw. ^ Val.

xiii. pp. 398 & 399.
Julis rupta, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 212.

D. ^. A. ■^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. |.

The height of the body is contained foiu- times and a third in the
total length, the length of the head four times. Caudal sUghtly
rounded. Upper parts greenish : a dark-brown band descends from
the back towards the vent, and sometimes occupies the back of the
tail below the soft dorsal. Two black lines ascend from the eye to
the nape of the neck ; neck and anterior part of the dorsal with black
dots ; the soft dorsal with numerous oblique brown streaks ; caudal
with five, anal with two blue bands.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

b. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.

28. PLATYGLOSSUS. 163

47. Platyglossus cinctus.

Julis cincta, Poei/, Mem. Vub. ii. 18G0, p. 211.

T) ^ A A
U. -. A. ,2-

The height of the body is somewhat less than the length of the
head, or than one-foui-th of the total ; caudal rounded. Back green-
ish anteriorly, reddish posteriorly ; a broad violet band descends
from the back to the vent. Two blue lines ascend from the eye
towards the nape ; the soft dorsal nearly uniform ; anal reddish,
with blue margin ; caudal with five blue cross-bands edged with red.
(Poey.)

Cuba.

Probablj' merely a variety of P. ruptus.

In the last part of Poej^'s Memor. Cub. p. 354, published in 1861,
the author considers it possible that PI. ruptus and PI. cinctus are
the two sexes of one species.

48. Platyglossus opalinus.
Julis opaliua, Cuv. ^ Vul. xiii. p. 392.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the an-
terior profile of the snout forms two-thirds of a right angle with a
horizontal line ; nape of the neck arched. Caudal truncated. Bluish,
iridescent : head with blue lines ; dorsal blue ; anal with two ^^olet
streaks ; caudal striped with violet. ( Vol.)

Martinique.

The specimen on which this species has been founded is fifteen
inches long.

49. Platyglossus crotaphus.

.Talis crotaphus, Cuv. .i'- Val. xiii. p. 395.

D.^. A.^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 2/8.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and a third in the total. Caudal truncated.
A dark spot behind the orbit. Green : head and caudal mth red
streaks ; dorsal red ; anal with a band along the middle.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.

h. Fine specimen. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

c. Adult: stuffed. Bahia.

d. Adult. Babia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

«. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parncll's CoUeetion.
/. Half-grown. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.

164

50. Platyglossus principis.

Pudiano verde, Marcyr. p. 146.

Turdus, etc., Catesb. Hist. Carnl. ^\. 12*.

Doncella, rami, p. 95. lam. 37. fig. 1.

? Labrus brasiliensis, Bl. taf. 280 ; Bl. Schn. p. 242.

Julis principis, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 402.

D. l^. A. i. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is contained three times and two-thirds
in the total length, the length of the head fonr times. Caudal trun-
cated. Body without apparent markings ; head with blue bands ;
dorsal and anal fins blue-edged, the latter with two violet bands ;
the soft dorsal and the caudal with irregular and interrupted bands
of the same colour. ( Val.)

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

51. Platyglossus internasalis.

? Julis dimidiatus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 96. pi. 53 (the streak

on the temple is omitted) ; Cuv. &r Val. xiii. p. 407.
Julis internasalis, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 421.

D. 1. A.. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is contained three times and three-fourths
in the total length, the length of the head four times. Caudal slightly
rounded. Brownish-olive (in spirits), with a broad brownish band
from the operculum along the upper half of the sides. An oblique
bluish streak, edged with brown, ascends from the eye towards the
nape. Basal half of the dorsal blackish ; a fine black line runs along
the margin of the fin.

Coast of Brazil. Caribbean Sea.

a, b. Fine specimens. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

52. Platyglossus bivittatus.

Labrus bivittatus, Bl. taf. 284. fig. 1.

psittaculus, Lacep. iii. p. 522.

Julis psittaculus, Cuv. 6|- Val. xiii. p. 387.

D.-^. A. ^,. L. lat. 27. L. transv. if.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fourth of the total. Caudal truncated. A dark-brown spot,
edged with bluish-white posteriorly, on the operculum ; a broivn band
runs from the snout, through the eye and the opercular spot, across,
the bend of the lateral line to the base of the caudal ; sometimes
another similar band, which is less distinct, along the side of the,

* This figure is quoted by Linn6 for his Sparus radiatus ; but this is a dif-
ferent fish, which had been sent to him by his friend Garden from North America.
Bloch's Spams radiatus, again, is diiferent, namely a species of Chcilim(s.

28. PLATYGLOSStrS. 165

belly ; a bluish streak edged with darker ascends from the eye,
obliquely upwards and backwards, to meet its fellow on the nape of
the neck ; base of the pectoral whitish, without black spot ; base of
the dorsal Jin violet, two or three narrow lines along its upper half;
caudal with tliree curved concentric lines and with the comers
brownish.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America,

a-f. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's

Collection.
g. Young. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection.
h, i. Adult. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
k, I, m. Adult and half-grown.

53. Platyglossus humeralis.

Julis humeralis, Poei/, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 212.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head two-ninths. Caudal truncated. A black spot, edged
with pearl-colour posteriorly, on the extremity of the operculum.
A brown band runs from the snout, through the eye and the opercular
spot, across the bend of the lateral line to the base of the caudal; a
second from below the axil along the side of the belly ; a bluish streak
edged with darker ascends from the eye, obliquely upwards and back-
wards, to meet its fellow on the nape of the neck ; base of the pec-
toral whitish, without black spot; a black batul along the middle of
the dorsal ; caudal A\ith blue comers.

Coast of Cuba.

a. Adult. From Mr. Stoke's" Collection.

54. Platyglossus macidipinna.
Julis maculipinna, Miill. ^ Trosch. Hist. Barhnd. p. 674.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/9.

Caudal rounded. Dorsal Jin luith a black spot between the fifth and
seventh sjjines, and ^dth a band along the middle of the soft portion ;
a small black spot jjosteriorly in the axil of the dorsal ; a broad dark
band riuis from the head to the caudal fin, below the lateral hne ;
sometimes a dark spot below the band on the middle of the body ; a
blue band from the snout through the eye to the operculum, and
another above it from the snout to the eye ; both bands are united,
forming a V. Three bluish bands across the nape, and three white
ones on the cheek. Base of the pectoral with a small black spot.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Half-!?rown.

b-d. Adult and half-grown : skins. West Indies.

f. Half-grown : skin. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.

166 LABRIDJ;:.

55. Platyglossus caudalis.
Julis caudalis, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 213.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length ; the dia-
meter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the head. Caudal
convex in the middle, luith the lobes produced, the upper being the
longer. Body greenish ; head with blue streaks, extending on the
base of the pectoral and on the throat ; a fjreen, blue-edged spot
behind the ei/e. Two series of blue spots proceed from the caudal
towards the middle of the trunk. Dorsal and anal rosy, with two
blue stripes which are formed by spots on the dorsal. (Poey.)

Cuba.

56. Platyglossus pictus.
Julis picta, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 214.

The height of the body is two-eleventLs of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth ; snout pointed. Caudal convex in the
middle, ivith the lobes prodMed. Red anteriorly, greenish-oUve
posteriorly ; head with blue bands ; dorsal and anal fins orange-
coloured, the latter with two blue longitudinal lines ; caudal with
three ycUow bands, the middle being longitudinal, and the outer
ones obhque. (Poey.)

Cuba.

57. Platyglossus pyrrhogramma.

Julis pyrrhogramma, Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 170. pi. 86 bis, fig. 2.
D. f . A. i-. L. lat. 28.

14 14

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fourths
in the total length, the length of the head four times and one-fourth.
Caudal fin rounded. A rather narrow brown band runs from the end
of the snout, through the eye and the opercidar lobe, to the base of the
caudal ; no lateral spot. A similar band on the back, along the base
of the dorsal, joining its fellow on the head, where both form a
point, extending to the snout. (ScJiley.)

Sea of Japan.

58. Platyglossus pcecilopterus.

Julis pcecilopterus, Schlet/. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 169. pi. 86 bis, fig. 1 ;

Richards. Ichth. Cldn! ^. 260.
thersites, Richards. I. c. (defonned).

D. f . A. ^ L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/8.

14 14' '

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fourths in
the total length, the length of the head four times and one-fourth.
Caudal fin rounded. A black blotch beloiv the lutercd line, in the ver-
tical from the sixth and seventh dorsal spines, traversed by a broivn
longiludincd, band running from the end of the snout through the eye

29. LEPTOJULIS. 167

to the base of the caudal ; a red streak from the angle of the mouth
to the suboperciilum ; the space between the brown band and red
streak is bluish, dotted with red ; dorsal and anal fins with a bluish
longitudinal band, and with three or two series of red spots ; caudal
fin with interrupted red transverse lines.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.

a. Adult : mounted. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

29. LEPTOJULIS.

Leptojulis, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1801, p. 412.

Body compressed, slender, covered with scales of moderate size
(L. lat. less than 30) ; head naked ; lateral line not interrupted ;
scales on the thorax smaller than those on the body. Four anterior
canine teeth in each jaw, the outer enlarged, bent outwards and
backwards ; a posteiior canine tooth. Dorsal spines nine.

East Indian Archipelago.

1. Leptojulis cyanopleura.

Bkeker, Batavia, p. 489, and Atl. Ichth. p. 128. tab. 36. fig. 5.
D. l^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 21/9.

The height of the body is one-fifth or rather less than one-fifth of
the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Caudal rounded.
Green, with a broad red, blue-edged band running from the snout to
the caudal ; a large deep-blue blotch behind the pectoral and below
the lateral hne ; head ^dth two red, blue-edged bands along its lower
side ; a forked blue spot before the dorsal fin ; the soft dorsal with
blue margin, with a red band along the middle and -with a basal
series of red spots ; anal blue-edged.

Sea of Batavia.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Leptojulis pyrrhogrammatoides.

Bleeker, Batavia, p. 490, and Atl. Ichth. p. 129. tab. 36. fig. 1.
D. :^. A. j^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2i/10.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-thirds. Caudal roimded.
Green, with two broad brownish bands, the one along the back, and
the other from the eye to the caudal ; anal with yeUow spots along
the base ; the other fins immaculate. Xoarly uniform brownish (in
spirits).

Sea of Batavia.

f(. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

168 LABRIDJi.

30. PSEUDOJULIS.

Pseudojulis, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 412.

Body compressed, slender, covered with scales of moderate size
(L. lat. less than 30); head naked; lateral line not interrupted;
scales on the thorax smaller than those of the body. No posterior
canine tooth ; anterior teeth conical. Dorsal spines nine.

East Indian Archipelago. Coasts of CaUfornia.

1. Pseudojulis g^ardi.

Julis girardi. Sleek. Bali, ill. p. 168.

Pseudojulis girardi, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 412, and Atl.Ichth.
p. 127. tab. 33. fig. 3.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a thii-d or four times and a
fourth. Caudal rounded; dorsal spines pungent. Greenish-rose-
coloured : snout and forehead amber-brown ; a broad brownish band
from the forehead to the operculum and from thence to the caudal ;
pectoral with a blackish spot superiorly in the axil ; fins rose-
coloured. (Bl.)

Coast of Bolcling.

2. Pseudojulis modestus.

Jidis modestus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 163 ;
Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 142.

D-r A.i L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a half. Dorsal
spines slender, .slightly flexible ; caudal fin subtruncated. Brownish-
olive ; a pair of dark spots at the root of the caudal, and a blackish
spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral.

Coasts of California.

a. Fine specimen. San Diego. Presented by the Smithsonian In- <
stitution. L

31. NOVACULAf.

Xyrichthys, sp.. Cur. Hf Val. xiv. p. 33.
Novacula, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 64.

Novacula, sp., Sfeinddchner in Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Geselhch. Wien,
1861, p. 133.

* Nine dorsal spines are very distinct.

t 1. Xyrichthys vitta, Cuv. 8( Val. xiv. p. 51.— Hab. ?

2. Novacula tessellata, Cuv. &c Val. xiv. p. 74. — Mauritius.

3. iminaeulata, Cuv. S( Val. xiv. p, 75.— Mauritius.

31. NOVACULA. 169

Novacula, Xyriclithvs, Heniipteronotus, et Novaculichthys, Bkek.

Proc. Zoul. Sue. 1861, p. 414.
Novacula, Iniistius, Xirichthys, et Malacocentrus, Gill in Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sc. Philad 1802, p. 143.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
head compressed, more or less elevated and obtuse, with the upper
protile generally more or less parabolic ; head nearly entirely naked,
or with small scales on the cheek; lateral line interrupted. No
posterior canine tooth. Formula of the fins : D. ^. A. -; the two
anterior dorsal spines sometimes remote or separate from the others.

Seas between the tropics, extending northwards to the Mediter-
ranean and the Japanese and Californian Seas, southwards to the Cape
of Good Hope and Australia.

The length and position of the two anterior dorsal spines, some
slight differences in the position of the ventral fins, the presence or
absence of scales on the cheeks, and, finally, the form of the upper
profile of the head, have been used as generic characters ; but as each
of these characters stands alone, and as the transitions between the
extreme forms are very numerous, I am inclined to leave these fishes
together in one genus. It is true that there is, apparently, a con-
siderable external difference between N. cultrata and N. macrohpi-
dota, but K tceniurus and N. aUivelis axe intermediate between both.

The species may be divided as follows : —

A. Cheek sealeless * ; no anterior division of the dorsal fin : Xirichthys

et Malacocentrus, GDI.

a. Upper edge of the head shai-p : Novacula, Bleek., p. 169.

h. Upper edge of the head rather obtuse : Novaculichthys, pt., Bleak.,
p. 172.

B. Cheek mth two or three series of scales ; no anterior division of the

dorsal fin : Novaculichthys, pt., Bleek., p. 174.

C. Cheek scaly; no anterior division of the dorsal fin, p. 174.

D. Cheek sealeless ; the two anterior dorsal spines form a more or less

separate division : Iniistius, Gill.

a. Upper edge of the head sharp : Xirichthys, Bleek., p. 175.

b. Upper edge of the head rather obtuse : Novaculichthys, pt., Bleek.,

p. 176.

E. Cheek scaly ; the two anterior doreal spines form a more or less sepa-

rate division : Hemipteronotus, Bleek. = .Aorac?</a, GiU, p. 177.

A. Cheek sealeless ; no anterior division of the dorsal fin.

a. Upper edge of the head sharp.

1. Novacula cultrata.

Novacula, Plin. xxxii. c. 2 ; Rondel, v. c. 17. p. 146 ; Oesner, pp. 028,
629 & 721, and Paralij). p.24; Willuyhh. p.214. pi. 0. 2; Ray,-p.\0\.

* This expression does not exclude tliose species which have a few rudimentarv
K-ales behind or immediatolv below tlie orbit.

1 70 LABKID JS.

Pecten romse, Aldrov. ii. c. 27. p. 205 ; Jonst, i. tit. 3. c. 1. a. 15.

Peace pettine, Salv. fol. 217.

Coryphfena, no. 2, Art. Gen. p. 15, and Synon. p. 29.

(Joryphfena novacula, L. Si/st. i. p. 447 ; JBl. Schn. p. 295 ; LacSp. iii.

p. 203 ; Shaiv, Zool. iv. p. 217 ; JRisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 181 (not Mir.

Merid.).
Xyrichtliys cultratus, Cuv. fy Veil. xiv. p. 37. pi. 391.
? Xyiichtiiys venniciilatus, Poey, 3Iem. Cub. ii. p. 215.
Xyriclithys novacula, Cuv. Rei/ne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 89. fig. 3.

D. ^. A. f^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/8. Vert. 9/16.

A few rudimentary scales below the orbit ; the two first dorsal
spines are a little flexible ; ventral fins slightly produced. Rose-
coloured, each scale with a bluish vertical streak ; head with rather
numerous blue vertical lines ; anal with oblique, caudal with vertical
undulated lines. A silvery blotch on the side of the belly, frequently
cUsappearing in specimens preserved in spirits.

From the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

rt, b. Half-grown. Mediterranean.

c, d. Half-grown. Bay of Naples.

e. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

/. Half-grown. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

y. Half-grown : skin. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.

h. Very fine specimen. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

i, Ic. Adidt.

? /. Adult : stuffed. South Africa.

2. Novacula argentimaculata.

Xyrichthys argenti-maculata, Steindachner, Zool. Bot. GeseUsch. Wieii,
1861, p. 134.

D.^. A.-?-.

12 12

Some small scales below the orbit ; the two first dorsal spines are
flexible, not produced and continuous with the remainder of the fin.
A large roundish silvery spot on the side of the body above the level
of the pectoral fin, with a small black spot in the centre ; each scale
with a vertical streak ; head with rather niimerous vertical Hnes ; a
yellowish spot on the operculum with bluish centre ; the soft dorsal
and anal with oblique, the caudal wth vertical stripes.

Cape of Good Hope. Brazil.

a. Adult. Brazil. From the Berlin Museum.

3. Novacula javanica.

Sleeker, Synon. Labr. p. 32, and All. Ichth. p. .
D. K A. •^. L. lat. 28-29.

12 12

Some small scales below the orbit ; the two first dorsal spines are
ilcxible, not produced and continuous with the remainder of the fin.
A light spot on the middle of the side, above the extremity of the

31. NOVACtJLA. 171

pectoral ; belly violet between the pectoral and ventral tins ; head
without bands ; caudal with transverse, anal with obliijue bluish
streaks. (Bleck.)
Java.

4. Novacula cyanifrons.
Xyrichthys cyanifrons, Cuv. i^- VaL x\\. p. 46.
1) i- A A

Closely allied to N. cultrata. The two first dorsal spines are flexi-
ble and a little longer than the following; ventral fins produced,
extending to the origin of the anal, llose-colourcd ; a blue band
along the upper ridge of the head to the dorsal fin ; dorsal with
oblique, caudal with transverse blue streaks. (Val.)

Pondicherrj-.

5. Novacula martinicensis.

Xyiiclithys martinicensis, Cut: ^- Val. xiv. p. 49.

12 12

Similar to N. cultrata, but rather more elongate, its height being
one-fourth of the total ; all the dorsal spines flexible, not produced.
Eose-coloured, each scale with a vertical streak ; head immaculate.
(Val.)

Martinique.

6. Novacula uniocellata.

Xirichthys imiocellatus, Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 97. tab. 55; Cuv. df Val.
xiv. p. 48.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

Dorsal spines not produced, the two anterior flexible ; a few rudi-
mentary scales below the orbit ; the ventral fins extend to the vent.
Yellow, the lower parts with a reddish tint ; each scale with a ver-
tical hght-%-iolet streak, the streaks being silverj- on the scales of the
belly. Head with numerous pearl-coloured vertical lines ; a bright-
red cross-band behind the extremity of the pectoral. Dorsal and
anal red, yellow posteriorlj-, the former \vith a black ocellus edged
with white between the sixth and seventh spines ; caudal yellow,
\sath indistinct Wolet transverse lines.

Coast of Brazil.

a. Vorj' fine specimen. Bahia. From Dr. O.Wucherer's Collection.

7. Novacula lineata.

y Cor^^phfena lineata, L. Gm. Syst. i. p. 1195; Bl. Schn. p. 297.
XjTichthys liueatus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 50.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2 10.

Several small scales below the orbit ; the two anterior dorsal
spines are flexible, not produced ; the outer ventral rny jirolunged,
not extending to tlie vent. Rose-coloured ; a large oblong (in

172 LABRIDJB.

spirits, pearl-coloured) blotch on each side of the belly, below the
pectoral ; narrow lines of the same colour descend from the blotch,
crossing the beUy and ascending to the blotch of the other side.
Caribbean Sea.

a, h. Four and five inches long.

8, Novacula mundiceps.

Xirichthys mundiceps, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 143.
D. ^. A. :^. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 2/9.

The dorsal fin commences nearly over the middle of the operculum ;
its first spine is the shortest. " The profile in front of the eye de-
scends downwards in a nearly straight and oblique line at an angle
of about 43° to the longitudinal axis of the body, and is nearly par-
allel with the praeoperculum." (?) Uniform flesh-coloured, tinged
A;\dth brown; beUy sUvery. (Gill.)

Coasts of Lower California.

a~c. Young. Cape St. Lucas. Presented by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

b. Upper edge of the head rather obtuse.
9. Novacula taeniurus.

Labrus fuscus, Lacep. iii. p. 437.

Spams hemisphserium, Lacep. iv. -pp. 53, 160.

. brachio, Lacep. iv. pp. 54, 160.

Labrus taeniurus, Lacep. ni. pp. 448, 518. pi. 29. fig. 1.
Xyrichthys taeniurus, Cuv. df Vol. xiv. p. 54. pi. 393 (not Bleek.).

D. 1. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/9.

A few rudimentary scales below the orbit. The two anterior
dorsal spines are flexible and not produced. Ventral rather short.
Brown, each scale with light centre ; belly reddish ; head immacu-
late. Dorsal and anal fins with oblique brown spots and stripes ; a
deep-black spot between the three anterior dorsal spines ; caudal
brown, with a broad yeUow band across the base ; ventral and axU
of the pectoral blackish.

Mauritius.

a. Adult. Mam-itius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

10. Novacula vanicolensis.

Julis vanicorensis, Q!<o?/ ^ Crfljw. Vot/.Astrol. Poiss. p. 704. pi. 20. fig.l-
Xyrichthys vanicolensis, Ctw. ^- Val. xiv. p. 57.
Novacula cephalotaenia, Bleek. Flaris, p. 333.

. taeniurus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Manado en 3Iakass.

p. 62; (not Cuv. Sf Val).
Novaculichthys taeniiunis, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 31. fig. 5.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/10.

A few rudimentaiy scales below the orbit; the two first dorsal

531. NOVACULA. 173

spines are flexible, not produced, somewhat remote from the third,
the membrane between the second and third not being notched ;
ventral not prolonged. Brown, each scale green in the middle ; ab-
domen reddish ; head with three brown bands : the upper is short,
horizontal, and runs from the eye to the origin of the lateral line ;
the two others are oblique, and descend from the eye to the sub-
operculum. Dorsal and anal fins with oblique brown spots ; a deep-
black spot between the three anterior dorsal s])ines ; caudal brown,
with a broad yeUow band across the base ; ventral and basal portion
of the pectoral black.

Vanieolo, New Hebrides, Celebes, Floris, and Timor.

a-b. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Mac-
giUi\Tay's Collection.

Dr. V. Bleeker (Synon. Labr. p. 20) considers this species as iden-
tical with N. tceniurus.

11. Novacula hoedtii.

Julis bifer, Lay in Beech. Voy. Zool. Fishes, p. 64. pi. 18. fig. 2.
Novacula hoedti, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Amhoina, p. 59.

D. ^. A. f^. L. lat. 25-26.

A few rudimentary scales below the orbit ; the two first dorsal
spines are flexible, produced, continuous with the remainder of the
fin ; ventral as long as pectoral. Brovsm, each scale bluish-white in
the middle ; head yellow, with broA\Ti, blue-edged bands radiating
from the eye, three running from the eye over the opercles ; dorsal
with round and oblong brown spots ; anal and ventral black ; caudal
yellow on its basal half and black on its posterior ; base and axU of
the pectoral black.

Celebes, Sangi, AmbojTia.

a. Yoimg. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

According to Dr. v. Bleeker (Synon. Labr. p. 20) this species also
is identical with N. tveniurus.

12. Novacula altipinnis.

XjTichthys altipinnis, Biipp. N. TV. Fische, p. 22. taf. 7. fig. 1.

The spinous dorsal is emarginate, the anterior and posterior spines
being the highest ; the soft dorsal and anal rather elevated. Green-
ish, the soft dorsal and anal with numerous oblique brown lines ; a
black spot superiorly on the anterior doi-sal spines ; a few black spots
behind the root of the pectoral, (liiipp.)

Djctta.

174 LABRID.i:.

B. Cheek with two or three series of scales ; no anterior di^dsiou of the
dorsal tin.

13. Novacula macrolepidota.

Lahrus macrolepidotiis, Bl. taf. 284.

arago, Quoy ^ Gaitn. Voy. XJran. Zool. Poiss. p. 263. pi. G5. tig. 2

(very bad).
Julis tfeuianotiis, Quoy (^ Gaitn. I. c. p. 271.

trimaculata, Cui\ 4' f^«'- xiii. p. 886.

Xyrichthys macrolepidotus, Cuv. ^ Val, xiv. p. 59; Peters, Wiegm.

'Arch. 1855, p. 264.
arago, Stemdachner, Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1861,

p. 136. taf. 4. fig. 1.
Novaciila jidioides, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 254.
Novaculicnthys macrolepidotiis, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 31. fig. 6.

^- ilTTi- ^- iiiii- L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/9. Vert. 10/15.

The upper profile of the head obtuse. Two series of very small
scales below the eye ; the two first dorsal spines are flexible, not pro-
duced, somewhat remote from the third, the membrane between the
second and third not being notched ; the outer ventral ray is produced
into a long filament. Keddish-rosecoloured : head with three broad
brown bands radiating from the posterior part of the orbit, the upper
ascending to the neck, the lower descending to the subopercidum;
opercular lobe brown; a more or less interrupted band along the
middle of the tail, and an oblong spot above the pectoral. A blackish-
violet spot on the thorax, before the root of the ventral ; a deep-black
spot between the two fu'st dorsal spines ; outer half of the dorsal and
anal with oblique undulated lines.

Coast of Mozambique, East Indian Archipelago, New Guinea,
Waigiou.

a-h. Adult. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

c. Adult : skeleton. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

d. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection as Novacula

jidioides.

C. Cheek scaly ; no anterior di\-ision of the dorsal fin.

14. Novacula bimaculata.

Xyrichthys bimacidata, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 43. taf. 10. fig. 2.

Cheeks scaly ; the two anterior dorsal spines are flexible, produced,
continuous with the remainder of the fin. Red : a black spot on
each side ; no spot behind the eye ; dorsal fin with undulated red
streaks ; anal violet, with undulated yellowish lines ; caudal with
brownish-red transverse streaks. (Riipp.)

Massaua.

Xyrichthys virens (Parkins.), Cuv, & Val. xiv. p. 47, from Otaheiti,
appears to belong to this di\'ision ; the drawing, on which the spe-

;}1. NOVACULA. 175

cies has boon founded, docs not show any pi'oduction of the anterior
dorsal spines.

D. Cheek scaleless ; the two anterior dorsal spines form a more or less
separate division.

a. Upper edge of the head sharp.

15. Novacula pavo,

Xyrichthys pavo, Cuv. Sc Val. xiv. p. 61. pi. 394; Bleek.Afl. Ichth. p.
tab. 29. ^. 2.

pavoninns, Cuv. Sf VnJ. xiv. p. 63.

Novacula pavo, Bleek. Termite, \\\. p. 379.

D. 2 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 30.

Some small scales behind and below the orbit. The t^vo anterior
dorsal spines are flexible, produced, and en,tirely separate from the
remainder of the fin ; the outer ventral ray is produced. Rosy .- a
black, blue-edged spot on the back, below the sixth dorsal spine ;
sides of the head and vertical fins with oblique and transvei'se undu-
lated blue lines ; anal with a blue band along the margin.

Bourbon, Mauritius, Cocos, Ternate, Sandwich Islands.

a. Adult: stuffed. Mauritius.

16. Novacula dea.

XjTichthys dea, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 171. pi. 87.

puniceus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 261.

Novacula dea, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii. Japan, iv. p. 20.

B. 2 I ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 28.

Some small scales below the orbit ; the two anterior doi-sal spines
are flexible, produced, subcontinuous with the remainder of the fin ;
the outer ventral ray is produced. Rosy : a black, blue-edged spot
on the back, below the sixth dorsal spine. Dorsal with numerous
obhqiie bluish lines ; anal \vith a bluish band along the base ; caudal
edged with blue superiorly and inferiorly.

Japanese Sea.

a. Fine .specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

17. Novacula tetrazona.

Novacida tetrazona, Blvvk. Bali, iii. p. 169.

Xyrichthys tetrazona, Bleek. Ail. Ichth. p. . tab. 30. fig. 1.

D. 2|^. A.^. L. lat. 28.

A few verj' small scales below the eye ; the two anterior dorsal
rays are entirely separate from the remainder of the fin, and much
prolonged. YeLlo^vish-rose, with five very broad brownish-black
cross-bands, the anterior of which is on the head ; most of the scales

176 LABRID^.

between the bands have an irregular brown spot ; a narrow band
from below the eye to behind the maxillary. The anterior dorsal
and the ventral black ; the soft dorsal with two deep-black ocelli,
within the third and fourth bands ; a brown band across the base of
the pectoral.
Bali.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

18. Novacula aneitensis.
D. 2 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 30.

A few scales below the orbit ; the two first dorsal spines are flex-
ible, shghtly produced, remote from, but subcontinuous with, the
remainder of the fin, the membrane between the second and third
spines being notched. The outer ventral ray is produced. Red (in
a dried state), udth a large roundish wliite blotch on the middle of
the trunk, below the lateral line ; a dark shining blotch on the hu-
meral region ; another on the side of the back, below the sixth and
seventh dorsal spines, extending on the fin and below the lateral
line ; a deep-black spot between the third dorsal ray and the lateral
line. The soft dorsal and anal fins with oblique dark bands.

New Hebrides.

a-b. Ten inches long : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's
Collection.

19. Novacula mundicorpus.

Iniistius mundicorpus, Gillin Proc. Acad. Hat. Sc. Phi/ad. 1862, p. 145.

D. 2|-^. A.^. L, lat. 25.

Yellowish or brownish, immaculate ; the dorsal fin with several
oblique bars between its rays. (Gill.)
Cape St. Lucas (California).

b. Upper edge of the head rather obtuse.
20. Novacula kaUosoma.

Novacula kaUosoma, Bleck. Act. Soc. Sc. Imlo-Ncderl. vi. Amboina, xi.

p. 5.
Novaculichthys kaUosoma, Bleek. Si/nmi. Labr. p. 20.

D. 2|^. A.-;^. L. lat. 27.

The upper profile of the head obtuse. A few scales below the
orbit ; the two first dorsal spines are flexible, much prolonged, re-
mote from, but continuous with, the remainder of the fin ; the outer
ventral ray is produced. Red : head and body with white spots
edged with brown ; the spots on the head are band-like, those on
the body quadrangular and disposed in four longitudinal and four
transverse series ; the two anterior spots of the lower series are

31. NOVACUI.A. ]77

confluent with those of the other side ; a ^yhite, brown-edged band
across the chest ; sides of the body with oblique brown stripes besides
the spots. {BJ.) ^

Ambojnia and Bali.

a. Two and three-quarter inches long : not good state. From Dr
r. V. Eleeker's Collection.

E. Cheek scaly; the two anterior dor.sal spines form a more or less
separate division.

21. Novacula pentadactyla.

^i2['io'kt''8^^^' ^^^'^'''""■'^' '■ %•■ ^^' ii- %s. 6, 112; Enysch,
Blennius, sp., Anlcarkrom,, Art. Holm. i. 1740, p. 451. pi. 3 fi^ 2
Corj^hfena pentadactyla, Z. S>/st. i. p. 447; £1. taf. 17.3; BLSch,.

p. ZVi,

Hemipteronotus quinque-maculatus, Zacdp. iii. p. 215

INovacida pentadactyla, Cuv. i^ Val. xiv. p. 69. pi. 395; BJeelc. Celeb,

- — sexmacidata, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 72.

Hemipteronotus pentadactylus, Bleek. All. Ichth. p. . tab. 30. fio-. 4.

^•^14 ^-Vi- L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/10.
Cheeks scaly ; the two first dorsal spines are flexible, produced
and cntu-ely separate from the remainder of the fin The outer
ventral ray is slightly produced. Greenish : a series of five or six or
less round red (m spirits, white) spots behind the eye and on the
origin of the lateral line ; a blackish blotch on the side of the body •
dorsal and anal with a red streak along the margin and the base, the
tormer with reticulated spots, the latter with two stripes of the same
colour.

East Indian Archipelago. China,
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. China. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

22. Novacula punctulata.
Cuv. &■ Val. xiv. p. 73.

D. 2 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 2(5.

Cheeks scaly ; the two first dorsal spines are flexible, produced
remote from, but subcontinuous with, the remainder of the fin • the
outer ventral ray is slightly produced. Greenish, each scale with a
bliush vertical streak and with a white (during life, red) dot at the
base ; a large black blotch on the side, behind the extremity of the
pectoral ; a yellow blotch below the black one. No spot behind the eve

Chma .

a. Adult. Old Collection.
h. Half-grown. China.

Bleeker also describes a NovacuJa punctulata (Celebes, iv. n 170).

VOL. IV. ^ V ' r '>

178 LABHIDiE.

but afterwards refers his specimens to N . pentudactyJa (Synon. Labr.
p. 22).

23. Novacula twistii.

Novacida twistii, Bleek. Ternate, vii. p. 381.
Hemipteronotiis twistii, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 29. fig. 1.

D. 2 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27-28.

Cheek scaly ; the two anterior dorsal spines are flexible, slightly
produced, remote from, and subcontinuous with, the remainder of the
fin. The outer ventral ray is sliglitly prolonged. Greenish-rose,
with a large red blotch on the middle of the side, below the lateral
line ; a lighter spot below the red one. Dorsal fin with oblique bluish
lines ; the other fins uniform.

Ternate.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

Novacula celehica, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Man'ado en
Makassar, p. 61 (or Hemipteronotiis celebicus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. tab. 30.
fig. 5), is closely allied to this species, but is said to differ in having
a large oblong red or violet spot on the free portion of the tail. —
Celebes.

a. Bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

24. Novacula melanopus.

Novacida melanopus, Blecker, Act. Soc. Sr. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina,

viii. p. 82.
Hemipteronotus melanopus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 29. fig. 3.

D. 2 I ^. A. ;^. L. lat. 28.

Cheeks scaly ; the two anterior dorsal spines are flexible, slightly
produced, remote from the third, with the base of which the mem-
brane of the second is united ; the outer ventral ray is produced.
Greenish -rosecoloured, with a large oblong red blotch on the side ;
vertical fins -nith oblique or transverse bluish lines ; a large dark-
violet spot on the posterior lower part of the anal.

Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

25. Novacula spilonotus.

Novacula spUonotus, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nvclerl. ii. Amboina,

viii. p. 83.
Hemipteronotus spilonotus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. . tab. 30. fig. 3.

D. 2 1 ^. A. ^. L. lat. 28.

Cheeks scaly ; the two anterior dorsal spines are flexible, slightly
produced, remote from the third, with the base of which the mem-
brane of the second is united ; the outer ventral ray is produced.

32. JULis. 179

Grecnish-rosecoloured, with a large oblong red (in spirits, white)
blotch on the side ; vertical fins with oblique or transverse bluish
lines ; one or two series of small brown spots between the soft dorsal
fin and the lateral line.
Amboyna.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

32. JULIS*.

Julis, sp., Cur. ^- Val.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
head entirely naked ; lateral line not interrupted ; snout of moderate
extent, not produced ; no posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines
eight.

Seas between the Tropics and the parts adjoining them.

The skull of Julis is distinguished by thick ossifications of the
principal frontal bones, which are especially conspicuous in old indi-
viduals ; they form a deep cavity for the processes of the intermaxil-
laries. The suborbital ring also is very solid. In all the species the
vertebral column appears to be composed of eleven abdominal and
fourteen caudal vertebrae. J. pavo, lunaris, and dorsalis have been
examined.

1 . Julis pavo.

Labrus pavo, Hasselqu. Iter Palcest. p. 389 ; Lac^p. iii. p. 484.

sjTiacus, m. Schn. p. 244.

hebr;iiciis, Rkso, Ichth. Nice, p. 232 (not Lacep.).

Julis turcica, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 299.

— pavo, Cuv. S,' Val. xiii. p. 377. pi. 386 ; Cut: Rvqne Anim. 111. Puiss.
pi. 87._ fig. 1.

imimaculata, Lowe, Trans, Zool. Soc. iii. p. 11.

Labrus cretensis, Gronov. Syst ed. Gray, p. 8z.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/11. Vert. 11/14.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained three times and a third in the total. Caudal lobes more or
less produced. Pectoral with a large black blotch at its extremity
and ^^-ith a small blackish spot superiorly in the axil. Body greenish
or reddish, each scale with a red vertical streak ; a broad, obli(|Ue,
transverse green band behind the pectoral ; head with irregular green
bands ; dorsal green, with a veiy broad black longitudinal band from
the third dorsal spine, occupying nearly the whole of the middle ;
basal half of the anal fin black or violet. Caudal lobes •wdth a blackish
longitudinal streak. The green colour is sometimes replaced by
bright-red.

MediteiTanean. Sea of Madeira.

a. Fine specimen. Fernando Po. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

* 1. Julis lessonii, Cuv. &; Val. xiii. p. 384. — St. Helena.

2. Benard, fig. 179. — Julis pavoninus, Cuv. if Val. xiii. ]i. 4H.S. — Ea«it Indies.

.V 2

180 LABRTD.E.

b. Acliilt. South Europe. Presented by 11. B. Webb, Esq.

c-d, e,f, rj. Fine specimens. Madeira.

h. Adult. Lanzarote. Presented by the Eev. R. T. Lowe.

i-Jc. Half-grown. Italy.

l~m. Adult male and female. Alexandria. From Mr. Petherick's

Collection.
n-o. Adult. Sicily.

p. Adult : sldn. Malta. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
q-t. Adult : bad state. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
u. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
V. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
w, X. Adult.
y. Adidt : skeleton. Madeira. Purchased of ]Mr. Stevens.

Var. a. {J. ummacuJata.) Several dark cross-bars on the back,
the middle of which is nearly black and extends more or less on the
dorsal tin.

o. Many fine specimens from Madeii-a, with the type of J. unimacu-

Jata, Lowe.
h-c. Adult : skins. Malta. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

d. Adult.

e. Adult : skeleton. Madeira. From the Haslar CoUection.

Var. ft. Uniform brownish-black (in spirits), an indistinct lighter
cross-band behind the pectoral. A black band occupies nearly the
whole of the dorsal tin ; basal half of the anal fin bluish-black.
(■? Lahrus lunaris, Bloch, v. p. 127. pi. 281. — Jidis blocMi, Cuv. & Val.
xiii. p. 422.)

a. Adult. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

2. Julis lunaris.

Seba, iii. tab. 31. fig. 7 ; Vfile)it. fig. 178 ; Ecnard, ii. fig. 39.
Labriis lunaris, L. k>yst. Nat. i. p. 474; Lacep. iii. pp.427, 467; Gronov.

Si/sf. ed. Gray, p. 82.
Labrus, no. 180, Grmiov.Mus. Ichthyol. ii. tab. 6. fig. 2 ; Zooplu/l. p. 71.

no. 242.
Scarus galliis, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 26.
Labrus ceylonicus, (Fo}:it.) Penn. Ind. Zool. p. 56. pi. 16; Bh Sclin.

p. 246 ; Lacep. iii. pp. 427, 472.
viridis, SI. v. p. 129. taf. 282; Bl Schn. p. 243 ; Lacep. iii. pp.454,

520 (according to Bleeker).

gallus, L. Gni. i. p. 1284 ; Bl. Schn. p. 245.

O.sphronenius gallus, Lacep. iii. p. 122.

Julis hardwickii, Gray, Ind. Zool. Pise. tab. 9. fig. 1.

porphyrocephala, Benn. Proc. Cojnm. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 183.

duperrei. Quay ^ Gaim. Voy. Vran. Zool. p. 268. pi. 56. fig. 2 ;

Cuv. 4- Val. xiii. p. 421.
limaris, Cuv. 4" Val. xiii. p. 409; Bleek. Verhand. Batar. Genootsch.

xxii. Labr. p. 28, Synon. Labr. p. 6, and Atl. Ichth. p. 90. tab. 33.

fig. 5.
viridis, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 420 (according to Bleeker).

32. JULis. 181

Jiilis meniscus, Cuu. Hf Vctl. xiii. p. 415.

trimaciilatiis, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 13 (not Q. 8f G.).

mertensii, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 421.

celebiciis, Bleek. Celebes, viii. p. 313 (young).

lutescens, (Sokaider) Zool. Beech. Voij. Fishes, p. 65. pi. 19. fig. 2.

D. i A. ^. L.lat.28. L. transv. ?|. Yert. 11/14.

The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one-
fourth of the total (the caudal lobes not included). Caudal lobes
prolonged. Pectoral with a large ohlong-ovate deep-violet spot ; head
violet, with several oblique reddish bands ; body green, each scale
with a brown vertical streak ; dorsal fin red, with yeUow margin ;
anal violet, with broad yellow margin and red base ; caudal yeUow,
its base and its lobes being red or green. — Young specimens with a
round black spot between the second and fourth dorsal rays, and with
another at the root of the caudal.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Sea of China and to
Polynesia.

a. Half-grown. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.
h. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

c. Adult. Ceylon. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

— Tyjje oi J. piorpliip-ociphala, Benn.

d, e. Hulf-grown and young. Amboyna. Purchased of ^L.'. Frank.
/. Adult : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

g, h. Adult. China.

i. Adult : skin. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves, Esq.
h. Fine specimen. Hongkong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq.
7. Half-gro-mi ; stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-
lection.
m. Young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection {J. celebicus).
n, o,p. AdiUt, half-grown, and young.
q-r. Adult : stuffed : not good state.
s. Adult : skeleton. China.

Science is much indebted to Dr. v. Bleeker for his investigations
into the synonymy of this species, whereby nearly half a dozen nominal
species are erased from the system. How many species established
within the last three years w^l share a similar fate !

3. Julis cupido.

Schleq. Faun. Japan. Pniss. p. 170. pi. 80 bis, fig. 3 ; Bleek. Verhand.
Batar. Gennof.->ch. xxii. Lahr. p.30,aud All. Ichth. p. 93. tab. 33. fig. 1.

J).±, A. ■^. L. tran.sv. 2/8.

Caudal tin tnincated. The height of the body is nearly equal to
the length of the head, and is contained foui- times and a quarter in
the total. The spinous dorsal is low. Pectoral with a large black
blotch on its posterior half. A dark, denticulated band proceeds from
the 02)ercidu)n to the caudal. A band (bluish, in spirits) runs from the
eye to the extremity of the snout, two others from the eye backwards
over the operculum ; a bluish spot at the angle of the mouth, and

182 LABRID^.

several others on the upper side of the head ; another band crosses
the nape of the neck and descends to the gill-opening ; vertical fins
violet, with the outer portions yellowish.
Sea of Jajjan. Batavia.

a. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
4. Julis amblycephalus.

Julis amblycephalus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Ncderl. hid. xi. 185(5,
p. 83, and Atl. Ichth. p. 90. tab. 33. fig. 6.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is contained five times and a fourth in
the total length (the caudal lobes not included), the length of the
head four times and three-fourths. Snout convex, its lower profile
ascending in a similar curve to that in which the upper descends.
Posterior canine tooth none. Dorsal spines pimgent, shorter than
the rays ; caudal with the lobes produced. The length of the ven-
tral is three-fifths of that of the pectoral, wliich is shorter than the
head. Colours in spirits : the upper two-thirds of the head and
body are dark brownish-olive, each scale having a shining vertical
streak, the lower white. A very nan-ow blue, dark-edged line runs
from the lower angle of the orbit to the axil, a second narrow bluish
line across the angle of the pra;operculum. Dorsal fin blackish, an-
teriorly black, the soft portion with a narrow whitish margin ; anal
immaculate, transparent ; caudal transparent, with the lobes dark
olive ; pectoral yellowish, blackish towards its extremity ; a broad
triangular black spot at the axil.

Ceylon, Java, Celebes, Sangi, and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen, fifty lines long. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
b Bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

5. Julis melanochir.

Jidis melanochir, Blcvk. Act. Sac. Sc. Lido-Nedej-l. ii. Aniboinn, viii.
p. 77, and Atl. Ichth. p. 89. tab. 33. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. f,. L. lat. 28.

The height of th ' body is nearly equ;il to the length of the head,
and is contained five times and a quarter in the total. Caudal fin with
the angles much produced, one-fourth of the total length. Head
violet, ivith two blue, blaclc-edged streaks, the upper from the lower part
of the eye to the operculum, the lower from the angle of the mouth
to the suboperculum. Body green, each scale with a red transverse
streak. Pectoral with a lanje, roundish, black, transverse spot ; ver-
tical fins yellow : dorsal with a brown intramarginal Une ; anal blue-
edged ; the upper and lower margins of the caudal brownish.

Amboyna.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

32. juLis. 183

6. Julis aneitensis.
D. ■^. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/9.

The height of the bodj- equals the length of the head, and is some-
what more than one-fifth of the total ; the outer caudal rays pro-
duced into filaments ; the length of the ventral is two-thirds of that
of the pectoral in half-grown specimens, three-fourths in adult.
Colours of dried specimens : anterior part of the back and thorax
brownish-olive ; body greenish, each scale Avith a vertical streak ;
head violet, with three r/reen bands edged with darker : the upper
from the eye to the origin of the lateral line, the middle from below
the eye to the hind part of the subopercidum, the lower from the
angle of the mouth to the suboperculum ; sometimes a fourth on the
interoperculum. Pectoral with a broad oblique black band across its
posterior half, and with a black spot in the axil ; a black spot between
the second and third dorsal spines : two fine broivn lines run along the
whole length of the dorsal, one along its base, and the other above the
middle of its height ; they are the edges of a broad brownish band
running along the middle of the fin : anal with a similur line running
nearer to its base than to its nuirgin, and separating the brown basal
portion from the green outer one. A yeUow band along the upper
and lower margins of the caudal.

North-east coast of Australia. New Hebrides. Norfolk Island.

a-b. Nine inches long : stufted. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's
CoUectiou.

c. Eleven inches long : stuffed. Cato Island (N.E. Australia). From

the Collection of F. M. Rayner, Esq.

d. Adidt. Norfolk Island. From the Haslar Collection.

7. Julis genivittata.

Labrus argentatus, var., Lace/), iii. pi. 18. fig. 1.
Julis genivittata, Cia\ <^ Tal. xiii. p. 416.
commersoni, Cuv. ^- Vol. xiii. p. 418.

Caudal lobes produced. Pectoral tuith a blackish spot, darkest on
the margin of the fin. Green : head with bands, two of which are
ciirved, on the cheek below the eye, and another behind the eye.
Each scale on the body with a vertical streak ; no light cross-band
behind the pectoral ; dorsal and anal with the base brown and the
margin green; caudal green, the middle of the margin lighter. Dorsal
fin sometimes with a longitudinal band along the middle. ( Val.)

Mauritius ; lied 8ea.

a-b. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. Presented by .T. Rurton. Esq.
S. Julis melanoptera.

•2^

IT'
Tlie height of the bodv is a little more tlian the leni;th of the

D. ^. A. ,^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. ^,

184 LABKIDJE.

head, and one-fourth of the total (the caudal lobes not included).
Posterior canine tooth none ; two canine teeth of the lower jaw are
received between two of the upper. Dorsal spines pungent, shorter
than the rays ; caudal with the lobes produced ; ventral pointed, not
prolonged ; pectoral shorter than the head. Colours in spirits : head
uniform purplish-brown, without any markings ; body greenish-
olive, with a broad lighter transverse band, below the second to sixth
dorsal spines, extending to the belly, each scale within the light band
with a shining vertical streak ; dorsal and anal dark- violet, the former
with a black spot anteriorly ; caudal light-coloured, with the upper
and lower margins greenish ; pectoral with an oblique oblong black
spot ; axil blackish.

ffab. ? Probably Ceylon.

a-b. Sixty-seven lines long. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

9. Julis bicolor.

D, ±. A. ^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. |.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (the
caudal lobes not included), the length of the head one-fourth. Pos-
terior canine tooth none ; the lower pair of canine teeth are received
between those of the upper. Dorsal sjnnes pungent, shorter than
the rays; caudal lobes produced. The length of the ventral is
two-thirds of that of the pectoral, which is shorter than the head.
Colours in sjyirits : the upper half of the head and body is blackish-
olive to below the end of the dorsal, darkest behind the eye and
below the posterior part of the dorsal ; the lower half of the fish and
the hinder part of the tail are greenish-olive — both the light and
dark colours being well defined. Dorsal fin with a black spot be-
tween the first and third spines, and with a broad violet longitudinal
band, which becomes broader posteriorly, leaving only a narrow por-
tion of the base and the margin yellowish ; anal yellowish, with a
violet band along the base ; base and lobes of the caudal blackish.
A large black spot on the hinder half of the pectoral ; a black spot
superiorly in the axil.

Eab. ?

a-b. Five inches long. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

10. Julis lucasana.

Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. U2.

D. i A. ^^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The colour of the upper half, except a
lighter band lielow the dorsal fin, is dark-purplish, and well defined
from the whitish lower half. The soft dorsal with a whitish margin,
the remainder of the fin dark. The basal half of the anal is light-
brownish, and the marginal half whitish. Caudal j'ellowish, \vith a

32. JULis. 185

narrow whitish upper and lower margin and with an inframarginal
purplish band. Pectoral with a blackish dot superiorly in the axil.
Cape St. Lucas (California).

a. Fine specimen. Cape St. Lucas. Presented by the Smithsonian
Institution.

11. Julis umbrostignna.

Julis iiuibrostignia, Ri'qjp. N. TV. Fische, p. 11. taf. 3. fig. 2 ; Bkek. Atl.

Ichth. p. 1)2. tab. .34. fig. 2.
soiilevelii, Cue. Sf Val. xiii. p. 457 ; JEyd. 8f Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool.

i. p. 190^ Poiss. pi. 6. fig. 2 ; Bkek. Kokos, iii. p. 176.

D. ^. A. 1 L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/10.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-foiirth or two-ninths of the total. Posterior canine tooth
none. Caudal subtruncated ; ventral not i)roduced. Green, with
two more or less distinct reddish longitudinal bands, one commencing
at the point of the operculum, the other at the lower part of the
axil. Bodij with smaU brown vertical sijots, sometimes disposed in
cross-bands, those on the head scattered. Two oblique lines on each
side of the snout. Dorsal vAth a bJacJc spot anteriorly ; anal with
two reddish longitudinal bands.

From the Ped Sea to the Sandwich Islands.

Var. a. Dorsal fin reddish, with a broad green band along the
middle. — Red Sea. Sea of China.

a. Adult : not good state. China Sea. Presented by Vice- Admiral
Sii' E. Belcher, C.B.

Var. /3. Dorsal fin light-red, with the base green, and with a green
intramarginal line. — New Hebrides.

h. Adult : stufted. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgUlivray's Collection.

12. JuUs abhortani.

Julis abhortani, Cue. 8( Val. xiii. p. 459.
D. ^. A. A.

13 11

' The height of the body is one-third of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). No posterior canine tooth. Interoperculum very
broad ; lateral line much ramified. JVearli/ uniform j/ellow (in spirits) ;
dorsal yellow, -w-ith a black spot anteriorly ; anal violet interiorly,
with jiale margin. ( J^al.)
Mauritius.

13. Julis matthaei.

Cttv. <5- 77//. xiii. p. 419.

D. ^. A. -5.
13 n

The length of the pectoral is only one-half of that of the head,

186 LABRID^.

aud the lower rays are the longest ; caudal lobes produced. X black-
ish spot on the pectoral ; head with streaks ; each scale with a violet
dot; dorsal and anal with longitudinal bands. (Val.)
Mauritius.

14. Julis hebraica.

Labrus hebraicus, Lacep. iii. pp. 455, 526.

Julis cingulata, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Astrol. p. 711. pi. 15. fig. 3.

hebraicus, Ctiv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 423.

D. |. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fourth of the total (the caudal lobes not included). Caudal
fin with the lobes produced. Three or fom- blue bands edged -with
darker radiate from the eye towards the opercular margins and the
base of the pectoral. Green, darker on the base of the caudal ; a
yellow cross-band below the anterior dorsal spines ; dorsal and cau-
dal greenish, anal whitish ; a black spot anteriorlj- on the dorsal fin.

Mairritius, Madagascar, Mozambique.

a. Adult. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.
h, c. Adult.

15. JuUs bifasciata.

Labrus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 24^3.

Labrus bifasciatus, Bloch, v. p. 131. pi. 283 ; Bl. Schn. p. 243.

ornatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, 1854, p. 83.

D. j^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is somewhat less than the length of the
head, and one-fourth of the total (the caudal lobes not included).
Caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes much produced. Head
bluish (in spu'its) ; body green, the basal membrane of each scale
being darker. Trunk behind the head black, with a broad whitish
cross-band below the anterior dorsal spines. Nearly the whole of
the spinous dorsal black, the soft light-violet; the margin of the
entire fin white. Caudal lobes dark- violet ; base and extremity of
the pectoral blacldsh-blue.

Sea of Jamaica.

a. Fine specimen. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
h-h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
/. Half- grown.

16. Julis deter sor.

Cuv. e,- Val. xiii. p. 408.

D i- A •''

Caudal fin deeply forked ; the spinous dorsal is low and scaly.
Head, thorax, anterior portion of the dorsal, extremity of the pec-
toral and caudal lobes blaekish-violet ; the remainder greenish. ( Val.)

S. Domingo ; Martinique.

32. juLis. 187

17. Julis jansenii.

Jiilis jansenii, Blvch. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Xederl. i. Munado Sf Makass.
p. 56, and Atl Ichth. p. 91. tab. 34. fig. 5.

D. ^. A. ^j. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/9.

The height of the body is contained four times and one-third to four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a tliird to four times and a half. Caudal fin ^vith the
lobes much produced, in young specimens roimded. Yellow, ivith
three very hroad hhich cross-hands, ^A■hich are sometimes confluent;
the anterior occupies the head and nape, the second the spinous dor-
sal and the trunk below, the third the posterior two-thirds of the
soft dorsal and of the anal, and the tail between. Pectoral with a
violet streak across the base.

East Indian Archipelago. Feejee Islands. New Hebrides.

rt. Young. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

h-c. Adult : stufted. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.

18. Julis trilobata.

Labrus trilobatus, Lacep. iii. pp. 454, 520 (not Shaw).

fuscus, Lacep. iii. p. 437.

Julis bicateuatiii, Benn. Proc. Coinm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 167.

quadricolor, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. ii. p. 139. pi. 35. fig. 1 ; Cuv. ^

Val. xiii. p. 443 : Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Iiid. xix. p. 339, and

Atl. Ichth. p. 93. tab. 34. fig. 3.
semiecieruleu.i, Biipp. N. W. Fi-che, p. 10. pi. 3. fig. 1 ; Cia\ S,- Val.

xiii. p. 442.
Scarus georgii, Bctin. Fish. Ceyl. pi. 24.
Julis trilobatus, Cin: Si Val. xiii. p. 437.

fonnosus, Cuv. Sf Va'. xiii. p. 439.

seruginosus, Car. <^ Val. xiii. p. 441.

• cyanogaster, Car. ^- Val. xiii. p. 444.

erytlirogaster, Car. Sf- Val. xiii. p. 447.

Scarus (?) quinquevlttatus, Bichards. Voy. Blossom, Zool. p. 66. pi. 19.

fig. 3.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. yf.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is some-
what more than one-fourth of the total ; caudal subtruncated, with
the lobes slightly produced. Green or blue, with a red band running
from the operculum across the bend of the lateral line to the caudal ;
back with another longitudinal band of brown or violet-coloui- ; a
broad band runs along the middle of the dorsal fin, leaving the
margin and the base of the fin green, another along the basal half of
the anal ; dorsal with a black spot anteriorly ; caudal rays green,
with the membrane between red and violet. The band on the back
and one on the side of the belly are continued along the ujjper and
lower margins of the caudal ; the posterior half of the pectoral
blackish.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to tlie Seas of China and to
Polvnesia.

188 LABRID^.

Var. a. Head uniform, without bands ; belly and the lower third of
the tail reddish, separated from the blue ground-colour by a red band
extending from the lower part of the axil to the inferior caudal lobe.
The middle red band emits vertical lines upwards and downwards into
the blue ground-colour. (Jul. trilobattis siad formosus, Valenc. Jul.
hicatenatus, Benn.)

fl. Half-grown : stuffed. South Africa. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

b. Half-grown. Mauritius. Purchased of Mr. Gerrard.— Type of

Julis hicatenatus.

c. Half-grown. Anciteum. From Mr. Macgillivi'ay's Collection.

d. Half- grown: stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgHlivray's Col-

lection.

We consider two specimens which are very dark- coloured, and
which, in a dried state, have the head uniform blackish, as the young
of this variety. The markings of the body, by which the species is
characterized, are well preserved.

e-f. Seven inches long : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's
Collection.

Var. ft. Entirely green : head with a red triangular spot before the
eye, and with an oblique red band from the eye to the suboperculum,
where it is bifurcate ; another forked band below the base of the
pectoral ; body with three longitudinal bands, the two lower of which
are red. (Jut. quadricolor, Less. J. semicoeruleiis, E-iipp. J. cerugi-
nosus and cyanogaster, Valenc.)

g~h. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From ^Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.
i, Ic. Adult and half-grown : very bad state. China. Presented by

Sir J. Richardson.
l-m. Adult and half-growTi : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's

Collection.

Var. y. Like var. ft, but six red bands radiate from the eye and
extend all over the head. (Labrus formosus, Solander, or Julis ery-
throgaster, Valenc.)

Otaheiti. TJlea.

Valenciennes has incorrectly quoted the manuscript of Solander
and the drawings of fishes made by the companions of Captain Cook.
The three cka wings which represent the present species were not
executed by Forster, but by Parkinson on the first voyage of the
celebrated navigator. Two of them reprjesent our second varietj' ;
Solander also considered them as belonging to one species, which he
intended to call Labrus vittatus ; the one with green belly he named
L. vitt. cyanogaster, and the other with reddish belly L. vitt. erythro-
gaster. Hence it is evident that oiu- second variety may have the
belly reddish, like our fii'st ; or, in other words, that there are speci-
mens with maculated head and with the belly green or reddish. The
third drawing is from an immatm-e specimen, named by Solander
Labrus formosus, and identical with oiu' var. y.

.'^2. JULis. 189

ID. Julis purpurea.

Sc-arus pui'puveus, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 27.
Labrus pminireus, L. Gni. i. p. 128-4.
f iraniiiiistes purpureas, Bl. Scfui. p. 190.

Julis purpureas, Iliipp. All. Fisclie, p. 25. taf. G. fig. 2; Cuv. 8f Val. xiii.
p. 445.

D.A A. A

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is scarcely-
more than one-foiu"th of the total. Caudal subtruncated, with the
lobes .sliglitly produced. Green : on each side of the head five red
bands, one of wliich passes through the eye and over the base of the
pectoral, and is continued into its fellow from the other side ; along
each side of the body three red bands, one of which is broad and
runs from the operculum across the bend of the lateral line to the
caudal, emitting numerous vertical streaks upwards into the green
ground-coloui- ; fins gxeenish, dorsal and anal with a red longitudinal
band.

Red Sea. Bombay.

This fish is probably another variety of J. trilobata, in which case
the name given by Forskal would have the priority.

20. Julis giintheri.

Julis quadricolor, Bleeh. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Xederl. i. Mamid. p. 55 (not

Nut. Ti/dscfir. Kedi-rl. Lid. xix. p. 339).
giintheri, Bleeh. Versl. Akud. Wet. Amst. xiii. p. 279, and Atl.

Ichth. p. 94. tab. 34. fig. 1.

D. y^. A. ^. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3i/9.

The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one-
fourth of the total. Caudal fin truncated, with the lobes slightly
produced, (ireenish-olive (in spirits), with a light-coloiu-ed, well-
defined band running from the opercular lobe to the middle of the
caudal ; a simUar second band from the side of the nape to and along
the upper caudal lobe. Head with two lateral bands : one from the
maxiUaiy thi'ough the eye to the opercidar lobe ; the other cui'ved,
below the ej'c ; another across the occiput, and sometimes two cross-
bands between the eyes. An obHque band on the thorax, beloAv the
pectoral. Dorsal fin with a black spot anteriorly, and with a broad
band which rims along the middle of the dorsal fin, lea\'ing the
margin and the base of the fin of a darker colour. Anal fin unifonn
transparent. The lower caudal lobe with a longitudinal band similar
to that of the upper ; the posterior half of the pectoral blackish ; a
blackish spot superiorly in the axil.

Cape of Good Hope. Celebes, Sangi.

a-c. Four to five inches long. Cape of Good Hope.

d. Four and a half inches long. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

On account of the great similarity of this species to J. trilobata,
I have hesitated for a long time to separate it from the latter. As,

190 LABRID^.

however, these four specimens are perfectly alike, and Dr. v. Bleaker
also appears to possess a certain number of them, it will be better
to retain them distinct from J. trUohata.

21. Julis nitida.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 2/8.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a foui'th. No
posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines pungent, shorter than the
rays ; caudal lobes very slightly produced ; the length of the ventral
is two-thirds of that of the pectoral. Colours in sjjirifs : a violet band,
united with its fellow on the snout, runs through the eye and across
the bend of the lateral line to the caudal ; sometimes it is broken up
into large spots, forming a single series. Dorsal fin brownish,
darkest towards the margin, which is white ; a black blotch between
the four anterior spines ; anal white ; caudal with a blackish streak
along each lobe ; a black spot superiorly in the axU of the pectoral,
which is transparent.

Jamaica.
a, b. Thirty-eight lines long. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
c. Thirty-eight lines long : stuffed. From Dr. Pai-neU's Collection.

22. Julis dorsalis.

Renard, Poiss. Mol. i. tab. 28. fig. 155, ii. fig. 68 ; Valent. fig. 53. _
Sparus hardwickii, Benn. Fish, of Ceyl. pi. 12 (not Julis hardwickii,

Gratj).
Julis dorsalis, Quoy Sj~ Gaim. Voy. Astral. Zool. iii. Poiss. p. 713. pi. 15.

fig. 5 ; Ouv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 449 ; Bkek. Amboina, ii. p. 564, and Atl.

Ichth. p. 94. tab. 34. fig. 4.

seniifasciatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 448.

urostigma, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 287 (young).

D. :i. A. l^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. |. Vert. 11/14.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is rather
more than one-foiu'th of the total. Caudal with the lobes more or
less produced ; ventral pointed. Back with six black cross-bars,
which sometimes extend on the dorsal fin ; generally a black longi-
tudinal baud on the dorsal ; a red band along the side of the tail ;
head with broad red bands radiating from the eye ; anal fin with a
more or less distinct black spot anteriorly, without longitudinal band;
a black spot superiorly in the axil.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the seas of China and to
Polynesia.

a. Half-grown : bad state. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Col-

lection.

b. Adult. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

d. Half-grown : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

32. Jirus. 191

e. Youiifi:. From Dr. P. v. Blcokcr's Collection (J. nrostigma).

f. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming,

g. It. Half-grown. China. Presented by Vice-Admii-al Sir E. Belcher,

C.K
i. Fine specimen. Hongkong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq.
h. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
1. Adult : stufl'ed. Island of Ngau (Feejee Islands), Voyage of H.M.S.

Herald.
m, n, 0, p. Adult and half-grown.
q. Adult : skeleton. Ceylon. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

23. JuUs schwanefeldii.

Bleekcr, Sumatra, ii. p. 288, and AH. Ichth. p. 95. tab. 33. fig. 7. -
D.^. A.!. L.lat.27.

The height of the body is contained four times and thi-ee-fourths
in the total length, the length of the head four times and two-fifths.
Caudal fin truncated. Back with six or seven brownish-violet cross-
bands, ascending towards the dorsal fin ; a reddish-%-iolet band before,
and two behind the eye. The soft dorsal and the anal with bluish
margins ; two deep-blue spots on the dorsal fin — one between the
first and third spines, the other between the second and fourth rays ;
anal A^thout band along the middle.

Sumatra.

a. Twenty-eight lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

24. Julis caudalis.
Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 213.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length ; caudal
with the lubes produced. Greenish : head ^vith blue bands extend-
ing on to the base of the pectoral and to the throat ; a green spot
behind the eye, edged -with blue ; two series of round blue sjwts nm
from the caudal towards the middle of the body ; dorsal and anal
fins with two blue bands, which are composed of spots on the dorsal
fin. {Poe)j.)

Cuba.

25. Jnlis sanctae helense.

Julis sanctse helensB, Cuv. l^- Val. xiii. p. 382.

D. 1. A. :^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/11.

The height of the bodj- equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total (the caudal lobes not included). Caudal lobes and
the first ventral ray produced. Body unifonn greenish (in spirits
nearly lilack). each scale having the centre darker ; head immaculate.
Dorsal fin with a black spot anteriorly, and with a broad dark-edged
band riinuing along the whole length of the fin, somewhat nearer to
the base than to the upper margin ; anal with a similar band along

192 LABRID^,

the base ; caudal green ; pectoral darker towards its extremity, axil
whitish.

St. Helena.
a. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

26. Julis ascensionis.

Qiioy 4" Gaitn. Voy. Astrol iii. p. 706, Poiss. pi. 20. fig. 5 ; Cuv. Sf Val.
xiii. p. 385,

T) ^ A ^

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length, the length
of the head two-sevenths. Caudal truncated. Green, with two red
longitudinal streaks : the upper commences on the forehead and runs
along the base of the dorsal fin ; the second passes through the eye
and extends to the root of the caudal. Dorsal and anal fins with a
red band along the middle ; a black spot on the first dorsal spine ;
pectoral without black.

Island of Ascension.

27. Julis lamarrii.

Julis lamarii; Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 481.

No posterior canine teeth. Caudal rounded, dorsal and anal ele-
vated. Greenish-black, dotted and rivulated with lighter ; base and
a crescent in the middle of the caudal black. {Val.)

Mauritius.

33. GOMPHOSUS.

Gompliosiis, Lacep. iii. p. 100.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
head entirely naked ; lateral line not interrupted ; snout much pro-
duced, tubiform ; no posterior canine tooth. Gill-membrane attached
to the isthmus. Formula of the fins : D. ^. A. —.

East Indian Seas. Polynesia.

1. Gomphosus cseruleus.

Acarauna longirostris, Sevastianof in Nov.Act.Petrop. xiii. p..S57. tab. 11.
Gomphosus ccemleus, Lacep. iii. p. 101. pi. 5. fig. 1, pi. 6. fig. 1 ; Cuv.

8f Val. xiv. p. 29 ; Cuv. Rh/ne Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 89. fig. 2 ; Bleek.

Sumatra, ii. p. 292, and Atl. Iclith. p. 86. tab. 21. fig. 5.

omatus, Benn. Life of Rnffies, p. 690.

viridis, JBenn. Fish, of Ceylon, pi. 30.

D. ±. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/10.

Caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes more or less prolonged.
Violet: vertical fins yellow, dorsal and anal blue- edged; the base
and the upper and lower margins of the caudal blue.

East Indian Seas.
rt, h. Fine specimens. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

33. UOMl'HOSUS. I'Jo

c. Adult: .stuffed.

(/. Half-grown. Sumatra. Presented by iSir T. S. Raftle.s. — Type
of Gom^ihosvs orniittis, Benn.

2. Gomphosus tricolor.

? Jienmd, ii. pi. 22. fiL^ 109.

Gompbosu.s tricolor, Qiwy Sf Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 280. pi. 55. fig. 2 ;

Bhi'h. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Matiado <^ Makass. p. 54, and Atl.

Ichth. p. 85. tab. 21. fig. 6.
cepedianiis, Cuv. i<f Val. xiv. p. 18. pi. 390.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 3/9. Vert. 9/15.

Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Green, with a broad oblique
yellow band on the shoulder and thorax ; vertical fins yellow, caudal
with the upper and lower margins violet ; pectoral brownish-\'iolet,
with a blue band running parallel to the hinder margin, yellow at
the base, with a violet spot superiorly.

East Indian Seas ; western parts of the Pacific.

a. Fine specimen. Presented by Vice- Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

b. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

c-d. Adult and half-grown : skins in bad state. Ceylon. From
Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

3. Gomphosus varius.

Gomphosus varius, Lacep. iii. p. 104. pi. 5. fig. 2.

pectorali.s, Quoy i^- Guim. Vm/. Uran. Zool. p. 282.

luscus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 25.

D. •^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. f^.

Caudal fin truncated, with the lobes slightly produced in adult
specimens. Upper part of the head and the tnink reddish, each scale
with a violet spot at the base ; tail and vertical fins brown, thorax
and belly whitish. A brown longitudinal band through the lower
part of the eye ; dorsal and anal fins with a naiTow, caudal with a
broad transparent margin ; anal with a longitudinal series of trans-
parent round spots.

Mauritius. Polynesia.

a. Half-grown : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Col-
lection.

b-c. Half-gro'mi : very bad state. Otaheiti. Old Collection, as Z«-
bruit nasutus.

4. Gomphosus melauotus.

Valent. no. 504 ; Renard, i. pi. 5. fig. 3G, pi. 14. fig. 83.
Gomphosus melanotus, BU'eki-r, Kokos, iv. p. 457, and Atl. hhth. p. 87.
tab. 21. fig. :'..

D.^. A. A. L.]at.2(;.

Caudal fin rounded, with the lobes slightly produced in adult

VOL. IV. 0

194 LABHIDiE.

specimens. Upper part of the head and back of the trunk violet,
transverse series of black spots on the latter ; sides of the head and
thorax rosy ; sides of the body and tail orange-coloui-ed ; a brown
band from the snout through the eye to the operculum. The spinous
dorsal brown, edged with black ; the soft, the anal and caudal red
at the base and violet towards the margin, which is yellow.

Java and Kokos.
a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

5. Gomphosus notostigma.

Sleeker, Si/mn. Labi: p. 31, and Atl Ichth. p. 86. tab. 21. fig. 4.
D. -i. A. 1 L. lat. 28-29.

Caudal fin truncated. Olive (in spirits), with a large brown spot
between the first and fourth dorsal spines ; a brown spot superiorly
in the axil of the pectoral. Dorsal and anal fins with brown margins ;
caudal posteriorly with a brown intramarginal band. {Bl.)

Java.

The typical specimen is in the Leyden Museum.

6. Gomphosus sandvicensis.
D.^. A. A L. lat. 27.

The length of the snout is contained once and three-fourths in
that of the head. Caudal fin truncated, with the lobes scarcely pro-
duced. Green (in a dried state), each scale with a brownish-oUve
centre ; operculum and hinder portion of the pectoral black ; vertical
fins uniform green, caudal with the upper and lower margins brownish.

Sandwich Islands.

a. Seven inches long : stuffed. Sandwich Islands.

34. CHEILIO.

Cheilio, {Commers.) Lacep. iv. p. 432.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with scales of moderate size ;
head low, with the snout produced. Cheeks and opercles naked,
only a few rudimentary scales on the operculum ; lateral hue con-
tinuous. Teeth in a single series, jaws behind the teeth granulated ;
no posterior canine tooth. Dorsal spines flexible, without cutaneous
lobes posteriorly. Formula of the fins : D. j^. A. ^^.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to 'the Western Pacific.

1. Cheilio inermis.

Valent. figs. 203 & 516 ; Benurd, i. tab. 34. fig. 181.
Labrus inermis, Forsk. p. 34 : Bl. Schi. p. 262.
hassek, Lacep. iii. p. 513.

35. coRis. 195

Cheilio auratus, ( Commers.) Lacep. iv. p. 433 ; Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy.

Umn. Zool. p. -274. pi. 54. fig. 2; Cm. Sf Val. xiii. p. 341 ; Bleek.

Celebes, i. p. 221.

fiiscus, (Contmer.s.) Lacep. iv. p. 433; Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 349.

Labnis fusifomiis, Riipp. X. W. Fischc, p. 7. pi. 1. fig. 4.
Cheilio cyanochlori.s, Cur. Sj- Val. xiii. p. 34(3. pi. 382.

forslialii, Cuv. 8f Val. xiii. p. 349.

liemichrvsos, Cm: ^- Val. xiii. p. 351 ; Bleek. Bamln, i. p. 255.

viridis, Cm. !<,• Val. xiii. p. 352.

? Cheilio microstoma, Ci(i\ Sf Val. xiii. p. 353.
Cheilio ramosus, Jent/iis, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 102.

bicolor, Btanc. Spec. Zool. Mcwmh. p. 254. tab. 5.

inemiis, Bkek. All. Ichth. p. 82. tab. 31. fig. 4.

D-I^,- A.li|. L.lat. 45-50.

The height of the body is one-ninth or one-tenth of tlie total
length, the length of the head two-sevenths. Generally a brown
streak or a series of brown spots along the lateral line.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Western Pacific.

a. Adult. Mozambique. From the Berlin iluseum.
6. Adult. Macassar. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.

d. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

e. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteura. From Mr. Macgilliyi-ay's Collection.

35. CORIS*.

Coris, Ilologymuosus, Labrus, sp., Lacep.
Halichcere.9, sp., RUppell.
Jiilis, sp.. Cur. ^- Val.

Coris, Crunth. Ann. S,- Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, viii. p. 887.
Holog^mnosus, Pseudocoris, Coris, Hemicoris, et Ophtbalmolepis,
Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, pp. 410-413.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with small scales (L. lat. 50 or
more); head entirely naked f ; lateral line not interrupted. Dorsal
spines nine.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic. Indian
and Australian Seas. Polynesia.

1. Coris julis.

Julis, Rondel, vi. cap. 7. p. 180 ; Salvian. p. 219 ; Gesner, Aquat. iv.

p. 464 ; Aldrov. i. c. 7. p. 39 ; Jonston, i. tit. 2. cap. 1. art. 5. tab. 14.

tig. 3 ; Wilhighbij, p. 324. pi. 10. fig. 1 ; Ray, Syn. p. 138.
Labrus, no. 7, Aiiedi, Gen. p. 34, and no. 1. Synon. p. 53.

• 1. Labrus ornatiis, Carmich. Linn. Trans, sii. 1818, pi. 27. — Julis ornatus,
Cur. i,- Val. xiii. p. 487, appears to me to belong rather to the Trachi-
7ud(B. perhaps to the group Pinguipedina, than to tlie present family. —
Tristan d'Acuuha.
2. Renard, fol. 9. no. 62. — Julis crythropterus. Cm: ^- Val. xiii. p. 464. —
East Indies
•■ Except in C. lintolatu.

0 2

19G LABRID^.

Sparus iiiloticiis, Hasselq. Iter Paltrst. p. 387.

Labrus julis, L. Si/sf. Nat. i. p. 476; SI. taf. 287. fig. 1; Bl. Schn.

p. 247 ; Lacep. iii. p. 49-3 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 96 ; Turt.

Brit. Faun. p. 99; Jeti. Man. p. 897; Bis.so, Ichth. Nice, p. 227;

Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 79.
Mfeua.'s, Klein, Miss. Pise. v. p. 45. no. 4. tab. 8. fig. 8.
Labnis, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichthyol. ii. sp. 184, and Zoophyl. no. 241.
Julis mediteiTanea, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 309 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes,

2nd edit. i. p. 344, 3rd edit. i. p. 621.

speciosa, Risso, Fur. 3Ierid. iii. p. 311 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 375.

vulgaris, Fleni. Brit. Anim. p. 210 ; Cui\ ^- Val. xiii. p. 361.

pi. 384; Bonap. Faun. Ital Fesc. pi. fig. 1.
? Julis festiva. Cur. «!y- Val. xiii. p. 374.
Julis melanura, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 12.
Air-bladder : JDe la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiv. 1809, p. 281.

D. ^. A.^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 3/25. Vert. 11/14*.

The height of the body is oue-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head nearly one-fourth. Anterior dorsal spines somewhat
elevated. A posterior canine tooth. A small deep-black spot supe-
riorly in the axil of the pectoral ; a blue spot on the extremity of the
operculum ; a violet blotch between the three or four anterior dorsal
spines.

Mediterranean ; from the Canary Islands to the south coast of
England.

Var. a. A red band (white in spirits) runs from the scapulary
region below the lateral line to the upper h;ilf of the base of the
caudal ; a brownish-black cuneiform band below, from the extremity
of the operculum to the end of the trunk. Dorsal whitish, with two
grej-ish longitudinal lines.

a, b. Adult. Dalmatia.

c, d. Adult. Adriatic.

e. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.

/. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.

g. Adult : skin. Nice. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

h, h'. Adult. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.

i-n. Adult. Gibraltar. From the Haslar Collection.

0, p. Half-grown. Mediterranean.

q. Half-grown. Plymouth Sound. Mu.s. Leach.

r, s-t. Half-grown.

u-x. Stuffed and skins.

y. Adult : skeleton. Nice. From the Berlin Museum.

Var. /3. White band none; sides of the body with a series of nume-
rous, short, dark vertical streaks ; dorsal fin whitish. (JiiJis speciosa.)

z. Adult. Adriatic.

a. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.

/3, y-S. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

e. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

* Valenciennes, who states twelve abdominal and nineteen caudal vertebra;,
appears to ha\ e examined the skeleton of a very different species.

;35. coRis. 197

Var. y. Like var. fl, but dorsal fin blackish. (Julig melanura.)

i^, 1]. Fine specimens. Madeira.

0. Adult : skeleton. Madeii'a. From the Collection of the Zoolo-

gical Society.

Var. h. White band none ; a cuneiform dark lateral band, below
which the sides arc silvery ; dorsal fin whitish.

1. Half- grown.

2. Coris giofredi.

Labrus giofredi, Biaso, Ichth. Nice, p. 228. pi. 9. fig. 23.
Julis giofredi, Risso, Enr. Merid. iii. p. 310; Cuv. v^ Viil. xiii. p. 371.
pi. 385 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. pi. fig. 2 ( not good).

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 75-80. L. transv. 3/24.

The height of the body is one-fifth or a little less than one-fifth
of the total, the length of the head rather more than one-fourth.
Anterior dorsal spines not elevated. A black spot superiorly in the
axil of the pectoral ; operculum with a bluish-black spot ; a dark
band from the snout through the eye and the extremity of the opercle
to the base of the caudal ; sides of the body below the band and belly
silvery, with a more or less distinct yellowish longitudinal band. Fins
immaculate.

Mediterranean. South coast of England.

a. Adult. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

b. Adult. Azores. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer.

c. Adult. Mediterranean.

d-f/. Adult : stuffed. Lisbon. Purchased of Mr. Turner.

h, I, k. Many specimens. Malta.

/. Adult. Nice. From the Berlin Museum.

m-u. Adult and half-grown : skins. Leghorn. From Mr. YarreU's

Collection.
p, q, r. Half-grown. South I)evtm.shire. Mus. Leach,
.f. Adult.

;}. Coris atlantica.

D. 1. A. l^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 4/25. Vert. 1 1/14.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Anterior dorsal spines not elevated, in-
creasing in length po.steriorly, pungent ; the .sixth or seventh is the
longest, two-fiftlis of the length of the head. Caudal rounded ; the
first ventral ray is much produced, not quite so long as the head, and
extending backwards to the vent. Colours In sjrirlts : olive, with two
broad, dark hmgitndinal bands, one along the back, and darkest be-
fore tlie dorsal, the other from the pectoral to the middle of the root
of the caud.il ; head with a narrow brown streak from the eye to the
scapulary region, Idfurcitc posteriorly ; a black spot at the extremity
of th(^ operculum. Dorsal and anal yellowish, with a narrow blackish
edge, and witli a broad violet band along the middle. Corners of the

198 LABKID.E.

caudal darker than the remainder of the fin ; ventral filament black-
ish ; no black spot in the axU.
Sierra Leone.

a. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

b-d. Adtdt. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

e. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

4. Coris multicolor.

Halichoeres niidticolor, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 15. taf. 4. fig. 3.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 5/20.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
and two-ninths of the total. A posterior canine tooth. Caudal
rounded ; the anterior dorsal spine rather produced, the first ventral
ray prolonged. Back with six broad brown cross-bauds ; one or three
blue bands along the sides ; dorsal with a black blotch anteriorly.

Var. ci. Only one blue band, from the maxillary through the eye
along the upper portion of the lateral line ; the brown cross-bands
extend downwards to the middle of the side ; dorsal and anal fins
with bluish longitudinal lines ; the whole of the inferior side yellow-
ish, with an interrupted yellow band from behind the axU.

E,cd Sea.

Var. /3. Three blue bands along the anterior part of the body ; the
bro^vn cross-bands extend downwards to the middle of the side ; in-
ferior side of the tail with an irregular deep-brown spot below the
third cross-band. The soft dorfsal with small spots ; anal with lines.

New Hebrides.
a. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Maegillivray's Collection.

Var. y. Three blue bands extending nearly to the caudal ; the
brown (violet during life) cross-bands reach downwards to the lower
side, and the inferior extremity of the third band is deep blackish-
brown. The soft dorsal with oblique violet streaks ; anal with lon-
gitudinal lines.

New Hebrides.
h. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Maegillivray's Collection.

5. Coris variegata.

Halichoeres variegatus, R'dpp. A\ W. Fische, p. 14. taf. 4. tig. 2.
Julis variegatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 462.

eclirctideri, Bleek. Act. Soc. So. Imlo-Xedeii. iii. Atnhoina, x. p. 3.

nemicoris variegatus, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 411; Synmi.
Labi: p. 10, and Atl. Ichth. p. 106. tab. 36. fig. 4.

D. f-^. A. •^. L. lat. o2. L. transv. 6/22.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is some-
what more than one-fourth of the total. A posterior canine tooth.
Caudal rounded ; ventral pointed. A deep-blue spot behind the

35. coRis. 199

orbit ; a small black ocellus, edged with white, anteriorly on the
dorsal, and another larger one on the commencement of the soft por-
tion. Brownish-green, with six white vertical streaks on the back,
with irregular brown dots, and with fine undulated yellow lines along
the upper part of the side. Cheek with three blue longitudinal lines.
Red Sea ; Amboyna.

a. From Dr. Ruppell's Collection.

Bleeker's description of the colours differs considerably from
Riippell's : the Amboj-nese fish is red, Avdth seven brown cross-bands
on the back, broader than the interspaces of the light groimd-colour
between them ; head with a reddish-violet band through the eye,
and with a curved band of the same colour on the cheek and opercles.
A reddish-violet band along the dorsal and anal fins ; two black spots
on the dorsal, as in the Red Sea fish.

The specimen in the British Museum has lost nearly all its colours.

6. Coris batuensis.

Julis batuensis, Bleek. Batoe, iii. p. 240.

Hemicoris batueusis, Bleek. Syn. Labr. p. 10, and Atl. Ichth. p. 107.
tab. 36. fig. 3.

D. f-^. A. ^. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is contaiuod four times and three-fourths
in the total length, the length of the head five times, and that of the
caudal five times and a half. A posterior canine tooth. Caudal trun-
cated ; the anterior dorsal spine shorter than the following ; pectoral
longer than ventral. Back \'iolet, with some indistinct broad cross-
bands ; an oblique streak from the .snout to the eye, and from behind
the eye to the gill-opening. Dorsal fin anteiiorly with a violet spot ;
pectorals with a violet baud across the base. {Bl.)

Batoe.

7. Coris cuvieri.

Julis cuvieri, Benii. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 128.
stellatus, Cm: ^- Val. xiii. p. 490.

D. ^. A. f^. L. lat. 80-85.

The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head,
or than one-fourth of the total. A posterior canine tooth ; upper lip
broad, with folds ; the lower not continuous with that of the other
side, pendent. The anterior dorsal spine produced ; caudal subtnin-
cated ; ventral long, pointed. Brownish-violet, with blue or green
dots; head with three broad brownish-red bands. The inner half of
the dorsal and anal fins with numerous irregular oblique violet lines,
the outer half blackish -violet ; caudal blackish-violet, with the basal
portion lighter and dotted with blue. Dried specimens uniform
brownish or blackish.

Mauritius. New Hebi-ides.

a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
— Type of the species.

200 I-ADRID.E.

b. Adult : stuffed. Mauritius. From M. Desjardine's Collection.

c. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

— Uniform blackish-violet.

8. Coris gaimardi.

Vuleiit. fig. 337 ; Renard, ii. figs. 9, 59, 154.

Julis gaimardi, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 265. pi. 54. fig. 1 ;

Cuv. ^ Veil. xiii. p. 500 (not synon.).
Coris gaimardi, Gilnth. Ann. 8f May. Nat. Hist. 1861, viii. p. 387 ; Sleek.

Atl Ichth. p. 99. tab. 19. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 80.

The height of the body is rather more than one-fourth of the total
length. A posterior canine tooth. Upper lip broad, with folds ; the
lower not continuous with that of the other side, pendent. The
anterior dorsal spine produced ; caudal subtnincated ; ventral long,
pointed. Carmine-red, darker anteriorly ; tail with numerous blue
dots, disposed in longitudinal series. A large yellow blotch behind
the pectoral. A green undulated band from the orbit to the first
dorsal spine ; a blue curved band from one eye to the other ; two
violet bands on the side of the head ; vertical fins yellow, with very
small dots on the base ; dorsal and anal fins wnth two or three blue
lines along the margins ; axil black.

Sandwich Islands. Timor.

rt. Adult: skin. Copang. (=J^m/!'s raM(^i»?iar?(Za, var., Richards.)

9. Coris pulcheirima.

Valent. iii. p. 458. fig. 355; Renard, i. tab. 2. fig. 11.

Julis formosus, (Swains.') Bleeh. Celeb, iv. p. 1G9 (not Benn.).

Coris formosa, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 99. tab. 19. tig. 3.

D.^. A.^. L. lat. 84.

The height of the body is one-fourlh of the total length. No pos-
terior canine tooth. Anterior dorsal .spine produced ; caudal rounded ;
ventral long, pointed. Head brownish-yellow ; body brownish-violet,
darker posteriorly ; tiimk with scattered small blue ocelli, which
become more numerous on the tail, where they are disposed in irre-
gular longitudinal series. A series of blue sj^ots runs from the eye to
the origin of the dorsal fin, and are more or less confluent into a
narrow stripe ; a single blue stripe along the median line of the fore-
head and nape ; two broad reddish-violet bands on the side of the
head. Fins yellow : dorsal andj^nal edged with blue and with two or
three series of blue ocelli ; axil black ; ventral with the outer margin
blue. Dorsal with a brown blotch anteriorly at the base.

Celebes, Amboyna, Tabitti. New Hebrides.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Adult. Tabitti. From Mr. Stutchbury's Collection.

c. Half-grown: stuffed. Anoiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-

lection.

•io. couia. 201

10. Coris formosa.

Labnis formosiis, JJr/iii. Fish. C'eyl. no. 16.
D. ^. A. ^.

• 12 12

The anterior dorsal spines produced ; caudal rounded; ventral long,
pointed. Bluish-grey, with circular black spots ; head yellow, with
two oblique blue bands ascending towards the origin of the dorsal, one
commencing from the snout and passing through the eye, the other
parallel to the lirst, running below the eye. Dorsal and anal tins
brown, the former with red margin, and with two green lines running
within the red ; black dots between the rays. Anal with a narrow
green edge and a narrow green intramarginal Une ; a series of green
dots within the margin. The inner half of the caudal red, the outer
yellowish- white. (Benn.)

Ceylon.

11. Coris elongata.
D.f^. A.^. L.lat.llO.

The height uf the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; head nearly twice as long as high, with the
snout pointed and nearly thrice as long as the oi'bit. Dorsal spines
feebli! and flexible, the anterior shorter than the posterior. Caudal
slightly rounded ; ventral much shorter than pectoral. No posterior
canine tooth. Bodj' and fins blackish-brown, head rather lighter ;
pectoral and posterior margin of the caudal transparent.

New Hebrides.

a. Seven inches and a half long : stuffed. Aneiteum. TromMr.Mac-

gillivray's Collection.

b. Seven inches and u half long. From the Haslar Collection.

12. Coris aygula.

Coris aygula, Lacep. iii. p. 96. pi. 4. fig. 1.

angulatus, Lacep. I. c. fig. 2.

Jiilis aygula, Riijyp. Ail. Fische, p. 25. taf. 6. Mg. '6.

riippi'lii, lioni. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 128.

gibbifrous, Quoi/ i^- Guim. Voy. Astral. Poiss. p. 707. pi. 10. Kg. 3.

curia. Cm: i^'- Val. .xiii. p. 491.

D. -^. A. ^. L. lat. 60-05. Vert. 9/16.

The height of the body eijuals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thrice and three-fourths in the total length. A prominent
hump on the nape of the neck, more developed in large than in j-oung
specimens. The posterior canine tooth is small, hidden, and appears
to be sometimes entirely absent. The upper lip broad, with folds ;
the lower not continuous with that of the other side, pendent. The
anterior dorsal spine produced ; caudal subtruncated ; ventral long,
pointed. Black or bhukish, sometimes with a light vertical band
above the vent. Back and vertical fins with S(mie blue dots. Three
rod angular cross-bands on the nock : edges of the pr<roperciilum and

202 LABEID^E.

operculum red ; extremity of the operculum blue. Vertical fins with
green margins. Dried specimens nearly uniform black.
Red Sea. Maui'itius. Australia.

a. Nineteen inches long : stuffed. Red Sea. Presentedby J. Burton,

Esq.
h. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection.

c. Twenty-three inches long : stuffed. India. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.

d. Adult : stuffed. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

13. Coris annulata.

Valent. fig. 308.

Labrus annidatus, Lacep. iii. pp. 455, 526. pi. 28. fig. 3.

semidiscus, Lacejy. iii. pp. 429, 472. pi. 6. fig. 2.

doliatus, Lacep. iii. p. 429. pi. 6. fig. 3.

HologjTnnosus fasciatus, Lacep. iii. p. 557. pi. 1. fig. 3 ; Bleek. Proc.

Zool Soc. 1861, p. 410, and Atl. Ichth. p. 96. tab. 20.
Julis rosea, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Astrol. iii. p. 709, Poiss. pi. 15. fig. 1.

doliatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xiii. p. 504.

annulatus, Cuv. ^- Veil. xiii. p. 501. pi. 388 ; Bleek. Celeb, viii. p. 31 1 .

D.^. A.^. L.lat.l20.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head two-sevenths ; the length of the pectoral is equal to, or
rather less than, one-half of that of the head. Posterior canine tooth
none. Upper lip broad, folded ; the lower broad, pendent, not con-
tinuous with that of the other side. Ajiterior dorsal spines not pro-
duced ; caudal with two slight notches ; ventyml pointed, not prolonged,
much shorter than the pectoral. The upper part of the extremity of
the suhopercadum tvith an oblong blacJc spot. Body with vertical
bands ; head with rather irregular green bands.

Indian Ocean.

Var. a. Body with numerous darker vertical stripes, without distinct
white cross-band. The basal half of the dorsal fin with large roimd
whitish spots, each suiTounded by a violet crescent posteriorly ; the
upper half with two or three longitudinal lines. Anal nearly imiform,
with a fine intramarginal line.

a, b-c. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

d. Adult : not good state. Seychelles. From the Haslar Collection.

Var. /3. Body with numerous blue, brown-edged vertical stripes ;
a broad white cross-band, descending from between the third and
eighth dorsal spines ; a black band before the white one. Dorsal
fin violet, with a series of low, semicircular white spots along the
base ; margin reddish-white, with a violet longitudinal line ; anal
with a series of light-violet rings along the base, with a broad light-
violet band along tlic middle, and with the margin dark- violet.

e. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Var. y. Rose-coloured, with the vertical stripes very indistinct.
Mauritius.

;^5. coKis. 203

14. Coris cingulum.

Ivabrus cingulum, Lacep. iii. p. 517. pi. 28. Hg. 1.

Jiilis semipunctatus, /iwyj/;. N. W. Fische, p. 12. taf. 3. fig. 3.

liabrus aureo-maculatus, licnn. Fisli. Ceyl. pi. 20.

Julis cingulum, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 428.

D. :^. A. y^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 6/28.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total. Posterior canine tooth none. Caudal rounded.
The fii'st ventral ray produced. Head and anterior part of the body
brownish-olive, tail brown, both colours being separated by a pale
cross-band which is situated at the end of the pectoral. Head with
scattered small blue (brown) spots ; a black spot on the extremity
of the operculum, another superiorlj^ at the axil.

Var. a. Back of the tail uniform dark-brown ; vertical fins black-
ish-violet, Avith series of black spots and with white margins.

New Hebrides.
a. Adult: stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgilhvray's Collection.

Var. ft. Tail light-brownish-olive, with two large brown blotches
on the back ; basal half of the vertical fins light-bi'ownish-olive,
with brown dots, and separated by a brown band from the broad
margin, which is yellowish.

Red Sea. Mauritius.

Var. y. Like var. ft, but the blotches on the back of the tail are red.
Ceylon.

15. Coris semipartita.

D. 4 A. :^. L. lat. 12S.

The height of the body is contained fotir times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths ;
the length of the pectoral is more than one-half of that of the head.
Posterior canine tooth none ; eye small, one-tenth of the length of
the head. Dorsal spines flexible, not produced, the ninth being the
longest, one-third of the length of the head. Caudal fin croscent-
shnped, the middle of the crescent being rather convex ; ventral
pointed, slighth/ prolontjed, its leiajfh being two-thirds of that of the
pectoral. Dark-grcenish-olive in spirits, with numerous in(hstinct
naiTow vertical stripes, and ^\'ith a light-green vertical band on the
middle of the distance of the snout from the base of the caudal, below
the two first soft dorsal rays. Head with a dark band from the
orbit to the snout, with another from the orbit to the scapula, and
with a third, short, horizontal, from below the loAver margin of the
orbit ; a fourth from the orbit towards the occiput ; operculum ^Wtli
a dark irregular blotch ; subopercular flap with a black superior
margin. Vertical fins dark violet : dorsal and anal with the margin
yellow and with a bluish-black line within the margin ; the soft
dorsal and anal l)csides with a greenish (?) band along their outer
half. The inner half of the caudal fin is yellow, this coloiu' forming

204 LABKID.E.

a crescent. Pectoral half- violet and half-yellow ; a blackish line,
running from the extremity of the fin towards the lower part of its
axU, chvidcs those two colours. Ventral yellow, violet towards its
extremitj'.
Hah. ?

a. Thirteen inches long. Mauritius ? From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.

16. Coris longipes.

D. :^. A. ^. L. lat. 120.

The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head about one-fourth ; the length of the pectoral is
nearly one-half of that of the head. Posterior canine tooth none ;
eye small. Dorsal spines flexible, not produced, the ninth being the
longest, one-third of the length of the head. Caudal subtruncated.
Ventral pointed, with the outer rays prolonged, as long as the pectoral.
Upper parts yellowish ; sides greenish, with numerous narrow violet
vertical stripes ; a blacJcish-violet ocellus below the lateral line, covered
by the extremity of the pectoral. A dark band runs from the orbit
to the scapula ; some dark blotches on the operculum. Dorsal and
anal yellow, with a light and dark band along the margins ; the soft
dorsal with numerous minute ocelli. Basal portion of the caudal
violet, with a broad yellow crescent behind. Pectoral and ventral
uniform transparent.

New Hebrides.
a. Twelve inches long : stuft'ed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's
Collection .

17. Coris greenoughii.

Talent, fig. 66; Renard, i. fig. 213, ii. fig.s. 5 & 71.

Julis greenovii, Benn. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 37.

leucorliTOcbus, Bleek. Act. Sue. So. Indo-Nederl. i. Manadu Sf

Macass. p. 57.
Coris greenoughii, Gilnth. Ann. ?f Mug. Nat. Hint. 1861, viii. p. 387;

Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 100. tab. 31. fig. 2.

D. f-^. A. ^. L. lat. ca 80.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. No posterior canine tooth ; upper lip broad,
folded ; the lower pendent, not continuous with that of the other
side. Caudal rounded ; dorsal spines stiff, none of them produced.
Pale cinnamon, with five straw-coloured, bro'sxTi-cdged markings
across the upper side : the first square, on the extremity of the snout;
the second oblong, between the posterior angles of the orbits ; the
three others extending on the dorsal fin.

Sandwich Islands, Celebes, Booroo.

a. Fine specimen. From Mr. Frcmbh''s Collection. — Type of the
species.

35. coRis. 205

18. Coris flavovittata.

Julis flavovittatus, Benn. Zool. Jmirn. iv. p. ;>6.
eydouxii, Cuv. Sf Val. xiii. p. 455.

D. f:^. A. ^^. L. lat. 80-85.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length, the lengtli
of the head one-fourth. No posterior canine tooth ; upper lip broad,
folded; the lower pendent, not continuous with that of the other
side. Caudal rounded ; dorsal spines stiff, none of them produced ;
ventral not much shorter than pectoral. Blacldsh-brown, with four
yellow longitudinal bands, tlie second of which terminates at the
bend of the lateral line ; vertical fins with yellow margin, anal with
a yellow band along the middle.

Sandwdch Islands.

rt. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.—
Tj-pe of the species.

19. Coris oxyrhyncha.

Julis oxyrhynehus, Bleek. Bocroe, ii. p. 74.

Hologymnosus oxjThjTichus, Blvek. Synon. Lahr. in Versl. Akail. Wet.
Amsterd. xiii. p. 281, and Atl. Ichth. p. 97. tab. 33. fig. 4.

D. l^. A. f^. L. lat. 120.

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth ; the length of the pectoral is more
than one-half of that of the head. Posterior canine tooth none.
Anterior dorsal spines not produc(;d ; caudal convex posteriorly, but
with the angles acute ; the length of the ventral is a little more than
one-half of that of the pectoral. Yellowish-rosecoloured, Avith three
brown longitudinal bands : the upper from the snout, along the upper
part of the back, to the back of the tail ; the second from the snout,
thi'ough the eye, across the bend of the lateral line to the root of the
caudal ; the third is the broadest and runs from the snout across the
thorax to the hind part of the caudal fin. {Bl. )

Sea of Knjeli.

20. Coris caudimacula.

Julis caudiniiicida, Quoji 8( Gaim. Voy. Astrol. iii. p. 710. Poiss. pi. 15.
fig. 2; Cuv. (ij- Val. xiii. p. 420.

Hemicoris caudunacula, Bleek. Si/n. Lahr. in Versl. Aknd. Wet. Am-
sterd. xiii. p. 283. and Atl. Ichth. p. lOG. tab. 30. fig. 2.

D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 4/18.

The length of the head is rather more than the height of the body,
and one-foiirth of the total. No posterior canine tooth. The first
and second dorsal spines are somewhat ])roduccd; caudal rounded;
ventral prolonged. Violet (in spirits), with four yellowish longitu-
dinal bands, the second of which commences at the snout and passes
through the eye ; several other blui.sh streaks on the side of the
head ; a blue spot on the extremity of the operculum ; a large black
spot at the base of the caudal ; dorsal fin with a blackish spot ante-

206 LABRID^.

riorly and with two series of violet dots; anal with the base violet,
and with two lines along the margin.
Maimtius. Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

21. Coris auricularis.

Cuv. &! Val. xiii.p.489; Richards.Ann. S^-Mag. Nat. if«s<.1843,xi.p.422.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 78. L. transv. 6/28.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and three-fourths in the total. No posterior canine
tooth. Caudal rounded ; dorsal and anal rather elevated, the spines
being flexible and slender ; the length of the posterior spines is two-
thirds of that of the head. Uniform reddish-yellow (in a dried state) ;
opercular point with a black spot, edged with white anteriorly ; dorsal
with a black spot between the two fii'st spines and with numerous
undulated brownish lines in its upper half ; anal with three lines
near the margin ; caudal with irregular transverse bands.

Coasts of Western and Southern Australia.
a-d. Adult : stuffed and skins. Swan Eiver. Presented by the Earl

of Derby.
e-f. Adult : skins. Houtman's Abrolhos.
g. Adult : stuffed : not in good state.

22. Coris heteroptera.

Julis h.etevo'ateYus,£leek.Act.>Soc.Sc.Lid(i-A^('(Jerl. ii. Ambnina,\'m.'p.7S.
Pseudocoris neteropterus, Bleek. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 411, and Atl.
Ichth. p. 98. tab. 19. fig. 1.

D.^. A.^. L. lat. 73.

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fifths in the
total length (the cavidal lobes not included), the length of the head
nearly five times ; head as high as long. A posterior canine tooth.
Dorsal spines slender, the two anterior being produced and remote from
the third, a low membrane extending from the second to the third;
caudal with the lobes produced into filaments ; ventral much shorter
than pectoral. AiLterior part of the body brown to behind the axil,
the remainder greenish, with eight black transverse bands, which are
broader than the interspaces between ; the anterior descends from
the hinder dorsal spines ; a blue spot on the membrane of the oper-
culum ; dorsal fin brownish-violet, edged with yellow ; anal with a
light band along the base ; caudal yellow in the middle. (Bh)

AmbojTia.

23. Coris lineolata.

Julis lineolata, Cuv. ^- Val. xiii. p. 430.

cyanogramma, Richards. Ann. 6fMag. Nat. Hist. vii. 1851, p. 289,

and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 73.
Ophthalmolepis lineolata, Bl^ck. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 413.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 4/25.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,

3(5. CYMOLUTES. 207

and one- fourth of the total. A few small scales behind the orbit; a
posterior canine tooth. Caudal rounded ; ventral pointed ; dorsal
spines very slender and flexible. A broad light band, with a blackish
one above or below, runs from the operculum to the caudal ; body with
longitudinal series of blue dots ; head with curved blue transverse
lines. Dorsal with four violet longitudinal lines and with a violet
spot between the second and third spines.
Coasts of West AustraKa.

a. Adult : skin. Swan River.

h-g. Adult and half-grown : skins. Australia.

h. Half-grown. From the Haslar CoUection.

36. CYMOLUTES.

Xyi'ichthys, sp., Cuv. 4" Val.

Novacula, sp., Steindachner in VerhancU. Zoo!. Bot. Gesellsch. Wlcn, 1861
p. 133.

Body compressed, oblong, covered -with small scales ; snout rather
elevated ; head naked ; lateral line interrupted. No posterior canine
tooth. Formula of the fins : D. -?- . A. ?-^ .

12-14 12-14

Indian Seas. Western Pacific.

1. Cymolutes praetextatus.

Julis prsetextata, Qiioy Sf Gaim. Voy. Astral. Poiss. p. 712. pi. 15. fig. 4;

Cuv. ^' Val. xiii. p. 505.
Xyi-icbtliys torquatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 54. pi. 392.

novaculoides, Sleek. Amhoina, iii. p. 122.

Novacula xW\chXh.joii.e!i,Bleek.Natuurk.Tydschr.Nederl.Ind. x. p.488.
CjTnolutes prtetextatiis, Giinth. Ann.^ Mag.Nat.Hist. 1861, viii. p.387;

Bleek. All. Ichth. p. 146. tab. 31. fig. 1.

D.^. A.^. L. lat. 80.

Greenish, with a brownish-black, blue-edged band across the
shoulder.

Celebes, Amboyna, Java, Mauritius.

a~h. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

2. Cymolutes leclusii.

XjTichthys lechise, Quoy^- Gaim.Voy. Uraii. Zool. p. 284. pi. 65. fig.l.
microlepidotus, Cuv. Sf V(d. xiv. p. 52.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 80.

Uniform brownish.
Sandwich Islands.

2U8 LABRID^.

Fourth Group. PSEUDODACINA.

37. PSEUDODAX.

Odax, sp., Cur. 8)- Val. xiv. p. 305.

Pseudodax, Bleek. inVersl. en Mededeel. Akad. Wetetisch. Anisterd. Na-
tuurk. xii. 1861, Scaroid. p. 2 (sep. copy).

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
lateral line continuous ; cheeks and opercles scaly. Each jaw armed
with two pairs of broad incisors and with a cutting lateral edge ;
teeth of the lower pharjTigeal confluent, pavement-like. Eleven
dorsal spines.

East Indian Archipelago.

1. Pseudodax moluccensis.

Renard, i. pi. 2. no. 12 ; VaU'nt. p. o.50. fig. 10.

Odax moliiccanu-s, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 305. pi. 408 (liead) ; Cuv. Itegtie

Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 91. fig. 3 (bad) ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indu-Nederl.i.

Manado en Makass. p. 64; Kner, Sitze/sber. Wien. Acad. 1860, xl. p. 56.

taf. 2. fig. 18 (pharj-ngeal apparatus).
Pseudodax moluccanu8,BfefA;.^</.7cA<^.p.80. tab.22.fig.2,tab.l8.fig.5.

D. ii. A. ^. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 4/12.

Dorsal and caudal with black reticulated lines ; anal with four un-
dulated blackish- violet longitudinal lines.
Celebes, Amboyna, and Java.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Fine specimen. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
f. Adult : stuffed.

Fifth Group. SCARINA.

38. SCARUS*.

Scarus, sp., Forsk. p. 25.

Scarus, Bleek. Versl. en Mededeel. Akad. Wetensch. Anisterd. Xatnurk.
xii. 1861, Scar. p. 2.

The lower jaw projecting beyond the upper ; a single series of
scales on the cheek ; dorsal spines stiff, pungent ; the upper hp
double in its whole circuit ; anterior teeth soldered together, arranged
in quincuncial order in mature specimens, and in oblique series in
young ones ; the dentigerous plate of the lower pharyngeal broader
than long. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 21-23.

Mediterranean. Tropical parts of the Atlantic.

Skeleton (Sc. aurofrenatus). — The peculiar articulation of the jaw-

* 1. Scarus brachialis, Poei/, Mem. Crth. ii. 1861, p. 345'. — Cuba.

2. acroptilus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. Fishes, p. 69. — Australia.

' A few other new species of Scarus or Fseudoscarus are mentioned iu Poey's
List of Cuban Fishes. Unfortunately the slieets containing tlieir descriptions are
wanting in our copy of the work quoted, and have not been receiTed yet. although
ordered for some time.

38. scARUs. 209

bones, which I have mentioned in the description of the Labrina
(p. 69), is found again in this group. The maxillary ia strongly-
curved, and serves to form the junction between intermaxillary and
palatine bone. There is a joint between the dentary and articu-
lary parts of the mandible. The basioccipital has a pair of long
grooves, in which the obloag condyles of the upper pharyngeals slide
forwards and backwards. Occipital porous. Abdominal vertebrae
eleven, caudal fourteen.

1. Scarus cretensis.

^Kcipoi, Arist. Hist. Anim. ii. c. 17, viii. c. 2, 17, and De Part. Anim.

iii. c. 14 ; Athen. vii. pp. .319, 320.
Scarus, Plm. ix. c. 17 ; ^Han, i. c. 2 & 4, ii. c. 54, xii. c. 42 ; Ovid.

Halieut. V. 9, 119; Oppian, Halieut. I. v. 1.33, IV. v. 40, 113; Colum.

viii. c. 16.
Scarus cretensis, Aldrov. p. 8.
Labrus cretensis, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 474.
Scarus cretensis, Cav. Sf Val. xiv. p. 164. pi. 400.
rubiginosus, Cm: l^- Val. xiv. p. 171 ; Valenc. in Webb Sf Berthel.

lies Canar. Poiss. p. 68.

mutabilis, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 187.

canariensis, Valenc. in Webb 8) Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. pi. 17.

fig. 2.

Purple, or purplish-brown, with a brownish shade on the fi'ont
part of the body ; the latter colour forms generally a blotch between
the pectoral and the lateral Une. Caudal fin slightly rounded, violet
with a white margin.

Eastern and western parts of the Mediterranean ; Madeira, Canary
Islands.

rt, 6. Adult and half-grown. Mediterranean. From Mr. Petherick"s

Collection.
f, (I. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
e, f, g. Adult and half-grown.

Vertehrce 11/14 (13/14, Valenciennes).

2. Scarus aracanga.

A series of three large scales on the cheek : teeth of moderate size,
very distinct on the edges of the jaws. Dorsal spines rather slender,
but pungent ; caudal emarginate. Lateral line continuous ; the tubes
of each scale are much ramified and extend over the whole scale.
Uniform dai'k purplish-violet.

Jamaica.

«. Ten inches long : skin. From Dr. Parncll's Collection.

3. Scarus abildgaardii.

Parra, lam. 28. fig. 2.

Sparas abildgaardii, 5/. taf. 2.59; Bl.Schn.Y>. 286; Zrt<-p/>. iv. pp. .55.163.

oocciueus, Bl. Schn. p. 289.

VOL. IT P

210 LABEID^.

Spams aureo-ruber, Lacep. iv. pp. 56, 163, iii. pi. 33. fig. 3.
Scarus abildgaardii, Cut: ^ Val. xiv. p. 175.

The snout is at least twice as long as the diameter of the eye.
Caudal fin truncated in immature specimens, and forked in adult
ones. Greyish- or brownish-olive (in a preserved state), each scale
with narrow, very dark margins ; membrane of the gUl-opening
black ; axQ without dark spot. Some scales with a whitish spot in
the middle.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America,

K. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir E,. Schomburgk.
J>. Half-grown. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
c-o. Adult, half-grown, and yoimg : stuffed and skins. Caribbean
Sea.

4. Scarus catesbyi.

Psittacus piscis, Catesb. Carol, ii. tab. 29.

Scarus catesbsei, Laccp. iv. p. 16 ; Cim. ^ Val. xiv. p. 183.

Callyodon psittacus, Gronov. Si/st. eel. Gray, p. 84.

Caudal fin crescent-shaped, with the lobes much produced. Green,
with a large white blotch at the root of the caudal ; a brownish band
proceeds from the angle of the mouth towards the opercular lobe,
which has a yellow spot edged below with black ; giU-membrane red ;
axil without black ; pectoral dark green on its posterior half, a broad
margin being transparent; anal green at the base and margin,
brownish along the middle ; caudal with a narrow red crescent, which
is separated by a green band from the transparent posterior margin ;
upper and lower margins green.

West Indies.

a-c. Adult and half-grown : stuflfed. West Indies. Purchased of
Mr. Scrivener.

d. Adult. South America (? Barbadoes). Presented by Sir R.

Schomburgk.

e. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

5. Scarus frondosus.

?? Scarus frondosus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 204.

Caudal truncated. Olive (in spirits), with three indistinct light
longitudinal bands : the upper along the lateral line to a white spot
on the back of the taU, immediately behind the dorsal ; the middle
is straight and rims from the operculum, above the axil, to the middle
of the root of the caudal ; the lower along the side of the beUy ; base
of the pectoral rather dark ; fins punctulated with white, except the
spinous dorsal, which is marbled with brownish. (Cfr. Sc. ruhripinnis.)

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a. Seven inches long. Cuba. Prom the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
h. Seven inches long: skin. Jamaica. Fi'om Dr. ParneU's Collection.
c. Head. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.

38. scARUfl. 211

d-f. Skins. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
g. Young. Brazil. Mus. Leach.
h. Bleached.

Vertebrce 10/14.

6. Scarus rubripinnis.

Cuv. <§• Val. xiv. p. 199.

Caudal truncated. Violet-olive (in a dried state) ; fins, except the
spinous dorsal, orange-coloured.
Caribbean Sea.

a. Eleven inches long: skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener.

This is probably only the adult state of Sc. frondosus.

7. Scarus radians.
Giv. ^ Val xiv. p. 206.

Snout not twice as long as the diameter of the eye. Caudal trun-
cated, with the outer rays slightly produced in mature specimens,
rounded in young ones. Teeth very distinct, in young specimens in
oblique series, in mature ones in a quincuncial arrangement. Pointed
teeth directed outwards, round the upper jaw in young specimens.
Four scales on the cheek. Tubules of the lateral line with three or
foiu- main branches, which in some scales are nearly simple, in others
much branched. Reddish-olive, lower parts and anal rose-coloured ;
dorsal fin and upper parts marbled with brownish ; caudal with irre-
gular dark cross-bauds, including whitish spots, and with a narrow
whitish edge ; anal with four oblique dark spots ; root of the pectoral
blackish ; a light band across the chin.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a-b. Fine specimens, seven inches long. Bahia. From Dr. 0.

Wucherer's Collection.
c-d. Fine specimens, four inches long. Bahia. From Dr. 0.

Wucherer's Collection.
e-i. From foui" to six inches long : skins. Jamaica. From Dr,

PameU's Collection.

8. Scarus chrysopterus.

Scarus chi-ysopterus, Bl. Sc/m. p. 286. pi. 57 (bad) ; Cuv. 4* Val. xiv.

p. 185.
lateralis, Pocij, 3Iem. Cub. ii. p. 219.

Caudal fin forked in adult, truncated in immature specimens.
Blue, fins yellowish ; caudal with a green band along the lobes, and
a narrow posterior margin of the same colour. A black spot supe-
riorly in the axil of the pectoral.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Adult. Martinique.

p2

212 LABRrDJK.

b-p. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins. Jamaica. From Dr.

Pamell's Collection.
q-s. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of

Mr. Scrivener.
t, u. Adult and half-grown. South America.
V. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

9. Scarus squalidus.

Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 218.

Caudal trancated, with the angles slightly produced. Rosy : pec-
toral with a large blackish blotch on its upper half. (Poey.)
Cuba.

10. Scarus aurofrenatus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 191.

Caudal fin truncated, with the lobes slightly produced. A yellow
band proceeds from the hind part of the upper lip to the lower orbital
margin, is interrupted on the operculum, and ascends in an oblique
direction to the fifth or sixth scale of the lateral line, where it ter-
minates ; there is a small black spot above its end. Axil and mem-
brane of the operculum without black. Anal with a violet margin ;
caudal with a broad whitish posterior margin, and with black corners.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Adult. Cuba. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

h-e. Adiilt : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

/. Adult : stuffed. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.

g. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

h-i. Adult and half-grown : skins. West Indies. Purchased of

Mr. Scrivener.
h. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
I. Adult : skeleton (see p. 208). West Indies. Purchased of Mr.

Scrivener.

11. Scarus strigatus.

Dorsal spines rather stout, the anterior not much longer than the
orbit. Caudal fin slightly rounded. Lateral line not interrupted,
each tube divided into many branches. Olive (in spirits) ; the scales
forming the lateral line, those on the nape of the neck, and a few on
the opercles, black, shining violet. The outer parts of the vertical fins
violet ; posterior part of the axil blackish-violet.

Hab. ?

a. Twelve inches long. Old Collection.

39. SCARICHTHYS.

Scarichthys, Bleek. Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterd. xii. 1861, .Scar. p. 2.
A single series of scales on the cheek ; dorsal spines flexible ; the
upper lip double in its whole circuit ; anterior teeth soldered toge-

40. CALLYODON. 213

ther, those of the lower jaw disposed in very oblique series; the
dentigerous plate of the lower pharyngeal broader than long. D. ^.
A. J. L. lat. ca24. Scales of the back covering the base of the fin.
Indian Seas ; tropical parts of the Pacific.

1. Scarichthys auritus.

Scarus auritus, (Kuhl ^ van Jfass.) Cuv. ^~ Val. xiv. p. 218.

vaigiensis, pt., Quoy i^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 288 ; Cuv. ISf Val.

xiv. p. 214.

naevius, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 253 ; Bleek. Celebes, iii. p. 769.

Callyodon chlorolepis, Richards. Voy. Stilph. Iclithyol. p. 137. pi. 64.

figs. 4-7.
Scarichthys auritus, Bleek. All. IcJdh. p. 15. tab. 1. fig. 3.

Greenish, irregularly spotted with brown ; cheek with two yellow
cross-bands. Dorsal fin with a series of large brown spots ; pectoral
blackish at the base.

From the Seychelles to the New Hebrides.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b, c. Half-grown and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. Half-grown. Hongkong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.—

Type of Calhiodon chlorolepis.

e. Twelve inches long ; stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's

Collection.

2. Scarichthys cseruleopunctatus.

Scarus coeruleopunctatus, Riippcll, N. W. Fische, p. 24. taf. 7. fig. 3 ;
Cui\ 8f Val. xiv. p. 262 ; Bleek. Banda, iii. p. 1 10.

bottse, Cm. df Val. xiv. p. 262.

Scarichthys coeruleopunctatus, Bleek. All. Ichth. p. 16. tab. 1. fig. 2.

Brownish-olive : head and body with niimerous blue oceUi, edged
with darker, one or more on each scale ; fins yellowish or rosy, with
smaU dots on the rays.

Red Sea. East Indian Archipelago.

u. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

40. CALLYODON*.

Callyodon, (Gronov.) Cuv. fy V(d. xiv. p. 285.

A single series of scales on the cheek ; dorsal spines flexible ; an-
terior teeth imbricate, more or less distinct ; the dentigerous plate of
the lower pharyngeal broader than long. D. ^. A.|-. L. lat. ca 24.

Seas between the tropics.

* 1. Callyodon sandwiccnsis, Cuv. ^' Val. xiv. p. 295.^Sandwich Islaiida.

2. Parra, lam. 28. fig. 4. — Scarus flavescens, BI. Schn. p. 290. — Callyodon

flarescens, Cuv. i^- Vol. xiv. p. 289.— West Indies.

