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LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY |
CATALOGUE
OF THE
FISHES
IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.,
ETC. ETC.
VOLUME FIRST.
LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1859.
CATALOGUE
ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES
COLLECTION
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.
VOLUME FIRST.
GASTEROSTEID.^, BERYCID^, PERCID^, APHREDODERID^i:, PRISTIPOMATID^, MULIJDJK, SPAEID^.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
18.59.
PRINTED BY TATXOK AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
This Catalogue contains a description of aJl the species of Fish in the Collection of the British Museum, and of the species which are known to exist in other Museums, but which are desiderata in the National Collection, and therefore most desirable to be procured.
Most of tiie new and more interesting species have been figured. Descriptions of the skeleton of many of the specimens have been added.
Dr. Giinther gives the following, observations as to the method followed in its formation > — " This volume of the Catal(^;ae contains the greater portion of Cuvier's Percoides, Sciainoides, Sparoides, and Mcenides, wfth many other genera which, I believe, ought to be asso- ciated with them. There is no ichthyologist of the present day, who, looking at the great number of new forms discovered since Cuvier's period, would not think it advisable to subdivide some of the families adopted in the ' Regne Animal,' and subsequently in the * Histoire Naturelle des Poissons ' (as indeed was suggested by Cuvier him- self), and to employ a part only of the characters assigned by him to the different families. Further, when genera and even species are known, in which the absence or presence of vomerine teeth is not constant, tlus character can no longer stand as distinctive of two large families like Cuvier's Percoides and Scuenoides. The same is the case with the character of a smooth or serrated praeopercular edge. Instead of those characters has been substituted that of the relative development of the dorsal a;nd anal fins. Thus, several portions of the Percoides of Cuvier have been separated, and form, together with some of his Scicenoides and Sparoides, and with the MfBiiides, families of themselves.
" This Catalogue comprises aU. the species, descriptions of which have been published in works accessible to me. The number of known species having been considerably increased in the last thirty years, and the descriptions of the new species being scattert,d throu'ifb
a 2
IV PREFACE.
a great many Jouraals, Voyages, and Reports, such a general syn- opsis as is offered in the pi-esent Catalogue will meet a real want in Ichthyology. In confirmation of this, we need only compare the result of this volume with the number of species contained in the corresponding parts of the ' Histoire NatureUe des Poissons' by Cuvier and Valenciennes, the last general ichthyological work. There we find 777 species, 92 of which are described twice or thrice under different names* ; 154 of the remaining 685 species are very doubtful, generally from insufiicient description, and mostly esta- blished by Cuvier himself. The present Catalogue contains 1177 species, 917 of which are considered as properly distinguished, the remainder being merely enumerated. Thus we have —
Total number of species in Cuv. & Val 777
Total number of species in this Catalogue 1177
Species apparently weU characterized in Cuv. & Val 531
Species apparently well characterized in this Catalogue . . 917
" The Collection of the British Museum, together with its Library, have enabled me to introduce original diagnoses of most of the species, and to compile the synonymy and re\'ise that stated by Cuvier, thus raising this work above the point of a mere compilation. The Collection contains many typical specimens, as there have been em- bodied into it, besides other minor collections, —
" 1. The Collection of Gronov, purchased with his MS. descrip- tions.
" 2. Fishes of India, collected by General Hardwicke.
" 3. The entire Collection of British Fishes, by Mr. '^''illiam YarreU.
"4. The Collection of the Fishes of the Frith of Forth, and Scottish Rivers, by Dr. Pamell.
"5. The Collection of Chinese Fishes, made by Mr. John Reevo and his son John Russell Reeve, described by Sir John Richardson, and the drawings of them taken from living or fresh specimens.
* " Cuvier was ongelukkig in het scheppen van nieuwe soortbcjialingen.
Zijn groot ichthyologisch werk is vol van dubbele of meer voudige besclirijvingen eener zelfde soort, die naar vcrschillen van zeer ondcrgcschikte waarde, afliankelijk van geslacht, leeftijd en klimaat, als zoovele verschillende species plaats nauien." — Bleekei, Naiuur/i. Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. i. ISf)!, p. 344.
'• 6. The Collection of the Royal Niival Hospital of Hasla". 7. The Collection of Fishes of the Red 8ea, described jy, and procured from Dr. Riippell.
" 8. The Collection ot Fishes of Japan, described by Prof. Schlegel, and received from the Lcydcn Museum.
"9. The Collection of Fishes of Ambojoia,. described by Dr. Bleekcr, and presented by liim to a charitable institution in Hollani.
" 10. Fishes from the Cape, presented by Sir Andrew Snith, M.D.
"11. The Collection of Freshwater Fishes of India, collected by Dr. GriiRth, described by Dr. Macclelland, and presented by the Hon. East India Company (mostly Cyprinoids).
"12. The Fishes of the Seas of Madeira and the Canary Islands, described and presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
" 13. A Collection of the skulls and skeletons of German Fishes, made by Dr. A. Giinther.
" By the kindness of the late Dr. Horsfield, the types of the species of Indian Fishes described by Dr. Cantor have been examined at the Museum of the Hon. East India Company.
" WTiercver I have not had an opportunity of examining the species, and have been obliged to borrow the characters for a diagnosis from another description, I have added the authority. There remain, however, species which are either insufficiently described, or founded on characters so slight that it is doubtful whether they will stand as species, — or which are established from figures not executed by, or under the inspection of, naturalists : these are mentioned in notes, without a description, and with the synonymy only. Whoever has gone through the labour of examining such descriptions, of making the best of them, and of determining fishes by them, wiU know the amount of time fruitlessly spent, and wiU understand how to appreciate the more recent accounts of Bleeker, which combine with the distinctness of a diagnosis the accuracy of a description.
'* To conclude, I add some explanatory remarks on my way of taking the measurements of specimens, of counting the scales, &c. : —
" 1. The heigJU of the body is always its greatest depth.
" 2. The letKjth of the head is the distance between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the hony operculum. The lenyth of the snout is the distance between the end of the snout and the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
" 3. The total length is the diatance between the end of the snout and the extremity of the caudal fin, when stretched out.
" 4. The last dorsal and anal ray is, generally, bifid to the base : it is counted as one, because only one intemeural and interhaemal spine corresponds to it.
** 5. L. lat. gives the numbei: of pierced scales constituting the lateral line jfrom the humeral arch to the root of the caudal fin, i. e. the number of transverse series of scales covering the body between the points mentioned. The scales of the lateral line are often smaller or larger, or irregular, and not congruent with the transverse series ; in these cases I have counted the transverse series.
** 6. L. transv. gives the number of scales in a series, which runs fi:x)m the origin of the dorsal fin obliquely downwards to the median line of the abdomen, crossing the lateral line. It indicates the number of longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the dorsal fin and the lateral line, and between this and the abdomen. Sometimes the transverse line has such an oblique direction that the number of its scales would be greater than that of the longitudinal series : in this case I count the latter. — The numbers of the lateral and transverse lines are of spedjic value.
"7. The statement of the size of the eye, relative to the length of the head and its parts, is to be applied cautiously, this organ being comparatively much larger in young specimens than in mature ones. Statements taken from mature specimens of different species, of course have every right to be received into the diagnosis.
" 8. In the descriptions of the sJcehton the terminology given by Prof. Owen has been used.
" 9. In the statement of the length of the vertebral column, the centrum only of the last caudal vertebra is included.
" The Plates referred to, and executed by Mr. Ford, will be pub- lished as a separate volume."
JOHN EDWAItD GRAY.
British Museum, May 5, 1859.
INDEX OF THE WORKS
QUOTED IN THIS VOLUME.
Sec. IV. a. Ch. Akistoteles. De Natura Auimaliuni Libri novem.
. De Pai-tibiis Animalium Libri quatuor.
. De Generatione Animalium Libri quinque.
Ex versione Latina Theoduri Gaz<e. Venetiis, 1503, fol. Sec. 1. p. Ch. Cajiis Plinius. Ilistorise Mim^i Libri xixvii. 120. Claudius jEI'mhus (Sopbista). De Auimalimn Natura (Trtpi (autv IbioTTjTos) Libri xvii.
150. Athenteus (Naucratita). Deipnosophistanmi Lib. xv. (Lib. vii. de Piscibus.)
200. Oppianus Anazarbeus. De Piscatu (oXtfurtKcoj/ /3t/3Xia) Lib. v.
400. Decius Mat/inis Ausonius. Cannen de Mosella.
1270. Albertus Magnus. De NaturR Animalium. Lib. xxiv. de Piscibus. Edit. Lugdun. 1651.
1551. Petrxjs Bellonius. Ilistoria Naturalis Pisciiun Marinarum.
Paris, 4to.
1653. . De Aquatilibus Libri ii. Paris, 8vo.
1554, GuiLiELMUs lloNDEJLETius. Libri de Piscibus Marinis. Lugd., fol. 15G0. . Universre Aquatilluin Ilistoria) pars altera. Lugd., fol.
(Lib. iv.-vii. de Piscibus.) 1554. Hippohjtus Sulvianus Typliernas. Aquatilium Animalidm Historiaa
Liber primus. Romaj, 1554. 1558. Conradus Gcsner. Fischbuch ins Teutsch gebracht von Conrad
Forcr, M.D. Frankf., fol.
1604. Casparus Schtcenckfcld. Theriotropheion Silesiee. Lignicii, 4to.
1624. Stephanus a Schoiu-velde. Iclitbyologia — Sleavici, Holsatia) et Emporii Hambui-gi. Hamburg, 4to.
1638. Ulysses Aldrovandus. De Piscibus l^ibri v. et Cetis Liber i. Bo- nonife, fol.
1648. Georf/ius Murcgravus. Ilistoria) Reriun Naturalium Brasiliae
Libri viii. Lugd. Bat., fol. (Lib. iv. de Piscibus.) 1686. Francisctis Willuf/hhy. De Ilistoria Piscium Libri quatuor, jussu
ct sumtibus Societatis liegise Loudinensis editi. Ed. Juhannes
Hajus, Lond., fol.
1685. . Ichthyographia. Sumtibus Soc. Regiae Londin. Lond., fol.
1713. Joannes Hay. Synopsis Metbodica Piscium. Lond., 8vo. '''18. Fmederims Ruyschiux Theatrum Universale, cura H. Ruysch.
AiPitelod., fol. (contains also the figures oi Rvnard).
VUl INDEX OF THE WORKS
172G. Fraticisciis Vahnthms. Descriptio Amboinensis. Ainstelod., fol. (Pars iii. de Piscibus Ambom. &c.)
172G. Ludoricus Ferdina7idus Marsilius. Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus, fol.
(Vols. iv. and \'i. de Piscibus.) 1727. Ha7is Sloane. Voyage aux iles de Madere, dcs Barbados, de
Nieves, de St. Ctristophe et de la Jamaique. Londres, 1707 et
1727. 2 vols. fol.
1731. Marcus Catesbij. Ilistoria Naturalis Carolinje, &c. Lond. 1731 1742, fol.
1734. Henricus Ruijsch. A Description of 300 Animals. Lond., 12mo.
(Fishes, pp. 149-190.)
1735. Alpint, Prosp. Historise Naturalis -^gypti ii. partes. Lugd.
Batav., 4to. 1738. Petbus Abtedi. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica. Lugd. Bat, 8vo.
. Philosophia Ichthyologica. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
, Genera Piscium. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
. Synonymia Piscium. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
. Descriptiones Specieram Piscium. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
1735. Carolus Linnaeus. Systema Naturae. Ed. 1. Lugd. Bat., 8vo.
1749-69. . Amoenitates Academicae. Holm., Lips., et Lugd. Batav.,
8vo.
1754. . Maseum Adolphi Friederici. Stockh., fol,
1766. . Systema Naturte. Ed. 12. Holm., 8vo.
1788. . Systema Naturae, cur. Gmelin. Ed. 13. Lips., 8vo.
1740. Jacobus TIteodorus Klein. Historia Naturalis Piscium. Geda?, 1740-49, 4to.
1754. Louis Renurd. Poissons que Ton trouve autour des Moluques.
Amsterd., fol. 1754. Laurentius Theodonis Gronovitcs. Museum Ichtbyologicum. Lugd.
1754-56, fol.
1763. . Zooph>lacium. Lugd. 1763, i/04, 1781, fol.
1780. . Systema Ichtbyologicum, or Catalogue of Fish, collected
and described by L. Tli. Gronoio : published by J. E. Gray :
printed bv order of the Trustees of the British Museum.
Lond. 1854, 8vo.
1757. Friedericus Hasselqtiist. Iter Palestinense. Holmiae, 8vo,
1758. Sehn, A. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri accurata
Jescriptio. Tom. iii. Amstelod., fol. 1761. Schcpffer: Piscium Bavjirico-Ratisbonensium Pentas. Ratisb., 4to.
1767. Petrus Ascanius. Icones Rerum Naturalium. Copenh. 1767-75, foi.
1768. Brimnich. Ichthyologia Massiliensis. Copenh., 8vo.
1769. Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica. Petrop. 1769-79. 1811. . Zoogi'aphia Rosso-Asiatica. Petersb., 4to.
1769. Pennant. British Zoology. (Vol. iii.) Lond., 8vo. 1784. . Arctic Zoology, vol. iii. Lond., 4to.
1790. . Indian Zoology. Ed. 2. Lond., 4to.
1769-77. Duhamel du Monceau et De la Marre, Traits gdn^rale des Pesches. Paris, fol.
1770. Gouan. Ilifrtoria Piscium. Strasb., 4to.
QUOTKD IN THIS VOLUME. IX
1770. Kolreuter. Papers on Fishes in Novi Commentar. Petropol.
ix.-xix., and m Nova Acta, vol. xiii.
1771. Oahcck, P. A Voyage to China. Lond., 8vo.
1775 Forskiil, P. Niebuhr, C. Descriptiones Animalium, quae in itinere
orientali observavit P. Forskal. Hauniee, 4to. 1777. Otto FriedericHs Miiller. Prodi'omus Zoologia? Danicse.
1779. . Zoologia Danica. Copenh., fol.
1780. Otto Fabricius. Fauna Gronlaudica. Copenl^. 1780.
1782. Block. Naturgescliichte der Fische Deutschlands. Berl. 1782-84, 4to.
1785. . Ausliindische Fische. Berl. 1785-95, 4to. Plates, fol.
1801. . Systema Ichthyologise. Ed. Schneider. Berl., 8vo.
1785. 3feidui(/e>: Icones Piscinm Austriaj. Viennae, 1785-94, fol. 1787. Cavolini. Memoria suUa Generazione dei Pesci. Napoli, 4to.
1792. . Abhandlun^ iiber d. Erzeugung der Fische. Uebers. von
Zwimet maun. Berl., 8vo.
1787. Parra. Descripcion de diferentes Piezas de Historia Natural.
Havana, 4to. 1790. W}dte,J. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. Lond., 4to.
1793. Thunberf/. Paper in Nov. Act. Scient. Suec. Holm., 4to.
1797. Mti)i(/o Park. Description of eight new Fishes from Sumatra,, in
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
1798. Lacepede. llistoire des Poisso"s. Paris. 1798-1803, 4to.
1799. Sonnini, C. S. Voyage dans la Haute et Basse Egypte. Paris, 8vo.
1800. CuviEK. Le9ons d'Anatomie Comparee. Paris, 1800-1805, 8vo. 1829-30. . Le Reenie Animal. 2 edit. Paris, 8vo.
1802-8. Donovan, E. The Natural History of British Fishes. Lond., 8vo.
1803. Russell. Descriptions and Figures of Fishes of Coromandel. Lond., fol.
1803. Sliaw. General Zoology. • Lond., 8vo.
1804. Hermann. Observationes Zoologicae Posthumae. Strasb., 4to. 1807. Tarton, William. The British Fauna. Swansea, 12mo.
1809. Delaroche, F. Obsen ations sur les Poissons recueillis dans un
voyage aux iles Baleares. Ann. Mus. d'llist. Nat. torn. xiii. 1809-13. Description de lH/gj-pte. llistoire Naturelle. par Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Paris, fol.
1810. Risso. Ichthyologie de Nice. Paris. 8vo.
1827. . Histoire Naturelle de TEurope Meridionale. Paris, 8vo.
1812. Rosenthal. Tabulae Ichthyotomicaj. Berl. 1812-22. fol.
1814. Mifchil/, S. L. Report in part on the Fishes of New York. New
York, 12mo.
1815. — -^. Memoir on Ichthyology, in Trans. Lit. and Phiios. Soc. New
York.
1817. . Descriptions of three species of Fishes, in Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Philad. i.
1818. . The Fishes of New York, described and aiTanged, in Amer.
Monthly Mag.
1817-25. Lesueur, C. A. Papers in the Journ. .\cad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
X INDEX OF THE WOKKS
1820. Lichtenstein, H. Paper iu Abhandl. Berl. Acad.
1822. Btichanan IlamiUon. An Account of the Fishes of the Ganges.
Edinb., 4to. 1824. Martens, G. v. Reise nach Venedig. Ulm, 8vo.
1824. Quot/ et Gaimard. Voyage autour du Monde sur les corvettes de
S. M. VUranie et la Physicienne, sous le commandement de Preifcinet. Zoologie : Poiasons. Paiis, 4to. Atlas, foL
1825. Cmtch. Some particulars of the Natural History of Fishes found
in Cornwall, in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xiv. 1825. Jurine. Poissons du Lac Leman. Geneve, fol. 1826-30. Lessoti. Zoologie, in Duperrey, Voyage de la Coquille. Paris, 4to.
Atlas, foL
1827. Hartniann, G. L. Helvetische Ichthyologie. Zurich, 8vo.
1828. Meniiny. History of British Animals. Edinb., 8vo.
1828. Riippell. Atlas zu der lleise im Niirdl. Africa. Frankf., foL 1837. . Neuo Wirbelthiere. Fische. Frankf., foL
1852. . Verzeichniss der Fische des Senckenberg'schen Museums.
Frankf., 4to. 1828-49. CuvTEB et Valenciennes. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,
Paris, 8vo.
1829. Affossiz, L. Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, quaj in itinere per
Bi-asiliam collegit J. B. de Sptx. Monach., fol. 1850. . Lake Superior. Boston, 8vo.
1829. Cocco. Paper in Giomale di Scienz. per la Sicilia. Palermo. 1829-44 Gverin-MencviUe, F. E. Iconogmphie du Regno Animal de
G. Cuvier. Paris et Londres, 8vo.
1830. Bennett, E. T. Catalogue of Zoological Specimens from Smnatra,
in the Memoir of the Life and Services of Thomas Stamford
Raffles. Lond., 4to.
. Papers in the Zoological Joiumal and in Proc. ZooL Soc. Lend.
1830. Bennett, J. Fishes of Ceylon. Lond., fol.
1830-35. Gray, J. E. Illustrations of Indian Zoology. Lond., fol.
1831-42. . Papei-s in Zoological Miscellany. Lond., 8vo.
18.'>0. Beisinyer. Specimen Ichthj'ologia) Hungari«. BudsB.
1830. Stark. Paper in Jameson's Edinb. Joum.
1832^1. Bonap^trte. Iconografia della Fauna Italica. Tom. iii. Pesci.
Roma, fol. 1832. Expedition Scientifique de Moree. Tom. iii. Zoologie, par Geojroy
St. Ililaire, Deshayes, etc. Paiis, 4to. Atlas, fol., 1835. 1832. VaU'ticu^incs. Descriptions de plusieui-s especes nouvellcs de
Poissons dii genre Apogon, iu Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1830. . Ichthyologie, in Histoire Natui-elle des lies Caiuuries par
Webb et Berlhelot. I'iiris, fol. 1840, . I'oisson.s, in Jhqnlil Thouars' Voyage autour du Monde sur
la fr»?gate la Venus. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol. \H^i. Brandt et lidizt-bury. Mt.'dicinische Zoologie. Band ii. Berl., 4to. 18:{3. Tmwc, li. T. On the FLsliea of Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 142. 18.35. . IVR»^ii]>ti()n of a now genus of Fishes (Alepidosam-us), jvnd
Additional Observations, in Trans. Zool. Soc. i.
QUOTED IN THIS VOLUME. XI
1836. L<yice, R. T. Pisciiun Maderensium species qusedam novae, iu Ti-ans. Cambr. Plxilos. Soc. p. 195.
1841. . A SjTiopsis of the Fishes of Madeira, in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.
184.3. . The Fishes of Madeira. I.ond., 8vo.
1849. . Supplement to the SjTiopsis, in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii.
. On a new genus of the Family Lophiidfe, I. c.
1834. lielitnger. Zoologie du Voj'age aux Indes Orientales. Paris. 1834. Griffith, E. Tlie Animal Kingdom. Vol. x. Class Pisces. Lond., 8vo.
1834. Qiioy et Gaimard. "N'oyage de V Astrolabe sous le commandement
de M. J. Dumont (T Lfrville. Zoologie. Tom. iii. Poissons, p. 645. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol.
1835. Ekstrmi. Die Fische in den Scheeren von Morko, iibers. von
CrepUn. Berl., 8vo.
1835. Jacqucmont. Voyage dansl'Inde. Poissons. Paris.
1836. Fries och Ekstrom. . Skandinaviens Fiskar. Stockh., 4to.
1836. Richardson, Sir J. Fauna Boreali-Americana. Part iii. Fish.
Lond., 4to. 1839-40. . On some new species of Fishes from Austi'alia, in Proc.
Zool. Soc.
1842-43. . Descriptions of Australian Fishes, in Ann. & Mag. N. II.
1843. . Icones Piscium. Lond., 4to.
1841 45. . Ichtliyology, in the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. Lond., 4tc
1846. . Ichthyology, in Voyag'e of II.M.SS. Erebus and Terror.
Lond., 4to. 1846. . Reports on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan,
in Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the British Association.
Lond., 8vo.
1848. . Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang. Fishes. Lond., 4to.
1849. . Descriptions of Australian Fishes, in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii.
1857. . System of 1 chthyology, in the Encyclopa9dia Britannica.
1838. Kirtland. Report on the Zoology of Ohio. Columb., 8vo.
1840. . Descriptions of four new species of Fishes, in Boston Joum.
Nat. Hist. iii.
1841. . Descriptions of the Fishes of the Ohio River. Ibid.
1838. Kroyer. Danmarks Fiake. Kjobenhavn.
1838. Parnell, R. The Natural History of the Fishes of the Firth of
Forth. Edinb., 8vo.
1839. Storer. Report on the Ichthyology of Massachusetts. Bost.
Joum. Nat. Hist. ii.
1843-50. . Papers in Bost. Joimi. Nat. Hist.
1840. Nordmann. Ichthyologie Pontique, in Voyage dans la Russie
M^ridionale de Dermdoff, tom. iii. Paris, '8vo. Atlas, fol.
1841. Eichwald. Fauna Caspio-Caucasica. Petrop., fol.
1841. Sykes. On the Fishes of the Didihim, in Trans. Zool. Soc, ii. 1841. TJtompson, W. Paper in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii.
1841. YarreU A History of British Fishes. 2nd edit. Lond., 8vo. \S42. Dekay. Zoology of New York. (Pai-t i v. Fishes.) New York, 4to.
1842. Jenyns, L. The Zoolpgy of the Voyage of H.M.S. Be.iglo. Fishes.
Lond., 4to.
XU INDKX Ol'' THK WOUKS
184;}. Custd. Storia e Notomia del Bmnchiostoino lubrico. Napoli, fol.
1844. Fursfci; J. B. Descriptione.s Aiiinialiuni, qiu-c iu itinere ad maris
au-stralis terras ol)3erva-\-it J. R. Furdcr. Ed. H. Lichtenstein. B(!rlin, 8vo. 184o. Aijrcs. Papers in Rost. Jonrn.
1845. Gin'cht'iiot. Pois.sons, in liamoti dc la Sayra, Ilistoire Naturelle do
Cuba. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol. 1845-54. Lefchi-re, Th. ^'oyage en Abyssinie. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol. 1845. Tschiali. Fauna Peruana. Iclithyologie. St. Gallen, fol. 1845-49. Miiller uml Trosrhel. Ilorfc Iclitlnologicte. Berol., fol. 1840. MiJi.LER, J. Ueber den Bau und die Greuzen der Gaiioiden.
Berl., 4to. 1846-49. Blocker, P.' Some papers in Verhandelingen van bet Bataviaascli
Genootschap. Batavia. . Papers in Natiiurkundig Tydscbrift voor Nederlandscb
Indie*: —
1850. . (Borneo, i.) Bydrage tot de kennis der icbtbyologiscln;
fauna van Romeo.
. (Scleroparei.) Over eeuige nieuwe soorten van Scleroparei
van den Indischen Arcbipel.
. Over twee niemve soorten van Callion}iiuis.
. Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Belone en Ileuiirampluis.
. Over drie nieuwe soorten van Tetraiidon van den ludiscben
Arcbipel. . (Java, i.) Fauna; Icbtbyologicpe Javce insularumque adja-
centium genera et species nova;.
. Vissclien van Banka.
. Msscben van Borneo.
1851. . Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Blennioiden en Gobioiden.
. (Boriii'o, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyo-
logiscbe fauna van Borneo.
. Oxybelus l?randesii.
. (Borneo, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyolo-
giscbe founa van Romeo.
. Clw'ilinoides.
. Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der Percoidei, Scleroparei,
Scifpnoidei, Sparoidei, Ma3noidei, Cbsetodontoidei en Sconibe-
roidei van den Soenda-Molukschen Arcbipel. . (Borneo, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo-
logisobe fauna van Borneo. . (Celebes, i.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der icbtbyolo-
giscbc fauna van Celebes. . (Banda, i.) Bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyologische
fauna van de Banda-eilanden. Vissclien van Solor.
* To shorten the numerous quotations in llic text, many of tlie papers ui-e marked with the name of tlie locality only, the ichthyologienl fauna of wlncli lias hcen described h\ T)v. Blceker, as indicated by the names in pairntlicscs.
QUOTED IN THIS VOLUME. Xlll
1851. Bleeker, P. (Makveel.) Overeenige nieuwe gesl.achton en sooitou
van Makreelachtige visschen. . (Plem-onect.) Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Pleuro-
necteoiden. . Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Megalops, Dussumieria,
Notopterus en Astronesthes.
. Visschen van Billiton.
. (Borneo, v.) Vijfde bydrage tot de kennis der iclithyolo-
gisclie fauna van Borneo. (Riouw.) Bydi-age tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Riouw,
1852. . (Singapore.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Singapore.
. (Blitong.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Blitong (Billiton J.
. (Timor, i.) Bj'drage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Timor.
. (Amb. and Cer.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van de Moluksche eilanden. Visschen van Am- boina en Ceram.
. (Borneo, vi.) Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische faima van Borneo.
. (Banka.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van het eiland Banka.
. (Amboina, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo- logische faima van Amboina.
. (Sumatra, i.) Diagnostische beschryvingen van nieuwe of
weinig bekende viscb soorten van Sumatra.
. Nieuwe visschen van Banda Neira.
. (Ceram, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Ceram.
. (TBanka, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van het eiland Banka.
. (Celebes, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische faima van Celebes.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium in volu-
minibus i., ii. et iii. Diarii Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Batavaa descriptaiiim, adjecti? locis habitationis.
1853. . (Amboina, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo- logische fauna van Amboyna.
. (Temate.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van Ternate.
. Over eenige nieuwe soorten van Homaloptera.
. Exocoetus hexazona, eene nieuwe soort van Banka.
. (Sumatra, ii.) Diagnostische b^schiyAangen van 'nieuwe
of weinig bekende vischsoorten van Sumati-a. . Sycidium parvei, Bleeker.
. (Batavia.) Diagnostische besclir>'vingen van nieuwe of
weinig bekende vischsoorten van Batavia.
. (Ternate, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Ternate eh Ilalmaheira (Gilolo).
XIV INDEX OF THK WOKKtf
1853. Bleeker, P. Index specieruni Piscium Alalayo-Mohiccensium in volumine iv. Diarii Soc. Scieiit. Indo-Batav89 descriptarum, ad- jectis locb habitationia.
. (Solor.) Bydrage tot de kenuis der ichtliyologische fauna
van Solor.
-- — . (Celebes, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fiiuna van Celebes.
. Nalczingen op de iclithyologische fauna ^au het eiland
Bauka.
. (Ceram, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichtliyolo- gische fauna van Ceram.
. (Amboina, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot do kennis der ichthyo-
logi.sche fauna van .Vmboina.
. (Borneo, vii.) Zevende bydrage tot de kermis der ichtliyo- logische fauna van Borneo.
. (Sumatra, iii.) Nieuwe tientallen diagnostische beschry-
vingen van nieuwe of weinig bekende vischsoorten van Sumatra.
. Auteuuarius notophthaimus.
. Index specierum Piscium Malajo-Moluccensium in vol. v.
Diiirii Soc. Scieiit. Indo-Batavoe descriptarum, adjectis locis liabitationis.
. (Gilolo.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Ilalmahoira (Cxilolo).
(Tiauda, iii.) Derde bydrage tot do kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Banda-eilauden.
. Diagramma hajmatochir.
185-1. . Species Piscium Bataviensium novfe vel minus cognita;.
. (Timor, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Timor.
. (Floris.) I?}dvage tot de kennis der ichthyologische faunn
van het eiland Floris.
. Syngnathus tapei'iiosoma.
— ■ — . Diagramma polyt;ienioides.
. (.Japan.) Faunrc Ichthyologicai Japonicfe species nova?.
. (Amboina, v.) Vvfde bydrage tot do kennis der ichtliyo- logische fauna van Amijoina.
. Kleotris tolsoni.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium et Japo-
uensium in vol. vi. Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavse descriptarum, adjectis locis habitationia.
1854. vii. . (Kokos.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van de Kokos-eilandtm.
. (Sumatra, iv.) Overzigt der ichthyologische fauna van
Sumatra met beschryving van eenige nieuwe soorton.
. Jets over Visschen levende in Zeesteeren, en over eene
nieuwe soort van Oxybeles.
. (Celebes, v.) V^-fde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Celebes.
. Ichthyologische waarnemingon, gedaan op verschillcnde
reizeu in de residcmtie Banten.
Over eonige niiMiwo visschen van de Kokos-eilnudeu.
atrOTED IN THIS VOLXTME. XV
1854. vii. Bkeker, P. (Batjan.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Batjan. . (Java, ii.) Specierum Piscium Javanensium novarum vel
minus cognitarum diagnoses adunnbratf«. . (Celebes, vi.) Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo-
gische fauna van Celebes.
. Dactylopterus cheirophthalmus.
. Nog iets over Visschen levende in Echinodermen.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium in vol. vii.
Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavse descriptainim, adjectis locis
habitationis.
1856. viii, . (Borneo, viii.) Achtste bydi-age tot de kennis der
ichthyologische fauna van Borneo.
. (Kokos, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van de Kokos-eilanden.
. Antennariiis lindgi'eeni.
. (Temate, v.) Vyfde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Temate.
. (Batoe.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van de Batoe-eilanden.
-. (Amboina, vi.) Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Amboina.
. (Celebes, vii.) Zevende bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo- logische fauna van Celebes.
. (Kokos, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van de Kokos-eilanden.
. Index specierum Pisciimi Malayo-Moluccensium in vol. viii.
Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavse descriptarum, adjectis locis habitationis.
ix. — — . (Batoe, ii.) Tweede bydrage tot d^ennis der ichthyo- logische fauna van de Batoe-eilanden.
. (Gilolo, ii.) Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Ilalmaheira (Gilolo).
. Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Sumbawa.
-. (Batjan, ii.) Tweede bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Batjan.
. Nalezingen op de Vischfauna van Sumatra.
. (Celebes, viii.) Achtste bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo- logische fauna van Celebes.
. (.lava, iii.) Verslag van eenige verzamelingen van Visschen
van Oost-Java.
. _ (Borneo, ix.) Negende bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyo- logische fauna van Borneo.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van bet
oiland Groot-Oby.
•. (Batjan, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der iclithvolo-
gische faima van Batjan.
. Index specierum Piscium Malayo-Moluccensium in vol. ix
Diarii Soc. Scient. Indo-Batavfe descriptarum, adjectis locis habitationis.
XVI IXDKX OF TlIK WORKS
185G. X. Bleelier, P. Tweede bydrage tot de kennis dev iehtli_V(>logi>ichi^ fauna van het eiland Bintang.
. (Temate, vii.) Zevende bydrage tot de kenuis deriohthyo-
logische fauna van Temate.
. Carcharias amblyrhynchos.
. Index specierum Piscium in voluminibus i.-x. Diar'i So(
Scient. Indo-Batavfe descriptfirum.
xi. . Verslag omtrent eenige vischsoorten gevangen aan de
zuidkust van Malang in Oost-Java. . (Banda, v.) Vyfde bydrage tot de kennis der ichtliyolo-
gische fauna van de I3anda-eilanden. . (Boeroe.) Bydrage tot de kennia der ichthyologische fauna
van het eiland Boeroe. . Verslag van eenige a erzamelingen van zee- en zoetwater-
visschtu van het eiland Banka. xii. . (Temate, viii.) Achtste bydrage tot de kennis der ich- thyologische fauna van Ternate. . (Nias.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische founa
van het eiland Nias. . (Batoe, iii.) Derde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische
fauna van de Batoe-eilanden. . Nieuwe bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Bali. . Index specierum Piscium in vol. xi. et xii. Diarii Soc. Scient.
Indo-Batavai descriptarum. . (Java, iv.) Descriptiones specierum Piscium Javanensium
novarum vel minus cognitarum aiagnostic*. . (Sangi.) Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna
van Sangi-eilanden. . Verslag omtrent eenige vischsoorten van Timor-koepang
en Timor-delhi. 1857. xiii. . (Boeroe, ii.) Tweede bydrage tot de kennis der ich- thyologische faima van Boeroe.
18r)8. XV. . (Java, v.) Visschen van Java's zuidkust.
. Ilolacanthus pseudannularis van Batavi.a.
. (Goram.) Bydrage tot de kennis der Vischfauna van den
Gorani-archlpeL . (Billiton, iv.) Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der Vischfauna
van Billiton. . (Singapore, ii.) Tweedo bydrage tot de kennis der Visch-
faima van Singapore. 1849. . Overzigt der te Batavia voorkomende Gladschubbige
Labroiden in Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. xxii. . (Perc.) Bydrage tot de kennis der Percoiden van den
Malayo-iMolukschen Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Scleroparei van den Soenda-
Molukschen Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis dor Blennioidon en tTobioiden van
den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyologi.schc famia van het
eiland IMi. Ibid.
QUOTE 1) IN TUTS VOIA'MK. XVll
1849. lileehi-r, P. Bvdrau^e tot de keniiis der ichtliyologisclie fauna van
bet eiland Madura. Ibid.
1850. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Scisenoiden van den Soenda-
jMolukscheu Archipel. in Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii.
. B^'drage tot de l>ennis der "Sparoiden \»x\ den Soenda-
Moluksclien Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Msenoiden van den M. Arehipfl.
Ibid. . Bydi'age tot do kennis der Visschen met doolhofvormige
kieuwen (Labyrinthici) van den S.-M. Arrhipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Chjetodontoiden van den S.-M.
Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Teuthieden van den S.-M.
Archipel. Ibid. . liydrage tot de kennis der Notacantliini van den S.-M.
Archipel. Ibid. . Bydi'age tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van
Midden- en Oost-Java. Ibid. 18.')2. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Makreelachtige Visschen van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel in Verhand. Batav. Genootscli.xxiv. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Snoekachtige Visschen van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Chirocentroidei, Lutodeiri, &.c.,
van den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Ilaringacbtige Visschen van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Pleurouecteoiden van den
Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Blootkakige visschen \ an den
Soenda-Moluksclien Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de liennis der Balistini en Ostraciones van tlen
Indischen Archipel. Ibid.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der Plagiostomen van deu ludist-lien
Archipel. Ibid.
185:',. . Nalezingen op tie ichthyologische fauna van Beugalen en
Tlindostan. Batavia, 4to.
1857. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Spbyryenoiden in ^'('rhaull(•i.
Bataav. Genootsch. xxvi.
. Nieuwe Nalezingen of Iclithyologie A^au Japan. Ihid
1850. . Beschryvingen van nieuwe en weinig bekende Visdisoorten
van Amboina, in Acta Societ. Nederland. vol. i.
. Beschryvingen van nieuwe en weinig bekendi' \'ischso()rt(Mi
van Manado en ^lacassar. Ibid.
. Conspectus specieruni Pisciuni Moluccensiuin. //;/(/. vol. ii.
. Tiende bydrage tnt de Ivennis der ichthyolooisehc fauna
van Borneo. Iljid.
• Achlsle bvdriiLii' tot df Iccunis der Vischfauim van .\uiltoiini.
Ibid.
\Mk\. (hem, 7\'. l/octurcs on (iu' ( 'onipanitive Anatomy and I'liysiology of the X'crlebralc Aiiini.ils. I'ait 1. I'islio. Loud., .S\o.
XVm INDKX OF THE "WORKS QTTOTED IN THIS VOLUME..
1853. Oiveti, R. Descriptive Catalogue of the ( )steolo^cal series contained
in the Collection of the Royal College oi Surgeons. Vol. i.
Fislies. Lond., 4to. 1847. Brisout de Barneville. Sur le genre Centropriste, Cuv., in Revue
Zoologique. 1847. Gay. Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoolog. ii. Paris, Bvo.
Atlas, fol.
1847. Schomburgk, R. Reisen in Britisch-Guiana. Leipzig, 8vo.
1848. . The History of Barbadoes. Lond., 8vo.
1850. Cantor, T'.. Catalogue of Malayan Fishes. Calcutta, 8vo. 1850. Guichenot. Reptiles et Poissons dans I'Exploration Scientifique de I'Algerie. Zoologie. Paris, fol.
1850. Temminck and Schlegel. Fauna Japonica. Poissons. Lugd. Bat.,
fol.
1851. Poey, F. Memorias sob re la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba.
Habana, 4to.
1851. White, A. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Col- lection of the British Museum. Fish. Lond., 1851. Printed by order of the Trustees.
1853. Filippi. Nouvelles especes de Poissons. Revue et ]Maga.sin Zool. p. 164.
1853. Gunther, A. Die Fische des Neckars. Stuttg., 8vo.
1854. . Beitrage zu den Siisswassei-fischen. Wiegm. Archiv.
1853-54. Hombron et Jacquinot. Voyage au Pole Sud par Ihimont-
(F Urville. Poissons. Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol. 1854-59. Baird and Girard. Papers in the Smithsonian Reports ; in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. ; in the Reports of the U.S. Pacif. Railroad Expedition ; in U.S. Naval Astronora. Expedition ; in Marcy's Exploration of the Red River.
1855. Castelnau, Francis de. Animaux nouveaux ou rares, recueillis
pendant I'exp^dition dans les parties centrales de TAmerique du Sud. Poissons. Paris, 4to.
1855. Peters. Uebersicht der in Mossambique beobachteten Fische in
Wiegm. Archiv, p. 234.
1856. Holhrooh. Ichthyology of South Carolina. Chariest., 4to. 1858. Hechel und Kner. Die Siisswasserfische der Oestreichischen Mon-
arcliie. Leipz., 8vo.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Subclass I. TELE08TEI. Order I. ACAXTIIOPTEKYGII. Fam. 1. Gastkhosteid^.
''age
1, Gasterosteus, Artedt 2
1. aculeatus, L 2, 500
a. gymiuirus [\
b. .seiniarmatus :i
c. seniiloricatiis 4
d. trachurus 4
e. novt'boracensis 4
2. arg-yropoinus, C. et V. . 4, 500 2 a. williamsoni, Girard . . 500
3. bracliycentrus, C. et V. . . 5
4. biaculeatus, Shmc 5
5. tetracantlms, C. et V. . . 5
6. spimilosiis, Jen 5
7. pungitius, L 0
o. pungitius 6
b. occideutalis G
8. maineusis, Storey 6
9. coneiunus, Rieh G
10. quadracus, Mitch 7
11. spinacliia, L 7
catapliractus, Pall. 2
niger, C. et V. 2
plebeius, Gir 2
mopinatus, Gir 2
pygmaeus, Agass 2
mconstans, Kirtl. 2
serratus, Ayres 2
intermedius, Gir 2
pugetti, Gir 2
microcepbalus, Gir 2
loricatus, Reinh 2
dimidiatus, Reinh 2
Fam. 2 Berycid^.
1. Monocentris, Schneid 8
1. japonicus, Houtt y
I';it.'C
2. Iloplostethus, C. <t V. 9
1. moditfrraueus, C. et V. . . 9
.'i. TracJiichthys, Shmv 10
1. australis,' Shaw 10
2. *eloiigatus, Gthr 10
4. *Anoplogaster, Gthr 12
1. corn ut us, C. et V. 12
4«. Heteroplitlialmus,//^^/,-. . 500
1. katoptron, Rleek 501
5. Beryx, Cuv 12
1. lineatus, C. et V. 18
2. *affinis, Gthr 13
3. deeadactylus, C. et V. . . 16
4. splendens, Lou-e 16
6. delphiui, C. et V. IG
6. Polymixia, Loire 16
1. nobilis, Loive 17
2. *lowei, Gthr 17
7. Myripristis, Cuv 19, 500
1. jacobus, C.etV. 19
2. pralinius, C. et V. 20
3. kuntee, C.etV. 20
4. bleekeii, Gthr 20
5. leignathos, Val. 21
6. parvidens, Bleck 21
7. murdjan, Forsk 21
8. adustus, Bleek 22
9. microphthalmus, Bleek . . 24
10. vittatus, C.etV. 24
11. japonicus, C. et V. 26
12. *trachypoma, Gthr 25
13. hexagonus, Lacep 27
14. lima, C.etV. 28
borbonicus, C. et V. . . . 19
axillaris, C. et V. 19
botche, Bleek 19
violaceus, Bleek 19
8. Holocentmm, Artedi 28
1. longipinne, C. et V. . . . . 28
2. *furcatum, Gthr 29
3. *macropus, Gthr 31
4. poecilopterum. B/eek .... 32
b2
SYSTEMATIC INDKX.
Page
o. *erythi'a?um, Gthr 32
6. * microstoma, Gthr 34
7. rubnim, Forsk 35
8. laticeps, C. et V. 38
0. pimctatissimiim, C. et V. . 38
10. sterciis muscaiura, C. et V. 39
11. hastatuin, C.[et V. 39
12. ppinif'erum, C. etV. .... 39
13. bmotatum, Q. et G 40
14. caiidimaculatum, Rilpp. . 41
15. tiereoides, Bleek 41
16. spinosissimum, Schleg. . . 41
17. dmdema, Lacep 42
18. melauotopterum, Bkek. . 43
19. violaceum, Block 43
20. cormitiim, Bhrk 45
21. tiere, C. etV. 45
22. sammara, Forsk 40
23. operculare, C. et V 47
24. *la;ve, Gthr 47
25. spinosum, Af/ass 49
26. retrospinis, Guich 49
ascensionis, L 28
argenteum, C. et V 28
marianum, C. ctV. 28
leonoidps, Bleek 28
biiiotHium, Block 28
9. Rh^^lclli(•hthys, C. et V. . . 50
1. pt'lamidis, C. et V. 50
2. braohyiliynchus, ^/('fA-. . . 50 rostratiis, Groiior 50
Fam. 3. PF.nciDiE.
Fir.st Group. PehOina.
1. Perca, Artodi 58
1. fliiviatilis, L 58
2. flavpscciis, Mitch 59
(acuta 60)
3. gracilis, C. et V. 60
2. Percichthjs, Gir 61
1. Ifevis, Je)7 61
2. trucha, C. et V. 61
3. molanops, Gir 61
4. ciliata, K. et v. Ilasfi. ... 62
5. marginata, C. et V 62
3. Paralabrax, Gir 62
1. nebnlifer, Gir 62, 501
2. clathratus, Gir &3, 501
4. Labrax, Cur 63
1. lupus, Lacep 63
2. elongatus, Genffr 64
3. lineatus, 7y/. 64
4. osculatii, Filippi 65
5. rufus, Mitch 65
6. pallidus, Mitch 67
Hape
7. multilineatus. C. et V. 67, 501
8. notatus, Smith 07
nigricans, Dckuy 63
albidus, Dekcnj 63
5. Lates, Cm?) 67
1. niloticus, G))i 07
2. calcarifer, Bl . 08
0. Cnidon, M. et T. (SA
1. chineusis, M. otT. 68
7. Psammoperca, Rich ()9
1. waigiensis, C ot V. .... 09
2. *macroptera, rr7/(r 09
8. Percalal)rax, Sohlcf/ 70
1. japnnicus, C ct V. 71
9. Aceriua, Cuv 72
1. ceniua, L 72
2. rossica, C. ct V. 73
3. schrfBtzer, L 73
(zillii, Gorvais 72)
10. Percariua, Nordm 73
1. demidoffii, Nordm 74
11. Lucioperca, Cur 74
1. wolgensis, Pcdl. 74
2. americana, C. ot V. .... 74
3. Sandra, Cnr 75
4. marina, Pall. 75
5. canadensis, St?nth 75
6. grisea, Dekaij 76
borea, Gir 501
12. Pilconia, Dckaj/ 76
1. semifa.sciatum, Dokai/ . . 7<)
2. carbonarium, B. ct G. . . 7i\ 1.3. Boleosoma, Dekai/ 77
1. tcssellatum, Dokaij .... 77
2. lepidum, B. ot G 77
3. maculatum, Agass 77
ohnstodi, Sforer 77
14. Aspro, Cur 78
1. vulgaris, C.etV. 78
2. zingel, L 78
15. Etelis, C.etV. 79
1. carbunculus, C. et V. .... 79
10. Centroponuis, Lacej) 79
1. undecinialis, Bl 79
17. Niphon, C.etV. 80
1. spino.sus, C. et V. 80
18. Enoplosua, Lacep 80
1. annatus, White 81
Second Group. Serkanina.
19. Aprion, C.etV. 81
1. virescens, C. etV. 81
20. Apsilus, C.etV. 82
1. fuscus, C. ct V. 82
21. Centropristis, C. et V. 82
1. bivittatus, C.etV. 82
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
2. radialis, Q.etG H^
3. radians, Q. et G . 88
4*. fascicularis, C. etV. . . . . 83
5. coiiceptionis, C. etV..... 84
6. hepatus, Gm 84
7. liiciopercanus, Poet/ .... 84
8. tabaccarius, C. etV. .... 85
9. praestigiator, Pocy 85
10. brasiliensis, Barncville. . . 85
11. pha'be, Poey 85
12. psittacinus, Vol 8(3
13. atrobranchus, C. et V, . ■ 80
14. atraiius, L 8(3
15. liinindinaceus, Latiysd. . . 87
pliiladelphicus, Z 82
uebulosus, Castcin 82
flavescens, C. etV. 82
22. Callanthias, Lowe 87
1. peloritaniis, Cocco 87
23. Antliias, Schncid. 88
1. sacer, Bl. 88
2. borboniiLS, C. et V. . . 89, 502
2rt. manadensis, Bleck 502
2b. pleurotsenia, Blech 502
2c. cheirospilos, Bleel- 502
3. squamipiimis. Pet 89
4. *asperiling-ui.s, Gthr 89
6. tonsor, C.etV. 91
6. furcifer, C.etV. 91
7. trifurciis, L 91
8. filamentosus, C. et V. 502
8a. zouatus, C. et V. 503
9. oculatus, C.etV. 92
10. rasor, Rieh 93
11. schlegelii, Gthr 93
12. *longimanus, Gthr 94
13. cichlops, Bleek 95, 50;{
lepidolepis, Bleek 501
hechtii, Bleek 501
niacrophthalmxis, M. et T. 501
24. *Anyperodon, Gthr 95
1. leucogi'amniicus, liciinc. . 90
25. I'rionodes, Jen. . 90
1. fasciatiis, Jen 90
20. Seiramis, Cuv 97
1. phaeton, C.etV. 100
2. cieolus, C.etV. 100
3. colonus, V)il 101
4. loiiti, Forsk 101
5. flavimargiDatu.«, Riipp. . . 103 lepidopterus, Fot^t 97
8. sciiba, L 103
9. humeralis, C.etV 104
10. alboniaculatus, Jen 105
11. rliyncliolepis, Bh-ek 105
12. gvmuopareius, C. rt V. . . 105
13. ci'vbHlhi, L 100
Page
14. bi'unneus, Bl. 107
15. kawamebari, Schley 107
15a. amblyceplialus, i)/tx'/c. . . 503
10. lanceolatud, Bl. 107
17. albofusciis, Lac^p 108
18. sexfasciatus, K. et v. II. . . 108
19. mystacinu8, Poey 109
(octocinctus, Schley 109)
20. oceanicus, Lacep 109
21. triinacidatus, C.etV. 109
22. diaoauthus, C. et V. 1 10
23. striatiis, Bl. HO
24. stigniapomus, Rich Ill
25. tigi-is, C.etV. 112
20. boenack, Bl. 112
27. *n\^Y\,Gthr 112
28. semipiinctatus, C. et V. . . 114
29. tigriniis, Bl. 114
30. papilionaceus, C. et V. . . 114
31. oxyihync'hus, C. et V. . . 114
32. argiis, Schneid. 115
semifasciatus, Guy 98
33. rogaa, Forsk. . . .' 11(5
34. zananella, Bleek 1 ] (3
ruber, Bl 98
35. paclivoeutruin, C. et V. . . 110 3(5. erytlirajus, C. et V. 110
37. niirroprion, Bleek 110
38. cyanostigmatoides, Bleek. 117
39. cyanostignia, K. et v. II. . 117
40. niiiiiatus, Forsk 1 18
rufus, Honibr. et Jucq. . . 98
41. aurantius, C.etV. 118
42. .'icxmaculatus, Rupp 118
43. iiigripinnis, Bleek 118
44. heniistictiis, Riipp 119
45. guttatus, Bl 1 19
40.' onatalibi, C. et V. 120
47. tajniops, C.etV. 121
48. sonnerati, C. et V. 122
49. urodelus. Forst 122
50. analis, C.etV. 123
51. zanana, C.etV. 123
pixauga, C etV. 98
g-iiativere, C. et V. 98
52. leopardus, Lacefj 123
53. coronatua, C. et V. 124
54. spiloparceus, C. et V. .... 125
55. limbatus, C. et V. 125
50. noulenv, C. etV. 120
57. Intra, C.etV. 120
58. goldnianni, Bleek 120
59. pavonimis, C. et V. 120
janscnii, Bleek 99
00. angnlaris, C.etV. 120
01. suillns, C. f^ V. 127
02. rusfoguttatus, Riipp 127
YST^lvMATK; INDKX.
()4. 05. (5(i. <i7. (>8. 00. 70. 71. 7-2. 7:l
74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 70. 80. 81. 82.
m.
84. 85. 80. 87. 88. 80. 00. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 00. 07.
08
00. 100. 101,
102.
lo;i
104. 105. 100 107 108
Pasjc
altivflioidos, INrck 127
polyphfkadion, Blvek. . . 128
siilnioTioidcs, Lar/'p 12H
epi.stictus, Sclilcij 128
batavicii.^iis, Ble'vk 120
albotiuttatu.s lilcd; 120
poly.stifiiiia, ISIirk 120
luaciilatus, HI. 1:50
^ralcus, M. viT. l;50
nivcatus, V. d V. 130
*iuargaritifcr, (Ithr l:!!
a.sper.sus, Jvn 00
itaiara, Licht 00
gigas", Brihui l.')2
moara, Sr/i/ii/ l.'J.'i
goroen.si.s, C. ct V. l.'{3
ery throga.stor, Dckai/ .... 133
fiisfu.-^, Loire 1;)4
;\>mMi,s, ('cofl'r 134
omaigiiiatu:<, Val. l.")4
nigritiis, Hulhr 13,4
acutirostri.s, C. cf V. . . . 135
niarainali!*, IJI 135
homdiiw, Kctr. If. 13(5
crapuo, C. ct V. l-">7
.sobic, Bhrk 1:17
summaiia, Forsk 1:57
mifi'oiiotatii.-*, Iiii/)p 137
tumilabris, C. rt V 1:58
liocvcnii, Blcck 1:58
boiitoo, Ciir 138
celcbicu-s BMc L30
vavioln.sus, luir.'if 1:50
hoedtii, B/r.k L30
akaara, Sclifvi/ 140
npiia, Z;/.. ..". 140
iHtiitzolii, C. ct V. 140
crythruni.s, C. ct V. 00
luaculosiis, C. ct v. 00
ali.'xaiidnnus, C ct V.. ... OO
dcrinocliinis, C ct V. . . . ■ 00
kuuliardlii, Btcck 00
lebretoiiianii.'^, //. ct J. . . 00
lu'xagonatu.*, I'orst 140
a. ht'xafj^onatus .... 141, 50:5
b. rnt'i-ra, Bl 141
morio, C. ct V. 142
iiiipe1iaino.sus, M. ct T.. . 142
on-ii.s' Jil 142
(iiicla.'H, Peters 143)
utidulo.su,'>, C. ct V. .... 143
t.siriincnara, ScJiloj 144
•punctati,>*,simus, (Hhr. . . 144
rupcstri.**, C. ct V. 145
flav()-cfciuk'U,-5, *7^'/f'/7J. .. 145
, 'spiiii^cr, (rthr 14()
, ura, C. ct V. 147
100. uu'lainirus, Gcoffr..
1 10. gilbovti, mch
111. iicbulos.u.'f, C. et V.
112. bouloidos, 7//<'rA;. . 1 L3. uiacro.spild,-*, BIcek.
114. arodlalu.s For.'^k . . .
115. awoara, Schlcij. . . . 1 10. g;e(>;j:rapliicus, A', ct v. II.
117. vetii'ularis, K. ct v. II.
118. g-ainiardi, Blcck
110. cldovo.sfi^uia, C. et V.
120. •cyliudricu.s (itht: .
121. lalu'ifonnis, Jen
rivulatu.'^, C. ct V. . . . uig:nc('ps, C. et ]'. . . . niiliaris, C. et V. ... thnoguttatu,*, Peters . diktiophoni.'^, Blcck. .
122. altivtdi,^ ('. ct V. ...
123. iucriui.^, C. cf V
124. quoyanu.s, C. et V. . . .
125. oU'ax, Jcfi
120. dt'iinoptoru.s, Sehlc(j. .
pantlR'nnus, L<te6p. . . cyauopus, ItieJi
127. Ibnuosu.s, Sliitir
127«. iU(dauotit!iua, Blcck.
128. latit'a.'^ciatus, Selilei/. . 120. morrhua, C. ct V.' . . . 130. biguttatu,-^, C. et V. . 1:51. p(i»(il(ni()tu.-<, Schlcf/. . 1:52. lt>iuni.>i('atu.<, C. et V. . 1:53. uropl-.tliahuu.-^, Blcck. 1:54. liucatus, C. et F. ... 135. anib()ineu.si.<, Blcck. .
chlorocophalu.-i, C. ct J
auvatus, Bl.
c'lLTulcopuuctatus, Bl. forallicola, A', ct v. II.
avgi'utinu.^^, Bl
varicgatus, Hick
roove.sii, Hick
lunarius, luirsk
tncnioohiru.s, ('. ct V. .
rosou^!, C. ct V.
pcruaini>i, Less
abd()niiuali.><, Peters .
goliatli, Peters
pai'kiusouii, C. et V. .
arara, C. et V.
cardinali.s, C. et V....
luiudatus, Scluicid. . . .
27. PliH'tropoma, Cur. . . .
1. maculatuni, Bl
2. li'opardiTnini, Laecp. .
3. (digacautlius, Bleek. .
4. ni(daiHiK'ucnui, J.acrp.
PllRC
147
148
148
140
14i)
140
150
150
150
150
151
151
152
00
00
00
00
50:5
152
153
153
153
154
08
08
154
504
154
154
155
155
155
155
150
150
1(X)
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
15(5
15(5
157
157
157
SySTKMATiC INDEX.
Page
5. nigrorubrum, C. et V. . . lo8
(). *aiinulatum, Gfhr 158
7. seniicinctum, C. et V. . . 160
8. susuki, a etV. 160
9. dciitex, C.etV. 160
10. *ocellatum, Ofhr. . . 161, 504
11. *cim-tum, Gf/ir 162
12. serratuni, C. et V. 103
V.i. aculoatum, C. et V. 163
14. brasiliauuni, C. et V. 164
15. chloroptt-nim, C. et V. . . 164 1(>. pictuiu, Tschudi 164
17. munacaiitliu.s, 31. et T. . . 164
18. luacroplithalmus, Tachudi 165 10. paytonso, Less 165
20. liispanuni, C. et V. 165
21. puella, C.et V. 165
vitiilimnn, Poey 165
22. indigo, Poeji ' 166
23. boviiium, Poci/ 160
24. giiinniigutta, Poei/ 1()6
25. gutta-variiini, Poei/ .... 166
26. chloninim, C et J' 167
nigricans, I'oeij 167
acceusiini, Poej/ 167
27. iniicolor, Schuiid 167
28. *Tiachyponia, GtJir 167
1. *inacracauthu.s, GtJir. . . 167
29. Pol.vprion, Cur 168
1. cernium, Val 169
30. *Pogon()perca, Otiir 169
1. punctata, C. et V. . . 169, 504
31. Granmiistes, Art 171
1. orientali.s, Sclineid. 171
32. Khypticus, C.etV. 171
1. saponaceus, Schiieid. .... 172
2. arenatns, C. et V. 173
3. niaculatii.s, Holhr 173
33. Aulacocephalus, Sehlej/. . . 17-"> 1. schlegclii, Gthr 173
34. Diploprion, K. et r. H. . . 174 1. bifasciatum, K. et v. II. . . 174
35. ^lyiiodon, Bris 174
1. -waigiensis, Q.etG 175
36. Genyoroge, Curd 175
1. nigra, Forsh 176
2. macolor, C.ct V 17(5
3. seba3, C.etV. ^. 176
4. bengalensis. Til 178, 504
5. ca;ruleovittata,C'.r<r. 179,504 ha. spilura, Benn 504
6. viridis, Vid 180
7. octovitlata, C. et V. 180
8. rosea, C.etV. 180
9. gibba, Forsk 180
10. notnta, C. et V. 181
11. niarginata, <". < / V 181
12. bottoneusis, C. et V. . . . .
13. rivulata, C. -st V.
14. cajruleopiinctata, C. et V.
15. nielauura, Riipp
16. amboinensi.s, Bleek
17. nielauospilos, Bleek
18. fulva, Forst
19. civis, C.etV.
diiodecim-lineata, C. et V. rufolineata, C. et V. . . . .
axillaris, C. et V
riavipes, C. et V.
analis, C. et V
aurantiaca, C. et V.
san guinea, C. et V.
vitiana, Honihr. et Jaeq . .
37. Mesoprion, Cuv
1. luicrochir, Bleek
2. chry.gurus, Bl.
3. sparus, Sehle;/. . .
4. dentatus, Guich
5. carponotatus, Ricli
0. bohar, Forsk
(quadriguttatus, Cuv. . .
7. caudalis, C. et V
8. bitfeniatus, C. et V. . . . .
9. waigiensis, Q. et G
10. chrysotseiiia, Bleek
11. argentimaculatus, Forsk.
12. lineatus, Q. et G
13. genibra, Schiieid
14. cynodon, C. et V.
15. griseiis, C. et V.
16. buccanella, C. et V. . . . .
17. ava, Bl.
18. borensis, C.etV
19. erythrinus, Rilpp
20. rangus, C. et V.
21. madras, C. et V.
22. johnii, Bl.
23. fuscescens, C. et V
24. fulviHamnia, Forsk. ...
25. uninotatus, C. et V. . .
26. mahogoni, C. etV.
27. vivanus, C. et V
28. annularis, C.etV.
29. malabaricus, Schiieid. . . .
30. erythropterus, Bl.
31. lineolatus, Riipp
32. tinioriensis, Q. et G. . . .
33. isodon, C.etV.
34. dodecacautlius, Bleek. . .
35. dodecacanthoides, Bleek .
36. aurorubens, C. et V. ...
37. vitta, Q.etG
38. bleekcri, Gthr
39. onncacanlhus, Bleek. . .
XXIU Page
. 181 . 182
182 183 183 183 184 184 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 184 186
^m
188 188 190 190 191) 191 191 191 192 192 193 193 194 194 198 198 199 199 199 200 200 201 201 202 203 203 204 204 205 205 205 206 , 206 . 206 . 207 . 207 . 208 . 20! >
S VSTEM A TIC 1 \ n K X .
40. sciniciiRtus, Q. H G 209
41. quinquelineatus, C. ct V. 209
42. sobra, C.etV 209
48. decussatus, C. et V. .... 210
44. retrospinis, C. et V 210
45. pomacanthus, Blevk 210
aurolineatus, C. etV..... 184
richardi, C.etV. 184
t;eniops, Cet V. 184
cyanoptems, C. et V. . . . . 184
pargus, C. etV. 185
Havipinni.«, C et V 185
rubellus, C.etV. 185
sillaoo, C.etV. 185
ful^ens, C.etV. 185
lutjanus, Bl 185
chn-tah, C.etV. 185
caroui, C. et V 185
albo-aureus, Lacep 185
lunulatus, Munc/o Park . . 185
olivaceus, C. et V. 185
erythrognathiis, C. et V. . 185
emerjii, Richards 185
elongatus, /iowiJ/". etJacq. 185
argenteus, Homhr. et Jacq. 185
(;audanotatus, Poc[i 185
38. Glaueosoma, Schlcij 211
1. biirgeri, Richards 211
Third Group. Pentaceratina.
39. Pentaceros, C.etV. 212
1. richardsonii, Smith .... 212
2. capensis, C. et V? 212
3. *decacaatliiis, Gtlir 213
40. Oreosoma, C.etV. 214
1. atlanticum, C. et V. .... 215
Foiu'th Group. Puiacanthina.
41. Priacatithus, C. et V. 215
1. niacrophthalmus, C. et V. 215
2. boops, Forst 21()
(macropus, C. et V. ..... 21())
3. bonariensis, C. etV 21()
4. japoni«ia, Langsd 217
5. niphomcus, C. et V. .... 217
6. blochii, Meek 218
7. bonmcbari, Schley 218
8. hamrulir, Forsk 219
9. carolinu.s, C. et V. 2-19
10. schniittii, lUeek . 220
11. holocontrurn, lUcek 220
12. niacracan tints, C. et V . . 220
13. dubiu.s, Srhlcfi 22]
14. tayfuus, R/rhanh 221
1.5. sprciiliuu. ('. >■/ r. 221
Page
cruontatus, Lacep 215
argenteus, C.etV. 2 15
niacropterus, C. et V. . . , . 215 fax, C.etV. 215
Fifth Group. A p o G o n r n a.
42. Ambassis, Comviers. . 222,
1. *robustus, Schle;/
2. commersouii, C. etV.....
3. urotainia, Rleek
4. k()p.sii, Rleek
5. apogonoides, Rleek
G. batjanensis, Rleek
7. dassumieri, C. et V. ....
8. tliermalis, C. et V.
0. n.alua, C. et V
10. interrupta, Rleek
11. lnu'ucu,sis, Rleek
12. wolffii, Rleek
13. A achellii, Rich
14. niacracantluLS, Rleek
15. macrolepia, Rleek
1(). alta, C.etV.
17. nuv^HjRach. Ham
18. oblonga, Ruck. JIam
19. bogoda, Ruch. Hum
lala, Ruch. Ham
baculi-s, Ruch. Ham
barlovi, Si/kes
argyrozona, C. et V. ....
43. Microichthys, Riijjp
1. (!occoi, Riipp
44. Apogon, Lucfp
1. iniberbis, L
2. heptastigma, Ehrcith
3. liyalosonia, Rleek
4. tlionnali-s, C. et V.
5. pu^ciloptcrus, K. et i: H. . . 0. godini, Rleek
7. axillaris, Val
8. hypselouotus, Rleek
9. leptacanthu.s, JSleek
10. nigroniaculatus, H. et J. ,
11. orbicularis, K. et v. H. . .
12. neniatopterus, Rleek. .
13. trimaculatus, C. et V.
14. rhodopt(!rus, Rleek. . .
15. koiloinatodon, Rleek. . 1(). niargaritophorus, Rleek
17. ta'nialus, Fhrenb. . .
18. aniboiucnsis, Rleek. . 10. sangiensis, Rleek. . .
20. ccraniensis, Rkek. . .
21. iiigripinnis, C. et V.
22. ta';ii(>pterus, litiin. . .
23. tiiiiiioclinius. Rl((k. .
505 222 223 224 224 224 225 225 225 225 226 226 22(5 227 227 227 227 228 228 228 222 222 222 222 228 229 229 230 231 231 232 232 232 232 232 232 233 233 233 233 233 234 234 234 2;',4 235 2.".5 2.!5 2.{5 2;(i
sysjk.ma'hc ini)i;\'.
Page
24. inaciilosu9, C. it f 2;{6
25. euueastigiua, Hiijjj) 23G
26. *riippellii, Gthr 23()
27. nova? giiinefe, Vol 237
28. cupreu8, EhreHh 237
29. hoevenii, lilcek 237
30. truncatus, Blvok 237
31. bifasciatiis, i?//;;/; 238
32. tiuiorieiisis, lilvck 238
33. baiulanensis, lilcek 238
34. aiiuulari.^, Riipp 239
35. liueatus, Schlcc/ 239
30, quadrifasciatus, Val 239
37. seiuilineatus, Schlcg 240
38. clirvsopomu.s, lilcek 240
39. kalosoiua, Bleck 240
40. frenatus, Val. 241
41. kallopterus, Bhek 241
42. fascial us, White 241
4^3. cyanosonia, Bleek 242
44. cyanotaenia, Bleek 242
.45. multitteniatus, Bleck. . . 242
46. hartzfeldii, Bleek. ...... 242
47. chiysotsenia, Bleck ...... 242
48. *victori{e, Gthr 243
49. melas, Bleek 243
50. cautoris, Bleck 243
51. mcaco, Bleek 244
52. lineolatus, Ehroih 244
53. i'ucatus, Ca)d 244
54. niacropteius, K. ct i\ H. . . 244
55. bleekeri, Gthr 245
56. macropteroides, Bleck. . . 245
57. burueiisis, Bleck 245
58. zosteropliovus, Bleek 245
latus, Ehrenb . . 229
multitajuiatus, C. ct V. . . 229
coccineus, Rdpp 229
ceylonicus, C. ct V 229
nioluccensis, Val. 229
guamensis, l\il. 229
iiova3 boUandise, Val 229
lateralis, Val 229
sclilegelii, Bleck 229
fuscus, Q.etG 229
45. Apogonicbtbys, Bleck. . . 245
gracilis, BUck 246
auritus, C.ctV. 246
polvstigma, Bleck 246
amfclyuropterus, Bleck. . . 246
, glaga, Bleck 247
. cariuatus, C.etV. 247
, pordix, Bleek 247
a. aprion, Richards 247
9. americamis, Casteln 247
46. Cliilodiplcrus, Laccji 248
1, octovittatus, C. ct V. 248
2. liueatus, Forsk 248
3. quinquelineatus, C et V. . 248
4. apogonoides, Bleck 249
5. aniblvuropterus, Bleek. . . 249
47. Scombrops, Schleg 249
1. cbilodipteroide,^", i//r<'A-. . . 249
48. Pomatomus, Risso 249
1. teloscopium, Rissu 250
49. Acropoiua, Schlcg 250
1. japouicuni, Gthr 250
Sixtli Group. Grystina,
50. *01igorus, Gthr 251
1. uiacquiU'iensis, C. ct V. . . 251
2. gigas, Owen 251
51. Grystes, C.ctV. 252
1. salmonoides, Laccj) 252
nuecensis, B.et G 252
fasciatus, Eoff 252
52. Arripis, Jc/u/us 252
1. georgianus, C. et V. .... 253
2. salar, Richards 253
3. truttaceus, C. ct V. 254
53. lluroj Cur. 255
1. uigricaus, Cur 255
54. l\>rcilia, Girard 255
1. gillissii, Gir 255
54 rt. *Leiubus, Gthr 505
1. *uiaculiitus, Gtlir 505
55. Ceutrarclius, Cuo 256
1. adieus, Lcsueur 256
2. pouiotis, Buird 256
3. luterruptus, Girard .... 257
4. irideus, Bosc 257
5. bexacantbus, C.ctV.. .. . 257
6. uitidus, Girard 257
7. fasciatus, Lesueur 258
8. ol)scurus, Dekay 258
9. gulosus, C.ctV. 258
10. tetracantbus, C. ct V. 258
viridis, C.ctV. 256
50. Bryttus, C.ctV. 258
1. puuctatus, C.ctV. 259
2. albulus, Girard 259
3. lougulus, Baird 259
4. lioriden,sis, Holhr 260
5. melanops, Girard 260
6. niuriuus, Girard 260
7. fasciatus, Holbr 260
8. glorioau.s, Hclhr. 260
reticulatus, C. et V. .... 258
diapbauus, Girard 258
signifor, Girard 258
huniilis, Girard 258
niicrops, Girard 258
!?V.STKJ1ATIC IN0K.\.
|
Pope |
|
|
57. Pomotis, C. etV. |
. 2(51 |
|
1. aurims, L |
. 2G1 |
|
2. rubricaiula, Storey .... |
. 2G2 |
|
.'}. t'loiifzatn.'^, lliilhr |
. 2G2 |
|
4. speciosu.s, li. it (i |
. 2(;;^ |
|
T). c itt'todon, Itnird .... |
. -Mi |
|
G. her<).<, B. vt d |
. 2(;.i |
|
(niaciocliir, Kirtl |
. 2G:5) |
|
7. niit-rolopluis, dtlir. . . |
. 204 |
|
'6. iiuui;inalus, Ilolbr. |
. 2(54 |
|
ti'tnK-antluis, C. ct J'. . . |
. 2(11 |
|
ravL'iielii, C. d T'. .... |
. 2(il |
|
holbrookii, C. vt V.. . . . |
. 2(51 |
|
iiifi.-»or, ('. ct V. |
. 2(51 |
|
gibbusus, C. ct V. .... |
. 2(51 |
|
golif-, C. etV. |
. 201 |
|
catesbvi, C. ct V. .... |
. 201 |
|
brevic-t'p.s, li. et G |
. 201 |
|
appciidi.v, Mitcli |
. 201 |
|
nitidiis, Kiytl. |
. 2(il |
|
lima, (tirard |
. 2(51 |
|
aquili'U.-^is, Itnird .... |
. 201 |
|
r^^. Aiioplu.'^, Seidell |
. 204 |
|
1. banjos, Rielunds |
. 204 |
|
59. *()d(iiitoiii'otos, Gfhr. . . |
. 2()r, |
|
1. cvvthruua.-ti'i-, K. et r. II |
. 20r) |
|
GO. Dales, CetV. |
. 2(U) |
|
1. aiirifia, C. et V. |
. 20(! |
|
2. fluvixfiitii.s C.ci V. . . |
. 207 |
|
.'!. iaiuUi\ittatU!«. Zrfrv'/). . . |
. 207 |
|
4. tll'lliuilis, ('. et V. .... |
. 2(57 |
|
0. fu>(.'U>, ('. (t V. |
. 2()8 |
|
(i. niariiiiiaiits, ('. et T. . . |
. 20S |
|
7. iiipt'stiis, L'irrp |
. 208 |
|
H. uuaiiicii.-^is, C. et J\ ... |
. 209 |
|
It lualo, C. ct V. |
. 270 |
|
10. IjciiiK'tti, Uleek |
. 270 |
|
11. aiidii^uu.s, lUvhitrda. . . |
. 270 |
|
\ aiiicdli'ii.si.s, C. ct J". . . |
. 2(56 |
|
Fain. 4. Ai'IIIU'-Doiikhid-T-:. |
|
|
1. A))hrt'doderus, Leaueiir . . |
. 271 |
|
1. sayanut!, Gi/liiiiiis .... |
. 271 |
|
Fam. 5. Pristipo.m.vtid.i;. |
|
|
1. Tlicrapon, C'xr |
. 274 |
|
1. thciaps, C.ctV |
. 274 |
|
2. obsciirus, C. ct T. .... |
. 275 |
|
3. .«qualidiis, C. ct J'. . . . . |
. 275 |
|
(traiisversus, C. ct J'. . |
275) |
|
4. vir^atu.s, C. ct V. |
. 270 |
|
5. clli])liciis, Rleliardfi. . . |
. 270 |
|
(!. tancrllatii-, C. ct ]'. . . |
. 270 |
|
7. cincrt'iis, C. ct V. .... |
. 27(i |
|
H. •iiiiicolor, Gthr |
. 277 |
|
11 .«TVI1.S W |
, 27« |
|
10. (vivillaliis, liiich. Ilniii. |
2S0 |
Page
11. phebiil, Elircnb 281
12. oxvrhvnchus, Scldci/ 281
1.3. qnadnlineatus, Bl. '^>*->
14. cuvit'ii, Jilcck ■/f<'2
15. ai-'^enteu.s, C. ct V. 283
IG. caudovittatiLs, 7?(W<«;y/a\ . 284
ru})ric'atiisi, JiicJiards 274
microlfpis, Riipp 274
b()uzetiami.s, Horn, ct Jacq. 274
2. IIelot.".s Cm- 284
1. ,se.\liiu'atii.s, Q. ct G 285
2. ocloliiieatus, Jcii 28-5
3. polvtaiiiia, lilcek 285
3. Maoq'iiaria, C. et V. 285
1. aiLstrahusica, C. ct V. 28G
4. Pri.stipoma, Ciiv 28G
1. ca\ itVoii.^, C.ct V. 28G
2. .serrula, C. ct V. .^ 287
(auratuiii, C. ctl^. 287)
3. nielaiKipterniii, C. el V.. . 287 (bicolor, Ciistelii 28S)
4. vir^iiiicuni, L 288
5. .siirhianuiise, Bl 288
G. iiinviini, 3Iert 28'.)
7. liasta, Bl 280
8. uanvb, liiipp 200
9. piuictulatuui, liii))p 290
10. du.'5sumieri, C. et I'. 291
11. argx'iitcinii, Forsl; 291
12. ar^ivreuni, C.ct V. 292
1.'5. pihloo. liichards 292
14. pailveeli, V. ct V. 292
15. macidatiini, Bl 293
1(). auvituni, C. et T. 293
17. therapon, Jilcck 293
18. nerribilc, Gtkr 294
19. crocro. C. ct V. 290
20. coro, Bl 297
21. catliavinEe. C. ct V. 298
22. rof^erii, C. ct V. 298
23. boniK'ttii, Imivc 298
24. conc-eptioni.s C. ct J'. 300
25. .'itridcn.'*, f'or.sk 3(M)
20. lincatuni, C. ct J'. .'500
27. lasciatuin, C.ct V. .301
2H. tulvoinaculatum, Mitch. . 301
29. viiidense, C. et V. 302
30. suilluni, C.etV. 302
31. peroteti, C. ct V. ...... .302
32. octolincatiini, C ct T. . . 303
33. cantharinuin, Jen ."JO.''*
34. japouicuiu, C. ct V. .... 30.3
i-aii'rii, C.ct V. 280
iiibelini, C.ct V. 286
piioraka, C. ct V. 28(5
(•}il<ir(ni()tiini, Bich 280
galliiiacriiin, liiclt 280
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXVll
gramniopcecilum, Rich. . .
leucurum, C.etV.
scapulare, Tsch
5. Conodon, C. et V.
1. plumieri, Bl.
6. Plaemiilon, Ctiv
1. foi'mosura, L
2. ele^ans, C. et V.
3. *microphtl)almum, Gthr.
4. *macrostoma, Gthr
5. cliromis, Brouss
6. schrankii, Ar/uss
7. caiina, C. et V.
8. album, C. ct V.
9. xanthopterum, C. et V, . .
10. caudimacula, C. et V, . .
11. chrysopterum, L
12. *cliry.*arg:yreum, Gthr. . . l.'S. qiiadrilineatiim, ('. ct V. . 14. auvolineatum, C. et V. . .
ai'cuatum, C. et V.
obliquatiim, Benn
modestuni, Tach
7. Hapalogeiiys. Richards. .
1. nigripinnis, Schlefl
2. nuicronatus, Eyd. et Soul.
8. Diagi'auima, Cuv
1. gibboRum, II. et J.
2. crassispinum, Riipp
3. *affine, Gthr
4. griseum, C. et V.
5. pertusiim, Thtiiib
6. meditciTaueiun, (hilch. . .
7. centurio, C. et V.
8. shotaf, Forsk
9. foetela, Forsk
10. gatterina, Forsk
11. pardalis, K. et i\ II.
12. punctatum, Ehrenh
13. cinctum, Schlaj
14. chsetodonoides, Lacep. . .
15. pica, C. et V.
16. orientale, Bl
17. pictum, Tlninb
(balteatum, K. et v. H. . .
18. pcecilopterum, C et V. . .
19. lessonii, C.etV.
20. blochii, C.etV.
21. albovittatum, Riipp
22. lineatuni, L
23. radja, Bleek
24. sebae, Bleek
25. goldmanni, Bleek
26. haematochir, Blcck
27. polytsenia, Bleek
28. polytpenioides, Bleek. ...
29. chrysotsenia, Bleek. . . .
Paite
286 286 506 304 304 305 305 306 300 308 310 310 311 311 312 313 313 314 310 316 305 305 507 317 317 318 318 319 319 319 321 321 321 322 322 322 322 323 323 325 326 326 326 327 328) 329 329 329 330 330 331 331 331 .332 3.32 333 333
Page
30. *reticulatum, Gthr 334
31. *nitidum, Gthr 335
9. *Hyperogl>^h.e, Gthr 337
1. porosa, Richards 337
10. Lobotes, Cuv 337
1. auctorum, Gthr 338
citriniis, Richards 337
emarginatus, B. et G 337
11. Datnioides, Bleek 338
1. polota, Buch. Ham 339
2. microlepis, Bleek 339
12. Gerres, Cuv 339
1. plumieri, C.etV. 340
2. poeti, C.etV. 341
3. rhombeus, C. et V. 341
4. zebra, JliHl. et Trosch. . . 343
5. subfasciatus, C. et V. 343
6. *ovatus, Gthr 343
7. abbre^iatua, Bleek 345
8. filamentosus, C. et V. . . 345
9. punctatus, C. et V. 346
(macracantlms, Bleek. . . 346)
10. gula, C.etV. 346
11. ♦nigri, Gthr 347
12. *sqiianiipinnis, Gthr. . . 349
13. japonicua, Bleek 351
14. acmacos, Bleek 351
15. kapas, Bleek 352
16. aprion, C. et V. 352
17. oyena, Forsk 352
18. niacrosoma, Bleek 353
19. argATeus, Forsk 353
20. oblongus, C. et V. 354
bilobus, C. etV 339
peruvianas, C. et V. .... 339
richii, C.etV. 339
lineatus, Humboldt 339
limbatus, C.etV. 339
lucidus, C.etV. 339
argenteus, Buird 339
13- Scolopsis, Cuv 354
1. japonic-US, Bl. 354
2. margaritifer, C. et V. 355, 507
3. ciliatus, Laccp 355
4. auratus, Munqo Park. . . . 356
5. torquatus, C'. et V. 356
6. bilineatus, Bl 357
7. bimaculatus, Riijyp 357
8. inerinis, Sclde;/ 357
9. monogramma, K. et v. II. . 358
10. phixjops, Benn 358
11. temporalis, C. et V. . 360, 507
12. personatus, C. et V. .3(.K)
13. frenatus, C. et V. .-'.Ol
14. cancellatus, C. et J'. .... 361
15. bleekeri, Gthr 361
16. ghanam, Forsk 3(52
SYSTEMATIC INDKX.