3. Scarus dentiens, Pw//, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 422. — Cuba.

214 LABRID^.

1. Callyodon ustus.
Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 286. pi. 405.
No other teeth within the front series of the upper jaw. Base of
the dorsal free from scales*; caudal obtusely rounded. Brownish
(in spirits), finely and irregularly marbled with darker ; a blackish
blotch on the anterior spines and on the base of the posterior rays of
the dorsal fin ; base of the pectoral without black.
Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

o. Adult. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.

h. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection,

c, d. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
Vertehrce 25.

2. Callyodon auro-pimctatus.
Cuv. Sf Vol. xiv. p. 290.

Caudal fin subtruncated. Greenish : vertical fins with small rosy
spots, more or less regularly arranged in oblique series ; a reddish
streak from the angle of the mouth to the eye, another on the cheek,
and a third on the temple. {Vol.)

San Domingo.

3. Callyodon viridescens.

Muppell, iV. W. Fische, p. 23. taf. 7. fig. 2.

No other teeth within the front series of the upper jaw. The
dorsal scales cover the lower third of the fin. Caudal truncated,
edged with white posteriorly. Green (during life), with brownish-
black dots on the side of the trunk ; two red streaks on the snout ;
dorsal and anal with oblique brown bands, the former with a black-
ish spot anteriorly between the tips of the two first spines.

Eed Sea.

a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.

4. Callyodon carolinus.

? Callyodon carolinus, Ciw. ^ Val. xiv. p. 291.

Callyodon carolinus, Bkek. Ncihmrk. Tyclschr. Nederl. Ind. 1859, xx.
p. 444, and Atl. Ichth. p. 14. tab. 2. fig. 4.

No other teeth within the front series of the upper jaw. Base of
the dorsal fin nearly free from scales ; caudal rounded. The height
of the body is two-sevenths of the total length. Yiolet, punctulated
with red ; vertical fins blackish-violet, caudal with a rosy posterior
margin ; pectoral with the base black.

Timor. (? Caroline Islands, Ceylon.)

a. Young : not geod state. Ceylon. From the Collection of Messrs.
von Schlagintweit.

* Upper lip distinctly double in ils entire circumference..

40. CALLYOUON. 215

5. Callyodon genistriatus.

Cuv. Iff Val. xiv. p. 293 ; Bleek. Banda, iii. p. Ill, and Atl. Ichth. p. 13.
tab. 1. fig. 1.

No other teeth within the front series of the upper jaw ; scaly
sheath of the dorsal fin moderately high ; caudal subtruncated. The
height of the body is contained tkrico and two-fifths in the total
length. Brown, with small light spots ; several red streaks radiate
from the orbit ; a %'iolet spot between the first and second dorsal
spines ; dorsal with one, anal with two red longitudinal bands.

Celebes, Banda.

a. Adult : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

6. Callyodon brachysoma.

Sleeker, Atl. Ichth. p. 14. tab. 2. fig. 3.

No other teeth within the front series of the upper jaw. Scaly
sheath of the dorsal fin moderately high. The height of the body is
one-third or less than one-third of the total length. Reddish-brown,
with irregular reddish dots and spots on the head, body, and vertical
fins ; a blackish spot between the first and second dorsal spines ; root
of the pectoral dark-brown.

AmbojTia, Ternate.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

7. Callyodon japonicus.

Callyodon japonicus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 294. pi. 40G; Faun. Japon.

Puiss. p. 174. pi. 89 ; Bleek. Verkand. Baiav. Genootsch. xxvi. Nalez.

Jap. p. 115.
rubigioosus, Cuv. Regue Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 91. tig. 2 (bad).

Some small teeth within the front series of imbricate teeth. Dorsal
fin ^ith a scaly sheath at the base ; caudal rounded. Violet-olive,
with rosy spots and blue dots ; dorsal and anal yellow, clouded with
Wolet ; caudal with violet margins ; base of the pectoral violet.

Japan.

o. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

8. Callyodon spinidens.

Scams spinidens, Quo)f is- Gaim. Voij. Uran. Zool. p. 289.

vaigiensis, pt., Quoi/ &■ Gaim. I. c. p. 288; Cuv. cy Val. xiv.

214.
llyodon waigiensis, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 296.

liypselosoma, Bleek. Amboitta, vi. p. 425.

spinidens, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 13. tiib. 2. fig. 2.

Small teeth within the front series of the upper jaw. The dorsal
scales extend slightly on the base of the fin. Olive (in spirits), finely
marbled with brown and yellow ; vertical fins with l)rowaish dots.

p. 21

Callvod

216 LABEID^.

disposed in oblique or transverse series ; dorsal and base of the pec-
toral without large blackish spot.

East Indian Archipelago. Waigiou.
a, b. Half-grown and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

9. CaUyodon molucceusis.

Callyodon waigiensis, Bleek. JBanda, i. p. 256.

moluccensis, Bleek. Atl. Iclith. p. 12. tab. 2. fig. 1.

Conical teeth within the front series of the upper jaw. The dorsal
scales extend slightly on the base of the fin. OUve (in a preserved
state), finely marbled with brown and yeUow; a brownish blotch
across the back, in front of the dorsal ; vertical fins with reticulated
lines ; a black blotch between the second and third dorsal spines ;
base of the pectoral black.

East Indian Archipelago. New Hebrides.
a-h. Stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.

41. CALLYODONTICHTHYS.

Callyodontichtliys, Bleek. Versl. en Mededeel. Akad. Wetensch. Anisterd.
Natuurk. xii. 1861, Scar. p. 2.

The lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; a single series of
scales on the cheek ; dorsal spines stiff, pungent ; the upper lip double
only posteriorly ; teeth of the upper jaw soldered together, those of
the lower distinct, disposed in oblique series. The dentigerous plate
of the lower pharyngeal broader than long. D. ■^. A.—. L. lat. 25.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic.

This genus has been founded by Dr. v. Bleeker on a Scaroid fish
from Bahia, named Scams Jlavescens, in the Vienna Museum. I
thought for some time I had recognized it in some fishes with the
mandibulary teeth in distinct oblique series ; but these have a narrow
upper lij) double in its whole circuit, and are merely the young of
Scariis radians.

The name of 8c. Jlavescens, proposed by Schneider for a fish figured
by Parra, lam. 28. fig. 4, cannot be retained for a species of the genus
Callyodontichthys. Parra's representations of the Scaroid fishes are
very faithful (much more so than the descriptions given by M. Valen-
ciennes), and Parra evidently represents a species with slender and
flexible dorsal spines, whilst Callyodontichthys has these spines
pungent.

42. PSEUDOSCARUS *.

Scarus, sp., Forsk. p. 25.

Pseudoscarus, Bleek. Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterd. xii. 1861, Scar. p. 3.

The upper jaw projecting beyond the lower ; two or more series of

* 1. Scarus cretensis, Bl. t 220. — Scarus striatus, Cuv. ^ Val. liv. p. 209. —
East Indies, ' [2.

■42. PSETJDOSCARUS. 217

scales on the cheek ; dorsal spines more or less flexible ; anterior
teeth soldered together, arranged in quincuncial order ; the denti-
gerous plate of the lower pharj-ngeal longer than broad. D. ^.
A. |. L. lat. 23-25.

Seas between the tropics.

Ey far the greater portion of our knowledge of this genus is due
to the labours of Dr. v. Bleeker, who first pointed out tlie characters
by which the species may be determined. Valenciennes's descriptions,
or rather notes, are so superficial, that it is impossible to recognize
the species which have served him as tyi^es. The species of this
genus are so numerous, and their distinctive characters really appear
to depend so much on the colours, which rapidly fade after death, that
it wiU always be very difficult to determine preserved specimens.
Moreover the colour's certainly change with age ; and as the greater
part of the species appear to attain to a very large size, we shall know
only the immature state of many of them,- — very large individuals
being but rarel}' brought to this country and preserved in collections.
We have admitted in our diagnoses the shape of the caudal fin, and

2. Scarus rubronotatus, Cuv. ^~ Val. xiv. p. 212. — Red Sea.

3. trispinosua, Cuv. cf- VaJ. xiv. p. 182. — Hab. -?

4. pimctulatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 195. — Martinique.

5. flavo-marginatus, Cuv. tf- VaL xiv. p. 202. — Martinique.

6. mentalis, Cuv. ^' Val. xiv. p. 233. — Red Sea.

7. Russell, pi. 119. — Scarus russelii, Cuv. tf- Val. xiv. p. 234. — East Indies.

8. Scarus capistratus, {K. ^ v. H.) Cvv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 239. — Java.

9. scaber, Cuv. 4' Val. xiv. p. 239. — Mauritius.

10. ferrugineus, Forsk. p. 29 ; Riipp. All. Fiscke, p. 79. — Eed Sea.

11. cyanescens, Cicv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 254. — Mam-itius.

12. variegatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 250. — Mauritius.

13. ta^niiu-us, Cuv. Hf Val. xiv. p. 257. — Mauritius.

14. cyanurus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 261. — Djetta.

15. bennettii, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 270. — Sandwich Islands.

16. scabriusculus, Cuv. 8c Val. xiv. p. 271. — Java.

17. areuutus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 276. — Siam.

18. purpureus, Cuv. &(■ Val. xiv. p. 277. — Ulea.

19. erucntatus, Cav. Sc Val. xiv. p. 277. — Ulea.

20. spilurus, Cuv. Hf Val. xiv. p. 279. — Caroline Islands.

21. roseieeps, Cuv. ^' Val. xiv. p. 279. — Ulea.

22. frontaUs, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 280.— Ualan.

23. mert«nsii, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 281. — Ulea.

24. festiTOs, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 282.— Hal). ?

25. fonnosus, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 283. — Sandwicli Islands.

26. nuchalis, Poet/, Mem. Cub. \i. p. 220. — Cuba.

27. coelestinus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 180. — St. Thomas.

28. turchesius, Cuv. if Val xiv. p. 181. — Porto Rico.

29. venosus, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 212. — Mauritius.

30. nigricans, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 213. — R<'d Sea.

31. cicrulescens, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 230. — Red Sea.

32. lunulatus, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 268. — Red Sea.

3.3. forsteri, Cuv. if Val. xiv. p. 275. — Otaheiti.

34. lacrimosus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 422. — Cuba.

35. luimeralis, Poei/, I. c. — Cuba.

36. distinct us, Pocy, I. c. p. 423. — Cuba.

37. — — circuninotatus, Pocy, I. c. — Cuba.
•58. atomarius, Pney, I. r. — Cuba.

218 ■ LABRID^.

the presence or absence of pointed teeth near the angle of the mouth,
aa diese characters appear to be constant in some species, whilst
they certainly are subject to great variations in others.

Following the synopsis of the species given by Dr. v. Bleeker as
oar guide, we may divide the species as follows : —

A. Jaws whitish or rosy ; upper lip broad, covering more than one-half

of the upper jaw.

a. Scales on the cheek in four series, p. 218.

b. Scales on the cheek in three series, the lower praeopercular limb

being entirely naked, p. 219.

c. Scales on the cheek in three series, the scales of the lower series

covering the prseopercular limb.

* Snout with gay-coloured streaks running from the mouth to the

eye, p. 220.
•* Snout without longitudinal streaks, p. 227.

d. Scales on the cheek in two series, p. 2-30.

(e. Species insufficiently described, but belonging to division A, p. 232.)

B. Jaws green or blue : upperlipbroad, covering at least one-half of the

upper jaw, p. 233.

C. Jaw3 green or blue ; upper lip narrow, covering less than one-half of

the upper jaw.

a. Scales on the cheek in three series, the lower praeopercular Kmb

being entirely naked, p. 235.

b. Scales on the cheek in three series, the scales of the lower covering

the praeopercular limb, p. 236.

c. Scales on the cheek in two series, p. 237.

(d. Species insufficiently described, but belonging to division C, p. 237.)

D. Jaws whitish or rosy; upper lip narrow, covering only one-half, or

less, of the upper jaw, p. 238.

A. Jaws whitish or rosy ; upper lip broad, covering more than one-half

of the upper jaw.

a. Scales on the cheek in four series.

1. Fseudoscams superlms.

Parr a, lam. 28. fig. 1 (very good).

Scarus superbus, Poey, Mem. CM>. ii. p. 218.

Four series of scales on the cheek, the lowest of which covers the
limb of the prseoperculum ; the second composed of seven scales.
Caudal snbtmncated, with the angles more or less produced. Teeth
very small, scarcely visible. Green (blue), each scale with a brownish
centre and margin. A green, red-edged band from the lower margin
of the orbit round the lower lip ; chin green ; upper lip red, with a
short green cross-band ; a green spot above the upper front angle of
the orbit ; two straight bands between the eye and the upper part of
the gill-opening. Dorsal fin with a red band, running from the base
of the first spine to the tip of the last ray, widening posteriorly ;

42. PszvDOsckBva. 219

anal with a similar broad band; upper and lower margias of the
caadal red.
Caribbean Sea.

a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk.
b-d. Adult : stuffed. YTest Indies. From ilr. Scrivener's Collection .

2. Pseudoscams acutns.
Scams acotos, Poey, 3Iern. Oiii. ii. p. 210.

Four series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
pneopercular limb ; the third composed of seven scales. Lips broad ;
jaws white, the upper with pointed teeth at the angle ; teeth small.
Posterior margin of the caudal undulated; fourteen pectoral rays.
Olive, without gay-coloured streaks or margins of the fins ; a very
broad whitish band from behind the pectoral to the caudal.

Cuba.

a. Adult: Stuffed. Caribbean Sc-a. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

3. PsendoscaruB bicolor.

Callyodon, sp., Gronoc. Zoophyl. no. 245.
ScaniB bicolor, Eiipp. Ati. Fisrhe, p. h'J. tat 21. fig. 3.
Callyodon ecriptos, Gronov. fiynt. erf. Gray, p. 85.
Paeudoecaras bicolor, Bleek. Ail. Ichth. p. .33. ub. 14

Three series of scales on the cheek, and two scales on the lower
praeopercular limb; the two middle series composed of six or five
scales. Upper lip broad, double in it« entire circuit; jaws ros)-,
rough, without pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal spines subequal
in length ; fourteen pectoral rays. Lack rose-coloured ; sides and
lower parts dark-violet, uniform or variegated with rosy, and spotted
vith black.

Bed Sea. Celebes.

a. Adult : stuffed. Bed Sea. From Dr. Biippell's Collection,
t. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

h. Scales on the cheek in three series, the lower praeopercular limb being
entirely naked.

4. Pseudoscams polchelluB.

Scams polchelluB, lOippeU, X. W. Fiiche,y. 25. taf. 8. fig. 3, and Verz.

ruche Senckenb. Mus. p. 21 ; Cue. ^ Vai. liv. p. 266; Bleek. Java,

ii- p. 440.
Paeodoscaras polchellus, Bleek. Ati. IcAlh. p. 34. tab. 10. fig. 3.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower praeopercular limb
being entirely naked; the middle series is composed of six scales,
the lower of two or more. Upper lip broad. Jaws white, teeth
nther small. Dorsal spines subequal in length ; caudal truncated,
with the lobes more or leas produced in adult Bpecimen.s ; fourteen
pectoral rays. Green, each scale with a red vertical streak : head

220 LABKID^.

and anterior portion of the trunk with numerous, small, round red
spots. A red, green-edged band from the lower lip to the base of
the pectoral ; fins edged with green ; dorsal spines green inferiorly
and red superiorly ; caudal red, with a broad green crescent on its
hind margin.

Eed Sea, Maiu'itiiis, Java, Celebes.

a. Three feet long : stuffed. Mauritius.

? b. Bad state. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

5. Pseudoscarus harid.

Scarus liarid, Forsk. p. 30 ; R'upp. Atl. Fische, p. 80. taf. 21. fig. 1.

luppelii, Cuv. ^- V<d. xiv. p. 259.

mastax, Riippell, Atl. Fische, p. 80. taf. 21. fig. 2, and N. W. Fische,

p. 28 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 246 ; Bleek. in Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl.

Ind. 1854, p. 199.
? Scarus longiceps. Cm. 6f Val. xiv. p. 241.
Pseudoscarus mastax, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 35. tab. 10. fig. 1.

Snout produced. Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower
praeopercular hmb being naked. Upper lip entirely covering the
jaw, double in its entire circuit ; jaws whitish, with pointed teeth
at the angle. Anterior dorsal spines shortest ; caudal lobes much
produced ; fifteen pectoral rays. Greenish : two short red streaks
before and behind the eye ; upper lip red, with a blue cross-band ; a
red band from the upper Hp to the praeoperculum and thorax. Ver-
tical fins blue-edged ; dorsal and anal with a series of green spots,
which are sometimes confluent into a band.

There appear to be two varieties : —

(I . Thi'ee series of blue spots on the side above the vent ; caudal
edged with greenish posteriorly, without cross-bands. — Red Sea.

a. Adult: stuffed. Djetta. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection.

/3. Caudal with two green cross-bands. — Java, Kokos.
h. Large specimen. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

Vertebrce 11/13.

c. Scales on the cheek in three series, the scales of the lower series covering
the praeopercular limb.

* Snout with gay-coloured streaks rmining from the mouth to the eye.

6. Pseudoscarus viridis.

Scarus vuidis, Bl. taf. 222 (good) ; Bl. Schn. p. 286.

frenatus, Lacep. iv. p. 13. pi. 1. fig. 2; Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 227;

Bleek. Celebes, iii. p. 770.

blochii, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 219.

Pseudoscarus frenatus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 40. tab. 16. fig. 2.

Two series of scales on the cheek, and a single scale on the lower
praeopercular limb, near the angle; the middle series composed of

42. PSEtTDOSCARUS. 221

seven scales. Upper lip broad ; jaws whitish, the lower with a
strong horizontal pointed tooth near the angle ; teeth small. Dorsal
spines subequal in length ; caudal truncated ; fourteen pectoral rays.
Head and trunk reddish-olive, tail green. The green colour of the
upper lip is continued into a band running through the lower part
of the orbit to the angle of the operculum ; two stripes across the
lower lip ; a green band from the chin to the vent. Nape of the neck
with a green band, continued into a series of spots along the base of
the dorsal ; lower half of the dorsal violet, upper red, both colours
separated by a green line ; margin of the dorsal and the upper and
lower rays of the caudal green ; anal green, with a broad red band.
Louisiade Archipelago. Celebes.

a. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago.

b. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — (Ps. fre-

natus.)
I can scarcely doubt that the species described is identical with
Scarus viridis, Bloch, and that Pseudoscarus viridis of Bleeker is a
different species. Prof. Peters having at my request examined
Bloch's typical specimen, writes that the latter (a half skin) has been
very faithfully drawn by Bloch, although Valenciennes says the con-
trary. In that specimen the band below the eye is continued on to
the end of the operculum, and the lower series of scales on the cheek
is composed of seven scales, and not of five as in Ps. viridis, Bleek.
The latter character is also in accordance with the form of the head,
which is more obtuse in Ps. vindis, Bleek., than in Sc. viridis, 'Sioch.

7. Pseudoscarus chrysopoma.

Scarus quoyi, part., Cnv. 6j- Val. xiv. p. 273.

chrysopomus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Gen. xxii. Ldbr. Cycl. p. 53.

Pseudoscarus viridis, Bleek. (not Bloch) Atl. Ichth. p. 45. tab. 17. fig. 2.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
praeopercular limb ; the middle is composed of five scales, the lower
of two or three. Upper Up broad ; jaws rosy, with a pointed tooth
at the angle. Dorsal spines subequal in length ; caudal truncated,
with the angles slightly produced in adult specimens ; fourteen pec-
toral rays. Green : scales with a reddish margin ; upper lip Avith
one, the lower with two cross-bands, passing into a subtriangular
spot between the orbit and the angle of the mouth ; three short lines
radiate from the eye. Dorsal and anal rosy, with a narrow band
along the base, and with greenish margins ; caiidal green.

East Indies.

a, h. Fine specimens. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

8. Pseudoscarus dimidiatus.

Scarus dimidiatus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedcrl. vi. New Guinea,

p. 17.
Pseudoscarus dimidiatus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 41. tab. 16. fig. 1.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which is composed

222 LABRID^.

of five scales and covers the prseoperciilar limb. Upper lip broad ;
jaws rosy, without pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal spines sub-
equal in length; caudal convex or subtruncated ; thii-teen pectoral
rays. Green on the anterior half, cofFee-brown on the posterior ; a
greenish-yellow band commences at the angle of the mouth, and
descends fi-om the inferior margin of the eye towards the base of the
pectoral ; the part behind the eye has a broad brown edge superiorly
and a narrow reddish one inferiorly. Dorsal red, with a bluish band
along the margin and a green one along the middle ; anal red at the
base and blue on the margin ; caudal with a broad greenish margin ;
pectoral without spot at the axil. (Bl.)
New Guinea.

9. Pseudoscarus javanicus.

Scarus javanicus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vi. p. 198.
Pseudoscarus javanicus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 36. tab. 11. iig. 3.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower composed of three
scales and covering the praeopercular limb. Upper lip broad ; jaws
whitish, with pointed teeth at the angle. The anterior dorsal spines
are longer than the posterior ; caudal emarginate ; fourteen pectoral
rays. Kosy anteriorly, green posteriorly; eye surrounded by red
streaks which radiate from its orbit ; lower lip with two green cross-
bands. Dorsal fin brownish-violet along the base, green along the
middle, with a blue margin, and with a red longitudinal band below
the margin ; anal rosy, blue along the base and margin ; caudal blue,
green posteriorly, with a red band along the upper and lower mar-
gins. {Bl.)

^^^'^- 10. Pseudoscarus rivulatus.

Scarus fasciatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 222.

rivulatus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 223.

rividatoides, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Gen. xxii. Lahr. Cycl. p. 55.

micrognathus, Bleek. I. c. p. 56.

Pseudoscarus rivulatiis, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 44. tab. 9. fig. 3.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower
praeopercular Hmb ; the middle series composed of six scales. Upper
lip broad. Jaws whitish, each with two small pointed teeth at the
comer ; teeth of moderate size. Anterior dorsal spine shortest ;
fourteen or fifteen pectoral rays * ; caudal subtruncated. Green,
each scale with a reddish margin ; snout and the lower half of the
head reddish, the former with rather numerous undulated green lines.
A narrow green band along the base and margin of the dorsal fin,
and an irregular band of the same colour, or series of spots, along its
middle. Anal green, Kghter towards the margin, which is broadly
ed^ed with dark-green. Caudal with irregular green spots.

East Indies.

a. Adult : skin.

6. Half-gi"own : stuflfed. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
* Bleeker states fourteen ; the specimen m the British Museum has fifteen.

42. PSEUDOSCARUS. 223

11. Pseudoscarus pyrrhostethus.

Scarus psittacus, Foisk. p. 29 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 397 ; Rilpp. Atl.

Fische, p. 77. taf. 20. fig. 1 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 226 ; Cant. Catal.

p. 239 ; (not Conjphcpua psiUacm, L.).
Scarus pyrrhostethus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 262.
harid, Cuv. i^- Val. xiv. p. 247 (part.) pi. 404 ; Cuv. R^gne Anim.

III. Poiss. pL 91. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Lahr.

Cijcl. p. 48 (not Forsk.).

liaridoides, Bleek. Enioner. p. 104.

Pseudoscarus pjiThostethus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 42. tab. 9. fig. 1.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower prae-
opercular limb ; the middle series composed of five scales. Upper lip
broad ; jaws whitish ; teeth small. Dorsal spines subequal in length ;
caudal truncated, with the lobes produced in old age ; fifteen pectoral
rays. Head reddish, scales of the body blue with red margins ; lips
with a blue cross-band ; a curved blue streak from the angle of the
mouth to below the eye ; vertical fins red, with blue base and margins,
without band along the middle ; caudal sometimes spotted Avith bine.

East Indian Seas. Red Sea.

a. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. E. Reeves, Esq. — Type

of the species.
h. Adult: skin. Pinang. — Type oi Scarus psittacus, Qant.
c-d. Adult : skins. Ceylon. Erom Dr. Kelaart's Collection.
e-f. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

We consider Ps. cantori, Bleek., as a variety of this species, which
has round blue spots not only on the caudal, but also on the dorsal
fin. Its synonymy is —

Scarus pepo, Benn. Fish. Ceyl. pi. 28.

psittacus, Bleek. Batav. p. 495 (not Cant.).

Pseudoscarus cantori, Bleek. Versl. en Meded. Akad. Wetensch. Nat.
Amsterd. xii. 1861, Scar. pp. 12, 13, an^Atl. Ichth. p. 43. tab. 9. fig. 2.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
12. Pseudoscarus maculosus.

Sonnerat, in Rozier, Journ. Phi/s. 1774, iii. p. 227. tab. 2.

Scarus macidosus, Lacep. iv. pp. 5, 21. pi. 1. fig. 3 ; Cm. Sf Val. xiv.

p. 235.
guttatus, Bl. Schn. p. 294.

Two series of scales on the cheek and a single scale on the lower
prseopercular limb ; the middle series composed of five scales. Upper
lip broad ; jaws whitish, without pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal
spines subequal in length ; fifteen pectoral rays ; caudal somewhat
convex, with the angles produced. Yellowish, head and body ^vith
irregular blue spots ; vertical fins edged Avith blue and ■n'ith blue
spots along their base.

Mauritius, Mozambique.

a-b. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Young. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

224

13. Pseudoscarus dussumieri.

?? Scarus diissuniieri, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 252.

? Scarus dussumieri, Bleek. Batavia, p. 494.

Pseudoscarus dussumieri, Bleek. Versl. en Meded. Akad. Wetensch.

Natuurk. Amsterd. xii. 1861, Scar. pp. 13, 14, and Atl. Ichth. p. 46.

tab. 8. fig. 1.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the prae-
opercular limb. Upper lip broad ; jaws whitish, the upper with
pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal spines equal in length ; fourteen
pectoral rays. Greenish : two green streaks from the mouth to the
eye ; another green band between the eyes ; vertical fins edged with
blue, without band along the middle.

Java.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

14. Pseudoscarus lepidus.

Scarus lepidus, Jenyns, Zool. Beayle, Fish. p. 108.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which is composed
of four scales, the middle of seven. Upper lip broad, with the inner
portion well developed. Jaws whitish, the lower with a horizontal
pointed tooth at the angle, the upper without such a tooth. Teeth
small. Dorsal spines subequal in length, rather stout, flexible at the
top. Caudal fin emarginate ; thirteen pectoral rays. Brown (in
spirits), with some purplish streaks on the snout.

Tahiti.

The diagnosis has been taken from the typical specimen in the
Collection of the Philosophical Society of Cambridge.

15. Pseudoscarus hypselopterus.

Scarus hj'pselopterus, Bleek. Batavia, p. 496.

Pseudoscarus hypselopterus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 36. tab. 8. fig. 3.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
prseopercular Umb and is composed of tkree scales. Upper lip broad ;
jaws whitish, the upper with pointed teeth at the angle. Anterior
dorsal spines longer than the posterior ; caudal rounded, with the
lobes slightly produced ; fourteen pectoral rays. Greenish anteriorly,
yellow posteriorly ; two fine red streaks between eye and jaws ; chin
with two blue cross -stripes. Vertical fins red, edged with blue ; anal
blue at the base ; a brown spot at the base of the pectoral, (i?/.)

Java.

16. Pseudoscarus globiceps.

Scarus globiceps, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 179 ; Jen. Voy. Beagle, Fishes,
p. 106.

Two series of scales on the cheek and one or two scales on the
lower praeopercular limb ; the middle series composed of six scales.

42. PSEUDOSCARUS. 225

Upper lip broad, with the inner portion well developed ; jaws whitish ;
a strong pointed horizontal tooth at the corner of the upper jaw,
and a pair of similar teeth at the corner of the lower. Teeth of
moderate size. Dorsal spines subequal in length, stout, with the
top flexible ; caudal emarginate ; fourteen pectoral rays. Greyish-
olive above ; the lower parts of the head yellowish, to an oblique line
running from the axil through the lower margin of the orbit and the
upper lip. A curved yeUow band passes from one eye across the
snout to the other ; short streaks radiate fi'om the hinder and upper
part of the orbit. The dark-coloured portion of the head edged with
yellow and dotted with whitish. Each scale on the body with four
or five round whitish dots. A small black ocellus on the scale
covering the base of the fourth dorsal spine. Dorsal fin yellowish,
with two fine, imdulated vdolet lines, one along the base and the
other near the margin ; a series of ocelli along the middle of the soft
portion. Anal yellow, with a single line below the middle ; caudal
with a yellow, dark-edged band along each lobe ; pectoral blackish
at the root, and with an elongate-ovate dark spot on its upper half.
Tahiti.

a. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Societj-.

17. Pseudoscarus oviceps.
Scarus oviceps, Ciw. i^- Val. xiv. p. 24:4.

The head is one-third less high than long, and has its profile
slightly curved. Jaws without pointed teeth. Caudal lobes much
produced. Upper part of the head brownish-violet (in spirits), the
lower yellowish, both colours being well defined by a line running
from above the upper lip, through the lower margin of the orbit and
the angle of the pra5operculum, to the ventraLs. Body brownish-
violet, with an irregular oblique yellowish band between the middle
of the dorsal fin and the point of the pectoral ; there is a spot of the
same colour on the posterior quarter of the dorsal and on the back.
(F«Z.)

Tahiti.

18. Pseudoscarus psittacus.

Corvphaena psittacus, Z. Si/st. Xitt. i. p. 448 ; Bl. Schn. p. 290.
Scarus vetida, M Sc/m. p. 289 ; Ctir.Sf Val. xiv. p. 19:J.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lowest of which covers the
limb of the prieoperculum ; the middle composed of seven scales.
Caudal subtruncated. Teeth small. Green : upper part of the head
and nape reddish ; a broad yellow band commences immediately
above the pectoral, and runs in a sHghtly oblitpie upward (hrectioii
nearly to the middle of the tail ; head with two straight green longi-
tudinal bands ; the upper round the snout, tlirougli the upper margin
of the orbit, to the origin of the lateral line ; the lower round the
upper lip, through the lower margin of the orbit, to the opcrc'iHar
lobe ; another short transverse band round the chin. Dorsal fin-

VOL. IV. a

226 LABRID^.

green, with a broad yellow longitudinal band near its upper mai-giu ;
anal with a similar band, commencing at the base of the front spine,
and terminating near the tip of the last ray ; caudal green, with the
upper and lower margins yellow.
Caribbean Sea.

a. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
6. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
c. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
d-e. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
f. Adult : skeleton. Cuba. From Mr. GeiTard's Collection.

Vertebrce 12/13. In this species the dentary bone of the mandi-
bula is still more separate from the articulary than in Scariis auro-
frenatus, the joint between both bones being very narrow. A good
figure of this peculiar structure of the mandible is given in Cuvier
and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. pi. 404.

19. Pseudoscarus tseniopterus.

Scarus taeniopterus, (DesmJ) Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 195.
? Scarus diadema, Cur. Sf Fal. xiv. p. 198.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lowest of which covers the
limb of the jiraeoperculum ; the middle composed of five scales.
Caudal truncated. Teeth small. Olive (in a preserved state) : a
yeUow band descends from the upper posterior angle of the orbit
towards the middle of the side, and is lost at the end of the tnink ;
there is a dark band immediately below, which takes its origin from
the hind margin of the orbit, is edged with green on the head, descends
to above the root of the pectoral, and is lost at the end of the trunk ;
the parts below the dark band are yellow. There are two green
streaks on each side of the snout, and one round the lips. A narrow
band along the edge and base of the dorsal and anal is green, aU the
remainder of those fins being yellowish, with green spots. The upper
and lower margins of the caudal green.

Caribbean Sea.

a. Half-grown. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.

b. Half-grown. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

c-e. Adult and haK-grown : stuffed and skins. West Indies. Pur-
chased of Mr. Scrivener.

20. Pseudoscarus sanctae cmcis.

Scarus croicensis, £1. taf. 221.

insulse sanctse Crucis, £1. Schi. p. 285.

altemans, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 200.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the middle composed of five
scales, the lower of three and covering the limb of the prseoperculura.
Caudal subtruncated. Teeth small. Silvery, with three red (brown-

42. PSETJDOSCARUS. 227

ish in spirits) longitudinal bands : the upper from the nape of the
neck to the end of the dorsal ; the second through the eye, crossing
the space between the two portions of the lateral line ; the third from
the base of the pectoral to the lower half of the caudal fin.
Caribbean Sea.

a-h. Adult (8 inches long) and half-grown: skins. Jamaica. From

Dr. Parnell's Collection.
i. Half-grown. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
h. Half-grown. Puerto Cabcllo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

* * Snout without longitudinal streaks.

21. Pseudoscarus chloris.

Parra, lam. 28. fig. 3.

Scarus chloris, Bl. Schn. p. 289.

? Scarus \'ireus, Cm: iS" l^al. xiv. p. 203.

Scarus quadrispinosus, Cui: <§• Val. xiv. p. 197.

? Scarus obtusus, Poei/, 3fe?n. Cub. ii. p. 217.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower
Umb of the praeoperculum ; the second series is composed of four
scales. Caudal rounded, with the lobes produced ; fifteen pectoral
rays. Teeth very small. Nearly uniform green ; vertical fins edged
with dark green ; nape or opercles sometimes reddish. Sometimes
uniform brownish (Scanis quadrispinosus).

Caribbean Sea.

a-c. Adult and half-gro'wn : skins. Jamaica.

Brown variety (Scarus quadrispinosus) :
d. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica.

22. Pseudoscarus cseruleus.

Parra, lam. 27. figs. 1, 2.

Novacula cserulea, Cateshy, Carol, pi. 18.

Cor^'phoena cserulea, Bl. taf. 176 (very bad) ; Bl. Schn. p. 295 ; Lnc/'i).

iii. p. 175.
Scarus loro, Bl. Schn. p. 288.

cffiruleus, Bl. Schn. p. 288; Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 18fi. pi. 401.

trilobatus, Laccp. iv. p. 21.

? Sparus holocyanosu.'?, Lacep. iv. p. 45.

A rounded prominent hump above the snout. Jaws whitish.
Caudal with the lobes produced. Uniform blue.

Caribbean Sea.

This is very probably the old state of one of the other species,
perhaps of Ps. chlori,'?.

23. Pseudoscarus aracanga.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower prae-
opercular limb ; the middle series is composed of six scales. Lips

228 LABRID^E.

broad ; jaws rosy, the upper with two or three small pointed promi-
nences at the angle ; teeth small. Dorsal spines flexible ; caudal trun-
cated; fourteen pectoral rays. Tubes of the lateral line simple ; lateral
line interrupted. Uniform violet-purple ; vertical fins very dark.
Jamaica.

a. Seven inches long : skin. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.

This species has exactly the same coloration as Scarus aracanga,
with which it may be easily confounded.

24. Pseudoscarus capitaneus.

Cacatoe-capitano, Ite)iard, pi. 20. fig. 112.
Scarus enneacanthus, Lacep. iv. pp. 2, 6.

denticulatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 3, 12. pi. 1. fig. 1.

chadri, Lacep. iv. pp. 2, 11.

capitanus, Cm. 6f Val. xiv. p. 228. pi. 403.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower
praeopercular Hmb ; the middle series composed of six scales. Upper
Hp broad ; jaws whitish. Anterior dorsal spine shortest ; fifteen pec-
toral rays ; caudal rounded in young specimens and emarginate in
adult ones. Blue, vertical fins edged with lighter.

Mauritius. Mozambique.

a. Yoimg. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

25. Pseudoscarus balinensis.

Scarus balinensis, Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Bali, p. 8.
Pseudoscarus balLaensis, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 39. tab. 16. fig. 3.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
prseopercular limb. Upper lip broad, entirely covering the jaw ;
jaws rosy, with pointed teeth at the angle, in adult specimens. Dorsal
spines equal in length ; caudal rounded ; fourteen pectoral rays.
Body olive ; fins rosy, edged with blue. (BI.)

Bali, Banda.

a. Young : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

26. Pseudoscarus macrochilus.

Scams macrocheilos, Bleek. Gilolo, p. GO.

Pseudoscarus macrocheilos, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 38. tab. 15. fig. 1.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which is com-
posed of four scales and covers the praeopercular Umb. Upper lip
broad, entirely covering the jaw; jaws rosy, without pointed teeth
at the angle. Anterior dorsal spine shortest ; fifteen pectoral rajs ;
caudal subtruncated. Head and fins without bands ; head, anterior
part of the back and front portion of the dorsal violet, the remainder
of the body and fins yellowish ; upper and lower edges of the caudal
violet. {Bl.)

Halmaheira.

I

42. PSEUDOSCARUS. 229

27. Pseudoscarus dubius.

Scarus diibius, Benn. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 37.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower
pra3operc\ilar limb ; the middle series composed of five scales. Upper
lip broad, double in its entire circuit ; jaws whitish, without pointed
teeth at the angle. Anterior dorsal spine shortest ; fourteen pectoral
rays. Uniform brownish- olive ; vertical fins darker ; caudal white on
its posterior edge.

Sandwich Islands.
a. Five inches long. Sandwich Islands. — Type of the species.
h. Young. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

28. Pseudoscarus serugiuosus.

? Scarus seruginosus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 257.
Scarus lacerta, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 217.

aeruginosus, Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr. Cycl.

p. 58.
Pseudoscarus aeruginosus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 40. tab. 17. fig. 2.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower prae-
opercular limb; the middle series composed of five or six scales. Upper
lip broad, double in its entire circuit ; jaws brownish, with or without
small, pointed teeth at the angle of the upper jaw. Anterior dorsal
spine shortest; fourteen pectoral rays. Uniform greenish-brown,
with three silvery bands along the lower side of the beUy ; caudal
without white margin.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Four and a half inches long.

h. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

29. Pseudoscarus tricolor.

Scarus tricolor, ^feeft. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr. Cycl. p. 59.
Pseudoscarus tiicolor, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 39. tab. 17. fig. 1.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
pr«opercular limb and is composed of six scales. Upper lip very
broad ; jaws rosy, without pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal spines
subequal in length ; caudal emarginate ; fourteen pectoral rays.
Upper parts violet, .sides blue, lower parts rosy ; tail, caudal, and
posterior part of the dorsal red; only the dorsal has a blue margin.
Nearly imiform brown (in spirits).

Java, Celebes, Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
30. Pseudoscarus rubro-violaceus.

Scarus rubro-violaceu.', Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr.

Cycl. p. 52.
Pseudoscarus rubro-violaceus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 37. tab. 13. fig. 3.

Two series of scales on the cheek and one or two scales on the

230 LABRID^.

lower prasoperciilar limb ; the inferior series composed of six scales.
Upper lip broad, ■with the inner portion well developed ; jaws brown-
ish ; teeth of moderate size. Anterior dorsal spines shortest ; fifteen
pectoral rays ; caudal truncated, with the angles produced. Reddish,
with numerous irregular, streak-like black spots ; fins uniform.

Java.
a. Adult. Moluccas.

31. Pseudoscarus forsteni.

Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. p. 38. tab. 8. fig. 2.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which is composed
of five scales and covers the prajopercular limb. Upper Kp broad ;
jaws whitish, the upper with pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal
spines subequal in length ; fourteen pectoral rays ; the upper profile
of the head convex. Rose-coloured, with a broad brown baud from
the eye to the caudal. {Bl.)

Celebes.

d. Scales on the cheek in two series.

32. Pseudoscarus ghobban.

Scarus ghobban, Forsk. p. 28 ; Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 78 ; Cuv. Sf Val.

xiv. p. 216.
? Scarus hertit, (Fhretib.) Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 215.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower praeopercular limb
being entirely naked ; the lower series composed of six scales. Upper
lip broad, with a distinct inner portion ; jaws whitish, without conical
teeth at the angle ; teeth verj' small. Anterior dorsal spines shortest ;
foui'teen pectoral rays; caudal emarginate. Yellowish, each scale
with a blue spot ; blue streaks round the eye and a blue band round
the Hps ; another streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth ; a
red, blue-edged ocellus behind the mandible. Dorsal fin rosy, with a
blue line along the base and margin, and with a series of round green
spots along the middle ; anal blue-edged ; caudal rosy, with an oblique
short band along each lobe and with an angidar band near the base,
its posterior margin greenish.

Red Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

33. Pseudoscarus coUana.

Scarus coUana, Riipp. N. IV. Fische, p. 25. taf. 8. fig. 2.
coUaris, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 265.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower praBopercular limb
being apparently entii'ely naked ; the lower series composed of five
scales. Upper lip broad ; jaws white, without pointed teeth at the
angle ; teeth very small. Dorsal spines subequal in length ; caudal
slightly emarginate ; foTirteen pectoral rays. Green : anterior margin

42. PSEUDOSCARUS. 231

of the lower lip, a hammer-like mark on the throat, and a small spot
on the interoperculum blue. Dorsal and anal fins red, with the base
and the margin blue ; a series of round green spots along the middle
of the fin. Caudal blue, with red markings, one of which is trans-
verse, the two others oblique.
Red Sea.

fl. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. E. Ruppell's Collection.
34. Pseudoscarus bataviensis.

Scarus bataviensis, Bleek. Java, iv. p. 342.

Pseudoscarus bata\iensis, Bleek. Atl Ichth. p. 48. tab. 12. fig. 3.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower praeopercular limb
being entirely naked ; the lower series is composed of six scales.
Upper lip broad ; jaws rosy, the upper with one or two conical teeth
at the angle, none at the lower. Dorsal spines subequal in length ;
fourteen pectoral rays ; caudal rounded, with the angles produced.
Green : lips red, blue anteriorly and green posteriorly ; the green
band of the upper lip and the blue of the lower pass behind the
angle of the mouth into a green band running to the lower angle of
the orbit ; two short green streaks behind the orbit. Dorsal fin red,
Avith a blue margin, and with a green band along the middle ; anal
similarly coloured ; caudal rosy, with the upper and lower margins
blue, and with three or four slightly curved blue cross-bands. {Bl.)

Batavia.

35. Pseudoscarus schlegelii.

Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. p. 48. tab. 12. fig. 2.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower praeopercular limb
being entirely naked ; the lower series is composed of five scales.
Upper lip broad ; jaws whitish, the lower with pointed teeth at the
angle. Dorsal spines subequal in length ; fourteen pectoral rays.
Body yellowish superiorly and on the middle, brownish inferiorly and
posteriorly ; a brown band across the yellowish portion in the middle
of the body ; a blue spot .superiorly in the axil of the pectoral. A
greenish band runs from the orbit round the upper lip ; two short
streaks behind the eye. A green band or series of spots along the
middle of the dorsal fin. {BJ.)

Celebes.

36. Pseudoscarus pentazona.

? Callyodon mutabilis, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gy(ty, p. 86.
Pseudoscai'us pentazona, Blvek. Atl. Ichth. p. 46. tab. 11. fig. 1.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which is composed
of six scales and partly covers the praeopercular limb. Upper lip broad ;
jaws whitish, without pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal spines equal
in length ; fourteen pectoral rays. Greenish, with five brownish cross-
bands ; fins rosy, edged with blue ; dorsal with a green band or series

232 LABRID^.

of green spots along the middle ; a violet spot superiorly in the axil
of the pectoral ; a Ijluish streak from the eye round the lips. (Bl.)

Celebes.

This species is very closely allied to Ps. schlegelii.

37. Pseudoscams sumbawensis.

? Scarus erythrodon, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 255.
Scarus sumbawensis, Bleek. Banda, v. p. 104.
Pseudoscarus sumbawensis, Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 47. tab. 15. fig. 4.

Two series of scales on the check, the lower praeopercular limb
being entirely naked. Upper lip broad ; jaws rosy, with a conical tooth
at the angle (in adult state). Dorsal spines subequal in length ; fifteen
pectoral rays ; caudal rounded. Violet-olive, vertical fins darker.

Eastern parts of the East Indian Archipelago. (? Mauritius.)

a. Young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
38. Pseudoscarus moensi.

Scarus moensi, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi. Celebes, xiii. p. 54.
Pseudoscarus moensi, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 47. tab. 12. fig. 1.

Two series of scales on the, cheek, the lower series composed of
five scales and covering a part of the praeopercular limb. Upper
lip broad; jaws rosy, the upper with pointed teeth at the angle.
Dorsal spines subequal in length ; caudal subtiimcated ; thirteen or
fourteen pectoral rays. Greenish : snout reddish ; head without
bands. Vertical fins rosy, edged with blue ; pectorals \vith a small
violet spot superiorly at the base. {Bl.)

Celebes.

(e. Species insufficiently described, but belonging to division A.)
39. Pseudoscarus sexvittatus.

? Callyodon, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. ii. p. 72. tab. 7. fig. 4.

Scarus sexvittatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 26 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 267.

? Callyodon lineatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 84.

Caudal truncated ; fourteen pectoral rays. Olive, with six broad
blackish longitudinal streaks ; dorsal and anal edged with blue.
Jaws white, without pointed teeth at the angle. (Riipp.)

Djetta (month of June).

40. Pseudoscarus latus.

Scarus latus, (Ehrenb.) Cuv. ^ J'al. xiv. p. 245.

Caudal lobes much produced. Red, each scale with brownish
margin ; dorsal and anal orange -coloured, caudal red, all edged with
violet. (Val.)

Red Sea.

42. rsEUDoscAEus. ■ 233

41. Pseudoscarus (?) ocellatus.

Scarus ocellatus, Ciio. ^- Val. xiv. p. 278.

Olive : head and tail yeUow ; a narrow black line crosses the snout
before the eye ; an oblique black band descends from the neck across
the operculum to the thorax ; three series of black points behind the
pectoral. The spinous dorsal has a black margin and a large ovate
black spot ; caudal with two large red spots on each lobe ; anal uni-
form yellow. ( Val.)

Caroline Islands.

Known from a di-awing only.

B. Jaws greeu or blue ; upper lip broad, covering at least one-half of the
upper jaw.

42. Fseudoscams guacamaia.

Guacamaia, Ibarra, lam. 2G.

Scarus guacamaia, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 178 ; Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861,
p. 421.

Two series of scales on the cheek and a single scale on the lower
limb of the pra?operculum ; caudal rounded, with the lobes much
produced in adtdt specimens. The upper lip covers at least one-half
of the jaw. Teeth small. Brownish (in a presei-ved state), with
the jaws and the naked parts of the head green. Fins dark-coloured ;
margins of the dorsal, anal and ventral fins green.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a. Twenty inches long: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Col-
lection.
6. Half- grown: stuffed. "West Indies. Pirrchased of Mi-. Scrivener.

c. Half-grown : not good state. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr.

Brandt.

d, e. Adult and half-grown. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Col-

lection.

Poey considers the fish described by Valenciennes as different from
Parra's species, and calls the former Scarus pleknms (I. c. p. 393).

43. Pseudoscarus nuchipunctatus.

Scarus nuchipunctatus, Cuv. S^- Val. xiv. p. 224; Bleek. Verhand. Bafav.

Genootsch. xxii. Labr. p. 62.
limbatus, Ctii: 8f Val. xiv. p. 271 ; Bleek. I. f . p. 60 ; Bichards.

Ichthyvl. Chin. p. 262.
Pseudoscarus nuchipunctatus, Bleek. All. Ickth. p. 31. tab. 10. fig. 2.

Cheek with thi-ee series of scales, the lower of which covers the
limb of the pra;operculum. Upper lip broad, with the inner portion
well developed ; jaws green, the upper with a recur^'ed conical
tooth at the angle ; teeth small. Anterior dorsal spine shortest ;
foui'teen pectoral rays ; caudal rounded, with the lobes veiy slightly
produced. Uniform brown ; lips with a green cross-band ; some

234 LABRID^.

oblong spots between the eye and the scapula. Fins black, the ver-
tical fins with a yellow edge.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Sixteen inches long : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves,

Esq.

c. Half-grown.

d. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Vertebrce 11/14.

44. Pseudoscarus janthochir.

? Scarus prasiognathus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 272.

Scarus janthochir, Bleek. Ternate, p. 139, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ne-

derl. vi. Celebes, xiii. p. f)4.
Pseudoscarus janthochir, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 30. tab. 5.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the lower prse-
opercular limb ; the middle series composed of seven scales. Upper
lip broad ; jaws green, with two small pointed teeth at the angle of
the upper jaw ; teeth small. Anterior dorsal spines shortest ; fifteen
pectoral rays ; caudal crescent-shaped. Greenish, with round gTeen
(in spirits, whitish) spots ; a red streak from the maxillary to the
eye, and a green one from the snout to the eye. Dorsal blue-edged,
wdth green spots on the spinous portion and with violet on the soft.
Anal red, edged with blue ; caudal green, with a red longitudinal
band near the upper margin.

Java, Celebes, Ternate. (?New Ireland.)

a. Adult. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

45. Pseudoscarus cyanognathus.

Scarus cyanognathus, Bleek. Verhand. Bafav. Genootsch. xxii. Lahr.

Cycl. p. 62.
Pseudosearus cyanognathus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 32. tab. 11. tig. 2.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
prseopercidar limb and is composed of five scales. Ui^per lip broad ;
jaws blue, the upper with small pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal
spines subequal in length ; caudal with the lobes produced ; fourteen
pectoral rays. Head much longer than high. Greenish : lips red ;
a blue band from below the eye round the upper lip ; dorsal and
anal red, edged with blue ; caudal with a broad red crescent, its
upper and lower rays being blue.

Java.
a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

46. Pseudoscarus octodon.
Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. p. 3;1 tab. 13. fig. 2.
Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower series composed of six
scales and covering a part of the lower prai'opercular limb. Upper

42. PSEUDOSCABTJS. 235

lip broad ; jaws blue, each with a pair of strong pointed teeth at the
angle. Fourteen pectoral I'ays. Body brownish-red ; a narrow green
streak runs from the eye round the upper lip ; upper lip with two
green cross-streaks, chin with one. Dorsal and anal edged with
blue. {Bl.)
Buton.

47. Pseudoscarus singaporensis.

Scarus singapurensis, Bleek. Singapore, p. G9.

Pseudoscarus singapurensis, Bkek. Atl. Ichth. p. 31. tab. 13. fig. 1.

Two series of scales on the cheek and two scales on the praeoper-
cular limb. Upper lip broad ; jaws blue, without pointed teeth at
the angle of the upper jaw. The dorsal spines increase in length
posteriorly ; fifteen pectoral rays ; caudal with the lobes much pro-
duced. Uniform brownish, with numerous irregular whitish spots.

Singapore, Java.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

C. Jaws green or blue ; upper lip narrow, covering less than one-half
of the upper jaw.

a. Scales on the elieek in three series, the lower praeopercular limb
being entirely naked.

48. Pseudoscarus microrhinus.

Scarus microrhinus, Bleek. Xatunrk. Tydsclir. Xederl. Ind. v\. p. 200

& viii. p. 4S8.
Pseudoscarus microiThinos, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 22. tab. 3.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower praeopercular limb
being naked ; the lower and middle series composed of six scales
each. Lips very narrow, covering only the base of the jaws ; jaws
blue, the upper with pointed teeth at the angle. Forehead gibbous
in adult specimens. Dorsal spines subeqtial in length ; fifteen or
sixteen pectoral rays. Green, rosy beneath : a green band runs
from the lower lip to the opercular margin, opposite the upper pec-
toral rays, ^'ertical fins rosy, edged with blue ; anal with a green
band along the middle ; caudal immaculate at the base.

Java, Celebes.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

49. Pseudoscarus strongylocephalus.

Scarus strongylocephalus, Bleek. Java, ii. p. 439.

Pseudoscarus strongylocephalus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth, p. 23. tab. 4. fig. 3.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower prtcopercular limb
being naked. Lips very naiTow, covering only a small portion of
the jaws ; jaws blue, the upper with a pointed tooth at the angle.
Forehead convex, not gibbous. Dorsal spines subequal in length ;
sixteen pectoral rays ; caudal with the lobes much produced. Green,
each scale rosy at the base, lower parts rosy ; upper lip with green
Toss-bands ; a curved green band from the month to below the eve.

236 LABRID^.

and two bands behind the eye. Vertical fins red; anal and dorsal with
blue bands or series of spots along the middle, and with blue base ;
caudal edged with blue superiorly and inferiorly, and with a crescent-
shaped green band on its posterior margin; blue spots on its base, (5Z.)
Java.

50. Pseudoscarus microcMlus.

Scarus capistratas, Bleek. Batav. p. 497; (not K. 8fv. H.).
Pseudoscarus microcheilos, Bleeh. Atl. Ichth. p. 24. tab. 4. fig. 2.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower limb of the prae-
operculum being entirely naked. Lips very narrow, covering only
the base of the jaws ; jaws blue, without pointed teeth at the angle.
Caudal with the lobes slightly produced ; sixteen pectoral rays.
Brownish-green : head immaculate, lips red ; dorsal and anal fins red,
edged with blue, and with a round green spot between the single
rays and spines ; caudal reddish, edged -with blue superiorly and in-
feriorly, and with a green crescent and violet edge posteriorly. {Bl.)

Java.

6. Scales on the cheek in three series, the scales of the lower covering
the prfeopercular limb.

51. Pseudoscarus uiger.

Scarus niger, Rilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 24. taf. 8. fig. 1 ; Cuv. dr Vol. xiv.
p. 232.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
prseoperciilar limb. Upper lip narrow ; jaws greenish, with pointed
teeth at the angle. Caudal with the lobes produced ; fourteen pec-
toral rays. Head, body, and caudal fin black ; lips, and some streaks
before, behind and between the orbits reddish ; dorsal and anal fins
reddish ; vertical fins edged with blue. {Rilpp.)

Djetta (month of August).

52. Pseudoscarus xanthopleura.

Scarus xanthopleura, Bkek. Batav. p. 499.

Pseudoscarus xanthopleiu-a, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 24. tab. 7. fig. 1.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
prfeopercular limb and is composed of two scales. Lips very narrow,
covering only the base of the jaM's ; jaws blue, the upper with pointed
teeth at the angle. Caudal with the lobes much produced ; fifteen
pectoral rays. Upper parts of the head and body green ; sides rosy,
the lower part of the sides yellow ; scales Avith reddish margins ;
snout with irregular red streaks. Dorsal red, with broad blue mar-
gin and with oblong blue spots at the base between the spines and
rays ; anal blue, with a rosy longitudinal band ; caudal green, edged
with yeUow posteiiorly and with rosy laterally, and with the lobes
blue. {Bl.)

Java.

42. PSEUDOSCARUS. 237

c. Scales oil the cheek in two series.

53. Pseudoscarus troschelii.
Scarus troschelii, Bleek. Batav. p. 498.

Pseudoscarus troschelii, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 25. tab. 7. fig. 2.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower praeopercular limb
being naked. Lips very narrow, covering only the base of the jaws ;
jaws green, the upper with pointed teeth at the angle. Caudal
slightly emarginate ; fifteen pectoral rays. Green, each scale with
reddish margin ; lips red ; a short red band through the eye, and
another from the angle of the mouth, below the eye, towards the oper-
culum ; chin with red transverse and longitudinal streaks. Dorsal
red, edged with blue, and with a green band along the middle ; anal
yellowish, with a similar red band ; caudal greenish. {Bl.)

Java.

54. Pseudoscarus celebicus.

Scarus celebicus, Bleek. Celebes, v. p. 2.53.

Pseudoscarus celebicus, Bleek. Atl. lelith. p. 26. tab. 15. fig. 2.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower extending over a part
of the praeopercular limb. Upper lip very short, covering only the
base of the jaw, with the inner portion rudimentary ; jaws blue,
the upper with one or two conical teeth at the angle. Anterior
dorsal spine shortest ; fifteen pectoral rays ; caudal rounded. Green :
lips red, with blue margin ; two or three short green streaks behind
the eye. Dorsal fin red, with a broad blue margin to its anterior
portion, and with a bluish longitudinal band ; anal red at the base,
and blue on the remainder of the fin ; cauda^red, blue-edged.

Celebes. Chinese Sea.

a. Fine specimen. Sea of China. Presented by Sir- J. Eichardson.

55. Pseudoscarus cMorodon.

Scarus chlorodon, Jenym, Vm/. Becufle, Fishes, p. 105. pi. 21.
Pseudoscarus chlorodon, Bleek. Versl. en Meded. Akad. Wetensch. Am-
sterd. Natuurk. xii. 1861, Scar. p. 5.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower prJBorbital limb being
entirely naked. Lips veiy narrow, covering only the base of the
jaws ; jaws blue, the upper ^vithout pointed teeth at the angle.
Fifteen or sixteen pectoral rays. Brown (in a dried state) ; snout
and cheeks much varied with green. A bright green patch in front
of the eye, with a pale streak below. Dorsal and anal green, the
former with a lighter intramarginal band, the latter with a band
along the middle. {Jen.)

Kokos Island.

{d. Species insufiiciently described, but belonging to division C.)

56. Pseudoscarus pectoralis.
Scarus pectoralis, Ctiv. Sf T'ed. xiv. p. 2G9.

Jaws green, with a small pointed tooth at the angle : caudal lobes

238 LABRTD^.

produced ; neck elevated. Head violet above, yellomsh below, both
colours separated by a line running from below the eye to the angle
of the operculum ; lips yellow, with a violet line in the middle ; a
streak from the chin towards the eye. Anterior two-thirds of the
sides violet ; back along the dorsal, base of the anal, tail and caudal
fin yellow ; anal and dorsal violet, with the margin and base yellow.
Pectoral with a large violet blotch towards its extremity. ( Val.)
Djetta.

1). Jaws whitish or rosy ; upper lip narrow, covering only one-half, or
less, of the upper jaw.

57. Pseudoscarus muricatus.

Scarus muricatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 208. pi. 402; Bkek. Verhand.

Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr. p. 46.
Pseudoscarus muricatus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 26. tab. 7. fig. 3.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which covers the
prseopercular limb and is composed of four scales. Upper lip very
short, covering only the base of the jaw, with the inner portion rudi-
mentary ; jaws rosJ^ with their surface rough or tubercular. An-
terior dorsal spines shortest ; sixteen pectoral rays ; caudal rounded,
\sdth the lobes produced. Uniform bluish-grey.

Java.

58. Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus.

Three series of scales on the cheek, the lower of which is composed
of three scales and covers the prseopercular limb ; the middle com-
posed of six scales. Upper lip narrow, covering one-third of the jaw ;
jaws large, dirty- white, smooth, without pointed teeth at the angle;
teeth smaU. Anteiior dorsal spines shortest ; caudal truncated, with
the lobes produced ; fifteen pectoral rays. Lateral line interrupted,
with the tubes scarcely branched. Head and trunk imiform brown ;
tail and vertical fins orange-coloured ; tail with three brown cross-
bands : the first between the origins of the soft dorsal and anal, the
second between their ends ; the third, rather indistinct, across the
free portion of the tail. Base of the pectoral brown.

Mauritius.

a. Fifteen inches long : stuffed. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.

59. Pseudoscarus rhoduropterus.

Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. p. 27. tab. 4. fig. 1.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower series composed of six
scales and covering partly the pra^opercular limb. Lips very narrow;
jaws rosy, smooth, the upper with pointed teeth at the angle. Fifteen
pectoral rays. Body dark rose-coloured, with four violet cross-
bands : the first behind the base of the pectoral, the second to the
vent, the third to the middle of the anal, the fourth immediately
behind the dorsal and anal fins. {Bl.)

Celebes.

42. PSETjDoscARirs. 239

(>0. Pseudoscarus quojri.

Scams quoyi, pt., Cm: S: Vul. xiv. p. 273.

Scarus quoyi, Bhrk. Tcrnatc, ii. p. 607.

Pseudoscarus quojn, Bh-ek. Atl. Ichth. p. 29. tab. 6. fig. 3.

Two series of .scales on the cheek, the lower composed of five scales ;
the lower prneoperciilar limb entirely naked. Lips narrow, the
upper covering- only one-half of the jaw ; jaws rosy, the upper with
pointed teeth at the angle. Caudal slightly emarginate ; fifteen pec-
toral rays. Green : lips blue, edged with red ; a large ovate green
spot between the angle of the mouth and the posterior margin of the
operculum, edged with blue ; dorsal fin red, with broad blue margin
and with a green band along the middle ; anal with a green band
along the middle ; caudal greenish, with the outer rays blue. {Bl.)

New Ireland. Ternate.

61. Pseudoscarus cyanotaenia.

Scarus cyanotsenia, Bleck. Nafiturk. Ti/dschr. Ncderl. Ltd. vi. p. 197.
Pseudoscarus cyanotasnia, Blcek. Atl. Ichth. p. 28. tab. 6. fig. 1.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower series composed of six
scales ; the lower priEopercular limb entirelj- naked. Lips very short,
covering only the base of the jaws ; jaws rosy, the upper with a pointed
tooth at the angle. Fifteen pectoral rays ; caudal rounded, with
the outer rays scarcely produced. Red : vertical fins edged with
blue ; a blue line along the middle of the dorsal ; anal without band ;
a reddish- violet spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral. (BI.)

Java.

62. Pseudoscarus capistratoides.

Scarus capistratoides, Bkek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Labr.

Cycl. p. 50.
Pseudoscarus capistratoides, Bhek. Atl. Ichth. p. 29. tab. 6. fig. 2.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower composed of six scales;
the lower prncopercular limb entirely naked. Lips very narrow,
covering only the base of the jaws ; jaws rosy, the upper with a
pointed tooth at the angle. Fifteen pectoral rays. The upper pro-
file of the head convex. GreenLsh, each scale red at the base ; lips
red, edged with blue ; a bluish band runs from the mouth, below the
eye, to the operculum. Vertical fins red, with blue margins and base.

Java.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Rleeker's Collection.

(53. Pseudoscarus gymnognathus.

Scarus g}-mnognatho.«, Bhck. Butar. p. 498.

PBCudoscarus gymnogiiathus, Bleck. Atl. Ichth. p. 28. tab. lo. fig. 3.

Two series of scales on the check, the lower series composed of six
or seven scales and covering a portion of the infei ior pn^opereular

240 LABRID^.

limb. Upper lip very narrow, covering only the base of the jaws ;
jaws whitish, ■without pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal spines sub-
equal in length; caudal subtruncated; fifteen pectoral rays. Brown-
ish ; lips red, edged with green. Dorsal red anteriorly, violet poste-
riorly, with a broad violet margin, like the anal; caudal brownish. {BL)
Java.

64. Pseudoscarus gibbus.

Scarus gibbus, Silpp. Atl. Fische, p. 81. pi. 20. fig. 2 ; Cuv. 8y Val. xiv.
p. 231.

Forehead very convex. Lips narrow ; jaws whitish, the upper
with pointed teeth at the angle. Dorsal spines subequal in length ;
sixteen (fifteen) pectoral rays. Dark-violet, two red spots behind
the chin ; dorsal and anal fins reddish-brown, edged with blue, and
with a green stripe along the middle.

MohUa.

Vertebrae 11/13.

Sixth Group. ODACINA.

43. ODAX*.

Odax, sp., Cnv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 298.

Cheeks and opercles scaly ; scales of the body small or rather
small ; lateral line continuous. Snout conical. Dorsal spines rather
numerous, fiexible. The dentigerous plate of the lower pharyngeal
triangular, much broader than long.

Vertebrae 19/17 {Odax balteafus).

Coasts of Australia and of New Zealand.

1. Odax balteatus.

Odax balteatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xiv. p. 303.

algensis, Eichards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 2G, and Trans. Zool.

Soc. iii. p. 148.

D.i^. A. ^. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 4/13. Vert. 19/17.

Praeoperculum finely serrated posteriorly. Sides of the head with
red and blue streaks ; dorsal and anal fins with dark-purple edges and
with many very short, slender, oblique bars, regularly crossing the
rays. Specimens in spirits show a dark band running from the snout,
through the eye, to the curve of the lateral line, where it disappears,
or is replaced by a series of indistinct dark blotches.

Van Diemen's Land, Australia. (Kelp-fish.)

a-h. Adult. Port Arthur. From the Haslar Collection. — Types of
0. algensis.

* 1 . Odax variua, Cicv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 307. — Ulea.

43. ODAx. 241

c. Half-grown. Port Jackson. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

d. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
e-f. Fine specimens. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
g, h. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.

2. Odax frenatus.
D. 31. A. 13. L.lat. 42. L. transv. 3/11.
Prseoperculum entire ; dorsal nearly even ; a dark-brown band
from the snout, through the eye, to the end of the operculum ; a sil-
very band below the brown one, and continued on to the tail, where
it is gradually lost ; a blackish spot anteriorly on the dorsal fin.
Australia.

a-b. Fine specimens. Freemantle. Presented by Dr. Bowerbank.
c. Young. Gages Road, Swan River. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Description. — Head and body elongate ; the height of the latter is
one-eighth of the total length, the length of the head is contained
four times and a third in it. Snout produced, conical, not twice as
long as the eye. Scales on the cheek in two series, the upper of which
advances nearly to the angle of the mouth. The gill-membranes are
united, and attached to the isthmus. The dorsal spines are flexible,
of moderate height, and pass gradually into the soft raj^s, the posterior
of which are branched ; caudal fin rather prolonged, one-sixth of the
total length ; pectoral rounded, a little shorter than the ventral, two-
fifths of the length of the head. Back reddish-olive : a straight brown
band, which is broader posteriorly, runs from the end of the snout,
through the eye, to the posterior portion of the gill-opening ; it is
accompanied by a silvery band which is continued on the body, pass-
ing through the base of the pectoral, and terminating above the anal ;
a more or less regular series of groups of small brown spots partly
along the silvery band, partly without it ; pectoral, dorsal and caudal
fins red, the latter blackish at the point. A blackish spot between
the two first dorsal spines.

Total length 56 lines.

3. Odax semifasciatus.
Citv. <5- V(d. xiv. p. 299. pi. 407.

D. ||. A. ^. L. lat. 63. L. transv. 15-20.

Prajoperculum entire ; none of the fin-rays produced ; dorsal fin even ;
caudal rounded. Yellowish, with dark bands across tlie back. (Val.)
Indian Ocean (?).

The specimens mentioned by Sir J. Richardson as Odax semifas-
ciatKJi are of a different species, which we have named after that ich-
thyologist.

4. Odax richardsonii.
Odax pullus, Cur. tf Vol. xiv. pi. 408 (not Forxt).

D. ii. A. ^^. L. lat. GO. L. transv. 7/20.
l'ra?operculum finely serrated posteriorly; none of the fin -rays

vol.. IV. K

242 LABEID^.

produced ; dorsal fin even ; caudal rounded. Brownish or greenish
in a preserved state, with rather indistinct dark cross-bands ; dorsal
fin green.

Coasts of Australia.

a. Adult. Sydney. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

b. Adult : skin. Port Jackson.

c. Adult: skin. Hobson's Bay.

d-f. Adult : skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
g. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

Sir J. Richardson (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. 1843, p. 427) has
made the very correct observation, that the figure given by Valen-
ciennes, and named Odax puUiis, does not agree with Forster's fish
from New Zealand.

5. Odaz radiatns.

Malacanthus radiatus, Quoy &■ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Zool. iii. p. 719.

pi. 19. fig. 2.
Cheilio lineatus, Cuv. <^ Vol. xiii. p. 354.
? Odax borbonicus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 306.
Odax lineatus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. Fish. p. 133. pi. 60. figs. 1-5.

D. 30-31. A. 13. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 4/10.

Praeoperculum entire ; the first dorsal spine slightly produced ;
caudal with the middle prolonged, rhombic. Back violet, belly
orange- coloured, a carmine-red band along the side of the back ; a
reddish-violet line commences behind the eye, and is forked at the
origin of the lateral line, one part running above, the other below
the convex portion of the lateral line ; a single reddish-violet line
runs along and above its straight portion. Sides of the head with
blue longitudinal lines ; operculum with a dark-green spot. Dorsal
fin with greenish, darker-edged longitudinal Lines and with a black-
ish band within its margin ; the anterior spine dark ; a black band,
edged with red superiorly, occupies the anterior third of the base of
the fin. Caudal blackish posteriorly ; anal yellowish ; pectoral rose-
coloitred ; the outer ventral ray produced, with a red, black-edged
longitudinal band.

Western coasts of Australia.

a. Adult. Western coast of Australia.

b, c. Adult. Freeraantle. Presented by Dr. Bowerbank.

6. Odax vittatus.

Odax vittatus, (Snhntd.) Richards. Ann. ^ Maq. Nat. Hist. xi. 1843,
p. 426.

D. 34. A. 14.

The dorsal fin undulates, varying in its height : its fii-st four rays
are equal to each other, after which the fin gradually lowers to the
thirteenth or fourteenth spine and then rises again, so that the posterior
quarter of the fin is higher than the first rays. Entirely brown, with
a silvery band commencing from the lower jaw and running through

46. SIPHONOGNATHUS. 243

the base of the pectoral to the lower part of the caudal. Sometimes
there are series of small violet spots along the back and side.s : old
individuals have the silvery band interrupted and composed of spots.
(Bich.)

New Zealand.

44. CORIDODAX.

Head naked, a few scales behind the orbit ; scales of the body
small ; lateral Kne continuous. Snout of moderate extent. Dorsal
spines numerous, flexible. Pharyngeal apparatus ?

New Zealand.

1. Coridodax pullus.

Sparus pullus, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 30<3.

Scams pullus, Bl. Schn. p. 288.

Odax pullus, Cuv. ^- Val. xiv. p. 304 (uot figure).

D. g. A. f-^. L. lat. 90. L. transv. 10/25.

Three series of small scales behind the orbit ; prseoperculum entire ;
caudal sublimulate (?). Uniform blackish-brown.
Queen Charlotte's Sound.

a. Type of the species, fifteen inches long ; caudal fin destroyed ;
pharyngeals taken away. From Forster's Collection.

45. OLISTHEROPS.

Olisthops, Richards. Ann. SfMag. Nat. Hist. vii. 1851, p. 290, or Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 74.

Head entirely naked ; scales of moderate size ; lateral line con-
tinuous. Snout of moderate extent. Dorsal spines numerous, flexible.
Pharyngeal apparatus ?
Australia.

1. Olistherops cyanomelas.
Richards. I. c. p. 291, or Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 75. pi. 3. figs. 1 & 2.
D. j|. A. -i. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 7/14.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. Blackish-green ; a bluish streak along the upper and
lower margins of the caudal and along the upper margin of the pec-
toral. {Rich.)

King George's Sound.

46. SIPHONOGNATHUS.

Siphonognathus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 237 *.
Head and body very elongate ; snout long, as in Fistularia ; upper

* Mr. Gill, after having first adopted the view of Richardson, and after having
referred this genus to the family of - Aulostoiiiatoids." now thinks (Proc. Acad. ^" at.
So. Philad. lC<G2, p. 233) that it is the type of a peculiar fauiilv, reinarkiiig at the
same time that " I had first perceived its affinities, but that I appear to be wrong

K 2

244 EMBIOTOCID^.

jaw terminating in a long, pointed, skinny appendage ; opercles and
cheeks scaly ; scales of moderate size ; lateral line continuous. Dorsal
spines numerous, flexible. The dentigerous plate of the lower pha-
ryngeal is very narrow.
King George's Sound.

1. Siphonognathus argyrophanes.

Richards. I. c. p. 238. pi. 6.

D. |. A. 14. L. lat. 105. L. transv. 3/12.

A brownish- violet band along the median line of the back ; another
from the snout, through the eye, to the tip of the caudal fin, which is
lanceolate ; a silvery band along and below the brown lateral one.

King George's Sound.
a. Fine specimen. Presented by the College of Surgeons. — Type of
the species.

in referring it to the same family witli the other Labroids." Neither Odax nor
Siphonognathus appear to be known to Mr. Gill from autopsy, otherwise he cer-
tainly would not have endeavoured to separate them into two families, wliatever his
views of a "family" in Iclithyology may be. Odax and Siphonognathus are (to
give an instance with which Mr. Gill may be more familiar) as closely and natu-
rally allied as Sus and Babirussa.

Fam.3. EMBIOTOCID^.

Holconoti seu Embiotocoidse, Agass. Am. Journ. xvi. 1853, p. 3S3.

Body compressed, elevated or oblong, covered with cycloid scales.
Lateral line continuous. One dorsal fin, with a developed spinous
portion, and with a scaly sheath along the base, which is separated
by a groove from the other scales ; anal with three spines and nume-
rous rays. Ventral fins thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays.
Teeth in the jaws small, palate smooth. The lower pharyngeal bone
triangular, simple. Branchiostegals five or six ; gills four, pseudo-
branchiae well developed ; au'-bladder large, simple. Stomach with-
out csecal appendage, pyloric appendages none. Viviparous.

Vertebrae 17/20 (Ditrema ar/r/regatum).

North Pacific.

Synoj)sis of the Genera.

Dorsal spines 7-11 1. Ditrema, p. 245.

Dorsal spines 16-18 2. IIysterocakpus, p. 251.

}. DITKEMA. 245

1. DITREMA*.

Ditrema, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 77.

Embiotoca, Rhacochilus, Amphisticlius, et Holconotus, Af/assiz.

llolcoiiotus, ^licroniotrus, Cymatogaster, Pachylabrus, M} tilophagus,

et Ilj'jierprosopon, Gibbons.
Holconotus, Embiotoca, Damalichthys, Phanerodon, Abeona, Rhaco-

chiliis, Amphistichus, et Ennichthys, Girurd.

Body compressed, elevated, covered with cycloid scales of moderate
or rather small size ; mouth rather small ; teeth conical, in a single
series. One dorsal lin, the spinous portion of which is less developed
than the soft, and composed of seven to eleven spines ; anal with
three spines and numerous closely-set rays. Gills four, with a cleft
behind ; pseudobranchiiE well developed.

West coast of North America ; one species from Japan. Entering
fresh waters.

1. Ditrema jacksoni.

Embiotoca iacksoni, Aqass. Am. Jmini. xvi. p. 387, xvii. p. 366, and

Proc. Bod. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 126 ; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.

Phihtd. 1854, p. 151; 1855, p. 320, and U.S. Pacif. R. R. JExped.Fish.

pi. 27, 28, 26. tigs. 3 & 4.
Holconotus fuliginosus, Gibbons, I*roc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pkilad. 1854,

p. 12.3.
Embiotoca cassidii, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 151 ;

1855, p. 320, and U.S. Padf. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 171. pi. 29 & 26.

fig. 12.
webbi, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 320, and U.S.

Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 173. pi. 30.

D. ^^. A. 2-g^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 8/19.

The middle and posterior dorsal spines are of nearly equal length,
shorter than the anterior rays. Scales on the cheek in four series.
The height of the body is one-half or somewhat less than one-half
of the total length (without caudal). Upper jaw a little longer than
the lower. The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle.
The maxillaiy extends to, or nearly to, below the anterior margin of
the orbit. Caudal fin slightly forked.

rt. Adult. San Francisco. Erom the Boston Museum.
6. Adult : not good state. San Francisco. Presented by the Smith-
sonian Institiition.

2. Ditrema laterale.

Embiotoca lateralis, Aqass. Am. Juuni. 1854, p. 366, and Proc. Host.

Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861,"p. 126.
Ilolcniiotus n^assizii, (ribbons, IVoc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phi/ad. 18.54,p.l21.
luubiotocalint-atn, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, pp. 134,

141, 151 ; 1855, p. 320, and U.S Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 174.

pi. 31. 26. figs. 5 & 6.

* 1. Embiotoca argjrosonia, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 136,
and U.S. Pacif. R. R. E.rped. x. Fishes, p. 180.
2. Cymatogaster pidchcllus, Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phdnd.\KA, p. 123.
— Holconotus pulclicllus, Ayass. Prvc. Host. Sue. Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 132.

246 EMBIOTOCID^.

Embiotoca ornata, Girurd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 321, and
U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 176. pi. 26. fig. 11.

perspicabilis, Girurd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 321, and

U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. vii. p. 178. pi. 26. figs. 1 & 2, xii. pt. 2. p. 357.
pi. 32 ; S'ucUey S,- Cooper, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 357. pi. 32.

Tseniotoca lateralis, Agass. Proc. Post. Sac. Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 133.

D. ii. A. ^^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 8/18.

The middle and posterior dorsal spines are of nearly equal length,
shorter than the anterior rays. Scales on the cheek in three series.
The height of the body is contained twice and a thii-d in the total
length (without caudal). Upper jaw a little longer than the lower.
The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle. The maxil-
lary does not quite extend to below the anterior margin of the orbit.
Anal fin with a yellowish streak along the base.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.

b. Adult : not good state. Puget Sound. Presented by the Smith-

sonian Institution.

c. Adult: skin. Victoria Harbour (Vancouver Islands). Presented by

Earl Russell.

3. Ditrema temmiackii.

Ditrema, ScMeg. Fatm. Japon. Poiss. p. 77. pi. 40. fig. 2.

Ditrema temmiackii, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxv. Japan, p. 33.

laeve, Giltith. Acanthopt. Fishes, ii. p. 392.

D. i5. A. §^. L. lat. 76. L. transv. 10/18.

The dorsal spines become gradually higher posteriorly, the last
not being much shorter than the first ray. Scales on the cheek in
five series. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total (with-
out caudal). Jaws equal in length anteriorly ; the maxillary does
not extend to below the front margin of the eye. Lips rather thin,
the fold of the lower being interrupted in the middle. The spinous
dorsal edged with black.

a. Nine inches long : stuffed. Japan. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

The discovery that this species is naturally allied to the Embioto-
cidce of the North American ichthyologists is due to Mr. GUI, who
communicated it to me in 1861. I had erroneously placed it among
the Nomeina, from which it differs externally in having one con-
tinuous dorsal fin.

4. Ditrema vacca.

Damalichthys vacca, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 321,
and U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. x. Fishes, p. 182, xii. pi. 33 ; Suckley 8f
Cooper, Nat. Hist. Wash. Teir. p. 358. pi. 33.

D. 12. A. ^. L. lat. 61. L. transv. 7/16.

The dorsal spines become gradually higher posteriorly, the last
being much shorter than the first ray. Scales on the cheek in four
series. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length
(without caudal). Upper jaw longer than the lower ; the maxillary

1. DITREMA. 247

does not extend to the vertical from the front margin of the eye.
Lips rather thick, the fold of the lower being interrupted in the
middle. Caudal deeply forked.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.
5. Ditrema toxotes.

Rhacochilus ioiiotes,Aqass.Am.Journ. 1854, p. 367, &nAProc.Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 130 ; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856,
p. 136, and U.S. Pacif. P.P. E.vp. x. Fishes, p. 188. pi. 40.

Pachylabrus variegatus, Gibbons, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 126.

D. ii. A. ^. L. lat. 73. L. transv. 11/21.

The dorsal spines slightly increase in length posteriorly, but are
considerably lower than the anterior rays. Scales on the cheek in
six or seven series. The height of the body is contained t\vice and
two-fifths in the total length (without caudal). Jaws subequal an-
teriorly ; lips thick, the fold of the lower continuous round the jaw.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.
6. Litrema furcatum,

Phanerodon furcatus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 153 ;
1855, p. 322, and U.S. Pacif. P.P. Exp. x. Fishes, p. 184. pi. 34.
figs. 1-5.

^- ^- ^- k- ^- 1^*- 6^- ^- transv. 5/14.
The dorsal spines increase in length posteriorly, the last being not
much shorter than the fii-st ray. Scales on the cheek in three series.
The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal). Jaws equal in length anteriorly ; the fold of the lower lip
is interrupted in the middle.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.

7. Ditrema caryi.

Embiotoca (iwy\,Agass. Am. Juurn. xvi. 1853, p. 389; xvii. 1854, p. 366.
Holconotus gibbonsi, Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

1854, p. 121.
Hypsurus caiyi, Agass. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 133.

D.^^. A.^. L. lat. 71. L. transv. 7/18.

The middle dorsal spines are a little longer than the posterior, and
shorter than the anterior rays. Scales on the cheek in three series.
The height of the body is 'two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal). Upper jaw a little longer than the lower. Lips rather
thick, the fold of the lower being interrupted in the middle. The
maxiUary does not extend to the vertical from the front margin of
the orbit.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.

248 EMBIOTOCrD.E.

8. Ditrema aggregatum.

Micrometrus aggregatiis, Gibhoiis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,

p. 125 ; Agass. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861. p. 128.
Cymatogaster aggi'egatus, Gibbons, I. c. p. 106.
Holconotus rliodotems, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, pp. 141,

152; 1855, p. 322; U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. x. Fishes,^. 193. pis. 35, 36.

figs.l-4*,pl. 26. figs. 7 & 8 ■; Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 358 ;

{not Agass.).
Metrogaster aggregatus, Agass. I. c. p. 1-33.

D.^j. A.^^. L.lat. 40-44. L. transv. 4/12. Vert. 17/20.

The middle dorsal spines are longer than the posterior. Scales on
the cheek in three series. The height of the body is two-fifths of
the total length (without caudal). Jaws equal in length anteriorly ;
lips thin, the fold of the lower being continuous round the jaw. The
maxillary does not quite extend to the anterior margin of the eye.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.

h-c. Half-grown. Humboldt's Bay. Presented by the Smithsonian
Institution.

d. Fine specimen. New Orcas Islands. Presented by the Lords of
the Admiralty.

e-h. Males and pregnant females. From the Haslar Collection.

i-l. Adult : skins. Esquimault Harbour, Vancouver Islands. Pre-
sented by Earl Russell.

m. Adult : skeleton. Humboldt's Bay. Presented by the Smith-
sonian Institution.

9. Ditrema brevipinne.
D. ^. A. A. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 4/12.

The three posterior dorsal spines are the longest, a little shorter
than the anterior rays. Scales on the cheek in two series. The
height of the body is one-thii-d of the total length (without caudal).
Jaws equal in length anteriorly; lips thin, the fold of the lower
being interrupted in the middle. The maxillary does not quite
extend to the anterior margin of the eye.

Vancouver Islands.

a. Seven and a half inches long : skin. Esquimault Harbour. Pre-
sented by Earl Russell.

We would add to the above diagnosis : Head somewhat longer than
high, its length being nearly one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
The upper profile is somewhat concave above the eye. The diameter
of the orbit equals the extent of the snout, and is two-sevenths of
the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth oblique ; teeth rather
small, in a single series. The scaly part of the cheek is narrower

* If the figui'e of pi. 36 has really been drawn from a specimen of tliis species,
the control over tlie artist must have been very careless, the scales being repre-
sented much too small,

1. mxBEMA. 249

than the orbit. The dorsal fin commences vertically above the root
of the ventrals : the first spine is very short ; the three foUowing
increase in length, the three last being the longest, of nearly equal
length, half as long as the head ; the anterior rays a little longer
than the last spines. The anal fin commences below the seventh
dorsal ray, and extends further backwards than the dorsal fin, its
spines being very distinct ; caudal fin emarginate.
Back dark-greenish-olive, beUy silvery.

10. Ditrema minimnTn.

Micrometrus mimm\iB,Gibbom,Proc.Aca(I.]Vat. Sc.Philad.'\854:,]i. 12.5;

A(/(i.ss. Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist. 18G1, p. 129.
Cjniiatogaster minimus, Gibbons, I. c. p. 106.

Holconotus trowbridgii, Gtrard, Proc. Acad. Nat. So. PA«7arf.l8o4,p. 152.
Abeona trowbridgii, Girard, I. c. 1865, p. 322, and U. S. Pacif. P. P.

Exp. X. Fish. p. 186. pi. 34. figs. 6-10.

^- IT- ^- il^- ^- ^^*- ^-- ^- t^^^s'^- 4/13-
The middle dorsal rays are longer than the posterior. Scales on
the cheek in three series. The height of the body is contained twice
and a third in the total length (without caudal). Jaws equal in
length anteriorly ; lips thin, the fold of the lower being continuous
ro\md the jaw.

a. Four and a half inches long. San Francisco. From the Boston
Museum.

11. Ditrema arcuatum.

Hyperprosopon ai-ciiatus, Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad. 1854,

p. 125; Ayass. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hiid. 1861, p. 133.
argenteum, var., Gibbons, I. c. 1854, p. 106.

D. ^. A. I3. L. lat. 74. L. transv. 8 20-21.

Eye very large, longer than the snout, its length being one-third
of that of the head. The profile of the occipital region is concave.
The middle dorsal spines are longer than the posterior and than the
soft rays. Scales on the cheek in four series. The height of the
body is contained t^\■ice and a fouith in the total length (^^-ithout
caudal). The lower jaw longer than the upper ; the maxillary ex-
tends slightly beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. The cleft of the mouth docs not extend xipwards to the hori-
zontal from the upper margin of the pupU. Lips thin ; the fold of
the lower continuous round the jaw. Ventral black posteriorly.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum, as Hjiper-
prosopon artjenteum.

12. Ditrema megalops.

Hyperprosopon nvgenteum, Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad. 18.54,

"pp. 105. 125; Ayass. Proc. Post. Soc. Xat. Hist. 1861, p. 132.
Holconotus megalops, Girard, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad. 18.54, p. 152.

250 EMBIOTOCID^.

Ennichthys megalops, Girard, I. c. 1855, p. 323, and U. S. Pacif. R. R.
Exp. X. Fish. p. 197. pi. 37, pi. 26. fig. 10.

D-|. A.^, L.lat.85.

Forehead much depressed. The height, taken from the upper axil
of the pectoral, equals the distance of the chin from the lower axil of
the pectoral. The middle dorsal spines are longer than the posterior.
Lower jaw longer than the upper; the cleft of the mouth extends
upwards to, or even beyond, the horizontal from the upper margin of
the pupil. Lips thin ; the fold of the lower continuous round the
jaw. Ventral black posteriorly.

Coasts of California.

We are indebted to Mr. Gill for the principal characters contained
in the above diagnosis.

13. Bitrema agassizii.

Hyperprosopon agassizii, GUI, in litt.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 8/20.

Eye large, longer than the snout, its length being somewhat less
than one-third of that of the head. Occipital region scarcely con-
cave. The middle dorsal spines are longer than the posterior and
than the soft rays. Scales on the cheek in four series. The height
of the body is contained twice and a seventh in the total length
(without caudal). The lower jaw rather longer than the upper ; the
maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. Lips thin ; the fold of the lower continuous round the jaw.
Caudal fin black posteriorly ; ventral uniform whitish.

a. Fine specimen. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum, as
Hyperprosopon argenteum.

14. Ditrema anale.

Hyperprosopon analis, Agass.
Hypocritichthys analis. Gill, »m litt.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 6/10.

Eye a little longer than the snout, its length being nearly one-fifth
of that of the head. The middle dorsal spines are longer than the
posterior. The height of the body is one-third of the total length
(with the caudal) ; lower jaw rather longer than the upper ; the
fold of the lower lip is continuous round the jaw. Top of the spinous
dorsal black ; a black spot in the middle of the caudal. (Qill.)

Cab'fornia.

15. Ditrema rhodoterum.

Holconotus rhodoterus, Agass. Am. Journ. 1854, p. 368, and Proc.

Bast. Sac. Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 132.
Cymatogaster larkinsii, Gibbons, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phi/ad. 1854, p. 123.
? Cyniatogaster ellipticus, Gibbons, I. c. p. 124.

2. HT8TEE0CAHPUS. 251

Amphistichiis heeitnanni, Girard, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sc. Phtlad. 1854, p. 135.
Ennichthys heermanni, Girard, I c. 1855, p. 323, and U. S. Paci^. P.
P. Exp. X. Fish. p. 199. pi. 38, pi. 26. fig. 9.

D. ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 8/23.

The middle dorsal spines are longer than the posterior and than
the soft dorsal. Scales on the cheek in five series, rather irregularly
disposed. The height of the body is contained twice and a fifth in
the total length (without caudal). Jaws nearly equal anteriorly ;
the maxillary extends nearly to below the middle of the eye. Lips
rather thin ; the fold of the lower continuous round the jaw.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.

16. Ditrema argenteum.

Amphistichus argente us, ^ </«.<«. Am. Journ. 1854, p. 367, and Proc. Post.

Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 131; Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,

pp. 141, 153; 1855, p. 323 ; and U.S. Pacif. P.P. Exp. x. Fishes,

p. 201. pi. 39.
Mytilophagus fasciatus, (ribbons, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 125.
Amphistichus simiHs, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 135;

1855, p. 323 ; and U.S. Pacif. P. P. Exp. x. Fishes, p. 203. pi. 36.

figs. 5-9.

D. ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 8/22.

The middle dorsal spines are either nearly as long as, or somewhat
longer than, the posterior. Scales on the cheek in five series, some-
what irrcgidarly disposed. The height of the body is contained twice
and a fourth in the total length (without caudal). Jaws equal an-
teriorly ; the maxillary extends to below the centre of the orbit.
Lips thin ; the fold of the lower interrupted in the middle.

a. Adult. San Francisco. From the Boston Museum.

2. HYSTEROCARPUS.

Ilysterocarjius, Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 124.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
mouth rather small ; teeth conical, in a single series. One dorsal
fin, ^ith sixteen to eighteen spines. Anal with three spines and
numerous rays. Intestinal tract short, with two circumvolutions.

Coast of California, entering fresh waters.

1. Hysterocarpus traskii.

Gibbon.% Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, pp. 105, 124 ; Girard, ibid.
1856, p. 136, and U.S. Pacif. P. P. Exp. x. Fishes, p. 190. pi. 26.
fig. 14 (embr.).

,D.;-&^ A., -A.,. L.lat. . L. transv. jg-,.

The middle dorsal sjnncs are longer than the posterior. Scales
on the check in three series. The height of the body is one-third
of the total length (with the caudal). Jaws subcqual anteriorly;
lips rather thin, the fold of the lower continuous roimd the jaw.

California.

262

Fam. 4. GERRID^

Body compressed, elevated or oblong, covered with sparoid scales.
Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin with the spinous and soft
portions equally developed, and with a scaly sheath along the base,
which is separated by a groove from the other scales. Anal with
three (two) spines and with the soft portion similar to the soft dorsal.
Ventral fins thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays. Teeth small,
palate toothless. The lower pharyngeal bones are firmly united by
a suture. Branchiostegals six ; gills four, pseudobranchife present,
glandular ; air-bladder present. Stomach without caecal sac ; pyloric
appendages rudimentary. Oviparous. Vertebrae 10/14.

Tropical seas.

Since Kner's discovery of the Pharyngognathian nature of the
genus Gerres, it has become necessaiy to remove it from the family
Pristipomatklce, to which we formerly referred it, and place it among
the Acanthopterous Pharyngognaths, if such a suborder is retained
in the system. It must here form a separate family ; and its posi-
tion near the Emhiotocidte appears to be by no means an unnatural
one, both having the scaly sheath along the base of the dorsal.

The family contains one genus only, of which an account has been
given in the first vohime ; but having since received specimens of
several species, the diagnoses of most of them have been revised.

1. GERRES*.

Gerres, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cue. l^ Veil. vi. p. 446.
Catochsenum, Cant. Catal. p. 55.

Gerres, Diapterus, et Synistius, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862,
p. 238.

Form of the body compressed, oblong or elevated. Mouth very
protractile, and descending when thrust out. Eye rather large. Prte-
operculum generally entire. Six branchiostegals. No canine teeth.
Formula of the fins : Dorsal— 3j^. Anal --^. Caudal forked. Scales
moderate, minutely or not ciliated. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric
appendages in small number. Pseudobranchiae.

AU the tropical seas, entering fresh waters. One species fi-om the
coast of North America.

* 1. Gerres bilobus, Cuv. S( Val. vi. p. 466. — Cape Verde.

2. peruvianus, Ctiv. Hf Val. vi. p. 467 ; Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. Poiss.

p. 180.— Coast of Peru.

3. ricliii, Cuv. 8( Val. vi. p. 469.— East Indies?

4. Smaris lineatus, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. p. 185. pi. 46. f. 1 ; Agass. in

Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 115. pi. 67. — Gerres lineatus, C%w. Sc VaK vi. p. 470.
— Acapulco.

5. lucidus, Chv. cf Val. vi. p. 477. — Pondicherry.

6. waigiensis, Qttoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Frei/c. Zool. p. 292. — Waigiou.

1. GERRES. 253

1 . Gen-es longirostris.

Gerrea longirostris, Rapp ; Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 142. pi. 24.

^■h- A.f.

The last dorsal spines arc rather longer than the first rays. The
height of the body is one-half of the total length (Avithout caudal).
Prseorbital and prajoperculum not serrated. The spines are mode-
rately strong ; the length of the second of the dorsal being four-
sevenths of that of the head and two-fifths of the depth of the body.
The second and third anal spines are considerably shorter than those
of the dorsal tin, the second being rather the stronger. Silvery, with
darker stripes along the series of scales.

Cape of Good Hope.

2. Gerres plumieri.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 452. pi. 1G7.
D.-^. A.^. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 6/11. Vert. 10/14.

The height of the body is twice and one-fifth in the total length
(without caudal fin). Prseorbital serrated. The second dorsal and
anal spines exceedingly strong and long, the former slightly the
longer, nearly as long as the head. Silvery, with more or less di-
stinct longitudinal stripes, corresponding to the series of scales ;
dorsal generally blackish.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

Eight specimens, from St. Domingo, Guatemala, Pernambuco, and
Bahia.

Sheleton : see vol. i. p. 340.

3. Gerres patao.

Pofy, Mi-m. Viih. ii. p. 192.

D. -i. A. J. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained twice and four-fifths in the
total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the
eye is contained thrice and two-thirds in the latter. Prajorbital and
pra;operculum finely serrated. The second dorsal spine is strong,
one-third of the height of the body, equal in length to the second
and third anal spines, the former being stronger than the latter and
than the dorsal spine. Silvery-white, with bluish lines along the
series of scales. Fins pale-blaekish, pectorals yellowish. {Poeij.)

Cuba.

4. G«rres rhombeus.

Shane, Jamaica, ii. pi. 253. fig. 1.
Gerres brasilianus, Cur. 6i Val. vi. p. 458.
rhombeus, Cttr. ^- Val. vi. p. 459.

D.i.. t^,tl, L. lat. 38. L. trnnsv. fi/11. Vert. 9 15.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without

254 GERRID^.

caudal fin). Prseorbital entire ; prseoperculum distinctly, interoper-
culum finely serrated. The spines moderate : the second of the dorsal
two-thirds of the length of the head, in young individuals as long as
the head ; the second of the anal three-fourths of the second of the
dorsal. Silvery ; dorsal with a blackish margin.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

Sixteen specimens, from Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Cabello.

Skeleton : see vol. i. p. 342.

5. Grerres zebra.

MilU. 4- Trosch. m Schomburgk's Barbad. p. 668.
V.-. A.J.

Silvery ; steel-blue above ; five or seven vertical bands. The
height of the body is one -third of its length, and contains twice
and a half the length of the second and third dorsal spines, and thrice
that of the second anal spine. (M. iSf T.)

Coast and freshwater ponds of Barbadoes.

6. Gerres nigri.
Giintk. Fishes, i. p. 347.

D. i. A. I-. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 5/11.

10 8 '

The height of the body is twice and three-fifths in the total length
(without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of
the length of the head, rather longer than the snout, and equal to
the distance between the eyes. The groove for the processes of the
intermaxillary bones is elongate, triangular, reaching nearly to the
vertical from the centre of the eye, and is entirely scaleless. Spines
of the fins rather slender ; the second of the dorsal is twice and a
fifth in the height of the body, and nearly twice as long as the third of
the anal, which is rather longer, but less stout, than the preceding.
Silvery, with indistinct longitudinal stripes above the lateral line ; the
vertical fins blackish ; dorsal black-edged.

Mouth of the River Niger.

a. Adult. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

6. HaK-grown. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection.

7. Gerres squamipinnis.

Gllnth. Fishes, i. p. 349.

D. ^. A. J. L. lat. 43-44. L. transv. 5/13.

The height of the body is twice and a half in the total length (with-
out caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is thrice and three-fifths in
the length of the head, rather shorter than the snout, but equal to
the distance between the eyes. The groove for the processes of the

1. GEEEES. 255

intermaxillary bones is broad, triangular, entirely sealeless, and does
not reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The dorsal
si)ines are rather slender and sHghtly compressed ; the second is once
and three-fifths in the length of the head. The second anal spine is
rather strong, stronger and a little longer than the third ; its length
IS once and two-fifths in that of the head. Caudal fin deeply forked,
entirely covered with scales ; the length of a lobe is nearly three and
a half in the total. Uniform silvery ; the margin of the dorsal fin
blackish,

Caribbean Sea.

cv-<l, e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
/. Adult : not good state. Guatemala. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

8. Gerres gula.

Cm: <5- Val. vi. p. 464; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 58.
D. ^. A. J. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 4/9. Yert. 9/15.

The height of the body is twice and three-fourths in the total length
(without caudal fin). Praeorbital and praeoperculum entire, the latter
with the angle slightly rounded. The groove for the processes of the
intermaxillaries extends nearly to the vertical fi-om the centre of the
eye ; a transverse stripe of scales covers a part of the groove, sepa-
rating from it the posterior third *. The snout is shorter than the
diameter of the eye, and equal to the space between the eyes. The
spines of the fins of moderate strength ; the second and third of the
dorsal half as long as the head, but twice as long as the second of the
anal. Silvery : dorsal fin minutely dotted with brown ; the dots more
crowded at the top of the dorsal.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

Eleven specimens, from St. Domingo, Jamaica, and Bahia.
Shehtoii : see vol. i. p. 347.

9. Gerres aprion.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 461.

D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/10. Ctec. pylor. 3.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal fin). Pra3orbital and praeoperculum entire, the latter with
the angle slightly rounded. The groove for the processes of the in-
termaxillaries extends to the vertical from the centre of the eye, is
elongate, and entirely free of scales. The snout is slightly longer
than the diameter of the eye, which exceeds the width of the head
between the eyes. The spines of the fins moderate ; the second of
the dorsal is longer than one-half of the length of the head, and
nearly twice as long as the second of the anal. Silvery : a deep-

* Space between the eyes with a fovea in the middle {Jenpis. I. c).

256 GERRID-S!.

black spot at the top of the dorsal fin ; the upper part of the snout
blackish-bro wn.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

Nineteen specimens, from St. Domingo, Jamaica, and Bahia.
10. Gerres argenteus.

Eucinostomus argenteus, BairdSf Girard in Ninth Stnithson. Sep. 1854,
p. 335*, and in 3Iex. Bound. Surv. p. 17. pi. 9. figs. 9-12.

D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 5/10.

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length
(without caudal). Prteorbital and prajoperculiun entire ; the groove
for the processes of the intermaxillaries extends nearly to the vertical
from the centre of the eye, is elongate, and entirely free of scales.
The snout is rather longer than the eye, the diameter of which is
two-sevenths of the length of the head, and rather more than the
width of the interorbital space. The spines of the fins are of mode-
rate length and strength : the third of the dorsal is rather longer
than the second, and more than half as long as the head ; the second
of the anal fin is stronger but rather shorter than the third, its
length being nearly three-fourths of that of the third dorsal spine.
Shining greenish, with a broad silvery band along the middle of the
side ; a deep-black spot at the top of the dorsal fin.

Atlantic coasts of North America.

a-c. From 2-2^ inches long. Presented by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion as Eucinostomus argenteus.

The first description was drawn up by Messrs. Baird and Girard
from specimens from the New Jersey coast, the second by the same
authors from specimens from the coast of Texas ; the figure, again,
does not agree with the accompanying description ; therefore it is
not improbable that those learned naturalists have confoiuided two
species. The specimens mentioned above have the black dorsal spot,
and appear to belong to the Collection sent to the Smithsonian In-
stitution from Texas.

11. Gerres poeti.

Cuv. 6f Val. vi. p. 468 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Mmiid. p. 11.

D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 5/10.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the
head. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries extends
beyond the vertical from the front margin of the eye, is iiTcgularly
ovate, and entirely free of scales. Snout shorter than the eye, the
diameter of which equals the width of the interorbital space. Spines
of the fins very strong and broad : the third dorsal spine is rather

* Misprinted 34.'i.

1. GERBE8. 257

longer than the second, its length being contained twice and a
(juarter in the depth of the body and once and two-thirds in the
length of the head ; its width is one-tenth of its length. The
second anal spiTie is nearly equal in length to the third, and two-
fifths of the depth of the body ; its width is one-fifth or one-sixth
of its length. Uniform silvery ; dorsal fin with a blackish upper
margin.

East Indies.

a. Five and one-third inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

12. Gerres subfasciatus.

Cnv. fy Val. vi. p. 477.

L». -. A. y.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the snout
is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye. Spines of the fins
slender : the third of the dorsal fin is one-half of the height of the
body, its width being less than one-twelfth of its length ; the
.second anal spine stronger but rather shorter than the third, and
about one-fifth of the height of the body. Silveiy, with six or seven
indistinct vertical bands.

Port Jackson.

a-h, c-e. Adult and half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Col-
lection.

13. Gerres ovatus.

Gimth. Fishen, i. p. tM■^.

D. j-^. A. |. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 5/10.

The height of the body is twice and a quarter in the total length
(without caudal fin); the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
length of the head, longer than the snout, and equal to the distance
between the eyes. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary
bones is short, and does not extend beyond the vertical from the an-
terior margin of the eye ; there are no scales between that groove
and the orbit. The spines of the dorsal slender and flexible : the
second and third longest, and twice and a half in the height of the
body ; the last four dorsal spines half as long as the third. The
third of the anal fin longest, shorter than the first ray, and nearly
one-fourth of the height of the body. Coloration uniform ; dorsal
black-edged.

Coast of Australia.

a, b. Adult. Australia.

14. Gerres abbreviatus.

Bhrker, Java, i. p. lOM, and JVj7i. Batav. (itnootseh. xxiii. Mamid. p. 11.
D. ^. A. -. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5, 10.

10 7

The height of the body is contained twite and two-third-j in the

258 GERRID.r.

total length ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the
head. Praeorbital and praeoperculum entire. The second spine of the
dorsal fan more than one-haLf of the height of the body, and nearly
equal to the length of the head. The second and third anal spines
strong, and rather longer than the rays, one-third of the height of the
body. Coloration uniform ; dorsal black-edged.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

15. Gerres altispinis.
D. K A. -. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 5/10.

10 7 '

The height of the body is contained twice and a fifth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a thii-d.
The diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, equal to
the width of the interorbital space, and more than the extent of the
snout. The groove for the processes of the intermaxiUaries is rounded
behind, naked, and extends beyond the vertical from the anterior
margin, of the eye. The free portion of the tail is higher than long.
There are three and a half longitudinal series of scales between the
highest point of the lateral line and the scaly sheath of the dorsal
fin, which is composed of broad scales. Dorsal spines of moderate
strength : the thii'd is rather higher than the second, its length being
contained twice and a fourth in the height of the body and once and
three-fifths in the length of the head. The posterior dorsal spines
are rather high, although shorter than the first rays ; the last spine
is a little longer than the eighth, and three-quarters as long as the
third. The scaly sheath of the anal rather low ; the second anal
spine is stronger but shorter than the third, which is half as long
as the head. Caudal forked, its length being one-fourth of the total,
and equal to that of the pectoral, which does not extend to the anal
fin. Silveiy.

a. Forty lines long. Presented by 6. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

16. Gerres pMLippinus.

D. l^. A. y. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/12.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and a
fourth ; the length of the caudal is two-ninths of the total. The
diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, equal to the
width of the interorbital space, and more than the extent of the
snout. The groove for the processes of the intermaxiUaries is rounded
behind, naked, and extends beyond the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. The free portion of the tail is longer than high.
The scaly sheath of the dorsal fin is veiy high. The second dorsal
spine elongate, its length being two-thirds of the height of the body.

1. GERRES. 259

The second anal spine is much stronger but scarcely shorter than the
third, and not quite half as long as the head ; the scaly sheath covers
tlie posterior anal rays entirely. Pectoral very long, extending to the
second anal spme Silvery ; each dorsal ray and the posterior spines
mth a blackish dot near the base.
Philij^pine Islands.

(t. Three and a half inches long.

17. Gerres kapas.

Bkeker, liiouw, p. 482.

^•fo- ^-^r L-lat.40. L. transv. 4 '9.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal); the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the
head, equal to the width of the interorbital space, and more than the
extent of the snout. The groove for the processes of the inter-
maxiUaries does not extend beyond the vertical fi-om the front margin
of the eye and is not scaly. The free portion of the tail is scarcely
longer than high. There are only three longitudinal series of scalJs
between the uppermost part of the lateral line and the scaly sheath of
the spmous dorsal. Dorsal spines slender, half as high as the body
and two-thirds as long as the head. The second anal spine is strong
shorter than the third, its length being contained thrice and a third
m the height of the body and twice and two-fifths in the length of
the head. The length of the caudal lobes is two-ninths of the total.
bilvery; the spinous dorsal with a black margin ; each dorsal ray with
a blackish dot in the middle.

East Indian Archipelago.

«. Four and three-quarter inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

18. Gerres limbatus.

Gerres limbatus, Cut. S,- Val. vi. p. 476.
Catochfenum limbatum, C'aiit. C'atal p. 55.

D. ^. A. j. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 5/10.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal fin). Praeorbital and praeoperculum entii-e. The snout is rather
longer than the eye, the diameter of which equals the width of the
mterorbital space and is two-sevenths of the length of the head. The
groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries is entirely scaleless
and extends beyond the front margin of the eve. The second donal
spine IS considerably longer than the third, its length in adult spe-
cimens being more than one-half of the height of the bodv ; in half-
grown specimens it is scarcely longer than tlie third, and half as high
as the body. The scaly sheath of the dorsal fin is moderately de-
veloped. The second anal spine is stronger and a little longer than
the third, its length being more than one-half of the length of the

s 2

:^00 GEREID.*:.

second dorsal spine. There are four series of scales between tlie
highest point of the lateral line and the dorsal tin. Silvery ; caudal
with a broadish, blackish margin ; the spinous dorsal with a narrow
black edge.

Coast of Coromandel ; Pinang.

a-b. Seven inches and three and a half inches long : skins. Pinang.
From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

19. Gerres punctatus.
Cur. Sf Vol. vi. p. 480.

D.^- A.|.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a half in the total
length. The second dorsal spine prolonged into a short filament, and
sometimes as long as three-quarters of the height of the body. Silvery ;
dorsal with a narrow black margin, each ray with a brown point at
the base. Young individuals with indistinct cross-bands.

Coast of Pondicherry ; Sea of China.

? a. Adult : bad state. Old Collection ; named /S^jarws edentnlux.
20. Gerres japonicus.

Sleeker, Japan, p. 404, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, p. 9-3. tab. 5.
fig. 2.

D. ^. A. -. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 5/10.
10 7

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third
or a little less than one-third of the length of the head. Snout
rather shorter than the eye, the diameter of which equals the width
of the interorbital space in half-grown specimens, and is rather less
in adult ones. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries
is short, ovate, obtusely rounded behind, and extends scarcely beyond
the vertical from the front margin of the eye. Prsorbital and prae-
operculum entire. The free portion of the tail is considerably longer
than high. Dorsal spines rather slender : the second scarcely longer
than the third, one-half of the height of the body and two-thirds of
the length of the head. Anal spines rather stout : the second is
shorter than the third, and nearly one-fourth of the height of the
body ; the caudal lobes are contained four times and two-thirds or
four times and three-quarters in the total length. Dorsal blackish
superiorly ; each ray and the posterior spines with a blackish dot near
the base.

Japanese and C!hinese Seas.

a-i. Adult. Amoy.

1-. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Blceker's Collection.
1, m-n. Half-grown and young : not good state. China. Presented
by J. R. Eeeves, Esq.

1. GERKES. 261

21. Gerres filamentosus.

Russell, i. p. h'2. pi. 68.

Gerrea filanientosu.s, C'uv. ^ Val. vi. p. 482 ; Bleek. Verh. Bafar. Ge-
nootsch. .xxiii. 31<-enid. p. 11.

pimctatus, Bkel;er, Topoyr. Bcitav. (not C'uv.).

Catochfenum Hlamentosum, Cant. Catal. p. 56.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/12.

The height of the body is twice and one-third in the total length
(without caudal tin). The spine.s of moderate strength ; the second
of the dorsal fin produced into a filament, which sometimes extends
to the caudal. The scaly sheath of the dorsal fin is high. The
second anal spine is stronger and shorter than the third, one-third of
the length of the head.

Coasts of the East Indies and of North Australia.

a, b. Adult : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Adult : stuffed. Cape York (in 68 fathoms.) Voyage of the • Rat-
tlesnake.'

d-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.

22. Gerres macracanthus.

Bleeker, Ncttuurk. Ti/dschr. Nedcrl. Lid. 185-4, vi. p. 195.
D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 5/11.

The height of the body is contained twice and two- thirds in the
total length (without caudal). The diameter of the eye is a little
less than one-third of the length of the head, and nearly equal to
the extent of the snout and to the width of the interorbital space.
The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries is pointed pos-
terioi'ly, naked, and extends beyond the vertical from the anterior
margin of the ej'c. The free portion of the tail is nearly as high as
long. The scaly sheath of the dorsal fin is low. The second dorsal
spine very long, sometimes extending to the caudal. The second
anal spine is stronger and shorter than the third, one- third of the
length of the head. Silveiy ; each dorsal ray and the posterior spines
with a blackish dot near the base.

Java, Nias, Banka.

a. Five inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
23. Gerres oyena.

Labrus oyena, Forsk. p. .35 ; Bl. Sch)i. p. 245 ; LacSp. iii. p. 463.

Spams ervthrunis, Bl. tab. 261 (verv bad).

Cjchla erylhrura, Bl. ScJin. p. 330.

Spai'us britunnus, Lacep. iv. pp. 132, 134.

Labrus longirostris, Lacip. ill. p. 407. pi. 19. fig. 1.

Rmaris oyena, Riipp. Afl. p. 11. taf. 3. fig. 2.

Gerre.s oyena, Cuv. c^- Val. vi. p. 472; ? Jov/m, Zool. Beagle, Fishes^

p. 59; Bleek. Verhand. Bafar. Genootsch. xxiii. Mmiid. p. 12.
oblongus, Bleek. Topoyr. Batav. (not Cur.).

262 GERRIDiE.

? GeiTes equula, Temm. ^- iS'chlef/. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 76. pi. 40. fig. 1
(not good) ; Bleek. Verhnnd. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 92.

D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 35-38. Ccec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/14.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length (■without caiidal fin). Prseorbital and prseoperculum
entire, the latter with the angle slightly rounded. The snout is
a Uttle longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the
length of the head. The spines of the fins of moderate length and
strength ; the second of the dorsal is one-half of the height of the
body, and at least twice as long as the second anal spine. Uniform
silvery.

Eed Sea ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

Four specimens — one from Amboyna.

24. Gerres acinaces.

Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1854, vi. p. 194.

D. -^. A.-?-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/11.

10 7 '

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the
head, and less than the extent of the snout, which equals the width
of the interorbital space. The groove for the processes of the inter-
maxillary bones extends beyond the front margin of the eye, and is
entirely naked. The spines of the fins are rather slender : the second
dorsal spine is longer than the third, its length being more than one-
half of the height of the body, and two-thii'ds of the length of the
head ; the second of the anal fin is not so strong as the second of
the dorsal, scarcely longer than the third of the anal, two-sevenths
of the height of the body and two-fifths of the length of the head.
Caudal with scarcely any scales, very deeply forked, the length of
its lobes being contained twice and two-thirds in the total.

Seas of Java and Kokos.

a. Fine specimen, 8| inches long. I'rom Dr. P. v. Blocker's Col-
lection.

25. Gerres gigas.

D. ^. A. J. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 6/11.

The height of the body equals the length of the head and is two-
sevenths of the total (-wdthout caudal). The diameter of the eye is
two-sevenths of the length of the head, and less than the length of
the snout, which equals the width of the interorbital space. The
groove for the processes of the intermaxUlaiy bones is pointed behind,
not scaly, and extends beyond the front margin of the eye. The free
portion of the tail is considerably longer than high. The second
dorsal spine is elongate, sabre-shaped, its length being contained
once and a fourth in that of the head. Anal spines slender : the

1. GEREES. 263

second longer and stronger than the third, its length being contained
twice and three-fourths in that of the head ; the scaly sheath of
both fins moderately developed. Caudal lobes produced, their length
being four times and a third in the total. The pectoral extends
beyond the vent, and is one-fourth of the total length. Silvery ;
dorsal with a blackish margin.
Tonga Islands.

«. Twelve inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

2Q. Gerres argjrreus.

Sciaena ai-gjTea, Foi-ster.

Cichla argyrea, Bl. Schn. p. 344.

Gerres waigiensis, Quo;/ ^- Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 292.

argyreus, Citv. i^- Val. vi. p. 478.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 45.

The height of the body is scarcely more than the length of the
head, and one-third of the total (without caudal fin) ; the dian^eter
of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and rather longer
than the snout, the extent of which equals the distance between the
eyes. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones is
entirely scaleless, and does not extend to the vertical from the centre
of the eye. The spines of the fins are slender ; the second of the
dorsal is one-half of the height of the body, and more than twice the
length of the second anal spine, which is rather stronger, but not
longer, than the third. Silvery ; top of the dorsal blackish.

Red Sea ; Waigiou, Strong, Tanna ; Port Jackson.
a, b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

c-d. Adult : not good state : skins. Port Jackson. Purchased of
J. Gould, Esq.

27. Gerres macrosoma.

Blceker, Gilolo, p. 56.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 5/10.

The height of the body is four times in the total length (one-third,
without caudal), the length of the head four and two-thirds to four
and three-fifths ; the diameter of the eye is a little less than one-third,
or one-third, of the latter, and equal to the length of the snout and
to the Andth of the interorbital space. The groove for the processes
of the intermaxillary bones is entirely scaleless, and does not extend
to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The spines of the fins are
slender : the second of the dorsal is contained once and three-quarters
in the height of the body ; the second of the anal shorter than the
third. Silvery : each spine and ra}- of the dorsal with a brown basal
spot ; the spinous portion black-edged.

East Indian Archipelago.

o. Half-grown, .\jnboyna. Purcha.sed of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Blceker's Collcition.

264 CHROMIDES.

28. Gerres oblongus.

Cuv. 8f Vah vi. p. 479.

The height of the body is less than one-fourth of the total length.
Spines of the fins slender. Silvery, with five or six indistinct
brownish vertical bands. Lateral line nearly straight. {Cuv.)

Sea of Ceylon.

Fam. 5. CHROMIDES.

Chromides, Miill. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 169 ; Owen, Led. Comp.
Anat. ii. p. 48.

Body elevated, oblong or elongate, scaly, the scales generally being
ctenoid. Lateral line interrupted or subinterrupted. One dorsal
fin, with a developed spinous portion ; three or more anal spines ;
the soft anal similar to the soft dorsal. Ventral fins thoracic, with
one spine and five soft rays. Teeth in the jaws small ; palate smooth.
The lower pharyngeal bone triangular, with a median suture. Bran-
chiostegals five or six ; gills four ; pseudobranchiae none ; air-bladder
present. Pj'loric appendages none (or in small number) ; stomach
with a csecal appendage. The abdominal and caudal vertebrae are
nearly equal in number, or the number of the former is slightly in-
creased.

Freshwater fishes from the tropical parts of Africa and America ;
one genus from Western India. The species with lobate teeth and
with many circumvolutions of the intestines are herbivorous, the
others carnivorous.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. The spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin are of equal extent, or the
former is the more developed.
I. The anterior prominences of tlie outer branchial arch are short, or lanceolate
and widely set ; no additional lobe.

a. Teeth lobate and anal spines numerous.

Body elevated 1 . Etroi'lus, p. 265.

b. Teeth lobate ; anal spines 3.

Operculum scaly '2. Chromis, p. 267.

Operculum scaleless 3. Sarotherodon, p. 273.

c. Teeth conical ; scales cycloid.

Anal spines 3 4. Hemiciiro.mis. p. 274.

1 . KTROPLITS. 265

d. Teeth conical, forming a narrow band ; body ovate, more or less elevated,
covered with ctenoid scales ; anterior prominences of the outer branchial
arch short.

Anal spines 3-4 ; the soft dorsal naked

or slightly scaly at the base ; jaws equal

antei'iorly or the lower prominent 5. Acara, p. 276.

Anal spines 3-4 ; the soft dorsal naked ;

the upper jaw overlapping the lower. . . 6. Theraps, p. 284.
Anal spines 5 or more ; cleft of the mouth

rather narrow ; scales of moderate size ;

the origin of the ventral falls vertically

behind that of the dorsal 7. Heros, p. 285.

Anal spines 8-9 ; scales of moderate size ;

the origin of the ventral falls vertically

before that of the dorsal 8. Mesonauta, p. 300.

Anal spines 5 ; cleft of the mouth wide. . . 9. Petenia, p. 301.

Anal spines 8 ; scales small 10. Uaru, p. 302.

Anal spines 3; dorsal fin enveloped in

small scales 11. Hygrogonus, p. 303.

r. Teeth villiform, in a broad band ; habit Perch-like ; anterior prominences
of the outer brancliial arch lanceolate, crenulated, widely set.
Anal spines 3; vertical fins scaly 12. Cichla, p. 303.

/. Teeth villiform or conical ; body depressed, elongate, subeylindrical ;
anterior prominences of the outer branchial arch short.
Anal spines 3 ; vertical fins scaleless 13. Cre.nicichla, p. 305.

II. The anterior prominences of the outer branchial arch are long, setiform,

closely set.

Anal spines 3 14. Ch.etobranciivs, p. 309.

III. The outer brancliial arch is provided with a compressed lamelliform lobe
at its upper extremity.

Eye in, or in advance of, the middle of the

length of the head 15. Mesops, p. 311.

Eye behind the middle of the length of

the head ; dorsal fin scaleless 1(5. Satanoperca, p. 312.

Eye behind the middle of the length of

the head ; base of the soft dorsal scaly. 17. GrEOPHAfif.s, p. 315.

B. The soft portion of the dorsal fin is more developed than the spinous.

I. Branchial arches with the anterior prominences very obsolete.

Anal spmes 8-10 18. Symphysodon, p. 315.

II. Anterior prominences of the outer brancliial arch setiform.

Anal spines 0 19. Pterophylmm. p. 316.

1. ETROPLUS.

Etroplus, Cue. ^- fill. V. p. -iKij.
Ultroplus et P.«cudetroplMs, liheker.

l^ody conipressod, elevated, covered witli ctenoid scales of moderate
size. Dorsal and anal spini's niinienius. Teelh cdnipi-essed. lobate.

266 CHROJIIDES.

in one or two series. Anterior prominences of the branchial arches
not numerous, short, conical, hard. Dorsal fin not scaly.
Western parts of India.

1. Etroplus suratensis.

Chsetodon suratensis, Bl. taf. 217 ; Lacep. iv. p. 461.
Etroplus meleagris, Citv. ^- Val. v. p. 486.

D.i?iL9. A. ^. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 23. Vert. 17/14.

Greenish, each scale with a pearl-coloured dot. Body with five
more or less indistinct dark vertical bands ; root of the pectoral
blackish.

Coasts of Malabar and Coromandel. Ceylon.

a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

h, c, d. Adiilt and half-grown. Ceylon.

e. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

According to a communication from Dr. v. Bleeker, he intends to
separate this species generically from E. maculatus, retaining the
name of Etroplus for the former, and adopting that of Pseudetroplus
for the latter. He writes, that the charactei's of the new genus are,
tricuspid teeth, and a scaly sheath along the base of the dorsal and
anal fins. I find these characters equcdly developed in E. suratensis
and in E. maculatus, and I can come to no other conclusion than that
Dr. v. Bleeker either has a third species, different from both, or that
he has taken the characters for Etroplus from a very old specimen of
E. suratensis in which the incisions in the front teeth have become
obsolete.

2. Etroplus maculatus.

Chfetodon maculatus, JBl. taf. 427. fig. 2 (not descr.J.

maculatus, Bl. Schti. p. 228.

kakaitsel, Lacep. iv. p. 543.

Etroplus maculatus, Ctiv. 4* Val. v. p. 489.
coruchi. Cm: ^ Val v. p. 491. pi. 136.

D. 1!. A. ^-^^^\ L. lat. 40. L. transv. 22. Ctec. pylor. 3.

8 9 '^•'

Vert. 15/13.
Greenish, each scale with a silvery margin ; a round black spot on
the side.

Coast of Malabar.

n-b. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

c. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

The caudal portion of the vertebral column is scarcely longer than
the abdominal. The first ha?mal spine and the anterior interha?mals
form together a subscmicircular arch enclosing the posterior portion
of the abdominal cavity.

2. cHROMis. 267

2. CHROMIS*.

Chi'omis, pt., Ciw. Beyne Anim.

Acara, pt., Hvck. Brasil. Fluss-Fische in Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 1840,

p. 338.
Tilapia, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Pisces.
Ilaligenes, Gihitk. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 471.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
opercles scaly. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines three. Teeth
compressed, more or less lobate, in one series, behind which are other
series containing immature teeth. Anterior prominences of the
branchial arches short, thin, lameUiform, non-serrated. Dorsal fin
not scaly. Intestines with numerous circumvolutions.

Fresh or brackish waters of Africa.

1. Chromis niloticus.

Bulti, Bolty.

Labrus niloticus, Hasselqu. p. 392; L. Mm. Ad. Fried, ii. p. 79, and

Si/sf. Nat. i. p. 477 ; 111. ScJtn. p. 252 ; Lacep. iii. p. 487.
Sonnini, p. 396. tab. 27. fig. 1.
Labrus melauogaster, Bl. taf. 29G ; Bl. Schn. p. 24G.
Chromis niloticus, Cuv. BlHjne Anim.

»-[fc'r!- ^■^, I^-l^t-33. L.tranBV.A. Vert. -f^:.

Teeth very small, in several series. Scales below the eye in two
series ; sometimes a rudimentary third series below the praeorbital.
Snout obtusely conical, with the upper profile oblique. Caudal sub-
tnuicated ; the soft dorsal extends to, or nearly to, the middle of the
caudal, if laid backwards. The height of the body is contained twice
and one-third in the total length (without caudal).

Nile.

a-e. Fine specimens. Lower Nile. From Consul Petherick's Col-
lection.
/. Half-grown. Nile. From Dr. E. Kiippeirs Collection.
(J. Fine specimen. Chartoimi. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
h. Half-grown : stufted.

('. Large specimen : skeleton. Nile. From Dr. E. RiippeU's Col-
lection.
h. Adult female : skeleton. Lower Nile. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.
Deso'ijytion. — The height of the body is contained twice and a
third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
thrice and a half. The upper profile of the head is slightly concave,
descending obliquely downwards. Snout much longer than the eye ;
cleft of the mouth shghtly oblique, broad, broader than long. Teeth
very small, in four series ; tliere are thirty-five on each side of the
front series in the upper jaw. Interorbital space twice as broad as

* 1. Tilapia rangii, Dumir. Ann. Mua. x. p. Sa.'t. — Gorea.

2. affinis, Dumir. I. c. — Senegal.

3. macrocentra, Dinner. I. c. — Senegal.

4. Labrus finindecim-aculeatiis, Lacep. iii. p. 432. pi. 2-"). lig. 1. — Hub. ?

268 CHROMIDKS.

the orbit, sliglitly convex. The naked portion of the pneoperculum
is as high as long, and at the angle as wide as the scaly part below
the eye.

The dorsal spines vary considerably in number and in length ;
they are always very strong, broader on one side than on the other ;
the seventh and eighth rays form the highest part of the soft dorsal,
and extend sometimes to the middle of the caudal. Anal and ventral
spines very strong. Pectoral composed of fourteen rays, the fourth
and fifth of which extend to the anal ; the ventral extends to the
vent. Scales cycloid, higher than long; one of the largest covers
three-fourths of the orbit.

The lower pharyngeals are united by a suture, triangular, and
armed with veiy small villiform teeth.

Greenish-olive, shining silvery, each scale with darker centre ;
a dark spot on the operculum ; the soft portions of the vertical fins
with whitish spots, surrounded by oblique or transverse blackish
streaks.

This species attains to a length of sixteen inches.

Skeleton. — The bones of this species are very solid and firmly joined
to"'ether. The jaw-bones are short ; the processes of the intermax-
illaries are received into a very broad groove, not extending backwards
to the front margin of the orbit. The upper surface of the skull is
veiy broad, pro\'ided with strong longitudinal crests, of which that of
the occipital is the highest. Base of the skull with a pair of flat and
rather small condyles for the articulation of the upper pharyngeals.
Vertebral column composed of eighteen abdominal and foiu'teen caudal
vertebrae, the former portion being considerably the longer. The
thii-d vertebra has a very broad and strong process, extending down-
wards into the abdominal cavity.

2. Chromis niossambicus.

Chromis niossambicus, Peters, Berl. Monatsber. 1852, p. 681.

niloticus, Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 267 ; 3IuUer, Monatsber.

Berl. Acad. 1844, p. 32. '

D '±^. A. -. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4/12.

Teeth small, in several series ; thirty-five on each side of the front
series in the upper jaw. Scales below the eye in three series, the
upper extending to below the posterior margin of the orbit. Snout
obtusely conical, with the upper profile oblique. Caudal subtruncated ;
the soft dorsal extends to, or nearly to, the middle of the caudal, if
laid backwards. Greenish-olive, shining golden, each scale ^^'ith
darker centre ; vertical fins blackish, with more or less distinct
whitish spots. Young specimens with an ovate black spot behind
the base of the last dorsal spine.

Fresh waters of Mozambique,
a-it. Zambeze. From Prof. Pcters's Collection.
/. ni. Mauritius : stuffed. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.

Although this species is closely allied to Ch. niloticus, we cannot

2. CHROMis. 269

agree with Prof. Peters, who considers both as identical : there are
three very distinct series of scales on the cheek, and one series less
above the lateral line ; the teeth are equal in number in both species,
but conspicuously larijer in that from the coast of Mozambique ; the
cleft of the mouth is wider.

3. Chromis sparrmanni.

Tilapia sparrniauni, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Pise. pi. 5 (not good).
D-^'- A.^-^„. L.lat.28. L.transv.A

Teeth small, in several series ; scales below the eye in two series ;
snout very obtuse and short ; caudal subtruncated ; the soft dorsal
extends nearly to the middle of the caudal, if laid backwards. An
ovate black spot at the base of the anterior soft dorsal rays.

Freshwater streams to the north of Orange River.

a-h. Five inches long : stuifed. From Sir A. Smith's Collection. —

T}^es of the species.
c, d. Fine specimens. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.

Description. — This species is very different from Ch. niloticus and
C/i. mossamhicus, with which it has been confounded, and may be
readily distinguished by its larger teeth and low cheeks. The height
of the body is contained twice and a half in tlie total length (without
caudal), the length of the head thrice and a thii'd. The upper profile
of tlie head is slightly convex. Snout obtuse, short, not longer than
the eye ; cleft of the mouth as long as broad. Teeth small, in three
series ; there are twenty-two on each side of the front series of the
upper jaw. Interorbital space as broad as the orbit, rather flat. The
naked portion of the prteoperculum is higher than long, and at the
angle narrower than the scaly part below the eye.

The first ventral ray is produced into a filament, which sometimes
extends to the middle of the anal.

Greenish -olive, shining silvery, with indistinct darker transverse
bands ; a dark spot on the operculum ; the soft portions of the ver-
tical fins with transverse series of dark spots ; an ovate black spot on
the base of the last spine and of the three first rays of the dorsal fin.

4. Chromis tristrami.
Haligenes tristrami, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1859, p. 471. pi. 9. fig. B.
J) I4M7) ^3 i^iat 28. L. transv. 3/11.

Teeth rather small, twenty-three on each side of the outer series
of the upper jaw ; scales below the eye in three series ; snout obtuse
and rather elevated ; the height of the body i.s two-fifths of the total
length (without caudal); the lower ]irofile scarcely curved; the soft
doi-sal extends to, or beyond, the middle of the caudal, if laid back-
wards. Greenish, with seven or eight dark vertical bars ; a dark

270 CHKOMIDES,

spot on the operculum ; au ovate black spot behind the last dorsal
spine.

Salt Lake and ditches of Tuggurt (Eastern Sahara). Ashantee.

a-b. Tuggurt. Presented by the Eev. H. B. Tristram. — Types of

the species.
c. Ashantee.

I have nothing to add to the detailed description given in the
' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' except that I have found a
third specimen in the Collection of the British Museum, said to be
from Ashantee. This specimen is eight inches long, and has seven-
teen dorsal spines ; the caudal fin is more deeply emarginate, and
the soft dorsal and anal are much prolonged, the former nearly ex-
tending to the end of the caudal, whilst the outer ventral ray reaches
to the middle of the anal.

The genus Haligenes was separated from Cliromis on account of
the indistinctness of the inner series of teeth. It is evident from the
large specimen, however, that the interior teeth form rather a band
than a series, differing from that in Ckromis only by its being more
remote from the front series.

5. Cliromis poly centra.

Tilapia polycentra, Dumer. Ann. Mus. x. p. 254.
D.^. A.|.

8 7

Scales below the eye in three series ; the height of the body is
two-fifths of the total length (mthout caudal) ; the width of the
interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye *. Scales minutely
dotted with black ; the soft portion of the dorsal with light dots, and
Avith a black spot at the base. (Dttm.)

Gorea.

6. Chromis nigripinnis.

Tilapia nigripinnis, Guich. in Ann. Mus. x. p. 254. pi. 22. fig. 2.
D. 15. A. A

10 9

Scales on the cheek in two series ; the height of the body is two-
fifths of the total length (without caudal). Uniform brownish ; fins
blackish, immaculate. (Bum.)

Gaboon.

7. Chromis heudelotii.
Tilapia heudelotii, Dumer. Ami. Mus. x. p. 254.

U. -. A. y.

Scales on the cheek in three series ; the height of the body is a
little less than one-half of the total length (without caudal). Brown-
ish ; the soft dorsal with oblique series of dark spots. (Diim.)

Senegal.

* In a specimen 0'"'080 long (without caudal).

2. CHEOMIS. 271

8. Chromis latus.
D. ||. A. |. L. lat. 28. L. transv. ^.

Teeth rather small, nineteen on each side of the outer series of
the upper jaw; scales below the eye in three series; snout obtuse
and rather elevated ; the height of the body is contained twice and
a quarter in the total length (without caudal) ; the lower profile
nearly as much curved as that of the back ; the soft dorsal does not
extend to the middle of the caudal. Uniform brownish-olive, each
scale shining golden in the centre ; upper part of the opercular mem-
brane black ; a round black spot behind the base of the last dorsal
spine.

West Africa.

a. Four inches and a half long. West Africa. From Mr. Fraser's
Collection.

Description. — Body compressed, rather elevated, its greatest depth
being contained only twice and a quarter in the total length (without
caudal) ; the upper profile of the head is straight, and descends in as
obHque a line as in Cli. tristrami. The length of the head is con-
tained thrice and a quarter in the total (without caudal). The snout
is rather short and elevated, somewhat longer than the diameter of
the eye, which is less in width than the interorbital space. The
vertical limb of the prseoperculum is considerably longer than the
horizontal ; both are naked, and on the widest part narrower than
the scaly portion of the cheek. Interoperculum subvertical as in
Ch. tristrami.

Caudal shghtly emarginate. The outer ventral ray prolonged into
a filament, which extends to the vent, or as far backwards as the
pectoral.

9. Chromis guineensis.
Haligenes guineensis, Bleek. in lilt.

D. ||. A. J. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/?.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a quarter or thrice
and three-fifths in the total length (with the caudal), the length of
the head four times and a third or four times and two-fifths. The
maxillary extends to below the anterior part of the eye. Teeth broad.
Scales below the eye in four series. Operculum with a blackish spot
behind ; dorsal and caudal fins with stripes and with ocelli. {Bl.)

Ashantee.

10. Chromis pleuromelas.

Tilapia pleuromelas, Ihimer. Ann. Mus. x. p. 253.

U 10

Scales below the eye in two series. The height of the body is
scarcely more than one-half of the total length (without caudal).
Brownish ; a large black blotch on each side. {Dum.)

Senegal.

272 CHROMIDKS.

11. Chromis lateralis.

Tilapia lateralis, Dumer. Ann. Mus. x. p. 253.

Scales below the eye in two series. The height of the body is
more than one-half of the total length (without caudal). Brownish,
with a blackish lateral blotch extending over three-quarters of the
length of the body. (Dum.)

Senegal.

12. Chromis melanopleura.

Tilapia niplanopleura, Dmnei: Ann. 3ftis. x. p. 2.52. pi. 22. fig. 1.
B.'A A. ^.

12 9

Scales below the eye apparently in six series. Brownish ; sides of
the trunk blackish. (Dmn.)
Senegal.

13. Chromis microcephalus.

Melanogenes microcephalus, Bleek. in Hit.

B. 5. D.^^. A.|. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/11.

Teeth very slender, flexible, in several series ; scales below the
eye in two series ; snout obtusely conical, much longer than the eye ;
caudal slightly emarginate ; the soft dorsal extends to, or nearly to,
the middle of the caudal. A dark spot on the operculum. The
length of the head is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total
(with the caudal).

a-h. Seven inches long. Western Africa. From the Haslar Col-
lection.

Description. — The height of the body is one-half of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head is contained twice and two-
thirds in it. The \ipper profile of the snout is slightly convex,
descending obliquely downwards. Snout much longer than the eye,
slightly elevated ; cleft of the mouth somewhat oblique, as long as
broad, with the lower jaw slightly projecting beyond the upper.
Teeth very small and slender, flexible, in five or six series, those of
the oiiter seiies being the longest, forty-five on each side of the upper
jaw; only a very few of them show a notch at the brown apex.
Interorbital space broader than the orbit, convex. The naked por-
tion of the prfeoperculum is higher than long, and as wide at the
angle as the scaly part below the eye.

The pectoral is composed of fourteen rays, and the third and fourth
are so much prolonged as to extend to the origin of the soft anal.
Ventral pointed, not reaching to the vent.

Scales cycloid, large, higher than long ; one of the largest covers
the orbit.

Greenish, shining golden ; a dark spot on the operculum ; the soft
dorsal with indistinct whitish spots.

3. SAROTHERODON. O^Q

14, Chromis macrocephalus.

Melanogenes macrocephalus, Bleek. in litt.

^•i-Brv A- 1- L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/?.
Teeth very slender, flexible, in several series ; scales below the eve

in tCtST n'^.'^ifi"' *'^ '^'^^ '^ ^'"'^^'^ thrice and a h-S
Zl I nn'l " Ir^'' the caudal), the length of the head thrice
and a quarter or thrice and two-fifths; snout obtuse, elevated

neTand ^n T' ^^"'^ "' *^ ^^^^ ^''^'-^''^^ ' ^ ^ack s^,ot on the
neck and m the suprascapulary region. (BI)

Ashantee.

15. Chromis (?) galilaeus.
Sparus galilffius, (Art.) Ilasselqu. Iter Palcest. p. 389.

B. 5. D. '■!. A i-

14' "-• 12-

Pil^^^^^y'^'^f'^''^^^. I^««trum breve. MaxiUa superior longior
W peetorales acuminata^, radiis xi (?), medii long ssimi • pW
ventrales, radus vii (?). Cauda a^quaHs. Dorsum et abdo,n;n zX
anum acuminata. Caput, dorsum et pinna ani >-iridia ; lak™ ab-

Srv^rd^^du.^^'""- '''''- ' '-- ^^^^^- «^-- ai

Lake Genezareth. Ten inches long and four broad.

3. SAEOTHEEODON.

Sarotherodou, Miipp. Verzeichn. 3Im. Senckmib. Fisehe, p. 21
Loptodon, Germis, Bull. Soc. cent. Agricult. de VHerault, 1853, p. 80.
. Body compressed^ oblong, covered with scales of moderate size •
opercles .scaleless. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines three Teetli
compressed at the apex, in a single series, A^-ith a band of viUiform
U^eth behind. Lateral line interrupted. Branchiostegals five
bold Coast, Guinea.

Jl^t "" r f^'^ ^n^'/' ^''',''' "'^^ ^''^ '^'^^""^ ^'^t^«^t «"-io"s <^o"Ms
03 to Its vahdity The scales on the operculum are deciduous in all
tne species of Chrorrns, and sometimes every trace of scales and of the
cutis IS lost on one .side, whilst they are present on the other The
by^RU 'Ju'™''"' ^^''' ^^"^ branchiostegals, and not seven as stated

1. Sarotherodou melanotheron,

■Ruppvll, I, c.

My friend Dr. D. Weiidand has examined the typical specimen-,
at my request, and it is evident from his r^.marks that this .siiecies is
closely allied to Chromi, mlcvoccphahu^: there are the same pronur-
lions ot the head, the same numbers of dorsal and anal spines and of
scales Ihe form of the teeth appears to be «'xa.-tly the .same as
n tliat .sjxvies, but they are less in number, viz. about sixty-six in
tlie upper jaw and forty-four in the lower. The lower jaw is'bl-,ek
- (lold {;()ast.

VOL. IV.

X

274 CHROMIDES.

We refer, for the present, the following species to this genus, on
account of the alleged absence of scales on the opercles.

2. Sarotherodon (?) zillii.

Acerina zillii, Gervais, Acad. Sc. et LettresMo7itpellier, 1848, and Ann.

Sc. Nat. 3 SL^r. x. p. 303.
Coptodon zillii, Gerimis, Bull. Soc. cent. Agricult. de VHeratdt, 1853,

p. 80. pi. 4. figs. 5-7.
Glyphisodon zillii, Valenc. Comptes Rend. xlvi. 1858, p. 713.

D. i^. A. |. L. lat. 24.

Five or six branchiostegals. Forty teeth in the upper jaw, thirt^'-
six in the lower. Scales on the cheek in three or four series. The
height of the body is more than the length of the head, and one-third
of the total. Dorsal fin low ; caudal slightly cmarginate ; pectoral
extending on to the vent. The diameter of the eye is one-third of
the length of the head. Greenish, with five or six cross-bands ; a
black spot on the last dorsal spines and anterior dorsal rays ; oper-
culum with a blackish spot. {Vol.)

Salt- ditches of the Sahara.

Circumvolutions of the intestines numerous ; two pyloric append-
ages. Herbivorous.

Lahrus desfontahiii, Lacep. iv. pp. 54, 160, from the hot-springs of
Cafsa (Tunis), is, perhaps, a species closely allied to the preceding.

4. HEMICHROMIS.

Hemichromis, Peteos, Monatsher. Berl. Acad, 1857, p. 403.
Chromichtliys, ( Guich.) Dumer. Ann. Miis. x. p. 257.

Body oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size. Dorsal
spines numerous, anal spines three ; base of the soft dorsal naked ;
cheeks and opercles scaly. Mouth protractile. Teeth conical, in
one or two series above, in one below. Anterior prominences of the
first branchial arch short, compressed, horny, bicuspid. Branchio-
stegals five.

Western j^arts of tropical Africa.

1. Hemichromis fasciatus.

Hemichromis fasciatus, Peters, I. c.
Chromichthys elongatus, Ikimer. I. c. pi. 22. fig. 3.

D. i|. A. -|-. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/9.

The two middle teeth in the upper jaw are the longest. Scales on
the cheek in five series. The height of the body is somewhat more than
the length of the head, and contained twice and two-thirds in the
total (without caudal). Snout conical, longer than the eye. Brown-
ish-green, with five or six blackish cross-bands ; each scale below
the lateral line with a dark vertical streak ; a large blackish blotch

4. HEMicnROMis. 275

on the operculum ; dorsal and anal fins with more or less distinct
oblique and interrui^ted streaks.
Guinea. Itiver Gaboon.

a-h. Fine specimens. West Africa. Presented by C. Swanzz, Esq.

2. Hemichromis auritus.

Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 136.

D. {^. A. |. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/9.

The two middle teeth in the upper jaw are considerably longer
than the others. Scales on the cheek in four series. The height of
the body equals the length of the head, and is contained twice and
four-fifths in the total length (without caudal) . Snout conical, longer
than the eye. Brownish, with five black cross-bands ; angle of the
opercidum with a black spot, partly edged with white ; fins immacu-
late, {am.)

River Gaboon.

3. Hemichromis bimaculatus.
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad 1862, p. 1-17.

D. i^. A. J. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/9.

The two middle teeth of the upper jaw are larger than the others.
Scales on the cheek in three series. Snout a little longer than the
eye. The dorsal fin commences above the root of the pectoral.
Purplish-red, with a vertical black spot below the lateral line, below
the twelfth and thirteenth dorsal spines ; head immaculate, excejit
a black spot at the angle of the operculum. (Gill.)

River Gaboon.

4. Hemichromis guttatus.
D. jii-^. A. |. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9.

The two middle teeth of the upper jaw arc scarcely longer than
the others. Scales on the check in three or four series. Snout ob-
tuse, scarcely longer than the eye. The dorsal fin commences before
the root of the pectoral. Operculum with a large black spot, another
on the side of the body ; sides of the head with round black spots.

Capo Colony.

a-b. Fine specimens. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Descri2:)t ion. —The height of the body equals the length of the head,
and is less than one-third of the total (the caudal not iiu-luded).
Head a little longer than high, with the upper profile curved; thai
of the snout is not concave as in H. fascia t us. Snout short, scarcely
longer than the diameter of the eye, wliich is two-ninths of the
length of tlie head ; deft of the mouth oblique, of moderate width,
with the lower jaw slightly prominent, and with the maxillaij ex-
tending to below the anterior margin of the eye. J'ra>orbital much

t2

276 CHROMIDEi?.

narrowci' than the orbit. Interorhital space rather flat, wider than
the orbit. Operciilnm scaly, terminating in a prominent, rounded,
stiff, scaleless black lobe.

The origin of the dorsal falls vertically before the root of the pec-
torals, and its distance from the caudal is less than the depth of the
free portion of the tail. The spines are of moderate length and
strength, the length of the twelfth being one-half of that of the head.
Some of the midrlle dorsal and anal rays are slightly produced, so as
to extend beyond the base of the caiidal. Caudal rounded, shorter than
the head. Pectoral rovmded, its length being only two-thirds of that
of the head. The two outer ventral rays are produced into iilaments.

The teeth in both jaws are small, conical, in a single series ; there
is an incomplete second and posterior series behind the front teeth of
the upper jaw. The two middle teeth in the upper jaw are scarcely
larger than the others, whilst there is a pair of small but distinct
canines in the lower ; they are wide apart from each other. The
lower pharjTigeal plate is longer than broad, and armed with very
small conical teeth, those in the middle being rather coarser.

Greenish-olive, with a large black spot immediately below the
fourteenth and fifteenth scales of the lateral line. Opercular lobe
black ; the lower lateral half of the head with rounded black spots ;
vertical fins with numerous oceUiform light spots, sometimes con-
fluent into oblique streaks. Pectoral and ventral blackish.

Length of the specimens 4^-5 inches.

5. ACARA*.

Acara, pt., Keck. Brasil.Fluss-Fische inAtin. Wien. Mus. ii. 1840, p. 338.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with ctenoid scales of rather
large size. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines three or foui' ; base
of the soft dorsal naked or slightly scaly. Teeth in a band, small,
conical. Anterior prominences of the first branchial arch verj- short,
tubercle-like. The jaws are equal anteriorly, or the lower projects
beyond the upper.

Tropical America.

We divide the species of this genus into two groups : —

A. Scales on the cheek in five or less series, p. 276.

B. Scales on the cheek in more than five series, p. 282.

A. Scales on the cheek in five or less series.

1. Acara bimaculata.

Acara, Marcgr. p. 168.

Scifena bimaculata, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, i. p. 66.

* 1. Chromis punctata, Castcln. {not Bl.) Anim.vouv. otirares del' Amir. Swd,
Poiss. p. 13. — Tocantins.

2. lapidifera. Casfeln. I. c. p. 16. pi. 8. fig. 1.— Araguay.

3. Labrus filamentosus, LacSp. iii. p. 477. pi. 18. fig. 2. — Haf). ?

4. Hoplarchus planifrons, Kaup, Wiegm. Arch. 1860, p. 131.

5. ACAEA. 277

Labrus (bmnneus), Gronov. Mm. Ichthyol. p. 36. no. 87.

Spams, sp., Groiior. Zotiphi/l. p. 64. no. 223. tab. 5. fig. 4.

Jyalinis biiuaetilatus, L. <S^/.v<. Nat. i. p. 477.

I'cica l)iiiiac'iilata, Jil. vi. p. 82. tab. 310. fig. 1.

{'iclila biniaciilata, HI. Schn. p. 338.

Labins piinctatns, lil. tab. 295 ; £1. Schn. p. 251.

Chromis tieuia, Beiin. Proc. Cumm. Zool. Soc. i. 1830, p. 112; Utorer,

Syn. Fish. N. Amer. p. G8, and 3Iefn. Am. Acad. ii. p. 520.
Acara gronovii, Ileck. I. c. p. 361.
— : — punctatus, Heck. I. c. p. 300.

niargarita, Heck. Brnsil. Fluss-Fi^che, p. 338.

Cychlasoma taenia, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat.Hist.New York, vi. Fish. Trinid.

p. 23 (sep. cop.).

^- io^r ^- 8=9- ^- ^^*- 2^- ^- transv. 3/9. Vert. 13/13.

Three series of scales on the cheek. Brown, with a black spot on
the middle of the sides, and with a black ocellus edged with whitish
superiorly at the root of the caudal fin ; generally a dark spot below
the orbit ; sometimes a blackish band from the eye to the lateral spot ;
a whitish streak between the eye and nostril.

Guiana, lliver Guapore (Brazil). Trinidad.

a. Adult. Trinidad. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

— Tj-j^e of Chromis tamia.
h-e, f, ff, h-i, k, I, m, n, o, p-r. British and Dutch Giiiana.
s-t. Adult and half-gTown. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.
u-tv. Adidt : stuffed. Tropical America.
.r. Adult : skeleton. From the College of Surgeons.
y. Half-groA\Ti : skeleton.

The intestinal tract makes two circumvolutions ; there is a ciEcal
sac, as long as the abdominal cavity, near the entrance of the oeso-
phagus in the stomach. The fourth vertebra of all the species of
Aaira examined has a j^air of flat processes on its abdominal sur-
face.

Acara manjinaius (Heck. I. c. p. 350), with the scales black-edged,
appears to be a variety of this species.

2. Acara tetramerus.

Acara tetramerus, Hechl, Branil. Flxss-Fischc, p. 341.
diadema, Heckcl, I. c. p. 344.

^- i^- ^- I- I'- ^^*- 2'5- ^- ^r^^^- 3/9. Vert. 12/12.

Four series of scales on the clieek, in young specimens three.
Brown, Avith a Ijlack spot on the middle of the sides, and with a black
ocellus edged Mith wliitish superiorly at the root of the caud;il fin,
the two spots sometimes united by a band ; a dark spot below the
orbit; a whitish streak between the eye and nostiil.

Guiana. Bio Branco (Brazil).
a,b,c,(l. Adult, half-grown, and young. Guiana. Presented by Sir

R. Schoniburgk.
e. Adult: skeleton, (iuiana. Presented l>y Sir R. Schomburgk.

278 CHROM.IDES.

3. Acara brasiliensis.

Chromis brasiliensis, Quuy iif Gaini. Voy. Uran. Zool. Poiss. p. 286.
? Scifena punctata, L. 3Ius. Ad. Fried, i. p. 66.
? Labrus punctatus, L. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 477.

? Chromys unimaciilata, Casteln. Anim. nouv. cm, raresAm^r. Sud, Poiss.
p. 13. pi. 7. fig. 2.

D. li=i-^. A. -i. L. lat. 30, L. transv. f;. Vert. 14/15.

Four series of scales on the cheek ; operculum entirely scaly.
Brownish-olive, with a black spot on the middle of the sides, and
with another indistinct blackish blotch above the basal portion of the
pectoral ; a rather indistinct dark band from the upper part of the eye
to the nape of the neck ; the posterior part of the dorsal and anal, and
the caudal with round whitish spots ; no black spot at the root of the
caudal.

Fresh waters of Brazil.

a-f. Fine specimens. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.
f/, h, i. Adult and half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.
%. Adult : skeleton. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

Description. — The height of the body is contained twice and a third
to twice and a fourth in the total length (the caudal not included),
the length of the head three times. The najie of the neck is sUghtly
curved, but in the largest specimen (nine inches long) a very pro-
minent soft hump is developed, probably formed by an accumulation
of fat. The width of the interorbital space is nearly one-third (in
young specimens two-sevenths) of the length of the head, and less
than that of the snout. Snout compressed, elevated, the width of the
prfEorbital being twice that of the eye in adult examples, and less
in half-grown ones. Cleft of the mouth shghtly oblique, not ex-
tending to the vertical from the orbit. The fold of the lower lip is
interi-upted in the middle. The lower limb of the pra3operculum
much shorter than the posterior. There are twelve series of scales
between the throat and the root of the ventral.

Dorsal spines of moderate strength, gradually increasing in length
posteriorly ; the length of the ninth is one-third, or nearly one-third,
of that of the head. The middle of the soft dorsal and anal produced,
and extending beyond the middle of the caudal, which is rounded.
Pectoral as long as, or somewhat longer than, the head, not extend-
ing to the middle of the anal. Ventral filament very long.

4. Acara gymnopoma.
D. i^. A. |. L. lat. 26. L. transv. |.

Five series of scales on the cheek ; only the upper and anterior
margins of the operculum are scaly. Brownish-olive, with a black
spot on the middle of the sides ; the posterior part of the dorsal and
anal, and the caudal with round ^^'hitish spots.

Hah. ?

a. Five inches long.

5. ACAKA. 279

Description of the specimen. — This species is very similar to A.
brasiliensis in general form. The height of its body is contained
twice and a third in the total length (the caudal not included), the
length of the head thi-co times. The nape of the neck is gently curved,
and its profile descends abruptly. The width of the interorbital
space equals that of the orbit, -is two-sevenths of the length of the
head, and less than that of the snout. Snout compressed, moderately
elevated, the width of the pr^orbital being somewhat more than that
of the orbit. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, not extending to
the vertical from the orbit. The fold of the lower ]xp is interrupted
in the middle. The lower limb of the proeoperculum is only half as
long as the posteiior. More than one-half of the operculum is naked,
only its upper portion and basal margin being covered with scales
larger than those on the cheek. There are twelve series of scales
between the throat and the root of the ventral.

Dorsal spines of moderate strength, gradually increasing in length
posteriorly ; the length of the ninth is somewhat more than one-half
of that of the head. The middle of the soft dorsal and anal produced,
and extending beyond the middle of the caudal, which is subtrun-
cated. Pectoral rather shorter than the head, extending to the origin
of the anal ; ventral with a filament.

Brownish-oHvc, with a black blotch below the ninth and tenth
scales of the lateral line ; the scales between the origin of the lateral
line and the ventrals dark, with steel-blue dots ; an indistinct dark
band rises from the eye to the nape ; the posterior parts of the dorsal
and anal, and the caudal with roimd whitish spots.

It is possible that this species is identical with Acara hecTcelii
(Midi. & Trosch. in Schomb. Guiana, iii. p. 624), which is described
as follows : —

The lower (?) orbital bone is longer than the diameter of the eye ;
five scries of scales on the cheek ; the nostril is situated at one-third
of the distance of the eye from the snout.' A black spot on the side,
below the lateral line ; tail without spot ; fins dotted with white.
D.ii. A. A

10 8

5. Acara vittata.
Ileckcl, Bras. FIuss-Fische, p. 340.

D. 1^, A. |. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 2/8.

Three series of scales on the check ; prseorbital as wide as the orbit
(in specimens from 3 to 5 inches long) ; the greatest breadth of the
head is three-fiftlis of its length. Cleft of the moutli rather oblique.
A black spot on the middle of the sides, another on the ujjper part
of the root of the caudal ; sometimes a blackisli band from the gill-
opening to the lateral spot ; another from tlie nape of the neck to
the orbit, narrower below the eye, and contiinied to the lower pra;-
opercular margin. A light streak from the eye to the nostril.

Province of Matagrosso.

((. Adidt. Purchased of Mr. f^criveuer.

280 CHKOMIDES.

6. Acara pulchra.

Cvchlasoma piilchrum, Gill, Freshwater Fish. Trinid. in Ann. Lye. Nat.

'Hist. New York, 1858, sep. cop. p. 22.
Chromis rivulata, Gdnth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 418.

D. if. A. |. L. lat. ^8. L. transv. 3/9.

Four (in young specimens three) series of scales on the cheek ;
priEorbital wider than the eye in adult specimens, and as wide as the
orbit in young ones ; the greatest breadth of the head is contained
once and foiu'-fifths in its length. Cleft of the mouth veiy slightly
oblique. A black spot on the middle of the sides ; no caudal spot ;
sides of the head with oblique bluish hues, which are replaced by
spots of the same colour on and behind the opercles. Young specimens
with distinct dark cross-bands, and with a dark spot below the orbit.

Trinidad. Western Ecuador.
a. Five and a half inches long. "Western Ecuador. From Mr.Fraser's

Collection.
b-d. Half-grown and young. "Western Ecuador. From Mr. Eraser's
Collection.

7. Acara dorsigera.

Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 348.

D. i^. A. |. L. lat. 24.

Three series of scales on the cheek ; praeorbital half as wide as
the orbit (in specimens two inches long) ; the greatest breadth of
the head is two-thirds of its length, which is contained once and a
quarter in the height of the body. A blackish band runs from the
eye to the lateral spot ; there is another black spot above the latter,
on the eighth to ninth dorsal spines. Caudal spot none. Caudal and
posterior part of the soft dorsal dotted with white. (Heel:)

Paraguay.

8. Acara viridis.

Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 343.

D.|^. A.f L. lat. 26.

Three series of scales on the cheek ; praeorbital as wide as the orbit
(in specimens five and a half inches long) ; the greatest breadth of
the head is two-thirds of its length. Cleft of the mouth horizontal.
Brownish, with six darker cross-bands ; a seventh round the free
portion of the taU ; a black spot on the middle of the sides ; another
smaller one superiorly at the root of the caudal ; a light streak be-
tween the eye and nostril. Fins immaculate. {Heck.)

Ditches near the town of Matagrosso.

9. Acara pallida.

Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 347.

D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 26.
Three series of scales on the cheek ; prtcorbital half as wide as the

5. ACAEA. 281

orbit (in specimens three and a quarter inches long) ; head half as
broad as long', and nearly as long as the body is high. Cleft of the
mouth subhorizontal, -vnth the jaws equal anteriorly ; the maxillary
extends to below the anterior margin of the orbit. A black spot on
the sides and a small one on the upper part of the base of the caudal.
(Heel:)
Eio Negro.

10. Acara imiocellata.

Chromys uniocellata, Casieln. Anim. nuuv. ou rares Am6r. Siul, Poiss.
p. 15. pi. 6. fig. 1.

Scales on the cheek apparently in three series. Brownish, with a
black ocellus on the back of the tail. Sides Avithout spot. (Cast.)
TJcayale (Peru).

11. Acara obscura.

Chromys obscura, Custeln. Anim. tiouv. oh rares Amh\ Sud, Poiss. p. 14.
pi. 6. fig. 3.

12 8

Scales on the cheek apparently in three or four series. The height
of the body is a little more than one-half of the total length (without
caudal). Uniform dark-brown. (Cast.)

Rio Paraguassu (Bahia).

12. Acara (?) ucayalensis.

Chromys ucayalensis, Castehi. Anim. tioiiv. ou rares Amer. Sud, Poiss.
p. 15. pi. 6. fig. 2.

D.ii. A. A.

• 13 10

Scales on the cheek apparently in three series. Body immaculate,
vertical fins spotted. (Cast.)
Sarayacu.

13. Acara dimerus.

Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 351.

D.L^. A.^. L.lat..25.

Scales on the cheek in two series ; the pra;orbital is not as wide
as the orbit (in specimens nearly four inches long) ; the greatest
breadth of the head is two-thirds of its length, which is less than
the height of the body. Body with darker cross-bands, with a black
lateral spot, and with another at the root of the caudal. (Heck.)

River Cujaba.

14. Acara nassa.

Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 35."..

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 23. L. transv. ^.

Three series of scales on tlie dieek. Pneorbital only half the
width of the orbit ; maxillary extending to behind the front margin

282 CHKOMIDES.

of the eye; lower jaw prominent. Coffee-brown, with a black spot
on the middle of the sides, and with another at the root of the caudal.
A black spot below the orbit, and another edged with bluish on the
angle of the praeoperculum.

Presh waters of Brazil and Guiana.

a. Fine specimen. Kiver Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Acara cognatus, Heckel, I.e. p. 356, and Acara unicohr, Heckel,?.c.
p. 357, the latter without any markings, are probably identical with
A. nassa.

B. Scales on the cheek in more than iive series.

15. Acara adspersa.
D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 6/13.

The fold of the lower lip continuous in the middle ; six series of
scales on the cheek. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total
length (without caudal). Only a narrow strip of the base of the soft
dorsal is scaly. Brownish-olive, dotted all over with black.

Barbadoes.

a. Eight inches long. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is two-fifths
of the total length (the caudal not included), the length of the head
somewhat more than one-third. Head as high as long, with the upper
profile of the snout straight, that of the nape being strongly convex.
Snout compressed, large, its extent being two-fifths of the length of
the head. Cleft of the mouth oblique, not extending to below the
anterior margin of the eye, with the jaws equal anteriorly. Prse-
orbital nearly as wide as the interorbital space, and much wider than
the orbit. The eye is situated m the middle of the length of the
head, near the upper profile ; its diameter is one- sixth of the length
of the head. Space between the orbits convex. Scales ctenoid; those
on the cheek small, in six horizontal and seven vertical series.

Only a veiy narrow portion of the base of the vertical fins is
scaly. Dorsal spines moderately strong, the length of the twelfth
being one-fourth of that of the head ; the middle of the soft dorsal
and anal are prolonged into a very long filament ; caudal rounded.
Pectoral rounded, equal in length to the distance of the snout from
the posterior margin of the eye. Ventral with the outer ray prolonged
into a filament reaching to the anal papilla.

Brownish- olive, dotted all over with black, except on the pectoral,
ventral and anal fins, which are immaculate.

16. Acara fusco-maculata.

Centrarchus tetracanthus, Cuv. Sf !"«/. vii. p. 460.
Chromis fusco-maculatus, Guich. in Ramon dc la Saqra, Hist. Cuba,
Poiss. p. 78. pi. 2. fig. 3.

D.i|. A.|. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 6/11.

The fold of the lower lip continuous in the middle ; seven series of
scales on the cheek. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total

5. ACARA. 283

length (without caudal). A large portion of the soft dorsal is scaly.
Brownish, -with series of brown spots.

Cuba.
rt. Six inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is two-fifths
of the total length (the caudal not included), the length of the head
one-third. Head as long as high, with the upper profile concave
above the eyes. Snout of moderate extent, its length being one-third
of that of the head. Cleft of the mouth very oblique, not extending
to below the anterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw prominent. Prae-
orbital rather narrower than the orbit, the diameter of which is two-
ninths of the length of the head. The interorbital space is wider
than the orbit, and its naked portion is flat. Eye situated imme-
diately below the upper profile, nearer to the extremity of the snout
than to that of the operculum. Scales ctenoid ; those on the cheek
small, in seven horizontal and ten vertical series.

Basal portion of the vertical fins scaly. Dorsal spines rather
feeble, the length of the twelfth being nearly one-third of that of the
head. The soft dorsal and anal are somewhat elevated in the middle,
extending slightly beyond the base of the caudal. Anal spines of
moderate length and strength. Caudal rounded. Pectoral roimded,
equal in length to the distance of the snout from tlie posterior margin
of the pra;opcrculura. Ventral pointed, not extending on to the vent.

The teeth in the jaws form a band, those in the outer series being
enlarged. The lower pharyngeal somewhat longer than broad, with
short eardiform teeth, those in the middle of its posterior half being
obtusely conical or molar-like.

Brownish : each scale with a dark-brown spot at the base, the
spots forming longitudinal series ; margins of the prajoperculum with
several similar spots ; a pair of dark-brown spots in the axil of the
pectoral, one superiorly, the other inferiorly. Dorsal fin with obso-
lete brown spots, the other fins immaeidate.

Poey has shown that Centrarchiis tctracanthus, Cuv. & Yal.*, esta-
blished from a di-awing, is identical with Guichenot's fish. This is
another instance of the difficulty of well establishing a species from a
drawing. It could easily be shown that at least one-half of such spe-
cies have turned out to be either identical -with others, or have not
been recognized by other writers. Science itself has never derived
any advantage from such a practice, but has l)ccn encumbered by it
with a number of doubtful species and useless synonyms.

17. Acara unipunctata.

Chromys unipimctata, Casteln. Anim. notiv. ou rares Amir. Siid, Poiss.

p. 13. pi. 8. fig. 2. -n .3 A 3

n. -. A. J.

Scales on the cheek small, in more than five series. Yellowish,
with a black lateral spot. Caudal spotted. (Cast.)
Uio Paraguassu (Bahia).

* This species, Centrarchus no. 1(\ of the first volume of this work. p. 258. must
bo erased.

284 CHROMIDES.

6. THERAPS.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate
size. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines three or four. Teeth in
a band, conical. Anterior prominences of the first branchial arch
short horny processes. Cleft of the mouth short, with the upper
jaw longest. Scales on the cheek small, in more than live series.
Dorsal fin not scaly.

Guatemala.

1, Theraps irregularis.

D. ||. A. J. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 4/14.

Six series of scales on the cheek.
Guatemala.

a. Six inches long. Guatemala. From Mr. 0. Salvin's Collection.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body equals the
length of the head, and is two-sevenths of the total (the caudal fin
not included). Head longer than high, with the snout compressed
and promiuent ; the length of the snout is two-fifths of that of the
head, and nearly twice the width of the orbit. The cleft of the
mouth is rather small, extending backwards somewhat behind the
vertical from the nostril; upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower;
teeth in a narrow band, those of the outer series largest. Prteorbital
somewhat wider than the orbit, its width being equal to that of the
interorbital space, which is rather convex. The eye is situated
immediately below the upper profile, its centre being a little behind
the middle of the length of the head. Scales on the cheek small, in
six oblique series. The posterior limb of the prajoperculum is longer
than the inferior and descends obliquely forwards. Scales on the
opercles as large as those on the neck ; those .near the base of the
dorsal and on the abdomen very small. Scales ctenoid.

The dorsal fin commences above the root of the ventral, and is
not scaly. The spines are of moderate length and strength, the
length of the fifteenth being two-sevenths of that of the head. The
soft portion docs not extend to the caudal, if laid backwards ; the
distance between dorsal and caudal equals that of the extremity of
the snout from the postei'ior margin of the orbit. Caudal rounded.
Pectoral shorter than the head. The ventral spine is only half as
long as the fin, and enveloped in skin together with the first soft
ray ; the fin does not extend on to the vent.

Eeddish-olive, marbled with blackish ; the latter colour forming
seven rather irregular transverse bands, some of which extend on
the dorsal fin. 13elly silvery, marbled with blackish ; opercles and
some scales on the body with blue dots.

The outer branchial arch is provided with short horny processes.
Lower pharpigeal broader than long, the lateral halves not being
very firmly united ; it is armed with villiform teeth, and with two
rows of stronger conical teeth along the middle.

285

7. HEEOS*.

Ileros, pt., Heck.Brasil.Fliiss-FischeinAnn. Wien.Mus.n. 1840,p.362.
Ilerichthys, Baird ^- Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 25.
Iloplarchus, pt., Kaup, Wiegm. Arch. 1860, p. 128.

Body compressed, oblong-, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate
size. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spinas more than four ; base of
the soft dorsal scaly or sometimes naked. Teeth in a band, smaU,
conical. Anterior prominences of the first branchial arch short horny
processes. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width. Scales on the
cheeks small, (jcnemUij in more than four series. The origin of the
ventral falls vertically behind that of the dorsal.

Central and South America.

1. Heros parma.

^•iirrv ^^•^- !>. lat. 31. L. transv. 5/13.

The fold of the lower lip interrupted in the middle ; five or six
series of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is aboiit one-
half of the total length (without caudal). Brownish, with seven cross-
bands.

Mexico. Guatemala.

a~c. From seven to nine inches long. Mexico. From the Berlin

Museum (as H. deppii).
d-g. From three to seven inches long. Guatemala. From Mr. 0.

Salvin's Collection.

Description. — The height of the body is one-half of the total length
(without caudal), in the largest specimen rather more than one-half,
and in the young ones somewhat less ; the length of the head is one-
thu-d of the total, or a little less than one-third. Head rather higher
than long, with the nape very convex in adult specimens. Snout of
moderate extent, compressed, more or less elevated, much longer than
the eye. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, %vith the jaws equal
anteriorly, and with the maxillarj* hidden below the prneorbital and
not extending to below the front margin of the orbit. Jaws rather
protractile, armed with a broad band of \'illiform teeth, the teeth of
the outer series being enlarged. Praeoi-bital ^\'ider than the orbit.
Interorbital space very convex, wider than the orbit. Eye nearly in
the middle of the length of the head.

Base of the soft dorsal and anal with a few small scales. Dorsal
spines of moderate length and strength : the length of the twelfth is
rather less than one-half of that of the head in adult specimens, and
exactly one-half in young ones. The soft dorsal and anal are ele-
vated ; caudal rounded. Pectoral roimded, not much shorter than the
head. The outer ventral ray prolonged, less so in young indi^•iduals.

Brownish- or greenish-olive, with seven very indistinct dark cross-

* 1. Chromys fasciata, Caste/n. Aniin. nouv. ou rares Amer. Slid, Poiss. p. 17.
pi. 9. fig. 2. — Araguay.

286 CHEOMIDES.

bands. The specimens from Guatemala have a large black blotch on
the middle of the root of the caudal. Fins dark-brown in adult
specimens, lighter in young ones and with a few scattered dark dots.

2. Heros fenestratus.
Chromis fenestrata, Giinth. Froc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 318.

D. (J^, A. <-^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 6/13. Vert. 14/15.

The fold of the lower Kp is interrupted in the middle ; five series
of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is one-half, or rather
less than one-half, of the total length (without caudal). A black
band fi-om above the pectoral to the root of the caudal.

Mexico.

a-b. Types of the species. Rio de la Lana. From M. SaUe's Col-
lection.
c-d. Fine specimens. Mexico. From M. SaUe's Collection.
e. Fine specimen. Mexico. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
/. Adult : skeleton. Mexico. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Description. — The height of the body is one-half, or rather less
than one-half, of the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head one-third. Head as high as long ; snout of moderate extent,
slightly elevated, the prteorbital being somewhat wider than the
orbit. Cleft of the mouth small, horizontal, Tvith the jaws equal
anteriorly. The eye is situated below the upper profile, nearer to
the extremity of the snout than to that of the operculimi. Inter-
orbital space convex, wider than the orbit. Vertical fins very slightly
scaly at the base ; dorsal spines moderately strong, the length of the
twelfth being two-fifths of that of the head ; the soft dorsal and anal
are pointed, their points not extending to the middle of the caudal.
Caudal rounded. The distance between the dorsal and caudal is less
than the greatest depth of the free portion of the tail. Pectoral
shorter than the head ; ventral pointed.

Brownish-green, with six dark cross-bands, less distinct in old
individuals than in yoimg ones, crossing a deep-black longitudinal
band which runs from above the pectoral to the middle of the root
of the caudal. Vertical and ventral fins blackish, darkest at the
base and margins.

Length of the largest specimen 6 inches.

The skeleton of Heros scarcely differs from that of Acara. Twice,
in our skeleton of the present species, the centra of two vertebra? ai'e
confluent into one, whilst the apophyses remain separate.

3. Heros temporalis.

D. IZ. K.^. L. lat. 31. L. transv. if.

The fold of the lower lip interrupted in the middle ; five series of
scales on the cheek. The height of the body is one-half of the total

7. nERos. 287

length (without caudal). A large brownish -black blotch behind the
eye, a black spot on the root of the caudal.
Hah. ?

a. Six and a half inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is one-half
of the total length (the caudal not included), the length of the head
somewhat more than one-third. Head as long as high, with the
snout of moderate extent ; the length of the latter is contained twice
and a fom-th in that of the head, or equal to tviice the diameter of
the eye. The cleft of the mouth is oblique, with the lower jaw
slightly prominent, and with the maxillary hidden below the prae-
orbital and not extending to below the front margin of the eye.
Jaws protractile, armed with a broad band of villiform teeth, the
teeth of the outer series being enlarged. Prajorbital as wide as the
orbit. The profile above the eye is curved, and the interorbital space
very convex. Eye somewhat nearer to the exti'emity of the oper-
culiun than to that of the snout. Scales ctenoid ; those on the cheek
not much smaller than those on the opercles.

Basal portion of the vertical fins scaly. Dorsal spines of moderate
strength and length ; the length of the twelfth is rather more than
one-third of that of the head. The soft dorsal and anal are elevated
on the middle, extending to the middle of the caudal. Caudal roimded.
Pectoral rounded, equal in length to the distance of the snout from
the posterior margin of the orbit. The outer ventral ray is prolonged
into a filament extending to the sixth anal spine.

Bro^^^lish : dark on the back, light on the lower parts. A brown-
ish-black blotch occupies the space between the eye and the uj^per part
of the gill-opening ; there is a crescent-shaped yellowish spot above
it. A rounded blackish spot at the base of the caudal, above the
end of the lateral line ; an indistinct dark band appears to run fi-om
the spot on the head towards that of the caudal, and to be joined by
several cross-bars descending from the back. Fins uniform.

4. Heros margaritifer.
D. 1^. A. f. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 5/13.

The fold of the lower lip is slightly interrupted in the middle ;
five or six series of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is
rather less than one-half of the total length (without caudal).
Brownish-oUve, with seven black cross-bands, each band with pearl-
coloured spots.

Guatemala.

a. Six and a half inches long. Lake Peten. From the Collection
of Messrs. Salnn and Godman.

Description of the spec-imen. — Head rather higher than long, its
length being one-third of the total (without caudal). There is a

288 CHROMIDES.

fleshy hump on the nape of the neck, which is prohably a character
of mature age. Snout compressed, rather high, of moderate extent,
its length being contained twice and a fourth in that of the head.
Prajorbital much wider than the orbit, the diameter of which is one-
half of the length of the snout. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique,
with the lower jaw a little prominent beyond the upper ; the max-
iUary is hidden below the prteorbital, and does not extend to the
fi-ont mai'gin of the eye. Jaws protractile, armed with a broadish
band of villiforra teeth, those of the outer series being the larger.
Eye nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to that of the snout.
Scales on the cheek not much smaller than those on the opercles.

The soft portions of the vertical fins have a few small scales at the
base. Dorsal spines of moderate strength and length, the leng'th
of the twelfth being contained twice and a third in that of the head.
The soft dorsal and anal are somewhat elevated in the middle, ex-
tending to the base of the caudal. The free portion of the tail is as
long as high. Caudal fin slightly emarginate, with the lobes rounded,
one-fifth of the total length. Pectoral shorter than the head, ex-
tending to the thii'd anal spine. The outer ventral ray is produced
into a short filament.

Brownish-olive, with seven black cross-bands : the first in front of
the dorsal fin ; the second to the fifth below the spinous dorsal, partly
extending on the fin ; the sixth below the end of the dorsal ; the
seventh across the free portion of the tail. Each of these cross-
bands has numerous pearl-coloured spots. Root of the caudal with
a blackish spot.

5. Her OS melanurus.

D. If. A. |. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5/13.

The fold of the lower lip is subinterrupted in the middle* ; five
series of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is contained
twice and a third or twice and a half in the total length (without
caudal). A deep-black band along the middle of the tail ; the lower
parts black in adult specimens.

Guatemala.

a-e. From three to ten inches long. Lake Peten. From the. Col-
lection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

Description. — Head higher than long, its length being nearly one-
third of the total (without caudal). There is a fleshy hump on the
nape of the neck of the two largest specimens. Snout compressed,
rather high, of moderate extent, its length being two-fifths or one-
third of that of the head. Pra3orbital wider than the orbit. Cleft of
the mouth oblique, Avith the lower jaw scarcely prominent. The
maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the front margin of
the eye. Jaws protractile, armed with a broad band of villiform
teeth, those of the outer series being the larger and brown at the

* The fold is distinctly interrupted in specimens from six to ten inchei? long,
whilst it appears to be slightly continuous in young individuals of three to four
inches in length.

7. HERos. 289

tip. Eye as distant from the extremity of the snout as from that of
the operculum. Scales on the cheek considerably smaller than those
on the opercles.

Vertical fins sealeless. Dorsal spines of moderate strength and
length, the length of the twelfth being one-third of that of the head ;
the soft dorsal and anal extend somewhat beyond the root of the
caudal. The free portion of the tail is nearly as long as high. Anal
spines strong and long. Caudal rounded, one-fifth of the total length.
Pectoral shorter than the head, extending nearly to the origin of the
anal fin. The distance of the rent from the root of the ventral is
three-quarters of the length of the head.

Orange-coloured or purplish-brown, with a more or less irregular
deep-black band along the middle of the tail ; sometimes a series of
more or less confluent black blotches on the back. Matui'e specimens
have the whole of the lower parts of the head, belly and tail deep
black. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral orange-coloured or purplish-brown,
with a few scattered spots posteriorly ; anal and ventral black.

Young specimens have no black, except the band on the tail ; their
dorsal spines are proportionally longer, the length of the twelfth being
contained twice and a fourth in that of the head.

6. Heros spilurus.

D.i?. A. ?=?. L. lat. 29. L. transv. fj.

The fold of the lower Up is interrupted in the middle ; four series
of scales on the cheek. No spot on the temple ; a large black spot
oji the middle of the root of the caudal.

Guatemala.
a-b. From Mr. 0. Salvin's Collection.

Description. — The height of the body is one-half of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head nearly one-third. Head a
little higher than long : snout of moderate extent, its length being
two-fifths of that of the head. The diameter of the eye is two-
sevenths of the length of the head, two-thirds of that of the snout,
and less than the width of the interorbital space, which is convex ;
the eye is situated below the upper profile, a little nearer to the ex-
tremity of the operculum than to that of the snout. Praeorbital as
wide as the orbit. Cleft of the mouth very narrow, scarcely oblique,
with the jaws equal anteriorly. Opercles scaly.

Vertical fins scaly at the base. Dorsal spines of moderate length
and strength, the length of the twelfth being contained twice and a
third in that of the head. The points of the soft dorsal and anal
extend to the middle of the caudal. Caudal rounded. The distance
between doi-sal and caudal is less than the depth of the tail. Pec-
toral nearly as long as the head, extending to the fourth anal spine ;
the outer ventral raj' prolonged into a short filament.

Greeni.sh-olive, -with nine dark vertical bands ; a large, roundish
black spot on the middle of the root of the caudal. Caudal and the
posterior part of the dorsal and anal with whitish spots.

Length of the largest specimen 34 inches.
VOL. rr. u

290 CnROAIIDES.

7. Heros cyanoguttatus.

Hei'ichtliys cy!moguttatus,Bair(l^- Gh-ard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phi-
lad. 1854, p. 25, aud Eep. U.S. Sf Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 30.
pi. 4. figs. 9-12.

D. i|. A. g. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 4/13.

The fold of the lower lip is subeontinuous in the middle ; scales on
the cheek in four series. The height of the body is a little less than
one-half of the total length (without caudal). Snout subconical, de-
tached from the frontal line by a depression above the eye. Brown-
ish, with small bluish spots scattered all over the body and fins. A
black blotch is sometimes observable on the middle of the spinous por-
tion of the dorsal, and another on the dorsal region below the former.
A third black blotch at the base of the caudal. Young specimens
with dark cross-bands.

Mexico and Texas.

a-b. Adult and half-grown. Matamoras. Presented by the Smith-
sonian Institution.

8. Heros facetus.

Chromis facetus, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, p. 104.

D. ||. A. 1. L. lat. 25-26. L. transv. 4/9.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle ; four series
of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is less than one-half
of the total length (without caudal). The width of the tnterorbital
space equals nearly two and a half diameters of the eye. Uniform
brown.

Maldonado, Rio Plata.

The characters have been taken from the typical specimen, which
is preserved in the Collection of the Philosophical Society of the
University of Cambridge.

9. Heros psittacus.

Heros psittacus, Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 369.
? Hoplarchus pentacanthus, Kaup, Wief/m. Arch. 1860, p. 129. taf. 6.
fig. 1.

D. If. A. |. L. lat. 40.

The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle ; scales on the
cheek very small, in ten series. The length of the head is contained
once and a quarter in the depth of the body, and thrice and a half in
the total length. Prscoperculum notched. The cleft of the mouth
is slightly oblique, the maxillary extending nearly to the vertical
from the front margin of the eye. Light-brownish : upper parts with
rcticidated lines, passing into five bands across the lower parts ; tail
with two brown cross-bands. A dark-brown band from the occiput
to the eye ; a series of dark-brown spots from the operculum to the

7. HEEOS. 291

upper part of the root of the caudtil ; a narrow streak of the same
colour from the mouth to the angle of the praeoperculum. {Heck.)
Rio Negro.

Hr. Kaup, to whom the labours of Heckel and of Miiller and
Troschel on the present family — nay, the family itself — are unknown,
describes a genus of fishes, Jloplarchus, composed of a species of If eras
and of one of Acnni. The former appears to bo identical with //.
psittaciis, Heck. With regard to the figure, it must be remarked,
that the greater part of the scales are lost in the tj'pical specimen,
and that Hr. Kaup says of the lateral hue, that it mai/ have been
formed by eighteen scales.

10. Heros urophthalmus.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 5/12.

The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Scales on
the cheek in six series. Body with seven dark cross-bands ; a large
black ocellus on the base of the caudal fin.

Guatemala.

a-c. Fine specimens (seven inches long). Lake Peten. From the
Collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

Description. — The height of the body is contained twice and a half
or twice and a quarter in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head nearly three times. Head as high as long ; snout rather
elevated, with the cleft of the mouth obhque and Avith the lower
jaw prominent. Teeth in nari-ow bands, those of the outer series
enlarged, with bro^m tips. The maxillary extends nearly to the
vertical from the front margin of the eye ; prasorbital as wide as the
orbit, the diameter of which is less than the extent of the snout, and
contained four times and a half in the length of the head. Inter-
orbital space flat, wider tlian the orbit. The eye is situated imme-
diately below the upper profile, nearer to the extremity of the snout
than to that of the operculum. Oporcles scalj-, the scales being
larger than those on the check ; suboperculum with two series of
scales.

Dorsal and anal fins scaloless ; dorsal spines of moderate length
and strength, the length of the twelfth being two-fifths of that of
the head ; the points of the soft dorsal and anal extend to, or nearly
to, the middle of the caudal fin. The free portion of the tail is liigher
than long. Caudal rounded, its length being contained four times
and a third in the total. Anal spines strong and long. I'cctoral
rounded, extending to the third anal spine ; the outer ventral ray
produced. The distance between the vent and the root of the ven-
tral is three-fifths of the length of the head.

Brownish- or greenish -olive, witli seven blackish cross-bands, as
broad as the intei-spacos between : the first descending obliquely
backwards, across the najie ; the second, third and fourth below the
spinous dorsal, the fifth hclnw the anterior, the sixth below the pos-

V 2

292 CHKOMIDES.

terior dorsal rays ; the seventh across the free portion of the tail.
A large black, white-edged ocellus on the root of the caudal. Fins
blackish ; pectoral yellowish towards the base.

11. Heros aureus.

D. J. A. |. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 6/13.

The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Scales on
the cheek in five series. Base of the dorsal scaleless.
Guatemala. (Mexico.)

a. Guatemala. From Mr. 0. Salvin's Collection.
? b. Young. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is contained
twice and a third in the total length (without candal), the length of
the head three times. Head as high as long ; snout somewhat ele-
vated, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique and with the jaws
equal anteriorly ; praiorbital as wide as the orbit, the diameter of
which is contained thrice and a third in the length of the head, and
is more than the width of the interorbital space. The eye is situated
immediately below the upper profile, a little nearer to the extremity
of the operculum than to that of the snout. Opercles scaly ; suboper-
culum rather broad, with two series of scales.

Dorsal and anal fins entirely scaleless ; dorsal spines rather slender,
the length of the twelfth being a little less than one-half of that of
the head ; the points of the soft dorsal and anal extend to the middle
of the caudal. The distance between the dorsal and caudal is some-
what less than the greatest depth of the free portion of the tail.
Caudal sUghtly emarginate. The pectoral extends to the soft anal ;
ventral pointed. The distance between the vent and the root of the
ventral is one-third of the length of the head.

Yellowish-olive, with six dark cross-bands, extending downwards
to a yellow longitudinal band running from above the pectoral to
the lower half of the base of the caudal. The thii-d cross -band ter-
minates in a large black lateral spot ; sides of the head with several
bluish dots, and with a blackish spot on the operculum and suboper-
culum, darkest on the latter bone. Fins light- coloured, immaculate.

The length of the typical specimen is 57 lines.

12. Heros afftnis.

D. i|. A. g. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 5/12.

The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Scales on
the cheek in four series. Base of the dorsal scaleless. Eye nearer
to the end of the operculum than to that of the snout. A black spot
in the middle of the side.

Guatemala.
a-d. From 31 to b\ inches long. Lake Peten. From the Collection
of Messrs, Salvin and Godman.

Description. — The height of the body is contained twice and two-

293

fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
twice and three-fourths. Head as high as long ; snout compressed,
elevated, with the cleft of the mouth obhque and with the lower iaw
prominent. PrjEorbital wider than the orbit (in the larger indivi-
duals), the (Uameter of Avhich equals the width of the interorbital
space; the eye is considerably nearer to the extremity of the oper-
culum than to that of the snout. Opercles scaly ; suboperculum with
two or three series of small scales.

Dorsal and anal fins entirely scaleless ; dorsal spines rather strong
and long, the length of the twelfth being two-fifths of that of thi
hcad._ Anal spmes very strong. The middle of the soft dorsal and
anal is sometimes produced into a long filament, extending beyond
the middle of the caudal. The free portion of the taU is a little
higher than long. Caudal slightly emarginate, two-ninths of the
total length Pectoral nearly as long as the head, extending to the
middle ot the soft anal ; the outer ventral ray is produced. The
distance between the vent and the root of the ventral is one-third of
the length of the head.

Ohve with five or six dark cross-bands, the middle of which has
a deep-black spot where it passes the lateral Hne; a more or less
distmct black spot on the suboperculum ; sides of the head and ver-
tical fins with bluish, dark-edged ocelli.

This species is very closely allied to H. aureus, but may be di-
stinguished from it by larger scales, by a more backward position of
tlie eyes, by stronger spines, &c.

13. Heros spurius.

Heros severus, Jleckel, Bras. FIuss-Fische, p. 362.

coryphfeus, Heckel, I. c. p. 364.

modest LIS, Heckel, I. c. p. 366.

spurius, Heckel, I. c. p. 3(58.

? Chromys appendicidata, Casteln. Ardm. noui: on rares Amer. Sue/,
Pom. p. 15. pi. 7. fig. 3. '

^■'IS- ^-T^y L-l^t.29. L.transv.^J.

The fold of the lower lip continuous in the midcUo ; five series of
scales on tlie cheek. The height of the body is more than one-half
01 the total length (without caudal). A dark vertical band between
the dorsal and anal, terminating in a blackish spot on the root of the
antenor dorsal and on that of the posterior anal rays. The remainder
of the fisli either nearly uniform dark-brown, or lighter with more
or less distinct vertical bands ; head with short vermiculated lines ;
body with series of brown dots.

Fresh waters of Brazil and Guiana.

a-b. Fine specimens. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.—
Dark variety.

c. Fine specimen. Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schombur-k.— Li»ht

variety. °

d. Fine specimen. From the Collectlt.n of the Zoological Society —

Light variet}-. •''

294 CHROMIDES.

14. Heros efasciatus.
Heckel, Brasil. Flms-Fisch4!, p. 372.

D. if. A.^. L. lat. 30.

The fold of the lower lip contimious in the middle ; scales on the
cheek in six series. Brownish-yellow, each scale darker at the base;
dorsal and caudal fins with series of dots. {HecJc.)

Rio Negro.

Perhaps only another variety of H. spurius.

15. Heros friedriclisthalii.
Heckel, Brasil, Flitss-Fische, p. 381.

D. ^. K.^. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 4/12.

The fold of the lower hp continuous in the middle ; scales on the
cheek in seven series. Yellowish-olive, with six or seven blackish
cross-bands; a black band from the eye to the upper part of the root
of the caudal, interrupted by the interspaces between the cross-bands ;
the origin and end of this band are edged with yellow ; suboperculiun
with a black ocellus ; an oblique black streak from the eye towards
the ocellus.

Central America.

a-h. Fine specimens. Lake Peten (Guatemala). From the Collec-
tion of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

16. Heros salvini.

D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 5/10.

Fold of the lower lip continuoiis in the middle ; scales of the cheek
in five series. Base of the soft dorsal scaly.
Guatemala.

a-c. Fine specimens. River de Santa Isabel. From the Collection

of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
cl-e. Fine specimens. Lake Peten. From the Collection of Messrs.

Godman and Salvin.

Description. — This species is closely allied to H. frieclnclisihalii,
but appears to have larger and fewer scales on the cheek. It has a
peculiar physiognomy, like that species, in consequence of the con-
cave upper profile of the snout, which is turned upwards. The height
of the body is contained twice and a foiu-th in the total length (with-
out caudal), and the length of the head twice and three-foiu-ths.
Head somewhat longer than high ; snout of moderate extent, longer
than the eye, pointed, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique, and
with the lower jaw projecting ; the maxillary docs not quite extend
to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Prseorbital
narrower than the orbit. The widtli of the orbit is one-fourth of
the length of the head, and equal to that of the interorbital space.

7. uERos. 295

The eye is situated immediately below the upper profile, in the middle
of the length of the head. Opercles scaly ; suboperculum of moderate
width, with one series of scales.

The vertical fins are scaly at the base ; dorsal spines of moderate
length, the length of the twelfth being two-fifths of that of the head.
The points of the soft dorsal and anal extend beyond the middle of
the caudal. Caudal rounded. The distance between dorsal and
caudal is considerably less than the depth of the free portion of the
tail. The pectoral is much shorter than the head, and extends to
the fifth anal spine ; ventral pointed. The distance between the vent
and the root of the ventrals is two-fifths of the length of the head.

Dark-greenish-olive, with a black band, edged with yellow, run-
ning from the snout, thi-ough the eye, to the root of the caudal ; it
is most distinct on the head, but interrupted on the tail by lighter
interspaces ; it passes a black lateral spot, and, in yoimg specimens,
terminates in another black spot. A blue horizontal line below the
orbit ; a more or less distinct black ocellus on the subopercidum.
Fins blackish, immaculate. The sides below the black band are san-
guineous in mature specimens.

The largest specimen is 4^ inches long.

17. Heros microphthalmus.
D. ||. A. ^. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 5/14.

The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle ; six series of
scales on the cheek. Brownish, with indistinct dark cross-bands,
and with a dark band along the sides and tail, terminating at a black
spot in the middle of the root of the caudal. Each scale on the
lateral and lower parts with a purple spot at the base. The soft
portions of the vertical fins with series of blackish dots ; axil of the
pectoral orange-coloured.

Guatemala.

a-c. Seven and eight inches long. From the Collection of Messrs.
Godman and Salvin.

Descrijjtion. — The height of the body is contained twice and a
third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
thrice and a third. Head as high as long ; snout of moderate ex-
tent ; prajorbital \vider than the eye, the diameter of which is one-
fifth, or rather less than one-fifth, of the length of the head. Cleft of
the mouth rather narrow, horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorl}-,
and with the maxillary not extending backwards to the vertical from
the fi-ont margin of the eye. Teeth in a band, those of the outer
series being somewhat enlarged. Interorbital space very convex,
t\nce as broad as the orbit ; the eye is a little nearer to the extre-
mity of the snout than to that of the opercle.

Vertical fins scaly at the base ; the spinous dorsal is low, the
length of the twelfth spine being one-third, or rather less than one-
third, of that of the head. The soft dorsal and anal are somewhat

296 CHKOMIDES.

produced, extending beyond the root of the caudal. The free portion
of the tail is rather higher than long. Caudal subtruncated, its
length being a little less than one-fifth of the total. Pectoral much
shorter than the head, equal in length to the ventral, which does not
extend on to the vent.

18. Heros coryphsenoides.

Heros coryphaenoides, Heck. Brasil. Flms-Fische, p. 373.
niger, Heck. I. c. p. 375.

»-T^4- A.^,. L.lat.33.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle ; six series
of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is a little less than
one-third of the total length (with the caudal). Two black spots
behind the eye, and sometimes a third on the opercle; a dark cross-
bar below the twelfth and thirteenth dorsal spines.

Kio Negro.

19. Heros deppii.

Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 382.

D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 17.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle ; six series
of scales on the cheek. The length of the head is contained once and
a fourth in the greatest depth of the body, and thrice and three-
fourths in the total length (with the caudal). The length of the dor-
sal spines is one-fourth of that of the head. Brownish ; tail with six
obsolete dark cross-bands, the last band with a black spot. {Heck.)

Mexico.

20. Heros montezuma.

Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 383.

D.{^. A. A L. lat. 30.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle ; five series
of scales on the cheek. Body with six dark cross-bands, the last
round the root of the caudal and marked with a black spot. (Heck.)

Mexico.

21. Heros godmanni.

D. l|ilZ. A. A L.lat.33. L. transv. 5/13.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle; seven series
of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is contained twice
and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal). Head grey-
ish-olive ; cheeks and body reddish-oUve ; an irregular blackish band
proceeds from above the pectoral to a black spot in the middle of the

* Is not this a misprint ?

7. HERos. 297

root of the caudal. A black spot above the origin of the lateral
band. Opercles, back, and vertical fins with black dots.
Guatemala.

a-h. Seven inches long. River of Cahabon. From the Collection of
Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

Description. — The length of the head is contained thrice or thrice
and a third in the total (without caudal). The profile of the nape is
much curved. Head as high as long; snout rather elevated, the
prajorbital being wider than the orbit. Cleft of the mouth rather
narrow, horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly, and with the
maxillary not extending backwards to the vertical from the front
margin of the eye. The six front teeth of the outer series are the
longest, deep-brown. The nape is elevated, and the orbit consider-
ably below the upper profile of the head. Opercles scaly.

Dorsal and anal fins veiy slightly scaly at the base ; the spinous
dorsal is low, the length of the twelfth spine being one -fourth of that
of the head ; the soft dorsal and anal are somewhat produced, extend-
ing beyond the root of the caudal. The free portion of the tail is
somewhat higher than long. Caudal subtruncated, one-fifth of the
total length. Pectoral shorter than the head, but rather longer than
the ventral, which does not extend to the vent.

22. Heros nebulifer.

Chromis nebulifera, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 318.
D. ~. A. |. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 6/13.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle ; six series
of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is contained twice
and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal). Nearly luiiform
greenish-olive, with a black spot at the root of the caudal.

Mexico.

a-c. Types of the species. From M. Salle's Collection.

Description. — The height of the body is contained twice and two-
thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
four times. The jjrofile of the nape much ciu-ved. Head as high
as long ; snout slightly elevated, the pra3orbital being wider than the
orbit. Cleft of the mouth small, horizontal, Avith the jaws equal
anteriorly ; interorbital space convex, its width being equal to one
and a half diameter of the eye ; opercles scaly.

Dorsal and anal fins very slightly scaly at the base ; the spines of
the former of moderate strength, the length of the twelfth being
somewhat less than one-half of that of the head. The soft dorsal
and anal arc not produced, and the former does not extend to the
root of the caudal. Caudal truncated. The free portion of the tail
is longer than high. Pectoral shorter than the head ; ventral not
prolonged.

Greenish-olive : the middle of the body clouded with blackish, in

298

CHROMIDES.

the form of indistinct vertical bands ; a round black sjiot in the middle
of the root of the caudal ; the outer parts of the fins blackish.
Length of the largest specimen 7 inches.

23. Heros intermedius.

^- 'iT^- ^- tA- L- ^^*- ^2- ^- transv. 5/13.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle ; five or six
series of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is contained
twice and three-fifths in the total length (without caudal). Brown-
ish : lower parts red in adult specimens ; a broad angular brown
band on the trunk, its horizontal branch extending from the gUl-
opening to the vertical from the first anal spine, whilst its vertical
branch ascends to the hinder dorsal spines. Each scale within this
band with a black vertical streak. A rather narrow brown band
nms from the angular band to a blackish spot at the root of the
caudal. Vertical fins with whitish oceUi, enclosed by reddish streaks.

Guatemala.

a-e. From five to six inches long. From the Collection of Messrs.
Salvin and Godman.

Description. — The length of the head is contained thrice and a
fourth in the total (without caudal). The eye is not very remote
from the profile of the nape, which is curved. Head as high as long ;
prseorbital scarcely wider than the orbit. Cleft of the mouth rather
narrow, horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly, and vrith the
maxillary not extending backwards to the vertical from the front
margin of the eye. The teeth in the outer series are the largest, and
provided with brown tips. Opercles scaly.

Base of the soft dorsal and anal with scarcely any scales ; dorsal
spines of moderate length and strength, the length of the twelfth
being one-third or nearly one-third of that of the head. The soft
dorsal and anal extend slightly bej-ond the root of the caudal. The
free portion of the tail is nearly as long as high. Caudal subtnm-
catcd, its length being one-fifth of the total. Pectoral shorter than
the head, but rather longer than the ventral, which extends nearly
to the vent.

This species is closely allied to H. nchidifer and H. anr/ulifer, from
which it may be distinguished by its colours and by the size of its
scales.

24. Heros angulifer.

D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 4/12.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle ; four series
of scales on the cheek. The height of the body is two-fifths of the
total length (without caudal). Brownish-olive, with a broad angular
black band on the tnuik, its horizontal branch extending from the
eye to the vortical from the fii'st anal spine, whilst its vertical branch
ascends to the hinder dorsal spines. Some scales within the band

7. HEHOs. 299

and on the opcrcles with a black dot. A round blackish blotch on
the root of the caudal fin.
Guatemala.

a-b. Foiu' inches long. River de Santa Isabel. From tho Collection
of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

Description. — The length of the head is contained thrice and a
thii'd in the total (■without caudal). The eye is not very remote
fi-om the profile of the nape, which is slightly curved. Head as high
as long ; proeorbital scarcely wider than the orbit. Cleft of the
mouth rather narrow, horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly, and
with the maxillary not extending backwards to the vertical from the
fi-ont margin of the eye. The teeth in the outer series are the largest,
and provided with brown tips. Opercles scaly.

Dorsal and anal fins not scaly ; dorsal spines of moderate length
and strength, the length of the twelfth being one-third of that of the
head ; the soft dorsal and anal extend to tho root of the caudal. The
free portion of the taU is as long as high. Caudal subtruncated, its
length being not quite one-fifth of the total. Pectoral shorter than
the head, but longer than the ventral, which does not extend to the
vent.

25. Heros oblongus.

Chromys oblonga, Casteln. Anim. nouv. ott raresAiner. Sud, Pviss. p. 14.

D.- A.f

The height of the body is a little less than one- third of the total
length. (Cast.)
Tocantins (Province of Goyaz).

26. Heros autochthon.
B. 5. D. ij. A. |. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 4/8.

Scales on the cheek in two or three series. Eody with dark cross-
bands. The width of the interorbital space is more than that of the
orbit.

Brazil.

«, h, c, d. Presented by Lord Stuart.

Description. — The height of the body is one-half of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head a little more than one-third.
The upper profile is strongly curved on the nape, concave before the
eyes, and straight on the snout. Head as high as long ; snout of
moderate extent, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and with the
jaws equal anteriorly. Jaws moderately protractile ; the maxillaiy
does not extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit.
Prajoi'bital scpiare, rather narrower than the orbit. The width of
the interorbital space equals tlie extent of the snout, and is more than
the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the lengtli of the
head. The eye is situated a little nearer to the extremity of the

300 CHROMIDES.

snout than to that of the operculum, immediately below the upper
profile of the head. Scales on the cheek of moderate size, in three
curved series — in one specimen in two. Scales on the opercles large.

The dorsal commences vertically above the extremity of the oper-
culum and terminates so close to the caudal, that the distance be-
tween the two fins is only one-half of the depth of the free portion
of the tail. The spines are rather slender and increase posteriorly
in length, the length of the twelfth being less than one-half of that
of the head. The middle of the soft dorsal and anal are prolonged
into a filament, extending to the end of the caudal. The soft portions
of the vertical fins have a slight scaly covering at the base. Anal
spines similar to those of the dorsal fin in length and strength.
Caudal rounded. Pectoral as long as the head ; ventral spine of
moderate size, the two outer soft rays produced into filaments. The
distance between the vent and the root of the ventrals equals one-
half of the length of the head. Root of the ventrals immediately
behind that of the pectorals.

Scales ctenoid ; one of the largest covers two-thirds of the eye.

The teeth in the jaws are small, cardiform, forming a band, those
of the outer series being enlarged ; the pharyngeal plate is a little
broader than long, armed with similar teeth, except that those on the
middle posteriorly are broader, molar-like.

The colours have apparently faded. The ground-colour is a
reddish-olive ; six or seven dark bands traverse the body and tail,
that descending from the thirteenth dorsal spine being the darkest ;
a blackish spot at the root of the caudal.

Length of the largest specimen 5i inches.

8. MESONAUTA.
Heros, sp., Heclcel.

Body compressed, rather elevated behind, covered with ctenoid
scales of moderate size. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines eight
to nine ; base of the soft dorsal scaly. Teeth in a band, small,
conical. Anterior prominences of the first branchial arch short homy
processes. Cleft of the mouth small. Scales on the cheek of moderate
size, in three series. The origin of the ventral falls vertically a little
before that of the dorsal.

Bi-azil.

1. Mesonauta iusignis.

Ileros insignis, Heckel, Brasil. Flms-Fische, p. 378.

festivus, Heck. I. c. p. 376.

Chromys (?) acora, Casteln. Anim. tioiiv. Poiss. p. 17. pi. 9. fig. 1 (bad).
D. j_^6_ j^ _^^_ j^ ^^^_ 27. L. transv. 4/11.

The fold of the lower lip interrupted in the middle ; three series
of scales on the check. The height of the body is a little more than
one-half of the total length (without caudal). An oblique, straiglit
black band runs from the eye to the top of the soft dorsal. A black

9. PETENIA. 301

ocellus, edged with white, on the upper part of the root of the
caudal.

Rio Negro, Guaporc, Araguay.

a. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h. Adult : skin. Tropical America.

9. PETENIA.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate
size. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines more than four ; the soft
dorsal scaleless. Teeth in a band, small, conical. Anterior pro-
minences of the first branchial arch short, compressed, distant. Cleft
of the mouth wide ; jaws veiy protractile. Scales on the cheeks small.
The origin of the ventral falls vertically below that of the dorsal.

Guatemala.

1. Petenia splendida.
B. 5. D. ||. A. ■^. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 6/17.

Scales on the cheek in about seven series. Greenish, shining
golden ; head, body, and vertical fins with black dots. A series of
six or seven large round black spots along the middle of the side,
the last spot being edged with white, and situated on the upper half
of the root of the caudal.

Lake Peten.

a-c. Fine specimens. From the Collection of Messrs. Salvin and
Godman.

Description. — The height of the body is contained thrice in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and two-
thirds. Head longer than high ; snout compressed, triangular, \vith
the lower jaw very prominent. The jaws are extremely protractile,
so that the snout is not much shorter than the head when the jaws
are protracted. The processes of the intermaxillaries extend back-
wards to the nape of the neck, and the length of the mandibles is
three-quarters of that of the head. The greater portion of the max-
illary is not covered by the praeorbital, and it extends beyond the
vertical from the centre of the orbit. Each jaw is armed with a band
of villiform teeth, the outer series containing rather larger conical
teeth. Prseorbital narrower than the orbit, the diameter of which
is one-sixth or one-seventh of the length of the head. Interorbital
space very convex, as wide as, or wider than, the orbit.

The gill-membranes are united below the throat, and not attached
to the isthmus. The first branchial arch has thii-tcen anterior pro-
minences.

The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the root of the
pectoral ; its spines are of moderate length and strength ; they
increase in length to the seventh, the length of which is two-ninths
of that of the head ; the posterior spines, again, are a little longer
than the middle ones. The soft dorsal and anal are rather elevated,

302 CHEOMIDES.

extending to, or nearly to, the root of the caudal. The anal spines
are strong, two-sevenths of the length of the head. Caudal rounded,
its length being rather more than one-sixth of the total. The free
portion of the tail is longer than high. The pectoral extends to the
first anal spine, the ventral to the vent. The distance of the vent
from the ventral is nearly one-half of the length of the head.
Length of the largest specimen 16 inches.

10. UARU.

Uaru, Heckel, Brasil, Fluss-Msche, in Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. p. 330.

Body compressed, elevated, covered -with small ctenoid scales.
Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines eight. Base of the soft dorsal
scaly. Teeth awl-shaped, forming a series separate from the small
teeth behind. Anterior prominences of the first branchial arch short
horny bi- or tri-cuspid processes. Cleft of the mouth oblique, of
moderate width, and with the jaws equal anteriorly. Scales on the
cheek small, in numerous series.

Brazil.

1. Uaru amphiacanthoides.
Heckel, Brasil. Muss-FiscJte, p. 331.

D. If. A.:^. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 11/?.

Scales on the cheek in ten or eleven series. Light-brown : a large
elliptical or band-like spot extends from the root of the pectoral to
that of the caudal ; a black spot at the root of the caudal, another at
the base of the pectoral, and a third behind the eye. {Hech.)

Rio NegTO.

2. Uaru obscurum.
D. % A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 13/26.

15 14 '

Scales on the cheek in nine subhorizontal series. Blackish-brown ;
a black spot at the root of the caudal.
River Cupai.

a. Six inches long. Eight hundred mUes from the sea. Purchased
of Mr. Stevens.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is two-thirds
of the total length (the caudal not included), the length of the head
nearly one-third. Head higher than long, with the upper profile
very oblique. Snout compressed, elevated, much longer than the eye,
with the jaws equal anteriorly and with the cleft of the mouth ob-
lique. The maxillary does not extend to below the anterior margin
of the eye. The front teeth of the jaws are rather long and slender,
of moderate strength, awl-shapcd, with brown points ; they form a
single closely-set series, there being ten on each side of the upper
jaw, and eight on each side of the lower ; there is another single
series of smaller teeth behind the front series of the upper jaw, whilst

1

12. CICHLA. 303

the hind teeth in the lower jaw form a narrow band. The jaws are
scarcely protractile.

The space between the orbits is convex, much wider than the orbit,
and as wide as the proeorbital. The eye is nearer to the extremity of
the oi)erculum than to that of the snout ; its diameter is contained
four times in the length of the head and once and a half in the
extent of the snout. Cheek covered with small scales, arranged in
nine subhorizontal and in eight subvertical series. Operculum and
suboperculiun entirely scaly.

Dorsal spines verj- strong : the seventh and eighth are the longest,
theii" length being somewhat more than one-half of that of the head ;
the posterior spines are a Little shorter ; the soft dorsal is somewhat
elevated in the middle and scaly at the base ; the distance of the
dorsal from the caudal is only one-half of the depth of the free por-
tion of the tail. Anal spines shorter but rather stronger than those
of the dorsal tin. Pectoral as long as the head ; the outer ventral ray
prolonged into a short filament.

Scales ctenoid ; those of the lateral line are larger than the others,
with the single tubes much elongate.

Nearly uniform blackish-brown : a black spot on the upper half of
the root of the caudal ; a small black spot behind the eye.

11. HYGROGONUS.

A.cara, sp., Heckel.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size,
which are veiy slightly crenulated posteriorly. Dorsal spines nume-
I'ous, anal spines three. Vertical fins enveloped in a coat of scales.
Teeth in a band, conical. Anterior prominences of the first branchial
arch short, tubercle-Uke. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, ob-
lique, extending to below the eye, with the lower jaw longest. Scale*
on the cheek small.

Brazil.

1. Hygrogonus ocellatus.

Lobotes ocellatus, Ayuss. in Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 129. tab. 68.
Acara erassipinnis, Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fisehe, p. .356.

D. i2. A. l^. L. lat. 37-38.

Scales on the cheek in about ten series ; pi-aeorbital half as wide as
the eye. A black ocellus at the root of the caudal.
Brazil.

The specimen described by Agassiz has an ocellus on the root of the
pectoral, and several others along the base of the dorsal.

12. CICHLA.

Cichla, pt., Cm: 2iPff)te Auim.

Cichla, Heck. Brasil. Fluss-Fische, in Ann. Wien. Mus. 1840, ii. p. 408.

Habit Perch-like. Scales small. The spinous and soft portions of
the dorsal of nearly equal extent, and separated by a notch ; anal
spines three. Each jaw with a broad band of %-iUifomi teeth. The

304 CHHOMIDES.

outer branchial arch with lanceolate crenulated prominences along its
concave side. Dorsal and anal fins scaly.

Brazil and Guiana. (Peru.)

The following osfeological notes are taken from a specimen in the
Berlin Anatomical Museum, 2| feet long, procured by Schomburgk
in Guiana, and named C. moiioculus, but with nineteen spines in the
dorsal fin : — A strong crest on the head, bifid anteriorly where it
belongs to the frontal bones, whilst its posterior part is formed by a
portion of the occipital ; there are two other ridges on the side of the
crest. The frontal projects very strongly above the orbit, forming a
convex roof. Prajorbital large, thick, di\aded into two by a suture ; the
upper piece is the larger, thick, joined to the praefrontal, and cover-
ing the maxiKary ; the lower is narrow, triangular, pointing towards
the infraorbital ring, which is narrow and composed of five bones.
The dentaiy has posteriorly a process which forms an acute angle
with the articulary; the latter with a process du-ected posteriorly
forwards ; these two processes nearly touch each other. Os basilare
with an acute ridge. Eighteen abdominal and as many caudal ver-
tebris ; eighteen ribs, some of the middle with epipleurais.

1. Cichla ocellaris.

Cichla ocellaris, Bl. Schn. p. 340. tab. 66 ; Miill. 8f Trosch. in Schomh.

Guyana, iii. p. 625.
monoculus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 100. tab. 63 & tab. E ;

Heck. Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 411,
atabapensis, Humh. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 168.

D. 14 1 4 A. ^. L. lat. 88.

1 10 11

Ten series of scales between the origin of the dorsal fin and the
lateral line. Caudal rounded. The height of the body is one-fourth
of the total length. Back with three black cross-bars ; a black ocellus
on the root of the caudal; (a series of black spots on the side of the
belly, beginning in the axil of the pectoral ;) no longitudinal band on
the head.

Eresh waters of Brazil and Surinam.

fl, 6. Adult and haK-grown. Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

c. Adult: stufied. Demerara. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

d, e. HaK-grown and young.

Cycla toncounarai, Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares Amer. Sud, Poiss.
p. 17. pi. 10. fig. 1, is probably identical with this species, but has
no black spots on the side of the beUy.

2. Cichla temensis.

Cichla temensis, Humh. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 169 ; Heck. Brasil. Flms-

Fische, p. 413.
tucunare, Heck. I. c. p. 409.

D.UIj^L.. A.f L. lat. 110.

Thirteen series of scales between the origin of the dorsal fin nnd

13. CRENICICHLA. 305

the lateral line. Caudal fin truncated or slightly emarginate. The
height of the body is one-foui'th of the total length. Body with three
blackish vertical bands ; a black oceUus on the root of the caudal ;
sides of the belly without spots. A dark band runs from the snout,
through the eye, to the angle of the operculimi, and is formed by a
series of spots on the opercle of old individuals. Immature speci-
mens with series of white spots on the body, on the soft dorsal and
caudal.

Presh waters of Brazil.

a, b, c. Fine adult and half-grown specimens. River Cupai. Pur-
jihased of Mr. Stevens.

3. Cichla multifasciata.
Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 18. pi. 10. fig. 2.

Sixteen dorsal spines ; (scales of moderate size? ;) caudal rounded.
The height of the body is nearly one-fifth of the total length. Body
with eleven oblique black cross-bands ; a black ocelliis on the root of
the caudal. (Cast.)

Ucayale (Peru).

4. Cichla conibos.

Casteln. I. c. fig. 3.

Fourteen dorsal spines ; (scales of moderate size?;) caudal forked.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length. Body with
seven oblique black cross-bands ; a black ocellus on the root of the
caudal. (Cast.)

Ucayale (Peru).

13. CRENICICHLA.

Crenicichla, Heckel, Brasil. Fltcss-Fit::cfie, in Ann. Wicn. Mus. 1840, ii.

p. 416.
Batrachops, Heckel, I. c. p. 432.

Body depressed, low, subcylindrical ; scales small or rather small.
The spinous portion of the dorsal is considerably more developed than
the soft, both continuous, not separated by a notch ; anal spines
three. Pra;operculum generally minutely serrated. Each jaw with
a band of conical teeth, those of the outer scries being sometimes
enlarged and separated from the others by an interspace. The outer
branchial arch with short, bony, tubercle-like prominences. Dorsal
and anal fins naked.

Brazils. Guiana.

1. Crenicichla obtusirostris.

D. ?|. A. ;^. L. lat. 130.

Fifteen series of scales between the origin of the dorsal fin and the
lateral line. Snout broad, depressed, obtuse, its length being equal
to the width of the interorbital space. The height of the body

306 CnEOMIDES.

is two-elevenths of the total length, the length of the head one-
foiirth.
Brazil.

a. Thirteen inches long. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

This species very much resembles Or. Johanna, hut the snout is
comparatively veiy short, one-third of the length of the head. The
cleft of the mouth is much broader than long, and the inner margins
of the mandibles and interopercles do not touch each other in the
median line. There is a compressed, cutting, scaly, cartilaginous
excrescence, like an adipose fin, on the back of the tail, near the base
of the caudal. We cannot say whether this is merely accidental, or
a specific character. The specimen is uniform broAvn.

2. Crenicichla Johanna.

? Nhaquunda, Marcgr. p. 171.

? Perca brasiliensis, Bl. vi. p. 84. tab. 31(i fig. 2.

Ciclila brasiliensis, Bl. Schn. p. 339.

Creniciclila vittata, Heck. Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 417.

lenticulata, Heck. ibid. p. 419.

adspersa, Heck. ibid. p. 421.

lugiibris, Heck. ibid. p. 423.

funebris. Heck. ibid. p. 424.

Johanna, Heck. ibid. p. 425.

^•T^7- ^^-g^a- L- lat. 100-120.
About fiifteen series of scales between the origin of the dorsal fin
and the lateral hne. Snout moderately produced, its length being-
somewhat more than the width of the interorbital space. The height
of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head
two-sevenths.

Var. a. vittata. A black band runs from the snout, through the
caudal spot, to the extremity of the caudal; a black vertical spot
below the eye ; upper parts of the head with blackish dots and
streaks.
a. Half-grown. From the Collection of the College of Surgeons.

Var. /3. stngata. A pair of brown streaks along the middle of the
body to the caudal spot, the upper streak continued on through the
eye to the snout. Another streak along the upper portion of the
lateral line ; an undulated brown band along the back. Upper part
of the head with series of round black spots and with a longitudinal
streak, which is forked posteriorly. Vei-tical fins with broad black
marginal bands.

h, c-e. Adult. River Capin. Piu'chased of Mr. Stevens.
/. Half-grown. River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Purchased
of Mr. Stevens.

Var. y. lenticulata. A band, formed by eight or nine irregidax
blotches, along the upper part of the body ; head superiorly and

13. CRENICICHLA. 307

thoracic region with round spots ; margin of the dorsal black. — Rio
Negro.

Var. S. adspersa. Greenish-brown ; an ocellus on the base of the
caudal ; the whole head and thoracic region with black dots. — Rio
Guaporc.

Var. €. luguhris. Uniform, with an obsolete dark blotch on the
scapulary region, and with a deep-black spot in the middle of the base
of the caudal. — Rio Negro.

Yar. ^. funehris. Uniform, with a dark blotch on the scapulaiy
region ; caudal spot indistinct.

g. Fine specimen. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

h, i. Adult and half-grown. Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

Var. rj. Johanna. Uniform brown or black.

h. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
I. Half-grown. River Cupai. Purchased of Mi'. Stevens.

In a specimen in the Berlin Anatomical Museum, the intestines
make only one complete circumvolution and several curvatures ; the
right ovarium of that specimen is twice the size of the left, ex-
tending, however, only to the middle of the length of the abdomen.
Air-bladder simple, large, with thick membranes.

3. Crenicichla acutirostris.
D. f^. A. 1 L. lat. 125.

Thirteen series of scales between the origin of the dorsal fin and
the lateral line. Snout produced, its length being once and a half
the Andth of the interorbital space. The height of the body is two-
fifteenths of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth.

River Cupai.

a. Nine inches long. River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Pur-
chased of Mr. Stevens.

This species resembles Cr. Johanna, but its snout is comparatively
much more produced, its length being contained twice and three-
fifths in that of the head. The cleft of the mouth is somewhat less
broad than long, and the inner margins of the mandibles arc in im-
mediate contact with each other. The specimen is brown, with a
series of ten square lighter spots on the back, along the base of the
dor.sal fin.

4. Crenicichla macrophthalma.

Hecliel, Brrml. Fhiss-Fischc, p. 427.

^•i-lri- ^-h- L.lat.G8-70.
The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head.
The height of the body is contained five times and a fourth in the

x2

308 CHROMIDES.

total length, the length of the head three times and a half. A black
spot at the root of the caudal fin ; an indistinct dark streak from the
eye to the angle of the operculum. Scales of the lateral line white,
with black margins. (Heck.)
Eio Negro.

Described from a specimen 9 inches long.

5. Crenicichla saxatilis.

Scifena, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 65. tab. 31. fig. 1.

Sparus saxatilis, L. Si/st. i. p. 468.

Spams, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. ii. p. 29. tab. 6. fig. 3.

Scarus, Gronov. Zoophx/l. p. 67.

Perca saxatilis, Bl. taf. 309.

Ciclila labrina, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 99. tab. 62. fig. 1.

Crenicichla saxatilis, Heck. Brasil. Fliiss-Fische, p. 432.

lepidota, Heck. I. c. p. 429.

Scarus pavoninus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 63.

D. J5. A. |. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 7/14.

Snout moderately produced, its length being equal to the width of
the interorbital space. The height of the body is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head three
times and threo-foiu-ths. A black ocellus at the root of the caudal ;
a brown blotch behind the shoulder, connected with the eye by a
brown band ; a brown spot below the orbit. Young specimens have
sometimes a brown longitudinal band from the snout to the caudal fin.

Brazil. Guiana.

a. Half-grown. River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Purchased

of Mr. Stevens.
h. Young. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
c, d, e. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.
f-g. Half-grown. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
h, i. Adult. Dutch Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
k. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

Variety : a series of black blotches along the lateral line.
a. Fine specimen. "West Indies ? Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

Crenicichla frenata (Gill, Freshw. Fish. Trinidad, in Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. New York, vi. 1858) is very closely alHed to this species.

6. Crenicichla lacustris.

Cycla lacustris, Castdn. Anim. noiiv. on rares Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 19.
pi. 8. fig. 3.

D.l«. A.^.

13 • 9

Scales not very small. Snout moderately produced. The height of
the body is one-sixth of the total length. A black spot at the root
of the caudal ; another on the middle of the spinous dorsal ; body
brownish, dotted with black. {Cast.)

Bahia.

14. CH^rOBRANCHlTS. 309

7. Crenicichla orinocensis.

Cichla orinocensis, Ilmnholdt, Observ. Zool. ii. p. 1G7. pi. 45. fig. 3.
argus, Valenc. ibid. p. 1G9.

i). -. A. -.

Greenish, dotted with black ; a scries of four large black ocelli,
edged with yellow, along the side.
Rio Negro, Orinoco.

8. Crenicichla reticulata.
Batrachops reticiilatus, Heck. Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 433.

D. Hi. A. |. L. lat. QQ.

The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of
the head two-sevenths. Jaws with a front series of rather strong
conical teeth. A black ocellus on the upper part of the root of the
caudal. Each scale brown at the base, with yellowish margin. A
dark band from the eye to the extremity of the operculum. Dorsal
and anal with series of blackish dots. (Heck.)

llio Negro.

Described fi'om a specimen 10 inches long.

9. Crenicichla semifasciata.
Batrachops semifasciatus, Heck. Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 436.
D.^^ A.^,. L. lat. 56-57.

10-9 6-7

The diameter of the eye is a little less than one-fifth of the length
of the head. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length,
the length of the head two-sevenths. Jaws with a front series of
rather strong conical teeth. A black ocellus on the upper part of
the caudal fin, near the base. Each scale yello\\-ish at the base, with
brown margin. A dark band from the eye to the extremity of the
operculum ; back with dark cross-bands. Vertical fins immacidate.

Province of Matogrosso. llio Paraguay.

A specimen in the Berlin Museum appears to indicate the identity
of this and the preceding species.

14. CH^TOBRANCHUS.

Chtetobranclius, Hick. Bras. Fluss-Fischc, in Ann. Wicn. Mus. ii. 1840,
p. 401.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size.
Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines three ; base of the soft dorsal
fin not scaly. Each jaw with a front series of small awl-shaped
teeth, behind which is another scries of smaller teeth. Cleft of the
mouth of moderate width. The outer branchial arch is provided

310 CHROMIDES.

anteriorly with long, setiform, closely-set prominences. Scales on the
cheek in five or more series.
Brazil and Guiana.

1. Chaetobranchus flavescens.

Heckel, I. c. p. 402.

D. ^. A.:^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal) ; the maxillary extends to below the anterior margin of the
eye. Scales on the cheek arranged in six series. The length of the
dorsal spines behind the fourth is only two-sevenths of that of the
head. A black lateral spot ; two bluish convergent stripes from the
mouth to the eye ; vertical fins with transverse or oblique streaks.
(Heel:)

Rio Negro. Rio Guapore.

2. Chaetobranchus bmimeus.

Heckel, I. c. p. 40.5.

D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is three-eighths of the total length (without
caudal) ; the maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the oyo. Scales on the cheek arranged in five series. The
length of the dorsal spines behind the fourth is one-third of that of
the head. A black lateral spot ; two bluish parallel lines fi-om the
mouth to the eye ; vertical fins with transverse or oblique streaks.
(EecTc.)

Rio Negro.

3. Chaetobranchus robustus.

D. if. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 2i. Vert. 13/13.

The height of the body is four-ninths of the total length (the
caudal not included) ; the maxillary does, not extend to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. Scales on the cheek arranged
in five series. The length of the twelfth dorsal spine is contained
twice and a third in that of the head.

Guiana.
a. Eleven inches long. Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

Bescrij^tion. — The greatest depth of the body is below the sixth
dorsal spine, and four-ninths of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head nearly one-third. The width of the interorbital
space is not quite twice the diameter of the eye, and two-fifths of
the length of the head. The free portion of the tail is half as high,
and one-third as long, as the length of the head. Snout broad,
obtusely conical, its length being once and a half the diameter of
the eye ; praeorbital as wide as the orbit. Cleft of the mouth oblique,
with the lower jaw slightly prominent ; the free margin of the lower

15. MESOPS. 311

lip is not interrupted in the middle ; maxillary not extending to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The scales on the cheek
are much smaller than those of the body, rather irregularly arranged
in five series.

Si)ines of the fins very stout, gradually increasing in length pos-
teriorly ; the soft parts of the vertical fins produced. Pectoral longer
than the head, extending to the middle of the anal ; the outer ventral
ray, which is produced into a filament, reaches as far backwards as
the pectoral.

Yellowish-olive, shining golden, with a large black blotch on the
middle of the sides; snout with two parallel bluish streaks: one
across the praeorbital, the other along the lower margin of the prse-
orbital and the orbit. Vertical fins with blackish streaks.

I would observe, from notes made at Berlin several years ago, that a
specimen in the Collection of the Anatomical Museum, 1^ feet long,
also brought by Schomburgk from Guiana, and named Ch.Jliivescens,
belongs to this species. The following notes are from a skeleton in
the same Collection : —

Crown of the head with a high crest, commencing on the frontal
bones ; its fonnation by two lamellae is very conspicuous anteriorly
where the long processes of the intermaxillaries are received between
them. There are several foramina of the muciferous channels on the
prrefi'ontals where they join the principal frontals ; the largest of
these channels is continued into the tubiform turbinal. The frontal
projects veiy strongly above the orbit, forming a convex roof. There
are two other ridges on the side of the occipital crest. The praeorbital
large ; four other infi-aorbitals form an equally feeble and narrow
orbital ring. The dentary has posteriorly a long and broad process
which is nearly rectangular to the articidary ; the latter with a pro-
cess directed forwards posteriorly : these two processes arc remote
from each other, but imited by a ligament. Os basilare with a broad,
sharp, lamelliform ridge. — Thirteen abdominal and as many caudal
vertebra ; ten ribs.

15. MESOPS.

Geophagus, sp., Jlcckel.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate or rather
large size ; eye in, or in advance of, the middle of the length of the
head ; pra?or1)ital not elevated. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines
three ; base of the soft dorsal naked. Structnre of the branchial
arches as in Geophagus. Cleft of the mouth small ; teeth in a band,
small.
Brazil.

1. Mesops cupido.
Geophagus cupido, Hvcliel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische. p. 399.
D.L^. A.f L.lat.32.
Fold of the lower lip continuous in the middle. Cleft of the mouth

312 CHROMIDES.

small ; prseorbital as wide as the orbit. Scales on the cheek in four
or five scries ; caudal emarginate. A black lateral spot ; a dark band
descends from the occiput, through the eye, to the angle of the prae-
opcrculum. Fins imiform. {Heck.)
Kio Negro. Eio Guapore.

2. Mesops tseniatus.
D. ^. A. -I- L. lat. 23. L. transv. 9.

0 0

Told of the lower lip continuous in the middle. Prteorbital much
narrower than the orbit. Scales on the cheek in three series.

River Cupai.
a. Twenty-seven lines long. Eiver Cupai (800 miles from the sea).
From Mr. Bates's Collection.

Description of the specimen.- — The height of the body equals the
length of the head, and is one-third of the total. Head longer than
higli ; snout short, obtuse, as long as the eye, the diameter of which
is two-sevenths of the length of the head and equals the width of
the interorbital space. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower
jaw sUghtly prominent, and with the maxillary extending to below
the front margin of the eye. Preeorbital much narrower than the
orbit ; eye situated in the anterior half of the length of the head,
immediately below the upper profile. Dorsal spines slender, the
length of the twelfth being nearly two-thirds of that of the head.
The soft dorsal and anal extend to the middle of the caudal, if laid
backwards. Caudal rounded. The pectoral and ventral reach beyond
the origin of the anal.

Brownish, with a black band running along the middle of the side
and terminating in a black caudal spot ; an oblique black band from
the eye to the angle of the prse- and inter-operculum ; a short black
streak in front of the eye.

16. SATANOPEECA.

Geophagus, sp., Heckel.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate
size ; eye more remote from the extremity of the snout than from
that of the opercle ; prseorbital elevated. Dorsal spines numerous,
anal spines three ; base of the soft dorsal naked. Structm-e of the
branchial arches as in GeopTiar/us. Cleft of the mouth of moderate
width ; teeth in a narrow band, very small. Scales on the cheek
small, in more than five series.

Brazil (Peru).

1. Satanoperca acuticeps.

Geophagus acuticeps, Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Flsche, p. 394.
D. ^3. A. |. L. lat. 27. L. transv. f^.
Fold of the lower hp continuous in the middle. The greater por-

IG. SATANOPERCA. 313

tion of the eye is situated in the posterior half of the head. Scales on
the cheek small, in six or seven series ; greater part of the operculum
naked. The spinous dorsal elevated, the length of the middle and
posterior spines being two-thirds of that of the head ; caudal scaly
superiorly and inferiorly, naked in the middle. A blackish spot at
the root of the caudal.

Barra do Eio Negro. River Cupai.

a, b, c. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Satanoperca pappaterra.

Geopbagus pappaterra, Heckel, I. c. p. 396.

D. i|. A. |. L. lat. 32.

Fold of the lower lip continuous in the middle. Scales on the
cheek in six series ; operculum scaly. A portion of the upper and
lower margins of the caudal covered with small scales. A black band
commences at the gill-opening, and is continued on over the upper
half of the caudal hn ; two blackish bands across the nape ; fins
immaculate. (Heck.)

Rio Guapore.

3. Satanoperca daemon.

Geophagus daemon, Hccla-l, I. c. p. 389.

D. j{. A. |. L. lat. 33.

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle. Scales on
the cheek in eight series ; operculum scaly. The dorsal spines become
gradually longer posteriorly ; the U2)per and lower margins of the
caudal are a little scaly. A blackish spot in the middle of the upper
lateral line, another at its end ; a large ocellus at the base of the
caudal ; a black streak from the upper lij) to the angle of the pra3-
operculum ; three black cross-bands between the eyes. Dorsal with
oblique yellowish and blackish stripes. (Heclc.)

Rio Negro.

Size of a River-Perch.

4. Satanoperca jurupari.

Geophagus jurupari, Jleckel, I. c. p. 392.

D. i^. A. f. L. lat. 30.

The fold of the lower lij) is interrupted in the middle. Scales on
the check in six series ; operculum scaly. Dorsal .'opines e(iual in
height. The upper and lower margins of the caudal are a little scaly.
A small black spot superiorly at the root of the caudal ; a black streak
from the upper lip to the angle of the pnuopercidum ; three brownish
cross-bands between the eyes. Dorsal fin with white spots pos-
teriorly at the base. {Hfck.)

Rio Negro. Amazon River.

314 CUEOMIDES.

5. Satanoperca macrolepis.

D. -. A. 4. L. lat. 27. L. transv. ^.
10 7 °

The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle. Scales on
the cheek in six or seven series ; one-half of the operculum is naked.
Head with reticulated lines.

Demerara.

a. Eight inches long : stuffed. Demerara. From the Collection of

the Zoological Society.

b. Half-grown : not good state. British Guiana. Presented by Sir

R. Schomburgk.

c. Half-grown: stuffed.

Description. — The height of the body is nearly two-fifths of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third. The
head is as high as long, and the width of the interorbital space two-
sevenths of its length. The snout is compressed, elevated, and so
much produced that the eye is situated entirely in the posterior half
of the length of the head ; praeorbital twice as wide as the eye. Cleft
of the mouth of moderate width, the jaws being armed with a very
naiTow band of extremely small teeth. Eye situated near the upper
profile, the space between the orbits being convex. Only the upper
portion of the narrow operculum is scaly.

Dorsal and anal fins entirely naked. Dorsal spines long and strong,
the length of the middle and posterior ones being one-half of that of
the head ; the soft portion is somewhat more elevated. The third
anal spine is stronger, but not longer, than the fourth of the dorsal
fin. Caudal rounded, scaly at the base and on a portion of its upper
and lower margins. Pectoral and ventral of moderate length.

The colours have apparently much faded : body and fins of a uni-
form yellowish-olive ; the head is covered with a network of brown-
ish Unes, each mesh including a light spot half the size of a scale.
A smaU dark spot on the upper part of the root of the pectoral.

6. Satanoperca proxima.

Chromys proxima, Casteln.Anim. nmiv.Amev. Sud,Poiss. p. 14. pi. 7. fig. 1 .

The height of the body is contained twice and a fourth in the total
length (without caudal). Pectoral exceedingly long, much longer
than the head. Body with a large black lateral blotch. (Cast.)

Ucayale (Peru).

7. Satanoperca (?) leucosticta.

GeophagTis leucostictus, 3fiiU. ^ Trosch. in Scliomb. Guiana, iii. p. 625.
D.L«. A.|.

Sides of the head with numerous smaU white dots ; several others
on the shoulder ; a single series of white spots immediately below
the base of the dorsal ; caudal and dorsal fins spotted with white.

Lake Amucu.

18. SYMPHYSODON. 315

17. GEOPHAGUS.

Geophagus, ep., Heckel, Bradl. Fhm-Fische, in Ann. Wien, Mus. ii.
1840, p. 383.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate
size. Dorsal spines numerous, anal spines three ; base of the soft
dorsal scaly. Teeth in a narrow band, small, conical. The outer
branchial arch is provided with a compressed lamelliform lobe at
its upper extremity ; its concave side is provided with short horny
processes, the edge of the lobe with more or less distinct papilla3.
Cleft of the mouth of moderate width. Scales on the cheek small, in
more than five series.

Brazil and Guiana.

1. Geophagus surinamensis.

Spams surinamensis, Bl. taf. 277. fig. 2.

Geophagus megasema, Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, p. 388.

altifrons, HecM, I c. p. 385.

siu-iuameusis, Midi. Sf Trosch. in Schomh. Guiana, iii. p. 625.

^- i^- ^- 1- ^- ^^t- ^^- ^- ^^^^^- 6/12.

The eye is situated in the posterior half of the head ; snout elevated,
the prajorbital being twice as wide as the orbit. Fold of the lower
hp interrupted in the middle. Scales on the cheek small, arranged
in six or seven subvertical series. The ninth dorsal spine is not
quite half as long as the head. Caudal fin cnvcloijed in small scales,
except in the middle, which is naked ; the outer ventral ray produced
into a long and thick filament. The greatest depth of the body is
below the origin of the dorsal fin, and one-third of the total length,
the length of the head one-fourth. Yellowish (in spirits), Avith a
large black blotch on the side ; dorsal and anal fins and the scaly
portion of the caudal with bro^^^l longitudinal streaks, which are
reticidatcd in young individuals.

BrazU and Guiana.

a-c. Fine specimens. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
(1. Adult. Guiana. Presented bj' Sir R. Schombiu-gk.
e. Half-grown. Guiana. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/'. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

In a specimen which I examined, in the BerlinAnatomical Museum,
I foiuid the third anal ray prolonged into a filament ; D. j^.

18. SYMPHYSODON.

Symphysodon, Heckel,Brasil.Fhiss-Fische,in Ann. Wioi.Mits. ii. 1840,
p. 332.

Body much compressed and elevated, covered with small ctenoid
scales. One dorsal, the spinous portion of which is of less extent
than the soft : anal spines 8-10 ; the soft dorsal and anal scaly.
Tcclh small, occupying only the symphysial portions of the jaws.

316 CHROMIDES.

Branchial arches with the anterior prominences very obsolete. Cleft
of the mouth smaU and very oblique. Scales on the cheek small, in
numerous sezies.
BrazU.

1. Symphysodon discus.

Heckel, I. c. p. 333.

D. A. A. Jt^. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 17/34.

Nearly as high as long (the caudal not included). Scales on the
cheek small, arranged in seven or eight series. Brown, with a
vertical band descending from the nape to the eye, another band
round the base of the caudal, and sometimes a third across the middle
of the body.

BrazU.
a. Adult. Kiver Cupai (800 nules from the sea). Purchased of
Mr. Stevens.

19. PTEROPHYLLUM.

Pterophyllum, Heckel, Brasil.Flms-Fische, in Ann. Wien3Ius. ii. 1840,

p. 334.
Plataxoides, Casteln. Anim. notiv. ou rares cle VAmer. Slid, Poiss. p. 21.

Body much compressed and elevated, covered with ctenoid scales
of rather small size. The soft portions of the vertical fins are moi'e
developed than the spinous ; anal spines six. The basal portions of
the dorsal and anal scaly. The teeth in the jaws form narrow bands.
The anterior prominences of the outer branchial arch setiform, rather
short. Cleft of the mouth oblique, of moderate width. Scales on
the cheek small. Anterior part of the soft dorsal and anal, and the
first ventral ray exceedingly long ; caudal truncated.

Brazil.

1. Pterophyllum scalare.

Platax scalaris, Cuv. ^ Vol. vii. p. 237.
Pterophylkmi scalaris, Heckel, I. c. p. 335.
Plataxoides dunierUii, Casteln. I. c. pi. 11. fig. 3.

D.;-^^ A. A. L. lat. 37-40.

Head and body somewhat longer than high (the caudal not
included). Silvery, with four blackish vertical bands : one from the
origin of the dorsal, through the eye, to the chest ; the second from
the middle of the spinous dorsal to the vent ; the third is the broadest,
crossing the middle of the tail ; the fourth round the base of the
caudal. Some less dark bands descend downwards between the
others to the middle of the body. Dorsal and anal with longitudinal,
caudal with transverse blackish bands.

Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Purchased
of Mr. Stevens.

317

Order III. ANACANTHINI.

Vertical and ventral fins without spinous rays *.
The ventral fins, if present, are jugular or thoracic.
Air-bladder, if present, without pneumatic duct.

Cfr. Muller, in Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 174.

Synopsis of the FamUies.

A. ANACANTHINI GADOIDEI.

Structure of the head symmetrical.

The smaller portion of the dorsal and

anal fins is formed by spines 1. Gadopsidae, p. 318.

Gill-opening narrow, the giU-membranes
being attached to the isthmus. Ver-
tical fins confluent into one 2. LycodidaB, p. 319.

Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes

not attached to the isthmus. Ventral

fins composed of several rays, or, if

they are reduced to a filament, the

dorsal is divided into two. Either the

caudal free from dorsal and anal, or, if

the vertical fins are united, the dorsal

with a separate anterior portion. Rays

of the second dorsal well developed. . 3. Gadidae, p. 326.
Gill-openings wide, the giU-membranes

not attached to the isthmus. Ventral

fins rudimentary (reduced to a fila-
ment), or absent, jugular f. No sepa-
rate anterior dorsal. Caudal generally

united with dorsal and anal 4. Ophidiidae, p. 370.

A separate anterior dorsal ; the second
continued on to the point of the tail,
and composed of very feeble rays.
No caudal fin. Ventrals composed of
several rays, jugular or thoracic. ... 5. Macruridae, p. 390.

* With the exception of Gad(ypsis, p. 318. t Except in Brotidophis.

318 GADOPSID-E.

One sliort anterior dorsal, and no other.

Ventrals reduced to filaments, jugular. 6. Ateleopodidse, p. 398.

Appendix Xenocephalus, p. 399.

B. ANACANTHINI PLEURONECTOIDEI.

The two sides of the head unsymmetrical.
Only one family 7. Pleuronectidse, p. 399.

Before entering into an account of the true Gadoid fishes, we must
intercalate the type of a separate family, which, although having
every character of a Gadoid, has true spines in the dorsal and anal
fins, thus forming a connecting Unk between the Acanthopterygians
and Malacopterygians. The structui'e of the dorsal fin, the presence
of pyloric appendages, &c., prevent its being placed among the Blen-
noids.

Fam. 1. GADOPSID^.

A small portion of the dorsal and anal fins is formed by true spines.
Ventrals jugular. GiU-openings wide.
Only one genus.

1. GADOPSIS.

Gadopsis, Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 122.

Body slightly elongate, covered with very small scales. Snout of
moderate extent, obtuse, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower ;
cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; small cardiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. One dorsal, the spinous
portion being rather shorter than the soft ; anal spines three ; caudal
distinct. Ventrals jugular, composed of a single bifid ray. Branchio-
stegals six ; gills four, with a narrow slit behind the fourth ; pseudo-
branchise present, glandular ; giU-opening wide ; gill-membranes not
united. An air-bladder ; pyloric appendages in moderate number.

Fresh waters of South Australia and Tasmania.

1. Gadopsis marmoratus.

Richards. I. c, pi. 59. figs. 6-11.

B-6. D.i^^. A.^. V.l.

The dorsal and anal fins are enveloped in thick skin ; ventral longer
than pectoral. Reddish-brown, marbled with darker.
Fresh waters of South Australia and Tasmania.

a. Skin, in spirits. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

b. Fine specimen, four inches long. Van Diemen's Land. Presented

by R. Gunn, Esq. — " Freshwater Trout, very common in the
rivers and rivulets of Van Diemen's Land ; they attain to twice
the size of the present specimen."

319

Fain. 2. LYCODID.E.

Vertical fins confluent into one, without any spines. Ventral fin,
if present, small, attached to the humeral arch, jugular. Gill-opening
narrow, the gill-membrane being attached to the isthmus.

This family also beai-s a strong resemblance to some of the Blennoid
fishes, j-ei several of them show pyloric appendages ; they have neither
spines in the fins, nor a prominent anal papilla.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Ventral fins small 1. Lycodes, p. 319.

Ventral fins none ; jaws equal anteriorly 2. Gymnelis, p. 323.

Ventral fins none ; the lower jaw longest 3. Uronectes, p. 325.

1. LYCODES*.

Lycodes, Reinhardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Sehk. Afhandl. vii. 1838, p. 147.

Body elongate, covered with minute scales imbedded in the skin
or naked ; lateral line more or less indistinct. Eye of moderate size.
Vertical fins united ; ventral small, short, nidimentary, jugular, com-
posed of several rays. Upper jaw overlapping the lower. Conical
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and on the palatine bones. Barbel
none. Five or six branchiostegals ; gill-opening narrow, the gill-
membranes being attached to the isthmus. Pseudobranchiaj present.
Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages two or indimentary, or en-
tii-ely absent. No prominent anal papilla.

«. Ventral fins shorter than one-fourth of the pectorals :
Lj/codes, Reinh. — Greenland.

1. Lycodes valiJii.
Heinkardt, I. c. p. 153. tab. 5.

D. 116-117. A. 91-95. V. 4. Vert. 25/87.

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the length
of the head, which is contained four times and a third in the total.
Head nearly twice as long as high ; snout long, the upper maxUlaiy
extending to below the middle of the eye. The distance of the vent
from the ventrals is nearly equal to the length of the head. Vertical
fins enveloped in a thick scaly skin. Brownish- yellow, with six
blackish cross-bands extending on the dorsal fin and confluent on
the belly ; the first cross-band on and below the anterior dorsal rays,

* 1. Lycodes nebulosus, Kroyer in JDansk. Vidensk. Sehk. Afhandl. xi. 1845,
p. ccxxxiii. — Greenland.

320 LTCODIDiE.

the second above the vent. Each scale lighter than the ground-
colour.— Pyloric appendages rudimentary.

Greenland.

Eighteen inches long.

2. Lycodes perspicillum.

Kroyer in Dansh. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. xi. 1845, p. ccxxxiii, and in
Gaim. Voy. Scand. Poiss. pi. 7.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length of the
head, which is one-fourth of the total. Head not quite twice as long
as high ; snout long, the upper maxillary extending to below the
middle of the eye. The distance of the vent from the ventrals is
nearly equal to the length of the head. Yellowish, with nine or ten
brownish cross-bands, edged with dark-brown, and broader than the
interspaces : the first occupies the upper parts of the head, and
encloses a pair of roimdish yellowish spots situated behind the level
of the eyes ; the second cross-band is on and before the anterior
dorsal rays.

Greenland.

3. Lycodes reticulatus.
Reitihardt, I. c. p. 167. tab. 6.

D. 93-95. A. 75. V. 4. Cecc. pyl. 2.

The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, which
is one-fourth of the total. Head twice as long as high ; snout long,
the maxillary extending to behind the middle of the eye. The
distance of the vent from the ventrals is somewhat more than the
length of the head. Trunk scaly ; vertical fins naked. Brownish,
with reticulated black lines on the head and body ; those on the
body being disposed in five groups or cross-bands, the three anterior
of which emit one or two vertical streaks on the dorsal fin.

Greenland.

Fourteen inches long.

4. Lycodes seminudus.

Reinhardt, I. c. p. 223.

D. 91. A. 71. Ctec. pyl. 2.

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which
is two-sevenths of the total. Head twice as long as high ; snout long.
The distance of the vent from the ventrals is somewhat more than the
length of the head. Trunk and vertical fins naked. Colours uniform.

Omenak (Greenland).

Seventeen inches long.

5. Lycodes mucosus.
Richards. Last of the Arct. Voy. p. 362. pi. 26.

D. 90. A. 70. V. 3. Yert. 26/66. Ceec. pyl. 2.
Without any scales. The height of the body is more than one-

1. LYCOUES. 321

half of the length of the head, which is one-fourth of the total. Head
twice as long as high ; snout long. The distance of the vent from
the ventrals is more than the length of the head. Vertical fins
enveloped in lax skin. Dark-brownish-black, with irregular white
markings in the form of five narrow bars across the back ; lower
parts of the head and tnmk whitish.
Northumberland Sound.

a. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection. — Type of the species.

6. Ly codes polaris.

Blennius polaris, Sabine in Parry's Journ. Voy. 1819-20, Suppl. p. 212 ;
Ross, Ajyp. to Parry's Voy. p. 200, and Apji. to the Narrat. of a Se-
cond Voy. p. 52. no. 8.

Zoarces polaris, Richards. Faun. Ror.-Amer. Fish. p. 94.

Lyeodes polaris, Richards. Last Arct. Voy. p. 362.

" Without any scales. Length of the pectoral exceeding twice its
breadth, having fifteen rays. Yellowish, lighter on the belly, with
eleven large saddle-shaped markings across the back, the middle of
these markings being much Hghter than their edges ; the whole back
and the sides marbled."

Coast of North Georgia, near 75° lat.

b. Ventral fins longer than one-fourth of the pectorals ; pyloric appendages

none : Iluoccefcs et Phucncates, JenjTis, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, pp. 165 &
168.— Falkland Islands ; Chiloe.

7. Lyeodes latitans.
Phucocoetes latitans, Jenym, l. c. p. 168. pi. 29. fig. 3.
D. 103. A. 72. V. 3.

Brownish ; head with some lighter spots.
Falkland Islands.
a, b, c. Adult and half-grown. Falkland Islands. Presented by
\V. Wright, Esq.

D€scrij>tion. — Head, body and fins enveloped in a tough and lax
skin ; head depressed, broader than high, its greatest width being
contained once and three-fourths in its length, which is one-
sixth of the total. Snout obtusely rounded, with the upper jaw
overlapping the lower, t-nnce as long as the smaU eye, the diameter
of which is one-eighth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth
horizontal, of moderate width, the maxUlaiy not exten^jrig to below
the posterior margin of the ej-e. The teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and the palatine bones are rather small, conical, in a single scries ;
two, in front of the upper and lower jaws, arc a little larger than the
rest, and there are some other small teeth behind them. The single
nostril is situated anteriorly on the end of the snout, at the extremity
of a short cutaneous tube: a row of pores along the upper jaw. Inter-
orbital space flat, and much wider than the eye. Gill-opening very

VOL. IV. Y

322 LTCODID^.

narrow, the gill-membranes being attached to the isthmus ; branchio-
steo'als six ; gills four, a slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchise
small ; tubercles on the concave side of the first branchial arch very

small.

The height of the trunk is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total
length. Tail prolonged and compressed. The distance of the vent
from the ventral fins is twice the length of the head. The dorsal
commences immediately behind the root of the pectoral ; its upper
maro-in is even : caudal veiy short. Length of the pectoral about
two-thirds of that of the head. Yentrals thin, rather close together,
their length being one-third of that of the pectoral.

Length of the largest specimen 7 inches.

8. Lycodes variegatus.
D. 73. C. ca 13. A. 65. Y. 2.
Jaws not fringed. Yellowish, variegated with brown or brownish-
violet.

Falkland Islands.

a-b. Fine specimens. ■ Presented by W. "Wright, Esq.

Description. — Head depressed, broader than high, its greatest
width being contained once and two-thii-ds in its length, which is
two-ninths of the total. Snout obtusely rounded, longer than the
eye, which is elongate-ovate, its horizontal diameter being one-fifth
of the length of the head. Eyes directed obliquely upwards, rather
close together, the width of the interorbital space being less than the
horizontal diameter of the orbit. The upper jaw overlaps the lower ;
both are provided with a series of pores, which, however, are not situ-
ated on tubes, as is the case in the following species. Cleft of the
mouth horizontal, of moderate width, the maxillary extending nearly
to below the posterior margin of the eye. Teeth in the jaws and on
the palatines in a single series, on the vomer in a narrow patch : the
two front teeth of the upper jaw and a lateral pair in the lower are
enlarged, canine-like ; they are more distinct in the larger individual
than in the smaller. A short cutaneous tube, situated anteriorly on
the extremity of the snout, is pierced by the nostril.

The skin of the body and tail shows numerous small round pig-
mentless impressions, which might be taken for rudimentary scales.
The height of the trunk is one-tenth of the total length ; the distance
of the vent from the ventrals equals the length of the head. The
dorsal fin cQpimences immediately behind the root of the pectoral ; it
is rather elevated, the height of its anterior portion being equal to, or
even more than, the depth of the body underneath. Caudal fin very
short. The length of the pectoral is three-fifths of that of the head.
Yentrals thin, rather close together, one-third as long as the pec-
torals.

Yellowish : head, body and fins with irregular larger and smaller
brownish-violet spots, forming irregular oblique bands posteriorly ;

2. GTMNELIS. 323

doi-sal and anal with the margins of the same colour; a brown streak
from the eye to the front part of the snout.
Length of the larger specimen 5 inches.

9. Ly codes fimbriatus.
Duocoetes fimbriatus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 166. pi. 29. fig. 2.
B. 5. D. ca 80. C. ca 15. A. ca 60. V. 3.

The edges of both jaws are fringed with a row of tubiform cuta-
neous appendages. The height of the body is rather more than one-
half of the length of the head, which is one-fifth of the total. Upper
jaw overlapping the lower ; the maxillary extends to below the
posterior margin of the eye. Snout as long as the eye, the diameter
of which is one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital space
narrow. The dorsal commences above the extremity of the operculum.
The distance of the vent from the base of the pectoral is nearly equal
to the length of the head. Ventral fin thin, like a short filament,
one-third of the length of the pectoral, which is two-thirds of that
of the head. Coloration uniform. {Jen.)

Archipelago of Chiloe.

2. GYMNELIS,

Gymnelis, Heinh. Damk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii. 18-38, p. 1.31.
Cepolophis, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1856, p. 96.

Body elongate, naked (scaly in O. stigma). Eye of moderate size
or rather small. Vertical fins united ; ventrals none. Vent situated
at some distance backwards from the head. Small conical teeth in
the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Jaws equal ante-
riorly. Barbel none. Six branchiostegals ; gill-opening narrow, the
gill-membranes being attached to the isthmus ; pseudobranchia3 pre-
sent. Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages two ; no prominent
anal papilla.

Arctic Seas of America. (South coast of England.)

1. Gymnelis viridis.

Ophidium viridc, Fnhr. Faun. GrmxL p. 141 ; BL Svhn. p. 486 ; Ross,
Su)ypl. Parn/'s Third Voi/. p. 110 ; Beinh. in Dansk. Vidensk. Sekk,
Afh. v. 18.32, p. liv.

unemak, Lacop. ii. p. 280.

Gymnelis viridis, Rcinh. I. c. vii. 1838, p. 131; Gaim. Voy. Srand. Poiss.
pi. 15; Birhard.i. Last Ard. Vni/. p. 367. pi. 29 (head too long,
origin of the dorsal too far advanced); Kaup, Apodal Fish. p. 1.56.

viridis, var. imimacidatus, Bichards. I. c. p. .371. pi. 30.

Cepolophis viridis, Kaup in TVicgm. Arch. I. c.

B. 6. D. 100. A. 80. Vert. 22/71 (Rich.). Ctec. pyl. 2.

The dorsal fin commences above the posterior part of the pectoral.
The skin which covers the dorsal fin or its base with one or several
round black spots.

Coasts of Arctic America.

y2

324 LYCODID^.

Var. a. With one to three pairs of dorsal spots.
a~b, c, d. Adult and half-grown. Greenland.

e. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

f. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

Var. fi. Without black spots.

g. Young. Greenland.

h. Young. 72° lat. Presented by Capt. Sir J. Ross.

Description. — The head, body and fins are enveloped in a thick lax
skin : the head is rather low, and in individuals with very fleshy
cheeks it is as broad as high ; its height is one-half of its length, and
the latter one-seventh or one-sixth of the total. Snout subcorneal,
longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-seventh of the
length of the head ; jaws equal anteriorly. Cleft of the mouth
oblique, of moderate width, the maxillary extending behind the
vertical from the hinder edge of the orbit. Teeth rather small,
conical, in a single series on the sides of the jaws, whilst they are
crowded anteriorly, forming a patch. Vomer and palatines with a
series of similar teeth. The bony part of the interorbital space is
narrow and slightly convex. The operculum terminates in a soft
and short iiap. Gill-opening narrow, not extending downwards to
the lower part of the root of the pectoral. GiUs four, a slit behind
the fourth ; pseudobranchiae composed of short lamellae.

The height of the body is equal to, or more than, one-half of the
length of the head. The distance of the vent from the extremity of
the snout is twice and a third the length of the head. The pectoral
is inserted near the lower profile ; it is rounded, and its length is
rather less than one-half of that of the head. The dorsal commences
above the posterior third of the pectoral ; its margin is even, and its
rays of moderate length : the anal commences immediately behind
the vent.

Brown (in spirits) ; generally with one to four round black spots
on each side of the membrane covering the anterior part of the dorsal
fin ; anal sometimes with a black edge.

Ten to twelve inches long.

2. Gymnelis pictus.

D. 85. A. 66.

The dorsal fin commences somewhat before the middle of the pec-
toral. Dorsal without round black spots.

Hah. ?

a-h. Half-grown and young. From the Haslar Collection.

This species is similar to G. viridis, but diff'ers in the following
points, besides those mentioned : —

1 . The maxillary extends to the posterior margin of the eye in the
older specimen, but not in the young individual. The diameter of the
eye is one-sixth of the length of the head, which is one-seventh of
the total.

3. UEONECTES. 325

2. The length of the pectoral is one-half of that of the head.

The young indi\'idual is marked with eleven broad cross-bands,
lighter on the middle and darker on the edges. In the older specimen
these cross-bands are broken up into irregularly reticulated lines,
passing from one band more or less into another.

Length of the larger specimen 66 lines.

Length of the young specimen 27 lines.

The two following species probably do not belong to this genus.
3. Gymnelis stigma.

Ophidium stigma, Richards, in Voy. Bloss. Fish. p. 67. pi. 20. fig. 1.

Scales very small ; no traceof ventrals. Yellowish, with irregular
transverse series of brown spots. A roundish purplish spot near the
origin of the dorsal. (Rich.)

Kotzebue Sound.

4. Gymnelis imberbis.

Ophidium imberbe, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 431 ; Lacip. ii. p. 279; Mordag.

in Wern. Mem. i. p. 95. pi. 4. fig. 2 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 88 ;

Flem. Brit. An. p. 201 ; Jen. Man. p. 481 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd

edit. ii. p. 412.
Beardless Ophidium, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. App. p. 346, iv. pi. 93, and

edit. 1812, iii. p. 208. pi. 29 (cop. 3Imit.).
Cepolophis montagui, Katip in Wiegm. Arch. 1856, p. 97.
Gymnelis imberbis, Kaup, Apod. Pish. p. 156; YarreU, 3rd edit. i.
'p. 79.

D. 77. C. 18-20. A. 44.

The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the root of the
pectoral. The distance of the vent from the root of the pectoral is
much more than the length of the head. Ten small bluish- white
spots along the base of the anal.

South coast of England.

3. UEONECTES.

Body ensiform, compressed ; taU tapering. Vertical fins united ;
ventrals none. Vent not very distant from the head. Numerous
minute teeth in the jaws and on the palate ; the lower jaw is the
longest. Barbel none.

Coasts of Arctic America.

Our knowledge of the fish on which I have founded this genus
is very Hmited, and it is not certain whether it really belongs to this
family ; but the attention of ichthyologists is more likely to be
drawn to it while standing as a separate generic group, than if it had
been referred as a doubtful species to one of the other genera.

326 GADID.E.

1. Uronectes parrii.
Ophidium panii, Hoss in Parry's Third Voy. App. p. 109.
D. 50. A. 45. P. 37.

Head very obtuse, being equal in its length, depth, and transverse
diameter, broader than the body, flattened and grooved between the
eyes, which are lateral and rather large. The greatest depth of the
body is somewhat more than the length of the head, which is one-
fourth of the total (without caudal). Neck much arched. The
dorsal fin rises just behind the head ; pectoral extending beyond the
vent. Coloration uniform.

Baffin's Bay ; Prince Eegent's Inlet.

Specimens 8 inches long were observed.

Fam. 3. GADID^.

Gadoidei, part., Ctiv., Mull.
Gadidae, part., Owen.

Body more or less elongate, covered with small smooth scales.
One, two or three dorsal fins, occupying nearly the whole of the back ;
rays of the posterior dorsal well developed : one or two anal fins.
Caudal free from dorsal and anal, or, if they are united, the dorsal with
a separate anterior portion. Ventrals jugiilar, composed of several
rays ; or, if they are reduced to a filament, the dorsal is divided into
two. Gill-opening wide ; the gill-membranes generally not attached
to the isthmus. Pseudobranchise none or glandular, rudimentary.
An air-bladder and pyloric appendages generally present.

Mostly inhabitants of the sea. Arctic and temperate regions.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Three dorsal and two anal fins.

Vomerine teeth 1 . Gadcs, p. 327.

No vomerine teeth 2. Gadicclus, p. 341.

** Tkuo dorsal and two anal fins.

Vomerine teeth 3. Mora, p. 341.

No vomerine teeth. Teeth in the jaws villi-

form, of equal size 4. Halakg yreus, p. 342.

*** A separate anterior dorsal ; caudal united with the second and with the anal .
No vomerine teeth 5. Strinsia, p. 344.

1. 6ADUS. 327

**** Two dorsal, one anal, and a separate caudal.

Ventrals well developed, with broad base ; strong
teeth in the jaws and on the vomer ; barbel
"one 6. Merluccius, p. 344.

Ventrals with flat base and several rays ; vome-
rine teeth none ; jaws with an outer series of
stronger teeth. A barbel 7. Lotella, p. 346.

Ventrals with flat base and several rays ; vome-
rine teeth none ; teeth in the jaws villiform,
of equal size. A barbel 8. Physiculvs, p. 348.

Ventrals with flat ba.'ie and several rays ; vome-
rine teeth none. The first dorsal "well deve-
loped. Barbel none 9. Uraleptus, p. 349.

Ventrals with styliform base and several rays ;
vomerine teeth none ; teeth in the jaws vUli-
form, of equal size. A barbel 10. Pseudophycis, p. 350.

Ventrals reduced to a bifid filament ; first dorsal

with 8-10 rays 11. Phycis, p. 351.

Ventrals reduced to a bifid filament ; first dorsal

with five rays 12. L.ejionema, p. 356.

Ventrals with flat base and several rays ; vome-
rine teeth. First dorsal with four rays 13. Haloporphyrus, p. 358.

The first dorsal well developed, with 10-13 rays ;
ventral composed of several rays. Head not
compressed. Vomerine teeth ; all the teeth
viUiform 14. Lota, p. 359.

The first dorsal well developed, with 10-16

rays; ventral composed of several rays. Head

not compressed. Several large teeth on the

mandible and on the vomer 15. Molva, p. 361.

The first dorsal well developed, with six rays ;

head compressed. Vomerine teeth. A barbel. 16. Hvpsiptera, p. 362.
The first dorsal reduced to a band of fringes ;

head compressed 17. Cocchia, p. 363.

The first dorsal reduced to a band of fringes ;

head not compressed 18. Motella, p. 364.

The first dorsal rudimentary, short. A barbel... 19. Eaniceps, p. 367.
The first dorsal reduced to a single ray on the
occiput 20. Bregmaceros, p. 368.

***** One dorsal and one anal.

Ventrals composed of several rays; vomerine

and palatine teeth 21. Brosmius, p. 369.

1. GADUS*.

Gadus, sp., Artcdi, Genera, p. 19.

Gadus et Merlangus, Ci(v. Ri'tpw Aniin.

Monia et Merlan<rus, JRmo, Eur. Merid. iii. pp. 225, 227.

Morrliua et Merlangus, Auct.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales. A separate

* 1. Gadus gracilis, Tiles. Mem. Ac. Sc. SI. Petersh. ii. 1810. p. 354. tab. 18.—
Kamtsehatka. [2.

328 GADID,E.

caudal, three dorsal and two anal fins ; ventrals narrow, composed of
six or more rays. Teeth in the upper jaw in a narrow band ; vomerine
teeth ; none on the palatines. Branchiostegals seven.

Seas of the polar and temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere.

I divide the species of this genus into the following groups : —

A. Upper j aw longest ; teeth in the outer series of the upper j aw stronger

than the others (Gndus, m.), p. 328.

B. Lower jaw longest ; teeth in the outer series of the upper jaw stronger

than the others {Boreogad^is), p. 336.

C. Lower jaw longest; teeth in the upper jaw of equal size (Po^wcAiiws),

p. 338.

A. Upper jaw longest ; teeth la the outer series of the upper jaw stronger
than the others (Gachis).

1. Gadus morrhua.

Codfish. Caheljau (old and fresh), Dorsch (young and fresh), Stock-
fisch (dried), Laberdan (salted). Kabelja and Torsk (Sweden).

Synonyiyiy of the adult European Cod.

Morrhua vulgaris, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 128.

Molva, Sondel. ix. c. 14. p. 280 ; Gesner, pp. 88, 102._

Morrhua s. Molva, Aldror. iii. c. 6. p. 289 ; Jomt. i. tit. L c. 1. art. 2.

tab. 2. fig. 1.
AseUus major, ScJtonev. p. 18 ; Wilhyhby, p. 165. tab. L, M. 1. fig. 4 :

Ray, Syn. p. 53.
Gadus, sp., Artedi, Syn. p. 35. no. 6.
Gadus mon-hua, L. Syst. i. p. 436; Bl. Fische De?dsc7il.n.-p. 145. taf. 64

Bl. Schn. p. 7 ; Lacep. ii. p. 369 ; Tt/rt. Brit. Faun. p. 89 ; Doiwv.

Brit. Fish. V. pi. 106 ; Mitch. Lit. Sf Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 367

Faber, Fische Isl. p. 104 ; Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 242

Jen. Man. p. 440 ; Xilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 537 ; Brandt ^- Ratzeb.

i. p. 46. tab. 9. fig. 3 ; Cuv. RegneAnim. M. Poiss. pi. 106. fig. 1.
Callarias, Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. v. p. 6. no. 4. tab. 1. fig. 1.
? Gadus mon-hua, Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. p. 146.
Ascan. Ic. tab. 4 & 27.

Codfish, Pen7i. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 152; ed. 1812, ii. p. 221.
Morue, Dtiham. Peches, ii. sect. 1. p. 37. pi. 12. fig. 1.
Gadus callarias, Frie^ och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 191. taf. 47.
MoiThua vidgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 191 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit.

ii. p. 221, and 3rd edit. i. p. 524; Parn. Wem. Mem. vii. p. 334, or

Fishes Frith nf Forth, p. 173.
Skeleton : Brandt 6,- Ratzeb. i. tab. 8. fig. 2 (skull of G. callarias).
Anatomy : Delaroche, Ann. Mus. xiv. 1809, p. 279.

2. Merlangus vemalis, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 228. — Mediterranean.

3. Gadus purpureus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. 8( Phil. Sac. New York, i. p. 370. —

Merlaiigiis purpureus, Storcr, Fish. Massach. p. 130 ; Bekay, New York
Fauna, Fi.'^L p. 286. pi. 45. fig. 147.— Northern United States.

4. Merlangus leptocephalus, Lckay, I. c. p. 288. tab.45. iig. 146.— New York.

5. Gadus -vrachna, PalL Znogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 182. — Kamtschatka.

6. pygmaeus, PaR. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 199. — N.W. coast of America.

1. GADUS. 329

Synonymy of the younger state of the European Cod.

Asellus vaxius vel striatus, Schonev. p. 19 ; Jotiston, tab. 46. tig. 4; Wil-

hghby, p. 172. tab. L, M. 1. fig. 1 ; Eay, Syn. p. 54.
Gadus, sp., Artedi, Syn. p. 35. no. 4; Spec. p. 63. no. 4; Geti. p. 20.

no. 4; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 319.
Gadus callarias, L. Syst. Xat. i. p. 436 ; £1. Fische Deutschl. ii. p. 109.

taf. 63 ; Bl. Schn. p. 6 ; Lacep. ii. p. 409 ; Pall. Zooyr. iii. p. 182 ;

Turt. Brk. Faun. p. 89 ; Jen. Man. p. 441 ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 109 ;

Fksfr. Fische 3Iorko, p. 230, or Vet. Akad. Handl. 1834, p. 38 ; Gronov.

Syst. ed. Gray, p. 131 ; Brandt 8f Ratzeh. i. p. 49. tab. 9. fig. 2.
r* Gadus barbatus, pt., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 437.
Gadus callarias, var. a, Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. p. 144.
Variable Codfish, Penn. Bnt. Zool. ed. 1812, iii. p. 239.
Callarias, sp., Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. v. p. 5. nos. 1 & 5. tab. 1. fig. 2, nos. 6

& 7. tab. 2. figs. 1, 2.
Morrhua callarias, Cuv. Regne Anim.

Synonyjny of the Greenland variety.

? Gadus barbatus, Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. p. 146 ; Mohr, Isl. Naturh. p. 68.

Ascan. Ic. tab. 5.

Gadus ruber, Lacep. v. p. 673.

? Gadus ogak, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 246 (cop. Fabr.).

Gadus ogat, Gaiin. Voy. Scund. Atl. Poiss. pi. 19.

ruber, Holboll, Goth. Nya Handl. iv. p. 31. c. fig.

D. 13 1 16-19 I 17-19. A. 18-19 | 17-18. Vert. 19/32.
Barbel rather long, as long as, or longer than, the eye, which is
one-seventh of the length of the head, and one-half, or rather more
than one-haK, of the width of the interorbital space. Snout more
than twice as long as the eye, obtuse, with the upj^er jaw longest.
The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which ia
two-sevenths of the total (without caudal). The vent is situated
vertically below the anterior rays of the second dorsal. The two anal
fins separated from each other by an interspace. Proportions of the
fins : —

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.

1:1-3: 1-1 : 1-2 : 1-09

Greenish- or brownish-olive, with numerous yellowish or brown spots
on the back and on the sides.

Coasts of Northern Europe, Iceland and Greenland, southwards to
New York.

The Greenland specimens appear to have generally a dark-brown
colour, sometimes with a large irregular black blotch on the sides.
A similar dark variety has been observed also in Iceland and in
Scotland.

a. European specimens.

a. Fine specimen. London market.

b. Young. British coast. From Mr. YarrcU's Collection.

c-h. Skins of young British specimens. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.
i. Young : stuffed. English coast.

330 GADIDiE.

k. Four inches long. Frith of Forth (July).

I. Two inches long. Tweed. Presented by Dr. Johnston.

m, n. Young. Baltic. From the Haslar Collection.

0. Three inches long. Norway. Presented by G. Woodfall, Esq.

]o. Three inches long. Bahuslan. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

q. Young : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

b. Oreenland variety (G. ogak).

r. Half-grown. Greenland. — Uniform brown.

s-t. Adult: stuffed. Greenland. — With a black lateral blotch.

c. Skeletons.

ii-v. Large specimens. British.

lu. Skull. German Ocean. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.

Detailed descriptions have been given by Artedi, Ekstrcim, Parnell,
and Nilsson.

2. Gadus navaga.

Kdlreuter in Nov. Comvi. Acad. Petrop. xiv. 1770, p. 484. tab. 12
Lepechin, ibid, xviii. 1774, p. 512 (foot-note) ; Pall. Zooyr.Ross.-As.
iii. p. 196.

D. 12-14 I 16-20 I 19-22. A. 21-24 | 23-24.
Ctec. pylor. 40-50. Vert. 58.

Barbel small, shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is some-
what less than the width of the interorbital space, and one-half of
the extent of the snout. Snout subcorneal, obtizse, with the upper
jaw longest. The height of the body is less than the length of the
head, which is one-fourth of the total (without caudal). The vent
is situated vertically below the origin of the second dorsal. Tail
very slender ; fins separated by interspaces from one another. Pro-
portions of the fins :- — •

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.

1 : 1-5 : 1-2 : 1-8 : 1-2

Caudal fin truncated. Brownish, with reticulated dark lines on the
back.

Coasts of Northern Russia.

a, h-c. Seven to nine inches long. White Sea.

3. Gadus macrocephalus.

Wachnja.

Gadus macrocephalus. Tiles. Mem. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. ii. 1810, p. 350.
tab. 16.

Barbel as long as, or longer than, the eye. Head very large, its
length being more than one-third of the total (the caudal included).
The body is lower than the head is long. Upper jaw longest. The
vent is situated vertically below the origin of the second dorsal.

1. GADUS. 331

Vertical fins rather short, close together. Caudal truncated. The
second ventral ray is prolonged into a filament.
Kamtschatka.

4. Gadus tomcodus.

The American Codfish.

? Gadus callaiias, var. /3, Fahr. laun. Groenl. p. 144.

Tom-cod, Schoepf, Schrift. GeseUsch. Naturf. Freund. viii. p. 140.

Gadus tom-cod, Bl. Schn. p. 8.

Frost Cod, Penn. Arcf. Zonl Suppl p. 114.

Gadus caUarias, Mitch. Lit. df Phil. TraiM. New York, i. p. 368.

tomcodus, Mitch. Lit. ^j- Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 368 (G.prui-

nosus).
? Gadus nanus, Faber, Fischelsl. p. 113.
Morrhua tomcodus, Storer, Fish. Massach. p. 126 ; Dekay, New York

Faim. Fishes, p. 278. pi. 44. fig. 142.
americana, Storer, I. c. p. 120 ; Dekay, I. c. pi. 44. fig. 140.

D. 13-14 I 17-18 I 19. A. 22-23 | 18.

Barbel rather short, as long as the eye, which is one-sixth of the
length of the head, and rather less than one-half the Andth of the
Lntororbital space. Snout more than twice as long as the eye, obtuse,
with the upper jaw longest. The height of the body is less than the
length of the head, which Ls two-ninths of the total (without caudal).
The vent is situated vertically below the last rays of the first dorsal.
The two anal fins separated 6-om each other by an interspace. Pro-
portions of the fins : —

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1 : 1-6 : 1-1 : 2 : 1

Brownish or greenish, mottled with darker and lighter ; adult speci-
mens with small yellowish spots on the back.

Atlantic coasts of the Northern States of North America.

a. Fourteen inches long. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.
h. Young : skin. New York. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult: stuffed. N.America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.
d-^. Young. N. America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

It is veiy difiicult to arrive at a coiTect idea as regards the species
which have served for the descriptions of the earUer North American
writers. It appears that Mitchill described the American Cod imder
two names — the adult state as O. caUarias, and the yoimg as G. tom-
codus; just asEuropeanichthyologists, induced by popular distinctions,
named the old Codfish G. morrhua, and the immature G. caUarias.
The G. morrhiui of Mitchill may be the Em-opean species. Storer
also distinguishes two species : the old as Morrhua america)ut (not
likely=G. morrhua, Mitch., as he supposes), and the young as M.
tomcodus.

The fish described by Faber as Gadus nanus, and considered by
him as identical with the second variety of G. ccdiarias, Fabr., ought
perhaps to be referred to the Tom Cod, both having the vent situ-
ated more forward than in the true Cods.

332 GABID^.

5. Gadus califomicus.

Morrhua califomica, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1854, p. 9.

D. 12 I 16 I 18. A. 23 | 20.

Barbel present. The height of the body is less than the length of
the head, which is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal fin). The
vent is situated vertically below the hinder portion of the first dorsal.
Fins separated from one another by interspaces ; proportions of the
length of their bases : —

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1 : 1-3 : 1-2 : 2 : 1-2

Coloration uniform.
San Francisco.

Girard considers his O.proximus (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
pp. 141, 154, and U. S. Paeif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 142. pi. 40 a.
figs. 5-8) as identical with the species described by Dr. Ayres. He
gives the following as the numbers of the fins : D. 13 | 21 ( 22.
A. 26 I 21.

6. Gadus seglefinus.

The Haddock. Der Schell-fisch.

Tertia asellorum species, Rondel, ix. c. 11. p. 277 ; Gesner, p. 26. 100 ;

Aldrov. iii. c. 1. p. 282.
Onos, WiUuyhhy, p. 170. tab. L, M. 1. no. 2 ; Ray, p. 55.
Asellus minor, Schonev. p. 18.
Gadus, sp., Artedi, Species, p. 64 ; Synon. p. 36. no. 7 ; Getm-a, p. 20.

no. 5 ; Grmiov. Zoophyl. no. 320, and Mtis. i. no. 59.
Gadus feglefinus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 435 ; Bl. Fische Deiitschl. ii. p. 188.

taf. 62 ; Bl. Schn. p. 6 ; Lacep. ii. p. 397 ; Donov. Brit. Fish. iii. pi. 59 ;

Mitch. Lit. Sf Phil. Trans. Netv York, i. p. 370 ; TuH. Brit. Fauti.

p. 89 ; Jen. Man. p. 441 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 86. tab. 19 ;

Nilss. Skatid. Faun. iv. p. 5.50 ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 100 ; Gronov.

Syst. ed. Gray,^. 131.
L'Anon, Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 1. cap. 4. p. 133. pi. 23. fig. 1.
Callarias, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 6. no. 2.
Isa, Olafs. Isl. Reise, § 528. tab. 26.

Hadoek, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 158 ; ed. 1812, iii. p. 241.
Morrhua seglefinus, Fkm. Brit. Anitn. p. 191 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd

edit. ii. p. 233, 3rd edit. i. p. 536 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 337, or

Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 177 ; Storer, Fish. Massach. p. 124 ; Dekay,

New York Fauna, Fish. p. 279. pi. 43. fig. 138 ; Thomps. Nat. Hist.

Irel. iv. p. 179.
Morhua pxmctatus, Fletn. I. c. p. 192.
Air-bladder : Delaroche, Ann. Mus. xiv. 1809, p. 278.

D. 14-16 I 20-24 I 19-21. A. 24-25 | 21-22. V. 6. Vert. 23/31.

Barbel very short. Snout protruding, longer than the eye, with the
upper jaw longest. The height of the body is less than, or equal to,
the length of the head, which is contained thrice and four-fifths in
the total length, the caudal rays not included. The vent is situated
vertically below the origin of the second dorsal fin. The two anal

1. GADUS. 333

lins separated from each other by an interspace. Proportions of
the fins : —

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.

a. 1:2: 1-1 : 1-8 : 1-2

b. 1 : 2 : 1-5 : 1-9 : ' 1-5

Lateral line black ; a blackish blotch below the lateral line, between
pectoral and first dorsal.

British coasts. German Ocean. American shores of the North
Atlantic.

a. Adult: stuffed. Frith of Forth.
h-d. Fine specimens. London market.
e. Half-grown : stuffed. English coast.
/. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
g. Adult : skeleton. British.

h. Half-grown : skeleton. Piu'chased of M. Parzudaki.
/. Adult: skull. German Ocean. From Dr. A. Giinther's Col-
lection.

Detailed descriptions of this species may be found in the works of
ParneU, YarreU, XUsson, and of Fries and Ekstrom ; the account oi
the latter authors is accompanied with an excellent figure.

The skeleton of this species is distinguished by the dilated par-
apophyses of the abdominal vertebra?, which are proportionally much
longer than in Gadus morrhua : whilst these processes are shorter
than the neural spines in the latter species, they exceed those spines
in length in the Haddock. A second peculiarity exists in the lower
(anterior) portion of the humerus, which is not thin and transparent
a.s in the Codfish, but swollen into a more or less thick osseous mass.

7. Gadus euxinus.

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. .526. pi. 26. fig. 2 (good).

D. 13-14 I 16-17 I 20. A. 30 | 20-21.

Barbel veiy small ; snout protruding, conical, much longer than
the eye, with the upper jaw longest. Upper jaw with a canine-like
tooth on each side. The height of the body is less than the length
of the head, which is contained thrice and three-quarters in the total
(without caudal). The vent is situated vertically below the middle
of the first dorsal. Anal fins not continuous, close together. Caudal
truncated. Proportions of the fins : —

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1 : 1-4 : 1-3 : 27 : 13

A black spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.
Black Sea. Adriatic.

fl. Ten inches long. Coast of Dalmatia. Purchased of Dr. J. Heckel
as C minutrxs.

334 GADID^.

8. Gadus merlangus.

"WTiiting. Hvitling (Sweden).

Secunda Asellorum species, Rondel, ix. c. 10. p. 276 ; Gesner, pp. 85,

99.
Asellus Candidas primus, Schonev. p. 17.

minor alter, Aldrov. iii. c. 3. p. 287.

mollis major, Willnghhy, p. 170. tab. L, M. 1. no. 5 ; Ray, Syn.

p. 65.
Gadiis, sp., Artedi, Syn. p. 34. no. 1 ; Spec. p. 62. no. 1 ; Genera, p. 19.

no. 1 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 316.
Blege, Strom, Sondm. i. p. 270.
Gadus merlangiis, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 4.38 ; Bl. Fische Deidschl. ii. p. 161.

taf. 65 ; Bl. Schn. p. '9; Lacep. ii. p. 424 ; Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 91 ;

Donov. Brit. Fish. ai. pi. 36 ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 93 ; Fries ^ Ekstr.

Skand. Fisk. p. 81. taf. 18 ; Cm: Riyne Anim. III. Puiss. pi. 106. fig. 2 ;

Nilss. Skand. Faun. It. p. 553 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 132.
Callarias, Klein, Pise. Hiss. v. p. 8. no. 3. tab. 3. fig. 2.
Whiting, Penfi. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 167, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 255.
Merlan, Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 1. p. 128. pi. 22. fig. 1.
Merlangns \T.dgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195 ; Jen. Man. p. 445 ; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 244, and 3rd edit. i. p. 548 ; Parn. Wern.

Mem. vii. p. 342, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 182.
Air-bladder : Delaroche, Ann. Mus. xiv. 1809, p. 279.

D. 13-14 1 20-23 1 20-21. A. 33-35 | 22-24. Vert. 23/31.

Barbel none. Snout conical, twice the length of the eye, with the
upper jaw longest. The height of the body is less than the length of
the head, which is two-sevenths of the total (without caudal). The
vent is situated vertically below the middle of the first dorsal. Anal
fins not continuous, but very close together. Caudal truncated. Pro-
portions of the fins : —

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1 : 2 : 1-3 : 2-8 : 1-2

A black spot in the axil of the pectoral.
Coasts of Northern Europe.

o-d. Adult and young : skins. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
e. Young. Frith of Forth.
f-h,. Fine specimens. London market.
i. Young : stufi'ed. English coast.
A?-7. Young : skins. From Gronow's Collection.
m. Young : skins.
n-o. Adult and half-grown : skeletons. British.

The parapophyses of the abdominal vertehrce are proportionally
rather short, much shorter than the neural spines. The anal fin
extends forwards to the front part of the abdominal cavity ; conse-
quently the greater portion of the interhaemals belonging to the rays
of the first anal are not attached to the vertebral column, but quite
free between the abdominal muscles.

1. GADTTS. 335

9. Gadus minutus.

Anthiae secunda species, RmuM. y\. c. 12. p. 191. c. fig. mala ; Gemer,

pp. 56, 04.
Asellus mollis minor, Willughhy, p. 171 ; Ray, p. 56.

mollis minimus, (Juffo) Ray, p. 163. fig. 6.

Gadus, sp., Artedi, Symm. p. 36. no. 8; Genera, p. 21. no. 7.

Gadus minutus, L. Syst. Aat. i. p. 438 ; Turi. Brit. Faun. p. 90; Jmyns,

3Ian. p. 444 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 78. tab. 17; Retz. Faun,

Sn.ec. p. 319 ; Kihs. Skaml. Faun. iv. p. 547.
? Gadus minutus, Bl. Fische Deutschl ii. p. 167. taf. 67. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn.

p. 7.
Ga,dus luscus, Bl. Schn. tab. 2.

capelanus, Zacep. ii. p. 411 ; Risso, Ichfh. Nice, p. 111.

Poor, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 163. pi. 30, & edit. 1812, ill. p. 249. pi. 34.

Morua capelanus, Risso, Fur. Merid. iii. p. 226.

Morrhua minuta, Flem. Brit. An. p. 191 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit.

ii. p. 241, 3rd edit. i. p. 544 ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 181.
?? Morrhua minuta, Storer, Fisch. Massach. p. 127 ; Dekay, Nno York

Fauna, Fish. p. 277. pi. 44. fig. 141,

D. 12-15 I 21-22 I 20-22. A. 25-29 | 21-22.

Barbel as long as the eye ; snout obtuse, not longer than the eye,
with the upper jaw longest. The height of the body equals the length
of the head and is nne-fourth of the total (without caudal). The
vent is situated vertically below the last rays of the first dorsal.
Anal fins not continuous, close together ; caudal truncated. The
first anal is not much longer than the second dorsal. Axil without
black spot.

Coasts of Europe. ? New York.

a. Half-grown : skin : not good state. Mediterranean. From Mr.
Tarrell's Collection.

This species has been excellently described and figured by Fries and
Ekstrom; another detailed description may be found in Nilsson's work.

10. Gadus luscus.

Bib, Pout, WLitinp-Pout.
Asellus lusc-u.-^, Willuyhhy, p. 169.

mollis latus, IFi/luyhb. Append. y>. 22. tab. L.M.I. no. 4; Ray,-p. 5o.

Gadus, sp., Artedi, Spec. no. 6. p. 65 ; Synon. p. 37. no.l2, & p. 35. no. 5;

Gen. p. 21. no. 6 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 320.
Gadus luscus, Z. Mus.Ad. J/-(Vrf.ii.p.60, aud-Sys^ iN7/<.i.p. 437; Donor.

Brit. Fi.<sh.i. pi. 19 ; Jen. Man. p. 442 ; Turt.'lirit. Faun. p. 90 ; NHss.

Skand. Faun. iv. p. 545.

barbatus, pt., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 437.

Callarias, Klein, Pi'^c. Miss. v. p. 6. no. 3.

Pout and Bib. Pom. Brit. Zool. iii. pp. 161, 162. pi. 30; cd. 1812, iii.

pp. 246, 247. pi. 34.
Tacaud, Duhanwl, Peehes, ii. p. 136. pi. 23. fig. 2.
Gadus barbatus, Bl. taf. 166 ; PL Schn. p. 7 ; Cuv. RbqneAnim. ; Malm,

Gotheb. Handl. 1851, p. 107. c. fig.

tacaud, Lacep. ii. pp. 366. 410.

bibus, Lnrep. ii. pp. .■'65. 403.

Morhua lusca, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 191.
^ barbata, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 191.

336 GADID^.

Morrhua lusca, Yarr. Biit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 237, 3rd edit. i. p. 540;

Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 340, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 180; Thomps.

Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 181.
Gadus colias, Gronov. Syst. ed. Crvay, p. 131.
Air-bladder : Delaroche, Ann. Mus. xiv. 1809, p. 279.

D. 12 1 20-22 1 19-20. A. 29-32 | 19-20. V. 6. Vert. 48.

Barbel as long as the eye ; snout obtuse, with the upper jaw longest,
not longer than the eye. The height of the body is more than the
length of the head, and one-third of the total (without caudal). The
vent is situated vertically below the anterior portion of the first
dorsal. The two anal fins are subcontinuous. Caudal truncated.
Proportions of the fins : —

ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1 : 2-4 : 1-15 : 3-22 : 1-2

A black spot in the axil of the pectoral ; caudal edged with black.
Body with cross-bands during Ufe.

British coasts to Scandinavia. Mediterranean.

a-b. Seventeen inches long : skins. Frith of Eorth. From Dr. Par-

neU's Collection.
c-e. Adult and young : skins. Frith of Forth. From Dr. ParneU's

Collection.
f-h. Young. Brighton. Presented by Mr. E. Gerrard.
i-l. Half-grown and yoimg : skins : not in good state. England.

From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m. Adult. England. Presented by Mr. Gerrard.
n-o. Adult : stuffed. English coast.

p. Young. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
q. Young. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
r. Fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
s. Adult : skin.

t. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
u-v. Adult and half-grown : skeletons. British.

Artedi, ParneU, and Nilsson have given detailed descriptions of this
species.

The rihs of this species are proportionally longer and stronger than
in the preceding ; they are firmly attached to the dilated parapo-
physes, and from the sixteenth vertebra they commence to coalesce
entirely with those processes, joining the ribs of the other side,
whereby complete rings are formed, surrounding the posterior part of
the abdominal cavity. It is impossible to define the boundary between
abdominal and caudal vertebrae, the abdominal cavity being continued
on to the twenty-fifth vertebra, which evidently belongs to the caudal
portion.

B. Lower jaw longest ; teeth in the outer series of the upper jaw stronger
than the others {Boreogadus).

11. Gadus fabricii.

Gadus seglefinus, Fabr. Faun. Groinl. p. 142.

fabrieii, Richards. Fnuit. Bor.'Amer. Fish. p. 245.

1. GADUS. 337

Gadus polaris, Richards. I, e. p. 247 ; Nilss. Skmid. Faun. iv. p. 569.

agilis, lieinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Afliandl. vii. p. 126; Nilss. I.e. p. 568.

Merlangus polaris, Sabine, App. Parry's First Voy. p. 211 ; Moss, Aj)^).
Parry''s Third Voy. p. 110 ; Richards. Last Arct. Voy. p. 373.
D. 12-14 I 13-16 I 20-22. A. 15-17 \ 20-23.
Barbel minute and sometimes entirely absent. Snout somewhat
longer than the ej'o, with the lower jaw longest. The width of the
orbit equals that of the interorbital space, and is somewhat less than
one-fourth of the length of the head ; body low, tail slender, caudal
slightly forked. The length of the head is contained thrice and two-
thirds in the total. Fins separated by interspaces. The vent is
situated vertically below the anterior rays of the middle dorsal. Pro-
portions of the fins : —

ID.

2D.

3D.

1 A.

2 A.

11

13

16

15

17

or 81

10

11

iH

11

or 9

13

14

15

13|

or 7

8

8|

10

8

Head, body and fins minutely dotted with black : the dots on the
dorsals and on the pectoral are much crowded, so that these fijis are
nearly entii-ely black, whilst they occupy only the lower half on the
anal fins.

North polar regions of the western hemisphere. Iceland.

a, h. Half-grown. Baffin's Bay. Presented by Colonel Sabine, R.E.
c. Adult. Beechey Island. Presented by Dr. Lyell.
d-f, g-h, i-k, l-m, n, o. Specimens from 3 to 8 inches long. North
Polar Expeditions. From the Haslar Collection.

12. Gadus saida.

Lepechin, Nov. Cotnni. Acad. Scient. Petropol. xviii. 1774, p. 512. tab. 5.
fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 8.
D. 10-11 I 16-17 I 20. A. 18 I 20. V. 6. Ctec. pylor. 35-40.
Barbel minute. Snout longer than the eye, with the lower jaw
longest. The height of the body is less than the length of the head,
and two-ninths of the total (without caudal). The vent is situated
vertically below the last rays of the first dorsal. Anal fins not con-
tinuous, close together. Caudal emarginate. Proportions of the fins ; —
ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1-2 : 1-3 : 1 : 14 : 13
Coloration uniform.
White Sea.

Lepechin adds to his description an account of the anatomy of this
species.

13. Gadus esmarkii.

Gadus minutus, Esmark, Fork. Natiirf. 3Iote i Christ. 1844, p. 231.

esmarkii, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 565.

D. 16 I 23 I 23-27. A. 26-27 | 24-28.
Barbel slender, shorter than the eye. Snout subconioal, as long as

VOL. IV. z

338 GADID^.

the eye, with the lower jaw prominent. The height of the body is
less than the length of the head, and two-ninths of the total (without
caudal). The vent is situated vertically below the last rays of the
first dorsal. Anal fins not continuous, close together. Caudal emar-
ginate. The first anal is not much longer than the second dorsal.
Axil of the pectoral with a black spot superiorly.

Christianiafjord.
a. Seven inches long. Norway. Presented by Dr. Esmark.

14. Gadus productus.

Merlangus productus, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1855, p. 64.
? Horaalopomus trowbridgii, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1856, p. 132, and U. S. Pac. R.R. Exp. Fish. p. 144 pi. 40 a. figs. 1-4. *

D. 11 I 22 I 18. A. 21 I 19. V. 8. L. lat. 140.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. Lower jaw the
longest ; the maxillary extending to below the centre of the eye.
Eyes large, their diameter contained not quite five times in the length
of the head, distant a little less than two diameters from the tip of
the lower jaw ; interval between the eyes a little greater than one
diameter. The first dorsal is separated from the second by an inter-
space, whilst the second and third and the anals are close together.
The second dorsal is twice and a half as long as the first, and equal
in length to the first anal. Lateral line dark. (Ayres.)

Coast of California.

15. Gadus poutassou.

Gadus merlangus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 115.

poutassou, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 227.

Merlangus albus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 247, 3rd edit. i. p. 561.
Gadus potassoa, Diihen, Vet. Akad. Hcindl. 1844, p. 88.
Kidmund, Esmark, Naturf. Mote i Christ. 1844, p. 230.
Gadus nielanostomus, Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 556.

D. 12-13 I 13-14 I 24. A. 36-38 | 24-25.
Barbel none. Lower jaw longest ; teeth in the outer series strong-
est. Body rather slender. The vent is situated vertically before the
first dorsal. Dorsal fins separated by great interspaces, the two an-
terior short. A black sj)ot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral.
Coasts of Europe.

C. Lower jaw longest; teeth in the upper jaw of equal size (PoUachius).

16. Gadus pollachius.

Pollack.

Asellus Hvitingo-Pollachius, WiUughhy, p. 167 ; Ray, Syn. p. 53.

Gadus, sp., Artedi, Synon. p. 35. no. 3 ; Genera, p. 20. no. 3 (incoiTect

descript.).
Gadus poUachius, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 439 ; Bl. Fische Deutschl. ii. p. 171.

taf. 68 ; Bl. Schn. p. 10 ; Lacep. ii. p. 417 ; Walb. Art. iii. p. 127 :

* Formerly incorrectly referred to the Acanthopterygians.

1. GADUS. 339

Donov. Brit. Fkh. i. pi. 7 ; Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 91 ; Bisso, Ichth.
Nice, p. 113 ; Fries l^ Ekstr. Skand. Fisk, p. 89. tab. 20 ; Niks. Skand.
Faun. iv. p. 5G2.
Callarias imberbis, do. 1, Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 8.
Pollack, Pmii. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 166, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 254.
Lieu, Duhamtl, ii. sect. 1. cap. 2. p. 121. pi. 20. fig. 1.
Merlangus -^oWfichms, Flem.Brit. An. p. 195 ; Jen. Mayi. p. 446 ; Yarr.
Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 25.3, 3rd edit. i. p. 559 ; Partiell, Wem.
Mem. viii. p. 347, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 187.
Gadus Tiridis, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 133.

D. 12 I 18-20 I 17-19. A. 31 | 19-20.
Barbel none. Snout conical, nearly twice the length of the eye,
with the lower jaw prominent. Teeth in the upper jaw of equal
size, cardiform. The height of the body is less than the length of
the head, which is contained thrice and three-fifths in the total
(without caudal). The vent is situated vertically below the anterior
half of the first dorsal. Anal fins separated from each other by a
small interspace. Caudal trimcated. Proportions of the fins : —
ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1 : 2-3 : 1-5 : 3-6 : 16
A black spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral.

Coasts of Eiu'ope, to the western parts of the Mediterranean.
a. Three feet long: stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Pamell's

Collection.
b-d. Young : skins. Frith of Forth. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
e. Young. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
/. Young. England. From IMr. Yarrell's Collection as Gadus mer-

Ian</i(s.
g-h. Half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
i. Young.

We are indebted to PameU, Nilsson, Fries and Ekstrom for
descriptions, and to the latter for a very good representation of this
species.

17. Gadus virens.
Coal-fish.

Piscis Colfish Angloruni, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 133 ; Gesner, p. 89.
AseUus niger carbonarius, Schonev. p. 19 ; Aldrov. iii. cap. 7. p. 289 ;

WiUughhy, p. 168. tab. L, M. 1. no. 3 ; Bay, p. .54.
(tadus, sp., Artedi, Si/non. p. 34. no. 2 ; Genera, p. 20. no. 2 ; Gronov.

Zoophyl nos. 317 ■& 318.
Gadu.s virens, L. Syst. Xat. i. p. 438, and Faun. Suec. p. 112 ; Bl Schn.
p. 6 ; Nihs. Skand. Faun. Fisk. iv. p. 559.

carbonarius, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 438 ; BI. Fischc Deutxchl. ii. p. 164.

taf. 66; Bl. Srhn. p. 9; Donor. Brit. Fish. i. pi. 13: Tart. Brit. Faun.
p. 91 ; Bichards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 247 : Faber, Fische Isl.
p. 96 ; Brandt 8,- Batzeb. i. p. 51. tab. 9. fig. 1 : Frie^ He Ekstr.
Skand. Fisk. p. 195. taf. 48 ; Gronor. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 132.
Callarias imberbis, no. 2, Klein, Pise. Mi.<:s. v. p. 8.
Coal-fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 164. pi. 31, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 250.

pi. 35.
Green Cod, Penn. Brit. 7moI. 1812, iii. p. 253.
Colin, Duhamel, Poiss. ii. p. 12.5. tab. 21. fig. 1.

z2

340 GADIP^.

Ascan. iii. tab. 23.

Gadu8 colinus, Lacep. ii. p. 416.

sey, Lacep. ii. p. 417.

Merlangus virens, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195 ; Jen. Han. p. 447 ; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 256, 3rd edit. i. p. 557 ; Parn. Wern.

Mem. vii. p. 349, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 189 ; Reinh. in Dansk.

Vidensk. Selsk. Apiandl. vii. p. 128.
carbon arius, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195 ; Jen. Man. p. 446 ; YarreU,

Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 250, 3rd edit. i. p. 554; Parn. Wern. Mem.

vii. p. 345, or Fish. Fnth of Forth, p. 185 ; Storer, Fish. Massach.

p. 129; Dekay, New York. Faun. Fish. p. 287. pi. 45. fig. 144;

Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 183.
Gadus pollaehius, Gronov. Syst. ed. Cfray, p. 133.

D. 13 I 20-22 I 20-22. A. 24-27 | 21-23. Vert. 54.
Barbel none or rudimentary. Snout conical, much longer than
the eye, with the lower jaw prominent. Teeth in the upper jaw of
equal size, cardiform. The height of the body is less than the length
of the head, which is contained thrice and three-fifths in the total
(without caudal). The vent is situated vertically below the last rays
of the first dorsal. Anal fins separated from each other by an inter-
space. Caudal truncated. Proportions of the fins : —
ID. 2D. 3D. 1 A. 2 A.
1 : 2-2 : 1-3 : 2-5 : 1-3
A black spot superiorly in the axil.

North Atlantic, southwards to 46° L.W. Northern coasts of Europe.

a. Half-grown : skin. England. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
b-g. Adult and young : skins. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
h. Forty-one inches long : stuffed. Polperro.
i. Young. Frith of Forth. Museum Leach.
Ic, I. Half-grown and young. Bahuslan. Presented by Hr. A. W.

Malm.
m. Adult : stuffed. North America. Presented by E. Doubleday,

Esq.
n. Half-grown. Boston. Presented by B.Winstone, Esq. — Barbel

minute.
0. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
p. Adult : skeleton. British.

ParneU, Ntlsson, Fries and Ekstrcim have given detailed descriptions
of the Coal-fish, and the two latter a very good figure.

The transverse processes of the abdominal vertebrce are rather short,
the ribs relatively feeble. The interhaemals of the anterior half of
the first anal are free between the abdominal muscles. The abdominal
cavity terminates below the twenty-seventh vertebra.

18. Gadus chalcogrammus.

Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 198.

D. 13 I 15 I 20. A. 21 I 22. Vert. 52.
Snout broad, depressed, rather obtuse. "Denies aciculares in

3. MORA. 341

maxillis." Barbel none. Eyes large. Caudal forked. Sides with
two interrupted brown longitudinal bands. (Steller.)
Kamtschatka.

2. GADICULUS.

Gadiculus, Guichen, Explor. Algir. Poiss. p. 101.

Body moderately elongate, covered with scales of moderate size.
Eye large. A separate caudal ; three dorsal and two anal fins ; ven-
trals composed of several rays. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the
lower jaw rather longer than the upper. Jaws with a narrow band
of small teeth ; vomer and palatines smooth. Branchiostegals seven.

Mediterranean.

1. Gadiculus argenteus.

Guicheti. I. c. p. 102. pi. 6. fig. 2.

Barbel none. The first anal is rather longer than the other fins.
The vent is situated in the vertical from the last rays of the soft
dorsal. (^Guich.)

Coast of Algiers.

We refer, for the present, the following species to this genus : —

2. Gadiculus blennioides.
Gadus blennioides, Pall. Spicil. viii. p. 47. tab. 5. fig. 2.

D. 10-11 I 17 I 16. A. 23 I 19. V. 5.

A barbel at the chin. The length of the head is nearly one-fourth
of the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is contained
three times and a half in the length of the head. Teeth in the j aws
of unequal size. The vent is situated vertically below the first dorsal.
Each ventral is composed of a long ray, bifid at its end, and of foitr
other very small ones. Silvery, greyish on the back. (Pall.)

Mediterranean.

3. MOKA.

Mora, Pisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 224.

Asellus, Valeric, in Wehb &;■ Berthel. Iks Canar. Poiss. p. 76.

Pharopteryx, Riipp. Verzvichn. 3Ius. Seiickcnb. Fische, p. 16.

Body moderately elongate, covered with scales of moderate size.
A separate caudal ; two dorsal and two anal fins ; ventrals composed
of six rays. Teeth small, cardiform, of equal size, in the upper jaw
in a band ; teeth on the vomer and sometimes on the palatine bones.
Branchiostegals seven.

Mediterranean. Canary Islands.

1. Mora mediterranea,

Gadus more, Pisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 116
iiterranea, Pisso, Eur. Mrrid.
Loioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p

Mora mediterranea, Pi.tso, Eur. Mrrid. iii. p. 224 ; Bouap. Faun. Ital.

- 91.

342 GADID^.

Asellus canariensis, Vaknc. I. c. pi. 14. fig. 3 (bad).
Pharopteryx benoit, Eiipp. I. c. (young).

D. 7-8 I 42-44. A. 16-18 | 17. V, 6. L> lat. 95. Vert. 51.

Barbel slender, much shorter than the eye. Inside of mouth
black. Both anals below the posterior two-thirds of the dorsal.
Caudal forked.

Mediterranean. Canary Islands. Madeira.

a. Young : Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. E. RiippeU (Pharo-

pteryx benoit).

b. Half-grown : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.

c. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

d. Skeleton : twenty-two inches long. Madeira. Presented by J. Y.

Johnson, Esq.

I have not been able to convince myself that these specimens be-
long to different species. The large individuals from Madeira have
a small but very distinct patch of short cardiform teeth on the ante-
rior end of the palatine bones. These teeth are absent in the smaller
specimen from the Mediterranean, which in other respects perfectly
agrees with the Madeira fish, as far as it can be determined from a
single skin. If it should prove to be specifically distinct, the name
of Mora benoit may be applied to it, as Pharopteryx benoit is merely
the young state of that fish. The typical specimens of Ph. benoit are
from 10 to 18 lines long.

The sl-eleton does not differ from that of Oadus, except in those
points which are dependent on the general external form. The
transverse processes of the abdominal vertebrae are elongate, although
shorter than the neural spines, and but slightly dilated ; the ribs are
feeble. The abdominal cavity is continued on to below the anterior
caudal vertebrae, terminating below the twenty-fifth vertebra.

4. HALARGYREUS.

Body elongate, covered with small scales. (A separate caudal) ;
two dorsal and two anal fins, the latter subcontinuous ; ventrals
composed of several rays. Jaws with a band of minute villiform
teeth of equal size ; no teeth on the vomer or the palatine bones.
No barbel. Branchiostegals seven ; pseudobranchise glandular, rudi-
mentary, covered by the membrane ; giU-rakers of the outer bran-
chial arch long.

Madeira.

1. Halargyreus johnsonii.

D. 7 I . . . A. 17 I . . . V. 5.
Eight series of scales between the anterior dorsal and the lateral
line.

Madeira.

a. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

Description. — The specimen on which I have founded this new

4. HALARGYEEUS. 343

genus was found in the stomach of a very fine specimen of Sacco-
pharynx, procured and presented to the Museum by Mr. J. Y. Johnson,
a gentleman to whom science is indebted for very valuable additions
to our knowledge of the marine fauna of Madeii-a. The posterior
part of the tail is broken off, or was digested in the stomach of its
destroyer. There can be little doubt that it was provided with a
separate caudal, as in the allied genera HaJoporplvjrus and Mora.

The head is rather elongate and compressed, its length being equal
to the distance between the vent and the root of the ventrals ; it is
much higher than broad, its greatest height being more than one-
half of its length. The snout is obtusely conical, a little longer
than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of
the head. Cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary extending be-
yond the vertical from the middle of the eye. Upper jaw without
lip, that of the lower veiy thin ; the lower is received within the
upper, both being equal in length anteriorly. A small bony tubercle,
pointing obliquely forwards and downwards, occupies the lower jjart
of the sjTnphysis of the mandibles. The upper and lower jaws are
armed with a narrow band of minute villiform teeth of equal size.
The interorbital space is flattish, and its width rather less than the
vertical diameter of the orbit. Pra3operculum rounded ; operculum
and suboperculum each terminating in a very small spine — both spines
close together.

Branchiostegals seven; gill-openings very wide, the gill-membranes
scarcely imitcd below the anterior third of the orbit ; gills four, a
cleft behind the fourth ; the fii-st branchial arch is provided ante-
riorly with long gill-rakers, longer than the lamella; of the gills.

The greatest depth of the trunk is equal to the distance between
the anterior margin of the orbit and the end of the operculum. The
anterior dorsal commences immediately behind the vertical from the
root of the pectoral, and is composed of very slender simple and arti-
culated rays, the anterior of which is the longest, half as long as the
head. The second dorsal commences immediately behind the first,
and is not much lower, its base being covered by a thii\ scaly mem-
brane. The vent is situated in the vertical fi'om the ninth ray of the
second dorsal, and the anal commences immediately behind it. The
fourth to seventh rays are the longest, the posterior decreasing in
length to the seventeenth, after which four or five short rays follow,
preceding the stronger rays of the second anal. Base of the pectoral
narrow, its length being more than one-half of the length of the
head ; ventrals vciy narrow, with flat base, the outer ray being pro-
duced into a very tine filament of moderate length.

The scales extend forward on the snout.

The colour appears to have been a delicate red on silvery ground ;
pectoral and an;d transparent, ilouth and gill-cavity black.

This is a deep-sea fish like Saccopliarynx ; the stomach of the
specimen was forced up into the mouth.

inclies. lines.
Distance of the end of the snout from tlic ex-
tremity of the operculum 2 5

344 GADID^.

inches, lines.
Distance of the end of the snout from the

origin of the first dorsal 2 8

from the origin of the second dorsal 3 6

from the vent 4 4

from the origin of the second anal . 6 8

5. STRINSIA.

Strinsia, Rqfin. hid. Itt. Sic. p. 12,

Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales ; eye rather
large. One short anterior dorsal, the second and the anal united with
the caudal ; ventral composed of several rays, rather narrow. Upper
jaw overlapping the lower ; both jaws with a band of small teeth and
with an outer series of larger ones ; no teeth on the vomer or the
palatine bones. (Barbel none.)

Mediterranean.

1. Strinsia tinea.
Strinsia tinea, (Rqfin.) Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesce.

ID 10. 2D. + C.+A. 111. V. 7.

The maxiUary extends to below the posterior margin of the eye ; the
origin of the anal is situated vertically below the end of the first dorsal.
Mediterranean.

6. MERLUCCIUS*.
Gadus, sp., Artedi.
Merluccius, sp., Cuv. Reyne Anim.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales. A separate caudal;
two dorsal fins and one anal ; ventrals weU developed, composed of
seven rays. Teeth in the jaws and on the vomer rather strong, in
double or triple series. No barbel. Branchiostegab seven.

Temperate seas of Europe, to the coasts of North America ; one
species from Chile.

1. Merluccius vulgaris.

Hake.

"OvoSfArtstot. viii. c. 15, ix. c. 37; Athen. vii. 315; uElian, ix. c. 38;

Oppia7i, Hal. i. p. 5, and ii. p. 59.
"Oi/oj OaKamoii JElian, v. c. 20.

Marlutius, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 122 ; Gesner, pp. 84, 97.
Asellus, Ovid, v. 131 ; Plin. ix. c. 16, 17 ; Rondel, ix. c. 9. p. 272 ;

Salv. p. 73. c. fig. mal.
Asellus alter, Aldrov. iii. c. 2. p. 286.

primus, Willughby, p. 174. tab. L, M. 2. no. 1 ; Ray, p. 56.

Gadus, sp., Artedi, Syn. p. 36. no. 10 ; Genera, p. 22. no. 8 ; Gronov,

Zoophyl. no. 315.
Lysing, Strotn, Sondm. i. p. 295.
Gadus merluccius, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 439 ; Fahr. Faun. Groenl. p. 148 ;

Bl. Ami. Fische, ii. p. 94. taf. 164; Bl. Schn. p. 10 ; Lacep. ii. p. 446 ;

* 1. Merluccius ambiguus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 37. — Madeira.
2. Gadus fimbria, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. -As. iii. p. 200. -N.W. coast of America.

IM

6. MEELUCCITJS. 345

Bmnn. Pise. Mass. p. 20 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 28 ; Turt. Brit.

Faun. p. 91 ; 3Iitch. Trans. Lit. Sf Phil. Soc. Neiv York, i. p. 371.
Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 168, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 257.
Grand Merlus, Duhani. Peches, ii. sect. 1. cap. 7. p, 141. tab. 24.
Gadus merlus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 122.
Merluccius vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195; Jen. Man. p. 447; Yarr.

Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii. p. 258, and 3rd edit. i. p. 562 ; Parn. Wem.

Mem. vii. p. 350, or Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 190 ; Storer, Fishes

Massach. p. 132 ; Nilss. Skand. Fatm. iv. p. 570 ; Lowe, Tram. Zool.

Soc. ii. p. 189, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 90 ; Thomps. Nat. Hist.

Irel. iv. p. 184.
Stoniodon bilinearis, 3Iitch. Rep. Fish. New York, p. 7.
Merluccius esculentus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 220.

argentatus. Fries Sf Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 145. tab. 33.

Kummel, Holb. Gotheb. Nya Handl. v. p. 38. c. fig. ; Schagerstr. Phys.

SiiUsk. Tidskr. 1838, p. 302.
Merluccius sinuatus, ( Swains.) Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 38, and

Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 15.
Merlucius lanatus, Grrotiov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 130.
albidus, ( Mitch.) Dekay, Fauna Neiv York, Fishes, p. 280. pi. 46.

fig. 148 (bad).
Air-bladder : Delaroche, Ann. Mus. xiv. 1809, p. 279.

D. 10 1 36-37. A. 36-37. V. 7. Vert. 25/26.

Teeth in both jaws strong and long. The posterior parts of the
dorsal and anal fins are elevated, higher than the anterior. Inside
of mouth black.

Coasts of Europe and North America.

a. Fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. E.. T. Lowe.
6. Fine specimen. London market.

c. Half-grown : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

d, e. Adult : stuffed. English coast.

/. Half-grown : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection as Gadiis mer-

langus.
g. Young : very bad state (Epicopus gayi).
h-i. Large skeletons. British.

The skull does not differ in its structure from that of Gadus, ex-
cept in those points which are dependent on the general external
form, whilst the vertebral column is so peculiarly modified that it
may be easUy distinguished from all the other Gadoids. Its abdo-
minal portion terminates Math the twenty-fifth vertebra, and is
shorter than the caudal portion. The neural spines of all the abdo-
minal vertebrae are extremely strong, dilated, one wedged into the
other : the first, however, is quite free, erect, whUst the others are
inchned backwards. The parapophyses of the third to sixth vertebrae
arc slender, styhform, like the processes of the vertebrae of a frog.
The transverse processes of all the foUo^nng abdominal vertebrae are
long, very broad, nearly touching each other, convex on the upper
side Jind concave on the lower ; the two or three anterior pairs are,
as it were, inflated. The whole forms a strong roof for the abdominal
cavity, and particularly for the air-bladder, and reminds us of a similar
structui'e in Kurt us.

346 GADID^.

2. Merlaccius argeutatus.

Gadus merluccius (argentatus), Faher, Fische Isl. p. 90.
D. 15 I 43. A. 51 (I).

Teeth in both jaws strong and long. The second dorsal and the
anal are deeply notched on the middle, the parts being continued by
some short free rays. Inside of the mouth whitish.

Iceland.

We have not had an opportunity of examining an Iceland Hake,
but the characters given by Faber appear to be sufficient to consider
it as a species distinct from the common Hake of Eiu'ope.

3. Merluccius gayi.

Merlus gayi, Guichen. in Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 328, Ictiol. lam. 8.
fig. 2.

Teeth in the upper jaw rather small ; the posterior rays of the
dorsal and anal are the shortest.

Coast of Chile.

The specimen which I at one time considered as belonging to this
species, may be, after aU, merely a young Hake ; it is in a very bad
state of preservation, and without any indication of the locality
whence it has been procured. The simple structure of the rays of
the first dorsal appears to be peculiar to the young state. The rough-
nesses on the palatiue bones were caused by calcareous deposits (the
specimen was preserved in chloride of zinc), but there are no true
teeth. The genus Epicojius, therefore, must be erased from the ich-
thyological system (vol. ii. p. 248).

7. LOTELLA.
Lotella, Kaup in Wiefftn. Arch. 1858, p. 88.
Body of moderate length, covered with small scales. A separate
caudal ; two dorsal fins and one anal ; ventral fins with a flat base,
and composed of several rays. Teeth in the upper jaw in a band,
with an outer series of larger ones. Vomerine or palatine teeth
none. Chin with a barbel. Branchiostegals seven (six?).
Japan. New Zealand.

1. Lotella phycis.

Lota phycis, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 248. pi. 111. fig. 1.
Lotella schlegelii, Kaup, I. c.

B. 6. D. 5 I 59. A. 51. V. 9.
The two outer ventral rays produced into filaments. The height
of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-ninths of the
total. Head as broad as high. Snout short, obtuse, its length being
less than the diameter of the eye, or two-ninths of the length of the
head ; it equals the width of the interorbital space. Upper jaw
overlapping the lower. Barbel one-third of the length of the head.
Japan.

\w'

7. LOTELLA. 347

2. Lotella rhacinus.

Gadus rhacinus, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 304.
Phycis tinea, var., Bl. Schn. p. 56.

B. 7. D. 5 I 68. A. 62. V. 6.

Ventral fins pointed, thick. The height of the body is one-foui'th
of the total length, the length of the head two-ninths. Upper jaw
longer than the lower. Uniform blackish.

Queen Charlotte's Sound (New Zealand).

3. Lotella foliginosa.

D. 9 I 50. A. 54. V. 9.

The two outer ventral rays produced into filaments. Uniform
brown ; fins blackish ; ventral filaments white.
Eab. ?

a. Eight inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

Description of the S2}eciinen. — Head rather short and broad ; its
length is one-fourth of the total, and its depth nearly equal to its
width. The snout is rather short and obtuse, equal in length to the
diameter of the eye, which is two-ninths of the length of the head.
The upper jaw overlaps the lower, and the maxillaiy extends be-
yond the vertical from the middle of the eye. Barbel rather longer
than the eye. Nostrils close together, immediately in front of the
eye. Interorbital space flat, its width being equal to the vertical
diameter of the orbit. The teeth in the upper jaw form a band,
with an outer series of widely-set stronger teeth. Lower jaw armed
with a siagle series of teeth, equal in size to those of the outer series
of the upper jaw. Operculum obtusely rounded behind, Branchio-
stegals seven. Gill-membranes attached to the isthmus.

Body and tail compressed, the latter tapering posteriorly, so that
itvS least depth is equal to one diameter of the eye. The dorsal fins
are close together, of equal height, and, Kke the anal, enveloped in a
scaly membrane : the anterior commences vertically above the root
of the pectoral, and the posterior terminates at a short distance from
the caudal. The vent is in the vertical from the fifth ray of the
second dorsal. Caudal rounded. The length of the pectoral equals
the distance of the middle of the orbit from the margin of the oper-
culum. Ventral inserted at some distance in front of the pectoral,
with flat base, and with the filamentary ray extending nearly to the
vent.

The scales are very small, and on the head minute, the snout being
naked.

4. Lotella bacchus.

rjadus bacchus, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 120.
Euclielyopus baclius, Bl. Schn. p. 53.

B. 7. D. 10 I 42. A. 40. V. 6.

Ventral fins pointed. The length of the head is one-fom-th of the

348 GADID^.

total (without caudal), the height of the body rather more than one-
fifth. Jaws subequal anteriorly. Uniform reddish-olive.
Southern parts of New Zealand.

8. PHYSICULUS.
Physiculus, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 88.
Body elongate, covered with small scales. A separate caudal ; two
dorsal fins and one anal ; ventral fins with a very narrow but flat
base, composed of several rays. Teeth in the jaws in a band, small,
vilhform, of equal si^e ; vomerine or palatine teeth none. Chin with
a barbel. Branchiostegals seven ; gUl-rakers of the outer branchial
arch short.
Madeira.

1. Physiculus dalwigkii.
Kaup, I. c.

D. 7 I 67. A. 69. V. 5.

Eleven series of scales between the anterior dorsal and the lateral
line. Axil of the pectoral black.

Madeira.
a. Eight and a half inches long. Presented by the Eev. R. T. Lowe,
as Merluciiis maraldi.

Description. — Head rather broad and depressed, as high as broad ;
its height is more than one-half of its leng-th, which is one-fourth of
the total (without caudal). The cleft of the mouth is rather oblique,
of moderate width, the maxillary extending behind the vertical from
the centre of the eye. The upper jaw overlaps the lower, and both
are armed with a band of villiform teeth of equal size. Snout rather
broad, obtusely rounded, as long as the diameter of the eye, which
is one-fourth of the length of the head. Chin with a small barbel
haK as long as the eye. The interorbital space is flat, emarginate on
each side by the upper part of the orbit, its width being rather less
than the vertical diameter of the eye. Nape of the neck broad,
scarcely elevated, with a spine on each side, pointing outwards and
covered by skin. The operculum terminates in a short horizontal
spine. Gill-opening wide ; giU-membranes united below the throat
by a narrow cutaneous bridge, not attached to the isthmus ; gills four,
pseudobranchiae none.

The trunk is rather low, its greatest depth being contained five
times and a third in the total (without caudal). Tail tapering into
a very narrow band. The first dorsal fin commences vertically above
the root of the pectoral and is nearly twice as high as long, the length
of the longest ray being one-half of that of the head. The second
dorsal commences immediately behind the first ; its height is nearly
equal throughout its extent, and somewhat less than that of the
first. The whole fin is naked. Caudal fin slender, roimded, en-
tirely free from dorsal and anal, not half as long as the head. The
anal fin commences at some distance behind the vent, which is situ-
ated vertically below the root of the pectoral ; it is very similar to the

9. TTRALEPTTTS. 349

second dorsal, but lower. The pectoral is inserted on the middle of
the body, and its length is two-thirds of that of the head. Ventrals
very narrow, slender, with the outer ray produced into a filament,
which does not extend to the origin of the anal.

The scales extend over the whole head, the thin lips being naked.

Uniform brownish ; pectoral and anal whitish ; axil, chin and beUy
blackish ; inside of mouth white.

9. URALEPTUS.

Uraleptus, Costa ( Wiegyn. Arch. 1858, p. 87).

Body elongate, compressed and tapering posteriorly, covered with
small scales. A separate caudal ; two dorsal fins and one anal ; ventral
fins narrow, with flat base, composed of six rays. Upper and lower
jaw with an outer series of strong cm-ved teeth. Vomerine and
palatine teeth none. Chin without barbel. Branchiostegals seven.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

1. Uraleptus maraldi.

Gadus maraldi, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 12.3. pi. 6. fig. 1.3.
Merlucius maraldi, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 220.

attemiatus, Cocco.

Uraleptus maraldi, Costa, Faun. Napol. pi. 37a.
Gadella gracilis, Loive, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 91.*

D. 10 I 55-58. A. 56-62. V. 6. L. lat. ca 120.

Jaws of equal length. Eight series of scales between the first
dorsal and the lateral line.
Mediterranean. Madeira.

a. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
h-c. Adult. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

Description. — The head is rather thick, its greatest width being
equal to its height, which is somewhat more than one-half of its
length ; its length is one-fourth of the total (without caudal). The
cleft of the mouth is oblique, wide, the maxillary extending to below
the posterior margin of the orbit. The lower jaw is received within
the upper, but both are nearly equal in length anteriorly ; they are
armed Mdth a series of rather large, curved, widely set teeth, and
there is another series of small teeth within the outer in the upper
jaw. Snout rather broad, obtusely rounded, scarcely longer than the
eye, the diameter of which is two-ninths of the length of the head.
The interorbital space is emarginate on each side bj- the upper part
of the orbit, and its width is somewhat more than the diameter of
the eye. Nape of the neck broad, scarcely elevated, with a spine on

* I have examined the typical specimen of Gadella gracilis, wliich is preserved
in the Collection of the Philosophical Society of the University of Cambridge.
It belongs to this species, and has two dorsal fins, — Mr. Lowe probably having
taken tlie natural interspace between the two fins aa an accidental rent. (See
also p. 348.)

350 GADID^.

each side, pointing outwards and covered by skin. Operculum small,
with a slender horizontal spine posteriorly, the part below the spiae
being deeply emarginate. Gill-membranes united below the throat
by a rather narrow cutaneous bridge, not attached to the isthmus.
Gill-opening wide ; gUls four, a slit behind the fourth ; pseudobran-
chiae glandular. The trunk is rather low, its greatest depth being
one-sixth of the total (without caudal) ; tail tapering into a very
narrow band. The first dorsal fin commences behind the vertical
from the base of the pectoral, is somewhat higher than long, and not
higher than the second. The second dorsal commences immediately
behind the first; its rays increase somewhat in length posteriorly,
one of the longest being half as long as the head. The whole fin
is naked. Caudal fin slender, slightly rounded, entirely free from
dorsal and anal, and nearly half as long as the head. The anal fin
commences at some distance behind the vent, which is situated ver-
tically below the origin of the first dorsal ; it is very similar to the
second dorsal. The pectoral is inserted somewhat below the middle
of the body, and its length equals the distance between the front
margin of the eye and the end of the operculum. Ventrals narrow,
slender, with the outer ray produced into a filament, shorter than
the pectoral.

The scales extend over the whole head, the chin and the thin Ups
being naked.

Uniform brownish ; fins blackish ; pectorals transparent. Inside of
the mouth and of the gUl-opening white ; chin black.

The largest of the specimens is 9 inches long.

10. PSEUDOPHYCIS.

Body of moderate length, covered with rather small scales. A
separate caudal ; two dorsal fins and one anal ; ventral fins with an
exceedingly narrow styliform base, but composed of several rays.
Teeth in the jaws in a hand, of equal size ; vomerine or palatine teeth
none. Chin with a barbel. Branchiostegals seven.

New Zealand.

1. Pseudophycis breviusculus.

Lota breviuscula, Richards. Voy. Ercb. 8f Terr. Fish. p. 61. pi. 38. fig. 1.
D. 8 I 46. A. 50. V. 5. L. lat. 85.
The ventral fin does not extend to the vent. Seven or eight series
of scales between the anterior dorsal and the lateral Une.

New Zealand.
a. Seven inches long. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.

— Type of the species.
h. Four inches long. New Zealand. Presented by Capt. Drury.

Description. — The height of the body equals the length of the head,
and is a little less than one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
Head as broad as high, its greatest width being three-quarters of its

11. PHTCIS. 351

length. Head scaly, except the foremost part of the snout, which is
naked. Interorbital space flat, its width being equal to the diameter
of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Snout
broad, obtuse, rounded, not longer than the eye, with the upper jaw
overlapping- the lower. Cleft of the mouth rather oblique, the maxil-
lary not extending to the hinder margin of the eye. Barbel as long
as the eye. Teeth in the jaws viUiform, of equal size, forming bands.
Vomer smooth. Kostrils immediately before the eye. Operculum
roimded, without point. Seven branchiostegals ; gill-membranes
united by a narrow cutaneous bridge ; four gills, a slit behind the
fourth ; pseudobranchioe small, glandular. Dorsal fins of equal height,
and, like the anal, enveloped in a scaly membrane ; the anterior com-
mences behind the vertical from the base of the pectoral, the posterior
in the same vertical with the anal. Caudal rounded, entu-ely free
from dorsal and anal. Pectoral rather short, its length being equal
to the distance between the posteiior margin of the orbit and the
extremity of the operculum. Ventral fins exceedingly narrow, as in
Phycis, and inserted anteriorly at the throat, but composed of five
slender rays, which are enveloped by a common membrane at the base,
the two outer rays being the strongest, and the second the longest,
but shorter than the head ; the three inner rays are very thin, and
only their tips are visible externally.

Brownish ; vertical fins with a darker edge.

11. PHYCIS*.

Phycis, sp., et Enehelyopus, sp., Bl. Schn.
Phycis, Cuv. Rkgne Anim.

Body of moderate length, covered with small scales. Fins more
or less enveloped in a loose skin. A separate caudal ; two dorsal
fins and one anal ; the anterior dorsal composed of eight to ten rays ;
ventrals reduced to a single long ray, bifid at its end. Small teeth
in the jaws and on the vomer; vomerine teeth in an angular band ;
none on the palatine bones. Chin with a barbel. Branchiostegals
seven.

Temperate parts of the North Atlantic. Mediterranean.

1. Phycis blennioides.

? *v(cis, Aristot. viii. c. SO.f

? Phycis, Plin. ix. c. 26, xxxii. c. 11. t

Phycis, Rondel, vi. c. 10. p. 186; Gemer, pp. 718, 845 ; Aldroi: i. c. 8.

p. 43 ; Jotistan, i. tit. 2. cap. 1. art. 6. tab. 14. no. 4 ; (not Sali:).
Barb us major, Jago in Ray, Syn. p. 163. fig. 7.

* 1. Batrachoides gmelini, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 143. pi. 6. fig. 16, and Eur.
Mirid. iii. p. 223.

2. Phycis dekayi, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 89. — North America.

3. Gudus tonuis, Mitch. Lit. H^- Phil. Trans. New Yari; i. p. 372.— North

America,
t It is probable that the ancients assigned this name to a Groby. ,

352 GADID^.

Forked Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 170. pi. 31, and edit. 1812, iii.

p. 259. pi. 35.
Gadus blennoides, Brimn. Ichth. Mass. p. 24.
Merlu barbu, Duhani. Peches, ii. p. 147. pi. 25. fig. 4.
Gadus bifurcus, Walh. Art. iii. p. 137.

albidus, L. Gm. i. p. 1171.

Pbycis tinea, Bl. Schn. p. 56. tab. 11.

blennoidos, Bl. Schn. p. 56 ; Risso, Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 222 ; Cuv.

Regne Aniin.
Blennius gadoides, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 136.
Greater Forked Beard, Couch in Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 75.
Blennius phycis, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 93.

Phycis furcatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 193 ; Jen. Man. p. 452 ; Yarr. Brit.
Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 289, and 3rd edit. i. p. 595; TJiomps. Nat, Hist.
Irel iv. p. 187.

D. (9) 10 I 58-62. A. 54. L. lat. 100.
The first dorsal with some of the anterior rays elongate ; the ventral
extends far beyond the origin of the anal. Five or six series of scales
between the anterior dorsal and the lateral line. Vertical fins edged
with black ; ventrals white.
Coasts of Europe.

a. Adult : stuffed. Liverpool. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.

b. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,

R.N.

c. Adult: stuffed. Polperro. Purchased.

d. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
e,f. Half-grown: skins.

g. Large specimen (29| inches long). Madeira. Presented by J. Y.

Johnson, Esq.
h. Young. Sicily. Presented by "W. Swainson, Esq.

Description. — The height of the body is less than the length of the
head, which is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal). Snout
obtuse, rounded, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower, nearly as
long as the eye. Cleft of the mouth subhorizontal, the maxillary
not quite extending to the vertical from the posterior margin of the
eye. Teeth villiform, in a band in the jaws and on the vomer. Barbel
nearly as long as the eye ; a very short cutaneous flap at the nostril.
The width of the interoj-bital space equals that of the orbit in adult
specimens, whilst it is much less in young ones. The anterior dorsal
commences in the vertical from the pectoral ; its second and third
rays are prolonged, but shorter than the head. The second dorsal
and the anal are enveloped in a somewhat loose skin, which is scaly
at the base ; their margins are even. Caudal entirely free from dorsal
and anal, subtruncated in large individuals and rounded in young
ones. The vent is situated below the ninth ray of the second dorsal,
and the anal commences immediately behind it. Pectoral much shorter
than the head. The longer of the two filaments, into which the
ventral is divided, extends sometimes nearly to the middle of the
anal. Pseudobranchiae none.

Body immaculate ; all the fins edged Math black.

This species grows to a length exceeding 2 feet.

11. PHYcis. . 353

2. Phycis americauus.

Chuss, Schoepf in Schrift. Geselkch. Ntrf. Freunde Berlin, viii. p. 14.3.

Enchelyopus americanus, Bl. Schn. p. 53.

Gadus longipes, Mitch. Trans. Lit. &■ Phil. Sue. New York, i. p. 372.

pi. 1. fig. 4.
Phycis furcatus, Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. p. 418.
americanus, Storer, Fish. Massach. p. 138 ; Dekay, Neio York

Fault. Fish. p. 291. pi. 46. fig. 150.

D. 10 I 52-54. A. 48-50.

The first dorsal with some of the anterior rays elongate ; the
ventral extends beyond the origin of the anal. Barbel very sm all.
Ana] with blackish margin.

Coasts of I^^orth America, northwards of New York.

3. Phycis rostratus.
D. 9 I 59-62. A. 49-50. L. lat. ca 150.

The first dorsal vnth. some of the rays elongate ; the ventral extends
to the origin of the anal. Ten series of scales between the anterior
dorsal and the lateral line. Ventral fins immaculate.

Hub. ?

a, b. Eight inches long.

Description. — These specimens ought, perhaps, to be referred to
Ph. americamcs, but that species appears to have considerably longer
%"entral fins, at least according to the descriptions given of it. Ph.
dekaifi, briefly noticed by Kaup, is stated to have the body more ele-
vated thanP/;. anuricanus, and the ventrals nearly or quite twice as
long as the head.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Snout protruding, sub-
conical but somewhat depressed, longer than the diameter of the eye,
which is two-ninths of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth
horizontal, with the upper jaw projecting much beyond the lower,
and with the maxillary extending to below the posterior margin of the
eye. Teeth cardiform, forming bands in the jaws and on the vomer.
Barbel very short and slender. The width of the bony interorbital
space equals the vertical diameter of the orbit ; operculum terminating
in a short pungent spine. The snout and the jaws are naked, the
remainder of the head being covered with small scales.

The vent is situated below the eighth or eleventh rays of the second
dorsal, and the and fin commences immediately behind it. Fins
enveloped in a rather loose scaly membrane. The first dorsal com-
mences behind the base of the pectoral ; its third ray is the longest,
but considerably shorter than the head. The margins of the second
dorsal and anal are even ; caudal rounded, entirely free from dorsal
and anal. Tlie length of the pectoral is three-quarters of that of the
head ; ventral not much longer than the head.

The coloration appears to have been uniform.

VOt. IV. 2 A

354 OA.DTOM.

4. Phycis brasiliensis.

Kmip in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 88.

D. 8 I 57. A. 50.
The first dorsal is pointed and higher than the second, its third
ray being as long as the head. The ventral twice, or nearly twice,
as long as the head. Operculum with a long spine ; barbel short.
Pectoral, dorsal, anal, the longer of the ventral filaments, and the
lower part of the body with brown dots. Fins without black margin.

Montevideo.

5. Phycis mediterraneus.

Tinea marina, Salv. p. 2.32. fig. 93; Aldrov. iii. cap. 9. p. 192 ; Jonstmi,

i. tit. 1. cap. 1. art. 2. tab. 1. uo. 5.
Asellus caUarias, Willuyhhy, p. 205. pi. N. 12.
Blennius phycis, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 442 ; Briinn. Ichth. Mass. p. 28 ;

Delaroche, Ann. 3Im. xiv. 1809, p. 280.
Phycis mediterranea, Delaroche, Ann. 3Itis. xiii. p. 332 ; Hisso, Mtr.

Merid. iii. p. 222 ; Ctiv. Regne Anim.
limbatus, Valenc. in Webb ^- Bmi,h. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 78. pi. 14.

fig. 2.

D. 9 I 62. A. 59. L. lat. 130. Vert. |Ei-J-

The first dorsal has the rays not produced into filaments, and is
scarcely higher than the second ; the ventral extends to the origin
of the anal. Eleven or twelve series of scales between the anterior
dorsal and the lateral line. Vertical fins with a black margin and a
narrow white edge ; ventrals brownish, immaculate.

Mediterranean and the neighbom-ing parts of the Atlantic.

a. Twenty-four inches long. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. John-

son, Esq.

b. Ten inches long. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.
c-cl. Fine specimens. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
e-g. Half-grown : skins. Mediterranean.

7t. Adult : stuffed.

i, k. Adult and half-grown : skeletons. Madeira.

Description. — The height of the body is nearly equal to the length
of the head, which is one-fourth of the total length (vdthout caudal).
Snout obtuse, rounded, somewhat depressed, with the upper jaw over-
lapping the lower, rather longer than the eye. Cleft of the mouth
subhorizontal, the maxillary extending beyond the middle of the
eye. Teeth viEiform, forming bands in the jaws and on the vomer ;
there are several larger ones intermixed with the small ones on the
side of the lower jaw. Barbel slender, rather longer than the eye.
The width of the bony interorbital space equals the vertical dia-
meter of the orbit ; head nearly entirely covered with smtdl scales,
which advance forwards to the lips. The fins are enveloped in a
rather loose scaly membrane, which leaves the outer foiirth of the
rays uncovered. The anterior dorsal is much higher than long, its
height being two-fifths of the length of the head; it commences

11. pnycTs. 355

immediately behind the vertical from the root of the pectorals. The
margins of the second dorsal and of the anal are even, slightly rounded
behind, the latter tin being somewhat the lower. Caudal rounded,
entirely free from dorsal and anal. Pectoral two-thirds as long as
the head. The vent is situated below the fifth ray of the second
dorsal, and the anal commences nearly immediately behind it.

Body brown, immaculate ; vertical fins with black margin and a
white edge. Vent black. Inside of mouth white.

This species is known to attain to a length of 2 feet.

The skeleton does not diff"er essentially in its structure from that
of the true Gadus. The abdominal cavity terminates below the
eighteenth or ninetecth vertebra, and taking these as the last ab-
dominal vertebra;, we find the caudal portion much longer than the
abdominal. The neural spines of the twelve anterior vcrtebrte are
very strong and dilated, the remainder being slender. The third
vertebra has a pair of short prominences at its abdominal surface,
for the attachment of the anterior portion of the air-bladder. The
parapophyscs of the middle abdominal vertebra? are long and slightly
dilated at the base, bearing ribs. The processes of the five posterior
abdominal vertebrse are joined below with those from the other sides,
forming complete rings which gradually pass into the haemal canal.

The pubic bone is composed of two branches, one of which is
transverse, joined by one extremity to the puliic of the other side,
and bearing the ventral fin on the other end. The second branch
is directed backwards, extremely slender and long.

6. Phycis regalis.

Blennius, sp., SchocpfinSchrift.Geselkch. Naturf. Freunde. Berlin, viii.

p. 142.
Enchelyopus regalis, Bl. Schii. p. 5.3.
Gadus punctatus, ,1///^/;. Trcing. Lit. ^- Phil. Soc. Xeio York, i. p. 372.

pi. 1. fig. 5 ; Bichard.s. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fis/i. iii. p. 253 (fig. bad).

bleimoides, 3Iitdi. I. c. p. 370 *.

Phycis punctatus, lJekai/,JVe2v York Faun. Fish. p. 292. pi. 46. fig. 149.

D. 9 I 48. A. 56. L. lat. 100.

The first dorsal has the rays not produced into filaments, and is
not higher than the second : the ventral extends to the origin of the
anal. Six or seven scries of scales between the anterior dorsal and
the lateral line. Yentrals whitish, immaculate. Some dark spots on
the side of the head, arranged in vertical series.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

a-b. Adult. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
c. Half-grown : skin. New York. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
Description. — The height of the body is somewhat less than the
length of the head, Mhich is nearly one-ftnirth of the total (without
caudal fin). Snout obtuse, rounded, somewhat depressed, with the

* This description appears to have been taken from a specimen in wliich the
second dorsal was accidentnllv divided into two.

2x2

356 GADID^.

upper jaw overlapping the lower, rather longer than the eye. Cleft
of the mouth subhorizontal, the maxillary extending nearly to the
vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. Teeth cardiform,
forming narrow bands in the jaws and on the vomer. Barbel small.
The width of the bony interorbital space equals the vertical diameter
of the orbit. Head covered with small scales, except on the lips.
The operculum termiaates in a stiff, longish point. Only the base
of the fins is enveloped in a scaly membrane : the anterior dorsal is
higher than long, its height being less than one-third of the length
of the head ; it commences immediately behind the vertical from the
root of the pectorals. The margins of the second dorsal and of the
anal are even, slightly roimded behind, the latter fin being somewhat
the lower. Caudal subtruncated. Pectoral two-thirds as long as
the head. The vent is situated below the seventh ray of the second
dorsal.

Body brownish, tinged with yellowish ; vertical fins dark-brown ;
vent blackish ; inside of mouth white.

12. LiEMONEMA.

Phycis, sp., Lowe.

Body of moderate length, covered with small scales. Fins naked.
A sej^arate caudal ; two dorsal fins and one anal, the anterior dorsal
composed of five rays ; ventrals reduced to a single long ray, bifid at
its end. Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws ; a small group of
vomerine teeth ; none on the palatine bones. Chin with a barbel.
Branchiostegals seven.

Sea of Madeira.

1. Lsemonema yarrellii.

Phycis yan-ellii, Lmve, Tram. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 190, and Fish. Madeir.
p. 43. tab. 7.

D. 5 I 60. A. 59. L. lat. ca 110.

Anterior rays of the first dorsal prolonged ; ventral not extending
to the vent. Eight series of scales between the anterior dorsal and
the lateral line.

Madeira.

a. Seven and a half inches long. Madeira. — Type of the species.

Description. — Head rather depressed, not much higher than broad ;
nape slightly elevated ; body much compressed ; tail tapering into a
narrow band. The greatest depth of the body is above the vent,
where it equals the length of the head, and is a little more than one-
fifth of the total length (without caudal). Snout obtuse, rounded,
with the iipper jaw overlapping the lower, as long as the eye, the
diameter of which is thrice and two-thirds in the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth subhorizontal, the maxiUary not extending to
below the posterior margin of the orbit. Teeth villiform, of equal
size, forming narrow bands in the jaws. The lateral parts of the
head of the vomer are toothless, and there is only a very small group

12. L-*;monema. 357

of three or four teeth in the middle of its anterior margin. Barbel
very slender, half as long as the eye. Nostrils immediately in front
of the eye. The width of the bony interorbital space is two-thirds
of the vertical diameter of the eye. Operculum terminating in a
small, acute, pungent spine. The head is nearly entirely covered
with not very, small scales, only the lips and the foremost part of the
snout being naked. Fins naked, not enveloped in a loose membrane.
The first dorsal commences before the root of the pectoral and is very
narrow and high, the first ray being as long as the head. The second
dorsal commences behind the root of the pectoral, its rays slightly
increasing in length posteriorly. The vent is situated below the
vertical of the sixth ray of the second dorsal, and the anal commences
immediately behind it ; anal lower than dorsal. Caudal very narrow,
pointed, entirely free from dorsal and anal. Pectoral rather longer
than ventral, its length being equal to the distance of the anterior
margin of the orbit from the extremity of the operculum.
Body brown, immaculate ; fins black.

2. Laemonema robustum.
D. 5 1 53. A. 47. L. lat. ca 130.

Anterior rays of the fii-st dorsal prolonged ; ventral extending to
the eleventh anal ray. About thirteen series of scales between the
anterior dorsal and the lateral Une.

Madeira.

«. Fourteen inches long. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

Description. — Head rather depressed, but higher than broad ; nape
elevated ; body much compressed ; tail tapering into a narrow band.
The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the second
dorsal, and is a littl« less than the length of the head, which is con-
tained thrice and three-fourths in the total (without caudal). Snout
depressed, obtuse, rounded, -ndth the upper jaw overlapping the lower,
longer than the orbit, the diameter of which is a little more than one-
fifth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth subhorizontal,
the maxillary extending to below the posterior margin of the orbit.
Teeth ^illifonn, forming bands ; the vomerine teeth form a small
roundish patch in the middle of the head of the vomer. Barbel very
slender, shorter than the eye. The %vidth of the interorbital space
equals the vertical diameter of the orbit. Operculum terminating
in an obtuse point covered with skin ; the head, with the exception
of the snout, is covered with sm;ill scales. The first dorsal commences
above the root of the pectond and is narrow and high, the first ray being
as long as the head without snout. The second dorsal commences
behind the pectoral, its rays slightly increasing in length posteriorly.
The vent is situated in the vertical from the fifth ray of the second
dorsal ; anal lower than dorsal, terminating at some distance before
the end of the dorsal. Caudal very narrow and rather elongate.
The length of the pectoral is foiu'-fifths of that of the head ; it docs

358 GADID^.

not extend so far backwards as the inner ventral filament. The
outer filament of the ventral considerably shorter than the inner.
Body brown, immaculate ; fins black.

13. HALOPOEPHYRTJS*.

Body elongate, covered with small scales. A separate caudal ; two
dorsal fins and one anal, the first dorsal with four rays ; ventrals
narrow, composed of six rays. Jaws with bands of villiform teeth ;
vomerine teeth in a small roundish patch ; none on the palatine bones.
Chin with a barbel. Branchiostegals seven.

Mediterranean; Madeira.

1. Haloporphyrus lepidion.

Gadus lepidion, Misso, Ichih. Nice, p. 118. pi. 11. fig. 40 (bad).
Lota lepidion, Misso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 218.

D. 4 I 54. A. 49. V. 6. L. lat. 210.

The upper jaw is longer than the lower ; the first dorsal ray and
the ventral fins prolonged into very long filaments. Brown.
Mediterranean; Madeira.

a. Very fine specimen, two feet long. Madeira. Presented by J. Y.
Johnson, Esq.

Description. — Head higher than broad, with the nape elevated and
with the snout depressed ; body compressed ; tail tapering into a
narrow band. The gi-eatest depth of the body is below the origin of
the second dorsal, and a little less than the length of the head, which
is one-fom-th of the total (without caudal). Snout subconical, obtiisely
rounded, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower, much longer than
the orbit, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth siibhorizontal, the maxillary not extending to the
vertical from the hind margin of the eye. Teeth villiform, forming
bands; the band of the upper jaw not covered by the lips ; a small
rounded patch of villiform teeth in the middle of the head of the
vomer. Barbel very slender, longer than the orbit. The width of
the interorbital space equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit.
Operculum terminating in an obtuse point covered with skin ; the
head, with the exception of the lips, is entirely covered with small
scales. There are about fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the
anterior dorsal and the lateral line. The first dorsal is very narrow,
situated above the root of the pectoral ; its first ray is produced into
a filament, which is much longer than the head. The second dorsal
and the anal are enveloped in a loose scaly membrane : the fonner
is of moderate height, has the margin even, and terminates at some
distance from the caudal. The vent is situated in the vertical from
the twelfth ray of the second dorsal : the anal commences immediately
behind it ; there is a slight depression in the middle of its length, the

* The generic name of Lepidion is preoccupied.

14. LOTA. 359

middle rays being shorter than the anterior and posterior ; it termi-
nates a little before the dorsal. Caudal truncated. The length of
the pectoral is rather more than one-half of that of the head. The
outer ventral raj' is prolonged into two filaments, the inner of which
is the longest, as long as the head and extending to the vent.

Blackish-brown, immaculate ; fins black.

Membranes of the oesophagus and stomach extremely thick, the
latter with a short caecal sac ; pylorus surroimded by fifteen slender
appendages ; the intestines make only one complete circumvolution.
Liver very voluminous, with a long thick lobe on each side, extending
downwards to the end of the abdominal cavity. Air-bladder with a
very thick outer case, divided iato two portions, an upper terminating
in a conical prominence, and a lower of oblong-ovate form. Testicles
elongate, kidney- shaped.

14. LOTA.

Gadus, sp., Artedi.
Lota, sp., Cuv. JRigne Anim.
Lota, Kihs. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 579.
Body elongate, covered with very small scales. A separate caudal;
two dorsal fms and one anal ; ventrals narrow, composed of six rays.
YiUiform teeth of equal size in the jaws and on the vomer; none on
the palatines. The first dorsal with ten to thirteen weU-developed
rays. Chin with a barbel. Branchiostegals seven or eight.

Freshwater fishes of the temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere.

1. Lota vulgaris.

Bm-bot, Eel-pout. Die Quappe, Aah-aupe, Treische. Lake (Sweden).
La Lotte.

a. Synonymy of the European specimens.

Mustek, rUn. Hist. Nat. ix. c. 16.

Lota, Rondvl. ii. p. IQA-.Aldrov. v. cap. 46. p. 648; Gesner, p.599; Jonston,

iii. tit. 3. cap. 11. p.lG8. tab. 29. fig. 10; Wilhu/hby, p. 125. tab.H. 3.

fig. 4 ; Eai/, p. 68.
Bottatriee, Ti-iseus, Salr. p. 213.
Striusias s. Botarissas, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 302.
Clarias flu'\"iatilis, Belhti. De Aquat. p. 304.
Gadiis, sp., Artedi, Syn. p. 38. no. 13, and Genera, p. 22. no. 10; Gronoi:

Zoophyl. no. 313. p. 97, and 3fus. i. p. 21.
Silurus, sp., Artedi, Spec. p. 107.
Kutteii, Mar-^if/l. Danub. iv. p. 71. tab. 24.
Gadus lota, i." Syst. Nat. i. p. 440 ; lit. Fi.sclie Dcutschl. ii. p. 177. taf. 70 ;

Lacep. ii. p. 4.35 ; Pall. Zooyr. iii. p. 201 ; Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 91 ;

Donor, iv. pi. 92 ; Ilartm. Helvet. Ichthyol. p. 50 ; Ekstr. Fische

Miirhi, p. 235, or Vet. Ahad. Handl. 1831, p. 43 ; Brandt dy Ratzeb. i.

p. 52. tab. 7. fig. 2 ; Cuv. Reyne Anim. IlL Poiss. pi. 106. fig. 3.
Ascan. Ic. taf. 28.

Enchelyopus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 57. no. 13. tab. 15. fig. 2.
Bm-bot^ Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 175, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 265.
Enchelyopus lota, Bl. Schn. p. 52 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 101.
Lota vulgaris, Cur. Reyne Anim. ; Jiirine, Poiss. Luc Leman, pi. 2 ;

Jeni/us, Man. p. 448; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 267, and 3rd

edit. i. p. 572 ; Fries och Ehstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 170. tab. 41 ; Giinth.

360 GADID^.

Fische Neckm; p. 124 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 580 ; Nordm. in

Detnid. Voy. Ittiss. Merid. iii. p. 530.
Molva lota, Flem. Brit. An. p. 192.
Lota communis, Rapp, Fische Bodensee's, p. 36.
Anatomy : Brandt Sf Ratzeb. i. tab. 8. fig. 3 ; Rajip, I. c. ; Delaroche,

Ann. Mus. xiv. 1809, p. 279.
Skeleton : Affass, Poiss. Foss. v. pi. H (Lota fluviatilis) ; Giinth. I. c.

/3. Synonymy of the American specimens.

Gadus lota, Petm. Arct. Zool. Introd. p.cxci; Schoepf, Schrift. Gesellsch.

Naturf. Freund. Berl. viii. p. 141.

■ • lacustris, Mitch. Am. Month. Magaz. ii. p. 244.

Lota maculosa, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. p. 83; Richards. Faun.

Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 248 ; Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1842, iv.

p. 24. pi. 3. fig. 1 ; Bekay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 284. pi. 52.

tig. 168 ; Agass. Lake Super, p. 325.
Molvumnculosa, Lesuetir,Metn.3Ius.Y. 1819, p. 159. pl.l6 (too slender).

himtia, Lesiieur, I. c. p. 161.

Lota compressa, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. p. 84; Storer, Fish.

Massach. p. 134; ?Dekay, I. c. p. 285. pi. 78. figs. 244, 245.

inomata, Dekay, I. c. p. 283. pi. 45. tig. 145.

brosmiana, Storer, Bost. Journ. iv. pi. 5. fig. 1.

B.8. D. (10-12) 13 I 67-75. A. 66-71. Vert. 21/38. Csec.pyl. 30.

Barbel rather longer than the eye ; a short barbel on each side at
the nostrils. Yellowish or brownish, more or less marbled with black.

Fresh waters of central and northern Europe, of Canada, and of
the adjoining parts of the United States.

a. European specimens.

a-g. Adult : skiias. Frith of Forth. From Dr. ParneU's CoUection.

h. Half-grown : skin. River Wiske, Yorkshire.

i-Jc. Half-grown. London market. Presented by Mr. E. Gerrard.

l-m. Adult and young : skins. England. From Mr. YarreU's Col-
lection.

n. Adult : stuffed. England. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

0. Adult. England. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

p. Adult. Gotha River (Sweden).

q. Half-grown. River Elbe. Presented by Dr. E. RiippeU.

r-s. Half-grown. Lake of Constance. From the Stuttgart Museum.

t, u. Adult. Danube.

V. Young. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. L. Agassiz.

w. Half-grown. South Europe. Presented by Dr. E. RiippeU.

x-y. Adult: stuflFed.

z. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's CoUection.

a-/3. Adult : skuUs. Lake of Constance. From Dr. A. Giinther's
CoUection.

(3. American specimens.

a. Thirty-five inches long : stuffed. Pine Island Lake. Presented

by Sir J. Richardson.
h, c, d. Adult : stuffed. Pine Island Lake. Presented by Sir J.

Richardson.
e. Adult : stuffed. Lake Madawaska (Canada).

15. MOLVA. 361

15. MOLVA.

Lota, sp., Cuv. RepieAnim.

Molva, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 573.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales. A separate caudal;
two dorsal fins and one anal ; ventrals narrow, composed of six rays.
Teeth in the jaws and on the vomer in a band ; mandible and vomer
with several large teeth ; none on the palatines. The first dorsal
with ten to sixteen well-developed rays. Chin with a barbel.

Marine fishes of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

1. Molva vulgaris.

The Ling.

Clarias marina, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 131.

Asellus longus, Schonev. p. 18 ; WUlughby, p. 175. tab. L. 2. no. 2; Ray,

p. 56.
Gadus, sp., Artedi, Sytion. p. 36. no. 9 ; Genera, p. 22. no. 9.
Lange, tStrom, Sondm. i. p. 292.
Gadus molva, L. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 439 ; Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. p. 148 ; Bl.

Fische Deutschl. ii. p.l74. taf.69; Lacep. ii. p. 432; Tiirt. Brit. Faun.

p. 91 ; Donov. pi. 102.
Ling, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 173, and ed. 1812, iii. p. 262.
Lingue, Duham. Peches, ii. sect. 1. cap. 8. p. 145. pi. 25. fig. 1.
Euchel^opus molva, Bl. Schn. p. 51.
V Gadus molva, Faber, Fische Isl. p. 86.
Gadus molva et raptor, Niks. Prodr. pp. 45, 46.
Lota molva, Jen. Man. p.448 ; Yarr. Brit.Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 264, and

3i'd edit. i. p. 569 ; Parn. Wern. 3fein. \'ii. p. 352, or Fish. Frith of

Forth, p. 192 ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 185.
Molva vulgaris, Fkm. Brit. An. p. 192 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 573.

D. 13-16 I 64-70. A. 58-66. V. 6. Vert. 27/37.

The upper jaw is the longest. Strong teeth in the mandible and
on the vomer. Barbel longer than the eye ; a short barbel on each
side at the nostril. The diameter of the eye equals the width of the
interorbital space.

From the northern coasts of Europe to Greenland and Iceland.

a. Fine specimen. North coast of Norway. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
h-c. Adult and half- grown : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut.

H. F. Spcnce, R.N.
d-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
/. Half- grown : mounted.
g. Skeleton, 51 inches long. British.
h. Half-grown : skeleton.

Pamell and Nilsson have fuUy desciibcd this species.

This species has a greater niunber of vertebrce than any of the pre-
ceding ; the abdominal cavity terminates below the twenty-seventh
vertebra, and the caudal jjortion of the vertebral coliunn is as long
as, or a little shorter than, the abdominal. The neural spines of the
anterior and middle abdominal vertebrae are depressed, and like their
transverse processes rather .short. The bones of the skull are more
solid than in the true Gadus.

362 GADID^.

2. Molva abyssorum.

Byrkelange, Strom, Trondhj. Ilmull. iii. p. 446. tab. 8, and Beskriv. ii.

p. 275.
Gadus, no. 346, Midi. Proclr. Zool. Dan. p. 42.

abyssorum, Niks. Prodr. p. 46.

Molva abyssorum, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 577.
D. 14 I 76-78. A. 74-75. V. 6.
The lower jaw is the longest. Strong teeth in the mandible and
on the vomer. The ventral does not extend further backwards than
the pectoral ; the anal and dorsal terminate in the same vertical.
Coasts of Scandinavia.

3. Molva elongata.

Gadus elongatus. Otto, Conspect.

Lotta elongata, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 217. fig. 47; Costa, Faun. Napol.

pi. 38.
Molva elongata, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 579.
D. 10 I 78. A. 73. y. 6.
The lower jaw is the longest. Strong teeth in the mandible and
on the vomer. The ventral fin extends further backwards than the
pectoral, the anal further than the dorsal.
Mediterranean.

16. HYPSIPTERA.

Hypsiptera, Gimth. Fish. ii. p. 386.

Body compressed, moderately elongate, covered with minute scales,
and with a silvery pigment aU over the lateral and inferior parts.
Head compressed, with the upper jaw longest. A separate caudal ;
two dorsal tins, the anterior of which is composed of six distinct rays
connected by a membrane. One anal fin. Ventrals composed of
three or four rays. Minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer. A
barbel at the chin.

Atlantic (open sea).

After having first placed this genus in the family Scomhrklce, I
was induced, by its resemblance to CoucMa, to examine the symphysis
of the lower jaw, where I found a small barbel concealed between
the mandibles. This, in connexion with the jugular fins, leaves no .
doubt as to the true position of this genus, although its malacopte-
rygian character cannot be ascertained from the rays of the first
dorsal, their upper portions being broken off. The genus differs
from Couchia in the structure of the anterior dorsal fin, thereby ap-
px'oaching Lota, &e.

1. Hypsiptera argentea.

Giinth. I. c.

B. 7. D. 6 I 50. A. 55. V. 3-4.

Silvery, the uppermost portion of the back greyish-green ; fins
transparent.
Atlantic.
a. Two inches long. Open sea. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.

17. coTJcniA. 363

A detailed description has been given in the volume quoted ; and
it need only be remarked, that the small specimens there mentioned,
with " the spines in greater number, short, and filament-Hke," do
not belong to this genus, but probably to Couchia argentata.

Lota nrgentea, figured by Bonaparte in the ' Fauna Italica,' ought
perhaps to be referred to this genus, as the fin appears to be formed
of true rays connected by a membrane, and as the body is evidently
compressed. There is, however, no barbel at the chin, and a small
one at each nostril. No description has been given of this fish.

17. COUCHIA.

Ciliata, Couch in Loud. 3Iag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 15.
MoteUa, sp., Nihs., Reinh. et al. auct.
Couchi.a, Tliomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. p. 190.

Body compressed, moderately elongate, covered with minute scales,
and with a silvery pigment inferiorly. Head compressed, A\dth the
upper jaw longest. A separate caudal ; two dorsal fins, the anterior
of which is composed of a band of numerous short fringes, concealed
in a longitudinal groove, the first fringe prolonged. One anal fin.
Ventrals composed of about four rays. Minute teeth in the jaws and
on the vomer. Snout with barbels. Air-bladder none. Pyloric
appendages in small number.

Very small fishes inhabiting the open sea in the North Atlantic,
only occasionally visiting the coasts,

1. Couchia glauca.

The ISIackerel Midge.

Ciliata glauca, Couch in Loud. May. Nat. Hist. v. p. 15. fig. 2, & p. 741,

and in ZooJ. Journ. i. p. 132.
MoteUa glauca, Jen. Man. p. 451; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 281,
and 3rd edit. i. p. 586.

argenteola, Biihen, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, pp. 92, 97 ; Nilss.

Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. .590.
Coucliia minor, Thoinps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 188.
D. 44. A. 38. Y. 3.
Barbels five, four on the upper and one on the lower jaw. The
length of the head is more than the depth of the body, and two-
nintLs of the total length (without caudal). The length of the ven-
tral is two-thirds of that of the head. The width of the interorbital
space equals the diameter of the eye. Sides and belly silvery.

British and Scandinavian Seas.
a-c. From 1 to 1^ inch long. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
d, e-l. Same size. Falmouth. Purchased.

2. Couchia argentata.

? Gadus argenteohis, 3I()nt. H'ent. Mem. ii. p. 449; Fleni. Brit. Anim.

p. 193; Jen. Man. p. 451.
't MoteUa argenteola,! n)v.^n'C./7s/». ed.2. ii. p. 281, and ed. 3. i.p.589.