Page
17. pectinatus, K. et v. H. . . 3G2
18. longulus, Richards 3G3
19. leucotasnia, Bleek .363
20. leuootgenioides, Bleek. . . 3(53
21. caninus, C. et V. 364
pomotis, Richards .354
tajnioptenis, C. ct V. . . . . 354
14. Hetero^nathodon, Bleek. . . 364
1. bifasciatus, Bleeh .304
2. hellinuthii, Bleek 364
3. xanthoplem-a, Bleek 365
4. macrurus, Bleek 365
5. nemiirus, Bleek 365
6. microdon, Bleek 366
giiliminda, C.etV, .... 364
15. Dtntex, Cuv 366
1. vulgaris, C.etV. 366
2. argyrozona, C. et V. .... 368
3. *proeorbitalis, Gthr 368
4. rupcstris, C. et V. 370
5. macrophtlialmus, Bl. .... 370
6. filosus, Val. 371
7. nufar, Elirenh 371
8. hj-pselosoma, Bleek 371
9. griseus, Schley 372
10. microdon, Bhek 372
11. rivulatus, Rilpp 372
12. multidens, C.etV. .... 373
13. hasta, C.etV. 373
macrocephaluH, Lacep. . . 366
gobioides, Sohaidcr 366
thunbei'gii, Lacep 366
cpiodon, Bl. 366
riviilatus, Bemi 366
waigiensis, Q.etG 366
16. *Svnagns, Gfhr 373
1. fiircosus, C.etV. 373
2. tasniopterus, C. et V. . . . . 374
3. mulloides, Bleek 374
4. upeneoides, Bleek 375
5. zysron, Bleek 375
6. ovenii, Bleek 375
7. motopias, Bleek 376
8. hexodon, Q. et G 376
9. peronii, C. et V. 376
10. \ariabilis, Ehrenb 37(5
11. luteus, Schneid. 377
12. celebiciis, Bleek 377
13. nematopxis, Bli'ck 377
14. japouiciis, Bl. 378
15. filament osus, Riipp. ... 378
16. ncnmrus, Bleek 378
17. .sinensi.^a, Lacep. . . •579
18. npm.'),toplionis, Bleek. . . .'579
19. inacroiu'nui.'f, Glhr 380
runfginivtn.s, C.et V. . . . ., 37.'>
t-.uill)ul(iirlrs. IV/ck. . . . , ■57-"'
Page
tolu, C.etV. 373
striatus, Bl 373
mesoprion, Bleek 373
ruber, C. et V. 373
17. Pristipomoides, Bleek 380
1. typus, Bkek 380
18. Pentapus, Cut 380
1. aurolineatus, Lacep. 881, 507
2. vitta, Q.etG 381
3. peronii, C. et V. 381
4. vittatus, Bl. 382
5. porosus, C.etV. 382
6. nubilus, Cant 382
7. unicolor, C.etV. 382
8. setosus, C.et V. 382
9. *paradiseu.9, Gthr 3a3
iri8, C.etV. 380
19. Chaetopterus, Schleg 385
1. dubiu.s, Gthr 385
20. Aphareus, C. et V. 385
1. furcatus, Lacep 380
2. rutilans, Cur 386
21. Mfena, Cuv 38<>
1. vulgaris, C. et V. 38(>
2. vomerina, C. et V. 387
3. zebra, Briinn 387
jusculum, C.etV. 386
22. ^maris, Cuv 387
1. vulgai-is, C. etV. 388
2. alcedo, Risso 388
3. maurii, Bonap 389
4. gracilis, Bonap 389
5. melanunis, C. et V. .... 389
6. balteatiis, C. et V. 389
7. insidiator, C.etV. 390
martinicus, C et V. .... 387
23. Cfesio, Commers 390
1. lunarLs, JEJirenbf/ 390
2. xanthonotus, Bleek 391
3. pisang, Bleek 391
4. pinjalo, Bleek 391
5. maculatus, C. et V. .... 391
6. cmrulaurcus, Lacdp 392
7. sti-iatus, Riipp 392
8. chry.sozona, K. et r. II. . . 392
9. argenteus, Bl. 393
10. tile, C.etV. 393
11. *cylindricus, Gthr 393
12. g^'mnopterus, Bleek 394
tricolor, C.etV. 390
cnning, Bl. 390
24. J'^rvtlu-ichthvs. Schleg 395
i. schlegolii, Rich. ..." 395
2. nitidua, Rich 395
3. cyanescens, Gaij .'51)5
4. li'iicogrnmniini.'^, Bhik.. . 39(5
25. Pi'ndiprion. h'leek. ...... .396
SVSTKMA.TIC INDI'.X.
Page
1. <>orrcoides, Bhek .'«)(>
20. Vo\\c^n\ms,MiiU.c(Tn)srh. 80(3
1. .'clioiuburgkii, 31. et T. . . 31)0
Fam. 0. Mui.Lio^K.
1. Upeueoides, Block 307
1. vittiitus^ Forsk 307
2. trag-ula, Rich 308
3. sulphuveus, C. ct V. .... 308
4. moluccen.sis, Blvck 300
5. bensasi, Schlcg .'500
6. sundaious, BIcck 300
7. vlaniiiio-ii, C. ct V. 400
taMiioptorus, ( '. cf V. .... .307
sub^•ittatu,^, Schlcfi .307
2. Upcnoic-htby.s, ]}l,'ck 400
1. poro.sus, C. ct V. 400
3. Mullu,^, L 400
1. barbatus, L 401
2. .siirmuletus, L 401
4. Miilloide.s Bk-ck '. , 402
1. Havoliiieatu.?, Laccp 403
2. Havovittatn.-^, Pucy 403
3. vanicoleiisis, C. ct V. . . . . 404
4. zeyloniciis, C.ctV. .... 404
5. japonicus, Houtt 404
iiiartinicus, C. ct V. .... 402
parvu.s, PiK'i/ 402
baltoatiis, C. ct V. 402
mauritianus, Bcnn 402
6. Upeneus, C. ct V. 404
1. barbeiiiius, Laccp 405
2. macron emus, Lacep 405
3. barberinoides, Blcek 40G
4. indicus, Sltaw 40G
5. spilurus, Blcck 400
0. pk'uro.^pilo.'^, Bleck 407
7. brandt'sii, Buck 407
8. malabaricus, C. et V. . . . . 407
9. trifasciatiis, Laccp 407
10. maculatiis, BL 408
11. punctatiis, a ct V. 408
12. prayen^is, C.ctV. 400
13. cyclostoma, Laccp 409
14. oxAceplialus, Bkck 409
15. chrysopleuron, Schleg. . . 410
16. jausenii, Bleek 410
17. dubius, Schlcff, 411
18. bilineatus, C'.et V. 411
19. crassilabris, C. ct V. .... 411
aiu-iflainma, Forsk 404
clierserydrcs, Laccp 404
cinnabarinus, C. et V. . . 404
fvaterculus, C. et V. .... 404
atherinoides, C. etV..... 404
cvprinoides, C. et V. .... 404
liiteu.s C. ct r. .... 404
Fam. 7. Sj'ARiDiK.
Y'lY^i Group. C .\ N T II A I! I x
1. Cantharus, Cur
1. Iineatu8, Moid
2. ))rama, Bl.
3. orbiculari.s, C. et V. . . . .
4. emavf.'-inatu.^i, C. ct ]'.....
5. blothii, CctV...
0. graudnculis, C. ct V. . . . .
7. e;»ruleus, C. et J'.
8. maculatus, C. et V. ....
0. lineolatus, C. ct V.
senep-alensis, C. ct V. . . . .
2. Box, Our. .
1. vulgaris, C. ct T. . . .
2. .*alpa, L
3. goreensis, C. et V.
salpoides, C.-et V.
3. Scatluirus, C.ct V.
1. gT.Tecus, C. et V. ....
4. Oblata, Cur
1. melanura, L
5. Crenidens, C. et V.
1. forskalii, C. ct V.
6. * Pachymetopon, Gtltr
1. *g:raiide, Gthr
7. Dipterodon, C. et V.
1. capen.sis, C. et V.
8. * Proteracauthus, Gthr.
1. sarissophorus, Catit
9. nirella, Gray .
I punctata. Gray
2. tricu.^pidata, Q.ctG
3. simplex, Bicliurds
4. *zonata, Gtltr
leonina, Rich
10. Doydixodon, Val.
1. freminvillei, Val.
11. *Tephra3ops, Gthr
1. richardsonii, Gthr
2. zebra. Rich
12. * Gymnocrotaplius, Gthr. . 1. *curvidens, Gthr.
Second Group. IIatlodactylina.
13. Haplodactylus, C. et V. . .
1. pmictatus, C. et V.
2. vermiculatus, Gay
3. guttatus, Guy
4. arctiden.-i, ^iich
5. *lophodon, Gthr
Third (iroup. Sargina.
i4. Sargu.s, Klein
1. vulgaris, Gcoffr
Page
413 413 41(5 4](i 410 410 417 417 417 418 413 418 418 4L'0 421 418 422 422 422 422 424 424 424 424 426 426 426 427 427 427 428 420 429 427 431 431 431 432 432 432 4-32
434 4M 434 434 435 435
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
2. rondeletii, C. et V. 440
3. capensis, Stnith 442
4. vetula, C. et V. 444
5. lineatus, C. ct F. 444
6. iioct, Uhrenbf/ 444
7. argenteus, C. et V. . . . . . . 445
8. amiventris, Pet 445
9. annularis, Z 445
10. flavo-lineatus, C. et V. . . 44(5
11. iininiacidatus, Bl 446
12. ovi3, 3Iitch 447
13. rhomboides, L 447
14. fasciatus, C. et V. 448
15. cervinus, Loive 448
IG. avics, C.etV. 449
17. * ambassis, Gthr 449
a-sceusiouis, C. et V. .... 437
areuosus, Dekay 507
15. Chara.x, Risso 452
1. puutazzo, L 453
Fourth Group. Pa or in a.
16. Lethrinus, Ciiv 463
1. rostratus, K. et v. H. . . . . 454
2. amboinensis, Bleek 455
3. moensii, Bleek 455
4. nematacanthus, Bleek. . . 456
5. * richardsonii, GtJn- 450
6. reticulatus, C et V. .... 457
7. chrysostomus, Rich 457
8. latifrons, Riq^j 458
9. harak, Forsk 458
10. ramak, Forsk 459
11. cocosen.si8, Bleek 469
12. atlanticus, C.etV. 460
13. kallopterus, Bleek 460
14. nebulosus, Forsk 460
15. opercularis, C et V. .... 461
16. xanthotsenia, Bleek 461
17. leutjanus, Lacep 461
18. ♦glyphodon, Gthr 462
19. mahsena, Forsk . 463
20. mahsenoides, C. et V. . 464
21. hfeniatopterus, Schley. . 464
22. latidens, C.etV. 464
pothofredi, C.etV. 453
fa-sciatus, C. ct V. 453
frenatus, C.etV. 463
korely, C.etV. 453
maculatus, C ct V. 453
cinoreus, C. et V. 453
microdon, C, et V. 453
olivaceus, C. et V. 453
waigiensi,% C. et V. 453
sordid us C. ct V. 454
flavpsccns, C. cf V. . . . 454
P.ip;e
azureus, C. et V. 454
CPeruleus, C. et V. 454
croceopterus, C. et V.. . . . 464
argenteus, C. et V. 454
borbonicus, C.etV 454
geniguttatu.«>, C. et V. . . 454
genivittatus, C. et V. . . . . 464
ch8erorliynchu.s,*S'c/)/ifK/. . 464
virescens, C. et V. 454
karwa, C.etV. 454
abbreviatu!?, Gthr 464
erytliropterus, C. et V. . . 454
erythracanthus, C. et V. . . 464
alboguttatua, C. et V. .... 464
xanthoptcrus, C. et J'. . . 464
miniatus, Forst 464
anatarius. Rich 454
cyanoxanthus. Rich 454
cinnabariiuis, Rich 454
17. Sphfierodon, Ri(p2} 465
1. grandoculis, Forsk 465
2. heterodon, Bleek 465
18. I'agrus, Cin- 465
1. vulgaris, C. et V. 466
2. orphiis, Risso 467
3. laniarius, C. et V. 467
4. unicolor, Q. et G 468
(micropterus, C. et V. . . 468)
5. major, Schlcg 470
6. tumifrons, Schley 470
7. cardinalis, Lacep 470
8. auriga, Val, 471
9. ehreubergii, C. et V. .... 471
10. filamentosus, C. et V. . . 471
11. spinifer. Forsk 472
12. argyrops, L 472
Inirta, L 465
lata, Soland 465
macrocephalus, Val. .... 465
19. Pagellus, C.etV. 473
1. orythrinu.s, L 473
2. centrodontus, De la R. . . 476
3. *owenii, Gthr 478
4. acarne, Cuv 480
5. bogaraveo, Briinn 480
6. mornivTus, L 481
7. lithognathus, C. ctV. . . 483 breviceps, C.etV. 473
20. Chry.^ophrys^ Cur> 483
1. aurata, L 484
2. cra.s.sirostris, C. et V. . . . . 484
3. globiceps, C. et V. 485
4. caeruleosticta, C. et V. . . 485 6. laticeps, C.etV. 485
6. oristicops, C. et V. 486
7. gibbiceps, C.etV. 487
8. caljinius, C. et V. 487
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
(microps, Guich 487)
9. sarba, Forsk 488
10. haffara, Forsk 488
11. bifasciata, Forsk 488
12. a.ries, Schleg 489
13. taurina, Jen 489
14. hasta, Schn 490
15. calamara, C.et V. 493
16. berda, Forsk 494
17. *australis, Gthr 494
18. aculeata, C.etV. 496
bilobata, Lacep 483
coracinus, C. et V. 483
madagascariensis, C. ct V. 483
annularis, £1. 483
forsteri, Sclm 483
Page
Fifth Group. Pimelepterina.
21. Pimelepterus, Lacep 497
1. boscii, Lacep 497
2. fuscus, Comm 498
3. waigiensis, Q. et G 498
4. lembus, (J.etV. 498
5. ternatensis, Bleek 499
6. tahmel, Forsk 499
dussiunieri, C. et V. .... 497
raynaldi, C. etV. 497
oblongior, Cant 497
incisor, C.etV. 497
iudicus, C.etV. 497
Irevifrons, Tschucli 497
(22. Boridia, C. et V. 499
1. grossidens, C. et V. .... 499)
ERRATA.
Page 30, line 25 from bottoin, read the third not quite twice as long as tlio second.
» 97, ,1 ■") fron bottoin, Lufjanm lunidatus, Bl. Schn. p. 329, is to be erased.
„ 98, ., 8 from bottom, Serrantis mtrantitis, Cuv. & Val. ii. p. 30,;. is to be erased.
„ 169, Plate XIV. fig. A. is to be erased.
CATALOGUE
OF
FISHES.
Subclass I. TELEOSTEI.
Fishes with ossified skeleton and completely separated
ertebrae ; the posterior extremity of thp vertebral column
either bony, or covered w^ith bony plates. Bulb of the
aorta simple, with two opposite valves* at the origin;
branchise free.
Order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.
Part of the rays of the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins not articulated, forming spines. The inferior pharyngeal bones separated. Air-bladder, if present, without pneu- matic duct.
C£r. MiiUer, in Eeri. Abhandl. 1844, p. 199.
Fam. 1. GASTEROSTEIDiE.
Form of body elongated, compressed ; eyes lateral ; cleft of mouth extending on the sides of the muzzle, oblique; villiform teeth in both the jaws and on the pharyngo-branchials, none on the palate or on the tongue. Three branchiostegals. Opercular bones not armed ; infraorbital arch articulated with prseoperculum ; parts of
i! GASTEROSTEID.E.
the skeleton forming external mails. Scales none, or in the form of scaly plates along the side. Isolated spines before the dorsal fin ; ventral fins abdominal, but pubic bones attached to the humeral arch ; ventral ^^ ith one strong spine, and generally with another single short ray. S\\am-bladder simple, oblong ; caeca pylorica in small number.
Fresh and brackish waters and seas of both the Arctic rej'ions.
Onlv one genus.
1. GASTEROSTEUS*.
Gasterosteiis, Artedi, Genera, p. 52 ; Lin)). Si/sf. A'af. p. 489 ; Citu.
H^ffnc Anini. ; C)ir. ^ Vnl. iv. p. 479. Centriscus, Klein, Pise. 3Ess. iv. p. 48. Gasterosteus and Spinachia, Fletn. Brit. Anim. p. 219
Characters the same as of the family.
1. Gasterosteus aculeatus.
Pungitiiis piscis, AIhe)-t. Magn. Aldrov. v. cap. 36.
— — albcrti, Jo)tdo)i, iii. cap. 3.
Pisciculi aculoati priufr genus, Ronilel. ii. p. 206 ; Gesner, fol. ICOo.
Pisoiculus aculeatus, WilliK/lihy, p. 341. t. 10. f. 1; Hay, p. 145.
Gastero.steu3, no. 1, Artedi, Species, p. 90 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 405.
Doubtfzd species : —
1. Obolarius acideatus, Sfdlcr. — Gastcracanllius cataphrachis, Pallas, . —
Gaaterosteua cataphractus, Tiles. Mem. Acad. I'cfersh. iii. p. 22t). pi. 8. f. 1. — Grastci'osleiis obolarius, Cuv. ^' Val. iv. ]). 500. — Coast and Kivers of Krtintsohatka.
2. Gasterosteus niger, Cta:. <f- Vcd. iv. p. 503. — Newfoundland.
3. Gasterosteus plebeius, Girard, I. c. p. 147, and U. S. I'acif. R. R. Exped.
Fishes, p. 8(). — California.
4. Gasterosteus inopinatus, Girard, II. cc. — California. — The two latter fishes
prove that the form of the three-spincd 8ticklebaek with the posterior part of the side naked is also met witli in North America, but even there limited to the more temperate parts. The charactt"rs given by Girard t)therwi9e are too vague to admit of any opinion on tiie speeifie right of these fishes.
5. Gasterosteus pygmaeus, Agass. Lake Superior, p. 314. pi. 4. f. 1.— Lake
Superior.
6. Gasterosteus inconstans, Kirtland, in Boston Jour)i. Naf. Hist. iii. p. 273.
pi. 2. f. 1.— Ohio.
7. Gasterosteus serratus, A>/rcs, P)-oc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 185.^i, p. 47 ;
Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 88. — California.
8. Gasterosteus intermcdius. Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 135,
and U. S. Paeif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 81). — Cape Flattery. y. Gasterosteus jjugetti, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 92. — Fort Steilaeoom, Puget's Sound.
10. Gasterosteus microcephalus, (xirard, Proc. Ac. Naf. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 133, and U. S. Pacif. R. R. F^ped. Fishes, p. 91.— Four Creeks, Tulare Valley, U.S.
11. Gasterosteus loricatus, Reinh. Vidoisk. Silsi. Natur. ny Math. Afh. vii.
1838, p. IM.— Greenland.
12. Gasterosteus dimidiatus. Rrn>h.l.c. Greeidaiifl.
1. OASTEK0STEU3. 3
Gasterosteua aculeatus, Linn. Si/st. p. 489 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 167 ; Block, t. 53. f. 3 ; Bl. 'Schn. p. 122 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 11 ; TurtoH, Brit. Faun. p. 101 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 219; Fries och Ek-str. Skand. Fi^k. p. 17. t. 4. f. 1 ; Thompson, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, vii. p. 95 ; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 35.
Centriscus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 48. t. 13. f. 4, 5.
Gasterosteus ter-aculeatus, Lacep. iii. p. 296.
D. 1 1 1 1 -'-. A. 5^. P. 10. V. 1/1. Ctec. pylor. 2. Vert. 15/16.
Sides of the body with a more or less complete series of scaly plates. The two anterior dorsal spines one-third of the height/ of the body.
Var. A. Gasterosteus gymnurus.
Gasterosteus gymnums, Cut: Regne Anim.
leiurus, Cuv. i^ Val. iv. p. 481. pi. 98. f. 4 ; Varr. Ann. 8f Mag.
Nat. Hist. iii. p. 522, and Brit. Fishes, i. p. 95 ; Owen, Catal. p. 56 ;
Coste, Mhnoires Sci. Sac. Etrang. x. 1848; Gitnther, Neckarjische,
p. 29. Quarter-armed Stickleback, Parn. Ichth. Frith of Forth, p. 30. t. 25.
Four or five scaly plates above the pectoral fin ; the remainder of the body naked.
Middle and Southei'u parts of Europe ; England, France, South Germany, Baltic.
a. Adult. New Biver. Museum Leach.
b-e. Adult. Greenwich. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
f, (J. Adult. Poole Heath . Dorset. Presented by W. Thompson, Esq.
h-Tc. Adult. Wandsworth. Museum teach.
I, m. Adult. Lochend.
n. Adult. Duddington Loch.
o~r. Adult. England.
s. Adult : nov good state, Baltic. From the Haslar Collection,
t. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
u. Half- grown : bad state.
v-y. Half-grown. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
z. Half- grown. Museum Leach.
a. Adult.
/3. Adult: skeleton.
Var. B. Gasterosteus semiarmatus.
Gasterosteus semiarmatus, Cuv. Sf Val. iv. 493 ; Yarr. I. c. f. 127 h, and Brit. Fishes, i. p. 94 ; Parn. I. c. p. 32. t. 22.
The front part of the side with a series of ten to fifteen scaly plates.
France ; Belgium ; England.
a~d. Adult. Greenwich. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq. e, f. Adult. Tweed. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
4 OASTEROSTEID.TC.
Var. C. Gasteeosteus semiloricatus.
Gasterosteus semiloricatus, Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 494; Tliompson, I. c. p. 95.
The series of scaly plates rea hing to the front end of the caudal keel. France; Ireland.
Var. D. Gasteeosteus teach itrus.
Gasterosteus trachunis, Ckiv. 8f Val. iv. p. 481. pi. 98. f. 1 ; Yarr. I. c.
f. 127 a, and Brit. Fishes, i. p. 90 ; Parn. I. c. p. 33. t. 25.
aculeatus, Eksti-o^n, Fische Morko, p. 153.
trachurus, var. pontica, Nordtn. in Demid. Voy. Unss. Merid.
iii. p. 357.
The sides of body and tail entirely covered with a series of scaly plates.
Northern parts of Europe ; North Germany, England, France.
a. Adult. Greenwich. Presented by W. Yarreli, Esq.
b. Adult. Marsh at Plymouth. Museum Leach.
c. Adult. Poole Heath, Dorset. Presented by W. Thompson, Esq.
d. e. Adult. Tweed. Presented by Dr. Johnston. /. Adult. England. Presented by Mr. Moore.
g. Adult. Frith of Forth.
h-Jc. Half-groT\Ti. Frith of Forth.
l-n. Adult. Gotha River, Sweden.
0. Half-grown. Norway. Presented by G. Woodfall, Esq.
p-u. Fine specimens. From the Haslar Collection.
V, w. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
x-a. Half -grown. From the Haslar Collection.
/3-S. Adult. Europe.
€-d. Yoiing. Europe.
Var. E. Gasteeosteus notebokacensis.
Gasterosteus aculeatus, Schoepff.
noveboracensis, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 502. pi. 98. f. 3 ; Dekay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 66. pi. 6. f. 17 (bad).
Entirely similar to the preceding variety, but with the ventral spine rather longer, reaching to the posterior extremity of the pubic bone. Fresh waters of the northern parts of North America.
a. Adult. Greenland.
b. Several young specimens. North America.
2. Gasterosteus argyropomus.
Gasterosteus argyi'opomus, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 498.
D.l|l|l. A.l. P.O. V.1/1.
Sides without any plates ; the anterior dorsal spines about one- third of ihe height of body. ItaTj'.
a-e. Fine specimens. Rome. Presented by W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.
1. GASTEROSTEUS. 5
3. Gasterosteus brachycentrus.
Gasterosteus bracliycentrus, Cur. l^ V(d. iv. p. 499. pi. 98. f. 2 ;
Thompson, I. c. p. 100 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 9(5 ; Heck. Kner,
SitHswusserJisehe, f. 17. aculeatus, var., White, Catul. Brit. Fishes, p. 35.
T). 1 I 1 I-. A. -. P. 10. V. 1/1.
Three or four scaly plates above the pectoral fin. The anterior dorsal spines only one-fifth of the height of the body ; the ventral spine one-third of the length of the os innominatum.
Italy.
4. Gasterosteus biaculeatus.
frasterosteus biaculeatus, Shtuv, Zool. iv. p. 608 ; Penn. Arct. Zool.
ii. p. 385 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 503. cuvieri, Girard, Bost. Journ. vi. p. 254. pi. 7. f. 1.
D.l|l|l A.-i. P. 9. V.1/1.
Sides of the tail without scaly plates. The ventral spine with a spinous process at the outer side of its base. Blackish. Coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Gasterosteus biaculeatus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. fc!5, pi, 3. f. 9, is a different fish, probably identical with Gasterosteus noveboracensis. Strangely enough he says, " Vent 'with an anterior pouch, analogous to that observed in Syngnathus.'^ (?)
5. Gasterosteus tetracanthus.
Gasterosteus tetracanthus, Cue, Sf Vul. iv. p. 499.
D.l|l|l|f.. A.i. P. 11. V.1/1.
Sides of the posterior part of body naked ; the anterior dorsal spines shorter than one-third of the height of the body. {Cuv.) Italy.
6. Gasterosteus spinulosus.
Gasterosteus spinulosu.s, Jett. <5r Yarr. ; Jen. Man. p. 350 ; iStark, Jameson's Edinb. Journ. 1830, p. 327 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 97; Parn. I. c. p. 3(3. t. 25.
aculeatus, var., Thompson, I. c. p. 103.
D. 1 I 1 I 1 I f A. 1 P. 9. V. 1/1.
Sides of the posterior part of body naked ; the anterior dorsal spines about one-fourth of the height of the body ; the ventral spine does not reach the posterior extremity of the pubic bone.
Fresh waters of Great Britain..
a. Adult. Isle of Arran. Museum Ajcach.
b. Half-grown. Berwick. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
6 GASTEROSl-EID.*;.
7. Gasterosteus pungitius.
Nine very short isolated dorsal spines ; the tenth spine tAvo-thii"ds lower than the second dorsal. Sides naked, the caudal keel some- times with verj' thin scales.
Northern parts of Europe : England, France, North Germany, Baltic. Northern parts of America ; Newfoundland ; New York.
A. European variety : Gasterosteus pungitius.
Pisciculi aculeati alteram genus, RondcJ. ii. p. 200. Pisciculus pungitivus, Gi'sucr, fol. IGO a.
aculeatus minor, 1f'illu(/Jib;/, p. 342; Itai/, p. 145.
Pungitii alterum genus, Aldror. v. cap. 30; Juiisfon, lab. 28. fig. a.
(left-hand figure). Gasterosteus no. 2, Arfedi, Spec. p. 97 ; (irounv. Zooplit//. n. 400. pimgitius, Limt. Si/st. p. 491 ; Oronov. Si/st. cd. Graif, p. 107 ;
m. ii. p. 108. t. 53. f. 4; Bl. Schi. p. 123'; L„rep. ii'i. p. 297;
Donor. Brit. Fin/ics, ii. pi. 32; Fa/his, Zoot/r. iii. p. 228; Turton,
Brit. Faun. p. 101; F/rm. Brit. Anim. p. 219'; Cm: ^- Vol. iv. p. 500 ;
Thompson, I.e. p. 103; Fkatnini, Fisrhc Morkii, p. 159; Fries och
Fk.ftr. p. 20. pi. 4. f. 2 ; Varrr//, Brit. Fi.'^Jics, i. p. 99 ; Parn. I. c.
p. 37. t. 20 ; Wliiie, Catal. Brit. Fishvs, p. 30.
a. Adult. Battersea Fields. Museum Leach.
h d . Adult. Cobhani (Surrey). Museum Leach.
e. Many specimens, (iotha River, Sweden.
/. vUlult: not good state. Baltic. From the Haslar Collection.
y, h. Adult.
i, k. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
B. American variety : Gasterosteus occidentalis.
Gastcro9teu.<5 occidentalis, Cm: ^- Val. iv. p. 509; Dekmj, Nctv York Fauna, p. 08. pi. 42. f 135.
pungitius, Storer, Rep. Mass. p. 32.
nehulosus, Agass. Lake Superior, p. 310. pi. 4. f. 2.
l-n. Adult. North America.
8. Gasterosteus mainensis.
Storer,, Bost. Jmirn. i. p. 404.
K.7U-.
Back with seven spines, the last longest ; a broad oblong serrated plate on the side, with numerous dusky transverse bands. Fresh water. Maine.
9. Gasterosteus concinnus.
Jtichardsim, Faun. Bor.-Ainrr., Fis/ti-.s. j). 57. 1). 7 I-. A. -. V. 1 1.
Ml 9
1. GASTEK06TECS. 7
The eighth spine one-third lower tlian the second dorsal. No scales whatever on the body. (Rich.)
Fresh waters from the Saskatchewan to the Great Bear Lake.
This species may be identical -svith the former.
10. Gasterosteus quadracus.
Gasterosteus quadracus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. i^- Phil. Soc. i. p. 430. pi. 1.
f. 11 (bad); Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 504; Dekay, Netc York Fauna,
pi. G. f. 18. — ^ apeltes, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 505 ; Storer, Heport, p. 31. ? miUepunctatus, Ayres, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 294.
pi. 12. f. 3.
D. 3-4U,. A.;^.
I 12 lU
No bony cuirass between the ventral tins ; without any scaly plates, and no keel on the side of the tail. Fresh waters of New York.
11. Gasterosteus spinachia.
Aculeatus vel Pimgitius mariims longus, Schonev. p. 10. t. 4. f. 3;
Willuyhby, p. 340; Ray, p. 145. Gasterosteus no. 3, Artecli, Genera, p. 52 ; Gronov. Zoophi/l. no. 407. spinachia, Linn. Syst. p. 492 ; Moch, t. 53. f. 1 ; Bl. S'chn. p. 123.
t. 33. f. 2 ; Lacep. iii. p. 301 ; JJonor. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 45 ; Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 101 ; Fk'vi. Brit. Anim. p. 219 ; Cur. i)- Val. iv.
p. 509; Ekstr. Fische Mdrko, p. 163; Fries och Ekstr. p. 21. t. 4.
f. 3 ; Jen. Man. p. 351 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 101 ; Thompson,
I. c. p. 104 ; Parn. I. e. p. 38. pi. 26 ; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes,
p. 30. Centi'iscus, sp., KMn, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 48. no. 1. t. 4. f. 5. Gasterosteus marinas, Gronor. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 168, Spinachia vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 219.
D. 15 I 6-7. A. 6-7. P. 10. V. 1/1. Cajc. pylor. 2. Vert. 18/23.
Back with fifteen free spines. Body laterally covered with scaly plates.
Along all the northern European coasts.
a. Adult. Plymouth. Museum Leach.
b. Adult : skin. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. c-h. Adult. Brighton. Presented by J. G. Cliildi'en, Esq. i. Adult. Brighton. Presented by Dr. A. Gunther.
k. Adult. English Channel.
/. Large female specimen. Wales, Presented by Mrs. Gray.
m-p. Half-grown. South Wales. Presented by F. Stokes, Esq.
q. Adult. Bei-wick on Tweed, Presented by Dr. Johnston.
'•. Very large specimen : not good state. Polperro. Presented by
J. Couch, Esq. s-w. Adult and half-grown specimens. Frith of Forth. .v-i. Adult and half-grown specimens, Europe.
UKKYCID^.
Fam. 2. BERYCIDiE.
Form of body oblong or rather elevated, compressed ; eyes lateral, large ; cleft of mouth extending on the sides of the muzzle, more or less oblique ; villiform teeth in both the jaws, and generally on the palate. Eight or four branchiostegals. Opercular bones more or less armed. Scales ctenoid, seldom bony, or wanting. Central fins thoracic, with more than five soft rays, in one genus with less. Cajca pjiorica in increased number.
Tropical and temperate seas.
The genera of this most natural family have been improperly scattered by Cu\-ier in the families of TrigUdse and Percida;. Lowe was the first who defined this group, in his admirable work on the " Fishes of Madeira." He overlooked, however, the genus Rhynchichthys, apparently a less aberrant form than Monocentris, which may be considered as a connecting link with the first family.
Syno2)sis of the Genera.
Scales foniiing a bony mail; several isolated
spines in front of the dorsal fin 1. MoNOCENTRlS.
One dorsal. No vomerine teeth. Abdomen ser- rated 2. HOPLOSTETHUS.
One dorsal. Vomerine teeth. Abdomen serrated. 3. Tbachichthys.
No scales 4. ANOPLOGASTEjlt.
One dorsal. Vomerine teeth. No barbel 5. Beryx.
Two barbels 6. Polymixia.
Two dorsals. Prseopercular spine none 7. Myripristis.
Two dorsals. Praeopercular spine. Jaws equal,
or the lower prominent 8. Holocentrum.
Two dorsals. Pra3opercular spine. Snout pro- jecting beyond the mouth 9. Rhynchichthys.
1. MONOCENTRIS.
(lasterosteus, sp., Houttuyn.
Scisena, sp., Thunhcry.
Monocentris, Bl. Schn. p. 100; Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 461.
Lepisacantlius, Lacep. iii. p. 321.
Muzzle blunt, rounded, protruding, with the cleft of mouth beneath ; eye moderate. Villiform teeth in both the jaws and on the i)alatines, but none on the vomer. Eight brancliiostegals. Opei'fiiliU- l)ones .scarcely denticulated ; suborl)ital bones with radi- ating boil}' ridges. Scales verj- large, bou) , fornung together a mail. Several isolated .spines in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reduced to a
2. nOPLOSTETHUS. 9
single strong spine and a few very short rays ; caudal not forked. Swim-bladder? Sea of Japan.
1. Monocentris japonicus.
Gastei'osteus Japonicus, Houttuyn, Act. Soc. Harl. xx. pt. 2. p. 329. Sciaena catapnracta, Tlmnberfj, Nov. Act. Sclent. Siiec. xi. p. 102. tab. 3. Monocentris carinata, Bl. Schn. p. 100. tab. 24 (copied). Lepisacantlius japonicus, Lacep. iii. p. 321.
Monocentris japonicus, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 461. pi. 97; Faun. Japon. p. 50. pi. 22. f. 1.
D. 6 I 11. A. 10. P. 13. V. 1/2. L. lat. 13. L. transv. 2/4.
Anterior dorsal and ventral spines very strong and thick. Head shorter than the height of the body. Sea of Japan.
a. Adult. Japan.
h. Adult : skin in spirits. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c, d. Adult : stuffed. China Seas.
e. Half- grown : stutfcd. Purchased.
2. HOPLOSTETHUS.
Hoplostethus, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 469. Trachichthvs, sp., Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, p. 55.
Muzzle very short, rounded, not protruding; cleft of mouth oblique ; eye large. Exceedingly fine villiform teeth in both the jaws and on the palatines, but none on the vomer. Eight branchio- stegals. Operculum entire, a strong spine on the scapular bone and at the angle of pra^operculum ; suborbital arch with radiating ridges. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size ; abdomen serrated. One dorsal with a spinous and with a. soft portion ; ventrals with six soft rays ; pectoral blunt and rounded behind ; caudal deeply forked. Swim-bliadder simple ; pyloric appendages numerous,
Mediterranean ; coast of Madeira.
1. Hoplostethus mediterraneus.
Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Cttv. i<( Val. iv. p. 469. pi. 97 bis. ;
Guichenot, Explor. AUjerie, Poiss p. 42. Tracliichtliys pretiosus, Lowe, Siippl. FisJies of Madeira, in Proc. Zool.
ISoc. 1839, p. 77, and Fishes of Madeira, p. 55. tab. 9.
D. 1^: A.l V. 1/6. L. lat. 28-29. Vert. 11/15.
Pectoral fin reaching beyond the origin of the anal fin ; the serrated ventral keel composed of eleven to thirteen scales. Pale reddish or rose-coloured.
Mediterranean ; coast of Madeira.
a. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Zoological Society. Skeleton. — Cfr. Owen, Osteol. Catal. i. p. 56.
10 DERVCID.T-;.
3. TRACHICHTHYS.
Trachichthys, Shan; Nat. Misc. x. pi. :}78, Cuv. i^- Vol. iii. p. 229
Amphiprion, BL S'cfin. p. 551.
Tracliichthys, sp., LoWc, Fishes of Madeira, p. 55.
Muzzle very short, rounded, not protruding ; cleft of mouth oblique; chin prominent, eye large. Exceedingly fine villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the palatines, and on the vomer. Eight branchiostegals ; a strong spine on the scapuhir bone and at the angle of praiopcrculum, a small one on the operculum ; suborbital arch with radiating ridges. Scales ctenoid, rather small, abdomen serrated. One dorsal, ventral with six soft ray.s ; caudal forked. Swim -bladder? Pyloric appendages?
Australian Sea.
1. Trachichthys australis.
Trachichthys australis, SJiaic, Nat. Misc. tab. 378, and Zool. i\. p. 630 ;
Cur. Sf Val. iii. p. 229; Loire, Fishes of Madeira, p. 55 et scq. Amphiprion carinatus, Bl. Schu. p. 551.
D.l A.l. V. 1/6. P. 13.
Scales rough, rather irregularly arranged, those of the lateral line not larger ; the serrated ventral keel composed of eight scales. The height of the body not quite one-half of the length between snout and the base of the caudal.
Australian Sea,
a. Adult: stuffed. New Holland. (ShaAv's original specimen.)
2. Trachichthys elongatus. (Plate 1. fig. A.)
I).-^. A. I V. 1/0. L. lat. ca. Go.
Scales rough, those of the lateral line not larger ; the serrated ventral keel composed of eleven or twelve scales. The height of the body one-third of the length between snout and the base of the caudal.
a Skin, in spirits. Great Barrier Island (New Zealand). Purchased
of Mr. Sowerby. b. Young. Austraha.
Description. — This new species differs as much in the foi-m of the body from the other, as a I)ace from a Crucian Carj). The length of tbn head is less than the height of tlu^ body. The snout is ex- ceedingly short, about oue-third of tlie diameter of orbit. The u])[)cr maxillary reaches a little behind tlie eye ; it is elongate and styliform lik(! ,the intermaxillary, but dilated at the end. The lower jaw is shorter than the upper, and fiiniisluMl in front with two little knobs ; the interniaxillaries are scarcely separated from one another by a noteli. All the teeth are fine, villiform; those
3. TUACnicnTUYs. 11
of the jaws and palatine bones in narrow l)ancls, and those of the vomer in a small patch.
The interspace between the eyes is one-third of the length of the head, and convex ; the scales of the nape extend nearh' to above the middle of the eye. The remainder of the upper surface of the head is scaleless, and occupied by cavities. There arc two narrow bony ridges running from the nape to the front of the snout ; they converge in the middle, including posteriorly a narrow triangidar cavity. Between these lidges and the superciliary margin there is on each side another ridge, slightly arched, and running from the supra- scapulary to the posterior nostril ; there is a pair of large cavities between these and the inner ridges ; lastly, there is a third cavity be- tween the ridge just mentioned and the superciliary arch. This latter cavity is absent in Beri/x ajjinis, the outer ridge and the superciliary margin being confluent in that species. The nostrils are close together ; the anterior small, round ; the posterior larger, short, ovate. The eye is placed high up the sides, its cUameter is nearly one-third of the length of the head. The infraorbital arch is trans- formed into a channel, covered by a half- transparent skin, like the cavities of the skull ; several bony ridges cross it ; the anterior infraorbital is very narrow in front and scarcely denticulated ; none of the bones extend to the proeoperculum.
The operculum is not twice as high as Avide ; no scales are visible on it, except at its upper extremity, but broad ridges, rough and slightly arched ; the spine at its upper angle Ls scarcely visible. The suboperculum is entire, and notched before the pectoral ; the interoperculum is rough and slightly serrated. The pra^operculum has on the hinder and under part two j^arallel ridges with a channel between ; they are slightly roughened and meet at a right angle, where there is a projecting triangular spine with a sharj) l)onj' ridge ; the edges of this spine have a fine, hardly visible serrature. The spine does not extend to the gill-opening. Cheek scaly. The scapu- lary bone has a distinct spine, much more feeble than in the other species. Humeral bone not serrated.
The dorsal fin is placed somewhat nearer the base of the caudal than the tip of the snout ; its height equals its length. The spines and rays are much more slender than in Trachichtht/s (tnstrnlis, and not roughened. The spines become long'er behind ; the fourth is about as long as the last ray, one-half of the longest ; the longest ray is the third, much longer than one-half of the depth of the body. The caudal is moderately forked, with pointed lobes of moderate length, aboixt one-fifth of the total. The origin of the anal falls under the end of the dorsal, it is rather higher than long, but much lower than the dorsal ; the spines and rays arc smooth, the former gradually becoming longer lichind ; the third spine is much sliorter than the first ray (which is the longest), and even somewhat sliorter than the last. The pectorals are slightly rounded, short, their length being one-seventh only of the total. The ventrals equal the ])e(torals in length ; they are inserted a little behind the pectorals ; their spine is equal to the third of the anal fin.
12 IIKKYCID.K.
The scales are smaller and smootlier and more regularly arranged than in TrachichtJii/s australis ; their margin is strongly ciliated. The scaly plates hetween the root of the ventrals and the anus are imbricate, each aimed with a strong spine directed backwards.
Along the middle of each lobe of the caudal fin a black streak.
inches. lines.
Total length 4 1
Height of the body 1 2
Length of the head 1 0
of maxillary bone (* (J
of fourth dorsal spine 0 4
of third dorsal ray 0 8
of first anal ray 0
f.i
4. ANOPLOGASTER. Hoplostetlms, sp., Ciiv. ^- Vai i.x. p. 470.
Muzzle very short, rounded, not protniding ; cleft of mouth ob- lique, chin prominent ; eye large. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, several larger ones in the lower, none on the palate, flight l)ran- chiostegals. Operculum entire, a strong spine at the angle of pra;- operciUum ; suborbital arch with radiating ridges. Scales none ; skin covered vnt\\ rough tubercles. One dorsal, ventral with six soft ray.s; pectoral pointed?, caudal deeply forked. Swim-bladder?
Trojjical parts of the Atlantic.
1. Anoplogaster comutus.
Hoplostethus conmtu.s, Cuv. i^- J 'a/, i.x. p. 470.
D.l. A.|. V. 1/6.
Suborbital nrch with seven cavities ; the bony ridges of the head terminating in several blunt points. (Val.)
5. BERYX.
Cur. Ri'ijHv Anint. ; Cuv. fy Val. iii. p. 226.
Muzzle hhort, with oblicjue cleft of mouth and prominent chin ; eye large. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vojner and palatine bones. Eight (exceptionally seven) and more braiu-hio- stegals. Opercular bones serrated; operculum generally distinctly spiniferous ; pracojjerculum without .spine. Scales moderate or large, ctenoid. One dorsal ; ventrals with seven and more rays. Caudal forked; anal with four spines. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric ap- p(uidages in increased number (20-30).
Sea of Madeira; Indian Ocean: Australian Seas.
5. BKRYX. 13
1 . Berjrx lineatus.
Ckiv. S,- Val. iii. p. 226.
B. 8. D. -^3. A. -. V. 1/7. L. lat. 51. L. transv. 7/17. Caec. pylor. ca. 20.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Operculum with two small spines ; pectoral one-fifth of the total length ; the inferior lobe of the caudal rather longer than the superior. Red, with Lighter longitudinal bands.
King George's Land.
a. Adult: stuffed: not good state. (Isle de France.)
2. Beryx affinis. (Plate II.)
^- h ^- l2iTi- ^- 1/7- ^- lat. 41-43. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the b6dy is 31 in the total length, the length of the head 3|^ ; operculum with two distinct spines ; pectoral one- fifth of the total length; the inferior lobe of the caudal scarcely longer than the superior.
Coasts of Australia.
a-v. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
d. Adult : has been in chloride of zinc. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — This species is closely allied to B. lineatus, but differs in many respects, which, unimportant in themselves, alto- gether lead me to think it a distinct species.
The form is oblong, moderately compressed, deepest forwards from the nape to the commencement of the soft portion of the dorsal fin, contracting considerably at the origin of the anal. The dorsal line is strongly arched from the front end of the dorsal fin to the tip of the short muzzle. There is another convexity, but much slighter, along the base of the dorsal fin. The ventral line is straight betweien the origin of the anal and the mandibular joint, rising steeply towards the extremities of snout and tail. The greatest height of the body at the origin of the dorsal fin, is 3-1- in the total length. The length of the head equals the height above-named. The laige eye is placed high up, but not interfering with the upper outline of head ; it leaves a spiice below it deeper than its diatneter, which is nearly one-third of the length of head. The muzzle is short, reaching about five-sixths of the diameter of the eye. The nostrils of one side are close together, one before the other ; the anterior is placed a little lower, and is oval and small ; the posterior is larger and more elongated.
The intermaxillaries are thin at the sides, separated in front from one another by a deep notch ; they are furnished Avith a band of very fine villiform teeth, and with several larger ones at the inner ex- tremity, near the notch ; theii' upper posterior processes are rather small and feeble. The palatine bones are armed with a cimeiform band of minute teeth, the broader end in front ; the small patch. of
14 BERYCID.E.
vomerine teeth is triangular. The lower jaw is thickened and clumsy at the tip, which projects considerahly beyond the upper, and is received into its notch ; the lateral edge is slightly undiilating and furnished Avith a series of small teeth, but the teeth on the anterior ])roiiiinencc are, Like the upper ones, larger and conical. The max- illanes are styliform at the interior extremity, but very broad at the exterior ; they are smooth, and not denticulated ; the broad end is overlapped by the supplementaiy bone, tapering behind and rough- ened above. The gape is oblique, steejily ascending ; the maxillary reaches, when the mouth is closed, rather behind the middle of the eye.
The eye is surrounded by the infraorbital arch, which is trans- formed into a channel, the outer side of which is covered above by a narrow, bony, roughened streak, and beneath by a broad transparent membrane ; the lower edge of the arch is slightly serrated. The praeorbital has not the curved and prominent tooth which is to be observed in B. decadactylus and splendetis ; but in this species such a process arises from the maxillary, near its upper extremity, in front of the eye. The turbinal bones are peculiarly shaped and have curved edges ; they arc roughened in front and laterally denticulated, and have a notch, to receive the curved process of the maxillary bone.
The interspace bctAveen the eyes becomes gradually narrower in front, and is one-fourth of the lengtVi of the head. There may be distinguished four very narrow bony ridges ; each of the two external ones forms the superciliary ridge, terminates abruptly in an obtuse extremity just above the nostrils, and is lost behind in the infra- orbital arch. The two internal ridges arise from one point on the same level with the front end of the two external ones, and on the suture of the frontal bones ; they immediately diverge, receiving a i arrow-shaped groove between, and ra(Uate near the nape into three bony ridges, the irner of which is very short, but the two outer ones extend nearly to the suprascapular. Between all these ridges are cavities covered by a half-transparent membrane only.
The operculum is more than twice as high as wide (the spine included); it is covered with scales on its anterior half, the remainder being striated ; the stria? terminate in marginal points, becoming coarser towards the spines ; there is a slight notch above and beneath the spines. The upper spine is rather stronger, and produces a distinct transverse ridge an the opercle ; both the spines have a parallel direction and are rather distant from one another. The suboperculum has a concave posterior margin and has some spinous teeth below. The mteropcrculum has a very deep notch near the angle of pracoperciilum, and is not only serrated along its margin, but has a roughened surface, sometimc's ^\^th projecting spines. The prsioperculiim has two parallel margins with a channel between, covered with a half-transparent membrane. Both the posterior margins have an exceedingly fine serrature ; that of the inferior ones is coarser. The margins meet at a right angle, slightly projecting, and armed ^nth coarse spinous teeth. The cheek is scaly. The suprascapular has a prominent spine, rather larger than those of the
5. BEEYX. 15
operculum and running in the same direction ; it might be taken for a third opercular spine. The scapular and coracoid bones are nearly entire. The scales of the nape reach far between the eyes.
The dorsal fin is more distant from the occiput than from the root of the caudal ; the distances are =3:2. The spines gradually become longer behind, the length of the first being 5^ in that of the seventh ; the first ray is still longer — one-half of the height of the body, and nearly twice as long as the last ; it is branched. The length of the base of the dorsal fin is much longer than the pectoral ; its origin corresponds to the level of the 7th scale of the lateral line, its end to that of the 27th. The spines are rather slender, and show some- times a longitudinal groove.
The caudal fin is exceedingly deeply forked, one of the longest outer rays being more than four times as long as the middle, and as long as the head ; both the lobes appear to be equal in length (the extremities are rather injured). The upper and lower side of the base is furnished with four short imbricate spines.
The length of the base of the anal fin nearly eqxxals that of the pectorals ; its origin corresponds to the level of the 15th scale of the lateral line, its end to that of the 32nd. The spines are slender and become gradually longer behind ; the fourth is rather shorter than the first ray, which equals the sixth dorsal spine, and is more than twice the length of the last ; its lower edge is straight.
The pectoral fin is placed about one-third of the height up the side, not very long, and pointed, equaling one-fifth of the whole length of the fish. The rays are regular and slender ; the first two unbranched ; the thii'd the longest.
The ventral fins are placed just below the base of the pectorals ; they are ovate and much shorter than the latter, their length being one-seventh only of the total. The spine is strong, striated, about three-fourths of the entire length of the fin. A nan^ow elongated scale at theii* exterior axil.
The scales are of moderate size, with smooth surface and fine posterior serrature ; in several of the dorsal scales the middle part of the serrature projects beyond the margin. The lateral line is nearly straight, uninterrupted.
The specimens arc now discoloured, but appear to have been red, with iridescent streaks.
inches, lines.
Total length 14 0
Height of body 4 4
Length of head 3 10
of seventh dorsal spine 1 9
of first dorsal ray 2 10
of longest caudal ray ' 3 5|
of middle caudal ray 0 8^
of fourth anal spine 1 6
of first anal ray 1 6|
of pectoral 2 6
of ventral 1 9
16 BEKTCID^l?.
3. Beryx decadactylos.
Beryx decadaetylus, Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 222 ; Barker- Webb ^- Berthelot,
Hist. Nat. lies Canar. IcJdhi/ol. p. 13. pi. 4. BerjTc splendens, Lowe, Ca?nbr. Phil Trans, vi. tab. 3 (not descript.).
B.8(7). D.^^. A.J35. V. 1/10. L.lat. 64-65. L. transv. 34-35.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 2| in the total. The upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle of the eye. Operculum with an indistinct spine.
Sea of Madeira.
4. Beryx splendens.
Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 142 ; Cambr. Phil. Trans, vi. p. 197 (not figure) ; Fishes of Madeira, p. 47. pi. 8.
B.8(9). D.^^. A.^g. V. 1/10-13. L. lat. 71-76. L. transv. 8/20. Cjbc. pylor. 25-30.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and three to four times in the total. The upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle of the eye. Operculum with two feeble spines.
Sea of Madeira.
a. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe. 6. Large specimen : stuffed : not good state. Madeira. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
5. Beryx delphini. Ckiv. Sf Val. ix. p. 454 ; Cuv. Rbgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 14. f. 3. B. 10. D. ^. A. ? V. 1/13. Cjec. pylor. 24. Taken from the stomach of a dolphin in the Indian Ocean.
6. POLYMIXIA.
Polymixia, Lowe, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, vi. p. 198. Nemobrama, Vale.nc. in Barker- Webb 8f Berthelot, Ichth. lies Canar. p. 40.
Muzzle short, with nearly horizontal cleft of mouth, and the upper jaw longest ; eye large. Villiforai teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones. Four branchiostegals. Two barbels on the throat. Operculum without spine ; praeoporculum indistinctly crenulated. Scales moderate. One dorsal ; ventrais with six or seven rays. Caudal forked ; anal with three or four spines.
Atlantic Ocean.
6. POLYMIXI\. 17
1. Polymma nobilis.
Pol\Tnixia nobilis, Lotce, I. c. tab. 4. Nemobrama webbii. Val. I. c. p. 41, pi. 8.
D.3TO ^-iSi- V- 1/6 or 7. L.lat. 48-54. Vert. 29.
Above uniform greenish ; dorsal and anal black anteriorly. Sea of Madeira, and St. Helena,
a. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowo.
h. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General Hardwicko*
e. Adult: stuffed. Old Collection.
One of the specirnens exhibits seven rays in the ventral fins, as stated by Valenciennes. There are even eight in the figurc given by him.
2. Polymisia lowei. (PiAtE Vfl. fig. A.)
D. 1. A. ^. V. 1 7. L. lat. 50.
Above uniform greenish ; sides golaen shining (in spirits). Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Description of the specimen. — This species very much resembles in general appearance the only one hitherto known, but differs in having at least six dorsal rays less. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 3-|- in the total. The greatest depth of the body is below the origin ot the dorsal fin ; in front of this point the upper profile is slightly convex, brt rapidly descends from the eye to the snout ; the profile behind that point gradually descends to the caudal fin. The lower profile is nearly- straight between the snout and the anal fin.
The head has an obtuse and short snout, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower; the interspace between the eyes is one- fourth of the length of the head, and is covered with scales to near the anterior margin of the eyes. The cleft of mouth is wide, the upper maxillaiy reaching to behind the eye ; it tenninates posteriorly in a broad plate with a convex posterior edge and a concave superior and inferior one. The lower jaw has a slight prominence in front, much smaller than in Myripristis, &c. The eye is placed high up the sides, but does not interfere with the upper profile of head ; its diameter is rather more than one-third of the length of head ; the space below it is less than its diameter. The suborbital arch is broader as far as the maxillary reaches, and transformed iato a half-channel, covered with a transparent skin. This part of the suborbital arch, the maxillary, and the dentary, are scaleless ; all the remainder of the sides of the head is covered witb scales of moderate size.
The opercles have no spines at aU ; the operculum and siiboperculum are so uniformly covered with scales, that the border between them can be seen only after the scales are removed. The foimer is twice as high as wide, and the lower margin is straight, obliquely
lb BERYCIDJi:.
descending upwards; the sub- and inter- operculum have rounded lower margins, and both are situated in an oblique direction upwards. The praeoperculum has a scaleless portion at its angle, which is rounded and indistinctly crcnulated ; the posterior margin descends obliquely towards behind. Of the humeral arch the suprascapula alone is slightly denticulated.
The two barbels arise in front of the branchiostegals from the basihyal (Owen), and reach as far behind as the base of the pec- toral fin.
PseiidobrancJdce well developed.
The dorsal Jin arises above the middle of the fish (the caudal not included), with five feeble spines, gradually becoming longer behind, but the fifth being about one-half only of the first ray, which is the longest ; the folloAving rays become shorter and shorter to the seventeenth, the remainder being very short and nearly equal in length. The last ray is one-fourth only of the first. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is 3|- in the length of the former. The caudal Jin is deejily forked, with pointed and equal lobes ; the length of a lobe is about one-fifth of the total, and that of the middle (shortest) ray is one-fourth of the length of a lobe. The anal Jin is similar in shape to the dorsal, but much shorter and lower. The third spine is about one -third of the first ray, which equals the fifth dorsal ray ; the end of the fin falls just below that of the dorsal. Tlie pectorals are short, pointed ; they reach beyond the level of the origin of the dorsal, and are equal in length to that of the fii'st dorsal ray. The ventral Ji)is are very short ; their spine is closely attached to the first ray, and both can be separated from one another by the knife only ; the fii'st ray is not branched, but articulated ; the length cfjuals the diameter of the eye, and the fin reaches scarcely beyond the pectoral.
The scales are rather oblique and irregular, with distinct conccntnc layers on the free part and without serratm-e.
All the teeth are in very broad, velvet-like bands ; that of the intermaxillary is elongate, cimeiform, broadest on its inner extremity; nearly all the band is not covered by soft parts, and free, outside of the mouth ; the band of the mantUbulaiy is narrower and undulating. One broad band extends on the palatine and pterygoid bones, and con- fluent with it is an exceedingly large and ovate patch of teeth on the entopterjffjoid bone. The vomerine teeth form a narrow band, tapeiing behind. The tongue and the branchial bones are covered with broad patches of \"illit'()rm teeth. Thus this fish oftcrs the most comiilete dentition in this and the following families.
inches, lines.
Total length 0 10
Height of the body 2 7
Length of the head 2 8
Diameter of th(! eye ( * II
Interspace b(!tween the eyes 0 M
Length of a barbel 2 0
IJrcndth of tlic i-ntoptcrygoid patcli of teeth . 0 i")
7. jmiiPRisTis. ]5)
inches, lines.
Length of the entopterygoid patch of teeth . . ( > U
of the first dorsal i-ay 1 4
of the last dorsal i'ay 0 4
of a caudal lobe 2 0
of the middle caudal ray 0 (i
of the first anal ray 1 1
of pectoral fin 1 4
of ventral fin 0 11
Height of a scale 0 4
Length of a scale 0 3
7. MYRIPRISTIS*. Mp'ipristis, Cuv. Regnc Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 160.
Muzzle short, with oblique cleft of mouth f and prominent chin ; eye generally large. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones. Eight (exceptionally seven) branchiostegals. Opercular bones sermted ; operculum generally ydt\x a spine, prae- operculum without spine. Scales large, ctenoid. Two dorsals, scarcely united ; ventrals with seven rays. Caudal forked ; anal with four spines. S-wam- bladder divided by a contraction ; the anterior part extending to the otocrane. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Tropical seas of both hemispheres.
1. Myripristis jacobus.
Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 1G2. D. 10 I yj^. A. i V. 1/7. L. lat. 36-38. L. transv. 3/6. Caec. pylor. 9. Vert. 27.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the interspace betM'een the eyes is one- fourth of the length of the head. The upper maxillary reaches a little to behind the middle of the eye ; operculum striated, the stria3 terminating in fine points at the hinder edge of the operculum, above a very feeble spine. Pectoral shorter than ventral ; the third and fourth anal spines nearly equal in length, but the former broader. Gill-opening and base of pectoral fin brownish black.
Caribbean Sea ; coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.
h-e. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult: stuffed. Sine patria.
h. Young. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
* 1. Myripristis borbonicus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. j). 489.— iSlo de France. 2. • axillaris, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 491. — Isle de Fi-ancg
3. botche, Bleck. Perc. p. 52. — Batavia.
4. violaoeus, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 234. — .'Baiida.
1' In Myripristis lima the cleft of mouth is horizontal.
20 BERTCID^.
2. Myripristis pralinius.
Myripristis pralinius, Cuv. (^ Vol. iii. p. 170, and vii. p. 486. Myripristis seychellensis, Cuv. 8f Val. lii. p. 172.
D. 10 I -L.. A. -i-. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 3/6.
I 15-10 14-15
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the interspace between the eyes is 4^ in the latter. The upper maxiUary bone reaches to below the middle of the eye, and is distinctly denticulated beneath ; a series of larger teeth along the outer margin of the upper jaw. Striae and denticu- lations of the opercular pieces very fine ; opercular spine indistinct. Pectoral longer than ventral, reaching to the level of the anus ; the third and fourth anal spines are nearly equal in length, but the former is rather thicker. Red, with the upper part of the ^11-opening and the base of pectoral black.
From the Isle de France through the Indian Ocean to the Pacific.
a. Adult. Celebes. From Mr. Frank as M. indicus. h~d. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Rattle- snake. e. Adult. India.
3. Myripristis kimtee.
SuUanaroo-kxmtee, Russ. Cor. Fishes, pi. 104. Myripristis kuntee, Cuv. ^ Val. y\\. p. 487.
D.10|l. A.l
The height of the body is one -third of the total length; the irterspace between the eyes rather narrower than one-fourth of the length of the head ; the fan-hke ridges on the head five or six in number ; maxillary bone not serrated ; teeth carduliform along the edge of the upper jaw. Shoulder, giU-opening, and base of the pectorals brownish black. {Vol.)
Coast of Coromandel. Isle de France.
This species may prove to be the same as M. pralinius, the denticulation of the maxillary bone being a character of veiy little value.
4. Myripristis bleekeri. Myripristis pralinius, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 234 (not Cuv.).
The height of the body is 3^3| in the total length, the length of the head 4-4 i ; the interspace between the eyes is 3^3^ in the latter, vertex with 8 to 10 bony ridges on each side, fan-like arranged. In front of both the jaws some larger teeth ; the upper maxillary bone reaches to behind the middle of the eye, and is denticulated at the inferior angle. Opercular spine feeblfe. The dorsal fins nearly equal in height; pectorals longer than ventrals.
7. MTKIPRISTIS. 21
Red, the upper part of the gill-opening and the base of the pectoral black. (Bl.)
Sea of Banda Neira.
5. Myripristis leignathos.
Valenc. Voy. Venus, v. p. 316. pi. 4. f. 1.
D.ll|i A. ^3. L.lat.38.
The height of the body is 3 times in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the intei*space between the eyes is one-fourth of the length of the head. No larger teeth in the jaws ; the upper maxillary reaches to behind the middle of the eye, and is not den- ticulated; scapulary entire. Uniform red. {Vol.)
Vew Ireland.
6. Myripristis parvidens.
Bleek. Amh. Ceram, p. 260; ? Cut. ^ Val. ill. p. 173. D-10|n^. A.^. L.lat.30.
The height of the body is 3^ or 3 in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the interspace between the eyes is 3|^ in^^he length of the head. No larger teeth in the jaws ; the upper niaxiUary reaches to behind the middle of the eye, and is not denticulated; operculum witb a feeble spine ; scapulary entire. Violet-reddish ; fins rose-coloured, the outer rays of the caudal violet ; opercular membrane and base of the pectoral deep black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
7. Mjrripristis murdjan.
Sciaena murdjan, Forskal, p. 48.
Perca murdjan, Schneider , p. 86; Lacep. iv. pp. 396, 418.
Russell, t. 105.
Myripristis murdjan, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 177, vii. p. 495; R'dppell, Atl.
p. 86. t. 23. f. 2, and Fische des Rothen Meets, p. 95 ; Bleeker, Am-
boina, iii. p. 19.
B. 8 (7). D. 10 I j-^. A. Y^. L. lat. 28-30. L. transv. 3/6.
Yert. 10/15.
The height of the body is contained 3|^ in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; tlie interspace between the eyes is two- ninths of the latter. The upper maxillaiy reaches behind the middle of the eye. Operculum with a feeble spine above; the upper maxillaiy with some denticulations ; suboperculum notched before the pectoral fin. Pectoral reaching a little beyond the ventral to the level of the eleventh scale of the lateral line ; the third anal spine stronger, but rather shorter than the fourth. Rose- coloured, scales with a violet edge ; the soft dorsal, anal, and ventral fins with a white front margin, and the anterior rays with a
22 BERYCID3J.
violet-brownish ci'oss-bahd ; caudal fin above and beneath white- edged, and each lobe with a violet-brownish longitudinal streak, lied Sea ; AmbojTia.
a. Half-grown : stuffed. Eed Sea. From the Frankfort Museum. I. Adult. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection. c, d. Adult. India.
8. Myripristia adustus. Bleeker, Amboina, iii. p. 18.
^- 10 I fs- ^- TT^Ii- ^- l*^*- ^^^0- ^^^■*- 1V15.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total leng-th, the length of tne head 3^ ; the interspace between the eyes is one -fourth of the latter. The upper maxillary bone reaches to behind the middle of the eye ; operculum wdth a short feeble spine. Pectoral reaching a little beyond the ventral to the level of the tenth scale of the lateral line. The third anal spine strongei', but rather shorter, than the fourth. Above reddish-A-iolct, scales with a \iolet edge ; gLLl-oiK?ning and base of the pectoral black ; the spinous dorsiil violet ; the other vertical fins rose-coloured, with broad black tips.
Sea of Amboyna. a, b, c, d. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection. e, /. Adult. Sine patria. From Mr. Frank's Collection, fj. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
Skeleton. — The bones forming the roof of the skull are so closely attached to one another and show such continuous ridges, that it is nearly impossible to point out the sutures between the single bones without separating them altogether. The supraoccipital crest is limited to the posterior part, without extending on its upper STirface. There are two principal ridges longitudinally running along the middle of the interspace between the eyeo. Lea\-ing pos- teriorly a narroAV cavity between them, they are close side by side anteriorly, and then diverge lo form a short triangular groove for the posterior processes of the intermaxillary bones. Between each of these ridges and the orbit is an ^ongate cavity, tapering at both ends ; the longer posterior part belongs to the principal frontal bone, the shorter anterior to the turbinal; both the turbinal bones receive between them the short groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries ; from about the middle of the upper part of the orbit arises another ridge, similar to those mentioned, and ninning backwards soon radiates into branches, which again bifurcate and form the fan-like expansion characteristic of the species of Myri- pristis and Holocentrtmi.
The maxillary bone is styliform in its inner half, then suddenly widens into a broad plate, with an acute angle beliind and a rounded one in front ; the latter is furnished with several granular pro- minences ; the su])plementiU7 bone is oblong, about four times as long as broad, and has a styliform upper process. Tlie inter- maxillaries are sei)aratcd from one another by a small notch, thcv
7. MYBinUSTIS. 23
arc three-foui'th.s as long as the maxillary, and have a slight pro- minence behind. The mandibularies are rather short and high ; each is distinguished by a small i)rotuberance in front.
The dentition is chiefly formed by broad bands of fine villiform teeth ; at several places are small, short, granular prominences, .similar to those of the angle of maxillary, and more hke apophyses than true teeth. Such granulations may be seen strongest in front of both the jaws, on the protuberances of the boiies, but moreover also on the outer edges of intermaxillary and mandibulaiy. The band of the upj^er jaw is nearly t'W'ice as broad as that of the dentary bone ; both reach to the extremities of their bones. All the other teeth are exceedingly fine and velvet-like ; those of the vomer form a triangular patch uith concave sides, those of the palatines a cunei- form band, broad anteriorly, and do not extend beyond that bone. The teeth of the pharj^ngo-branchials are placed in an ovate group with several smaller ones besides.
The infraorbital arch is rather narrow and nearly equally broad, the prajorbital not being Avidened on account of the shortness of the snout. It is transformed into a bony half-channel, the open side of which is covered by a thin membrane, and the edges of which are finely serrated. The arch has inside a naiTow, concave, and thin plate for supporting the eye-ball from beneath. The entoptenjejoid is very broad, and attached to the basisphenoid by a naiTow ligament only, so that the bottom of the orbit is nearly entirely bony.
All the opercles are distinctly striated as far as they are not covered by scales. Tlie operculum is more than twice as high as wdde ; on its upper third it has a flat ridge terminating in a distinct point, above and below which is a slight notch ; the serrature is fine, but distinct. Tht, subopercidum is narrow, with a shallow notch before the pectoral fin, and three or fom* very slight denticulations beneath. The interoperculum is two and a half tis long as high, distinctly, but more finely serrated than the oi)crculum, and has a convex lower margin. The pi"a)opercukim is distinguished by two nearly parallel serrated edges ; the posterior pau' is finely serrated, like the inter- operculum, the scrratiu'c of the supplementary ridge being rather indistinct ; the inferior pair has both the edges equally and finely serrated. Both the pairs ineet at a rather obtuse angle, and here the serrature is somewhat stronger and more like that of the opereulura.
The skull of Mi/ripristis shows the remarkable peculiarity of a large oval opening, closed by an elastic membrane — an internal tym- panum. The opening appears to belong to the alisphenoid bone ; at the bottom of the cavdty is placed a large otoHth. The membra- naceous cover is in immediate connexion with the lobe of the anterion part of the air-bladder, and atta(;hed to it is an elastic, bony, ex- cavated plate, in form similar to the tragiis of the common Bat, and arising from the lower posterior angle of the opening. A similar foi'm of connexion between the air-bladder and the vcstibulum is found in Holocentram, Priacantlms }nacroplithahnus, Sjhv'us, Sargus, Saljm, &c.
The humeral iiviih is likewise striated and serrated, but more so at
24 BEEYCID^.
the bones which are situated higher up the sides. The humeral la formed as in the Percidae generally, but rather shorter ; the urohyal is triangular, short and broad.
The pubic bones are peculiarly shaped, short, much higher (in the vertical line) than broad (in the horizontal) ; they are attached to one another with an upper suture, terminating in a point anteriorly, and with a second very concave one in front. They form together a tiihedral cavity with the entrance from beneath ; each of them terminates behind in a broad process, which together form a plate, in fonn not unhke one of the scales of the fish. There is another styUform process along the entrance to that cavity, arising from the symphysis of the bases of the ventral fins.
The hyal and branchial apparatus show no peculiarity.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the abdominal part of the vertebral column being 1^ in that of the caudal. The haemal spines are stronger and somewhat longer than the neural. Twelve ribs ; the fourth to the eighth rib have another small rib (epipleural spine) attached ; but such epipleurals, belonging to the posterior ribs, are inserted on the vertebrae them- selves. The ribs of tlie eleventh vertebra are very broad, sword- shaped, and separated from one another. The strongest interhaemal is apparently formed by two, belonging to the second and third dermohaemals ; it has a deep longitudinal groove, and is as long as the first eight vertebrae together.
9. Myripristis microphthalmus.
JBleek. Cer. Avih. p. 261.
I^-lOlri-,. A. .-^3. L.lat.30.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the head is one- fourth ; the interspace between the eyes is one-fourth of the length of head, and the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the same. Several larger canine-like teeth in the jaws ; the upper maxiUar}' bone denticulated, reaching to behind the middle of the eye. Seapulary entire. Rose-coloured, the scales of the back with \'iolet margin ; fins rose-coloured ; root of the pectoral black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
10. Myripristis vittatus. Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 492.
D.10|l. A.l.
The upper maxillary bone with five or six distinct denticulatious ; the spine of operculum very indistinct ; operculum striated ; the third anal spine very strong and thick. On each side five or six blackish longitudinal bands ; the vertical fins yellow, the others reddish ; no black at the giU-opening, or at the base of the pectoral fin. {Val.)
Sea of Isle de f'rance.
7. MYBIPHISTIS. 25
11. Myripristis japonicus.
Myripristia japonicus, Cuv. ^ Veil. iii. p. 173. pi. 58; Fmiii. Japan.
p. 23. pi. 9 a ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 222. ? Myripnstis praliiiius, Richardson, I. c. p. 223.
D. 11 I f^. A. ^. L. lat. 27-29. L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head (oper- cular spine included), and one-third of the total ; the interspace between the eyes is one-sixth of the length of head. The upper maxillary bone reaches a Httle behind the middle of the eye, and is not denticulated. The operculum is strongly striated, the striae terminating in points at the posterior edge ; a very strong and long opercular spine, each scale with one or more stronger spinous teeth in the middle of the posterior edge ; the third anal spine much stronger and also longer than the fourth, about the same size as the opercular spine. Uniform red.
Japanese Sea ; Isle de France.
a. Large specimen : stuifed. Japan. Purchased.
h. Adult : stuffed. Isle de Prance. Prom Dr. Janvier's Collection.
c. Half-grown : skin in spirits.
d. ? Half-grown : skin in spirits. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves,
Esq. (Lateral Une 30. D. 11 1 f^. A. ^.)
12. Myripristis trachypoma. (Plate III.)
B. 8. D. 11 1 1 A. ^. V. 1/7 P. 15. C. ^^ L. lat. 29.
L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head (opercular spine included), and 2^ m the total ; the interspace be- tween the eyes is one-sixth of the length of head. AU the teeth villiform ; the upper maxillary bone reaches behind the middle of the eye, and is not denticulated. Opercles covered with spines, and operculum with a rather strong spinous prominence ; scales ctenoid, but the denticulations equal; the third anal spine much stronger and also longer than the fourth. Red, with longitudinal bands.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. Cuba.
h. Adult. West Indies. Piirchased of Mr. Scrivener.
Description. — This new species is entirely different from the othei' one from the West Indies, viz. Myripristis jacobus, and is closely allied to Myripr. japonicus.
Two characters alone justify a separation from the latter — the scales in the Japanese species having one or two spinous teeth, stron^r than the other part of the serrature, and the much larger size orthe opercular spine. The form of the body is the same.
All the teeth are villiform, except those which cover the two prominences in front of- the lower jaw. The lateral margin of 'the lower jaw is not straight, but undulating ; the vomerine teeth form a small obtuse-angled triangle. The upper maxillary bone is very
broad behind, about half as broad as long ; the supplementary bone elongate, sword-shaped, and covered with minute spines, like the lower jaw. The ej/e is al)out one-third of the length of head (o])er- cidar spine included), and nearly circular. There are the bony ridges ;nid grooves on the up})er surface of the skull, covered with a thin and half-transparent sldn, as in the other species of Mijripristis : an elongate groove extends from the occiput to the middle of the si)ace between the eyes ; on the hinder part it is half divided into two by a narrow longitudinal ridge. In the middle of the foi-ehead are two ridges, chvergent posteriorly and antcrioj^ly, forming posteriorly the cavity mentioned, and in front a space for the upi)er jn'ocesses of the intermaxillary; these ridges are in direct contact M'ith one another, remaining separated in other species. Between each of these ridges and the orbit is situated another elongate ca\ity, tapering at both ends, and extending beyond the nostril. On the sides of the vertex are two or three bony ridges Avith a rough surface, but they are not fon-like arranged, as in other species. The suborbital arch is trans- formed into one continuous ca\'ity, the bony edges of which are con- spicuous and finely serrated. All the opercular pieces arc striated, and each streak tenahiates hi a small spine before reaclumj the pos- terior edge of the bone, the bones thus rceei\ang a rough, spinous appearance. The opercle is narrow, with a transverse keel towards the to]), endmg in a strong prominent spine, of about the size of the first doi'sal spine ; along its base is a series of ctenoid scales ; there IS a notch above the spine, but the lower edge is straight and spini- ferous. The subopercle is very narrow, with a sinus just before the base of the pectoral lin, and a slight transverse ridge beneath, terminating in a small point. The margin above the sinus is slightly convex and spiniferous. In the interoperclc may be distinguished a straight posterior edge, a right angle, and a rather undulating lower margin ; it is spiniferous in all its cii'cumference. The preopercle exhibits two concentric ridges, finely serrated, and with a channel- like cavity between ; the cavity is again covered with a transparent skin ; the angle is roimded ; the cheeks are covered with scales.
There are six scales between the occiput and the first dorsa^ spine. The spinous dorsal is 2^ as long as the soft, but nearly ecpial in height ; they are united by a low membrane, reaching from the eleventh to the twelfth spine. The third, fourth and fifth spines are longest, the fourth twice as long as the first; the eleventh is only half the size of the first. The twelfth spine, or the first of the soft dorsal, is a little longer than the preceding, and placed on the level of the seventeenth scale of the lateral line. The fourth and fifth rays nre longest, their length being contained 2^ in the greatest depth of body.
The anal fin commences opposite the second dorsal with a minute spine ; the seccjnd is considerably larger, the third longest and strongest, not (piite as long as the third dorsal one ; posteriorly it is ]>ipvide(l Avith a dcrp furrow, in which the fourth spine together with tlic (-otniccting membrane may be hidden. This fourth sj)ine has the strange api)e;uance of being coiiijtosed of two spines, one shorter anterior and one longer posterior, both being sqtariited by h
7. iMYRIPRlSTIS. 27
longitudinal furrow ; this spine is as long as the first doraal one. The first ray is articulated, but not bifid ; the second is longest, even a little longer than the longest dorsal ray ; the following rays gradu- ally decrease in length, and the end of the anal falls short behind that of the dorsal.
The caudal fin is moderately forked, and its length is contained 5i^ in the total.
The pectorals reach to the level of the anus, are rather pointed, and their base falls below the fij'st dorsal spine. The first ray is only one-third of the length of the fin, and not branched as the second ; the fourth and fifth are longest.
The ventrals are shorter than the pectorals, placed immediately below their root, and do not reach as far behind; they are com- posed of a strong, flat, striated spine, not much shorter than the longest ray, and of seven branched rays. There is a deformity on one side of one of the specimens, which, if present on both the sides, or in a dried specimen, one-half of which only is preserved, might lead to the creation of a nominal species, or even genus : viz. on the right side there are, besides the long outer spine, five rays only, and a small inner spine instead of the two others. The spines of all the fins are striated.
The scales arc smooth, finely and equally serrated on the posterior edge ; the largest ones are placed, not in the lateral line, but in two series below that ; they are twice as high as long, and one of the largest covers not even one-third of the eye.
The colour appears to have been red, without any spot ; there are longitudinal bands visible along each series of scales ; the bands are silvery above the lateral hue, and slightly reddish (shining golden in life ?) beneath.
inches, lines.
Total length 7 5
Length of head 2 8
of eye 0 9
Interspace between the eyes . 0 b\
Greatest height of body 2 10
Length of fourth dorsal spine 1 1
of third anal spine 0 11^
of ventral spine 1 2
Height of a large scale 0 7
Length of a larae scale 0 \\\
13. Myripristis hexagonus.
Lutjanus hexagonus, Laccp. iv. p. 213.
Myripristis hexagonus, Cuv Hf Val. iii. p. 171, vii. p. 489; To//, ile VAstrol., Puiss. p. 074. pi. 14. f. 5 (not good).
D. 10 1 1. A. j^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is tliree times m the total Icngtli, the length of the head 3| ; the interspace between the eyes one-fifth of the Icnglli of the head. Opercidum with a voit distinct .si^ino ; tlio
28 BERTCIDiE.
upper maxillary reaches far behind the middle of the eye, and is denticulated beneath. Suboperculum not notched. Pectoral reach- ing a little beyond the ventral, to the level of the fifteenth scale of the lateral line ; the third anal spine much stronger and also longer than the fourth. Eed ; the front edges of the soft dorsal, of anal, and of ventrals, and the upper and lovrer edges of the caudal, pure white. GiU-opening and a spot in the arm-pit brownish black. 8eas of Isle de France, Boeroe.
a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
14. Myripristis lima.
Cm: (§• Val. vii. p. 493 ; Rkjne Anitn. III. Puiss. pi. 14. f. 2. D. 11 1 i. A. :!. V. 1/7. L. lat. 46-47.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one-third of the total ; the interspace between the eyes is one-sixth only of the length of the head. The lower jaw has a horizontal direction, and not an oblique one, as in the other species of Myri- 2iristis. Operculum with three or four distinct points at the angle. Caudal not deeply forked, with rounded lobes. Uniform red. ( Val.)
Sea of Isle of France.
8. HOLOCENTRUM*.
HolocentiTim, Artedi in Seba, iii. tab. 27. f. 1 ; Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 182. Coniiger, Ayuss. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 121.
Muzzle moderate, nearly horizontal ; jaws equal in front, or the lower shghtly prominent ; eye large. VUlifornj teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and on the palatine bones. Eight branchiostegals. Opercular bones and suborbitals serrated ; operculum with two spines, a large spine at the angle of praeopcrculum. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Two dorsals, scarcely united ; ventrals with seven rays. Caudal forked ; anal with four spines, the third veiy long and strong. S^nm-bladd(!r simple, oval. Pyloric appendages in increased number.
Tropical Seas of both hemispheres.
1. Holocentmm longipinne.
Jaquaraca, i^/«m/r. p. 147; Lichtenst.Ahhandl. Berl.Acad. 1820, p. 279. Cuteshy, Hist. Nat. Carol, ii. pi. 2. f. 2. Matejuels, Parra, p. 23. pi. 13. f. 2.
* 1 Perca aBcensionis, {Linn.) Oshecl; Reise nack China, p. 388.— Amphacan- tlius ascensionis, Bl. Schn. \>. 210. — Lutjanus ascen.sionis, Lacip. iv. p. 107. — Holocentrum ascensionis, Cuv. <J- Val. iii. p. 212. — Ascension Island.
2. Holocentrum argentcuni, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 502; Voy. AstroL, Poiss.
]). (577. pi. 14. f. 2. — New Guinea.
3. Holocentrum marianiim, Cuv. cj- Val. iii. p. 219. — Martinique.
4. Holocentrum konoides, liUck. Tcrc. p. f)4. — Celebes.
5. Holocentrum binolatuni, Blcck. Gnram. p. 207. — Gorani.
8. noLocENxnuM. 29
Bodianus pentacantlius, J?/oe/<. t. 225 (very bad); Shaw,Zool. iv. p. 570. pi. 83 (very bad). ^
jaguar, Lacep. iv. p. 28G (bad).
Scisena rubra, Bl. Schtt. p. 82 (not Foisk.).
Amphiprion matejuels, Bl. Sc/in. p. 200.
Holocentrus sogbo, BInrh. t. 232.