364 GADID.E.

Motella argentata, Reinh. Dan^k. Vidensk. Selsk. AfJmndl. vii. 1838,
p. 128.

D. 58 (ca). A. 44 (ca). V. 3. Ciec. pyl. 8.

Barbels three, two on the upper and one on the lower jaw. The
length of the head is rather more than the depth of the body, and
two-ninths of the total length (Avithout caudal). The length of the
ventral is two-thirds of that of the head. The width of the inter-
orbital space equals the diameter of the eye. Sides and belly silvery.

Atlantic to the coasts of Greenland.

a. Three inches long (vertical fins dried). Greenland.
h-e. Half-grown and young. Atlantic. Presented by J. B. Godfrey,
Esq.

18. MOTELLA.
Gadus, sp., Artedi.
Motella, Cuv. Regne Anim.
Onos, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 214.
Motella et Molvella, Kmq), Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 90.

Body elongate, covered with minute scales. Head not compressed.
A separate caudal. Two dorsal fins, the anterior of which is com-
posed of smaU fringes, more or less concealed in a longitudinal
groove ; the first fringe prolonged. One anal fin. Ventrals composed
of five to seven rays. Teeth in the jaws and on the vomer in a band.

Coasts of Europe, Iceland, and Greenland.

The skull of Motella does not differ essentially in its structure from
that of the true Gadi, the single bones being rather more solid. The
abdominal portion of the vertebral column is much shorter than the
caudal, —

M. musiela having 15 abdominal and 32 caudal vertebrae,
M. tricirrata having 16 abdominal and 33 caudal vertebrae,
M. maculata having 15 abdominal and 33 caudal vertebrae.
The neural spines of the anterior vertebrae are strong and much
depressed ; the intemeurals of the fii'st dorsal fin rudimentary and
extremely numerous. The parapophyses commence to become pro-
minent and dilated from the sixth vertebra ; those of the posterior
abdominal vertebrae are of moderate width and length, bearing feeble
ribs. The anterior vertebrae have rather short, straight, stj^Uform ribs,
each with an epipleural attached to it. The bones belonging to the anal
fin do not extend forwards beyond the extent of the caudal portion.

1. Motella mustela.

Five-beai'ded Rockling.

Mustek vulgaris, WiUughby, p. 121 (descr. part.) ; Ray, p. 67.

Gadus, sp., Artedi, Synon. p. 37. no. 11 j Ge)iera, p. 22. no. 2 ; Gronov,

Zoophyl. no. 314.
Gadus niustela, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 440: Donov. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 14;

Tnrt. Brit. Faun. p. 92 ; Flem. Brit. Ati. p. 193 ; Holb. Bohml. Fisk.

ii. p. 52. c. fig. ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 81.

18. MOTELLA. 365

Five-bearded Cod, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 177. pi. 3.3, and edit. 1812,

iii. p. 2G8. pi. .36.
I'^nchelyopus mustela, £1. Sckn. p. 52.
Motella qiiinque-ciiTata, Cut: Reyne Anim. ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd

edit. ii. p. 278, and 3rd edit. i. p. 583 ; Parn. Weni. Mem. vii. p. 355,

or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 195 ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 186.
mustela, Nilss. P-odr. p. 49, and Skand. Faun. iv. p. 689 ; Jen.

Man. p. 450.
Enchelyopus nmstela, Gronov. St/st. ed. Gray, p. 101.
Molvelia borealis, Kaiqy, Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 90.

D. 49-51. A. 41. V. 7. Pylor. app. 8. Vert. 15/32.

Snout obtuse, broad, rather depressed, with five barbels : two at
the nostrils, two at the upper lip and one at the lower. All the teeth
viUiform, of equal size.

Coasts of Eiu'ope and Iceland.

a-h. Ten inches long : skins. Frith of Forth. From Dr. PameU's
Collection.

c. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

d, e, f, (/, h-i. Adult and young. Brighton.

I. Adult : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H.F.Spence,Il.N.

1, m-u. Adult. South Wales.

0. Yoimg. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

2}-r. Half-grown. South Devonshire. Mus. Leach.

s. Adult : stuffed. EngUsh coast.

t. Fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. E,. T. Lowe.

M, V, w, a\ Adult and half-grown.

y. ildult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

z. Adult : skeleton.

2. Motella tricirrata.
Three-bearded Rockling.
Mustela \'ulgaris. Rondel, ix. c. 15. p. 281 ; Gesner, p. 89 ; Aldrov. iii.

c. 8. p. 290 ; Jonston, i. tit. 1. cap. 1. art. 2. tab. 1. ng. 4 ; WiUughby,

p. 121. tab. H.4. fig. 4.
Galea venetorum, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 1.30 ; Gesner, p. 90.
Mustela marina, Ra>/, Si/n. p. 104. fig. 9.
Sorghf, Wilhu/hhy, tab.'H. 2. fig. 1.
Three-brarded Cod, Penn. Brit. Zool iii. p. 176. pi. 33, and edit. 1812,

iii. p. 267. pi. 36.
Gadus tricirratus, Bl. taf. 165 ; Donoo. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 2 ; Tnrt.

Brit. Faun. p. 92 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 193.
Enchelyopus mediterraneus, Bl. Schn. p. 52.

Gadus jubatus. Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 202; Rathhe, Faun. d. Krgni, p. 3.33.
Motella vulgaris, CVr. Reqne Anim. ; Yarr. Brit. Zool. 2iid edit. ii.

p. 270, and 3rd edit. i. p. 575; Thomps. Nat. HiM. Irel. iv. p. 186.
Gadus mustella et G. fuscu^, Risso, Ichth. Nice, pp. 120, 121.
Ones mustella et 0. fusca, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. pp. 215, 210.
Motella tricirrata, Nilss. Prodr. p. 48, and Skand. Faun. iv. p. 586 ;

Jen. Man. p. 449 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Riiss. Merid. iii. p. 531,

Poiss. pi. 26. fig. 1.

D. 54-60. A. 50. V. 5. Vert. 16/33.
Snout obtuse, broad, rather depressed, with three barbels : one at

366 GADID.E.

each of the anterior nostrils, the third at the chin. Teeth villiform
and of equal size in the upper jaw. Generally a series of white dots
along the lateral line.
Coasts of Europe.

a. Half-grown : skin. Great Britain. From Mr.YarreU's Collection.

b. Half-grown. Great Britain. From the Haslar Collection.
c-d. Young. South Devonshii-e. Mus. Leach.

e-f. Young. Falmouth. Purchased.

g. Thii'teen inches long. Falmouth. Purchased.

h-i. Young. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

1c, Adult : stuifed. Polperro.

I. Young. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

m. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.

n. Adult. Trebizond. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

0, p. Adult and half-grown.

q. Sixteen inches long : stuffed.

r. Adiilt: skeleton. British.

Reinhardt disting-uishes another species from this, M. ensis (Dansk.
Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii. 1838, p. 128), with the first dorsal ray
as long as the head. — Greenland.

3. Motella maculata.

Ones maculata, Hisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 216.

Motella \11lgari9, Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 354, or Fishes Frith of

Forth, T^. 194:. _
? Motella capensis, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 90.

D. 56-62. A. 50. V. 5. Vert. 15/33.

Very similar to M. tridrrata. Snout obtuse, broad, rather de-
pressed, with three barbels : one at each of the anterior nostrils,
the third at the chin. Teeth of the upper jaw in a band ; stronger
teeth in the outer series. Brown : sometimes head, body, and dorsal
fin with numerous roundish, small, whitish spots. Large indi-
viduals generally with a row of brown spots along the base of the
dorsal fin.

Coasts of Europe.

a-b. Eighteen inches long : skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's

Collection.
c-d. Adult : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,

E.N.
e. Adult : skin. Great Britain. From Mr.YarreU's Collection.
/'. Adidt : stuffed. English coast.

g. Adult : stuffed. Devonshire. Presented by "W". Cocks, Esq.
h-i. Half-grown. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D.
k, I. Half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by G. Hough, Esq.
m, n-o, p-q. Fine adult, half-gro\\Ti, and young specimens. Madeira.
r. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
s, t. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
u. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

1 i). EANICEPS. 367

4. Motella cimbria.

Four-bearded Roekliug.

Gadus cimbrius, Z. <S'(/*/- ^^"i- i- P- 440 ; Lacep. ii. p. 442 ; Straussen-

felt, Vet. Almd. Ha'ndl. 1773, p. 22. tab. 2.
Enchelyopus cimbricus, Bl. Schn. p. 50. tab. 9.

Motella cimbrica, Nilss. Prodr. p. 48, and Skand. Faun. iv. p. 587 ;
Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii. p. 274, and 3rd edit. i. p. 579 ; Parti.
Wern. 3fe>n. vii. p. 449. pi. 44.

D. 50. A. 43-45. V. 5.

Snout obtuse, much longer than the eye, scarcely depressed, with
the upper jaw prominent, and with four barbels : one at each of the
anterior nostrils (which are the longest), a thii-d in the middle of
the snout, and a fourth at the chin. All the teeth \-illiform, of equal
size. The first ray of the anterior dorsal prolonged, filiform. Dorsal
and anal with a black blotch posteriorly.

Coasts of northern Eurojje.

(I. Fine specimen. England. Presented by Dr. Melville.
b-c. Twelve inches long : skins. Fi-ith of Forth.
(7. Fourteen inches long : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
e. Adult. Bahusliin. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

5. Motella pacifica.

Schleg. Faun. Japan. Pviss. p. 249.

D. 45. A. 38. V. 5.

Snout obtuse, subcorneal, longer than the eye, with three barbels :
one on each side at the nostrils and one at the chin. Teeth in a
band, with an outer series of sti'onger ones. Dorsal and anal black
posteriorly.

Japan.

19. RANICEPS.

Raniceps, Cin: Rkgne Anim.

Head large, broad and depressed ; body of moderate length, covered
with minute scales. A separate caudal. Two dorsal fins, the ante-
rior of which is very short, rudimentary. One anal fin. Yentrals
composed of six rays. Card-like teeth in the jaws and on the vomer,
intermixed with stronger ones in the former. Branchiostegals seven ;
Ijyloric appendages none.

Coasts of northern Europe.

1. Raniceps trifarcus.

Barbus minor, Ray, Syn. p. 104. finf. 8 ; Couch, Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 75.
Blennius raninus, L. Si/st. Nat. 10th edit. p. 258.
Trifiurcated Hake, Pen'n. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 172. pi. 32.
Trifurcated Tadpole-fish, Pvun. Brit. Z,m,\. edit. 1812, iii. p. 272. pi. 38.
Least Hake, Penn. Brit. 7moI iii. p. 171, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 261.
Blennius raninus et t'uscu.'^, Mtill. Prodr. p. 43.

Gadus raninus, Midi. Zool. Ban. tab. 45 ; Briinn. Dansh. Vid. Sehk.
Sh: xii. p. 291.

368 GADIBiE.

Gadus fuliginosus, Walb. in Schrift. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freund. Berl.

V. 1784, p. 107.

trifurcus, Walb. Art. iii. p. 139.

minimus, WaJb. Art. iii. p. 143.

Phycis fusca, Bl. Schn. p. 57.

Blennius raii, Bl. Schn. p. 171.

Batrachoides blennioides, Lacep. ii. pp. 451, 456.

Blennius tridactjdus, Lacep. ii. p. 484.

Raniceps trifurcatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 194 ; Jen. Mati. p. 453 ; Yarr.

Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii. p. 292, and 3rd edit. i. p. 598 ; Parn. Wern.

Mem. vii. p. 359. tab. 36, or Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 199. pi. 36 ;

TJiomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 188.

jago, Flem. Brit. An. p. 194.

niger, Niks. Prodr. p. 50, and Skand. Faun. Fish. p. 594 ; Fries

Sf Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 92. pi. 21.
Batrachocephalus blennioides, Holb. Goth. Vet. Seellsk. n. Handl. iii.

p. 39. c. fig.
Raniceps fuscus. White, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 96.
D. 3 I 66. A. 60. V. 6.
Lower jaw shortest, with a short barbel. Dark-brown.
Coasts of northern Europe.

a. Adult : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut.F.F.Spence,R.N.

b. Adult. Berwick. Presented by Dr. G. Johnston.

c. Adult. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

d. Adult : stiiffed. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

e. Half-grown. Frith of Forth. From the Collection of the Zoo-

logical Society.
/. Young : skin. Frith of Forth.
fj. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state.
h, I. Fine specimens. Bahuslan. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

20. BREGMACEROS.

Bregmaceros, Thomps. in Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, iv. p. 184.
Calloptilum, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fish. p. 94.

Body fusiform, compressed posteriorly, covered with cycloid scales
of moderate size. Two dorsal fins : the anterior reduced to a single
long ray on the occiput; the second and the anal much depressed in
the middle, nearly divided into two : ventrals very long, composed of
five rays, the outer of which are very elongate. Minute moveable
teeth round the margin of the mouth and on the vomer, none on the
palatines. No air-bladder; no pyloric appendages. Gill-openings very
wide, the giU-membranes being united below the throat, not attached
to the isthmus. Pseudobranchije none ; seven branchiostegals.

China Seas and Philippines.

1. Bregmaceros macclellandii.

Bregmaceros McClellandii, TJiomps. I. c. (fig. bad).
Calloptilum mirmn, Richards. I. c. p. 95. pi. 46. figs. 4-7.

B. 7. D. 1 I lG + X-l-15. A. 22-I-X + 20. V. 5-6. L. lat. 64.
L. transv. 14.
The occipital dorsal ray is very slender, longer than the head ; the

21. BROSMIFS. 369

dorsal and anal fins can bo laid backwards in a groove, formed by the
scales along the base of those fins. The anterior portion of the second
dorsal and of the anal are elevated, and connected with the posterior
lower portion by a series of very short and extremely feeble rays.
The vent is situated at the end of the anterior third of the total
length. The three outer ventral fins are dilated, compressed, simple
and much elongate, extending to, or nearly to, the middle of the anal
fin ; the second and third are sometimes united at the base. Silvery,
minutely dotted with brown.

Coasts of China. Philippine Islands. Mouth of the Ganges.

a. China Sea. Presented by Yice-Admii-al Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

b, e, d. From the Haslar Collection.

21. BROSMIUS.
Brosmius, Ciiv. R^gne Anim.
Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales. A sepa-
rate caudal, one dorsal and one anal ; ventrals narrow, composed of
five rays. Teeth in the upper jaw in a narrow band ; vomerine and
palatine teeth. Branchiostegals seven. A barbel.

Polar regions ; extending to the northern coasts of Europe and of
the United States.

1. Brosmius brosme.

Brosme, Strom, Sotidm. i. p. 272 ; Pontopp. Norg. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 207.
Torsk, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 178. tab. 34, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 269.

tab. 37 ; Low, Faun. Ore. p. 200.
Ascan. ii. p. 7. tab. 17.

Gadus brosme, J/w//. Prodr.Zool. Dan. p. 41 ; Fahr.Faun. Grocnl. p. 149 ;
L. Gm. i. p. 1175; Bl. Schn. p. 9 ; Lacep. ii. p. 450 : Donov. Brit. Fish.
iii. pi. 70 ; Turton, Brit. Faiin. p. 92 ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 84.

lubb, Euphras. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1794, p. 223. tab. 8.

Enchelyopus lub et E. brosme, Bl. Schn. p. 51.
Blemiius torsk, Laeep. ii. p. 508.

Brosmius vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 194; Jen. Man. p. 452; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. ed. 2. ii. p. 285, and ed. 3. i. p. 591 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii.

p. 357, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 197 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 597.

? Brosmius vulgaris, Sto'rer, Fish. 3Iassach, p. 136*; Dekay,New York

Faun. Fish. p. 289. pi. 44. fig. 143.

D. 90. A. 75. V. 5.
Barbel nearly as long as the eye. The dorsal fin commences above
the root of the pectoral. Vomerine and palatine teeth intermixed
with larger ones. The upper jaw is the longest.

Coasts of the north of Europe and America, extending into the
polar regions.
a. Fine specimen. North coast of Norway. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

2. Brosmius flavescens.
Lesueur, M&ni. Mus. v. 1819, p. 158.
A pair of barbels at the chin. The lower jaw is the longest.
Banks of Newfoundland.

» "The dorsal fin commences at a distance back of tlio pectorals, equal to about
half the length of the head."

VOL. IV. 2 B

370 OPHIDIID^.

Fam.4. OPHIDIIDiE.

Gadoidei, pt., et Malacopterygii apodes, pt., Curier.
Ophidini et Animodytidae, Mdller, Owen,

Body more or less elongate, naked or scaly. Vertical fins generally
united into one ; no separate anterior dorsal or anal ; dorsal occupying
the greater portion of the back. Ventral fins rudimentary (reduced
to a filament) or absent, jugular (except in BrotuJophis). Gill-open-
ings wide, the giU-membranes not attached to the isthmus. Pyloric
appendages none, or in small number.

Inhabitants of the seas of nearly all regions.

Synopsis of the Groiips and Genera.
First Group : Brotulina.
Ventral fins present, attached to the humeral arch.

Snout with barbels ; eye of moderate size 1. Brotula, j5. 371.

Eye none, or quite rudimentary 2. Lucifuoa, p. 372.

Barbel none ; lateral line continuous, simple ;

canine teeth none 3. Sibembo, p. 373.

Body naked ; a pair of canine teeth superiorly

and inferiorly 4. Xiphogadus, p. 374.

Caudal free 5. Dinematichthts, p. 374.

Barbel none; lateral line interrupted 6. Bytiiites, p. 375.

Barbel none ; lateral line double along a por-
tion of the tail 7. Pteridium, p. 375.

{Appendix.) — Ventrals opposite the pectoral ;
vomerine teeth none 8. Beotulophis, p. 376.

Second Ch^oup : Ophidiiua.

Ventral fins replaced by a pair of bifid filaments (barbels) inserted
below the glossohyal.

Palatine teeth small 9. Ophidium, p. 376.

All outer series of strong teeth in the jaws and

on the palatine bones 10. Genypterus, p. 379.

Tldrd Group: Fierasferina.
No ventral fins whatever ; vent at the throat.

Pectoral fins present 11. Fierasfer, p. 381.

Pectoral fins none 12. Encheliophis, p. 384.

Fourth Group : Ammodytina.

No ventral fins whatever ; vent remote from the head ; gill-open-
ings very wide, the gUl- membranes not being united.

Skin with longitudinal folds 13. Ammodytes, p. 384.

Scales of moderate size 14. Bleekeria, p. 387.

1. BROTULA. 371

Fifth Group : Congrogadina.

No ventral fins whatever ; vent remote from the head ; gill-open-
ings of moderate width, the gill-membranes being united below the
throat, not attached to the isthmus.

Vertical fins united 15. Co.vgrooadus, p. 388.

Caudal free 16. Haliophis, p. 389.

First Group. BROTULINA.

Ventral fins present, attached to the humeral arch.

1. BROTULA.

Brotula, Cuv. R^gne Anim.

Body elongate, covered with minute scales. Eye of moderate
size. Vertical fins united ; each ventral reduced to a single filament,
sometimes bifid at its extremity. Bands of villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Snout with barbels.
Eight branchiostegals ; air-bladder large, with two horns posteriorly.
One pyloric appendage.

Caribbean vSea. Indian Ocean.

1. BrottQa barbata.

Parra, p. 70. lam. 31. fig. 2 (Brotula).
Gadus, sp., Hernn. Comment. Tabid. Affin. p. 337.
Enchelyopus barbatus, BI. Schn. p. 52.

Brotula barbata, Cuv. Rvqne Anim. ; Poey,Mem. Cub. ii. p. 102. lam. 9.
fig. 2.

B. 8. D. 123. A. 93. V. 1. Ca;c. pylor. 1. Vert. 16/39.

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which
is two-ninths of the total (Avithout caudal). Upper jaw longest, the
upper and the lower with three barbels on each side. Ventral half
a.s long as the head ; the dorsal commences behind the vertical from
the root of the pectoral. Fins enveloped in thick skin.

Caribbean Sea.

2. Brotula multibarbata.

Schleff. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 251. pi. 111. fig. 2.

B. 8. D., C. & A. 186. Ca?c. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is contained four times or four times and
a half, the length of the head five times in the total length. The
width of the interorbital space is three-quarters of the diameter of
the eye, which equals the length of the snout. Upper jaw the longer ;
the maxillary extends to below the posterior margin of the eye ; both
jaws with three barbels on each side. Opercle terminating in a spine.
The length of the ventral is two-thirds of that of the head ; each

2b2

372 opHrDiiD.T.

ventral filament composed of two rays, enyelopcd in one common
membrane. The dorsal commences above the axil of the pectoral.
Brownish.

Japan, Celebes, Amboyna, Booroo.

? a. Young. East Indian Archipelago. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

3. Brotula ensifonnis.
B. 8. D. 127. A. 103.

The height of the body is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total
length, the length of the head one-sixth or somewhat more than one-
sixth. The width of the interorbital space is less than the horizontal
diameter of the orbit. Snout longer than the eye, with twelve barbels.
The lower jaw is received within the upper, the maxillary extending
to below the posterior margin of the orbit. Teeth viUiform, of equal
size : in a broad band anteriorly in the upper jaw and on the palatine
bones, in a narrow band on the side of the upper jaw, in the lower, and
on the vomer; the vomerine band is bent at an acute angle. Oper-
culum terminating in a small spine. The dorsal fin commences above
the middle of the pectoral, and the distance of the vent from the head
is more than the length of the latter. Pectoral rounded, one-haK of
the length of the head. Ventral filaments inserted at the humeral
symphysis, not bifid at the extremity, two-thirds of the length of the
head. Scales small, but very distinct ; lateral line inconspicuous.
Brown ; vertical fins with darker margins.

Aneiteum.

a-b. Fifteen inches long : stuifed. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.

4. Brotula burbonensis.
Kaup in Wiegni, Arch. 1858, p. 92.

Upper jaw with six barbels, the lower with four. The dorsal fin
commences behind the end of the pectoral. Head compressed, with
narrow forehead, and with the eye situated high up the sides. The
length of the head is contained five times and a half in the total
(without head and caudal). {Kmip.)

Bourbon.

From a skin in the Paris Museum.

2. LUCIFUGA.

Lucifuga, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 95.

Body moderately elongate, covered with minute scales. Eye ab-
sent, or quite rudimentaiy and covered by skin. Vertical fins united ;
ventral reduced to a simple short and thin filament. Teeth in the
jaws and on the vomer, sometimes on the palatines. Head without
barbels, biit with numerous minute ciUa or tubercles. Two nostrils
on each side. Eight or seven branchiostegals ; the giU-opening ex-

3. SIEEMBO. 373

tends forwards nearly to the sjTuphysis of the lower jaw ; giUs four,
pseiidobranchia) none ; air-bladder rounded posteriorly, fixed to the
base of the skull. ]*yloric ajjpendages none. Male with an anal papilla.
Inhabitants of subterranean fresh waters in Cuba.

1. Lucifaga subterraneus.

Poey, I. c. p. 9G. lam. 11. fig. 1 (head), laiu. 10. figs. 1-4 & G-8, and
lam. 11. figs. 2-5 & 18 (anatomy).

B. 7-8. D. 70. A. 70. Vert. 11/36.
Nape of the neck scarcely elevated, and generally scaly ; cleft of the
mouth wide. Teeth in the jaws villiform ; none on the palatine bones.
Cuba.

2, Lucifuga dentatus.

Poey, I. c. p. 102. lam. 9. fig. 1 ; lam. 10. figs. 5, 6 & 9; lam. 11. figs. 6-8,
15 & 17 (anatomy).

B. 7. D. 90. A. 70. Vert. 11/37.

Nape of the neck elevated and naked ; the length of the head is
two-sevenths of the total ; cleft of the mouth wide. A series of
strong teeth on the palatines and along the edge of the mandible.

Cuba.

3. SIBEMBO.

Sirembo, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii. Japan, iv. p. 22.
Brotella, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 92.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral line simple,
more or less indistinct. Eye of moderate size. Vertical fins united ;
each ventral reduced to a single filament, both close together, but
each with a distinct base, inserted at the foremost part of the hu-
meral symphysis. Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer and the palatines. Upper jaw overlapping the lower. Snout
without barbels. Eight branchiostegals ; pseudobranchise and air-
bladder present. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.

Japanese Seas.

1 . Sirembo imberbis.

]3rotula imberbis, Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 253. pi. 111. fig. 3.
Sirembo imberbis, Bleck. I. c. p. 24.
Brotella imberbis, Kaup, I. c.

D. 95. A. 75. Caec. pylor. 12.

Operculum with a strong spine posteriorly. Ventral inserted in
the vertical from the extremity of the maxillary, or a little in ad-
vance of the posterior margin of the orbit. The dorsal commences
behind the root of the pectoral. The distance of the vent from the
head is a little more than the length of the latter. Vertical fins
edged with blackish.

Japan.

a. Japan.

374 OPHIDIID^.

2. Sirembo armatus.

Brotula arinata, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 255.
Brotella armata, Kaup, I. c.

D., A. & C. 175.

Operculum with one, praeoperculum with three spines. The dorsal
fin commences above the posterior third of the pectoral.
Japan.

From a dried specimen 2 feet long.

4. XIPHOGADUS.

Body very long, low and compressed, naked. Eye of moderate
size. Vertical fins continuous, the dorsal commencing above the eye ;
each ventral reduced to a filament, inserted at the humeral arch.
Barbels none. Each jaw with a single series of teeth, and with a
pair of strong canine teeth.

East Indies.

1. Xiphogadus setifer.

Russell, i. pi. 39.

Xiphasia (!) setifer, Swaimoii.

B. 5. D. 223. A. 112. C. 10.

The length of the head is one-thirteenth of the total length, and
equals its distance from the vent. Two of the caudal rays terminate
in short filaments.

Leng-th of the single specimen observed 14 inches.

Vizagapatam.

5. DINEMATICHTHYS.

Diaematichthys, Sleeker, JBcitoe, p. 318.

Halias, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. p. 52.

Brosmophycis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861, p. 168.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales. Eye smaU. One
dorsal and anal, not continuous with the caudal ; each ventral
reduced to a single filament, both close together, and inserted at the
throat, but behind the isthmus. Bands of teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer and on the palatine bones. Upper jaw scarcely longer than
the lower ; barbels none. Six branchiostegals ; gUl-opening very
wide ; pseudobranchiae none. A prominent anal papiUa with a pair
of homy claspers (in D. iluocoeteoules).

East Indian Archipelago. Coasts of California.

1. Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides.

Sleeker, I. c. p. 318.

D. 83. A. 69. C. 14.
The height of the body equals the length of the head and of the
ventrals, and is two-ninths of the total ; snout obtuse, longer than the
eye ; nostrils close to the eye. Palatine teeth in a long stripe.

7. PTERIDItTM. 375

Operculum with a spine posteriorly. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal
commences above the middle of the pectoral. YeUowish-green ; a
violet cross-band behind the eyes.
Batoe, Mas, Goram.

a. Young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
2. Dinematichthys margiuatus.

Brosmiiis marginatus, Ayres, I. c. i. p. 13.
Halias marginatus, Ayres, I. c. ii. p. 52.

The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
two-ninths of the total. Upper jaw overlapping the lower ; palatine
bones with teeth anteriorly only. Operculum terminating in a short,
sharp spine. Head naked ; snout longer than the eye, its length
being nearly equal to the Avidth of the interorbital space. Fins en-
veloped in a thick membrane ; the dorsal arises over about the middle
of the pectorals. Brown.

San Francisco.

6. BYTHITES.

Bythites, Retnh. hi Damk. Vidensk. Selsk. AfJiandl. vii. 1838, p. 178.

Body elongate, covered with minute scales ; lateral line interrupted.
Eye of moderate size. Vertical fins united ; ventral reduced to a
single simple filament*, inserted at the humeral symphysis. Bands
of teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Jaws of
equal length. Barbel none. Eight branchiostegals ; gill-membranes
united, not attached to the isthmus ; air-bladder large, rounded pos-
teriorly. Two pyloric appendages. A thick, conical, horizontal
papiUa behind the vent (in the male).

Greenland.

1. Bythites fuscus.

Reinhardt, I. c. p. 179. tab. 7 & 8.
The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which
is nearly one-fourth of the total ; head large, thick, ■with the snout
obtuse ; cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary extending behind the
eye. Head with minute cirri. Vertical fins enveloped in thick skin ;
ventrals two-thii'ds as long as the head. Uniform dark-brown.

Known from a single specimen more than 3 inches long, and fully
described by Prof. Reinhardt.

7. PTERIDIUM.

Oligopus, Huiso, Ichth. Nice, p. 141 (not Lac6p.).

Pteriuiuni, Scopoli.
Body elongate, covered with rather small scales ; lateral line
double along a portion of the tail. Eye of moderate size. Vertical
fins imited ; each ventral reduced to a single short filament, composed

* It is formed by two rays, which are united by a common membrane.

376 OPHIDIID^.

of two rays, and inserted in front of the pectoral. Jaws with a band
of minute, and Avith an outer series of strong pointed teeth ; a small
patch of teeth on the vomer. Jaws equal anteriorly? Barbel none.
Eight branchiostegals. Gill-apparatus ? An air-bladder. Pyloric
appendages two.
Mediterranean.

1. Pteridium atntm.

Oligopus ater, Eisso, I c. p. 142. pi. 11. fig. 41.

uiger, Sisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 338.

Gadopsis ater, Filippi in Sieb. Sf Kolliker, Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. 1855,

p. 170 (air-bladder).
Pteridium atruni, Filippi ^ Verany, Sopra alami Pesci nota, in 3Iem.

Accad. Sc. Toriii. 2 ser. xviii. sep. cop. p. 11. fig. 6 (air-bladder).

D. 64. C. 14. A. 44. (Bisso.)
Dark brown.
Mediterranean.

Appendix.

8. BROTULOPHIS.
Brotulophis, Kaitp in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 93.
Tail tapering. Vertical fins united ; ventral fins reduced to single
filaments, opposite the pectoral. Teeth small, pointed, of unequal size ;
none on the vomer.
Island of Soolo.

1. Brotulophis argentistriatus.
Kaiip, I. c.
The length of the head is one-sixth of the total, and rather more
than twice the length of the pectoral. The distance of the vent from
the mandible is twice the length of the head. Black, with a silvery
band from the eye to the end of the tail. Lower parts sUvery ; axU
of the pectoral black.

The typical specimen is 108""' long.

Second Group. OPHIDIINA.

Ventral fins replaced by a pair of bifid filaments (barbels) inserted
below the glossohyal.

9. OPHIDIUM*.

Ophidium, pt., AHedi, Gen. p. 19.
Opbidium, Cuv. Begne Anim.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with very small scales. Eye

* 1. Ophidium tajlori, G-irard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Expcd. Fishes, p. 138.—
Monterey, California.

2. Joseplii, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phiktd. 1858, p. 170. — St.

Josepli's Island, Texas,
a. graellsi, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 425.— Cuba.

9. oPHiDiuM. 377

of moderate size. Dorsal, caudal, and anal iins continuous, low ;
ventral fins replaced by a pair of bifid filaments (barbels), inserted
below the glossoliyal. Teeth in the jaws, forming bands, generally
small ; those on the vomer and the palatine bones small. Lower
jaw received within the upper. Vent situated at some distance
behind the pectoral. Seven branchiostegals; gill-openings very wide ;
gills four, a slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchiae and air-bladder
present. No pyloric appendages.
Mediterranean. Atlantic.

1. Ophidium barbatum.

Ophidium, Plin. iii. cap. 9 & 11 ; Romlel. xiv. c. 2. p. 397 ; Gesner,

pp. 91, 104 ; Ahlrov. iii. c. 26. p. 353.
Grilliis, Bellon. De Aquat. pp. 132, 133 ; Gesner, p. 92.
Ophidion, no. 1, Artedi, Syn. p. 42.
Ophidium barbatuiu, pt., L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 431; Brouss. Phil. Trans.

1781, p. 436. tab. 23 ; Briinn. Ichth. Mass. p. 15 ; Bl. taf. 159. fig. 1 ;

Bl. Schn. p. 484 ; Lacep. ii. p. 279 ; Delaroche, Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 275 ;

Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 88 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Misso, Ichth. Nice,

p. 96, and Eur.Merid. iii. p.211; Jen. Man. p. 481; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

2nd edit. ii. p. 415, and 3rd edit. i. p. 76.
Enclielyopus, no. 4, Klein, Pise. Mi.'is. iv. p. 52.
Opbidimn barbatum, 3Iiill. Ahhandl. Berl. Acad. 1843, p. 150. taf. 4.

fig. 1 (au'-bladder).

D. ca 140. A. ca 120.

The outer pair of the barbels is considerably longer than the inner,
and shorter than the head. The depth of the head is contained once
and two-thirds in its length. The lower branch of the outer branchial
arch vnth. five or six giU-rakers, nearly half as long as the diameter
of the eye. The end of the ethmoid is cur\-ed, hook-like. Head
entirely naked. Vertical fins edged with black.

There are two small bones joined to the first vertebra, directed
downwards ; they are connected by a thin transverse filament with a
large creseentic bone, fitting into the anterior end of the air-bladder,
and situated between a pair of thick processes of the fourth vertebra.
Muscles attached to the anterior bones and to the creseentic bone
draw them forwards. {MiiU.)

Mediterranean.

2. Ophidium broussonetii.

Ophidium barbatum, pt., Bronss. Phil. Trans. 1781, p. 436.

broussonetii, 3Iull. Abhandl. Berl. Acad. 1843, p. 150. taf. 4. fig. 3

(air-bladder).

D. ca 140. A. ca. 120.

Very similar to 0. barbatum, but with only four gill-rakers on the
lower branch of the outer branchial arch, and with a different struc-
ture of the air-bladder. No hook-Uke prominence at the ethmoid.

Air-bladder ovate, without a contracted part. There is no sepa-
rate bono fitting into tiic anterior portion of the air-bladder. The

378 OPHIDIIDJE.

muscles are fixed to the air-bladder itself. Processes of the first and
fourth vertebrae small, not swollen.

Mediterranean.
a. Adult. Padstow, Cornwall. Museum Leach.

3. Ophidium rochii.

Ophidion, Wilhighby, p. 113.
, Ophidium barbatum, pt., DelarocJie, Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 275,
Ophidium barbatum, Rathke in 3Iiill. Arch. 1838, p. 423.
rochii, 3Iull. Abhandl. Bed. Acad. 1843, p. 150. taf. 4. fig. 2 (air-
bladder).

D. ca 140. A. ca 120.
Very similar to 0. broussonetii, but with a different structure of
the air-bladder.

Processes of the first and fourth vertebrae very thin ; the single
bone at the anterior extremity of the air-bladder is cuneiform. Air-
bladder contracted anteriorly and posteriorly, and with a round fora-
men behind, closed by thin mucous membrane only. {Mull.)
Mediterranean.

Whether Ophidium barbatum, Mitch. Lit. & PhU. Trans. New York,
i. p. 362. pi. 1. fig. 2, or Ophidium marginatum, Dekay, New York
Faun. Fish. p. 315. pi. 52. fig. 169, is a species different from the
European we cannot say, the single specimen in the British Museum
not having either intestines or gUls. Externally it is nearly identical
with 0. barbatum.
a. Adult : bad state. New York.

4. Ophidium vasalli.

Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 97. pi. 5. fig. 12, and £tir. Merid. iii. p. 212 ; Ciiv.
Regne Anim. ; Midi. Abhandl. Berl. Acad. 1843, p. 152. taf. 4. fig. 5
(air-bladder) ; Costa, Faun. Napol. pi. 20.
D. ca 130. A. ca 110.
The four barbels are nearly equal in length, as long as the head,
and extending to the base of the pectoral. The depth of the head is
contained once and two-thirds in its length. Teeth villiform. The
lower branch of the outer branchial arch with four giU-rakers, the
longest of which is longer than one-half of the diameter of the eye.
Ethmoid without prominent spine. Operculum covered with rudi-
mentary scales. Vertical fins without black edge.

Air-bladder globular, with a round foramen posteriorly ; no single
bone in front of its anterior extremity.

Mediterranean.
a, b, c. Adult.

5. Ophidium brasiliense.

Valenciennes, in Kaup, Apiod. Fish. p. 154.
Earbels short, not reaching to the chest ; no spine on the snout.
Teeth rather stout. The dorsal fin only is edged with black. (Kaup.)
Brazils.

10. GENYPTERUS, 379

6. Ophidium brevibarbe.

Cui: Regne Anim. ; Cur. Reync Anim. III. Poiss. p. .32G; MiiU.Ahhandl.
Berl. Acad. 184:3, p. 153. pi. 4. fig. 4 (air-bladder); Kaup, Catal.
Apod. Fish. p. 154 pi. IG. fig. 1 (head).

A short decurved spine on the point of the snout. Teeth strong ;
occiput and gill-cover scaly. Vertical fins edged with black. {Kaup.)

Air-bladder oblong-ovate, without contracted portion and mth-
out posterior foramen ; no single anterior bone, replaced by a carti-
lage. {Man.)

Brazils.

10. GENYPTERUS.

Xiphiurus *, Smith, III. Zool. South Africa.
Genypterus, Philippi in Wieffm. Arch. 1857, p. 268.
Hoplophycis, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 93.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with minute scales. Eye of
moderate size. Vertical fins continuous ; ventral fins replaced by a
pair of bifid filaments (barbels) inserted below the glossohyal.
Teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones : the outer
series in the jaws and the single series of the palatines contain
strong teeth. Lower jaw received within the upper. Vent situated
at some distance behind the pectoral. Seven or eight branchiostegals ;
giU-openings wide; giUs four, a sht behind the fourth; pseudo-
branchiae and air-bladder present. Pyloric appendages in small
number (six).

Coasts of South Africa. Temperate parts of the South Pacific.

1. Genypterus capensis.

Koning van Klipvisclien (Cape).

Ophidium blacodes, pt., Forst. JDeser. Anim. p. 115 {Bl. Schn. p. 485).
Xiphiurus capensis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Pise. c. tab.
Hoplophycis lalandii, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 93.

B. 7-8. D. 156. A. 117.

Barbels shorter than the head, bifid at their extremities. The
maxillary extends beyond the eye. Vent situated in, or before, the
middle of the length of the fish. Operculum terminating in a hori-
zontal spine.

Cape of Good Hope.

a-h. Thirty-nine inches long : stuffed. Cape. Presented by Sir A.

Smith. — Types of the species.
c-d. Half-grown and young : stirffed. Cape. Presented by Sir A.

Smith.

2. Genypterus blacodes.

Ophidium blacodes, pt. (from New Zoalnnd, and not from tiie Cape),

Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Lieht. p. 115 ; Bl. Schn. p. 484.
blacodes, Midi. Abhandl. Berl. Acad. 184^5, p. 153.

* Preoccupied.

380 OPHIDIID^.

Ophidium blancodes, Tschudi, Faun. Per. Ichih. p. 29.
maculatum, Tschudi, I. c. tab. 5 (barbels omitted.)

Barbels much shorter than the head, split close from the base, the
outer filament much longer than the inner. Reddish-olive, marbled
with darker ; vertical fins with dark-brown margins.

New Zealand. Coasts of Chile and Peru.

a. Sixty- two lines long. "Valparaiso. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.

The following descriiition is taken from the single specimen in the
British Museum, which is evidently very young : —

The head is twice as long as high, its length being contained four
times and two -thirds in the total ; it is compressed, and the width
of the interorbital space is less than that of the orbit. Snout obtusely
conical, a little longer than the diameter of the eye, which is contained
five times and a half in the length of the head. The cleft of the
mouth is slightly oblique, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower,
and with the maxillary extending to below the posterior margin of
the orbit. Each jaw is armed with an outer series of strong teeth,
within which there is another series of much smaller ones ; vomerine
teeth in a narrow band, smaller than those of the palatines, which
form a single series. The longer portion of the barbel is about half
as long as the head. The operculum terminates in a cutaneous flap,
enveloijing a very smaU spine.

The height of the body is three- fifths of the length of the head,
which is one-half of the distance of the vent from the extremity of
the snout. Tail compressed, tapering. The dorsal fin commences
above the middle of the pectoral, and is composed of very numerous
closely-set rays like the anal. The pectoral is rounded, inserted in
the lower haK of the depth of the body ; it is not quite half as long
as the head.

Scales minute ; the lateral line is scarcely visible, and disappears
entirely in the middle of the body.

Eeddish-olive, marbled mth darker ; head and trunk minutely
dotted with brown ; vertical fins edged with brown.

3. Genypterus chilensis.

Congrio.

Conger chilensis, Chiich. in Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 339.

Genypterus nigricans, Philippi, I. c. p. 269.

Barbels split close from the base. Black : sides and anal fins with
white spots.
Coasts of Chili.

Adopting the opinion of Philippi, I formerly arranged this fish
among the Blennoids (vol. ii. p. 294) ; but since I have discovered
its generic identity with Ophidium hlamdes, Forst., it is necessary to
remove it from that family. It is even possible that it is specifically
identical with the fish figured by Tschudi as Ophidium maculatum.

11. FIEHASFER. 381

Third Group. FIERASFERINA.

No ventral fins whatever ; vent at the throat.

11. FIERASFER*.

Fierasfer, Cuv. Rhpie Anim.
Echiodon, l^homjis. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 55.
Diaphasia, Loive, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 92.
Oxj-beles, Richurch. Voy. Ereb. S)- Terr. Fish. p. 74.

Body produced into a very long and tapering tail, naked. Eye of
moderate size. Vertical fins continuous, very low ; no ventrals, no
barbels. Cai'diform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
hones, sometimes with the addition of canines; the teeth on the
vomer form an oblong patch, and are generally stouter than the
others. Lower jaw received within the upper. Vent situated at
the throat. Seven branchiostegals ; gill-openings wide, the giU-
membranes united below, and not attached to the isthmus ; gills
four, a slit behind the foiu'th ; pseudobranchiae none ; air-bladder
present. No pyloric appendages.

Temperate seas of Enrope. East Indian Archipelago. Coasts of
Australia and New Zealand.

1. Fierasfer acus.

Fierasfer.

Gymnotus acus, Briinn. Ichth. Mass. p. 13; L. Gm. i. p. 1140; Bl.

Schti. p. 522.
Notopterus fontanesii, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 82. pi. 4. fig. 11.
Fierasfer imberbis, Cm: Rhqne Anim., and Mem. 3hm. i. p. 320 ; Miill.

Ahhandl. Berl. Acad. ISiS, p. 153. taf. 4. fig. 6 (air-bladder).
Ophidiuni fierasfer, Risso, Bur. Merid. iii. p. 212.
Fiera-sfer fontanesii, Costa, Fatai. Nap. tab. 20 bis.
acus, Katip, Apod. Fish. p. 157.

The length of the head is one-eighth of the total length. The
greatest width of the head is rather less than one-third of its length.
GUI-openings rather wide, the united gill-membranes lea\'ing the
greater portion of the isthmus uncovered. Teeth cardifonn ; only a
few on the side of the lower jaw and on the middle of the vomer are
a little larger than the rest. Dorsal fin low, but very distinct.
Head and body with brownish dots, which are sometimes arranged
in cross series.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

a. Adult. South Europe. Presented by R. B. Webb, Esq.

b. Half-grown.

2. Fierasfer aflanis.

Similar to F. acxs, but with a dift'crcnt dentition.
The length of the head is one-eighth of the total ; its greatest
width is rather less than one-thii'd of its length. Gill-openings

* 1. Fierasfer boraborensia, Kaup, Apod. Fish. p. IGC— Borabora.

382 opniDiiDJE.

rather wide, the united gill-membranes leaving the greater portion
of the isthmus uncovered. Teeth cardiform : a pair in front of the
upper jaw, a series on the side of the lower, and several others on
the vomer larger than the rest. Dorsal fin low, but very distinct.
The length of the pectoral nearly one-half of that of the head.
Hah. ?

a. Eight inches long. Old Collection.

3. Fierasfer homei.

Oxybeles homei, Richards, Voy. JEreb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 74, pi. 44.

tigs. 7-18.
brandesii, Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Chirac. Src.

p. 24, and Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 276. figs. 1-3 ; vii.

pp. 162, 495.
Fierasfer homei, Kaup, Apod. Fish. p. 158.

The length of the head is contained seven times and a half or eight
times in the total length ; its width is one -half of its length. Gill-
openings of moderate width, the united giU-membranes leaving one-
half of the isthmus uncovered. Vent a little in advance of the
vertical from the root of the pectoral. Teeth small, cardiform : two
larger ones anteriorly in the upper jaw and on the vomer ; an outer
series of stronger teeth along the side of the lower jaw. Dorsal fin
very low, but distinct. Yellowish, with some scattered darker dots
on the back.

Vertehrce 99.

Seas of Australia. East Indian Archipelago. Feejee Islands.
(Martinique ?) Entering the respiratory cavities of Star-fishes and
Holothurise.

a. Adult. Tasmania. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. — Type of

the species.
b-c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

4. Fierasfer neglectus.

Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 260.

The length of the head is one-tenth of the total, or two-fifths of
the distance of the snout from the origin of the dorsal fin. Teeth in
the jaws and on the palatines in a narrow band, those of the outer
series being stronger and curved ; vomer with three very long, com-
pressed, curved teeth. {Pet.)

Island of Ibo (Mozambique).

5. Fierasfer gracilis.

Oxybeles gracilis, Bleek. Banda, v. p. 105.

The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, which
is one-eleventh of the total ; the width of the head is one-third of

11. FIERASFEU. 383

its length. GiU-openings of moderate width, the united gill-mem-
branes leaving one-half of the isthmus uncovered. Vent a little in
advance of the vertical from the root of the pectoral. Teeth small,
of equal size, in a single series in the upper jaw, rather larger in the
lower, without canines. The vomerine teeth are the strongest. Dorsal
fin very low, but distinct. Yellowish ; blackish posteriorly.
Banda, Amboyna.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

This species may prove to be identical with the preceding, of
which we have not seen an example.

6. Fierasfer parvipinnis.
Kmtp, Apod. Fish. p. 160. pi. 16. fig. 2.

Head blvmt, flat above and swollen on the cheeks, its length being
one-ninth of the total. Dorsal fin very low, and scarcely perceptible ;
the length of the pectoral is one-fourth of that of the head. Teeth
subequal in length ; those on the vomer largest, conical. Yellowish,
with dark dots. {Kaup.)

New Ireland*.

7. Fierasfer caninus.

The length of the head is one-seventh of the total ; its width is
not quite one-third of its length. Gill-openings wide, the united
gill-membranes leaving the greater portion of the isthmus uncovered.
Vent below the root of the pectoral. The upper jaw with a pair of
canine teeth anteriorly ; the lower and the vomer with a series of
strong curved teeth. Dorsal fin very distinct ; the length of the
pectoral is rather less than one-half of that of the head.

Hah. ?

«. Four and a half inches long : not good state.

8. Fierasfer dentatus.

Fierasfer dentatus, Cur. Rbgne Anini. ; Kemp, Apod. Fish. p. 158.
Echiodon di-ummondii, Thomps. Proc. Zool. Sac. 1837, p. 55, and Traiw.

Zool. Soc. ii. p. 207. pi. 38 ; Yan: Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 417,

and 3rd edit. i. p. 82.

D. 180. C. 12. A. 180. Vert. 98.

The length of the head is contained nine times and a half in the
total ; its \vidth is two-sevenths of its length. Gill-openings wide,
the united gill-membranes leaving the greater portion of the isthmus
uncovered. Vent below the middle of the pectoral. Upper jaw
with two pairs of canine teeth anteriorly, the lower with one pair ;
the other teeth cardiform, nearly uniform in size. Dorsal fin well
developed. Head and body spotted ^vith brown.

Coast of Ireland.

* See nieffm. Arch. 18.56, p. 100.

384 oPHroiiD^.

9. Fierasfer lumbricoides.

Oxybeles lumbricoides, Bleek. Nattmrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind.\\i. 1854,
p. 163.

The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, which
is contained twenty-one times in the total (without a portion of the
tail, which has been lost in the single specimen known). {Bleek.)

Cerara.

12. ENCHELIOPHIS.

Encheliophis, 3Iull. AhhamU. Boi. Acad. 1843, p. 153.

Body compressed ; tail tapering to a long band. Vertical fins united,
low ; no pectorals, no ventrals. Gill-membranes united below the
throat, not attached to the isthmus. Vent situated immediately behind
the gill-opening. Branchiostegals six ; air-bladder with a muscular
apparatus for dilatation of its anterior part.

Philippines.

1. Encheliophis vermicularis.
Mail. I. c. p. 154. taf. 5. figs. 4 & 5.
Uniform blackish-brown. — Length 4 inches.
Philippines.

Fourth Group. AMMODYTINA.

No ventral fins whatever ; vent remote from the head ; gill-openings
very wide, the gill-membranes not being united.

13. AMMODYTES *.

Ammodytes, Artedi, Genera, p. 16.

Body elongate, low, subcylindrical, covered with veiy small scales.
Skin with longitudinal folds extending along the whole length of the
beUy. One long dorsal and anal, composed of feeble short rays which
can be received in a groove. Jaws without teeth ; the lower pro-
minent. GUI-opening very wide, the giU-membranes not united;
branchiostegals seven or eight ; gills four, a cleft behind the foui'th ;
pseudobranchiae composed of lamellae ; air-bladder none. Pyloric
appendage one.

Mediterranean. Temperate parts of the North Atlantic. Coast
of CaUfomia.

A. Vomer anteriorly with a tooth-like bicuspid prominence : Hypei-oplus, m.
1. Ammodytes lanceolatus.

The Greater Sand-Eel or Launce. DerSand-aal. Hvit-Tobis (Sweden).
Ammodytes, Jago in Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 165. tab. 2. fig. 12.

* 1. Ammodytes vittatus, Dekay, New York Fcmna, Fishes, p. 318. pi. 60.
fig. 197.— Coasts of New York.

13. AMMODYTES. 385

Enchelyopus, Klein. Pise. Mias. iv. p. 56. no. 7. tab. 12. fig. 10.
Ammodnes tobianus, pt., Bl. taf. 75. fig. 2 (?) ; Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 87.
? Aniinodytes hexapterus, Pall. Zoogr. Boss. -An. iii. p. 226.
Ammodytes lanceohitus, Lesauvaye, Bull. Sc. Nat. 1825, iv. p. 262

(according to Cuvier).
tobianus, (not L.) Ciiv. Begne Anim. ; Jen. Man. p. 482 ; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. •2nd edit. ii. p. 424, or 3rd edit. i. p. 89 ; Parn. Wern.

Mem. vii. p. 890, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 230.
? Ammodytes tobianus, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 653 (D. 52-53).

B. 7-8. D. 58-61. A. 30-33. Ctec. pyl. 1.

Skin with about 170 oblique, very distinct transverse folds. The
height of the body is less than the length of the mandibula, which
is contained twice and a foiu'th in the length of the head. Head one-
fifth of the total length. The dorsal fin commences above, or some-
what behind, the extremity of the pectoral, and its upper margin is
even. Intermaxillary not protractile ; vomer with a bicuspid tooth-
like prominence.

British coasts. German Ocean.
a-b. Sixteen inches long.

c. Adult : skin. From Mr. TarreU's Collection.
iJ. Half-grown. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
e-g. Young. Wales. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

B. Vomer not armed : Ammodytes.

2. Ammodytes tobianus.

The Lesser Sand-Eel or Launce. Der Sand-aal. Bla-Tobis or Sand-^1

(Sweden).
Sandilz, Salv. fol. 70 : Aldrov. ii. c. 49. pp. 252, 254 ; Jonston, i. tit. 3.

cap. 3. art. 1. tab. 21. fig. 1.
Tobianus, Schonev. p. 76.
Ammocffitus s. Ammodytes, Gesner, p. 39 ; WiUuyhby, p. 113 ; Bay,

p. 38.
Ammodytes, Artedi, Synon. p. 29 ; Gen. p. 16 ; iSpec. p. 55 (very good

description) ; Gronov. Zouphyl. no. 404.
Anmiodytes tobianus, L. Sysi. i. p. 430; Bl. taf. 75. fig. 2 (?); Bl.

Schn. p. 493 ; Donov. Brit. Fish. ii. pi. 33 ; Lesautage, Bull. Sc. Nat.

1825, IV. p. 262 ; Swains. Zool. III. 2nd ser. i. pi. 63 ; Flem. Brit.

An. p. 201 ; Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 159.
Enchelyopus, Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. iv. p. 55. no. 6. tab. 12. figs. 8, 9.
Sand-Launce, I'enn. Brit. Zool. iii. pi. 25 (not p. 137, and edit. 1812,

iii. p. 206. pi. 28).
Ammodytes alliciens, Lacep. ii. p. 274.
lancea, Cuv. Begne Anim. ; Jen. Man. p. 483 ; Yarr. Brit. Fi.sh.

2nd edit. ii. p. 429, and 8rd edit. i. p. 94 (fig. incorrect).
? Ammodytes lancea, Parn. Wern. Mem.Vn. p. 391, or Fish. Frith of

Forth, p. 94 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 656 *.

B. 7. D. 54-59. A. 27-30. Vert. 63. Csec. pyl. 1.
Skin with 120-130 oblique, very distinct transverse folds. The

* Parnell and Nilsson mention a bifurcated prominence on the vomer, whilst
none of the English specimens show a trace of such an armature. There is. per-
liaps, a fourtli European species.

VOL. IV. 2 c

386 OPHIDIIDiE.

height of the body is more than the length of the mandibiila, which
is two-fifths of that of the head. The length of the head is contained
five times and three-fonrths in the total. The dorsal fin commences
above the middle of the posterior third of the pectoral, and its upper
margin is even. Intermaxillary protractile ; vomer without any
armature.

British coasts. German Ocean.

a. Adult. Brighton. Presented by J. G. Children, Esq.

b. Adult. South Devon. Museum Leach.

c. Many yoimg and half-grown specimens. Wales. Presented by

Dr. J. E. Gray.

d. e. Fine specimens. Isle of Arran. Museum Leach.
/. Adult. England. Presented by Mr. Moore.

g, li, i-k. Adult.

1. Adult : skin. From Gronow's CJoUection.

3. Ammodjrtes siculus.

Swaimon, Zool. Illustr. 2nd ser. i. pi. 63. fig. 1.
D. 57-59. A. 29.

Skia without oblique folds; body naked anteriorly, with rudi-
mentary scales posteriorly on the taU. The height of the body equals
the length of the mandibula, which is two-fifths of that of the head.
The head is contained five times and one-third in the total length.
The dorsal fin commences above, or somewhat behind, the extremity
of the pectoral. The margins of the dorsal and anal are undulated.
Intermaxillary protractile ; vomer not armed.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult : bad state. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq. —

Type of the species.

b. Hall-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

c. Six and a half inches long.

4. Ammodytes amexicauus.

Ammodytes tobianus, Mitch. Lit. Sj Phil: Trans. Neio York, i. p. 363 ;

Storer, Fish. Massach. p. 159.
americaniis, Dekay, Neiv York Fauna, Fishes, p. 317. pi. 52.

fig. 167.

D. 54-60. A. 28-31.

Skin with 130 oblique, very distinct transverse folds. The height
of the body equals the length of the mandibula, wliich is contained
twice and a third in the length of the head ; the latter is one-fifth
of the total. The dorsal fin commences above the extremity of the
pectoral, and has the upper margin even. Intermaxillary protractile ;
vomer not anned.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

u. Five inches long. Presented by the Smithsonian Institution.

14. BLEEKEEIA. 387

5. Ammodytes personatus.
Girardin U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 139.
B. 7. D. 55. A. 25.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total, the diameter of
the eye one -fifth of the length of the head. Margin of the dorsal
even. Vomer not armed. {Gir.)

Cape Flattery, W. T.

6. Ammodjrtes dubius.

Ammodytes tobianus, Fahr. Faun. Granl. p. 140 (not i.).
? Ammodytes tobianus, Faher, Fische Isl. p. 63.
AmmodA-tes dubius, Reinh. Daiisk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii. 1838,
p. 132.

D. 64-67. A. 33-36.
Skin wath about 150 oblique, very distinct transverse folds. The
height of the body equals the length of the mandibida, which is
contained twice and a third in the length of the head ; the latter is
six times and a half in the total length. The dorsal fin commences
above the middle of the posteiior third of the pectoral, and its upper
margin is even. Intermaxillary protractile ; vomer not armed.
North America.

a. Adult. Boston. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq.

14. BLEEKERIA.

Body elongate, low, compressed, covered with scales of moderate
size. One lateral line ; skin without longitudinal folds. One long
dorsal ; anal of moderate length. Jaws and palate without teeth ;
lower jaw prominent. GUI-opening verj' vride, the gUl-membranes
not united ; branchiostegals six ; giUs four, a cleft behind the fourth ;
pseudobranchiEB composed of lamellae ; air-bladder none.

Madras.

1. Bleekeria kallolepis.
B. 6. D. 40. A. 15. L. lat. 100. L. transv. 3/14.

Back olive-coloured, sides silveiy,

Madras.
a. Fifty-five lines long. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

Description. — Head and body strongly compressed. The depth of
the body is less than one-half of the length of the head, which is
one-fifth of the total. Form of the head as in AmmodijUs, butAvith
a larger eye, the diameter of which is contained five times and a half
in the length of the head. Lower jaw very prominent; the maxUlaiy
extends nearly to the front margin of the orbit. I am unable to
detect any teeth cither in the jaws or on the palate. The intcr-
maxillaiy is protractile, and the maxillary terminates in a small spine
superiorly. Nostrils distant, situated in the middle of the length of
the snout. Intcrorbital space naiTow. Cheeks and opercles naked ;
the suboperculum is broad, striated and cmarginate posteriorly.

2c2

388 opniDiiUiE.

The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the vertical from
the root of the pectoral, and terminates at a distance from the caudal
which nearly equals the length of the latter fin or two-thirds of that
of the head. It is composed of simple articulated rays, the anterior
of which can be received in a shallow groove ; the middle are the
longest, lower than the body. The vent is situated midway between
the roots of the pectoral and of the caudal, and the anal commences
immediately behind it, terminating opposite the dorsal. Caudal
deeply forked, scaly at the "base ; its length is three-quarters of that
of the head. The pectoral is inserted opposite the notch of the sub-
operculum, and its length equals the distance of the end of the oper-
culum from the pupil.

The scales are arranged with great regularity, and much longer
than high ; their free siu-face is fiuTowed by concentric striaj, and
by others radiating from the centre. Wherever the strite cross
each other, a minute nodule is produced ; the margin is finely lobate,
and the middle lobule is larger than the others, tooth-like. The
lateral line runs near the base of the dorsal, and is bent downwards
at the extremity of the tail, towards the middle of the caudal.

Fifth Group. CONGROGADINA.

No ventral fins whatever ; vent remote from the head ; giU-open-
ings of moderate width, the gill-membranes being united below the
throat, not attached to the isthmus.

15. CONGROGADUS.

Machserium *, Richards. Ann. Sf Mug. Nat. Hist. 1843, xii. p. 175.

Body elongate, compressed, eel-like, covered with very small scales ;
vertical fins united, long ; ventrals none. Cleft of the mouth of
moderate width, ■with the lower jaw prominent. Jaws with a single
series of small teeth, closely set ; palate smooth. Branchiostegals
six ; giU-openings of moderate width, giU-membranes united below
the throat, not attached to the isthmus ; gills four, a slit behind the
fourth ; pseudobranchiDe well developed. Vent remote from the head.
Air-bladder and pyloric appendages none.

Australian and East Indian coasts.

1. Congrogadus subducens.

Machferium subducens, Richards. Ann. i>i- 3Iaq. Nat. Hist. 1843, xii.

p. 175. pi. 6, and Votj. Ereh. t!f Terr. Fish, p." 72. pi. 44. figs. 1-6.
reticulatiim, Bleek. Banka, ii. p. 734.

B. 6. D. 71. C. 10. A. 60-65.

The height of the body is three-fifths of the length of the head,
which is contained six times and a half to seven times in the total
length. The dorsal fin commences above the end of the pectoral.

* Preoccupied.

16. n.vLioPDis. 389

Each jaw on each side with more than forty small teeth. Body
brownish, uniform or irregularly marbled or spotted ; a black ocellus
on the operculum; lower part of the checks with pearl-coloured
spots ; base of the dorsal and anal with bluish spots.
Coasts of Australia. Banka, Lepar.

a. Adult : skin. Port Essington.

6. Half-grown. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

c. Adult. Abrolhos.

d. Adult : stuffed. West Australia. — Type of the species.

e. f-h. Adult and half-grown, Australia. Presented by the Earl of

Derby.
i. Half-gTown. East Indian Ai'chipelago. From Dr. v. Bleeker's
Collection.

2. Congrogadus nebulatus.

Machseriimi nebulatum, Bleek. Sutgapore, p. 76.
B. 6. D. 77. CIO. A. 65.
The length of the head is contained eight times and a thii-d in the
total. The dorsal fin commences above the end of the pectoral.
Each jaw on each side with about twenty-five teeth. Green, with
irregular brown and blackish spots. (Bleek.)
Singapore.

16. HALIOPHIS.

Haliophis, Eiipp. Atlas Fische, p. 49.

Body elongate, compressed, naked. The dorsal and anal fins ex-
tend to the base of the caudal ; ventrals none. Cleft of the mouth
of moderate width, -with the lower jaw longest. Each jaw with a
series of cuiwed teeth ; no teeth on the vomerine and palatine bones.
Branchiostegals four (?) ; giU-openings of moderate width *. Vent
remote from the head. Pyloric appendages none. An air-bladder (?).

Ited Sea.

1. Haliophis guttatus.

RiippeU, I. c. p. 49. taf. 12. fig. 2.

D. -!-. A. 40. C. 9.

45

The height of the body is three-fifths of the length of the head,
which is one-fifth of the total (without caudal). A narrow mem-
brane extends from the last dorsal and anal ray to the base of the
caudal. Opercidum terminating in a small spuie. Brown : body and
vertical fins with dark dots ; a blackish -brown ocellus above the base
of the pectoral ; a yellow streak from the origin of the doreal to the
extremity of the snout. {Rilpj).)

lied Sea.

* RiippeU says, " Apertiu-a brancliialis pai-va"; but, by a comparison of the
ligure, I am imluced to suppose that, as in Conymgadits, the gill-opening is of
niodoratc width, tlie gill-inembrancs being united below the throat, and no(
attached to the isthmus.

390 MACRU1UD.1!:.

Fam. 5. MACRURIDtE.

Gadoidei, pt., Cuv., 3Iull.
Gadida3, pt., Owen.
Macrui'idte, RicJiardson.

Body terminiiting in a long, compressed, tapering tail, covered
with spiny, keeled or striated scales. One short anterior dorsal, the
second very long, continued to the end of the tail and composed of
very feeble rays ; anal of an extent similar to that of the second
dorsal ; no caudal. Ventral fins thoracic or jugiilar, composed of
several rays. Pseudobranchise none ; six or seven branchiostegals.
Air-bladder present. Pyloric appendages numerous.

Temperate parts of the North Atlantic. Mediterranean. Japanese
and Australian seas.

Synopsis of the Oenera.

Scales of moderate size ; snout produced, conical ;

mouth inferior 1. Mackurus, p. 390.

Scales of moderate size ; snout obtuse, obliquely

truncated ; cleft of the mouth lateral 2. Corypii,enoides, p. 395.

Scales very small 3. Malacocephalus, p. 396.

1. MACRURUS.

Macroxu'us, Block, i. p. 152.
Lepidoleprus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 197.

Scales of moderate size, keeled or spiny. Snout produced, conical ;
mouth inferior. Head with rough ridges ; the suborbital ring forms
a strong lateral ridge, joined with, and supporting the angle of the
prseoperculum, which has a very distinct ridge. Teeth in a band,
villiform or cardiform, without larger ones in the outer series ; palate
smooth. Ventral fins below, or immediately behind or before the
pectorals. A barbel.

Mediterranean ; temperate parts of the Noi-th Atlantic ; Japan ;
Australia.

1. Macrurus rapestris.

Corypha?na rupestris, Fahr. Faun. Granl. p. 154; L. Gm. i. p. 1195.
Macrouius rupestris, Bl. i. p. 152. taf. 177 ; Bl. Sclin. p. 103. tab. 20 ;

Niks. Sha}id. Faun. Fisk. p. 604.
fabricii, Sunclev. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1840, p. 6.

D. 11 I 124. A. 148. V. 8.

Five series of scales between the fii'st dorsal and the lateral line ;
each scale with a strong longitudinal keel, terminating in a point.
The first ray of the first dorsal rounded at the base, denticulated

1. MACRTJRTJS. 391

only towards the top. Vent situated behind the vertical from the
origin of the second dorsal. Snout i^rojecting, triangidar, as long as
the eye.

Greenland ; occasionally on the northern coasts of Scandinavia.

a, b. Twenty-five and thirty inches long : stxiffed : not good state.
Greenland.

2. Macrorus australis.
Lepidoleprus australis, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 100.
D. 13 I 88. A. 87. V. 7. L. lat. ca 130. L. transv. 4/15.

Vert. 14/53.
Each scale with twelve or thirteen keels, and with the margin
crenulated. The second dorsal ray smooth, extending beyond the
origin of the second dorsal fin, if laid backwards. Vent situated be-
hind the vertical from the last ray of the first dorsal. The projecting
part of the snout trihedral, scarcely longer than the diameter of the
eye, which is rather less than one-third of the length of the head.
Port Arthur.

a. Type of the species. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Adult : stuffed : bad state.

Description. — The head is rather compressed ; its length is equal to
the distance between the first and tweutj^-third rays of the anal fin ; its
depth is much more than its width, two-thirds of its length. The
projecting part of the snout is trihedral, not depressed, with a ridge
along the midcUe of its upper surface. The ridges on the head are
very obtuse, the most distinct being that running from the snout to
the angle of the prreoperculum ; it is formed by the same bones as in
M. atlanticus. The whole head is covered by small plates, the surface
of which is provided with small spines ; the opercles are scaly. The
interorbital space is nearly flat, and its width is a little more than
the vertical diameter of the eye. The nostrils are immediately before
the eye, veiy close together, the posterior being a -wide ovate slit. The
cleft of the mouth is longer than vsdde, situated entirely at the lower
side of the head, the symphysis of the lower jaw being in the same
vertical with the anterior nostril. The upper jaw is protractile in a
vertical chrection. Each jaw mth a baud of coarse villiform teeth ;
lower jaw with a slender barbel, equal in length to the vertical dia-
meter of the eye.

The angle of the praeoperculum is rounded, sHghtly produced, but
not extending so far backwards as that of the operculum. Sub-
operculum subvertical, slightly emarginate posteriorly. GiU-opcning
of moderate width, closed superiorly ; the gill-membrane attached
to the isthmus. Six branchiostegals : four gills, a slit behind the
fourth ; pseudobranchitc none.

The height of the body is equal to three-quarters of the length of
the head ; the tail is comjjressed, tapering to a point, so that the
length of the head enters nearly five times in the total. The first
dorsal commences at a short distance from tlic occiput ; its distance

392 MACrXHIDiE.

from the nostril equals the length of the head ; its length is rather less
than one-half of the height of the second (longest) ray : the iii'st ray
is quite rudimentary ; the second is smooth, slender, equal in length
to the distance from the anterior mai'gin of the orbit to the angle of
the operculum. The dorsal fins are close together, the distance be-
tween them being less than the length of the base of the first, or the
second dorsal commences in the vertical from the nineteenth scale of
the lateral line. Kays of the second dorsal very feeble, simple, shorter
than the barbel. The anal fin commences immediately behind the
vent, in the vertical from the seventeenth scale of the lateral line ;
the longest rays are in the middle of the fin, where their length
is equal to two-fifths of that of the head. The pectoral is inserted
below the midcUe of the depth of the body, vdth a narrow base ; it
is more than half as long as the head, and composed of foiirtecn
rays. The root of the ventral falls immediately behind that of the
pectoral ; it is shorter than that fin, its outer ray being slightly pro-
duced.

The scales are subquadrangular, higher than long ; their free por-
tion, which is nearly one-half of the whole scale, is deeply ridged, the
ridges radiating from the centre, and causing incisions on the margin.
The lateral line is fonned by a smooth groove, dividing each scale
into two.

The typical specimen is discoloured, and nearly 17 inches long.

3. Macrurus ccelorhynchus.

Lepidoleprus ccelorliynchus, Sisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 200. pi. 7. fig. 22

(very bad), and Eur. Merkl. iii. p. 244.
Giorna, 3Iem. Accad. Torin. 1805, p. 18. tab. 1. figs. 3 & 4.
Macrourus coelorhyuclius, Ho/xip. Faun. Ital. Pesce. (pi. M. mysti-

cetus).

D. 9 I 68. A. 83. V. 7.

Five series of scales between the first dorsal and the lateral line.
Scales without keel, with the surface spiny. The second dorsal ray
smooth anteriorly, extending to, or nearly to, the origin of the second
dorsal, if laid backwards. Vent situated behind the vertical from
the last ray of the first dorsal. The second dorsal commences above
the fifth anal ray. Snout about as long as the diameter of the eye.

Mediterranean.

4. Macrurus atlanticus.

Lotve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 88.

D. 11 I (ca) 100. A. ca 110. V. 7. Vert. 12/61.
Five series of scales between the first dorsal and the lateral line,
and fifteen between the latter and the vent. Scales without keel,
with the surface spiny. The second dorsal ray smooth anteriorly,
extending to, or rather beyond, the origin of the second dorsal, if laid
backwards. Vent situated behind the vertical from the last ray of
the first dorsal. The projecting part of the snout broad, triangular,

1. MACRURUS. 393

not longer than the diameter of the ej-e, which is one-third of the
length of the head.
Sea of Madeira.

a, b, c-d. Adult, half-grown, and yoiing. Madeira. Presented by

the Rev. R. T. Lowe and J. Y. Johnson, Esq.
e. Adult : skeleton. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

Description. — The length of the head equals the distance between
the first and twenty-eighth rays of the anal fin, its depth being more
than its width, and contained once and four-fifths in its length. The
projecting part of the snout is triangular, somewhat depressed, with
a ridge along the middle of its upper sm-face ; its lateral edge is con-
tinued into a ridge fomied by the suborbital ring, one part of which
■is joined to the angle of the proeopcrculum as in t\ie Scorpcvnid(v &\\A.
Cottidce. Another ridge forms the upper margin of the orbit, is bi-
furcate anteriorly, to receive the nostrils into the fork, and extends
backwards to the upper part of the gill-opening. There is another
low ridge on each side of the crown. All these ridges leave spacious
muciferous cavities between them, and are covered, like the re-
mainder of the head, with hard, subimbricate spiny plates, the spines
not being lai'ger than those of the scales of the body. The inter-
orbital space is verj- slightly concave, and its width equals the vertical
diameter of the eye. The nostrils are immediately before the eye,
verj- close together, the posterior being a wide ovate sHt.

The cleft of the mouth is much longer than broad, situated entirely
at the lower side of the head, the symphysis of the lower jaw being
in the same vertical with the front margin of the orbit. The upper
jaw is protractile in a vertical direction. Each jaw with a narrow
band of viUiform teeth ; lower jaw with a slender barbel, half as
long as the eye.

The angle of the praiopercidum is produced backwards, rounded,
nearly in the same vertical as the angle of the operculum, which
points obUijuely upwards. The edge between the angles of the
operculum and prajoperculum is emarginate. The gdl-opening is of
moderate width, closed superiorly ; the giU-membrane attached to the
isthmus. Six branchiostegals ; four g]lls, a slit behind the fourth ;
pseudobrancliia? none.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length of
the head ; the tail is compressed, tapering to a point, so that tlie
length of the head is nearly one-fifth of the total. The first dorsid
commences at a short distance fi'om the occiput ; its distance from
the anterior nostrU equals the length of the head ; its length is two-
fifths of the height of the second (longest) ray ; the first ray is quite
rudimentary. The distance between the two dorsal fins is twice the
length of the base of the first, or the second dorsal commences in the
vertical from the twentieth scale of the lateral line. The second ray
of the first dorsal is smooth and rather feeble, its length being nearly
two-thirds of that of the head. Rays of the second dorsal very
feeble, simple, .shorter than the barbel. The anal fin commences
immediately beliind tlie vent, in the vertical from tlie twelfth scale
of the lateral line ; the longest rays are in the middle of the fin.

394 MACEURIDiE.

•where they equal in length the horizontal diameter of the orbit.
The pectoral is inserted below the middle of the depth of the body,
with a narrow base ; it is more than half as long as the head, and
composed of eighteen rays. The insertion of the ventral is scarcely
before that of the pectoral ; it is shorter than the pectoral, its outer
ray being slightly produced.

The scales are irregularly polygonal, of moderate size ; their free
portion, which fonns a quarter of the whole scale, is covered with
smaU spines. The lateral line, which is nearly straight, is formed
by a smooth groove, dividing each scale into two.

Uniform brown : fins and belly blackish ; the basal portion of the
anal transparent.

Skeleton. — The bones of the skull are very thin, transparent, flexible,
the rough external covering not being a part of the endoskeleton,
from which it may be easily detached. The occipital crest is not
very prominent above the level of the skull ; a pair of lateral ridges
run from the orbital portion of the principal frontal bones towards
the scapulary region. The interorbital space is broad, deeply convex ;
a crest, not contiguous with the occipital, runs along its middle, and
is continued on over the ethmoid to the end of the snout. The
ethmoid is nearly entirely free, and forms the extremity of the snout.
Orbit very large. The suborbital bones are very broad, curved, form-
ing a broad channel ; the hindmost is attached to the praeoperculum,
the ridge of which is continuous with that of the siiborbital ring.
The jaw-bones are entirely at the lower side of the head, the pro-
cesses of the intermaxillaries having a vertical position. Lower jaw
with a deep muciferous channel. Operculum small, triangular, with
the lower side deeply emarginate.

There are twelve abdominal vertebrae, this portion of the vertebral
column being shorter than the head ; the transverse processes of the
abdominal vertebrae are moderately elongate and dilated.

In that portion of the tail which is preserved there are fifty-one
vei-tebrae, and we should say that about ten vertebrae have been lost.

5. Macrurus sclerorhynchus.

VaJenc. in Webb ^- BeHhel. Iks Canar. p. 80. pi. 14. fig. 1 (from a stuffed
specimen).

D. 11 I 87. A. 72.

A vertical series below the first dorsal contains twenty-six or
twenty-eight scales, five of which appear to be above the lateral line.
Scales spiny, the spines being arranged in series ; the spines of the
middle series are the largest, and form together a sort of keel. The
second dorsal ray is denticulated anteriorly, extending far beyond the
origin of the second doi'sal, if laid backwards. Yent situated behind
the vertical from the last ray of the first dorsal. The projecting part
of the snout is trihedral, shorter than the diameter of the eye, which
is two-fifths of the length of the head.

Lanzarote.

The typical specimen, from which these characters are taken, is
0'"-lbO Ions?.

2. coEYrniENOiDEs. 395

G. Macrurus macrolepidotus.
Kaup in Wict/nt. Arch. 1858, p. 91.

D. 11 I . . . A. . . . V. 7.

Twelve scales between the vent and the dorsal line ; scales with
foui'teen or fifteen ribs, each rib armed with spines. The longest
rays of the anterior dorsal extend to the seventh ray of the posterior,
if laid backwards. {Kaup.)

Hah. ?

7. Macrurus trachjrrhynchus.

Giorna, Mem. Accad. Torin. 1805, p. 18. pi. 1. fig.?. 1 & 2.
Lepidoleprus traclivi-liynchus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 197. pi. 7. fig. 21
(veiy bad), and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 243.

B. 7. D. 11 I 110. A. 95. V. 6.

Scales spiny. Dorsal fins close together ; scales along the base of
the dorsal and anal fins forming a sheath with projecting spines.
Ventrals inserted a little before the pectorals. Snout much pro-
duced, pointed. Inside of mouth blackish. (Risso.)

Mediterranean.

8. Macrurus japonicus.

Macroiu'us japonicus, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Puiss. p. 256. pi. 112. fig. 2.
B. 6. D. 11 I ca 80. A. 77. V. 7.

About five series of scales between the fii-st dorsal and the lateral
line ; each scale with thi'ee to five keels terminating in trenchant
spines. The second dorsal ray is rather feeble, smooth, and extends
to the origin of the second dorsal fin, if laid backwards. Vent
situated below the middle of the distance between the two dorsals.
Ventrals thoracic. The length of the head is contained four times
and two-thirds in the total. 8nout much produced, spatulate, pointed,
its length beiug contained twice and a fifth in that of the head. The
width of the intcrorbital space is three-quarters of the horizontal
diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head.

Japan.

a-b. Heads, in spirits. Japan.

2. CORYPH.ffiNOIDES.

Coryphaenoides, Gunner, TrondhJ. Svlsk. Shrift, iii. p. 50.
Macrourus, sp., Auct.

Scales of moderate size, spiny or smooth. Snout short, obtuse,
obliquely truncated ; cleft of the mouth laterid. Head \\-itliout pro-
minent ridges ; the suborbital ring is not joined to the angle of
the prffiopereidimi, nor is the latter supported by it. rrieoiicrcular
angle with a very indistinct ridge. Teeth in the upper jaw in a
narrow band, those of the outer series larger than the others; palate
smooth. Ventrals below the pectorals. A barbel.

From Scandinavia to Madeira. Australia.

396 MACKURID^E.

1. Coryphffinoides norvegicus.

Berg-lax, Strom, Sondm. i. p. 207.

Coryphsenoides rupestris, Gunner, Trondhj. Sekk. Shrift, iii. p. 50.

tab. .3. fig-. 1.
Lepidoleprus noi-wegicus, NiJst. Prodr. p. 51 (18.32).
Macroiu'us stvomii, lieitJt. hi iJiutskVidengk. Sekk. Afhandl.yn. p. 129;

Sxndev. Vet. Akad. Hundl. 1840, p. 1 ; Gaimard, Voy. Scand. Poiss.

pi. 11.
Macrourus norwegicua, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 600.

D. 11 I . . . A V. 8.

Four or five series of scales between the first dorsal and the lateral
line ; scales without keel, and with the surface spiny. The first ray
of the first dorsal with a compressed edge anteriorly, which is armed
with teeth directed upwards. Vent situated before the vertical from
the origin of the second dorsal. Snout obtuse.

Western and northern coasts of Norway.

2. Coryphsenoides serratus.
Macrourus serratus, Loive, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 91.
B. 7. D. 10 I ca 100. A. 80-90. V. 8.

Scales with radiating strise, without keel or spines. The first ray
of the first dorsal strong, serrated. Snout short ; head without
ridges. (Loive.)

Sea of Madeira.

3. Coryphaenoides denticulatus.

Macrourus deuticiilatus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. S,- Terr. Fish. p. 53. pi. 32.
figs. 1-3.

D. 11 I . . . A Y. 8.

Five series of scales between the anterior dorsal and the lateral
line ; scales spiny. The first dorsal ray very, slender, and not serrated.
Snout very short and obtuse ; head without ridges. Teeth in the
upper jaw in a very narrow band, those of the outer series being
much stronger and widely set. The vent is situated vertically behind
the anterior dorsal.

South Australia.

a. Dried : very bad state. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. — Type
of the species.

3. MALACOCEPHALUS,

Scales very small, rough. Snout short, obtuse, obliquely trun-
cated ; cleft of the mouth lateral. Head without prominent ridges ;
the suborbital ring is not joined to the angle of the prajopcrculuni,
nor is the latter supported by it. Praiopercular angle with a very
indistinct ridge. Teeth in the uppci- jaw in two series, those in the
inner being minute ; palate smooth. Vontrals jugular. A barbel.

Madeira.

',i. MALACOCEPHALrS. 397

1. Malacocephalus laevis.

Wacrourus laevis, Lotcf, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 92.

J). 14 I ca 200. A. ca 200. V. 8.

Tlie second dorsul ray slender, smooth. Axil, ventrals, and the
region before the ventrals black.
Sea of Madeira.

a. Nineteen inches long. Presented by the Eev. R. T. Lowe. — T3-pe

of the species.
h. Half-grown. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

Description. — Head large, rather short, somewhat compressed, two-
thirds as wide as high, its greatest depth being three-quarters of its
length. It is covered aU over with minute rough scales and with a
tough skin, which barely allows tlic ridges of the skuU to be ^-isilde
externally. The bones of the head too are very thin and fragile,
and scarcely projecting on the surface. The length of the head
equals the distance between the first and fortieth rays of the anal
fin. Snout short, obtuse, obliquely truncated anteriorly, one-half or
two-thirds as long as the diameter of the orbit, which is nearly one-
third of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth lateral, wide,
oblique, the maxillary extending nearly to the vertical from the
posterior margin of the eye. Both jaws are armed with a series of
rather small widely-set teeth ; there is a second inner series of small
teeth in the upper jaw ; vomer smooth. Barbel very slender, nearly
as long as the eye. Nostrils close together, immediately before the
eye. Interorbital space flattish, as wide as the orbit.

Angle of the pi-seoperculum produced backwards, rounded ; oper-
culum with a short stiff spine pointing obliquely upwards ; there is
another small spine at a short distance above it, chi-ected upwards,
and apparently belonging to the humerus. Suboperculum vertical,
intercalated between operculum and praeopcrculum. Seven branehio-
stegals ; gill-membranes not attached to the isthmus, united by a
narrow cutaneous bridge. Gills four, a slit behind the fourth ; j)seudo-
brancliiffi none. The membrane coating the inner side of the gill-
ca\dty fomis a fold fixed to the outer gill, by which a portion of the
cavity is separated.

The depth of the body below the anterior dorsal equals the length
of the head, the snout not included. The tnink is very short, shorter
than the head, and the vent is situated in the vertical from the root
of the pectoral. The tail tapers to a very long and narrow band,
so that the length of the head is rather less than one-sixth of the
total.

The anterior dorsal commences in the vertical from the root of the
pectoral, and is at least t-n-iee as high as long, the length of its
second ray being two- thirds of that of the head ; the first ray is quite
rudimentary. The origin of the second dorsal is very indistinct, the
rays of its anterior portion being quite rudimentary and scarcely
\-isible ; its distance from the first dorsal appears to be equal to the
height of the latter. The rays in its posterior portion are more

398 ATELEOPODID^.

distinct, yet exceedingly feeblo and very short. The anal fin com-
mences immediately behind the vent, below the posterior half of the
first dorsal ; its rays are very closely set, and shorter than the dia-
meter of the eye. The pectoral is inserted in the upper half of the
depth of the body, and its length is nearly two-thirds of that of the
head. Ventrals close together, rather short, distinctly jugular.

Scales veiy small, rough.

Brownish : margins of the opercles shining silvery ; axil, ventrals,
and the region before them black ; dorsal and pectoral blackish ; anal
with a black edge. Inside of the mouth white, of the gill-cavity
black.

Fam. 6. ATELEOPODID^.

Body terminating in a long, compressed, tapering tail, naked. One
short anterior dorsal and no other ; anal very long, continuous with
the caudal. Ventrals reduced to simple filaments, attached to the
humeral arch.

1. ATELEOPUS.

Ateleopus, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 255.

Head with the snout much protruding and obtusely rounded, the
cleft of the mouth being at the lower side of the head ; maxillaries
protractile in a downward direction. Body and tail compressed,
elongate, naked. One short dorsal, the rudimentary second dorsal of
the Macniridae having entirely disappeared ; one long anal, continued
on to the caudal. Ventral reduced to a filament which is composed
internally of two rays, intimately connected by a common membrane ;
this fin is inserted at the symphysis of the humeri. Teeth in the
jaws vilUform, in bands ; vomer and palatine bones smooth.

Japan.

1, Ateleopus japonicus.

Ateleopus, Sclileg. I. c. pi. 112. fig. 1.

Ateleopus japonicus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv. Nalez.Jap.
p. 19.

B. 8. D. 8. A. 108. C. 10. P. 12. V. 1.

The height of the body is contained nine times in the total length,
the length of the head seven times and a third. The length of the
snout is contained twice and three-fourths in that of the head ; eye
small. The vent is situated at the end of the anterior third of the
total length. The dorsal fin commences in the same vertical with
the pectoral. Ventrals one-sixth shorter than the head. Brownish.
{Schhfj.)

Bay of Oomura.

PLEURONECTID.l!.

399

Appendix to the Anacanthlni (jadoidei.

XENOCEPHALUS.

Xenocepliahis, Katip in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 85.
Head verj^ large, truncated, cuirassed with plates and armed with
spines ; body small Only one dorsal and anal, separated from the
caudal by a small interspace. Vent in the posterior half of the body
bmall teeth m the jaws ; none on the vomer or the palatine bones.

New Ireland.

1. Xenocephalus armatus.

Kiuvp, I. c. p. 86.

D. 7. A. 10. C. 20. P. 21. V. 5.
Caudal fin lai-ge. Shields on the head yeUowish-brown, the naked
n the brrb ir V -"'"'-i . ^"^^ daA-brown, with black ^ots
]?ewT,l'nS ^'^'''"'^^'°^^^'''' fins yellowish-white. {Kml)

Fam. 7. PLEURONECTID^.

Poissons plats. Cm: Rkjne Amm.
Pleuronectidaj, Ftcmuiff, Brit. Anim. p. 178.
Heterosomata, Bonaparte.

Body strongly compressed, flat, with one of the two sides, which
IS always turned upwards, coloured, whilst the other is colourless

side , and although the bones are present on both sides of the skidl,
fin? are not equaUy developed or sjTnmetrical *. Dorsal and anal
fins exceedingly long, without divisions f. Gills four ; pseudobran-
chiae well developed; air-bladder none.

Carnivorous fishes, Uving on the sandy bottom of the coasts of aU
the regions; many ascend rivers.

» Tliis is unique in the division of Vertebrate animals.
hZ\t So doTnl fi " *^1 ^r^' '^PP'^'"'^ ^° <"°"" ^ remarkable exception.

aa H s S ?, U 1. f "P°'f'^ °^ *"° P°'-''°"^ '^^"'^■'■■■"g i» structure. However
roie lafion foi r I'^'" '•'/'■•='">"g 0"l.v. ^e do not ventm-e to propose a generic
appellation for it, and insert only the following abstract :-

Hippoglossus kingii, Jenytis, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 138. pi. 26.
D. 18+48. A. 51.
ra^'m-fT^^^i '^""I'^ences anteriorly to the upper eye, and its anterior eighteen
Eve, o . rhlT Jv °T'' ^'''," ^'i*? ^""°""^g. apparently fornung a distinct portion,
mfo hn f If H . f i ''""f: '^.•^*""' ^'•'^'" '""^•l' °tl^'^'- The Ifeiglit of the body is
curvS ab,l tL^ V™f'' r^^"' ''''"^''^^- ^^'"•''1 !'■"« ^''^^^ subsemicirciar
Vd ar • P*^*^'"™'- Uniform light brown. {.An.)

400 PLEITROIsTICTID^.

Si/no2ysis of the Genera.

I. The Jaws and the dentition are nearly equally developed on both sides.

A. The dorsal fin commences on the neck ... 1. Psettodes, p. 401.

B. The dorsal fin commences above the eye.

Eyes on the right side ; teeth of the upper
jaw in two series 2. Hippoglossus, p. 402.

Eyes on the right side ; teeth small, in a

single series 3. Hippoglossoides, p. 405.

Eyes on the left side ; teeth villiform 4. Tephritis, p. 406.

C. The dorsal fin commences before the eye, on the snout.

Eyes on the left side ; teeth of the jaws

forming a band ; vomerine teeth 5. Rhombus, p. 407.

Eyes on the left side, close together ; teeth

of the jaws forming a band ; vomerine

teeth none 6. Piirvnorhombus, p. 414.

Eyes on the left side; teeth small, in a

single series; vomerine teeth none. Scales

deciduous 7 Arnoglos.sus, p. 415.

Eyes on the left side ; teeth of the upper

jaw in two series, with the addition of

canine-like teeth ; vomerine teeth 8. Citharus, p. 418.

Eyes on the right side. Scales of moderate
size ; lateral line straight 9. Brachypleuka, p. 419.

Eyes on the right side. Scales small. Fins

prolonged 10. Samaris, p. 419.

Eyes on the right side. Scales small ; late-
ral line without curve. Fins not pro-
longed 11. PSETTICHTH YS, p. 420.

Eyes on the left side ; teeth in a single

series, of imequal size ; vomerine teeth

none ; lateral line straight 12. Cithariciithys, p. 420.

Eyes on the left side ; teeth of the upper

jaw in a double series, with canines ;

vomerine teeth none ; lateral line nearly

straight 13. Hemirhombus, p. 422.

Eyes on the left side ; interorbital space
not concave ; teeth m a single series, un-
equal in size ; vomerine teeth none ;
lateral line with a strong curve 14. Pseudoriiombus, p. 423.

Eyes on the right side ; lateral line with a

strong curve 15. Paralicutiiys, p. 431 .

Eyes on the left side, more or less distant
from each other ; interorbital space con-
cave ; teeth in a single or double series ;
lateral line vfith a strong curve 16. Rhomboidichthys, p. 431 .

II. Cleft of the t?wuth narrow, with the dentition much more developed on the

blind side than on the coloured.

A. The upper eye is not in advance of the lower ; both pectorals present.

The dorsal commences above the eye ; teeth
of moderate size 17. Pleuro.n'ECTES, p. 438.

1. PSETTODES. 401

The dorsal commences above the eye ; teetli

minute 18. Parophrys, p. 454.

The dorsal commences on the snout ; teetli

minute; lateral line with a strong curve. 19. Psammodiscus, p. 457.

The dorsal commences on the foremost part
of the snout; two ventrals ; teetli villi-
form, forming bands 20. Ammotretis, p. 458.

The dorsal commences on the foremost part

of the snout; one ventral only 21. Ehombosolea, p. 458.

The dorsal commences on the foremost part
of the snout ; two ventrals ; teeth minute,
in two series ... 22. Peltoriiamphus, p. 460.

B. The eyes are developed and on the right side, the upper in advance of the

lower ; body scaly ; pectorals sometimes rudimentary or absent.

* Vertical fins not confluent.

Scales small, ctenoid 23. Solea, p. 462.

Scales not ciliated ; dorsal and anal rays

scaly 24. Pardachiri's, p. 478.

Scales not cUiated ; dorsal and anal rays

naked 25. Liachiuus, p. 479.

** Vertical fins confluent.

Scales ctenoid 26. Synaptura, p. 480.

Scales not ciliated 27. jEsopia, p. 487.

C. The eyes are developed and on the right side, the lower not in advance of

the upper ; body scaleless.

Caudal free 28. Gymnachirus, p. 488.

D. Eyes rudimentary.

Vertical fins not confluent 29. Soleotalpa, p. 489.

Vertical fins confluent 30. Apionichth vs. p. 489.

E. Eyes on the left side ; pectorals none.

One lateral Une 31. Ammopleurops, p. 490.

Lateral line none 32. Aphoristia, p. 490.

Lateral line double or triple on the left

side; Lips with tentacles 33. Plagusia, p. 491.

Lateral line double or triple on the left

side ; lips not fringed 34. Cvxoglossus, p. 492.

1. PSETTODES*.

Hippoglossus, sp., Auct.

Psettodes, Benn. Prcc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 147.

Mouth Tery wide, the length of the maxillary being more than
one-half of that of the head. Each jaw armed with two series of
long, slender, curved, distant teeth, the front teeth of the inner scries
of the lower jaw being the longest, and received in a groove before
the vomer ; vomerine and palatine teeth. The dorsal lin commences

* I. Hippoglossus goniographicus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 279. — China.
VOL. IV. 2 D

402 PLEURONECTID^.

on the nape of the neck ; most of the rays of the dorsal and anal arc
branched. Scales rather small, ciliated. Gill-membranes scarcely
united at the throat ; gill-rakers proper none, replaced by groups of
minute spines.

Indian Seas. ? West coast of Africa.

1. Psettodes emmei.

Pleuronectes erumei, Bl. Sclm. p. 150.

Adalah, RtisseU, i. p. 54. pi. 69.

Nooree nalakah, Russell, i. p. 60. pi. 77.

Hippoglossus eramei, Ctiv. R^gneAnim. ; Riijjp. Atl.Fische, p. 121, and

N. W. Fische, p. 84 ; Cant. Catal. p. 216 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Ge-

nootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 13.

nalaka, Cuv. R^gne Anim.

dentex, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fish. p. 102. pi. 47.

orthorliynchus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 278.

? Psettodes belcheri, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 147.

D. 47-53. A. 35-41. L. lat. 75.

The lateral line descends gradually from the shoulder to its
straight portion, which commences behind the extremity of the pec-
toral. Brownish or blackish ; dorsal and anal edged with white ;
caiidal generally with a broad whitish band across its base. Young
individuals sometimes with four broad dark-brown cross-bands.

From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to the coasts of
China. ? West coast of Africa.

a. Eyes on the left side.
a. Adult : stuffed.
h. Half-grown. Singapore. From the Collection of the East India

Company.
e. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
d. Half-grown : bad state. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

fo. Eyes on the ricjht side.
€. Fine specimen. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.
/. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h. Adidt. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

y. Variety ivith cross-bands; eyes on the left. side,
i. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

2. HIPPOGLOSSUS.

Hippoglossus, sp., Cuv. Bigjie Anim.

Eyes on the right side ; mouth wide, the length of the maxillary
being one-third, or not much more than one-third, of that of the head.
Teeth in the upper jaw in a double series ; the anterior of the upper
jaw and the lateral of the lower strong ; palatine and vomerine teeth

2. HIPPOGLOSSUS. 403

none. The dorsal fin commences above the eye ; all, or nearly all,
the rays of the dorsal and anal fins simple. Scales very smaU, not
ciliated. GiU-rakers short, compressed, widely set.

North Atlantic. (? Coasts of CaUfornia and Kamtschatka.)

Bleeker (Compt. Eend. Acad. Sc. Amsterd. xiii. 1862, Pleuron.)
divides this genus into two : —

1. Lateral line cirrved ; the lower pharyngeal teeth in two rows :

IIij)2iogIossus.

2. Lateral line not curved; the lower pharyngeal teeth in one

row : Platysomatichthys.

1. Lateral line curved.
1. Hippoglossus vulgaris.

The Ilolibut. Halleflundi-a. Die Ileilbutte.

Hippoglossus, EondeJ. xi. c. 16. p. 325 ; WiUtighby, p. 99. tab. F. 6 ;

Riiy, Si/». p. .33 ; Ges)ie>; pp. 669, 787 ; Aldrov. ii. e. 43. p. 238.
Passerum genus majus, ScIio?iev. p. 62.
Pleiu-onectes, sp., Artedi, Synon. p. 31. no. 3, and Gen. p. 17. no. 3 ;

Gronov. Zoojyhtjl. no. 247.
Passer, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 33. no. 2.
Hellefl-yTider, Ponton. Norges Nat. Hist. ii. p. 220 ; Stroin, Sondm. \.

p. 300.
Plem-onectes hippoglossus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 456 ; £1. Fisclic Dndaehl.

ii. p, 47. tab. 47; Bl. ScJtn. p. 147; Laeep. iv. p. 001; Donov. Brit.

Fish. iv. pi. 75; Pall. Zuoqr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 421; TuH. Brit. Faun.

p. 95 ; Faher, Fische Isl. p. 148, and in Isis, 1828, p. 888; Gronov.

Syst. ed. Gray, p. 87.
Hol'ibut, Penn. ^Brit. Zoo!, iii. p. 198, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 302.
Fletan, Diiham. Peches, ii. sect. ix. p. 271. pi. 7. fig. 1.
Hippoglossus wlgaYis^Fkm.Brit.An. T^.VdQ; Jen.IInn. p. 400; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 321, 3rd edit. i. p. 630 ; Parn. Wcrn. Mem.

vii. p. 372, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 212 ; Nihs. Skand. Faun. iv.

p. 631.

maximus, Gottsche in Wieym. Arch. 1835, p. 164.

? Hippoglossus vidgaris, Ayres, Proc, Calif. Acad. 1859, p. 30.

B. 7. D. 102-103. A. 74-81. Csec. pyl. 4. Yert. 16/34.

Only the posterior dorsal and anal rays are bifid ; the dorsal com-
mences above the anterior thii'd of the eye. Extremity of maxillary
scaly. The height of the body is one-third of the total length (with «
the caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The greatest depth
between the anal fin and the lateral line equals the length of the
head, without .snout. Scales minute, not ciliated ; interorbital space
flat, naked, its width being equal to the vertical diameter of the eye.
Lateral line with a strong cur\-e above the pectoral, the depth of the
curve being one-fourth of its width. Snout rather loiigcr than the
eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth or one-seventh of the length
of the head. Lower jaw scarcely prominent ; the length of the
maxillaiy is one-third of that of the head. Teeth conical, pointed :
upper jaw with two series, convera;ent posteriorly; the anterior teeth

2 D 2

404 PLEITRONECTID^.

are the strongest and all separate from one another ; the lower jaw
with seven strong, widely-set teeth on each side. Front margins of
the orbits on the same level. Fins naked ; the distance of the dorsal
from the caudal equals the depth of the free portion of the tail ; the
longest dorsal rays are in the middle of the fin, their length being
two-fifths of that of the head ; pectoral twice as long as the ventral
and half as long as the head. No prominent spine before the anal.
Gill-rakers short, compressed, triangular, widely set, not half as long
as the eye. Yellowish-brown.

From the British Channel along the coasts of Northern Europe.
(? California and coast of Kamtschatka.)

a. Fine specimen. London market.

b. Adult : stuffed. British.

c. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

fZ. Adult : stuffed. Devonshire. Presented by Lieut.H.F.Spence,E..N.
e. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
/. Skeleton, 5 feet long.

2. Lateral line not ciu-ved.
2. Hippoglossus grcenlandicus.

Pleuronectes hippoglossus, Fain: Faun. Grcenl. p. 161 ; ? 3Iitch. Lit. 8f

Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 386 (not L.).
? Hippoglossus vulgaris, Storer, Fish. Massach. p. 145 ; Dvkay, Netv

York Faun. Fish. p. 294. pi. 49. fig. 157.
Hippoglossus pinguis, Gaim. Voy. Scand. etLap. Puiss. pi. 22 (not Fabr.).

D. 100-102. A. 75.

Dorsal and anal rays simple ; the dorsal commences above the
posterior third of the eye. The height of the body is two-sevenths
of the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head one-
foui'th. Scales very small, not ciliated ; interorbital space flat, scaly,
wider than the orbit. The lateral line descends gently in an oblique
straight line above the pectoral, and is not cm-ved. Snout more
than twice as long as the orbit, the diameter of which is one-eighth
of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent; the length of
the masillaiy is two-fifths of that of the head. Teeth conical,
pointed: upper jaw with two series, convergent posteriorly; those
of the outer series become gradually smaller posteriorly ; a pair of
strong canine teeth anteriorly in the inner series, the other teeth of
•this series being very smaU. Lower jaw with a series of strong
distant teeth. Front margins of the orbits on the same level. Fins
naked ; the distance of the dorsal from the caudal equals the depth
of the free portion of the tail ; the longest dorsal rays are behind
the middle of the fin, their length being one-third of that of the
head; length of the pectoral two -fifths of that of the head. No
spine before the anal. YeUowish-brown.
Greenland.

a. Very young. Greenland. From Hr. HolboU's Collection.
b-e. Adult : stuffed. Greenland.

3. nippOGLOssoiDEs. 405

3. HIPPOGLOSSOIDES *.

HippoglosBoides, Gottsche in Wieyin. Arch. 1835, p. 168.

Eyes on the right side ; mouth wide, the length of the maxiUary
being more than one-third of that of the head. Teeth small,
conical, in a single series ; no teeth on the palate. The dorsal fin
commences above the eye ; dorsal and anal rays simple. Scales
small, or rather small, ciliated ; latei-al Hne without anterior curva-
ture.

Northern shores of the Atlantic.

1 . Hippoglossoides limandoides.

The rough Dab or Saudsucker.

Pleuronectes limandoides, Bl. Ausl. Fische, iii. p. 24. tab. 106 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 146 ; Gm. L. i. p. 1232 ; Uwep. iv. p. G35 ; Faher, Isis, 1828.

p. 878.
Isskadda, Quensel in Vet. Akad. Handl. 1806, p. 222.
Pleuronectes linguatula, Midi. Prodr. p. 377.
Hippoglossoides limanda, GottscJie in Wief/m. Arch. 1835, p. 168.
Pleui-onectes limandanus, Parnell in Fdinb. Nezv JPhilos. Journ. 1835,

p. 210.
Platessa limandoides, Parn. TVern. 3Iem. vii. p. 368. tab. 38, or Fish.

Frith of Forth, p. 208. tab. 38 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 312,

and 3rd edit. i. p. 625 ; Jen. Man. p. 459 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skatid.

Fisk. p. 117. pi. 27 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 629.

B. 8. D. 82-87. A. 64-65. L. lat.lOO. Cac. pylor. 4.
Vert. 45.

The dorsal commences behind the anterior margin of the ej'e.
MaxiUaiy scaly. The height of the body is one-third of the total
length (^vithout caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The
greatest depth between the anal fin and the lateral line is less than
the length of the head. Scales on the cheek not much smaller than
those on the body ; interorbital ridge veiy narrow, scaly ; no spines
or tubercles along the lateral line or the base of the dorsal and anal
fins ; lateral line scarcely bent upwards above the pectoral. Snout
shorter than the orbit, the diameter of wliicli is one-fourth of the
length of the head. Lower jaw prominent ; the length of the max-
illaiy is two-fifths of that of the head. Teeth veiy small, conical,
pointed, the front teeth in the upper jaw and a pair in front of the
lower being the largest. Front margins of the eyes on the same level.
Each fin-ray is accompanied by a series of very small rough scales ;
the distance of the dorsal fi'om the caudal is rather less than the
depth of the fi'ee portion of the tail ; the longest dorsal rays ai-e

* 1. Pleuronectes platessoides, Fabr. Faun. Granl. p. 164, and Vidensk. Selsk.
Natiirv. och Mafhfm. APuindl. i. p. 50. tab. 2. fig. 2. — Citharus plates-
soides, Reinh. Vidensk, Sclsk. Naturv. och Math. Apiandl. vii. p. 130;
Gaim. Voi/. Scand. et Lap. Poiss. pi. 21. — Greenland. Perlinps iden-
tical witli H. limandoides.

406 PLEUROJTECTIB^.

behind the middle of the fin, rather longer than the pectoral and
nearly half as long as the head ; ventral shorter than pectoral ; no
spine before the anal. Reddish-brown.

From the British Channel along the shores of Northern Europe,
a-e. Adult and young : skins. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
/. Half- grown : skin. Brixham. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
g. Adult : skin. London market. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

2. Hippoglossoides dentatus,

Pleuronectes dentata, Mitch, in Lit. <5' Phil. Trans. Neio York, i. p. 390

(not L.).
Platessa dentata, Storer, Fish. Massach. p. 143, cop. by Dehay, New

York Fmma, Fish. p. 298.

D. 91. A. 70.

The dorsal commences above the middle of the eye. The height
of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head one-fourth. The lateral line is scarcely bent
above the pectoral. Pectoral half as long as the head. Reddish-
brown.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

4. TEPHRITIS.

Platessa, sp., Gray, Richards.

Eyes on the left side. Mouth wide, the length of the maxiUary
being more than one-third of that of the head. Each jaw mth a
band of villiform teeth ; vomerine or palatine teeth none. The dorsal
fin commences above the eye ; all the dorsal and anal rays branched.
Scales rather small. Gill-membranes broadly vmited at the throat ;
giU-rakers short, broad, crenulated. Branchiostegals seven.

Chinese Seas.

1. Tephritis sinensis.

Plem-onectes sinensis, Lacep. iv. pp. 595, 638. pi. 14. fig. 1 (very bad).
Platessa chinensis, Gray, Iml. Zool. pi. . fig. 1 ; Richards. Ichth. CJiin.

p. 277.
velafracta, Richards. I. c. p. 278.

D. 46. A. 35. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Scales ciliated ;
lateral line with a strong curve above the pectoral. Eyes very close
together, separated by a very narrow, naked, concave space. The
dorsal fin commences above the middle of the eye, and terminates at
a distance from the caudal which is one-half of the fi-ee portion of
the taU. Anterior dorsal rays widely set. Brownish, with scattered

5. RHOMBUS. 407

black or blue dots, edged with light-blue. Vertical fins with large
brown spots.
Chinese Seas.

a-h. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J.

Reeves, Esq.
c. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.

5. EHOMBUS*.

Rhombus, sp., Klein, Pise. 3liss. iv. p. 34.

Rhombus et Zeugopterus, Gottsche in Wiegm. Arch. 1835, pp. 172, 178.

Eyes on the left side. Mouth wide, the length of the maxillary
being more than one-third of that of the head. Each jaw with a
narrow band of villifonn teeth, without canines ; vomerine teeth ;
none on the palatines. The dorsal fin commences on the snout ;
nearly all the dorsal and anal rays branched. Scales none or small.
Gill-membranes scarcely united at the throat; gill-rakers well
developed, lanceolate. Branchiostegals seven.

Mediterranean ; North Atlantic.

This genus may be subdivided into three smaller groups : —

1. Ventral free from anal ; scales none, or small and cycloid : Rhombus,

Gottsche, p. 407.

2. Ventral free from anal ; scales small and ciliated : Lejjidorliombus,

m., p. 411.

3. Ventrals united with anal : Zeugopterus, Gottsche, p. 413.

1. Ventral free from anal ; scales none, or small and cycloid.

1. Rhombus maximus.

The Tm-bot. Stein-butt.

^•ijTTa, Aristot. iv. c. 11, v. c. 9. ix. c. 37; ^Umi, iv. c. 3; Oppian, i. p. 5.
Rhombus, Plin. ix. c. 15, 20 & 42 ; Bellon. Be Aquat. p. 139.
Rhombus aculeatus, Rondel, xi. c. 2. p. 310 ; Gcsner, Aquat. iv. pp. UGl

& 070; Schonev.Ic/itJi. p. GO; Ahlrov. ii. c. 48. p. 248 ; Jonston, i. c.3.

art. 2. punct. 2. p. GO. tab. 22. fig. 12 ; Willit(/hh>/, p. 93. tab. F. 8.

fig. 3 ; Eai/, p. 32 ; Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 34. no. 1. tab. 8. fig. 1

& tab. 9. hg. 1.
Rhombus, sp., no. 2, Klei?i, I. e. p. 35. tab. 8. fig. 2.
Rhombus maximus, TVill. p. 94. tab. F. 2; Paif, V. 31.
Pleuronectes, sp., Aiiedi, Si/non. p. 32. no. 7, and (hnera, p. 18. no. 9;

Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 254, and .!/;/.<. ii. p. 10. no. 159.
Plfiu-onectes maximus, L. Si/sf. JVal. i. p. 459 ; Br'tlnn. Ichth. 3Iass.

p. 35 ; PI. Fische Deutsclil. ii. p. 53. tab. 49 ; PL Schn. p. 153 ;

Quenselin Vet. AJcad. Hundl. 180(), p. 203; Pi.^so, Ichth. Nice, p. 314;

Faber in Isis, 1828, p. 892 ; Donov. Prit. Fish. ii. pi. 40 ; FUr.

* 1. Rhombus torosus, Rafhke, Faun. Krym, p. 349.— Sea of Azof.

2. cristatus, Lvwc, Proe. Zonl. Soc. 18.39, p. 88.— Madeira.

3. candidissimus Bisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 253. fig. 34.— Jleditorranean.

408 ' PLEUEONECTID.I;.

Vet. Akad. Handl. 1834, p 56, or Fische Morko, p. 250; Flem. Brit.

An. p. 196 ; Jen. Man. p. 461.
Turbot, Penn. Brit. Zool. lii. p. 204, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 315. pi. 49.
Tiirbot, Duham. Peches, iii. sect. 9. p. 261. pi. 3.
PleiU'onectes turbot, Lacep. iv. p. 045.
Ehombus maxiniiis, Cuv. Bh/neAnim. ; Bisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 250 ;

Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2iid edit", ii. p. 324, and 3rd edit. i. p. 634; Parn.

Wern. Mem. vii. p. 37-3, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 213 ; Bottap.

Faun. Pal. Pesce ; Nihs. Shand. Faun. iv. p. 636 ; Casta, Faun. Nap.

ii. p. 15 ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 25. tav. 3. fig. 1.
Pleuronectes tuberculatus, Shaiv, Zool. iv. p. 312 ; Turt. Brit. Faun.

p. 97.

Cyclops, Donov. iv. pi. 90.

Ehombus aculeatus, Goftsche in Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 172.
PleiU'onectes rhombus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 90.

B. 7. D. 62-69. A. 45-50. Vert. 12/19. CiEC. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is contained once and three-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head three times.
Scales none ; body with scattered, conical, bony tubercles ; those on
the head are much smaller but more numerous, particularly between
the orbits and behind the tipper eye ; interorbital space flattish, its
width being equal to the vertical diameter of the orbit ; no scales on
the fins. Lateral line with a semicircular cui-ve above the pectoral.
Lower jaw prominent ; the length of the maxillary is two-fifths of
that of the head. The lower eye is slightly in advance of the upper.
The dorsal fin terminates close by the root of the caudal ; its longest
rays are a little behind the middle of the fin, nearly one-half of the
length of the head, and longer than the pectoral. No spine before
the anal ; gill-rakers rather widely set, not quite so long as the eye,
lanceolate. Greyish or brownish, sometimes spotted with darker.

Coasts of Europe.

a. Adult : skin. From Donovan's Collection.

6. Large specimen : stuffed. Presented by Lord "Willoughby.

c. Adult : skin. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

d. Adult : stuffed. Devonshire. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,

E.N.

e. Half-grown : skin. South Devonshire. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-

lection.
f-li. Adult and half- grown : stuffed. Frith of Forth,
i. Half-grown. Bahuslan. Presented by Hr. A. AV. Malm.
Tc-m. Adult and half- grown : stuffed and skin.
n. Young : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
0. Young : fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection,
p-g. Young: not good state. (? Surinam.) Purchasedof Mr. Frank.
r-s. Skeletons of large specimens. British.
t. Skull of a very large specimen. German Ocean. From Dr. A.

Giinther's Collection.

Slceleton. — The lateral edge of the parietal and frontal bones is
considerably dilated ; that on the left side is deeply emarginate
anteriorly to receive the upper (right) eye ; the osseous orbita of the

5. EHOMBUS. 409

upper eye is complete, formed by the frontal, whilst the lower eye
lies in the temporal groove, unprotected by an infraorbital ring, of
which only a small rudiment (a prajorbital) exists. The occipital
crest is of moderate height, bearing the interneurals of the anterior
dorsal rays. All the bones forming the bottom of the temporal
groove are well developed and ossitied. The bones of the jaws are
equally developed on l)oth sides ; there is a broad hiatus between
the dentary and articulary of the mandible. The urohyal is very
large, fixed between the symphysis of the lateral hyoids and that of
the humeri ; it is horseshoe-shaped, receiving the gill-membrane
into its concavity. The pubic bones have a broad lengthened base
for the insertion of the ventral fins, and are fixed by a long stylifonn
process to the humeral bones.

There are twelve abdominal and nineteen caudal vertebrae ; the
neui-al and haemal spines of the middle vertebrae are exceedingly long
and strong, the first hi«mal and interha?mal spine forming together
a sort of pelvic bone. The length of the first haemal spine equals
that of the fourteen anterior vertebrae. Two interneurals and inter-
haemals always correspond to one neural and haemal ; sometimes a
third interneui-al and interhacmal is intercalated. Parapophyses of
the abdominal vertebrae broad, ^vith feeble ribs and epii)lcurals.

2. Rhombus maeoticus.

Pleuronectes maeoticus, Pall. Zoof/r. I}os!<.-As. iii. p. 419.

Rhombu.s stellosus, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 92.

? Khombus rhombitis, Rdthhc, Faun. Krym, p. 351.

Rhombu.^ maeoticus, Xordm. in Demid. Voi/. Rms. Merid. Poiss.n. 534.

pi. 28. fig. 1, pis. 29 & 30; Kessler in Bull Soc. Nat. 3Iosc. 1859, pt. ii.

p. 441.

D. 62-65. A. 46.

The height of the body is contained once and two-fifths in the
totjil length (without caudal), the length of the head t^vice and two-
thii'ds. Scales rudimentary, not imbricate. Body with more or less
numerous, bony, conical tubercles, which are as large as the eye ;
those on the head and on the blind side are much smaller, numerous
between the orbits and behind the upper eye ; interorbital space fiat,
its width being equal to the vertical diameter of the orbit ; no scales
on the fins. Lateral line ^vith a semicircular cuitc above the pec-
toral. Lower jaw prominent ; the length of the maxillaiy is con-
tained twice and a tliird in that of the head. The lower eye is
slightly in advance of the upper. The dorsal fin terminates close by
the root of the caudal ; its longest rays are behind the middle of the
fin, as long as the pectoral, and half as long as the head, (nll-rakoi-s
rather widely set, not quite so long as the eye, lanceolate. Brownish ;
bodv and fins mottled with reddish-brown.

Black Sea.

a. Fine specimen. Erzeroum. From tlic Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Type of Eh. .'^tclJosii.'!, Benn.

410 PtETJKONECTIDJ!:.

3. Rhombus laevis.

TheBi-m.

Eliombus laevis, Rondel, xi. c. 3. p. 312 ; Gesner, Aqtiat. iv. p. 663 ;

Aldrov. ii. c. 48. p. 249; Sckonev. p. 60; Jonston, i. c. 3. art. 2. piuict. 2.

p. 66. tab. 22. fig. 13 ; Will. p. 96 ; Emj, p. 32.

alter gallicus, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 14l.

Isevis verus, Aldrov. ii. c. 48. p. 250.

non aculeatus, Will. p. 95 ; Rai/, p. 31.

Pleuronectes, sp., AHedi, Synon. p. 31. no. 5, and Genera, p. 18. no. 8.

Plem'ouectes Isevis, L. Westg. Res. p. 178.

rhombus, L. Syst. i. p. 458 ; Briinn. Ichth. Mass. p. 35 ; Bl. Fische

Deutsckl. ii. p. 36. taf; 43 ; Bl. Schn. p. 152 ; Lacep. iv. p. 649 ;

Dmiov. Brit. Fish. iv. pi. 95 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 315 ; Turton,

Brit. Faun. p. 97; Flem. Brit. An. p. 196; Je)i. Man. p. 462.
Rhombus, no. 3, Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 35.
Pearl, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 208, and ed. 1812, iii. p. 321. pi. 50.
Barbue, Duham. Peches, iii. sect. 9. cap. 1. p. 262. pi. 4.
Pleuronectes cristatus, Licht. i?i Bl. Schn. p. 153.
Khombus vulgaris, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii.

p. 331, and 3rd edit. i. p. 641 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 375, or Fish.

Frith of Forth, p. 215 ; Costa, Faun. Nap. ii. p. 10. tav. 42.
Pleuronectes lioderma, Nardo, Ichth. Adr. no. 132.
Rhombus barbatus, Risso, Fur. Merid. iii. p. 251.
Iffivis, Gottsche in Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 175; Bonaj}. Faun. Ital.

Pesc. ; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 638 ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 27.

tav. 2. fig. 4.
Pleuronectes passer, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 90.

B. 7. D. 72-83. A. 53-61. Yert. 12/24.

The height of the body is contained once and five-sixths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head three times.
Scales very small, but distinct, covering the entire head, except the
snout ; interorbital space flat, its vsddth being equal to the horizontal
diameter of the eye, which is about one-eighth of the length of the
head. Each fin-ray is accompanied by a series of minute scales.
Lateral line with a subsemicircular curve above the pectoral. Lower
jaw prominent ; the length of the maxillary is two-fifths of that of the
head. The lower eye is somewhat in advance of the upper. The
dorsal fin terminates close by the root of the caudal ; its anterior rays
terminate in broad fringes, and its longest rays are behind the middle
of the fin, somewhat longer than the pectoral, and two-fifths of the
length of the head. No spine before the anal. GiLl-rakers rather
closely set, lanceolate, and not quite as long as the eye. Greyish-
brown, with reddish-brown spots on body and fins.

Coasts of Europe.

a. Very fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
h. Fine specimen. Dalmatia.

c. Adtdt : stuffed. France. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

d. Fine specimen. Brighton. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.
e-h. Young. Brighton. Presented by J. G. Children, Esq.

i-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Tarrell's
Collection.

5. RnoMBirs. 411

I. Twenty-seven inches long: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by

Lieut. H. F. Spence, R.N".
m-o. Half-grown and young : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
p. Adult: stuffed. England.
q. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

r. Fine specimen. Bahusliin. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.
s~t. Half-grown : skins. From Gronow's Collection.
u. Adult : stuffed.
V. Adult: skeleton. British.

The sheleton is very similar to that of Rh. maximus ; the vertical
processes of the vertebrae are considerably shorter, the length of the
first haemal spine being equal to that of the eleven anterior ver-
tebrae only.

4. Rhombus aquosus.

Pleuronectes maculatus, flitch. Report in jmrt oyi the Fishes of New
York, p. 9 ; Dekay, Neio York Faim. Fish. p. 301. pi. 47. fig. 151.

aquosus, 3£itch. in Lit. ^- Phil. Trans. NeivYork, i. p. 389. pi. 2.

fig. 3.

Rhombus aquosus, Cuv. Kegne Anim.

? Rhombus aquosus, Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. p. 351, and Fish.
3Iassach. p. 146.

D. 63-65. A. 49-54. L. lat. 85.

The height of the body is contained once and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a
third. Scales smaU, smooth, covering the postorbital half of the
head. Interorbital space naked, flattish, its width being rather less
than the vortical diameter of the eye. Each fin-ray is accompanied
by a scries of minute scales. Lateral line %vith a subsemicircular
curve above the pectoral. Lower jaw prominent ; the length of the
maxillary is two-fifths of that of the head. The lower eye is some-
what in advance of the upper. The dorsal fin terminates close by
the root of the caudal ; its anterior rays terminate in fringes, and its
longest rays are behind the middle of the fin, their length being less
than that of the pectoral, and more than one-half of that of the head.
GiU-rakers closely set, slender, two-thirds as long as the eye. Brown-
ish ; back and vertical fins with dai'ker spots.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

a. Adidt : skin. New York. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
6. Fine specimen. N. America. Presented by the Smithsonian In-
stitution.

2. Ventral free from anal ; scales ciliated.
5. Rhombus megastoma.

The Whiff or Maijsole. Sail-Fluke.
Passer comubiensis, Jaqo in Hut/, Si/n. p. 163. fig. 2.
Whiff, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 209.
Pleuronecte.s, sp. 30, Wall. AH. iii. p. 120.

412 PLEtJfiONECTID^.

Ehombus cardina, pt., Cuv. Itkjne Anim.

Pleuronectes megastoma, Z)oyior. Brit. Fish, iii. pi. 51 ; Turt. Brit. Faun.

p. 97 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 196 ; Jen. 3Ian. p. 465 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

2iid edit. ii. p. 342, and 3rd edit. i. p. 654 (tig. bad) ; Diihen 8f Karen

in Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, p. 102.
pseudopalus, Hammer in Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 1812, iii, p. 324.

pi. 52.
Carter, Couch in Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 78.
Rhombus megastoraa, Nihs. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 641.
Zeugopterus (?) velivolans, JRichards. in Tarr. Brit. Fish. 3rd edit. i.

p. 656 a (fig. good).

B. 7. D. 85-87. A. 67-69. L. lat. 120. Vert. 11/30.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a
half. Scales rather small, with the posterior margin ciliated and
rounded, covering nearly the whole head (the interorbital space and
the maxUlary included) ; interorbital space very narrow ; the dia-
meter of the eye is two-ninths of the length of the head. Each fin-
ray is accompanied by a series of minute rough scales. Lateral line
with a subsemi circular curve above the iiectoral. Lower jaw pro-
minent ; the length of the maxillary is contained twice and a third in
that of the head*. The lower eye is somewhat in advance of the
upper. The dorsal fin terminates at a distance from the caudal
wluch equals the depth of the free portion of the tail ; its longest
rays are at the commencement of the posterior thii'd of the fin, where
they are two-fifths of the length of the head, and somewhat shorter
than the pectoral. No spine before the anal.' Yellowish-brown.

Coasts of Great Britain ; occasionally on the coasts of Ireland and
Scandinavia.

a-h. Adult : skins and stuifed. British specimens.
i. Young : stuffed. English coast.
k. Adult : skeleton. British.

AH the bones of this species are thinner and more slender than in
Bh. mnximus and in Rh. Imvis ; the length of the first interhaemal
spine equals that of the nine anterior vertebrae.

6. Rhombus norvegicus.

Rhombus cardina, Fries in Vet. Akad. Handl. 1838, p. 184 (not syn.) ;

Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 643.
Smahvarf, Sundev. in Fries Sf Fkstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 200. pi. 50.

D. 78-80. A. 58-64.
The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; the length of the
maxiUarv is one-half of that of the latter, the diameter of the eye
one-fourth. The dorsal fin commences before the front margia of the
upper eye and behind that of the lower, and terminates at some
distance from the caudal ; its greatest height is in its hinder fourth.

* Teeth in the jaws in a very narrow band, widening anteriorly.

'). unoMiius. 413

Lateral line with a slight (" liten ") curve above the pectoral, and
composed of thirty-six pores in its straight portion. Scales rhombic,
with an obtuse angle posteriorly, ciliated.
West coast of Norway.

3. Ventrals united with aual.
7. Rhombus punctatus.

Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. tab. 41. no. lOG (eiToneously named Smear-
Dab).

Grosse Plie ou Targeur, Duham. Pesch. iii. sect. 9. pi. 5. fig. 4.

Pleiironectes pmictatus, Bl. Ausl. FiscJie, iii. p. 31. tab. 189 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 155.

kitt, Bl. ScJm. p. 162.

liirtus, Abihlq. in 3fiill. Zool. Dan. iii. p. 36. tab. 103 ; Fries in

JVicf/m. Arch. 1840, p. 32 ; Jen. Man. p. 463.

Zeugopterus birtus, Gottsche in Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 178.

Rhombus birtus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 334, or 3rd edit. i.
p. 646 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 376, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 216 ;
i\%s. Skand. Fatm. Fisk. p. 646.

B. 7. D. 93-99. A. 70-80. Vert. 12/25. Cjbc. pylor. 0.

Dorsal and anal tins lapped over posteriorly on the blind side of
the tail, the last rays forming a small flap there. The height of the
body is nearly one-half of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head one-thu-d. Scales rudimentary, but each scale
provided 'W'ith some spines, so that the surface of the whole coloured
side is very rough, the head and fin-rays being covered with similar
scales. Lateral line rather indistinct, curved above the pectoral, the
depth of the curve being somewhat more than that of the base of the
pectoral. Jaws subequal anteriorly; the length of the maxillaiy is
one-half of that of the head. Snout very obtuse, rather longer than
the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head.
Eyes separated by a very nari'ow ridge, the lower being somewhat in
advance of the upper. The dorsal fin commences, with the shortest
rays on the foremost part of the snout, vertically at some distance
before the lower eye, and is continued on to the root of the caudal ;
its longest rays occupy the fifth sixth of the fin, where they are
nearlj- equal to the length of the pectoral, and two-fifths of that of the
head. GiU-rakers closely set, elongate-lanceolate, the longest being
two-thirds of the diameter of the eye. Brown, with round black
.spots ; one behind the curve of the lateral line and another on its
straight portion, two black spots above the upper eye, and an obUquo
black band from the lower eye to the suboperculum.

From the British Channel along the coasts of northern Europe.

a. Adult. North coast of Norway. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
h~c. Fine specimens. Bahusliin. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

d. Adult : stuffed. Dawlish.

e. Adult : skin. South Devonshire.

f-Ji. Adult and half-grown : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
i. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H.F. Spence,R.N.

414 PLEURONECTID^.

h. Fine specimen.

I. Adult : skin.

m. Adult : skeleton : not good state. British.

The length of the first hcemal spine equals that of the ten anterior
vertebrae.

6. PHRYNORHOMBUS.

Rhombus, sp., Auct.

Eyes on the left side. Mouth wide, the length of the maxillary
being more than one-third of that of the head. Each jaw with a
narrow band of villifonn teeth, without canines ; no vomerine or
palatine teeth. The dorsal fin commences on the snout ; nearly all
the dorsal and anal rays are branched. Scales very small, spiny.
Gill-membranes scarcely united at the throat ; gill-rakers well de-
veloped, compressed. Branchiostegals five.

Coasts of Europe.

1. Phrynorhombus unimaculatus.

La petite Limandelle, Duham. Pcsch. iii. sect. 9. p. 270. pi. 6. ig. 5.

Pleuronectes punctatus, (not Bl.) Flem. Wern. Mem. ii. p. 241 ; Phil.
Zool. tab. 3. fig. 2 ; Brit. An. p. 196 ; Jen. Man. p. 462.

Rhombus punctatus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. ed. 2. ii. p. 338, ed. 3. i. p. 650.

unimaculatus, Risso, Fur. Merid. iii. p. 252. fig. 35 (bad) ; Bwiap.

Faun. Ital. Pesc. ; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fish. p. 645.

uniocellatus, Nardo, Prodr. Ichth. Adriat. no. 135.

B. 5. D. 78-79. ^. 67.
Dorsal and anal fins turned over posterity on the blind side of the
taU, where the last rays form a small flap. Ventrals disconnected from
the anal. The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Scales small,
but very distinct, each with about four spines at its posterior margin ;
head and fin-rays entirely covered with minute rough scales. The
lateral line makes a subsemicircular curve above the pectoral. The
lower jaw is slightly prominent ; the length of the maxillaiy is one-
half, or rather more than one-half, of that of the head. Snout obtuse,
longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of
the head. Eyes separated by a very narrow and elevated ridge, the
lower being a little in advance of the upper, and sometimes provided
with a slender tentacle. The dorsal fin commences a httle before
the vertical from the front margin of the lower eye, and is continued
on to the root of the caudal. The fii-st ray is produced into a fila-
ment, ono-thu'd as long as the head. The first dorsal ray is some-
times prolonged and filamentous. GiU-rakers rather Avidcly set, half
as long as the eye. Brownish-grey, with blackish spots : one at the
end of the curve of the lateral line ; a reddish oceUus edged with
black on the middle of the tail.

From the Mediterranean to the coasts of Great Britain.
a. Fine specimen. Dalmatia.
h-e. Adult : skins. Plymouth and Weymouth.

7. ARNOGLOSSUS. 415

7. ARNOGLOSSUS*.

Rhombus, sp., Cuvier.

Arnog^lossus, Bleek. in Compt, Rend. Acad. Sc. Amsterd. xiii. 1862,
Pleuron.

Mouth wide, or rather wide, the length of the maxillary being
more, or not much less, than one-third of that of the head. Teeth
minute, of equal size, in a single series in both jaws ; vomerine and
palatine teeth none. The dorsal fin commences on the snout ; dorsal
and anal rays simple. Scales of moderate size, deciduous ; lateral
line with a strong ciu've above the pectoral. Eyes on the left side.
Gill-membranes broadly united below the thi'oat ; gill-rakers slender,
styliform.

European seas. East Indian Ai-chipelago.

1. Arnoglossus laterna.

The Scald-Fish.

Arnoglossus, Rondel, xi. e. 14. p. 324 ; Aldrav. ii. c. 4.3. p. 2-37 ; Jomton,

i.tit.l. c.2. a.2.punct. l.p. 58; Gesner, Aquat.'w.T^.QQS; H'iV^. p. 102.

tab. F. 8. fig. 7.
Smooth Sole, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 204.
Plem'onectes laterna, TFalb. Art. iii. p. 121.

casurus, Penn. Brit. Zool. 1812, iii. p. 325. pi. 53.

diaphanus. Slum, Zool. iv. p. 309.

leotardi, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 318.

Ehombus nudus, Risso, Eur. Iferid. iii. p. 251 ; Cuv. R^gne Anim.

Pleuronectes pellucidus, Nardo, Ichth. Adriat. no. 134.

arnoglossus, Bl. Schn. p. 1.57 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 197 ; Turt. Brit,

Faun. p. 97 ; Bonap. Faun. Pal. Pesce ; Jen. Man. p. 465 ; Canestr.

Arch. Zool. i. p. 14. tav. 1. fig. 4.
Rhombus arnoglossus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 345, and 3rd

edit. i. p. 644 (fig. bad).
Hippoglossus arnoglossus, Costa, Faun. Nap. ii. p. 32.

D. 90. A. G9. L. lat. 47.

Scales of moderate size, very thin and deciduous. The dorsal fin
commences before the eye. Teeth minute, of equal size. The height
of the body is contained twice and a half in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head thi'ice and three-fourths. The greatest
depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of the lateral line
is less than the length of the head. Snout with the jaws subequal
anteriorly, as long as the diameter of the eye, which is two-ninths
of the length of the head. The length of the maxillary is two-fifths,
that of the mandible rather more than one-half of that of the head.
Eyes separated by a very narrow, bony, prominent, naked ridge, the
lower being slightly in advance of the other. Lateral line with a
subsemicircular curve above the pectoral. The dorsal aiul anal are
continued on to the root of the caudal ; the longest dorsal rays are
somewhat behind the middle of the fin, where they are half a.s long
as the head, and rather shorter than the pectoral. The rays of the

♦ 1. Ehombus poecilurus, Bleek. Amb. cj- Ccram, p. 293. — Banka, Amboyna.

416 PLEURONECTIDJE.

left ventral occupy the whole length between throat and vent, and
a portion of the humeral arch projects behind the ventral in form of
one or two triangular spines. Uniform transparent reddish.

From the Mediterranean to the South coast of England and Ire-
land.
a, b. Adult: skins. Mediterranean.

c. Half-grown. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giinthcr, M.D.

d. Half-grown : skin. Brixham.

e. Half-grown : skin. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
f-k. Half-grown : skins. British specimens.

I, Half-grown.

2. Amoglossus conspersus.

Pleuronectea conspersus, Canestr. Arch. Zuol. i. p. 10. tav. 1. fig. 2.
B. 7. D. 86-90. A. 67-70.

Scales of moderate size, very thin and deciduous ; the dorsal fin
commences before the eye. Teeth minute, of equal size. The height
of the body is contained twice and a third in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head thrice and four-fifths. The length
of the maxillary is nearly one-third, that of the mandible rather less
than one-half of that of the head. Eyes separated by a very narrow
scaly ridge, the lower being slightly in advance of the other. Lateral
line with a subsemicircular curve above the pectoral. The dorsal
and anal are continued on to the root of the caudal, A portion of
the humeral arch projects behind the ventral in form of two trian-
gular spines. The coloured side dotted with brown. {Can.)

Genoa.

3. Amoglossus boscii.

Pleuronectes boscii, Risso, Ichtli. Nice, p. 319. pi. 7. fig. 33 ; Bonap.

Faun. ltd. Pesce ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 19. tav. 2. tig. 2.
Hippoglossus boscii, Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 246.
Rhombus boscii, Cuv. Rigne Anim. 2nd edit.

D. 75-82. A. 61-68. L. lat. ca 45.
Scales of moderate size. Teeth minute, of equal size. The dorsal
commences before the eye. The height of the body is one-third of
the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head one-fourth,
that of the caudal one-sixth. The greatest depth between the anal
fin and the straight portion of the lateral line is less than the length
of the head. Interorbital space narrow, flattish, scaly ; lateral line
with a subsemicircTilar curve above the pectoral. Snout nearly as
long as the eye, the diameter of which is one-third of the length of
the head. Lower jaw prominent ; maxillary half as long as the head.
Front margins of the eyes nearly on the same level. The distance
of the dorsal from the caudal is less than the depth of the free portion
of the tail. The longest dorsal rays are on the middle of the fin, and
somewhat shorter than the pectoral, which is half as long as the head
and much longer than the ventral. Transparent reddish-grey, with

7. ABNOGLOSSUS. 417

a pair of round blackish spots posteriorlj' on the dorsal and anal
fins.

Mediterranean.

4. Arnoglossus aspilus.

Rhombus aspilos,^fc<Vi;. Verhcmd. Batav. Genootsch.xxiv. Jfc<yo«.p.l4,
or NaUmrk. Tydschr. Neclerl. Iml. 1. p. 408.

B. 6. D. 80-82. A. 61-63. L. lat. 45.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly foiir times.
The width of the intcrorbital space is less than one-half of the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head ; the
lower eye is in advance of the upper. Snout with the lower jaw
prominent. The length of the maxillary is two-fifths of that of the
head. A portion of the humeral arch projects behind the ventral.
The dorsal and anal fins are continued on to the root of the caudal.
Uniform brownish-grey.

Java, Bali, Sumatra.

a. Thi'ee inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection, as Pseudo-
rJiomhus aspilos.

5. Arnoglossus grohmaimi.

Pleuronectes grohmanui, Boncq). Faun. Hal. Pesce; Cmicstr. Arch.
Zool. i. p. 12. tav. 1. fig. 3.

D. 80. A. 52. L. lat. ca 45. (Bonap.)
86-90. 60-67. (Canestr.)

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal). Scales deciduous. Lowcrjaw slightly prominent ; the length
of the maxillary is rather less than one-third of that of the head.
Eyes very close together, the lower in advance of the upper. The
second dorsal ray is elongate. Brownish, clouded with darker ; fins
with. bro\\Ti spots.

Mediterranean.

6. Arnoglossus lophotes.

D. 95. A. 77. L. lat. 60.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds to twice
and foiu--fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head four times and a half to four times and tlirec-fourths. Scales
deciduous ; anterior cui-ve of the lateral Hnc subscmicircular. Snout
with the lower jaw slightly prominent, as long as the eye, the diameter
of which is onc-iifth of the length of the head. The length of the
maxillary is a Httle less than one-third of that of the head. Eyes
separated by a very nan-ow elevated ridge, the lower being in advance
of the upper. The four anterior dorsal rays are elongate, nearly as
long as the head. The dorsal fin corainences in front of the upper
eye and terminates close by the caudal. Caudal fin somewhat shorter

VOL. IT. 2 E

418 PLETIKONECTIDiE.

than the head, rounded. The length of the pectoral is two-thirds of
that of the head. Coloration uniform (in a dried state).
Europe.

a-c. Skins, from 8 to 10 inches long. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

Mr. Yarrell's Collection was entirely composed of specimens of
British, and of a few Mediterranean species. The locality has been
noted by him only in a small proportion of the specimens, and un-
fortunately no record has been preserved by him as to the history
of the specimens of this species. Nearly all the Mediterranean spe-
cimens are prepared in a uniformly peculiar manner, different from
that id which the British specimens in general and the three speci-
mens of A. loplwtes especially were preserved. It is not at all im-
probable that those three specimens really are British.

8. CITHARUS.

Hippoglossus, sp., Cuvier.

Citharus, Bleek. in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Amsterd. xiii. 1862, Pleuron,

Mouth wide, the length of the maxillary being nearly one-half of
that of the head. Teeth in a double series in the upper jaw, of unequal
size ; vomerine teeth ; none on the palatines. The dorsal fin com-
mences on the snout ; dorsal and anal rays simple (?). Scales of
moderate size, deciduous ; lateral line with a curve above the pectoral.
Eyes on the left side.

Mediterranean.

1. Citharus linguatula.

Citharus, Rondel, xi. c. 5. p. 314 ; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 127 ; Aldrov. ii.

c. 44. p. 240; Jonston, ii. lib. 1. tit. 1. c. 2. a. 2. p. 59. tab. 20. fig. 14.
Solea altera (Pola), Bellon. De Aquat. p. 148.
Linguatula, Willughby, p. 101 ; Ray, p. 3.3.

Pleiu'onectes, sp., Arfedi, Synon. p. 31. no. 4 ; Genera, p. 17. no. 5.
Solea, sp. 6, Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 32.
Pleiironectes linguatula, L. Syst. i. p. 457; Fries in Wiegm. Arch,

1840, p. 30; Bl. Schn. p. 151.
macrolepidotus, Delaroche in Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 353 ; Bonap.

Faun. Ital. Pesce ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 16. tav. 2. fig. 1'; (not Bl.).

solea var. pataracchia, Naccari, Ichth. Adriat. p. 11.

Hippoglossus macrolepidotus, Cur. Rhjne Anini.

Pleuronectes citharus, Spinola in Ann. Mus. x. p. 166.

Hippoglossus citharus, Risso, Fur. Merid. iii. p. 146; Costa, Faun.

Nap. ii. p. 27.

D. 64-66. A. 46. L. lat. ca 36.

The height of the body is rather less than one-third of the total
length (wdth the caudal), the length of the head one-fourth, that of
the caudal nearly one-sixth. The greatest depth between the anal
fin and the straight portion of the lateral line is much less than the
length of the head. Scales deciduous, smooth, obscurely ciliated ;
interorbital ridge very narrow. Lateral line with a curve above the
pectoral, the depth of the curve being equal to the width of the base
of the pectoral. Snout rather longer than the eye, the diameter of

10. SAMARIS. 419

which is one-fourth or one-fifth of the length of the head. Lower
jaw prominent ; maxillary nearly half as long tis the head. Teeth
conical, pointed, of unequal size. The ujiper eye is situated in advance
of the lower. The longest dorsal rays are in and behind the middle
of the fin, and only half as long as the pectoral ; the last dorsal and
anal rays extend to the base of the caudal, if laid backwards. Pec-
toral twice as long as ventral, its length being two-thirds of that of
the head. Transparent reddish-grey.
Mediterranean.

9. BRACHYPLEURA.

Mouth wide, the length of the maxillary being one-half of that of
the head. Teeth pointed, conical, curved : the anterior of the upper
jaw enlarged, and disposed in two series; those of the lower jaw in
a single series ; vomerine teeth present. The dorsal fin commences
on the snout ; dorsal and anal rays simple. Scales of moderate size,
deciduous. Eyes on the right side. Gill-membranes scarcely united
at the throat ; gill-rakers lanceolate.

New Zealand.

1. Brachypleura novae zeelandiae.

B. 6. D. 72. A. 48. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a quarter.
Scales cycloid ; lateral line without cui've. Head nearly as high as
long. Snout with the lower jaw very prominent, as long as the eye,
the diameter of which is two-ninths of the length of the head. Cleft
of the mouth cur^'ed, the convexity of the mandible fitting into the
concavity of the upper jaw; the maxillary extends to behind the middle
of the orbit. Tongue very slender, pointed ; vomer very prominent.
Eyes separated by a mere ridge, the upper in advance of the lower.
There are two crescentic notches in the margin of the sub- and inter-
operculum. Gill-rakers rather widely set, slender, more than half
as iQug as the eye. The third to eighth dorsal rays are very elongate,
filiform in one (male '?) specimen ; in the other (female ?) specimen
those in the middle of the fin are the longest, two-fifths of the length
of the head. The dorsal fin terminates close by the caudal ; the anal
fin commences between the extremities of the ventrals. The caudal
fin is one-sixth of the total length ; the length of the pectoral is
three-quarters of that of the head. Coloration uniform, transparent.

New Zealand.
rt. Forty-three Hncs long: male? From the Haslar Collection.
b. Forty-five lines long : female. New Zealand. Presented by Sir
J. Richardson.

10. SAMARIS.

Samaris, Gray, Zool. 3Iisc. p. 4.

Mouth equally developed on both sides, narrow, the length of the

2 k 2

420 PLEURONECTIDJE.

maxillary being one-third of that of the head. Eyes on the right
side. Teeth in narrow bands, small, of equal size ; no vomerine or
palatine teeth. Pins prolonged. Dorsal and anal rays simple ; the
dorsal fin commences on the snout. Scales rather small, strongly
ciliated ; lateral line straight. Gill- membranes broadly united below
the throat ; gill-rakers rudimentary.
Chinese Seas.

I. Samaris cristatus.

Gray, I. c. p. 5.

D. 77. A. 52. L, lat. 75.

The thirteen anterior dorsal rays much elongate ; pectoral, ven-

trals, and the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins long. Eyes

very close together, circular. The height of the body is two-fifths

of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth,

Chinese Seas.

a. Six and a half inches long. China. Presented by General

Hardwicke. — Type of the species.

b. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E.

Belcher, C.B.

c. Half-grown : stuffed. China.

II. PSETTICHTHYS.

Psettichthys, sp., Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 140.

Mouth of moderate width. Teeth slender. Eyes on the right
side. Fins not prolonged ; the dorsal fin commences before the eye,
on the snout ; dorsal and anal rays simple. Scales small ; lateral line
without curve.

West coast of North America.

1. Psettichthys melanostictus.

Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 140, and iu U. S. Pacif.
R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 154.

D. 78. A. 60.
The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length
(with the caudal), the length of the head nearly one-fourth. Lower
jaw the longer ; the maxillary extends to below the anterior third of
the orbit. Teeth very slender. Eyes on the right side, separated by
a space of moderate width. Anterior dorsal rays higher than the
following ones. Scales very small, cycloid. The lateral line de-
scends in an obhque line to behind the pectoral. Grey, irregularly
spotted with black. (CHrard.)
West coast of North America.

12. CITHARICHTHYS.

Psettichthys, sp., Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 140.
Citharichthys, Bhek. in Co^n^jt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Amsfcrd. xiii. 1862,
Pleuron.
Mouth wide, the length of the maxillary being more than one-

12. ciTiiARicirxnYs. 421

third of that of the head. Teeth in both jaws in a single series, of
unequal size ; vomerine and palatine teeth none. The dorsal fin
commences on the snout ; dorsal and anal rays simple. Scales of
moderate size, ciliated ; lateral line without curve. Eyes on the left
side. Gill-membranes broadly united below the throat ; giU-rakers
lanceolate ; branchiostegals five.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic. Coasts of California,

1. Citharichthys spilopterus.
D. 76-78. A. 60-63. L. lat. 47-50.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Scales of the lateral
line subquadrangular ; lateral hue nearly straight, gently descending
anteriorly. Snout with the jaws equal La front, rather longer than
the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head.
The maxillary, the length of which is contained twice and two-thirds
in that of the head, extends beyond the middle of the orbit. Anterior
teeth of the upper jaw widely set, much larger than the posterior,
which are close together and very small ; the lower jaw with seven
or eight distant teeth of moderate size on each side. Eyes separated
by a very narrow scaleless ridge, their front margins being nearly
on the same level. Fin-rays scaly. The dorsal commences a httle
before the upper eye, and terminates close by the caudal ; its longest
rays are behind the middle, and one-half of the length of the head.
Anal spine none. Caudal rounded ; its length is one-sixth of the
total. The pectoral is rather longer than half the length of the head ;
ventral much shorter, extending beyond the origin of the anal. Gill-
rakers lanceolate, pointed, one-third as long as the eye. Greyish-
olive (in spirits) ; a series of distant blackish spots along the basal
portions of the anal and dorsal fins.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America ; west coast of Africa,

a-b. Adult. 13ahia. From Dr. 0. Wucheror's Collection.

c. Adult. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

d, e-f. Adult (7 inches long) and half-gro^wn. St. Domingo. Pur-

chased of Mr. Cuming.
g-o. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's

CoUection.
2y-q. Adidt. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.
r-s, t, u, V. Adult and half-grown.

2. Citharichthys sordidus.

Psettichthys sordidus, Girard in Proc. Arail. Nat. 8c. nilad. 18.')4,

pp. 142 & 155, and in U. S. Pacif. R.R. Exp. Fishes, p. 155. pi. 406.

D. 82. A. 72.

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length, the

length of the head nearly one-fourth. Jaws equal anteriorly ; the

maxillary extends to below the pupil. Teeth slender, une(Hial.

Eyes separated by a \ery narrow bony ridge. Tlic dorsal rays in-

422 PLEURONECTIDiE.

crease in height towards the posterior third of the fin ; the fin ter-
minates close by the caudal. Scales not very small, ciliated ;
lateral line nearly straight. Yellowish ; fins speclded with blackish.
{Girard.)

Coasts of California.

13. HEMIRHOMBUS.

Rhombus, sp., Cuv.

Hemirhombus, Bleek. in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Anisterd. xiii. 1862,
Pleuron.
Mouth wide, the length of the maxillary being more than one-
third of that of the head. Teeth of the upper jaw in a double series,
with canines anteriorly, those of the lower jaw in a single series ;
vomerine and palatiae teeth none. The dorsal fin commences on the
snout ; dorsal and anal rays simple. Scales rather small, ciliated ;
lateral line without strong curve. Eyes on the left side. GiU-
membranes broadly united below the throat ; gill-rakers compressed,
broadish.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic.

1. Hemirhombus aramaca.

Aramaca, 3Iarcgr. p. 181.

? Pleuronectes macrolepidotus, Bl. vi. p. 25. tab. 190 ; Bl. Schn. p. 156 ;

Lacep. iv. p. 656.
Plem'onectes aramaca, Cuv. Rkgne Anim.

D. 85. A. 65. L. lat. 70.

The dorsal commences before the eye. Teeth of the upper jaw m
a double series, with one or two pairs of small canine teeth in front ;
those of the lower jaw closely set, conical, in a single series. Scales
rather small, adherent, ciliated ; lateral line nearly straight, each
scale of the lateral line with one or two minute scales at the base.
The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total
length, the length of the head thrice and three-fourths. Snout rather
shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is two-ninths of the
length of the head. Jaws equal in length anteriorly ; the length of
the maxillary is two-fifths of that of the head ; maxillary scaly.
Interorbital space concave, scaly, half as wide as the vertical dia-
meter of the orbit ; the concavity between the orbits is produced by
two longitudinal ridges convergent posteriorly. Head nearly entirely
covered with ciliated scales. Rays of the vertical fins scaly; the
distance between dorsal and caudal is one-fourth of the depth of the
free portion of the tail. The longest dorsal rays are behind the
middle of the fioi, two-fifths of the length of the head. The upper
pectoral rays of the coloured side sometimes prolonged into a very
long filament. GUI-rakers one-third as long as the eye, interiorly
pro\'ided with spines. Brown, marbled with darker, and with nu-
merous round light spots.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

14. PSEUBORHOMBtJS. 423

b-li. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
i. Adult.

HippogJossus ocellatiis, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 314, appears
to bo very closely allied to Marcgrave's species ; but its body is
rather more elongate. Poey states — D. 89. A. 72. The fin-rays
are said to be scaleless.

2. Hemirhombus guineensis.

Sleeker, in litt.

D. 86. A. 64. P. 11. L. lat. 52-56.

The height of the body is contained thrice in the total length, the
length of the head four times and four-fifths ; the width of the inter-
orbital space is one-fourth of that of the orbit ; cleft of the mouth
curved ; jaws subequal anteriorly, the maxillary extendhig to below
the middle of the eye, its length being contained twice and two-fifths
in that of the head. A pair of canine teeth anteriorly. The scales
on the cheek are in eleven or twelve series. Scales cycloid. Green-
ish. {Bl.)

Coast of Guinea.

3. Hemirhombus (?) soleaeformis.

Rhombus soleaeformis, Agass. in Spix, Fisc. Bras. p. 86. tab. 47.
D. 88. A. 72.

Scales of moderate size, very thin, deciduous, provided with minute
spines. The lateral line passes gradually and in an obhque direction
into its straight portion. The height of the body is two-fifths of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The
lower jaw is rather the longer. The eyes are separated from each
other by a scaly interspace, which is as wide as the orbit ; nearly the
whole of the lower eye is in advance of the upper. Dark-olive, with
a large round black spot on the origin of the lateral line. {Ag.)

Atlantic.

Typical specimens in the Museum at Munich.

14. PSEUDORHOMBUS*.

Pseudorhombus, Bleek. in Comj}t. Rend. Acad. Sc. Amsterd. xiii. 1802,
Pk'uran. p. 5.
Mouth wide, the length of the maxillary being more than one-
third of that of the head. Teeth in both jaws in a single scries, of
imequal size ; vomerine and palatine teeth none. The dorsal fin

* 1. Russell, pi. 75. — Rhombus niaculosus, Ciiv. Begne Anim. — Coroiuandel.

2. Pleiironectes nauphala, Ham. Buck. Gang. Fish. p. 126. — Ganges.

3. Hippoglossus kingii, Jcnyn.% appears to be closely allied to the present

genus. See p. i>99.

4. Rhombus eocoscnsis, Blcck. Kokns, iii. p. 179. — \Vc shall again mention

this species at the end of Rhoiidwidichthys (p. 438).

424 PLETTRONECTID^E.

commences on the snout ; dorsal and anal rays simple. Scales small
or rather small ; lateral line Avith a strong curve anteriorly. Eyes
on the left side; interorbital space not concave. GiU-membranes
united below the throat, not attached to the isthmus ; giU-rakers
lanceolate.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Pacific coasts of Central
and South America. New York. Brazil.

1. Pseudorhombus russellii.

Platessa russellii, Gray, III. hid. Zool. pi. — . fig. 2 (too much elon-
gate) ; Cant. Catal. 3Ial. Fish. p. 214.

Rhombus lentiginosiis, Richards. Ann. S( Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. 184.3,
p. 495 ; Bleek. Verhaiid. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 15.

Platessa chrysoptera, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 278.

balteata, Richards. I. c.

? Rhombus polyspilos, Bleek. Batav. p. 503.

Rhombus oligodon, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Niemoe
Nalez. Sfc. p. 121 ; Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind.yi. p. 419; Act.Soc.
Sc. Indu-Kederl. v. Japan, v. tab. 3. fig. 2.

B. 7. D. 70-77. A. 56-60. L. lat. 75.

The dorsal commences in front of the eye. Extremity of maxUlary
scaly. The height of the body is one-half, or rather less than one-
half, of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-
sevenths. The greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight
portion of the lateral line equals the length of the head. Scales
ciliated, those on the cheek and on the anterior part of the body
smaller than those on the tail, which are of moderate size ; inter-
orbital ridge very narrow and naked ; no spines or tubercles along
the lateral line or the base of the fins. Lateral line with a semi-
circular cuiTC above the pectoral. Snout a Uttlo longer than the
orbit, the diameter of which is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length
of the head. Lower jaw prominent ; the length of the raaxiUaiy is
two-fifths of that of the head. Teeth conical, pointed : upper jaw
with two or three pairs of stronger ones in front, and with a series
of very small ones laterally ; lower jaw with about five strong, widely-
set teeth on each side. Front margins of the orbits nearly on the
same level. Each fin-ray is accompanied by a series of smaR smooth
scales, and the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal have their tips
prolonged beyond the membrane ; the distance of the dorsal from
the caudal is only one-third of the depth of the free portion of the
tail ; the longest dorsal rays are in the posterior third of the fin,
their length being two-fifths of tliat of the head ; the pectoral is not
quite twice as long as the ventral, and two-thirds as long as the head.
GUI-rakers compressed, lanceolate, at moderate distance from one
another, half as long as the orbit. YeUowish-broAAni ; sometimes with
two or three dark spots on the lateral line.

From the east coast of Africa to Australia.

a. Adult : skin. Umbilo River (Port Natal), within five miles of the
mouth.

14. PSEUDORHOMBUS. 425

b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — Tj-pe

of Platessa russellii.

c. Young. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

d. Adult : skin. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

e. Adult. Borneo.

/".Half-grown. Ceram. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer.
f/, 7«. Fine specimens. Bengal. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
i-k. Half-grown : stiiffed. East Indies.
Z-»H. Half-grown and young : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
n. Half-grown. East Indian Archipelago. From Dr. P. v. Blceker's

Collection.
0. Adult : skin. Port Essington.
p. Half-grown : stuffed.
q-r. Young.

2. Pseudorhombus dentatus.

Plem'onectes dentatus, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 458 ; Bl. Schn. p. 156.
? Platessa orbignyana, Valenc. in D'Orbi(/)i>/, Voi/. Amcr. Merid. Poiss.
pi. 16. fig. 1 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 137.

D. 80-85. A. 64-69. L. lat. 105.

The dorsal commences in front of the eye. The height of the body
is contained twice and three-fourths in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head four times or four times and a half.
The greatest depth between the lateral line and the anal fin is less
than the length of the head. Scales minutely ciliated, those on the
head smaller than those on the body ; interorbital space flattish, scaly,
its width being equal to, or rather less than, the vertical diameter of
the orbit ; no spines or tubercles along the lateral line or the base of
the fins. Lateral line with a strong curve above the pectoral, the
depth of the curve being one-third of its width. Snout longer than
the orbit, the diameter of which is one-sixth or one-seventh of the
length of the head. Lower jaw prominent ; the length of the max-
illary is contained twice and a thii-d in the length of the head. Teeth
conical, pointed: upper jaw with eight strong ones on its anterior
half, and with a series of small ones on its posterior ; the lower with
seven or ten strong, widely-set teeth on each side. The lower eye
is slightly in advance of the upper. Each fin-ray is accompanied by
a seiies of small smooth scales ; the distance between dorsal and
caudal is one-half of the depth of the free portion of the tail ; the
longest dorsal ra5\s are behind the middle of the fin, their length
being one-third or two-fifths of that of the head, and equal to that
of tlio pectoral. No spine before the anal. Uniform brown.

Atlantic coasts of America.
a. Twenty-sLx inches long : stuffed. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. — Probably brought by C'apt. King from Port
Famine.

The typical specimen, received by Linnanis from Dr. liaiden, and
named by himself /V. dentatus, is still in the possession of the Linnean

;426 PLEURONECTID^.

Society of London. A second specimen, also from Dr. Garden, is
perfectly identical with the former ; but Linnaeus, who apparently
had received it at a different period, considered this as belonging to
the species figui'ed by Catesby, tab. 27, which he had named PI. lu-
luitus in the tenth edition of his ' Systema Naturae.'

3. Pseudorhombus oblongus.

Pleuronectes oblongus, 3Iitch. in Tnuis. Lit. ^- Phil. Soc. Neiv York, i.

p. 391.
Platessa oblonga, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 299. pi. 48. fig. 156.
D. 88. A. 66.
Eight to ten sharp, stout teeth on each side of the lower jaw ; six
to eight similar teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and the remain-
ing posterior portion of the jaw filled up with numerous minute teeth.
The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four times. Scales
deeply imbedded in the skin; interorhital space fiat, scaly, broad, as
wide as the snout is long. Lateral line wth a subsemicircular curve
above the pectoral. Eyes rather small. The dorsal fin commences
anteriorly to the upper eye, and its distance from the caudal is less
than the depth of the free portion of the tail. Nearly uniform
brownish ; sometimes with spots. (Dekay.)
New York.

According to the figure quoted, this species seems to differ from
Ps. dentatus in having a remarkably broad interorhital space.

4. Pseudorhombus califomicus.

Hippoglossus califomicus, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. 1859, p. 29, and
1860, fig. 10.

D. 70. A. 55.

Teeth slender, sharp, ciu-ved, about thirty in the upper jaw and
forty-six in the lower. The height of the body is one-third of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. The
greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of the
lateral line is much less than the length of the head. The distance
of the upper eye from the snout is equal to one-fourth of the length
of the head, and the width of the interorhital space is one-sixth of
the same length. The lateral line makes a strong curve above the
pectoral. The length of the maxillaiy is nearly one-half of that of
the head. The dorsal commences a little anteriorly to the upper eye,
with its greatest height (which is one-third of the length of the head)
at about the middle of its length ; its distance from the caudal equals
the dejith of the free portion of the tail. Greyish-brown. (Ayres.)

Bay of San Francisco.

5. Pseudorhombus arsius.

Pleuronectes arsius, Ham. Buch. Gang. Fish. p. 128.
D. 81. A. 55.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without

I

14. PSEUDORHOMBTJS. 427

caudal). Greenish, with several bro-«Ti cloud-like spots ; two black
ocelli edged with Avhite on the straight portion of the lateral line.

Ganges.

A coloured di-amng of this fish, 31 Hnes long, is in the Collection
of Drawings presented by General Hardwicke to the British Museum.

6. Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus.

Rhombus cinnamomeus, Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 180. tab. 93 ;
Sleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii. Japan, p. 25.

D. 81-85. A. 64-65. L. lat. 80.

The dorsal fin commences in front of the eye. The height of the
body is contained twice and two-fifths in the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head five times. Eyes very close together.
Scales ciliated. Lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly. The
length of the maxillary is nearly two-fifths of that of the head ;
lower jaw with about fifteen teeth on the left side, and with about
thirty-five on the right. The left pectoral fin is longer than the right,
which is half as long as the head. Yellowish, clouded with darker,
and \vith numeroas small bluish-white spots ; a large brown spot on
the lateral line, immediately behind the extremitj' of the pectoral.

Nagasaki.

7. Pseudorhombus javanicus.

Rhombus javanicus, Bleek. Batav. p. 502.

D. 69-74. A. 51-56. L. lat. 75.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths to
t'tt'ice and one-foiu'th in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head foiu- times ; eyes verj^ close together, the lower scarcely
in advance of the upper. The length of the maxillary is two-fifths
of that of the head. Canine or canine-hke teeth none : in the upper
jaw the anterior teeth are of moderate size, the posterior very small
and numerous ; the lower jaw with sixteen to twenty teeth on each
side. Lateral line with a strong curve anteriorlj^ The dorsal fin
commences before the upper eye. The length of the jDectoral is con-
tained once and a third in that of the head, that of the caudal six
times in the total. YcUowish-oUve, with scattered green dots and
occlU ; dorsal and anal edged with yellow.

Java.

a. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

8. Pseudorhombus multimaculatus.
D. 71. A. 55. L. lat. 78.
The height of the body is contained once and three-fourths to
once and four -fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head thrice and a half to thrice and tAvo-thirds. Scales ciliated.
Eyes very close together, separated only by an elevated naked ridge.
Snout with the jaws equal anteriorly, very sliort, as long as the eye,

428 PLEURONECXID.^.

the diameter of which is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the
head. The maxillary has its dilated portion scaly, and extends to
behind the middle of the eye ; its length is two-fifths of that of the
head. The upper jaw has three pairs of stronger teeth in front, and
a series of small ones laterally ; the lower has about fifteen teeth on
each side. The dorsal fin terminates at a short distance from the
caudal ; its anterior rays are shorter than those of the posterior
fourth of the fin, which are the longest, being contained twice and a
third in the length of the head. Caudal fin rather prolonged, rounded,
its length being contained five times and a half in the total. Pectoral
two-thirds of the length of the head. The ventral extends beyond
the origin of the anal. GUI-rakers lanceolate, disposed at moderate
distances, half as long as the eye. Greyish-brown, with smaller and
larger subocellated blackish-brown spots ; fins finely spotted with
brown ; a series of larger distant spots along the basal half of the
dorsal and anal fins.
Hab. ?

a-c. From 8 to 9 inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

9. Pseudorhombus triocellatus.

Russell, i. p. 59. pi. 76.

Pletironectes triocellatus, Bl. ScJin. p. 145.

Rhombus triocellatus, Cuv. Rtgne Anim, ; Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 528.

D. 69. A. 51. L. lat. 65.

The height of the body is contained once and three-quarters in
the total length (without caudal) . Scales cihated ; interorbital space
naked, very narrow. Snout with the jaws subequal anteriorly, as
long as the eye, the diameter of which is two-ninths of the length of
the head. The length of the maxillary is contained twice and a
third in that of the head. Teeth minute, of equal size, in a single
series. Front margins of the orbits nearly on the same level. Fin-
rays scaly : the dorsal fin terminates close by the caudal ; its ante-
rior rays are the longest, more than half as long as the head, and
equal in length to the pectoral. Gill-rakers very slender, more than
half as long as the eye, closely set. Erownish-olive : taU with three
dark-brown ocelli, edged with white, disposed in a triangle.

East Indian Seas.

a-h. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

10. Pseudorhombus pentophthalinus.

D. 70. A. 54. L. lat. 75.

The height of the body is contained twice in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a third. Scales
ciliated ; eyes separated by a mere ridge. Snout with tlie jaw's
equal anteriorly, rather longer than the eye, the diameter of which
is nearly one-fifth of the length of the head. The maxillary extends

14. PSEUDORHOMBUS. 429

to behind the middle of the eye, and its length is one-half of that of
the head. Upper jaw with two pairs of small canine teeth anteriorly.
Front margins of the orbits on the same level. Fin-rays scaly : the
dorsal fin terminates close by the caudal ; its anterior rays are con-
siderably shorter than those behind the middle of the fin, wliich are
two-fifths as long as the head. The length of the caudal is one-fifth,
that of the pectoral one -sixth of the total. GUI-rakers slender,
closely set, half as long as the eye. Yellowish (in spirits), with brown
oceUated spots, and with five violet, white-edged ocelli, disposed
thus : : i
China Seas.

a. Forty-four lines long. China. Presented by Vice- Admiral Sir E.
Belcher, C.B.

11. Pseudorhombiis olivaceus.

Hippoglossus olivaceus, Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 184. tab. 94.
Rhombus wolffii, Bleek. Japan, p. 421, and^e^. Soc, Sc.Indo-Nederl. v.
Japan, v. tab. 2. fig. 3.

B. 7. D. 76-85. A. 57-61. L. lat. 120.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal). Scales ciliated ; interorbital space
flat, scaly, its width being one-third of the vertical diameter of the
eye. Snout with the jaws subequal anteriorly, rather longer than
the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head.
The length of the maxillaiy is one-half of that of the head. Teeth
large, conical, pointed : upper jaw with two or three canines on its
anterior portion and with a series of small ones posteriorly ; lower
jaw with about seven widely-set teeth on each side, increasing in
length towards the symphysis. Front margins of the orbits on the
same level, the upper being situated on the upper profile of the head.
The depth of the curve of the lateral line is one-half of its width.
Fin-rays scaly ; the distance of the dorsal from the caudal is one-
half of the depth of the free portion of the tail ; the longest dorsal
rays are behind the middle of the fin, their length being two-fifths
of that of the head, and equal to that of the pectoral. GiU-rakers
slender, lanceolate, rather closely set, not much shorter than the orbit.
Brownish, clouded with darker ; vertical fins with brown dots ; a
small round black spot on the lateral line and another on the pos-
terior part of the abdomen.

Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Seven inches long. Amoy. From Mr. Swinhoe's Collection.

12. Pseudorhombus vorax.

Rhombua aramaca, Castcln. Anim. nour. I'li rures, Poiss. p. 78. pi. 40.
fig. 3 ; (not Marcgr. or Cuv.).

D. 71. A. 54. L. lat. 74.
The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-

430 PLEITRONECTID^.

fourths. Scales smooth, not ciliated ; the lateral line makes a semi-
circular curve above the pectoral. Snout with the lower jaw pro-
minent, considerably longer than the eye, the diameter of which is
one-seventh of the length of the head ; cleft of the mouth wide, the
length of the maxiUaiy being a Httle less than one-half of that of
the head ; the maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the poste-
rior margin of the orbit, and has its extremity partly covered with
scales. Upper jaw with three pairs of canine teeth anteriorly, and
with a series of small ones laterally ; lower jaw with seven or eight
distant teeth on each side, the anterior pair being rather strong.
Interorbital space flat, scaly posteriorly, as wide as the vertical dia-
meter of the orbit. The lower eye is slightly in advance of the
upper. Fin-rays scaly : the dorsal fin terminates at a distance from
the caudal which is equal to one-third of the depth of the free por-
tion of the taU ; its longest rays are in the posterior third of the fin,
their length being equal to that of the pectoral, and contained twice
and a third in that of the head. Caudal fin rounded ; its length is
contained five times and a half in the total. Brownish-grey : body
and vertical fins with large irregular blackish spots; caudal with some
whitish spots besides ; rays of the pectoral with black spots, the spots
forming transverse bands. GUI-rakers widely set, lanceolate, not
quite so long as the eye.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a. Fine specimen. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

6. Fine specimen.

c-d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

13. Pseudorhombus ocellaris.

Platessa oce\laxiSyDekay,NeivYorkF(mna,Fishes, p.300. pl.47.fig.l52.
D. 95. A. 72.

Teeth in the lower jaw long, distant, acute, and about twenty-four
in number ; in the upper jaw, the four in front on each side long,
those on the sides small, numerous and subequal. The height of the
body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head one-foui-th. Bony ridge between the orbits narrow ; eyes
of moderate size. Lateral hne with a semicii-cular ciu've above the
pectoral. The dorsal commences anteriorly to the eyes, and its distance
from the caudal is less than the depth of the free portion of the taU.
Brownish, with six to ten black spots edged with white, and with
numerous indistinct pale spots. {Del-ay.)

New York.

14. Pseudorhombus (?) oligolepis.

Rhombus oligolepis, Bleek. Japan, v. p. 8. tab. 2. fig. 2.
D. 66. A. 48. L. lat. 38.
Teeth in the jaws conical, small, subequal, more than thirty on
each side of the upper jaw, and about sixteen in the lower. The
height of the body is two-fifths of the total length ; eyes very close

16. RHOMBOIDICHTHY.S. 431

together, the upper being scarcely in advance of the lower. Lateral
line with a strong curve anteriorly ; scales ciliated. The pectoral is
a little shorter than the head. Olive, with brownish and pearl-
coloured spots. (Bleek.)
Nagasaki.

Described from a single specimen 64 mm. long.

15. PARALICHTHYS,

Paralichthys, Girard in U. S. Pacif. E. H. Uxped. Fishes, p. 146.

Mouth large ; slender and conical teeth on both sides of the jaws.
The dorsal fin commences on the snout ; dorsal and anal rays simple.
Scales small, ciliated ; lateral Line with a curve anteriorly. Eyes on
the right side.

California.

1. Paralichthys maculosus.

Pleuronectes maculosus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,

p. 155.
Paralichthj's macidosus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. P. P. Pxped. Fishes,

p. 147.

D. 68. A. 52.

Body elongate, subeUiptical ; the length of the head is contained foui*
times and one-third in the total (with the caudal). The lower jaw
is the longer ; the maxillary extends behind the orbit. The ventral
fin is small and reaches to the third anal ray. Reddish-brown, scat-
tered all over with numerous spots of a darker hue. {Girard.)

San Diego.

16. RHOMBOIDICHTHYS *.

Rhombus, Attct.

Rhomboidiclithys, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. 3Ianad. Sf Ma-

kass. p. 67.
Platophrys, Bleek. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Anisterd. 1862, xiii. Pleu-

7-on. p. 5.

Mouth of moderate width, or small, the length of the maxillary
being one-third, or less than one-thii-d, of that of the head. Tctth
minute, of equal size, in a single or double series ; vomerine f and
palatine teeth none. Eyes separated by a concave more or less broad
space. The dorsal commences on the snout ; dorsal and anal rays
simple. Scales ciliated ; lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly.
Eyes on the left side.

Seas between the tropics ; Mediterranean ; Sea of Japan.

a. Scales very small : lihomhoidichthijs, m.., ii. 432.
ft. Scales of moderate size(L.lat.40)and deciduous: Plat02:>hrys,-p.4B7.
y. Scales of moderate size (L. lat. 52) and not deciduous : Engypro-
sopon, p. 438.

* ? 1. Pleuronectes maciiliferus, Foe;/, Mem. Cub. ii. 1801, p. 3IG. — Cuba.
t See P. marchionessarum. p. 435.

432 PLEURONECTID^.

a. Scales very small.

1. Rhomboidichthys podas.

Rhomboides, Rondel, xi. c.4. p. 313 ; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 663 ; Aldrov.

ii. c. 45. p. 242 ; Willughb. p. 96. tab. F. 8. fig. 2 ; Rmj, Syn. p. 32. no. 8.
Rhombus, sp. 4, Klein, Pise. Mm. iv. p. 35.
Pleurouectes podas, Delaroche, Ann. 3Ius. xiii. p. 354. tab. 24. fig. 14.

argus, Misso, Ichth. Nice, p. 317.

Rhombus gesneri, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 254.

^odas, Bonap. Faiai. If nl. Pesc; Coda, Faim. Nap. ii. p. 22. tav.43;

CaneMr. Arch. Zoul. i. p. 21. tav. 2. fig. 3.
seiTatus, Valmc. in Webb ^ Berth. lies Catuir. Poiss. p. 82. pi. 18. f. 1.

D. 88. A. 70*.

Scales very small, ciliated ; a series of minute spines along the
base of the dorsal and anal fins. The height of the body is contained
once and four-fifths in the total length (-without caudal) ; the length
of the maxillary is nearly one-fourth of that of the head. The width
of the interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye f. The lower
eye is much in advance of the upper. The length of the caudal fin
is one-sixth of the total. Brownish, with numerous rounded bliiish
spots ; a black spot on the lateral line.

Mediterranean.
a. Adult : bad state. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mi'. Frank.
6. Bleached. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq., as i2/iom6MS
swainsonii.

2. Ehomboidichthys mancus.

? Pleurouectes mancus, Br outs. Iclithyol. c. duab. fig.

Pleurouectes mancus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 317.

RhombiLS mancus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 253.

madeirensis, Loioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 143, and Tram. Phil.

Soc. Cambr. y\. p. 201. tab. 6. fig. 1.
rhomboides, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesce (not Rondel.); Costa, Fami.

Naj). ii. p. 19 ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 24. tav. 3. fig. 2.
heterophthalmus, Be7m. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 147.

D. 85-91. A. 70.
Scales very small, ciliated ; those along the base of the front part
of the anal with a minute spine each. The height of the body is
contained once and tlii-ee-fouilhs in the total length (without cau-
dal) ; the length of the maxillary is nearly one-fourth of that of the
head. The width of the interorbital space is much more than that
of the orbit, varying according to age, but always more than one-
third of the length of the head J. The lower eye is much in advance

* Exactly the same numbers are stated by Bonaparte.

t Total length of the specimen 41 lines, of the head 9| lines ; width of the
interorbital space 2 lines. Width of inter-

I Total length. Length of head. orbital space.
42 hues. 9 lines. 3J lines.

62 „ 13 „ 5i „

69 „ 15 „ 8 „

74 „ 16 „ 8 „

86 „ 20 „ 8i „

IG. RHOMBOiDicnTnys. 433

of the upper. Maxillary and orbital margin sometimes with a pro-
minent knob. The longest dorsal rays are in the posterior third of
the length of the fin, two-iifths of the length of the head. The
length of the caudal is rather more than one-fifth of the total. Pec-
toral raj's not elongate. Coloiu' either nearly uniform dark-bro^vn, or
brown -with numerous bkiish or light-reddish-brown spots edged with
darker, and mth u dark-brown spot on the lateral line.
Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

a. Adult. Cannes. Presented by Th. Giuither, M.D.

b. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq., as Rhom-

bus podas.

c. Adult : bad state. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. e, f. Adult : Madeira.

y. Adult. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

3. Rhomboidichthys lunatus.

Catesby, Carol, pi. 27.

Pleiironectes luuatus, L. Syst. Nut. i. p. 459; Bl. Schn. p. 154.

argils, Bl. tab. 48.

Rhombus argus, Cuv. Meyne Anim.

D. 92. A. 73. L. lat. 90.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal) ; the length of the maxillary is one-third of that of the head.
Teeth in a single series. The width of the interorbital space is mucli
more than that of the orbit, one-third of the length of the head in
full-grown specimens, one-fonrth in half-grown. The lower eye is
much in advance of the upper. MaxUlary and orbital margin some-
times -with a prominent knob. Gill-rakers lanceolate, widely set,
one-third as long as the eye. The upper margin of the dorsal fin is
nearly even, the length of one of the longest rays being two-fifths of
that of the head. Caudal one-seventh of the total length. The
upper rays of the pectoral sometimes exceedingly elongate. Erown,
with large, rounded, light spots, suiTounded by a blue ring ; two
blackish blotches on the lateral line ; fins and head with numerous
small round blue spots.

West Indies.

a-h. Fine specimens, 14 inches long.

c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

d. HaLf-grown : skin. "West Indies. Piu'chased of Mr. Scrivener.
e~g. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica.

4. Rhomboidichthys oceUatus.

Rhombus ocoUatus, Aya.-is. hi Spix, Pise. Bnis. p. 85. tab. 46 (ventral
erroneously uuilcd with caudal) ; t'udcbi. Anim. nam: Poiss. p. 78.
? Rhombus bahianus, Cadcln. I. c. pi. 41. fig. 1.
D. 86. A. 65. L. lat. 85.
The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (without

VOL. IV. 2 F

434 PLETTEONECTID^.

caudal) ; the length of the maxillary nearly onc-foiu'th of that of the
head. The width of the iuterorbital space is one- half of the length
of the head*. The lower eye is much in advance of the upper.
Maxillary and orbital margin (sometimes) with a prominent knob.
The dorsal rays occupying the middle half of the fin are the longest,
two-fifths of the length of the head. The caudal fin is rather less
than one-fifth of the total. The upper rays of the pectoral (some-
times) elongate. Ohve, with bluish oceUi, and with brown rounded
spots, two or three of the largest along the lateral line. Vertical
fhis with brown spots.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.
a, b. Fine specimens. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

5. Rhomhoidichthys ellipticus.

Pleuronectes ellipticus, Poet/, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 315.
D. 104. A. 71.
The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (Math the
caudal). The width of the iuterorbital space equals the vertical
diameter of the eye ; the eye occupies the second quarter of the
head ; the maxillary does not extend to below the middle of the
eye. Dorsal fin nearly as high anteriorly as posteriorly, its height
being one-sixth of that of the body. Male with prominent knobs on
the maxillary and orbital margin, and wdth the upper pectoral rays
exceedingly elongate. Yellowish-brown, with yellowish rings edged
with brown, and with round blue spots ; a whitish spot dotted with
black, and bordered with a |broad blackish band posteriorly, on the
second third of the body. Fins with some short brownish streaks.

Cuba.

6, Ehomboidichthys leopardinus.
D. 86. A. 67. L. lat. 80.

The height of the body is contained once and three-quarters in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
three-quarters. Head considerably higher than long, with the
anterior profile concave above the snout. Snout shorter than the
eye, the diameter of which is one-fourth of the length of the head ;
cleft of the mouth narrow, the maxillaiy extending to below the
front margin of the orbit, and its length being one-fourth of that of
the head, Iuterorbital space concave, scaly, only its anterior portion
and the snout being naked ; the width between the eyes equals their
longitudinal diameter. -The posterior half of the lower eye faUs
vertically below the upper. Teeth veiy small, in two series in the
upper jaw. (Maxillary and orbits without prominent knobs.) An-
terior dorsal rays considerably shorter than those on and behind

Width of inter-
* Total length. Length of the head. orbital space,
lines. lihes. lines.

.55 12 6

16. RnoMBOiDicnTnYs. 435

the middle of the fin, which are somewhat less than half the length
of the head. The length of the caudal is rather more than one-
sixth of the total. (Pectoral not elongate.) Brownish, with numerous
ocellated spots ; vertical fins dotted with brown and white.
Hah. ?

a. Female, 6 inches long: rather bleached. From the Haslar Col-
lection.

7. Rhomboidichthys pavo.

?? Rlionibus macropterus, Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zoo!, p. 236, Poiss. pi. 50

(miserable figiu'e).
Rhombus pavo, Bleek. Kokos, iii. p. 177.

B. 5. D. 98-100. A. 78-79. L. lat. 90.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal) ; cleft of the mouth of moderate width, the maxillary ex-
tending to the vertical from the second thii'd of the eye ; the length
of the maxillary is one-third of that of the head. The greater portion
of the iuterorbital si)ace is scaly ; it is concave, and its width is
much more than the diameter of the orbit. The whole of the lower
eye is situated before the upper. Teeth very small, in a single series.
Anterior dorsal rays much shorter than the middle ones, which are
two-fifths as long as the head. Caudal fin a little less than one-
sixth of the total length. GiU-rakers lanceolate, rather short, half as
long as the eye. Brownish-yellow, with numerous larger and smaller
whitish occUi edged with bliush ; each ocelliLS generally with brown
centre ; three large brown spots along the lateral line ; head and
vertical fijis with numerous small oceUi, similar to those on the body.

Male with small knobs on the maxillary and orbital edge, which
are covered with skin, -nith cutaneous flaps on the eye, and with the
pectoral much elongate.

China. Kokos Islands. New Hebrides.

a. Fine specimen, Qi inches long, male. China. Presented by Sir

J. Richardson.
h. Skin of a female, 11 inches long. Aneiteum. 'From Mr. Mac-

gillivi-ay's Collection.

8. Rhomboidichthys marchionessarum.
Passer Marchionessarum, Vahnc. in Voy. Vvmis, Pois^. p. 344. pi. 9.
. D. 90. A. 70. L. iat. 100.
Vomerine teeth. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total
length (-without caudal) ; the antci-ior profile of the head is slightly
concave. The whole of the inferior eye is in advance of the upper ;
the iuterorbital space is twice as wide as the eye. Anterior dorsal
rays short. (Maxillary with a knob : the upper pectoral rays pro-
longed into filaments.) Uniform brown. (Val.)
Marquesas Islands.

2f2

436 PLEimOKECTII).E.

9. Rhomboidichthys pantherinus.

Khombus panthei-inus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 121. tab. 31. fig. 1 ; Bleek.

Kokos, iii. p. 178.
Rhombus parvimanus, Benn, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 168.
sumatranus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron.

p. 14.

D. 92. A. 69. L. lat. 85.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(without caudal) ; cleft of the mouth of moderate width, the max-
illary extending oeyond the front margin of the orbit ; the length
of the maxillary is scarcely less than one-third of that of the head.
Interorbital space scaly, very concave, its width being equal to the
vertical diameter of the orbit. The posterior half of the lower eye
falls vertically below the upper. Teeth small, in two irregular series.
Anterior dorsal rays as long as any of the middle rays, two-fifths as
long as the head. Caudal fin one-sixth of the total length. In
spirits brown with irregular darker spots, and with a black spot on
the lateral line; during life brownish with chestnut-brown spots,
and with bluish dots between the spots.

Male with bony knobs at the maxillaiy and on the edge of the
orbit, with cutaneous flaps posteriorly on the eye, and with the
pectoral much elongate.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Feejee Islands.

a. Adult female. Mauritius. From Mr. GeiTard's Collection. —

Type of Ell. parvimanus, Benn. Pect. 12.
h. Half-grown. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray,
c, d. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e-f. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
g, h, i, k-l. Adult and half-grown : bad state.

10. RhomboidicMhys myriaster.

Rhombus myriaster, Schleff. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 181. pi. 92. fig. 2.
Rhomboidiehthys myi-iaster, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedeti. i. Manad.
^Makass. p. 67.

D. 88 (95). A. 65.

The height of the body is a little less than one-half of the total
length (with the caudal) ; the length of the maxillary is less than
one-third of the length of the head. Anterior profile of the head
subvertical, convex. The width of the interorbital space is much
more than that of the orbit. Teeth in the uj^per jaw two-rowed. The
lower eye is in advance of the upper, and both are provided with a
cutaneous lobe posteriorly ; maxillary and orbits (sometimes) with
osseous knobs anteriorly. Scales exceedingly small, smooth, entire,
those along the base of the dorsal and anal ctenoid. Caudal one-
sixth of the total length. The upper rays of the pectoral (sometimes)
exceedingly elongate. Vent on the left side. Greenish-violet, en-

16. RHOUBOIDICHTHYS. 437

tirely covered with smaU round blue and yeUomsh spots. A black
spot on the lateral line,
Japan. Celebes.

a. Very young. China. Presented by Vice- AdmiialSirE. Belcher C B

b. Adult : bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's CoUection.

11. Rhomboidichthys assimilis.
D. 87. A. 63. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length Onth the caudal), the length of the head two-ninths ; head
much higher than long ; anterior profile of the head obhque, some-
what concave. Cleft of the mouth narrow, with the lower iaw pro-
nuueut, and with the maxillary extending to below the front margin
ot the orbit; snout shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is
two-ninths ot the length of the head. The maxillary is provided
Avith a smaU knob superiorly, the edges of the orbits are smooth •
length ot the maxillary nearly one-fourth of that of the head. Teeth
in the upper jaw in a double, those in the lower in a single series •
mterorbital space concave, scaly, its ^vidth being one-half of the
ength of the head GiU-rakcrs very short, triangular. Vent on
tne lett side. All the scales smooth ; no spines along the base of the
dorsal and anal tins. The longest dorsal rays, which are nearly half
as long as the head, are behind the middle of the fin; the dorsal
tei-minates close by the caudal. The length of the caudal fin is con-
tained five times and two-thirds in the total. The upper pectoral
rays arc elongate. Uniform brown (in spirits).
Chinese Seas.

a. Six inches long. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

/3. Scales of moderate size and deciduous.
12. Rhomboidichthys grandisquama.
Rhombus >p^ii.ni.is(iua.n&, Schleg. Faun. Japou. Poiss. p. 183. pi 92 f..3&4
D. 76-83. A. 58-62. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is a Uttle less than one-half of the total
length (without caudal). Scales deciduous ; interorbital space scalv
concave, its ^^-idth being equal to the chameter of the orbit in adult
specimens, but narrower m immature ones. Mouth narrow, the
length of the maxillary being equal to the diameter of the eve or to
two-sevenths of the length of the head. ilaxiUaiT provided xxitli a
more or less pointed knob. Teeth in a single sJrics. The dorsal
terminates immechately before the root of the caudal. Gill-rakers
very short, triangular. Uniform whitish (in spiiits) ; caudal with a
pair of black spots on the middle of its length, each spot being close
to the upper and lower margins.

Chinese and Japanese Seas. N.W. coast of America.
(I, h, c, d, e-,j. Adult and hall-grown. China.
h. Half-grown : bad state. Oulf of Fonseca. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson.

438 PLEURONECTlDiE.

y. Scales of moderate size and not deciduous.
13. Rhomboidichthys mogkii.
Rhombus mogkii, Bleek. Celebes, v. p. 256.

D. 78-82. A. 58-62. L. lat. 52.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Scales of moderate size,
ctenoid, not deciduous. Interorbital space scaly, narrow, concave
(its width being one-third of that of the orbit in a specimen five
inches long). Mouth of moderate width, the length of the maxillaiy
being one-third of that of the head. No prominent knobs on the
snout. Teeth of the upper jaw in a double series ; all are very
smaU, but some of the front teeth are slightly enlarged. The dorsal
commences anteriorly on the snout, and terminates immediately
before the root of the caudal. Gill-rakers slender, half as long as
the eye. Brownish, minutely dotted with dark-brown.

Bali, Celebes, Ternate, and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

Although in this species the interorbital space is narrower than in
its congeners, we do not hesitate to refer it to the present genus,
with which it agTces in its dentition and in the concavity of the
interorbital space.

Ehomhus eocosensis, Bleek. Kokos, iii. p. 179, is kno^vn from a
single specimen only ; it is not evident from Bleeker's description
whether this species ought to be referred to the present genus, and
placed near to lih. moylcii, or to Pseudorlioinbiis.

17. PLEURONECTES *.

Pleuronectes, sp., Artedi.

Platessa, Cuv. Itk/iie Anim.

Platessa, Linianda, Microstomus, et Glyptocephalus, Gottsche, in

Wiegm. Arch. 18.35.
Platichthys, Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 136.
Clidoderma, Pleuronectes, Limanda, Pseudopleuronectes, Brachypro-

sopon, et Glj^tocephalus, Bleek. in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc, Amsterd.

xiii. 1862, Fleuron.

Cleft of the mouth narrow, with the dentition much more developed
on the blind side than on the coloured. Teeth in a single or double
series, of moderate size ; palatine and vomerine teeth none. The
dorsal fin commences above the eye. Scales very small, or rudi-
mentary, or entirely absent. Eyes generally on the right side.

Temperate and Arctic Seas of both the northern hemispheres.

If we were to attribute to some of the characters the same (generic)

* 1. Pleuronectes glacialis, Pall. Itin. iii. App. p. 706, and Zoogr. 'Ross.-As.m.
p. 424. — Mouth of the River Obi. (Dentition unknown.)
2. cicatrieosus, Tall. Zoogr. Ross.-Aa. iii. p. 424.— Kamtschalka. (Den-
tition insufHcientlj described.)

17. PLEURONECTES. 439

value as in other Pleuronectidce, we should be obliged to establish a
genus for almost every species, and to separate fishes which evi-
dently form one natm-al group. Thas, for instance, the lateral line
is strongly curved in PI. hilineatus, and but slightly in the species
nearest allied to it, viz. in PL digrammiis. However, iu order to
show the hmits assigned to the different subgeneric groups by their
authors, we shall add the names to the several sections, so far as is
consistent with the plan of division proposed by ourselves in the fol-
lowing synopsis : —

I. Teeth compressed, truncate or lanceolate.

A. Dorsal rays less than 90.

o. Lateral line simple, straight or with a slight curve anteriorly.

* Scales minute : Platessa, part., Gottsche; Pleuronectes, part.Blkr.,

p. 440.

1. PI. platessa. 3. PI. latus. 4. PI. fi-anldinii.

2. PI. pseudoflesus. 5. PL dvinensis.

* Scales imbricate : Pseudophuronectes, Blln*., p. 443.

6. PI. americanus.

* Scales none, skin with nvuuerous tubercles : Platichthys, pai-t.,

Girard, p. 443.

7. PI. stellatus.

b. Lateral lino with a dorsal branch : Phuranichthys, pai't., Girard,

p. 444.

8. PI. hilineatus. 9. PI. digrammus. 10. PI. guttidatus.

c. Lateral line simple, with a sti'ong curve above the pectoral : Li-

manda, Gottsche, p. 446. *

11. PI. limanda. 12. PI. ferrugineus.

B. Dorsal rays 90 or more.

a. A prominent spine before the anal fin : Microdomtis, Gottsche ;

liruchijprusopon, Blkr., p. 447.

13. PI. microcephalus.

b. No prominent spine before the anal fin : Glyptocqihalits, Gottsche,

p. 449.

14. PL cynoglossus. 15. PL elongatus.

II. Teeth conical.

A. Lateral line with a very slight cui-ve anteriorly.

a. Scales veiy small : Platessa, part., Gottsche ; Plmroncdes, part.,
Blki-., p. 450.
10. PL flesus. 17. PL luscus. 18. PL italicus.

h. Scales none, sldn with numerous tubercles : Clidodcnna, Blkr., p.453.
10. PL asperiinius.

15. Lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly: Platichthjs, part.,
Gir.ird, p. 453.
20. PL variegatus. 21. PL umbrosus. 22. PL n.-^pcr.

440 PLEUEOXECTIDJE.

I. Teeth compressed, truncate or lanceolate.

1 . Pleuronectes platessa.
The Plaice.

Passer vulgaris, Bellon. De Aquaf. i. p. 142.
Passer, pt., Rondel, xi. cap. 7. p. 316; Gesner, pp. 664, 670; Schonev.

p. 61 ; Wilhu/hhy, p. 96. tab. F.3 ; Ray, p. 31.
Quadratulus, Bellon. I. c. p. 143.
Alia passeris species, Rondel, xi. c. 8. p. 318.
Passer lievis, Aldrov. ii. c. 47. p. 243 ; Jonston, i. tit. 3. c. 3. art. 2.

piinct. 1. tab. 22.
Pleiu'onectes, sp., Artedi, Gen. p. 17. no. 1 ; Spec, p. 57. no. 1 ; Synon.

p. 30. no. 1 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 246.
Pleuronectes platessa, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 456 ; Bl. Fische Deutschl. ii.

p. 31. taf. 42 ; Bl. Schn. p. 144 ; Lacep. iv. p. 628 ; Danov. Brit. Fish. i.

pi. 6 ; Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96 ; Qitensel, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1806, p. 21 1 ;

Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 423 ; Faher, Fische Isl. p. 135, and Isis,

1828, p. 865 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 612 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray,

p. 87.
Passer, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 34. no. 6. tab. 7. fig. 3.
Plaise, Pemi. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 199, and ed. 1812, iii. p. 304.
CaiTelet ou Carreau, Duham. Peches, ix. p. 264. pi. 5. figs. 1, 2.
Pli, Duham. I. c. p. 265. pi. 5. fig. 3.
Platessa vulgaris, Gottsc/fc, Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 134; Flem. Brit. An.

p. 198 ; Jenyns, 3Ian. p. 454; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 297,

or 3rd edit, i' p. 605 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 361. tab. 37, or Fish.

Frith of Forth, p. 201. tab. 37.
Anatomy : Gottsche, Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 140.
? Variety : Pleuronectes borealis, Faler, Isis, 1828, p. 863 ; Gottsche

in wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 142 *.

B.*7. D. 67-77. A. 50-57. Vert. 14/29. Ca3c. pyl. 3-4.
The height of the body is one-half or less than one-half of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The
greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of the
lateral line is less than the length of the head. Scales minute, smooth ;
cheeks with rudimentary scales ; interorbital space naked. A series
of six obtuse bony tubercles runs from the eye to the origin of the
lateral line. Base of the fins and lateral line smooth ; the latter is
slightly curved above the pectoral, the depth of the curve being less
than the width of the base of the pectoral. Snout nearly as long as
the eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length
of the head. Lower jaw prominent ; maxillary as long as the eye.
Upper jaw with a series of about twenty-four narrow, closcly-sot
incisor-like teeth on the blind side, those of the other side being small
and few in number. Eyes separated by a very narrow smooth ridge ;
the lower eye scarcely in advance of the other. The dorsal commences
above the middle of the eye and terminates at a short distance from
the caudal, that distance being much less than the depth of the free
portion of the tail. The length of the pectoral is contained twice and
a third in that of the head. The dorsal rays about the thirty- eighth
are the longest, more than half as long as the head. A spine before

* Tliis variefy is said to liave 31 tectli on the blind side of the intermaxillary.

17. PLErRONECTES. 441

the anal. Gill-rakcrs styliform, rather short, widely set. Brownish
or blackish, with yellow spots.

From tho coasts of Erance along all the coasts of Northern Europe.
Iceland.

rt. Half-grown. Bahuslan. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

b-g. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins and stuffed. Frith of

Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
h-l:. Very young. Frith of Forth.
l-n, 0. Young. Brighton. Presented by Mr. E. Gorrard and by

J. G. Childi'en, Esq.
p. Large specimen. London market.

q-ij. Adult, half-grown, and young : stuffed and skins. England.
z. Twenty-five inches lor 'If : stuffed.
a-/3. Half-grown : skins. From Gronow's Collection.
y-S. Adult : skeletons. British.

e. Adult: skeleton. Gemian Ocean. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.
Skeleton. — The bones of the jaws, the palatine and pterygoid are
more developed on the left side than on the right ; the hiatus between
articulary and dentary is narrow. The two prefrontals \dt\v the tur-
binals are turned round towards the right side, being fixed to that
portion of the principal frontal which separates the two orbits from
each other ; the occipital crest is very low. Pharyngeal hemes very
stout, bearing obtusely conical molar-like teeth, which are arranged
in three or four irregular series. The ui'ohyal is horseshoe-like ;
one of its branches is fixed by a tendinous filament to the hyoid, the
other to the symphysis of the humeri. The pubic bones are very
narrow, and attached to the humeral arch by a pair of long styliform
processes. The stnicture of the vertebral column is verj- similar to
that in lihumhus, but the number of intemeurals and interha^mals
is fewer, as frequently only one corresponds to a neural and htemal
spine. The length of the fii-st hasmal spine equals that of the twelve
first vertebra; ; the anterior interhaemal is exceedingly strong, ter-
minating in a polished sjiine anteriorly.

2. Pleiironectes pseodoflesus.

riatessa pseudoflesus, Gottsche in Wiegm. Arch. 18.35, p. 143.
B. 7. D. 62-G6. A. 46-48. Caec. pyl. 4.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (with tho
caudal), the lengtli of the head two-ninths. Some scales along the
lateral line, along the base of the dorsal and anal, on tlie sides of tlic
head and of the abdomen are ciliated, the rest and the blind side being
entirely smooth. A series of six obtuse bony tubercles runs from tlic
eye to the origin of the lateral hne. The latter is slightly curved
above the pectoral, the depth of the curve being less than the width of
the base of the pectoral. Eyes and snout as in PLplah'ssa. The dorsal
commences above the middle of the eye, and terminates at a short
distance fi'om the caudal ; tlie rays aliout (lie thirtieth are the longest.
A spine before the anal. light-brownish, with yellow spots. (GoUsihe.)

German Ocean.

442 I'LEURONECTID^.

3. Pleuronectes latus.

Cuvier, RPgne Anitn.

A series of six bony tubercles from the eye to the origia of the
lateral line, as in Pl.platessa, but the height of the body is contained
only once and a half in its length. {Guv.)

Very rare on the coasts of France. Is not this species founded on
deformed specimens of PI. pJaiessa ?

4. Pleuronectes franklinii,

Pleuronectes glacialis, Richards. Fmm. Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 258, and
Votj. Herald, Fishes, p. 166. pi. .32 (not Pall).

D. 56. A. 37. Vert. 13/27.

The height of the body is contained twice and a fourth in the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head four times and a
third, that of the caudal fin six times. The greatest depth between
the anal and the lateral line is a little more than the length of the
head. Scales rudimentary and not imbricate on the head and on the
anterior part of the body, very small on the taU ; a broad rugose
ridge between the upper eye and the lateral Une ; body entirely smooth
on both sides ; lateral line straight. Snout as long as the eye, the
diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head. Lower jaw
prominent, cleft of the mouth small, maxillary longer than the eye.
Upper jaw with a single series of about twenty closely-set, short,
incisor-like teeth on the blind side, the series of the other side being
rudimentary. Eyes separated by a narrow smooth bony ridge, their
front margins being on the same level. The dorsal commences imme-
diately behind the front margin of the eye, and its distance from the
caudal is less than the depth of the free portion of the tail. The
dorsal rays about the thirty-second are the longest, equal in length
to the pectoral and half as long as the head ; ventral not much shorter
than the pectoral ; a spine before the anal. GiU-rakers widely set,
pointed, half as long as the eye. Uniform brownish-grey.

Arctic seas of America.

a. Adidt. Arctic Expedition. From Dr. Eae's Collection.
6. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

5. Pleuronectes dvinensis.

Platessa dvinensis, Lilljeh. Vet. Almd. Handl. 1850, p. 360. tab. 20 ;
Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 617.

D. 50-57. A. 36-41.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head four times and
one-third, the 'length of the caudal fin six times. Scales minute,
scattered, with the posterior margm cUiated ; spiny tubercles none ;
the blind side entirely smooth. Cleft of the mouth small, with the
lower jaw prominent. Each jaw with a series of closely-set incisor-
like teeth. Eyes separated by a prominent acute ridge, which is

17. PLEIIBONEOTES. 443

obtuse behind the eyes and continued on to the origin of the hiteral
line, where it terminates in two obtuse tubercles. Lateral line sti-aight.
A spine before the anal. Erownish ; sometimes with brown spots on
the dorsal and anal fins. (LiUJeb.)
Mouth of the river Dwina.

6. Pleuronectes americanus.

Pleuronectes, Schoepfin Schrift. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freund. Bed. viii.

p. 148.
Pleui-onectes americanus, Walh. Art, iii. p. 113.

planus, 3Iitch. in Phil. ^- Lit. Trans. New York, i. p. 387.

Platessa plana, Storer, Fish. Massach. p. 140 ; Dekay, Neto York Faun.

Fi>:h. p. 295. pi. 48. fig. 154, pi. 49. fig. 158.
pusilla, Dekay, I. c. p. 296. pi. 47. fig. 153.

D. 66. A. 51. L. lat. 90.

The height of the body is contained twice and a foui-th or twice
and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
four times and a third. The greatest depth between the anal fin and
the straight portion of the lateral line is equal to, or rather less than,
the length of the head. Scales small, -with the margins ciliated ;
nine series of scales between the eye and the pra;opercidar limb ;
interorbital space flattish, covered with small, imbricate, ciliated
scales. Lateral line and base of the vertical fins without tubercles ;
the former very sUghtly ciu-ved above the pectoral ; most of the dorsal
and anal rays with a series of minute rough scales. Snout as long
as the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the
head. Lower jaw prominent ; maxillary somewhat longer than the
eye. Upper jaw with a series of about twelve closely-set incisor-
lie teeth on the bUnd side. The width of the interorbital S2)ace is
one-half of the vertical diameter of the eye ; eyes on the same level.
The dorsal fin commences before the middle of the eye, and its chstance
from the caudal is much less than the depth of the free portion of the
tail. The length of the pectoral is more than one-half of that of the
head. The dorsal rays about the forty-fourth are the longest, two-
thirds of the length of the head. A spine before the anal. GUI-
rakers short, triangular, compressed, widely set. Greyish -brown.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

a-c. Adidt : skins. New York. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
<l. Adult. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
e,f. Adult and half- grown.

7. Pleuronectes steUatus.

Plourouoctes steUatus, Pal/. Nov. Art. Pcfrop. i. p. 347. tab. 9. fig. 1,

and Zooyr. Rnss.-As. iii. p. 41G; Tiles. Mini. Ac. Sc. Si. Petersh. iii.

1811, p.'248. tab. 10; liichards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 257, and

Voy. Herald, Fish. p. 104. pi. 32.

Platichthys rugosus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 148.

i). 54-59. A. 42. Vert. 12 '23.

The height of the body is somewhat more than one-half of the

444 PLETTEONECTIDiE.

total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third. The
greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of the
lateral line is a little less than the length of the head. Scales none ;
head, the coloured side and the anterior half of the blind side with
numerous small, star-Uke, spiny tubercles ; a series of these tubercles
runs on each side of the base of the dorsal and anal fins and on each
side of the lateral line. The lateral line is smooth, with a slight
curve above the pectoral, the depth of the curve being much less than
the width of the base of the pectoral. Snout as long as the eye, the
diameter of which is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head.
Lower jaw prominent, lips moderately broad, maxillary longer than
the eye. Upper jaw with a series of about twenty narrow, closely-
set, truncated teeth on the blind side, those of the other side being
smaller. Eyes generally on the left side, separated by a very narrow
ridge, covered mth star-like tubercles ; the lower eye slightly ia
advance of the upper. A short prominence above the upper angle of
the operculum. The dorsal commences above the middle of the eye,
and terminates at some distance fi'om the caudal, that distance being
equal to the depth of the tail. The length of the pectoral is contaiaed
twice and a third in that of the head. The dorsal rays about the
thirty-second are the longest, more than half as long as the head. A
spine before the anal. Gill-rakers lanceolate, not half as long as the
eye. Dark-brown ; dorsal and anal with four, caudal with thi-ee black
bands nmnitig in the direction of the rays.

Kamtschatka. Vancouver Islands. CaHfomia.

a. Half-grown. Coronation Gulf, Behring's Straits. From the Haslar

Collection.
h. Adult : skia. Esquimault Harbour. Presented by Earl Russell.
c-f. Young. Eraser's River. Voyage of H. M. S. Plumper.
ff, h. Adult : not good state.

8. Pleuronectes bilineatus.
Platessa bilineata, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. 1855, p. 40.
D. 77. A. 59.
The height of the body is a little less than one-half of the entire
length, the length of the head nearly one-fourth. Snout somewhat
projecting, not continuous in dii'cction with the descending profile
of the nape. Eyes on the right side, large, their diameter being
two-sevenths of the length of the head, separated by a strong pro-
minent ridge which is partly covered with scales. Lower jaw pro-
minent. A single, even row of strong, blunt, conical (?) teeth in
each jaw, less developed on the coloured side than on the blind.
Scales very conspicuous, those on the head and on the tail ciliated.
Lateral line with a strong curve above the pectoral : a second series
of pores commences above the eye, and follows the doi'sal profile to
the vertical from the opercular angle, where it terminates ; it commu-
nicates with the true lateral line by a branch. The dorsal fin arises
over about the anterior third of the orbit, and terminates at a distance

17. PLECRONECTES. 445

from the caudal equal to the breadth of the eye. Anal spine promi-
nent. Pectoral half as long as the head. Light grej-ish-brown, -nnth
lighter blotches. (Ayres.)
San Francisco.

9. Pleuronectes digrammus.

D. 79. A. 60.

The height of the body is rather less than one-third of the entire
length, the length of the head two-ninths, and that of the caudal two-
thirteenths. Snout with the lower jaw prominent, equal in length
to the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-fifth of that of the
head; maxillaiy as long as the eye. The upper jaw with a series
of twenty-eight smaU truncated teeth on the blind side, those of the
other side being few in number and very small. Eyes separated by
a verj^ narrow, naked, bony ridge. Scales small, but conspicuous ;
lateral line with a very slight curve above the pectoral ; a second
series of pores commences above the eye, and follows the dorsal pro-
file to the twenty-sixth dorsal ray, where it terminates. Dorsal and
anal rays quite smooth ; the dorsal commences above the anterior
third of the orbit, and terminates at a distance from the caudal
nearly equal to the depth of the free portion of the tail. Ajial spine
prominent. The longest dorsal rays are somewhat behind the middle
of the fin, rather shorter than the pectoral, and half as long as the
head. Uniform brownish.

Vancouver Islands.

a-b. Eight inches long : skins. Victoria Harbour. Presented by Earl
Russell.

10. Pleuronectes guttnlatTis.

Pleuronichthys guttidatus, Girard in I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856,
p. 1-37, and in Journ. Bost. ISoc. Nat. Hist. 18-57, pi. 25. figs. 1-4, aud
in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 152.

D. 67. A. 47.

Teeth ?

The height of the body is somewhat more than onc-haLf of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head one-fourth, and that
of the caudal one-fifth. The interorbital space is exceedingly narrow
and raised, ridge-Uke ; snout very blunt and short, mouth small,
with the jaws even. The dorsal commences above the anterior part
of the orbit, and terminates at a short distance from the caudal ;
its longest rays are on and behind the middle of the fin. Scales
very smaU, cycloid. The lateral line is slightly arched above the
pectoral ; a similar scries of pores runs from the upper eye, along
the base of the dorsal fin, to about the middle of the length ; there
is a connecting branch between both lines across the occipital
region. Greyish, densely dotted -with black and spotted with white.
(Girard.)

Tomales Bay, California.

446 PLBUE0NECTIDJ3.

11. Pleuronectes limanda.

The common Dab.

Passer asper, Rondel, xi. c. 9. p. 319 ; Schmiev. p. 61 ; Aldrov. ii. c. 46.

p. 242 ; WiUmjhby, p. 97. tab. F. 4 ; Ray, Syn. p. 32.
Limanda, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 145 ; Gesner, pp. 665 & 781.
Pleuronectes, sp., AHedi, Gen. p. 17. no. 2 ; Species, p. 58. no. 11 ; Synon.

p. 33. no. 9.
Sandflynder, Sfrmn, Sond)n. i. p. 278.
Pleiu-onectes limanda, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 457 ; Rl. Fische DeutscJtl. ii.

p. 45. tab. 46 ; Rl. Sclin. p. 145 ; Lacep. iv. p. 621 ; Quensel, Vet.

Akad. Handl. 1806, p. 220 ; Faber in Ms, 1828, p. 881 ; Donov. Brit.

Fish. ii. p. 44 ; Turton, Rrit. Faun. p. 96 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand.

Fisk. p. 150. pi. 34; Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 627.
Dab, Pennant, Rrit. Zool. iii. p. 201, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 308.
La limande, Ituham. Peches, ix. c. 1. p. 267. pi. 6. figs. 1 & 2.
Pleuronectes platessoides, Faher, Fische Isl. p. 140 (not Fabr.).
Platessa \xm&Tid.a,Flem.Rrit.An. p. 198; Jenyns, Man. p. 456; Yarrell,

Rrit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 307, or 3rd edit. i. p. 628 ; Parn. Wern.

Mem. vii. p. 365. tab. 37, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 205. pi. 37.
Limanda Tidgaris, Gottsche in Wieym. Arch. 1835, p. 160.

B. 7. D. 70-76. A. 52-57. L. lat. 98. Vert. 39-40.
Caec. pylor. 4.

The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The greatest depth
between the anal fin and the straight portion of the lateral line
equals the length of the head. Scales small, with the margin cUiated ;
those en the cheek and between the eyes very distinct, smaller than
those on the body. No tubercles along the lateral line or the base of
the fins. Lateral line with a subsemicirciilar curve above the pec-
toral. Snout as long as the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth
of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent ; maxillary longer
than the eye. Upper jaw with a .series of about twenty-two narrow,
closely-set lanceolate teeth on the bhnd side. Eyes separated by a
narrow flattish ridge, their anterior margins being nearly on the
same level. The dorsal fin commences a little before the middle of
the eye, and its distance from the caudal is less than the depth of the
free portion of the tail ; each dorsal and anal ray is accompanied by
a single series of very small scales ; the thirty-ninth of the dorsal fin
is the longest, two-thirds as long as the head. The length of the
pectoral is more than one-half of that of the head. A spine before
the anal. Brownish, sometimes with yellowish spots.

From the coasts of France along all the coasts of northern Europe.
Iceland.

a. Adult : skin. Frith of Forth. From Dr. ParncU's Collection.

b. Adult : stuflTed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,

R.N.
The following specimens differ in having a more elongate body,
and consequently in a somewhat lower curvature of the lateral line.
The greatest depth of the body is only two-fifths of the total length
(without caudal). This is Pleuronectes no. 249 of Gronow's Zoo-
phylacium, or PI. linguatula, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 88 ; or La

17. PLETIIIONECXES. 447

Limandelle, Duham. ix. c. 1. p. 2(kS. pi. 6. figs. 3 & 4*. Cuvier quotes
the latter iu the ■ lieg-nc Animal ' for his Fl. pola, biit says that the
lateral line of this species is straight. It remains doubtfiil therefore
whether PJ. pola, Ciiv., is to be refen'ed to PJ. Vmcjimtida, Gronov.,
or to PL ct/nof/Jossus.

a-h. Half-grown : skins. From Gronow's Collection. — Types of PI.

Vnujuatula.
c. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

Platessa rostratn, 8torer, in Eost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 2G8. pi. 8.
fig. 2, appears to be allied to PJ. Ihnanda.

12. Pleuronectes ferrugineus.

Platessa ferruginea, Storer, Fish. 3Iassach. p. 141. pi. 2 : Dekay, New
York Fauna, Fish. p. 297. pi. 48. fig. 155.

D. 82. A. 61.

The height of the body is contained twice and a quarter in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times. The
greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of the
lateral line equals the length of the head. Scales ciliated ; lateral
line with a strong curve above the pectoral, the depth of the ciu'vc
being one-third of its length. Head scaly ; there are about twelve
vertical series of scales between the lower eye and the inner margin
of the prasoperculum. Snout as long as the eye, the diameter of
which is somewhat less than one-fifth of the length of the head.
Lower jaw prominent, lips broad, maxillary as long as the eye.
Upper jaw with a series of about twenty-five small, closely-set teeth
on the blind side, the teeth on the other side being mdimentary.
Eyes separated by a very narrow ridge, the lower being slightly in
advance of the upper. An indistinct ridge above the operclcs, covered
with minute tubercles. The dorsal commences above the anterior
third of the eye, and terminates at a short distance from the caudal,
that distance being two-thirds of the depth of the tail. The length
of the pectoral is contained twice and two-thirds in that of the head.
The dorsal rays about the forty-fifth arc the longest, not qiiite half
as long as the head. A spine before the anal. Gill-rakers lanceo-
late, half as long as the eye.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

a. Adult. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.

13. Pleuronectes microcephalus.

The Smear-Dab.

Rhombus Isevis comubiciis, Jar/o in Haj/, Sipt. p. 1G2. fig. 1.

Smear-Dab, Penn. Brit. Zool iii. p. 202 (not fig. lOG).

Plem-onectes mierocephnlus, Ihniov. Brit. Fish. ii. pi. 42 ; Turt. Brit.

Faun. p. 9(3 ; Fries, Vet. Akad. Handi 1838, p. 173, or in Wiegm. Arch.

1840, p. 24 ; Kiiss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. G09.

* These figures arc referred by several authors to PL microcephalus, but this
has a much flatter curvature of tlic lateral line thau Duiiamcl's Limandelle.

448 PLEUBONECTID^.

Pleuronectes quenselii, JTb/?'. Bohusl. Fisk.in GotJieh. Vet. Sf Vitt, Seellsk.

nya Hmidl. iv. p. 59. c. fig.
quadridens, Fahr. Konyl. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. AflianM. i. p. 39.

tab. 1. figs. 10 & 11; Faher, Fische Isl. p. 138, and in I'sis, 1828, p. 884,
microstomus, Faher in Isis, 1828, p. 886, and in Tidskr. Natunid.

V. p. 243 ; NiUs. Prodr. Ichth. Scatid. p. 53.
Platessa microcephalus, Fle7n. Brit. An. p. 198; Jen. J!f«w.p.457; Pam.

Wern.Mem. vii. p. 366. tab. 38, or Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 206. tab. 38 ;

Yarr. Brit. Fish. ii. p. 221, 2nd edit. ii. p. 309, 3rd edit. i. p. 622.
Pleuronectes cynoglossus, Niks. Prodr. Ichth. Scand. p. 53 (not Skaml.

Faun.).
Microstomus latidens, Gottsche in Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 150.

B. 7. D. 90. A. 73. L. lat. 130. Vert. 46-48 (13/35).
Csec. pylor. 4.

The height of the body is contained twice and a fourth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and a half.
The greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of
the lateral line is much more than the length of the head. Scales
small, with the margins entire ; head entirely covered with very
small imbricate scales, snout and ridge between the eyes naked ;
body entii'ely smooth. Lateral line with a low curvature above the
pectoral, the greatest depth of the curvature being less than the
width of the base of the pectoral. Snout shorter than the eye, the
diameter of which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Jaws
equal anteriorly, lips very thick ; maxillary rather shorter than the
eye. Upper jaw with a series of about thirteen closely-set, trun-
cated, incisor-like teeth on the blind side. Eyes separated by a sharp
elevated ridge, their anterior margins being on the same level. The
dorsal fin commences a little behind the anterior margin of the eye,
and its distance from the caudal is rather less than one-half of the
depth of the free portion of the taU. Dorsal and anal rays covered
with minute scales ; the dorsal rays about the sixtieth are the longest,
two-thirds as long as the head, and equal in length to the pectoral.
No prominent spine before the anal. Gill-rakers rather closely set,
very thin, pointed and short. Brownish, sometimes marbled with
darker.

Northern coasts of Europe. Iceland.

a-c. Adult : skin and stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
d. Half -grown: stuffed. Scotland.
er-f. Adult and half- grown : skins. South Devonshire. From Mr.

YarreU's Collection.
g-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Plymouth. From Mr. YarreU's

Collection.
i. Adult : stuffed. Polperro.

Ic. Adult. English coast. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
I. Adult: stuffed. England.

m-q. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins and stuffed.
r. Adult: skeleton. British.

The four anterior neural seines are mucli broader than the follow-

17. PtEUKONECTES. 449

ing, as is the case in all the PUuronectidce ; two intemeurals and
interhaemals always correspond to one neural and interhiEmal with
great regularity. The length of the first haemal equals that of the
twelve anterior vertebrae.

14. Pleuronectes cynoglossus.

The Craig-Fluke.

Pleuronectes, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 14. no. 39 (diap^a. & synon.

excl.), and ii. p. 11. no. 39 ; Act. Helvet. iv. p. 2G3. no. 145 ; Zoopki/l.

p. 74. no. 252.
Pleuronectes cynoglossnSjL.Si/st.Nat. i. p. 4.56; Fries in Wiegm.Arch.

1840, p. 19 ; Nilss. Skatul. Faun. iv. p. 623 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray,

p. 88.

saxicola, Faher in Isis, 1828, p. 877.

nigromanus, Nilss. Prodr. Ichth. Scand. p. 55 ; Cuv. Rbgne Anim.

m. Faiss. pi. 107 (had).
Glyptoceplialus saxicola, Gottsche in Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 156.
Platessa pola (? Ciw. lU'qne Anim.) ; Jen. Man. p. 458 ; Pai-n. Wem,

Mem. vii. p. 370. tab. ".38, or Fish. Frith of FoHh, p. 210. tab. 38;

Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 315, 3rd edit. i. p. 616 ; Tliomps. Ann.

Nat. Hist. ix:>,8, p. 16.
Craig-Fluke, Parn. Edinb. Neto Phil. Journ. 1835, p. 210.

B. 7. D. 102-117. A. 90-102. L. lat. 125. Vert. 58.
Caec. pylor. 7.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds to thrice
and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
five times and a half. Scales small, not ciliated ; head entirely
covered with very smaU imbricate scales, snout and ridge between
the eyes naked ; body entirely smooth. Lateral line straight, with-
out curve. Snout rather shorter than the eye, the diameter of which
is one-fourth of the length of the head. Jaws subequal anteriorly,
maxiUary shorter than the eye. Upper jaw with a series of about
twenty closely-set, tmncated, incisor-like teeth on the blind side.
Eyes separated by a shai'p ridge, elevated in front of the lower eye;
the lower eye somewhat in advance of the other. The dorsal fin
commences above the middle of the eye, and its distance from the
caudal is rather less than one-half of the depth of the free portion of
the tail. Bands of small scales along each dorsal and anal ray. The
middle dorsal rays are the longest, a little more than half as long as
the head ; pectoral half as long as the head. No prominent spine
before the anal. Greyish-brown ; membranes of the fins with, dark
spots ; pectoral of the coloured side black.

Northern coasts of Europe from the British Channel.

a. Adult : stuff"ed. Ireland. Presented by W. Thompson, Esq.

b. Half-grown : skin. Brixham. From Dr. ParncU's Collection.
e-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's

Collection.

/. Half-grown : skin. South Devonshire. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.

g-l. Adult : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

VOL. IV. 2 o

450 PLEURONECTIDiE.

m-0. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

p. Adult : skin. From Gronow's CoUection. — Type of the species.

Pleuronectes cynoglossus, Fabr. Faun. Groenl. p. 163, or Pl.pinguis,
Fabr. Vidensk. Selsk. Naturv. & Math. Afliandl. i. p. 43. tab. 2. fig. 1,
is probably identical with PI. cynoglossus, Gronov. & Linn., as the only
difference of any importance appears to be that the Greenland fish is
said to have 72-74 rays in the anal fin. It is evident, however, from
a single glance at the figure, that it is genericaUy different from
Hippoglossv^.

15. Pleuronectes elongatus.

Platessa elongata, Yarrell, Sitppl. Brit. Fishes, and Brit. Fishes, 2nd
edit. ii. p. 318, and 3rd edit. i. p. 619.

D. 110. A. 96.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head nearly one-sixth. Scales of medium
size, with numerous radiating striae on the free portion. The lateral ,
line makes a slight curve above the pectoral. Jaws subequal an-
teriorly, maxillary shorter than the eye ; interorbital ridge prominent ;
the upper eye is somewhat in advance of the lower. The longest
rays of the dorsal fin are on its middle, and its distance from the
caudal is much less than the depth of the free portion of the tail.
The pectoral is about half as long as the head, and twice as long as
the ventral. Brownish. (Yarr.)

Bridgewater Bay. — The single (typical) specimen was 7f inches
long ; it was not in Mr. Yarrell 's Collection when purchased by the
British Museum.

II. Teeth conical.
16. Pleuronectes fiesus.

The Flounder. Der Flunder, Biitt.

Passer fluviatUis, vulgo Fiesus, Bellon. De Aquat. p. 144; Will. Hist.

Pise. p. 98. tab. F. 5 ; Ray, p. 32.
Passeris tertia species, Rondel, xi. c. 10. p. 319 ; Gesner, pp. 666, 782, 788.
Pleuronectes, Artedi, Synon. p. 31. no. 2 ; Gen. p. 17. no. 4 ; Spec. p. 59.

no. 4 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 248.
Plem-onectes flesus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 457 ; Bl. Fische Detdschl. p. 39.

taf. 44 ; Bl. Schn. p. 146 ; Lacep. iv. p. 633 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv.

pi. 94 ; Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96 ; Faher, Fische Isl. p. 144, and Isis,

1828, p. 873; Fkstr. Fische Morko, p. 247; Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As.

iii. p. 422 ; Nitss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 618 ; Grmiov. Syst. ed. Gray,

p. 88.
Passer, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 33. no. 1. tab. 2. fig. 4, tab. 7. fig. 1.
Flounder, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 200, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 307.
Flet, Duhamel, ix. p. 273. pi. 7. fig. 2.
Platessa flesus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 198; Jeti. Man. p. 455; Gottsche

in Wiegm.Arch. 1835, p. 146; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii. p. 303,

or 3rd edit. i. p. 612 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 363. pi. 37.

Yarieties.
Plem-onectes passer, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 459 ; Bl. Fische Deutschl. p. 57.
taf. 50.

17. PLEUKONECTES. 451

Pleuronectes roseus, Shmv, Nat. Misc. vii. pi. 288, and Zool. iv. pi. 43.
Platessa flesus, var. marniorata, Xordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid.
Pise. pi. 28. fig. 1 (in text Platessa luscu.s, var.).

D. 60-62. A. 39-45. Vert. ^^.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
third. The greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight
portion of the lateral line is less than the length of the head. Scales
minute, smooth, except those round the origin and along the anterior
part, or sometimes along the whole of the lateral line ; there are also
bands of rough scales or of tubercles on the side of the head ; cheek
with rudimentary scales, interorbital space naked ; an obtuse bony
ridge from the upper eye to the lateral line. A series of rough tu-
bercles along the base of the dorsal and anal fins. The lateral line
is very slightly curved above the pectoral fin. Snout as long as the
eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head.
Lower jaw prominent, maxillary rather longer than the eye. Upper
jaw with two series of small obtuse teeth ; those of the outer series
are about fifteen in number on the blind side. Eyes separated by a
very narrow smooth ridge, their anterior margins being nearly on
the same level. The dorsal commences before the middle of the eye ;
its distance from the caudal is more than the depth of the free por-
tion of the tail. The length of the pectoral is one-half of that of
the head. The dorsal rays about the thirty-seventh are the longest,
nearly half as long as the head. GUI-rakers lanceolate, rather
widely set, not quite half as long as the eye. Brownish or brown-
ish-yellow, irregularly marbled.

From the coasts of France along all the coasts of northern Europe.
Iceland.

a-h. Half-grown. Bahusliin. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

c. Half-grown : skin. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Col-

lection.

d. Two adult specimens : stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Par-

nell's Collection.

e. Fine specimen, the blind side black-spotted. London market.

Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.
f-l. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins. Plymouth. From Mr.

YarreU's Collection.
m. Fine young specimen. Wales. Presented by Mrs. J. E.

Gray.
n. Half-grown : stuffed. Cornwall.
o,p, q, r. Adult and half-grown.

s-iv. Adult, half-grown, and young : stuffed and skins.
.v-z. Half-grown : skeletons. British.
a. Skull of an adult male. German Ocean. From Dr. A. Giinther's

Collection.

The sikeleton is very similar to that of PJ. plateiina. The length of
the first haemal spine equals that of the nine anterior veitebi-a:".

2 G 2

452 PLEURONECTID.?:.

17. Pleuronectes luscus.

Pleuronectes liiscus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 427 ; Rathke, Fauna
der Krym, p. 347 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 532,
Pise. tab. 27.

Platessa glabra, Rathke, I. c. p. 352.

luscus, Kessler in Bidl. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, part ii. p. 439.

D. 53-63. A. 39-43.
The height of the body is contained twice in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a third. The
greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of the
lateral line equals the length of the head. Scales minute, smooth ;
series of tubercles along the base of the dorsal and anal fins, and
along the lateral line ; there are also bands of rough scales or of
tubercles on the side of the head ; interorbital space naked. A gra-
nulated narrow ridge runs from between the eyes to the origin of the
lateral line ; the latter is very slightly curved above the pectoral.
Lower jaw prominent, maxillary longer than the eye. The distance
of the dorsal from the caudal is nearly equal to the depth of the free
portion of the tail. The length of the pectoral is one-half of that of
the head. The dorsal rays about the thirty-fourth are the longest,
half as long as the head. Greenish, with scattered round brown
spots on the body and fins ; those on the body edged with white.
{^Nordm.)
Black Sea.

18. Pleuronectes italicus.

Passer, pt., Rondel, xi. c. 7. p. 316.

Pleuronectes tlesus, var., Delaroche-i, Ann. Mus. xiii. 1809, p. 357.
Platessa passer, (not i.) Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesce; Costa, Faun. Nap. ii.
p. 7 ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 8. tav. 1. fig. 1.

D. 62-64. A. 41-48.
The height of the body is contained twice and a fourth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a fourth.
The greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion
of the lateral line is less than the length of the head. Scales minute,
smooth ; lateral line smooth ; interorbital space naked ; an undidated
osseous ridge nms from the upper eye to the lateral line, which is
very slightly curved anteriorly. A series of small spines along the
base of the dorsal and anal fins. Snout as long as the eye ; lower
jaw prominent, maxillarj' rather longer than the eye ; teeth obtnsc,
subconical, small, about eighteen on the blind side of the upper jaw.
Eyes separated by a very narrow smooth ridge. The distance of the
dorsal from the caudal is equal to the depth of the free portion of the
tail. The length of the pectoral is one-half of that of the head. The
dorsal rays of the third quarter of the length of the fin are the
longest, not half so long as the head. Grejash-brown, uniform or
marbled with darker.
Mediterranean.

a. Fine specimen. Dalmatia. From Dr. J. Heckel.

17. PLEUEONECTES. 453

19. Pleuronectes asperrimus.

Platessa asperrima, Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 177.
Clidodenua asperrinium, Bleek. in Compt. Send. Acad. Sc. Amsterd. xiii.
1862, Pkuron.

D. 75. A. 61.

The height of the body is rather less than two-fifths of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The
greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of the
lateral line is nearly equal to the length of the head. Scales none ;
head, body, and fin-rays densely covered with rough tubercles, some
of which are much larger than the others, which are granule-like ;
some of the largest tubercles with a longitudinal keel. A series of
these tubercles runs along the base of the dorsal and anal fins.
Lateral line and the whole blind side smooth ; the former makes a
slight ciirve above the pectoral, the depth of the curve being much
less than the width of the base of the pectoral. Snout as long as the
eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the length of the head.
Lower jaw prominent ; each jaw \vi\h. two series of slender conical
teeth. The space between the orbits is granulated, and its width is
one-third of the diameter of the eye. The dorsal fin commences
above the anterior part of the eye, and its distance from the caudal
is less than the depth of the free portion of the tail ; the longest
dorsal rays are behind the middle of the length of the fin, and shorter
than the pectoral, the length of which is two-fifths of that of the
head. Ventral very short, not half so long as the pectoral. Brown-
ish. (Schlefj.)

Japan.

20. Pleuronectes variegatus.
Platessa variegata, Schleg. Faun. Japm. Poiss. p. 176. pi. 90.

D. 79-81. A. 58-60.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head foiu' times and a half.
The greatest depth between the anal fin and the straight portion of
the lateral line is more than the length of the head. Scales ciliated ;
lateral line with a curve above the pectoral, the depth of the curve
being ecjual to the width of the base of the pectoral. Head scaly,
without ridge ; interorbital space flattish, scaly, its width being one-
thii-d of the horizontal diameter of the eye, which equals the length
of the snout. Lower jaw prominent, maxillarj' longer than the eye ;
upper jaw with two series of conical teeth. Vertical fins covered
with minute scales ; the dorsal commences above the front margin
of the eye, and its distance from the caudal is much less than the
depth of the free portion of the tail. The length of the pectoral
e(iuals that of the longest dorsal rays, which are somewhat licliind
the middle of the length of the dorsal fin, and one-half of tlie length
f>f the head. Greenish, inarbU'd with darker ; vertical fins with
round blackisli spots. QSchlcf/.)

Japan.

454 PLEURONECTID^.

21. Pleuronectes umbrosus.

Platichthys lunbrosus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856,
p. 136, and in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Uxjjed. Fishes, p. 149.

D. 70. A. 53. L. lat. 80.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The greatest depth
between the anal fin and the straight portion of the lateral hne is
somewhat less than the length of the head. Scales small, those on
the middle of the side with the marginal portion covered with spines ;
head entirely covered with small, spiny, not imbricate scales ; snout
naked ; the bUnd side smooth, no spines along the base of the dorsal
and anal fins ; lateral line smooth, with a strong curve above the
pectoral, the depth of the curve being one-thii-d of its width. Snout
shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is two-ninths of the
length of the head. Lower jaw prominent, maxillary as long as the
eye. Upper jaw with a single series of about sixteen conical,
closely-set teeth on the blind side, those of the other side being
smaller and less in number. Eyes separated by a very narrow
bridge, covered with small tubercles ; the lower eye is scarcely in
advance of the other. The dorsal commences immediately behind
the anterior margin of the eye, and its distance from the caudal is
one-half of the depth of the free portion of the tail. The dorsal rays
about the fortieth are the longest, equal in length to the pectoral
and half as long as the head. No spine before the anal. Uniform
dark brown.

Pacific coasts of North America.
a-c. Adult and half-grown : skins. Esquimault Harboiu', Vancouver
Islands. Presented by Earl Russell.

22. Pleuronectes asper.

Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 425.

D. 67. A. 48.

The height of the body is contained twice and four-fifths in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times and
a half. Each scale terminates in a small recurved spine ; lateral
line smooth, with a strong curve above the pectoral. The lower jaw
is the longer ; each jaw with a single series of obtuse cUstant teeth.
Dorsal and anal rays provided with small spines. Brownish-olive.
{Pall.)

Coasts of eastern Siberia.

18. PAROPHRYS.

Pleuronichthys, pt., et Parophry.s, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

1854, pp. 139, 140.
Heteroprosopon, Bleek. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Amsterd. 1862, xiii.

Pleuron. p. 8.

Cleft of the mouth narrow ; teeth minute ; scarcely any teeth on

18. PAROPHKYS. 455

the coloured side ; vomerine teeth none. The dorsal fin commences
above the eye. Scales small or rudimentary ; lateral line without
strong curve. Eyes on the right side.
North Pacific.

1. Parophrys vetula.

Parophrys vetulus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, pp. 140,
142, 155, and in U. S. Pact/. P. P. Exped. Fish. p. 153.

D. 86. A. 64.

The teeth, which are minute, exist on the blind side of the fish only.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Snout with the lower
jaw longest ; cleft of the mouth small, the maxillaiy extending some-
what behiud the anterior margin of the eye. Eyes separated by a
veiy narrow and elevated ridge. Scales small, cycloid ; lateral liae
but slightly curved above the pectoral. The dorsal fin commences
above the upper eye and termiuates at a short distance from the
caudal ; peduncle of tail slender. An anal spiue. The length of the
caudal is contained five times and a half in the total. Reddish-grey,
marbled with darker. (Girard.)

Coast of California.

2. Parophrys cornuta.

Platessa comuta, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 179. pi. 92. fig. 1 ; Bleek.

in Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 121.
Heteroprosopou cornutus, Bleek. in Co7npt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Ajnsterd.xiii.

1802, Pkuron. p. 8.

D. 80-82. A. 56-58.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-elevenths. The greatest depth
between the lateral Hne and the anal fin is much more than the length
of the head. Scales very small, smooth ; opercles scaly, without
prominent osseous ridge. A longitudinal sharp ridge between the
eyes, terminating in a spine posteriorly ; the anterior margin of each
orbit with two conical prominences, the upper prominence of the
lower eye being the strongest. Lateral line nearly straight. Snout
very short, only half as long as the eye, the diameter of which is one-
fourth of the length of the head. Jaws equal anteriorly, provided
with one or two series of minute pointed teeth ; lips fleshy, maxillaiy
shorter tlian the eye. The dorsal fin commences before the middle
of the eye, and its distance from the caudal is somewhat more than
the width of the orbit. Dorsal and anal rays covered with minute
(in a fresh state scarcely visible) scales. The longest dorsal rays are
immediately behind the middle of the fin, where they are two-thirds
of the length of the head. Pectoral short, not much longer than ven-
tral, two-fifths of the length of the head. Brownish, with several
patches of numerous whitish dots ; fins with numerous small round
blackish spots. {iSfhlnj.)

Japan.

456 PLETJRONECTIDJB.

3. Parophrys quadrituberculata.

Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 423.
D. 70. A. 51.

Teeth ?

The height of the body is contained twice and four-fifths in the
total length (with the caudal). Head with a series of four bony,
conical, obtuse, and very prominent tubercles, continuous with the
lateral line : two of these tubercles are approximate and situated an-
teriorly, the third at the hinder margin of the upper orbit ; the fourth
is the largest, and situated above the opcrcle. Lateral line scarcely
bent anteriorly. Body smooth, with the scales rudimentarj'. Anal
distant from ventrals. Anal spine hidden. {Pall.)

Sea between Kamtschatka and America.

4. Parophrys ccenosa.

Pleuronichthys coenosus, Giranl iti Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 139, and in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 151.

D. 74. A. 54.

The length of the head is two-elevenths of the total length, that
of the caudal a little less than one-fourth. Snout very short ; mouth
small, the lower jaw longest. Teeth inconspicuous on both sides.
Eyes separated by a narrow ridge, their diameter being one-third of
the length of the head. The dorsal fin commences ojiposite the an-
terior margin of the orbit, is elevated towards its posterior third, and
terminates at a short distance from the caudal. Scales small, entire
and smooth ; lateral line with a slight curve above the pectoral.
Deep-brown, spotted with blackish and yellowish. {Gir.)

San Francisco.

5. Parophrys ayresii.

D. 66. A. 47.

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-
fifth, the length of the caudal less than one-fifth. Snout very short ;
mouth small, with the lower jaw longest, and with the maxillary
extending beyond the front margin of the eye. Jaws with a broad
band of vilhform teeth on the blind side, and with a few on the
coloured one. Eyes separated by a very narrow, elevated, smooth
ridge ; the lower eye slightly in advance of the upper ; the diameter
of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head. Cheeks and opercles
covered with minute scales. The dorsal fin commences somewhat
before the middle of the eye, and is highest near the thirtieth ray,
the length of which is rather more than one-half of that of the head.
The distance between the dorsal and caudal is about one-third of the
depth of the free portion of the tail. Anal spine prominent. The
length of the pectoral e(|uals the distance of the lower eye from the
end of the operculum. Ventral about half as long as the pectoral.

19. PSAMM0DI8CTJS. 457

not united with the anal. Scales very small, imbricate, cycloid ;
the lateral line is very gently cur\-ed above the pectoral ; a second
lateral line runs from above the eye, along and near the dorsal pro-
file, to behind the middle of the dorsal fin. Uniform brownish lead-
coloured.
California.

a. Eight and a half inches long. San Francisco. Presented by Dr.
W. 0. Ayres.

"We dedicate this species to the excellent Californian ichthyologist,
whose discoveries only recently became accessible to us. The speci-
men, which appears to us specifically distinct from P. ccenosa, formed
part of a splendid collection, which was nearly entirely destroyed
during its transmission to Europe.

19. PSAMMODISCUS.

Eyes on the right side. Mouth rather narrow, the length of the
maxillary being one-third or nearly one-third of that of the head ;
jaws more developed on the coloured side than on the blind. Teeth
minute, in a single series or in an exceedingly narrow band ; vomerine
or palatine teeth none. The rays of the posterior half of the doi-sal
and anal fins are branched ; the dorsal fin commences on the snout.
Scales small ; lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly. GiU-mem-
branes broadly united at the throat ; gill-rakers lanceolate. Eran-
chiostegals six.

1. Fsammodiscus ocellatus.
D. 64. A. 54. L. lat. 80.

The height of the body is contained once and two-thii'ds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a
half. Head about as high as long. Scales cycloid. Snout very
obtuse, as long as the eye, the diameter of which is somewhat less
than one-fourth of the length of the head. Eyes separated by a very
narrow ridge ; their front margins nearly on the same level. Gill-
rakers slender, one-third as long as the eye, closely set. The dorsal
fin commences between the maxillaries and is continued on to the root
of the caudal ; its anterior rays have their tips prolonged beyond the
membrane, the longest rays being in the posterior third of the fin,
where they are one-half the length of the head. Anal sj)ine present.
Caudal fin rounded, one-fifth of the total length. Ventral fin veiy
broad, a little sliorter than the pe. toral. Erownish-olive, finely
marbled and spotted with brown ; a dcc})-brown ocellus, edged with
whitisli, immediately below the middle of the straight portion of the
lateral line ; anotlicr similar but less distinct ocellus abt)ve the lateral
line, behind the curve. Vertical fins irregularly sjiotted and dotted
with brown and white.

Huh. ?

«-</. From '^2 to 42 lines long.

458 PLEUEONECTID^.

20. AMMOTRETIS.

Eyes on the right side, on the same level, or the lower rather in
advance. Mouth unsymmetrical, narrower on the right side than on
the left, the length of the left maxillary being less than one-third of
that of the head ; teeth on the blind side only, where they are viUi-
form, forming bands; no vomerine or palatine teeth. Dorsal and
anal rays branched and scaly ; the dorsal fin commences on the ex-
tremity of the snout and is not continued on to the caudal. Two
ventrals, the right in the same line and continuous with the anal.
Scales small, ctenoid ; lateral line straight. Gill-openings narrow,
the gtU-membranes being broadly united below the throat; giU-
rakers short, conical.
Tasmania.