Holocentrum longipinne, Cm-. 8f VaJ. iii. p. 185, vii. p. 406.
D. 11 I 15. A. ^. V. 1/7. L. lat. 47-50. L. transv. 4 7.
Cfec. pylor. 25. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the interspace between the eyes is fii in the latter (opercular spine inchided). Operculum with two flat spmes, the lower of which is the smaller. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, the soft dorsal fin as high as the body ; the length of the caudal is 3i in the total, the ujDper lobe much longer ; the third and fourth anal spines longest, but the fonner much longer and stronger ; the ventral fins reach near to the anus, much longer than pectoral. Reddish, with more or less distinct shining longitudinal bands.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Adult. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Cr-k. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection. I. Half-grown. St. Clu'istophers. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. m. Adult. West Indies. From the Haslar Collection. n, 0. Adult : not good state. AVest Inches.
p-r. Adult: stuflx3d. West Indies. From Mr. Scriveners Collection. s. Half-grown : stuffed : not good state. Bahia. t. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society u-x\ Adult : stuffed. America. y. Half-grown. America. Presented by the Zoological Society.
2. Holocentmin furcatum. (Plate IV.)
D. 11 I 16. A. fy. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 4 7.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and not quite one-foui'th of the total length. The interspace between the eyes is 6|- in the length of the head. Snout shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the upper maxillary reaches nearly to below the middle of the eye. Operculum with one very large spine and several very small ones beneath ; the pvaeopercular spine one-half of the length of the posterior edge of pra3operculum, the second to fifth dorsal spines longest, not quite one-half the height of the body ; the soft dorsal fiji elongate ; caudal very deeply foj'kcd, with slender ind elongate lobes, the upper much longer than the lower. The hird anal spine longest, but one-eighth only of the total length Red, with lighter longitudinal bands.
a. Adult ■ stuffed. South Sea.
30 BEBTCID^.
Description of the specimen. — This species would belong to those with the form of the body elevated but for its long and slender caudal fin and the posterior part of the tail, which is narrower than in other species, but stouter than in H. longlpinne.
The lower jaw is slightly prominent, and the upper maxillary readies nearly to below the middle of the eye. The length of the snout is six-sevenths of the diameter of eye. The upper profile of the head is slightly convex ; the two bony ridges between the eyes run nearly parallel, and distant from one another, to receive in front the groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones, which is equal in length to that of the snout. The fan -like expansion is formed by about ten or eleven radiating ridges ; the turbinal bones do not terminate in a prominent process. The diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of head; the anterior suborbital has a strong prominent tooth in front. The opercles are irregularly striated. The operculum terminates in an uncommonly strong spine, beneath which are several veiy small ones, not much larger than the other denticulations of the margin. The sub- and inter- operculum have foiu' or five small spinous teeth in their upper third ; the remainder of the margins is entire. The pra^operciilum has a vertical posterior margin, finely serrated, and a strong and straight spine at the angle ; the low er margin is indistinctly serrated.
The spines of the dorsal fin are strong, the second to fifth longesv. The soft dorsal is rather elongate ; the first ray is equal in length to the fifth spine, the third not quite twice as long and the last one- third only of the first. The upper lobe of the caudal fiii is ^ery: elongate, its length is 3|^ in the total ; the lower is 4|^ in the sarrfc! length. Also the soft part of the anal fin is rather elongate, longer^ than the third spine, but lower than the dorsal. The pectorals are much shorter than the elongate ventrals ; they reach to the level of the sixteenth spale of the lateral line, whilst the extremity of the latter corresponds to the twenty-fij'st.
Tne scales are distinctly serrated on all the postenor margin. The coloration appears to have been red in life, with lighter longi- tudinal bands ; the fins are now -entirely uniform.
inches, lines.
Total length 10 11
Height of the body 2 9^
Length of the head 2 9|
Interspace between the eyes 0 4|
Length of the snout 0 10
of opercular spine 0 4^
of pneopercular spine 0 6^
of third dorsal spine 1 3
of first florsal ray 1 2\
of third dorsal ray 1 9^
of last dorsal ray 0 4
of superior caudal lobe 3 0
of inferior caudal lobe 2 4
of third anal spine 1 4|
8. UOLOCENTlUJll . l^]
inches, lines.
Length, of fourth anal spine 1 0
of fii-st anal I'ay 1 5
of last anal ray 0 5^
3. Holocentrum macropus. (Plate I. fig. B.) D. 11 I 15. A. ± L. lat. 52. L. transv. 4/7.
Body rathei elongate. Ventral fins very long, as long as the head. Operculum with a very strong spine, and a veiy small one beneath ; prteopereular spine moderate, one-third of the length of the posterior mars:in of prajoperculum.
a. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France. Purchased of Sir A. Smith.
Description of the specimen. — Although the greater part of the fins in the specimen are injured, 1 do not hesitate to found on it a species, as the ventrals are well preserved, and ofter a character whereby it may be distinguished from every other species of the genus. In the measurements given hi this species, the total length is to be understood from the snout to the root of the caudal Jin onli/, as this fin is nearly entirely lost.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 3f in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is ()i in the length of the head ; the two bony ridges radiate behind in about ten branches. The snout is pointed, its length being ^ths of the diameter of tne eye ; the groove for the processes of the inter- maxillary bones is still shorter ; the tui'binal bone docs not teraii- nate in an ariterior prominent spine ; the upper maxillaiy readies not quite to below the middle of the eye. The diameter of the eye is 3^ in the length of tlie head ; all the surrounding infraorbital bones ai'e serrated and the anterior is armed in front with a very- strong curved tooth. The operculum is distinctly striated, the striai terminating in fine marginal points ; the upper spine is very strong, as in ff. furratum, whilst the inferior resembles more one of the other denticulatibns. Tlic suboperculum has also some striae, terminating in spinous points, coarser than those of the operculum. Interoperculum striated and scrrotcd. Both the edges of the praj- operculum are finely serrated, like the operculum ; the spine at the angle is of moderate length.
The third, foiu'th and fifth dorsal spines are longest, nearly one- half the height of body. The soft dorsal has no spine in front, and does not appear to have been elevated. The caudal fin has been forked. The first spine of the anal is minute, the second sftialler than the oixjrcular spine, the third strongest, scarcely longer than the longest of the dorsal fin, the fourth is a little short(u- than the fourth ; the first ray is rather elongate, and higher than the longest of the dorsal fin. The pectorals arc short, and probably have not reached further than to the level of the elcventli or twelfth scple of the lateral line. Tlie vcntrnl fins are formed by one spine
32 REIIYCID.E.
and seven soft riiys ; the former is slender, and as long as the thii'd anal spine ; of the rays the third is longest, equal to the height of the body, and reaching to the level of the twenty-third scale of the lateral line.
The scales are finely seiTated.
The coloration appears to have been red, with longitudinal bands of a dusky colour.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 2|
Height of the body 2 6i
Length of the head 2 Gk
Interspace between the eyes 0 4f
Length of opercular spine 0 3
of pra3opercular spine 0 5
— — of foiu'th dorsal spine 1 3
of last dorsal spine 0 5-i-
of third anal spine 1 3^
of fourth anal spine 1 0
of first anal ray 1 6^
of ventral spine 1 3^
of third ventral ray 2 Oy
4. Holocentnim pcecilopterum.
Bleekcr, Kohos-Eilandcn, p. 350.
D. ll|i. A. J. L. lat. 52.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3i-3f . Operculum with two strong s])ines, the lower of which is smallest. The upper maxillary bone reaches to behind the middle of the eye. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines long(\st ; the soft dorsal fin is less than half as high as the body ; the length of the caudal is 5^ in the total, the upper lobe is loiiger ; the third anal spine very thick, and nearly U\\vo, as long as the longest of the dorsal fin ; ventral fins not verj- much longer than the pectorals, lied, with lighter longitudinal bands ; the first dorsal yellow, •u'ith two longi- tudinal series of large round rose-coloured spots. {Bl.)
Sea of Cocos Island.
5. Holocentnim erythraenm. (Plate V.)
B. U I 15. A. j^. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 3/6.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 3i in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is 5i- in the length of the head. The upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle of the eye ; jaws equal in front ; the groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries is slightlj- longer than the diameter of tlie eye ; turbinal bone terminating in a bony anterior process, slightly forked, but not covering the intermaxillary. The
8. HOLOCENTEUM. 33
third to sixth dorsal spines longest, one-third of the height of body ; both lobes of the caudal equal, and one-fifUi of the total length. The third anal spine is not very much longer than the fourth, not twdce as long as the longest of the dorsal, and 5| in the total length. Ventral fins scarcely longer than the pectorals. Red, with lighter longitudinal bands ; the spinous dorsal with a longitudinal series of round white spots, always one between two spines. Sea of S. Christoval.
a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 6. Adult ; stuffed. S. Christoval. Voyage of the Herald.
Description. — This species appears to be near Holoc. pcecihpterum, from which, however, it differa in several respects, as is evident from the diagnosis given above ; from Hoi. tiere it may be distinguished by eleven dorsal spines, and from H. tieroides by a greater number of scales in the lateral line. It belongs to the species with high body and compressed head. The snout is rather pointed, and equal to the diameter of the eye ; the vomerine teeth stand in an obtuse- angled triangle, with a rather concave posterior edge. The anterior infraorbital bone has a rather strong tooth in front of the supple- mentary bone of the maxillary, and another rather smaller one beneath the anterior half of the orbit ; between them are five or seven small ones ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is finely serrated. The number of the radiating ridges on the occiput varies on both sides from seven to nine. All the opercles are very strongly striated over all their surface, and deeply denticulated behind ; so also the scapulary bone. The size of the opercular spines varies : there are —
In specimen a. on the right side, two strong spines, the upper rather longer.
In specimen a. on the left side, two spines, the lower indistinct.
In specimen h. on the right side, two strong spines, the upper rather longer.
Inspecimen 6. on the left side, two equal strong spines.
The praeopereular spine has two deep grooves, and is one-half of the length of the posterior margin of praeoperculum ; suboperculum serrated along its whole length, interoperculum entire in its anterior half.
The spinous dorsal is very low, its longest spine being one-third only of the height of the body ; the last spine is two-thirds of the first. The longest ray of the soft dorsal is the third, being longer than one-haK of that height. The soft dorsal begins on a level with the twenty- eighth scale of the lateral line. The caudal fin has, as usual, some spinous rays on the upper and lower side of the root ; the lobes are equal to one-fifth of the total length, and pointed. The anal com- mences opposite the soft dorsal ; the first spine is minute ; the second very small, shorter than the shortest of the dorsal ; the third longest, but shorter than the longest ray of the anal, and contained 5-| in the total length ; the fourth spine slender, twice as long as the first of the dorsal fin ; the first ray is the longest, one-fifth of the total
D
34 BERYCID^.
length, and more than four times as long as the last. The pectoral fins reach to the level of the nineteenth scale of the lateral line, the ventrals to that of the twenty-second.
The scales are not striated, but finely serrated at the posterior margin ; one of the largest covers one-third of the eye, and is two- thirds as long as high.
The coloration appears to be red, "svith bands of a Lighter tinge along each series of scales. No other markings are %'isible_, except the round whitish spots, forming a series along the middle of the spinous dorsal ; there is another triangular spot behind the tip of each spine. In life the round spots may have been blue, and the trian- gular ones rose-coloured.
inches, lines.
Total length 8 2i
Height of the body 2 5
Length of the head 2 5^
Interspace between the eyes 0 5
Diameter of eye 0 8
Praeopercular spine 0 5^
Length of fourth dorsal spine 0 9
of third dorsal ray 1 4^
of third anal spine 1 4
of first anal ray 1 5f
of a large scale 0 3
Height of a large scale 0 5
6. Holocentrum microstoma. (Plate VI. fig. A.)
D. 11-12 1 13. A. 1. L. lat. 47-53. L. transv. 4/7.
The height of the body is nearly four times in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the interspace between the ej-es is 4^ in the latter. Lower jaw rather prominent ; snout rather pointed, shorter than the diameter of eye ; the uppei- maxillaiy reaching to below the anterior third of the eye. Operculimi with two prominent spines, the upper jf which is the longer. Praeopercular spine small, not much stronger than that of operculum. The fourth, fifth and sixth dorsjil spines longest, one-half of the height of body ; lobes of the caudal equal ; the third anal sjjine much longer and stronger than the fourth, one-fifth of the total length; pectorals shorter than ventrals. lied, with lighter longitudinal bands ; a small brownish speck behind the first dorsal spine.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Old Collection.
Description. — The form of the l)ody is rafher elongate, the snout of moderate length, four-fiifths of the diameter of eye (difference from //. laticeps). The interspace between the eyes is nearly equally broad behind and in front, but with a slight concavity above the middle of the eye. The two bony ridges are distant from one
8. nOLOCENTRUM. 35
another and parallel ; the groove for the processes of the inter- maxillary bones goes not very far behind, its length being the same as that of the snout. The turbinal bone tenninatcs in front in an obtuse point, scarcely covering the intermaxillary. The mouth is smaller than in most of the other species, the upper maxillary reaching to below the anterior third of the eye only. The diameter of the eye forms nearly one-third of the length of the head (opercular spine always included).
All the opercles are striated and denticulated, as the scapular and humeral bones. The praeoperculum has a short spine, rather longer than one-third of the posterior margin of this bone ; the margin is vertical.
The dorsal spines are moderately thick ; the spinous and soft dorsal fins are equal in height, one-half of the depth of the body. The lobes of the caudal are equal, pointed, and 5f in the total length. The first spine of the anal fin is minute ; the second shorter than the shortest of the dorsal ; the third longest, even longer than the rays, one-fifth of the total length ; the fourth is strong, about the length of the second of the dorsal, and may be entirely' hidden in a groove of the third. The pectorals are rather short, one-sixth of the total length, and reach to the sixteenth scale of the lateral line. The spine of the ventrals is one-third of their own length, rather slender; the length of the longest ray is nearly one-fifth of the total, and the fin reaches to the level of the twenty-second scale of the lateral line.
The scales are not striated, but fiinely serrated at the posterior margin ; one of the largest not covering even one-fourth of the eye Eed, with violet tinge on the back, and silvery on the belly; lighter bands along each series of scales. The fins are now uniform yello-\vish white ; an indistinct bro^vnish speck is still visible between the first two dorsal spines.
inches, lines.
Total length 6 8
Height of the body 1 9
Length of the head 1 11
Interspace between the eyes 0 5
Length of the snout 0 5
of prffiopercular spine 0 3
of fifth dorgal spine 0 11
of third dorsal ray 0 11^
of third anal spine 1 4^
of fourth anal spine 0 8
of first anal ray 1 0
of a large scale 0 2^
Height of a large scale 0 8|
7. Holocentmm rubmin. Seba, iii. 27. 1.
Scipena rubra, Forsk. p. 48 (not Bl. Schn.}. Renard, Poiss. t. 29. f. 159 ; Valentyn, InrJ. iii. p. 390. f. 137.
D 2
36 BEBYCIO^.
Perca rubm, Bl. iSchn. p. 90.
praslin, Lac^. iv. p. 418,
Holocentrum alborubrum, Lacep, iv. p. 372 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 223.
orientale; Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 197, vii. p. 497 ; Sleeker, Perc. p. 53.
Holocentrus ruber, Rilpp. Atl. p. 83. t. 22. f. 1, and N. W. Fische, p. 96.
Holocentrum marginatum, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 216.
spinosissimum, Richardson, I. c. p. 223 (not Fauna Japon.)
D. 11 I 12-13. A. ^. L. lat. 35-37. L. transv. 3/6.
Caec. pykr. 20. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head (oper- cular spine included) and 3^ in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is one-fifth of the length of the head. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary much shorter than the diameter of eye. Operculum with two strong prominent spines, the lower of which if the smaller. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the soft dorsal fin rather higher than the spinous. The length of the caudal is 4^ in the total, both the lobes being equal in length. The third anal spine very long and strong ; its length is 4^ 5 times in the total. The ventral fins reach near to the anus, and are rather longer than the pectorals. Scales scarcely striated. Red, with eight whitish longitudinal bands ; the outer edges of the caudal blackish ; the ventrals whitish, black between the third spine and the first ray.
Red Sea ; Indian Archipelago ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Half-grown : stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
e. Adult : skeleton. Amboynu. From Mr. Frank's Collection. d, e. Adult : stufied. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake. /, g. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty. h. Half-grown. Philippines. t. Adult : not good state. Japan. Jc. Adult. China.
I. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves. Esq. m. Adult. India.
The specimens in which Sir J. Richardson thought he recognized H. alborubrum, Lacep., and H. spinosissimum, Temm. et Schleg. decidedly belong to the above species : he mentions specimen I. as having seven rays in the anal fin ; but I can distinctly see nine, as usual in the species of Holocentrum. The specimen from the Red Sea differs from the East Indian ones in having the third anal spine longer ; in the former it is contained 4^ in the total length, whilst it is one-fifth only in specimens collected in the seas of Japan, Amboyna, and in the Louisiade Archipelago.
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skull is flat, without deep grooves or high ridges. The supraoccipital crest is limited to the posterior part of the occiput, without extending on its upper surface. There are two parallel bony ridges running along the middle of the
8. HOLOCENTKUM. 3Y
interspace between the eyes ; there is no distinct cavity between them, nor on any other part of the skull, eicept the groove for the posterior processes of the intermaxillaries ; this groove is narrow, elongate, nearly equally broad anteriorly and posteriorly, and extends between the principal frontals to the level of the anterior foiuth of the orbit. These bony ridges radiate behind in ten or more branches, fan -like arranged ; the hinder part of the upper roof of the orbit is covered with spines, directed backwards.
The mcucillary bone is styliform in its inner half, then gradually widens into a moderately broad plate, with a straight anterior edge, and the posterior rather concave ; the supplementary bone is very narrow, tapering above. The intermaxillaries are separated from one another by a small notch ; they are nearly as long as the max- iUaries, and have a slight prominence behind. The mandibulary without protuberance in front.
The dentition is foimcd by villiform bands only, without any canines or granular prominences. The bands on the jaws reach to the extremity of the bones ; the vomerine teeth are arranged in two narrow bands, meeting under an obtuse angle ; the palatine teeth form a narrow band extending on the pterygoid. The teeth of the pharyngobranchials are placed in several round patches, one of which is larger and ovate.
The infraorbital arch is rather narrow, and nearly equally broad, the proeorbital being not much widened ; its ossification is complete, and there is no outer membrane. The lower edge only is serrated ; the pra^orbital strongly armed with spinous teeth, directed backwards ; the anterior and posterior ones are strongest. The turbinal bone overreaches the intermaxillary with a short point. The infraorbital arch has inside a broad concave plate, forming nearly a half-circle, and supporting the eye-ball, together with the entopterygoid, which is very broad, and attached to the basisJ)henoid by a narrow liga- ment only.
AU the ojjercles are distinctly serrated and striated as far as they are not covered by scales. The opercidum is one and a half as high as wide (the pine included) ; on its upper third it has two flat ridges, divergent and terminating in two flat spines, the upper of which is long and strong ; the serrature is rather coarse, and formed by small spinous teeth, the terminations of the strise. The sub- operculum is elongate, crescent-shaped, its denticulations scarcer and coarser than those of the operculum ; the edge before the pectoral is entu'e. The interopcrculum has posteriorly a notch fit the place where the praeopercular spine passes ; the denticulations are very coarse and directed backwards. The pra^opcrcidum has a simple ridge only, with regular serrature on both the edges; they meet nearly at a right angle. The praeopercular spine nins in the same line with the lower edge, and its length is 2^ in that of the posterior edge.
The vestibular opening is elongate or irregularly ovate : I could not find any bony plate in connexion with the tympanum, as is foimd in Mijripristis adustus.
38 BERYCIIJ^E.
The suprascapular and corucoid aru distinctly denticulated; the other humeral bones show no remarkable peculiarity. The urohyal resembles that of Myripristis, but is not so high, and more arrow- shaped. The puhk bones are very much like those of Myripi-istis, but rather more elongate.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the abdominal part of the vertebral column being 1^ in that of the caudal. The haemal spines arc stronger than the neural. Nino ribs ; the first to fifth ribs have epipleural sj)ines ; but such append- ages belonging to the posterior ribs ai-e inserted on the vertebra) themselves. The ribs of the eleventh vertebra arc veiy broad, sword-shaped, and separated from one another. The strongest interha;mal is apparently formed by two, belonging to the second and third dermoha)mal8 ; a high bony ridge arises from the joint of each of these dermohaimals, and both ridges are attached to one another by a transparent plate. The lengtli of this interhasmal ecpials that of the first nine vertebrae.
8. Holocentrum laticeps. Cuv. ^- VuL ili. p. 211, vii. p. 500.
D. 11 I 13. A. -J. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 3/7.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the lengtli of the head 3|^ ; the interspace between the eyes is one-fourth of the latter ; the length of the snout is less than the radius of the eyC'; the upper maxillary does not reach to ])elow tlie middle of the eye ; opercular spines equal, or the lower longer than the upper ; the prajopercular spine short, about one-third of the lengtli of the posterior margin of pra)opereulum. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, about one-half the height of body ; the u])per lobe of the caudal rather longer than the lower. Tlie third anal s^iine longer and stronger than the fourth, and 5| in the total length ; pectoral and ventral fins e(]ual in length. Colden shining (in spii'its), scales minutely dotted with black ; the uj)])er half with seven brown longitudinal bands ; an oljlique black streak between each pair of the dorsal spines, reaching from the tip of one spine to the base of the ])receding ; the other fins not coloured.
8ca of Batavia.
a. Adult female. From the Collection of the Zoological Socii'ty Ij. Ilalf-grow'n. From tin- Haslar Collection.
0. Holocentrum punctatissimum.
Ilolocentiimi piiiictiitissiiiuini, Cuv. tV ^'<(l- iii. p- 215; Lvss. ^ (ic.ni.
Viii/. Coy. Zi«)l. ii. p. 211); lilcekcr, Sunudrd, ii. p. (5. '■^ i;i(fc(igiilt;iliiiii, Ciir. tS' F^/. iii. p. 214.
1). II I 12-13. A. ^,. L. hit. 42.
The heiglil oi (be body is contained four times in tlie tol.-il leiiglli, ihc length of tlic head '-Vf^. 'J'lie upi)er maxillary reaches to below
8. HOLOCENTRUM. 39
the middle of the eye ; opercuhim Avith two spines, the upper of which is the longer, 8noiit shorter than the half-diameter of the eye. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, more than half as high as the body, and shorter than the soft dorsal. The upper lobe ot the caudal is longer, and 5^ in the total length ; the third anal spine vciy strong, and one-fifth of the total. Rose-coloured, with scattered purplish dots; the first dorsal black-edged, and with a series of deep blue spots,
IJ. lacteog^itfatitm is considered as a variety of //, inmctatisshnum, and is distinguished by a double series of spots on the dorsal fin.
Sumatra ; CaroUiie Islands,
10, Holocentrum atercus muscarum. Cm: 8,- Vul. \\\. p. 503,
D. 11 I 11, A.1
-The third spine of the anal fin is shorter than one-fifth of the total length. Doreal fin immaculate, the spinous part with a Avhitish edge ; on the pra3operculum and on each side a longitudinal series of black dots. ( Val.)
Sea of Guam,
11, Holocentrum hastatum.
Di<hamel, Peches, ii. pi, 5. f. 2,
Holocentrum hastatum, Cnv. Sf Vul. iii. p, 208, vii. p. 499, pi, 59,
D, 11 I 14. A.X L. lat. 44. C»c. pylor. 16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total. Operculum with a strong spine, of about the size of that of the praiopcrculum ; some- times one or two smaller ones beneath. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, not shorter than the rays ; the length of the caudal fin is about one-fifth ot the total ; the lobes are equal. The third anal spine very long, one-fifth of the total length. Red, with lon- gitudinal bands ; a large black spot between the first three dorsal spines, and a smaller one between the last three rays.
West African Coast.
a. Young: dried: not good state. Sine patria Froin Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
12. Holocentnmi spiniferum.
Scioena spinifera, Forsk. p, 49, Perca spinifera, Bl. Schn. p, 86 ; Laccp. iv, p, 418. Holocentrum leo, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 204 ; Less. Voy. Coq. ii, p, 222 ; Citv. Ii£gne Anim. III. pi. 14, f. 1 ; Bleeker, Kokos Islands, p. 355 ; Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 078, pi. 14, f. 3. Tlolocentrus spinifer, Riipp. N. W. Fische, pp, 90, 97. t. 25. f, 1 (not Atlas). D. 11 I 15. A. :^, L lat, 44-45. L, transv, 4/8. Cjec. pylor. 16. Vert, 10/15. The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3.L
40 BERYCIDiE.
in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is one -ninth of the length of the head. Prteopercular spine more than half as long as the posterior edge of pra^operculum. The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines are longest, of about the same length as the third anal one ; the soft dorsal fin is rather lower than the spinous. The length of the caudal is 5^ in the total, both the lobes are equal. The third anal spine is very much longer and stronger than the fourth, its length is 7^ in the total. Posterior edge of praeopcrculum very oblique. Kose-coloured, with a deep red spot behind the eye, and another above the roof of the pectoral ; the spinous dorsal deep red ; the other fins yellow.
Eed Sea ; Epstern coast of Africa through the Indian Ocean to the Pacific.
a. Adidt: stuffed. Ked Sea.
6. Large specimen : stuffed. Isle de France. From Dr. Jam-ier's Collection.
c. Large specimen : stuffed. Louisiadc Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
d, e. HaK-grown : stuffed. Louisiadc Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake. /. Large specimen : stuffed. Sine patria. g. Half-grown : stuffed. Sine patria.
//. spiniferum, from the Red Sea, appears to be at least a variety of H, leo, from the East 'Indies. Neither in the descriptions, nor in the figures given of the latter, are the deep red colour of the spinous dorsal, and the spots behind the eye mentioned. ^loroover, the dorsal spines of the East Indian specimens are rather thicker, but equally long. Dried specimens are entirely similar in other respects.
13. Holocentrum binotatuin. Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 679. pi. 14. f. 4 (not Bleek.). D. 11 I 13. A.-i. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 3/6.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head and 3^ in the total ; the interspace between the eyes is 4^ in the length of the head ; both the jaws equal in front ; snout shorter than the diameter of eye, pointed ; the groove for the process of the inter- maxillary bones rather longer than the diameter of eye ; the turbinal bone terminates in front in a process, covering the intermaxillary. The upper maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye. Opercles striated, deeply serrated ; the upper opercular spine longest ; the spine of prJEoperculum rather longer than one-half of the poste- rior edge of that bone. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, rather more than one-half of the height of body ; lobes of the caudal equal in length ; the third anal s])ine much longer and stronger than the fourth, one-fifth of the total length. Red, with lighter longitudinal bands ; pectorals yellowish.
Sea of New Guinea and Guam, rt. Adult. Old Collection.
8. nOLOCKNTRUM. 41
holocentrum binotatum, Bleek. Goram, p. 207, is not only difterent from our specimen, bnt also from that of Quoy and Gaimard. His fish appears to be more elongated having also forty-three scales in the lateral line ; it has moreover a black blotch on the dorsal fin, which certainly would not have been overlooked by the French natui'alists.
14. Holocentrum caudimaculatum.
Ilolocentnmi spiniferum, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 206, vii. p. 498 ; Riipp.
Atlas, p. 86. taf. 23. f. 1 (not N. W.). ? Holocentriis ruber, Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon, pi. 4. Iloloceiitrus caudimacida'tus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 97.
D. 11 I 14. A.l
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3^', in the total. The soft dorsal hn is rather higher than the spinous ; the length of the caudal is 6^ in the total, both the lobes are equal ; the third anal spine is much longer and stronger than the fourth, its length is 4^ in the total. Posterior edge of pra^operculum vertical ; operculum with two prominent spines, the lower of which is smaller ; edge of suboperculum entire ; the upper outline of head straight. Uniform red ; a white spot on the buck of tail (in life).
lied Sea ; Ceylon ?
15. Holocentntm tiereoides.
Blceker, Amhoina, iv. p. 334.
If. 11 I 12-13. A.^. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3|- in the total. Jaws equal in front, the upper maxillary reaching to below the middle of the eye. The pneopercular spine longer than one-half of the diameter of the eye ; two unequal opercular spines ; scapidary not serrated ; the foui-th, fifth, and sixth doi-sal spines longest. Hed. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
16. Holocentrum spinosissimum.
Temm. Sf Schlef/. Faun. Japan, p. 22. pi. viii. A. {Richanlson, Ichthyol. China, p. 223, belongs to II. rubnmi.)
D. 11 1 14. A. i-. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 3/7.
Scales exceedingly deeply striated and serrated. The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; snout much shorter than the eye. Operculum with a strong striated spine ; one or two smaller ones beneath. Prajopercular spine long, ■s\ith a VQry prominent longitudinal ridge. The third anal spine is exceed- ingly thick, and its length is about one-fifth of the total. The caudal lobes equal. Red ; each scries of scales with a lighter lon- gitudinal band.
Sea of Japan.
42
BEKYCID^.
1 7. Holocentrum diadema.
Holocentrus diadema, Lucep. iv. pp. 372, 374, iii. pi. 32. f. 3; Rilm.
All. Fisvh; p. 84. t. 22. f. 2. Perca piilcliella, Bonn. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 377. pi. 9. f. 3. Ilolocentruiii diadema, Cm: lij- Vul. iii. p. 213 ; Less. Voy. Duperr.
Zool. ii. p. 220. pi. 25. f. 2 ; Blacker, Amhoina ii,- Ceram, p. 259.
D. 11 1 f^. A.-|. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 3/7. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the interspace between the eyes is one-fifth of the latter. Operculum wth two prominent spines, the upper of which is the stronger, nearly equal in size to that of the praDopcrculum. The fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest, as high as the longest ray, but shorter than the anal spine. The length of the caudal is one-sixth of the total, both the lobes being equal. The third anal spine is exceedingly strong, and about one-fifth of the total length. The ventral fins reach near to the anus, but the pectorals are much shorter, lied, ^dth eight to eleven silvery lon- gitudinal bands ; the spinous dorsal black, with a wliite longitudinal band ; the other fins rose-coloiu'ed.
Red Sea ; Madagascar ; Ceylon ; Chinese Sea ; Indian Archi- pelago. •
a. Adult. Borneo.
b. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward
Belcher.
c. Half-grown. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Half-grown. Feejce Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
e. Half-grown : very bad skin. Ceylon. From the Collection of
the Zoological Scfciety. /. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray, r/. Adult : skeleton. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection. h, i. Adult. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
STceleton. — The general structure of the skeleton being the same as in Holocentrum rubrum, I give a detailed description of those parts only which exhibit specific peculiarities.
The fan -like expansion on the vertex is formed by ten or more radiating branches; the groove for the posterior processes of the inter- maxillaries reaches a little beyond the level of the anterior margin of the orbit. The maxillaiy and mandibulary bones as in H. vioJaceum. The intermaxillaries arc not separated from one another by a notch ; they are three-quarters of the length of the raaxiUaries, and have a prominent flat protuberance posteriorly.
The dentition is formed by viUiform bands only; those on the jaws reach to the posterior extremity of the bones ; they are broad in front and tapering behind, the intermaxillary band less than that of the mandibulary. The vomerine teeth are placed in a small, triangular, equilateral patch, those of the palatine bones in a narrow band, extending on the pterygoid. The teeth of the pharyngo- branchials form two broad patches on each side, with a few snudler
8. iioLocENnuM. 43
ones besides ; the hypobranehiiils are separated Iroin one another, elongate, triangular, and entiiely covered with viUitbrm teeth.
The pnmrhital is scarcely widened in front, but armed with a strong, thick, and striated spinous tooth; several small ones follow posteriorly, but they are scarcely larger than the reniaiiuler of tlic serraturo of the infraorbital arch. The anterior end of tlie turhhud bone is broad and obtuse.
The serraturo of all the opcrclcs is veiy distinct and complete ; even the scales, covering in a single series the base of the operculum, are similarly striated and serrated ; likewise the suprascapula and the coracoid. But the pncopercular spine is rather short, not much larger than that of the operculum, its length being 2^ in that of the posterior edge of the pra}oi)erculum.
The vcstihular openhnj is elougnte, ovate, of moderate size.
The vj-ohj/al as in II. vioJaccum.
The length of the abdominal part of the virtebral column is l-i in tliat of the caudal. The hajnuil and neural sjnnes ai'c of equal strength. The length of the strongest interha^mal etpuds that of the first seven vertebrae.
lb. Holocentrum melanotopterum.
Bleeker, Celebes, viii. p. 302.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|— 3^5^. The upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle of the eye. Operculum with two strong spines, the upjjcr of which is rather longer. The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines longest, but not half as high as the body, and shorter than tlie longest ray ; the lobes of the caudal equal, and oi in tlie total length ; the third anal spine nearly equal to the longest dorsal spine, lied ; the first dorsal black, with rosc-coloiu'ed spots between Ihe middle spines. (Bl.)
Sea of Celebes.
19. Holocentrum violaceum.
Blci'her, Anihoiiia, iv. p. o35.
D. 11 1 14. A. i L. lat. 3G-37. L. transv. 3/G. Vert. 11/10.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, tlie length of the head 3 -A; the distance between the eyes is 5^ in the latter; the length of the snout is not much less than tlie diameter of the eye ; jaws nearly e(|ual in front ; the turbinal l)one with a bifid process, covering tlu^ intermaxillary. Operculum with (wo Hat spines, distant from one another, the lower of which is tlie smaller ; prajopcrculum with the posterior edge vertical ; the third, fourth, ajid fifth dorsal spines longest, shorter than the pnoopcrcular edge mentioned ; caudal lobes equal ; the thii-d anal spine strong, but one-sixth of the total length only ; v(>ntral and pectoral fins nearly e(]ual in length. Violet ; each scale with a rose-coloured trans\'ersc
44 BERYCIDJi:.
streaK ; snout and fins red ; the spinous dorsal violet, with rose- coloured streaks. Amboyna.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult : skeleton; Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's CoUection.
d. Adult. AmbojTia. From Mr. Stevens's Collection.
Sheleton. — The general structure of the skull is very similar to that of H. ruhrum, but with such modifications as to indicate the specific difference as well as the external characters do. The nan-ow intersj)ace between the eyes is still more conspicuous in the skeleton. The groove for the posterior processes of the intermaxillary bones is very like that of H. ruhrum, and extends between the i)rincipal frontals, but scorcely beyond the level of the anterior margin of the orbit. The fan-hke expansion on the vertex is formed by seven or eight radiating branches.
The maxillary bone is styliform at its origin only, and soon becomes broader, forming a triangular plate with the posterior edge rather concave and the anterior convex : the supplementarj^ bone is un- usually developed, forming nearly one-half of the outer part of the maxillary; it is crescent-shaped, Avith a small os intercalare at its upper extremity ; it is roughened by streaks, the maxillary itself being smooth. The intermaxillaries are separated from one another by a smaU notch ; they are |^ as long as the maxiUaries, and have posteriorly, in the middle of their length, a very prominent flat protuberance. The manchbularies show a slight swelling in front, corresponding with an accumulation of the villiform teeth.
The dentition is formed by %'illiform bands only, without any canines or granular prominences. The bands on the jaws reach to the posterior extremity of the bones ; but, whilst those of the inter- maxillaries are nearly equally broad in their whole length, those of the mandibularies are broadest in front and tapering behind. The vomerine teeth are arranged in two narrow and short bands, meetin'g at a right angle ; the palatine teeth form a narrow band, extending far on the pterygoid bone. The te*- th of the pharj^ngobranchials form two broad patches on each side, with several smaller ones besides.
The infraorbital arch is rather narrow and nearly equally broad, the prseorbital widening anteriorly ; its ossification is complete ; but there may be seen trai-es of a very narrow channel, covered on the outside with streaks of a thin meinbrane, — a structure much more developed in other genera of this family and in many other fishes. The lower edge of the arch is serrated. The prseorbital is strongly armed with eight or nine spinous teeth, directed backwards, the anterior jnid posterior of which are very strong. TTie turbinal bone o^'orreachcs the intermaxillary, with a prominent and bifurcate spine. The posterior part of th^ hinder opening of the nostril has two very small spines, reaching into the cavity ; they may be easily lost by a less careful preparation of the skull. The inner parts of the orbital cavity arc formed as in J/, ruhrum.
8. HOLtjCENTRrM. 45
The description given of the operdes of H. rubrum mnj^ be applied also to tliis species ; but the serrature and the spines arc rather stronger; the suboperculum moreover is indistinctly denticulated above the pra^operciilar spine only ; this spine is very long, its length being 1|- in that of the posterior edge of the praeoperculum.
The vestibular opening is small, only twice as large as the posterior nostril : if there is a bony plate in connexion with the tjTnpanum (cir.Myripristis adustus, p. 23), it must be exceedingly thin and small.
The suprascapida is distinctly serrated, but neither the humeral nor the coracoid. The urohyal is irregularly three-sided, with one anterior and two posterior angles ; the lower and upper sides are convex, the hinder concave ; the lower angle of the two posterior ones reaches further behind than the upper. The pubic bones as in H. irubrura.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertehrce, the length of the abdominal part of the vertebral column being 1^ in that (Jf the caudal. The haemal spines are not stronger than the neural. Nine ribs ; the first to seventh ribs have epiplcural spines, and similar appendages are inserted on the anterior and posterior vertebree. The form of the ribs of the eleventh vertebra and that of the tirst interhaemal spme is similar to those of U. rubrum, but the length of the latter equals that of the nrst eight vertebrae only.
20. Hokcentrum comutum.
Bleeker, t'eram, iii. p. 240.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3|— 3|^ in the total. A spine directed outwards, in the inferior and anterior angle of the orbit. The maxillary bone does not reach to the middle of the eye ; the praeopercular spine not much shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the upper opercular spine longest ; scapular bone much serrated. The third to sixth dorsal spine longest, and nearly equal to the soft dorsal ; the third anal spine much longer. Rose-coloured, with nine darker longitudinal bands, one of them terminating in a black caudal spot ; the membrane of the spinous dorsal black, with red spots ; the other fins red • the anal fin between the third spine and first ray, and the caudal on the outer edges, dark violet. {Bl.)
Rivers of Ceram ; Sea of Amboyna.
21. Holoceutnun tiere.
Cuv. 8f Val iii. p. 202 ; Voy. Coq. ii. p. 221, Poiss. pi. 25. £ 1 (not good).
D. 12 I 14. A.-l.
Operculum with two prominent spines, equal in length; the spinous dorsal low ; none of the other vertical fins elongate ; lobes of the caudal equal in length. Uniform red.
Sea of Otaheiti.
4G BEUYCriD.K.
22. Holocentnim sammara.
Scifena sammara, Forskal, p. 48; Lacep. iv. p. 314.
Perca sammara, Bl. Sch/i. p. 89.
Labrus angulosus, Lncep. iii. p. 4.^50. pi. 22. f. 1.
Holoccntrum sainmara, Rtipp. Att. Fischc, t. 22. f. 3; Cuv. i^- Veil. iii.
p. 216 ; Bheker, Perc. p. r)4, and Amboina, ii. p. 555. flolocentrum cliristianum { Ehreubery) ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 219: cfr.
Riipp. Atl. p. 85.
^^- ^^ 1 1^72- ^- fTs- L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/7. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the lengtli of the head 3^ ; the distance betAvccn the eyes is 4i in the latter ; the length of the snout is nearly equal to the diameter of the eye. The upper processes of tlie intermaxillaries reach fur between the eyes ; turbinal bone not covering the intermaxillary' ; lower jaAV very prominent. Operculum -n-ith two distinct spines, the lower of which is rather the smaller. Lobes of the caudal equal. The tliird anal spine is 4|- in the total length. The spinous dorsal with a deep black blotch between the first and fourth spines, and witli two series of white spots, one along the upper margin, and the other alonj^ the base.
Red Sea ; Cape of Good Hope ; Amboyna ; Sumbawa.
0. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Fi'ank's Collection. h. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Stevens's Collection.
c, d. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum. e. Adult: stuffed: not good state. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir
A. Smith. /, g. Half-gro-wn. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. h, i. Adult: skeletons. India Presented by the Zoological Society. k. Adult. India.
1. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The general structure of the skeleton being the same as in the preceding species, I give a detailed description of tho.se parts only which exhibit specific peculiarities. Tlie fan-like ex- pansion on the vertex is fonned by nine or more radiating branches. The orbital edge of the frontals is concave, these bones fomiing a slight prominence above the anterior part of the eye. The groove for the posterior processes of the intermaxillaries reaches far behind, nearly to the level of the second third of the eye. The maxillary bone is styliform at its origin only, and then forms an oblong plate with an irregularly convex anterior margin, and with the posterior rather concave. The supplementary bone is composed of two pieces, the posterior of which is larger and slightly denticu- lated in front. The intermaxillaries are separated from one another by a deep notch ; they arc three-quarters of the length of the maxillary bones, and have a very prominent and flat protuberance behind. The mandibularies arc distinguished by their length, con- siderably overreaching the upper jaw.
The bands of \illiform teeth of the jaws i-each, to their posterior
8. HOLOCENTRUM. 47
extrcmity, and are tapering behind. The vomerine teeth are placed in a small triangular patch, broader than long. The pterygoid bones as well as the palatines are furnished with narrow bands.
The prceorbital is somewhat widened anteriorly and armed Math a rather strong tooth, the posterior denticulations differing little in size from one another. The turbinal bone is obtuse and scarcely prominent. The posterior nostril has no spinous teeth.
The opercles are feebly striated and armed ; the denticulations of the suboperculum are even indistinct ; the prseopercular spine is flat, triangular, and one-third only of the length of the posterior margin of the praioperculum. Suprascapula distinctly, coracoid indistinctly serrated.
The vestibular opening is elongate, but equals in size the posterior opening of the nostril.
The length of the abdominal part of the vertebral column is li in that of the caudal. The haemal spines are rather stronger than the neural. The length of the strongest interhsemal equals that of the first seven vertebrae.
23. Holocentnim operculare.
Cue. (§• Veil. vii. p. 501 ; Bleeker, Banda, i. p. 233 ; Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 676. pi. 14. f. 1.
D-10|i^. A.^-1,. L.lat.38.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head rather more than one-third. The upper max- illary does not reach to the middle of the eye ; operculum with two spines, the upper of which is the longer. The third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest. The lobes of the caudal are equal, and 5^ in the total length ; the third anal spine is 5i in the same length. Red : each scale on the head and back with a violet margin ; oper- culum brownish ; the first dorsal black, along the base and the upper edge white ; the other fins rose-coloured.
Sea of New Ireland ; Banda.
24. Holocentnim laeve. (Plate VI. fig. B.)
D. 10 1 1 A. -i. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/7.
Body rather elongate ; the interspace between the eyes is one- fourth of the length of head ; the lower jaw rather prominent, snout not much shorter than the diameter of eye ; opercular spines nearly equal ; sub- and inter-operculum entire, or scarcely denticulated ; dorsal spines slender, the second, third and fourth longest ; caudal lobes equal, pointed ; the third anal spine is 5^ in the total. Red, with lighter longitudinal bands.
a. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Rattle-
snake.
b. Adult : stuffed. Guadalcanar (Salomon Islands). Voyage of the
Herald.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
48 BEETCtD-S.
Description . — This species, in the form of the body and the number of the fins, is allied to H. sammara, but is distinguished by the feeble development of the spines ; the scales are nearly smooth, with indistinct serrature ; the opercles are scarcely striated ; the sub- and inter-operculum and the humeral are entire, the spines are short and flat ; the dorsal spines slender and somewhat flexible ; the anal spine relatively short, and not very strong.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of the head 3^. The interspace between the eyes is nearly equally broad behind and in front, but with a slight concavity of the edges above the middle of the eye ; the two bony ridges between the eyes diverge slightly in front to receive the groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones ; behind they terminate in a fan-like ex- pansion, with about seven or eight radiating bony ridges ; the groove reaches far backwards, and is about four-fifths of the length of the diameter of eye. The turbinal bone is not prominent. The upper maxillary does not reach to the middle of the eye, and the snout has the same length as the groove mentioned. The diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head ; the infraorbital arch is slightly denticulated, the tooth in front is obtuse, flat, and short. The striae of the opercles have nearly disappeared in old specimens ; in younger they are visible, especially on the inter-operculum, where they even terminate in small marginal teeth. The operculum has two flat spines, nearly equal in length ; the upper and lower margins arc obsoletely denticulated ; the sub- and inter-opei'culum entire ; the praeoperculum has a vertical posterior margin, very finelj^ serrated, and a flat short spine at the angle, rather longer than one-third of the posterior margin ; the inferior edge of the praeoperculum and the scapulary are serrated ; the humeral is entire.
The first dorsal is formed by ten dorsal spines, rather elongated and slender; the second, third and fourth arc the longest, not much shorter than the rays. The soft dorsal has a short spine in front, rather longer than the last of the spinous dorsal. The caudal is deeply forked ; the upper lobe, which appears to be rather longer than the lower, is one-fifth of the total length. The anal spines have about the same relative length as generally in the species of Uolo- centj-uvi ; but the third is rather short," and 5^ in the total length. The pectoral fins are shorter than the vcntrals, they reach to the level of the thirteenth scale only of the lateral line ; the ventrals terminate on the level of the fifteenth, far distant from the anus, which corresponds to the twenty-first scale.
The scales are not striated, but very finely ciliated at the posterior margin ; one of the largest covers fully one-fourth of the eye.
The colour appears to be red, with lighter longitudinal bands ; the fins show now no colour at all, except in the half-grown specimen, which has the spinous dorsal with a blackish superior edge.
inches, lines.
Total length- 8 1
Height of the body 1 11
8. HOLOCENTEUM. 49
inches, lines.
Length of the head 2 2
Interspace between the eyes 0 6
Length of the snout 0 8
of the pi-aeopcrcular spine 0 4^
of the third dorsal spine 1 0^
of the eleventh dorsal spine 0 3
■ — of the third dorsal ra^"^ 1 1^
of the third anal spine 1 4\
of the fourth anal spine 0 11
of the first anal ray 1 0
25. Holoceutmm spinosum.
Comiger spinosus, Agass. in Spix, Pise' Bras. p. 121. taf. 75. Holocentrum cornigeriim, Cuv. 8r Val, viii. p. 481.
D. 12 I 15. A.±
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length. Infraorbital arch with four very strong spines, curved and dii-ected backwards, longer than those of the pra^operculum the anterior is shortest, one-third only of the length of the second, the second half the size of the third and fourth ; the posterior suborbital bones strongly denticulated. Operculum and limbp and scales of praeoperculum covered with acute spines ; praeoperculum with two strong spines at the angle, the upper of which is the longer ; operculum with two spines of equal size, but shorter than those of the former.
Coast of Brazil.
26. Holocentrum retrospinis.
Holocentrum reti'ospinis, Guichen. Poiss. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist, de rue de Cuba, p. 35. pi. 1. f. 3.
D. 12 I 14. A. ^.
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the head 2|. The infraorbital arch is armed beneath with three long spines, curved and directed forwards ; the spines of the praeorbital and of the posterior part of the infraorbital arch with smaller spinous teeth. Both limbs of the prseoperculum denticulated, with r rather strong flat spine ; operculum and suboperculum armed with spinous teeth, the former ^^dth two long spines, the lower of which is the stronger. Spines of the fins rather slender ; the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins rounded, and as high as the spinous. Caudalis forked ; scales deeply serrated. Uniform red.
Cuba.
This fish has a remarkable similarity to the preceding species, from the development of the armature of the head ; but the spiues of the infraorbital have an opposite direction. Giiichenot describes the sub- operculum as entire, and not denticulated ; but it is evident from
E
50 BEKyciD^.
the figure that he has inisiaken the interoperculum for it, the margin of the subopercuhuri being as strongly armed as that of the opercle. He mentions three anill spines only ; but that would be an exception to the rule in this genus.
9. RHYNCHICHTHYS*.
Holocentrus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 65. tab. 4. f. 3, and Syst. ed.
Gray, p. 173. Rhynehichthys, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 503, viii. p. 508.
Muzzle more or less elongate, pointed, with pronunent upper jaw ; eye large. Vilhform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Eight branchiostegals. Opercular bones serrated ; operculum and angle of pra^operculum with distinct spines. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Two dorsals, scai'cely united ; ventrals with seven rays. Caudal forked ; anal ^th four spines, the third longest. Swim -bladder ?
Tropical seas of both the hemispheres.
1. RhyncMchthys pelamidis.
Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 504. pi. 208.
D. 10 I i A. ,^. L. lat. 35-40.
Bluish green, silvery on the sides and on the belly ; a series of black spots between the dorsal spines. Indian Ocean.
There is some similarity in the external physiognomy of this species and Lepidoleprus japonicus ; moreover the number of the ventral rays is also increased in the latter fish. In other respects these fishes differ greatly from each other.
2. RhyncMchthys bracliyrhynchus. Bleeker, Arnhoina, iii. p. 17.
i^-10|t^- A-rrii- L. lat. 25.
Snout not projecting much beyond the mouth. Rose-coloured : the spinous dorsal brownish ; the anterior rays of the soft dorsal and of the anal, a transverse band at the base, and a longitudinal band on each lobe of tjic caudal, deep violet ; ventral fins black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
* 1. Holocentrus rostratus, Gronov. I. c— Caribbean Sea. It, is a pity that the specimen on wliich Groriovius founded this si)ecics is not contained in his Col- lection of dried fishes, wliic-h is now in tlie British Museum. There has not been found one fish of tiie wliolo fuuiily of Berycidie in this Collection.
51
Fam. 3. PERCID^E.
Percoidei, pt., Cuv. Rrt/nc Anim. ; Cuv. 4' Vul. ii. p. 1 ; M'uller, Berl.
AhltauM/. 1844, p. 201. PercidtB, pt., Oiocn, Lcct. Conip. Aunt. Vert. i. p. 49. Percidoe et TlieraponidiC, pt., liichardsoii.
Body generally oblong, and covered with ctenoid scales ; lateral line continuous*. Mouth in front of the snout, with lateral cleft, rarely at tlie lower side. Eye lateral. All or some of the opcrcles serrated or armedf- Seven or six branchiostegalsj. Dentition com- plete ; teeth pointed, in A-ilUform bands, ^^dth or without canines ; teeth either on the vomer, or on the vomer and palatine bones. No barbels §. Cheek not cuirassed. Dorsal fin formed by a spinous portion and by a soft*; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays. Stomach ca)cal ; pyloric appendages generally in smaU number. Swim-bladder present, simple ||. Intestines little folded
Carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the fresh waters and seas of all parts of the globe.
Synopsis of the Genera.
The following Sj-nopsis is merely to facilitate the determining the position which a species of fish takes in the system of the Percoids known at present, whilst in the description itself a series has been adopted which is thought best adapted to the natural relations of the genera. Without fully repeating the diagnoses of the genera, it would have been impossible to foUow the same succession in this Synopsis, and it would have failed in accomplishing the purpose above named. Thus it is not intended to give, in the single categories of the Synopsis, the forms most closely allied to one another, but cei'tain forms are brought together by an artificial method. Finally, I consider tlie number of the spines to be a natural generic character, wliich, simple as it is, has hitherto been neglected in the definition o{ genera.
A. Anomalous genera.
With a barbel. Two dorsals ; operculum spiniferous, prac- operculum denticulated ; scales imbedded in the skin ... 30. Pogonoperca.
No teeth at all on the palate. Natural characters of
Serranus 2."). Prionodks.
B. Normal genera.
I. Seven btanchiostegals.
A. All the teeth viUiform, without canines.
* Some species of Amhassis excepted. t Except Apsilus.
I Cfr. Pcrcilia. % Except Pogonoperca.
II In Pileoma and Rolcoanma absent.
E 2
52
PERCTDiB.
1. Two distinct dorsals, separate or united only at the base,
a. Scales adherent. * PseudobranchicE.
** Pyloric appendages i7i small number.
a. Body oblong, fiat.
\ J), with 7 spines. The anal fin without conspi- cuous spines; operculum and praDopcrcuhim spiniferous, without serratui-es ; scales minute. . . 31. Grammistes.
^ D. tvith 8 spines.
tt Scales rather large. The dorsal fin moving in a scaly sheath; prpBoperculum with a strong spine at the angle, and with an entire lower limb , . . . . 7. PsAMMorERCA.
tt Scalts rather small.
aa. Operculum without Spines 16. CENTRoroMrs.
/3/3. Operculum spiniferous 34. Diploprion.
t D. with 9 spines. Teeth on the tongue ; the anal fin generally with three spines ; praeoperculum with denticulations beneath 4. Labrax.
t D. with 10 spines. The anal fin with two spines; muciferouB cavities of the bones of the skull much deiieloped ; praoperculum denticulated ; scales small 10. Percarina.
t D. with 12 spines. The anal fin with three spines; opercles with \ery long and pointed spines ; scales very small 17. Nipiion.
t D. with 1.3-14 spines. The anal fin with two spines ; pr.Toperculum and praeorbital serrated ; scales small ; head naked above 1. Perca.
j3. Body cylindrical, elongate. Mouth situated at the lower side of the snout; anal fin with a single spine; pra;operculum serrated ; scales small 14. Aspro
** Pyloric appendages in increased manher.
a. Form of body oblong. Pseudobranchine developed ; tongue smooth; the first dorsal with eleven, the anal fin with three spines; prnKoporculum with strong spinous teeth beneath ; scales rather small. 8. Percalabrax.
/3. Body and vertical fins greatly elevated. Praioper-
culum with spinous teeth at the angle 18. Enoplosu''
* No pseudobranchicB.
** Praoperculum with strong spines at the lower border. The first dorsal with seven to eight, the anal fin with three spines; scales moderate; pra-orbital strongly serrated 5. Lates.
** PrcBoperculum with smooth lower limb, and ivith a strong
spine at the angle ; prreorbital entire G. Cnidon.
PERCID^, O.)
h. Scales deciduous, a. Th/" lateral line commencivg hcneafh the second dorsal. An acute ridge from the eye extending backwards over the operclea 43. Mickoiciitiiys
j8. The lateral line commencing behind the head.
aa. Teeth on the palatine bones.
aa PrcBopercrdum with a double serrated ridge. The first dorsal with six to seven, the anal with two spines ; operculum spiniferous 44. Apogon.
j3/3. Prceoperculicm with a double entire ridge. The first dorsal with six, the anal with two spines ; operculum spiniferous 45. Apooonichtiiys.
hb. No teeth on the palatine bones. Eye very large. No denticulations on the bones of the skull. Many pancreatic caeca 48. Pomatomus.
2. The spinous dorsal little developed.
Scales minute, enveloped in the epidermis ; spines of the dorsal
variable in number 32. Riiypticus.
3. One dcyrsaljin. a. With two <w three anal spines. a. Pyloric appendages in small number, aa. Operculum with a strong bony ridge. Opercles denticulated ; scales small 29. Polyprion.
bb. Operculum without bony ridge. §. No teeth on the palatine bones.
Opercles spiniferoufl ; the muciferous channels of the bones of
the skull much developed ; scales rather small 9. Acerina.
§. Teeth on the palattne bones.
* Operculum spiniferous.
** Scales moderate.
t D. with 12-13 spines. Body rather elevated 35. Myriodon.
t B. with 8 spines. Head entirely covered with
scales , 38. Glaucosoma.
** Scales small.
t Operculum very strongly arm^d; prseoperculum
with strongly serrated lower limb ; dorsal with
nine spines. Known only from stuffed specimens, 33. Aulacocephalus. t Operculum moderately armed ; praeopercixlum not,
or obtusely serrated. Dorsal with eleven spines. 50. Oligouus.
* Bones of the skull without any denticulations or spines.
Dorsal with ten spines ; scales rather small 20. Apsilus.
54
PEBCIDJi:.
/3. Pi/lo7Hc appendages in increased /lunibcr.
* Praopercidum with spinojis teeth at the lower limb. Natural
characters of I'kctropoma 28. Th aciiypom a.
* Praoperculum finely serrated Dorsal with nine slender
spines; operculum spiniferous ; scales moderate b'2. Auripis.
b. With four or five anal spines. Scales sometimes osseous. Body high, triangular; anal fin with five spines ; jwajoperculum denticulated ; opercidum rounded 39. Pentaceros.
c. Anal sv'ies none. No true scales ; osseous protuberances 4<). Okkoso-ma.
B. Canine teeth at the outer side of the villiform bauds.
1. Two dorsals.
* Anal with two spines.
a. Scales sinall, adherent. Twelve to foui-teen dorsal spines ;
operculum spiniferous ; proeoperculum with a simple ser- rated edge 11. Llcioperca.
b. Scales large, deciduous. Six dorsal spines ; proeoperculum
with a double serrated edge 46. Ciiilodipterus.
* Anal with three spines.
a. Operculum produced into a long, denticiUated point 49. Ackopoma.
b. Operculum urifh two points, not denticulated ; scales moderate,
adlierent. Nine dorsal spines 15. Etelis.
c. Operculum with two feeble points ; sccdes moderate, deciduous.
Eight dorsal spines ; no denticulations on the bones of
the skull 47. Scombkops.
2. One dorsal.
a. Canines very small. Vomerine teeth in an angidar band or
a short triangular patch. Dorsal generally with the for- mula — anal with — ; operculum spiniferous ; pra;oper-
culum serrated, without notch ; scales moderate or rather
small -1- Centkopkistis.
b. Canines distinct.
a. Scales moderate.
aa. Prceopcrculum serrated.
aa. Snout short, blunt, with a rather narrow proc- orbital ; dorsal generally with ten, anal with three si)ines ; caudalis forked, and mostly one or several of the fins elongate; operculum spiniferous 23. Antiua.s.
/3;J. Snout rather elongate and high, with flat sides, and with a large broad praorbital.
* Prceopcrculu/n without or with a very
open notch behind 37. MEsoputON.
* Praopercidum with a deep notch, re-
ceivivg a knob of infcropcreulum 30. Ge.nvokoge.
lib. Prceopdrulum entire. Dor^il with ten, anal with
three spines ; opcrculiini .spiniferous 19. Apriom.
ft. Sra/et) smuU.
(If. ri-(('iipcrc>'/i'/)/ Ti:ith fhr /inter i'nah smuu/h.
(la. Tcc/h oil thr pataibu^. DovsarfTcucvally vvitli niiii; or elcvoji spines, anal \vi(li (InTo; oi)or- culuni .spiniferous 2(>. Seiu! a n lc.
/3/3. 1^0 fccfh on the palatines 24. Anypkiiodon.
fjti. Vrcenpcrculn/n v>fh spinona freth J/eneafh. Kunibor ot''s])iiios of tlic vortical fins variable ; oj)t'rruliua spinii'erous 27. I'LrxTiiopo.M.v.
IT. Nanther of bnivfJuostcgals vatnihuj bctivccn seven atuJ sl.c.
A. Tieo (/o)-sffts. Tiie first with nine spines, anal with three. Operculum spiniferous, privoiicreuliini and pr;vorbi(al serrated. Scales small, head covered with scales above. 2. riciicieiirnv.-.
R. One (hirsal. M'ith ten sjiines, anal with three; oi)crcuIuni with two points, ))r.i()])erculuin witli a single smooth ridge. Scales nsoderale The number of the pyloric appendages increased 51. Guystes.
III. Sic hranchiostegals. A. All the teeth vUJ'iform
1. Tivo dorsals.
a. Scales decidxous. Pra.'operculum with a double denticu- lated ridge ; the fh'st dorsal witli seven, the anal with three spines, a i;ecumbent spine in front of the dorsal, pointing forward 42. A.mbassis.
//. Scales eulherent.
" D. U'ith 14 or 15 spines. Operclcs not denticulated;
operculum with one point 12. Pileom.\.
^ I), with y spines. Opercles not denticulated ; opercu- lum with one point 13. BOLEOSO.MA
* D. rvith G spines. Operclcs not denticulated ; opercu- lum with two points 53. IIuKu.
2. One dorsal.
a. Scales moderate, finclij or mimiteli/ serrated.
a. Opcrcidum with a memhranaccous coloured lobe above the angle.
aa. No teeth on the palatine hones 57. Po.motis.
bb. Teeth on the palatine hones 50. Bryttu.s.
ft. Operculum without a memhranaccous lobe.
aa. The number of the anal spiices variatile, mostli/ more than three. Teeth on the palatine bones and on the tongue; operculum with two Hat points ; priu- operculima scarcely denticulated 55. Centrarcuus.
bb. Three anal spines. Dorsal with ten spines ; o])cr-
culiun spiniferous ; prseopcreulum serrated.. 00. Dui.es.
b. Scales small, ro?\i/h. Chin very prominent, snout covered
with ctenoid scales, eye large; pneoperculum with )iro- niinent crenulated angle; dorsal with ten, anal witii three spines 41. I'kiacantiu'.s
OU PEBCID-f:.
B. Jaws with a lateral series of laryer teeth, or ivith canines.
1. With canmca. Snout very short, rounded ; fins partly elon-
gated ; dorsal with eleven sjjines ; operculum spiniferoua ;
pnuoperculuin entire 22. C'allantihas.
2. With a lateral aeries of larger teeth.
a. Oj)i'rcu/u7n spinifcrous : apinesof the fins slender. Fonn of body cylindrieal ; dorsal deeply notehed, the firat portion with nine spines ; prjEopercolum serrated ; scales small '. 3. PARALAnitiVx.
h.- Opcradum not armed ; spines of the fins very strong. Form of body rather elevated ; dorsal deeply notched, the first portion with ten spines ; scales rather small. 58. Anoplus.
c. Opercultim indisfincfli/ armed ; fmsal half of the dorsal fin scaly. Form of the body compressed, oblong; one dorsal, with ten si)incs; scales moderate, not eerrated ; caudal deeply forked 51). Odontc.nectes.
IV. Number of the brancJiiostegals varyimj between Jive and s^ix.
No canine or palatine teeth. Two dorsals, united at the base only ; the first with nine spines, the anal witli tiiree ; no distinct armatiu-e on the opercles ; scales moderate 54. I'eiccilia.
These genera may be combined into more natural groups. In these* groups one or other of the manifold characters predominates, without being appli(;uble to every member of the grou]). If we follow Cmier and make the categories strictly depend upon one character, then we arc obliged to separate Perca and I'erdchthijsi. merely because the former has seven, the latter sometimes six branchiostcgals — or Grammistes and lihyptlcus, merely because in the former the spinous part of the dorsal is more developed, and separated from the soft one by a deep notch— or Apogon and Chilodiptcms, because in one there are conspicuous canines ; and yet there are no fishes more closely allied than those of the thi-ee pairs mentioned. When we become acquainted hereafter with more generic forms, then the Perddcp. will be chvidcd into many groups or families \\-ith more exact characters ; and the following natural combination is merely an attempt at a systematic division of these fishes.
I. Group with the type of Perca. — Mostly tresnwater fishes, or sea fishes entering the rivers. Form of the body oblong, rarely cylindrieal or elevated. Opercles strongly denticidated or armed. Scales conspicuously ctenoid, snuill, or of moderate size. Cleft of mouth horizontal or slightly oblique. Mostly with two dorsals; the number of spines constant in the species of one genus. Rarely more than ten pyloric appendages. Percina.
|
1. |
Prrca. |
7. |
Isammoperca. |
18. |
BOLEOSOMA. |
|
2. |
PKnOICHTKYS. |
8. |
PKRCAnAIlRAX. |
14. |
ASI'RO. |
|
8. |
TARALAnnAX. |
9. |
Acr.RINA. rKIlCAIlINA. |
15. |
Ktkms. |
|
4. |
IjABHAX. |
10. |
1(5. |
Centropomus, |
|
|
o. |
Latks. |
11. |
TAru)i>KnrA. |
17. |
Nii'iroN. |
|
G. |
Cnidon. |
12. |
I'lLKCMA. |
IH. |
Knoplosi's. |
PEUCID^. 67
II. Group with the type of Serranus. — Mostly inhabitants of the sea. Form of the body oblong, rarely elevated. Opercles denticulated or armed. Scales conspicuously ctenoid, small, or of moderate size. Cleft of mouth slightly oblique. Mostly with one dorsal ; the number of spines constant, or little variable in the species of one genus. Son?etimcs more than ten pyloric appendages. Serranina.
19. Aprion. 26. Serranus. 33. Aulacocephalus.
20. Apsilus. 27. Plectropoma. 34. Diploprion.
21. Centropristis. 28. Trachypoma. 35. Myhiudon.
22. Callanthias. 29. Poltprion. .36. Genyoroge.
23. Anthias. 30. Pogonoperca. 37. Mesoprion.
24. Anyperodon. 31. Grammistes. 38. Glaucosoma.
25. Prionodes. 32. Rhypticus.
III. Group with the type of Pentaceros. — Osseous scales or pro- tuberances, or the integuments of the head bony. Pentaceratina.
39. Pentaceros. 40. Oreosoma.
IV. Group with the type of Priacanthns. — Cleft of the mouth ap- proaching the vertical line, chin prominent ; scales small, strongly ctenoid, rough ; the number of spines constant ; few pyloric append- ages. Priacanthina 41. Priacanthts.
V. Group with the type of Apogon. — Inhabitants of the sea and of fresh waters, with deciduous scales generally of large size. Form of the body more or less elevated. Opercles mostly denticulated or armed ; cleft^ of the mouth oblique, or approaching the vertical hne. Two dorsals. Apogonina.
42. Ambassis. 46. Chtlodipterus.
43. Microichthys. 47. Scombrops.
44. Apogon. 48. Pomatomus. 46. Apooonichthys. 49. Acbopoma.
VI. Group with the type of Grystes. — Inhabitants of the sea and chiefly of fresh waters. Form of the body oblong or elevated. Oper- cles indistinctly denticulated or armed, or entirely smooth. Scales mi- nutely ciliated, or cycloid. Cleft of the mouth more or less oblique. Mostly with one dorsal ; spines sometimes in variable number in one genus. Sometimes many pyloric appendages. Fishes deviating most from the original type of the Percoids ; and Dules approaching to the Theraponidce. Grystina.
50. Oligorus. 54. Percilia. 58. Anoplus.
51. Grystes. 66. Centrarchus. 59. Odontonectes.
52. Arripis. 66. Bryttus. 00. Dules. 63. HuRO. 57. PoMOTis.
o8
pi'RCid.t;.
First Group. PERCINA.
1. PERCA*.
Perca, sp., Artali, Genent, p. 39; Cia: lier/tie Anim. ; Ckv. 4'- Ftd. ii. p. It).
iScvcn branchiostcgals. All the teeth villilorm, without canines ; teeth on the jmlatinc Iwncs, tongue smooth, IVo dorsals; the first with l;i or 1-J- s])ines ; anal fin with two spines. Opcrculiim s])ini- fcrons ; praco])ei'culum and pra^orbital serrated. Scales small ; head naked above.
Fresh waters of the Arctic Retiions.
1. Perca fluviatilis.
UtpKTj, Aristot. vi. cap. 14; yElian, xiv. c. 23, 2V).
Perca, PUn. xxxii. cap. 9, 10; Akhuh. v. 115; Juluistmi, Thaani.
p. 423. Porca Huviatilis, Rinnhl. ii. pp. 190, 197; Salciaid, f. 224 />, 22G ;
GcsHo; p. (;9cS. t. 1(58 J; Jitn/, Si/n. Pise. p. 97. no. 23; M'UUtijJibij,
iv. c. 14. p. 291. t. 5. 13. f. 1; Pinn. lirit. Zuul iii. p. 345.
tia\ iatili.s major, Aldroc. v. cap. 33. p. 022.
major, ISvliaiicr. p. 55.
no. 1, Art('(f/\ Gcncni Pisciuvi, p. 39.
tbiviatilis, Li/in. i. p. 481, and Faun. Skcc. p. 117; Ldcop. iv.
p. 187 ; 3Ln-sii/H, iv. tab. 23. f. 1 ; Bloch, FIsche IkiitschL t. 52 ;
^tclufjfcr, Pise. Bavar. R(dish. PcnUis. ; Meidiiujcr, Fisclic Ocsfr.
talj. 5 ; Don. lirit. Fi.iJi(s, iii. pi. 52 ; S/iatc, Zool. iv. p. 545. pi. 79 ;
Turt. Ihit. Faun. p. 100 ; Citv. ii,- Val. ii. p. 20. pi. 1-8 (aii.Uomv) ;
Finn. Brit. Anim. p. 213; Nihs. Prudr. Ichth. Scandin. p. 81 ;
Jurine, Paiss. Lac Lcnian, pi. 3 ; Ponap. Faun. Pat. iii. 79. f. 1 ;
Fric.^ aril Fckstr. Shindinarwns Fishar, pi. 1 ; YarrcJI, Brit. Fishes,
p. 1 ; Parn. Fis/i. FritJi af Forth, ]). 8; Donidoff. Voij. Puss. 3lerid.
iii. p. 355; Car. Pi'f/na Aaini. Id. Poiss. pi. 1-4, fanat.) pi. 0;
Giinther, Nccharfi.sch(', p. 10, and Wieipn. Arehir, 1855, p. 198 ;
Heckel ^- Kner, Sii.ssu-assr>ifisehe, ]). 3 (fifi'. not <>-ood).
vul;,'aris et hflvt^tica, Gronor. Mas. Ichth. cd. Gray, pp. 113, 114.
italica, Cuv. lliytie Anim. ; Car. l^ J'al. ii. p. 45.
D. 14-15 I -'^. A. -i-. Csec. pylor. 3. Vert. 21/20-21.
I 13-14 8-9 ^ •' '
Total length equal to 3|- the height of the body. Inferior edge of operculum entire, or very weakly denticidated ; inferior edge of proco])erculum with a few strong spinous teeth, directed forwards ; operculum smooth, more than 70 transverse rows of scalesf; trans-
* Perca phimieri, Ciiv. ^- Vat. ii. p. 51, established from a figure of Phunier, is the same fisli as we find liereaftcr described as Conodon antillanus. Cuv. <j'- P"al. V. p. !.")().
t In tlie Pcrcidfc witli small .-scales, the rows exhibit many irrp^ularitics, especially near the Literal line. A more constant result is pained by countinf; the transverse rows, instead of the scales of the lateral line
1. PERCA. 59
verse line ^^. A large black mark on the posterior pan of the fii'st dorsal fin.
Europe ; Asiatic Russia.
at, b. Large specimens : stuffed. England.
c. Adult: stuffed. England.
d, e. Adult. England,
/. Half-grown. England. Presented by J. Doubleday, Esq. g. Half-grown. England. Presented by the Zoological Society. h. Half-grown. Peterborough. Presented by C. Watkins, Esq. i, Ic. Young. London. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq. I. Adult : skin. Norfolk. Mr. Yarrell's Collection. m-t. Adult and half-grown : skins. England. Mr. Yarrell's Col- lection. u. Adult : stuffed. Loch Lomond, Scotland. V. Half-grown : stuffed. Duddingston, Scotland. w. Half-grown : stuffed. Loch Maben, Scotland. X, y, z. Half-grown. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. Agassiz. a, /3. Large specimens. Sweden. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection, y. Young. Sweden. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection. h. Adult : skin. Sweden. Mr. Yarrell's Collection. €. Adult : skin. Europe. Mr. Yarrell's Collection. Z, T). Adult. Europe. Presented by the College of Surgeons. 6, t. Half- grown. Europe. Presented by the College of Surgeons. K, X. Half-grown. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. fi. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. r. Adult; skeleton. England.
2. Perca flavescens.
Bodianus flavescens, Mitchill, Ph. Trans. New York, i. p. 421.
Perca flavescens, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 46 ; Richard- son, Faun. Bor.-Amcr., Fishes, p. 1. pi. 74 ; Storer, Rejwrt, p. 5, and Synopsis, p. 17, and Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 175 ; Kirtland, in Bast. Journ. v. p. 337. pi. 27. f. 2 (bad) ; Deka>/, Ncu- York Fauna, Fishes, p. 3. pi. 1. f. 1 ; Holbrook, Ichth. S. Carol, p. 2. pi. 1. f. 1 : Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 291.
granulata, Cm: ^- Val. ii. p. 48. pi. 9, cop. by Dekay, New York
Fauna, p. 5. pi. 68. f. 220.
serrato-gi'anulata, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 47 ; Dekay, I. c. pi. 22. f. 64.
D. 13-14 1 i^. A.^. Cffic. pylor. 3. Vert. 21/20.
Total length equal to 3f or four times the height of the body. Inferior edge of opercidum with a few weak denticulations ; inferior edge of prseoperculum with about ten rather slender spinous teeth, directed forwards ; operculum striated ; 60 to 65 transverse rows of scales; transverse line ^. A large black mark on the posterior part of the first dorsal fin.
United States ; Canada.
a. Adidt. New York. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. h. Adidt. Boston. Presented by J. Winstone, Esq.
60
VT.TiCIDJE.
c. Adult: female Hkclcton. Ohio. From Mr. Frank's Collection as
I'erca americarui.
d. Adult: stuffed. Canada.
e. Adult. N. America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. /, fj. Adult. N. America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
h. Adult: stuffed. N.America. Presented by Edw. Doubleday, Esq. i,1c. Adult: skins. Montezuma, U.S. From Dr. Pamell's Collection. I. Intestines of specimen c.
SJceleton. — The structure of the single bones of the skull is exactly the same as in the Common Perch ; the slight differences are the following : the radiating streaks on th<i upper surface of the head and on the operculum, which are tfj be seen abjo in the Common Perch, arc here deeper and more developed ; the spines of th(.' operculum are more acute, and there in beneath the longest a third, much smaller, but very conspicuous ; there are eight spinous teeth along the lower limb, directed forwards. Vert. 21/20. Tho first interhajmal is attached to the twenty-second vertebra, as in the Common Perch ; and from an examination of the skeletons, I am still more incHnod to consider both i/j be varieties of one and the same species.
Var. Pkeca acuta.
Cuv. l<f Val. ii. p. 49. pi. 10; Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Fishes, p. 4 ; iJekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 6. pi. 68. f, 222.
D. 13-14 1 i;. A.f
Total length equal to 3-| the height of the body. Inferior edge of operculum with a few rather strong denticulations ; inferior edge of ])ncoperculum with numerous weak spinous teeth ; operculum striated ; transverse rows ? ; transverse line ?. No black spot on the first dorsal fin.
Lake Ontario.
3. Perca gracilis.
Cuv. ^ Val. p. 50; Richardsrm, Faun, Bor.-Amer., Fishes, p. 4.
D. 13 I ^. A. I-.
I 14 0
Total length equal to five times the height of the body. Inferior edge of operculum entire ; edges of pra^operculum with numerous nearly equal, very small spinous teeth; operculum striated; m(jre than 70 transverse rows of scales ; transverse line ^. A small black spot on the hinder part of the dorsal fin.
Lake Hkancateles (system of Ontario) ; Canada.
a. Adult: stuffed. Canada.
Tills species is considered by Holbrook to be a variety of Perca Jlavescens.
2. PERCICnTIIYS. 61
2. PERCICHTHYS.
Pcrcn, sp., Citv. (^ Val. ii. p. 19,
Porcichthys, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 197, and U.S. Nuv. Astron. Expcd. ii., Zool. p. 230.
Seven or six brancliiostcgals. All the teeth villiibrm, without canines; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue 8moot\. Two dorsak, the first with nine (or ten) spines ; anal fin with three spines. Oper- cuhim spiniferous ; pncoporeulum and prcDorbital serrated. Scales small ; head covered with scales above.
PVesh waters of the Neotropical region. (Java.)
1. Percichthys laevis.
Perca laevis, Jenynsy Zool. of the Beayle, Thhes, p. 1. pi. 1. D.9|l. A.f
Heighi of the body not quite one-fifth of the total length, the head not (juito (>n(;-fourth. Head above covered with scales, as far {IS the connecting line of the nostrils; scales rather smooth, scnrcely at all ciliated. Caudals slightly notched. Yellowish brown (in spirits), covered all over with small dusky spots, one occupying the base of each scale. (Jenyns.)
Santa Cruz River, Patagonia.
2. Percichthys trucha.
Porca trucha, Cuv. 8f Val, ix. p. 429 ; (Suichcn. in (hit/, Ifisforia de Chile, Zool. ii. p. 140. pi. 1 h. fig. 1. [It app(;ara doiibtful, from Girard's examination, wliothor this figure is made fntm a .spcM-imon, or from tlu; description given by ValiiricionnoH.]
INirciclithys trucha, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 197.
? Percichthys chilensis, Gir, in U.S. Nav. Astron. Expcd. ii., Zool. p. 231. pi. 29. f. 1-4.
B.7. D.9|f3. A.l.
The upper maxillary bono reaching to below the middle of the eye ; sub- and int(!ropcrculum scarcely (Umticulated ; caudalis mod«i- rately emarginated ; scales ciliated. Yellowish brown, spotted with darker.
Rio Negro (Patagonia) ; fresh waters of Chili.
3. Percichthys melanops.
Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 197; U.S. Nav. Astron. Exped. ii., Zool. p. 233. pi. 30. f. 1-5.
B. 6. D. 10 I i A. 1. *L. lat. 58-00. L. transv. 10/22.
Branchiostegals six ; the upper maxillary bono reaching to the level of the anterior margin of the eye ; opercular spine not very
62 PERCID^
conspicuous, (iround-colour whitish, minutely and densely dotted with black ; dots crowded in the middle of the scales in the shape of a central blotch.
Rio de Maj-po, Chili. *
The two following species are too little known to be brought into this genus ^vath certainty ; but being evidently good species, 1 think it better to place them here than to neglect them.
4. Percichthys ciliata.
Pcrca ciliata (Kulil H)- v. Hassclf), Cnv. **>■ Vdl. ii. p. 52.
Height of the body not quite one-fourth of the total length. Scales strongly ciliated. Above uniform greenish ; no black spot on the dorsal tin.
Java.
5. Percichthys marginata. Perca marginata, Cur. <S,- Vol. ii. p. ."J:',.
Height of the body one-fourth of the total length ; edge of oper- culum erUire: edges of ])rieopereulum c(]ually and finely denticu- lated ; eaudal tin forked, blaek-edged.
Hah. ?
3. PARALABRAX.
Paralabrax, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1850, p. 131.
Habit cylindrical. Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchirc ? Tcetli villif(jrm, with a scries of larger ones on each .side of the jaws ; tooth on tlu^ palatines, tongue sui(Jotb. One dorsal, deejdy notched, the first jtortion with nine sjiines ; the anal fin with three. Operculum' spinif'erous ; praopereuhim serrated. Scales small.
Fresh waters of California.
1 . Paralabrax nebulifer.
Labrax nebulifer, Gimrd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 142. Paralabrax nebulifer, (iirard, I. c. 185G, p. 131.
Total length not quite four times the height of the body ; lateral line?; third donsal s])inc longest. Hack leddish brown, with large cloud-like blackish Itlotehes ; snout covered with small nmndish .spots ; a dark band from the orbit across the cheeks to the gills.
Monterey (California).
4. LABRAX. 63
2. Faralabrax clathratus.
Labrax clathratus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat.lSc. Philad. 1854, p. 143. Paralabrax clathratus, Girard, I. c. 1850, p. 131
D.9|l A.f
Total length not quite foiu' times the height of the body ; lateral line ? ; fourth dorsal spine longest. Back purplish ; back and sides covered with darker blotches ; second dorsal spotted ; a dark temple- streak.
San Diego (California).
4. LABRAX*.
Labrax, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. i^~ Val. ii. p. 55.
Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiaj developed. AU the teeth villiform, "without canines ; teeth on the jjalatine bones and on the tongue. Two dorsals, the first with nine spines ; anal fin generally with three. Operculum spiniferous ; pra)operculum serrated, and with denticulations at the lower limb ; prasorbital entire. Scales rather small or moderate. Number of pyloric appendages few (4-5).
Shores of the Arctic Eegions ; Rivers of North America.
1. Labrax lupus.
Aa^pa^, Aristot. i. cap. 5, iv. cap. 11, v. cap. 10, vi. cap. 13, 19, viii.
cap. 19, and De Part Anim, iv. cap. 8, viii. cap. 2, 30 ; ^han, i,
cap. 30, ix. cap. 7, x, cap. 2, xvi. cap. 12 ; Athen. lib. vii. xiv. ;
Oppian, i. cap. 5, ii. cap. 34, 58. Lupus, Plln. ix. cap. 17, 54, xxxii. cap. 2; Bellon. Aqiiaf. i. p. 113;
Salv. Aqiiat. xxviii. p. 108. f. 30; Rondel. Pise. Mar. ix. ck^. 7,
cum fif*-. ; Gesncr, iv. p. 500 ; Aldrov. Pise. iv. cap. 2. p. 490, cum
fig.; Jonston, ii. cap. 2; Willayhhy, iv. cap. 1. p. 271. tab. K. 1;
Pay, Stjn. Pise. p. 83. Perca no. 7, Artedi, Gen. Pise. p. 41. Perca labrax, Li7in. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 482 ; Jiisso, Ichth. Nie. p. 299. and
Hist- Nat. iii. p. 400 ; Nilss. Prodr. Ichth. Scandin. p. 82 ; Pmn.
Brit. Zool. p. 348. t. 00 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, pi. 43 ; Turton, Brit.
Faun. p. 100; Fle7n. Brit. Anim. p. 213; Son nni, Voy. i. p. 217.
pi. 3 ; Scharjerstrdm, R. Vet. Acad. Hand. 1829, St. i. p. 90. tab. 3.
f. 5-7 ; 3Iartens, Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 428 : Gronov. ed. Gray,
p. 115 (not Pallas). Perca punctata, Gmel. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 1311 ; Lacep. iv. p. 418; Risso,
Hist. Nat. iii. p. 407. Centropomus lupus, Lacep. iv. p. 207.
Perca diacantha, Lacep. iv. p. 418 ; Sehneid. Bl. Syst. p. 85. Sciagna labrax, Bloch, iii. p. 45. t. 301 (bad) ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 534.
punctata, Bloch, t. 305 (jun.); Shaic, Zool. iv. p. 536.
diacantha, Bloch, t. 302 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 535.
* 1. Labrax nigricans, Drkai/, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 12. pi. 50. f. 160.- Freshwater ponds of New York. 2. Labrax alWdus, Dekay, I.e. p. 13. pi. 51. f. 165.— Lake Erie.
64 PEIIC1D.E.
Labrax lupus, Cuv. Regno. Anini. ; Cuv. i^' Val. ii. p. TjO. pi. 11 ; Yarr.
Brit. Fishes, i. p. 8 ; Boiutp. Faun. Ilal. ; Cuv. lli'ijne. Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 7. f. 1 ; Barker- Webb •i^- Berthel. lies Canar. IcJithijol. p. 5 ;
Guichcnot, Poiss. in Fxplorat. cVAlyerie, p. 31. Geqffr. Descr. de VE<j., Poiss. pi. 20. f. 2, 3 (Perche nocte ct sinueusc).
I^-^lli^- ^-n;- Cipc. pylor. 5. Vert. 12/13.
Total length equal to 4i the height of the body ; GO to 70 trans- verse rows of scales : inferior edge of praeopcrciihim with three strong spinous teeth, directed forwards. Eack and sides greenish grcj-, in females and younger individuals with small black spots ; belly white.
Mediterranean ; coasts of Portugal, Franco, and England.
a. Lai'ge specimen : stuffed. England. h. Adult. England.
c. Adult: stuffed. England.
d, e. Half- grown. England.
/. Half-grown. England. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
g. Half-grown : stuffed. England.
h. Young. England. Old Collection.
i. Young. England. Presented by W. Yarrell, Es(].
k. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.
Z. Adult. Eiu'ope. From the Haslar Collection.
m-o. Half-grown. Europe.
p, q. Young. Europe.
r, s. Adult : stuffed. Europe.
t. Adult: skin. Sol way.
u. Half-grown : skin. South Devon.
V. Half-grown : skin. England. From Mr. YarrcU's Collection.
w, X. Adult: skin. Lisbon.
y. Adult: skin. Eiu'ope.
z. Adult: skeleton. England.
2. Labrax elongatus.
Perca elongata, Geoffr. Descr. de VEg., Poiss. pi. 10. f. 1. Labrax elongatus, Vuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 77.
I>-9|f..
A.
10
Total length ^qual to five times the height of the body ; transverse rows ? ; inferior edge of pra)opcrculum with more than five sjjinous teeth of moderate size. Hack and sides greenish grey ; belly \s'hite»
North coast of Egyjit.
3. Labrax lineatus.
• Gesellsch. Naturforsch
Sr/(«. p. 89.
soptuntrioiialis, Bl. Schn. p. 90. t. 20.
Scisena lineata, Bl. t. 304.
Schiypf, Schriften der Gesellsch. Naturforsch, Freundc, viii. p. 100. Pcrcii saxatilifl, Bl. Schn. p. 89.
4. LADRAX. 05
Centropomus lineatiis, Luc6p. iv. 2/)5.
Roccus striatu.s, Mit chill, Report, p. 25.
Percji mitcliilli, Mitrhill, Trans. New Vorl,; i. p. 41'{. pi. .'i. f. 4.
Labmx lincatus, CVr. ^- Val. ii. p. 70 ; Drhn/, New Yorh Fauna,
Fishes, p. 7. pi. 1. f; 3; liaird iti Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 321 ;
Tlolbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 17. pi. 4. f. 1.
D. 91^2- A.f,. L. lat. 57-02. L. transv. 9/11.
Total length equal to 4i'the height of body; teeth of the tongue in two elongate oval patches ; teeth of the inferior edge of prtcoper- ciilum not miicli stionger than those of the liinder one. Seven or eight black longitudinal bands.
Eastern eoasts of North America from Maine to Georgia.
a. Adult. North America. From Mr. Wai-wick's Collection.
b, c. Adult. North America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
d. Adult : stuffed. North America. Presented by Edward
Boubledaj", P^scp
e. Adult: skin. New York. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
/. Adult: skin. New York. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.— The bands are irregularly waved and interrupted (Pcrca mitchilli interrupta).
4. Labrax osculatii. Filipni, Rev. Magaz. Zool. 1853, p. 164.
D. 9 I 1 A. fg. L. lat. 56. J., transv. 9/15.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; teeth of the tongue arranged in a single oval ])atch ; teeth of the inferior edge of prffioperculum not much stronger than those of the hinder one. Seven or eight black longitudinal bands.
Eastern coasts and rivers of the United States.
5. Labrax rufus.
Moi'one rufa, Mitcliill, Rcjwrt, p. 18.
Perca miicronata, Rajinesque, Monthly Muijazinc, ii. p. 205.
FPerca amcsricana, ScJmpf Ncifurforscher, xx. p. 17, aiul Schriften der
Naturf. Freundc Berlin, viii. p. 159 ; Schneider, liloeh, j). 88 ; Lucep.
iv. p. '412. Labrax mucronatus, Cur. (^ Vul. ii. p. 80. pi. 12; liaird in Ninth
Smithson. Report, p. 322,
rufus, I)ek(i)j, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 0. pi. 3. f. 7.
amcricanus, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 21. pi. 3. f. 2.
r^- ^ I i2=T5- ^' 9^- ^^^- Py^"^- 4 (-5). L. lat. 50-55. Vert, n /1 4.
Total length equal to 3^ the height of body ; edges of pra3- operculum nearly equally and finely denticulated. Brownish gn;)', with more or less obsolete darker bands.
Eastern shores of the United States from Massacluisetts to South Cai'olina.
66
PKRC1D.K.
(t. Large specimen. Boston. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq. 6. Adult female : skeleton. New York! From Mr. Brandt's
Collection. r. Adult. New Orleans. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
d. Half-grown. America. Old Collection as Perca totog.
e, f. Adult and half-grown : skins. New York. From Pr. Paniell's
Collection. g. Intestines of specimen h.
The liver is proportionally small, divided by a slight incisure into two parts, the left of which is larger, and distingxiished by a still slighter furrow. There are four pyloric appendages, half as long as the stomach. Two separated ovaria. Pseudobranchiae well developed.
Skeleton. — The paroccipital crest is high, triangular, pointed behind ; the upper side in a straight line with the surface of the head, obliquely ascending. The ridges at the side of the skull are modified into muciferous chanuols : the pra;orbital bone exhibits several cavities, as in Acerlna cernna, but not quite so deep ; they com- municate with the suborbital arch, which is narrow and forms the middle part of this channel ; at the ujiper posterior comer of the orbit the channel is continued by an excavated bony ridge, running to the mastoid bone ; here it is turned up and backwards, passes the upper articiilation of the suprascapiila, and is lost near the suture of the supraoccipital and of the frontal bones. A second pair of muciferous channels is found at the upper siu'face of the head, running in a straight line from the maxillary bone between the orbits to the middle of the frontals, opening by two or three lateral holes. The third muciferous channel runs in an elevated second ridge of the prgeoperculum, as in Chilodipterus, Apogon, &c. ; it is continued on the lower surface of the mandibida, where it opens by four oval holes. I have formerly {Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 200) pointed out that such muciferous channels are to be found also in Perca and Lucioperca , and I may now add, in all the Percoids, but less developed : not forming a good generic character by itself, but combined with the fine serrature at the lower limb of the proDoperculum, it may some day cause the separation of this species from L. lupus, &c.
The suborbital arch has no interior process for supporting the eye-ball from beneath, as is obsei-ved in a great many Percoids. The maxillary bone has the superior margin more convex than the inferior one. Operculum with two points, the upper one short and rounded, the lower prominent and acute. PriEopercalum finely serrated throughout ; posterior margin straight-lined ; angle rounded ; lower margin slightly convex ; interoperculum with some excessively minute denticulations ; suboperculum entire. All the teeth are villiform, an'anged in bands: those of the vomer form an obtuse angle. The interior plate of the pubic bones is broad, in imme- diate contact with that of the other side, without leaving an inter- space between. The first interhaemal is of moderate strength, equal to the length of the second to sixth vertebi-ae, and attached to the haemal of the twelfth.
(i7
6. Labrax pallidus
Morone pallida, Mitchill, Report, p. 18.
Bodianus pallidus, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. ^- Phil. Soc. i. p. 420.
Labrax pallidus, Dekay, Netc York Fauna, p. 11. pi. 1. f. 2.
D.9|f,. A.f
The height of the body is 3i in the total length ; the edges of the praeoperculum nearly equally and finely denticulated. Light bluish above, paler beneath.
Eastern shores of the United States,
a. Adult. America.
Labrax multilineatus.
Ctw. <^- Vat. iii. p. 488 ; ? Kirtland in Bost. Journ. v. p. 21. pi. 7. f. 1 (not good).
D-9|ri^. A.l.
Total length equal to 3^ the height of the body ; 50 transverse rows of scales. Sixteen to nineteen black longitudinal bands. River Wabash.
8. Labrax notatus. Labrax notatus (Smith), Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., F\shcs, p. 8.
D.9|l. A.I.
Total length equal to four times the height of the body ; lateral line with 58 scales. Marked with rows of spots, five above and five below the lateral line, very regularly interrupted and arranged.
Coast of Canada.
5. LATES.
Lates, Cuv. Reffne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 88.
Seveii branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiae absent. All the teeth villiform, without canines; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. Two dorsals ; the first with seven or eight, the anal fin with three spines. Operculum spiniferous ; praeoperculum with strong spines at the angle and at the lower limb ; praeorbital strongly serrated. Scales moderate.
Nile. Mouths of the large East Indian rivers.
1. Lates niloticus.
Aarflj, Athen. p. 311.
Pexca nilotica, Gmel. Sijst. Nat. 1312 ; Bl. Srhn. p. 87.
Centropomua niloticus, Lacfp. iv. p. 278.
F 2
68 PERCID.l?.
Prosper Alpin, Res. Eg. iv. c. 2; Sonnini, Voy. ii. p. 292. t. 22. f. 3;
Hassbiq. Vol/, p. 359; Geo^r. Dcscr. de C Ey., Poiss. pi. 9. f. 1. Lates niloticus, Cuv. ^- Vul. li. p. 89, iii. p. 490.
^•7 (-8) If,. A. 3-^^. C«)c. pylor. 5.
PrsDoperculiim with a right angle ; coracoid wdth five denticula- tions; second and third spine of the analis nearly equal in length. Back brownish, sides and belly silvciy white.
Nile.
2. Lates calcarifer.
Holocentrus calcarifer, Block, t. 244.
Russell, ii. t. 181.
Holocentrus heptadactylus, Lacep. iv. pp. 344, 391.
CoiiLS vacti. Hum. Buck. Ganyes, Fislws, t. IG. f. 28,
Lates nobilis, Cuv. H^ Val. ii. p. 96. t. 13; Richardson, Ichth. CJiina,
p. 222; Bleeker, Perr. p. 27; Cantor, Catal. p. 1; Ilayeinan in
Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 348.
I>-7-8|l A. 4
PrsDoperculum with an obtuse angle; coracoid with six to ten denticiilations ; third spine of analis nearly twice as long as second. Back and sides brownish, shining, belly white.
Mouths of the large East Indian rivers.
a. Half-grown. India. From Mr. Brandt's Collection as Lates
argenteus. h. Half-grown. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. e. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. d, e, f. Adult : stuffed. Ganges. From Mr. Wanvick's Collection . g. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by the East India Company. h. Half- grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. 11. Reeves, Esq. ?*. Adult : skin. China. From Mr. Wai-wick's Collection.
6. ONIDON. Cnidon, Miill. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. p. 21.
Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiac absent; all the teeth villiform, without canines; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals ; the first with seven, the anal fin with three .spines. Oper- culum spiniferous ; praeoperculum with the lower limb entire, and the posterior denticulated; a spine au the angle. Pncorbital nearly entire. Pyloric appendages ?
Philippines.
1 . Cnidon chinensis.
Midi. (!y- Trosch. I. c.
Manilla.
D-7|r3 A J.
7. PSAMMOPERCA. 69
7. PSAMMOPERCA.
Labrax, sp., Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 83.
Psammoperca, Richardson, Voy. Erebus Sf Terror, Fishes, p. 116, and Ichthyology, p. 275.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth on the vomer and palatine bones crowded, granular ; no canine teeth ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals, slightly continuous, moving in a scaly sheath ; the first with eight, the anal with three spines. Operculum with a small, proeoperculum with a strong spine, the latter with an entire lower limb. Scales rather large.
East Indian and Australian seas.
1. Psammoperca waigiensis.
Labrax waigiensis, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 83 ; Blceker, Natunrk. Tydschr.
Netlerl. hid. ii. p. 479; Lesson, Voy. Coq. Zool. 237. Psammoperca datnioides, Richardson, Voy. Erebus ^ Terror, Fishes,
p. 116. ^I. 57. f. 1, 2. waigiensis, Bleeker, I. c. v. p. 177.
D. 8 1 y^^. A. |. L. lat. 50-55.
Height of body one-fourth of total length. Hinder edge of prae- operculum denticulated, a long spine at the angle. Australia ; Waigiou.
a. Adult: stuffed. Australia.
6. Half-grown : stuffed. Victoria, Australia. Voyage of H.M.S.
Herald. c. Adult :' skin. China. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
2. Psammoperca macroptera.
D-8|f3- A.f3.
Height of the body one-tliird of the total length ; praeorbital and suborbital arch strongly serrated ; hinder edge of prseoperculum ser- rated, a triangular spine at the angle.
a. Dried. Victoria. Australia. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
The specimen upon which I found this new species shows very well the characters of the genus, and the peculiarities by which it is distinguished from the only other species hitherto known ; but" the scales are partly detached, or spoiled by fat. It is distinguished by the great elevation of the body, by the high third dorsal spine, and the long anal fin.
The length of the Jiead is 4f in the total ; it is compressed, the interspace between the eyes being one-sixth only of the length of the head, or rather more than one-half the diameter of eye. The snout equals in length that diameter, and is latei'aUy coveied by the
70 PKRCID^.
praeorbital, which widens above, and is furnished by strong spinous teeth beneath, directed backwards ; this serrature becomes finer on the suborbital arch. The upper maxillary is styUform, and forms posteriorly a triangular plate ; it does not appear to reach the middle of the eye. The eye is placed high up the side, and does not interfere with the upper outline of the head ; its diameter is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head. The operculum has a somewhat rounded posterior angle, without distinct point ; the praisoperculum is finely serrated along the posterior limb, and armed ^vith a triangular and keeled spine of moderate size at the angle ; the lower limb has no denticulation whatever.
The greatest depth of the body is between the ongins of the second dorsal fin and the anal, tlie profile rising steeply from the occiput to the highest point ; the tail (without caudal), behind the end of the dorsal, is as high as long.
The third spine of the dorsal fin is veiy long, one-sixth of the total length ; the first is small ; the second shorter than one-half of the third ; the fourth, fifth and sixth rapidly decrease in length ; the seventh and eighth are short, and inserted between both df)rsals. The fii'st spine of the second dorsal is a little longer, one-half of the height of the fin. The rays are nearly equal in length, much shorter than the spinous part, and foi-m a rounded fin. Caudal rounded, with eighteen rays. The anal fin resembles in shape the soft dorsal, but its base is longer, and the longest ray is somewhat higher. The spines are of moderate strength ; the second is rather longer than the third, and two-thirds the length of the longest ray. The pec- toral and ventral fins are nearly equal in length ; the latter do not reach to the vent ; their spine equals the fifth of the dorsal.
inches, linen.
Total length o 6
Height of the body 1 10
Length of the head I 4
Interspace between the eyes 0 2\
Diameter of the eye 0 4
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 11
of the fifth dorsal ray 0 6
of the second anal spine 0 4
of the seventh anal ray 0 6^^
of the pectoral fin 0 8
8. PERCALABRAX.
Labrax, sp., Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 85.
Percalabrax, Temm. l<( Schkg. Faun. Japon. p. 2.
Lateolabrax, lileek. Verhuml. Batav. ( mootsch. \\\\. p. 55.
Seven branchiostegals ; pseudobrancliia) developed. All the teeth villiform, witliout canines. t<'e1b on tlie i)ahitine bones; tongue
8. PEECALABRAX. 71
smooth. Two dorsals, the first wdth ek^veu, the anal fin with three spines. Operculum with two points ; prieoperculum serrated be- hind, and with strong .spinous teeth beneath ; pncorbital entire. Scales rather sHiall. Number of pyloric appendages increased (13). Shores of China and Japan.
1. Percalabrax japonicus.
Labrax japonicus, Cui: Sr Val. ii. p. 85. Percalabrax japonicus, Faim. Japon. p. 2. pi. 2. f. 1. Lateolabrax japonicu;;, Bleek. I. c.
D. 11 1 ^^. A. |. C'cec. pylor. 13. Vert. 16/19.
Total length equal to somewhat more than four times the height of body ; inferior edge of prajoperculum with five spinous teeth, directed forwards. Back greenish grey, with round blackish spots ; first dorsal fin spotted.
Chinese and Japanese seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Adidt. China. Presented by the East India Company.
e. Adult. China. From the Haslur Collection.
d. Half-grown. China.
e. Young, China. Presented by the East India Company. /. Young. Chusan. Presented by the East India Company. g. Young. Chusan. Presented by the East India Company. h. Adult: stuff'ed. Japan.
i. Young: stuifed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. k. Intestines of specimen b.
This species is in general appearance allied to Laics, exhibiting also a concavity of the upper profile of head ; and the tongue is smooth, without teeth ; but th.Q pseiidohrancMce 2iXG as much deve- loped as in the species of Labrax.
Skeleton. — The .skull is rather flat above, the paroccipital crest not much elevated above the level, not extending beyond the supra- occipital, and acutely pointed behind. The muciferous channels are not, or very moderately, developed, as for instance that between the orbits. The suborbital arch with an interior flat process ; the max- illary bone without process, and with divergent straight-lined mar- gins. Operculum with two points, both acute, the upper short, the lower very elongate. The hinder limb of the pr«operculum is minutely serrated, the angle and the lower limb bear four or five strong spinous teeth, directed forward ; the sub- and intcr-opcrculum are entire. The neural spines of the first ten vertel^rcc are strong and broad ; the first interhaemal is exceedingly strong ; the plates between the two bony centres of this bone (between the interhtemal of the first, short anal spine and that of the second, strong one) are not united, forming a deep .sheath ; it is attached to the ha:'mals of the seventeenth and eighleenth verlebrse.
72 PERCID^.
9. ACERINA*.
Acerina, Cuv. Rtgtic Anim. ; Cm: 4" l^'^d- iii- P- «5-
Seven branchiostcgals. All the teeth vilHfurm, without ennines ; no teeth on the palatine bones or on the tonp;ue. One dorsal with thirteen to nineteen spines, the anal fin with t\\o. Operculum and l)ra!operculum spinit'erous. Muciferous channels of the bones of the skull very developed. Scales rather small.
Rivers of the Palajarctic Keffion.
1. Acerina cemua.
Cernua fluviatilis, Bellon. Aqiiut. p. 291; Gcsner, pp. 101, 192, 22();
WilliKjhhij, p. 334 ; Bay, p. 144. IVrcfc iltiviatilis g-onus minus, Gesner, pp. 701, 825. I'iscis Danubii, ScbroU German., Gcsner, p. 29. f. 1(>1. Porous fiuviatilis, I'erca fluviatilis minor, i&c., Grsner, f. 100 ft. Perca minor, Porcu.s, Porcnlus, &c,, Srhonev. p. 50.
flu\datili3 minor, Aldrov. v, cap. 34 ; Jonstun, iii. tit. 3. cap. 2.
t. 28. f. . _ _
Danubii incola, Piscis SchroUus, Aldnrc. v. cap. 35. ScroUus, Jonstun, iii. tit. 3. cap. 3. t. 28. f. a (right hand). ScroUus danubianus, Willuqhhy, p. 335; Ray, p. 143. Goldtisch, Schtvcnkf. Thcrunjr. Si/es. p. 441. Perca no. 3, Artedi, Spec. p. 80. no. 4, Artedi, Genera, p. 40.
cemua, Lum. ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 112 ; Schcqffer, Plsc.
Bavur. Batisbonensinm Pentas. ; Bloch, pi. 53. f. 2 ; Meidinyvr, t. 3 : Don. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 39 ; Tnrton, Brit. Fauna, p. 100 ; Jciiyns, Man. 334 ; Midler, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 392.
Perca no. 1, Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 40.
Duhamel, Pechrs, iv. p. 39. pi. 8. f. 1 ; Marsigli, iv. p. G7. tab. 23. f. 2
(Perca no. 2). Gvmnocephalu.s cernua, Bl. 6'cJin. p. 345; W/iite, Catal. of Brit.
"Fishes, p. 12. liolocentrus post, Laccp. iv. p. 357. Cernua Ihiviatilis, Flem. Brd. Anim. p. 212. Acerina vvdgaris, Cuv. i^- VaL iii. p. 4. pi. 41, vii. p. 448; Fries och
EcMriim, Skand. Fish. p. 9. t. 1. f. 2; Yarrell, Brit. Fishe.s, i.
p. 18 ; Cuv. Reyne Anim. III. pi. 0. f. 2 ; Nordmann in Demidof,
Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 3(58; Giinther, Fischc des Neckars, p. 14. Acerina cemua, Giinther in Wieym. Archir, 1855, p. 199. pi. 10. f. 1, 2.
D. '±^. A. gl. L. lat. 55-60. Vert. 15/20-21 (22). Coco, pylor. 3.
Greenish olive, marbled and spotted vdi\i brown; dorsal and caudal fins brown-spotted. Head without scales.
Rivei-s of England, France, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Siberia.
a. Adult. Danube, ((jymnothorcuv.)
b. Adult. S^vitzerland. Presented by Prof. Aga.ssiz.
» Acerina zillii, Gcrvais. Ann. 6V. i\VA 1848, p. 203, docs uol belong to llus gciui3. — Algiers.
10. PEECARIKA. 73
c. Several specimens. Gotha River (Sweden). From Mr. Lloyd's
Collection. iL e. Adult. Europe. Presented by W. Yarrcll, Esq. /. Adult. Europe. g. Adult : skin : not good state. England.
2. Acerina rossica.
Perca tanaicensis. Giildenstedt, Nov. Comment. Ac. Petrop. xix.
p. 457. t. 2.
acerina, Pall. Zoof/r. iii. p. 244,
Acerina rossica, Cuv. 4' Val. iii. p. 17, vii. p. 449; Nordmaim in
Demidoff, Voij. Riiss. 3Iend. iii. p. 369. pi. 2. f. 2.
0. Ig-^. A. ^^. L. lat. 55. Vert. 40. Csee. pylor. 3.
Brown, spotted with black.
Russian rivers falling into the Black Sea.
3. Acerina schraetzer.
Schraitser Ratisbonensis, Willuyhhy, p. 335 ; Ray, p. 144. Perca no. 3, Schraz. Marsigl. iv. p. QS. t. 23. f. 8.
no. 5, Artedi, Gentfu, p. 40.
no. 2, Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 41.
, Gronov. Zoojyhyl, no. "289.
schrtetzer, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. gen. 168. sp. 31 ; Block,
t. 332 ; Schceffer, Pise. Barar. Patisb(m. Pcntas. ; Meidinger, t. 2. Gymnocephaliis scliraetzer, Bl. Schn. p. 345. Holocentrus schraizer, Luccp. iv. p. 347. Perca danubiensis, Grotiov. Syst. Nat. ed. Gray, p. 112. Acerina scbraitzer, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 13.
D. \^_\l. A.^^. L. lat 75. L. transv. ^g.. Vert. 15 23. Cajc. pylor. 3.
BroAvnish olive, with three or four black longitudinal bands dorsal and caudal fins brown-spotted. Danube.
a, b. Adult. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. L. Agassiz.
10. PERCARINA.
Percarina, Nordmann m DemidofTs Voyage dans la Russie 3Idrid. iii. p. 357:
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth viUiform, ^vithout canines ; no teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two se})arate dorsals, the first with ten, anal fin with two spines. Muciforous ca\'ities of the bones of the skull much developed. Opci-culum \\'ith one spine ; pi'a;opcrculiim denticulated, with simple edge-. Scales small.
Dniesto]-.
74 PKKCID^.
1. Percarina demidoffii. Nordmann, I. c, Poiss. pi. 1. f, 1.
^-'^^l^^.- A.^„. L.lat. 34-36.
In habit similar to Acerina cernua. Caudalis forked. Yellow'ish, with round black spots on the back, and with a large brown semi- lunar blotch on the neck.
Dniester.
11. LUCIOPERCA.
Liicioporca,. Otiv. Btgne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val ii. p. 1 10.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in villiform bands, some on the jaws and on the palatines being longer ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first with 12-14, the anal fin with two spines. Operculum spiniferous ; praioperculum serrated, with a simple edge. Scales small.
Rivers of the Arctic Regions.
1. Lucioperca wolgensis.
Perca wolgensis, Pall. Voi/. (Trad. Franq.) p. 99. pi. 8; Linn, Gmel.
p. 1309 ; Bl. Schti. p. 91. Centropomus sandat, var., Lacep. iv. p. 203. Perca asper, Pall. Zoof/r. Po.ss. iii. p. 247. Lucioperca wolgensis, Cur. 4" J'^d- ii- p- 117, vii. p. 441 ; Norihnantt
in Dcmidoff, Voy. Puss. Mcrid. iii. p. 303. pi. 1. f . 2 ; Gitnther,
Wieym. Arch. 1854, p. 210.
Operculum with a rather obtuse and flat point behind ; crown, operculum, proe- and .suboperculum covered with scales ; 80-85 transverse rows of scales ; three ca^ca pylorica ; no large black spot on the posterior part of the first dorsal fin.
Rivers of Southern and Asiatic Russia.
2. Lucioperca americana.
Lucioperca americana, Valencicfuies,u. p. 122. pi. IG; Kirtland, Zool. Ohio, p. 19, and Bust. Jonrn. iv. p. 237. pi. 9. t. 2 (bad) ; Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Fishes, pp. 10 & 14; Dckay, Xew York Fauna, Fishes, p. 17. pi. 50. f. 163; Aya.ss. Lake Super, p. 294.
Operculum ^nth a strong acute spine 1)chind ; occiput, operculum, prae- and suboperculum covci'ed with scales ; 1 00 transverse rows of scales ; three caica pylorica ; a large black spot on the posterior part of the first dorsal fin.
Canada ; United States.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. .\lt)any l^ivrr. I'resented l)y Sir ,T. Richardson
11. LUCIOPEECA, 75
6, c. Adult : stuffed. Albany Eiver. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. d, e. Adult : stuiFed. Albany Eiver. Presented by the Hudson's
Bay Company. /. Large specimen : skin. Albany Eiver. g, h. Half-grown and young : skins. New York. From Dr. Par-
nell's Collection.
3. Lucioperca sandra.
Luciopei'ca (Schilus), Gesner, f. 176 6; Scho7iev. p. p. 293 ; Ray, p. 98 ; Marsigli, Danub. iv. t. 22. 1. 2 Schilus sen Naeremulus, Aklrov. v. cap. 69 ; Jonsfou, iii
43; WiUughby, 2. ■
Schilus seu Nagemulus, Aklrov. v. cap. 69 ; Jonston, iii. c.7. t. 30. f. 15.
Perca, sp. 2, Artecli, Genera, p. 39, and Species, p. 76 (classical de- scription) ; Gronor. Zoophyl. no. 299 ; Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 36. pi. 7. f. 3.
lucioperca, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1308 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 1 15 ;
Schaffer, Pise. Barer. Ratisbon. Pentas. ; Block, Fische Deutschl. t. 51; Block, Schneid. p. 83; Meidinger, Pise. Austr. t. 1; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- As. iii. p. 246 ; Skate, Zool. v. p. 547.
Centroponius sandat, Lacep. iv. pp. 248, 2.55.
Lucioperca sandra, Cuv. Rcgnc Anim. ; Cm: ^ VaJ. ii. p. 110. pi. 15; Cuv, Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 7 a. f. 2 ; Nordmann in Demidoff, Voy. Ri(.ss. Merid. iii. p. 362 ; Giintherin Wiegni. Arck. 1855, p. 205.
D.13(14)|^--|. A.^^.
Operculum with a rather obtuse and flat point behind ; crown, operculum and suboperculum wdth a few scales ; more than 100 transverse rows of scales ; six cffica pylorica ; no large black spot on the posterior part of the first dorsal fin.
Large rivers of the European Continent.
a. Adult. Lake of Ladoga.
6. Adult. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. Agassiz.
c-e. Half-grown. Sweden.
/. Large specimen : stuffed. Europe. Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
4. Lucioperca marina.
Perca labrax, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 243 (numbers of the fius wrong). Lucioperca marina, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 120 ; Eickw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 82.
D. 14 I 23. A. 14.
Both the dorsal fins continuous ; parts of the upper surface of the head, the opercles, and cheeks scaly. Dorsal and caudal fins spotted. Caspian and Black Seas.
5. Lucioperca, canadensis.
Lucioperca canadensis (C. H. Smith),, Griff. Aniin. Kingd. x. pi. 7. p. 275. pi. 68. f. 221 ; Rickardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Fiskcs, p. 11.
D. 12|i. A. 12.
Operculum with a spine behind, and with four acute spines
76 PERCID^.
on the under margin. Lateral line? Caeca? First dorsal with three rows of large round black spots, the second with four streaks of the same colour. Canada (Quebec).
6. Lucioperca grisea.
Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 19.
D. 14I-H-. A.-?-.
I 17-18 11-12
Operculum with an acute spine behind, above and beneath which is a very small one ; crown partly, operculum, pr»- and suboper- culum entirely covered Avith scales ; 105 transverse rows of scales ; seven caeca pylorica. All the fins black-spotted.
Fresh waters of the Northern parts of the United States.
a. Adult. Ohio. From Mr, Frank's Collection as Perca umericana.
h. Intestines of the Lame.
c. Adult: skin. Ohio. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
12. PILEOMA.
Pileoma, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 16.
Six branchiostcgals. AU the teeth minute, villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatines and on the vomer. Operculum with a spine, praeoperculum entire. Two separate dorsals, the first with fourteen or fifteen spines ; spines of the anal indistinct. Scales of moderate or rather smaU size. No air-bladder.
Fresh waters of North America.
1. Pileoma semifasciatnin.
Pileoma semifasciata, Dekay, I. c. pi. 50. f. 162. ? zebra, Agass. Lake Super, p. 308. pi. 4, f. 4.
D. 14 I 15-16. A. 10.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth ; the interspace between the eyes is nearly as broad as their diameter long. Body \vith narrow black cross-bars, alternately longer and shorter.
a, h. Adult : skins. Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's Collection. c. Adult : skins. Ohio Canal. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
2. Pileoma carbonarium.
Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 387. D. 15 I 13. A. 11.
The length of the Jiead one-fifth of the total. Body with trans- verse bars of black a black spot at the base of the caudal, tlio latter barred ; bjise of dorsriK «nal, and vcntrals black. {B. ^- G.)
Kio Salado (Texas)
13. BOLEOSOMA. 77
13. BaLEOSOMA*.
Boleosoma, Dekay, Ncio York Fauna, Fishes, p. 20.
Six branchiostcgals. Minute card-like teeth, without canines; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first Avith nine or ten feeble, the anal fin with indistinct spines. Oper- culum with a single point, prffioperculum smooth. Scales moderate. No air-bladder.
Fresh waters of the United States.
1. Boleosomatessellatum. Dekay, I. c. pi. 20. f. 57.
D. 9 I 14. A.l.
Nape depressed, contracted ; a deep furrow between the eyes ; caudalis truncated. Brownish, with oblong quadrate .spots on the back and sides.
E.ivers of New York.
2. Boleosoma lepidum. Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1853, p. 388. D. 9 I 11. A.f
The head forms one-fourth of the total length, lleddish, with indistinct transverse blackish bars ; base of tlm scales black ; fins immaculate ; a vertical black spot beneath the cj'e. {B. ^ O.)
Upper tributaries of the Rio Nueces, Texas.
3. Boleosoma maculatum.
Agass. Lake Super, p. 305. pi. 4. f. 3.
D. 9 I 12. A. 11.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; the pectoral fin rather shorter. Irregularly spotted on the back and the sides • dorsal and caudal fins baiTed transversely with black. (Ac/.)
Pic (Lake Superior).
This flsh may prove to be the same species as Boleosoma tessel- latum.
* Agassiz (Lake Super, p. 299) refers to this genus Efheostoina olmstedi, Storer (Bost. Journ. iv. p. Gl. pi. 5. f. 2). Agassiz also gives tlie diagnoses of two other genera, closely allied to the above, Ktheustoma and Ptvcilosoma. All these small fishes from North America are too little known to admit of their separation into a family {Etheostoinafa. Ag.) Pikoma lias a great resemblance to Litcioperca.
78 PKBCID^.
14. ASPRO.
Aspro, Cuv. JR^r/ne A/dm. : Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 188.
Body elongated, cylindi-ical ; snout thick, projecting beyond the mouth ; mouth situated at the lower side. Seven branchiostegals. AU the teeth villiforra \vithout canines; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Tv.'O separate dorsals ; anal fin with a single pine. Operculum spiniferous, preeoperculum serrated ; prae- orbital entire. Scales small.
Rivers of the European Continent.
1. Aspro vulgaris.
Asper piscicidus, Boftdel. ii. p. 207 ; Gestter, pp. 403, 478 ; Aldroi\ v.
cap. 28 ; Jotist. iii. c. ii. t. 26. f. 18 ; WiUughhj, p. 294 ; Ray, p. 98 ,
Marsigli, Danub. iv. pi. 9. f. 2, 3. pp. 27, 28. Gobius asper, Gesner (ed. Franco/.), t. 162 b. Perca, sp. 3, Artedi, Genera, p. 40. asper, Linn. S;/st. i. p. 1309; Block, t. 107. f. 1, 2; Schceffer,
Pise. Bavar. Ratisb. Pentas. ; Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 92. no. 303, and
Syst. ed. Gray, p. 115; Hartm. Ichthyol. Helvet. p. 68 ; Shaw, Zool.
iv. p. 651. Dipterodon asper, Lacep. iv. p. 170. Aspro vulgaris, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 188. pi. 26 ; Cuv. Rkgne Anim. Ill
pi. 6. f. 2 ; Nordmann in Demidoff^s Voy. Russ. M&rid., Pcnss. p.
Back brownish, sides with a yellowish cast, four or five dark transverse bands. Rhone ; Danube.
a. Adult. Danube.
h. Adult. Switzerland. Presented by Prof. Agassiz.
2. Aspro zingel.
Gesner, Paralip. p. 19; Marsigli, Danub. iv. pi. 9. f. 3; Klein, Hist.
Pise. V. p. 28. Perca zingel, Linn, i. p. 1310; Schceffer, I. c. ; Bloch, t. 106; Meidin-
ger, Pise. Austr. t. 4. Aspi'o zingel, Cuv. i^- Val. ii. p. 194.
I^-l'^-l^liiVo- ^-u^Ts- L.lat.95. L. transv. j^.
Back greenish brown, sides with a yellowish cast; irregularly spotted and marbled ^\^th dark brown, across the back four more or less conspicuous bands.
Danube.
ii. Largo specimen, hairope. Presented by the; Zoological Society. With the formula : D. 1 5 U . A . f, .
16. CENTEOPOMtJS. 79
16. ETELIS.
Etelis, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 127.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in villiform bands; canine teeth in the jaws, those of the palatines being equal ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first with nine, the anal fin with three spines. Caudalis deeply notched. Operculum spiniferous; prseoperculum with a simple edge, indistinctly denticulated. Scales moderate.
Seas of the Seychelles and Isle de France.
1. Etelis carbunculus. Cuv. 8f Val ii. p. 127.
D. 9 I Jj. A. f L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/14.
Height of the body one-fourth of the total length ; prseoperculura minutely denticulated. Bright red in life, with golden shining lines along the rows of scales.
Seychelles ; Isle de France.
a. Very large specimen : stuffed. Isle de France.
16. CENTPOPOMUS.
Centropomus, sp., Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv. p. 248. Centropomus, Cuv. Rbgne Anim. \ Cuv. 8r Val. ii. p. 102.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth viUiform, vnthout canines ; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. Two distinctly sepa- rated dorsals, the fii'st with eight, the anal fin with three spines, the second of which is exceedingly long. Operculum without spinous point ; praeoperculum with two denticulated edges. Scales moderate.
Neotropical part of the Atlantic Ocean.
1. Centropomus undecimaUs
Camuri, Marcffrave, p. 160.
Sciaena undecimalis, Block, t. 303
Platycephalus undecimalis, Bl. Schn. p. 59,
Centropomus undecim-radiatus, LacSp. iv. p. 267.
undecimalis, Cuv. <^ Val. ii. p. 102. pi. 14 ; Schomh. Hist. Barbad.
p. 665, and Reis. Brit. Guian. iii, p. 620 ; Ramon de la Sagra, Hist.
Cub. Poiss. p. 9. Perca loubina, Lacep. iv. pp. 897, 418, 421. Sphyraena aureoviridis, Lacep. v. p. 324. pi. 9. f. 2 (bad).
D.8|i. A.f
Silvery white, back greenish, a brownish band along the lateral line. Height of the body one-fifth of the total length. Atlantic shores of Tropical America. (Lima ?)
a. Adult. South America.
80 PKECIDiE.
b. Half-growai : not good .state. South America.
c, (/. Young. 8oTith America. Presented by Sir R. Schom])urgk.
e. Adult: not good .state. IJahia. From M. Parzudaki's Collection.
f. Fine specimen. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, E.sq.
g. Adult : bad state. Surinam.
h, i. Half-grown : not good state. Dcmerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.
h, 1. Young, liritish Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
w. Half-grown. West indies.
n. Young. West Indies.
0, p. Adult : tine specimens. St. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection,
q-s. Adult and young: skins. Jamaica. Fi'om Dr. Pamell's Col- lection.
t. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection.
u. Half-grown. America. From the Haslar Collection,
17. NIPHON. Niphon, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p, 131.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth v-illiform, without canines ; teeth of the palatine bones?; ton^ie?. Two dorsals, the first with twelve, the anal fin with three; .spines. Operculum and pra!Oi)er- culum with very long and strong pointed spines, the latter with strong teeth at the lower limb. Scales very small.
Japanese Sea,
1 . Niphon spinosus.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 131. pi. 19; Faun. Japon. p. 1. pi. 1. f. 1.
D.12|l. A.f
Head elongate, nearly one-third of total length ; spine of the praioporcuhmi as long as its inferior limb. Coloration uniform. Ja[)ane.se Sea.
a. Adult: .stuffed. Japan.
h. Half-growji: stuffed. Japan.
18. ENOPLOSUS.
Enoplosu.^, TMcfpbde, Hist. Nat. Pom. iv. p. 541 ; Cttv. Sr Val. ii. p. 133.
Body and vertical fins greatly elevated. Seven bianchiostegals. All the tcH'th villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones and on the tongue. Two dorsals. Operculum without s])ine ; ])rtr- operculum .serrated, and with spinous tec^th at the angl<>. Scales modenite.
Australian Seas.
19 A PRION 81
1. Enoplosus armatus.
Chaetodon armatus, White, Voy. N. S. Wales, pi. 39. f. 1.
Enoplosus whitii, Lacep. iv. p. 641.
armatus, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 133. pi. 20.
D. 7 I ~. A. f^. CsBC. pylor. 15. Yert. 25.
Fpper profile of head very concave ; body one-half as high as long, much compressed ; all the fins, except caudal, much elongate and pointed. White, with eight black transverse bands.
Coast of New South AVales.
a. Adult. Sydney. Presented by Lieut. Alexander Smith, "R.N.
h. Adult. Sydney. Presented by Mr. Williams.
c-e. Adult. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
/, Several specimens. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult. Australia.
h. Adult : stuffed. Australia. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
i. Adult: stuff'ed. Australia.
h. Adult : skin. Australia. From Mj". Gould's Collection.
/. Adult : skin. Australia.
m. Half-grown : skin. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
Second Group. SERRANINA.
(For characters, see page 57.)
19. APRION.
Aprion, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 543.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal with ten spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum spiniferous ; prajoperculum entire, with a single ridge. Scales moderate.
Coasts of the Seychelles.
1. Aprion virescens. Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 544. pi. 168.
D. H. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 20.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head. The lower jaw rather prominent ; suprascapula denticulated. CaudaHs deeply forked. Greenish, with a black spot between the seventh and ninth dorsal spinel ( Val.)
Seychelles.
82 PERCIDiE.
20. APSILUS.
Apsilus, C%a\ <§• Val. vi. p. 548.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue with minute teeth. One dorsal with ten spines, the anal fin with three. No serratures or spines on the bones of the skull. Scales rather small.
Cape Verde.
1. Apsilus fuscus.
Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 549. pi. 1686.
D. i5. A. |. L. lat. t55.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is 44 in the latter, and 1^ in the distance from the end of the muzzle ; the upper maxillary bone reaching only to the posterior half of the distance mentioned. Caudal veiy deeply forked ; the dorsal spines feeble, the fourth the longest. Brown ; dorsal marbled with darker. (,Val.)
Porto Praya (Cape Verde).
21. CENTROPRISTIS*.
Centropristes, sp., and SeiTanus, sp., Cuv. Bigne Anim. ; Cue. ^ Val.
ii. p. 241 &c., iii.. p. 36. Centropristes, Brisout de Barneville, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 130. Diplectrum and Centropristes, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, pp. 32, 42.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth viUiform, with very small canines in both jaws ; teeth of the vomer in an angular band or a short tri- angular patch ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One
dorsal with the formida — — ^^ — -, ; the anal fin with -^, . Oper-
12 or minus 12 ' 7 (o) ^
culum spiniferous ; praeoperculum serrated, sometimes with a pro- jecting rounded angle. Scales moderate or rather small.
American parts of the Atlantic ; Mediterranean ; Japanese Sea.
1. Centropristis bivittatus. Serranus bivittatus, Cuv. 4" V<^t- ii- P- 241. T) - A -
Teeth of the angle of praeoperculum strong, and produced into a small bundle ; its posterior limb very obliciuely descending back-
* 1. Perca philadelphica, Linn. Sysi. Nat. p. 1314; Bl. Schn. p. 91.— Phila- delphia.
2. Centropristis nebulosus, Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares de VAnidr. du
Sud, Poiss. p. 5. pi. 1 . f. 4. — Kio de Janeiro.
3. Serranus fla^escens, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 500. — Martinique. [Centropristes gigas, Owen, belongs to the genus Oligoriis.']
21. CKNTEOPRISTIS. 83
wards ; caudalis slightl}^ notched. On each side a brown longitu- dinal band above the lateral line, another beneath ; head with some blue streaks ; on the hinder half of dorsal fin two parallel series of square violet spots. Martinique ; Cuba.
2. Centropristis radiaJis.
Serraniis radialis, Quoy (^ Gaifnard, Voy. de Freyc. p. 316 ; Cvv. S( Val ii. p. 243.
12 7
Angle of praeoperculum enlarged, rounded, striated, with long spinous teeth ; its posterior limb obliquely descending backwards, finely denticulated ; caudalis slightly notched. On each side three longitudinal series of large irregular blotches ; anterior part of dorsal fin with a longitudinal violet band; posterior half and caudalis spotted.
Coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Large specimen, Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
c. Large specimen. Old Collection.
d. Adult : bad skin. America. Old Collection.
3. Centropristis radians.
Serranus radians, Quoy 8/- Gaim. Voy. de Freyc, Poiss. pi. 58. f. 2.
irradians, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 244 ; Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares
de rAmer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 3.
T) - A -
JJ. -. A. J, .
Angle of praeoperculum enlarged, rounded, with about eight long spinous teeth ; lower half of its posterior Hmb provided with equally strong denticulations, directed upwards ; upper half finely serrated. Body with eight to thirteen transverse streaks, crossed by four to six longitudinal bands ; cheeks with some bluish streaks ; dorsal fin with longitudinal stripes ; caudalis spotted.
Coast of Brazil ; Montevideo.
4. Centropristis fascicularis.
Serranus fascicularis, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 245. pi. 30, ix. p. 431. Diplectrum fasciculare, Holbr. I. c. pi. 5. f. 1.
T) •" A i ^- Ii- ^' 7-
Praeoperculum posteriorly with two prominent groups of very strong teeth ; its inferior limb entire. Caudalis with rather elongate lobes. Body with dark cross-bands and with five or six bluish lon- gitudinal lines ; dorsalis with longitudinal stripes.
Coast of Brazil ; Charleston.
o 2
84 PERCII)^.
5. Centropristis conceptionis.
Serranus conceptionis, Cur. ^ I'd!, ii. p. 246 ; Less. Voij. Coq. ZooL ■ ii. p. 236; Gay, Chile, Zool. ii. p. 148.
1). — . A. --.
]°2 0
Only six soft rays in the anal fin ; angle of prfeopercnlum pro- duced posteriorly, with stronger teeth ; both its limbs serrated. Body uniform brownish ; dorsal fin marbled in front, striped behind.
Conception.
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
0. Centropristis hepatus.
P'HTrarof (jecorinus), Arist. Hist. Anirn. ii. 17.
Sachettus Venetoruni, WiUughhf, iv. c. 30 ; Itay, p. 139.
Labrus no. 2, Arfech, Synon. p. 53 (sjTion. pars).
Labi-us hepatus (part.), L. Gm. p. 1283 ; Bl. Schn. p. 245 ; LaceiJ. iii.
pp. 424, 456. adriaticus, Briinmch,Spol. 3Iass. p. 98. no. 11; Gtn. Syst. p. 1297;
Bl. Schn. p. 262. Holocentrus striatus, Bloch, t. 235. f. 1 ; Bl Schn. p. 314. Lutjanus adriaticus, Lacep. iv. p. 222. Holocentrus triacanthus, Lacep. iv. p. 376.
siagonotus, Be la Roche, Ann. Mas. xiii. p. 352. pi. 22. f. 8.
hepatus, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 292.
Serranus hepatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 231 ; Faun. Japan, p. 5 ; Guichen.
Explor. Sc. Alf/er. Poiss. p. 34.
D-iiwr ^-f '^■^^■^^-
Caudal fin truncated; prseoperculum with finely serrated limbs and a rounded angle. Body with five black cross-bands ; a black blotch on the first soft rays of the dorsal fin.
Mediterranean ; Cape of Good Hope.
a, b. Adult and young. Dalmatia.
c. Fine specimen. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.
d,e. Adult: not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. Prom the Old Collection.
g, h. Adult.
7. Centropristis luciopercanus.
Serranus luciopercanus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 56. lam. 9. f. 1.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/20. Caec. pylor. 2.
12 7 '
Vert. 10/14.
The lower jaw moi-e elongate and prominent than in the other species ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head ; pracorbital projecting in front, partly covering the jaw-bones. Prajoperculum serrated, without projecting angle ; interoperculum entire. Caudalis forked. Reddish olive, with many irregular dark transverse spots. {Poey.)
Cuba
21. CENTROPBISTIS. 85
8. Centropristis tabacarius.
Centropristes tabacarius, Ciiv. ^ Val. iii. p. 44 ; Ramon de la Sagra,
Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 28. Serrauus jacome, Poet/, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 57. lam. 2. f. 1.
D. j^. A. J. L. lat. 70. Cjec. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/14.
Praeoperculum very fmcly serrated ; the distance between the eyes is l-ths of the diameter. Reddish brown ; a large white spot on the lateral line beneath the first seven spines, a smaller one above the lateral line beneath the first ray ; a third immediately beneath the last four rays of the dorsal.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by the Zoological Society. h. Adult: skin. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
9. Centropristis praest^ator.
Serranus prasstigiator, Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 58. lam. 2. f. 2.
D. {-"• A. J. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 8/24. Csec. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/14.
Prseorbital not projecting ; operculum with three spines ; prae- operculum serrated, without projecting angle; sub- and inter-oper- culum entire. CaudaHs emarginate. Brown, with irregular black transverse bands and spots ; belly yellowish.
Cuba.
a, b. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
10. Centropristis brasiliensis. Brisout de Barneville, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 131.
D. i^. A. 4. L. lat. 50. 12 7
Praeoperculum rounded throughout, serrated ; operculum with thi'ee flat points ; the length of the head is two-fifths of the length of the trunk (without caudalis) ; the distance between the eyes is one-half of the diameter. Brown, with indistinct cross-bands ; dor- saHs with three black spots.
Coast of Brazil ; Caribbean Sea ; St. Helena.
a. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General Hardwicke.
11. Centropristis phcebe.
Serranus phosbe, Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 55. pi. 2. f. 3.
D. J5. A. |-. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/12.
Prseorbital not projecting ; operculum with two spines ; praeoper- culum serrated behind, and at a part of the lower limb, without
86 P'EB.dDJE.
projecting angle ; sub- and inter-operculum entire. Caudalis cmar- ginate ; pectorals extending to a white cross-band at the side of the belly ; ground-colour brownish. Cuba.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
b. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schombui'gk. e, d. Adult : skins. "West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
12. Centropristis psittacinus.
Serranus psittacinus, 7 «/t'wr. Voy. Venus, Zool. Poiss. p. 299. pi. 1. f. 1. D. i^. A. f. L. lat. 53.
Operculum with three spines ; prajoperculum rounded ; the dia- meter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head. Green ; the upper parts of the head and back red. Two large spots on the tail, and six smaller ones along the lower part of the body and tail, black, with red edge. ( Val.)
Galapagos Archipelago.
13, Centropristis atrobranchus. Cuv. (^ Val. iii. p. 45.
D. i^. A.l.
12 7
Operculum wath a single spine ; prseoperculum angular. Yellow- ish, with five brown vertical bands ; a black spot at the gill-opening beneath the operculum, another on the dorsal fin above the second vertical band. Dorsal fin with small round spots.
Coast of Brazil.
14. Centropristis atrarius.
Perca atiivria, Linn. Sj/st. Kaf. i. p. 485, and Linn. Gm. i. p. 1314 ;
Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gr'ai/, p. Ill ; HI. Schn. p. 88. Schopff in Schrift. der Naturforsch. Freimde Berlin, viii. p. 164. Coryphiena nigrescens, Bl. Schn. p. 297. Perca varia, Mitchill, lieport, p. 10. Lutjanus tiilobus, Laccp. iv. p. 246. Centropristes nigricans, Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 37. pi. 44; JUgiie Anim.
Illustr. Poiss. pi. 9 a. f. 1 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, p. 24. pi. 2. f. G
(5 in text).
rufu.-^, Cuv. tS- Val. iii. p. 47.
atraiius, Ihlhr. I. c. p. 42. pi. 7. f. 2.
D. }5. A. -. L. lat. 50. Vert. 10/14. Caec. pylor. 4 {Holh-. 7).
The height of the body is ^\ in the total length, the length of the head one-third ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the head. Supra-scapula denticulated ; operculum with two spines ; the third dorsal spine rather longer than the following; caudal fin forked, and with the middle rays a little elongate, but generally mutilated. Greyish brown, each scale darker in the centre and on
22. C'ALLANTflTA3. 87
the edge ; dorsalis with some lighter bands : in the fresh fish, body with broad, vertical, dark bands.
A.tlantic coasts of the United States.
a. Adult. North America. Piirchased of Mr. Warwick.
b. Adult : skin. New ^?«k. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
c. Adult : skin. Grouovs original specimen.
Holbrook (I. c. p. 46) distinguishes two species, one being found to the north of Cape Hatteras, the other to the south of it. The first, he says, is the fish described by Schdpfl^, or Conjpliana nigrescens, Bl., and Perca varia, Mitch. The pectoral fin is said to be longer than the ventral in the southern species, and coterminal with it in the northern. Further, the air-bladder is sacculated in the southern ( C. atrarius, Holbr.), and never in the northern (C nigricans, Holbr.). I have, at present, no opportunity of confirming these observations.
15. Centropristis Mrundinaceus.
Centropristis hiriindiuaceus, (Lanffsdorf) Ctiv. 8) Val. vii. p. 460; rmn. Japon. p. 14. pi. 5. f. 2.
10 6
Operculiun ^\\t\l two spines. CaudaUs forked ; rose-coloured above ; the dorsal rays and spines with brown spots. Japanese seas.
22. CALLANTHIAS.
Callanthias, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 76, and Fishes of Madeira, p. 13.
Six branchiostegals. Teeth viUiform, with canines in both jawa; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with eleven si^ines, the anal fin with thi"ee. Operculum spiniferous ; prasoperculum entire. A part of the fins elongate. Scales moderate.
Coasts of Madeira.
1 . Callanthias peloritauus.
Bodianus peloritamis, Cocco, Giornale di Scieme per la SiciUa, Palermo,
1829, p. 138. Anthias buplithalmos, Bonap. Faun. Ital., Pesci, pi. . f. 3. Callanthias paradisa^us, Lowe, Suppl. Syn. Mad. Fishes, in Proc. Zool. ' Soc. 1839, p. 76, and Fishes of Madeira, p. 13. t 3 (excellent de- scription).
D. -. A. ^. L. lat. 22-24. Vert. 11/13. Caec. pylor. 3.
Muzzle exceedingly short ; fourth ana fifth soft rajs of dorsal fin, and both the lobe's of caudal fin, elongate. Back rose-coloured, sides and fins with a yellow tint.
Madeira.
a. Adult: fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
88 PEECIU^.
23. ANTHIAS.
Anthias, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 303 ; Cuv. i^- Vcd. ii. p. 249. Caprodon, Teimn. ^- Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 64.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both the jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones ; ton^^ smooth, or with small teeth. One dorsal, generally with ten spines; the anal fin -with three. CaudaHs forked, generally one or several of the fins veiy elongate. Operculum spiniferous, praeoperculum serrated. Scales moderate.
Nearly all the seas of the temperate and tropical regions.
In separating these fishes from the true Serrani, I apply the larger size of the scales as an absolute character, rather than the upper maxillarj' bone being covered with scales — the latter cha- racter occun-ing too often in fishes which cannot be separated from the tnie Serrani. Excluding the last four species, which may pro- bably form types of separate genera, we have a very natural group, with the same physiognomy, with rather large scales, and mostly with remarkably developed fins. On the other hand, I am rather inclined to bring the Serramts creolus also into this genus, as it has the exterior appearance of Anthias ; but T am prohibited from doing so by its very small scales, in which and other respects it resembles very much A})silas fuscus.
1. Anthias sacer.
? 'Avdias, AvXoniai, Aristot. vi. c. 10, 10, 17, ix. c. 2, .37.
Antliise prima species, Rondel, vi. c. 11. p. 188 ; Gesner, pp. 55, 62,
and EfJit. Frankf. p. 13; Aldrov. i. c. 19; Jonston, i. cap. 1. t. 16;
Willughbii, p. 325 ; Bay, p. 138. Labrus, sri. 3, Artecli, Si/non. p. 54.
■ antliias, Linn. iSj/st. Nat. i. p. 1283.
Perca pennanti, Block, Schrift. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, x. pi. 9. f. 1. Anthias sacer, Bl. t. 315 ; Bl. Schn. "p. 303 ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 250.
pi. 31 ; Lutce, Fishes of 3Iadeira, p. 19. t. 4. Lutjanus antliias, Laccp. iv. p. 197; RissOy Ichthyol. de Nice, p. 2G0.
D.i--^'. A..1. L.lat. 37.
15 /
Third spine of doreal, ventral, and caudal fins much elongate. Red in life ; head with three yellow bands : two bands on the side of occiput, and a series of spots at the base of the dorsal fin brown- ish green.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.
a. Large specimen: not good state. Madeira. Old Collection as
Perca imperator.
b. Adult: male. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection. c-e. Adult. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. Madeira. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
(J. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
23. ANTHIAS. 89
i. Adult. Dalmatia.
k, I. Half-growTi. Adriatic. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
m, n. Adult. Europe. Presented by the Zoological Society.
0. Half-grown. Europe. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
p. Half-groAvn. Eiu'opc. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
q. Adult: not good state. Europe. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Adult : very bad state. Em-ope. Old Collection.
s. Half-gro-\vn : stuffed. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
2. Anthias borbonius.
SeiTanus borbonius, Cuv. df Val. ii. p. 263 (not Quoy 8; Gaim.).
T) ^"-^ A ^
^- n[7- ^- 7 •
Third spine of dorsal, ventral, and caudal fins much elongate. Angle of praeoperculum with three stronger teeth. Grejish, with large brown spots.
Isle de Fi-ance.
a. Adult. Mauritiiis. Presented by the Zoological Society.
3. Anthias squamipiimis. Peters, Wiegm. ArcMv, 1855, p. 236.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 3/15.
The third dorsal spine filiform ; ventrals not elongate ; fins covered •with rather large scales far beyond the base. Operculum with two strong spines ; praeoperculum with stronger denticulationa at the angle. Red, with a blue Hne from the orbit to the root of the pectorals. (Peters.)
Coast of Mozambique.
4. AntMas asperilinguis. (Plate VIII.) B. 7. D. '5. A. i L. lat. 37. L. transv. 4/17.
15 7 I -
Only ventral and caudal fins much elongate ; tongue with teeth ; praeoperculiim minutely serrated, with some obsolete denticulations at the angle.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
Descrijption of the specimen. — The form of the body is rather elevated and compressed, its height being comprised 2\ in the total length (without caudal fin). The head is rather short, with veiy obtuse and short muzzle ; it is one-third of the total length (without caudal) ; the eye is large, its diameter being much larger than the distance between the eyes or the extent of the snout, and forming nearly one-third of the length of the head. The head is covered all over with ctenoid scales, much smaller than those of the trunk. The cleft of the mouth is very oblique, the upper maxillary bone suddenly widening,
90 i'i;u(;iit,i:.
and Vi'ry ln'ond lu'liiud, not cxlciidiiif^ t<i Uin vertical i'nmi llic centre! of tlio <!yo ; the itneoiMtuI nairow, lialf iih Itroad an tin; maxillary. There \h only one Hniail ojH'ninfj; of the noHtril, Hiluated al)ove the anterior uiarfj;in of tho oyo, Tho crown rounded, convex. The ])ru;oi)erciduni exhihitw a V(5ry line Horrature aion^^ the jxmtcdior iinih, and a ratiier ohtuHO anj^le with houk; (roarne ohwdete denticula- tionH, which extend on a part of the h)wer linih. The Huh- and inter- o])orcuhnn are entire. The operculum iw provided with thre<^ flat, Hhort ])ointH, the ui)i)er of which in hidden hy the Hcalen, the middle broad(^st and lar^'c^st, and the lower ininutc, l)ut conspicuous and immediately lu^neath the former.
Th<! ({ormilis commenccH just above tho poHtonor marj?in of tho o])er(iilum ; the sjtinouH jxirtion \h much lower than tlu; Hoft, hut as l(m<i;; thci HjaneH are latluT Klender, and liecome ji;radually lon|<er from th(! first to the last; Uw first is not on(!-half of the dianufter of \]u' eye, the last morc! thiin tvvic(i as lonji;. The membrane be- tween is deeply notched, and emifs b( bind the tip of each spine a filiform apitenda|i;e, about half the leiiti;tb <if the spine. The anterior part of the spinous ])ortion can be nearly bidden in a scaly sheath. The soft ])urtion is ratbcsr' elevated, with rounded uj)])er marf^in and roun(l(*d poslriior alible ; the middhi rays an; int liei' longer than tho otlu^rs, the ninth beiufj; nearly twice as lon^ as tb<i last spin*?. The cuudalis is deeply forluid, and each lolx^ very miicli ilonj^ate and pointed ; the lon^;'est ray is about half the total lenj^tli (without caudal); smaller d((ciduous s<:ales cover a great part of each lobe. The analis is even more elevated than th(^ dorsal, without a pro- minent sint!;le ray, and with rounded lowc^r mar|i;in. 'V\w spines are not very strong, the sfjcond rather stronger but shoitcjr than the third, which exceeds in length the last dorsal sjiiiu*. The pcctoraliH elongate*, reaching to tlu! soft poition of the anal, and composed of eighteen rays, the middle of which are longest, the* others be- coming gradually shorU^r towards the outer margins of the tin. In the vnitnilin the first and second rays are excc^edingly (dongato, filiform, and n*a<h nearly to tlut root of tlio caudal fin ; the three olluirs are v(!iy much shorter; the supporting sjiine is 1,^ longer than even the third of the analis.
Till* Rctilin are ratlmr large, nearly twict! as high as long, and one of {\\v largest covers about one-fifth of the (!y((. The lateral line is strongly arched behind the head, runs lu-ar the base of th(( dorsal fin, and is again bent downwards below the ])oslerior end of that fin, forming a straight lint- from thence along the middle of the tail.
'J'liere are several Icitk deserving i\w denomination (»f canines : first, in front of «»ach jaw a, ])air of rat,her feeble canines at, the ordi- nary place ; secondly, in the upper jaw at the ])osf{!rior part of tho villiform band, ludiind the front cnniiu-s, two or tliren pairs of stronger t(!(!th, ntsarly as strong as the IbrmcM- ; thirdly, on the side of the mandibula one stiong curved tooth, 'i'he vnmciiiie teeth form a triangular grouj) (not an angular s(>ru'H). In the miildlc of the tongue there is an oval i)atch of villiform t«<tli.
'I'lio specinu'U is rat luw discoloured • bul tlieiv is evciy proluiliility
23. ANTHIAS. 91
of its having been rose-coloured, with parallel oblique and longitudinal shining golden bands following the series of scales. There are visi- ble on the sides of the head two obhquc bands of indistinct colour, one running from the back edge of the orbit across the operculum, the other from below the ey<i to the inferior part of the operculum. Length of the specimen 9".
5. Anthias tonsor. Serranus tonsor, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 262.
D. -. A. g.
Third spine of dorsal, ventral, and caudal fins much elongate. No largo teeth on the angle of praeoperculum. Shores of BrazU.
6. Anthias furcifer.
Serranus furcifer, Cuv. i§- Val. ii. p. 264. D. ^. A.-^.
18 "9
Only the caudal fin elongate, upper part longer. Reddish, on each side with four smaU roimd violet spots ; fins not streaked. Shores of Brazil.
7. Anthias trifurcus.
Pei'ca tinfurca, Limi. Syst. Nat. i. p. 489. Lutjanus tridens, Lacip. iv. p. 246.
Centropristes tridens, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 43 ; Ilolbr. Ichth. S. Carol. p. 47. pi. 7. f. 1.
^^- n- ^' To- Dorsal spines with very long filaments ; taU trifurcate. Grey,
with a purple tint, and six dusky cross-bars on the sides of body ;
a black spot at the posterior extremity of the spinous dorsal. Coasts of South Carolina and Georgia.
». Anthias macropMhalmus.
Centropristis macrophthidmus, Miilhr Sf IVoschcl in' Schomb. Hist. Barbad. p. 666 (not Anthias macrophthalmus, Block).
D. i-J. A. |. L. lat. 58. L. transv. 7/16.
Caudalis deeply, dorsalis not notched ; the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins elongate ; the diameter of the eye one-thii'd of the length of the head ; praeoperculum nearly right-angular, with obtuse denticulations at the hinder and lower limbs ; a large space of the angle naked.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. "West Indies. From Dr. Jan\'ier's
Collection. /). Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
92
PERCID^.
9. Anthias ocolatus.
Anthias oculatus, Cuv. ^- Vol. ii. p. 2GG. pi. 32 : Eamon de la Sagra,
Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 10. ? Sen-aims oculatus, Faun. Japan, p. 5 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 235. Ilesperanthias oculatus, Lnice. Centropristis oculatus, Mull. & Trosch. in Schomb. Hist. Barbadoes,
p. 666.
D. Yx- A- 1- I^- lat. 50-51. L. transv. 6/13. Ca;c. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/14.
The last ray of the dorsal and anal fins elongate ; lobes of the caudal fin nearly equal in length ; dorsalis deeply notched ; jaws and angle of prajopercxilum without scales ; maxillary bone with rather large scales.
Martinique ; Madeira. (Japanese seas ?)
a. Large specimen. South America. Pres'^uted by Sii R. Schom-
burgk.
b. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir 11. Schomburgk.
c. Very large specimen (20") : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.
d. Adult: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
e. Adult : stuffed. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe. /. Fine specimen. Sine patria.
g. Half-grown : skin. West Lidian Islands. Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener. h. Half-grown : skeleton.
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skull is nearly flat between the eyes, exhibiting some low ridges and slight grooves ; the occi- pital ciest extends on the upj^er side of the skull as far only as the posterior margin of the orbit ; it is rather low, and not elevated above the level of the skull. The basal part of the maxillary is somewhat flattened ; it does not become very broad at its posterior extremity, where it exhibits a concave anterior margin. The inter- maxillary has the posterior processes of moderate length, and a flat crescent-shaped exj)ansion at its posterior half. The prasorbital is quadrangular, oblong, twice as long as high ; tl e posterior part of the infraorbital arch is narrow ; the second and thii'd of the bones have an excavated plate within, reaching into the inside of the orbital groove. The operculum is armed posteriT)rly with two points, sepa- rated from each other by a groove ; the superior is short, without corresponding bony ridge ; the inferior is acute and stronger, and forms the termination of a bony longituchnal ridge situated at the inner side of the operculum. The limbs of the pra;operculum are directed vertically towards each other, but the angle itself is rounded; the posterior margin is exceedingly finely serrated, the inferior more coarsely; the angle is distinctly striated, the striae terminating in small spinous teeth. There is a bony elevated ridge within the margin of the prseoperculum : it shows no denticula-
23. ANTHIAS. 93
tio;i whatever, and is the boundary between the scaly part of the cheek and the scaleless margin of the prteopercukim.
There are ten abdominal vertehrce and fonrtcen caudal ; the length of the former part of the column is to that of the latter as 2 : 3. The interhiemal of the first anal spines is, like those spines themselves, feeble and short.
The teeth of the intermaxillary extend over all the length of the bone ; the outer series is formed by larger teeth, four in front of the jaw being canine-like, but nevertlielcss of rather small size. The teeth of the lower jaw form a series of small cardiform teeth, behind which is another of villiform teeth ; it is very narrow, and does not extend on tlie side of the jaw. The vomerine teeth are ari-ansed in a rectangular narrow band ; the palatine band is very narrow, and extends on the pterygoid. The inferior pharyngeal bones form an elongate sword-shaped patch of villiform teeth ; the upper pharyn- geal teeth a]"e cardiform, and form three or foiu' small groups.
10. Anthias rasor.
Serranus rasor, lUchardsoit, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 95, and Trans. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 73. pi. 4. f. 1.
D. i?. A.|. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 4/18. Ctec. pylor. 6. Vert. 11/15.
Caudalis forked, but none of the fins elongate ; the pectoral fin one-fourth of the total length ; the lower portions of the fins densely covered Avith scales ; the height of the body one-third of the total length ; the head short, forming one-fourth of it. Shining reddish brown, with a bluish stripe from beneath the eye along the lateral Una.
Aiistralian seas.
11. Anthias schJegelii.
Caprodon, Temm. ^~ Schler/. Faun.Japon., Pom. n. G4. pi. 30; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 235.
20 9
Caudal fin convex in the middle of the posterior margin, and with a slight notch above and beneath this convexity; none of the fins elongate, except the pectorals, which are ovate, longer than the head, and 3i in the total ; head and the lower portions of the fins densely covered with scales ; the height of the body one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Rose-coloured, vdth two yellow stripes from the snout through the eye, and another from the eye to the angle of the prseoperculum ; anal fin with round yellow spots.
Japanese Sea.
This fish certainly belongs to the group of Serranina, and is closest allied to Serranus rasor of Richardson. One might even imagine both
9^4 PEBCID^.
fishes to be identical, but for the coloration, which is said to be taken, in the figures of both the fishes, from Ufe. Schlegel has established a separate genus, Caprodon, for this fish, having found five branchio- stegaJs only, and no teeth on the palate ; but as we are informed by him that these characters are taken from a mounted specimen, I have no doubt that the condition of the fish is either imperfect, or does not admit of a proper examination.
12. Anthias longimamis. (Plate VII. fig. B.)
E. 7. D. ^;. A. |. L. lat. 65.
The height of the body is 4|- in the total length. Caudahs forked, but the pectoral only elongate, one-fourth of the total length ; head entirely scaly ; fins covered with scales on their greater par Vo- merine teeth in a quadi'angular patch.
a. Stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Description of the specimen. — This fish resembles Serramis rasor of Richardson, and the Caprodon of the ' Fauna Japoiiica,' with regard to the scahness and the number of rays ; but differs by its much more elongated body and the arrangement of the vomerine teeth. In the middle third of the fish the height of the body is nearly equal, and is contained 42- in the total ; the length of the head is ii in the total ; it is covered with scales all over. The eye is placed high up, but not interfeiing vnth the upper outline of the head ; it leaves a space below it deeper than its horizontal diameter, which is larger than one-fourth of the length of the head : the vertical diameter is much shorter than the horizontal. The muz 'le is shortej than the eye. The nostrils of one side are close togeth r, one before the other. The intermaxillaries are rather feeble and t lin, and they have a triangular process in the middle of their posterior margin. The maxillaries widen from their origin and form a nearly regular triangle, covered with small scales ; the lower jaw projects slightly beyond the upper. When the mouth is closed, the maxillary reaches to the second third of the orbit. The infraorbital arch is entirely covered with scales ; no denticulations are visible on the pra3orbital. The interspace between the eyes is convex, and equals the diameter of the eye.
The operculum is armed with two fiat prominent spines, the lower of which is much smaller ; the sub- and inter- operculum are entire. There is no scaleless space on the praeoperculum ; its angle is rounded and very finely serrated, like the posterior limb and a part of the inferior. The suprascapula shows several denticulations.
The dorsal Jin is elongate, but very low, the scales reaching over two-thirds of its height ; it is more distant from the occiput than from the root of the caudal. The, posterior spines and the anterior rays are nearly equal in height; the spines of moderate strength. The caxulalfin is shghtly forked, and partly covered with scales ; the lobes appear to be equal in length, and about one-sixth of the total.
24. ANVPEKODON. «»')
The origin of the anal Jin falls below the fourth dorsal ray, its end below the thirteenth ; it is as low as the dorsal fin ; the second and third spines are moderate and nearly equal. The pectoral Jin is ovate, elongate, reaching to the vertical from the soft portion of the dorsal fin ; the scales between the rays cover two-thirds of the fin. The ventral Jim are inserted immediately behind the pectoral ; they are somewhat longer than one-half of the pectoral.
The intermaxillaries are furnished wdth a narrow band of vilUform teeth ; no canine tooth in front is visible, but there are several, card- like, inside the mouth in a cluster, occupying the space near the symphysis of the intermaxillaries. The band in the lower jaw is much broader, and there are canines in front of the jaw as well as in the middle of the side. The vomerine teeth form a broad and long quadrangular patch, with the anterior sides shorter and the posterior
ones longer (())) there is a cuneiform band of palatine teeth, and
a shorter one, ovate, and separated from the former, on the pterygoid bones.
The scales are of moderate size, with smooth surface and fine posterior serrature. The specimen is now discoloxired, but appears to have had a red ground-colour. To judge from the species allied to it, its native sea may be some part of the Indian or Austrahan seas.
inches, lines.
Total length 12 0
Height of the body 2 7
Length of the head 2 5
Diameter of eye 0 8
Length of tenth dorsal spine 0 9^^
of the caudal fin 1 11
of second anal spine 0 10
of pectoral fin 3 0
of ventral fin 1 8
13. AntMas cichlops.
Serranus cichlops, Blceker, Sumatra, i. p. 3.
D. -rrTfi- A. i-. L. lat. 45.
15-10 0-7
Second ray of the ventral fins and lobes of the caudalis elongate ; angle of praeopcrculum with four spinous teeth, much stronger than the others. Red (in life) ; tail and caudalis yellow.
Priaman (Sumatra)
24. ANYPERODON.
Serranus, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 347.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in vUlifoTm bands, with canines in both jaws; no teeth on the palatine bones, nor on the tongue.
96
PERCID.E.
One dorsal with cloven sinnes, the anal fin -Rdth three. Operculum with two or three points ; praeoporculum serrated. Scales snuill, ctenoid.
From the Seychelles to the Molucca Sea.
1 . Anyperodon leucogrammicus.
Renard, Poiss. t. 1. f. 6 ; Valetit. iii. p. 476. f. 409. Serranus leucogi'ammlcus, (JReinw.') Cuv. (§• Val. ii. p. 347 ; Biv ket Pcrc. p. 33.
D. '-{. A. ^. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head one-third ; the diameter of the eye is one-seventh of the latter. Operciilum With three spines, praeoperculum finely and equally serrated ; sub- and inter-operciUum with dcnticulatioiis. Caudalis rounded. BroAvnish, with three whitish longitudinal bands, and with brown spots above.
Seychelles ; IVfolucca Sea.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
25. PRIONODES.
Prionodes, Jenym, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 40.
Body oblong ; muzzle with the lower jaw prominent. Canine teeth ; no teeth on the vomer or the palatine bones. Seven bran- chiostegals. One dorsal with ten, the anal fin with three spines. Praeopercidum serrated ; operculum with two or three spines. Scales moderate, ctenoid.
The form of this fish, as the Rev. L. Jenyns has pointed out, is so completely that of a Serranus, that we may well hesitate to refer it to another family (Scicenidce). One specimen only being knoAvn, it is possible cither that the absence of vomerine teeth is acci- dental in that specimen, or dependent on the age of the fish. But if this be not the case, the stnicture of the fins and of the opercles is as important a character as the absence or presence of a patch of minute teeth, and therefore I think it better to place this fish in tlie group of Serranina.
1. Prionodes fasciatus. Jenyiis, I.e. p. 47. pi. 9. f. 1.
Brownish, with numerous dusky cross-bars ; the vertical fins with black occllated spots. The posterior limb of the praeoperculum serrated.
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
20. sKKKANrs. 97
26. SERRANUS*.
Serrami3, sp., Cuv. Regne Anini. ; Cuv. tSj" Val- ii- P- 210.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with veiy distinct eaninea in both jaws ; teetli on the pakxtine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal tin, mostly %vith nine or eleven, rarely -with eight, ten, or twelve spines ; anal fin with three. Operculum with two or three acute points ; pra3operculum more or less serrated, without spinous teeth on the lower limb. Scales small.
All the seas of the temperate and tiopical regions.
Synopsis of the Sjiecies.
I. Serrani with deeply forked caudal fin,
A. And with the two middle rays of caudal fin nmch elongate ;
I. S. phaeton.
B. With the two midille rays of caudal fiu .-shortest f :
2. S. creolus, 4. S. louti, 0. S. filamentosuft,
3. S. colomis. 5. S. flavimarginatus, 7. S. zonatus.
II. Serrani with slightly convex or concave, or with truncated caudal fin.
A. With less thau eight soft rays in the aual fin, and with more than twelve in the dorsali.« :
8. S. scriba, 10. S. albouiaculatu.^, II. S. rhyncholepis,
9. S. humeralis^. 12. S. gymnopareius.
* 1. Holocentrus aiiratus, Bl. pi. 236; Bl. Schn. p. 314 — Serranus auratus, Cuv. 4- Fill. ii. p. 3G4.— East Indies?
2. Ilolocentrus caeruleopunctatus, Bl. t 242. f. 4; Bl. Schi. p. 315. — Ser-
ranus civruleopunctatus, CiitK cj- Vnl. ii. p. 366.— Habitat — — - ?
3. Serranus corallieola, {K. ^- v. H.) Cuv. cj?- Val. ii. p. 366. — Java.
4. Holocentrus argpntinus, Bl. t. 23.5. f. 2. — Bl. Srkn. p 314. — Sei-ranus
argentinas, Cuv. 4~ Val. ii. p. 241. — Habitat ?
5. Serranus variegatus, Richurds. Ichth. China, \}. 231. — Canton. G. Serranus reevesii, Bic/mnls. I. c. p. 232. — Canton.
7- Perca lunaria, Forak. p. 3'J. — Percaj rogaie var. luuaria, Bl. Schn. p. 335 - — Red Sea.
8. Serranus taniocheirus, Cuv. c^- Vnl. vi. p. .518. — East Indies i*
9. Serranus roseus, Cuv. 4' Val. ii. p. -306. — Otalieiti.
10. Serranus peruanus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 234. — Peru.
11. Serranus abdominalis, Pefcrs, in Wlcgm^ Archiv, 1855, p. 237. — Mozam-
bique.
12. Serranus goliath, Peters, I. c. — Mozambique.
13 Serranus parkinsonii, C)tv. cf- Val. ii. p. 329. — Habitat ?
14. Bonaci arara, Parra, pi. 16. f. 2. — Johnius guttatiis. v.iv., Bl. Schn. p. 77.
—Serranus arara, Cuv. cf- Val. ii. p. 377-
15. Bonaci cardinal, P«?-/-«, pi. 16. f. 1. — Johnius guttatus, i/A Sch?/. p. 77. —
Serranus cardinalis, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 378.
16. Parra, pi. 36. f. 1.— Lutjanus limulatus, Bl. Schn p. 329.— Serranus
lunulatus, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 379.— West Indies, t 1. Perca lepidoptera, Fvrsf. — Epineplielus lepidopterus, Bl. Schn. p. .302. — Serranus lepidopterus, Richards. Ann. >.]■ Mag Naf. Hibt. 1842, i\. p. 18. — Australia.
H
98 PEECID^.
B. With eight or more soft rays in the anal fin.
1. Body with cross-bands or large oblong transverse spots*.
a. Denticidations of prseoperculum stronger on the angle :
13. S. cabrilla, 17. S. albofuscus, 21. S. trimaculatus,
14. S. brunneus, 18. S. sexfasciatus, 22. S. diacanthus,
15. S. kawamebari, 19. S. mystacinus, 23. S. striatiis,
16. S. lanceolatus, 20. S. oceanicus, 24. S. stigmapomus.
b. Denticidations of prseoperciduni conspicuous and equal :
25. S. tigris, 27. S. nigri, 29. S. tigrinus,
26. S. boenack, 28. S. semipunctatus, 30. S. papilionaceus.
c. Denticulations of prseoperculum exceedingly fine or obsolete :
3l. S. oxjThj-nchus, 32. S. argus.