1. Ammotretis rostratus.
B. 7. D. 80. A. 53. P. 12. V. dextr. 6, sin. 4. L. lat. 90.

The upper part of the snout is produced into a flap overhanging
the lower jaw.
Norfolk Bay.

a. Four inches long. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

Description. — The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Snout
scarcely longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the
length of the head ; its upper part is produced and bent downwards
into a flap which overlaps the lower jaw. The cleft of the mouth is
strongly twisted towards the left side, and curved ; on the right side
it does not extend to the vertical from the orbit ; nasal opening small,
in front of the interorbital space. The lower eye is scarcely in advance
of the upper ; both are of moderate size, and separated by a scaly space,
the Avidth of which is one-half of the vertical diameter of the eye.
The dorsal fin commences on the foremost part of the rostral appen-
dage and terminates at a short distance from the caudal ; its ante-
rior rays are nearly entirely free, not connected by a membrane ; its
longest rays are behind the middle of the fin, their length being
rather more than one-half of that of the head. Caudal roujaded,
shorter than the head ; the rays of the right ventral occupy the whole
space between chin and anal fin, whilst the base of the left ventral
is much shorter. Scales on the right side with about ten small spines,
those on the left with about six. Uniform brownish-olive.

21. RHOMBOSOLEA.

Eyes on the right side, the lower in advance of the upper. Moiith
unsymmetrical, narrower on the right side than on the left, the length
of the left maxillary being less than one-third of that of the head ;
teeth on the blind side only, where they are vUlifonn, forming bands ;
no vomerine or palatine teeth. Most of the dorsal and anal rays
branched. The dorsal fin commences on the foremost part of the
snout. Only one ventral, which is continuous with the anal. Scales

21. RHOMBOSOLEA. 459

very small, cycloid ; lateral line straight. Gill-openings narrow, the
gill-membranes being broadly united below the throat ; gill-rakers
short, conical.

Coasts of New Zealand, Australia, and Van Diemen's Land.

1. Rhombosolea monopus.
B. 5. D. 59. A. 42.

The height of the body is contained once and four-fifths in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds.
Eyes separated by a naked space, the width of which is less than the
vertical diameter of the eye ; the lower eye is slightly in advance of
the upper. Snout as long as the eye, the diameter of which is one-
fifth of the length of the head. The maxillary of the right side ex-
tends to below the anterior margin of the eye ; teeth in narrow bands.
Jaws equal in front : the upper lip has a slight notch, in which the
symphysis of the lower jaw is received. The cutaneous fold above
the maxillary is not prolonged. The giU-opening does not extend
upwards beyond the base of the pectoral. The dorsal fin commences
on the foremost part of the snout, and terminates at a distance from
the caudal which is rather more than one-half of the depth of the
free portion of the tail ; anterior dorsal rays produced beyond the
connecting membrane, but considerably shorter than those behind the
middle of the fin, which are nearly half as long as the head. Caudal
fin slightly rounded, its length being one-sixth of the total. The six
ventral rays are arranged in the same line with those of the anal fin,
both fins being connected by a broad, complete, rayless membrane ;
the vent is situated on the blind side. The length of the pectoral is
two-thirds of that of the head. Uniform brownish (in spirits) ; pec-
toral blackish posteriorly.

New Zealand.

«. Ten inches long. New Zealand. Presented by Prof. E. Owen.
6. Half-grown. Eay of Islands. Presented by A. Smith, Esq.
c. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by Su- J. Richardson.

2. Rhombosolea tapirina.

B. 0. D. GO. A. 50.

The height of the body is contained once and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly three
times. Eyes separated by a very narrow ridge, the lower being
slightly in advance of the upper. Snout as long as the eye, the
diameter of which is one-fifth of the length of the head : the maxillary
of the right side extends to below the anterior margin of the eye;
teeth in very narrow bands ; jaws equal in front, overlapped anteriorly
by a cutaneous flap half as long as the eye. Gill-opening and ven-
tral fins as in lih. )un)in2}i(s. The dorsal fin commences at the base
of the rostral llap and terminates close by the caudal ; the two ante-
rior dorsal ravs are prolonged beyond the connecting membrane, but
much shorter than the longest rays, which arc behind the middle of

460 PLEUROKECTID^

the fin and two-fifths of the length of the head. Caudal fin slightly
rounded, its length being contained five times and a haK in the total.
The length of the pectoral is a little more than one-half of that of the
head. Brown (in spirits), marbled with darker and spotted with white.
AustraUan Seas.

a. Eight inches long : skin. Australia.

h. Eight inches long : stiiiFed. King George's Sound.

c, d, e, f-h, i-)n. Adult and half-grown. Auckland Islands. Pre-
sented by Sir J. Richardson.

n-q. Half-grown. Norfolk Bay, Tasmania. Presented by Sii" J.
Richardson.

3. Rhombosolea leporina.
B. 6-7. D. 65. A. 43.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length ('v^dthout caudal), the length of the head four times. Eyes
separated by a naked space, the width of which is less than the ver-
tical diameter of the eye. The lower eye is in advance of the upper.
Snout longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-seventh or
one-eighth of the length of the head. The maxillary of the right
side extends to below the anterior margin of the eye ; teeth in rather
broad bands. The upper jaw slightly overlaps the lower, which is
received in a notch of the upper lip. The cutaneous fold above the
maxillary well developed, bearing the first dorsal rays. The gUl-
opening does not extend upwards beyond the base of the pectoral.
The dorsal fin terminates at a distance from the caudal Avhich is
rather more than one-half of the depth of the free portion of the tail ;
anterior dorsal rays produced beyond the connecting membrane, with
their tips split into two fine filaments, but considerably shorter than
the rays behind the middle of the fin, the length of which is two-fifths
of that of the head. Caudal fin rounded, one-sixth of the total
length. Ventral and anal fins as in Eh. monopus. The length of the
pectoral is not much more than one-half of that of the head. Uni-
form brownish (in spirits).

Australia.

a, h. Nine inches long. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

22. PELTORHAMPHUS.

Mouth small, twisted towards the left side, toothless on the other ;
teeth minute, in two distant series on the left branches of the jaws ;
vomerine and palatine teeth none. Eyes on the right side, of mode-
rate size ; snout dilated, flat, sharp, bent downwards, hook-like.
Dorsal and anal rays branched, naked. The dorsal fin commences
on the foremost part of the snout. Pectorals well developed. The
right ventral is continuous with the anal, the left very small. Scales
small, ctenoid ; lateral line straight. Gill-openings narrow, the gill-
membranes being broadly united below the throat ; gill-rakers short.

Now Zealand.

22. PELTORHAMPHTTS. 461

1. Peltorhamphus nova zeelandise.

B. 5. D. 92. A. 57. P. dextr. 11, sin. 7. V. dextr. 6, sin. 5.
L. lat. 78.

Brownish -olive, marbled with darker. Two blackish blotches on
the lateral line.

New Zealand. Norfolk Island.

a. Eleven inches long. New Zealand. Presented by Sir J. Rich-
ardson.
^fi 9^ h-lc. Half-grown and young. New Zealand.
I. Half-grown. Norfolk Island. Presented by Sir J. Bichardson.

Description. — The height of the body is contained twice and a third
in the total length (Avithout caudal), the length of the head thrice
and a half. The anterior profile of the snout is subsemicircular, the
snout being much dilated, flat, sharp, produced downwards into a
curved hook-like appeudage, which is bent so as nearly to reach the
first ventral ray, and nearly entirely covers the right side of the cleft
of the mouth ; the extent of the snout is rather more than one-third
of the length of the head. The mouth is twisted towards the left side
and narrow ; only the jaws of this side are armed with a double series
of minute teeth. The eyes are situated on the same level, on the
middle of the depth of the head ; their distance from the snout equals
two or three of their horizontal diameters, that from the giU-opening
three or four. The interorbital space is scaly, and its width equals
the vertical diameter of the eye in adult specimens, but is less in
young ones. Pupil kidney- shaped. Nostrils before the interorbital
space small, the anterior with a small tube. The whole of the right
side of the head is scaly, whilst the greater portion of the left side is
naked ; a series of very small fringes rims from the left nostrils to-
wards the neck. Gill-openings veiy narrow, the gill-membranes
being broadly united below the throat ; giU-rakers small, but distinct.
Scales ctenoid, each scale ha\-ing ten or more prominent spines on its
margin ; the scales on the blind side have fewer spines. Lateral line
straight. Anal and dorsal rays naked, bifid. The dorsal fin com-
mences on the extremity of the hook of the snout and terminates at
a short distance from the caudal ; its longest rays are above the end
of the pectoral, and contained twice and two-thirds in the length
of the head ; its anterior rays are rather short, with their bifid tips
extending beyond the membrane. The anal commences vertically a
little before the pectoral, and is coterminal with the dorsal. The
length of the rounded caudal is nearly one-sixth of the totid. The
right pectoral is ver}- well developed, and has the second u])per ray
prolonged into a filament as long as the head ; the left pectoral is con-
siderably shorter. The right ventral is continuous -niith the anal fin,
and has its ra3's disposed in the same waj- as the anal ; its base occu-
pies the whole throat, and is two-thirds as long as the head. The
left ventral is very small, situated laterally and somewhat anteriorly
to the vent. Brownish -olive, marbled with darker and dotted -with
black ; two blackish blotches on the lateral line, one above the

462 PLEURONECTID^.

middle of the pectoral, the other further backwards ; several of the
anal and dorsal rays are entirely black. The left side whitish.

23. SOLEA*.

Solea, Monocliir, et Achu'us (Lrtcep.,s'p.), Cuv. Rkgne Anim.
Solea, Monocliir, Grammiclitliys, Acliirus, et Aseraggodes, Kaup in
Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 94.

Eyes on the right side, the upper being more or less in advance of
the lower. Cleft of the mouth narrow, twisted round to the left side.
Teeth on the blind side only, where they are villiform, forming bands ;
no vomerine or palatine teeth. The dorsal fin commences on the
snout, and is not confluent with the caudal. Scales very small,
ctenoid ; lateral line straight.

Inhabitants of all the temperate and tropical seas.

Although the extreme forms of this genus show differences of ap-
parently sufficient importance for generic distinction, the interme-
diate species are so numerous, and form so gradual a transition from
the true Soles with the pectorals fully developed to the Achiri proper,
that we prefer to consider them as one genus. The following synopsis
will show how it may be further subdivided.

I. The height of the body is two-fifths, or less than two-fifths, of the

total length (without caudal).

A. Pectorals of both sides developed.

1. Nostrils of the blind side not dilated : Solea, p. 463.

2. One of the nostrils of the blind side is dilated, broadly fringed :

Pef/usa, p. 4(37.

B. Pectorals of both sides very small : Biiglossus, p. 469.

C. No pectoral on the blind side : Monochir, p. 470.

D. No pectoral at all : Aseraggodes, pt., Kaup, p. 471.

II. The height of the body is more than two-fifths of the total length

(without caudal).

A. Pectorals developed : Microhuglossus, p. 471.

B. Pectorals rudimentary or absent : Achirus (Achirus, Cuv. -|-

Aseraggodes, pt., KauV; -'r Gratnmichthgs, Kaup), p. 472.

* 1. Solea brasiliensis, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 95. — Montevideo.

2. angulosa, Kaup, I. c. p. 94. — Mediterranean.

3. ovata, Cant. Catal. p. 220 (not Richards.). — Pinang. — Caudal 12|.

4. liturata, Richards, in JVans. ZooL Soc. iii. p. 156. — Australia.

5. Monochir punctifer, Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Poiss. p. 80. pi. 41. fig. .3 (bad).

— Rio de Janeiro.

6. Solea cinerea, Guichen. Explor. AJger. Poiss. p. 106. — Algeria.

7. luctuosa, Guichen. I. c. p. 107. — .Algeria.

8. Achirus peUucidus, Benn. Whaling Voyage, p. 277.— Pacific (open sea).

9. - — melanospilos, Bleek. Celebes, v. p. 257. — Amboyna and Celebes. — No

mention is made of the structure of the scales.
10. Heteromycteris capensis, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 18.')8, p. 103.

23. SOLE A. 463

I. The height of the body is two-fifths, or less than two-fifths, of the
total length (without caudal).

A. Pectorals of both sides developed.

1. Nostrils of the blind side not dilated : Soka.

1. Solea vulgaris.

The Sole. Die Zunge.

BovyXaxra-oi, Atlum. vii. p. 288.

Solea, Ond. v. 124; Plin. ix. e. 16.

Buglossus s. Solea, Bellon. DeAquat. p. 145 ; Rondel, xi. c. 11. p. 320 ;
Aldrov. ii. c. 43. p. 235 ; Gestier, Aquat. iv. pp. 666, 671, and Ic.
Aquat. p. 101 ; Joiiston, i. tit. 3. c. 2. a. 2. punct. 1. p. 82 ; Willughb.
Hist. Pise. p. 100. tab. F. 7 ; Ray, p. 33 ; Schonev. p. 63.

Pleuronectes, sp., Artedi, Si/nmi. p. 32. no. 8 ; Genera, p. 18. no. 6 ;
Species, p. 60. no. 5 ; Granov. Zoophyl. no. 251, and Mus. i. p. 14.

Pleuronectes solea, i. Syst. Nat. i.p.457; Bribm. Ichth.Mass.'p. 34; Rl.
Fische Deutschl. ii. p. 42. taf. 45 ; Bl. Schn. p. 146 ; Lacep. iv. p. 623 :
Donovan, Brit. Fixh. iii. pi. 52 ; Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96 ; Fries Sf
Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 165. tab. 39 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Grai/, p. 89.

Solea, Klein, Pi-^c. 3Iiss. iv. p. 31. no. 1, & p. 32. no. 2. tab. 2. fig. 3.

Sole, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 203, & ed. 1812, iii. p. 311.

La Sole, Duhamel, iii. sect. 9. p. 257. pi. 1.

Solea vulgaris, Qiwnsel in Vet. Akad. Handl. IBOli, p. 230 ; Risso, Eur.
Merid. iii. p. 247 ; Fleni.Brit.An. p. 197 ; Jen. Brit. Vert. p. 467; Gottsche
in Wieym. Arch. 1835, p. 182; Ynrr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 347,
and 3rd edit. i. p. 657 ; Parn. Wern.Mem. vii. p. 378, ov Fish. Frith
of Forth, p. 218; Bonap. Faun. Pal. Pesce ; Holh. Giitheb. Vet. Sallsk.
Jy««c?/. iv. p. 56. c. fig. ; Kilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. y>. 651; Costa, Faun.
Nap. ii. p. 34; Canestr. Arch. Zool. v. p. 41. tav. 4. fig. 2.

B. 7. D. 73-80. A. 61-69. L. lat. 160. Vert. 9/39-40.

Tlie height of the body is contained twice and five-sixths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the. head five times and
a half; the space between the eyes is twice the vertical diameter of
the eye (in the adult) ; nostrils very narrow on the blind side. Pec-
toral of the coloured side scarcely longer than that of the blind, its
length being contained twice and a third in that of the head, (nll-
rakers rudimentary. Dark brown; extremity of the pectoral blackish.

Coasts of Europe.

a. Adult. Dalmatia.

h-c. Half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

d. Adult. Dingle Bay (Ireland). Presented by W. Andrews, Esq.

e. Adult: yellow variely. British Channel. Presented by Messrs.

Oliffe and Cole.

f-g, h-i. Half-grown and young. Brighton.

k-l. Half-grown : skins. River Tamar. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.

m. Adult : skin. South Devonshire. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

n. Large specimen : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

0. Half-grown: skin. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Partiell's Col-
lection.

p. Half-grown : stuffed. British.

464 PLEUKONECTID^.

q. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
r, s, t. Adult, half-grown, and young.
u-y. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins.
z-a. Adult: skeletons. British.

Skeleton. — The bones are thin, slender or flexible, much less solid
than in the preceding genera. The maxillary, intermaxillary, pala-
tine, and pterygoid of the right side are very slender, those of the left
side stout ; the left intermaxillary is semicircularly bent, covered
with villiform teeth on its concave surface. The right mandible is
longer than the left, but the latter has a broad prominence covered
with viUiform teeth, and fitting into the concavity of the inter-
maxillary. The gill-covers are very broad, the suboperculum being
the largest, and the interoperculimi as large as the operculimi. There
is a rather low transparent ridge above the upper orbit, to which is
attached the first interneural — a long styliform bone, which is longer
and stronger than any of the other interneurals ; it is situated per-
fectly horizontally.

The abdominal portion of the vertebral column is composed of nine
vertebrae, and contained fom- times and three-fourths in the length of
the caudal portion. The four anterior neural spines are dilated and
rather strong ; the seven posterior abdominal vertebrae are provided
with strong haemal spines, whilst the parapophyses and ribs are
scarcely developed. This occurrence of well-developed haemals of
the abdominal vertebrae is, perhaps, unique in this and the preceding
orders. Sometimes two interhaemals and interneurals correspond to
a haemal and neural, sometimes only one. The first interhaemal and
haemal rather feeble.

2. Solea kleinii.

Rhombus kleinii, Hisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 255.
Pleuronectes solea, var. d, Nardo, Prodr. Ichth. Adr. no. 136.
Solea kleinii, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesce ; Costa, Faun. Naj). ii. p. 42. tav. 46 ;
Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 34. tav. 3. fig. 5.

D. 80. A. 64. P. 9. {Bonap.)

80-91. 64-70. 8. {Canestr.)

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Eyes rather close together ;
nostrils on the blind side of moderate width. Pectoral of moderate
size. BroAvnish, dotted with brown and white ; vertical fins black ;
pectoral black, with white extremity. {Bonap.)

Adriatic and Mediterranean.

3. Solea seuegalensis.

Kaup, I. c.

This species is characterized thus : —

D. 84. A. 70. P. 8.
Slightly elongate ; blackish -brown ; pectoral as long as the di-
stance between eye and snout. Body and fin-rays rough. The lateral

23. soLEA. 405

line is curved above the pectoral, and does not extend to the eye.
Pectoral blackish at its extremity.
Senegal.

The typical specimen is in the Paiis Museum.
4. Solea ocellata.

Solea ocidata, Rondel, xi. c. 12. p. 322 ; Gesner,Aquat. iii. pp. 007, 669;

Aklrov. ii. e. 4:3. pp. 235, 230 ; WiUuijhhy, p. 100. tab. F. 8. fi». 4 ;

Jonston, ii. lib. i. tit. 2. c. 2. a. 2. punct. 1. p. 57. tab. 20. fig. 11.
Solea, no. 3, Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. iv. p. 32.
? P^gouse, Duhuni. iii, sect. 9. p. 259. tab. 2. fig. 4.
Pleuronectes ocellatus,i.<S'ys^.JN'«<. i. p. 456 f ; Bl. -Sc/iw.p. 147. tab. 40 ;

Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 309 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 307.

pegusa, Lacep. iv. p. 639.

rondeletii, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 307.

Solea oculata, Risso, Eur. 3ferid. iii. p. 248 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesce ;

Valenc. in Webb Sf Perthel. IlesCanar. Poiss. p. 84. pi. 18. fig. 2 (bad) ;

Costa, Faun. Nap. ii. p. 45 ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 37. tav. 4. fig. 1*

(scale).

D. 67. A. 52. L. lat. 78.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thii-ds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
three-fourths. Interorbital space very narrow ; eyelids broad, thick,
covered -with rough scales. NostrUs on the blind side hidden between
fi-ingcs. Pectoral of the coloured side more developed than that of
the blind, its length being contained twice and a thii-d in that of the
head. Brownish-grey, with four black oceUi edged with white, dis-
posed in a quadrangle behind the middle of the length of the fish ;
several other black blotches on the ti'iuik, the hindmost of which is
situated on the lateral line and is the most constant. Base of the
caudal with a black cross-band J, behind which is another of a light
colour.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.
h. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

5. Solea hexophthalma.

Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soe. i. p. 147.

D. 66. A. 49. L. lat. 8S.
The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and a
third. Interorbital space very narrow, its width being equal to the
vertical diameter of the eye. Nostrils on the blind side hidden.
Pectoral of the coloured side more developed than that of the blind,
its length being one-half of that of the head. Brownish-olive, with

t Linnreus erroneously states Surinam as the native countrv of tliis species.
J This black baud is mentioned by Linne, but omittod by Schneider and
Bonaparte. Perhaps two species are confounded under the name of S. ocellata.
VOL. IV. 2 n

466 PLBUR0NECT1D.15.

darker and lighter cross-bands : three black ocelli edged with white
along the base of the dorsal, and three others along that of the anal ;
the ocelli alternate with smaller round whitish spots. A very indi-
stinct brown band across the root of the caudal.
North-west coast of Africa.

a. Three inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
— Type of the species.

6. Solea microcephala.

D. 79. A. 65. P. 11. L. lat. 90.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-quarters in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly six
times. Each scale with about thirteen spines on the margin. Jaws
equal in leng-th anteriorly ; the nostril on the coloured side is pro-
longed into a tube as long as the eye ; the left side of the snout with
numerous short papillse. Eyes very close together, the upper slightly
in advance of the lower. Pectoral with broad base, not much shorter
than the head ; that on the left side is very short and attached to
the giU-membrane by a fold ; ventrals separate, not continuous with
the anal. The dorsal and anal fins terminate immediately before the
root of the caudal, their posterior rays extending beyond the middle
of the caudal. Anterior dorsal rays short ; caudal entirely free, its
length being contained eight times and a half in the total. Brown,
with eleven or thirteen dark cross-bands, broader than the inter-
spaces : the first on the snout, the second immediately behind the
eyes, the last across the root of the caudal ; vertical fins black.

Australia.

a. Seven and a quarter inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Six inches long. New South "Wales. Presented by Dr. G. Bennett.

7. Solea heterorhina.

Solea heterorliinos, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Amboina, p. 64.
Soleichthys heterorliinos, Bleek. Enumer. p. 183.

D. 88-94. A. 80-82. P. 9-8. L. lat. 110.

Nasal tube elongate, longer than the eye. The height of the body
is contained twice and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head six times to six times and two-fifths. Eyes
contiguous, their diameter being one-third or less than one-third of
the length of the head. The right pectoral is longer than the left,
half as long as the head. Olive, with irregular blackish cross-bands,
about seven on the head, and about sixteen on the bodj^ ; most of the
latter are geminate, curved, extending on the dorsal and anal fins.
Vertical fins with yellow margin.

Celebes, Amboyna.

a. Five inches long. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

^

23. SOLE A. 467

2. One of the nostrils of the blind side is dilated, broadly fringed.

8. Solea aurantiaca.
The Lemon Sole.
Solea pegiisa, Yarr. Zool. Jottrn. iv. p. 467.pl. 16, and Brit. Fish. ed. 2.

ii. p. 351 ; Jen. Man. p. 467 (not Laceji. or Risso).
nasuta, liichards. inYarr.Brit.Fish. Sixi edit. i. p. G62 (not Pall.).

D. 89. A. 66. L. lat. 130. Vert. 46*.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and
a fourth. The upper jaw slightly overlaps the lower, ^^ithout being
produced into a pointed, longish lobe. The width of the interorbital
space equals the diameter of the eye. One of the nostiils on the
blind side is very wide, circular, surrounded by a narrow ring of
papilte. The pectorals of both sides are nearly equal in length, and
contained twice and a third in the length of the head. Yellowish,
marbled with brown and speckled with black ; pectoral with an
ovate black spot on its hinder half.

Coasts of England and Portugal.

a. Adult. England. Presented by Mr. YarreU.

b-c. Adult : stuffed. English coast.

d-e. Adult : skins. England. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

/. Half-grown: stuffed. Devonshire.

</. Adult : stuffed. Brixham.

h-h Adult : skins. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.

m. Half-growTi. Lisbon. Presented by G. Hough, Esq.

This species, confounded by Yarrell and other writer's with S. pe-
gusa, and by Sir J. Richai'dson with 8. nasuta, is new to science.

9. Solea lascaris.

Pleuronectes lascaris, Risso, Icldh. Nice, p. .311. tab. 7. fig. 32.
? Pleiu'onectes theophilus, Risso, I. c. p. 313.
Solea lascaris, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 249.
Khonibus polus, Risso, I. c. p. 480. fig. 32.
? Rhombus theophilus, Risso, I. c. p. 256.
Pleuronectes solea, var. c, Nardo, Prodi: Adr. Ichth. sp. 136.
Solea scriba, Vulcnc. in JVehh S,- Berth. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 84. pi. 18.
fig. 3 (veiy bad, from a skinned specimen).

D. 85. A. 64. P. 11. L. lat. 150.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Upper jaw produced into
a longish lobe, overhanging the lower. The width of the inter-
orbital space equals the vertical diameter of the eye. One of the
nostrils on the blind side is very wide, circular, surrounded by a
broad wreath of fringes. Pectorals of both sides e(iual in length,
half as long as the head. Gill-rakers rudimentary. Brown, va-

* Yarrell states 43 vertebrae ; I have counted them in the same specimen in
which Yarrell had laid bare the spine.

2n2

468

PLTirRONECTID^.

riegated with black. A black ocellus edged with yellow on the
extremity of the lower half of the pectoral.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.

a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. E. T. Lowe.

10. Solea impar.

? Pleiu'onectes nasutus, Pall. Zoof/r. Soss.-As. p. 427.

Solea impar, Betm. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 147.

lascaris, Bonop. Faun. Ital. Pesce ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 38.

tav. 4. fig. 1 (not Pisso).
nasuta, Nordm. inDemid. Vm/. Riiss. Merid. Zool. iii. Poiss. pi. 31;

Kessler in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, part ii. p. 442.

D. 67. A. 53. L. lat. 115 (spec. Brit. Mus.).

70. 58. (Bonap.)

67-76. 54-59. {Gmiesir.)

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head forn- times.
Upper jaw produced into a longish lobe, overhanging the lower.
The width of the interorbital space is rather less than the vertical
diameter of the orbit. One of the nostrils on the blind side is very
wide, circular, surrounded by a broad wreath of fringes. Pectorals
of both sides equal in length, two-fifths of the length of the head.
Greyish-brown, marbled and dotted with black. Pectoral with a
black ocellus on the middle of its hindei- half.

Mediterranean. North-west coast of Africa.

a. Six inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
— Tyjje of the species.

11. Solea margaritifera.
D. 82. A. 64. P. 8. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is contained twice and four-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times.
Upper jaw .slightly hooked anteriorly. The width of the interorbital
space is rather less than the vertical diameter of the orbit. One of
the nostrils on the blind side is very wide, circular, surrounded by a
broad wreath of fringes. Pectoral of the coloured side a little longer
than that of the blind, half as long as the head. The length of the
caudal is one-eighth of the total. Brownish-olive, with smaU black
spots, regularly disposed in transverse and longitudinal series ; most
of them have a white spot in the centre. Lower half of the pectoral
with a large ovate black ocellus edged with white.

Hob. ?

a. Six and a half inches long. (Borneo?) Presented by Vice-
Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

This species is closely allied to S. lasccms, aurantiam, and impar,
which belong to the Mediterranean fauna. Therefore, although the

23. soLEA. 4(59

typical specimen is stated to be from liorueo, I doubt whether this
is correct. Sii' E. Belcher has collected also on the N.W. coast of
Africa.

B. Pectorals of both sides very small.
12. Solea variegata.

Pole panach(5e, Duham. iii. sect. 9. p. 259. pi. 2. fig. 3.
Plem-onectes variegatus, Donoi: pi. 117.

microchirus, Delaroche, Ann. Mm. xiii. p. 356. tig. 2.

Monochir microcliir, Cuv. RkjneAniin.
Plem-onectes mangili, Risso, Iclith. Nice, p. 310.

lingula, Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 1812, iii. p. 313. pi. 48.

Rhombus mangili, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 255.

Pleuronectes fasciatus, Kaccari, Giorn. Fis. Pav. iii. Adr. Itt. p. 9.

Solea maugilii, Bonaj). Faun. Ital. Pesce ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 29.

tav. 3. tig. 3.
Monochirus liugula, Costa, Faun. Nap. ii. p. 50.
variegatus, Thomps. Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 404 ; Yurr. Brit. Fish.

2ud edit. ii. p. 353, and 3rd edit. i. p. 664.

D. 63-73. A. 53-57. L. lat. 85. Vert. 10/30.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and
a half. The Avidth of the intcrorbital space equals the vertical
diameter of the eye. None of the nostrils dilated. Pectoral of the
coloured side very smaU, its length being two-ninths of that of
the head ; that of the blind side minute. Brownish-grey, with
darker cross-bands, which are darkest on the dorsal and anal fins,
where they form a series of about six blotches, the anterior of which
occupy the base, the posterior the middle of those fins. GUI-rakers
rudimentaiy.

Mediterranean. British coasts.

a. Adult : di'ied. Falmouth. Presented by W. J. Cocks, Esq.

h-f. Adidt and half-grown : skins and stuffed. PljTnouth.

y. Adult: skin. South Devon. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

h-i. Adult : stufted. British.

1--1. Adult. England.

m-s. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's and

Dr. ParneU's Collections.
t. Adult : skeleton : not good state. British.

13. Solea lutea.

Pleuronectes luteus, R.isso, Ichth. Nice, p. 312.
Rhombus luteus, Risso, Fur. Mcrid. iii. p. 257.
Pleuronectes trichodactylus, Naccari, Ichth. Adr. p. 11.
Monochirus luteus, Co4n, Faun. Nap. ii. p. 49.

Solea lutea, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pcscc : Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 32.
tav. 3. tig. 4.

D. 65-70. A. 50-56. P. dcxtr. 5, sin. 3. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without

470 PLEUaONECTlD.5.

caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Eyes close together.
Pectorals very small. Uniform yellowish ; some of the dorsal and
anal rays black.
Mediterranean.

a. Four inches lonar. Dalmatia.

14. Solea minuta.

? Solea parva s. lingula, Rmdel. xi. c. 15. p. 324 ; Gesner, Aquat. iii.

lib. iv. p. 669 ; Aldrov. ii. c. 43. p. 237; Joist. Pise. ii. lib. i. tit. 3.

c. 2. a. 2. punct. 1. p. 58 ; Williujlib. p. 102. tab. F. 8. fig. 1 ; Klein,

Pise. 3Iiss. iv. p. 32. no. 4.
Solenette, Buhamel, iii. sect. 9. p. 258. pi. 2. figs. 1 & 2.
Mouochirus minutus, Pcmi. Mag. Zool. S,- Bot. i. p. 527.
linguatulus, Tliomps. Ann. Nctt. Hist. ii. p. 405 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

2ud edit. ii. p. 355, and 3rd edit. i. p. 666 (not PI. linguatula, L.).
Solea lingula, Jen. Brit. Vert. p. 468.
Synaptiu"a lingula, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 97.

D. 73. A. 57. L. lat. 75.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Eyes close together.
Dorsal and anal fins slightly continuous with the caudal. Pectorals
minute. Reddish-brown ; every sixth or seventh ray of the dorsal
and anal fins black ; lower half of the right pectoral black.

British coasts.
a. Five inches long : skin. From Mr. YarreE's Collection.
h. Five inches long : stuffed : bad state. Brixham.

C. No pectoral on the blind side.

15. Solea monochir.

Pleuronectes pegiisa, Risso, lehth. Nice, p. 310 (not LaeSp.),
Monochu'us pegusa, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 257. fig. 33.
Pleuronectes trichodactylus, Nardo, Prodr. Adr. lehth. no. 138 (not

Naccari).
Solea monochir, Bmiap. Faun. Itcd. Pesce.

D. 56-61. A. 44-49. P. 7. L. lat. 63.

No pectoral on the blind side ; the upper rays of the right pec-
toral prolonged; ventrals separate from the anal fin. The height of
the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head two-ninths ; one of the nostrils on the coloured side pro-
duced into a long tube. Brown, with ii-regular black spots.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult: stuffed.

b. Half- grown.

r. Half-grown: skin. Mediterranean.

d. Fine specimen. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.

e-f. Fine specimens. Malta. From Dr. Gulia's Collection.

23. soLEA. 471

D. No pectoral fin at all.
16. Solea japonica.

Achinis japonicus, Schleg. Fuiin. Jajmn. Poisa. p. 186.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a sixth in the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head four times and a half.
The width of the interorhital space is one-half the diameter of the
orbit. The upper jjart of the snout hook-like. Ventrals contiguous
with the anal. Uniform brown ; fins spotted. (Schleg.)

Japan.

17. Solea hartzfeldii.

Achirus hartzfeldii, Bleek. Amhaina, iii. p. 123.

D. 94-101. A. ^3-65. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (with the
caudal) , the length of the head one-fifth ; the width of the inter-
orbital space is less than the diameter of the eye. The upper part
of the snout hook-like. Ventrals united with the base of the anal
fin. Brownish (in spirits) ; five or six black ocelli, dotted with white,
on, and nearly as many above and below, the lateral line ; head,
body and fins with scattered small black spots besides.

AmbojTia.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

U. The height of the body is more than two-fifths of the total length
(without caudal).

A. Pectoi-als developed.

18. Solea hiunilis.

Solea huniilis, Cmit. Qatal. Mai. Fish. p. 219.

maciilata, Bhek. Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 17.

B. 6. D. 57. A. 42. L. lat. 95.

The heiglit of the body is contained twice and a fifth in the total
Icngtli (without caudal), the length of the head four times and a half.
The width of the interorhital space is nearly equal to that of the
orbit. Nostril on the blind side minute. The length of the pectoral
of the coloured side is rather more than one-half of that of the head.
Pale umber-brown, minutely dotted with black, and with numerous
small bhickish spots ; an indistinct larger one close below the middle
of the base of the dorsal, and a second at the posterior third ; two
corresponding spots near the base of the anal ; near the point of the
pectoral an oval, and between the two lowest rays a linear black spot.

Seas of Pinang, Java, and Bintang.

a. Ty])c of the species : skin. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h. Adult. Pinang. From the Collection of the East India Com-
pany.— Named /S. ovata. Cant.
c. Adidt. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection, as Solea maculatu, Blki*.

472 PLEURONECTID.B.

19. Solea ovata.

? Solea ovata, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 279 (not Cant.).
D. 60. A. 44. L. lat. 120.

The height of the body is contained twice and a fifth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four times. Eyes
very close together ; nasal opening on the blind side minute. Pectoral
of the coloured side longer than that of the blind, its length being
more than one-half of that of the head. Olive-brown, speckled with
black dots, the dots near the base of the dorsal and anal forming irre-
gular groups, alternating with round bluish spots, six along the base of
the dorsal, and four along the base of the anal ; one or two others of
these bluish spots on the middle of the body ; many dorsal and anal
rays blackish ; caudal with black spots. Pectoral with a round black
spot near its extremity and with a black streak along its lower margin.

Chinese Seas.

a. Fine specimen (35 lines long). Amoy.

b~c, d-e. Adult and half-grown. China. Presented by Vice- Admiral

Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

B. Pectorals rudimentary or absent.

20. Solea trichodactylus.

Pleuronectes, Artedi, Gen. p. 18. no. 7; Spec. p. 61. no. 6.
Pleuronectes trichodactjdus, L. Si/st. i. p. 4.55 ; £/. Sckn. p. 147.
Solea trichodactylus, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 95.

D. 53. A. 43. P. dextr. 4, sin. 1.

Pectorals minute, composed of very fine hair-hke rays. Snout with-
out papillae or tentacles. Brownish, variegated with darker. {Art.)
Amboyna. — The typical specimens were 30 lines long.

21. Solea reticulata.

Monocliir reticulatus, Poey, 3Ie?n. Cub. ii. 1861, p. .317.
D. 54. A. 41. P. dextr. 4, sin. 1.

The left side of the head provided with fringes ; body with scat-
tered, short black filamentous appendages on the right side. The
height of the body is a little more than one-half of the total length
(with the caudal). Brown, reticulated ^^-ith darker, and with eight
black vertical lines ; caudal yellowish, with some brown lines. (Poey.)

Cuba.

22. Solea gronovii.

? Plem'onectes, Gronov.Mus. Ichth. i. p. 25. no. 42, and Zoophyl. i. p. 73.

no. 250.
? Plem-onectes lineatus, Gi-miov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 90.

D. 62-67. A. 48. P. dextr. 3, sin. 1. L. lat. 80.

Pectorals rudimentary on both sides. The right ventral fin is

2;i. soLEA. 473

composed of five rays, which are continuous with the anal. Scales on
the nape and on the chin tmce as large as those on the body ; snout
with a few fringes on the blind side ; the right lower lip fringed.
The height of the body is contained once and two-thirds in the total
length (Avithout caudal). The width of the interorbital space is
nearly equal to, or rather more than, the diameter of the eye ; the
upper eye slightly in advance of the lower. The longest dorsal rays
are in the posterior fifth of the fin, two-thirds of the length of the
head. Caudal rounded, rather longer than the head. Erownish,
irregularly spotted with darker, and with about ten black vertical
lines crossing the lateral lino.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a. Fine specimen, 9^ inches long. Surinam.

h, c. Adult and half- grown. Demerara.

d. Adidt. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

28. Solea inscripta.
Achirua inscriptus, Gosse, A Natur. So/'. Jam. p. ?2. pi. 1. fig. 4.
D. 57. A. 42. P. dextr. 3, sin. 1. L. lat. ca 100.

Pectorals rudimentary on both sides ; one ray of the right fin
slightly prolonged. The right ventral fin is composed of five rays,
the last of which is connected by a membrane with the base of the
first anal ray. Scales on the nape and on the chin twice as large as
those on the body ; snout and neck densely fringed on the blind
side ; hps of the right side ciliated ; body and tail with scattered
filamentous appendages on the coloured side. The height of the
body is contained once and three-fourths in the total length (without
caudal). The -wndth of the interorbital space is less than the dia-
meter of the eye ; the upper eye scarcely in advance of the lower.
Yellowish-oHve : head, body, dorsal and anal fins covered with a net-
work of black lines ; caudal fin yellowish, with a few bro^\^lish dots.

Jamaica.

a. Thirty-one lines long. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. — Type of the
species.

24. Solea inaculiprnms.

Monochir maculipinnis, Af/ass. in Sj/ix, Pise. Bras. p. 88. tab. 49 (not
good) ; Castehi. Aniin. iioiiv. Pois>;. p. 79.

lineatus, Quoy !^- Gaim. Voy. Uraii. Zool. p. 238; Guichen. in Ra-
mon de la Sagra, Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 1G8 (not L.).

D. 50-58. A. 41. P. 5. L. lat. 84.
No trace of a pectoral on the left side, that on the right with the
upper rays somewhat prolonged. The right ventral fin is composed
of five rays, which are continuous with the anal. Scales on the nape
nearly twice as large as those on the body. Snout with a few fringes
on the blind side ; the right lower lip fringed. The height of the
bodv is contained once and two-thirds in the total length (without

474 PLEURONECTID^.

the caudal). The width of the interorbital space is nearly equal to
the diameter of the eye ; the upper eye shghtly in advance of the
lower. Brownish: vertical fins with numerous rounded brown spots ;
body with similar but rather scattered spots, and with about eight
vertical black lines. Young specimens with some round whitish
spots on the body. The left side uniform whitish.
Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
b-f. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's

Collection.
g. Young. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Lindoagii. Presented by Lord Stuart de Rothesay.
i. Half- grown. Brazils. Museum Leach.
k, h-m. Adult and half-grown. South America.
n, o-p. Young and half-grown.

25. Solea indica.
D. 55. A. 44. P. 4. L. lat. ca 85.

No trace of a pectoral on the left side ; that on the right not much
longer than the eye. The right ventral is composed of four rays, which
are continuous with the anal. Scales on the nape twice or thrice as
large as those on the body. Jaws equal in length anteriorly. Head
without tentacles or fringes. The height of the body is contained
once and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head thrice and a fom-th. The width of the interorbital space
equals that of the eye, which is very small ; upper eye in advance of
the lower. Most of the rays of the vertical fins are branched, the
longest dorsal rays being two-thirds of the length of the head. Caudal
rounded, as long as the head. Uniform brownish (in spirits) ; dorsal
and anal fins darker.

Madras.

a. Twenty-two lines long. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

26. Solea scutum.

D. 55. A. 48. P. 3. L. lat. 80.

No trace of a pectoral on the left side ; the right quite rudimentary,
scarcely longer than the eye. The right ventral fin is composed of five
rays, which are continuous with the anal. Scales on the nape nearly
twice as large as those on the body. Snout with scarcely any fringes
on the blind side ; the right lower lip fringed. The height of the body
is contained once and a half in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head thrice and two-thirds. The width of the inter-
orbital .space is less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit ; the
upper eye is slightly in advance of the lower. The longest dorsal
rays are in the posterior third of the fin, two-thirds of the length of

23. soLEA. 475

the head. Caudal rounded, longer than the head. Greyish : head,
body and fins with nnmeious hlackish, irregular, waving, sometimes
bifurcate transverse bands, which are broader than the interspaces ;
caudal with rounded deep-black spots. The left side uniform white.
Pacific coast of Central America.

a. Fine specimen (58 lines long). Panama. From Mr. Fraser's

Collection.
6, f-e. Adult and half-grown : bad state. Gulf of Fonseca. Presented

by Sir J. Itichardson.
?/. Eight and a half inches long. From the Haslar Collection. —

This specimen is not in a good state of preservation, entirely

black (perhaps artificially coloured), and has numerous fringes

on the left side of the snout.

27. Solea mentalis.
D. 61. A. 45. P. 2. L. lat. 95.

No trace of a pectoral on the left side ; that on the right (juite rudi-
mentarj-, scarcely longer than the eye. The right ventral fin is com-
posed of five rays, which are contimious with the anal. A few scales
on the nape are enlarged, and nearly twice the size of those on the
body. 8nout with short fringes on the blind side, but without elongate
barbels; the right lower Up with inconspicuous fringes. Mental
region very broad ; lower jaw somewhat prominent. The height of the
body is contained once and three-foui'ths in the total length (-without
caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-fourths. The width
of the interorliital space is more than that of the orbit ; the upper eye
slightly in advance of the lower. The longest dorsal rays are in the
posterior third of the fin, their length being a little more than one-
half of that of the head ; caudal fin roiuided, shorter than the head.
YclloAvish-olive, marbled with brown ; caudal Avith very smuU irre-
gular brown spots. Blind side uniform yellowish.

Para.

a-h. Seven inches long. River Capin (Para). Purchased of Mr.
Stevens.

28. Solea fonsecensis.

D. 58. A. 44. P. 2. L. lat. ca 85.

No trace of a pectoral on tbe left side ; that on the right not much
longer than the eye. The right ventrd fin is composed of five rays,
which are continuous vnXh. the anal. Scales on the nape twice or
thrice as large as those on the body. The upper part of the snout
slightly overlaps the lower jaw. The left anterior j)art of the head
with nmuerous tentacles ; the right lower lip with very distinct slender
fringes ; nostril on the light side in a wide and sliort tube. The height
of the body is contained once and five-sixths in the total lengtli (w-ith-
out caudal), the length of the head thrice and a third. The width
of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye ; the

476 PLEUKONECTIT).!:.

upper eye is in advance of the lower. The rays of the vertical fins
are branched ; the longest dorsal rays are two-thirds of the length
of the head. Caudal rounded, as long as the head. Brownish-olive,
viith. six pairs of deep-brown vertical Hnes extending on the dorsal
and anal fins.
Gulf of Fonseca.

a. Fifty-one Unes long. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

29. Solea achirus.

Pleilronectes achirus, L. Syst. Nat. lOtli edit. i. p. 268.

lineatus, L. St/st. Nat. 12th edit. i. p. 458 ; JBl. Schn. p. 160 ;

Schoepf, Sckrift. Gesellsch. Naturf. Frmnd. Berl. \'iii. p. 149.
Achirus fasciatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 659, 662.
Pleiu'onectes mollis, dfitch. in Lit. ^ Phil. Tram. Neio York, i. p. 388.

pi 2. fig. 4.
Achirus lineatus, Cuv. Rbgne Anim,
mollis, Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A. p. 228, and Fish. Massach. p. 149 ;

Dekay, Neic York Fauna, Fish. p. 303. pi. 49. fig. 159.
Grammichtliys lineatus, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 101.

B. 5. D. 54-55. A. 40-42. L. lat. 72-77. Vert. 10/19.

Pectorals none. The right ventral fin is composed of four rays,
which are continuous with the anal. Scales on the nape and on the
chin three or four times as large as those on the body. Nosti-il of
the blind side small, surrounded by a broad wreath of fringes ; the
right lower lip fringed. The height of the body is contained once
and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal). The width of
the interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye ; the upper eye
slightly in advance of the lower. Blackish-brown, with about eight
black vertical Hnes ; the left side spotted with brown.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

a, h. Adult. New York.

c. Half-grown. North America. Presented by the Smithsonian

Institution.

d. Adult : skeleton. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

A skin of an adult specimen belonging to Linne's own collection,
and named by himself Pleuronectes lineatus, is in the possession of
the Linnean Society of London.

30. Solea jenynsii.

Achirus lineatus, UOrb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 16. fig. 2 ; Jenyns,
Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 139.

Pectorals none. The right ventral is composed of five rays, which
are continuous with the anal. Two long barbels at the extremity of
the upper jaw ; the lower jaw prominent. The height of the body is
contained once and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal) ;
the upper eye is slightly in advance of the lower. Body with vertical
black lines crossing the lateral line.

Kio Plata.

2; J. soLEA. 477

.'il. Solea brownii.

Plem'onectes, Broicn, Jamaica, p. 445. no. 1.

I'asser, Ita;/, Syn. p. 157. no. 1 ; Sluane, Jam. ii. p. 277. tab. 246. fif?. 2

(bad) ; Kli'in, Pise. 3Iiss. iv. p. 34. no. 7.
Rliombo tides, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 92. no. 15,

D. 54. A. 42. L. lat. 85.

Pectorals none. The right ventral is composed of three rays, which
are continuous with the anal. Scales on the nape four or five times
as largo as those on the bodj- ; those on the chin half as large as those
on the neck. The left side of the neck covered with very large scales,
the left side of the snout with a few broad short fringes ; the left
nosti-il surrounded by some fringes ; no prominent barbels on the
upper jaw ; the right lower lip fringed. The height of the body is
contained once and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head thrice and a half. The -width of the inter-
orbital space equals the diameter of the eye ; the upper eye is slightly
in advance of the lower. Caudal rounded, its length being contained
four times and a foiirth in the total. Brownish, with about eight
black vertical lines and with scattered roundish brown spots. The
membrane between nearly every second pair of rays of the vertical
fins is brown. The blind side is immaculate whitish.

Atlantic coasts of the Southern States of North America.

rt. Sixty-three lines long. New Orleans. From M.Salle's Collection.
I. Half-gi'own. Texas. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

32. Solea guttulata.
Aseraggodes giittulatus, Katip in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 103,

D. 64. A. 42.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length*, the length
of the head one-fifth. Eyes close together. About forty-eight scales
in a transverse series. Grey, ^ith darker spots and streaks. {Kaup.)

Hah. ?

33. Solea fimbriata.

D. 46. A. 33, L. lat. ca 70.

Pectorals none. The right ventral is composed of five rays, which
are continuous -with the anal. Scales on the nape four times, those
on the cliin twice as large as those on the body. Upper part of the
snout slightly bent downwards over the mandible, and forming a
short hook ; the right lower lip is lu'oadly fringed, each fringe being
serrated ; the nostril is in a short, wide, fringed tube. No tentacles
on the h'ft side of the head. The height of the body is two-thirds
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly
one-third. The width of the intcrorbital space ecjuals the diameter
of the circular small orbit ; the upper eye is slightly in advance of
the lower. The longest dorsal rays are two-thirds of the length of

* Hr. Kaup says that his genus A$craggodcs comprises ratlier oblong species ;
but the present species is one of those which evidently has the body much elevated.

478 PLEURONECTID.E.

the head. Rays of the vertical fins branched ; caudal rounded, its
length being one-fourth of the total. Brown : head and body with
numerous large, rounded or kidney-shaped white spots edged with
dark brown.

Gulf of Fonseca.

a. Thirty-eight lines long. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

34. Solea thepassii.

Achirus thepassii, Bhek. Amhoina, v. p. 500.

D. 67. A. 46. L. lat. 80.

Dorsal and anal fins simple, or bifid at the top only. The height
of the body is contained twice and two-thirds to twice and three-
foui-ths in the total length (with the caudal). Eyes subcontiguous.
Violet-oUve, with numerous small brown dots, with two large irre-
gular brown blotches on the lateral line, and with four similar spots
along the back.

East Indian Archipelago.

n. Twenty-nine lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. —
This specimen has 80 distinct transverse series of scales, and
not 65 as stated by Bleeker.

Achirus poroptei'us, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. Pleuron.
p. 19, or Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 410, appears to be
scarcely different from S. thepassii ; it has a more uniform coloration
and a rather lower body.

a. Twenty-four lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

24. PARDACHIRUS.

Achirus, sp., Auct.

Eyes on the right side, the upper in advance of the lower. Mouth
unsymmctrical, narrow, narrower on the left side than on the right ;
teeth minute, on the blind side only. Dorsal and anal rays scaly ;
the dorsal commences on the extremity of the snout and terminates
at the root of the caudal. Pectorals none. Two separate ventrals.
Scales small, not ciliated, or only a few with inconspicuous cilia ;
lateral line straight, — a second on the blind side along the upper pro-
file of the neck, commencing from the snout ; each dorsal and anal
ray with a pore at the base. Gill-openings narrow, the giU-mem-
branes being broadly united below the throat; gill-rakers rudimentary.

Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

1. Pardachirus marmoratus.

?? Pleuronectes, sp., Gronov. Zoophi/l. no. 255.
?? Plem-onectes albus, Bl. SpIuk p. 159.
?? Achirus barbatus, Zmc(79. iv. pp. 6.58, 660.
Achirus marmoratus, Lacep. I. c.

25. LIACHIRtlS. 479

Achirua barbatiis, Geoffr. Ann. Mus. i. p. 152. tab. 1 1 ; Ri'tpp. Ail. Fische,

p. 122. tab. 31. fig. 2.
? PleiLTOuectes niaculosus, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 89.

D. 67. A. 53. L. lat. 100.

Dorsal and anal rays branched. None of the scales arc ciliated.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal). Greyish-olive, with numerous bro\\Ti
dots on the body, head and fins, and with scattered white ocelli edged
with brown and with a brown spot in the centre.

Eastern coasts of Africa.

a, h. Fine specimens. Red Sea.

c. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

2. Pardachirus pavoninus.

Acbirus pavoninus, Lacep. iv. pp. 658, 661 ; Cant. Catal. p. 225 ; Bleeh.

Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 18,
Pleuronectes pavoninus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 310.

D. 67. A. 50-52. L. lat. 90.

Dorsal and anal rays branched. Only the scales on the head and
a few on the body minutely ciliated. The height of the body is two-
fifths or one-thii'd of the total length (without caudal). Yellowish-
bro'wn ; the head and body with numerous larger and smaller rounded
white spots, edged and minutely dotted with dark-brown, and with
a round black dot in the centre ; vertical fins with numerous whitish
ocelli.

East Indies.

a. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

b. Half-grown. Singapore. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

c. Adult : has been in chloride of zinc. Moluccas. Purchased of

Mr. Frank.
d-e. Half-grown : not good state. Old Collection.

25. LIACHIRUS.

Eyes on the right side, the upper in advance of the lower. Mouth
unsymmetrical, narrow, narrower on the left side than on the right ;
teeth minute, on the blind side only. Dorsal and anal rays naked,
\vithout pores at the base ; the dorsal commences on the extremity
of the snout, and terminates at the root of the caudal. Pectorals
none. Two separate ventrals. Scales small, not ciliated ; lateral
line straight, — a second on the blind side along the upper profile of
the neck, commencing from the snout. GiU-openings narrow, the
gill-membranes being broadly united below the throat.

Chinese Seas.

1. Liachirus nitidus.

D. 63. A. 50. L. lat. 75.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the

480 PLEURONECTID^.

total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
The cleft of the mouth terminates below the front margin of the eye ;
the upper portion of the snout sUghtly overlaps the mandible ; chin
with a scries of small barbels. The width of the interorbital space
equals the diameter of the eye ; the upper eye slightly in advance of
the lower. The dorsal and anal rays are naked, each of them having
only one small scale at its base. The longest dorsal rays are more
than half as long as the head, and stand near the end of the fin ;
caudal rounded, one-fifth of the total length. The ventrals are
nearly equally developed, each being composed of five rays. Reddish-
olive, with numerous small and large irregular brown spots, edged
with series of dark-brown dots. Vertical fins with brown spots.
China.

a-h, c. Four inches and two and a half inches long. Presented by
Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

26. SYNAPTURA*.

Synaptura, Cant. Cafal 3Ial Fishes, p. 222.

Achiroides, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Geiwotsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 6.

Syuaptm-a, ^sopia, Eiuyglossa, et Em-j'pleiira, Kaup.

Eyes on the right side, the upper in advance of the lower. Cleft
of the mouth narrow, twisted round to the left side ; teeth minute, on
the blind side only ; no vomerine or j)alatine teeth. Vertical fins
confluent. Scales small, ctenoid ; lateral line straight.

Indian Ocean and Archipelago. (Mediterranean.)

The species of this genus may be subdivided in a similar way to
those of SoJea : —

A. One of the nostrils on the blind side is dilated, p. 480.

B. No dilated nosti-il on the blind side.

1. Pectoral fins developed on both sides, the right being more or less

the longer.

a. Nasal tube small or simple : Synaptura, Kaup, p. 481.

b. Nasal tube bifid : Euryglossa, Kaup, p. 484.

2. The left pectoral fin is rudimentary : ^sopia (pt.), Kaup, p. 484.

3. The left pectoral is longer than the right : Anisochirus, p. 486.

4. Both pectorals are absent : Achiroides, Bleeker, p. 486.

A. One of the nostrils on the blind side is dilated.
1. Synaptura sav^yi.

Sjmaptura savignjd, Kaup in Wieytn. Arch. 1858, p. 97.

D. 72. A. 58-60. C. 18. P. 8.

A large round nostril on the blind side. The height of the body

* 1. Jerre potoo B., Russell, pi. 71. — Soleajerreus, Ciiv. Rdpie A?iim. — Coro-
mandel.

26. SYNAPTURA. 481

•I

is one-third of the total length (with the caudal), the length of the
head one-fifth. The upper jaw overhanging the lower. Pectorals
equal in length, as long as their distance from the eye. Greenish-
brown, marbled with darker. {Kaup.)
Naples.

B. No dilated nostril on the blind side.

1. Pectoral fins developed on both sides, the right being more or less
the longer.

a. Nasal tube small or simple.
2. Sjmaptura pan.

Plem'onectes pan, Ham. Buck. Gang. Fish. p. 130. pi. 24. fig. 42.
Solea pan, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. lud. i. p. 410.
S}Tiaptura pan, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 30.
Pleuronectes canus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 91.

D. 59. A. 45. C. 14. P. 5. L. lat. 75.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times and a half.
Scales on the neck much larger than those on the body. The upper
jaw slightly overlapping the lower. The right pectoral is two-
sevenths of the length of the head ; the left is shorter, also composed
of five rays. Brown, with irregular black spots, and with five or six
short black lines falling at right angles on the upper side of the
lateral line.

Ganges, Bintang, Singapore, Biliton.

a. Adult (5 inches long). India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
h. Half-grown. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

3. Synaptura foliacea.

Solea foliacea, Richards. Ichth. Chiti. p. 279.

ovaUs, Richards. I. c. (from an incorrect drawing).

D. 62. A. 46. C. 16. P. 7. L. lat. 82.

The upper eye is slightly in advance of the lower. The height of
the body is one-half, or a little less than one-half, of the total length
(with the caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. Scales on the
neck not larger than those on the body ; the upper jaw slightly over-
lapping the lower. The right pectoral is longer than the left, and
one-third of the length of the head. Brownish, with four pairs of
lines placed at right angles on the upper side of the lateral line ;
they indicate cross-bands, which again become distinct on the dorsal
fin ; a black blotch corresponds to each of these bands on the dorsal
and ventral side ; sometimes there are small whitish spots in addition.

Chinese Seas.

a-h. Four and a quarter inches long. China.

c. Eight and a half inches long : stuffed. China. Presented bv J. R.
Reeves, Esq.

VOL. IV. 2 I

482 PLETTEONECTIDJ-;.

n>

4. Synaptura marmorata,

Synaptura marmorata, Bleeh. Solor, p. 90.

D. 64. A. 50. C. 14. P. 7-8. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-quarters in
the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times.
The right pectoral is longer than the left, and one-fourth of the length
of the head. Greyish, marbled with bluish ; margins of the fins
light-coloured. (Bl.)

Solor.

5. Synaptura cinerascens.

D. 68. A. 51. C. 16. P. 9. L. lat. 95.

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times and two-
thirds. Scales ciliated on both sides of the body, those on the neck
not larger than those on the body ; jaws subequal in length anteriorly.
The width of the interorbital space is rather less than the diameter
of the eye. The pectoral of the right side is longer than that of the
left, its length being contained twice and two-thirds in that of the
head ; the last dorsal and anal ray extends to the middle of the
length of the caudal. Nasal tube short. Grey, with several very
indistinct vertical blackish lines crossing the lateral hue.

Ceylon.

a. Fine specimen, 5| inches long. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

6. Synaptura heterolepis.
Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Amhoina, p. 65.

D. 67. C. 13. A. 50. P. 6. L. lat. 98.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head two-elevenths. Scales on the neck
not larger than those on the body ; scales on the blind side not
ciliated, emarginate. The upper jaw overlapping the lower. The
width of the interorbital space is rather more than the diameter of
the eye. The length of the right pectoral is one-third of that of the
head. Some of the scales with cutaneous filaments. Brown, marbled
with blackish and irregularly spotted with whitish. Pectoral black.

Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Fi-om Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
6. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

7. Synaptura aspilos.

Synaptura aspilos, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 74, and
Verhaml. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 29.

D. 70. A, 55. C. 12. P. 6. L. lat. 115.
The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in
the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times
and a third. Scales on the neck not larger than those on the body.

26. SYNAPTUEA. 483

The upper jaw overlapping the lower. The right pectoral is longer
than the left, one-fourth of the length of the head. Black or brown,
immaculate ; vertical fins edged with yellow.
Singapore.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

8. Synaptura albomacnlata.
Synaptiira albomaculata, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 96.
D. 74. A. 59. C. 16. P. 7-8.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth. A barbel between the two prominent nostnls.
The length of the pectoral equals that of the snout. There are ti8
series of scales above the lateral line, and 45 below. Body with five
rows of yellowish-white dots. {Kaup.)

Coromandel.

? a. Twelve inches long : stuffed. East Indies. — The bad condition
of the specimen, which is much deformed by stuffing, and the in-
sufficiency of Dr. Kaup's description do not admit of an accurate
determination of this specimen ; it has 105 transverse series
of scales.

9. Synaptura commersomana.

? Pleuronectes commersonianus, Lacep. iii.pl. 12. fig. 2 (not iv. p. 656).

Russell, pi. 70 (incorrect).

? Solea commersoniana, Cr(v. E^gtie Anim.

Synaptura commersoniana, Cant. Catal. p. 222.

Solea russellii, Bkek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 15.

D. 78-81. A. 65-66. C. 12. P. 6. L. lat. 170.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head one-sixth or one-seventh. The upper
jaw slightly overlaps the lower. The length of the pectorals is one-
fifth of that of the head. Brownish-olive ; vertical fins darker, edged
with white ; pectoral black, with buff margin.

East Indies.

a-6. Adult and half-grown: skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
c. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection, as <S. russellii.

10. Synaptura pectoralis.

Synaptura pectoralis, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 96.
D. 116. A. 87. C. 18. P. 7-9.
The right pectoral is one-third longer than the left, and longer
than the head. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total
length, the length of the head one-seventh. (Kaup.)
Cape of Good Hope.

2i2

484 PLEtTEONECTID^.

b. Nasal tube bifid.
11. Synaptura orientalis.

? Pleuronectes orientalis, Bl. Schn. p. 157.

Euryglossa orientalis, Kemp in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 99.

D. 66. A. 48. C. 19. P. 9.

Nasal openings on two branches of a bifid tube. The height of
the body is contained once and six-sevenths in the total length (with
the caudal), the length of the head five times and an eighth. Inter-
orbital space concave, as wide as the diameter of the lower eye.
About eighty scales in a transverse series. (Kmip.)

East Indies.

2. The left pectoral fin is rudimentary.
12. Synaptura zebra.

Pleuronectes zebra, Bl. Aiisl. Fi-iche, iii. p. 27. tab. 187 (bad ) ; Bl. Schn.

p. 151 ; Lacep. iv. p. 597; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 305. pi. 44.
Solea zebra, Cuv. Regtie Anim. ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv.

Pleuron. p. 16.

zebrina, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 186. pi. 95. fig. 1.

ommatm-a, Bichards. Ichth. Chin. p. 279.

SynaptiU'a zebra, Cant. Catal. Mai. Fish. p. 224.
Pleuronectes fasciatus, Gi'onov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 91.

D. 77-89. A. 66-79. C. 13-15. L. lat. 126-128. Vert. 8/41.

The upper eye is slightly in advance of the lower. The height of
the body is one-third, or more than one-thud, of the total length
(with the caudal), the length of the head one-sevtnth. Jaws equal
in length anteriorly ; nasal tube very short. The upper part of the
right pectoral is prolonged, equal in length to its distance from the
front margin of the eye. The gill-membrane on the left side is
dilated into a flap, the flap being annexed to the pectoral, which is
very short, but rather broad. Reddish-olive, with twelve pairs of
brown bands : the first across the snout, the second behind the eyes,
the third across the gill-opening ; the bands of the posterior pairs
sometimes confluent into simple bands. Caudal brownish-black, with
some irregular roundish white spots.

Indian and Chinese Seas.

cir-c. Fine specimens. Amoy.

d-e, f, g, h, i, k. Adult, half-grown, and young. Chiaa.

I. Young. East Indies. From the Collection of the East India

Company.
m-n. Half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
o-p. Adult : bad state. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
q. Adult: skeleton. Amoy.

The skeleton does not differ essentially from that of Solea. The
opercles are less dilated. The haemal spines of the four posterior
abdominal vertebrae are rather long.

26. SYNAPTURA, 485

13. S3niaptara multifasciata.

^sopia multifasciata, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 97.
D. 93. A. 67. P. 7-10. L. lat. 110.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head one-seventh. Eyes contiguous. Nasal
tube longer than the eye. The two longest rays of the pectoral are
longer than the diameter of the lower eye. Head and body with
twenty-seven narrow cross-bands. (Kaup.)

East Indies.

14. Synaptura japonica.

.iEsopia japonica, Bleek. Japan, vi. p. 71.

D. 79. A. 65. C. 17. P. 7-8. L. lat. 110.

Vertical fins united at the base ; the upper eye is slightly in ad-
vance of the lower. The height of the body is one-third of the total
length, the length of the head one-seventh. Eyes subcontiguous ;
nasal tube as long as the eye. The upper rays of the right pectoral
produced, the left pectoral rudimentary. Yellowish-grey, with
twelve pairs of brown cross-bands, each lighter along the middle.
Caudal yellowish on its basal portion, and deep-black on its posterior
third, without yellow spots. {Bl.)

Nagasaki.

15. Synaptura quagga.

? ^sopia quagga, Karip in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 98.

D. 68. A. 58-60. C. 18. P. 9. L. lat. 90.
The upper eye is slightly in advance of the lower. The height of
the body is rather less than one-third of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head somewhat less than one-sixth. Jaws
equal in length anteriorly ; nasal tube not prolonged ; eyes con-
tiguous (each with a small tentacle). The upper rays of the right
pectoral are prolonged, two-thirds of the length of the head ; the
left pectoral is very short, but rather broad. The gill-membranes
are dilated on both sides and annexed to the pectorals. Yellowish,
with eleven brown cross-bands, broader than the interspaces : only the
anterior bands are more or less geminate : the first across the snout,
the second behind the eyes, the third across the gill-opening, the last
separated by a white band from the caudal. Caudal blackish-
brown, with a pair of black ocellated spots, edged with white, on its
posterior half.

China.
a. Four inches long. China. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E.

Belcher, C.B.
h. Five inches long : not good state. Cliina. Presented by Sir J.

Richardson. — Orbital tentacles none,
r. Five inches long : fbied. China.

486 PLEUEONECTID^.

3. The left pectoral is longer than the right.

16. Synaptura panoides.

Synaptm-a panoides, Bleek. Borneo, v. p. 440, or Verhand. Batav. Ge-
nootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 30.

D. 82-83. A. 63-67. C. 14-16. P. dextr. 2-3, sin. 4-5.
L. lat. 105-115.

The left pectoral is longer than the right ; the upper eye is in
advance of the lower. The height of the body is contained thrice in
the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head six times
and a haK. Nasal tube short ; eyes very small, their diameter being
much less than the width of the space between them ; the right
pectoral is minute, scarcely longer than the eye ; the length of the
left is one-fifth of that of the head. Brownish-olive, with six pairs
of rather remote blackish lines, crossing the body in its whole width,
vertically to the lateral line *. Sometimes large irregular blackish
blotches within and without these lines.

Bandjermassing. Singapore ?

a. Fine specimen : 8 inches long. Singapore ?

h. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

17. Synaptura macrolepis.

Synaptura macrolepis, Bleek. Borneo, xii. p. 7.
D. 69-70. A. 52. C. 16. P. dextr. 3-4, sin. 5. L. lat. 65.

The right pectoral is smaller than the left. The height of the
body is contained twice and three-quarters in the total length (with
the caudal), the length of the head five times and three-quarters.
Eyes contiguous. The length of the left pectoral is contained five
times and a half in that of the head. Uniform yeUo wish-olive. {Bl.)

Sea of Singkawang.

4. Both pectorals are absent.
18. Synaptura leucorhyncha.

Achiroides leucorhynchus, Bleek. in Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv.
Pleuron. p. 20.

D. 54. C. 17. A. 36. V. 3-4. L. lat. 60.

Pectorals none. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The
width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye ;
the upper eye is considerably in advance of the lower. Ventral fins
free. Brown, clouded with darker. {Bl.)

Elvers of Surakarta (Central Java).

a. One inch long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

* These lines are apparentlr the remainder of cross-bands with dark edges.

27. ^sopiA. 487

19. Synaptura melanorhyncha.

Plagusia melanorhjiichus, Bleek. m Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Itid. i.

p. 15.
Achiroides melanorhynchus, Bkek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiy.

Pkuron. p. 19.

D. 56-61. A. 42-43. C. 16-20. V. 4. L. lat. 60-65.

Pectorals none. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head one-fifth or two-
ninths. The width of the interorbital space is nearly equal to the
diameter of the eye ; the upper eye is in advance of the lower.
Ventral fins free. Brownish, with three black spots along the base
of the dorsal, and with two or three along that of the anal. The
left side is whitish ; the snout only is sometimes deep black.

Kivers of Sumatra, Borneo, and Gamboja.

a. Forty lines long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Twenty-two lines long. Gamboja. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

27. -ESOPIA.

^sopia, sp., Kaup.

This genus appears to agree in its characters with Sytuijjtara, but
the scales are said to be smooth.
East Indies.

According to the rules of nomenclature, the name of JEsojna ought
not to be retained for the following single species, but for the five
other species which Hr. Kaup has referred to that genus. But as we
are incUned to consider those five species as belonging properly to the
genus Synaptura, we rather prefer to apply a name once used, than to
introduce a new one for a species so Uttle known as the following.
We have too frequently had occasion to lament the practice of those
who, without knowing a species or even the fonns allied to it, pick
out of the description some character, on which they base a genus
which will never find place in the system other\vise than as a useless
synonjTn.

1. .Slsopia comuta.

Russell, pi. 72 (bad).

Solea comuta, Cuv. Befftie Anim.

^sopia comuta, Kaup in Wiegm Arch. 1858, p. 95.

D. 72. A. 62. C. 17. P. 10. V. 3-4.

Scales without spines. Vertical fins confluent. The first dorsal
ray is prolonged ; pectoral rudimentarj-. Twelve or thirteen cross-
bands, the first on the snout ; caudal with black and grey mark-
ings, and with a white dart-shaped spot before the black extremity.
{Kaup.^

British India.

488 PLET7R0NECXI1)J5.

28. GYMNACHIRUS.
Gymnachims, Kaup in Wiegin. Arch. 1858, p. 101.

Mouth very small, with the jaws toothless, and hidden behind the
thick skin. Scales none ; lateral line straight. Eyes on the right
side, of moderate size. Dorsal and anal rays branched ; the dorsal
commences on the snout ; caudal free. Pectorals rudimentary or
entirely absent ; only the right ventral is present and continuous
with the anal. Gill-openings very narrow, the giU-membranes being
broadly united below the throat.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic.

Kaup, I. c.

1. Gymnachinis nudus.

D. 51. A. 42. V. 5.

Pectorals none. Somewhat longer than high. Body with fourteen
black cross-bands ; irregular concentrical rings round the eyes ;
caudal with two black bands anteriorly and with white margin.
(Kaup.)

Bahia.

The typical specimen is in the Paris Collection.

2. Gymnachirus fasciatus.
D. 68. A. 50. P. 2. V. 5.

The right pectoral is extremely small, the left absent. Body with
alternate broader and narrower cross-bands.
Hab. ?

a. Seven and one-thii-d inches long. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. — Perhaps from Cuba.

Description. — In general habit similar to Solea achirus, L. The
height of the body is contained twice in the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head five times and a half. The anterior
profile is subsemicircular. The cleft of the mouth extends further
backwards on the right side than on the left, but does not reach to
the vertical from the orbit. The lower lip and the cutaneous edge
of the upper jaw are slightly fringed ; the latter is pierced by a
rather wide, short, tubiform nostril, which is in front of the angle
of the mouth. The jaws are entirely hidden behind the cutaneous
edges of the mouth, and twisted towards the right side. The left
side of the snout and of the nape are densely covered with friages,
which form a sort of network. The eyes are contiguous, situated on
the same level, twice as remote from the pectoral as from the snout.
The gill-opening does not extend upwards to the pectoral. The
whole of the anterior and superior profiles of the head is siurounded
by a series of fringes, which gradually pass into the dorsal rays proper.
Fins enveloped in thick skin. The dorsal and anal terminate im-
mediately before the root of the caxidal. Caudal rounded, as long

30. APIUNICHTHYS. 489

as the head. Pectoral veiy small, its length being onlj' one-third
of the width of the orbit. The ventral rays are arranged in the
same direction with the anal rays, and continuous with them. Vent
entirely on the left side. Yellowish-olive, with fourteen brown
cross-bands, as broad as the interspaces, which again are crossed by
naiTow brown bands. The first band crosses the snout, the second
and third the eye ; all extend over the dorsal and anal. Caudal with
three brown cross-bands, the posterior of which occupies the hinder
third of the fin. Tips of the rays of the vertical fins white.

29. SOLEOTALPA.

Eyes rudimentary, on the right side. Mouth unsymmetrical,
narrow, narrower on the left side than on the right ; teeth minute,
on the blind side only. Dorsal and anal rays scaly, simple ; the
dorsal fin commences on the extremity of the snout, and terminates
at the root of the caudal. Pectorals none. Right ventral contiguous
with the anal ; the left riidimentary. Scales smaU, ctenoid ; lateral
line straight. Gill-opening exceedingly narrow.

West Indies.

1. Soleotalpa unicolor.

D. 76. A. 57. V. dextr. 5, sin. 2. L. lat. 92.

Uniform brownish-grey.
West Indies.

a. Three inches long. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

Description, — Body very flat and thin, its height being contained
twice and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head four times and a third. The upper part of the
snout is dilated, bent do^vnwards like an aquiline nose, the end
covering the symphysis of the mandibles ; the cleft of the mouth is
curved, the lower eye being immediately above its angle. The eyes
are mere points, rather distant from each other. The gdl-opening
is reduced to a very small slit, the giU-membrane being attached to
the sides of the throat. The dorsal fin commences on the extremity
of the snout and terminates at the root of the caudal ; its rays are
simple, and each is accompanied by a series of very small ctenoid
scales ; the longest rays are not quite half as long as the head, and
occupy the middle and the third quarter of the fin. Caudal ([uite
free, as long as the head, somewhat pointed. The right ventral
appears as a mere continuation of the anal; the left is reduced to
two minute rays near the vent. The scales on both sides are ctenoid,
those on the neck and on the chin being twice the size of those on the
body.

30. APIONICHTHYS.

Apionichthys. Kaup in Wiet/m. Arch. 1858, p. 104.
•• Pear-shaped in habit ; caudal pointed ; flat on the coloured side,

490 PLEDRONECTID^.

swollen in the lower half and on the blind side. Snout falciform,
covering the symphysis of the mandibles ; lower lip with nine cilia.
Eyes on the right side, small, like points ; before them only one
nostril in a large tube, which is fringed anteriorly. Pectorals none.
The right ventral extends from the chin to the anal, with which it
is united. The left ventral rudimentary. The vertical fins are not
distinct from the caudal, being similar in this respect to Synaptura.
All the rays simple. Gill-opening very narrow."

The locality whence this fish has been obtained is not mentioned,
nor the species (A. dumerilii) described.

To this genus, perhaps, belongs Pleuronectes plagiusa, L. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 455, and Bl. Schn. p. 152. — South Carolina.

31. AMMOPLEUROPS.

Eyes on the left side ; pectorals none ; vertical fins confluent.
Scales ctenoid, deciduous, of moderate size ; one lateral line. Snout
short, with the upper portion not produced into a hook ; mouth
unsymmetrical, rather narrow ; teeth minute, on both sides.

Mediterranean.

1. Anuuopleurops lacteus.

Plagusia lactea, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso. ; Costa, Faun. Nap. ii. p. 60.
tav. 50 ; Canestr. Arch. Zool. i. p. 43. tav. 4. fig. 3.

D. + C.-l- A. 162-178. V. 4.

Two nostrils in front of the lower eye ; lips not fringed. The
height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length, the length of
the head nearly one-fifth. Uniform whitish ; vertical fins with some
spots along the base.

Mediterranean.

32. APHORISTIA.

Plagusia, sp., Cuv.

Aphoristia, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 106.

Eyes on the left side ; pectorals none ; only the left ventral is
present ; vertical fins confluent.. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size ;
lateral line none. Snout short, with the upper portion not produced
into a hook ; mouth unsymmetrical, rather narrow ; teeth minute,
on the right side only. Gill-opening very narrow.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

1. Aphoristia ornata.

Brown, Jamaica, p. 445. no. 1.

Achirus ornatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 659, 663.

Plagusia omata, Cuv. B£gne Anim.

brasilien.sis, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras, p, 89. tab. 50 ; Casteln.

Anim. Nom: Poiss. p. 79. pi. 41. fig. 2 (not good).

33. TLAGUSIA. 491

Plagusia tessellata, Quoy df Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 240 ; Guich. in

Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, P&iss. p. 189.
Aphoristia ornata, Kaiq}, I. c.

D. 96. A. 80. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 95.

Ventral fin contiguous with the anal. A smaU nostril above the
upper Up, in front of the lower eye *. Eyes subcontiguous, the upper
somewhat in advance of the lower. Lips not fringed. The length
of the snout is one-fourth of that of the head. The height of the
body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total length, the
length of the head five times and three-fourths. Bro-\vnish, uniform
or with irregular dark cross-bands.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a-h. Fine specimens. San Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming,
c. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
d-e. Adult and half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Col-
lection.

33. PLAGUSIA.

Plagusia, pt., Cuv. Megne Anim.

Plagusia, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 108.

Eyes on the left side ; pectorals none ; vertical fins confluent.
Scales ctenoid, small ; lateral line on the left side double or triple.
Upper part of the snout produced backwards into a long hook, cover-
ing the mandible ; mouth unsymmetrical, rather narrow ; lips of the
coloured side with tentacles ; teeth minute, on the right side only.
One nostiil, on the left side, before the angle of the lower orbit ;
none between the eyes. GiU- opening very narrow.

East Indies.

1. Plagusia marmorata.

? Plagusia dipterygia, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 123. taf. 31. fig. 3.
Plagusia mai-morata, Bleek. Verh.Batav. Genootsch.xxiv. P/euron.Tp.20,
or Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 411.

D. 99-106. A. 75-85. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is more than one-fourth of the total length,
the length of the head two-ninths. Two lateral lines on the left side,
separated bj' seventeen longitudinal series of scales at the point of
their greatest distance. The length of the snout is two-fifths of that
of the head. Rostral hook veiy long, extending far behind the lower
eye. Brownish, finely marbled with dark brown.

? Red Sea. East Indies.

a. Fine specimen. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Adult. East Indies. Presented by General Hardwickc.

c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

♦ Hr. Kaup speaks of an upper nostril between the eyes, as in liis genus Arelia.
I can onlj find a small papilla without opening in front of the interorbital space,
wliich is exceedingly narrow.

492 PlEURONECTIDJi;.

2. Plagusia bilineata.

? Pleuronectes biliueatus, Bl. tab. 188 ; Bl. Schn. p. 158.
? Russell, pi. 74.

? Plagusia bilineata, Ctiv. Regne Anini. (not Bl.).
Plagusia bilineata, Cant. Catal. p. 227.

blochii, Bleek. Verhand.Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pteuron, p. 21, or

Nat. Tydschr. Nedmi. Ind. i. p. 411.

D. 96-97. A. 70-73. C. 8. L. lat. 85.

The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head,
and one-fourth of the total. Two lateral lines on the left side, sepa-
rated by twelve or thirteen longitudinal series of scales at the point
of their greatest distance. The length of the snout is contained
twice and a third in that of the head. The rostral hook extends to
the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. Reddish-brown.

Malayan Peninsula. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Seven inches long : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

— Tj-pe of his PL bilineata.

b. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection, as PI. bilineata.

3. Plagusia japonica.

Schleg. Fmm. Japmi. Poiss. p. 187. pi. 95. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-
Nedeti. iii. Japan, iv. p. 26.

D. 110. A. 88. C. 8. V. 4. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is contained four times and a sixth in the
total length, the length of the head four times and five-sixths. Three
lateral lines on the left side. The angle of the mouth is much nearer
to the gill-opening than to the extremity of the snout. The rostral
hook terminates below the eye. Brownish-green, with small scattered
black spots ; fins edged with yellow.

Japan.

34. CYNOGLOSSUS*.

Plagusia, pt., Cuv. Regne Atiini.
Cynoglossus et Achirus, Ham. Buck.

Cantoria, Arelia, Trulla, et Icania, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 106,
etc.

Eyes on the left side ; pectorals none; vertical fins confluent. Scales
ctenoid ; lateral line on the left side double or triple ; upper part of
the snout produced backwards into a hook ; mouth unsymmetrical,

* 1. Jerree potoo, Buss. i. p. 57. tab. 73. — Plagusia potous, Cuv. Eigne Anim.
— Coromandel.

2. Plagusia macrorhynchus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleur.

p. 22, or Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 413. — Arelia macrorhynchus,
Bleek. Enum. p. 185. — Java.

3. Plagiusa auro-limbata, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 280. — China.

4. nigro-labeculata, Richards. I. c. — China.

5. grammica, Richards. I. c. — The typical specimen is in the Collection

of the Cambridge Philosopliical Society.
6. flavosquamis, Richards, l.r. p. 281. — China.

34. c^-NOGLOSsus. 493

rather narrow ; lips not fringed. Teeth minute, on the right side
only. Gill- opening very narrow.

E^t Indian Seas, round the Cape of Good Hope, to the west coast
ot Airica. Entering fresh waters.

I. Two nostrils on the left side, one of which is situated between the

eyes (Areha, Kaup).

A. Three lateral lines on the left side, p. 493.

B. Two lateral lines on the left side, p. 496.

II. Two nostrils in front of the lower eye, the lower nostril beino- ^vider

than the upper : Cmdoria, Kaup, p. 502. "

m. Only one nosti-il in front of the lower eye : Tndla, Kaup, p. 503.
TV. No conspicuous nostril : Icania, Kaup, p. 504.

I. Two nostrils on the left side, one of which is situated between the

eves.

A. Three lateral lines on the left side.
1. Cynoglossus kopsii.

Plagusia kopsii, Bleek. Nat. Tyclschr. Nederl. Lid. ii. p. 494, and vii

p. 99, or lerhand. Batav. Gmootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 31
Areha kopsii, Bleek. Enmn. p. 184.

D. 101-102. A. 76-79. C. 8. V. 4. L. lat. 55.

Three lateral Unes on the left side, and one on the right Two
nostiiLs : one between the eyes, and the other above the cleft of the
mouth. Eyes subcontiguous. Lips not fringed. The angle of the
mouth is nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the gill-open-
ing; the rostral hook extends backwards nearly to the vertical from
the front margin of the eye. The height of the body is a little less
than one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth.
Grej-ish ; body and fins with numerous oblong brown spots. (Bh)

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Very bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Cynoglossus waandersii.

Plagiisia waandersii, Bleek. Smnatra, iv. p. 98.
Arelia waandersii, Bleek. Emm. p. 185.

D. 90. A. 68. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 80.

Three lateral lines on the left side, one on the right. Two nostrils :
one between the eyes, the other above the cleft of the mouth. The
width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye.
Lips not fringed. The angle of the mouth is much nearer to the e"x-
tremity of the snout than to the gill-opening ; the rostral hook does
not extend to below the eye. The height of the body is contained
thrice and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the head
five times. Golden-olive-coloured, with irregularbrownish spots. (Bl.)

Sumatra.

494 PLETTRONECTID^.

3. Cynoglossus feldmanni.

Plagusia feldmanni, Bleek. Borneo, vii. p. 455.
Arelia feldmanni, Bleeli. Emmi. p. 184.

D. 100-104. A. 78. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 90.

Three lateral lines on the left side, the upper and lower separated
from the middle by seventeen or eighteen series of scales ; one on the
right side. Two nostrils : one between the eyes, and the other above
the cleft of the mouth. Eyes subcontiguous ; lips not fringed. The
angle of the mouth is rather nearer to the gill-opening than to the
extremity of the snout ; the rostral hook terminates in the vertical
from the front margin of the eye. The height of the body is con-
tained four times and a third in the total length, the length of the
head five times. Brownish, with irregular darker spots.

Eivers of Pengaron.

a. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

4. Cynoglossus abbreviatus.

Plagusia abbreviata, Gray, III. hid. Zool.
Arelia abbreviata, Kemp, I. c.

D. 122. A. 92. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 120.

One lateral line on the right side, three on the left : the dorsal and
ventral lines separated from the middle by about nineteen longi-
tudinal series of scales, when counted at the end of the abdominal
cavity. Only one ventral is present, united with the anal. Two
nostrils : one between the eyes, and the other before the lower angle
of the lower eye. The upper eye is slightly in advance of the lower ;
the width of the interorbital space is rather more than that of the
orbit. Lips not fringed. The length of the snout is one-third of that
of the head. The rostral hook terminates behind the symphysis of
the mandibles. The height of the body is contained thrice and
three-fourths in the total length, the length of the head four times
and two-thirds. Brown ; tins blackish, edged with white.

Chinese Seas.
a-h. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves, Esq. —

Types of the species.
e. Fine specimen. Amoy.

5. Cynoglossua trigrammus.

D. 134. A. 107. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 140.
Three lateral lines on the left side ; when coimted at the end of
the abdominal cavity, the upper line is separated from the middle by
twenty-one longitudinal series of scales, the middle from the lower
by twenty-four. One lateral line on the right side. One ventral,
united with the anal. Two nostrils : one anteriorly between the
eyes, the other before the lower angle of the lower orbit. The upper
eye is slightly in advance of the lower ; the width of the interorbital
space is rather less than the diameter of the eye, which is one-

34. CYXOGLOssus. 495

thirteenth of the length of the head. Lips not fringed. The length
of the snout is contained twice and three-fourths in that of the head.
The angle of the mouth is somewhat behind the vertical from the
posterior margin of the eye, and a little nearer to the extremity of the
snout than to the giU-opening. The rostral hook terminates below
the symphysis of the mandible. The height of the body is contained
four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
five times and one-third. Brownish, with several irregular black
blotches on the opercles, the trunk, and front part of the tail.
China.

«. Seven inches and a half long. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Adult. China.

6. Cynoglossus microlepis.

Plagusia microlepis, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 41.3, and vii.

p. 99, or Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 31.
Arelia microlepis, Bleek. Entim. p. 184.

D. 123. A. 97. V. 4. L. lat. 150.

Three lateral lines on the left, one on the right side. Two nostrils :
one between the eyes, and the other above the cleft of the mouth.
Lips not fringed. The cleft of the mouth extends behind the eye, and
is nearer to the gill-opening than to the extremity of the snout.
Rostral hook produced backwards to behind the eye. Ventral and
anal united. The height of the body is contained five times ia the
total length, the length of the head five times and a half. Grejish-
brown. {Bl.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing.

7. Cynoglossus xiphoideus.
D. 120. A. 98. V. 4. L. lat. 135.

Three lateral lines on the left side, the upper and lower separated
from the middle by twenty or twenty-one longitudinal series of
scales ; a single line on the right side. Two nostrils : one between
the posterior parts of the eyes, the other in front of the lower eye.
Eyes separated by a concave space, the width of wliich is more than
that of the orbit ; the upper eye considerably in advance of the lower.
Lips not fringed. The length of the snout is contained twice and a
third in that of the head, the angle of the mouth being behind the
vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, and nearer to the gill-
opening than to the end of the snout. The rostral hook terminates
below the front margin of the eye. The height of the body is con-
tained foui- times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of
the head five times and a half. The height of the dorsal and anal
fins is two-sevenths of that of the body. Uniform brownish-grey.

Siam.
a-h. Six to nine inches long. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

496 PLEURONECTID-B.

B. Two lateral lines on the left side.

8. Cynoglossus macrolepidotus.

Plagusia macrolepidota, Bleek. Verhaml. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleu-

ron. p. 25, or Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 415.
Arelia macrolepidota, Bleek. Enum. p. 184.

D. 111-114. A. 86-89. V. 4. L. lat. 50.

Two lateral lines on the left side, one on the right. Two nostrils :
one between the eyes, and the other above the cleft of the mouth.
The width of the interorbital space equals that of the orbit. Lips
not fringed. The angle of the mouth is in the middle of the length
of the head ; rostral hook short. The height of the body is con-
tained four times and a thii-d to four times and a half in the total
length, and nearly equal to the length of the head. Greyish-brown ;
fins yellow.

Coasts of Java, Sumatra, and Banka.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

9. Cynoglossus melampetalus.

Plagiusa melampetala, Richards, Ichth. Chin. p. 281.

D. 124. A. 100. C. 12. V. 4. L. lat. 60.

Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by seven longitudinal
series of scales at the point of their greatest distance ; one lateral
line on the blind side. Two nostrils : one anteriorly between the
eyes, the other above the cleft of the mouth. Interorbital space very
narrow, one-third of the horizontal diameter of the eye, which is one-
eighth or one-ninth of the length of the head. Lips not fringed. The
length of the snout is contained twice and two-thirds in that of the
head ; the angle of the mouth is situated vertically below the posterior
margin of the orbit, before the middle of the length of the head ; the
rostral hook terminates behind the symphysis of the mandibles. The
height of the body equals the length of the head, and is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length. Brownish, the posterior
part of the fins blackish.

China.

a. Fine specimen, 10^ inches long. China. Presented by Vice-Ad-

miral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

b, c. Young. China. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

10. Cynoglossus oligolepis.

Plagusia oligolepis, Bkek. Java, ii. p. 445.
Arelia oligolepis, Bleek. Enum. p. 185.

D. 129. A. 95. C. 12. V. 4. L. lat. 68.
Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by eight series of
scales ; one on the right side. Two nostrils : one between the eyes,
the other above the cleft of the mouth. Interorbital space very

34. CYNOGT.ossrs. 4!i7

narrow, its width being less than ono-luilf of that of the orbit. Lips
not fringed. The angk; of the mouth is somewhat nearer to the gill-
opening than to the extremity of the snont ; rostral hook not extend-
ing to below the eye. The height of the body is contained four times
and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the head four
times and two-tifths. Light v'iolet-rose-coloiu'ed, each scale \vith a
transverse streak, and with two to four dots of violet colour ; fins
with violet dots.

Batavia.
a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Blceker's Collection.

11. Cynoglossus sumatrensis.

Plagusia sumatrana, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 529.
.\relia sinnati'ensis, Bleek. Union, p. 185.

D. 104. A. 77. C. 8-10. L. lat. 70.
Two lateral lines on the left side, one on the right. Two nostrils :
one between the ej'es, the other above the cleft of the month. The
widtli of the intcrorbital space is less than that of the orbit. Lips
not fringed. The angle of the mouth is nearer to the gill-opening
than to the end of the snont ; the rostral hook extends to below the
eye. The height of the body is contained four times and a third in
the total length, the length of the head five times and a third,
(xreenish, clouded with browni.sh. (BI.)

Sumatra (Benkulen).
a. Bad state. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

12. Cynoglossus kaupii.

Arelia kaupii, Bleek. Act.Soc. Sc. Lido-Xederl. vi. Sitmnfra,\n\. p. ";'>.
D. 107. A. 82. C. 12. V. 4. L. lat. 75.

Two lateral lines on each side. Two nostrils : one between the
eyes, the other before the angle of the lower orbit. The width of the
intcrorbital space equals the diameter of the eye. Lips not fiuibri-
ated. The angle of the mouth is rather nearer to tlie gill-opening
than to the extremity of the snout ; rostral hook short. The height
of the body equals the length of the head, and is contained four times
and a third to fom- times and a quarter in the total length. Olive,
with numeroiis brownish longitudinal stripes. (Bl.)

Benkulen.

Pleitronectes arel, Bl. Schn. p. 159, or Ardio neliimderi. Kaup. /. c,
appears to be closelj' allied to this species.

13. Cynoglossus quadrilineatns.
Achirus bilineatus, Lueep. iv. pp. 650, (10.3.
Plagusia biliueata, Bii/>p. At/. Fische,y. 123.

quadriliiioata, B/eek. Tcrhual Bntav. Cleiioofsrh. xxiv. Pleiiron.

p. 21, ov Natinnk. Ti/dselir. Xeilerl. Iiiil. i. ]\ 412.
Arelia quaclrilincntn. A'a^/yj in U'lef/ni. Arrh. 1S.")H, p. 10/.
D. 102-112. A. S3-86. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 95.
Two lateral lines on each side. separate<l in the middle by about

VOL. IV. 2 K

498 PLETJRONECTID^.

foiu'teen longitudinal series of scales. Two nostrils : one between the
eyes, and the other before the lower angle of the lower eye. The
upper eye somewhat in advance of the lower. Lips not fimbriated.
The leugth of the snout is contained twice and two-thirds in that of
the head. The rostral hook just covers the symphysis of the man-
dibles. The height of the body is somewhat less than one-foiu'th of
the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. Uniform brownish ;
fins yeUowish ; a blackish spot on the operculum.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen, Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

14. Cynoglossus lida.

Plagusia lida, Bkeh. Verhand. Batar. Genootsch. xxiv. Pleitron. p. 23,

or Natnurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 413.
? Plagusia polytsenia, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 529.
Arelia lida, Bleek. Enum. p. 184.
? AreUa polytsenia, Bleek. Entmi. p. 185.

D. 103-104. A. 82-83. C. 10-12. V. 4. L. lat. 90.

Two lateral Unos on the left side, separated by thirteen series of
scales ; one on the right. Ventral not united with the anal. Two
nostrils : one between the eyes, and the other above the cleft of the
mouth. The upper eye is in advance of the lower ; the width of the
interorbital space is less than that of the orbit. Lips not fringed.
The angle of the mouth is nearer to the gill- opening than to the end
of the snout ; the rostral hook extends to below the eye. The height
of the body is one-fourth or two-ninths of the total length ; the length
of the head equals its height, and is two-ninths or one-fifth of the
total. Brown.

Coasts of Java and Celebes.

a. Six inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
h. Four and a half inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection,
as Arelia polytcenia .—Jj. lat. 85.

15. Cynoglossus bomeensis.

Plagusia bomeensis, Bleek. Act. Soc. So. Imlo-Nederl. v. Borneo, xii. p. 6.
Arelia bomeensis, Bleek. Enum. p. 184.

D. 112. A. 88. C. 12. V. 4. L. lat. 100.

Two lateral lines on the left side, a single one on the right. Two
nostrils : one between the eyes, and the other above the cleft of the
mouth. The diameter of the eye is one-nkith of the length of the
head, and two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space. Lips
not fringed. The angle of the mouth is in the middle of the length
of the head, below the posterior margin of the orbit. The rostral
hook does not extend to below the eye. The height of the body is
contained four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length
of the head five times. Greenish, with three indistinct violet lon-
gitudinal bands. (Bl.)

Singkawang.

34. CYNOGLOSStJS. 499

16. Cynoglossus oxyrhynchus.

Plagusia oxyrhynchos, Bleek. Verhand.Bdtav.Genootsch.xxix. Pleuron.

p. 26, or Natuurk. Tydschr. Nedcrl. Ind. i. p. 416.
Arelia oxp-hjaichos, Bleek. Enum. p. 185.

D. 98-105. A. 77-84. V. 4. L. lat. 80-90.

Two lateral lines on the left side, separated in the middle by thir-
teen longitudinal series of scales ; a single lateral line on the blind
side. Two nostrils : one between the eyes, and the other above the
cleft of the mouth. Eyes snbcontiguous, the upper considerably in
advance of the lower. Lips not fiinged. The angle of the mouth
is in the middle of the length of the head ; rostral hook short. The
height of the body is one-fourth, or rather less than one-fourth, of
the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. Brown.

Java, Borneo, and Amboyna.

«. Young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

17. Cynoglossus bengalensis.

Plagusia bengalensis, Bkek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv. Nahs.
Beng. Sf Hindost. p. 152. tab. 6. fig. 3.

D. 103. A. 80. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 90.

Two lateral lines on the left side, separated in the middle by about
thirteen longitudinal series of scales ; a single lateral line on the blind
side. Two nostrils : one between the eyes, and the other before the
lower angle of the lower eye. Head as long as high. Interorbital
space narrower than the orbit ; eyes very small, the upper in advance
of the lower. Lips not fringed. The length of the snout is two-fifths
of that of the head ; the rostral hook terminates behind the sj-mphysis
of the mandibles. The height of the body is two-sevenths, or rather
more than one-fourth, of the total length, the length of the head one-
fifth. The height of the dorsal and anal fins is rather less than one-
fourth of that of the body. Brown, with more or less distinct darker
transverse spots.

Ganges.

n. Adult. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

b. Adult, Ganges. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

f . d-e. Half-grown and young.

18. Cynoglossus brachyrhynchus.

Plagusia brachu'h>ncb us, Bhrk. Verhand. Butor. (leu. xxiv. Phuron.

p. 24, or Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 414.
Arelia brachp-hynclius, Bleek. Enum. p. 184.

D. 96-99. - A. 73-75. CIO. V. 4. L. lat. 80-100.
Two lateral lines on the left side, one on the right. Two nostrils :
one between the eyes, and the other above the cleft of the mouth.
Eyes snbcontiguous. the upiier scarcely in advance of tlie lower. Lijis
not fringed ; the angle oi' the mouth is nearer to the extremity of
the snout than to the gUl-opening ; rostral hook short. Tlic height

2 k L'

500 PLEUROXECTIDJJ.

of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths or four times in the
total length, the length of the head five times or iive times and a
(juarter. The height of the dorsal and anal fins is one-third of that
of the body. Brownish, with darker spots. (Bl.)

Java, Singapore, and Celebes.
? a. Four and a half inches long. From Dr. P. v. Blceker's Collec-
tion, as Arelia hrachyrhijnchus. — The height of the body of this
specimen is contained thrice and a quarter in the total length.

19. Cynoglossus puncticeps.

Plagiusa puncticeps, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 280.
Plagusia javanica, Bkek. Verhand. Satav. Genoutsch. xxiv. Pleuron.
p. 24, or Natuurk. Tydsclir. Nederl Lid. i. p. 414.

D. 93. A. 71. C. 12. V. 4. L. lat. 90.

Two lateral lines on the left side, sepai'ated at the point of their
greatest distance by seventeen or eighteen longitudinal series of scales ;
a single lateral line on the blind side. Two nostrils : one between the
eyes in front, the other in front of the angle of the lower orbit. Eyes
close together, the upper in advance of the lower. Lips not fi-iiiged.
Head higher than long. The length of the snout is contained twice
and thi-ee-fourths in that of the head, the angle of the mouth being
below the middle of the eye, much nearer to the extremity of the
snout than to the gill-opening. The rostral hook terminates behind
the symphysis of the mandibles. The height of the body is two-
sevenths of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. The
height of the dorsal and anal fins is less than one-fourth of that of
the body. Brownish, with ii-regular dark-brown spots on the head
and body : fins light-coloured ; eveiy fourth or fifth ray of the dorsal
and anal fins is brown.

Chinese Seas. East Indian Aixhipelago.
a. Four and a half inches long. Cluna. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h, c, d, e, f-g. Adult and half-grown. China.
h. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection, as ArcUa javanica. .

20. Cynoglossus brevis.
D. 95. A. 75. y. 4. L. lat. 96.
Two lateral lines on the left side, separated at the point of their
greatest distance by seventeen longitudinal series of scales ; a single
lateral line on the blind side. Two nostrils : one between the eyes
in front, the other in front of the angle of the lower orbit. Eyes
close together, the upper shghtly in advance of the lower. Lips not
fringed. The length of the snout is contained tlu-ice and a fourth
in that of the head, the angle (rf the month being below the middle
of the eye, much n<arer to the extremity of the snout than to the
gill-opening. The rostral hook terminates below the symphysis of
the mandibles. The height of the body is contained thrice and a
fourth in tlie total length, the length of the head five times and two-
thirds. The height of the dorsal and anal fins is less than one-fifth

1

34. CYNOGLOSSrS.

501

of that of the body. Browni.sli, with bLicki.sh- brown tran.vci-sc
spots ; many rays of the \Trtical fins blackish.
Ganges.

«. Four and a third inches long. Ganges. From the Collection of
ttic Zoological Society.

21. Cynoglossus elongatus.

Plagu,siapotou.s5/<rA-. TWham/.Bafar. Gcnootsch.xx\x.Plc,n-o„ p ■>>,

lingua, Cant. L'utul. p. 23.3. • i • - .

Aielia lingua, Kuup, I. c.

1). 137. A. 107. CIO. V. 4. L. lat. 95
Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by about eight lon^-i-
tudmal series of scales at the point of their greatest distance, fl^oth

7^:'^r"'V' 'I' '^^ '^^'"S- *^^ "°^-^ ^'--l«P^d, and con-
tiguous vjith the anal. Two nostrils : one between the eyes, and the
other before the lower angle of the lower eye. The upper eye is in
advance of the lower ; the ^^•ldth of the interorbital space equals that
of the orbit. Lips not fringed. The length of the snout is contained
wice and a third in_ that of the head. The rostral hook terminates
behind the symphy.sis of the mandibles. The height of the b.Klv is
containe.l six times and two-thir-ds in the total length, the length of
the head five times and a third. RedcUsh-brown, with distant
rounded irregular blackish-brown blotches ; caudal black
JKast Indian Seas.

a. AdiUt: skin. Pinang. From Dr: Cantor's Collection.

22. Cynoglossus lingua.
Cyuoglossus lingua, Ha/n. Bxch. Fish. (i(ni(/. pp 30 36,5

D. 142. A. 112. C. 8. V. 4. 'L.Iat.'lOo."
Two latenil Unes on the left side, separated by thirteen longitudinal
series ot scales at the point of their greatest distance. Eight side
^vlth cycloid scales and ^ith a single inconspicuous lateral line One
ventral, contiguous ^vith the anal. Two nostrils : one above the
lower eye, the other in front of its lower angle. The ujiper eve is
slightly in advance of the lower ; the width of the interorbital space
IS a little less than that of the orbit, which is one-fourteenth of the
length of the head. Lips not fi-inged. The length of the snout is
contained twice and a fourth in that of the head. The cleft of the
mouth extends behind the eyes, its angle being much nearer to the
gill-opening than to the extremity of the snout. Ilie rostral hook
terminates Ix'hind the symphysis of the mandibles. The height of
the body is contained six times in the total length, the length of the
head five tmies and a (juarter. Keddish-bro\ra, uniform or clouded
with darker.

Mouth of the Ganges.
<i. Eleven inches long. Ganges. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Societ}-.
h. .\dult: skin.' Ganges, rresented by 0. K. AA'aterhouse, Es...—
Troliably type of the species.

502 PLEURONECTID^,

23. Cynoglossus melanopterus.

? Plagusia monopiis, Bleeh. Verhand. Bntav. Gmootsch. xxii. Bali, p. 11.
Plagiisia melanoptera, Bleek. I c. xxiv. Pleuron. p. 25, or NatuurJc.

Tydsch: Nederl Ind. i. p. 415.
Areiia ceratophrys, Kaup, I. c.
D. 114-118. A. 92-95. C. 8-10. V. 4-5. L. lat. 110-120.
Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by seventeen longitu-
dinal series of scales, and a single one on the right. Two nostrUs, one
in the middle before the eyes. Eyes situated on a pair of styliform
prominences, small, subcontiguous, the upper in advance of the lower.
Lips not frmged. Eostral hook short ; the angle of the mouth is
nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the giU-opening. The
height of the body is contained four times and a half or four times
in the total leng-th, the length of the head five times or five times
and a third. Brown ; dorsal and anal fins with a broad black margin
posteriorly.

Java, Sumatra, and Bali.
«. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

24. Cjrnoglossus senegalensis.

Areiia senegalensis, Kanp in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 108.
D. 133. A. 109. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 140.

Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by eighteen longitu-
dinal series of scales at the point of their greatest distance. Two
nostrils : one between the eyes, the other before the lower angle of
the lower orbit. Lips not fringed. The length of the snout is con-
tained twice and two-thirds in that of the head ; the rostral hook
terminates behind the symphysis of the mandibles. The height of
the body is a little more than the length of the head, which is one-
sixth of the total length. Uniform greenish-olive.

West Africa.
a-c. Eight inches long. Presented by A. Mxirray, Esq.

II. Two nostrils, in front of the lower eye, the lower nostril being wider
than the upper.

25. Cynoglossus cantoris.

Plagusia potous, Cant. Catal. p. 235 (not syn.).

canton, BleeJc. Enwner. p. 185.

Cantoria pinangensis, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 106.

D. 126-127. A. 94-95. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 70.
Two lateral lines on each side, separated in the middle by seven
or eight longitudinal series of scales. Only the left ventral is present,
composed of four rays and contiguous with the anal. Two nostrils,
one of which is very small, above the upper lip, in front of the lower
eye. The upper eye is scarcely in advance of the lower ; the width
o'f the intcrorbital space equals that of the orbit. Lips not fringed.

34. CYNOGLOSSTJS. 503

The length of the snout is two-fifths of that of the head. The
rostral hook just covers the symphj'sis of tlie manrlibles. The height
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a third. Copper-red, opercles
blackish ; fins minutely dotted with brown.
Malayan Peninsula.

a-b. Adult and half-grown : skin. Singapore. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection — Types of the species.

III. Only one nostril, m front of the lower eye.

26. Cynoglossus capensis.

TruUa capensis, Kmq} in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 109.

D. 102. -^A. 76. C. 9. V. 4.

Three lateral lines on the left side ; only one nostril, in front of
the lower eye ; lips not fringed. {Kaup.)
Capo of Good Hope.

27. Cynoglossus truUa.

Plagusia truUa, Cant. Catal. p. 2.31.
Tnilla cantori, Kaup, I. c.

D. 109-111. A. 80-86. C. 12. V. 4. L. lat. 117.

Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by nineteen longitu-
dinal series of scales at the point of their greatest distance. One
nostril, in front of the lower eye ; none between the eyes. The width
of the interorbital space is rather more than that of the orbit ; a
bony protuberance below the upper eye. Lips not fi-inged ; the
length of the snout is contained twice and three-fourths in that of
the head ; rostral hook short. The height of the body is contained
four times and a half to four times and two-thirds in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a fourth. Ecddish-broAvn.

Malayan Peninsida.

a-h. Adult : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Types
of the species.

28. Cynogiossus grandisquainis.

Plaoaisia grandisquamis, Cant. Catal. p. 2.32.
Trulla graudisquamis, Kaup, L c.

D. 116. A. 88. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 59.

Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by six longitudinal
series of scales at the point of their greatest distance. One nostril,
in front of the lower eye ; none between the eyes. Eyes close toge-
ther, a bony protuberance above the lower. Lips mA fringed ; the
Icngtli of the snout is contained twice and two-thirds in tliat of the
head; rostral hook short. The height of the body iMpials tlie length
of the head, and is contained five times and a tbu-d in the total.

504 PLErROXKCTIDJi.

Reddish-brown ; a blackish band along and near to the base of the
dorsal and anal fins.
Pinang.

a. Skin. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Type of the species.

IV. No conspicuous uostril.
29. Cynoglossus hamiltonii.

Achirus cynoglossus, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 132, 373.
Plagusia cynoglossa, Cant. Catal. p. 229.
Icania cj-noglossa, Kaup, I. c.

D. 100-102. A. 76-78. C. 10. V. 4. L. lat. 80.

Two lateral lines on the left side, separated by thirteen longitu-
dinal series of scales at the point of ^eir greatest distance. No
conspicuous nostril ; eyes very small ; lips not fringed. The length
of the snout is one-third of that of the head ; rostral hook short.
The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in the
■:otal length, the lengtli of the head five times and two-thirds. Eed-
■lish-brown, with ii'regular brownish-black spots ; sometimes a portion
of the spots confluent into seven or eight cross-bands.

Ganges. Pinang.

a-h. Adult ; skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

505

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 58, Parma squamipinnis.
c. Fine specimen. Sydney. Presented by G. Krefft, Esq.
The ground-colour of this species during Ufe is greenisli-black.

Page 80. Crenilabrus melops.
T. Yomig. Bahuslan. Presented by Hr. A. ^y. :sialm.

Page 91. Acantholabrus palloni.

'J. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by .J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

Page 93. Centrolabrus trutta.
Vertebrae 14/18.

</. Adidt : skeleton. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Page 94. Choerops macrodon.

Add to the sj-nonymy : —
Choerops macrodon, Bleak. Ail. Ichth. p. 162. tab. 47. fig. 1.

Page 94. Choerops ommoptenis.

Add to the synonymy : —
Charops schouleinii, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 163. tab. 46. fig. 1.

Page 95. Choerops leucozona.

Add to the synonymy : —
Choerops leucozona, Bleck. Atl. Ichth. p. 163. tab. 42. fig. 1.

Page 96. Choerops oligacanthus.

Add to the .synonymy : —
ClKorops oligacanthus, i//rpA-. Atl. Ichth. p. I(J4. tab. 47. (jg. o.

506 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 100. Trochocopus opercularis.

1 have recognized this species again in two specimens preserved
in spirits and received by the College of Surgeons from Mauritius.
One of these specimens has twelve dorsal spines ; hence it becomes
probable that the species is identical with Cossyphus operculans,
Guich. (p. 109).

Page 100. — 3. Trochocopus scrofa.

The British Museum has received a splendid specimen of Cossyplms
scrofa (p. Ill), from Madeira, by which I have been enabled more
closely to examine its characters and to ascertain that it belongs to
Trochocopus. The base of the soft dorsal and anal is not scaly, and
the scales are smaller than in Cossyphus.

a. Twenty-three inches long. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. John-
son, Esq.

Page 103. Cossyphus mesothorax.

Add to the synonymy : —
Cossyphus mesothorax, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 159. tab. 38. fig. 4.

Page 104. Cossyphus diana.

Add to the synonymy : —
Cossyphus diana, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 159. tab. 38. fig. 1.

Page 105. Cossjrphus biluuulatus.

Add to the synonymy : —
Cossj'phus biluuulatus, Bleeh. Atl. Ichth. p. 161. tab. 38. fig. 3.

Page 106. Cossyphus anthioides.
Add to the synonymy : —

Cossyphus anthioides, Giinth. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, viii.
p. 384 ; Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 160. tab. 38. fig. 2.

Page 109. Cossyphus opercularis.
See the note (supra) on TrocJiocopus opercularis.

Page 109. Cossyphus unimaculatus.

When the printing of this volume was nearly completed, I received
from Dr. v. Bleeker a proof-sheet of a paper entitled " Notices Ich-
thyologiques," in which he describes this species as Cossyphus
ovycephalus. It will depend on the time of the publication of the
Journal containing that paper, which of the two names has the
priority.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 507

Page 111. Cossjrphus Bcrofa.
This species belongs to the genus Trochocopus.

Page 115. Labrichthys laticlavius.

This species has two very distinct series of scales on the cheek, and
sometimes (as in the typical specimen) a short, rudimentary third
series, composed of one or two small scales. This third series being
radimentaiy or entirely absent, it will be better to arrange this spe-
cies with L. ietrica (p. 116).

c. Fine specimen. Sydney. Presented by G. Krefft, Esq.

Page 116. Add a new species: —

8 ci. Labrichthys gtintheri.
Pseudolabrus giintheri, Bleek. Not. Ichthyol* p. 126.
D. ^. A. l^. L. lat. 26-27.

A posterior canine tooth ; jaws with four canine teeth anteriorly.
Cheek with foiir series of scales ; tubules of the lateral line branched ;
the scaly sheath of the dorsal and anal fins is low. Caudal fin con-
vex, with the lobes not produced. Rose-coloui'ed oHve, with six or
seven indistinct brown cross-bands : six brown sti'eaks radiate from
the eye ; a deep-blue spot between the first and third dorsal spines
and at the root of the pectoral superiorly ; a blue band along the
middle of the dorsal and anal fins • ■ a brownish band across the middle
of the caudal. {Bl.)

Australia.

Page 117. Labrichthys gymnogenis.
c. Fine specimen. Sydney. Presented by G. Krefft, Esq.

The ground-coloirr during life is purplish-brown, with scattered
reddish-white spots ; dorsal, anal, and the paired fins red ; anal
\dth a dark band along the middle ; a blackish band across the root
of the pectoral ; upper half of the head with brown spots, lower half
reddish.

Page 120. DUYM.ffiRIA.

Add to the synonymy : —
Labrastrum, Guich. Rev. Zool 1860, p. 152.

Page 144. Platyglossus chloropterus.

Add to the synonjTny : —

Halichoeres cliloropterus, BUeli. Atl. Ichth. p. lib. tab. 35. fig. 3.

* We have seen only a proof-sliect of tliis paper, and are not aware in what

Journal it will be jmblished.

508 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 17(). Novacula kallosoma.

Add to the synonj'my : —
Novaculichthys kallosoma, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. p. 145. tab. 31. fig. 3.

Page 183. Julis genivittata.
I now believe that this species and J. hehraica (p. 186) are iden-
tical, the former representing older individuals than the latter. I
have arrived at this opinion from the comparison of two very fine spe-
cimens sent by Mr. Th. Ayrcs from Port Natal, the larger of which
ought to be referred to J. genivittata, the other to J. hehraica, although
both are e\^dently of the same species. An experience like this must
lead us to suppose that many a ti'opical species, based on colours alone
and introduced into our system, will prove to be merely a variety.

The name Julis hehraica is prior to the other.
/. Nine inches long. Port Natal. From Mr. Th. Ajtcs's Collection.
— This specimen would belong to J. fjenivittata. Head dark-
violet, with the bands on the cheek obscure ; no yellow cross-
band behind the pectoral. Dorsal and anal fins yellow, the
former with a black spot anteriorly, and with a purple band
edged with violet along the whole fin, broader on the soft por-
tion than on the spinous, and nearer to the base than to the
upi^er margin; base of the anal fin pm-ple. Pectoral yellow,
blackish on its posterior half, and with a blackish spot superiorly
in the axil. Caudal lobes considerably produced.
g. Six inches long. Port Natal. From Mr. Th. Ap'cs's Collection.
— This specimen corresponds to the description of J. hehraica.
Bands on the head and tnuik very distinct ; fins without longi-
tudinal hands ; base of the pectoral black.

Julis commersonii, Cuv. & Val., has been erroneously considered as
a synonym of this species.

Page 184. Julis bicolor.

I have now seen several specimens of this species. It comes from
Mauritius, and has been described by Valenciennes under the name
of J. commersonii, Cuv. & Val. xiii. p. 418, which name, of course,
must be retained.

Page 186. Julis hehraica.

See note (supra) on /. f/enivittata.

Page 208. Add to the doubtful species of Scarus :—
3. Scarus maschalespilos, Bleek. Not.Ichthi/oJ* p. 122. — Surinam.

Page 210. Scarus catesbyi.

Add to the synonymy : —
Scarus nielanotis, Bh'ek. Not. Ichthynl.* p. 121.

* See note, p. 507.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 5()9

I'age 241 . Odax richardsonii.

. •{"•J'n?) '''V«^// the name of a draM-ing made from a fish taken

m Safety Bay, boiith AustraHa (llichards. Ic. Pise, p.- G ijl li fi<r n
IS perliaps identical with tliis species. i ■ ■ o- ^J,

Page 2U. Siphonognathus argyrophanes.
0. Sixteen inches long. King George's S„und. Presented by Dr
A. Gunther.— This specimen differs from the type in havin-
somewhat fewer fin-rays : D.?i. A. 13. The da"rk lateral hand
has rose-coloured edges.

Page 245. Litrema jacksoni.

c-d. Fine specimens. Esqiiimault Harbom-, Vancouver Island..
Collected by J. K. Lord, Esq.*

Page 24G. Ditrema vacca.
b. Fine specimen. Esquimault Harbour. Collected by J K Lord
Esq.-A. ±

Page 247. Ditrema toxotes.
b. Fine specimen, 14 inches long. Esquimault Harbour. Collected
by J. K. Lord, Esq.-D. 1». A. f^. Scales on the cheek in
fire series.

Page 248. Ditrema aggregatum.

n-jy. Fine specimens. Es.iuimault Harbour. CoUeeted bv J K
Lord. Esq.

Page 249. Ditrema minimum.
h. Fine female^ specimen. Esquimault HarlK^ur. ColUrted by J
Iv. Lord, Esq.— I see from this specimen tliat tlie lower lii) is
interrupted in tlie middle, and not continuous in its whole cir-
cuit as has been stated at p. 249.

Page 249. Ditrema arcuatum.

b-e. Fine specimens. Esquimaidt Harbour. Collected bv .1. K
Lord, Esq.

Page 250. Ditrema rhodoterum.

b-f. Fine specimens. Esquimault Harbour. Collected bv J. K
Lord, Esq.

* The whole of this splendid collection were presented bv the British Xorth-
Anierican Boundary Commission, and were made up bv J. K Lord E<a Natu
rahst to the Expedition. " • ■ 4. a i-

510 ADDENDA ET COHRIGENDA.

Page 251. Ditrema argenteum.

b-e. Fine specimens (males and pregnant females). Esquimault
Harbour. Collected by J. K. Lord, Esq. — Tbese specimens are
smaller (8-10 inches) than specimen a. from San Francisco
(11 inches), and the maxillary does not extend quite so far
backwards as in the latter.

Page 267. Chromis niloticus.
l^m. Fine specimens. Port Natal. From Mr. Th. Ayres's Collection.
These specimens do not belong to Ch. mossamhicus or Ch. sparr-
nutnni, as we might have been tempted to believe, but they agree in
every respect with C%. niloticus. They are caUed " Black-fish " in
the colony.

Page 269. Chromis tristrami.

Specimen c, from Ashantee, ought to be referred to Chromis guine-
ensis (p. 271).

Page 271. Chromis guineensis.
a. Adult. Ashantee.— D. ^. A. |. L. transv. 3/11.

Note.

We have given the name of Atypus to an Australian fish (vol. ii.
p. 64) ; as this name is preoccupied, we propose that of Atifpiclitliys.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Aalraupe, 359.
abbreviate (Arelia), 494.
abbreriata (Plagui*ia),494.
abbreviatus (Cpioglossus),

494.
abbreviatus (Grerres), 257.
abdominalis (Glyphiso-

don), 34.
.Abeona, 245.
abhortani (Julis), 185.
abildgaardii (Scarus), 209,

210.
abildgaardii (Sparus), 209.
abudafiu- (Chajtodon), 12.
abyssoriim (Q-adus), 362.
abysaoriim (Molva), 362.
Acantholabrus, 91.
Acara, 267, 276.
Achiroides. 4.80.
Achii-us, 4G2, 492.
achirus (Plem-onectes),

476.
acliirus (Solea), 476.
acinaoes (Gerres), 262.
acora (Chromys), 300.
acroptilus (Scarus), 208.
aculeata (Scorpa;na), 11.
aculeatus ( Rhombus), 408.
acus (Fierasfer), 381.
acus (Gymnotus), 381.
acuticeps (Geophagus),

312.
acuticeps (Satanoperca).