2. Body of uniform coloration or spotted ; with neither transverse
nor longitudinal bands f.
a. Porsalis with nine, rarely with eight spines ; and a. With seventeen or eighteen soft rays | :
33. S. rogaa, 34< S. zananella.
j3. With sixteen soft rays (rarely with fifteen to seventeen) § :
35. S. pachycentrum, 37. S. microprion, 39. S. cyanostigma,
36. S. erythrreus, 38. S. cyanostigmatoides, 40, S. miniatus.
y. With fifteen (rarely with fourteen) soft rays|| :
41. S. aurantius, 45. S. guttatus, 48. S. sonnerati,
42. S. sexmaculatus, 46. S. ouatalibi, 49. S. urodelus,
43. S. nigTipinnis, 47. S. treniops, 50. S. analis,
44. S. hemistictua, 51. S. zanana.
S. With fourteen (rarely with fifteen) rays :
52. S. leopardus, 53. S. coronatus.
f. With twelve rays :
54. S. spiloparccus.
* 1. Serranus scmifasciatus, Got/, Chih, Zool. ii. p. 151, Ictiol. pi. 1 h. f. 2. —
Chile, t 1. Holocentrua pantherinus, Larep. iii. pi. 27. f. 3. — Serranus pantherinus,
Cuv. (f- Val. ii. p. 333. — Madagascar. 2. Serranuf cynnopodus, Richarrfs. Ichth. China, p. 233. \ 1. Epincpholus ruber, Blorh, t. 331. — Swwmuw aurantius, Cnv. cf- VaL ii.
p. 30;"). § 1. Serranus rufius, Homhr. ^- Jarq. Voy. nu Pole Sue/, Poiss. p. 35. pi. 1. f. 4.
—Habitat ?
II 1. Serranus pixanga, Cur. <^- Vaf. ii. p. 383; Marr/r. p. 152. — Holocentrue
punctatus, Block, t. 241 ; Bl. Schn. p. 315. 2. Serranus guativere, Cuv. <^- Val. I. c. Parra, pi. 5. f. 1. — Sckomburgk,
Hist. Barhad. p. 605.
26. SERBANUS.
99
57. S.
60. S.
61. S.
62. S.
63. S.
64. S.
74. S.
75. S.
76. S.
77. S.
78. S.
79. S.
80. S.
81. S.
99. S
100. S
101. S
102. S
103. S,
104. S,
105. S.
106. S.
69. S. polystigma,
70. S. maculatiis,
71. S. galeiis,
72. S. niveatus,
73. S. marffaritifer.
Dorsalis with ten or eleven (rarely with twelve) spines, and a. With eleven or twelve rays :
'55. S. limbatus, 56. S. nouleny.
j9. With thirteen or fourteen rays * :
luti-a, 58. S. goldmanni, 59. S. pavoninus.
y. With fourteen or fifteen raysf :
angTilaris, 65. S. salmonoides,
suillus, 66. S. epistictus,
fuscoguttatus, 67. S. bataviensis,
altivelioides, 68. S. alboguttatus, polyphekadion,
S. With fifteen or sixteen rays t :
gigas, 82. S. acutirostris, 90. S. hoevenii,
moara, 83. S. mar^nalis, 91. S. bontoo,
goreensis, 84. S. horndus, 92. S. celebicus,
erythrogaster, 85. S. crapao, 93. S. variolosus.
fuscus, 86. S. sebse, 94. S. hoedtii,
aeneus, 87. vS. summana, 95. S. akaara,
emarginatus, 88. S. microuotatus, 96. S. apua,
nigritus, 89. S. tumilabris, 97. S. mentzelii.
e. With fifteen to seventeen rays :
98. S. hexagonatus.
f. With sixteen or seventeen rays § :
morio, 107. S. spiniger, 114. S. areolatus,
impetiginosus, 108. S. ura, 115. S. awoara,
ongus, 109. S. melanui'us, 116. S. geogTaphicus,
imdulosus, 110. S. gitberti, 117. S. reticularis,
tsirimenara, 111. S. nebulosus, 118. S. gaimardi,
punctatissimus, 112. S. bontoides, 119. S. chlorostigma,
rupestris, 113. S. macrospilos, 120. S. cylindricus,
flavo-cteruleus, 121. S. labriformis.
* 1. Serranus jansenii, Blcek. Sangi, p. 376. — Sangi Sea. t 1. Serranus aspersus, Jenyns, Zool. Beag. Fishes, p. 6. — Cape Verde Islands. 2. Itaiara, Margr. cap. iii. p. 145. — Serranus itaiara, Lichtenst. Berl. Ah- handl. 1821, p. 27^ ; C^lV. # I al. ii. p. 376 <• Sckmib. Reis. Brit. Ghiian. p. 621. I 1 . Serranus erythrurus, Cuv. tf- Val. ii. p. 320. — Malabar.
2. maculosus, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 332. — Habitat ? If this species
should hereafter be recognized, the denomination of 7naniIosvs must be changed, Bloch having given to another Serranus the name of macu- lattis, which was afterwards altered by Cuviei* into cat us.
3. alexandrinus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 281. — Mediterranean.
4. dermochirus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 513. — Coromandel.
5. kunhardtii, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 169. —
Sumatra.
6. lebretonianus, Homhr. Sf Jacq. Voy. an Pule Sud, Poiss. p. 33. pi. I,
f 3.— Habitat ?
§ 1. Serranus riTulatus, Ctcv. ^ Val. vi. p. 515. — Isle de France. 2. nigriceps, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 517. — Polynesia.
3. miliaris, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 520. — New Guinea.
4. — — flavoguttatus, Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 18r)5, p. 235. — Mozambique.
'H 2
100 percidjt:.
t;. With eighteen or nineteen rays : 122. S. altivelis, 123. S. inennis, 125. S. olfnx.
124. S. quoyanus,
6. With nineteen or twenty rays :
126, S. dermoptenis. |
3. Body with lon^tudinal bands * :
127. S. formosus, 130. S. biguttatus, 133. S. urophthalmus,
128. S. Litifasciatus, 131. S. poecilonotus, 134. S. lineatus,
129. S. morrhua, 132. S. lemniscatus, 135. S. amboineusis.
I. Serrani with deeply forked caudal fin, A. and with the two middle ray.s of caudal fin much elongate.
1. Serranus phaeton. Cuv. 4- Val. ii. p. 310. pi. 34.
Caudalis forked, with the two middle rays as long as the body, both sheathed together in a membrane, the other rays strong and compressed ; praeoperculum with exceedingly fine denticulations. Palatine and vomerine teeth very fine.
Hah. ?
B. With the two middle rays of caudal fin shortest.
2. Serranus creolus.
? 1-arra, pi. 20. f. 2.
SeiTanus creolus, Cur. 8,- Val. ii. p. 205; Cuv. Rcgne Anim. III. Ichthi/ol. pi. 8. f. 1 (coloration?).
D.l. A. J. L. lat. 90. Vert. 10/14.
Snont short. The upper maxillary bone reaching to beldw the middle of the eye ; pra3oi)erculiim with very fine and equal scrrature ; interoperculum minutely serrated, or wdthout any serratiu-e. Caudal fin deeply forked, with elongate lobes. Reddish, -wdth four small round violet spots on each side ; dorsal fin with a blackish longi- t\idinal streak.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Fin" specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. 6. Adult stufted. West Indies. Purchased of IMr. Scrivener. c d. Fine specimens. America. From the llaslar Collection. e. Adult. America.
/. Adult. America. Fnmi the Haslar Collection. g. Adult: skeleton. .Vnicvica.
• 1. Serranus chlofoceplialus, Cur. 4- Val vi. p. r)22.- -Polynesia Identical with S. linenitisx
20. SKRKANUS. 101
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skiill is rather broad, and di^'ided into two lateral halves by the high supraoccipital crest, wliich extends to the level of the anterior third of the eye. The crest is thin, transparent, and rounded behind; the two lateral crests between the orbit and the suprascapula are also well developed. Just beneath the anterior end of the supraoccipital crest is a broad and open cavity for receiving the posterior processes of the inter- maxillaries. The intermaxillary is about two-thirds of the length of the maxUlary, and has a very prominent flat process behind. The maxillary gradually vddcns, and has a rather convex superior margin and a rather concave inferior one ; the supplementary bone is narrow. The greater part of the i)rtEorbital is as broad as the posterior infraorbital arch ; the latter with a very broad and exca- vated inner plate for supporting the eyeball from beneath.
Operculum with three spines, the two lower of which are close together ; the sub- and interoperculum are without any serrature in tliis specimen. The angle of the proeoperculum is rounded, and furnished with several obsolete and obtuse denticulations ; the pos- terior serrature of the bone is minute.
The dentition is feeble : there is in the upper and lower ja^vs a pair of small canines ; 'there are no lateral canines ;. the other teeth are in villiform bands, that of the intermaxillary reaching nearly to the extremity of the bone, and with an outer series of scarcely larger teeth. The vomerine teeth form a tiiangular patch with a rather concave posterior side. The palatine teeth form a cuneiform band, broader in front, and not extending beyond that bone.
Ten abdominal and foiu'tecn caudal vertebrce. The interhaemal is attached to the haemal spine of the eleventh vertebra, of moderate strength, and equal to the length of the first to the seventh vertebra.
3. Serranus colonus.
Valenc. Voy. Venus, Zool. p. 300. pi. 2. f. 1 (not good).
D.^. A.f„. L.lat.l20.
Snout short ; praeoperculum finely serrated ; caudal fin deeply forked, with elongate lobes. Uniform yellow. ( Vol.) Galapagos Archipelago.
4. Serranus louti.
Seba, iii. 27. 7; Rc7iard, t. 41. f. 207, t. 21. f. 100; Valentyn, p. 412.
f. 205. Perca louti, Forskal, p. 40. Labrus punctatus, Laccp. iii. p. 377. pi. 17. f. 2. Bodianus louti, Bl. Schn. p. 332 ; Lacep. iv. p. 286. Serranus punctulatus, Ciw. Sf Val. ii. p. 367, ix. p. 435 ; Bleek. Sum.
i. p. 570 ; Quoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Astral. Poiss. p. 654. pi. 3. f. 2. louti, Riipp. Atl. p. 106. pi. 26. f. 2 (not Val).
_9_ 3-1
Caudalis deeply forked, with elongate lobes ; dorsal, anal and ven-
D. rrV.- A. I. L. lat. 100. Vert. 10/14.
1J-I4 8
102 PEUCID^.
tral fins pointed ; dcnticiilations of preeoperculum obsolete. Brown- ish, v.'ith. small whitish spots.
Red Sea ; Isle de France : Ceylon ; Molucca Sea ; Sumatra ; Timor ; Waigiou.
a. Adult : skin. Copang (Timor). D. ^.
b. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France. D. fi-
c. Adult. Isle de France. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. D. ■^.
d. Adult : skeleton. Isle de France. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. D. ^.
e. Adult : stuffed, lied Sea. D. ^.
14
/. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult: bad state. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection,
h. Half-grown. Ambo}Tia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Skeleton. — The crown of the head and the interspace between the eyes are without prominent ridges or deep grooves ; they are narrow and rather flat. The supraoccij^ital and the lateral crests are rather low, the former not extending beyond the supraoccipital bone. The two posterior processes of the intermaxillaries are not received into a common groove, but run on the sides of a narrow longitudinal ridge. The posterior part of the infraorbital arch is narrow, and has inside a broad excavated plate for supporting the eyeball from beneath. The length of the intermaxillaiy is about two-thirds of that of the maxillarj- ; it has a flat prominence beliind, above which is a deep notch. The maxillary widens from its second third ; the superior margin is nearly straight, the infciior concave ; the sup- plementary' bone is exceedingly narrow. The opercidum has three distinct flat spines, the middle of which is longest and nearer the lower than the superior ; the sub- and intero])erculum are without any serrature ; the pracoperculum is rounded throughout, and has some very indistinct seiTature at the rounded angle.
The dentition is rather powerful. There are in the upper jaw two very strong canines ; the outer series is formed by shorter, but thicker teeth than the others, and docs not extend to the extremity of the bone. Inside of the canines and the series mentioned is a band of vilUform teeth, broadest bcliind the canines ; and here also are placed several long and slender teeth of more cardiform appear- ance. The lower jaw is armed in front with a pair of canines, and Avith another in the middle of its lateral band, but they are rather smaller than those of tlic up])cr jaw. In tlie villiform band several cardiform tcetli are visible. The vomerine teeth are arranged in two series, meeting anteriorly at a rather obtuse angle. The band of palatine teeth is narrow, and does not extend on the pteiygoid bone.
There are ten abdimiinal and fourteen caudal vertebra'. The interha;mal, Ls attached to the ha-mal spincss of the tenth and eleventh vertebne ; it is slender, and ecjuals the length of the second to the seventh vertebra.
26. SEBRANDS. 103
5. Serranus flavimarginatus.
R'uppell, Atlas, Fische, p. 109.
14 8
Caudalia deeply forked, aualis and dorsalis pointed behind. Red- dish brown, covered with small blue spots ; a black band from the eye to the base of caudalis ; the vertical fins with a yellow edge ; on each side of the tail a black spot. Allied to S. punctulatus.
Red Sea.
6. Serranus filamentosus.
Serranus filamentosus, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 508.
Centropristes filamentosus, Milll. 8f Trosch. in Schomb. Hist, Burbad. p. 606.
L>. -. A. -.
External appearance sparoid. Caudalis deeply forked ; the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins elongate, twice as long as the preceding. Denticulations of the pra^opei'culum coarser at the angle ; operculum with two flat spines. Brownish, with small specks in the angle of each scale ; sides lighter ; dorsal fin with yellow spots along the base. {Val)
Isle de France.
7. Serranus zonatus.
Serranus zonatus, Cuv. 8,- Val. vi. p. 509.
? Serranus argyrogrammicus, Cuo. 8f Val. viii. p. 472.
D-n- A.|.
Caudalis deeply forked ; pectoral fins long, pointed ; the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins elongate, twice as long as the preceding. The diameter of the eye one-third of the length of the head ; prse- operculum very finely serrated, with coarser denticulations at the angle ; suprascapula denticulated. Rose-coloured in life, Avith four orange cross-bands, lo.st on the sides ; caudal fin w^th a bright yellow edge. {Val.)
Isle de France.
11. Serrani with the caudal fin slightly convex or slightly concave, or
truncated.
A. With less than eight rays in the anal fin, and with more than twelve rays in the dorsal.
8. Serranus scriba.
? nepKT], Aristot. ii. c. 13, 17, viii. c. 15; Athen. vii. fol. 159; Oppian,
i. V. 124. ? Perca, Plin. ix. c. 16. Phycis, Sakiani, p. 227. f. 92. Perca marina, Gesner, pp. 696, 819 ; Jonston, i. c. 1. t. 14. f. 8 ; JFil-
lu(jhh/, p. 327; Raij, p. 140; L. Gm. p. 1313; Briinnich, Ichthyol.
Massil. p. 63 ; De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 350. Perca no. 6, Artedi, Genera, p. 40. Perca scriba, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 56 ; Gm. L. p. 1315.
i 04 ri;uciD-E.
flolocenlrus marimis, Ldccp. iv. p. 37G: Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 291.
{iv<rn9, Sjyinola, Ann. dii JMits. x. p. 372.
? tii.-ciiitus, liloch, pi. 240; Bl Sichn. p. 314: Laccp. \v. p. 380;
Rim>, Ichth. Nice, p. 200.
marorcanus, HI. Scliii. p. 320.
Liitjaiiu'' scriptura, Laccp. iv. p. 220.
Cavolini, Ueher die Erzeuiiumi der Fische, iibcrs. I'oii Zinintcrntrntn,
p. 84. t. 1. f. lG-18. Serranus scriba, Cur. tS" V(d. ii. p. 214, pi. 28 ; Martens, Jiei.se xach Venedif), ii. p. 42o; Nordmann in Dcmidojf, Voi/. Ilus6. Merid. iii.
p. 300. pi. 2. f. 1 ; Guichen. Explur. Sc. Ahjer. Puiss. p. 33.
D. 1^. A. I. L. lat. 70. Vert. 10/14.
Prseoperculiim equally and finely denticulated. Body -with five to seven blacldsh transverse baiids ; head -with iiregiilarly reticulated blue lines ; vertical and ventral fins "v\-ith small round reddish spots.
Mediterranean; Black Sea.
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
6. Adult : skeleton. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
c. Adult : bad state. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
d. Adult. Presented by W. SAvainson, Esq.
e. Adult: skin. Mediterranean. Presented Ijy Bichard Santhill, Esq. /. Adult. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.
<-/. Half-grown. Mediterranean.
h. Half-grown. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection. ?. Half-grown : bad state. Malta. From the Haslar Collection. l'. Adult: stuffed. Malta. From Mr. YarrelFs Collection.
7. Adidt : not good >state. Europe. From Mr. Frank's Collection. m, n. Adult: very bad state. Europe.
0. Adult. Europe.
2J-r. Adult : stuffed. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. s, t. Adult : sldn. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. n. Young : not good state. Europe. From the Haslar Collection. Sl-eleton. — The upjier part of the skull is nearly smooth, without prominent ridges ; even the occi])ital crest is not veiy much developed. The bones of the suborbital arch are not distinctly separated from one another, and there is, as in all the Sermni, a broad interior process for sup])ortiiig the eyeball from beneath. The two upper spines of the opercuhmi arc the hindei- ends of two strong bony ridges ; the third spine is feeble, as is also the ridge belonging to it ; the sub- and interoperculum arc entire ; the edge of the i)ra;o])erculum is rounded, with minute denticulations behind, gradually becoming larger at the angle, and disappearing in the middle of the lower limb ; the suprascapula is minutely serrated. The number of ver- tebra) as above stated.
9. Serranus humeralis.
Cut. cV r«/. ii. p. 24(i ; Less. Foi,. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 2.'50 ; Ga;/, Chile, Zml ii. p. 149.
14 7
Pncopercnlum equally and finely denticulated. The broAvn cdo-
2G. SERRANUS. 105
ration of the back emitting six transverse bands towards the belly ; operei'ilum broAvn ; cheeks brown-sjjotted ; a large brown blotch in front of the root of the pectoral fin ; fins not spotted. Coast of Chili.
10. Serranus albomaculatus.
Jcnyns, Zool. of the Bcayh', Fishes, p. 3. pi. 2. D. 1". A. 1.
13 7
Caudalis truncated. The length of the head one-third of the total ; the diameter of the eyes about one-sixth of the length of the head, larger than the dista,nce between them. Pr^eopercuhim finely ser- rated, with coarser diAiticulations at the angle and along the posterior half of the basal margin ; suprascapula denticulated. The third dorsal spine very long, more than twice as long as the second, c(j[ualling more than half the height of the body. On the sides a series of five or six good-sized snow-white spots, and one placed above. (Jen.)
Galapagos Archipelago.
11. Serranus rhyncholepis. Sleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 749.
B.JL.. A.f L.lat.80.
CaudaHs rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the length of the head ; upper maxillary bone reaching behind the eye. Praeoper- culum serrated, vnth. stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; the spinous and soft parts of dorsal fin of equal height. Brown, each scale on the sides with a lighter speck ; fins immaculate. (Bl.)
Sea of Bulucomba (Celebes).
Bleeker comj)ares this species with S. lahriformis, Jenyns j he
states the number of the rays of the anal fin to be — ; but as
•^ ;-8 '
he always reckons the last as two, I am obliged to remove this species from S. lahriformis into another group wdth seven soft rays in the anal fin. Further examination of other specimens wiU show whether I am right in so doins:.
12. Serranus gymnopareius.
? Epinephelus striatus, Bloch, t. 330. Serranus gymnopareius, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 248.
D.^. A.f
Praeoperculum without scales, only its posterior limb denticulated ; caudalis truncated. Body ^\dth seven or <'ight dark-brown cross- bands.
Jamaica (?)
lOG PERCID^E.
B. With eight or more soft rays in the anal fin.
1. Body with cross-bands or large oblong transverse spots.
a.. Denticulations of praeoperculum stronger at the angle.
13, Serranus cabrilla.
Xavr], Snhiani.
? Perca, Rondel, vi. cap. 8.
Perca cabrilla, Linn. Si/st. i. p. 488.
? niorniyrus, Gronoi: S;/st. ed. Gray, p. 109.
marina, var. /3, BrUnnich.
Ilolocentrus virescens, Bl. t. 233 ; Lacep. iv. p. 357.
marinus, Laccp. iv. p. 37G.
Lutjanus sen-anus, Lacep. iv. p. 205.
Serranus cabrilla, flavus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, pp. 875, 376.
• cabrilla, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 223. pi. 29 ; IMiite, Catal. of Brit.
Fishes, p. 11 ; YarreU, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 11 ; Nordmann in Demidoff's Voy. Rhss. Mcrid. iii. p. 3G7 ; Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 33. pi. 1.
Perca chanuiis, Couch in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 19. f. 6.
D. {^. A. |. L. lat. 80-90. L. transv. 9/25.
Caudalis truncated ; denticulations of the angle of the praeoper- culum not much stronger. Sides of the head with three oblique red bands ; body with seven or more dark-brown cross-bands ; sometimes a reddish lateral band,
Mediterranean ; Black Sea ; coasts of Portugal and France ; southern coast of England ; St. Paul's (West Indies),
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
h. Adult, Lisbon.
c. Adult : not good state, Lisbon. Presented by G, Hough, Esq,
d. Adult. London market. Presented by Messrs. J. and C,
Grove.
e-g. Adult and half-gi'o\\ni : skins. Pljinouth. From Mr. Tarreirs Collection,
h. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut, H, F. Spencer, K.N,
i. Adult: not good state. ^ladcira. Old Collection as Perca decor ata.
k-m. Adult and half-growoi : skins. Santa Cruz (Teneriffe).
n. Adult : not good state, Europe,
0. Adult: bad state. Europe. Old Collection.
p, q. Adult : very bad state. Eui'oiJc,
V, s. Adult : stuffed, England.
t. Adult : stuffed, Europe, Old Collection.
tt, V. Half-grown : skins, Europe, From Mr, Yarrcll's Collection.
to. Young : skin. Europe. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
X. Adult: skeleton. England.
?/-a. Half-grown. St. Paul's. Presented by the Lords of the Admi- ralty.
/3, Adult: stuffed, Europe,
y. Adult: stuffed. Lisbon.
26. SEREANU9. 107
14. Serranus brunneus.
I<4nuephelu8 brunneiiis, Bloch, t. 328. f. 2 ; Bl Schn. p. 300. Serranus kawamebari, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 234 (uot Faun, Japon.).
D. J^. A.|. L. lat. 95.
Cauclalis rounded. The height of the body is oiic-foiirth, and the length of the head one-third of the total length ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the head. The upper maxillarj' bone reaches beyond the level of the posterior margin of the eye. Pec- torals rather longer than veutrals, not extending to the vent. Tlie .dorsal spines nearly equal in length, except the first two and the last ; the second anal spine uot much stronger and not longer than the thii'd. Bro-smish, with six darker cross-bands, inclining forwards as they descend ; the fij-st narrowest from the fi.rst dorsal spines to the eye ; cheeks Avith oblique darker bands. Fins immaculate.
Chinese Sea.
a, h. Adult. China. Presented by J. E,. Reeves, Esq. c. Half-growTi. China. Presented by J. II. lleeves, Esq.
Bloch says, in his great work on Fishes, that this species is found in Norway — prol)ably because he received the fish from a friend in Norway ; but iSchneider gives Japan as its native countiy. The figure may be easily recognized ; but the first curved band from the eye to the dorsal fin (very characteristic of the species) is omitted.
15. Serranus kawamebari. Temm. i^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. p. 5.
D.^^ A. ^.
12 ,10
Caudalis with a rather convex posterior margin ; prccoperculuni rather deeply serrated, with stronger denticulations at the angle ; interoperculum and suprascapula denticulated ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin not much elevated. BroA\Tiish, with five darker cross- bands ; the soft part of dorsalis, the caudal and anal fins with small round spots ; operculum with a deep black sj)ot between the spines ; prseoperculum with two brown streaks from the eye.
Japanese Seas.
16. Serranus lanceolatus.
Holoceiiti'iis lanceolatus, Bloch, t. 242. f. 1 ; Share, Zool. iv. p. 507 ;
Russell, t. 130. SeiTanus lanceolatus, Cuv. ^' Val. ii. p. 316 ; Blocker, PeVe. p. 35 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 8.
D-li^e- A- 1- Caudalis rounded. Length of the head al lOut one-third of the total ; the diameter of the eye one-sixth or one-seventh of the length of head. Sub- and interoperculum entire. Yellowish, with five brown cross-
108 PERCIDiE.
bands : first from the orbit over the prajoperculum ; second from tho crown of the head obliquely over the operculum to behind the pectoral fins ; third very broad, occupying the space between the second and tenth spine, confluent below with the second band ; fourth broad, spanning nearly the eight posterior dorsal rays ; fifth in front of the caudal : all the fins \\'ith round bro"\\-n spots. Bay of Bengal ; Batavia ; Samarang.
This species is well distinguished by its coloration. Bleeker states that in adult specimens the bands become obsolete, and that the coloration changes to yelloAvish marbled with brownish. A single specinum, of about four inches in length, exists in the Collec- tion of the East India Museum.
1 7. Serranus albofuscus.
Holocentms macidatus, BL iv. p. 90. t. 242. f. 3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 315.
albofuscu.^, Laccp. iv. pp. 341, 384, 385.
Serrauus maculatus, Bleeker, Bocroe, p. 398.
D-T^- ^^-l- L-lat-100.
Caudahs rounded; the diameter of the eye one -third (?) of the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to the level of the posterior margin of the eye ; })r£copcrculum serrated, Avith a much longer spinous tooth at the angle ; sub- and intcroperculum entire ; the second, third and fom-th dorsal spines longest ; the third anal spine stronger and rather longer than the second. Brown, with large pearl-coloured spots ; on the head four or five, on the back three transverse blotches, more or less extending on the dorsal fin : one between scapula and anterior dorsal spines, the second betAveen the lateral line and the upper edge of the hinder part of the spinous dorsal, the third across the back of the tail behind the dorsal. Dorsal fin brown, with three round black spots on the .soft part ; pectorals blackish, with pearl-coloured spots and a band of the same colour across the middle ; anal and ventral fins brown, the former with a pearl-coloured spot ; caudalis yellow, with large brown spots. {Bl.)
Sea of Boeroe.
18. Serranus sexfasciatus.
Sen-anus sexfasciatus, (Kuhl^- v. Haas.) Cuv.^' V(tl. ii. p. 3G0 ; -B/eeA:er, Perc. p. 38.
D.ii. A.i.
Caudj^is rounded ; sub- and intcroperculum entire ; angle of the prEDoperculum Avith very strong teeth. Body Avith six dark broAvn cross-bands ; head imiform ; dorsal and caudal fins with roundish brown spots.
Javanese Sea. a. Hulf-grown: skui : bad state. East Indies. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
26. SERKANUS. 109
19. Serranus mystacinus.
SeiTanus mystacinus, Poey, Memorins de Cuba, 1851, p. 52. lam. 10. f. 1 . PSeiTanus oetociuctus, Tcmm.Sf Schley. Faun. Japon. Potss. p. 7. pi. 4«.
I^-li^a- ^-f L.lat.lOO.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head three times. Pra3operculum ^vith some very strong spinous teeth at the angle, partly extending on the horizontal limb. Caiidalis rounded ; pectorals reaching a little beyond the vent. Reddish, -witli ten dark cross-bands ; fins immacidate.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
According to Poey's statement, this species makes a remarkable exception to most of the Serrani in having at least twelve stems of the pyloric appendages, each divided again into several branches ; an increased number is also to be observed in S. inermis, from the same locaUty. The description of S. octoclnctus, given in the Faun. Japon. p. 7, pi. 4rt, agrees exactly with the specimen mentioned above. There is another specimen in the Collection of the British Museum, said to be from the Isle de France, which cannot be separated from the former.
h. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France. Presented by Dr. Janvier.
20. Serranus oceanicus.
? Perca fasciata, Forska/, p. 40.
Holocentrus oceanicus, Lacep. iv. p. 377. t. 7. f. 3.
forskalii, Laccp. iv. p. 377.
Sen-anus oceanicus, Cue. i^ Veil. ii. p. 302. Sen'ani marginalis \ar., Blccker, Perc. p. 34.
Caudalis truncated ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; denticula- tions of the angle of the prseoperculum not much stronger. Reddish, with five darker, cross-bands ; head unitbrm ; the anterior half of tbo dorsalis -udth a blackish edge ; ciiudalis not black-edged.
Red Sea ; Isle de France.
21. Serranus trimaculatus.
Epinephelus japonicus, Kruse^ist. Reise, pi. 64. f. 2. Serranus trimaculatus, Cuv. 4' ^ «^- ii- P- 331 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 8 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 232.
T-v 11 4 3
"• 15-16- ^^- (7-)8*
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum entii-e ; the hinder limb of the prseoperculum serrated ; denticulations stronger at the angle ; the lower limb entire. Reddish brown, ^vith two large blackish-broAvn square spots at the root of the hinder half of the
no
PEBCID^.
dorsal fin ; a third black transverse spot across the back of tail. Head, body, hinder part of dorsal fin, caudalis and analis vdth scattered brown spots.
Japanese, Chinese, and Cape Seas. a. Adult. China. 6. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult : stuffed. Japan.
d. Adidt : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
e. Adult: stuifed. Sine patria.
/. Adult : skin. Sine patria. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
22. Serranus diacanthus.
Serranus diacanthus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 319.
nebulosus, Richards, (not Cuv. Sf Val., nor Bleek.) Ichfh. Chinn,
p. 2.32. schihpan, Richards. I. c. p. 231.
D.7^6- ^^-l- t..lat.90.
Caudalis rounded ; eye nearly one-fifth of the length of the head ; length of the head one-third of the total ; suboperculum and intcroper- culum entire ; the inferior limb of the prieopercidum entire, two or three strong spinous teeth at the angle, the posterior hmb strongly denticulated. Wliitish or brownish (in spirits), with five darker cross-bands ; sometimes clouded or spotted 'v\^th dark broAvn, besides the cross-bands ; fins, in dried specimens, with an obsolete darker edge — in specimens preserved in spirits, -ndth a lighter edge.
Bay of Bengal ; Coast of Malabar ; China Seas ; Louisiade Ar- chipelago.
a. Adult. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke. 6. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult. China. Presented by General HardAvicke {Serranus
schihpan).
d. Adiilt. China.
e. Half-grown: bad state. China. Presented by the Hon. E.T.
Company. /. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. g. Half-grown. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Collection. h. Half-grown: stuffed. Louisiade Arcliipclago, in 30 fathoms.
Voyage of the Rattlesnake. ?. Young: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago, in 12 fathoms (sand)
Voyage of the Rattlesnake. 1c. Adult. India.
I. Adult. India. From the Haslnr Collection. m. Adult. India. Presented l)y General llitrdwicke.
23. Serranus striatus.
Seha, iii. t. 27. f. 9; Parra, p. 50. pi. 24. f. 1. Anthiaa striatus, Bl. t. 324 ; Bl. Schn. p. 305. Tjutjanus ssf riatus, Lncf^). iv. p. 234.
26. SERRANUS. Hi
Sparus chrysomelaiiurus, Lacep. iv. p. 160. Anthias cherua, Bl. Schn. p. 310.
Serranus striatus, Cuv. 8fVal. ii. p. 288; Guichen. m Haniondela Sagru, Hist. Cuba, Perns, p. 12.
D. H. A. |. Vert. 10/14
Distance between the eyes much smaller than their diameter ; praeoperciilura with fine denticulations (in younger indi\'iduals coarser at the angle). CaudaHs rounded. Six or seven broad cross-bands ; scattered circular black spots roxmd the eye ; a large square black blotch across the back of the tail, behind the dorsal.
Atlantic shores of Tropical America.
a. Very large specimen (3' long) r stuiFed. America.
h. Very large specimen (2^' long) : stuffed. West Indies.
c. Half-grown : stuffed. Cuba. From M. Poey's Collection.
d. Half-grown. West Indies.
e. Half-grown : skeleton. West Indies.
/. Half-grown : not good state. West Indies.
g. Half-grown. West Indies.
h, i. Half-grown. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection
Jc. Half-grown : stuffed. Mexico. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
I. Half-grown : stuffed. Bahia.
m. Half-grown, Puerto CabeUo. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
n-r. Half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
Skeleton. — The occipital crest, being moderately developed behind, is prolonged to the front end of the frontal bones ; the orbital edge also of the latter is prominent ; the suborbital arch as in S. scriba. The three spines of the opercidum correspond to three bony ridges, the middle of which is the strongest and sUghtly cui-ved. The hinder limb of the praoperculum is rather convex, minutely serrated, and slightly notched above the angle ; in young individuals the den- ticulations of the angle are stronger ; the lower hmb, sub- and inter- operculum, and supi-ascapula are entire. There are in front of the upper jaw two feeble canines, to which two others correspond in the lower jaw ; the other teeth of the upper jaw are villiform, occupying nearly the whole length of the intermaxillary ; in front they are placed in many irregular series, those of the hinder series becoming gradually longer and bent backAvards ; the villiform band of the lower jaw occupies nearly all the lenglh of the dental bone ; we can clearly distinguish two series at the lateral part of this bone, the interior of which contains stronger teeth than the exterior. The series of vomerine teeth form a right angle ; the palatines are provided only with a single series of minute teeth.
24. Serranus stigmapomus.
Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 232.
D. K A. 1.
17 8
Caudahs rounded ; prseoperculum finely serrated, with rather stronger denticulations at the angle. Brown, with eight regular
112 PKHCIDiE.
darker cross-bauds ; a round black spot between the two upper opercular spines ; dorsal fin with a pale edge, pectoral and anal fins with a dai'k one.
China Seas. Xorth-west Coast of Australia ?
b. Denticulations of prajoperculum conspicuous and equal. 25. Serranus tigris. Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 440.
Caudalis slightly rounded ; prsDoperculum very finely serrated. Violet, spotted with bro^vTlish ; eight oblique cross-bands of a light blue colour. {Val.)
St. Domingo.
26. Serranus boenack.
Bodianus boeuack, Block, iv. p. 44. t. 220; Bl. Schn. p. .330. Serranus boenack, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. .3<)2 (not good) ; Sleeker, Perc.
p. 31. boelang, Cur. c^ Vol. ii. p. 308, vi. p. 514 ; Qnoi/. ^- Oaim. Voi/.
Astral. Poiss. p. 0.57. pi. 3. f. 4. nigro-fascialvis, Ilumhr. S,- Jacqiun. Voy. Pole Siid, Poiss. p. 3(>.
pi. 2. f. 1.
D.i. A.|. L.lat.70.
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum with slight denticu- lations, prajopcrculum finely serrated ; the diameter of the ej'e one- sixth of the length of the head. Brown ; body with seven darker cross-bands ; fins not spotted ; caudalis with a black and yellow hinder edge.
Sunda and Molucca Sea.
a. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult: stufied. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.
27. Serranus nigri. (Plate IX. fig. A.)
1).^. A.f L.lat.70.
Caudalis rounded. The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3i ; the diameter of the eye is 4i in the latter. Thc^ upper maxillary bone does not reach to the level of the posterior margin of the eye. Sub- and intcro})crculum entire ; pectorals as long as ventrals, not extending to the anal fin. Brown, with seven indistinct vertical bands ; cheeks, upper jaw, the soft pai't of the dorsal and all the other fins with more or less distinct, round, pale bluish spots of the size of a scale.
a. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Description. — The form, as in most of the Serrani, is oblong, rather elongate ; the greate.st height of the body is beneath the front end
2(i. SlvRRANlS. llJi
of the dorsal fin, aud 3i in the total length. Taking the distance between the dorsal and caudal tins = 1, it is contained 3| in the length of the base of the dorsal, and equal to one-thii'd of the distance be- tween dorsal and snout, and rather smaller than the base of the anal fin. The length of the head is contained 3^ in the total ; the di- stance between the eyes is much smaller than their diameter, covered with small scales, which extend beyond the nostrils on the pra3or- bital. The length of the snout from the eye is rather more than the diameter of the eye ; the cleft of mouth moderately oblique ; the upper maxillary bone naked, not reaching to the level of the posterior margin, of the ej'c ; the mandibulary is covered with minute scales, and longer than the half of the length of the head. The posterior limb of the praeopercidum is convex, minutely serrated, the denticu- lations at the angle being scarcely larger ; the lower limb is entire, like the sub- and interoperculum. The opercidum terminates in three conspicuous, flat, short, triangular teeth, the middle of which is the longest, but not veiy prominent ; the upper one is rather mol-e distant than the lower. The suprascapular bone is concealed by the ordinary scales.
The base of the dorsalis is protected by an encroachment of the scaly integument, and a tapering row of scales runs up between each pair of spines or rays for two-thirds of the height of the fin. The spinous part is lower than the soft, and the membrane between the spines is deeply notched, but without fringed appendages ; the first spine is half the size of the second, the second two-thirds of the third, and the fom-th to ninth spines are nearly equal in length, the last being rather shorter ; all the spines are strong, and the strongest is equal in length to the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins. The soft portion of the doi'sal fin is quadrangular, with a straight upper margin ; the first ray is one-fom-th longer than the last spine, all the following being equal, except the last three, which again diminish in length. The caudalis is rounded throughout, nari'ow bands of small scales ninning between the rays to two-thirds of the length of the fin. The anal is commences a little behind the commencement of the soft portion of the dorsal ; the first spine is strong, but short ; the second veiy strong, and nearlj' equal in length to the dorsal spines, which it much exceeds in strength ; the tliird is more slender and rather shorter. The posterior angle of the fin is rounded, the rays becoming gradually longer to the fifth, and diminishing again from the eighth. The pectoralis is composed of sixteen rays, rounded, as long as the ventral, and covered A^dth thin scales to one-thii'd of the length only. The ventralis reaches just to the vent, has the spine of the same length as the second dorsal, and the second ray rather longer than the first.
The ground-colour is brown, lighter on the belly ; seven darker indistinct bands reach to the belly, and are broader than the ligliter intervals between. The pale spots are most distinct on the pra;or- bital and maxillary bones, on the anal and ventral fins, and on tlie inner side of the root of the pectoral ; the pectoral itself is immacu- late and of a brownish-grey colour. The dentition is as usual.
The specimen is five inches long.
114 PERCIDiK.
28. Serranus semipunctatus.
? Perca septeinfasciata, Tlmnb. Nov. Act. Stockh. 1703, pi. 1. f. 1. SeiTamis seir.ipunctatus, Cuv. Si Vol. ii. p. 341.
Body with six or seven broad cross-bands ; head and fins spotted caudalis roiinded.
Coast of Pondicheny.
29. Serranus tigrinus.
Seba, iii. 27. 5.
Crochihi>', sp. 4, Klein, Miss. p.
Holoceiitrus tifi^'inus, Block, t. 237; Bl. Schn. p. 314.
SeiTanus tigi-inus, C'lir. <§' Val. ii. p. 314.
Caudalis slightly cmarginated. Brown, with seven black cross- bands, and with oblong dark blotches between ; head and vertical fins black-.spotted ; between the third and fifth spines of the dorsalis a large black spot.
(East Indies ?)
30. Serranus papilionaceus.
Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 471 ; Valetic. in Barker- Webb ^- Bvrlhclot, Ichth. p. 7.
Caudalis verj- slightly notched ; praeoperculum very finely serrated behind and below ; the fifth spine of the dorsal fin longest, one-half of the height of body ; ventral fins I'eaching to the second spine of the analis. Ground-colour rcddish-olivc ; under-side of the head and breast with violet spots ; a broad olive cross-band below the hinder spines of the dorsal fin ; two other narrower ones across the tail ; dorsal and anal fins spotted and lineolated.
Coast of Goree ; (!anarian Islands.
c. Deiiticulations of prpoopercuhmi exceedingly fine or obsolete. 31 . Serranus oxyrhynchus.
O/r. <§• Vol. ii. ,,. .321.
Caudalis tnincated ; muzzle pointed. Body with seven cross- bands ; a longitudinal streak from the eye to the angle of operculum,' and another obli(iun one from thence along the edge of operculum ; an oblong spot in the centre of operculum. ( Val.)
Hah. ■;
26. SEKRANXJS. 115
32. Serranus argus.
P Renard, fol. 2. no. 70 ; ValoU. iii. p. 459. no. 159. Cephalopholis argus, Bl. Schn. p. 311. pi. Gl. Serranus argus, Cur. iSf- Vul. ii. p. 300.
D. '-^. A. ^. L. lat. 95.
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculiim \ni\\ ex^ceedingly fine denticula- tions, subopcrculum entire, a part of the lower edge of the intei'- opercnlum tinely serrated ; three spines of the ojiercuhim veiy con- spicuous, the middle one longest ; maxillary bone reaching behind the level of eye ; the diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of the head, and rather more than one-third of the total. Brown (in spirits), with reddish-brown cross-bands ; head, body, and aU the fins with numerous small, round, blue, dark-edged spots.
This species may be easily confoimded with one of the other blue- spotted Serrani, but is distinguished by the cross-bands and by the denticulations of the opercles.
East Indies.
o. Fine specimen. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
2. Body of uniform coloration or spotted; with neither transverse nor longitudinal bands.
a. Dorsalis with nine, rarely with eight spines.
By far the greater part of the species belonging to this group exhibit the prajoperculum finely and equally denticulated, without those strong teeth on the angle by which some of the former groups are distinguished. The denticulations gradually disappear in some species. Thus we are really at a loss how to subdivide the nu- merous species still remaining. The best Avay would be to base the division on anatomical differences, if such really exist ; but we must leav> this task to those naturalists who are provided with more abundant materials than we are. The dentition does not offer any essential differences ; nor is it practicable to apply the different colo- ration, as the species would then be very une(}ually divided, and of but little use to the naturalist, who is obliged to examine pre- served and (Uscoloured specimens. Hence we can find no other character but the number of the rays, much as we object to this method ; but we obtain at least one advantage, that of facilitating the detennining of species. The number of rays appeal's rarely to vary more than two, and on endeavouring to determine a species we must look for it in two categories : for instance, if there is a spe- cimen Avith fifteen soft rays, we must look for the species in the category with fourteen to fifteen rays as well as in that with fifteen to sixteen. This method would be false if applied to other genera of fishes with many-rayed fins, where the number often differs more than five or six. A distribution according to the native coimtries is of little value, so long as it is unaccompanied by other characters ; and is of no use at all whenever we have specimens '«nthout anv notice of their origin.
ilti rEKCID-K.
a. With seventeen or eigliteon siift rays.
33. Serraiius rogaa.
Perca rogaa, Forsk. p. 38.
Bodianus roga<a, Jil. Scliii. p. 384.
Serraniis rogaa, Cui'. t^- Val ii. p. 349 ; Riipp. Affas, y. 105. pi. 2(). f. 1 .
Caudalis tnincated ; denticulations of the pra^opi'iTuliun nciivly obsolete. Uniform blackish brown ; fins black-oflged. Red Sea.
a. Adult: stutt'ed. lied Sea.
34. Serranus zananella.
Sen-anus zananella, B/cc/crr, Pcrc. p. 32.
? Labrus gnaza, Laccp. iii. j). 501. pi. 27. f. 1.
? SeiTaiuis zananella, C'ui: Si- J '((/. ii. p. 304.
D. I. A. 4. L. lat. 70.
Caudalis rounded ; inter- and subopereulum entire ; denticulations of the pra)operculum conspicuous. Coloration uniform bvo-wn ; dor salis black-edged.
Javanese Sea.
/3. With sixteen soft rays (rart-ly with 15-17). 35. Serranus pachycentrum. Cuv. ^- Val ii. p. 295.
Caudalis rounded ; both limbs of the pncopereulum, and lo\\('r limb.s of the inter- and sul)opcrculum finely deiitieuhited ; lateral scales each M-ith a slight keel, forming together longitudinal lines. Dried specimen uniform brown.
Ceylonese Sea. a. Adult : skin : not good state. Ceylon. Presented by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
36. Serranus erythraeus.
Cut. ^- Val. vi. p. 51G.
n. i^« A. ^. Caudahs rounded ; denticulations of tlie i)ra^oi)erculum exceedingly fine. Uniform brownish ; pectoral and caudal fins nearly black ; ventrals yellowish. (T7f/.) Isle de France
37. Serranus microprion. Bleeker, Amhoinn, ii. p. 552.
n. 'L-^. A.|. L. lat. 75
l6(17) 8
Caudalis rounded; denticulations of the pru)-, .sub-, and inter-
26. SERRANUS. 117
operculum scarcely visible ; the diameter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head ; upper maxillary bone reaching beyond the hinder margin of the eye; the second anal spine longest. Dark brown on the sides, each scale with a black speck ; head with nu- merous small, round, blue, black-edged spots ; fins immaculate. Seas of Java, China, and Amboyna ; Louisiade Archipelago.
Bleeker gives for the dorsal fin ,-^, which number would be — ^
° 15-10' 14-15
according to my way of counting the rays ; but all our specimens (ex ept one with seventeen rays) exhibit sixteen rays, one of them coming from Amboyna, and procured from a Dutch collection, with the name of S. microjynon,
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult. China.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. From Mr. M'Gillivray's
Collection.
e. Adult : stuifed. Louisiade Archipelago (7 fathoms, on sand and
coral). Voyage of the Rattlesnake. /. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (30 fathoms). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
38. Serranus cyanostigmatoides.
Serranu8 guttatus, Cuv. % Val. ii. p. 357 (not Peters). cyanostigmatoides, Bleek. Perc. p. 31.
D 9 A ^ ^- 16- ^- 9~0-
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum denticulated ; prae- operculum very finely serrated, the lower limb entire ; operculum with three conspicuous spines, upjier one shortest ; the diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of the head ; length of the head not quite one-third of the total. Red (in life), all parts with round, blue, dark-edged spots ; all the fins, except pectoral fins, dark-edged ; two white streaks between eye and muzzle.
Seas of Java and AmbojTia.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection. h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
39. Serranus cyanostigma.
Renard, Poiss. 3Iol. t. 28. f. 153 ; Valent. iii. p. 392. Serranus cyanostigma, {Kuhl ^ v. Hass.) Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 359, and Bigne Anim. III. pi. 8. f. 2 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 32.
D. ^. A. 4. L. lat. 75.
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum entire, praeoperculum very finely serrated ; the diameter of the eye 6^ in the length of the head. Red (in life), with numerous small, round, blue, darker- edged spots on the head and fins ; fins blue-edeed.
Javanese Sea.
118 I'ERCID.K.
Peters ( Wiei/vi. Anhiv, 1855, p. 235) unites S. vijanostiyma and the following species.
a. Adult. Amboj-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
40. Serranus miniatus.
Perca miniata, Forsk. p. 41. no. 41.
Diacope miniata, Cur. Sf Vol. ii. p. 43.3.
Serranus miniatus, JRiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 106. t. 26 f. 3.
' 15-17" ■ 9-10'
Closely allied to IS. guttatus. Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum very finely serrated, and with a rather decided notcli above the angle. Ked (in life), covered with small, blue, black-edged rings ; pectoral and anal fins immaculate ; no fin with a coloured edge. {Rvpp.)
Red Sea ; Mozambique.
a. Half-gro^Ti : stuffed : discoloured. Sine patria. Old Collection.
y. With fifteen (rarely with fourteen) rays.
41. Serranus aurantius. Cuv. Sf Val. ii. pi 305; Block. Sum. i. p. 571.
D-ra A.|. L.lat.85.
Caudalis rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 5 or 5^ in the length of the head ; iippcr maxillary bone just reaching the posterior margin of the eye ; dcnticulations of the praeoperculum feeble, of the sub- and interopcrculum conspicuous. Red ; head and front part of back punctulated with brown ; the soft part of the dorsal fin and caudalis with a black and yellow edge, the anal fin -w-ith a black one.
Seychelles; Sumatra.
42. Serranus sexmaculatus. Riippell, Atl. Fische, p. 107.
D.l. A. ^.
15 10
Closely allied to S. miniatus. Caudalis rounded. Red (in life), covered with small, blue, black-edged rings ; six blackish blotches along the base of dorsal fin. {Itiipp.)
Red Sea.
43. Serranus nigripinnis. Bleeher, Bafjan, iii. p. 500 ; (? Cuv. <^- Val. ii. p. 339.) D. -^. A. -^. L. lat. 100. (B. 7.)
14-15 8-9 V /
Caudalis rounded. The fUameter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the posterior
26. SRHKAN'US. 119
half of the eye; prteoperculum finely serrated, with rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperciilum serrated ; the posterior dorsal spines nearly equal in length, longer than the ante- rior ones ; the second anal spine stronger but not longer than the third. Bro^v^lish ; head and anterior part of the back with numerous small bluish spots, the posterior part of the body with more distant bro-wTi spots ; the soft part of the dorsal fin, the caudal and anal fins spotted ; the caudal and pectoral fins yeUow-edged. (Bl.) Sea of Batjan.
44. Serranus hemistictus.
Riippell, Atlas, p. 109. t. 27. f. 3.
(B.6.) D.i. A.f
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum rounded, with very fine and ob- solete serrature ; the last dorsal spine longest. Dark olive ; head, belly, and fins with small blue spots, those of the operculum black- edged ; caudal, anal, and ventral fins with a whitish edge.
Riippell gives fourteen or fifteen rays for the dorsal fin, and six branchiostegals only.
Ked Sea.
a. Adult : stuped. Red Sea.
45. Serranus guttatus.
Percse miniatae var. B., Fotsk. p. 41.
Rciiard, i. pi. 20. f. 3, pi. 30. f. 1G2 ; Valent. iii. p. 358. f. 37.
Bodianus guttatus, Bl. t. 224; Bl. Schn. p. 330.
Serranus myriaster, Cut\ ^ Val. ii. p. 365; Riipptll, Atlas, p. 107.
t. 27. f. 1 ; Richards. Ichthyol. China, p. 233 ; Quoy 8f Gaim. Toy.
Astrol. pi. 3. f. 1; Less. Voy. Coquille, pi. 37 ; Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr.
Nederl. Indie, vi. p. 192 ; Qmo?/ i^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 653.
pi. 3. f. 1. Serranus guttatus, Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 235 (not Ciw. 4" Val.).
T^.h{l,C.SrV.,Rnpp.). A. 4
Caudalis rounded ; denticulations of the prjeoperculum obsolete ; its posterior limb not emarginate. Brownish black ; head, body, and all the fins with round, blue, black-edged spots ; caudalis, analis, and the hinder half of the dorsaKs white-edged.
According to Blocker's description, the fins do not appear to be blue-spotted (probably a variety). The denticulations of the prae- operculum are entirely absent according to Riippell's description, but they are conspicuous in the figure given by the same naturalist. After having removed the skin, I find very small teeth at and above the angle.
Bed Sea ; Isle de France ; Coast of Mozambique ; Ceylon ; China Seas ; Borabora ; Australia ; Polynesia ; Sandwich Islands.
a, h. Large specimens : stuffed. Isle de France.
120
PEECID^.
c. Adult : bad skin. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. Kelaart. <f. Young. Bonieo. From Mr. Frank's Collection. e. Younff : bad skin. From Gronov's Collection.
4(j. Serranus ouatalibi.
Purra, p. '30. pi. 5. f. '2 ; Marqr. p. 147 (Cai-auna) ; Licht. Bed. Abhcmdl.
1820, p. 278. Bodifinus guativere, Bl, Schn. p. ^36. Gymnocephalus ruber, Bl. ScJtn. p. 340. pi. (57. Serranus ouatalibi, (Jiir. i^ Vul. ii, p. 381 ; Gnichen. in liammi dc la
Sinjra, Hi.st. Cuba, Poiss. p. 15. carauna. Cur. S)- Val. ii. p. 384; Castclnau, Anim. nouv. on rarca
de VAmer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 1. pi. 1. f. 1 (faulty).
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 85. Csec. pylor. 8. Vert. 10/14.
Caudalis rather truncated ; siib- and interopercuhim ver}' slightly denticulated where they are joined ; pracopcrculum serrated, teeth of the angle not prominent, lower limb entire ; the upper spine of the operculum largest and longest. Maxillarj' bone not reaching to the level of the hinder edge of the eye ; diameter of the eye 5g in the length of the head ; length of the head '6\ in the total. Eed (in life) ; head and body, and sometimes dorsiil fin, covered with nume- rous small, blue, black-edged spots, a pair of larger black spots on the symphysis of the lower jaw, and another on the back of the tail, behind the dorsaUs.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
h. Adult : female. West Indies.
c-e. Adult. West Indies.
f. Adult : not good state. West Indies.
(/. Half-grown, West Indies. Old Collection as Perca atomaria,
h. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's CoUection.
I. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir 11. Schomburgk.
k-r. Half-grown : stuffed. AVest Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Col- lection.
s-x. Half-grown: skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
y,z. Adult: stuffed. Lord Howe's Island. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.— With the formula: D. ^. A. f.
a. Adult: bad skin. Cape Verde.
/). Intestines and ovarium of spec. h. Both halves of the ovarium arc nearly entirely separated.
Skeleton. — The \ippor surface of the skull is rounded on both sides, with a very low horizontal branch of the occipital crest between, not extending on the frontal bones; the space between the orbits is concave, with a deep, oblong, triangular groove in front. The pos- terior part of the orbit is strongly elevated ; the interior orbito- scapular ridge is fc(;ble, but projecting behind into a strong spine ; the exterior is veiy broad and strong, covered by the skin only.
26. SEKRANUS. 121
The upper maxillary bone without process and wdth nearly straight- lined margins. Operculum with three veiy acute prominent spines, the upper two of which are longest, and much more distant from one another than the middle from the lower; the praeoperculum rounded throughout, with very fine and equal denticulations at the posterior limb ; sub- and interoperculum entire. The dentition is the same as in S. coronatus, but the posterior front teeth of the upper jaw are not quite so long as in that species. There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae. The first interhsemal spine is equal to the length of the second to the seventh vertebra, and attached to the hajmal of the first caudal verte' ra.
Castelnau {I.e. pi. 1. f. 3) gives a tolerably good figure of a fish named Serramis ouatalibi, but certainly different from it. The figure being imaccompanied by a proper description, we arc unable to de- termine the species from it alone.
47. Serranus taeniops.
Seba, iii. 27. 6.
Serranus tseniops, Cur. ^ Val. ii. p. 370.
D. ^. A. ^. Coec. pylor. 7. Vert. 10 14.
Caudalis rounded. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; the length of the head is 3^ in the same length ; the diameter of the eye nearly one-sixth of the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching behind the level of the posterior margin of the eye. Denticulations of the praeoperculum conspicuous. Red (in life) ; head, body, and fins ^vith numerous small, round, blue, black-edged spots ; between eye and muzzle two dark-blue streaks ; fins blue-edged.
Atlantic, between Africa and Tropical America.
a. Adult. St. Vincent's. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. h. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult: male: skeleton. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection. /. Adult. S. Africa. From Mr, Stevens's Collection.
Skeleton. — The paroccipital and parietal bones form together a slight convexity, whilst the space between the orbital margins is rather concave ; the ridges are slightly developed ; the posterior part of- the occipital crest is oblong, quadrangular, higher than long, and emits a low longitudinal bianeh along the medial line of the upper part of the supraoccipifal bone, but which does not extend on the frontals. The suprascapula is evidently separated into two bones — an interior, which articulates with the cxoccipital ; and an outer one, articulating with the mastoid bone ; from both articulations nin parallel longitudinal ridges to the orbit ; the interior one is very inconspicuous in this species, but is strongly dcvclo]>ed in S. undu- losiis ; the exterior ridge is not high, but very strong. The max-
122 PERCID,!;.
illary bone gradually widens from the front towards behind, and is moreover distinguished by a prominent triangular process at the hinder, lower angle. The proeoperculum has a rounded angle and rather convex limbs, the posterior of which is minutely serrated ; the operculum with three long, pointed, veiy prominent spines, and deep notches between, the upper one more distant and the middle one rather longer; the sub- and interoperculum are serrated, the former along the anterior half of its length, and produced into an elongate point behind. There are, above and beneath, two pairs of strong canine teeth ; otherwise the dentition is very similar to that of -S. coronatus, except in the posterior front teeth being much shorter. The fii'st iuterhgemal spine is of moderate development, being equal to the length of the first six vertebrae ; it is fixed to the haemal of the eleventh vertebra.
48. Serranus sonnerati.
Perca rubra, Sonnerat.
Serranus sonnerati, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 299.
D. -^. A. i-.
14-15 9
Caudahs rounded ; praeoperculum with a few obsolete denticula- tions. Uniform brownish (in spirits) ; head, in life, with reticulated blue lines.
Coasts of Pondicherry, Ceylon, and Sumatra; Louisiade Archi- pelago.
a. Adult. Sumatra. From Mr. Frank's Collection. h, c. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. From the Voyage of the Rattlesnake -
49. Serranus urodelus.
Perca lu-odela, Forsf. Descr. Anim. Cur. Lichtenst. p. 221. Serranus urodelus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 30G, vi. p. 513; Bleek. Kokos- eilandeHf p. 39,
D. ±. A. |. L. lat. 85.
Caudalis rounded. Sub- and interoperculum slightly denticulated where they are joined ; praeoperculum entire below, finely serrated behind ; operculum v^^th three conspicuous spines. Maxillary bone reaching far behind the level of the eye ; the diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of the bead ; length of the head one-third of the total. Unifoi-m brown (in spirits) ; hinder half of the dorsal fin, caudalis, and analis with pale (in life red and blue) spots ; caudaUs with two oblique whitish bands, convergent posteriorly.
Amboyna ; Caroline and Kokos Islands.
a. Large specimen. India.
b. Adult. Amboyua. From Mr. Frnnk's Collection.
2i). SEKRANCS. Ij2^3
50. Serranus analis.
Citv. Sf Val. ii. p. 307, vi. p. 514; Less. V<n/. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 235
CaudaJis rounded. Denticulations of the praeopevcuhira very fine. Uniform whitish ; vertical fins black-edged. {Val.) — [Lesson men- tions only thirteen soft rays of the dorsal fin.]
New Ireland.
51. Serranus zanana.
Serranus zanana, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 339.
Serranus spilurus, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 433 ; Blcek. Floris, p. 322.
^•lir.- ^-i- L.lat.65. Caudalis rounded. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is one- fom-th of the length of the head ; upper maxillary bone reaching beyond the hinder margin of the eye ; prseoperculum minutely serrated, suboperculum entire, interoperculum scarcely denticulated behind ; lateral line veiy convex, nearest to the sixth, seventh and eighth dorsal spines ; the posterior six dorsal spines nearly equal in length, the second anal spine longest and strongest. Brownish grey, marbled with darker ; four large, oblong, dark spots along the base of the dorsal; on the back of the tail behind the dorsal a round, bfeck, white-edged spot, behind which is another smaller one. Across the posterior margin of the caudal a black band.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection as Ser-
7'anus spilurus.
b. Half-grown : stuffed. Sine patria.
There can be littlo doubt of the identity of the specimens described by Valenciennes under two names. But the fish described by Bleeker may prove to be a different species ; his fish is covered with smaU blue spots, and anteriorly punctulated with brown ; he does not mention, also, the deep-colom-ed dorsal blotches, which may disappear in dried specimens, but certainly not in those which are preserved in spirits.
8. With fourteen (rarely With fifteen) rays. 52. Serranus leopardus.
Labrus leopardus, Lacep. iii. p. 517. pi. 30. f. 1. Serranus leopardus, Cut: <Sr Val. ii. p. 336.
14 9
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum very finely denticulated. Colo- ration of dried specimens : pale round spots all over the body, more numerous on the head, chest, and belly ; a brown temple-streak with a darker spot behind ; on the back of the tail, behind the dorsal, one or two black spots ; caudalis with two oblique bands ; a series of spots between the dorsal spines, and two series between the rays. (Vol.)
Hah. ?
124 PEBCID^.
53. Serranus coronatus.
Perca guttata, Bl. t. 312.
Sparus cruentatus, Lacep. iv. p. 157. pi. 4. f. 1.
Serranus coronatus, Cui\ 8f Val. ii. p. 371.
niorriculud, Cuv. 8)- Vcd. ii. p. 375 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sayra,
Hist. Cuba. Poiss. p. 14. guttatus, Castetnau, Animaux nouveattx, Poissans, p. 1.
D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 60. Csec. pylor. 6. Vert. 9/15.
Caiidalis rounded. Denticulations of the proeoperculum very tine, sometimes obsolete ; diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of the head ; length of the head not quite one-third" of the total. Pecto- rals nearly reaching to the front end of the anal fin ; the upper max- illary bone reaching beyond the level of the posterior margin of the eye. Brownish or brown (in spirits) ; on the head constantly nu- merous round whitish spots, sometimes occupying the anterior half or two-tliii'ds of the body (S. nlgriculus), or obsolete on the tnmk, and replaced by distant dark-brown (in life \-iolet) spots ; fins with very numerous small brown spots. Back sometimes with a series of three or four small, round, black spots along the base of the dorsal fin.
Caribbean Sea ; Gulf of Mexico ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
b. Adult. Puerto Cabello. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
c. Half-groAvn. W. Indies.
d. Half-grown : skeleton. W. Indies.
e. Adult. W. Indies.
/. Adult. W. Indies. From the Haslar Collection. — With only
seven dorsal spines, r/. Adult. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society. h, i. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection. Tc. Adult : skin : bad state. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson,
Esq. I, m. Adult : stuffed. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
Var. NIGRICTTLUS.
m. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
n-s. Adult : stiiffed. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
Skeleton. — The skeletons of the numerous species of Serranus are very similar to one another : the configuration of the bones forming the roof of the skull, the opercular pieces, and the maxillarj- bone, exhibit slight differences, of no importance in systematical arrange- ment, and difficult to be clearly described. In this species the upper part of the skull does not bear very prominent ridges ; a slight lon- gitudinal crest runs from the supraoccipital to the hinder end of the suture between the frontal bones, which are slightly swollen, and rather elevated above the level of the occipital ; the space between the orbits is slightly concave, filled up by ^wo divergent, rounded ridges of the frontal bones. The maxiUary bone is widened behind, with straight superior and inferior margins. The praeoperciilum is
20. SERUANUS. 12o
rounfled throughout, with exeessivelj- fine denticulations at the pos- terior limb. Opercuhim witli three con.spi<niou.s spines nearly of equal size, the two lower ones nearer together. Wlicrever the den- ticulations of the pra?operculum are as minute as in this species, the sub- and intcrojierculum have always an entire margin. There are in front of the up})er jaw two canines of moderate size, corre- sponding to two pairs of the lower ; the other teeth occupy, in ji broad band, all the length of the intermaxillary, those in the outei' series being ratlun- stronger ; the interior front teeth are excessively long, one being nearly equal to the distance between the eyes. The teeth of the mandibula reach to the end of the dental bone, being arranged posteriorly in a single series, and further in front in two series ; the strongest teeth are in the middle of the side of the dental bone and in front. The series of the vomerine teeth form a right angle ; those of the palatine are minute, in a single series. and do not reach to the posterior end of this bone. As the second s])ine-of the anal fin is veiy sti'ong, so is its interha?mal correspond- ingly developed ; it is fixed to the haemal spines of the nintli and tenth vertebra), and is as long as the first seven vertebra) together.
e. Witli tAvelve rays. o4. Serranus spiloparceus.
On: A'- TV)/, ii. p. ^>-'.^.
D. K A. ^.
12 8
C'andalis rounded ; denticulations of the praeopo'cuhim xevy fin(> Brown, with darker rounded spots on th(! head, ob.solete on the b(jdy ; tins without spots and streaks. (^Val.)
Hah. ?
b. Dorsalis witli ten (ir ele\"eu (rarely with twelve) spines.
[As in the preceding group with nine spines in the dorsal fin. 1 also divide this according to the number of the soft rays in the same fin, and j-efer to what I have there said. Most of the species have stronger denticulations on the angle of the pra3operculum, whereby they are still more distinguished from those of the preceding group.]
(I. With cleren or twelve rays.
55 Serranus limbatus. Cui\ (§• Ffd. ii. p. 807
Caudalis truncated. PrsDoperculum denticulated, and with a slight notch above the angle ; interoperculum without any protuberance. Uniform whitish ; dorsal fin black-edged. ( Val.)
Island of Guam
12G PEKCID.«.
56. Serranus nouleny.
Cm: 4'- Va/. ii. p. 247.
B.'-l. A. A.
1'2 8
PraBoperculum with fine denticulations, those of the angle rather stronger ; scapula very conspicuously denticulated. Coloration uni- form. (Val.)
Coast of Coromandel.
0. With thirteen or fourteen rays.
57. Serranus lutra. Cuv. (§• Val. viii. p. 474.
Caudalis rounded. Opercidmn with only one spine behind. Yellowish olive, marbled -nath blackish ; a black spot on the back of the tail behind the dorsal fin. ( V'll.)
Isle de France.
58. Serranus goldmanni. Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Kederl. hulk; ix. p. 4Ji4.
^■^, A.|. L.lat.85.
Caudalis rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching beyond the posterior margin of the eye. PraBoperculum serrated, with rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and intero])erculura entire ; oper- culum with three points, the middle of which is the longest ; the fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest ; the second anal spine longer than those of the dorsal fin, nearly half the lieight of the body. (ireeni.sh, head and body punctulatcd with bi-ownish ; head and anterior part of the back marbled with bro'\\Ti above ; the back of the tail with a black half-ring ; all the fins irregularly and thickly dotted with brown, and, the pectorals excepted, edged \^-ith black. {Bh )
Sea of Groot-Oby*
59. Serranus pavoninus.
Cur. <§• Val. vii. p. 443.
Caudalis truncated ; muzzle pointed ; prseopcrculum ?. Reddish ; beneath the first four dorsal rays a round black spot, encircled by a white ring ; caudal fin with a vertical black line at the base. ( Val.)
Bombay.
y. Witli fouHcon or fifteen rays. GO. Serranus angularis. Cuv. ^- Val ii. p. .3.5.3.
Caudalis truncated ; angle of the prasoperculum with four or five
26. SERBANUS. 127
very strong and broad spinous teeth ; interoperculum with some denticulations. Whitish, spotted with olive ; vertical fins with brown spots.
Isle de France : Ceylon.
a. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France.
61. Serranus suillus.
Russell, pi. 127.
Bola coioides, Buchanan Hamilton, pp. 82, 369.
Serranus suillus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 335 ; Bleeker, Verhand. Bat. Gee-
nootsch. xxii. p. 9. Serranus coioides, Cant. Catal. p. 11.
D.ii. A.^.
15 8
Caudalis rounded ; angle of the praeoperculiun with very strong spi- nous teeth. Head, body, and fins greyish, with large round orange spots, those of the doi'sal fin sometimes confluent into longitudinal bands.
Coast of Coromandel ; Bay of Bengal ; Gangetic estuaries ; Java Philippines.
a. Young. Philippines.
62. Serranus fuscoguttatus.
Percae summanae var. h, Forsk. p. 42.
Sen-anu3 fuscoguttatus, Ritppell, Atl. Fische, p. 108. t. 27. f. 2 ; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 235.
D.-11-. A. A
14-15 8-5
Caudalis rounded. Denticulations of the praeoperculum stronger at the angle. Light brown, marbled with darker, and covered with rounded blackish-brown spots ; a large black blotch behind the dorsal fin across the back of the tail. (Riipp.)
Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique. (Port Essington ?)
a. ? Adult : skin : not good state. Port Essington. " Rock-Cod " of the Colonists.
63. Serranus altivelioides.
Bkeker, Perc. p. 38-
D. ||. A. I-. L. lat. 86.
15 8
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; dia- meter of the eye one- fifth of the length of the head ; the upper profile of the head rather convex ; sub- and interoperculum entire. Yellow- ish ; head, body, and all the fins with small round brown spots. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
128 PF.ECTB.i;.
64. Serranus polyphekadion. Blecker, Perc. p. 39, and Jara, p. 417.
D. |i. A. 4. L. lat. 80-85.
Caudalis rounded. The length of tlie head is 3i-3| in the total, and the diameter of the eye 5^ in the length of the head ; upper profile of the head rather convex ; maxillary hone reaching hehind the level of the eye. Proeoperculum with stronger denticulutions on the angle, suh- and interoperculum entire. The fifth and sixth spines of the dorsal fin and the third spine of the anal longest, llose- colourcd in Ufe, darker on the hack ; ahove with numei-ous deej) brown and yellow specks, beneath with brown spots ; all the fins punctiilated with broM'n.
Sea of Batavia,
a. Adult : not good state. Sine patria. Old Collection.
65. Serranus salmonoides.
Ilolocentrus salmonoides, Laecp. iii. pi. ;>4. f. 3. Serranus salmonoides, Cue. iS' ^nl- ii- P- 34^3.
luti, Cue. 6f Val. ii. p. 303 (not synon.) ; Lcfchrrc, Voi/. Abyss.
Zoo/, p. 230; Pom. pi. 5. f. 2. ? Serranus polypodophilus, Bleekcr, Perc. p. 37.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. i)0.
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is three times in the total ; the diameter of the eye 5^ in the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone i-eaching a little behind the posterior margin of the eye ; pncopereulum with rather coarse denticidations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; upper profile of the head rather convex. Brownish yellow, marbled with darker ; head and body with blackish and yellowish round spots ; all the fins with rounded black and whitish spots.
Sea of Batavia ; Isle de France ; Red Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Isle do France. From Br. Janvier's Collection.
b. Adult : stuffed, lied Sea.
e. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection.
d, e. Half-grown and young. India. From the Haslar Collection.
Tlic cross-bands mentioned by Valenciennes are nothing more than darker blotches of more or less regular shape.
66. Serranus epistictus.
Temm. 8f SchLcfj. Faun.Jupon.^^.S; JJlcck. Vcrliand. Batav. Oeiinotsc/i. xxvi. p. 00. pi. 2. f. 1.
^■£rs- ^^-4 L. lat. 95. The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of the head 4i ; the diameter of the oyo is 4.\-4i in tlie hitter. The
26. SEREANUS. 129
upper maxillary reaches somewhat beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Praeoperculum with coarser denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum slightly denticulated. The third dorsal spine to the seventh nearly equal in length, and 2f in the depth of the body. Caudal fin rounded ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal in length. Brownish, with four series of distant, small black spots ; the vertical fins with similar spots ; the spinous dorsal black-edged. Japanese Sea
67. Serranus bataviensis.
Sleeker, Pere. p. 38.
D. }i. A. |. L. lat. 80.
Caudalis rounded. Length of the head three times in the total ; the diameter of the eye 5i in the length of the head ; upper profile of the head rather convex; sub- and iateroperculum entire. Brownish, sides reticulated with black and greyish ; vertical fins with a blackish edge and lighter spots ; ventral and pectoral fins immaculate.
Javanese Sea ; Amboyna,
a. Adult. Java.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
68. Serranus alboguttatns.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 366 (?) ; Bleeker, Ambaina, iii. p. 13. D. -^. A. -. L. lat. 75.
14-14 8
Caudalis rounded. Length of the head one-third of the total; diameter of the eye 3i or 4 in the length of head ; denticulations of the angle of the prseoperculum strongest ; suboperculum entire, in- teroperculum with two or three denticulations ; the spinous part of the doi-sal fin scarcely lower than the soft ; the hinder nine spines nearly equal in length ; the second spine of the analis longest, 2i in the length of the head. Blackish brown, with small, round, light blue spots ; pectoral fins orange -coloured, punctulated with brown ; the other fins blackish brown with pearl-coloured specks ; vertical fins with a whitish edge.
Amboyna.
a, h. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection
69. Serranus polystigma.
Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 2.
D. Ii. A. |. L. lat. 80.
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye 4^—5 in the length of the head ; denticulations of the angle of the prseoperculum strongest, sub- and interoperculum
130 PEKCID^.
entire ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin lower than the soft, -the middle spines longest ; the second spine of the anal fin one-third of the length of the head. BroAvnish ; ail parts covered with blue specks, smaller than the scales ; vertical and pectoral fins with an orange edge. {BL)
Sea of Amboyna.
70. Serranus maculatus.
Perca maciJata, Bl. t. 313 (bad).
Spams atlanticus, Lac^. iv. p. 158. pi. 5. f. 1.
Serranus catus, Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 373 ; Guichen. in Ramon <le la
SagrUf Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 13. Sfirranus maculatus, Bleek., is another species : cfr. no. 17.
D.ii. A.i.
M 8
Caudalis rounded ; prseoperculum very finely serrated, sub- and interoperculum entire. Head not quite one-third of the total length ; the third spine to the sixth of dorsal fin, and the second of the anal longest. Dried specimen light brown ; head and body with rounded yellowish spots, each with a brown centre ; fins immaculate, the vertical ones with a blackish edge.
Cuvier gives seventeen soft rays for the dorsal fin.
Martinique.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
71. Serranus ga^eus.
MiiU. Sf Tfosch. in Schomhurgk'' s Beisen in Brit. Guiafia, p. 621. 15 9
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 6i in the length of the head, and much smaller than the distance between the eyes ; maxillary bone reaching far be- hind the eye ; praeoperculum with fine serrature, rather stronger on the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin low, the third to the eleventh spine nearly equal in length ; the third spine of the anal fin longer th\in the second. Brown, marbled with darker ; head, anterior part of body and pectoral fins with scattered blackish-brown spots ; spots of the other fins obsolete.
Coast of Brazil.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomhurgk. 72. Serranus niveatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 380; Castelnau, Anim. tiouv. ou rares de PAm^. du Sud, Poiss. pi. 1. f. 2.
D.i^. A. 4.
14 9
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum strongly serrated, -with the angle rather produced backwards. Brownish olive, 'svith small scattered
26. SEKRANUS. 131
spots of light blue ; fins immaculate ; a large quadrangular blao.k spot on the back of tail. Coast of Brazil.
73. Serranus margaritifer. (Plate IX. fig. B.) D. {i. A. 4. L. lat. 85.
Caudalis truncated. The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head. Pra^operculum finely serrated behind, with some coarse and obtuse teeth at the angle, and a single one on the lower Mmb, not directed forward ; sub- and interoperculum minutely serrated. Ventrals reaching to the origin of the anal fin, pectorals shorter. Keddish olive, with four series of pearl- coloui'ed spots of moderate size. A broad black blotch crossing the back of the tail.
a. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk.
Description. — The body is rather elevated ; its greatest height is between the base of the dorsal and pectoral fiLos, equal to the length of the head, and contained 3^ in the total. Taking the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins = 1, it is contained 4^ in the length of the base of the dorsal, and 1|- in the base of the anal, and is nearly equal to one-third of the distance between the dorsal fin and the snout. The distance between the eyes is scarcely more than the diameter of the eye, and covered with scales, which extend for- ward beyond the nostiils, on the praeorbital, and in a narrow band on the upper maxillarj' bone. The length of the snout from the eye is more than the diameter of the eye. The upper maxillary bone does not reach to the level of the posterior margin of the eye. The man- dibulary is covered with minute scales, and is longer than one-half of the length of the head. The lips are thick and fleshy. The posterior limb of the praeoperculum is nearly straight, minutely serrated, with very coarse denticulations at the angle ; there is a single strong an:d obtiase spinous tooth on the lower hmb, at some distance from the other teeth, half concealed in the skin, and pointing downwai'ds. The sub- and interoperculum exhibit a serrature near their meeting angles ; the operculum terminates in three conspicuous, flat, tri- angular teeth, the upper of which is the most distant, the middle the longest, but not veiy prominent, and the lower the shortest and the most feeble. The suprascapular bone is concealed by the ordinary scales.
The base of the dorsalis is nearly free, but a tapering row of sciales runs up between each pair of spines and rays to half the height of the fiin. The spinous portion is rather lower, but longer than the soft, and has a convex upper margin ; the membrane between the spines is deeply notched, and there is behind the top of each spine a small membranaceous appendage. The first spine is the shortest, half the- size of the second ; the second two- thirds the length of the
132 PEECID-E.
third ; the fourth, fifth and sixth are longest ; and then the spines become gradually shorter, except the last, which is again scarcely longer than the preceding. The soft portion exhibits an entirely rounded -upper margin, the rays becoming longer from the first to the sixth, and shorter from the seventh to the last ; the first ray is one-fourth longer than the preceding spine. The caudalis is trun- cated ; but when spread out, it exhibits a rather convex posterior margin with angular lobes. The analis commences a little behind the commencement of the soft dorsal portion, and terminates a little before the end of the dorsal ; the first spine is not very strong and short, the second thick and strong, the third more slender, but rather longer, and equal to the second dorsal spine. The margin of the fin is rounded throughout, the second ray being the longest, and the posterior ones becoming gradually shorter. The pcctoralis is com- posed of eighteen rays, rounded, shorter than the ventral, and covered with minute scales to one-third of the length only. The ventralis reaches to the origin of the anal, the first and second spines being rather long and pointed; the other rays diminish gradually in length ; the length of the spine is equal to that of the third dorsal spine. The canine teeth arc of moderate length ; those of the lower jaw rather smaU.
The groun^-coloiu" is reddish olive, lighter on the belly ; on each side of the body are foui* series of pearl-coloured spots, each occupying the place of five or six scales. The uppermost series reaches from the occiput along the base of the dorsal fin to the black blotch of the tail, and is composed of eight spots ; the second, following the lateral line, of six ; the third, from the angle of operculum, of four ; and the fouith, from the base of the pectorals, of five. There is a blackish streak behind the maxillary bone. The black blotch on the tail occupies nearly the whole space between the dorsal and caudal fins and between the two lateral lines. The fins are nearly uni- coloured ; a single pearl-coloured spot is to be seen on the seventh spine and on the ventral fins ; tlie anal has a whitish edge ; ventrals blackish, with whitish lateral margin ; pectorals uniform yellowish.
Length of the specimen 11^ inches.
This species very much resembles the S. tsirimenara, Faun. Japon. p. 7. pi. 4rt. f. 3, which is said to be common in Japan, and to have sixteen soft rays in the dorsjil fin. Still more remarkable is it that the same plate in that work represents another fish, S. octocinctus, so similar to a West Indian fish, S. mystacinus, that they cannot be separated. I have sufficient proof that the native country of the specimens in the British Museum is correctly stated.
. 8. With fifteen or sixteen rays.
74. Serranus gigas
Perca gigas, Briinnich, Pise. Mass. p. ()5. no. 81.
Holocentrus gigas, Bl. Schn. p. 322; I^c la Roche, Ann. Mm. xiii. p.818.
m^rou, LacSp. i\. p. 377 ; llisso, Ichthyol. de Nice, p. 289.
Serranus gigas, CVr. i<f Vul. ii. p. 270; Expcd. Sc. Muree, Zool. pi. lit. f. 1 ; GidchiH. Krplor. i>c. Altjer. Poiss. p. 35.
26. SEKKANUS. 133
Serranus marginatus, Lmce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 142.
fimbriatus, Lowe, Trans. Catnbr. Philos. Soc. 1836, p. 195. pi. 1 ;
Valenc. in Barker- Webb ^ Berthelot, Ichthyol. p. 8. caninus, Valenc. I. c. p. 10.
T) -il- A ^
Caudalis rounded ; denticulations of the praeoperculum gradually becoming larger towords the angle ; sub- and interoperciilum entire. The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3^. Nearly uniform brownish, lighter towards the belly.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic Coast of the Peninsula. (Cape of Good Hope ?)
a. Very large specimen. Sine patria.
h. Very large specimen : stuffed. Sine patria.
c. Adult : stuffed. Madeira. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Type o{ S.Jlmbriattts, Lowe.
d. Very large spdtimen : stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. Presented
by Sir A. Smith. c. Young : bad state. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
75. Serranus moara.
TeniTH. Sf Schleg. Faun. Japan, pi. 4, lower figure.
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum with coarser denticulations at the angle ; the height of the body not quite one-fourth of the total length. Brownish grey, marbled with darker. (Schley.)
Japanese Seas.
76. Serranus goreensis. Cuv. 8c Val. vi. p. 511; Jenyns, Zool. of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 5.
Allied to S. gigas. Caudalis truncated or slightly emargiQate. Denticulations of the praeoperculum stronger at the angle. The fourth dorsal spiue longest, equalling just half the entire length of the spinous portion of the fin. Uniform brown ; dorsal and anal fins with a violet edge ; ventral fins blackish.
Coast of Goree ; St. Jago ; Cjape Verde Islands.
77. Serranus erythrogaster.
Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 21. pi. 19. f. 52 ; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 29. pi. 5. f. 2 (dorsal bad).
D.H A.|. Caec. pylor. 28.
Closely allied to S. goreensis. Caudalis emarginate. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head is one-third of the latter. Denticulations of the praeoperculum stronger at the angle. The third dorsal spine longest, shorter than the half of the entire length of the spinous portion of the fin. Pectorals rounded,
134 PEKCID^.
distant from the anal. Olive-brown above, with more or less distinct ashy spots ; beneath red ; the vertical fins with blue borders.
Eastern shores of the United States ; Gulf of Mexico ; Sea of Jamaica.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
78. Serranus fuscus.
Lowe, in Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. 1838, p. 196 ; Valeric, m Barker- Webb and Berthelot, Ichthyol. p. 9.
D.^^. A.i^. Vert. 24.
CaudaUs truncated ; prteoperculum with obsolete denticulations. Blackish brown, obscurely marbled with greyish. Madeira ; Canary Islands.
Valenciennes mentions seventeen rays of the dorsal fin.
79. Serranus seneus.
Dalouse, Geoffr. St. Hil. Descr. (TEg. I'oiss. pi. 21. f. 2.
Serranus seneus, Is. Geoffr. Puiss. iVEy. p. 208 ; Cuv. ^ Vol. ii. p. 283.
JJ.jg. A.-.
Caudalis rounded. Denticulations of the angle of the praeoper- culum rather stronger. Brownish green, marbled with lighter ; anal and ventral fins with a blue edge ; on the side of the head three oblique white bands : the first from the angle of the praeopcrculum to the middle of the suboperculura, the second from the eye to the posterior angle of the interoperculum, the third from the maxillary across the middle of the interoperculum.
Damietta.
80. Serranus emarginatus.
Valenciennes, in Barker- Webb i^- Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Ich- thyol. p. 10.
D. |i. A. -i. L. lat. 75.
The length of the head rather more than one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the former. Praeoperculum distinctly seiTatcd, with a notch above the angle ; intermaxillary bones with teeth in the middle of the upper jaw only. Caudalifi truncated, the third dorsal spine longest. Brownish, marbled with lighter and darker. (Val.)
Canaiy Islands.
81. Serranus nigritus.
Holbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 173. pi. 25. f. 2 (the eye appears to be represented much too small).
T) " A ^ ^- Is- ^' To-
The height of the body is 3 A in the total length, the length of the
head not quite three times. The angle of the praeoperculum rather
26. 8EEHANUS. 135
prominent, and with stronger dentienlations. Caudal rounded. Uniform blackish ; fins without any spots. (HoUjr.) Coast of South Carolina.
82. Serranus acutirostris.
Cuv. ^ Val ii. p. 286, ix. p. 432 ; Valenc. in Barker- Webb S,- Ber- thelot, lies dinar. Iddhyol. p. 11. pi. 3. f. 1 5 Guichen, Explor. Sc. Al^er. Poiss. p. 35.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the head 3i. Proeoperculum finely serrated behind ; angle projecting, with coarser dentienlations. CaudaUs slightly emarginate ; the third aual spine longer than the second. Uniform greenish.
Coast of Brazil ; Canary Islands ; Sea of Messina.
83. .Serranus marginalis.
Epinephelus marginalis, Block, t. 328. f. 1. Holocentrus rosmarus, Lacep. iv. pp. 389, 392. t. 7. f. 2. Serranus marginalis, Cue. Sf Val. ii. p. 301 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 233 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 34
D.J^. A.|. L.lat. 80-90. Vert. 9/15.
Caudalis truncated. Length of the head 2|^ in the total ; diameter of the eye 4|^ in the length of the head. Praeoperculum with rather stronger dentienlations on the angle, sub- and iuteroperculum entire. The upper maxillary bone reaching just to the level of the posterior margia of the eye. Pectorals distant from the front end of the anal, and reaching a little behind the tip of the ventrals. Brownish or yellowish ; the spinous part of tho dorsal fin, and sometimes the caudal fin, black-edged.
Javanese, Chinese, and Japanese Seas ; Amboyna ; Timor ; Louis - lade Archipelago.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
6. Adult: skeleton. China.
c. Adult. China.
d. Adiilt : stufi'ed. China. Presented by J.. E. Eeeves, Esq.
e. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. /. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. g. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. i. Adult: stuffed. Japan. k. Adiilt. India.
I. Adult : bad state. India. From the Haslar Collection. m. Young. India. From the Haslar Collection. n-q. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Yoyage of the Rattle- snake. r. Advdt : skin. Sand-bank near Darnley Island s. Adult : skin. Copang (Timor).
136 PERCID^.
Skeleton. — That part of the upper surface of the head which is formed by the supraoccipital and the posterior part of the frontal bones is slightly elevated and rounded on both sides, there being a rather deep groove between those ridges which run from the orbit to the articulations of the suprascapula ; the interior of these ridges is elevated behind, becoming inconspicuous near the orbit. The upper anteiior branch of the siipraoccipital crest is low, and does not exceed the supraoccipital bone ; there is on each side a siriiilar ad- ditional crest, arising from the body of the paroccipital one. The space between the orbits is narrow, with a shght median groove. The maxillaiy bone exhibits a nearly straight superior edge, the inferior being irregularly concave and angular. The operculum with three distinct, nearly equidistant points, the upper of which is smallest, the middle longest and very prominent ; the posterior edge of the praeoperculum finely seiTated, with rather stronger denticu- lations at the angle ; the lower edge entire, with a longitudinal groove ; the suboperculum entire, produced behind into a long soft point ; the interoperculum with one or two inconspicuous denticula- tions. The dentition is verj- similar to that of S. tceniops ; there is a pair of strong, but short canines in each jaAV. I cannot decide whether ^another pair, not perfectly developed, between the up2>er canines, are merely the successors of the latter, or whether they will form a second separate pair of canines. A similar pair, also not perfectly developed, are to be seen in the lower jaw, but at the outside of the canines which are in function. The first interha^mal spine is long and strong, equal to the length of the second to the eighth (in- clusive) vertebra, and attached to the haemal spine of the tenth vertebra ; it corresponds to the first and second dormoha^mal, there being no separate interhaemal for the first ; but this strong inter- hajmal generally exhibits a jirominent longitudinal ridge along its anterior surface, and I consider this ridge to be the interha)mal pro- perly belonging to the fij'st dermolucmal, being a separate bone in an earlier period of life, but afterwards united with that of the second.
84. Serranus horridus.
Serranus horridus, (KuhlSfv. i/./ss.) Cuv.^Val. ii. p. 321; Bleeker, Perc, p. 3G ; Cantor, Caiiil. p. 9.
15-16 8
Caudalis rounded ; head nearly one-third of the total length ; eye nearly one-seventh of the length of the head. Sub- and interopercu- lum entire ; praeoperculum with rounded angle and a fine, but distinct serrature ; the third dorsal spine to the eleventh nearly equal in height, and much shorter than the soft dorsal fin. The upper max- illary reaches beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Upper profile of the head rather concave. Brown, largely marbled with blackish brown ; head, body, and fins with roundish brownish-black spots.
Javanese Sea ; Sea of Pinang.
One stuffed specimen in the Collection of the East India House.
2G. SEREANUS. 137
85. Serranus crapao.
Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 494 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 37 ; Richards. Ann. 8r Man. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 25.
I>-n- A-p-TFii^- L.lat.80.
Caudalis rounded ; head one -third of the total length ; diameter of the eye one-seventh of the length of the head ; angle of the praeoper- culum with stronger denticulations ; sub- and interoperculum entire. Brownish ; all the parts with rounded brown spots.
Sunda Sea ; Port Essington.
a. Adult : skin. Port Essington.
b. Adult : skin. Port Essington. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
86. Serranus sebaB.
Bleeker, Amboiiia, v. p. 488.
D. ii. A. I-. L. lat. 85-90.
10 8
Caudalis rounded ; length of the head 3^ in the total ; diameter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head ; upper profile of the head convex ; angle of the prseoperculum with stronger spinous teeth ; suboperculum entire ; interoperculum with one or two denticulations. The third spine of the dorsal and anal fins longest. Brownish ; body and all the fins with round darker spots ; the soft part of the dorsal fin "land the caudalis vdth a narrow yeUow edge.
Chinese Sea ; Amboyna.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
87. Serramis siimmana.
Perca summana, Forskal, p. 42.
Bodianus summana, Bl. Schn. p. 334.
Pomacentrus summana, Lacep. iii. p. 511.
Serranus summana, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 344 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 102,
and Atl. p. 104 ; Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 229. pi. 5. f. 1. leucostigma, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 346.
l6 8
Caudalis rounded; denticulations of the prseoperculum fine and equal ; interoperculum with some fine denticulations. Brown, marbled with greyish and spotted with white ; a blackish streak passing below the eye ; a black spot on the tail.
Red Sea.
a. Large specimen : stuffed : not good state. Red Sea. Purchased of the Frankfort Museum.
88. Serranus micronotatus. Ruppell, N. W. Fische, p. 90.
15 9
Caudalis rounded ; pi ^operculum finely serrated ; operculum with
138
PERCIDiE.
a single spiiie ; second dorsal spine longest. Greyish ; head, body, and dorsal fin punctulated with brown ; a lighter streak from below the eye to the base of the pectoral fins. {Rupj}.) Massana (Red Sea).
89. Serranus tumilabris. Cuv. ^ Vnl. ii. p. 346.
D.H A.l.
15 9
Caudalis rounded ; praeopercxilum with equal and fine denticula- tions ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; lips thick, swollen. Brown, marbled with darker ; all the parts with rounded greyish- white specks ; a black streak behind the maxiUary bone.
Seychelles.
a. Adult. Sine patria. From Mr. Brandt's Collection as Epine- phelus punctatiis.
90. Serranus hoevenii. Bleeker, Perc. p. 36.
D.ii. A.f. L. lat. 80.
Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 2|- in the total ; diameter of the eye one-sixth of the length of the head, much larger than the distance between the eyes, but equal to the distance of the eye from the end of the snout ; maxiUary bone just reaching the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit ; praeoperculum with rather larger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire. Brownish, with round pearl -coloured spots on the sides of the body ; fins immaculate, with a black and yellow edge.
Batayia.
a. Adult. Amooyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
91. Serranus bontoo.
Russell, pi. 128.
Serranus bontoo, Cw\ R^gne Anim. ; Oiw. 8f Vol. ii. p. 334, vi. p. 628 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 11.
Caudalis rounaed ; praeoperculum with strong denticulations, strongest at the angle, and Avith a very oblique lower limb. Brown, with large, scattered ferruginous spots ; dorsal and anal fins whitish, with a black and white edge ; caudalis greyish at the end, with a bluish spot between each two rays ; pectoral fins blackish, with a broad whitish band at the base.
Madras ; Vizagapatan ; Java.
.o. Adult: stuffed. Ceylon.
26. SEKRANUS. 139
92. Serranns celebicus
Sleeker, Celebes, i. p. 217.
D-.TT6- ^-l- L.lat.90.
Candalis truncated. The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the head ; upper maxOlary bone reaching to beneath the centre of the eye ; praeopercxdum strongly serrated, with three or four still stronger denticidations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum denti- culated ; the fourth dorsal spine longest. Reddish brown, with large," roundish darker spots ; all the fins brown -spotted ; dorsal and caudal fins yellow-edged.
Celebes.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
93. Seiranus variolosns.
Benard, Poiss. t. 28. f. 153, and t. 3. £ l^j Valentyn, Ind. iii. f. 41.
Perca variolosa, Forst. MSS.
Serranns variolosus, Cuv. ^ Vol. ii. p. 354 ; Sleeker, Perc. p. 86.
D. ii. A. |. L, lat. 110.
Caudalis truncated ; head one-third of the total length ; diameter of the eye one-fourth of the length of the head ; upper maxillary bone reaching to below the posterior half of the eye ; praeoperculum with rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and iateroperculum entire. Brownish, with roundish brown spots on the head, body, and soft part of dorsal fin ; the other fins immaculate.
Sunda Sea ; Pacific.
a. Adult. Pacific. h. Adult. Pacific. e, d. Half-grown. Pacific. From the Haslar Collection.
94. Serranus hoedtii. Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 406.
I>MTi6- ^-T- L. lat. 120. Caudalis truncated, with slightly rounded angles. The diameter of the eye is 4^— 4|^ in the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to the level of the posterior margin of the eye ; prseoper- culmn serrated, with four to six rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; suboperculum entire ; interoperculum scarcely denticulated. The third or the third and fourth dorsal spines longest ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal in length. Bluish ; head, body, and all the fins dotted with black ; the soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins yeUow-edged : caudal and pectoral fins orange -coloured, with a violet base. (Bl.) Sea of Amboyna.
140 PERCID^.
95. Serranus akaara.
Faun. Japon. p. 9. pi. 3. f. 1 ; Richardson, IcMhyol. China, p. 231.
Caudalis rounded. Praeoperculum serrated, denticulations at the angle sometimes very strong, sometimes equal to the others. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, the "posterior ones not much shorter ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal in length (according to the Fauna Japon ica, the second lougest) ; pectorals not reaching the anus. Maxillary bone not reaching behind the level of the eye. Brownish red ; head, body, and vertical fins covered ^vitli round bright red spots.
Japanese Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Japan.
b. Adult: stuifed. India.
96. Serranus apua.
Margr. p. 158; Lib. Princ. i. p. 315. Bodianus apua, Block, t. 229 ; Lacep. iv. p. 296. ? Serranus apua, Cut: 8f Val. ii. p. 287; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist'Cub. ]^. 11.
D.iJ. A.|. L. lat. 105.
Caudalis truncated, with rounded angles ; angle of the praeoper- culum with stronger denticulations. Brownish, with brown spots on the sides of the head and body ; about twenty-five between the opercle and the root of the caudal. The spinous dorsal higher than the soft ; the vertical fins with a broad black edge.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. "West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection. h, c. Half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's
Collection. d-f. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
97. Serranns mentzelii.
Cuv. (§• Val. u. p. 291.
T) " A i-
Caudalis truncated; muzzle short, blunt. Bro'wnish, marbled with reddish brown, and with streaks of the same colour on the beUy, anastomosing on the tail. Fins iinifonn ; dorsalis and analis black - edged. (Val)
Coast of Brazil.
(. With fifteen to seventeen rays. 98. Serranus hexagonatus.
11
5-i; Caudalis rounded. The length of the head is 3|-3| in the total
D-iib- ^-i- ^-^^^-^^^^
26. SEERANT7S. 141
diameter of the eye nearly one-fifth of the length of the head, and larger than the distance between the eyes. The upper maxillary bone reaches beyond the level of the posterior margin of eye. The angle of the praeoperculum with stronger spinous teeth ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; the pectoral reaches as far as the ventral — that is, not to the vent. Brownish, covered all over with large rounded or hexagonal spots.
From the Red Sea along the Afncan coast through aU the Indian Seas into the North of Australia and into the Pacific.
V^ar. A. HEXAGONATA. The spots hexagonal, separated from one another by white lines on the head, on the anterior part of the body, and on the pectoral and caudal fins, but more irregular on the other paits ; sometimes closer together at the base of the dorsal, and there forming three darker blotches.
Perca Lexagonata, Forster, Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 189.
Holocentrus hexagonatus, Bl. Schn. p. 323.
Sen-anus hexagonatus, Cuv. %■ Val. ii. p. 330, vi. p. 516 ; Gtierin, Icon. Puiss. pi. 4. f. 1 ; Richardson, Voy. Sulph. p. 82. pi. 38. f. 1 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 7 ; Bleek. Natimrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, vi. p. 191 ; Gay, Chile, Zool. ii. p. 150.
foveatus, Cuv. ^- Vol. ii. p. 329.
stellans, Richardson. Ann, Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 23.
a. HaK- grown. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. h. Adult. China. Presented by Sii' J. Richardson.
c. Adult. Philippines.
d, e. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. /. Half-gro\\Ti. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g, h. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
i. Half-grown: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake. Tc. Half-grown : bad skin. Sand-bank near Damley Island. I. Adult. India. From Dr. Russell's Collection as Fomacentrus
punctatiis. m. Adult. India. Purchased of Mr. Frank. n-f. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
Var. B. MKEEA. The spots roundish, without white lines between, sometimes confluent in the middle of the sides, much smaller on the fins.
Seha, iii. 27. 7 ; Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 43. t. 8. f. 3. Perca tauvina, Forsk. p. 39. Epinephelus merra, Bl. t. 329 ; Bl. Schn. p. 300. Holocentrus tauvinus, Bl. Schn. p. 321 ; Lacip. iv. p. 338.
merra, Lacep. iv. p. 342.
Serraniis merra, Cuv. ^ Val, ii. p. 325.
q. Half-grown. Singapore.
r, s. Half-grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
t. Half-grown. Philippines.
142
PEKCIDJE.
u, V. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection. w. Adult, India. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. x, y. Half-gi-own. India. From the Haslar Collection. z. Half-grown. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
f. With sixteen or seventeen rays.
99. Serranus morio.
Cm\ ^ Val. ii. p. 286 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 11.
D.n A.|.
17 9
Allied to S. gigas, but with stronger denticulations of the prseoper- culum ; caudalis slightly emarginate. In life grey, marbled with brownish ; snout, lower jaw, and branchiostegal membrane red ; anal fin and pectorals orange-coloured, the former with a brown edge ; ventral fins with large red spots,
Atlantic coasts of Temperate America ; St. Domingo ; Cuba.
100. Serranus impetiginosns. Mail. 8f Trosch, in Schomburgh'' s Hist. Barb. p. 666. D.ii. A.|.
17 8
Caudalis rounded. Praeoperculum rounded throughout, with the posterior limb obliquely descending backwards, and with some ob- solete and coarser denticulations at the angle ; the distance between the eyes very narrow. Brownish, covered all over with round dark- coloured spots, each spot occupying about four scales ; they are less numerous on the fins than on the snout ; a larger oblong black spot at the base of the last three spines and of the first ray of the dorsal fin ; another spot, of similar size and colour, behind the dorsal fin on the back of the tail.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : skin : not good state. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
101. Serranus ongus.
Holocentrus ongus, Block, pi. 234 ; Bl. Schn. p. 314 ; Lac^. iv. p. 380. Serranus dichropterus, Cut: «Sr Val. ii. p. 293.
Caudalis rounded ; prajopcrculum with stronger denticulations on the smglc. Uniform dark broMTi, the fins with a darker edge; a black streak behind the maxillarj' bone.
Coasts of Central and South America.
a, h. Adult : not good state. Bahia. From M. Parzudaki's Col- lection.
lit). SERRANUS. 143
c. Half-grown. Bahia. From M. Parziidaki's Collection.
d. Adult : very bad state. America. From the Haslar Collection.
I am not enabled, from the short description given by Professor Peters (in Wiecpn. Arch. 1855, p. 236), of Serramis melas from Mo- zambique, to distinguish it from the above species.
102. Serranus undulosus.
Serramis undulosus, Ciw. ^ Val. ii. p. 295.
? Bodianus undidosus, Qiioij S; Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Pom. p. 310 (said to be caught in the Sea of Waigiou).
D.IFI7- A-nr.- Vert. 10/14.
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperciilum very finely sen'ated, with rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoper- culum entire ; pectorals far distant from the anal, and reachhag a little beyond the tip of the ventrals ; the upper maxillary bone reach- ing to or a little behind the eye. Brownish grey, Avith some rather obhque darker bands along the sides of the head, and with irregular, large, oblong blackish spots on the body ; fins vnih narrow blackish edges ; pectorals yellow.
This species exhibits the upper jaw covered with minute scales as well as the lower.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Large specimen. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society. 6. Adult : skeleton. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society. c, d. Half-grown. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society. e-g. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection. h. Half-grown : skin in spirits. Trinidad. Presented by J. B.
Ilichardson, Esq. i, Tc. Adult: stuffed. West Indies. From Mi*. Scrivener's Collection. I, m. Half- grown. Puerto Cabello. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. n. Half-grown. BrazU. Presented by Lord Stuart. 0. Adult. America. From the Haslar Collection. -i^
Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skull is concave throughout ; there is no ridge nor any other prominence between the elevated orbital edges of the frontals ; from these fidges a sharp crest on each side runs backwards to the articulation of the suprascapula ; the occipital crest emits a median branch in front, which does not ex- tend to the frontal. The maxillary bone is styliform in more than its anterior half, suddenly widening behind, the superior and inferior margins being rather irregularly curved. The prseoperculum is rounded throughout, finely serrated behind, and exhibits four- or six coarser denticulations at the angle ; operculum with three con- spiciious spines, the upper of which is the most distant, and not projecting beyond the margin ; the middle one is acute, longest and strongest ; the lower rounded, short, but prominent, ^here are two strong canines in the ujiper jaw, causing an impression in the lower jaw, and receiving two smaller canines of the raandibula between;
144 PEBCID^.
the posterior front teeth of the upper jaw are rather small — much smaller than in S. coronatus : in the remainder of the dentition both species agree with each other. The spines of the anal fin being small, the interhaemal is ?ilso much less developed ; it is fixed to the eleventh haemal, and is only as long as the first six vertebiie together.
103. Serranus tsirimenara.
Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 7. pi. 4 A. f. 3 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 62.
D. T^v A. ^. L. lat. 90-100.
16-17 7-9
The height of the body is four times in the total length ; the length of the head 3|— 3i ; the diameter of the eye is 4|^-4^ iri the latter. The upper maxillaiy bone reaches rather beyond the posterior margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum with rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; interoi^erculum scarcely, suboperculum not serrated. The fifth dorsal spine longest, shorter than one-half of the depth of the body. Caudal fin rounded. Red, with seven or nine rose- coloured blotches, one series of which is above the lateral line, and the other beneath ; the dorsal fin with a black upper edge (dorsali spinosa supeme parte membranse emarginata macula trigona nigra. Bl.).
Japanese Sea.
104. Serranus punctatissimus. (Plate X. fig. A.) D. j^. A. |. L. lat. 100.
17 8
Caudalis truncated. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 44 in the latter. The upper maxillary bone reaches to the level of the pos- terior margin of the eye. Praeoperculum serrated behind, with about three spinous teeth at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire. The foiirth dorsal spine and the third of the anal fin longest ; the ventrals rather longer than the pectorals, not reaching to the vent. Brownish olive (in spirits) ; head, body, and the soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins piinctulated with brown. The soft portions of the vertical fins and the ventrals with a broad black margin.
a. China. Presented by Mr. Reeves.
Description. — In habit similar to S. marginalis. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3i. The scales extend on the upper surface beyond the nostrils, but the praeorbital and the upper maxillary are naked. The space between the eyes is rather flat, and less than the diameter of the eye ; the extent of the snout is equal to the latter, and 4^ in the length of the head. The nostrils are lateral ; the posterior opening larger, oval. The cleft of the mouth is wide, the upper maxillaiy reaching to the level of the posterior margin of the eye. The posterior limb of the praeoper- culum descends obliquely backwards, is finely serrated, and has a slight emargination above the angle, and about three stronger spinous tepth at the angle. Sub- and interoperculum entire. The spines
26. SERRANtrs. 143
of the operculum are rather indistinct, especially the upper and lower ; the former is more distant from the middle one.
The spinous portion of the dorsalis is longer and not much lower than the soft. All the spines are of moderate length and strength : the first is not quite half as long as the second, the fourth longest ; the posterior ones gradually become shorter, the last being about five-sixths of the fourth. The membrane between the spines is moderately notched, without emitting appendages. The soft portion has a. sHghtly rounded upper margin, the tenth ray being about one- tenth longer than the longest spine. AH the fin is nearly free, like the others, and not protected by an encroachment of the integument. Caudalis truncated. The soft part of the analis is rather higher than the dorsal, and rounded ; the second spme is not much stronger, and rather shorter, than the third. The pectoralis is rounded, and composed of eighteen rays ; it is a little shorter than the ventral. The ventralis is supported by a spine of more than half the length of the fir., and does not reach the vent ; its root falls vertically beneath that of the pectoral.
The canine teeth are small, and there is a small, conspicuous canine tooth on each side of the vomer. The scales are very small.
The ground-colour is now brownish olive, lighter on the belly ; the head and body are covered with brown specks, of the size of a scale, and extending on the base of the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins ; these and the caudal fin have a broad black margin. The ven- trals are nearly entirely brownish black, the colour becoming deeper on the hinder margin. The pectorals are not coloured.
Length of the specimen 6"
105. Serranus rupestris.
Cuv.^ Val ix. p. 437.
D.|i. A.^. Caec. pylor. 17.
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperculum fijiely serrated, slightly emar- ginate above the angle. Dirty yellowish, with large, rounded, un- equal spots of red colour on the back, on the base of the dorsal fin, and on the ventrals, and of violet colour on the sides and on the head ; pectoral fins with a broad yellow margin ; the vertical fins with a narrow black and white edge. {Val.)
St. Domingo.
106. Serranus flavo-csBruleua.
Holocentrus flavo-cseruleus, Lacep. iv. p. 366.
gynmosus, LacSp. iii.»pl. 27. f. 2, iv. p. 372.
Bodianus macrocephalus, Lac^i. iii. pi. 20. f. 2, iv. pp. 293, 295. Serranus borbonicus, Qtioy ^ Gnim. Voy. Freyc. Poiss. pi. 57. f. 2.
r flavo-caeruleus, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 297 ; Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon,
pi. l^; Peters, Wiegni. Arch. 1855, p. 236.
16-17' 8 (10)'
Caudalis slightly emarginate. Praeoperculum with stronger den-
146 PEBCIBiE.
ticulations on tho angle. Blackish brown ; tail and all the fins yellow.
Coast of Mozambique ; Isle de Erance ; Ceylon.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Isle de France.
b. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France.
c. Adiilt. Mauritius. Presented by the Zoological Society.
d. Bad skin. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. Kelaart.
e. Large specimen : not good state : has been in chloride of zinc.
Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. — Tail and root of the caudal fin black ; anal fin with ten soft rays.
107. Serranus spiniger. (Plate X. fig. B.) D. ii. A. |. L. lat. 90.
10 8
Caudalis truncated. The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3^. Praeoperculum rounded, with coarser denticulations at the angle. The second dorsal spine nearly t^ice as long as any of the others.
a. Adult. Sine patria. Old Collection.
Description. — The form of the body is compressed, oblong, its greatest height compiisfd 3^ in the total length ; the length of the head is 3^ in the same ; the upper surface of the head is rounded, convex, entirely covered with minute scales, which extend on the praeorbital, cheeks, all the opercles, the lower jaw, and on a part of the maxillary. The diameter of the eye is oi in the length of the head, larger than the distance between the eyes, and two-thirds of the extent of the snout. The two openings of the nostril are small, round, equal, and near together. The cleft of the mouth is wide, the upper maxillary bone reaching nearly to the posterior margin of the orbit. The lower jaw is -vory prominent ; the hps thick and fleshy. The praeoperculum is rounded througliont, finely serrated behind, and ■with several coarse denticulations at the angle ; the sub- and inter- operculum exhibit a fine serrature on a part of their inferior margin. Operculum with three conspicuous spines : the upper smallest and shortest, nearly concealed by the scales ; the middle long and pro- minent ; the lower of half the size ; the upper and middle spines are rather nearer together than the lower and middle ones.
The soft portion of the dorsalis is much higher, but shorter than the spinous. The latter shows a peculiarity that is not found in any of the other Serrarii : the first and shortest spine is followed by the second, which far exceeds the others, ajid even the rays, in length and strength ; it is half as long as the body is high, and nearly twice as long as the third; all the following spines are nearly equal. The upper margin of the soft portion is roxuided, the middle rays being rather longer than the others. The caudalis appears truncated ; but by stretching it out as far as po8sil)le, the posterior margin be- comes slightly convex. The front j)art of the base of the analis is protected by a thick encroachment of the scaly integument ; its soft portion resembles that of tho doi-sal in height and form ; the spines
26. SEERANUS. 147
are thick, the first not half the length of the second, and both the others are nearly equal in length. The pectondis is rounded, com- posed of from eighteen to nineteen rays, and extends as far backward;; as the ventral — that is, not entirely to the vent. The spine of the ventralis reaches beyond the half of the length of the fin. The ca- nines are strong, and there are no large lateral teeth.
The specimen is rather discoloiu'ed, and the body appears now to be of a uniform brownish colour. The soft part of the dorsal, tlie caudal, and the pectoral fins are of a yeUo^vish- white colour. I cannot decide whether this is natural, or merely the effect of having been exposed to the light.
Length of the specimen 10".
108. Serranus ura.
? Serranus ura, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 332.
■? ara, Faun. Japon. p. 9.
? ura, Richardson, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 24.
Caudalis rounded ; pectoraKs far distant from the anal fin. The length of the head is 3^ in the total, the diameter of the eye about one-fifth of the length of the head. Prffioperculum equally and very finely serrated ; the third and fourth dorsal spines longest, one- third of the length of the head ; the third spine of the anal fin longer and more slender than the second. Dried specimen gre3-ish brown ; brown -spotted aR over, the spots of moderate size, each covering about four scales.
a. Large specimen : stuff'ed. St. Helena. From General Hardwicke's
Collection.
Valenciennes' description contains so few precise characters, that if is impossible, withoiit direct comparison of the specimens, to decide whether that in the British Museum Collection really belongs to the above species ; it agrees with his description of ?<ra, but so also do many other species^ Moreover, Valenciennes' specimen is said to be from Japan, whilst the other is from the Atlantic ; but there niiiy be a mistake in one or the other. Therefore I refer our fish for the present to S. ura, not being inclined to found a new species upon a single stufi'ed specimen.
1 09. Serranus melanurus.
Bodianus melanurus, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. pi. 21. f \; Is. Qeoffr^ Poiss. dEg. p. 205.
^•Tn- A- 1- 17 9
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperculum with three or four strong spi- nous teeth at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum rather strongly denticulated. Coloration uniform ; the soft part of the doi'salis, the caudal and anal fins with ferruginous spots.
Suez.
L 2
148 TEEaD^,
110. Serranus gilberti.
Percis rib. 15, Klein, Hist. Pise. v. p. 43. t. 8. f. 3. Serranus gilberti, Rivhankon, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 19, and Iclith. CTiina, p. 2-30.
megachir, Richardson, Ichth. CIdna, p. 230.
pardalis. Sleeker, Perc. p. 37.
^'Wrr ^'i^- L.lat. 75-80.
Caudalis rounded. The length of tlie head is 31 in the total ; the diameter of the eye 4^ in the length of the head, larger than the distance between the eyes, but equal to the distance of the eye from the end of the snout. Pectoralis very large, nearly equal to the length of the head, and just reaching to the front end of the anal fin ; the maxillary bone reaches beyond the hinder level of the eye. Prae- operculum finely serrated, mth stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire. Brownish, aU parts with large, rounded, daz'k-brown spots ; behind the maxillary bone a black streak.
' China Seas ; Batavia ; Sumbawa ; Amboyna ; Torres Straits ; North Australia.
a, b. Adult : skins. China. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
c. Adult. Cliina.
d. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e. Adult. Amboyna. Fi'om Mr. Frank's Collection. /. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection. g. Adult stuffed. Australia.
h. Adult : skin. Port Essington.
Fishes which have been skinned often become stretched, and more elongate than they are in nature ; on the other hand, the fins shrink together and become shorter, especially the soft ones; thus the distance between the end of the pectoral fins and the analis appears to be greater. This was the case with specimens named by Dr. Richardson S. gilberti, which name has the priority. In specimens which decidedly belong to Dr. Richardson's S. megachir, I do not find the number of the soft dorsal rays to be fifteen, but always sixteen, or even seventeen.
111. Serranus nehulosus. Cuv. ^ Val, ii. p. 313; Sleeker, Perc. p. 34 (not Richardson). D. H A. |. L. lat. 75.
Caudal fin rounded. Suboperculum entire, interoperculum slightly denticulated ; angle of the pra5operculum with rather strong teeth, rectangular. Length of the head more than one-thii-d of the total ; eye of moderate size, its diameter one-fifth of the length of the head. Brownish, darker marbled ; fins without spots or streaks.
Javanese Sea.
26. SEHRANUS. . 149
112. Serranns bontoides.
Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 405.
^■^r ^-f L.lat.80.
Caudalis rounded. The diameter of the eye one -fourth of the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the posterior half of the eye. Pra^operculum serrated, with rather stronger denticulations at the angle; sub- and interopcroidura entire ; the hinder nine dorsal spines nearly equal in length ; the second anal spine longest. Brownish, with scattered darker spots On the head and body ; the dorsal fin only with a few brown spots ; the soft part of the dorsalis; the caudal and pectoral fins with a yellow margin. (-BZ.)
Sea of Amboyna.
113. Serranus macrospilos.
Bleeker, Batjan, iii. p. 499.
^-IFTr ^-f L-lat.85.
Caudalis rounded. The diameter of the eye about one-fourth of the length of 'the head; the upper maxillary bone reaching beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Prajoperculum serrated, with stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; the fourth and fifth dorsal spines not much longer than the following ones ; the second anal spine longest, half the height of the body. Brownish green, with large blackish spots, distant from one another, seven between the operculum and caudal fin ; dorsal fin with two rather irregular series of large brown spots, about seven in the basal serifes ; pectoral and ventral fins black, the former yellow-edged; anal fin with a black spot and yellow-edged ; caudal fin orange-colom-ed, on the anterior half with three large round black spots, on the posterior half blackish with a yellow margin. {Bl.)
Sea of Batjan.
114. Serranus areolatus.
Perca areolata, Forsk. p. 42.
tauvina (net Forsk.), Geoffr. Descr.* de VEg. pi. 20. f. 1.
Serranus tauvinus, Geoffr. Poiss. cFEg. p. 201.
areolatus (japonicus), Fauna J<ipon. p. 8 ; Cuv. if* Val. ii. p. 350 ;
Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 232; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 235.
Caudalis truncated. Length nf the head 3| in the total. Prseoper- culum very finely serrated, with strong denticulations at the angle ; pector?,li8 very distant from the anal fin. Dried specimens greyish brown, covered all over with numerous small brown spots.
Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique ; Sea of Japan.
a. Adult : stuffed". Red Sea. Presented by J. Bui-ton, Esq.
b. Half-grown : stuffed. Red Sea.
150 PERCID-E.
115. Serranus awoara.
Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japun. p. 9. pi. 3. f. 2 ; Richardson, Ichthyol. China, p. 231.
Caudalis rounded. Proeoperculiun with the angle rather produced, more strongly denticulated than the upper part of the margin. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth spines longest, the second not miich shorter. Brownish olive ; head and body covered with small round yellow spots ; fins with a broad yellow edge.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed: not good state. China. Presented by J. 11. lleeves, Esq.
116. Serranus geographicus. Serranus geographicus, (Ktihl (ij- von JIass.) Out: 8) Val. ii. p. 322.
Caudalis rounded. Brown, darker marbled. Dorsal fin olive; the spinous part wdth a large triangular spot at the base of each spine, above with a brown edge ; the soft part with two longi- tudinal brown streaks beneath, and with large bro^vn spots above ; analis orange-coloured, with irregular brown streaks ; the other fins brown-spotted. (Val.)
Java.
117. Serranus reticularis.
Serranus reticularis, (Kuhl 8f von Hass.) Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 323.
T) " A i- U. y^. A. -.
Caudalis rounded. Brownish, with small blackish-brown half- moon-like spots ; head immaculate ; fins with numerous blue points. ( Val.)
Java.
118. Serranus gaimardi.
Serranus gaimardi, Blceker, Batuvia, p. 455; (? Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 520 j Quay (^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 060. pi. 3. f. 3.)
D. |i. A. I-. L. lat. 90.
Caudalis with rather convex posterior margin. The length of the head 3-3- in the total, the diameter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head ; muzzle covered with scales ; the Tipper maxillary bone reaching beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Pra^operculum serrated, with stronger denticulations at the angle ; sub- and inter- operculum entire ; scales ciliated. The third dorsal spine and the second anal longest. Brownish, with scattered brown spots, round on the head, and oblong on the posterior part of the body ; caudal fin black-spotted behind and with a yellow edge ; dorsal and anal fins near the tips of the rays with from six to ten round black spots,
26. SERRANUS, 151
the former having a yellow edge, the latter a black one ; ventral and pectoral fina with scattered blackioh spots. (Bl. ) Sea of Batavia. (New Guinea.)
119. Serranus chlorostigma. Cuv. ^ Val. u. p. 352.
Caudalis truncated. Praeoperculum finely serrated, with five or six rather stronger teeth at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum with some denticulations. Whitish, entirely covered with small olive spots ; spinous part of the dorsal fin edged with black, caudahs with white.
Seychelles.
120. Serranus cylindricus. (Plate XI. fig. A.)
B. 7. D.|^. A.|. L. lat. 100.
Body elongate, rounded, rather cylindrical; the height 4i- in the total length, the length of the head 3§ ; the breadth equal to three-quarters of the height. Caiidalis rounded. Praeopereuhim rounded, with fine denticulations behind ; the upper maxiUary bone reaching beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Covered with more or less regular hexagonal brown spots, separated from each other by white lines.
a. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
Description. — fhe form of the body is more elongate and cylindrical than in any other species of Serranus, and might be compared with that of a Blennius. The height is contained 4i in the total length, and is only one-fourth more than the breadth. The head has a conical form, its length being contained 3|^ in the total. Between the vertex and the neck is a slight concavity, as between the eyes, the distance of which is about |^ths of the diameter of the eye ; the latter is 4i in the length of the head, and nearly equal to the distance between the eye and the end of the snout ; the nostrils are near together. The upper maxillary bone reaches a little behind the posterior margin of the eye. AU the head is covered with minute scales, except the thick and fleshy lips. Lower jaw longest. The praeoperculum is rounded throughout, finely serrated behind, and with some rather stronger denticulations at the angle ; its lower limb, the sub- and inter- operculum are entire ; operculum with three spines, the two lower of which are prominent between the scales, the upper (smallest) being hidden by them ; it terminates in a very long triangular membra- naceous flap.
The margins of the spinous and soft portions of the dorsalis are shghtly convex, both being nearly equal in height ; the former has a not much longer base than the soft ; the first spine is only one-half the length of the second, the second three-quarters of the^ third ; the fourth, fifth and sixth are longest ; the following diminish incon-
152 PEKCID^.
spicuously in length, AH are strong, with a deeply notched mem- brane between, and each with a membranaceous appendage' behind at the tip. The first ray is one-fourth longer than the last spine ; the rays become gradually longer towards the middle of the fin, and again shorter towards behind. The candalis has a moderately rounded posterior margin. The analis commences a little behind the com- mencement of the soft dorsal ; the third spine is rather longer, but not quite so strong as the second ; the inferior margin- is slightly convex, the last two rays being shorter; the distance of the aniis from the anal fin is nearly equal to the length of the second anal spine. The pectoralis is rounded, composed of 18 rays, and reaches as far as the ventral — that is, not even to the anus. The ventralis has also a convex margin, the second ray being longest ; the spine is rather slender, and extends beyond the half of the fin.
The canine teeth are not very developed, but those of the villiform band are relatively strong, as well as those of the vomer and pala- tine bones.
The whole fish, except the fins and belly, is covered with more or less regular, large hexagonal spots of brown coloui', separated from each other by straight white lines ; five or six of these spots along the base of the dorsal and the back of the tail are larger and of a deeper colour. All the fins exhibit rounded, scattered, large bro^vn spots, and a narrow yellowish-white edge : even the membra- naceous appendages of the spines are of the latter colour. There are a few brown spots only on the belly ; the ventrals have a darker hue ; there are indistinct spots on the gill-membrane.
Length of the specimen 8 inches.
121. Serranus labrtformis.
Jenyns, Zuol. of the Beufili, Fishes, p. 8. pi. 3. D. H A. ^.
17 8
External appearance labroid ; scales beneath the lateral line ciliated, above and on the belly smooth. Caudalis with a rather convex posterior margin. Length of the head one-third of the total ; diameter of the eye not quite one-sixth of the length of the head, about equalling the distance between them. Pneoperculum with obsolete denticulations ; the fourth dorsal spine a little the longest. Brown, -variegated with' greyish, black, and white; the vertical fins with a reddish edge. (Jen.)
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
T}. With eighteen or nineteen rays. 122. Serranus altivelis.
Cuv. (Sr Val. ii. p. 324. pi. 25; Eichards. Ichth. China, t^. 2S0 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 33 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 10.
T) _li_ A ^
18-19' ' 9-10*
Caudalis rounded, dorsal and anal fins much elevated ; upper profile
26. SKBEANTS. 153
of the head concave. Praeoperculum finely and equally serrated. Yellowish, all parts with distant roimd black spots edged with white. Javanese and Chinese Seas ; Sea of Pinang ; Port Essington.
a. Large specimen. East Indies.
b. Adult. Chiua. Presented by General Hardwicke.
c. Young : very bad state. Port Essington. From the Haslar
Collection.
1 23. Serranus inennis. Cuv. Sf Vol. ix. p. 436 ; Poey, Memorias Cuba, 1861, p. 64. lam. 4. f. 2. D. }i. A. ^. L. lat. 90. Cffic. pylor. 20. Vert. 10/14.
Body elevated. Caudalis truncated, with rounded angles. Prae- 6perc\]Ium with excessively fine Serrature, denticulations of the angle rather stronger; pectoral fins as long as the head, one-fourth of the total length. Brpwn, with large white blotches; the vertical fins spotted with white, the pectoral and ventral fins with olive.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Adult. West Indies. Presented by the Zoological Society.
124. Serranus quoyauus. Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 519.
^w A.|.
Caudalis rounded. The diameter of the eye is 4|^ in the length of the head ; the height is one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head 3^ in the latter ; the maxiUary bone reaching to behind the centre of the eye. Praeoperculum strongly serrated, with strong denticulations at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum entire. The pectoral fins reaching beyond the ventrals, nearly to the anus. Brownish, all the parts with large dark brown spots ; the groimd- colour of the ventrals and pectorals blackish.
Molucca Sea.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult. Celebes. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
125. Serranus olfaz. Jenyns, Zool. of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 9. pi. 4. D. ii. A. i-.
18 11
Caudalis truncated or very slightly emarginate. The length of the head is contained 3|'in the total; the diameter of the eye is one-seventh the length of the head, larger than the distance be- tween them. Praeoperculum with a slight sinuosity just above the angle, very obsoletely denticulated. The second dorsal spine longest, not quite equalling half the height. Coloration uniform, mottled with brown. (Jen.)
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
154 PEECID^.
6. With nineteen or twenty rays. 126. Serranus dennoptenis. Temm. ^ Schlvg. Faun. Japon. p. 10.
D. -i^. A. K
19-20 9
A somewhat aberrant species. Caudalis rounded ; dorsal and anal fins very high, the former with an entire upper edge ; all en- closed for the greater part in a thick membrane covered with scales. Head small, muzzle short, scales very small. Praioperculum finely serrated, Mnth some coarser denticulations at the angle. Operculum with three spines. Uniform brownish.
Japanese Boa.
3. Body with longitudinal bands. 127. Serranus formosus.
Rtissell, t. 129 (not good).
Scioena forniosa, Shaw, Zool. Misc. p. 28. t. 1007. Serranus fonnosus, Cuv, <^ Veil. ii. f '^^1; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 2'6'i ; Bleeker, Pcrc. p. 31.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 75.
Caudalis rounded. Length of the head not quite one-third of the total ; diameter of the eye 6| in the length of the head. Prae- operciilum without stronger denticulations at the angle ; suboper- culum with some denticulations ; interopcrculum entire. In life yellowish red, with numerous blue lines, obUque on the head, hori- zontal on the sides ; analis black-edged.
Coast of Coromandcl ; Madi'as ; China Seas ; Batavia.
a. Adult. China.
h. Adult : bad skin. India. Presented by J. E. J. Boileau, Esq.
c. ■? Adult : stuffed. Isle de France.
128. Serranus latifasciatus. Tc7mn. ^- Schlcff. Faun. Japon. p. 6.
D. 11. A.^.
12 8
Caudalis with a rather convex posterior margin, Prseopcrculum with dentieulatioiis on the lower part of the hinder limb, and with three strong spinous teeth at the angle ; maxillary bone reaching as far beyond the posterior level of eye as the diameter is long. The first dorsal spine half as long as the second ; the others of nearly equal length. Brown (in a dried state), with two broad, lighter, black-edged longitudinal bands ; dorsal and caudal fins with brown spots, the other ones immaculate. {Schleg.) Japanese Seas.
129, Serranus morrhua. Cuv. 4- Val. ix. p. 434.
D-H- A.|. Caudalis rounded. Brownish, with four darker curved longi-
26. SEBBANUS. 155
tudinal bands; cheeks with four oblique streaks from the eye to the margin of the prseoperculum ; a large brown spot on the occiput. (Fal.)
Isle de France.
130. Serranus biguttatus.
Cuv. 4- Val vi. p. 507,
12 8
Back brownish, belly yello-wish ; a brown line from the eye to the base of the tail ; root of the pectoral fins brown. Back with two pearl-coloured spots, one beneath the eighth dorsal spine, the other beneath the fifth ray. ( Val.)
Sea of Tiincomalee.
131. Serranus pcecilonotus.
Temm. ^Schleg. Faun. Japun. p. 6. pi. 4 A. f. 1; Bleek. Verhand. Batav, Genootsch. xxvi. p. 01.
D. yii^. A. |. L. lat. 85-90.
Caudalis rounded ; praeoperculum finely serrated, ^nth two or three spinous teeth at the angle. Four white bands on each side : the first half-moon-like, surrounding the spinous part of the dorsal fin ; the second parallel to the first, niuniiig from the shoulder to the middle of the soft part ; the third lateral, united with that of the other side above the eyes ; the fourth, from the eye to the pectoral fiins and along the sides. Back of the tail with two white spots.
Japanese Seas.
132. Serranus lemniscatus. Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 240.
Body three times as long as broad. \ brown band from the eye to the caudal fin, another obsolete one beneath. (PaZ.) C-ylon.
133. Serranus urophthalmus.
JSleeker, Batav. p. 310.
D. ^. A. f. L. lat. 100.
Caudahs rounded. The height of the body is 41 in the total length, the length of the head 3^, the diameter of the eye 4|-4^ in the length of the head ; head pointed ; the upper maxillary bone reaching beyond the hinder margin of the eye. Praioperculum serrated, with a stronger spinous tooth at the angle; sub- and interoperculum denticulated; the third and fourth doisal si)ines and the second of the anal fin longest. Ked (in life), with eight alternating blue and brownish longitudinal bands, oblique on the head ; on each side of the muzzle a black spot, another at the rootf- of the caudal fin ; fins immaculate. (Bl.)
Sea of Batoe.
1 56 PEECID-E.
134. Serranus lineatus. Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 312.
D. li. A. ^.
18 9
CaudaHs rounded. Praeoperculum with two or three strouger spinous teeth on th^ angle. Brown, with four or five blackish (in life, blue) longitudinal bands, sometimes disappearing after death.
Pondicherry ; China.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Rifthai-dson.
135. Serranus amboinensis. Sleeker, Amh. 8f Cer. p. 258.
D. -i?-. A. -. L. lat. 100.
17-19 8
Caudalis rounded ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the head. Praeoperculum deeply serrated, with three stronger denticula- tions at the angle ; sub- and interoperculum with a few denticula- tions ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines and the' second anal spine longest. BrouTiish ; head with numerous brown specks ; body with from ten to twelve more or less serjjcntine deep-brown longi- tudinal stripes ; fins brown, not spotted.
Sea of AmbojTia.
a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
27. PLECTROPOMA.
Plectropoma, Ciw. Regne Aiiim. ; Cuv. <§• Val. ii. p. 387.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villifonn, with canines in both jaws; teeth on the palatine bones, tongue smooth. One dorsal, formed by' a series of spines and rays. Operculum with two or three acute points ; praeoperculum not notched behind, with spinous teeth at the lower limb, directed forwards. Scales small.
All the seas of the Tropical regions.
1. Plectropoma maculatuin.
Bodianus maculatus, Block, t. 228 ; Lac^. iv. pp. 280, 293. Plectropoma punctatum, Quoy 8f Gaimard, Voy. Frcycinet, Zool.
Poiss. p. 318. t. 45. f. 1. maculatum, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 393 ; Sleeker, Perc. p. 89, and
Java, p. 418. ? Plectropoma (maculatum) areolatum, Riipp. Ail. pp. 110, 143
(index), and N. W. Fiscke, p. 90.
D-i^?i^-W A. 5551?. L. lat. 110. Vert. 10/14,
Praeoperculum exceedingly finely serrated behind, and ^-ith three spinous teeth below ; sub- and interoperculiim entire. Caudalis truncate in younger specimens, in older ones emarginate. Red :
27. PLECTBdPOMA. 157
head, body, and vertical fins with blue spots, those of the head and of the front part of body oblong, elliptical, armnged ui irregnlar longitudinal rows, the other ones circular and smaller. In speci- mens from the Red Sea all the spots are circular and of equal size. Red Sea ; Seas of Batavia, Singapore, Macassar, and Halmahcira.
a. Large specimen : stuflfed. Red Seas.
2. Plectropoma leopardinum.
Holocentrus leopardus, Lacej). iv. pp. 332, 337.
Plectropoma leopardinum, Ciw. ^ Val. ii. p. 392. pi. 36 (not good) ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 12 ; Sleeker, Java, p. 420.
leopardus, Richardson, Ichthyol. China, p. 230.
cyauostig-ma, Bleekir, Topoyr, Batav. in Nat. Gen. Arch. Ned. Ind.
maculati var. b, Sleeker, Pcrc. p. 40.
^- io-n-ii-12- ^- ^8=8::9- ^- ^^^' ■^^^•
Prffioperculum exceedingly finely serrated behind, and with five spinous teeth beneath, the three lowest of which are close together ; suboperculum and interoperculum entire. Caudalis sUghtly emar- ginate. Brownish red : head, body, vertical fins, and base of the pec- torals with numerous, very small, round blue spots, much smaller than the interspace between ; caudalis with a yellow posterior edge.
Red Sea ; Javanese and Japanese Seas ; Australia ; Louisiade Ar- chipelago'.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
3. Plectropoma oligacanthus.
Sleeker, Java, ii. 1854, p. 422. '
D.^^ A.f. L. lat. 120.
Praeoperculum scarcely denticulated behind, and with three or four spinous teeth below; sub- and interoperculum entire. Cau- dalis slightly emarginate. Red with five or seven oblique blue streaks from the eye to the sub- and inler-operculum ; two or four other streaks from the eye to the snout ; the anterior part of body with blue streaks ; the posterior and caudal fin with numerous ellip- tical and round blue spots ; the soft part of the dorsal fin, ventrals, and analis with obUque blue streaks ; pectoral fins with an orange- coloured edge. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
4. Plectropoma melanoleucum.
Rcnard, i. pi. 22. f. 120 ; Valentyn, f. 497 (bad). Bodianus melaiioleucuS, Lacep. iv. pp. 28.3, 297. cyclostoma, Lacep. iii. pi. 20. f. 1, iv. pp. 282, 295.
158 pERcro.K.
Labrus L-cvis, Lacep. iii. pi. 23. f. 2. pp. 431, 479. Plectropoma melanoleucum, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 388 ; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 238.
U 8
Praeopcrciiliun with entire posterior margin, and with four or five spinous teeth below; caudahs truncated. Grey, with five black cross-bands.
Isle de France ; Ibo (Mozambique).
5. Plectropoma nigrombrum.
Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 402; Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Pom. p. 059. pi. 4. f. 1.
I>-T^8- A-f- Caec. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with two equal and strong spinoiis teeth below, one of which is placed at the angle. Caudalis truncated. Reddish yellow, with five black cross-bands.
King George's Sound.
a. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria.
h. Half-grown : stuffed. Sine patria.
6. Plectropoma annulatum. (Plate XI. fig. B.) D. 1^. A. 4- L. lat. 50. L. transv. 7/20.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with three spinous teeth below, one of which is placed at the angle. Caudalis rounded. Red (?), with six black cross-bands, occupying the whole depth of the body and taU; sides of the head and nape with three black bands, obhquely descending forwards.
Hah. ?
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The form of the body is rather elevated, its greatest depth being somewhat more than one-third of the total length ; the length of the head (opercular spine included) equals the depth of the body. The snout is moderately pointed and slightly longer than the diameter of the eye. The cleft of the mouth is wide and obhque, the upper maxillary extending nearly to below the centre of the eye. The snout is nearly scaleless, the upper maxillary and the mandibula exhibiting minute and rudi- mentary scales only ; one-half of the praiorbital covered with distinct and small scales. The eye is situated high up the side ; the bony margin of the orbit is projecting, especially on the upper half, so that the space of the forehead between the eyes appears concave ; the diameter of the e} e is 4i in the length of the head, and much larger tlian the distance between the eyes.
AH the other parts of the skull are thickly covered with scales ; the prcEopercidum has the posterior limb finely serrated, one short and obtuse spine at the angle, and two longer ones of equal size at
27. PLECXKOPOMA. 159
the lower limb ; the lower limb and the angle form one continuous curve. The operculum has two very prominent spines, the lower of which is smaller.
The dorsal fin is rather low, with a notch before the soft portion ; the scales of the body are continued on the lower half of this fin and of the others, and it is difficult to distinguish the real base of the fin. The first spine is above the base of the longest spine of the oper- culum, and equals in length the last spine ; the second is twice as long as the fiirst ; the- fourth is the longest, and 3|^ in the greatest deptli of the body. The membrane between the spines appears to be deeply notched. The length of the base of the soft portion is one-third shorter than that of the spinous, and has the upper margin slightly convex ; it is rather lower than the spinous, begins above the origin of the anal, and terminates so near the caudal, that the distance between these two fins is rather less than one-fourth of the depth of the body. The caudal fin is slightly rounded, and one- seventh only of the total length. The first spine of the atial fin is shoj-t, one-half the length of the second ] the second is very thick, but shorter than the first ray, one-third of the depth of the body ; the third spine is slender, and shorter than the preceding ; the soft portion is slightly rounded, and its distance from the caudal is one- third of the depth of the body. TYlQ pectoral is weU developed; its ba.se is entirely hidden by scales ; it is rounded, and extends to the level of the vent, its length being 4^ in the total. The ventrals are much shorter than the pecto)als, rather more than one-half; they are inserted a little befoie the pectorals, and their spiae is three- fifths of their entire length.
The scales are of moderate size, finely ctenoid ; those above the pec- toral are largest, not much longer than high, and one covering about one-fourth of the eye. The lateral Kne runs in the upper third of the height of the body, and follows exactly the curve of the back.
The teeth are in villiform bands, with a pair of strong canines in both jaws ; there is another canine tooth in the middle of the side of the lower jaw. The vomerine teeth are in a narrow band, rect- angularly bent ; the palatine teeth in a band not broader than that of the vomer.
The ground-colour is now pure yellowish, and has been probably red or rose-coloured. The bands are deep black : two (on each side) descend from the nape to the sides of the head ; the anterior from the middle of the distance between the dorsal and the eyes to the upper posterior angle of the orbit ; the other from the origin of the dorsal over the suprascapula to the middle of the hinder margin of the orbit ; there is a black spot besides between the eyes ; a third band*, incomplete, on the operculum. The other bands are broader and vertical, and the first four extend on the dorsal fin : the first from between the third and fifth dorsal spines to behind the base of the pectoral ; the second from between the seventh and ninth dorsal spines to the middle of the belly ; the third from between the fourth and sixth dorsal rays to the anal spines ; the fourth, rather curved, from between the twelfth and fourteenth dorsal rays to the end of
160 PEECID^.
the anal ; finally, there are two other bands, much narrower than the anterior ones, on the tail. The fins are otherwise immaculate. The native sea of this species is probably a part of the Pacific.
inches, lines.
Total length 8 0
Height of the body 2 9
Length of the head 2 9
Interspace between the eyes 0 5
Diameter of the eye , 0 7^
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 9\
Interspace between dorsal and caudal .... 0 8
Interspace between anal and caudal 1 0
Length of the second anal spine 0 11
Length of the second anal ray 0 13
Height of a large scale Q 4
Length of a large scale 0 3^
7. Plectropoma semicinctnm. Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 442; Gay, adle, Zool ii. p. 153, Ictiol. pi. 2. f. 1.
I>-i^- A^-^a• L.lat.45.
Pra^opcrculum finely serrated behind, and with three equal and strong spinous teeth below, one of which is placed at the angle. Caudalis truncated. Red, with eight brown cross-bands, lost on the sides. The sides of the head with more or less distinct, irregTilar^ brownish streaks.
San Juan- Fernandez (Chili) ; Australia.
a. Adult : skin. Austraha. Piu'chased of Mr. Warwick.
h-d. Half-grown : skins. AustraUa. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
e. Half-grown : skin. Swan River.
/. Half-grown. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
8. Plectropoma susuM.
Ckiv. 8f Val. ii. p. 404; Faun. Japan, p. 11. pi. 4 (upper figure); Richardson, Ichthyol. China, p. 230.
D.n A.i-.
14 9
Praeoperculum Math fine denticulations behind, coarser at the angle ; a single spinous tooth below. Caudalis rounded. Brownish gi-ey, with eight or nine darker cross-bands.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
9. Plectropoma dentex.
Cuv. 8r Val ii. p. 31)4 ; Quoy S^ Gaim. Astrol. p. GCO. pi. 4. f. 2 ; Richardson, Erebus 4'- I'error, p. 117. pi. 57. f. 3-5.
D. 15. A.|. Csec. pylor. 7.
Prffoperculum with a few inconspicuous denticulations behind,
27. PLECTBOPOMA. 161
and t^ree or four small spinous teeth below. Caudalis rounded. Olive, marbled with blackish ; black spots on the sides of the head and on the snout.
King George's Sound.
a. Adult : stuffed. King George's Sound.
10. Flectropoma cyanostigma. (Plate XII.) D. i2. A. |. L. lat. 100.
Praeoperculum with three spines beneath, the anterior of which is the strongest. Caudalis rounded ; the second anal spine longest, curved. Brownish (in a dried state) ; head and body covered with round blackish spots, blue in the centre, and each covering about six scales.
Australian Seas.
a, b. Adult: skins. Australia. Voyage of H. M.S. Fly.
c, d. Adult : skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
e. Adult. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
/. Adult : skin. New Holland. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
Description. — Body oblong ; its height is comprised four timer? in the total length, the length of the "lead 3g. The head above is covered with scales to the nostrils, — ^^the whole snout, the piseorbital, the maxillary, and mandibulary being naked. The eye forms one- sixth of the length of the head, and is situated above at the side, interfering with the outline of the crown. The distance oetween tl.e eyes is one-third smaller than their diameter ; the praeorbital broad — as broad as the diameter of the eye is long The upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The praeoperculum has a rounded augle ; the denticulations along the posterior Hmb are coarse and distant from one another, becoming gradually larger at the angle. The anterior spine of the lower Umb is at least twice as long as the posterior, which is situated very near the angle. The sub- and interoperculum are entire. The oper- culum is provided with three spines, the upper of which is broadest, and distant from the middle ; the latter is rather slender and project- ing ; the third is immediately beneath.
Both the portions of the dorsal fin are nearly equal in height, and have a rounded upper margin ; the spinous portion is 1^ as long as the soft ; the first spine is rather more than half the length of the second ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth are longest ; the others gradually become shorter, the twelfth being rather shorter than the second ; the thirteenth apparently belongs to the soft portion, being, agam, a little longer ; the first ray is one-third longer than the last spine. The caudalis is rounded. The soft portion of the qnalis is roimded, and rather higher than the dorsal ; the spines are very strong, especially the second, which is slightly curved, and not much shorter than the longest of the dorsal fin. The pectoralis is rounded, longer than the ventral, and extends to the vent ; it is composed of eighteen rays.
162 PEECED-ffi.
The ventralis is small, and supported by a spine half the length of the fin.
There are no prominent canine teeth, but there is a series of large teeth in each jaw in front and on the side.
The ground-colour in the dried specimens is brownish — perhaps brownish red in life ; the head and body are covered all over with roimd blackish spots with a bluish centre, each covering about six scales. All the fins appear now of a uniform blackish-brown colour, but there seem to have been similar spots on the pectoral.
Length of the largest specimen 16 inches.
11 . Plectropoma cinctum. (Plate XIII. fig. A.) D. 1^. A. 4. L. lat. 100.
15 y
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and the length of the head is one-third of the latter. Praeoperculiun strongly serrated, with three large spinous teeth at the lower limb, the an- terior of which is the strongest. Caudalis rather rounded. Reddish brown, with six dark-brown cross-bands encircling the body and tail ; sides of the head with two bands of the same colour from the eye to the opercles ; fins black, and whitish- edged.
a. Fine specimen. Norfolk Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — The form of the body is oblong, similar to that of the Perch ; its height is comprised 3i in the total length. The head is rather elongate, its length being one-third of the total. The snout is elongate, as in Mesoprion, twice the diameter of the eye ; the upper surface of the head narrow, the distance between the eyes smaller than their diameter ; the scales extend only to the nostrils, — the whole snout, praeorbital, and upper maxiUarybone being naked. The eye is rather small, only one-sixth of the length of the head ; the nostrils, separated into a smaller round posterior open- ing and into an oval anterior one, are situated in front of the upper angle of the eye. The praeorbital is broad, even broader than the hinder end of the maxillary bone, which reaches to below the centre of the eye. The prseoperculum is provided with rather strong and distant denticulations, increasing in size towards the angle, and with three very strong spinous teeth at the lower limb, the anterior of which is the strongest ; the angle of the praeoperculum is rounded ; the sub- and interoperculum are entire. The operculum has three spines, the upper of which is very remote from the others; the middle is the longest, projecting immediately above the lower one. Suprascapula conspicuously crenulated.
The spinous portion of the clorsalis is much lower and longer than the soft. The spines are strong: the second one-third longer than the first, the third one-third longer than the second ; the fifth to the eighth longest, the ninth to the fourteenth gradually becoming shorter ; finally, the fifteenth a little longer than the preceding, and apparently belonging to the soft portion ; this portion is nearly
27. PLECTEOPOMA. 163
twice as high as the preceding lowest part of the spinous dorsal, and has an entirely rounded upper margin. The cavdalis is rounded. The soft part of the analis is partly enveloped by a thick encroach- ment of the scaly integument, and forms an oblong flap with a roimded inferior edge ; the second spine is exceedingly thick, and even longer than the longest dorsal spine, also somewhat curved ; the third spine is not quite twice the size of the second. The pectoraUs extends rather farther than the ventral, to the third cross-band ; it is com- posed of eighteen rays, rounded, and enveloped in a thick mem- brane. The ventralis, rather short, does not extend to the vent ; it is rounded, with a thick membrane between the rays, and has a spine half the length of the fin.
There are three pairs of canines in each jaw, of rather small size ; the vomerine and palatine teeth stand in very narrow series.
The ground-colour is a reddish brown, darker on the back. The dark-brown cross-bands and the interspaces of the ground-colour are nearly of the same breadth ; the first passes from in front of the dorsal to the gill-opening above the operculum ; the second from the interspace between the fourth and sixth dorsal spines vertically to the belly ; the third from the twelfth to the fourteenth ; the foui'th from the middle of the soft dorsal fin to the middle of the anal ; the fifth fi'om the end of the dorsal roimd the taU ; the sixth, narrow and indistinct, round the root of the caudal. The second to the fifth bands extend also more or less on the fins. On the side of the head a dark-brown streak runs from the back edge of the eye to the supra- scapula, and a second oblique one from beneath the eye to the angle of the praeoperculum ; a brown streak behind the maxillary. The opercles and soft fins are indistinctly dotted with brown. All the fiins, except the spinous dorsal, have a blackish-bro^vn white- edged margin.
Length of the specimen 10".
12. Plectropoma serratum.
Cuv. (§• Val. ii. p. 399 ; Qiioy 8f Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 662. pi. 2. f. 1 ; Dumont d' Urville, Voy. au Pule Sud, Poiss. pi. 3. f. 1.
]).J|. A.|. Caec. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculum strongly serrated behind, and with two large spinous teeth below, the anterior of which is the strongest. CaudaHs trun- cated. Brown : an obKque blackish band from the eye to the angle of the praeoperculum, and some black spots on the sides of the body.
King George's Sound.
13. Plectropoma aculeatum. Ckv. 8f Val. vi. p. 523.
D. i^. A.-i.
H 8
Posterior limb of the praeoperculum with coarse denticulations, gradually becoming larger towards the angle, the horizontal Hmb
M 2
164 PERCID^.
with three very strong spinous teeth ; suboperculum with three acute spines at the lower angle. Caudahs truncated. Brown, with small, scattered blackish spots on the back and the dorsal fin. ( Val.) Banc des Aiguilles.
14. Plectropoma brasilianum.
Plectropoma brasilianum, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 397.
P Plectropoma patachonica, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 11.
^•1^6- A. ,48- [D.{|. -A.ICC^..).] C«c.pylor.9.
PrsBoperculum finely serrated behind, and with four spinous teeth below. Caudalis truncated. Greyish brown, with irregular reddish bands.
Coast of Brazil.
The specimens described by Jenyns exhibit only three spinous teeth at the horizontal limb of the praeoperculum.
a. Adult : stufied. Sine patria.
h, c. Half-grown : stuifed. Sine patria.
15. Plectropoma chloroptemm. Cuv. 8r Val. ii. p. 398 ; Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 73. lam. 9. f. 3. D. |i. A.|. L. lat. 70. Ckc. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculiun finely and equally serrated behind, and with two spinous teeth below, the anterior of which iu the largest. Caudalis rounded. Olive, marbled with brownish black ; throat white-spotted.
Caribbean Sea.
16. Plectropoma pictnm. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Ichthyol. p. 5. D. H. A.i-.
17 9
This species appears to be different from the preceding (PI. chloropterum), although closely allied, according to the descriptions referred to.
Operculum with three spines ; praeoperculum serrated behind, and with two spinous teeth beneath, the anterior of which is the strong- est, the other situated at the angle ; fins and snout scaly. Caudalis rounded ; the fourth dorsal spine longest ; the third of the anal fin rather shorter than the second; pectorals extending beyond the front end of the anal fin. Silvery white, with rose-coloured mark- ings. (Tschudi.)
Coasts of Chili and Peru.
17. Plectropoma monacanthus.
Miill. ^ Trosch. in Schomb. Hist. Barb. p. 665. A single strong spine in front of the angle of the praeoperciidum.
27. PLECTEOPOMA. 165
Brownish, with darker spots on the sides, and some rounded spots of a lighter colour on the belly, opercles, and cheeks.
In shallow water along the coast of Barbadoes ; Falkland Islands.
a. Adult: stuffed. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E. Wright,
Esq. b Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener. c. Adult : skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
18. Flectropoma macrophthaliuos. Tschvdi, Faun. Peruana, Ichthyol. p. 6 D. 1". A. A.
10 9
Praeoperculum serrated behind, with several spinous teeth beneath. Caudalis ? ; the third to sixth dorsal spines longest ; the third of the anal fin longer thaa the second. Uniform greyish. (TschudL)
Coast of ChUi (Lurin, Callao).
19. Flectropoma pa3rtense.
Lesson, Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 233.
1). -. A. y.
Caudalis forked. Reddish grey, with five large yellow spots on the side. Payta.
20. Flectropoma hispaiiTun.
Chiv, 8f Vol. ii. p. 386; Poey, Memor. Ouha, 1851, p. 72. lam. 4. f. 1. ^- li^Ii- ^- 7- ^^^- W14. Csec. pylor. 8.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with a single spinous tooth below ; suboperculum denticulated. Rose-coloured, with yel- low streaks.
Martinique; Cuba.
21. Flectropoma puella*.
Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 405. pL 37 ; Ramon de hi Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 18 ; Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 62. lam. 9. f. 2.
D. _i<L . A. y. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 8/20. Caec. pylor, 5. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is only 2^ in the total length. Praeoper- culum finely serrated behind, rather coarser denticulated below; sub- and interoperculum with exceedingly fine denticulations. Violet, with five or six black cross-bands, the middle of which is
* Flectropoma vitulinum (Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 68) is closely allied to P.puella.
166 PERCID^.
broadest, spanning from the fourth dorsal spine to the tenth ; the soft part of dorsalis with fine darker streaks. Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection. 6.. Adult: stuffed. America. Presented by Dr. PameU.
c. Fine specimen. S. America. Presented by Sii* R. Schomburgk.
d. Fine specimen. Sine patria. Presented by the Zoological Society,
e. Fine specimen. (Canton ?) Presented by the Zoological Society. /. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
22. Plectropoma indigo. Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. G9. lam. 3. f. 1.
D-n- A.|.
14 0
Allied to PI. puelhi.' Praeoperculum finely sen-ated behind, with rather small spinous teeth beneath. Blue, with five bluish cross- bands, the middle of which is broadest ; ventrals black ; caudalis emarginate. (Poey.)
Cuba.
23. Plectropoma bovinum. Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. GO.
D. 1^. A. 1. Csec. pylor. 6.
Praeoperculum finely serrated behind, ^^^th rather small spinous teeth beneath. Dark blue, -with eight hghter cross-bands. Cau- dalis emarginate. (Poey.)
Cuba.
24. Plectropoma giunmigutta. Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 70. lam. 3. f. 2.
Praeoperculum serrated behind, and with rather stronger denticu- lations beneath. Caudalis emarginate. YeUowdsh, with two black, blue-edged spots before the eye ; muzzle blue. {Poey.)
Cuba.
25. Plectropoma gutta-varium.
Plectropoma gutta-variiim, Poey, I. c. pp. 70, 441.
melanorhina, Guichvn. Poists. in Ramon, de la Sayra, Hist. Cuba,
p. 18. pi. 1. f. 1.
Praeoperculum serrated beliind, and with rather stronger denticu- lations beneath. Caudalis emarginate. The anterior parts of the body yellow, the posterior black ; fins yellow ; a black, blue-edged spot in front of the eye.
Cuba.
28. TKACHYPOMA. 167
26. Plectropoma chlorurum. Qtv. iSf Val ii. p. 406 *
D. {|. A.}. Caec. pylor. 4.
Prseoperculum finely serrated behind, with three rather stronger denticulations at the angle, and with six at the horizontal limb. Uniform blackish brown ; caudal and pectoral fins yellow, the other ones black.
Martinique.
27. Plectropoma unicolor.
Seha, iii. 27. 10.
Holocentius unicolor, Bl. Schn. p. 322.
Plectropoma ephippium, Cuv. 8; Val. ii. p. 408.
D. ^. A.i-.
15 7
Muzzle pointed ; praeoperculum finely serrated behind, and with rather stronger denticulations below. CaiidaHs emarginate. Brown- ish : a black cross-band on the tail, a black spot in front of the eye, a narrow violet undulated line from the eye to the angle of the prae- operculum ; each scale on the breast with a small whitish speck in the centre.
East Indies ?
a. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria. — Of uniform brown colour.
28. TRACHYPOMAf.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth in villiform bands ; without canine teeth ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with twelve spines ; the anal with three. Operculum with moderate points ; praeoperculum with spinous teeth at the tower limb, directed forward. Scales small. The number of p^doric appendages in- creased (13).
Pacific.
1. Trachypoma macracanthus. (Plate XIII. fig. B.)
D.{?. A.-|. L. lat. 65. C£^. pylor. 13.
Similar to Plectropoma cyanostigma. The height of the body is 3| in the total length ; the length of the head is one-third of the same. Posterior limb of praeoperculum strongly denticulated ; the inferior with three strong spinous teeth, the anterior of which is the largest ; sub- and interoperculum entire. CaudaKs rounded. Brownish (in spirits), covered aU over with very small whitish, darker-edged specks.
a, 6. Norfolk Islands. From the Haslar Collection. c, d. Norfolk Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
* Plectropoma nigricans (Pocy, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 71) and Plectropoma accensum (Poey, I. c. p. 72), both from Cuba, if not the same, are closely allied, t From rpaxi's, spinous, and iriZfia. opercle.
168 PEBCID^.
Description — In habit similar to the Perch The height of the body is comprised Sg in the total length, the length of the head is one-third. The head above, in the occipital region, is lather broad and rounded, between the eyes it is much narrower (the distance of the eyes being only two-thirds of their diameter), and longitudinally grooved. The scales extend to the nostrils, which, forming on each side two round openings, are situated entirely on the upper surface of the head. The prseorbital, the snout, and the jaws are naked. The eye is 3|^ in the length of the head, and the extent of the snout is rather shorter than its diameter. The upper maxillary reaches to below the centre of the eye. The praeoperculum exhibits rather a coarse serrature at the posterior limb, some strong teeth at the angle, which is rounded, and three recurved opines at the lower limb, the anterior of which is the strongest and very long. The sub- and interoperculum are entire. The operculum is provided with three conspicuous spines, remote from one another, and the middle one most projecting. The suprascapula with two or three spinous teeth.
The soft portion of the dorsalis is rather higher, and one-third shorter, than the spinous. The spines become longer to the fourth, which is the longest, together with the fifth and sixth, and then gra- dually diminish in size to the last, which still somewhat exceeds the second spine. The soft portion has a rounded superior margin, the anterior rays being one-third longer than the last spine. Cauclalis roimded. The analis is distinguished by the very long and strong second spine ; it is longer than any of the dorsal spines, and exceeds even half the height of the body ; the first spine is rather more than one-half the length of the third. The six rays form together a very short fin with a rounded margin ; none of the rays exceed the second spine in length. The pectoralis, rounded, and composed of 16 rays, extends as far as the ventral — that is, a little beyond the vent. The ventralis, of moderate size and form, is sup- ported by a spine more than half the length of the fin.
There is not the slightest vestige of a canine tooth in any of the specimens ; the vomerine teeth are arranged in a triangular group, those on the palatine bones in narrow bands.
The coloration appears now to be brownish olive, being covered aU over with round whitish (in life probably blue), dark-edged specks of the size of a scale.
Length of the largest specimen 7".
29. POLYPRION.
Polyprion, Cuv. Rkgne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Vol. ii. p. 21.
Seven branchiostcgals. AU the teeth villiform ; without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones and on the tongue. One dorsal, with eleven spi'ies ; the anal fin with three. Opercles denticulated ; a strong, rough longitudinal ridge on the operculum. Scales small.
Mediterranean, and the European part of the Atlantic.
30, POGONOPERCA. 169
1. Polyprion ceminm.
Amphibrion americanus, Bl. Schn. p. 205. t. 47.
Epinephelua oxygeneios, Bl. Schn. p. 301.
Scorpsena massiliensis, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 184 (not LacSp.).
Sciaena aquila, Rosenthal, Ichthyotorh. Tafeln, pi. 16. f. 1.
Polyprion cemium, Valenc. Mem. du Mm. xi. p. 265; Cuv. &r Vol.
iii. p. 21. pi. 42, viii. p. 475 ; YarreU, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 19 ; Cuv.
Rigne Anim. III. pi. 9. f. 1. Serranus (Polyprium) Couchii, YarreU, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 12. Stone-Basse, Coach, Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 81.
^- rTT2- ^-W- ^^^- 13/13. Caec. pylor. 2.
The height of the body equal to the length of the head, and one- third of the total. Uniform brown ; caudalis rounded, with a whitish edge.
Mediterranean ; Madeira ; coasts of Portugal, France, and England.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Plymouth. Mr. Yarrell's Collection. h. Adult. Medilerranean.
c. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria. Mr. Yarrell's Collection {Polyprion
couchii).
d. Adult: head, dried.
30. POGONOPERCA*.
A barbel at the lower jaw. Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform ; without canines ; teeth on vomer and palatine bones. Dorsal deeply notched ; the first with seven, the anal with three spines. Operculum spiniferoiis ; prseoperculum denticulated. Scales minute, imbedded in the skin.
1. Pogonoperca ocellata. (Platb XIY fig- 4 ) I>-7|4 A.|.
Barbel about as long as the diameter of the eye. Brownish, covered all over with small round white dots; three or four large brown blotches on the back (in dried state).
a. Adult: stuffed. Hab. ?
Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head is 3^ in the same. The upper surface of the head is short and narrow, the interspace between the eyes being one-ninth only of the length of the head. The snout is short, the cleft of the mouth oblique, the lower jaw prominent. There is a broad and well- developed barbel at the symphysis of the mandibulae; it is rather longer than the diameter of the eye, and coloured like the body. The intermaxillary does not reach to the end of the maxillary, and is furnished with a broad band of villiform teeth, corresponding to a similar band in the lower jaw ; the vomerine
* From wwywv, beard, and irepKt], perch.
170 PEECIDJB,
teeth are arranged at a right angle ; the band of palatine teeth is short and narrow. The upper maxillary is styliform at its upper end only, and soon becomes broad, but is scarcely broader at its lower end thap in the middle ; it appears to reach behind the middle of the eye — perhaps to the posterior margin of the orbit. The eye is placed high up the side of the head, interfering with the upper outline of the head, and is of moderate size, its diameter being 5^ in the length of the head. Operculum with tlu'ce spines : the middle is the largest, flat, and much projecting; the upper is similar, but smaller ; the lower is more distant, very small, and nearly hidden by the skin. The prseoperculum is rounded, and armed behind with coarse, irregular, obtuse spinous teeth ; the sub- and intcroperculum appear to be entire. The specimen is so prepared that the branchio- stegals may be seen ; there are on one side distinctly seven, but on the other I count six only.
The spinous dorsal is connected Avith the soft by a distinct mem- brane ; its base is miich longer than that of the soft — nearly as long as the body is high. The spines are strong ; the third is the longest, about half the length of the base of the spinous fin. There are seven spines — an eighth apparently belonging to the soft dorsal. The first spine is the shortest, and equal to the eighth ; the second and fourth are not much lower than the third. The soft dorsal has been rounded, and is rather higher than the spinous. The caudal rounded. The anal has three spines in front, the second of which is strongest and rather curved, but scarcely longer than the third. Pectoral and ventral fins rounded ; the base of the spine of the latter falls just below the root of the former.
The scales must have been very small and thin, and imbedded in the skin, as in the Tench. The coloration is reddish brown on the back, lighter beneath ; all the parts, except the upper portion of the spinous dorsal, are covered with small, round, yellowish-white spots, each of which, on the body, may have corresponded in life to a scale. There is a large brown blotch in front of the dorsal, between the occiput and the operculum ; a second smaller one extends below the fourth to the sixth dorsal spine ; a thii-d below the middle of the soft dorsal ; a fourth on the back of the tail.
inches, lines.
Total length 12 0
Height of the body 2 11
Length of the head 3 6^
of the barbel 0 4
of the upper maxillary 1 5^
— of the opercular spine 0 5-i
of the third dorsal spine 1 3
of the caudal 1 9
of the second anal spine 0 4
of the pectoral 1 8
of the ventral 1 7
32. RHYPTICUS. 171
31. GRAMMISTES.
Grammistes, (Artedi) Ciiv. Reyne Anim. ; Cuv, 8f Val. p. 201.
Seven branchiostcgals. All tha teet;: villiform ; without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals ; the first with seven, the anal fin without conspicuous spines. Operculum and praioperculum spinifcrous, without serratiues. Scales minute, enveloped in the epidermis.
Seas of the Indian region.
1. Grammistes orientalis.
Grammistes sebae, Seha, lii. 27. 5.
orientalis, Bl. Schn. Si/st. Posth. p. 189; Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 203.
pi. 27; JBlceker, Amhoinu, iii. p. 15. Perca bilineata, Thtotb. Nov. Act. Jlohn. xiii. p. 142. t. 5. Scisena vittata, Laccp. iv. p. 32.'5. Perca triacanthus, Lncej^. pp. 308, 424. pentacanthuS; Lacep. pp. 398, 424.
Body oblong, comi)resscd ; caudal rounded. Pra!opcrculum with three spines. Tendril rudimentary. Black or blackish brown ; generally with six or seven white longitudinal bands.
Isle de France ; East Indian Seas ; Australia.
a. Adult. Mauritius. Presented by the Zoological Society. h. Adult: stuffed. Mauritius.
c. Adult. Phili^ipines.
d. Half- grown : stuffed. Indian Ocean. Presented by Sir A.