312.
acutirostris (Crenicichla),

307.
acutus (Ctenolabrus), 88.
acutus (Pseudoscarus),

219.
acutus (Scarus), 219.
Adalah. 402.
adspersa (Acara), 282.
adspersa (Crenicichla),

306.
jeglefinus (Gadus). 332,

336.
aeglefinus (Morrhua). 332.
aeruginosas (Crenilabrus),

seruginosus (Julis), 187.
aeruginosus (Labrus), 82.
eeruginosus (Pseudosca-
rus), 229.
ajruginosus (Scarus), 229.
^sopia, 480. 487.
affinis (Fierasfer), 381.
affinis (Glyphidodon), 41.
affinis (Heros), 292.
affinis (Tilapia), 267.
agassizii (Ditrema), 250.
agassizii (Holconotiis),

245.
agassizii (Ilyperproso-

pon), 250.
aggregatum (Ditrema),

248,509.
aggregatus (Cymatogas-

ter), 248.
aggregatus (Metrogaster),

248.
aggregatus (Microme-

trus), 248.
agilis (Gadus), 337.
aigula (Lachnolaimus),87.
Aipi miiira, 108.
akallopisus ( Amphiprion ).

10.
alberti (Lutjanus), 82.
albidus (Gadus). 352.
albidus (Merluccius), 345.
albisella (Dascyllus), 13.
albofasciatus (Glyphido-
don), 43.
albofasciatus (Pomacen-

trus), 19.
albomaculata(Synaptura),

483.
albotajniatus (Cossyphus),

105.
albovittata (Stethojulis),

141.
albovittatus (Labrus), 141 .
albus (Merlangus). 338.
albus (Pleuronectcs), 478.
algonsis (0<lax). 240.
alia (Tautoga). 88.
alliciens (Ammodrtes).

385.

alt«rnans (Scarus), 226.
altifrons(Geophagus).315.
altipinnis(Novacula), 173.
altipinnis (Xyrichthys),

173.
altispinis (Gerres), 258.
ambiguus (Merluccius),

344.
amblycephalus (Julis),

182.
amboinensis (Anampses),

137.
amboinensis (Duymocria),

121.
amboinensis (Glyphido-
don), 56.
amboinensis (Halichoeres),

156.
amboinensis (Julis), 156.
amboinensis (Platyglos-

sus). 156.
americana (Morrhua).331 .
americanus (Ammodytes),

386.
americanus (Enchely-

opus), 353.
americanus (Labrus). 88.
americanus (Phycis), 353.
americanus (Pleuronec-

tes), 443.
Ammodytes. 384.
AmmodytidiV, 370.
Ammodytina, 384.
Ammopleurops, 490.
Ammotretis, 458.
amphiacanthoides (Uaru),

302.
Amphiprion, 2.
Amphistichus. 245.
anabatoides (Glyphido-
don), 54.
Anacanthini, 317.
Anacanthini gadoidei. 317.
auale (Ditrema). 250.
analigutta (Pomacentrus).

27.
analis (Heliastes). 62.
analis fHyperprosopon),

250."

512

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

analis (Hvpocritichtkvs),

250.
Ananipses, 135.
anehorago (Choerops), 95.
anchorago(Cos8yphus).95.
anehorago (Sparus). 95.
audjerinus(Glvpbisoclon).

50.
aneitensis ( Julis), 183.
aneitensis (Novaciila), 176.
angulatus (Coris), 201.
angulifev (Heros), 298.
angulosa (Solea), 462.
Aiiisocliirus. 480.
annularis (Julis), 160.
annularis (Platyglossus).

160, 506.
annularis (Sargus), 44.
annulata (Coris), 202.
annulatus (Jidis), 202.
annulatus (Labrus), 202.
aninilatus (Pomacentnis),

18.
Anon, 332.
anthioides (Cossvphus).

106. 506.
anthioides (Crenilabrus).

106.
antjerius (Glyphidodon).

50.
aper (Labrus), 70. 100.
Aphoristia, 490.
Apionichthvs, 489.
appendiculata (Chromys).

293.
aprion (Gei-res), 255.
aquosus (Pleuronectes).'

411.
aquosus (Rhombus), 411.
aracanga (Pseudosearus),

227.
aracanga (Scarus), 209.
arago (Labrus), 174.
arago (Xyi'iehthys), 174.
Aramaca, 422.
aramaca (Hemirhombus).

422.
aramaca (Pleuronectes),

422.
aramaca (Rhombus), 429.
araneus (Chretodon), 12.
arcuatum (Ditrema). 249,

509.
arcuatum (Tetradrach.), 1 2
arcuatus (Chfetodon). 12.
arcuatus (Crenilabrus). 77.
arcuatus (Hyperproso-

pon), 249.
arcuatus (Scarus). 217.
arel (Pleuronectes). 497.
Arelia. 492.

arenatus (C'heilinus), 132.
argentata (Couchia), 363.
argentata (Motella), 364.
argentatus (Labrus), 183.
argentatus (Merluccius).

345, 346.
argentea ( Hy psiptera) ,362
argentea (Lota), 363.
argenteola (Motella). 36.3.
argenteolus (GJ-adus), 363.
argenteo-striatus (Creni-
labrus), 85.
argenteum (Ditrema), 251,

510.
argenteum (Hyperproso-

pon), 249.
argenteus (Amphistichus),

251.
argenteus (Eucinostomus) ,

256.
argenteus(Gadicidus).341 .
argenteus (Gerres). 256.
argentimaculata (Nova-

oula), 170.
argentimaculata (Xyrich-

thys). 170.
argentistriatus (Brotulo-

phis), 376.
argus (Cichla), 309.
argus (Julis). 155.
argus (Labrus), 155.
argus (Pleuronectes), 432.

433.
argus (Rhombus). 433.
argyi'ea (Cichla). 263.
argjT-ea (Sciania). 263.
argyreus (Gerres). 263.
argyrophanes (Siphono-

gnathus). 244, 509.
argyrosoma <'Embiotoca),

245.
armata (Brotella).^74.
armata (Brotula), 374.
armatus (Sirembo). 374.
armatus (Xeuocephalus),

399.
Arnoglossus. 415.
arnoglossus (Hippoglos-

sus), 415.
arnoglossus (Plem'onec-

tes), 415.
arnoglossus (Rhombus),

41.5.
arsius (Pleuronectes), 420.
arsius (Pseudorhombus),

426.
aruanus (Chretodon), 12.
aruanus (Dascyllus), 12.
aruanus (Lutjanus), 12.
aruanus (Pomacentr.), 12.
ascensionis (Julis). 192.

Asellus. 341.
Aseraggodes, 462.
asper (Pleuronectes), 454.
asperrima (Piatessa), 453.
asperrimum (Clidodernia),

453.
asperrimus (Pleuronectes'),

453.
aspilos (Pseudorhombus),

417.
aspilos (Rhombus). 417.
aspilos (Synaptura), 482.
aspilus (Arnoglossus), 417.
assimilis (Glvphidodon),

.52.
assimilis (Rhomboidich-

thys), 437.
atabapensis (Cichla), 304.
AteleopodidK, 398.
At^leopus, 398.
ater (Gadopsis), 376.
ater (Glyphisodon); 45.
ater (Oligopus), 376.
ater (Pomacentrus). 16.
atlantica (Coris). 197.
atlanticus (Macrurus),392.
atomarius (Scarus), 217.
atrilobata (Chromis), 64.
atrocyaneus (Pomacen-
trus). 16.
atrolumbus (Cossvphus),

105.
atrum (Pteridium), 376.
attenuatus C Merluccius),

349.
Atypiehthys, 510.
Atypus. 510.
aurantiaca (Solea). 467.
auratus (Cheilio), 195.
aureo-macidatus (Labrus),

203.
aureo-ruber (Sparus), 210.
aureus (Glyphidodon), 45.
am-eus (Heros), 292.
auricularis (Coris). 206.
aurigaria (Duymivria),

121.
aurigarius (Crenilabrus),

121.
auritus (Hemicliromis),

275.
am'itus (Jidis), 143.
auritus (Scarichthys). 213.
auritus (Scarus), 213.
aurofrenatus (Scarus), 212.
auro-limbata (Plagiusa),

492.
auro-punctatus (Cally-

odon). 214.
;uistrali.s(Lepidolepr.),.391
australis (Macriu'us), 391.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

513

autochthon (Heros), 299.
axillaris (Cossyphus), 103.
axillaris (Keliastes), 61.
axillaris (Julis), 142.
axillaris (Labriis), 103.
axillaris (Stethojulis), 142.
aygula (Coris), 201.
aygiila (Julis), 201.
ayresii (Paroplirys), 456.
azureus (Glyphicloclon),53.

bacchus (Gadus), 347.
bacehus (Lotella), 347.
bach us ( Enehely opus) , 347.
baliianus (Elioiiibus). 433.
bailloiiii (Civuilabrus), 84.
bairdii (Pomaceiiti-us), 27.
balanus (Labrus), 70.
balinensis(Glyphisod.),51.
balincnsis (Pseudoscarus),

228.
baliuensis (Scarus), 228.
ballan (Labrus), 70.
Ballau Wrasse, 70.
ballauus (Labrus). 70.
balteata (Platessa), 424.
baltoatus (Julis), 141.
balteatus (Odax), 240.
bandauensis (Glj-pliiso-

clon), 03.
bandauensis (Jidis), 142.
bankaueiisis (Pomacen-

triis), 2(3.
bankieri (Glypliidodoii),

54.
barbata (Brotula), 371.
barbata (Morhua), 335.
barbatum (Opliidium),

377, 378.
barbatus (Achirus), 478.
barbatus (Enchelyopus),

371.
barbatus (Gadus), 329,335.
barbatus (Rhombus), 410.
Barbue, 410.
bataviensis (Pseudosca-
rus), 231.
balaviensi^ (Scarus), 231.
batjanensis (Glyphido-

don), 47.
Batraehoccplialus, 3G8.
Batrachops, 305.
batuensis (Coris), 199.
batucusis ( Honi icoris), 1 99.
batuensis (Julis), 199.
belniii (Glyphidodon), 48.
belclicri (Psettodes), 402.
, bengaleusis (CliaHodon),

41 .
bcngalensis (Cyuoglossus),

499.

bengalensis (Glvphido-

don), 41.
bengalcnsis(Plagusia),499.
bennettii (Scarus), 217.
beiioit (Mora), 342.
benoit (Pharoptcryx), 342.
berg-galt (Labrus), 70.
Berggylte, 80.
Berg-lax, 396.
Berguultra, 89.
bergylfa (Labrus), 70.
betta' (Scarus), 213.
biaculeatus (Chsetodon),

biaculeatus (Holacanthus),

11.
biacideatus (Premnas), 10.
Bib, 335.

bibus (Gadus), 335.
bicatenatus (Julis), 187.
bicinctus ( Amphipriou), 8.
bicolor (Cheilio), 195.
bicolor (Halichoeres), 145.
bicolor (Jidis), 184, 508.
bicolor (Labrus), 145.
bicolor (Platyglossus), 145.
bicolor (Pseudoscarus),

219.
bicolor (Scarus), 219.
bidens (Labrus), 79.
bidens (Lutjanus), 79.
bifasciata (Jidis), 186.
bifasciatus (Amphiprion).

bifasciatus (Anthias), 3.
bifasciatus (Holocentrus),

bifosciatus (Labrus). 186.
bifasciatus (Pomacentrus),

18.
bifer (Julis), 173.
bifiu-cus (Gadus), 352.
bilinearis (Stomodon), 345.
bilineata (Plagusia), 492.

497.
bilineata (Platessa), 444.
bilineatu.^ (.Ichirus), 4',I7.
bilineatus (Pleui-oucctos),

444, 492.
bilobus (Gerres), 252.
bilunidatus (Cossvphus).

10."), 5()(;.
biluiudatu.s (Labrus), 105.
biniaculata (.\cara). 276.
biniacidata (Ciclila), 277.
biniaculata (Kovacula),

174.
biniaculata (Perca), 277.
biniaculata (Scia>na), 276.
biniaculata (Xvrichthvs).

174.

bimaculatus (Chedinus),

131.
bimaculatus (Ilalicli.), 157.
bimaculatus (Hemicliro-

mis), 275.
bimaculatus (Julis), 15).
bimaculatus (Labrus), 75,

277.
bimaculatus (Platyglos-
sus), 157.
binotopsis (Halichoeres),

153.
binotopsis (Platyglossus),

153.
bioocllatus (Glyphisodon),

50.
biocellatus (Pomacentrus),

25.
bivittatus (Labrus), 164.
bivittatus (Platyglossus),

164.
Blaastaal, 74.
Black-fish, 88.
blacodes (Genypterus),379.
blacodes (Ophidium), 379.
blaneodes (Opliidium),380.
Bla-Tobis, 385.
Bleekeria, 387.
Blege. 334.
blemiioides (Batrachoce-

phalus), 368.
bleunioides(Batrachoides),

368.
blennioides (Gadiculus),

341.
blennioides (Gadus), 341.
blennioides (Phycis). 351.
blennoides (Gradus). 352,

355.
blennoides (Phycis). 352.
blochii (BodianiLs); 108.
blochii (Cheihnus). 138.
blochii (Jidis), 180.
blocliii (Plagusia), 492.
blochii (Scarus), 220.
bodiaiius (Bodianus). 108.
bodiauus (Cossvplius), 108.
Bolty, 267.

bonang (Glyphidodon), 45.
boraborensis (Fierasfer),

3.81.
borbonicus (Odax). 242.
borealis (Molvella), 365.
borealis (Pleuronectos), -HO
Boreogadus, 328. 33(!.
borneensis (.Vrelia). 498.
borneensis (Cynoglossus).

498.

borneensis (PlagusiaV 49S.

boryanns (Ci-enilabrus). 7'.l.

boscii (ArnogloMus"). 416.

2l

514

.ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

hoscii(Hippoglossus),416.
boscii (Pleuronectes), 416.
boscii (Ehombus), 416.
Botai'issas, 359.
bothrvooosmus (Labrich-

thy's), 114.
botlirrocosmus (Labrus).

114.

Bottatriw, 359.
brachialis (Pomacentrus),

16.
bracliiaUs (Scarus), 208.
brachio (Sparus), 172.
Bracliypleura, 419.
Brachyprosopou, 438.
brachyrhynchus (Arelia),

499.
brachyrhynchus (Cyno-

glossus), 499.
brachyrhynchus (Plagu-

sia), 499.
brachysoma (Callyodon),

215.
brama (Coricus), 86.
brandesii (Oxybeles), 382.
brasilianus (Gerres), 253.
brasiliense (Opliidium),

378.
brasiliensis (Acara), 278.
brasiliensis (Chromis),

278.
brasihensis (Cichla), 306.
brasilieusis (Labrus), 164.
brasiliensis (Perca), 306.
brasiliensis (Phycis), 354.
brasiliensis (Plagusia),

490.
brasiliensis (Solea), 462.
Bregmac«ros, 3(i8.
brevibarbe (Ophidium),

379.
breviceps (Glyphidodon),

42.
brevipinne(Ditrema), 248.
brevis (Cyuoglossus), 500.
breviuscula (Lota), 350.
breviusculus (Pseudophy-

cis), 350.
Brill, 410.

britannus (Sparus), 261.
brosme (Brosmius), 369.
brosme (Enchelyopus),

369.
brosme (Gadus), 369.
brosmiana (Lota), 360.
Brosmius, 369.
Brosmophycis, 374.
Brotella, 373.
Brotula, ."71.
Brotulina. 371.
Brolulopliis. 376.

broussouetii (Opliidium),

377.
brownii (Solea), 477.
brovniriggii, 52.
brunneus (Chaetobran-

ehus), 310.
briinnicliii (Crenilabr.), 79
briinuieliii (Lutjanus), 79.
Buglossus, 462, 463.
Bulti, 267.
burboneusis (Brotula),

372.
Bm-bot, 359.

biu-gall (Ctenolabrus), 90.
buvgaU (Labrus), 90.
Butt, 450.
Byrkelange, 3(52.
Bythites, 375.

Cabeljau, 328.
Cacatoe-eapitano, 228.
crerulea (Coryph8ena),227.
cferulea (Novacula), 227.
coerulea (Tautoga), 88.
ca^ruleo-aureus (Harpe),

108.
cferuleomaculata (Duy-

mseria), 122.
CKruleo-pmictatus

(Anampses), 135.
caeruleopuuctatus (Scar-

ichthys), 213.
ca3ruleopunctatu3 (Sca-
rus), 213.
cseruleovittata (Giin-

theria), 146.
Cferuleovittatus (JuUs),

146.
ecerulescens (Scarus), 217.
e;eruleus(Crenilabrus) ,80.
cwruleus (Ctenolabrus),

90.
caruleuB (Gomphosus),

192.
casruleus (Heliases), 63.
C£eruleu6 (Heliastes), 62.
cseruleus (Labrus), 74.
cseruleus (Pomacentrus),

23.
cseruleus (Pseudoscarus),

227.
cseruleus (Scarus), 227.
californica(Morrhua),332.
californicus (Gadus), 332.
caUfornicus (Hippoglos-

sus), 426.
californicus (Pseudo-
rhombus), 426.
callarias (Gadus), 328,

329, 331.
callarias (Morrhua), 329.

Calloptilum, 368.
Callyodon, 213.
Callyodontichthys, 216.
canariensis (Asellui),342.
canariensis (Scarus), 209.
candidissimus(Ehombus),

407.
caninus(CrenLIabrus),lll.
caninus (Fierasfer), 383.
caninus (Laclmolaimus),

87. _
cautori (Plagusia), 502.
cantori (Pseudoscarus),

223.
cantori (TruUa), 503.
Cantoria, 492.
cantoris (Cvnoglossus),

502.
canus (Pleuronectes), 481.
capelanus (Gadus), 335.
capelanus (Morua), 335.
capensis (Cynoglossus),

503.
capensis (Genypterus),

379.
capensis(IIeteromycteris),

462.
capensis (MoteUa), 366.
capensis (Trulla), 503.
capensis (Xiphiurus), 379.
capistratoides (Pseudo-
scarus), 239.
capistratoides (Scarus),

239.
capistratus (Crenilabrus),

82.
capistratus (Labrus), 82.
capistratus (Scarus), 217,

236.
capitaneus (Pseudosca-
rus), 228.
capitanus (Scarus), 228.
carbonarius (Gadus), 339.
carbouarius (Merlangus),

340.
cardina (Rhombus), 412.
carneus (Labrus), 75.
carolinus(Callyodon),214.
Carreau, 440.
Carrelet, 440.
Carter, 412.
cariidse (Sparus), 89.
caryi (Ditrema), 247.
caryi (Embiotoca), 247.
caryi (Hypsiu-us), 247.
cassidii (Embiotoca), 245.
castanea (Chromis), 60.
castancuB (Heliases), 60.
castm-i (Julis), 140.
casm-us (Plem'onectes),

41.5.

alphahetical index.

515

catesboei (Scarus), 210.
cateabyi (Scaru3),210, 508.
CatocliKnum, 252.
caudalis (Julis), l(i6, 191.
eaudalis (Platyglossus).

im.

caudimaeula (Coris), 205.
caiidimacula (Heinicoris),

205.
caudimaeula (Julis), 200,

205.
caudofasciatus (Pseudo-

scarus), 238.
celebica (Novacula), 178.
celebicus (ClieUinus), 133.
eelebieus (Hemipterono-

tus), 178.
colebicus (Julis), 181.
celebicus (Pseudoscarus),

237.
celebicus (Scarus), 237.
celidota (Labrichthys),

celidotus (Labrus), 113.
centiquadrus (Hemitau-

toga), 147.
centiquadrus (Labrus),

147.
Centrolabrus, 92.
cepediauus (Gompliosus),

193.
cephalotenia (Novacula),

172.
Cepolopliis, 323.
ceramensis (Cheilinus),

127.
ceratoplirys (Arelia),

502.
ceylonieus (Julis), 158.
cejlonicus (Labrus), ISO.
ceylonieus (Platyglossus),

158.
chabrolii (Crenilabrus),

104.
chadri (Scarus), 228.
Chretobranchus. 309.
clialcogranimus (Gadus).

340.
Cheilinoides. 12.3.
Cheilinus, 125.
Chcilio, 194.
chilensis (Conger), 380.
chilensis (Glenvptenis),

;380.
chinensis (Platessa), 400.
cliloria (Pscudoscarus),

227.
chloris (Scarus), 227.
chlorodon (Pseudosca-

rus). 237.
clilorodon (Scaru^^). 237.

chlorodus (Labrus), 94.
chlorolepis (Callyodon),

chloropterus (Ilaliclioc-

res), 144, 507.
cliloropterus (Labrus),

144.
chloropterus (Platyglos-

sus), 144, 507.
clilorosoclirus (Crenila-
brus), 77.
chlorurus (Cheilinus).

128.
chlorurus (Sparus), 128.
ChoerojuUs, 143.
Choeropina, 93.
Choerops. 93.
chogset (Ctenolabrus), 90.
chogset (Labrus). 90.
Cliromichthys, 274.
Cliromides, 2(>4.
Cliromis, 00, 207.
chromis (Chromis), 60.
chromis (Heliastes), GO.
chromis (Sparus), 60.
clu-ysargurus (Amphi-

prion). 5.
chrysogaster (Amphi-

prion), 6.
elu-ysoplirus (Crenila-
brus), 77.
chr vsopoecil us ( Pomac^u -

trus). 20.
chrysopoiiia (Pscudo-
scarus), 221.
chrysopomus (Scarus),

221.
chrysoptera (Platessa),

424.
clu-ysopterus (Amphi-

prion), 8.
clirysopterus (Scarus),

211.
clirysotjEnia (Halichoeres),

154.
clu-ysotaenia (Platyglos-

sus). 154.
clirysiu-us (Ch.T>todon),2t).
chrysurus (Glypliidodon).

57.
clirysurus (Pomacentrus),

29.
Cliuss, 353.
cicatricosus (Pleiironcc-

tes). 438.
Cielda, 303.
Ciliata, 363.
cinibria (Motella), 3G7.
cinihrica (Mutella). 'MJ-
oimbricus (Enchel.), 1367.
cimbrius (Qadus), 367.

cincta (Juhs). 163.
cinctus (Platvglossus),

163.
cinerascens (Heliastc8),6 1 .
cinerascens (Synaptura),

482.
cinerea (Solea), 462.
ciuereus (Ctenolabrus),

SS.
cinereus (Labrus), 83, 88.
cinereus (Lutjanus). 83.
cingulata (Julis). 186.
cinguhmi (Coris). 203.
cingulum (Julis), 203.
cingulum (Labrus), 203.
cinnamomeus (Pseudo-
rhombus), 427.
cinnamomeus (Rhombus ),

427.
circumnotatus (Scarus),

217.
Cii'rhilabrus, 123.
Citliarichthys. 420.
Citharus, 418.
cithariis (Hippogl.), 418.
citharus (Pleiu-onectes),

418.
clarkii (Ampliiprion), 5.
clarkii (Anthias), 5.
C'lepticus, HI.
Clidoderma, 438.
Coal-fish, 339.
coceineus (Cheilinus),

131, 132.
coceineus (Sparus). 209.
cocosensis (Rhombus),

423. 438.
Cod (Five-bearded), 365.
Cod (Frost), 331.
Cod (Green), 339.
Cod (Three-bearded), 365.
Codfish, 328.
Codfish (American). 331.
coelestina (Scarus), 217.
ccelestinus (GIyphid.),38.
coelestinus (Glvpiiisodon),

38.
ocDlorhvnchus (Lcpidole-

pru.i"). 392.
coelorhynchus (Macru-

rus)" 392.
coeno.sa (Paroplirys).456.
coenosus ( Pleuron icl it liys ),

456.
cognatus (Acara), 282.
Colfish. 339.
coUaa (Gad us), 336.
Colin. 3:19.
cilinus (Oadu.')), 340.
collana ( I'scudoscar.). 230.
collan.n (.Scarus). 230.
2l2

516

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

coUaris (Scarus), 230.
comber (Labrus), 71.
commersoni (Jiilis), 183,

508.
commersoniana (Solea).

483.
commersoniana (Syna-

ptura), 483.
commersonianus (Pleuro-

nectes), 483.
commersonii (Clieilinus),

131.
communis (Lota), 360.
comjjvessa (Lota), 360.
coneolor (Buschistodus),

37.
coneolor (Glyphid.), 37.
Congrio, 380.
Congrogadina, 388.
Congi-ogadus, 388.
conibos (Cichla), 305.
conspersiis (Arnogl.). 416.
conspersus (Pleuronectes),

416.
Cook, 74.
Coptodon, 273.
coquus (Labrus), 75.
Coracinus, 2, 3.
corbis (Jiilis), 147.
corbis (Platyglossus), 147.
Coricus, 77.
Coridodax, 243.
Coris, 195.
coris (Julis), 201.
Corkwing, 81.
cornubieus (Crenilabr.),81
cornubiensis (Labrus),

70.
cornubius (Labrus), 81.
cornuta (iEsopia), 487. ,
cornuta (Paroplirys), 455.-
cornuta (Platessa), 455.
cornuta (Solea), 487.
cornutus (Heteroproso-

pon), 455.
coruchi (Etroplus), 266.
Coryphajnoides, 395.
coryphsenoides (Heros),

296.
coryphiBus (Heros), 293.
Cossyphus, 10?.
cottie (Crenilabrus), 83.
cottiE (Lutjanus), 83.
Coucliia, 363.
couchii (Acantholabrus),

92.
couchii (Crenilabrus), 81.
Craig-Pluke, 449.
Crassilabrus, 125.
crassipinnis (Acara), 303.
crassus (Labrus), 74.

Crenicichla, 305.
Crenilabrus, 77-
cretensis (Labrus), 179,

209.
cretensis (Scarus), 209,

216.
cristatus (Pleuronectes),

410.
cristatus (Rhombus), 407.
cristatus (Samaris), 420.
croicensis (Scarus), 226.
crotaphus (Julis), 163.
crotaphus (Platyglossus),

163.
crueutatus (Scarus), 217.
crusma (Heliastes), 61.
Ctenolabridte, 2.
Ctcnolabrus, 88.
cultrata (Novacula), 169.
cultratus (Xyrichthys),

170.
cupido (Geophagus), 311.
cupido (Julis), 181.
cupido (Mesops), 311.
cara9ao (Chtetodon), 42.
curassao (Glypliisodon),

42.
cuvieri (Anampses), 136.
cuvieri (Coris), 199.
cuvieri (Halichceres). 144.
cuvieri (Julis), 144, 199.
cyanea (Furcaria). 64.
cyanescens (Scarus), 217.
cyaneus (Heliastes), 64.
cyanifrons (Novacula),

■ 171.

cyanifrons (Xyrichthys),

171.
cyanochloris (Cheiho),

195.
cyanodon (Choerops), 96.
cyanodus (Labrus), 96.
cyanodus(Lachnolaimus),

96.
cyanogaster (Julis), 187.
cyanognathus (Pseudo-

scarus), 234.
cyanognathus (Scarus),

234.
cyanogramma (Julis),

206.
cyanoguttatus (Herich-

thys), 290.
cyanoguttatus (Heros),

290.
oyanomelas (Olistherops ),
' 243.
cyanomus ( Pomacentrus) .

21.
cyanopleura (Cheilinoi-

■ des). 124.

cyanopleura (Cirrhila-
brus), 124.

cyanoplem-a (Leptqjulis),
167.

cyanospilos (Pomacen-
trus), 30.

cyanospilus (Pomacen-
trus), 30.

cyanostigma (Jidis), 161.

cyanostigma (Platyglos-
sus), 161.

cyanostigma (Pomacen-
trus), 22.

cyanostigma (Pristotis),
22.

cyanostolus (Cossyphus),
95.

cyanotaenia (Labrichthys),
116.

cyanotrenia (Pseudosca-
' rus), 239.

cyanotffinia (Scarus), 239.

cyanurus (Dascyllus), 15.

cyanurus (Scarus), 217.

Cychlasoma, 277, 280.

CyclolabridiB, 65.

Cyclops (Pleuronectes),
408.

Cymatogaster, 245.

Cymolutes, 207.

cynoglossa (Icania), 504.

cynoglossa (Plagusia),
' 504.

Cynoglossus, 492.

cyuoglossus (Achirus),
504.

cynoglossus (Pleuronec-
tes), 448, 449, 450.

Dab (Common), 446.
Dab (Eough), 405.
dasmon (Geophagus),313.
daemon (Satanoperca),

313.
dalwigkii (Pliysiculus),

348.
DamaUchthys, 245.
darwinii (Cossyphus),

100.
darwinii (Trochocopus),

100.
Dascyllus, 11.
dea (Novacu.la), 175.
dea (Xyrichthys), 175.
dccacantlius (Clieilinus),

128.
declivifrons (Euscliis-

todus), 38.
declivifrons (Glyphido-

don), 38.
Decodon, 101.

ALPnAIiETICAL INDEX.

517

decussatiis (Julia), 147.
decusaatus (Spams), 147.
dekayi (Phycis), 351.
Demoiselle, 35.
denegatus (Pomacentrus),

57.
dentata (Platessa), 406.
dentata (Pleiironectes),

406.
dentatus (Fierasfer), 383.
dentatus (Hippoglos-

soides), 406.
dentatus (Lueifuga), 373.
dentatus (Pleuronectes),

425.
dentatus (Pseudorhom-

bus), 425.
dentex (Hippoglossus),

402.
denticidatus (Coryphas-

noides), 396.
denticulatus (Macrou-

rus), 396.
denticulatus ( Searus), 228 .
dentiens (Searus), 213.
deppii (Heros), 296.
desfontainu(Labru8),274.
detersor (Julis), 186.
diacanthus (Holocentrus),

23.
diadema (Acara), 277.
diadema (Scanis), 226.
diadematus (Anampses),

137.
diagi-amma (Cheilinus),

131.
diagramma (Labrus), 131.
diana (Gossyph.),104, 506.
diana (Labrus), 104.
diaphanus (Pleuronectes),

415.
Diaphasia, 381.
Diapterus, 252.
dickii (Glyphidodon), 34.
dieschisnieiiacanthoides,

149.
diescbismenacanthus, 149.
digrammus (Pleuronec-
tes), 445.
dimerus (Acara), 281.
dimidiatus (Cossyphus),

119.
dimidiatus (Jidis), 164.
dimidiatus (Labroides),

119.
dimidiatus (Pseudosca-

rus), 221.
dimidiatus (Searus), 221.
Dinematichthys, 374.
diplota'uia (Cossvpbus),

110.

diplotivnia (Harpe), 110.
Diproctacanthus, 1 18.
diptcrygia(Plagusia), 491.
discus (Symphysodon),

316.
dispar (Glyphidodon), 53.
dispar (Labrus), 74.
distinctus (Searus), 217.
Ditrema, 245.
doliatus (Jidis), 202.
doliatus (Labrus), 202.
Doncella, 164.
donovani (Crenilabrus),
• 81.

donovani (Labrus), 71.
Doratonotus, 124.
dorsalis (Glypliidodon),50
dorsalis (Hypsypops), 50.
dorsalis (Julis), 179, 190.
dorsalis (Pomacentrus),

29.
Dorsch, 328.
dorsigera (Acara), 280.
Dovetail-fish, 37.
dringii (Julis), 509.
drummondii (Echiodon),

383.
dubius (Ammodytes),

387.
dubius (Pseudoscarus),

229.
dubius (Searus), 229.
dumerilii (Apionichthys),

490.
dumerilii (Platasoides),

316.
duperrei (Julis), 180.
dussumieri (Julis), 144.
dussimiieri(Platyglossus),

143.
dussumieri (Pseudosca-
rus), 224.
dussumieri (Searus), 224.
dux (Lachnolaimus), 87.
Duymoeria, 120, 507.
dvinensis (Platessa), 442.
dvinensis (Pleuronectes),

442.

Echiodon, 381.
eclaneheri (Cossyphus),

108.
Eel-pout, 359.
efaseiatus (Heros), 294.
elegans (Julis), 14().
ellipticus (Cj-matogaster).

250.
ellipticus (Pleuronectes),

434.
ellipticus (Rhomboidich-

thys), 434.

elongata (Coris), 201.
elongata (Lutta"), 362.
elongata (Molva). '■i(>2.
elongata (Platossa), 450.
elongatus(Chroniichthy8),

274.
elongatus (Cjnoglossus),

501.
elongatus (Gadus), 362.
elongatus (Pleuronectes),

450.
emamo (Pomacentrus),28
emarginatus (Pomacen-
trus), 16.
Embiotoca, 245.
Embiotocida', 244.
Encheliophis, 384.
Enchelyopus, 351, 385.
Engyprosopon, 431.
enneaeanthus (Crenila-
brus), 12.3.
enneaeanthus (Duvma'-

ria), 123.
enneaeanthus (Labrus),

129.
enneaeanthus (Searus).

228.
Enniehtliys, 245.
ensifer (Sargus), 11.
ensiformis (Brotida), 372.
ensis (Motella), 366.
eothinus (Labrus), 114.
ephippium ( Amphiprion ),

10.
ephippium (Labrus), 112.
epluppium(Lutjanus), 10.
Epibulus, 134.
Epicopus, 346.
equula (Gerres), 262.
erumei, 402.

er^-throdon (Searus), 232.
erjihrogaster (Julis), 187.
errthropterus (Julis) . 195.
erythrura (Ciehla), 261.
erythrurus (Spariis), 261.
esculentus (Merluceius),

345.
esmarkii (Gadus), 337.
Etroplus, 2(55.
Eucinostomus, 256.
Euryglosa, 480.
Eurvi^leiu-a, 480.
Euschistodus, 34.
cuxinus (Gadus), 333.
eximius (Ilalicha'res),

147.
exolotus (.4cantholabru8),

93.
exoletus (Centrolabrus),

92.
cxoletu3(Crenilabrus), 91.

518

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

exoletus (Labrua), 75, 92.
exornatus (Julis), 144.
eydouxii ( JuHs), 205.

fabricii (Gradus), 336.
fabricii (Macrourus), 390.
facetus (Chromis), 290.
facetus (Heros), 290.
falcatus (Labrus), 87.
falcatiis (Lachnolaimus),

87.
falcatus (Sparus), 108.
fallax (Glyphidodon), 55.
fasoiata (Chromys), 285.
fasciata (Tautoga), 138.
fasciatus (Acliirus), 476.
fasciatus (Olieilinus), 129,

130.
fasciatus (Gymnachinis),

488.
fasciatus (Hemichromis),

274.
fasciatus (Hemigymnus),

138.
fasciatus( Hologjrmnosus) ,

202.
fasciatus (Labrus), 138.
fasciatus (Mullus), 138.
fasciatus (Mytilophagus),

251.
fasciatus (Pleuronectes),

469, 484.
fasciatus (Pomacentrus),

19.
fasciatus (Scarus), 222.
faaciatus (Sparus), 38,

129.
feldmanni (Arelia), 494.
feldmanni (Cynoglossus),

494.
feldmanni (Plagusia),494.
fenestrata (Chromis), 286.
fenestratus (Heros), 286.
ferruginea (Platessa), 447.
ferruginous (Pleuronec-
tes), 447.
ferruginevis (Searns), 217.
festiva (Julis), 196.
festivus (Cbeilinus), 129.
festivus (Heros), 300.
festivus (Labrus), 72.
festivus (Scarus), 217.
Fierasfer, 381.
flerasfer (Ophidium), 381 .
Piorasferina, 381.
filamentosa (Duymeeria),

122.
Blamentosum (Catocliae-

num), 261.
filamentosus (Cossyphus).

122.

filamentosus (Gerres),

261.
filamentosus (Labrus),

276.
fimbria (Gadus), 344.
fimbriata (Solea), 477.
fimbriatus (Iluocoetes),

323.
fimbriatus (Lycodes), 323.
finlaysoni (Julis), 140.
flagellifer (Ctenolabrus),

121.
flagellifera (Duymteria),

121.
flavescens (Brosmius),

369.
flavescens (Callyodon),

213.
flavescens (Chaetobran-

chus), 310.
flavescens (Scarus), 213,

216.
flavilatus (Pomacentrus),

27.
flavo-marginatus (Scarus),

217.
flavosquamis (Plagiusa),

492.
flavovittata (Coris), 205.
flavovittatus (Julis), 205.
flesus (Platessa), 460.
flesus (Pleuronectes), 450.
Flet, 450.
Fletan, 403.
florulentus (Glyphido-

don), 49.
Flounder, 450.
Flunder, 450.
fluviatiUs (Lota), 360.
foUacea (Solea), 481.
foliacea (Synaptiu-a), 481.
fonsecensis (Solea), 475.
fontanesii ( Fierasfer), 38 1 .
fontanesii (Notopterus),

381.
formosa (Coris), 200,201.
formosus (Julis), 187,

200.
formosus (Labrus), 75,

201.
formosus (Scarus), 217.
foi-mosus (Sparus), 75.
forskalii (Cheilio), 195.
forsteni (Pseudoscarus),

230.
forsteri (Scarus), 217.
frasnatus (Crenilabrus),

83.
franklinii (Pleuronectes),

442.
frenata (Crenicichla), 308

frenatus (Ampliiprion), 9.
frenatus (Crenilabrus), 83.
frenatus (Heliases), 63.
frenatus (HeUastes), 62.
frenatus (Labrus), 83.
frenatus (Odax), 241.
frenatus (Pseudoscarus),

220 221.
frenatus (Scarus), 220.
friedrichstlialii (Heros),

294.
frondosus (Scarus), 210.
frontalis (Scarus), 217.
fucicola (Labrus), 112.
fuliginosa (Lotella), 347.
fuliginosus (Gadus), 368.
fuUginosus (Holconotus),

245.
fuliginosus (Labrus), 138.
funebris (Crenicichla),

306.
Furcaria, 60.

fui'catum (Ditrema), 247.
fiu"catus (Phanerodon),

247.
furcatus (Phycis), 352,

353.
fusca (Onos), 365.
fusca (Phycis), 368.
fusca (Tautoga), 88.
fusciventer(Amphiprion),

6.
fusco-maculata (Acara),

282.
fusco-maeulatus (Clvro-

mis), 282.
fuscus (Blennius), 367.
fuscus (Bytliites), 375.
fuscus (Cheilio), 195.
fuscus (CrenEabrus), 83.
fuscus (Gadus), 365.
fuscus (Gomphosus), 193.
fuscus (Labrus), 83, 172,

187.
fuscus (Pomacentrus), 31 .
fuscus (Pristotis), 32.
fuscus (Eaniceps), 368.
fusiformis (Labrus), 195.

Gadella, 349.
Gadiculus, 341.
Gadidfe, 326.
Gadoidei, 326.
gadoides (Blennius), 352.
Gadopsidae, 318.
Gadopsis, 318.
Gadus, 327.
gaimardi (Coris), 200.
gaimardi (Julis), 200.
galilffius (Chromis), 273.
galilscus (Sparus). 273.

ALPnABETICAL INDEX.

519

Gallenay castoiiri, 141.

galliis (Labriis), 180.
gallus (Osphroneraus),

180.
gallus (Scariis), 180.
garnoti (Julis), 162.
garnoti (Platyglossus),

102.
gayi (Labrichthys), 115.
gayi (Labrus), 115.
gayi (Merluccius), 340.
gayi (Merlus), 340.
genistriatiis ^Callyodon),

215.
genivittata (Julis), 183,508
genizarra (Clepticus), 1 12.
Genypterus, 379.
geoli'roi (Crenilabrus), 78.
geoffroyii (Julis), 145.
geoflVoyii (Macropharyu-

godon), 145.
geoffroyii (Platyglossus),

145.
geoffroyius (Lutjanus),78.
geograpliicus (Anampses),

137.
Geophagus, 31 1,312,315.
georgii (Scarus), 187.
Gerres, 252.
GerridoB, 252.
gesneri (Ehombus), 432.
ghobban (Pseudoscarus),

230.
ghobban (Scarus), 230.
gibbifrons (Julis). 201.
gibbonsi (Holcotiotus),

247.
gibbus (Crenilabrus), 81.
gibbus (Labrus), 81.
gibbus (Pseudoscarus),

240.
gibbus (Scarus), 240.
gigas (Gerres), 202.
gigas (Glyphisodon), 42.
gilliaiuis (Julis), 143.
giofredi (Coris), 197.
giofredi (Julis), 197.
giofredi (Labrus), 197.
girardi (Julis), 108.
girardi (I'seudojulis), 108.
glabra (Platessa), 452.
glaeiaUs (Pleuronectes),

438, 442.
glauca (Ciliata), 363.
glauca (Concilia), 303.
glauca (Moteila), 363.
glaucus (Glypliidodon),34
globieeps ( Pseudoscarus),

224.
globiceps (Scarus), 224.
Glypliidodon. 34.

Glypliisodon, 34, 67.
Glyptocephalus, 438.
gmelini (Batrachoides),

351.
godmanni (Ileros), 290.
Goldsinny, 81.
Goldsinny (Jago's), 89.
Gompliosus, 192.
goniographicus (Hippo-

glossus), 401.
gouldii (Cossyphus), 111.
goiddii (Labrus), 111.
gouldii (Lachnolaiilius),

111.
gracilis (Fierasfer), 382.
gracilis (Gadella), 349.
gracilis (Gadus), 327.
gracilis (Oxybeles), 382.
gi-aeUsi (Ophidium), 370.
grammica (Plagiusa), 492.
Grammichthys, 402.
grandisquama(Ehomboid'

ichthys), 437.
grandisquama(Ehombus),

437.
grandisquamis(Cynoglos-

sus), 503.
grandisquamis (Plagusia),

503.
grandisquamis (Trulla),

503.
greenoughii (Coris), 204.
green ovii (Julis), 204.
Grillus, 377.
gi'iseus (Crenilabrus), 83.
griseus (Labrus), 83.
groenlandicus (Hippoglos-

sus), 404.
grohmanni ( Amogloesus),

417.
grolimanm( Pleuronectes) ,

417.
gronovii (Acara), 277.
gronovii (Solea), 472.
gros yeux (Pomacentre),

15.
guacamaia, 233.
guineensis (Chromis) , 271 .

510.
guineensis (Haligenes),

271.
guineensis (Hemirhom-

bus), 423.
gula (Gerres), 255.
ginitiieri (Julis), 189.
giintheri (Labrichlbvs),

507.
giintheri (Pseudolabrus),

507.
Guntherin, 14."?.
guttatus (Chcilinus). 128.

guttatus ( Ilalichoeres), 156.

guttatus (Haliophis), 389.

guttatus (Hemichromis),
275.

guttatus (Labrus), 82, 155.

guttatus (Platygl.), 155.

guttatus (Scarus), 223.

guttulata (Solea), 477.

guttulatus (Aseraggodes),
477.

guttulatus (Pleiu-oncctes),
445.

guttulatus (Pleuronich-
thys), 445.

Gymnacliirus, 488.

Gymnelis, 323.

gymuogeuis (Labrich-
thys), 117, 507.

gymnognathus (Pseudo-
scarus), 239.

gymnognathus (Scarus),
239.

gymnopoma (Acara), 278.

Haddock, 332.
Hadoek, 332.
Hake, 344.
Hake (Forked), 352.
Hake (Least), 307.
Hake (Trifureated), 367.
Halargyreus, 342.
Halias, 374.
Halichoeres. 143.
Haligenes, 267.
HaUopliis, 389.
Hillleflundra, 403.
Ilaloiiorphyrus, 357.
hamiltonii (Cyuogl.), 504,
hardwickii (Julis), 180.
hardwickii (Sparus), 190.
harid (Pseudoscarus). 220.
harid (Scai-us). 220,223.
haridoides (Scarus), 223.
harloflli (Julis), 152.
Harpc, 102.

hartzfeldii (Achirus), 471.
hartzfeldii (llalich.), 157.
hurlzfcldii (Jidis). 157.
hartzfeldii (Platyglossus),

157.
hartzfeldii (Solea), 471.
hassek (Lfibrus), 194.
hebraica (Jidis), 180, 508.
hebraicus (Labrus), 179,

180.
iieckelii (Acara), 279.
heermanni (.Inipliisti-

chus), 251.
heermnnni (Eunichthvs),

2.-.I.
lleilbulto, 403.

520

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Heliases, 60.
Heliastes, 60.
Helleflynder, 403.
Hemichromia, 27-t.
hemiclirysos(Cheilio),195.
Hemigymnus, 138.
Hemipteronotus, 169.
Hemirhombus, 422.
hemispliKrium (Sparua),

172.
Hemitautoga, 143.
Herichthys, 285.
Heros, 285.
hertit (Scarus), 230.
heterolepis (Synaptura),

482.
Heteromycteris, 462.
heterophthalmus (Ehom-

bus), 432.
Heteroprosopon, 454.
heteroptera (Coris), 206.
heteropterus (Julis). 206.
heteropterus (Pseudoco-

ris), 206.
heterorhiiia (Solea), 466.
heterorhinos (Solea), 466.
heterorhinos (Soleich-

thys), 466.
Heterosomata, 399.
heudelotii, 270.
hexapterus (Ammodytes),

385.
hexatania (Cheilinus),

134.
liexatenia (Pseudoeheili-

nus), 134.
hexoplitlia Lma( Solea) ,465.
Hippoglossoides, 405.
Hippoglossus, 402.
hippoglossus (Pleuronec-

tes), 403, 404.
liirsutus (Labrus), 104.
hii'tus (Pleuroiiectes), 413.
hii-tus (Ehombus), 413.
liirtus (Zeugopterus), 413.
hoedtii (Novacula), 173.
hoevenii (Cheilinus), 133.
hcevenii (Halichoeres),153.
hoevenii (Platyglossus),

153, 154.
hogoleuensis (Pomacen-

trus), 32.
llolconoti, 244.
Holconotus, 245.
Holibut, 403.
holocyanosus (Spams),

227.
Hologymnosus, 195.
Ilomalopoma, 338.
hornei (Ficrasfer), 382.
homei (Oxybclcs). 382.

Hoplarchus, 285, 291.
Hoplophycis, 379.
horsfieldii (Jidis), 143.
hortulanus (Julis), 147.
hortulauus (Labrus), 147.
hortulanus (Platyglossus),

147.
humeralis (Julis), 165.
humeraUs (Platyglossus),

165.
humeralis (Scarus), 217.
humilis (Solea), 471.
huntia (Molva), 360.
Hvitliug. 334.
Hvit-Tobis, 384.
Hygrogonus, 303.
Hyperoplus, 384.
Hyperprosopon, 245.
hypselopterus (Pseudo-

scarus), 224.
hypselopterus (Scarus),

224.
hypselosoma (Callyodou),

215.
Hypsigenys, 93.
Hypsiptera, 362.
Hypsypops, 34, 57.
hyrtelii (Platyglossus),

149.
hyrtlii (Halichoeres), 149.
hyi-tlii (Julis), 149.
Hysterocarpus, 251.

Icania, 492.
iluocoeteoides, 374.
Iluocoetes. 321.
imberbe (Oj)liidium), 325.
imberbis (Brotella). 373.
imberbis (Brotula), 373.
imberbis (Fierasfer), 381.
imberbis (Gymnelis), 325.
imberbis (Sirembo). 373.
imbricatus (Acanthola-

brus), 91.
imbricatus (Stegastes), 56.
immacidata (Novacula),

168.
impar (Solea), 468.
indica (Solea), 474.
inermis (Cheilio), 194.
inermis (Labrus), 194.
Iiiiistius, 169.
iuomata (Lota), 360.
inscripta (Labrichthys),

115.
inscripta (Solea), 473.
inscripta (Tautoga), 115.
inscriptus (Acliirus), 473.
inscriplus (Labrus), 115.
insidiator(Epibulus), 13.5.
insidiator (Sparus), 135.

insignia (Heros), 300.
insignis (Mesonauta), 300.
insignitus (Coracinus), 10.
insolatus (Heliastes), 61.
insula; s. crucis (Scarus),

226.
intermedins (Amphipr.),4
intermedius (Crenila-

brus), 77.
intermedius (Heros), 298.
interuasalis (Julis), 164.
internasalis (Platj'glos-

sus), 164.
interorbitalis (Pomacen-

trus), 30.
interrupta (Julis), 142.
interrupta (Stethojidis),

142.
iris (Ctenolabrus), 90.
iris (Labrus), 112.
irregularis (Theraps), 284.
Isa, 332.
Isskadda, 405.
italicus (Plem-onectes),

452.

jacksoni (Ditrema). 245.

509.
jacksoni (Embiotoca). 245.
jago (Raniceps), 368.
jagonensis (Labrus), 69.
jansenii (Julis), 187.
janthochir (Pseudosca-

rus). 234.
janthochir (Scarus), 234.
japouica (jEsopia), 485.
japonica (Duymicria), 121.
japoniea (Plagusia), 492.
japonica (Solea). 471.
japoniea (Synaptiu'a),485.
japonicus (Achu-us), 471.
japouieus(Amphiprion),5.
japonicus (Ateleopus),

398.
japonicus (CaUyodon),

215.
japonicus (Clicerops), 96.
j aponicus ( Cossy phus) .86.
japonicus (Gerres), 260.
japonicus (Labrus). 96.
japonicus (Macrurus),

385.
Jaqueta, 35.
javanica (Arelia), 500.
javanica (Novacula), 170.
javanica (Plagusia). 500.
javanicus (Halichoeres),

145.
javanicus (Julis), 145.
javanicus (Platyglossus),

145.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

521

javanicus (Pseudorhom-

bus), 427.
javanicus (Pseudoscarus),

222.
javanicus (Ehombus),427.
javanicus (Scarus), 222.
jenynsii (Solea), 476.
Jerre potoo, 480.
Jerree potoo, 492.
jerreus (Solea), 480.
Johanna (Crenicichla),

306.
johnsonii (Halargyreus),

342.
josephi (Ophidium), 376.
jourdin (Lutjanus), 3.
jubatus (G-adus), 365.
Julidina, 1)8.

julioides (Novacula), 174.
JuUs, 179.
julis (Coris), 195.
juHs (Labrus), 196.
jurupari, 313.

Kabelja, 328.
kakaitsel, 266.
kallochroma (Julis), 159.
kallochroma (Platyglos-

sus), 159.
kallolepis (Bleekeria),

387.
kallopisos (Julis), 158.
kallosoma (Novacula),

176, 508.
kallosoma (Novaculich-

thys). 176, 508.
kalosoma (Stethojulis),

142.
kapas (Gterres), 259.
Karudse, 89.
katunko, 33.
kaupii (i\jelia), 497.
kaupii (Cynoglossus), 497.
kawarin, 152.
ketlitzii (Clieilinus), 134.
kingii (Hippoglossus),

399, 423.
kitt (Pleuronectes), 413.
kleinii (Rliombus), 464.
kleinii (Solea), 4G4.
knerii (Halichceres), 1,")0.
knerii (Platyglossus), 150.
kopsii (.\.relia), 493.
kopsii (Cynoglossus), 493.
kopsii (Plagusia), 493.
Kulmund. ',i3S.
Kummel, 345.

Laberdan, 328.
Labrastrum, 507.
Labriohthys. 112.
VOL. IV. .

Labridae, 65.
Labrina, 66, 69.
labrina (Ciclila), 308.
Labroides, 118.
Labrua, 69.
lacerta (Scarus), 229.
Lachnolaimu.s, 87.
lacrimosus (Scarus), 217.
lacrymans (Cheilinus),

132.
lacrymatus (Glvpliido-

don), 49.
lactea (Plagusia), 490.
lacteus (Ammopleui'ops),

490.
lacustris (Creniciclila),

308.
lacustris (Cycla), 308.
lacustris (Gadus), 360.
Livmonema, 356.
la^ve (Ditrema), 246.
l«vis (Macrourus), 397.
Irevis (Malacoceplialus),

397.
Levis (Pleuronectes), 410.
Isvis (Rhombus), 410.
Lake, 359.
lalandii (Hoplophycis),

379.
lamarckii (Coricus), 86.
lamarckii (Lutjanus), 86.
lamarrii (Julis), 192.
lanatus (Merluccius), 345.
lancea (Ammodytes), 385.
lanceolatus (Ammodytes),

384, 385.
Lange, 361.

lapidifera (Chromis), 276.
lapina (Crenilabrus), 78.
lapina (Labrus), 78.
lapina (Lutjanus), 78.
larkinsii (Cymatogaster),

250.
larvatus (Labrus), 75.
lascaris (Pleuronectes),

467.
lascaris (Solea), 467, 468.
laterale (Ditrema), 245.
lateralis (Chromis), 272.
lateralis (Embiotoca), 245.
lateralis (Scarus), 21 1.
lateralis (Ta^niotoca), 246.
lateralis (Tilapia), 272.
laterna (.Vruoglossus),

415.
laterna (Pleuronect<?8).

415.
laticlavius (Amphiprion),

3.
laticlavius (^Labriehthvs ',

115.507.

laticlavius (Labrus), 115.
latidens (Microstomus),

448.
latifrons (Pomacenlrus),

34.
latitans (Lycodes), 321.
latitans (Phucocoetes) ,32 1 .
latovittatus (Labroides),

119.
latovittatus (Labrus), 119.
latus (Chromis), 271.
latus (Plem-onectes), 442.
latus (Pseudoscarus), 232.
latus (Scarus). 232.
Launce, ."{84, 385.
lecluse (Xyrichthys), 207.
leelusii (Cymolutes), 207.
lenticulata (Crenicichla),

306.
lentiginosus (Rhombus),

424.
leopardinus (Rhomboid-

ichthys), 434.
leotardi (^Pleuronectes),

41.5.
leparensis (Halichceres),

156.
leparensis (Julis), 156.
leparensis (Platyglossus),

156.
Lepidap'.ois, 102.
Lepidion, 358.
lepidion (Gadus), 358.
lepidion (Haloporphy-

rus), 358.
lepidion (Lota), 358.
Lepidoleprus, 3U0.
Lepidorhombus, 407.
lepidota (Crenicichla),

308.
Lepidozygus, 15.
lepidurus (Heliastes), 63.
lepidus (Pseudoscarus).

224.
lepidus (Scarus), 224.
Icporina (Rhombosolea),

460.
leptocephalus (Merlan-

gus). 32S. _^
Leptojulis. 167.
Icscheuaultii (Julis), 146.
k'ssonii (JuUs). 179.
leucodesmus (Premnas),

10.
leucogaster (Glyphido-

don). 46.
leuconios (Hemigymiius),

139.
leucomos (Tautoga). 139.
leucopleura (Pomacen-
lrus). 19.

622

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

leucopoina (Glyphido-

don), 56.
leucorliyncha (Sjma-

ptura), 486.
leucorhynchus (Achi-

roides), 486.
leucorhynchus (Julis),

204.
leucosticta (Satanoperca),

314.
leucosticticus (Cossy-

phus), 103.
leucosticticus (Labrus),

103.
leueostictus (Geophagus),

314.
leueostictus (Pomacen-

trus), 31.
leucozona (Choerops). 95,

505.
leucozona (Crenilabrus),

95.
leucozona (Glyphidodon),

49.
leucxu'us (Labrus), 158.
Liachirus, 479.
lida, 498.
Lieu, 339.
Limanda, 438.
limanda (Hippoglos-

soides), 405.
limanda (Platessa), 446.
limanda (Pleuronectes),

446.
limandanus (Pleuronec-
tes), 405.
Limande, 446.
Limandelle, 447.
Limandelle (petite), 414.
limandoides (Hippoglos-

soides), 405.
limandoides (Platessa),

405.
limandoides (Pleuronec-
tes), 405.
limbatum (Catochsenum),

259.
limbatus (G^rres), 259.
limbatus (Glyphidodon),

57.
limbatus (Heliases), 60.
limbatus (Labrus), 73.
limbatus (Phycis), 354.
limbatus (Scarus), 233.
linckii (Lutjanus), 78.
lineata (Coryph.Tna), 171.
lineata (Embiotoca), 245.
lineata (Novacula), 171.
lineatus (Achirus), 476.
lineatus (Callvodon), 232.
lineatus (Cheilio). 242.

Hneatus (Gerres), 252.
lineatus (Grammiehtliys),

476.
lineatus (Labrus), 70, 75.
lineatus (Monochir), 473.
lineatus (Odax), 242.
lineatus (Pleuronectes),

472, 476.
lineatus (Smaris), 252.
lineatus (Xyrichthys),

17L
lineolata (Coris), 206.
lineolata (Julis), 206.
lineolata (Ophthalmo-

lepis), 206.
lineolatus (Anampses),

137.
lineolatus (Labrus), 69.
Ling, 361.

lingua (Arelia), 501.
lingua(Cynoglossus), 501.
lingua (Plagusia), 501.
Linguatula, 418.
linguatula (Citharus),

418.
linguatula (Pleuronectes),

405, 418, 447.
linguatulus(Monocliiru3),

470.
Linglie, 361.
lingula (Monochirus),

469.
lingula (Pleuronectes),

469.
lingula (Solea), 470.
lingula (Synaptura), 470.
lioderma (Pleuronectes),

410.
littoralis (Crenilabrus),

85.
littoralis (Pomacentrus),

32.
liturata (Solea), 462.
livens (Labrus), 73.
lividus (Cha?todon), 29.
lividus (Labrus), 73.
locaninus (Crenilabrus),

77.
longiceps (Scarus), 220.
longipes (Coris), 203.
longipes (Gadus), 3.").3.
longirostris (Gerres), 253.
longirostris (Labrus), 261.
lophotes ( Arnoglossus) ,

417.
loro (Scarus), 227.
Lota, 359.

lota (Enohelvopus), 359.
lota (Gadus), 359, 360.
lota (Molva), 360.
Lotella, 346.

Lotte. 359.

lub (Enchelyopus), 369.
lubb (Gadus), 369.
lucasana (Julis), 184.
lucidus (Gerres), 252.
Lucifuga, 372.
luctuosa (Solea), 462.
luculenta (Labrichthys),

11.3,116.
luculenta (Tautoga), 116.
luculentus (Labrus), 116.
lugubris (Crenieiclila),

306.
liunbricoides (Fierasfer),

384.
lumbricoides (Oxybeles),

384.
lunaris (Julis). 179, 180.
lunaris (Labrus), 180.
lunatus (Pleiu-onectes),

433.
lunatus (Rhomboidich-

thys), 433.
lunulatus (Cheilinus),

130.
lunulatus (Labrus), 130.
lunulatus (Scarus), 217.
luridus (Chaetodon), 56.
lm'idus(Glyphidodon),56.
lusca (Morrhua), 336.
luscus (Crenilabrus), 91.
luscus (Gadus), 335.
luscus (Labrus), 69, 92.
luscus (Platessa), 451 , 452.
luscus (Pleuronectes), 452.
lutea (Solea), 469.
lutescens (Jidis), 181.
luteus (Monocliirus), 469.
luteus (Pleuronectes),

469.
luteus (Rhombus), 469.
Lycodes, 319.
Lycodidw, 319.
Lysing, 344.

macclellandii (Bregma-

ceros), 368.
Machaerium, 388.
Mackerel Midge. 363.
macracanthus (Gerres),

261.
macrocentra (Tilapia),

267.
macrocephalus( Chromis) .

273.
macrocephalus (Gadus),

.330.
macrocephalus (Melano-

genes), 273.
macrocheilos (Pseudo-

scarus), 228.

ALPHABETICAL IXDKX.

523

macrooheilos (Sc-anis),

228.
macroehilus (Pseuelo-

scarus), 228.
macroeliir (Heliases), 62.
macrodon (Chcerops), 94,

60.').
macrodon(Cos8yphus),94.
maerodontus (Labriis),94.
macrogaster (Labrus), 41.
macrolepidota (Ai-elia),

49(3.
macrolepidota(Novacula),

174.
macrolepidota (Plagusia),

49G.
macrolepidotus (Bodi-

anus), 34.
niacrolepidotus (Cyno-

glossus), 496.
macrolepidotus (Grlyplii-

sodon), 34.
inacro'epidotus (Hippo-

glossus), 418.
macTolepidotus (Labrus),

174.
macrolepidotus (Macru-

rus), 395.
macrolepidotus (Novacu-

lichthys), 174.
macrolepidotus (Pleui'o-

nectes), 418, 422.
macrolepidotus (Xyi-icli-

tliy.s), 174.
macrolepis (Satanoperca),

314.
macrolepis (Synaiitura),

4,86.
Macropharyngodon, 143.
macrophthalma (Creni-

cichla), 307.
macropterus (Rhombus),

435.
macrorhynchus (AreUa),

492.
macrorhynchus (Plagu-

sia), 492.
macrosoma (Gerres), 263.
Macrourus, 390.
macrourus (Labrus). 104.
Macruridie, 390.
Macrurus, 390.
macrurus (Cossyphus),

104.
maculata (Motella), 366.
macidata (Ones), 366.
maculata (Solea), 471.
maculatum (Opiiidium),

380.
mncvilatus (Ch.'vtodon),

266.

mac'ulatus (Etroplus),

266.
maculatus (Labrus), 70.
maculatus (Pleuronectes),

411.
macuUferus (Pleuronec-
tes), 431.
maculipimia (JiUis), 165.
maculipinna (Platyglos-

sus), 165.
maculipinnis (Monochir),

473.
maculipinnis (Platyglos-

sus), 146.
maculipinnis (Solea), 473.
maculosa (Lota), 360.
maculosa (Molva), 360.
maculosa (Perca), 81.
maculosus (CheUinus),

125.
macu'osus (ParaUchthys),

431.
macidosus (Pleuronectes),

431,479.
macidosus (Pseudosca-

rus), 223.
maculosus (Rhombus),

423.
maculosus (Scarus), 223.
madeirensis (Rhombus),

432.
Mannas, 196.
ma'oticus (Pleuronectes),

409.
maoticus (Rhombus),

409.
Malacocentrus, 169.
Malacocephalus, 396.
Malacopterus, 88.
malapteronotus (Labrus),

138.
Malapterus, 88.
maldat (Cossyphus), 104.
mancus (Pleuronectes),

432.
mancus (Rliomboidich-

thys), 432.
mancus (Rliombus), 432.
mangiU, 469.
mangilii (Solea), 469.
maraldi (Gadus), 349.
maraldi (Merluccius),

349.
maraldi (L'raleptus), 349.
Marchionessaruni (Pas-
ser), 435.
marchionessaruni (Rhom-

boidichthys), 435.
margarita (Acara), 277.
margaritaceus ( Julis),

143.

margariteus (Glyphido-

don), 34.
margaritifer (Heros), 287.
margaritifera (Solea), 468.
margaritophorus (Julis),

145.
marginata (Heliastes), 64.
marginata (Julis), 160.
marginatum (Ophidium),

378.
marginatus (Acara), 277.
marginatus (Brosmius),

375.
marginatus (Chaitodon),

35.
marginatus ( Ctenolabrus\

89.
marginatus (Dascyllus),

14.
marginatus (Dinematich-

thys), 375.
marginatus (Halias), 375.
marginatus (Haliclioeres),

160.
marginatus(Platyglossu8'),

160.
marginatus (Pomacen-

trus), 14.
Marlutius, 344.
marmorata (Plagusia),

491.
raarmorata (Synaptura),

482.
marmoratus (Achirus).

478.
marmoratus (Gadopsis),

318.
marmoratus (Pardachi-

rus), 478.
martinicensis (Novacula),

171.
martinicensis (Xyrich-

thys). 171.
Marysole, 411.
masehalespilos (Scarus).

508.
massa (Crenilnbrus), 83.
masse (Lutjanus'). 83.
massiliensis (Lutjanus),

79.
mastax (Pseudoscarus),

220.
mastax (Scarus), 220.
matth:vi (Julis), 185.
niauritii (Cli:i'todou), 35.
maxiraus (llippoglossus),

403.
maximus (Pleuronectes),

407.
maxiuuis (Rhombus), 4t»7.
meaco ' Spsrus), 138.
2 M 2

524

ALPHABETICAL INDKX.

mediterranea (Jiilis), 196.
mediterranea (Mora),

341.
mediterranea (Perca), 79.
mediterraneus (Crenila-

brus), 79.
mediterraneus (Enchelj-

opus), 365.
mediterraneus (Labrus),

79.
mediterraneu8(Lutjanu8),

79.
mediterraneus (Phycis),

354.
megalepis (Doratonotus),

125.
megalops (Ditrema), 249.
megalops (Ennichthys),

250.
megalops (Holconotus),

249.
megasema (Geophagus),

315.
megastoma (Pleuronec-

tes), 412.
megastoma (Ebombus),

411,412.
melampetela (Plagiusa),

496.
melampetalus (Cynoglos-

sus), 496.
melanocercus (Crenila-

brus), 80.
melanocercus (Lutjanus),

80.
melanochir (Julis), 182.
melanogaster (Labrus),

267.
Melanogenes, 272.
melanopleura (Chromis),

272.
melanopleura (Tilapia),

272.
melancptera (Julis), 183.
melanoptera (Plagusia),

502.
melanopterus (Cynoglos-

sus), 502.
melanopterus (Hemigym-

nus), 139.
melanopterus (Pomaccn-

trus), 24.
melanopus (Amphipr.). 8
melanopus (Glypliido-

don). 48.
melanopus (Hemiptero-

notus), 178.
melanopus (Novacula).

178.
melanorhynchn (Syu-
aptivra). 487.

melanorhynehus (Achi-

roides), 487.
melanorhynehus (Plagu-
sia), 487.
melanospilus (Aehirus),

462.
melanostictus (Psettich-

thys), 420.
melanostomus (Gad us),

338.
melanotheron (Sarothero-

don), 273.
melanotis (Scarus), 508.
melanotus (Gomphosus),

193.
melanotus (Pomacen-

trus), 24.
melanura (Julis), 196.
melanurus (Amphipr.), 7.
melauurus (Anampses),

136.
melanurus (DaseyUus),

12.
melanurus (Heros), 288.
melanurus (Julis), 148.
melanurus (Platyglossus),

148.
melapterus (Labrus), 139.
melapterus(Tautoga), 139.
melas (Glyphidodon), 45.
meleagrides (Anampses),

135.
meleagris (Anampses). 135.
meleagris (Choerops), 94.
meleagris (Etroplus), 266.
meleagris (Julis), 145.
melops (Crenilabrus), 80,

605.
melops (Labrus), 80.
melops (Lutjanus), 80.
meniscus (Julis), 181.
mentalis (Cheilinus), 131.
mentalis (Scarus), 217.
mentalis (Solea), 475.
Merlan, 334.
Merlangus, 327.
merlangus (Gadus), 334,

338.
Merlu barbu. 352.
Merluccius, 344.
meriuccius (Gadus). 344,

346.
merlus (Gadus), 345.
Merlus (grand), 345.
mertensii (CheUinus), 125.
mertensii (Julis), 181.
mertensii (Scarus), 217.
mertensii (Tautoga). 138.
Merula, 72.
merula (Labrus), 72.
Mesonauta, 300.

Mesops, 311.
mesothorax (Cossyphus),

103, 506.
mesothorax (Labrus), 103.
Microbuglossus, 462.
microcephala (Solea), 466.
microcephalus (Cliromis),

272.
microcephalus (Melano-
genes), 272.
microcephalus (Platessa),

448.
microcephalus (Pleuro-

nectea), 447.
microchilus (Pseudosca-

rus), 236.
microchir (Monochir),

4(i9.
microchirus (Pleuronec-

tes), 469.
micrognathus (Scarus),

222.
microlepidotus (Cossy-
phus), 69.
microlepidotus (Labrus),

69.
microlepidotus (Xyrich-

thys), 207.
microlepis (Arelia), 495.
microlepis (Cynogl.), 495.
microlepis (Parma), 57.
microlepis (Plagusia),495.
Micrometrus, 245.
microplithalmus (Heros),

295.
microrhinus (Pseudosca-

rus), 235.
microrhinus (Scarus), 235.
Microspathodon, 3.5.
microstoma (Acanthola-

brus), 93.
microstoma (Cheilio),195.
niicrostoma(Crenilabrus) ,

92.
Microstomus, 438.
microstomus (Pleiu:onec-

tes), 448.
miniatus (Halichoeres),

150.
miniatus (Julis), 150,151.
miniatus (Platygl.), 150.
minimum (Ditrema), 249,

509.
minimus (Cymatogaster),

249.
minimus (Gadus), 368.
minimus (Micrometrus).

249.
minor (Couchia), 363.
niinuta (Morrhua), 335.
rninuta (Solea). 470.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

525

minutus (Gadus),335,337.
minutus (Monocliiriis),

470.
mirum (Calloptilum),368.
mixtus (Labrus), 74.
modestus (Grlyphidodon),

5.5.
modestus (Halichoeres),

157.
modestus (Heros), 293.
modestus (Julis), 157, 168.
modestus (Platyglossus),

157.
modestus (Pseudojulis),

168.
moensi (Pseudoscarus),

232.
moensi (Scarus), 232.
mogkii (Ehomboidich-

thys), 437.
mogkii (Rhombus), 438.
mola (Julis), 145, 149.
mollis (Achirus), 476.
mollis (Pleuronectes).476.
moluccanus (Odas), 208.
moluccanus (Pseudodax),

208.
moluccensis (Callyodon),

21G.
moluccensis (Pomacen-

trus), 30.
moluccensis (Pseudodax),

208.
Molva, 361.

molva (Enchelyopus), 36 1 .
molva (Gradus). 361.
molva (Lota), 361.
Molvella, 364.
Monochir, 4(')2.
monochir (Solea), 470.
monoculus (Cichla), 304.
monopus (Plagusia), 502.
monopus (Eliombosolea),

459.
montagui (Cepolophis),

325.
montezuma (Heros), 296.
Mora, 341.

mordax (Scarus), 103.
morelli (Crenilabrus), 85.
moro (Gadus), 341.
Morrhua. 327.
morrhua (Gadus), 328.
Morua, 327.
Moriie, 328.
mossambicus (Cheilinus),

127.
mossambicus (Chromis).

268.
Motella, 364.
mucosus (Lycodes). 320.

multibarbata (Brotula),

371.
midticolor (Coris), 198.
multicolor (Halichoeres),

198.
multidentatus (Crenila-
brus), 70.
multifasciata (j558opia),

485.
multifasciata (Cichla), 305.
multifasciata (Synaptiu-a).

485.
midtUineatus (Heliastes),

64.
multimaculatus (Pseudo-
rhombus), 427.
mundiceps (Novacula),

172.
mundiceps (Xyrichthys),

172.
mundicorpus (Imistius),

176.
mundicorpus (Novacula),

176.
muricatu8(Pseudoscarus),

238.
muricatus (Scarus), 2.38.
miistela (Enchelyopus),

365.
mustela (Gadus), 364.
mustela (Motella), 364,

365.
mustella (Gadus), 365.
mustella (Ones), 365.
mutabilis (Callyodon),

231.
mutabilis (Scarus), 209.
myriaster (Rhomboidich-

"thys), 436.
myriaster (Rhombus),

436.
Mytilophagus, 245.

nievius (Scarus), 213.
nalaka (Hippoglossus),

402.
nanus (Gadus), 331.
nassa (Acara), 281.
nasuta (Solea), 467. 468.
nasutus (Labrus), 193.
nasutus (Pleuronectes),

468.
nauphala (Pleuronectes),

423.
navaga (Gradus), 3.'i0.
nebulatum (Macluerium).

389.
nebulatus (Congrogadus).

389.
nebulifer (Heros\ 297.
nchulifera (Chromisl. 297.

nebulosus (Clieilinus),

126.
nebulosus (Julis), 151.
nebulosus (Lycodes), 319.
nebulosus (Platyglossus),

151.
neglectus (Fierasfer), 382.
nematoptera(Duym3eria),

123.
nematoptcrus (Crenila-
brus), 123.
nematopt«rus (Pomacen-

trus), 18.
nemurus (Glyphisodon),

54.
nereus (Labrus), 73.
neustria^ (Labrus), 70.
Nhaquunda, 306.
niger (Dascyllus), 13.
niger (Heros), 296.
niger (Oligopus), 376.
niger (Pseudoscarus), 236.
niger (Eaniceps), 308.
niger (Scarus), 236.
nigra (Tautoga), 88.
nigrescens (Crenilabrus),

79.
nigrescens (Halichoeres),

144.
nigrescens (Labrus), 144.
nigri (Gerres), 254.
nigricans (Genypterus),

380.
nigricans (Holocentrus),

34.
nigricans (Pomacentrus),

31,34.
nigricans (Scarus), 217.
nigricans (Sparus), 13.
nigripinnis (Chromis),

270.
niginpinnis(Tilapia), 270.
nigro-labeculata (Plagi-

usa), 492.
nigromanus (Pleuronec-
tes), 449.
nigroris (Glypliisodon),

57.
nigros (Glyphidodon). 57.
niloticus (Chromis). 267.

2C)8, 510.
niloticus (Sparus), 196.
nitida (Julie), 190.
nitidus (Liachirus), 479.
nivosus (GIvphidodon),

47.
Nooree nalakah. 402.
norvegieus (Coryphte-

noide«), 35X5.
norvegieus (Rliombus").
412.

526

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

norwegicus (Crenilabrus),

81.
norwegicus (Labrus), 81.
norwegicus (Lepidole-

prus), 396.
norwegicus(Lutjanus),81 .
norwegicus (Macrourus),

396.
notatus (Crenilabrus), 77.
notatus (Heliastes), 63.
notatus (Julis), 113.
notatus (Labrus), 77.
notatus (Lutjanus), 77.
notatus (Spariis), 113.
notophthalmus (Cheili-

nus), 132.
notophthalmus (Hemi-

tautoga), 160.
notophthalmus (Julis),

144.
notophthalmus (Platy-

glossus), 160.
notophthalmus (Poma-

centrus), 20.
notopht.halmus(Tautoga),

160.
notopsis (Julis), 154.
notopsis (Platyglossus),

154.
notostigma (Gomphosus),

194.
notostigmus (Pomacen-

trus), 20.
Novacula, 168.
novacula (Coryphajna),

170.
novacula (Xyrichthys),

170.
Novaculichthys, 169.
novaculoides (Xyrich-
thys), 207.
novre zeelandi.Tj (Brachy-

pleiu-a), 419.
novae zeelandia3 (Pelto-

rhamphus), 4()1.
nubilus (Labrus), 73.
nuchalis (Pomacentrus),

13.
nuchalis (Scarus), 217.
nucliipmictatus (Pseudo-

scarus), 233.
nuchipunctatus (Scarus),

233.
nudus (Gymnacliirus),

488.
nuduB (Ehombus), 415.

oblonga (Chi-omys), 299.
oblonga (Platessa), 426.
oblongus (Gerres), 261,
264.

oblongus (Heros), 299.
oblongus (Pleuronectes),

420.
oblongus (Pseudorhom-

bus), 426.
obscura (Acara), 281.
obscura (Chromys), 281.
obscurum (Uaru), 302.
obtusirostris (Creni-

cichla), 305.
obtusirostris (Pomacen-
trus), 24.
obtusus (Scarus), 227.
ocellaris ( Amphiprion), 7.
ocellaris (C'iclila), 304.
ocellaris (Platessa), 430.
ocellaris (Pseudorhom-

bus), 430.
ocellata (Solea), 465.
ocellatus (Crenilabrus),

8.5.
ocellatus (Hippoglossus),

423.
ocellatus (Hygrogonus),

303.
ocellatus (Labrus), 85.
ocellatus (Lobotes), 303.
ocellatus (Lutjanus), 85.
ocellatus (Pleuronectes),

465.
ocellatus (Psammodiscus),

457.
ocellatus (Pseudoscarus),

233.
ocellatus (Ehomboidich-

thys), 433.
ocellatus (Ehombus), 433.
ocellatus (Scarus), 233.
octodon (Pseudoscarus),

234.
oculata (Solea), 465.
Odacina, 240.
Odax, 240.
ogak (Gadus), 329.
ogat (Gadus), 329.
oligacanthus (Choerops),

96, 505.
oligacanthus (Crenila-
brus), 96.
oligodon (Ehombus), 424.
oligolepis (Arelia), 496.
oligolepis (Cynoglossus),

496.
oligolepis (Plagusia), 496.
oligolepis (Pseudorhom-

bus), 430.
oligolepis (Ehombus),

430.
Oligopus, 375.
Olistherops, 243.
Olisthops, 243.

olivaceus (Hippoglossus),

429.
olivaceus (Labrus), 85.
olivaceus (Lutjanus), 77,

85.
olivaceus (Pseudorhom-

bus), 429.
ommatura (Solea), 484.
ommopterus (ChcErops),

94, 505.
ommopterus (Cossyphus),

94.
onitis (Labrus), 88.
onitis (Tautoga), 88.
Onos, 332, 364.
opalina (Julis), 163.
opalinus (Platyglossus),

163.
opercularis (Cossyphus),

101, 109, 506.
opercularis( Platyglossus),

148.
opercularis (Pteragogus),

101.
opercvdaris (Trochoco-

pus), 100, 506.
Ophidiida% 370.
Ophidiina, 376.
Ophidiui, 370.
Ophidium, 376, 377.
orbicularis (Glyphido-

don), 46.
orbignyana (Platessa),

425.
orientalis (Cheilinus),

132.
orientalis (Euryglossa),

484.
orientalis (Pleuronectes),

484.
orientalis (Synawtura),

484. f

orinocensis (Cichla), 309.
orinocensis (Creniciclila),

309.
ornata (Aphoristia), 490.
ornata (Embiotoca), 246.
ornata (Plagusia), 490.
ornatus (Acliirus), 490.
ornatus (Gomphosus),

192.
ornatus (Julis), 195.
ornatus (Labrus), 186,

195.
orthorhynchus (Hippo-
glossus), 402.
ossiphagus (Labrus), 73,

74.
otophorus (Pomacentrus),

32.
ovalis (Solea), 481.

ovata (Solea), 4G2, 471,

472.
ovatus (Gerres), 257.
oviceps (Pseudoscarus),

225.
oviceps (Scarus), 225.
Oxybeles, 381.
oxycephalus (Cheiliiius),

128.
oxjcephalus (Cossypluis),

506.
Oxycheilinus, 125.
oxyodon (Glyphidodon),

44.
oxyrbyncha (Coris), 205.
oxyrhynchos (Arelia),

499.
oxyrhynchos (Plagusia),

499.
oxyrhynchus (Cheilinus),

oxyrhynchus (Cynoglos-

siis), 499.
oxyrhynchus (Hologym-

nosus), 205.
oxyrhynchus (Julis), 205.
oyena (Gerres), 261.
oyena (Labrus), 261.
oyena (Smaris), 261.

Pachylabrus, 245.
pacifica (Motella), 367.
pallida (Acara), 280.
palloni (Acantholabrus),

91, 50.5.
palloni (Lutjanus), 91.
pan (Pleuronectes), 481.
pan (Solea), 481.
pan (Synaptura), 481.
panoides (Synaptura),

486. .
pantlierinus (Rhomboid-

ichtliys), 436.
pantherinus (Rhombus),

436.
Paon de mer, 78.
papihonaceus (Julis), 148.
papilionaeeus (Platyglo.s-

sus), 148.
pappaterra (Geophagus),

pappaterra (Satanoperca),

paradiseus (Labroides),

119.
Paralichthys, 431.
Pardacliirus, 478.
pardaleoeephalus (Hali-

choeres), 158.
pardaleoeephalus (Julis),

158.

ALPHABETICVI, INDKX.

pardaleoeephalus (Platy-

glossus), 158.
parila (Labrichthys), 117.
parila (Tautoga), 117.
Parma, 57.
parma (Heros), 285.
Parophrys, 454.
parrii (Ophidium), 326.
parrii (Uronecte.s), 326.
parvimanus (Rhombus),

436.
parvipinnis (Pierasfer),
383. '

passer (Platessa), 452.
passer (Pleuronectes),

410, 450.
patao (Gerres), 253.
pataracehia, 418.
patatus (Julis), 143, 161

162.
Pavo, 78.

pavo (Cha;todon), 23.
pave (Crenilabrus), 77.
pavo (Julis), 179.
pavo (Labrus), 75, 78,

179.
pavo (Novacula), 175.
pavo (Pomacentrus), 23.
pavo (Rhomboidichthys),

pavo (Rhombus), 435.
pavo (Xyrichthys), 175.
pavoninus (Aehirus), 479.
pavoninus (Julis), 179.
pavoninus (Pardacliirus),
479. '

pavoninus (Pleuronectes),

pavoninus (Scarus), 308.
pavoninus (Xyriclithys),

175.
Pearl, 410.
Pecten romje, 170.
peetoralis (Cossyphus),
110. '

peetoralis (Gomphosus),
193. '

peetoralis (Harpe), 110.
peetoralis (Pseudoscarus)
237. ^

peetoralis (Scarus), 237.
peetoralis (Synaptura),
483. '

P^gouse, 465.
Pegusa, 462.
pegusa (Monoeliirus),

470.
pegusa (Pleuronectes),

465, 470.
pegusa (Solea), 467.
pellucidus (Aehirus), 461:

527

pellueidus (Pleuronectes),

415.
Peltorhamphus, 460.
pennantii (Crenilabrus),

pentacantlius (Iloplar-

chus), 290.
pentaeanthus (Labrus),

pentadactyla (Coryphw-
na), 177.

pentadactyla (Novacula),

177.
pentadactylus (Hemipte-

ronotus), 177.
pentazona(P8eudo8caru8),

pentophthalmus (Pseudo-
rhombus), 428.

pepo (Scarus), 223.

percula (Amphiprion), 6.

percula (Lutjanus), 7.

perditio (La'brus), 106.

perideraion (Amphi-
prion), 9.

Perro, 87.

Perro Colorado, 108.

personatus (Ammodytes),
387.

perspicabili8(Embiotoca),

perspicillatus (Crenila-
brus), 85.
perspicillatus (Labrus),

perspicillatus (Pomacen-
trus), 23.

perspicillum (Lycodes)
320. ''

peruvianus (Gerres), 252.

Pesee pettine, 170

Petenia, 301.

phaiopus (Julis), I.Vl.

phaiosoma (Glyphido-
don), 5.5.

phaiotrenia (Julis), 146.

Phanerodon, 245.

Pharopteryx, 341.

phekadopleiu-a (Julis)
143. '

phekadoplcui-a (Stetho-

.jidis), 14.'J.
philippinus (Gerres), 258.
Phrynorhombus, 414.
Phucocoefes, 321.
Phycis, 351.
phvcis (Blennius), 3.")2

354.
phycis (Lota), 346.
phycis (Lotella), 34(;
Phvsiculus. .348.

528

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

picta (Julia), 166.
pictus (Creiiilabrus), 79.
pictus (Gymnelis), 324.
pictus (Labrus), 143.
pictus (Platyglossus), 166.
pictus (Pomacentrus),

16,
pinangensis (Cantoria),

502.
pinguis (Hippoglossus),

404.
pinguis (Pleuronectes),

450.
plagiometopon (G-lyphi-

dodon), 51.
plagiusa (Pleuronectes),

490.
Plagusia, 490, 491, 492.
Plaice, 440.
plana (Plat«ssa), 443.
planifrons (Hoplarchus),

276.
planifrons (Pomacentrus),

33.
planus (Pleuronectes),

443.
Plataxoides, 316.
Platessa, 438.
platessa (Pleuronectes),

440.
platessoides (Citharus),

405. _
platessoides (Pleuronec-
tes), 405, 446.
Platichthys, 438.
Platophrys, 431.
Platyglossus, 143.
Platysomatichthys, 403.
pleianus (Scarus), 233.
pleuromelas (Chromis),

271.
pleuromelas (Tilapia),

271.
Pleuronectes, 438.
PleuronectidiB, 399.
Pleuronichthys, 445, 454.
Pli,440.

Plie (grosse), 413.
plumieri (Gerres), 253.
podas (Pleuronectes), 432.
podas (Rhomboidich-

thys), 432.
podas (Rhombus), 432,

433.
podostigma (Halichoeres),

160.
podostigma (Julis), 160.
podostigma (Platyglos-
sus), 160.
pcecila (Halichoeres), 152.
poecila (Julis), 152.

pcecilopleura (Labrus),

113.
poeoilopterus (Julis), 166.
poecilopterus (Platyglos-
sus), 166.
pcecilurus (Rhombus),

415.
poecilus (Platyglossus),

152.
poeti (Gerres), 256.
pola (Platessa), 449.
pola (Pleuronectes). 447.
polaris (Bleimius), 321.
polaris (Gadus), 337.
polaris (Lycodes), 321.
polaris (Merlangus), 337.
polaris (Zoarces), 321.
Pole panaehee, 469.
Pollachivis, 328, 338.
pollachius (Gadus), 338,

340.
pollacliius (Merlangus),

339.
Pollack, 338.
polus (Rhombus), 467.
polyacanthus (Dascyllus),

15.
polycentra (Chromis),

270.
polycentra (Tilapia), 270.
polychrous (Labrus), 78.
polygramma (Cheilinus),

125.
polylepis (Parma), 59.
polymnus (Ampliiprion),

5, 6.
polymnus (Anthias), 6.
polymnus (Lutjanus), 6.
polynema (Pomacentrus),

21.
polyophthalmus (Julis),

155.
polyspilos (Rhombus),

424.
polytsenia (Arelia), 498.
Pomacentridce, 2.
Pomacentrus, 16.
Poor, 335.

poropterus ( Achirus) , 478.
porphyrocephala (Julis),

180.
potassoa (Gadus), 3.38.
potous (Plagusia), 492,

501, 502.
Pout, 335.

poutassou (Gadus), 338.
praetextata (Julis), 207.
praeteitatus (Cymolutes),

207.
prasiognathus (Scarus),

234,

)

prasostictus (Labrus), 74.

Premnas, 10.

principis (Julis), 164.

principis (Platyglossus),
164.

pristiger (Pomacentrus),
32.

Pristotis, 16.

Procliilus, 10, 155.

productus (Gadus), 338.

productus (Merlangus),
338.

propinquus (Crenilabrus),
77.

prosopeion (Halichoeres),
155.

prosopeion (Julis), 155.

prosopeion(Platyglossu8),
155.

prosopot^enia (Pomacen-
trus), 23.

prosopotsenioides (Poma-
centrus), 30.

proxima (Chromys),
314.

proxima (Satanoperca),
314.

proximus (Gadus), 332.

pruinosus (Gadus), 331.

Psammodiscus, 457.

Psettichthys. 420.

Psettodes, 401.

Pseudetroplu.s, 265.

Pseudocheilinus, 134.

P.seudodacina, 208.

P.seudodax, 208.

pseudoflesus (Platessa),
441.

pseudoflesus (Pleuro-
nectes), 441.

P.seudojulis, 168.

Pseudolabrus, 112.

pseudominiatus (Hali-
choeres), 151.

p.seudominiatus (Julis),
151.

pseudominiatus (Platy-
glossus), 151. •

p.seudopalus (Pleuro-
nectes), 412.

Pseudophycis, 350.

P.seudopleuronectes, 438.

P.seudorhombus, 423.

Pseudoscarus, 216.

psittacula (Labrichthys),
114.

psittacula (Tautoga), 114.

psittaculu.s (Julis), 164.

psittaculus (Labrus), 114,
164.

Psittacus piscis, 210.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

529

psittacus (Callvodon),

210.
psittacus (Corvpha'na),

225.
psittacus (Heros), 290.
psittacus (Labrus), 71.
psittacus (Laclinolaimus),

87.
psittacus (Pseudo-scarus),

225.
psittacus (Scarus), 223.
Pteragogus, 101.
Pteridium, 375.
ptcrophthalmus (Anam-

pses). 138.
Pterophyllum. 316.
Pudiano verde, 164.
puellaris (Cossyphus),

101.
puellaris (Decodon), 101.
pulchellus (Cossyphus),

108.
pulcbellus (Cymatogas-

ter). 245.
pulchellus (Kolconotus),

245.
pulchellus (Pseudosca-

ru.s). 21Vt.
pulchelhis (Scarus). 219.
pulcher (Labrus), 99.
puleher (Semicos.syphus),

99.
pulcherrima (Coris), 200.
pulchra (Acara). 280.
pulchrum (Cychlasoma).

280.
pullus (Coridodax), 243.
pullus (Odax), 241, 243.
pullus (.Scarus), 243,
pullus (.Sparus), 243.
puncta (Furcaria), 64.
punctata (C'hroiuis), 276.
punctata (Sciivna), 278.
punctatus (.\cara), 277.
punctatus (Cheilinus),

127.
punctatus (CJadus), 355.
punctatus (Gerres), 260.

2(J1.
punctatus (Labrus), 277,

278.
punctatus (Morhua), 332.
punctatus (Pliycis), 355.
punctatus (Pleuronectes),

413, 414.
punctatus (Pomacentrus),

29.
punctatus (Rliombus),

412, 414,
jjuncliceps (Cynoglossus),
500,

VOL. IT.

punctic«ps (Plagiusa),

500,
punctifer ( Monochir),462,
punctulata (Labrichtbfs),

118,
punctulata (Xovacula),

177.
punctulatus (Chedinus),

127.
punctulatus (Glyphiso-

don), 50.
punctulatus (Julis), 143.
punctulatus (Scarus), 217.
puniceus (Xyrichthvs),

175.
purpurascens (Labrus),

158.
purpurascens (Platyglos-

sus), 158.
purpurea (Julis), 189.
purpureo-lineatus (Julis),

143.
purpiu-eus (Gadus), 328.
purpiu-eus (GrammLstes),

189.
purpureus (Labrus), 189.
purpureus (Merlangus),

328.
purpureus (Scarus). 189,

217.
pu.silla (Platessa), 443.
pusillus (Crenilabrus), 70,

83.
pu.si lus (Labrus), 70.
pygmajus (Gadus), 32rS,
pyrrhogi-amma (Julis),

166,
pyrrliogramnia (Platy-

glo.ssus), 166,
pyrrhogrammatoides

(Leptojulis), 167.
pyrrhostethus (Pseudo-

.scarus), 223.
pyrrhostethus (^Scarus).
"223.

Quadratulu.s, 440.

quadricolor (Julis), 187,
189.

quadridens (Pleuronec-
tes), 448.

quadrifasciatus (Glyphi-
sodon). 38.

quadrigutta (Pomacen-
trus). 27.

quadrilineata (Arelia),
497.

quadrilineata (Plagu.sia),
497,

quadrilineatus (Cossv-
plius), 120,

quadrilineatus (Cynoglos-
.sus), 497,

quadrilineatus (Labroi-
des), 120.

quadrilineatas (Labrus).
120.

quadrimaeulatus (La-
brus), 75.

quadrispinosus (Scarus),
227.

quadrituberculata (Par-
oplu-ys), 456.

quadrituberculatus (Pleu-
ronectes), 4.56.

quau'ga (^E.sopia), 485.

quagga (Synaptura), 485.

Quappe, 359.

quenselii (Pleuronectes).
448.

quindecim-aculeatus (La-
brus), 267.

quinqueeinctus (Cheili-
nus), 130.

quinque-cirrata (Motella),
365.

quinqueiasciatus (Scarus),
138.

quinquemaciJatus (Cre-
nilabrus), 82.

quinque-maculatus (He-
mipteronotus), 177,

quinquemaculatus (La-
brus), 82,

quinquevittatus (Scarus),
187,

quovi (P.seudoscarus),
239.

quoyi (Scarus), 221, 239.

Rtibirubbia, 112,

radians (Scarus), 211,

radiatus (Cheilinus), 127,
131,

radiatus (Malacanthus),
242.

radiatus (Odax), 242.

radiatus (Sparus), 131,
164,

rahti (Glypliisodon), 38.

Rahti potah, 38.

raii (Blennius), 368.

ramosus (Chcilio). 195.

rangii (Tilapia), 267.

Raniceps, 367^

raninus (Blennius^ 367.

raninus (Gradus), 367.

ra])tor (Gadus), 361.

i-ectifra-num (Pomacen-
trus), 26.

regalis (Enchelyopus),355.

regalis (Phrcis), 355.
' 2y

530

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

reichei (Halichceres), 151.
reichei (Jiilis), 151.
renarcli (Julis), 141.
renardi (Stethojulis), 141.
reticulata (Crenieichla),

309.
reticulata (Solea), 472.
reticulatum(Macha;riiun),

388.
reticulatus (Batrachops),

309.
reticulatus (Cossyphus),

99.
reticulatus (Heliases), 14.
reticulatus (Labrus), 73,

85, 99.
reticulatus (Lycodes), 320.
reticulatus (Malacopte-

rus), 88.
reticulatus (Monochir),

472.
reticulatus (Semicossy-

phus), 99.
rhacinus (Gadus), 347.
rliacinus (Lotella), 347.
Rhacochilus, 245.
rhodonotus (Pomacen-

trus), 28.
rhodoterum (Ditrema),

250, 509.
rhodoterus (Holconotus).

248, 250.
rhoduropterus (Pseudo-

scarus), 238.
rhombeus (Gerres), 253.
rhombitis (Rhombns),409.
Ehomboides, 432.
rhomboides (Rhombus),

432.
Ehomboidichthys, 431.
Ehombosolea, 458.
Rhombotides, 477.
Rhombus, 407.
rhombus (Pleuronectes),

408, 410.
richardsonii (Odax), 241,

509.
richii (Gerres), 252.
rissoi (Crenilabrus), 77.
rivulata (Chromis), 280.
riTulatoides (Scarus). 222.
rivulatus (C'heilinus), 125.
rivulatus (Pseudoscarus),

222.
rivulatus (Scarus), 222.
robustum (Laemonema),

357.
robustiis (Chietobran-

chus), 310.
robustus (Pomacentrus).

17.

robustus(Xiphoehilus),98.
rochii (Ophidium), 378.
Rock-Cook. 92.
RockUng (Five-bearded),

364.
Rockling (Four-bearded),

367.
Rockling(Three-bearded),

365.
roissa^i (Crenilabrus), 82.
roissali (Lutjanus), 82.
romeritus (Acanthola-

brus), 93.
romeritus (Centrolabrus),

93.
romerus (Acantholabrus),

93.
rondeletii (Plem-onectes),

465.
rone (Crenilabrus), 81.
rone (Labrus), 81.
rosea (Julis), 202.
roseiceps (Scarus), 217.
rosenbergii (Ampliiprion),

9.
roseus (Cheilinus), 125.
roseus (Pleuronectes),451.
rossii (Glyphisodon), 50.
rostrata (Platessa), 447.
rostratus (Ammotretis),

4,58.
rostratus (Corieus), 86.
rostratus(CreniIabrus),86.
rostratus (Lutjanus), 86.
rostratus (Phycis), 353.
rubecula (Julis), 102.
rubeli io( Crenilabrus), 121.
rubellio (Duym.Tria), 121.
rubens (Tautoga), 88.
ruber (Gadus), 329.
rubesc.ens (Choerops), 97.
rubescens (Corieus), 86.
rubescens (Lutjanus), 86.
rubicunda (Parma), 58.
rubicundus (Glypliiso-

don), 58.
rubicundus (Hypsypops),

58.
rubiginosa (Labrichthys),

113, 114.
rubiginosus (Callyodon),

215.
rubiginosus (Julis), 112.
rubiginosus (Labrus), 114.
rubiginosus (Scarus), 209.
rubripinnis (Scarus), 211.
rubro-)ineatus (Labrus),

104.
rubronotatus(Scarus),217.
rubro-violaceus (Pseudo-
scarus), 229.

rubro-violaceus (Scarus),

229.
rudis (Glypliidodon), 37.
rufus (Cossypluis), 108.
rufui (Labrus), 74, 108.
rugosus (Platichtliys),443.
rupestris (Coryphicna),

390.
rupestris (Coryphacnoi- r,

des), 396.
rupestris(Cpenilabj'us),89.
rupestris(Ctenolabrus),89.
rupestris (Labrus), 89.
rupestris (Lutjanus), 89.
rupestris (Macrurus), 390.
rupestris (Perca), 89.
rupestris (Sciama), 89.
riippelii (Julis), 201.
riippelii (Scarus), 220.
rupta (Julis), 162.
ruptus (Platyglossus),162.
russelii (Scarus), 217.
russelUi (Platessa), 424,

425.
russellii (Pseudorhom-

bus), 424.
russellii (Solea), 483.
Rutten, 359.

Salinee moia, 143.

saida (Gadus), 337.

Sail-Fluke, 411.

salvini (Heros), 294.

Samaris, 419.

sanctse crucis (Pseudosca-
rus), 226.

sanet.ie helense (Julis), 191.

Sand-aal, 384, 385.

Sand-al, 385.

Sand-Eel (Greater), 384.

Sand-Eel (Lesser), 385.

Sandflvnder, 446.

Sandilz, 385.

Sand-Launce, 385.

Sandsucker. 405.

sandvicensis (Gomphor
sus), 194.

sandvricensis (Callyodon),
213.

sanguineus (Cheilinus),
134.

sargoides (Chatodon), 36.

Sarotherodon, 273.

Satanoperca, 312.

savignvi (Synaptura),480.

saxatOis (C'haetodon), 35,
38.

saxatilis ( Crenicichla),308.

saxatilis (Glyphidodon),
35, 36, 38.

saxatilis (Labrus), 71.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

531

saxatilis (Perca), 308.
saxatilis (Sparus), 308.
saxicola(Glyptocephalu8),

440.
saxicola (Pleuronectes),

449.
saxortun (Labrus), 69.
scaber (Scarus), 217.
scabriu.sculus(Scaru8),217.
scalare (Pteropliyllum),

316.
scalaris (Platax), 316.
Scald-fish, 415.
seapiiiaris (JiiHs), 146.
scapularis (Platyglossus),

14(5.
Scarichthys, 212.
Scarina, 208.
Scarus, 208, 508.
scliemberianus (Crenila-

briis), 77.
schleselii (Glypliidodon),

40.
schlegelii (Lotella), 346.
sclilegelii (Pseudoscarus),

231.
schneideri (Arelia), 497.
schonleinii (Choerop.s),

505.
schonleinii (Cossyphus),

94.
scliroederi (Julis), 198.
schwanefeldii ( Jiilis), 191.
schwarzii (Halichoeres),

149.
schwarzii (Julis), 149.
Bchwarzii (Platyglossus),

149.
sclerorhynchus (Macru-

rus), 394.
scolopseus ( Pomacentrus) ,

28.
scolopsis (Pomacentrus),

28.
scriha (Solea), 467.
scriptus (Callyodon), 219.
scrofa (Cossyphus), 111,
* 507.

Bcrofa (Labrus), 111.
scrofa (Trochocopus),506.
sculptus (Glyphidodon),

45.
scutum (Solea), 474.
seb.x (Amphiprion), 4.
sebanus (Julis), 140.
semicicrulcus (Julis), 187.
semieinctus (Julis), 161.
8emieinctus(Premnas),l 1.
8emicinctus(Platyglos3U3),

161.
Seniicossyphus. 99.

semidecorata (Julis), 144.

semidiseus (Labrus), 202.

semifasciata (Oenicichla),
309.

semifasciatus (Bati'a-
chops), 309.

semifasciatus (Julis), 190.

semifasciatus (Odax), 241.

seminudus (Lycodes),320.

semipartita (Coris), 203.

semipunctatus (Julis), 203.

semiruber (Labrus), 108.

senegaleiisis (Arelia), 502.

senegalensis (Cynoglos-
sus), 502.

senegalensis (Solea), 464.

septemfasciatus (Glyphi-
dodon), 40.

serra7ioides (Crenilabrus),
77.

serranus (Crenilabrus), 77.

serratus (Coryphicnoides),
39(;.

serratus (Macrourus),396.

serratus (Khombus), 432.

setifer (Xiphasia), 374.

setifer (Xiphogadus), 374.

severus (Heros), 293.

sexfasciata (Tautoga), 139.

sexfasciatus (HalichcEres),
139.

sexfasciatus (Hemigym-
nus), 139.

sexfasciatus (Labrus), 38.

sexmaculata (Novacula),
177.

sexvittatus (Pseudosca-
rus), 232.

sexvittatus (Scarus), 232.

say (Gadus), 340.

siculus ( Ammodytes), 386.

similis (Amphisticlius),
251.

simsiang (Pomacentrus),
22.

simus (Labrus), 84.

sinensis (Pleuronectes),
406.

sinensis (Tephritis), 406.

singaporensis (Pseudosca-
rus), 235.

singapurensis (Scarus),
235.

sinuatus (Merluccius),
345.

sinuosus (CheiUnus), 126.

Siplionognatluis, 243.

Sirembo. 373.

Smiihvarf, 412.

Smear-Dab, 447.

Sole, 463.

Sole (Lemon), 467.
Sole (Smooth), 415.
Solea, 462.

solea (Pleuronectes), 463.
soleivformis (Hemirhom-

bus), 423.
solereformis (Rhombus),

423.
Solenette, 470.
Soleotalpa, 489.
solorensis (Cirrhilabrus),

124.
solorensis (Halichoeres),

155.
solorensis (Julis), 155.
solorensis (Platyglossus),

155.
sonneratii (Holocentrus),

11.
sordidus (Chsetodon), 41.
sordidus (Citharichthys),

sordidus (Glyphidodon),

41.
sordidus (Pomacanthus),

41.
sordidus (Psettichthys),

421.
Sorghe, 365.
souleyetii (Julis), 185.
sparoides (Glyphisodon).

44.
sparrmauni (Chromis),

269.
sparrmanni (Tilapia), 269.
speciosa (Julis), 196.
spilogaster (Crenilabrus).

122.
spilogaster (Duymwria),

spilonotus (Ilemipterono-

tus), 178.
spilonotus (Labrus), 104.
spilonotu8(Novacula), 1 78.
spilopterus (Citliarich-

thys), 421.
spilurus (Heros), 289.
spilurus (Julis). 163.
spilurus (Scaru.s), 217.
spinidens (Callyodon),

215.
spinidens (Scarus), 21,5.
splendida (Petenia), 301.
spurius (Heros), 293.
squalidus (Scarus), 212.
squamipinnis (Gerres).

254.
squamipinnis (Parma). 58.

505.
staitii (Crenilabrus), 84.
Sttgastos, 56.
2n 2

532

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Stein-butt. 407.
stellatus (Julis), 199.
stellatus (Pleuronectes),

443.
stiellosus (Ehombus), 409.
Stethojulis, 140.
stigma (Gjmuelis), 325.
stigma (Opliidium), 325.
Stockfisch, 328.
striatus (Scarus), 216.
strigata (Creniciclila),306.
strigatus (Scarus), 212.
strigiventer (Julis), 140.
strigiventer (Stethojulis),

140.
Strinsia, 344.
Strinsias, 359.
stromii (Maerouvus), 396.
strougylocephalus (Pseu-

doscarus), 235.
strougylocephalus (Sca-
rus), 235.
subducens (Congrogadus),

388.
subducens (Maclia^rium),

388.
subfasciatus (Gerres), 257.
subterraneus (Lucil'uga),

373
Suillus, 87.
suillus (Labrus), 89.
suillus (Lachuolaimus),

87.
sumatrana (P]agu3ia),497.
sumatranus (Ehombus),

436.
sumatrensis (Arelia), 497.
sumatrensis (Cynoglos-

sus), 497.
sumbawensis (Pseudosca-

rus), 232.
sumbawensis (Scarus),232.
superbus (Pseudoscarus),

218.
superbus (Scarus), 218.
sm'aten.sis (Chtetodon),

266.
suratensis (Etroplus), 266.
surinamensis (Geopha-

gus), 315.
surinamensis (Sparus),

315.
swainsonii (Ehombus),

432.
Symphysodon, 315.
Synaptura, 480.
Synistius, 252.
syriacu-s (Labrus), 179.

Tacaud, 335.
tacaud (Gadus), 335.

Tadpole-fish(Trifurcated),

367.
taenia (Chromis), 277.
taenia (Cychlasoma), 277.
tamianotus (Julis), 174.
teeniatus (Cossyphus), 120.
taniatus (Mesops), 312.
toeniometopon (Pomaoen-

trus), 25.
ta;niops (Cossyphu.s), 102.
tseniops (Pomacentrus),

26, 28.
toeniops(Pteragogus), 102.
ticniopterus (Pseudosca-
rus), 226.
taniopteruS (Scarus), 226.
tseniurus (Labrus), 172.
treniurus (Novacula), 172,

173.
tseniurus (Novaculioh-

thys), 172.
ta;niurus (Pomacentrus),

22.
t;vniurus (Scarus), 217.
tajniurus (Xvrichthys),

172.
tancoides (Labrus), 70.
tapeinosoma (Lepidozy-

gus), 15.
tapeinosoma (Pomacen-
trus), 15.
tapirina (Ehombosolea),

459.
Targeur, 413.
taurus (Glyphidodon), 37.
Tautoga. 87.
tautoga (Labrus), 88.
Tautogolabrus, 89.
taylori (Opliidium), 376.
temensis (Ciclila), 304.
temminckii (Cirrhilabrus),

124.
temminckii (Ditrema),

246.
temminckii (Julis), 158.
temporalis (Heros), 280.
tenuis (Gadus), 351.
tenuispinis (Platyglossus),

161.
Tephritis, 406.
ternatensis (Glypliido-

don), 47.
ternatensis (HeUastes), 63.
tessellata (Jfovacula), 168.
tes.sellata (Plagusia), 491.
tessellata (Tautoga), 87.
tessellatus (Labrus), 87.
tetracanthus (Gentrar-

chus), 282.
Tetradrachmum, 11.
Tetragonopterus, 6, 12.

tetramerus (Acara), 277.
tetrazona (C'heilinus), 126.
tetrazona (Novacula), 175.
tetrazona (Xyrichthys),

175.
tetrica (Labrichthys), 116.

507.
tetricus (Labrus), 116.
tetriga (Tautoga), 116.
theophilus (Pleuronectes),

467.
theophilus (Ehombus),

467.
thepassii (Achirus), 478.
thepassii (Solea), 478.
Theraps, 284.
thersites (Julis), 166.
tigrinus (Crenilabrus), 82.
Tilapia, 267.
timorensis (Halichceres),

154.
timorensis (Platyglossus),

154.
tinea (Crenilabrus), 81, 86.
tinea (Labrus), 70, 81, 86.
tinea (Lutjanus), 86.
tinea (Phycis), 347, 352.
tinea (Strinsia), 344.
tobianus (Ammodytes),

385, 386, 387.
Tom-cod, 331.
tom-eod (Gadus), 331.
tomcodus (Gadus), 331.
torosus (Ehombus), 407.
torquatus (Xyrichthys),

207.
Torsk, 328, 369.
tor.sk (Blennius), 369.
toucounarai, 304.
toxotes(Ditrema),247,509.
toxotes (Ehacochilus),

247.
trachyrhynchus (Lepido-

leprus), 395.
trachyrhynchus (Macru-

rus), 395.
traskii ( Hysterocarpus),

251.
tredeeimspinosus (Cossy-

phus). 107.
Treisclie, 359.
trichodaetvius(Pleuronec-

tes), 469, 470, 472.
tricliodactylus (Solea),472
tricirrata (Motella), 365.
tricirratus (Gadus), 365.
tricolor (Amphiprion), 8.
tricolor ( Gomphosus), 193.
tricolor (Pseudoscarus),

229.
tricolor (Scarus), 229.

ALPiiABETICAL INDEX.

533

tridactylus (Blennius),

3G8.
trifa-sciatus (Amphiprion),

4.
trifasciatus (Glyphido-

don), 42.
trifasciatus (Lutjanus), 1 1 .
trifasciatus (Premnas), 11.
trifasciatus (Pristotis), 18.
trifiircatus (Kaniceps),

368.
trifurcus (Gadus), 368.
trifurcus (Eaniceps), 367.
trigrammus (Cyuoglos-

sus), 494.
trilineata (Stethojulis),

140.
trilineatus (Labrus), 140.
triliueatus (Pomacou-

trus), 25.
trilobata (Julis), 187.
trilobatus (Cbeilinus),

126.
trilobatus (Julis), 187.
trilobatus (Labrus), 126,

187.
trilobatus (Scarus), 227.
trimaculata (Giintheria),

153.
trimaculata (Julis), 153,

174.
trimaculatus (Dascyllus),

13.
trimaculatus (Julis), 181.
trimaculatus (Labrus), 75.
trimaculatus (Platyglos-

sus), 153.
trimaculatus (Pomacen-

trus), 13, I'J.
triocellatus (Pleuronec-

tes), 428.
triocellatus (Pseudorhom-

bus), 428.
triocellatus (Rhombus),

428.
tripuuctatus (Pomaccn-

trus), 33.
Triseus, 359.
trispinosus (Scarus), 217.
tristrami (Clu-omis), 269,

510.
tristrami (Haligenes),269.
Troeliocopus, 100.
troschelii (Glyphidodon),

36.
troschelii (Pseudoscarus),

237.
troschelii (Scarus), 237.
trowbridgii (Abeona).249.
trowbridgii (Holeonotus),

249.

trowbridgii (Homalopo-

mus), 338.
Trulla, 492.

trulla (Cynoglossus), 503.
trulla (Plagusia), 503.
trutta (Centrolaljrus), 93,

505.
trutta (Crenilabrus), 93.
tuberculatus (Pleuronec-

tes), 408.
tucunare (Cichla), 304.
tunicatus( Amphiprion), 7.
Turbot, 407.

turbot (Pleuronectes),408.
turchesius (Scarus), 217.
turcica (Julis), 179.
turdus (Labrus), 71, 80.
twistii (Anampses), 136.
twistii (Hemipteronotus),

178.
twistii (Novacula), 178.
typus (Xiphocliilus), 98.
tyrwhitti (Chffitodon), 38.
tyrwhitti (Glyphisodon),

38.

Uaru, 302.

ucayalensis (Acara), 281.

ucayalensis (Chromys),

^81.
umbrostigma (JuUs), 185.
umbrosus (Platichthys),

454.
umbrosus (Pleuronectes),

454.
undulatus (Cheilinus),

129.
unernak (Ophidium), 323.
miicolor (Acara), 282.
unicolor (DascyUus), 13.
uuicolor (Premnas), 11.
unicolor (Soleotalpa), 489.
uniHneata (Labrichthys),

118.
uuiUneatus (Cossyphus),

118.
unimaculata (Chromys),

278.
miimaculata (Julis), 179.
unimaculatus (Cossy-
phus), 109, 506.
unimaculatus (Glyphido-

don), 51.
unimaculatus (Labrus),

79.
unimaculatus (Phryno-

rhombus), 414.
unimacidatus (Rhombus),

414.
uuinotatus (Ctcnolabrus),

90.

uuiocellata (Acara), 281.
uniocellata (Cliromys),

281. ^ '

uniocellata (Novacula),

171.
uniocellatus (Glyphido-

don), 52.
uuioceUatus (Rhombus),

414.
uniocellatus (Xirichthys),

unipunctata (Acara), 283.
unipunctata (Chromys),

Uraleptus, 349.
L^ronectes, 325.
urophthalmus (Heros),

291.
urostigma (JuUs), 190.
ustus (Callyodon), 214.

vacca (Damalichthys),

246.
vacca (Ditrema), 246, 509.
vahlii (Lycodes), 319.
vaigiensis (Scarus), 213,

215.
vanicolensis (Novacula),

172.
vanicolensis (Pomacen-

trus), 33.
vanicolensis (Xyrichthys),

vanicorensis (Jidis), 172.
variabilis (Labrus), 70.
variabilis (Pomacentrus),

31.
variegata (Coris), 198.
variegata (Platcssa), 453.
variegata (Solea), 469.
variegatus (Grammistes),

75.
variegatus (Ilalichoeres),

198.
variegatus (Homicoris),

198.
variegatus (Julis), 198.
variegatus (Labrus), 75.
variegatus (Lycodes), 322.
variegatus (Mouochirus),

469.
variegatus (Pachy labrus),

247.
variegatus (Pleuronectes),

453, 469.
variegatus (Scarus), 217.
varius (Gomphosus), 193.
varius (Lutjanus). 82.
varius (Odax).24t).
vasalli (Ophidium), 378.
velafracta (Plates.-^). 406.

534

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

velivolans (Zeugopterus),

412.
venosus (Cheilinus), 125.
venosus (Labrus), 85.
veuosus (Scams), 217.
vermicularis (Enclieli-

opliis), 384.
vermiculatus (Xyrich-

thys), 170.
vernalis (Merlangus), 328.
verres (Cossyphiis), 108.
verres (Lutjanus), 108.
verres (Sparus), 108.
vetula (Labrus), 75, 91.
vetula (Paroplirys), 455.
vetula (Scarus), 225.
Vieille, 70.

violaceus (Labrus), 78.
violascens (Pomacentrus),

20.
violascens (Pristotis), 20.
virens (Gadus), 339.
virens (Merlangus), 340.
virens (Scarus), 227.
virens (Xyrichthys), 174.
virescens (Coricus), 86.
vireseens (Crenilabrus),

_77.
virescens (Labrus), 77.
virescens (Lutjanus), 77,

86.
viride (Ophidium), 323.
viridescens (Callyodon),

214.
viridis(Acantholabrus),93
viridis (Acara), 280.
viridis (Anampses), 137.
viridis (Cepolophis), 323.
viridis (Cheilio), 195.
viridis (Gadus), 339.
viridis (GompbosiLs), 192.
viridis (Gymnelis), 323.
viridis (Julis), 180.
viridis (Labrus), 71, 180.
viridis (Pomacentrus), 15.
viridis (Pseudoscarus),

220.
viridis (Scarus), 73, 220,

221.
vitta (Xyriclitbys), 168.
vittata (Acara), 279.
vittata (Crenicichla), 306.
vittatus (Ammodytes),

384.
vittatus (Coracinus), 3.

vittatus (Labrus), 75, 188.
vittatus (Odax), 242.
voras (Pseudorhombus),

429.
vrolikii (Julis), 159.
vrolikii (Platyglossus),

vulgaris (Brosmius), 369.
vulgaris (Hippoglossus),

403, 404.
vulgaris (Julis), 196.
vulgaris (Limanda), 446.
vulgaris (Lota), 359.
vulgaris (Merlangus),

334.
vulgaris (Merluccius),344
vulgaris (Molva), 361.
vulgaris (Morrhua), 328.
vidgaris (Motella), 365,

366.
vulgaris (Mustela), 364,

365.
vulgaris (Platessa), 440.
vulgaris (Rhombus). 410.
vulgaris (Solea), 463.
vidpinus (Cossyphus),

waandersii (Arelia), 493.
waandersii (Cynoglossus),

493.
waandersii (Plagusia),

493.
wachna (Gadus), 328.
Waclmja, 330.
waigiensis (Canyodon),

215, 216.
waigiensis (Gerres), 252,

263.
waigiensis (Glyphisodon),

38.
webbi (Embiotoca), 245.
Wliiff, 411.
Whiting, 334.
Wliiting-Pout, 335.
wolllli (Rhombus), 429.
Wrasse (Bimaculated),75.
Wrasse (Gibbous), 81.
AVrasse (Striped), 74.
Wrasse (Trimaculated),

75.

xanthochir (Heliastes), 62.
xanthcAiotus (Glvphido-
don), 48.

xanthopleura (Pseudo-
scarus), 236.

xanthopleiu-a (Scarus),
236.

xanthosoma (DascyUus),

xanthozona (Glyphido-

don), 43.
xanthurus (Amphiprion),

5.
xanthurus (DascyUus), 21 .
xanthurus (Diproctacan-

thus), 120.
xanthurus (Glyphido-

don), 47.
xanthurus (Heliastes), 62.
xanthurus (Labroides),

120.
xanthurus (Pomacen-
trus), 32.
Xenocephalus, 399.
Xiphiurus, 379.
Xiphocliilus, 98.
Xiphogadus, 374.
xiphoideus (Cynoglossus),

495.
Xirichthys, 169.
xyrichthyoides (Nova-

cu'a). 207.
Xyrichthys, 1(J8.

yarrellii (Acantholabrus),

91.
yarrellii (Lremonema),

356.
yarreUii (Phycis), 356.

zebra (Gerres), 254.

zebra (Pleuronectes), 484.

zebra (Solea), 484.

zebra (Syiiaptura), 484.

zebrina (Solea). 484.

zeraphinus (Crenilabrus),
77.

Zeugopterus, 407.

zillii (Acerina), 274.

zillii (Coptodon), 274.

zillii (Glyphisodon), 274

zillii (Sarotherodon), 274.

zonatus (Glyplusodon),
50.

zonephorus (Sparus), 138.

zosterophorus (Cossy-
phus), 106.

Zunge, 463.

END OF THE FOVRTn VOLUME.

Printed by Tayloi' and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.