Smith.
e. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq.
2. Grammistes punctatus. Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 504.
D.7|f A.i.
Tendril developed. Prtcoperculum A^ith three spines. Greyish brown with small Avhitc points. Hah. ?
32. RHYPTICUS.
Rypticus, Cuv. Ii^<pic Anim. ; Chi\ ^- Val. iii. p. 60. Smecticus, Valenc. Poiss. Voy. de la VSnus, p. 305.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth vilHform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones; tongue smooth. Scales minute, en- veloped in the epidermis. The spinous dorsal little developed, with the number of the spines variable; spines of the anal fin none, or small. Operculum and pra)operculum spiniferous. Aii'-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Warmer parts of the Atlantic ; Galapagos Archipelago.
172 tEKClDJiS.
1. Bhypticius saponacens.
Parra, p. 61. pi. 64. f. 2.
Anthiaa saponaceus, Bl. Schn.ja. 310.
Rypticua saponaceus, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 63.
D. ^. A. ^. Caec. pylor. 6-7. Vert. 10/14.
One continuoiis dorsal. The length of the bead equals the height of the body, and rather more than one-fourth of the total length. Dorsalis gradually becoifthig higher behind ; pectoral rounded, mode- rate ; ventral small. Brown.
Coasts of Tropical America ; Cape of Good Hope ; St. Helena ; Cape Verde.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape of Grood Hope. Presented by Sir A. Smith. 6. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. e, d. Adult : stuffed. "W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection, e. Adult. St. Vincent's. Presented by the Lords of the AdmimHy. f-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection. i. Adult. America. Presented by the Zoological Society. Jc, Half-grown : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The form of the skull deviates in many respects from that of the Serram. The supraoccipital crest is low, and does not extend beyond the supraoccipital bone. The portion of the skull formed by the parietdl and frontal bones is very compressed, smooth, without ridges, and cyUndrically roimded; the space between the eyes is stiU narrower, with a groove in front for receiving the pos- terior processes of the intermaxillary. The praeorbital has an entire, rounded, lower margin, tapering bfehind ; the suborbital arch is very narrow, but supported at the inner side by a long and broad plate, which renders this arch very firm, and supports the eye from beneath ; this plate occupies about one-third of the circle of the orbit. The maxillary bone gradHally widens behind, and has a rather concave posterior and a convex anterior margin. There is a large open space between the dentary and articulary bones of the mandibula. The pne- pperculum is narrow, crescent-shaped, without any prominent angle, and with two equal, flat, and triangular spinous teeth at its upper half; there is another smaller and obtuse tooth above these larger ones. The sub- and interoperculum are entire. The area of the operculum is hardly larger than the eye ; it is provided behind with three prominent spines, the middle of which is the longest, and the continuation of a strong ridge,, visible at the inner surface of the operculum ; the two upper spines are nearer together, and the upper- most is situated at the upper angle of the opercle.
There are ten abdominal and fourteeu caudal vertebrse. The neural spines of the first seven vertebrae are strong, compressed, and the more recumbent the more posteriorly situated; the posterior ones are also shorter. The ribs are short j but thicker than in Ser-^ ramus. There is only oiie rudimentary anal spine, and consequently the interheemal is very feeble and slender, attached to the eleventh
33. fCLACOCEPHALTTB. 173
haemal spine. The pubio bone is as feeble as the ventral fin itself; it is composed on each side of two narrow laminae, forming together a channel.
All the teeth form raHier broad villiform bands ; in both th^ jaws they extend to the posterior extremity of the bone ; those of the vomer are arranged in a triangular patch with emargiuate hinder side.
2. Rhyptdcns arenatosr
Cuv. <^ Vol. iii. p. 65, pi. 45.
One continuous dorsal. Greyish brown, punctulated with brown. Coast of Brazil ; Jamaica.
a. Half-grown. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
b, c. Half-grown : skins. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson,
Esq.
3. Bhypticns macnlatiis.
MU>r. lekthyol S. Carol, p. 39. pi. 6. f. 2.
D. 2 I 25. A. ^. Cffic. pylor. 4.
The two dorsal spines separated from the soft portion. Olive- brown with whitish spots. (Holbr.) Cape Remain (coast of S. Carolina).
4. Rhypticus bicolor.
Smecticus bicolor, Valenc. I. c. p. 307. pi. 2. f. 2.
D. 10 I 21. A.^.
Crimson, marbled with lighter ; all the fins black. Galapagos Archipelago.
33. AULACOCEPHALTJS.
Atdacocephalus, Temm. 8f ScMeg. Faun. Japon. p. 15.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform ; without canines ; palatines?; tongue?. One dorsal, with nine spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with tliree points ; praeoperculum strongly serrated at the lower limb. Scales small.
Indian Ocean.
1. Anlacocephalns schlegeliL A\ilacocephalus, sp., Fctun, Japon. p. 15. pi. 5. f. 2. D. K A. -?-.
■"' 13' "" 10
The height of the body is 3|| in the total length, the length of the head is more than one-third of it. Sub- and interoperculum den- ticulated ; suprascapula pointed. Violet ; on each side of the back
174 PERCIDJE.
a broad yellow band, running from the muzzle through the eye along the dorsal fin to the upper part of the dorsal fin. Coasts of the Mauritius and Japanese Seas.
a, b. Adult and half-growTi : stuffed. Isle dc France. Presented by Dr. Janvier.
34. DIPLOPRION.
Diploprion, (Kuhl Sf van Hasselt) C'uv. ^ Val. ii. p. 137.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth \'illiforra ; without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsals, the first with eight, the anal fin with two spines. Operculum spiniferous, praeoperculum with double denticulated limb. Scales small.
Seas of the Indian region,
1. Diploprion bifasciatum.
Diploprion bifasciatum, (Kuhl 6f ran Hasselt^ Cm: Sf Val. ii. p. 137. pi. 21 ; Faun. Japon. p. 2. pi. 2. A ; Rfhards. Ichthyol. CJiina, p. 222 ; Bleck. in Verliand. JJatav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 59, and Na- tuurk. Tyd.<ichr. Nederl. Ind. \\. 1854, p. 207.
D. 8 I 15. A. ■^. Vert. 12/13. C^c. pylor. 3.
Body 2-|- as long as high, compressed ; the first dorsal fin half as high as trunk ; ventrals long, pointed. Yellowish, ^vith two broad black cross-bands.
Japanese, Chinese, and Javanese Seas ; Moluccas.
a, h. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J, R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Cliina. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. e-h. Adult. China.
i, k. HaLf-growTi. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Large specimen. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
m. Adult : stuffed. Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
n. Adult. Molucca Islands, From Mr. Frank's CoUectign.
0. Half-gro\\Ti : stuffed. India.
p-s. Half-grown : not good state. India.
35. MYRIODON.
Centropristes, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 48.
MjTiodon, Brisout de BarnevUle, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 133.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth minute, villiform ; teeth on the palatine bones; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with twelve or thirteen spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum spiniferoiis ; prseopercTilum denticulated, with spinous teeth at the lower Hmb, diixcted forward. Scales moderate. The number of pyloric ap- pendages small (none?).
Seas of the Australian region.
36. GENYOBOGE. 175
1. Myriodon walgiensis.
Scorpaena waigiensio, Quoy^Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 324.pl. 58. f. 1. Centropristes scorpsenoides, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 48 ; Richards. Ann. &■
May. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 120. Myriodon scorpaenoides, Bris. de Barnev. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 130 j
Bleeker, Riouw. p. 480.
^' tS- ^- 1- ^- ^^^- ^2. L. transv. 8/17. Vert. 9/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. On each side between the two nasal openings a short membranaceous appendage. Praeoperculum with three or four spi- nous teeth beneath, directed forward ; operculum with a single spine. Caudalis very slightly emarginate ; the second spine of the anal very long and strong. Greyish, marbled with grey and i)rown.
Riouw ; Waigiou ; Port Essington.
a. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.
b. Adult : injured. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection. e. Adult ; stiiffed. Port Essington.
d. Young : dried. Freycinet's Harbour. Voyage of H.M.S.
Herald.
e. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. /. Adult : skeleton. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. g. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
A good description of the skeleton is given by Sir J. Richardson, I. c. p. 125.
36. GENYOROGE*.
Diacope, sp., Cuv. R^gneAnim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 410; Riipp. Atlas,
p. 70. Mesoprion, sp., Bleeker. Genyoroge, Cantor, Catal. p. 12.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal with ten or eleven, rarely with more spines ; the anal fin with three. Operculum with two or three points ; abbve the angle of praeoper- culum a deep notch, as deep as broad, receiving a more or less spinous knob of the interoperculum. Scales moderate.
From the Red Sea through aU the seas of the Indian region ex- tending into the Pacific.
* 1 . Diacope duodecim-lineata, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 529. — Isle de France.
2. rufolineata, Cuv. 4" Val. vi. p. 531. — New Guinea.
3. axillaris, Cuv. S[ Vol. vi. p. 532.— East Indies.
4. flavipes, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 534. — Vanicolo.
6. analis, Cuv. %■ Val. vi. p. 534. — Isle de France.
6. aurantiaca, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 536. — Vanicolo.
7. - — sanguirtea, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 437. — Red Sea.
8. vitianus, Hombr. ^ Jacq. Voy. au Pdle Sud, Poiss. p. 37. pi- 2. f. 2.
— Polvnesia.
17«
PBBCIDiE.
1. Genyoroge nigra.
Scisena nigra, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 47. Lutjanus niger, Bl. Schn. p. 326.
Diftcope nigra, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 431 : Riipp. N. W. Fisehe, p. 93. t. 24. f. 1.
^•tS-5- ^'^v L.lat. 45-50.
The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length j the le^igth of the head is 3| in the same ; the upper profile of the head is very convex, forming a quarter of a circle. Praeoperculum serrated, with stronger denticulations at the angle ; the prominence of the interoperculum like a spine, directed forwards. Pectoral fins long, reaching to the front end of the anal; caudal truncated. Uniform black.
Eed Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea.
2. (Jenyoroge macolor.
Macolor, Renard. i. pi. 9. f. 60, ii. pi. 7. f. 30: Valent. iii. p. 348.
pi. 1. f. 1. Diacope macolor, Cuv, 8f Val. ii. p. 415, Less. M&m. Hoc. Hist. Nat.
iv. p. 409, and Toy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 230. pi. 22. f. 2. Mesoprion macolor, Bleek. Celeb, iii. p. 752.
D.i?. A.^. Caec. pylor. 4.
Praeoperculum indistinctly serrated. Caudalis truncated ; pectoral and ventral fins very long, reaching far beyond the front end of the anal. Black, belly lighter ; a series of three white spots along the base of dorsal fin, two other spots below ; a white band along the sides ; head with two white cross-bands ; fins black ; caudal with white tips, and anal with a white posterior margin.
New Guinea ; Amboyna ; Celebes.
a. Adult. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b, c. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
3. Genyoroge sebae.
Seba, iii. 27. 2 ; itussell, pi. 99. Diacope sebse, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 411.
siamensis, Cuv. Sf I'al. vi. p. 624.
Mesoprion seboe, Bleeker, Perc. p. 4o.
D. Ji. A. -^. L. lat. 40. CaDc. pylor. 4 (5 Cuv.). Vert. 10/14.
Head one-third of the total length, equal to the height of the body; the diameter of'the eye is 4| in the length of the head ; the vertical and horizontal margins of the praeoperculum seiTated ; caudal fin emarginate. Yellowish, with three broad blackish (reddish-violet) cross-bands.
Coast of Pondicherry ; Seas of Java, Amboyna, Waigiou ; Louisiade Archipelago ; Coast of Mozambique.
56. GENYOBOGE. 177
a. AdiUt. India. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. 6. Adult: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (15 fathoms). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
c. Adult: skeleton. Aniboyna. From Mi". Frank's Collection.
d. Adult: stuffed. Mozambique. Presented by T. Thompson, Esq.
Skeleton. — The skull is distinguished not only by the development of all the bones situated in a vertical direction, as we find usual in Genyoroge, but by much more developed muciferous channels than in G. bengalensis, offering a further example of how little importance is the generic character drawn from this modification of the bones. The occipital crest is exceedingly high, with a rounded superior angle, and extends far between the orbits ; in front it is separated into two laminae, which, parting from each other in G. bem/alensis, are close together in this species. There are two other ridges on each side of this crest, both arising from above the orbit : the in- terior, parallel to the occipital crest, articulates with one of the processes of the suprascapula, and terminates behind in a prominent spinous point ; the exterior muciferous ridge descends in an oblique direction and articulates with the other process of the suprascapula. The space between the eyes is very uneven on account of ridges and cavities. The praeorbital bone is large, as large as the area of the eye, trapezoidal, and partly excavated by flat and low muciferous cavities ; the suborbital arch muciferous, but otherwise as in G. bengalensis. The maxillary bone short, not longer than the prasorbital, gradually widening behind, with a nearly straight-lined upper edge and a rather concave one beneath. The operculum has only one very short point, forming the end of an interior low crest ; there is only a rounded prominence at the place where another point is generally found; it is produced by an emargination beneath. The pra3oper- eulum is minutely serrated above and partly in the notch, the den- ticulations being coarser, and radiating at the angle and the inferior Hmb; the sub- and interoperculum are entire; the knob of the latter is an obtuse point directed upward. The coracoid bone as in G. bengalensis.
Of the entire system of muciferous channels, that pair running along the upper sm-face of the skull is most deVeloped ; it is formed by the turbinal, entirely modified into a tube,- and by the principal frontal bones. This channel has three openings : in front, the anterior opening of the turbinal ; secondly, an opening formed by a turbinal and frontal bone together; finally, a third in the frontal bone alone, above the anterior margin of eye ; this channel is blind behind and does not communicate with the second, as in Acerina cernua. The second arises from above the posterior margin of the orbit, and soon separates into two stems : one of them, the scapular stem, follows the exterior ridge on the parietals, ^nd being curved upwards and backwards, passes into the suprascapula and the upper supi'ascapular process, where it is lost : the other, the suborbital stem, follows the suborbital aich and expands on the praeorbital ; its openings are small and irregular. TJie tliii'd, or rather the foiuth
178 PERCID^
channel, runs along the inner part of the praeoperculum, is in com- munication with the scapular stem, and passes beneath on the man- dibula ; there are several small openings on the praeoperculum, but not so regular as those on the mandibula, where we find distinctly three : an entrance-opening behind on the articulary, a second be- tween the angular and dentary, a third on the dentary, and, besides, a few very small irregular ones in front. Thus we have here, with slight modifications, and in a rather less developed degree, the same muciferous system as in Aaerina cemua, or, in fact, in aU the Percoids, but in a more or less rudimentary state.
The length of the abdominal vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 11 : 17. The first interhaemal spine is trihedral, of moderate size, and attached to the eleventh haemal ; its length is eq ial to that of the second vertebra to the ninth.
There are two rather small canines on each side of the upper jaw • the villiform band reaches to the end of the bone, and has several stronger teeth in the outer row. In the lower jaw the villiform band does not extend on tlie sides of the bone, there being only a single series of stronger teeth, continued also on the front of the jaw. Separate canines cannot be distinguished. The band on the vomer forms a rather obtuse angle ; that on the palatine bones is short and narrow.
4. Gtenyoroge bengalensis.
Renard, Poiss. i. t. 20. f. 110; Vcdentyn, Ind. iii. f. 25.
Scisena kasmira, Forskal, p. 46.
Holocentrus bengalensis, Block, i. 246. f. 2 : Bl. Schn. p. 316
quinquelinearis, Bloch, t. 239.
Grammistes kasmira, Bl. Schn. p. 189.
Labrus octolineatus, Lacep. iv. p. 478. pi. 22. f. 1.
kasmira, Lacip iii. p. 483.
Perca polyzonias, Forst. Anim. cur. lAcht. p. 226. Diacope octolineata, Cuv. iif Vol. ii. p. 418, vi. p. 526 ; Faun. Japan. p. 12. pi. 6. f. 2 ; Richards. Ichthyol. adna, p. 229.
decemlineata, Cuv. Sf Val. ^^. p. 528.
Mesoprion etaape, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 229. octolineatus, Bleeker, Perc. p. 40.
The length of the head is equal to the height of body, and 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head. The vertical and the horizontal margins of the praeoperculum den- ticulated. Caudal fin emarginate. Yellowish ; on each side four or five blue longitudinal bands.
Red Sea ; Isle de France ; East Indian Seas ; Polynesia.
a, b. Adult. China.
c. Adult : skeleton. India.
d, e. Adult. India. Old Collection.
/. Half-grown : bad state. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection. g. Fine specii^3n. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald. h. Adult . stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago ; Chaumont Island. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
• 30. GKNYOROGK. 179
i. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (in 15 fathoms ; sand and
shells). Voyage of the Rattlesnake. /.;. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the Lords
of the Admiralty. /, m. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by
the Lords of the Admiralty. n-p. Half-grown. Am])oyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. <j. Adult : stuffed. Isle de France. r. Half-grown : stuffqd. 'Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
Skeleton. — The external appearance of the species of Oenyoroge exhibiting a more elevated 'form than the Serrani, we find all the bones situated in a vertical direction, higher, and more developed. The horizontal part of the occipital crest is as broad as the vertical, bifid in front, and extending between the orbits. There are two other ridges on each side of this crest, such as may be found more or less developed in the Serrani : the interior, parallel to the occipital crest, ai^iscs above the middle of the orbit, articulates with one of the pro- cesses of the suprascapula, and terminates on the paroecipital bone, with a point directed backwards ; the exterior ridge arises from above the suborbital arch, descends in an oblique direction, and arti- culates with the other process of the suprascapula. Tbc space between the orbits is neither concave nor convex, uneven, with several low ridges and grooves ; the procorbital bone is larg(^, trape- zoidal, and broader than the space between the orbits ; the sul)()rbital arch is very narrow, and provided at its inner side with a broad, thin, concave plate for supporting the eyeball from bcincnth (as in Ser- ranus). The maxillary bone gradually widens Ijchind, with a rather convex superior margin and a rather concave inferior one. The operculum with an upper entirely rounded point, and with 'a lower moderate, acute spine ; the pra^operculum is minutely serrated above the notch, the denticulations becoming coarser at the angle and at the lower limb ; siib- and interoperculum entire ; the knob of the latter is a tnie spine, directed upwards. I'he coraeoid bone is formed, as usual, of two bones ; but they are here very broad, the lower terminating in a point. The first interhamal ^pine is strong. equal to the length of the second vertebra to the eighth, and is fixed to the haemal of the tenth. There is a pair of strong canines on each side of the upper jaw ; those of the lower jaw are very small ; the teeth of the exterior series in the mandibula gradually become larger on the middle of the dental bone, and again decrease in length behind ; the series of vomerine teeth forms an obtuse angle.
5. Genyoroge caeruleovittata. Diacope caeruleovittata, Cuv. Sf Vol. vi. p. 530.
Eight blue longitudinal bands on each side. Eye very large. ( V«l. Isle do France.
N 2
180 PEECID-B.
6. QenjOTOge viridis. Diacope viridis, ValeTic. Voy. VSnusy Zool. p. 303. pi. 1. f. 2. D.n A.}. L. lat. 55.
Greenish, with four straight, dark green longitudinal bands. ( Val.) (Jalapagos Archipelago.
7. (Jenyorog^ octovittata. Diacope octovittata, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 528.
D.l|. A.|. Vert. 11/14.
On each side foiir broad (blue?) longitudinal bands; dorsal fin with a broad white margin.
Isle de France. a. Adult : skeleton. Isle de France. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.
The comparison of the skeleton of this species with that of O. ben- galemis proves the real difference of both species. The general structure of the skeleton is much the same ; but, besides the difference in the number of the fins and of the vertebrae, the frontal bones are much broader, especially behind, where they form a conspicuous flat vault : the distance between the orbits is larger than one-half of the horizontal diameter of the osseous orbit, the same distance in G. hen- galensis being smaller than one-half of that diameter. The first interhaemal spine is equal to the length of the second to the seventh vertebra, and is attached to the twelfth and thirteenth.
8. Genyoroge rosea. Diacope rosea, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 637.
D '^ A -i
Rose-coloured (in life) ; dorsal orange, with blue spots ; anal and ventral fins blue. ( Val.)
Sea of Ulea (Caroline Islands).
9. Genyoroge gibba.
Sciffina gibba, Forsk. p. 4t). Lutjanus gibbus, £1. Schn. p. 326.
Diacope coccinea, (Ehrenh) Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 437; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 91. t. 23. f. 2 ; Peters, Wiegm. Archiv, 1865, p. 238.
gibba, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 438.
D '" A -i-
The length of the head is 9^ in the total, and the height of the body 2| in the same. The upper profile of the head gibboiis a Dove the eyes ; muzzle elongate, pointed. Pectorals pointed, hardly reaching to the front end of the anal ; caudal notched. Uniform reddish rose-coloured, with two rather irregular yellow streaks passing from the muzzle below the eye to the pectorals ; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins with white posterior edges.
Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique.
36. GENYOKOGE, 18]
10. Genyoroge notata.
Tltissi'll, pi. 98.
Diacope notata, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 422.
Genyoroge uotata, Cantor, Catal. p. 12.
Back reddish brovm ; a black blotch on the lateral line (according to Valenciennes, above the lateral line) ; from the orbit, above the lateral line, three obliquely ascending orange lines, of which the lowest reaches to the middle of the base of the dorsal rays ; beneath the lateral line three or four similar parallel lines, of wliich the upper- most divides the black spot ; the rest nearly straight from the oper- culum towards the tail. — Young: head above and back brownish; stripes of the body brown. {Cantor.)
Sea of Pinang ; Bay of Bengal.
Mesoprion russelUi, Bleeker, seems t(i_ be a different species, be- longing to the group -with a superficial notch at the vertical margin of the pneoperculuHL
11. Genyoroge marginata.
Diacope marginata, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 425 ; Peters, Wiegm. Archivy 1855, p. 238.
xanthopus, Cuv. 8^ Vol. iii. p. 495.
Mesoprion marginatus, Bleeker, Amhoinn, ii. p. 564.
D. i5. A. 4. L. lat. 50-55.
Uniform yellowish (in a dried state) ; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with a black and whitish edge. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head. Pectoral fins pointed, long, reaching to the spinous part of the anal fin. Caudalis notched. Louisiade Archipelago ; Amboyna ; Ceylon ; Coast of Mozambiqxie.
a, h. Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by the Zoological Society.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mi;. Frank.
e. f. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by
the Lords of the Admiralty. ff, h. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
12. (Jenyoroge Ijottonfinsis.
Holocentrus boutton, Lacep. iv. pp. 331, 367.
Diacope bottonensis, Cuv. 8r Fat. li. p. 434, vi. p. 535.
Mesoprion bottonensis, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tvdsehr. Nederl Indie, iL
p. 170. jauthinurus, Bleeker, I. c. vi. p. 52.
^•tSs- a- I- L. lat. 65. The height of tte body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the
182 PEKCID.E.
total ; the diameter of the eye one-fourth of the length of the head. Denticulations of thelower marginof the proDopcrcuhim rather stronger than those of the posterior ; caudalis notched ; pectoral fins reaching to the base of the anal ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third. Red : brownish red on the back, -flath numerous oblique darker bauds above the lateral line ; fins immaculate. Sumatra ; Amboyna ; New Guinea.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection as Meso-
prion annularis.
c. d. Half-grown and yoimg. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Col-
lection.
13. Grenyoroge rivulata.
Diacope rivulata, Cuv. ^ Vul. ii. p. 414. pi. 88 : Rdpp. N. W. Fische,
p. 94. ? Diacope alboguttata, Cuv. <§- Val. vii. p. 445.
D.-LIL A..-i„. L. lat. 54. Ciec. pvlor. 5.
U-IO 8-9 ^ ''
The length of the head is 3f in the total, the height of the body 3i only. Caudal fin very slightly emarginate. Brownish, reticu- lated with blue on the opercles ; each scale with a light centre and a darker base and edge ; a white spot above the lateral line, opposite to the front end of the anal fin, more or less visible in dried spe- cimens ; fins blacldsh, with darker edges.
Red Sea; Coasts of Coromandel and Malabar; Chinese and Javanese Seas.
a. Adult. China.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased from Mr. Frank as Meso-
pnon quadripunctatus.
e. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
14. Genyoroge caenileopimctata.
Bussell, i. p. 75. pi. 96.
Diacope caeruleopunctata, Ctiv. ^- Val. ii. p. 424. Mesoprion Cceriiloopimctatus, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1851, p. 169.
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 45-50.
The height of the body is 24 or 3 in the total length, the length of the head 3^ in the same ; the diameter of the eye 3^4i in the length of the head. Caudalis scarcely emarginate ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second anal spine strongest and longest ; the first ray of the vcntrals rather elongate. Brownish red, Avith blue streaks on the forehead, the cheeks, and opercles ; a black ring on the lateral line, below the ft-ont part of the soft dorsal fin ; fins immaculate. {Bl.)
Coast of Coromandel ; Sea of Padang (Sumatra).
30. OKNVOROOE. 183
lo. Genyoroge melanura. Diaciipe iiiplaiiura, Riipp. N. W. Fisch; p. 92. t. 23. f. 1. D. 1^. A. l^. L. lat. 60. Ctec. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and equal to the length of the head. Prajoperculuin serrated, with stronger denticu- lations below the notch. Upper profile of the head straight. Pec- toral fins pointed, reaching nearly to the front end of the anal ; caudalis notched. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal fin longer and stronger than the third. Uniform crimson ; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins white-edged ; basal part of the caudal of black colour (disappearing in dried specimens).
Red Sea.
a. Adult : stuiFed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
16. Grenyoroge amboinensis.
Mesoprion amboinensis, Bleeker, Amb. ^ Cer. p. 259. D. ii. A. |. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^-3^ in the same ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the length of the head. Caudahs slightly emarginate ; the middle dorsal spines longest ; the second anal spine longest, longer than the rays. Rose-coloured : back with oblique red streaks, sides with five or six yellow longitudinal stripes ; fins yellow ; a black blotch immediately above the lateral line.
Sea of AmbojTia.
a, 0. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Bleeker (7. c.) describes the above species with eleven spines of the dorsal fin, and the following with ten ; in subsequent memoirs he unites them, Avithout explaining his reasons for it. If there is no mistake in the numbers given, both species must be different, as we have never found any variation in the number of the dorsal spines either in Genyoroge or in Mesoprion. Not ha\dng specimens of both the species, I am unable to decide the question, and give the diagnosis of M. mclfinospUos.
17. Grenyoroge melanospilos. Mesoprion melanospilos, Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 750.
D. ii. A. 4. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length , and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter. Upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye ; the notch of the pricoperculum very deep, and apparently bifid ; the fifth spine of the dorsal fiji and the second of the anal longest ; caudalis
^ 84 PEBCID.f.
notched. The black lateral blotch between the lateral line ami tlir anterior dorsal rays ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin black-edged ; a black spot above the base of the pectoral fins. {Bl.) Sea of Bulucomba (Celebes).
18. Grenyoroge fulva.
Perca fulva, Forster, MSS. Holocentrus fulvus, Bl. Schn. p. 318. Diacope fulva, Cm. Sf Val. ii. p. 435.
D. ii. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. fl.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3^ m the total ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the length of the head, and equal to two-thirds of the distance between the eye and the end of the muzzle ; the upper maxillary bone reaches nearly to the level of the anterior margin of the eye ; the praeoperciilum exhibits fine denticulations above the notch, coarser ones beneath. Caudalis very slightly concave behind. The fourth dorsal spine and the second of the anal fin longest and strongest ; pectorals scarcely reaching the front end of the anal. Uniform yellowish red ; caudalis white-edged.
Sea of Otaheiti.
a. Adult : bleached. Otaheiti. Old Collection. — Forster's original specimen.
19. Gtenyoroge civis. Diacope civis, Cuv. fy Val. vii. p. 444.
n " A '
D. jg. A. -.
The length of the head is one-third of the total, and equal to the height of the body. Uniform brownish red, with a 'brown spot on the soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins, and two broAvn streaks on the caudal. {Vol.)
Seychelles.
37. MESOPRION*.
Mesopriou, Cuv. It^yne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 439. Diacope, sp., Riippell, Atlas, p. 70. Mesoprion, sp., Blecher.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth ^dlliform, with canines in both jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones. One dorsal, mostly -with ten or eleven, rarely "with nine or twelve spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum generally with two or three, rarely with one indistinct point ; praeoperculum with fine serralure, without or with a very open notch. Scales moderate.
All the seas of the Tropical regions.
* 1. Mesoprion aurolineatus, C^lv. # Val. iii. p. 496. — Ceylon.
2. Mesoprion richardi, Cuv. 4' Vnl- ii- P- 448.— Caribbean Sea.
3. Mesoprion ta-niops, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 643.— Celebes (rivers).
4. Mesoprion cyanopterus, Cuv. ^- Val. ii. p. 472.- Brazil.
'37. jiEsorEioN. 185
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Pneoperculiim finely or moderately denticulated.
A. Coloration uniform, or with indistinct oblique and longitudinal streaks.
1. Ten dorsal spines.
a. Without a large black lateral blotch, a. Caudal fin deeply forked.
1. M. microchir, 2. M. chrysurus.
/3. Caudal fin truncated, or slightly notched. aa. Ground-colour olive, with a yellow, green, or brown shade.
3. M. sparus, 8. M. bitfeniatus, 13. M. gembra,
4. M. dentatus, 9. M. waigiensis, 14. M. cynodon,
5. M. carponotatus, 10. M. chrysotaenia, 15. M. griseus,
6. M. bohar, 11. M. argentimaculatus, 16. M. buccanella,
7. M. caudalis, 12. M. lineatus, 17. M. aya.
bb. Ground-colour red. 18. M. bo..nsi,, ^M{;r^"^' 21. M. madras.
b. With a large black lateral blotch.
22. M. johnii, 24. M. fulviflamma, 26. . M. mahogoni,
23. M. fuscescens, 25. M. uninotatus, 27. M. vivanus.
2. Eleven dorsal spines.
28. M. annularis, 30. M. erythropterus, 32. M. timoriensis,
29. M. malabaricus, 31. M. lineolatus, 33. M. isodon.
3. Twelve dorsal spines.
34, M. dodecacanthus, 35. M. dodecacanthoides, 36. M. axirorubens.
6. Mesoprion pargus, Cuv. 4" Val. ii. p. 473. — Porto-Eico.
6. Mesoprion flavipinnis, Cuv. <Sf Val. ii. p. 475. — Pondicherry.
7. Mesoprion rubellus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 475. — Pondicherry ; Eed Sea.
8. Sillaoo, Russell, pi. 100.— Mesoprion sillaoo, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 476.— East
Indies.
9. Mesoprion fulgens, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 539. — Coast of Gorea.
10. Lutjanus lutjanus, .5^. t. 245. — Mesoprion lutjanus, Cuv. % VaLSx. p. 479.
— East Indies.
11. Cliirtah, Russell, i. pi. 93.— Mesoprion chirtah, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 488. —
Bay of Bengal.
12. Karooi, Russell, ii. pi. 125. — Mesoprion carui, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 489 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 16. — Bay of Bengal.
13. Lutjanus albo-aureus, Lacip. iv. pi. 7. f. 1. — Mesoprion albo-aureus, Cuv.
4- Val. ii. p. 489.
14. Perca lunulata, Mungo Park, Trans. lAnn. Soc. iii. p. 35. pi. 6. — Lutjanus
lunulatiis, Bl. 8ehn. p. 329 ; Lac^p. iv. p. 213.— Mesoprion lunulatus, Cuv. 4 Val. ii. p. 477. — Sumatra.
15. Mesoprion olivaceus, Cuv. 4 Vol- ii- P- 478. — Waigiou.
16. Mesoprion erythrognathus, Cuv. 4 Val. vii. p. 447.^=Seychelle8.
17. Mesoprion ? emeryii, Richards. Ic. Pise. p. 7. pi- 3. f 2. — Australia.
18. Mesoprion elongatus, Hombr. S[ Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 38. pi. 2.
f. 3.— Hab. ?
19. Mesoprion argenteus, Hombr. ^ Jacq. I. c. p. 39. pi. 2. f 4. — Hab. ?
20. Mesoprion caudanotatus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, 1851, p. 440. lam. 3. f 3. —
Cuba.
186 l'KKCID,K.
B. With a more or less broad, distinct, blackish lateral bantl.
37. M. vitta, 38. M. bleekeri, 39. M. euneacHiiUuis.
C. With permanent blackish cross-bands.
40. M. semicinctus.
D. With several distinct longitudinal bauds.
41. M. quiuqueliueatus, 42. M. sobra, 43. M. decussatus.
11. Species with anomalously armed pra3operculum.
44. M. retrospinis, 45. M. pomacantlius.
I. Prpeoperculum moderately or finely denticulated.
A. Coloration uniform, or with indistinct oblique and longitudinal streaks.
1. Ten dorsal spines.
rt. Without a large black lateral blotch.
a. Caudal fin deeply forked.
1. Mesoprion microchir. Bleeker, Amhoyna, iv. p. 332.
D. -12_. A. -2.. L. lat. 50.
10-11 7-8
The height of the body is 5i in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter ; the upper profile of the head convex. The lower jaw ra'^her prominent, the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. Prscoperculum not notched. Caudalis deeply forked , the dorsal spines slender, the middle ones nearly equal in length, higher than the rays ; the third anal spine longest. Yellowish olive ; the dorsal fin brown-spotted at the base, and above brown-edged, the other fins immaculate. (-BL)
Sea of Ambo>-na.
2. Mesoprion chrysurus. u)u^>
Rabirubbia, Patra, pi. 22. f. 1.
Colas, Duhamel, PecJies, iv. cap. 5. p. G4. pi. 12. f. 1.
Acara pitamba, 3Iargr. p. 155.
Sparus chrysurus, Bl. t. 262; Laccp. h\ p. 115.
Grammistes chrvsurus, BL Schn. p. 187.
Anthias rabirubbia, BL Sch/i. p. 309.
Sparus somiluna, Laa'p. iv. pp. 141, 142. pi. 3. f. 1.
Mesoprion chrysurus, Cxr. ■!)• VaL ii. p. 459 ; Guichen. Poiss. in Eamon
(h la Sa(/ra, Hist. Cuba, p. 24. • aurovittatus, Spiz, Fischc BrasiL pi. GG.
D --. A. - L. lat. 55-60. L. transv. 9/18 Vert. 10/14.
13 9 '
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total. Caudalis deeply forked, with the upper lobe longest; pectorals reaching to the origin of the anal. I'rac-
37. jiEsoPHioN. 187
operculum very indistinctly emarginate ; intcropcrculum without knob. Greenish olive, with oblique streaks above the lateral line, and some shining golden longitudmal bands on the sides. No lateral blotch, nor a spot in the axil. Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. West Indies. From the Haslar Collection. —
Head above with small round violet spots.
b. Half-grown. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. e, d. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
e, f. Half-groven : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
g. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Skin: not good state. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Kichard- son, Esq.
i-n. Half-grown : skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
0. Skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
p. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection. — Spotted like speci- men a.
Skeleton. — The skeleton of this species deviates more from those of M. uninotatus and griseus than these species from each other. The maxillary bone gradually widens from the base to its extremity, and has the posterior margin nearly straight and the anterior concave. The posterior processes of the maxiUary bones are of moderate length, about one-half the length of the bones themselvos ; each of these is armed in front with three canines, of nearly equal and of moderate size. There is a series of short conical teeth along all the outer margin, accompanied by a posterior villiform band. The mandibulary is fur- nished with an outer series of conical teeth, gradually becoming smaller in the posterior portion of the jaw ; there are some viUiform teeth besides, near the symphysis. The vomerine teeth are arranged in an anchor-shaped villiform band, occupying more than half the length of the bone. The palatine teeth form a band, five times as long as broad, and not extending on the pterygoid. The turbinal bones are well developed, elongate, and slightly divergent ; they leave between them a triangular groove to receive the processes of the intermax- illary bones. A short triangular portion of the ethmoid is visible between the branches of the occipital crest, which in this species is rather elevated, to its anterior extremity, and extends along all the suture of the frontal bones. The lateral crests are relatively much less developed, and the interior arises from the middle of the space between the occipital crest and the upper margin of the orbit. The praeorbital is large, irregiilarly quadrangular, and smooth ; the re- mainder of the infraorbital bones are narrow, and form the base for a large concave plate reaching into the interior of the orbit.
The operculum has two obtuse points, with a notch between ; a ridge on the interior surface of the opercidum corresponds to the lower of the points ; the sub- and interoperculum are entire. • The limbs of the praeoperculum have a rather oblique direction towards each other ; the angle is rounded, and furnished with obtuse denti- culations. The posterior limb has an exceedingly fine serratui'c, ex-
188 VERCID.!!;.
tending into the notch, which is scarcely conspicuous. The inferior limb is entire. Suprascapiila scarcely denticulated. The glossohyal is oblong, of nearly equal width posteriorly and anteriorly, and covered wath exceedingly fine villiform teeth ; the urohyal terminates posteriorly in two points, the lower of which is elongate ; there is a semicirciilar notch between. The basal portion of the skull is slightly swollen, and there is a deep and broad longitudinal groove behind the condyle of the basioccipital.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1*55. The first interhaemal spine is not strong, and equal to the length of the first six vertebra; together : it is attached to the haemal spines of the eleventh and twelfth vertebrae.
/3. Caudal fin truncated, or slightly notched. aa. Ground-colour olive, with a yellow, green, or brown shade.
3. Mesoprion spams. Diacope sparus, Temm. i$- Schleg. Faun, Japan. Poiss. p. 14.
10 8
Physiognomy sparoid. The upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye. Praeoperculum with exceedingly fine deiiticulations, and a slight notch behind ; suprascapula denticulated. CaudaUs notched ; the second anal spine shortei-, but stronger, than the third. Uniform brownish. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
4. Mesoprion dentatus.
Apsilus dentatus, Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra^ Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 29. pi. 1. f. 2.
D. J5. A.f. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10/18
The upper maxiUary reaches scarcely beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Praeoperculum with a very slight notch, with the posterior Limb exceedingly finely serrated, and with conspicuous denticulations beneath. Dorsalis nearly even, caudaUs forked ; the second anal spine shorter, but not stronger, than the third. Coloration uniform.
Jamaica.
a, h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection. c. Half-grown: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
Description. — This species is very remarkable for its being an in- termediate form between species of Centropristis, Anthias, and MesO" prion. I place it in the latter genus on account of the pneoperciUar notch, which, slight as it is, nevertheless is present, and followed by more conspicuous denticulations of the angle. Otherwise this species has much similarity to Centropristis atrarius, Anthias macrophtlialmns, and Mesoprion aurorubens in general habit, and in the small number
87. MESOPEION. 189
of the rays of the vertical fins. The preceding species, Mesoprion sparus, appears to be closely allied to the fish of the present -de- scription ; and it is a very remarkable fact in the geographical dis- tribution of fishes, that we find several species, described by Schlegel in the ' Fauna Japonica,' represented in the Atlantic by others, not or scarcely different, — viz., among the Serranina, Anihias ocidatus, Serranus tsirimenara and margaritiferus, Mesoprion sparus and den- tatv£.
The height of the body is 3^ or ^\ in the total length, the length of the head four times. The eye is situated m the middle of the length of the head, in which its diameter is contained 4^ ; the inter- space between the eyes equals the diameter. The snout is li as long as tlie eye is wide ; the cleft of the mouth moderate, slightly obhque, with the ^ower jaw rather prominent. The upper maxillary reaches to, or slightly beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The front head, the snout, and the praeorbital are completely scaleless.
The praeopercvdum has a naked margin, broadest at the angle ; the remainder is scaly, there being seven rows of scales between the eye and the lower Umb of the praeoperculum. The posterior limb is slightly curved, and furnished with an exceedingly fine serrature ; there is a very slight notch immediately above the angle ; the angle and the lower limb form one curvature, with distinct denticulations. The operculum is nearly twice as high as wide, with the base naked, as in many fishes ; it is covered with seven oblique rows of scales, and terminates posteriorly in two obtuse points with a notch between. The suboperculum has two or three rows of scales, one of which extends over all its length. The interoperculum is elongate, cres- cent-shaped, with two series of small scales.
The origin of the dorsal fin correspond* to the 6th scale of the lateral Hne, the end to the 39th, the origin of the soft portion to the 26th: — consequently the base of the spinous is much longer than that of the soft. The upper margin is slightly undulating, the fourth and fifth spines and the fifth ray being equal in length, and 2-| in the total ; the last dorsal spine is one-fourth shorter. All the spines are slender and equal in strength. The dorsal fin is entirely scaleless. The caudal fin is moderately forked, the middle ray being half the length of the longest ; small scales cover about one-half of the fin. The origin of the anal fin corresponds to the vertical from the 28th scale of the lateral fin, the end to that from the 4l8t. The spines are feeble ; the first is one-half the length of the second, the second two- thirds the length of the third ; the third is three-quarters the lensrth of the first ray, which equals the ninth dorsal spine ; the last ray is slightly elongate and prominent beyond the margin of the fin. The pectoral fin is elongate, pointed, and extends backwards to the first or second ray of the anal fim ; a short triangiilar patch at the base is scaly. The ventral fin is sJmilar and extends to the vent.
The lateral line follows the outiine of the back, and is formed by scales rather smaller than the others.
The lateral series of teeth in the jaws contain larger .ones than
190
those of the nlliform bands, and there are two or three canines of moderate size on each side, above and beneath. The vomenne teeth fonn a triangular patch, with an anterior obtuse angle. The pala- tine band is cuneiform, narrow
The coloration is now uniform greyish, the scales of the back having a darker margin ; the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins blackish.
inches, lines.
Total length 13 9
Height of the body 3 10
Length of the head 3 5
Diameter of the eye 0 9^
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 6^
of the tenth dorsal spine 1 0|
of the first dorsal ray 1 3
of the tenth dorsal ray 1 4^
of the third anal spine 1 0^
of the fir.'^t anal ray 1 3
of the eighth anal ray 1 3
of the pectoral fin 3 o
of the ventral fin 2 8
5. Mesoprion carponotatus.
Richardson, Ann. S,- Mai/. Nat. Hist. 1S42, vol. i.v. p. 28. D. 1^. A. ij. L. lat. 68.
External appearance sparoid. The length of the head is 3^ in the total length, and equal to the height of the body ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the length of the head. Pra:opei culum with a few scarcely \-isible denticulations, slightly emarginate ; operculum rounded, as in Sparus, with a shallow re-entering arc ; suprascapula entire. Caiidalis tnmcated ; the point of the pectoral fin falls short of the anus. The fourth dorsal spine longest, the second and third of the anal fin nearly equal. Coloration uniform, with a black spot at the root of the pectoi-al fin.
Noi'th Australian Coast.
a. Adult. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection.
'). Mesoprion bohar.
Sciajna bohar, Forsk. p. 4(i.
Spams Icpisurus, Lacep. iii. pi. 15. f. 2.
Lutjanus bohar, lil. Schn. p. 325.
Diacopo bohar, Ouv. ^- Vat. ii. p. 433 ; Riipp. Atl. Fisehe, p. 73, and
N. W. Fisehe, p. 103. Diacope quadripruttata, Cuv. ^- Vul. ii. p. 427, vi. y. 533.
D.
A. J. Vert. 10/14.
The height of th'^ body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|. Interoperculum with a distinct knob, pra'o])eniibnn
37. MESOPEION. 191
slightly notched. Caudalis notched ; pectorals not fully reaching to the anal. Brownish ; in immature specimens two whitish blotches on each side of the back, disappearing after death.
From the Red Sea along the eastern coast of Africa ; (East Indies).
Diacope qtuidri guttata, Cuv., after having been united by RiippeU with Diac. bohar, and acknowledged by Valenciennes as the young animal of the latter, is now again separated by Bleeker (Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, ii. p. 233). The descriptions of D. bohar are not suiRcient to enable us to decide, without specimens from the Red Sea and the East Indies, whether there are reaUy two different species or not. Bleeker, in his description, mentions the praeoperculum as being deeply notched.
a. Half-grown: not good state, Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
7. Mesoprion caudalis. Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 537.
13 7
Caudalis slightly rounded ; praeoperculum with a very conspicuous notch, and stronger denticulations beneath. Yellowish olive, with violet longitudinal streaks above and beneath the lateral Line ; caudal fin with a large, triangular, violet, yellowish -edged blotch ; the spi- nous part of the dorsal fin blackish ; the other fins yellowish. (Val.)
Vanicolo Islands.
8. Mesoprion bitseniatus.
Diacope bitseniata, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 536 ; Qiioy Sf Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 664. pi. 5. f. 2.
D.i2. A.|.
12 7
Caudalis slightly emarginate. Yellowish, with oblique streaks above the lateral line, and longitudinal beneath ; two red bands across the cheek, and a black one across the middle of the caudal fin.
Celebes.
9. Mesoprion wadgiensis.
Diacope waigiensis, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 307. immaculata, Cm\ ^ Val. ii. p. 430 *.
D. 15. A. |. L. lat. 75.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, and equal to the length of the head; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the latter. Praeoperculum verj' finely serrated ; notch conspicuous, knob rather indistinct. Caudalis emarginate ; pectoral distant from anal fin ; the third and fourth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal
* Cuvier quotes this species as Diacofv immactdata, Quoy & Qaim. ; but this name was given by lumself, instead of the true denomination mentioned above.
ly2 PERCn)-E.
stronger, but not longer, tiian the third. Uniform oHvo (in a di-ied state), with indistinct obli(|ue streaks above the Uiteral line, and longitudinal ones beneath ; base of the pectoral with a nan-ow black spot.
Sea of Waigiou ; Port Essington.
a. Adult : stuffed. Port Essington.
There is a tooth near the symphysis of the intennaxillan^- bones, stronger than those of the velvet-like band ; then, more at the side, but in front of the muzzle, a very strong and long canine ; then a series of nine or ten smaller ones, gradually becoming smaller behind; at the inside of these canines is the band of velvet-like teeth. In the exterior scries of the lower jaw are four canines in front and at the side ; and then follow two larger ones, but smaller than the fang of the upper jaw.
10. Mesoprion chrysotaBnia.
Bleeher, Nntuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, ii. It^/Sl, p. 170, and Art. S(H\ Sc. Itulo-Nedi'rl. i. p. 40.
D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 65.
lae height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3|^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter ; the upper profile of the head straight-lined. Suprascapula and pneoper- culum serrated, tlie latter with a conspicuous notch behind. Caudalis emarginate ; the third and fourth doitsal spines longest. Bluish green (in life), with seven or eight shining golden, broad, longitu- dinal bands ; a black spot above the base of the pectoral fins ; fins immaculate.
Sea of Batavia.
a. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
11. Mesoprion argentimaculatus.
Sciajna argentimaculata, Forsk. p. 50. I'erca arg-'intata, HI. Srhn. p. 80. Labriia argentatus>, Lacep. pp. 42(5, 407.
Diacope argontimaculata, Cur. df Vol. ii. p. 432 ; Hiipp. Athta Fische, p. 71. t. 1!). f. 1.
D. 1^. A. |. Cajc. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, and equal to the length of the head. The upper maxillary bone reaching to the level of the postei-ior margin of the eye ; a slight notch of the pra^oper- culum always conspicuous; knob of the interoperculum sometimes wanting; fine di'nticiilations above the notch, coai'ser oiu's beneath. Caudalis truncated, pectorals not fully reaching to the anal. Greenish ; each scale lighter at the edge, sometimes vvhite. (H'lipp.)
Ked Sea.
37. MESOPEION. 193
12. Mesoprion lineatos.
Diacope lineata, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 309.
striata, Qw. 4" f^«/. ii- p. 430.
Mesoprion striatus, Bleek. Perc. p. 44.
janthinuropterus, JJfeeA;. Celebes, iii. p. 751.
D.l|. A.|. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3-i- in the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the latter ; the notch of the praeoperculum is very slight. Caudalis emarginate, the fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest. Olive, with oblique red- brown streaks above the lateral line, and with longitudinal lines of the same colour on the opercles and sides of the body ; no lateral blotch ; dorsal g,nd caudal fins blackish, the spinous part of the former with a black edge ; pectorals yellow ; anal and ventral fins rose-coloured.
Waigiou ; Molucca Sea ; Sea of Java.
13. Mesoprion gembra.
Sttssell, pi. "95.
Alphestes sambra, Bl. Schn. Syst. Posth. p. 236. t. 51.
Mesoprion yapilli, Cui\ Sf Val. ii. p. 483.
gembra, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 485 ; Cantor, Cutal. p. 15.
imniaculatus, Cuv. 8f Val ii. p. 474 ; Bleeh. Perc. p. 45.
— . — gembra, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 246 (young).
»-l^- ^-f L- lat. 46.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3|- ; the diameter of the eye is 4^^ in the latter. The upper profile of the head is slightly concave ; the jaws are equal in front, the upper maxillary bone reaching to betow the anterior half of the eye. Suprascapula and prseoperculum finely serrated, the latter slightly emarginate. Caudalis truncated, pectorals distant from the anal ; the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal fin not much longer, but stronger, than the third. Uniform dark oUve, each scale with a brown base ; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins olive, along the middle lighter, the former with a black edge as far as the spinous part ; young specimens with nine or ten darker cross-bands.
Bay of Bengal ; Molucca Sea.
a. Large specimen : bleached. India. Old Collection. 6. Large specimen : stuffed.
c. Adult. Sumati-a. From Mr. Frank's Collection. d-(j. Half-grown. Amboyna ; Borneo. From Mr. Frank's Col- lection. h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection. /. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection. 1c. Half-grown : stuffed. I. Young.
194 PF,KCID.E.
Sir John Richardson mentions a di-ied specimen of this fish, in the Collection of the British Museum, i)rocured by 'Mr. Gilbert at Port Essington (No. 21), and he describes it under the name of M. yapiUi, in the Ann. 4- Maij. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 2G. I am not able to find this fish in the Collection.
14. Mesoprion cynodon.
Caballerote, Jocu, Parra, pi. 25. f. 1,2. Anthia.s caballerote, Bl. Schu. p. 310.
jocu, £1. Si-/ui. p. olO.
Mesoprion cynodon, Cut: Sf 'Val. ii. p. 465.
analis, Cav. Sf Val. ii. p. 452 (not Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou
rares de VAmer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 4). litura, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 407.
D. ij. A. |. L. lat. 43-46. L. transv. 9/16.
The height of the body is 3 to 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|- ; the diameter of the eye is 41 in the latter, and 1 f in the length of the snout ; jaws equal in front. Prteopercidum with a distinct notch, but the knob of the interopcrculum .vei-y inconspi- cuous ; suprascai>ula serrated. Caudalis slightly emarginate ; pec- torals scarcely reaching to the origin of the anal ; the fourth dorsal spine longest. Olive (in spirits), each scale with a darker base ; a bluish-white, darker-edged streak from the pra^orbital below the eye across the opercles. Canines large.
Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America.
n. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk. b, c. Adult: not good state. South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
d. Half-grown : vci'y bad .state. West Inches.
e. Adidt,: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. /. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Young. St. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
This species may be readily distinguished from the following by its smaller scales ; there arc nine or even ten longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the dorsal tin, wliilst M. grisens has six or seven only. The other characters are less conspicuous in young and half-grown individuals, — viz., the greater height of the body in M. ajnodun, and the greater length of the snout in M. griseus. From Cu\-ier's description alone it woidd be impossible to determine the species, as the greater part of the species of Mfsoprion, as in many other genera, are either insufficiently described, or form no- minal species only, founded on the most tiivial characters.
1"). Mesoprion griseus.
Mesoprion p-riseus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 409; ? Giuchcn. in Ramon de la
Sar/i(i, Ili.'it. C'nlia, Poiss. p. 2(5.' flnvoscoiis, Cnr. ^- J'l/l. ii. p. 472.
37. MESOPRION. 195
Mesoprion linea, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 468.
jocu, Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 466.
goreensis, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 540.
D. j^y A. |. L. lat. 40-45. L. transv. ^^. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ to 3f in the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is about 4^ in the latter, and (in adult specimens) one-half the length of the snout ; jaws equal. Praeoperculum very slightly emarginate at its posterior Kmb, interoperculmn without knob. CaudaUs slightly emarginate ; pectorals not reaching to the origin of the anal ; canines very large. OHve (in spirits), each scale with a darker base ; a bluish- white, darker-edged line from the pra^orbital below the eye across the opercles ; the line is sometimes interrupted, forming a series of small spots, sometimes not visible. Young and half-grown specimens often with alternating lighter and darker cross-bars, or with the dorsal and caudal fins black-edged/and the former with a series of irregular dark spots.
Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America ; West Coast of Africa.
a. Large specimen. "West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b-d. Half-grown. West Indies.
e. Half-grown. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
f-h. Half-grown. West Indies.
i, Tc. Adiilt : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
I. Half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
m. Fine specimen, Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. n. Adult : skeleton. Cuba. From the CoUeetion of the Zoological
Society. 0. Adult : stuffed. Cuba. From the CoUeetion of the Zoological
Society. p-i. Adidt and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection. u. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming. V. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schombm-gk. w. Half-grown. British Guiana. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk. X, y. Adult ; not good state. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr,
Brandt, z. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. a, (o. Adult : stuffed.
In specimens which have not attained to maturity, the soft portion of the dorsal and anal fins is more elevated. I give the description of specimen w.
Description of the specimen. — The body is compressed and rather short, the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins beiig 2^ in the length of the head. The head is compressed ; the interspace be- tween the eyes not broader than the vertical diameter of the eye. The cleft of the mouth is nearly horizontal, and rather wide ; the upper maxillary reaches somewhat beyond the vertical, from the an-
o2
196 PERCID^.
terior margin, of the eye. The cheek is scaly ; there are seven rows of scales between the eye and the lower limb of the pra^operciilum, the row nearest the eye being formed by very large scales, as in most of these fishes. The posterior Umb of the pra;opercidum is exceedingly finely serrated, and has a slight notch above the angle ; the denticn- lations of the angle are stronger. The operculum is triangular, its width being Ig^ in its height ; it has posteriorly two short and veiy obtuse lobes, separated from each other by a notch ; the lower is the more prominent.
The base of the vertical fins is covered with smaU scales. The origin of the dorsal fin corresponds to the vertical from the 4th scale of the lateral line, the end to that of the 35th, the origin of the soft portion to that of the 22nd. The upper margins of both portions are convex, separated by a notch. The spines are of moderate strength, and, as in many other AcantlioptenjyU , alternately stronger and more feeble* ; the fourth is the longest, 2^ in the length of the head ; the last spine is much shorter than the first ray. Among the rays, the eighth and ninth are longest — rather longer than one-half the length of the head. The caudalis is slightly emarginate. The anal spines are moderately strong ; the second is rather longer, but not stronger than the third ; the soft portion is much more elevated, and has a rounded margin, the fourth ray being longest, and equal in height to the ninth dorsal ray : the origin of the fin corresponds to the vertical from the 25th scale of the lateral line, the end to that from the 33rd. The pectoral and ventral fins are equal in length, the fonner extending backwards to the vent only, the latter nearly to the origin of the anal.
The scales are of moderate size ; one of the largest, taken from the side, below the lateral line, covers nearly one-half the eye.
In both jaws there are larger teeth in the external row of the vilU- form bands ; the upper jaw is armed ^nth one pair of canines, of mo- derate size ; no canines in the lower jaw. The vomeiine teeth fonn abroad triangidar patch, with a produced anterior angle. The pala- tine teeth in cuneiform bands.
inches, lines.
Total length 5 5
Height of the body 1 8
Length of the head 1 8
Diameter of the eye 0 4A-
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 7|-
of the ninth dorsal ray 0 10
of the second anal spine 0 6^
of the fourth anal ray 0 10
of the pectoral . 1 1
There are four other specimens in the Collection of the British
* In fact, the spines are always equally strong, encli being oh one side broader and on the other narrower; so that, if viewed from the left side, the third, fifth, seventh, &c., appear to be broadest ; if viewed from the right, the fourth, sixth, eighth, &c.
37. MESOPKION, 197
Museum, from the west coast of Africa ; they represent one or two nominal species of Valenciennes (M. goreensis, and probably M. ful- gens) ; the females have a considerably more elevated body than the males.
•y, B. Adult : male. Eiver Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. €. Adult : female. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. ^. Adult : female. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection. T}. Half-grown. Fernando Po. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Skeleton. — The maxillary bone gradually widens from the base to its extremity, and has the posterior margin convex and the anterior concave. The posterior processes of the intermaxillary bones are of moderate length, about two-thirds the length of the bones themselves ; these are armed with a pair of very strong canines, between which are two other pairs of smaller ones ; there is a series of short conical teeth along all the outer margin ; the remainder of the teeth form a villiform band. The mandibulary is furnished with an outer scries of conical teeth ; those standing in front of the jaw and in the middle of the side of the dentary are the largest and canine-Uke ; the villi- form band of mandibulaiy teeth does not extend on the lateral por- tion of the dentary. The vomeiine teeth are arranged in an anchor- shaped \illiform band, which extends backwards to the middle of the bone. The palatine teeth form a broad band, three times as long as broad, which does not extend on the pterygoid. The tui'binal bones are strong, elongate, and being very divergent, they leave between them a triangular groove, to receive the processes of the intemiaxillaries. The anterior portions of the frontal bones also diverge, and leave between them a space, filled up by an elongate portion of the ethmoid, which in this and other species of Mesoprion forms part of the upper surface of the shuU. The space between the orbits is rather narrow and flat, with some grooves and openings of the rudimentary system of mueiferous channels. The portion of the upper surface of the skull, behind the orbits, is distinguished by high crests,, leaving between them very deep longitudinal grooves. The median crest is that of the supraoccipital bone, Avhich, strong, but moderately elevated, slightly bifiu'cates in front, and extends on the frontal bones to above the middle of the orbit. Two other crests arise from the orbit, the inner of which runs (nearly parallel with that of the occipital bone) to the articulation of the superior piece of the suprascapula ; the outer crest descends downwards in a slight curve, and terminates at the junction ofthe suprascajjula, operculum, and prsDoperculum. The groove between the two outer crests is tri- angular, and a large oi:)ening leads into the occipital region. The prae- orbital is large, in'egularly quadrangular, and smooth ; the remainder of the infraorbital bones are narrow, and form the base for a large concave plate reaching into the interior of the orbit.
The operculum has neither spine nor notch ; the sub- and inter- opcrcidum entire. The limbs of the praeoperculum have a very oblique direction towards each other ; the angle is rounded, and anned with strong spinous teeth ; the posterior limb is minutely serrated in all
198 PEECID^.
its length and in the open notch above the angle ; the inferior limb is entire. Suprascapula obtusely denticulated. The glosso- hyal is oblong, and covered with fine villiform teeth ; the urohyal terminates posteriorly in two elongate points, with a semicirciilar notch between.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebnc, the length of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-4. The first interhasmal spine is strong, dagger- shaped, with a longitudinal groove on each side, and equal to the length of the second vertebra to the eighth.
16. Mesoprion buccanella.
Mesoprion buccanella, Cuv. (§• Val. li. p. 455 ; Guichen. in liavum de la Sayra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss, p. 23.
D.j;. A.}. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 8/17.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, and nearly equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter, and ly in the length of the snout ; the upper profile of the head oblique, straight, the lower nearly horizontal. Suprasca- pula and pneoperculum serrated, the latter with a slight notch ; knob of interoperculum flat, conspicuous. Caudalis emarginate, pectorals just reaching the anal. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second and third of the anal fin nearly equal in length. Uniform yellowish oUve (in a dried state), with indistinct oblique streaks above the lateral line, and with longitudinal ones beneath ; base of the pectoral deep black.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h-e. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. ParncU's Collection.
/, rj. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
h. Half-grown ; stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Col- lection.
i. Adult: stuffed. America.
17. Mesoprion aya.
Acaraaya, Margrave, pp. 107, 168.
Bodianus aya, HI t. 227 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 286, 287.
ruber, Bl. f^chn. p. 330.
Mesoprion aya, Ciw. ^ Val. ii. p. 457 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, I'oiss. p. 24.
D. JJ. A. |. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 10/22.
The length of the head is nearly equal to the height of the body, and 3 'I in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 41 or 4^ in the length of the head, and If in that of the snout. Jaws equal in front ; tlie !q)pcr maxillary reaches slightly beyond the vertical from the front
37. MESOPKION. 199
margin of the orbit. Praeopereulum with a distinct notch, inter- opei-culura with a slight and flat knob. The. fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, longer than the soft rays. Caudalis shghtly emargi- nate ; pectoral fin extending to the origin of the anal fin. Coloration uniform, without black blotch ; caudalis with a narrow black margin, Caribbean Sea.
«, h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parneirs Collection.
c. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parneirs Collection.
d. Fine specimen. South America. Presented by Sir 11, Schomburgk,
bb. Ground-colour red.
18. Mesoprion borensis.
Diacope borensis, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 430 (not Richards.). tiea, Less. Voy. Dup. p. 231. pi. 23 (opercles bad).
14 9
The height of the body is 2-| in the total length, the length of the head 3i ; the upper profile of the snout very slightly concave. Notch of praeopereulum and knob of interoperculum very conspicuous. Caudalis slightly notched ; pectorals reaching to the front end of the anal. Red : the dorsal and caudal fins vdih a violet shade. {Less.)
Island of.Borabora.
This species belongs perhaps to the genus Gcnyorocje ; according to the figure quoted, the third anal spine is much longer than the second,
19. Mesoprion erythrinus.
Diacope erythrina, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 92. t. 23. f. 3.
D '" A ^ U. -. A.-.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the outline of the forehead gibbous, promi- nent above that of the snout. Praeopereulum with a very sUght notch, interoperculum without knob. Lower jaw longest. Can dabs truncated, pectoral not quite reaching to the anal fin. Uniform red. {Riipp.)
According to the figure given by Dr. Riippell, this species would be easily distinguished by the very small size of the eye, its diameter being about one -seventh of the length of the head ; but this is not mentioned in the description.
Red Sea.
20. Mesoprion rangus.
Rangoo, Russell, pi. 94.
Mesoprion rangus, Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 482 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 14.
^- 7JT5- ^' ¥• The height of the body is 3-1- in the total length, and equal to the
200 PEIICID^.
length of the head. Praeopcrculum serrated, slightly emarginate, and with stronger denticulations at the angle. Caudalis tnincated. Uniform cherrj'-rcd.
Seas of Java and Ceylon ; Coast of Coromandel ; Malayan Peninsula.
a. Skin, twenty inches long. Ceylon. Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
21. Mesoprion madras. Cuv, 8f Val. vii. p. 44(5 ; Sleeker, Perc. p, 44.
D. -. A. -. L. lat. 55.
13 8
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter. Praeopcrculum serrated, not notched. Caudalis truncated, the fourth dorsal spine longest, all being slender, lleddish, with reddish-brown longitu- dinal streaks ; fins yellow. {BJ.)
Seychelles; Batavia.
b. With a large black lateral blotch.
22. Mesoprion johnii.
Renard, Poiss. i. t. 31. f. 172 ; Russell, t. 97.
Anthias johnii, Block, t. 318.
Sparus tranquebaricus, Slia'io, Zool. iv. p. 471.
? Coins catus, Buck. Ham. Gang. Fish. p. 90. pi. 38. f. 30.
Mesoprion imimaculatus, Quoy 8f Gaini. Zool. Freyc. p. 304 ; Cuv. 8f
Val. ii. p. 441 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 42 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 229 ;
Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. de F Astral. Poiss. p. 065. pi. 5. f. 3. johnii, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 443 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 13.
D.|5. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and nearly equal to the length of the head. Notch of proeoperculum and knob of in- teroperculum conspicuous ; proeoperculum with finer denticulations above, and with coarser ones beneath the notch ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the antcinor half of the eye. Caudalis slightly emarginate, pectorals not reacliing to the front end of the anal fin ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal stronger than the third, but nearly equal in length. Yellowish olive (in a dried state), vnth indistinct oblique streaks above the lateral line and longitudinal ones beneath ; a large oval black spot on the lateral line, extending over the scales of about the 23rd-28th transverse lines.
Indian Ocean ; China Sea ; Malay Archipelago ; Coast of Australia ; Pacific.
a. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Half-grown, Old Collection.
c. d. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
t. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Sine patria. Old Collection.
37. MESOPBION. 201
/ Half-gi'own : skin : not good state. Port Essington. Presented
by the Earl of Derby. g. Young : not good state. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir
Kicbardson. h. Half-grown : stuiFed. Pacific. Voyage of the Eattlesnake. i. Half-grown : skin. China. From Mr. "Warwick's Collection. Jc, I. Adult. China.
m-o. Young. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. p. Young. Macassar. From Mr. Frank's Collection. q. Half-grown : stuffed. Cape Sea. Presented by Sir A. Smith. r. Adidt : stuffed.
23. Mesoprion fuscescens.
Mesoprion fuscescens, Cuv. 8f Veil. vi. p. 538; Sleeker, Batjan, ii. p. 197. noteen, Richards. Ichthyol, Clima, p. 229.
D.J^. A.|. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 41 in the latter ; the upper profile of the head is straight, of the neck slightly concave. Jaws nearly equal, the upper maxUlary bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. Prseoperciilum serrated, with a conspicuous notch behind and with stronger denticulations beneath. Caudalis emarginate ; the fifth dorsal spine longest ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal in length. OUve, each scale darker at the base : a large black blotch on the lateral Line, below the middle of the soft dorsal fin ; pectorals with a brownish spot at the base.
Fresh waters of Celebes and Batjan.
I refer to this species both the specimens upon Avhich Dr. Richard- son founded the species M. hoteen, as all the details of Bleeker's de- scription of M. fuscescens may be applied to them.
a. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
6. Half-grown : stuff6d. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
24. Mesoprion fulviflamma.
Scisena fulviflamma, Forsk. p. 45.
Perca fulviflamma, Bl. Schneid. p. 28.
Centropomus hober, Lacep. iv. p. 265.
Diacope flulviflamma, Cuv. Regtie Anim. ; Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 72.
t. 19. f. 2, and N. W. Fische, p. 94 ; Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 423. Mesoprion monostigma, Cuv. df Val. ii. p. 446 (not Bleek.). fulviflamma, Bleek. Amb. ii. p. 553.
D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Csec. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye one-fourth of the length of the head. Jaws equal, the upper maxillary bone reaching nearly to below the middle of the eye. Praeoperculura indistinctly notched, the denticulations becoming gradually stronger at the angle : no knob on
202 PERCIDiE.
the intpropereulum. Caudalis tnincated, pectorals not reaching to the anal fin ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines, and the second and third anal spines nearly equal in length and strength. Yellowish oKve, viiih oblique streaks above the lateral line and with longitudinal ones beneath ; a black lateral blotch on scales of the 22nd-30th transverse Lines.
Red Sea ; Seychelles ; Seas of Java, Amboyna, and China.
a. Adult. Amboj-na. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna and Ceram. From the Collection of
Madame Ida Pfeiffer.
c. Young. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Yoimg. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
25. Mesoprion uninotatus.
? Sparus vennicularis, Bl. Schn. p. 275.
? Salpa pui-purascons variegata, Catesb. pi. 17. f. 1.
? Sparus syuagris, L. Gm. p. 1275 ; Bl. Schn. p. 274.
Dipterodon plumieri, Lacep. iv. p. 107.
Mesoprion uninotatus, Ciiv. ^- Val. ii. p. 479; Spix, Fische Brasil.
pi. 05 ; Castelnaii, Anhn. nouv. ou rarcs de VAiner. du Sud, Poiss.
p. 4 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sayra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 21.
D.||. A.|. L. lat 47. L. transv. 8/16. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the upper profile of the head straight, obliquely descending, the lower nearly horizontal. Praeopcrculum serrated, with a very conspicuous notch ; inter^erculum without knob. Cau- dalis slightly emarginate, pectorals just reaching to the front end of the anal fin. Bluish green, with shining golden longitudinal bands ; a black lateral blotch.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil.
a, h. Half-grown. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
c. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
d, e. Adult and half-grown. St. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming. f-h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
i, Jc. Half-gro\vn : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. I. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection, m. Half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Col- lection. n. Half-gro^v^l : stuffed : not good state. Bahia. 0. Adult: skeleton. West Indies. From the Haslar Collection. p. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The skeleton of this species differs in the foUoAnng de- tails from that of Afesojyrion r/risens. The canines of the upper jaw are of moderate size, and there is one otlier pair only l)etween them ; the outer series of the lower jaw is formed by conical teeth, of nearly
37. MESOPEION. 203
equal size. The band of the vomerine teeth also is anchor-shaped, hut the peduncle is much shorter, occupying the anterior third only of the bone. The palatine band tapers anteriorly and posteriorly. The grooves and ridges between the orbits are more developed, and the occipital crest reaches nearly to the level of the anterior margin of the eye. The outer crest, from the orbit to the praeoperculum, is transformed into a muciferous channel. The opercvilum has a slight notch posteriorly, but no prominent point. The posterior edge of the pharyngo-branchials is fringed and denticulated, which peculiarity is not found in 31. griseus. The basal portion of the skull is swollen and roimded, as in many Pristipomatklce and Scicenidce, whilst that part is rather compressed in M. griseus.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-54. The first interhsemal spine is of moderate strength, and equal to the length of the first seven vertebrae together.
26. Mesoprion mahogoni. Cuv. ^ Val ii. p. 447.
D. ^. A. A.
12 8
The length of the head is one-third of the total, the diameter of the eye 3^ in the length of the head ; the lower profile of the muzzle as much bent upwards as the upper is downwards, Caudalis notched. Uniform brown, with a large black lateral blotch. {Cuv.)
Sea of Martinique.
27. Mesoprion vivanus. ? Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 154 (bad description).
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10/20.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3|- in the total. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth (in young indi- viduals one-fifth) of the length of the head, and 2i (in young 1|) in that of the snout. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum with an indistinct notch ; interoperculum without knob. The third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest, very much shorter than the longest dorsal and anal rays ; the soft dorsal and anal fins elevated ; caudal emarginate ; pectoral reaching to the anal fin. Coloration uniform, in young individuals with some indistinct cross-bars; no black spot at the base of the pectoral ; a black blotch on the lateral line.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. 16" long : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection. h. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Half-gro\sTi. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
d. Half-grown. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
204 PKKCIDJ2.
2. Eleven dorsal spines.
28. Mesoprion annularis.
Mesoprion annularis, Cui\ Sf Vul. ii. p. 484, iii. p. 497 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 229; Bieeker, Perc. p. 47; Cantor, Catal. p. 14.
Diacopc annularis, Ritpp. Atl. Fische, p. 74, and N. W. Fische, p. 91. t. 24. f. 2 ; . Quay t^- Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 0G6. pi. "5. f. 4.
metallicus, Bleck. Topogr. Batav.
Mesoprion sanguineus, Bleek. Perc. p. 48.
D.^. A. 4 L.lat. 56-60.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length, the length of the head 31 ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter. Notch and knob of the opercles indistinct, in young specimens more distinct. Caudalis tnmcatcd ; pectoral reaching to tlic front end of the anal ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal fin much stronger than the third. Red : a blackish streak from the first dorsal spine to the eye ; back of the tail ^vith a black white- edged spot ; streak and spot sometimes indistinct.
Indian Ocean : Red Sea ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adiilt : stuffed : not good state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves,
Esq. h, c. Adult and young. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult.
e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. AustraUan Seas. From Mr. Dring's Collection. g. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. h. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. i. Young. From the Collection of the College of Surgeons. Tc. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
Specimens h. and ?'. have alternate blackish and lighter longitu- dinal bands below the lateral hne.
29. Mesoprion malabaricus.
? Spanis malabaricus, Bl. Schn. p. 278.
? Mesoprion malabaricus, Can. l^- Val ii. p. 480.
Mesoprion malabaricus, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 3.
D. n A. |. L. lat. 52.
The height of the body is not quite one-third of the total length, and rather longer tluin the head ; the diameter of the eye is one- third of the length of the head ; the upper profile of the head slightly concave. Jaws nearly equal in front ; the ujjpcr maxillary bone reaches beyond the anterior half of the eye. Pra^opercidum serrated and slightly cmarginate, with stronger denticulations at the angle. Caudalis truncated ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines rather longer than the posterior ones ; the second of the anal longest and strongest. Rose-coloured (in life), with oblique streaks above the lateral lino and with longitudinal ones beneath ; a violet longitudinal l)und on the back along the l>ase of the dorsal fin ; a
37. MESOPEION. 205
reddish-violet spot on the back of the taU ; doreal and caudal fins with a black edge ; spines of the anal and ventral fins white. Sea of Padang (Sumatra).
a. -Half-grown. East Indies. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Perhaps a variety of the former species.
30. Mesoprion erythropterus.
Lutjanus eiytliropterus, Block, t. 249.
Mesoprion erythropterus, Cuv. <S,- Val. ii. p. 478 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 47.
xanthopterygius, Bleek. Perc. p. 46.
D.jii-3. A.|. L.lat.45.
The height of the body is rather more than one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head 3^ in the same length ; the diameter of the eye is one-thii-d of the length of the head. Prceoperculum not or very slightly emarginate. Caudalis truncated; the dorsal spines slender, the third and fom-th longest. Uniform yellowish ; fins purplish. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia ; Sumbawa.
31. Mesoprion lineolatus.
Diacope liueolata, Riipiy. All. Fische, p. 76. t. 19, f. 3 (Bleek. Perc. p. 46, different).
D. Jl. A. |. L. lat. 52. Cgec. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; the length of the head is 3^ in the same ; the diameter of the eye is a little more than one -third of the length of the head, and not much larger than the distance between the eyes". The lower jaw slightly prominent ; the upper maxillary bone reaches to below the middle of the eye". Praeoperculum finely serrated and very slightly emar- ginate behind ; knob of interopercidum none. Caudalis truncated, pectoral distant from the anal ; dorsal spines moderate, the third, fourth, and fifth longest ; the second of the anal fin longer and stronger than the third. Greenish olive, with obhque darker streaks above the lateral Une, and with longitudinal beneath.
Red Sea ; Amboyna.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
32. Mesoprion timoriensis.
Diacope timoriensis, Quoi/ ^- Gaim. Voij. dii Freyc. Zool. p. 306.
pi. 57. f. 1. calvetii, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 429 ; Faun. Japan, p. 14.
D. ii. A.i-.
14 8
The height of the body is not quite one-third of the total length ;
206 PEECiD-a:.
the length of the head is 3k in the same. Jaws nearly equal in front. Prajoperculum with a conspicuous notch. Caudalis trun- cated, pectorals reaching to the middle of the anal. Uniform red. Sea of Timor ; Japan.
33. Mesoprion isodon. Mesoprion isoodon, Cuv. ^- Val. ix. p. 443.
D. i^. A. 4. L. lat. 50.
15 7
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and eqiial to the length of the head. Caudalis truncated. Uniform brownish. Three strong canine teeth in the upper jaw. {Vol.)
St. Domingo.
3. Twelve dorsal spines. 34. Mesoprion dodecacanthus. Blceker, Ambowa, iii. p. 104.
D. i|. A. |. L. lat. 46.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is not fully one-third of the latter. Jaws 0(]ual in front, the upjwr maxillary bone reach- ing to below the middle of the eye. Pneoperculum serrated, slightly eraarginate. The spinous part of the dorsal fin much lower than the soft ; the first dorsal spine shortest, the others nearly equal in length ; the second of the anal longest. Caudalis truncated. Rose- coloured (in life), with oblique brownish streaks ; a brown spot on the back of the tail and at the base of the pectoral ; the dorsal and caudal fins black-edged ; anal fin with a white anterior edge, and with the anterior rays deep \-iolet. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
35. Mesoprion dodecacanthoides.
Blecker, Amboina, v. p. 489.
D. 1|. A. |. L. lat. 46.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is not fully one-third of the latter. Jaws nearly equal in front, the upper maxillaiy bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. Praiopercidum not or vei-y slightly emargiuate, serrated, with stronger denticulations beneath and at the angle. The spinous ])art of the dorsal fin liigher than the soft ; the fourth spiiu; to the seventh e(]ual in length and higher than the others ; the S(;cond of the anal fin longest. Caudalis very slightly cmarginute. Rose-coloured (in life), ^vith seven oblique
37. MESOPEION. 207
brownish streaks; a brownish spot on the back of the tail; fins yellow.
Sea of Amboyna. Madras.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq.
36. Mesoprion aurorubens.
Centropristes aurorubens, Ctiv. ^ Val. iii. p. 45.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 8/19. Csec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/14. Vomerine teeth lq a broad quadrangidar patch, with the anterior sides shortest \())- Praeopercnlum with a very indistinct notch, more conspicuous in young individuals. Dorsal fin even, caudal fin notched ; the third anal spine longest. Coloration uniform. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a, b. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection, c. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
This fish has been placed in the genus Centropristls, but it is much nearer to Mesoprion, with which it agrees in the structure of the pra^opercidum ; it may, however, be the type of a peculiar genus distinguished by an arrangement of the vomerine teeth which is scarcely to be found in other species of Mesoprion, and an increased number of dorsal spines. The canines are very small.
B. With a more or less broad, distinct, blackish Isdereiiband. 37. Mesoprion vitta.
Serranus vitta, Quo^ ^ Gcmn. Voy. de Freyc. Zool. Poiss. pi. 58. f. 3.
p. 315 ; Hichafdson, Ichth. China, p. 234. ? Serranus vitta, Cuv. iSf Val. ii. p. 239, vi. p, 505. Diacope vitta, Schley. Sf Temm. Faun. Japan, p. 13. pi. 6. f. 1. ? Mesoprion vitta, JBleeker, Perc. p. 44. Mesoprion phaiotseniatus, Bieeker, Perc. p. 43.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and nearly equal to the length of the head ; the cUameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter ; the upper profile of the head is veiy slightly concave ; notch of pra3operculum and knob of interoperculum conspicuous. Jaws nearly equal in front ; the upper maxillary bone reaches not quite 'to below the middle of the eye. CaudaHs truncated or very slightly eraargitiate ; pectoral not reaching to the front end of the anal ; the dorsal spiiies are rather slender, the third and fourth longest \ the second and third of the anal fin are nearly equal in length, the second stronger. Olive (in spirits), with conspicuous oblique streaks above the lateral line and with longitudinal ones beneath ; a broadefr blackish band from the eye to the back of the caudal fin ; dorsal and
208 PEKCID^.
caudal fins blackish, the others yellowish ; no black spot at the base of the pectoral,
Japanese, Chinese, and Javanese Seas; Amboyna; Loiiisiade Archi- pelago ; Island of Waigiou ; north coast of Australia.
a. Half-grown : skin. Chinese Seas. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
b. Young: not good state. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
d. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Half-grown. Molucca Sea. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty. g. Half-grown : stuflPed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the
Rattlesnake. h. Half-gro^^Ti : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. (15 fathoms.)
Voyage of the llattlesnake. {. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (Chaumont Island).
Voyage of the llattlesnake. k. Adult : stuffed. Port Essington. Collected by Macgillivray. I, m. Young. From the Haslar Collection. n. Adult: stuffed.
Cuv. and Val. quote for their description the species of Quoy and Gaimai'd, but give eleven spines for the dorsal fin. The description and figure in the ' Zoologie de la Voyage, par L. de Freycinet,' per- fectly agree with each other, as well as with the species of the ' Fauna Japonica ' and ^vith our specimens. The number given in the ' Hist. Nat. des Poissons ' appears to be wrong.
38. Mesopriou bleekeri.
Meaojprion lineolatus, Bleeker, Peic. p. 46. (Diacope lineolata, Riipp. different.)
D. H A. |. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length, and the length of the head Is 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter. Muzzle rather narrow, with the lower profile as much ascending as the upper is descending. Jaws equal in front, the upper maxillaiy bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. Praeoperculum serrated, with rather prominent and stronger denti- culated angle ; suprascapula serrated. Caudalis truncated ; pectoral small, short, not reaching beyond the end of the ventral ; the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines longest, all being slender ; the second of the anal rather thinner and shorter than the third. Yellowish olive, with a blackish longitudinal band from the eye to the caudal fin.
Sea of Batavia ; Amboyna.
a. Adult. Ambo}Tia. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
37. MESOPRION. 209
39, Mesoprion enneacanthus. Bleeker, Perc. p. 40.
D. ^^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and the length of the head 3|. Praeoperculum serrated, with a slight notch behind ; operculum \\dth a single flat spine. Caudalis forked; the second and third dorsal spines longest, the first longer than the last. Ob- lique streaks above the lateral line ; a blackish band from the eye to the caudal. No lateral blotch. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
C. "With permanent blackish cross-bands.
40. Mesoprion semicinctus.
Lutjanus semicinctus, Quoy 8^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 303. Mesoprion semicinctus, Cuv. <^ Val. ii. p. 485 ; Bleeker, Amhoina, iv. p. 331.
D. 1|. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The length of the head is 3| in the total, and nearly equal to the height of the body ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head ; the upper profile of the head straight-lined. Jaws equal in front, the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. Praeoperciilum slightly emarginate, with stronger denticulations at the angle. Caudalis slightly emarginate ; the spinous and soft parts of the dorsal fin equal in height; the fourth and fifth spines and the second of the anal longest. OUve, with nine blackish cross-bands; tail behind with a large round black spot ; the spinous part of the dorsal fin brown-edged.
Seas of Waigiou, Rauwack, and Amboyna.
D. With several distinct longitudinal bands.
41. Mesoprion quinquelineatus.
Russell, ii. pi. 110.
Mesoprion quinquelineatus, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 445.
? Diacope cseruleolineata, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 93. t. 24. f. 3.
"n ^^ A ^
Yellowish grey, with five narrow blue longitudinal lines and a lateral blotch of the same colour ; fins with an orange-coloured edge.
(Red Sea) ; Javanese Sea. a. Adult. Sine patria. D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 80.
42. Mesoprion sobra.
Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 453 ; Gidchen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 22.
1), -. A. -g-.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and equal to the
p
210 PEECIDiE.
length of the head ; the upper profile of the hfSad is straight, ob- liquely descending, the lower nearly horizontal. Praeoperculum serrated, not notched ; interopcrculum with a protuberance. Cau- dalis notched ; pectorals not reaching to the anal fin. Yellowish olive, with about fourteen blue longitudinal streaks; three blue streaks on the cheeks, and a white one on the suborbital ; a black lateral blotch. Caribbean Sea.
a. Half-groAvn. "West Indies.
b. Half-groAvn. West Indies.
c. Half-grown. West Indies. d-f. Young. West Indies.
43. Mesoprion decussatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 487 ; Blecker, Perc. p. 4S.
D. {^. A. |. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3g ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the latter. Jaws equal in front, the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. The notch and the knob of the opercles indistinct. Caudalis slightly emarginate ; pectoral just reaching to the front end of the anal ; the third to sixth dorsal spines longest ; the second and third of the anal fin nearly equal. Silvery white (in spirits), with five straight brown longitudinal bands, the three upper of which are crossed by six or seven vertical ones.
Sea of Java ; Philippines.
a. Adult, Philippines,
b. Adult. India,
c. 3|" long, Amboyna, From Mr, Frank's Collection as Mesoprion
chrysotsenia. Young (?) ; with a large lateral blotch,
II, Species with anomalously armed praeoperculum,
44. Mesoprion retrospinis. Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 541.
D-i?- A.i
The length of the head is 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye one-seventh of the length of the head, Praeoperculum without notch, and -svith four or five rather strong teeth beneath ; inter- operculum without knob. Caudalis trx'ncated. Unifonn yellowish olive, (Val.)
West Indies,
45. Mesoprion pomacanthua.
BhekiT, Amhoina, vi. p. 407.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 50. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, and equal to the
38. GLA.UCOSOMA. 211
length of the head; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. The upper maxillary bone reaching to below the anterior half of the eye. Praeoperculum serrated, not notched, and with a very long spinous tooth at the angle, reaching to the gill-opening. The second dorsal spine longest. Caudalis slightly emarginate. YeUow, with two or three blue longitudinal bands. {Bl.) Sea of Amboyna.
38. GLAUCOSOMA.
Glaucosoma, Temm. Sf Schleg. Faim. Japon. Poiss. p. G2 ; Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fishes, p. 27.
Seven, occasionally eight branchiostegals. All the teeth vilHform, without canines ; teeth on the jjalatines. One dorsal, with eight siDines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with two flat points ; praeoperculum crenulated. Scales moderate ; head entirely covered with scales.
From the Japanese Sea to the Australian coasts.
1 . Glaucosoma burgeri.
Glaucosoma, sp., Faun. Japon. p. 62. pi. 67.
biirgeri, Richards. Voy. of Ereb. Sf Terror, Fishes, p. 27.
hebraicum, Richards. I. c. p. 27. pi. 17.
D. l^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. ^.
The height of the body is 3|- in the total length, and nearly equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one- fifth of the latter. The upper maxillary bone reaches to beneath the posterior third of the eye ; the whole snout densely scaly ; oper- culum with two flat thin obtuse tijis ; suprascapula not visible. Caudalis tnincated, with slightly convex angles ; the first rays of the dorsal fin longest. Back more or less distinctly marbled with black.
Sea of Japan ; Houtman's Abrolhos, south-western coast of Australia.
Temminck and Schlegel described and figured a Japanese fish from a drawing of Biirger, considering it the type of a new genus, Glau- cosoma. Sir John Richal-dson afterwards discovered, in the Collection of the British Museum, two similar, stuffed specimens from Australia ; he thought them to be different from the Japanese one, and gave to the latter the specific appellation of burgeri, to the former that of hebraicum. There can be no doubt of their specific difference if we compare the figures only, the first dorsal rays of the one being much elongate, those of the oiher having the same length as the middle ones. But on comparing the typical specimens of 6r. hebraicum with the figure of 0. burgeri, I could Dot convince myself of the real ex- istence of two species. They agree perfectly with that figure in the form of the head and of the body, and in the number of the spines and rays. The first dorsal rays are broken — a very common occmrence, owing to the bad practice of preserving fishes in a dried or stiiffed
p2
212 PEHCiD^.
state ; and if they were at all elongate, they appear to be much less so than in the figure in tlie Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror.' On the other hand, an apparently incomplete dra^ving, made from a single fish, like that in the ' Fauna Japonica,' does not afford sufficient authority as to the form of the single rays. "With regard to the different coloration, the larger specimen of the two iu the British Museum is nearly unifonn, although much darker than the figure of the Japanese fish ; the other exhibits verj' distinctly the variegated coloration given by Sir J. Eichardson. Thus, not having other materials than Sir John Richardson had, I do not think myself justified in separating the following specimens from the species of the ' Fauna Japonica.'
a, b. Large specimens : stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos. (Jew-fish.)
Third Group. PENTACERATINA.
39. PENTACEROS.
Pentaceros, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 30.
Seven branchiostegals. Body high, triangular. All the teeth villiform ; teeth on the vomer ; palatines ? One dorsal with ten, twelve, or fourteen, the anal fin with four or five spines ; all the spines strong. Operculum rounded ; prajoperculum denticulated. Scales rather small, sometimes osseous, strongly adherent; head above without soft integuments.
Cape Sea ; Pacific.
1. Pentaceros richardsouii. Stmth, Illustr, S. Afr. lushes, pi. 21 (ventral spine much too feeble). D. ii. A.i-.
10 8
The height of the body is 2f in the total length, the length of the head 3§ ; all the bones of the skuU ^vithout soft integuments ; scales rather small, ciliated. Ventral spine verj^ long and strong. The triangular space between the ventrals and the throat much narrower than long. Coloration uniform brown.
Cape Point.
a. Original specimen of Sir A. Smith's description.
2. Pentaceros capensis.
On: ^- Val. iii. p. 30. pi. 4:5.
D. J|. A. i-. Cffic. pylor. 9.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length, the length of the head one-third. Ventral spine very thick and strong. The
39. PENXACEROS. 213
triangular space between the ventrals and the throat much narrower than long. Yellowish, marbled with brown. Cape of Good Hope.
8. Pentaceros decacanthus. (Plate XV. fig. A.) D. ^. A. ^.
• 13 ' 8
The height of the body is one-half of the total length, the length of the head not quite one-third. Ventral spine very thick and strong. The triangular space between the ventrals and the throat as broad as long. Yellowish, marbled with brown.
a. Has been dried. Pacific. Voyage of the Herald.
Description of the specimen. — In general appearance this species much resembles the preceding, but it is still higher, and the much greater breadth of the breast gives a very good distinctive character. The outline of the lower profile is horizontal from the jaws to the anus ; behind the vent it suddenly rises to near the caudal fin ; the upper profile is very curved, but does not descend so far behind as in front. The eye is placed high up the sides, without interfering with the ilpper profile ; above its middle a spinous process projects from the frontal bone, and there are, besides, several very small spines in front of the larger one. The diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head, and equals the interspace between the eyes. All the upper surface of the head appears to be bony, without being covered by a soft skin ; it is striated, the streaks radiating from a centre above each eye. The nostrils are close together, one before the other, and placed immediately in front of the upper angle of the eye : the anterior is very small, ovate ; the posterior larger, round. The snout is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the cleft of the mouth is very oblique ; the lower jaw prominent. Both the jaws are armed with bands of fine vilHform teeth : a small patch of vomerine teeth is distinctly visible, but I am unable to see further to the palatine bones. The upper maxillary does not appear to reach the front edge of the orbit, and may be partly hidden beneath the anterior suborbital bone ; this is large, and armed with several strong denticulations below, and vdth very small ones at its orbital margin ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is not denticulated. There is a rhomboidal bone with a prominent longitudinal ridge on the occiput. All the bones of the humeral arch and the opercles are strongly striated. The scapulary has a prominent ridge terminating in a spine. The operculum is entire and has a waving margia ; the praeopercidum has a rounded angle and is denticulated throughout, the spinous teeth being stronger beneath. Cheeks scaly. The gill- opening is wide ; but I cannot count the branchiostegals on accoimt of the condition of the specimen.
The pectorals are inserted at the lower third of the height of the body ; they are pointed, and appear to reach to the vent. The ventrals are very remote from each other ; their spine arises just
214 PERCID^;.
behind and below the root of the pectoral ; it is very strong and long, two-thirds of the length of the head, flattened, sharp outside, and striated ; the first ray is the longest, scarcely longer than the spine
The dorsal fin commences above the humeral ; it has ten strong spines, longitudinally striated ; the third and foui'th arc longest, their length being 3i in the height of the body. The membrane between the spines extends to the upper third. The length of the base of the soft portion is more than one-half of that of the spinous. The rays are broken off.
The origin of the anal fin falls below the end of the dorsal. The first spine is scarcely shorter than the second, which is shortest ; the two othei's are shorter, but nearly equal in length.
Caudal rounded ?
The scales are osseous, very adherent, not striated, each Math three or four prominences behind ; those of the breast are largest ; the fins are entirely scaleless. The lateral line commences behind the scapulary spine, and is very curved on the trunk, like the back.
The ground-colour now is yellowish, largely marbled with broAATiish. The spinous portion of the dorsal and the vcutrals are brown ; the other fins yelloMash.
inches, lines.
Total length 1 8
Height of the body 0 10
Length of the head 0 7
of third dorsal spine 0 2-|
of second anal spine 0 1^
of ventral spine 0 5
Interspace between the ventrals 0 G
40. OREOSOMA.
Oreosoma, Cuv. 4' Val iv. p. 515.
Seven branchiostegals. Body high. All the teeth villiform ; teeth on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first with five spines ; anal long, mthout spines. Opercles no* serrated nor armed ; operculum with two ridges, terminating in flat angles. No true scales, but with large, conical, bony protuberam es, symmetri- cally arranged.
Atlantic.
1. Oreosoraa atlantiaim.
Cuv. <5- Veil. iv. p. 515. pi. 99.
D. ^. A. 20. V. 1/5.
•29 '
With 25 or 20 large, conical, bony protuberances, four of which are on the back. (Cuv.) Atlantic.
41. PRIAOANTHUS. 2l5
Fourth Group. PRIACANTHINA.
41. PRIACANTHUS*.
Priacantlius, Cuv. ^- Val, iii. p. 96.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with ten spines; the anal fin with three. Operculum with an indistinct point ; prseoperculum serrated, with a more or less prominent, flat, crenulated angle. Scales small, rough ; snout covered with ctenoid scales. Lower jaw with prominent chin ; eye large.
Seas of the tropical regions (Australian Seas ?).
1. Priacanthus macrophthalmus.
Priacanthus macrophthahnus, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 97 (not Block) ; Stanniwi in 3lHller''s Archil', 1848, p. 399 (on the swim-bladder).
arenatus, Cur. 8,- Val. iii. p. 101.
fulgens, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Sac. ii. p. 174.
D. -^, A. nrii- L- lat. 80-85. Vert. 9/13. C«c. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3 i- in the total length, the length of the head is rather more than one-fourth of the latter ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the length of the head. The posterior opening of the nostril is a long slit, three times as long as broad ; the maxillary bone reaching a Httle beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Angle of the pra)operculum obtuse, with a short flat spine in the male ; opercidiim with two short spines ; sub- and interoperculum entire. Caudalis truncated ; the dorsal and anal spines gradually becoming longer behind, the first ones Avith a rough surface ; the length of the second dorsal spine is If in that of the last ; the ventral fins reaching beyond the front end of the anal, the pectorals much shorter. Uni- form red ; fins with a blackish edge.
Caribbean Sea ; Coast of Brazil ; Madeira.
a. Fine specimen : male. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society. b-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection. f-h. Half-grown : male. W. Indies. i. Fine specimen : female. Madeira. Presented by the liev. E. T.
Lowe (^ = Priacanthus ful</ens, Lowe).
* 1. Labrus cruentatus, Lacep. iii. p. 522. pi. 2. f. 3. — Priacanthus cruehtatus, Citv. 4- Val. iii. p. 102.— Atlantic.
2. Priacanthus argenteus, Cuv. cf- Val. iii. p. 109; Renard, i. pi. 12. f. 72. —
East Indies.
3. Priacanthus macropterus, Cuv. tf- Val. vii. p. 471 ; Quoi/ cf- Gaim. Vai/. dc
I'Asfrol. pi. 7. f. 4.— St. Helena.
4. Priacanthus fax, Cuv. <^ Val. vii. p. 473. — Seychelles.
216 PEKCID^.
k. Adiilt: stuffed. W. Indies.
?. Adiilt: skin. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
m. Half-grown : stuffed. W. Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
n. Half-ffi'own : stuffed. Atlantic.
2. Priacanthus boops.
Perca boops, Forster.
Anthias boops, Bl. Schn. p. 308.
Priacanthus boops, Cuv. $ f^ul. iii. p. 103 ; Barker-Webb 8f Berthelot,
Hist Nat. lies Canaries, Ichthyol. p. 12. pi. 3. f. 2 ; Peters, Wiegm.
Arch. 1855, p. 238. macropus, Quoy^Gaim. Voy. deVAstrol. Zool. iii. p. 668. pi. 7. f. 1.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 70.
12 13
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head and 3f in the total ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head. The posterior opening of the nostril is a long broad cavity, nearly three times as long as broad; the maxillary bone reaching a little beyond the anterior margin of the orbit. Angle of prseoperculum obtuse, with a very distinct, serrated, triangular, flat spine ; operculum with two short spines ; sub- and interopereulum minutely serrated. Caudalis truncated ; all the spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins with a striated or rough surface ; the leng-th of the second dorsal spine is 2^ in that of the last. Rose-coloured ; the vertical fins with a blackish edge.
St. Helena ; coast of Mozambique.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General
Hardwicke. h. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena. Presented by General Hardwicke. c. Adult. Sine patria.
Valenciennes describes (vol. vii. p. 469) a species procured by Quoy and Gaimard on the voyage of the ' Astrolabe,' naming it Priacanthus macropus, on accoimt of the elongated ventral fins, which are one-third of the total length. This character alone would prove its specific difference from Pr. boops. But there is another fish, figured by Quoy and Gaimard, which they state to be the same as the fish of Valenciennes, and having the ventral fins of moderate length. There can be no doubt that the specimens in the British Museum, or the Perca hoops of Forster, arc identical with that figure ; but I cannot venture to bring the fish of Valenciennes into the synonymy of Pr. hoops.
3. Priacanthus bonariensis.
Oiv. 8f Val. iii. p. 105.
D. I". A. ^. L. lat. 80.
13 13
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the latter.
41. PMACAIITHTTS. 217
The posterior opening of the nostrils is a long, broad, ear-shaped cavity, narrowest in the middle. The angle of the proenpercxxlum is obtuse, with a more or less cylindrical spine of moderate length ; oper- culum with two shoi^t spines, a third larger one above, belonging to the scapular bone ; sub- and interoperculum minutely serrated. Cau- daHs truncated ; all the spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins with a striated or rough surface ; the length of the second dorsal spine is nearly three times in that of the last ; ventral fins very long, extending to the third soft ray of the anal. Rose-coloiired ; dorsal and ventral fins nearly entirely black ; anal and caudal fins with a broad black margin ; pectorals yellowish. Atlantic shores of South America.
a. Adult. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schombxirgk.
b. Young. Sine patria.
4. Priacanthus japonicus.
Priacanthus japonicus, {Langsdorf) Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 106. pi. 50 ; Faun. Japon. p. 20 (not Bleek.).
The height of the body is nearly three times in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the latter. The posterior opening of the nostrils is long, broad, ear-shaped, wider above than beneath. The angle of the praeoper- culum obtuse, with an acute, Hot serrated, triangular spine ; oper- culum with two smaU spines, a third larger one above, belonging to the scapular bone ; sub- and interoperculum minutely serrated. Caudalis truncated ; all the spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins with a striated or rough surface ; the last dorsal spine is 2g as long as the second, and much longer than the diameter of the eye ; ventrals very long, extending, beyond the third soft ray of the anal. Rose-coloured ; the spinous dorsal and the ventrals black.
Cape Seas ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
h. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
c. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
d. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
e. Skin, in spirits, Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Young. China Sea. Presented by Captain Sir Edward Belcher.
This fish is probably only a ciimatal variety of Pr.. bonariensis.
5. Priacanthus niphonius. Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 107 ; Fmin. Japon. Poiss. p. 21. pi. 7 a. f. 1, 2.
■ ^-TTT.- A-T^r L.lat.50. The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of
218 PEBCID^.
the head 3^; the diameter of the eye is 2i in the latter. The posterior opening of the nostrils is long, wide, situated on the upper part of the head, semilunar, with the convexity turned forwards. The angle of the praeoperculum obtuse, with a very indistinct spine ; operculum with two inconspicuous spines ; sub- and interoperculum and scapular bones serrated. Caudalis truncated; all the spines and rays of the doi-sal and anal fins rough or striated ; the second and the last dorsal spines nearly equal in length, the fifth longest ; the ventrals reach to the anus. Rose-coloured ; fins immaculate ; the ventrals more or less blackish. Japanese Sea.
a. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
6, c. Adult : stuffed. Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
6. Priacanthus blochii.
Anthias macrophthalmus, JSl. vi. p. 115. t. 319; Bl. Schn. p. 304. Priacanthus japonicus, Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, ii.
p. 171 (not tkiv. ^- Val). blochii, Bleek. I. c. iv. p. 456.
D-T^- ^-dr, L.lat.70.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3|- in the total ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the length of the head. The posterior opening of the nostrils is a long, narrow, elliptical slit. The angle of the pra^operculum is rather obtuse, with a slightly projecting, flat, triangular spine ; opercidum with two small spines ; sub- and interoperculum entire. CaudaUs truncated ; all the spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins rough ; the last dorsal spine longest, equal to the diameter of the eye, and rather more than twice the length of the second ; the ventral fins extending beyond the front end of the anal. Rose-coloured ; the vertical and ventral fins with black margins.
Sea of Amboyna ; Sumatra.
a. Adult. Moluccas. From Mr. Frank's Collection as Pr. macro-
phthalmus.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
7. Priacanthus benmebari.
Temm. ^- Schlng. Faun. Japan, p. 10. pi. 7. f. 1 ; Kriisenstern, p. 53. f. 2 ; Richardson, ' Ichthyol. China and Japan, p. 237.
D. L«. A.r- L.lat. 75-80.
13 14
The height of the body is .'3j in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the latter. The pos- terior opening of the nostril elUptical, about 2^ as long as broad.
41. PRIACANTHUS. 219
The angle of the prseoperculura slightly obtuse, with a flat, rather elongate, serrated spine ; operculum with two very small spines ; sub- and interoperculum with excessively fine denticulationa. Cau- dalis truncated ; dorsal and anal spines very slender, neither rough nor striated ; the last of the dorsal fin hardly longer than the eighth and ninth, and 1^ as long as the second ; the ventral fins reaching to the anal, but shorter than that fin. "Red ; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins paler, with round yellow spots. Japanese Seas.
a. Adult : stuifed. Japan. From the Leyden Museum.
8. Priacanthus hamruhr.
Scisena hamruhr, Forsk. p. 45. Anthias hamruhr, Bl. Schn. p. 307. Lutjanus hamruhr, Lacep. iv. p. 209.
Priacanthus hamruhr, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 104 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 95.
I>-I^5- A- fa- L-lat.85. Vert. 9/13.
Allied to Pr. benmebari.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and rather more than one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head. The posterior opening of the nostrils is a very long sUt, four times as long as broad. The angle of the praeoperculum obtuse, with a prominent keel instead of a free spine ; operculum obtusely serrated, with a very small spine ; sub- and interoperculum ?. Caudalis more or less emar- ginate ; all the anal and dorsal spines slender, smooth ; the rays of the anal fin rough, those of the dorsal smooth ; the last dorsal spine is 1|- as long as the second, the ventrals extending to the front end of the anal. Rose-coloui-ed ; fins immaculate, the vertical fins with a blackish margin.
Red Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
9. Priacanthus carolinus.
Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 105 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 224 ; Bleeker, JBanda, i. p. 235.
^■tSf, A.j^,. L.lat.85.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the latter. The angle of the praeoperculum obtuse, with a serrated spine of moderate length ; operculum with a single small spine ; sub- and interoper- culum entire ; the last dorsal spine equal to the diameter of the eye. Caudalis truncated ; the ventral fins reaching beyond the first anal spine. Rose-coloured ; the caudal and the soft portions of the dor- sal and anal fins with numei'ous black dots. (Bl.)
Island of Oualand (Carolines) ; Banda Neira.
220 PERCID^.
10. Priacanthus schmittii. Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 572.
D-T-:- A.j^3. L.lat.65. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is three-sevenths of the latter. The angle of the prseoperciiliim obtuse, with a serrated spine of moderate length ; operculum with two small spines, CaudaUs truncated ; the last dorsal spine shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the ventral tins not extending to the anal fin. llose-coloured ; fiins immaculate ; the ventrals reddish violet, with a white spot on the membrane con- necting the fifth ray with the belly. {Bl.) Sea of Padang.
11. Priacanthus holocentnun. BleeTter, Perc. p. 48.
D. 12. A. ^. L. lat. 65.
la 14
Allied to Pr. tayenus.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the length of the head. Praeoperculum with a very long serrated spine, extending beyond the posterior limb of the operculum ; operculum mth two small spines. Caudalis truncated ; the second spine of the dorsal is two-thirds of the last, which is the longest ; the ventrals reach to the front end of the anal fin. Rose-coloured ; dorsal and anal fins black- edged ; ventrals with black spots ; the membrane between the ventrals and the belly with a black spot.
Batavia; Sumatra.
a. Half-grown. Sumatra. (Named Priacanthus poeciloptenis 2)
b. Half-grown : dried. This specimen perfectly agrees with the other
one, but is said to have been procured from the London market (?).
12. Priacanthus macracanthus.
Priacanthus macracanthus, Cuv. 8fVal. iii. p. 108; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool.
Poiss. p. 225 ; Bleck. Perc. p. 48. fax, Bleek. Topogr. Batav.
D. 1^. A. f,. L. lat. 90.
14 15
The height of the body is e(iual to the length of the head, and 3^ in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the length of the head. Praioperculum with a long, flat, serrated spine, extending beyond the hinder margin of the interopcrculura ; operculum with two small spines. Caudalis truncated. Uniform rose-coloured ; pec- toral and ventral fins yellowish.
Amboyna; Batavia; Japan.
a. Skin, in spirits. Japan.
41. PKIACANTirtrs. 221
13. Priacantlius dubius.
Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 19.
Caudalis forked. The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length. Angle of the prseoperculiim obtuse, and with a short, flat, serrated spine. Ventral fins elongate, extending to the third anal spine ; fins immaculate ; the dorsal and anal with a blackish margin ; the ventral^ blackish, with a black spot at the base. (Schleg.)
Japanese Sea.
14. Priacanthus tayenus.
Priacanthus tayenus, Richards. Ichth. of the Seas of China, p. 237.
Caudalis forked, with lengthened tips. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; the diameter of the eye nearly one-half of the length of the head, or twice as large as its distance from the end of the snout. The spine of the prseoperculum long and serrated. All the dorsal and anal spines are feeble and slender ; the second of the dorsal fin is two-thirds of the last, which is the longest ; the ventral fins reach only to the anus. Eose-coloured ; the ventrals with the connecting membrane brown-spotted.
Chinese Sea.
a. Adult. Canton. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
15. Priacantlius speculum. Citv. 4* Val. vii. p. 471 ; Rbffne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 11. f. 1. »
Caudalis forked. The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one -fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is 2|- in the length of the head, and equal to its distance from the end of the snout. Praeoperculum with a very obsolete spine ; the length of the anal fin is one-half of the height of the body. Red : anal edged with blackish; ventrals violet. {Val.)
Seychelles.
222 PERCID^.
Fifth Group. APOGONINA.
42. AMBASSIS*
Chanda, sp., Buck. Ham. Fish, of Ganges, p. 103. Ambassis, {Commers.) Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 175.
Bogoda (and Ambassis), Blcek, Nalez. Ichth. Farm. Beng. en Hivdost. p. 89.
Six branchiostegals. Teeth \illiform, without conspicuously larger canines ; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first Avith seven, the anal fin with three spines ; a recumbent spine in front of the dorsal, pointing forwards. Operculum without a prominent spine ; the lower limb of the pra^operculum with a double denticulated edgef. Scales lai'ge, deciduous.
Small fishes, li\-ing in the fresh and brackish waters and in the seas of the Indian Region ; North Australia ; Dalmatia.
A. Species with the anal Jin of moderate length (9-11 raj's).
1. Ambassis robustus.
D. 7 I ~ A. |. L. lat. 46. L. transv. ^.
The height of the body is rather more than twice in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the second sjnne of the anterior dorsal almost four times in the same length ; the third spine of the anal fin smaller and shorter than the second. Lateral line with a rather strongly curved arch beneath the fourth spine of the dorsal fin. Colo- ration (in .sjiints) unifomi.
Borneo.
a. Adult.
Prof. Peters, of Berlin, has kindly informed me that a specimen of this species, which is apparently undescribcd, exists in the Berlin Museum. It was sent by Prof. Schlegel, who gave to it the name of A. robustus, and marked it as coming from Borneo. In the Berlin specimen the second anal spine is as long as the head, and one-third of the total length, whilst it is shorter in that in the British Museum (Collection.
* 1. Clianda lata, Buth. Ham. p. 114. pi. 21. f. 39; Cuv. # Val. ii. p. 184; Bleek. Vcrh. Bat. Gen. xxv. tab. 1. f. 1. — Ganges.
2. Chanda baculis, Buck. Ham. p. 112; Cuv. 4' Val. ii. p. 187. — Ganges.
3. Ambassis barlovi, Sj/kcs, Trans. 7awI. Soc. i. p. 350. t. 60. f. 1 (bad).
4. Priopis argyrozona, {Kahl cj- v. //«.«.) Cuv. |- Val. vi. p. 503. Known
from a drawing only : it may be placed for the present among the doubtful species of Ambaasis, to which it is allied, though it may be the type of a separate genus. — Java. + Sir J. Richardson is wrong in describing " both the anterior and the pos- terior edges of the pncojiercular limb denticulated." (Ivhthyologi/. p. 275.)
42, AMBASSIS. 223
2. Ambassis commersonii.
Sciaena safgha, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 53.
Centropomiis ambassis, Lacep. iv. p. 273.
Lutjanus gymnocephalus, Laccp. iv. p. 216, iii. pi. 23. f. 3.
Ambassis commersonii, Cuv. ^ Val. li. p. 176. pi. 25 ; Riipp. N. W.
Fische, p. 89. Ambassis ualua, Bleek. Perc. p. 30 ; Batav. p. 463.
B. 6. D. 7 I -^. A. |. L. lat. 30-33. Vert. 9/15.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 3^ in the same length. The second and third spines of the analis are equal in size and length, or the third is rather longer ; lateral line slightly curved. Coloration of body uniform.
Red Sea ; Isle de I'rance ; East Indian Seas ; Shores of Northern Australia (not yet found in the Chinese Seas).
Cuvier quotes (p. 176) among the synonyma Chancla nalua, Buch., which is afterwards (p. 182) described as a separate species.
a. Adult : skeleton. India. From the Haslar CoUection.
b, c. Half-grown. India. ■ d. Half-grown : not good state. India.
e,f. Half- grown. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
g. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's CoUection.
i. Half-grown. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming's CoUection.
k. Adult. Java. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
I. Adiilt. Java.
m. Adult. Port Essington. From the Haslar CoUection.
n. Adult. N. Australian Exped. Presented by Dr. J. R, Elsey.
0. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Skeleton. — The skuU, compared ^dth that of species of Apogon, exhibits the capsula cerebri, although roimded, only slightly pro- minent, forming the base of a very high crest, which, triangular and pointed behind, reaches to the middle of the interspace between the orbits ; it is supported by two bony spines, one of which is smaU, arising from the paroccipital and directed horizontally backwards ; the other, much longer and stronger, arises from the middle of the suture between paroccipital and frontals, and passes in an obliqiie direction to the upper posterior angle of the crest. There is a groove and a ridge between the orbital part of the frontals, as in Apogon ; the groove is, again, bifid behind, and there is another small elevated ridge along each posterior branch of the groove. The praeopereulum exhibits also a double edge, an exterior and an in- terior ; the lower branches of both are serrated in this species, and there is a strong spinous tooth at the angle of the interior edge. The praeorbital is strongly serrated. There is no spine, or only a . very feeble one, supporting the operculum. The intermaxiUary and dentary bones are armed with teeth along their entire length ; those of the vomer and of the palatine bones are situated in single series.
224 PEBCID^.
the former forming an obtuse angle. There are nine abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae. According to the rule that the strongest dennoneural or dorsal spines are supported by the strongest inter- neurals, we find in this species the two anterior intemeural bones of the dorsal fin and the two anterior of the anal very strong — the former corresponding to the neural spines (processus spinosi) of the second and tMrd abdominal vertebrae, the latter to those of the first and second of the caudal portion.
3. Ambassis urotsenia. Bleek. Amb. 4- Cer. p. 267.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 4| in the same length ; the third anal spine longest, shorter than the second of the dorsal fin. Yellowish, with a silvery lateral band; the first dorsal blackish between the second and third spines; each lobe of the caudal fin with a broad blackish longitudinal band. (Bl.)
Seas of Amboyna and Wahai.
4. Ambassis kopsii. Bleek. Singapore, ii. p. 253.
B.6. D.7|^. A.i^. L.lat. 27-28.
The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length (without caudal fin). Orbit with a small spine, directed backwards, at the posterior upper angle ; suboperculum entire, interoperculimi sUghtly denticulated. Lateral line continuous; the second anal spine rather longer than the third, but shorter than the second of the dorsal fin. Yellowish, body and vertical fins minutely dotted with brown ; the spinous dorsal with a rather broad black superior edge. (BL)
Sea of Singapore.
5. Ambassis apogonoides.
Sleeker, Borneo, iv. p. 200.
B.6. D.7|^. A.^. L.lat.32.
Head pointed, as in Apogon. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length (caudal included), the length of the head 3^ in the same length ; the diameter of the eye 3| in the length of the head ; the upper profile of the head concave ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye. Denticulations of the praeorbital and prffioperculum very small, inconspicuous ; the second dorsal spine longest, one-seventh of the total length, and half the height of the body ; the first ray of the ventral fin rather elongate ; the second and
42. AUBAssis. 225
third 'anal spines nearly equal, almost as long as the second of the dorsal fin. Caudalis deeply forked. Yellowish; the first dorsal blackish at the tip. (Bl.) Rivers of Borneo.
6. Amhassis batjanensis. Sleeker, Batjan, ii. p. 196.
^•7|ri^- ^'^.' I'-lat.28. L.transY.f The height of the body is 2^ in the total length (without caudal fin). Prseorbital entire ; inferior limb and angle of the praeoperculum denticulated ; the length of the dorsal spine is five times in the total ; the third spine of the analis longer than the second. Shining yel- lowish, with a bluish longitudinal streak ; root of the caudal fin inore or less violet.
Fresh waters of Batjan ; Amboyna.
a. Adult, Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
7. Ambassis dussiuuieri.
Ambassis dussumieri, Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 181, vi. p. 503, ix. p. 431 J JBleeker, Perc. p. 30 ; Quoy 4* Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 650. pi. 1. f. 3.
Chanda dussumieri, Cantor, Caial. p. 6.
D.7|5^. A.i.
The height of the body is more than three times in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal one- fifth of the same length ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head ; lateral line interrupted. Coloration of body uniform.
Malabar ; Sea of Pinang ; Javanese and Chinese Seas ; Celebes ; Amboyna ; Isle de France ; Seychelles.
a. Half-grown China. h. Half-grown, China. c. Half-grown. China.
8. Ambassis thenualis. Cut. (§■ Val. iii. p. 493.
D.7|f A.|.
The height of the body is not folly three times in the total length (without caudal fin). Greenish, with a silvery lateral band ; on each lobe of the caudal fin a blackish longitudinal streak. (Les eeaUles sent grandes et fortes. — Cuv.)
Warm springs of Cania (Ceylon).
9. Ambassis nalna. Ambassis nalua, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 182.
226 PERCIDJ?.
Chanda nalua, Ham. Buch. Gang. Fish. p. 107. t. 6. f. 36 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 6.
' I lO-U 9-10
The height of the hody is one-half of the total length (without caudal -fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is one-fourth of the same length ; no spinous teeth on the hinder part of the orbit (?) ; interopcrculum entire (?). Coloration of body uniform.
A rather doubtful' species.
Javanese Seas ; Sea of Pinang ; Kivers of Lower Bengal.
10. Ambassis interrupta.
BleeJce}', Ceram, ii. p. 096.
D-7|^. A.J,„. L.lat.28.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal fin). Above the eye a small spine, directed backwards ; orbit denticulated beneath ; interoperculum denticulated ; the lateral Hne interrupted beneath the second dorsal fin ; the second spine of the first dorsal one-third of the total length (withoiit caudal fin) ; the third anal spine longest, but much shorter than the second of the dorsal fin. Coloration uniform, A^th a silvery lateral band ; fins yellowish, the interspace between the second and third dorsal spines blackish.
Seas of Batavia and Wahai (Ceram).
11. Amhassis bumensis. Sleeker, Boeroe, p. 396.
I>-'|8-^- ^-^0- I'-lat.28. L.transv.g. The height of the body is 2^ in the total length (without caudal fin). Above the eye a small spine, directed backwards ; orbit not den- ticulated beneath ; interoperculum "«dth a small spine at the angle ; the lateral line internipted beneath the front end of the second dorsal ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 3^ in the total length (without caudal) ; the third anal spine not much longer than the second, and shorter than the second of the dorsal fin. Coloration uniform, with a silvery lateral band ; fins yellowish, the interspace between the second and third dorsal spines blackish. (Bl.). — Closely allied to the preceding species. Rivers of Boeroe.
12. Ambassis wolffii Bleeker, Borneo, i. p. 9.
A. i-. L. lat. 36.
D.7|^.
10
The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total length (without caudal fin) ; the second dorsal spine is nearly one- fourth of the same length, and equal to the second of the anal fin ;
42. AMBA8SI8. 227
several small spinous teeth above the orbit ; interoperculum slightly denticulated. Coloration uniform ; the first dorsal above black. (Bl.) Rivers of Borneo.
13. Ambassis vachellii. Richardson, lehthyol. China, p. 221.
D.7|f A.f
The height of the body is 1^ in the total length, withoiit caudal fin {Rich, states the length of fish 2-50 inches ; height of body 1-68 inch) ; four teeth, reclining backwards on the hinder part of the orbit.
Sea of Canton.
14. Ambassis macracanthus. Bleeker, Perc. p. 30, and Batavia, p. 455.
»-7|^„. A.^,. L.lat.29.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 2^ in the same length. Sub- and interoperculum entire ; lateral line continuous ; the third anal spine longest. Coloration of body uniform ; the in- terspace between the second and third dorsal spines blackish.
Sea of Batavia.
15. Ambassis macrolepis.
Bogoda macrolepis, Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. ii., Borneo, p. 13.
D-7|^. A.^. L.lat.70.
Praeorbital denticulated ; the second anal spine longest, not shorter than the second of the dorsal. River Kapuas (Borneo).
B. Species with the anal fin rather elongate (14^17 rays).
16. Ambassis alta.
Cm. 8f Val. ii. p. 183.
D.7|i. A.i.
The height of the body is 2i in the total length (caudal fin in- cluded) ; the second spine of the fif st dorsal is one-half of the height of body. Both the inferior edges of praeoperculum and praeorbital beautifully serrated.
Bengal.
a-c. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. "Waterhouse, Esq. d-h. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Bodv with three darker cross-bands.
^ q2
228 PEBCID^.
17. Ambassis ranga. Chanda rajiga, Buch, Ham. p. 113. pi. 16. f. 88. Ambflissis ranga, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 183.
D-'l^- A.i. The height of the body is 2!^ in the total length (caudal fin in- cluded) ; the first spine of the second dorsal denticulated. Mouth of the Ganges.
18. Ambassis oblonga.
Chanda nama, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 109. pi. 39. f. 89.
phula, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 111.
Ambassis nama et phula, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. pp. 185, 186.
oblonga, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 186.
Bogoda nanaa, pt., Bleeker, Nalez. Ichthyol. Fauna Beng. en Hindost. p. 89. tab. 1. f. 2.
D. 71-. A.i-.
• I 16 14
The height- of the body is one-fourth of the total length (caudal fin included) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is one-half of the height of the body. Praeoperculum and preeorbital very slightly ser- rated. Scales very small.
Fresh waters of Bengal.
a, h. Adult, India. Presented by G. R. "Waterhouse, Esq,
19. Ambassis bogoda,.
Chanda bogoda, Buch. Ham. p. Ill,
Ambassis bogoda, Cuv. S/- Val. ii. p. 187.
Bogoda nama, pt., Bleek. Nalez. Ichthyol. Fauna Beng. en Hhidost, p. 89.
D-71^. A.i.
The height of the body is not fully 2^ in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the second spine of the first dorsal is 5^ in the same length. Scales very small.
Mouth of the Ganges.
a, h. Half-grown. India. Presented by the East India Company.
43. MICROICHTHYS.
Microichthys, Buppell, Verz. der im Mus. Senckenbg. aufgest, Samml. Fische, p. 1.
Seven branchiostegals. AU the teeth viUiform, without canines ; palatines ? * ; tongue ? Two separate dorsals ; anal fin "v?ith two spines ; an acute ridge from the eye extending backwards over the opercles*. Scales large, deciduous ; opercles naked. Lateral hne commencing under the first rays of the second dorsal.
Mediterranean.
* Sir J. Richardson (Ichthyol. p. 275) misunderstood a part of Riippoll's de» Bcription. Riippell says, " Die Zahne am G^aume^ konnten nicht untersucht werden," and " von dem Auge riickwiirts ubor die schuppenlosen Operkeln eine in eine Spitze auslaufende Leiste."
44. APOGON. 229
1. Microichthys coccoi.
Ruppell, I. c.
General aspect and the form and position of the fins as in Am- hassis ; lower jaw projecting a Httle beyond the upper. Sea of Sicily.
44. APOGON*.
Apogon, Lac^. iii. p. 411 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 142.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth vijliform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two separate dorsals, the first with six or seven, the anal fin with two spines. Operculum spiniferous; prseoperculum with a double serrated ridge. Scales large, readily deciduous.
From the Red Sea, through all the Seas of the Indian and Au- stralian region, some species entering the fresh waters ; one species found on the coast of Brazil.
Synopsis of the Species. A. Apogon with less than ten soft rays in the anal fin, and
1. with six spines in the first dorsal.
a. Body without longitudinal or transverse bands.
a. With a black blotch on each side of the base of the caudal fin.
1. A. imberbis, 2. A. heptastigma, 4. A. thermalis.
3. A. hyalosoma.
fi. Without such a black blotch.
5. A. poecilopterus, 7. A. axillaris, 0. A. leptacanthus,
6. A. godini, 8. A. hypselonotus, 10. A. nigromaculatus.
b. Body with 'darker transverse bands or oblong transverse ^pots.
11. A. orbicularis, 13. A. trimaculstus, 14. A. rhodopterus,
12. A. nematopterus, 15. A. koUomatodon.
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
16. A. margaritophorus, 18. A. amboinensis, 19. A. sangiensis,
17. A. taeniatus, 20. A. ceramensis.
* 1. Apogon latus, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. ^ Val.u. p. 159. — Eed Sea.
2. multitaematus, Cuv. ^ Val. I. c. ; Eiipp. Atl. p. 47. — Red Sea.
3. coecineus, Ewpp. N. W. p. 88. t. 22. f. 5.— Red Sea.
4. ceylonicufl, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 491.
5. moluccensis, Vol. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 54. —
Amboyna.
6. giiamensis, Val. I. c. — Q-oam.
7. novae hoUandiae, Val. I. c. p. 55. pi. 4. f. 2. — Australia.
8. lateralis, Val. I. c. p. 58. — ^v anicolo.
9. novem-fasciatus, Faun. Japon. pi. 2. f. 2 ; A. schlegelii, Bleek,
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 56.^rapan. 10. fuscufl, Qmy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 345. — Guam.
230 PEBCID^.
2. With seven spines iu the first doi-sal.
a. Body without longitudinal or transverse bands.
21. A. nigripinnis, 24. A. maculosus, 28. A. cuprous,
22. A. taeniopterus, 25. A. enneastigma, 29. A. hoevenii,
23. A. monochrous, 26. A. riippeUii, 80. A. truncatus.
27. A. novae guineas,
b. Body with darker transverse bands or oblong transverse spots.
31. A. bifasciatus, 83. A. bandanensis, 34. A. annularis,
32. A. timoriensis, 35. A. lineatus.
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
36. A. quadrifasciatus, 40. A. frenatus, 45. A. multitaeniatus,
37. A. semUineatus, 41. A. kaUopterus, 46. A. hartzfeldii,
38. A. chrysopomus, 42. A. fasciatus, 47. A. chrysotaenia, 89. A. kalosoma, 43. A, cyanosoma, 48. A. victorise.
44. A. cyanotaenia,
3. With eight spines in the first dorsal.
49. A. melas, 50. A. cantoris.
4. With nine spines in the first dorsal.
51.. A. meaco. B. Apogon with more than ten soft rays in the anal fin.
62. A. lineolatufl, 64. A. macropterus, 57. A. buruensis,
63. A. fucatus, 55. A. bleekeri, 58. A. zosterophorus.
56. A. macropteroides,
A. Apogon with less than ten soft rays in the anal tin.
1 T) 6 I ^ A 2
* I 8 or 9* * 7 or 8 (in one species 9)'
a. Body without longitudinal or ti'ansverse bands.
1. Apogon imberbis.
Cor\ailus, Gcsner, p. 1273.
Mullus imberbis sive Rex mullonim, Willughby, p. 286 ; Ray, p. 91.
Trigla, sp. 3, Artcdi, Genera, p. 43.
Amia, Gronov. Zooph. p. 80.'pl. 9. f. 2 (omitted in his system).
Mullus imberbis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xiii. edit. 1. sp. 1341 ; Shaw, Zool.
iv.p.618. ' ^ V , ,
Apogon ruber, Lac^. iii. p. 411 ; Risso, Iclith. Nice, edit. 1. p. 214. Dipterodon hexacanthus, Lacep. iv. p. 107, iii. pi. 4. f. 2. Centropomus am-atus, Lac^. iv. p. 273.
rubcns, Spinola, Ann. Mas. Mist. Nat. x. p. 370. pi. 28. f. 2.
Perca pusUla, De la Roche, Ami. Mm. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 318. Apogon rex muUorum, Cuv. i^- Val. ii. p. 143 ; Cuv. R^gne Anim. III.
pi. 7. f. 2 (not good) ; Guichen. Explor. Al(j6r. Poiss. p. 32.
A black blotch on each side of the tail. Bright red or orange- coloured in life, with minute black points ; fins not spotted. Mediterranean ; Madeira.
a. Adult. Europe.
h. Adult : skeleton. Em-ope.
44. APOGON. 231
c-e. Adult. Mediterranean. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/, Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
g. Adult : bad state. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton, — The skull of the species of the genus Apogon is distin- guished by the hemispherical prominent capsula cerebri, formed by the parietal and occipital bones and by the hinder part of the frontals ; the latter part is generally provided with two or more small spinous prominences; the orbital part of the frontals is very de- veloped, not flat, but "wdth a deep narrow groove along the median line ; this groove is bifid behind, thus separating the orbital part of the frontals from the posterior. In front of the median groove is a high ridge, generally half as long as the diameter of the eye, and bifid behind ; this ridge, together with those spinous prominences of the frontals, is for the purpose of keeping the skin suspended above the grooves. Large mucose cavities are formed thereby, commu- nicating with those of the suborbital arch, &c. The occipital crest is very developed and broad, more or less truncated behind, reaching downwards to the vertebral column, and supported by another, narrower, horizontal one, which arises also from the occipital. Another peculiarity of the skull of Apogon is the internal free ridge of the prseoperculum, parallel to the external margin. The operculum is always supported by a strong, straight bony ridge, con- spicuous from the outside, but prominent only at the inner surface ; it arises near the articulation of the operculum with the epitympanic (os temporale), and projects sometimes in a small free spine at the hinder angle of the operculum.
In Apogon imberbis the lower outer margin only of the proeoper- culum is very finely denticulated, the teeth becoming smaller at the angle. The vomerine and palatine teeth are arranged in a single row, the series of the former forming a right angle. There are elevep. abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae.
2. Apogon heptastigma.
Apogon heptastigma, {Ehrenherg) Cuv.-^ VaL ii. p. 160.
Two black spots on each side of the tail ; brownish red, tins red- dish ; five black spots at the base of dorsalis. Red Sea.
3. Apogon hyalosoma.
Apogon thermalis, Blecker, Perc. p. 27 (not Cuv.).
hyalosoma, Sleeker, Singapore, p. 63, and Amboyna, iv. p. 329.
Caudalis slightly notched. Uniform yellowish, wdth a black spot at the root of the caudal fin ; interspace between the second and third dorsal spines black. Suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum entu'e ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the posterior half of the eye.
Seas of Batavia, Sumbawa, Amboyna, and Sumatra.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
23^ PEBCIS^.
4. Apogon thermalis. Cuv. .$• Vak iii. p. 492 (not Bleeker). A black blotch on each side of the tail. Uniform yellowish ; in- terspace between the second and third spines of the first dorsal fin blackish.
Warm springs of Cania (Ceylon).
The circumstance of this species being found in warm springs makes it probable that it is difierent from the preceding. The ori- ginal description, like most of Valenciennes's, is too imperfect to de- termine specimens by it.
5. Apogon poBcilopterus.
Apogon poecilopterus, {Kuhl 8f vati H'asselt) Cuv. ^ Vol. ii. p. 154 ; Cantor, Catat. p. 2,
No black blotch on the tail; sides brown-spotted ; a large black spot on the first dorsal fin ; the second marbled with brown, and with a brown band at the base. Nine soft rays in the analis.
Javanese Sea.
6. Apogon godini.
Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 496.
No black blotch on the tail; rose-coloured; scales with violet edges ; fins not spotted.. Thirty-three scales in the lateral line. Caudalis emarginate.
Western coast of Sumatra.
7. Apogon axillaris. Valenciennes, Nouv. Ann, Mvs. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 66. pi. 4. f. 3.
Reddish, minutely punctulated with blackish ; a deep black spot at the hasp of the pectoral fins, which are punctulated with black. Caudalis slightly notched ; prajorbital entire ; prseopercuhun with a single edge beneath ; analis with seven soft rays.
Ascension Island.
8. Apogon hypselonotus. Bleeker, Batoe, p. 309.
Uniform greenish. Caudalis deeply forked ; suprascapula, sub- and intcroperculum entire ; the second dorsal spine longest. L. lat. 23-25. L. transv. 9.
Sea of Batoe.
9. Apogon leptacanthus.
Bleeker, Temate, viii. p. 204.
Coloration uniform. Caudalis notched ; the dorsal spines flexible ; the second elongate, filiform. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 8-9. Sea of Temate.
44. APOQON. 233
10. Apogou nigromaculatiis. Homhr. 8f Jacqum. Voy. au Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 82. pi. 1. f. 2.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal) ; the pncorbital with throe or four notches beneath. Spines very long and strong ; the second dorsal spine longer than one-half the height of the body. Rose-coloured, with small spots of deep black ; fins immaculate.
New Guinea.
b. Body with darker transverse bands or oblong transverse spots. 11. Apogon orbicularis.
Apogon orbicularis, (Kuhl Sf van Hasselt) Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 155, vi. p. 495 ; lileek. Amb. <^ Cer, p. 254 ; Quoy (^ Gaim. Voy, Astral. Poiss. p. 648. pi. 1. f. 4 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. i. Amboina, p. 28.
A brown zone round the body from the front part of the first dorsal fin to the anus, posteriorly with large, irregular, dark blotches ; the first dorsal with small brown spots ; in the middle of the tail a black longitudinal band.
Javanese Seas ; Coram.
12. Apogon nematoptems. Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en Macasmty p. 35.
A broad, vertical, blackish zone round the body^ occupying the whole space beneath the first dorsal fin, posteriorly irregularly spotted with brownish. The first and second rays of the second dorsal pro- duced into filaments.
Sea of Manado.
13. Apogou trimaculatus.
Cuv. 8{ Val. ii. p. 156. pi. 22 {not Richards. Ichth. China, p. 221) ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 237.
Analis with nine soft rays. Pectoral fins reaching to the middle of the anal fin. Red (in Ufe), with three black transverse spots, forming three half- rings and reaching to the middle of the depth of the body : the first corresponding to the front part of the first dorsal, the second to the second dorsal, and the third to the middle of the back of the taU.
Bum (Moluccas).
Four pyloric appendages. {Cuv.)
14. Apogon rhodopterus.
Sleeker, Singapore, p. 62.
Analis with seven or eight soft rays ; pectoral fins not reaching to the analis. Greenish, with two transverse bands, the first placed beneath the front part of the fixst dorsal, the second beneath the
234 PEHCID^.
posterior part of the second ; tail with a round black spot (lateral ?) ; the first dorsal black-edged. Singapore.
15. Apogon koilomatodon. JBleeker, Ternate, p. 4.
Prseorbital slightly denticulated; the upper maxillary bone reaching to just below the middle of the eye ; back and sides with darker spots ; two black half-rings encircling ttie back, the first corresponding to the anterior dorsal fin, the second to the hinder part of the posterior.
Ternate (Moluccas).
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
16. Apogon margaritophoms. Bleeker, Batjan, p. 363.
Along the back two blackish-\'iolet and two bright red alternate bands ; along the middle of the side a broad orange-coloured band with a row of 12 bluish spots ; crown with a yellowish-green mark in the shape of a V ; on each side of the head four bright red longi- tudinal bands ; fins uniform red.
Batjan.
17. Apogon tseniatus,
Apogon teeniatus, (Ehrenhenf) Cuv. Sf Veil. ii. p. 159 ; RUppell, Atlas Fische, p. 48, and N. W. Fische, p. 87.
Brownish, with five lighter longitudinal lines ; above the pectoral fins a roimd bro^\Ti spot ; a blackish spot at the base of the caudaHs ; a vertical dark band in the middle of the second dorsal fin.
Djetta (Rod Sea).
Cuvier (Z. c.) gives the number of rays of the dorsal fins 7 1 j, but RUppeU (Z. c.) twio€ states it to bo 6 1 ^.
18. Apogon amboinensis. Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 329.
Yellowish (in life), mth two brown longitudinal bands, one running from above the eye to the side and curved, the other from the muzzle through the eye to the tail ; a round black spot at the root of the "audal fin ; fins unifonn, the fiist dorsal blackish in front. Caudalis notched ; +he upper maxillary bone reaching to behind the middle of the eye ; pra;opcrculuni with only the posterior margin denticulated ; sub- nnd intcroperculum entire ; the second spine of the first dorsal longest. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 9.
Rivers of Amboyna.
44. APoooN. 235
19. Apogon sangiensis. Sleeker, Sangi, p. 375.
Shining golden ; a broad deep brown band from the muzzle through the eye to the operculum ; a round black spot at the root of the caudal fin ; anal fin sparingly spotted with blue. Caudalis notched ; suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum entire ; the third dorsal spine longest. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 9-10.
Sea of Sangi.
20. Apogon ceramensis.
Bleeker, Amh. 8f Cer. p. 256.
Caudalis notched. Greenish; head sprinkled with darker; a narrow brown streak from the thorax (?) to the tail ; a black spot at the root of the caudal fin ; the interspace between the second and third dorsal spines black.
Sea of Wahai (Ceram).
a. Body without longitudinal or transverse bands.
21. Apogon nigripinnis.
Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 152 ; Faun. Japan. Potss. p. 3.
Analis with eight soft rays ; the limbs of the praeoperculum den- ticulated ; caudalis rounded. The first dorsal black, at least in its upper half; the second dorsal and the anal fin with a black band along the base, sometimes extending over all the fin ; the hinder margin of the caudal and the ventral fins black.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
b, c. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. d-f. Young : not good state. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E.
Belcher.
g-i. Adult : bad state. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
Jc-r. Half-grown specimens. East Indies. From the Haslar Col- lection.
s. Half-grown. East Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
t-v. Yoxmg. Eaigt Indies. From the Haslar Collection.
22. Apogon taeniopterus. Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. 1835, p. 206.
Analis with eight soft rays ; the limbs and the inner edge of the praeoperculum and the orbit denticulated ; caudalis notched. The first dorsal with oblique black spots between the spines; the second and the anal fin with a black band along tbe base ; each lobe of the
236 PEECID^.
caudal with a blackish streak ; the outer margin of the ventral blackish.
Isle de France.
a. Largo specimen. Mauritius. Presented by the Zoological Society. (I^e of the species.)
23. Apogon monochroas. Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en 3Iacassar, p. 34.
Analis with eight soft rays. Shining golden, minutely dotted with brown ; fins sometimes rather darker. Bones of the head not serrated, except the outer margin of the prseoperculum and the su- prascapula. CaudaHs notched.
Seas of Manado, Amboyna, and of the Feejee Islands.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6, c. Adult. East Indies. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d, e. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
f-h. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
24. Apogon maculosus.
Cuv. ^ Val vi. p. 494.
Brown : on each side four series of darker spots ; fins brown- spotted ; head immaculate. East Indian Seas.
25. Apogon enneast^ma.
RiippeU, N. W. Fische, p. 87. t. 22. f. 3.
Reddish, with Hghtef fins ; the first dorsal with a black front edge ; above the pectoral a round black, whitish-edged spot ; back with five brown specks along the base of the dorsal fins ; another black spot on each side of the tail. D. 7 ] t^^. A. ^.
Massaua (Red Sea).
26. Apogon riippellii (Plate XV. fig. B.)
Reddish, with lighter fins ; a series of seven blackish dots from the occiput along the base of the dorsals, those beneath the fin not being very conspicuous. A second series of nine dots along, and immediately above the lateral line. There are two or three indi- stinct dots on the back of the tail. No spot above the base of the pectoral. The first dorsal blackish between the first three spines, the second with some indistinct broAvnish spots. A brownish streak from the eye to the angle of the praeoperculum. Analis with nine or ten rays.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
b, c. Adult : stuffed. Victoria. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
44. APOGON. 237
Description. — The height of the body is 3| to 3 times in the total length, the length of the head 3^ to 3^. The diameter of the eye is about one-third of the length of the head, and much longer than the distance between the eyes ; the upper maxillary bone reaches a little behind the vertical from the centre of the eye ; the outer edge of the prseoperculum is minutely serrated and the angle rounded ; the inner edge is entire ; operculum with a very short spine. D. 7 1 -^ ; the third and fourth spines are the longest and equal, about half the height of the body ; the spine of the soft dorsal is not much shorter, and the middle rays longer, than the third spine of the first dorsal. Caudalis slightly emarginate, with rounded lobes. A. -^ ; the second spine is three-quarters of the longest of the dorsal; the pectoral fins reach as far backwards as the ventrals. L. lat. 26. L. transv. f . All the teeth minute, in narrow vilHform bands ; that of the vomer rectangularly bent. Length 3 inches 9 lines.
27. Apogon novae guineae.
? Apogon vinosus, Cuv, &■ Vol. vi. p. 494,
Apogon novae guinese, Vcdenc. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. f, 1 ; Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl, Indie, vii. p. 316.
53. pi. 4.
Nederl, Indie, vii. p. 3 If modestiis, Bleeker, I. c. p. 315.
Body and fins yellowish, head sprinkled with brown. Caudalis very slightly notched ; suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum entire ; the upper maxillaiy bone reaching a little behind the middle of the eye ; the fourth dorsal spine longest. L. lat. 24-25. L. transv. 8-9.
Sea of Anjer (Java) ; Batavia ; New Guinea,
a, b. Large specimens : very bad state. India. From the Haslar
Collection. c. Large specimen : very bad state. Norfdik Island. From the
Haslar Collection.
28. Apogon cupreus.
Apogon cupreus, (Ehrenherg) Cuv. 8f Vol. ii. p. 159. ? Apogon chrysosoma, Bleeker, Amb. 8f Cer. p. 256.
Caudalis forked. Uniform reddish brown ; fins not spotted. Eed Sea.
29. Apogon hoevenii. Bleeker, Amhoina, v. p. 483.
Caudalis forked. Red (in life) ; two obsolete darker streaks below the eye ; the first dorsal fin blackish, the interspace between the sixth and seventh spines black.
Amboyna Sea.
30. Apogon tnincatus. Bleeker, Java, i. p. 415.
The upper maxillary bone reaching behind the level of the eye ;
238 PEBCID^.
caudalia very slightly notched. Yellowish, head brown ; the upper half of the first dorsal fin black. Batavia.
b. Body with darker transverse bands or oblong transverse spots.
31. Apogon bifasciatus.
Apogon bifasciatus, Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 86. t. 22. f. 2. Apogon trimaculatus, (not Cue.) liichards. Ichthrjol. China, p. 221.
Analis with eight soft rays. Whitish, with two brownish half- rings encirchng the back, the fii'st corresponding to the anterior spines of the first dorsal, the second to the last rays of the second ; on each side of the base of the caudalis a blackish spot*. (Cfr. Apogon tnmaculatus, p 233.)
Red Sea ; Chinese Seas.
This species has three pyloric appendages.
a. Adult. China, Presented by J. 11. Reeves, Esq. h. Adult. Philippines.
c. Young : bad state. Sine patria.
d. Adult. Red Sea.
e. Adult female : skeleton. Red- Sea.
Skeleton. — The bones of the suborbital arch form an open canal, the edges of which are strongly serrated, with the denticulations directed backwards, except in the praeorbital, the edges of which are entire. Both the margins of the prajoperculum strongly serrated, the denti- culations of the inner ridge being coarser, gradually becoming larger at the angle. The suprascapula, sub- and interoperculum are entire. The vomerine teeth are in a single series, forming a right angle. There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae.
32. Apogon timoriensis.
Bleeher, Natuurk. Tydschr. Kcdcrl Ind. vi. 1854, p. 207.
Suprascapula denticulated. Shining golden, with two broad, bro'miish-violet transverse bands, the first beneath the spinous dorsal, the second beneath the soft dorsal, triangular, with the point reaching to the base of the anal ; the spinous dorsal black at the tip.
Sea of Timor Kupang.
33. Apogon bandanensis. Bleeker, Banda, iii. p. 95.
Supra-scapula entire. Brownish, with three broad violet bands, the first corresponding to the anterior dorsal fin, the second to the posterior, and the third to the middle of tail ; fijis not spotted.
Banda Sea.
* Riippell states in this species nine soft rays of the anal fin ; but all the specimens in the British Museum Collection, some of which were sent bj Dr. Kiippell himself, exliibit eight only.
44. APOGON. 239
34. Apogon annularis.
Riippell, Atlas, p. 48, and N. W. Fische, p. 86.
Whitish (in spirits), with a broad zone round the base of the caudal fin.
Var. Apogon eoseipinnis.
Apogon roseipinnis, Cuv. 8f Vol. iii. p. 490, vi. p. 553 j Bleeh. Amh. and Cer. p. 25.3 ; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 234 ; Quoy <^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 649. pi. 1. f. 5.
A series of black spots (a violet band in life) along the base of the analis.
Eed Sea ; Coast of Mozambique ; Indian Ocean.
a. Adult female; skeleton. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Collection.
d. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
e. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by 1 . C. Bowring, Esq.
In well-preserved specimens the whole tractus intestinalis exhi- bited a deep black colour, not produced by the contents of the stomach and of the intestines, but by a pigment deposited in aU its membranes. There are four pyloric appendages, of the same intense black colour. The other abdominal intestines have the usual colour. The pos- terior third of the ovarium is united, the two anterior ones separated.
STceleton. — The very fine, velvet-like vomerine teeth form a rather acute angle ; those of the palatine bones are situated in a narrow biserial band. The prseorbital bone is rather flat, the others slightly concave, with entire edges : of the edges of the praeopcrculum only the posterior part of the external margin is minutely serrated. The ridge of the frontal bones is low, the groove not deep, which is in accordance with the less-developed canalicult mucosi of the other parts of the skull in this species. There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae.
35. Apogon Uneatus.
Te)7im. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 3 ; Bleeher, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xx\-i. p, 54. t. 1. f. 1.
Reddish brown (in spirits), with 8-12 very obsolete brownish cross-streaks ; no black spot at the base of the caudal fin. Japanese Sea.
c. Body with longitudinal bands.
36. Apogon quadrifasciatns.
Valettciennes, ii. p. 153; Bleeker, Perc. p. 28; Cantor, Catal. p. 3; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 234.
Caudalis notched. Whitish (in spirits), on each side two parallel
240 PEBCIDJE.
brown longitudinal bands ; fins yellowish ; the upper half of the anterior dorsal more or less iatense black.
Javanese and Chinese Seas ; Feojee Islands ; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult female: skeleton. India. Presented by the Zoological
Society. 6. Adult. Feejee Islands. Presentedby the Lords of the Admiralty.
c. Adult. China.
d. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
e. Young : very bad state. Australia. Presented by J. MacgUlivray,
Esq. /. Adult. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
Oyana nearly entirely united, above with two lobes.
Skeleton. — The hinder half of the suborbital arch represents a closed canal ; the posterior margin of the praeoperculum and the hinder part of the ioferior are minutely serrated ; suprascapula, sub- and inter- operculum entire. There are eleven abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae.
37. Apogon semilineatus.
Temin. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 4. pi. 2, f. 3 (head of male) ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xx^d. p. 55. t. 1. f. 2.
Caudalis forked. Brownish ; a black longitudinal streak from the muzzle above the eye to the middle of the tail, another from the muzzle through the eye to the point of the operculum. Tip of the first dorsal fin black.
Japanese Sea.
38, Apogon chrysopomus. BUeker, Celebes, v. p. 239.
Above violet (in life beneath yellowish) ; a brown longitudinal band from the forehead above the lateral line to the back of the tail ; opercles pearl-coloured, with five or six red spots ; a black spot at the root of the caudal fin ; fins immaculate ; the first dorsal fin blackish above. Caudalis notched ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; suprascapula denticulated ; the third dorsal spine longest. L. lat. 25. L. trans V. '8-9,
Sea of Macassar.
39. Apogon kaJosoma. Bleeker, Banka, p. 448.
Reddish yellow, with two brown longitudinal bands, the upper of which is curved towards the back, the lower being straight and united with the former on the tail ; there are moreover about fourteen serpentine brown longitudinal stripes on the back and the sides ; a round black spot on the root of the caudal fin ; the first dorsal fin blackish in front ; the second and the anal fin with a black band along the base. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 15. Caudalis notched.
Sea of Banka.
44. APOGON. 241
40. Apogou frenatos.
Apogon frenatus, Valenc. Nouv. Ann. Mtis. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 57. pi. 4. f. 4; Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Amboina, p. 25.
vittiger, Bennett in Proc. Zool, Soc. 1833, p. 32.
melanorliynchos, Bleeker, Amh. Sf Cer. p. 255, and I. c. p. 26.
Reddish brown, with a black longitudinal band from the muzzle along the middle of the side ; a black spot on the base of the caudal fin ; the first dorsal black in front ; the second and the anal with a black longitudinal band at the base ; caudal notched.
Mauritius ; Ceram ; Amboyna ; Feejee Islands ; Guam ; New Guinea.
a. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
41. Apogon kallopterus.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. \., Manado en Macassar, p. 53.
Rose-coloured, with a violet shade; a violet band, above and beneath margined with white, from the eye to the caudal fin ; a brown band round the muzzle to the eyes ; a blackish spot on the base of the caudal fin ; the spinous dorsal fin blackish brown, with four subvertical yellow streaks ; the soft dorsal with four brown and four pearl- coloured spots, forming two longitudinal series ; the anal with a brown band along the base ; ventral fins with a white outer margin. L. lat. 26-27. Caudal deeply forked.
Sea of Manado.
42. Apogon fasciatus.
Mullus fasciatus. White, New South Wales, p. 268. f. 1.
Apogon novem-fasciatus, Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 154 ; Bleeker, Timor, L
p. 163 ; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 234.
fasciatus, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 344.
balinensis, Bleeker, Perc. p. 28, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
xxii., Bali, p. 5. aroubiensis, Homhr. 8f Jacquin. Voy. aw Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 31.
pi. 1. f. 1. endeka-taenia, Bleeker, Banka, p. 449.
Caudalis notched. On each side four or five brown longitudinal bands, and one along the middle of the back ; a large round black spot at the root of the caudal fin ; the second dorsal and the anal with a blackish band along the base. L. lat. 25-26. L. transv. 8-9.
Feejee Islands; Australian and Molucca Seas; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Young : very bad state. Amboyna.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Collection.
d-f. Half- grown. Feejee Islands. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty. g. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. Presented by F. Strange. h. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. From Mr. Gould's Collection. i. Half-grown : not good state. New Holland.
R
242 PEECID^.
k, I. Adult : skin. Australia. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
m. Adult : stuffed. Australia. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
n. Half-grown. East Indies. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
43. Apogon cyanosoma. Bleeker, Solor, p. 71.
Blue (in life), with six golden longitudinal bands ; fins red, imma- culate. Caudaiis slightly notched ; the upper maxUlary bone reaching to behind the middle of the eye ; prseoperculura with the posterior and inferior edges denticulated ; sub- and interoperculum entire. L. lat. 23. L. transY. 8.
Sea of Lawajong (Solor)
44. Apogon cyanotaenia. Bleeker, Solor, p. 71.
Eose-coloured (in life) ; back with four or five brown longitudinal stripes ; sides with two orange-coloured bands ; head with blue longi- tudinal streaks ; fins immaculate, a black spot at the root of the caudal fin. CaudaHs notched ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to behind the middle of the eye ; pneopcrculum with denticulated inferior and posterior margins; sub- and interoperculum entire. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 8-9.
Sea of Lawajong (Solor).
45. Apogon multitseniatus.
Bleeker, Perc. p. 28 (? Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 159).
Caudaiis notched ; purple-coloured (in life), with 10-13 brown longitudinal streaks on each side ; fins not spotted. Bima (Sumbava Island).
46. Apogon hartzfeldii. Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, iii. 1852, p. 254, and vi. p. 482.
Caudaiis slightly notched. Rose-coloured (in life) ; a large round black blotch on the base of the caudal fin ; on each side of the back, near the dorsal hne, a light-blue longitudinal band ; the second dorsal fin and the analis with a brown band along the base.
Sea of Amboyna.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
47. Apogon chrysotaenia. Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1851, p. 108.
L. lat. 25. L. transv. 9. The third dorsal spine longest. Cau- dahs notched. Greyish brown, with two deep olive longitudinal bands on the back and three golden ones on the side. The spinous dorsal fin violet, the others red. {Bleeker.)
Batavia.
44. APOGojy. 243
48. Apogon victoriaB. (Plate XV. fig. C.)
Yellowish olive (in a dried state), with four darker longitudinal bands on each side ; root of the pectoral deep black ; pectoral yeUow. AU the outer edge of the praeoperculum denticulated, the inner entire.
a, 6. Adult: dried. Victoria (Australia). VoyageofH.M.S. Herald.
Description. — The height of the body is 85 in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; ihe diameter of the eye is less than one- third of the length of the head, and much longer than the distance between the eyes. The lower jaw slightly projects beyond the upper ; the upper maxillary bone reaches beyond the vertical from the centre of the eye ; the outer margin of the praeoperculum is finely serrated posteriorly and inferiorly, the interior ridge being
entire. D. 7 -^ ; the first spine is minute ; the second rather longer
than one-haK of the thii'd ; the third is very strong, and about 1-i- in the length of the head. The spine of the second dorsal fin is not much shorter than the soft portion, one-half the length of the head. Caudalis notched. A. |- ; the second spine is rather shorter than that of the soft dorsal ; the pectoral reaches slightly beyond the origin of the anal fin ; the ventral spine is very strong, compressed, and equal to the second of the anal fin. L. lat. 24. L. transv. 2/6-7. The present colour is a yellovrish ohve, with four darker, rather indistinct bands, broader than the interspaces of the ground-colour between : the first from the nape, above the lateral line, along the back of the tail ; the second from the eye to the middle of the root of the caudal fin ; the third from the axil along the lower side of the tail ; the fourth on the side of the beUy. The pectoral is yellow, with the basal part deep black ; the other fins without distinct colour.
inches, lines.
Total length 3 9
Height of the body 1 1^
Length of the head 1 0
Diameter of the eye 0 4^
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 Qg
of the second anal spine 0 5g
3. With eight spines in the first dorsal.
49. Apogon melas.
Sleeker, Perc. p. 29, and Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Amboina, p. 27.
Caudalis notched. Entirely imifonn brownish black ; the second dorsal fin with a large round blue spot in the middle of the base. Bima (Sumbava Island) ; Celebes ; Amboyna.
50, Apogon cantoris.
Bleeker, Riouw, p. 479.
L. lat. 24. L. transv. 9. Caudal fin slightly notched. Greenish,
b2
244 PEKCID^.
punctiilated with brown, with two indistinct brownish cross-bands ; a black spot at the middle of the base of the soft dorsal fin. Riouw.
4. With nine spines in the first dorsal. 51. Apogon meaco.
Spams meaco, Laeip. iv. pp. 54 & 160. Apogon meaco, Cuv. ^ Vat. ii. p. 161.
Caudal fin rounded ; six white bands and a brown spot on the tail ; fins brown-spotted. Hah.. ?
B. Apogon with more than ten soft rays in the analis. (The first dorsal fin wi'.ii six spines.)
52. Apogon lineolatus.
Renard, fol. 40. p. 204.
Apogon lineolatus, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 160 ; Ruppell, Atlas, Fische, p. 47. t. 12. f. 1, and N. W. Fische, p. 85.
Anal with fourteen soft rays ; whitish (in spirits), with twelve blackish transverse lines ; a black blotch on the tail. Bed Sea.
. 53. Apogon fucatus. Cantor, Catal. p. 4.
Anal with sixteen soft rays ; caudal slightly forked. The upper maxillary bone nearly reachmg to the front of the anterior margin of the orbit. The lower part of the front edge of the second dorsal spine is armed with three blunt teeth, vertically sitxiated ; the second, third and fourth spines are of nearly equal length. From the lower part of the orbit to the muzzle a gamboge oblique line ; at the base of the caudal a large round black spot ; fins not spotted. (Cant.)
Sea of Pinang.
Cant/or states that this species has no pyloric appendages.
54. Apogon macropteruB.
Apogon macropterus, {Kuhl Sf van Hasselt) Cuv. Hf Val. ii. p. 160. ? Apogon ceylonicxis, Cuv. df Val. iii. p. 491.
Anal with thirteen soft rays. Whitish (in spirits) ; on each scale a vertical liae, formed by minute brown points ; fins not spotted. {Cuv.)
Javanese Sea.
It will be difiieult to determine specimens belonging to this spe^ cies, the description of Cuvier being very imperfect. But the following species, referred by Bleeker to A. macropterus, appears to be distinct,
45. APOGONICHTHTS. 245
as Bleeker himself supposes. His specimens exhibit a black spot at the root of the caudal jfin, which is not mentioned by Ouvier ; and at least one additional soft ray in the anal fin.
55. Apogon bleekeri
Apogon macropterufl, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1851,
p. 168. ? Apogon argenteus, Valenc. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 60.
Anal with fourteen to seventeen soft rays ; caudal slightly forked ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye. L. lat. 23. The second dorsal spine longest, the first not much shorter. Uniform yellowish ; a round black spot at the root of the caudal fin.
Batavia; Padang; Amboyna.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
56. Apogon macropteroides. Bleeker, Banka, ii. p. 724.
Anal with sixteen or seventeen soft rays ; caudal notched ; the upper maxillary bone reaching to below the middle of the eye. L. lat. 23. The second dorsal spine longest, nearly twice as long as the first. Keddish yellow (in life), with about twenty-three red trans- verse streaks ; head and body punctulated with brown, the points on the sides of the head larger ; at the root of the caudal fin the points are crowded, and form a blackish spot ; fins immaculate.
Sea of Lepar.
57. Apogon hnmensis.
Bleeker, Boeroe, p. 394.
Caudal forked ; anal with twelve or thirteen soft rays ; the second and third dorsal spines longest. Yellowish, shining golden, with two brown longitudinal bands ; a blackish spot at the root of the caudal fin. (Bl.)
Sea of Boeroe.
58. Apogon zosterophoms.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en Macassar, p. 36.
Caudal notched ; anal with fifteen soft rays. Shining golden ; a broad brownish band obliquely descending forwards from the whole base of the second dorsal to the belly ; a blackish band round the snout to the eyes ; a black spot at the root of the caudal fin.
Sea of Manado.
45. APOGONICHTHYS.
Apogonichthys, Bleeker, Floris, p. 321, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. Ttxvi. p. 56.
Closely allied to Apogov. Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth
246 PEECID^.
villiform, \vithout canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two separate dorsals, the first with six or seven, the anal fin with two spines. Operculum spiniferous ; prfeoperculum with a double ridge, but both entire. Scales large, readily deciduous.
From the Red Sea through the seas of the Indian and Australian region. [Sea of Bahia.]
1. Apogonichthys gracilis.
Sleeker, Ternate, vii. p. 371.
Caudal notched ; anal with eleven or twelve soft rays ; the fii'st dorsal spine longest. Shining golden, with a brown streak from the muzzle through the eye to the operculum ; root of the caudal fin with a brown spot ; each lobe of the caudal vdih a bro^vn longitudinal band.
Sea of Ternate.
2. Apogonichthys auritus.
Apogon auritus, Cut: ^ Val. vii. p. 443.
punctulatus, Riippcll, N. W. Fische, p. 88. t. 22. f. 4 (not Bleek.).
? Apogon variegatus, Valetic. Nouv. Ann. Mus. i. p. 55.
Caudal truncated. Uniform brown ; a round, black, white-edged spot on the operculum. L. lat. 20. L. transv. 7-8. Isle de France ; Ked Sea.
3. Apogonichthys poly stigma.
Apogon pimctulatua, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, iii. p. 696
(not Riipp.). Apogonichthys polystigma, Bleeker, I. c. vi. p. 484.
Bro^sTiish, fins red ; operculum with a large blue, lighter-edged spot below ; two oblique brown bands from the eye to the prteoper- culum ; each scale with a blackish spot at the base. The upper maxillary bone reaching a little beyond the posterior margin of the eye ; the second and third dorsal spines longed. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 9-10.
Sea of Coram ; Sumatra.
4. Apogonichthys amblyuropterus. Apogon amblyiu-opterus, Bleeker, Ceram, ii. p. 695.
None of the opercular bones denticulated ; caudalis rounded. Red (in life), sparingly sjirinlded with brown ; the first dorsal and the ventral fins ilearly entirely brown, the others yellow ; the second dorsal and the anal with three red longitudinal bands, the caudal with three undulated red cross-bands. L. lat. 20. L. transv. 8.
Sea of Wahai (Ccram).
45. APOGONICHTHYS. 247
5. Apogonichtliys glaga.
Apogon glaga, Sleeker, Perc. p. 29.
Apogouichtnys glaga, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 57.
Rose-coloured (in life), head minutely dotted with brown ; the spinous dorsal violet-black in its upper half, the soft dorsal with light blue spots and a broad blackish upper edge ; caudal fin black- edged. Seven spines in the first dorsal. Caudalis truncated, with rounded angles. L. lat. 23. L. transv. 8-9.
Javanese and Japanese Seas ; Singapore.
6. Apogonichtliys carinatiis.
Apogon carinatus, Cuv. Sf Val. ii, p. 157 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 3. Apogonichthya carinatus, Sleeker, Floris, p. 321, and Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 56. pi. 1. f. 3.
Ten soft rays in the anal fin ; uniform whitish (in spirits) ; the four hinder rays of the second dorsal black, Japanese and Chinese Seas.
7. Apogonichthys perdix. Sleeker, Floris, p. 321.
Orange-coloured in life, marbled mth brownish ; cheeks and oper- cles brown ; the first dorsal fitn violet, the other fins orange, with all the rays bro\vn-spotted. CaudaHs rounded; the third and fourth dorsal spines longest. L. lat. 20. L. transv. 8-9.
Sea of Floris.
8. Apogonichthys aprion.
Apogon aprion, Richards. Ann. Nat. Hist, 1842, vol. ix. p. 16.
Caudal rounded. The first dorsal with six spines* ; praeoperculum not serrated ; a small cluster of teeth on the tongue. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 5/13. Brownish, with about eight blackish cross-bands on the back ; top of the first dorsal deep black.
Coasts of North Australia.
a. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.
6. Adult: stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by J. Gould. Esq.
c. Adult: staffed. Australia.
d. Adult : skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection,
e. Adult : skin. King's River, near Victoria (Port Essington).
9. Apogonichthys americanus,
Apogon americanum, Castelnau, Anim. nouv. oil rares Amh-. du Sud, Poiss. p. 3. pi. 3. f. 2.
Caudalis forked; analis with eight soft rays. Uniform reddish olive. (Casteln.) Coast of Bahia.
* The number fire, stated by Dr. Richardson, is anomalous in one of the speci- mens; the others have six.
248 PEKCID*.
I refer this fish for the present to Apogonichihys, as there is no mention of a serrature of the praeoperculum in the description. The figure also exhibits an entire Hmb of this bone.
4(j. CHILODIPTERUS.
Cheilodipterus, LacSp. ill. p. 539 ; Cuv. Sf Val. ii. p. 162.
Seven branchiostegals. Villiform teeth with the addition of ca- nines, generally in both jaws; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, separated by an interspace, the first with six, the anal fin with two spines. Operculum without points, praeoperculum with an interior ridge and generally with double seiTature. Scales large, deciduous.
From the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean into the Pacific.
1. Chilodiptems octovittatus.
CheUodipterus lineatus, Lactp. ill. p. 543. pi. 34. f. 1. Centropomus macrodon, Lacip. iv. p. 273. CheUodipterus octovittatus, Cui-. (§• Val. ii. p. 163. heptazona, Bleek. Perc. p. 29.
CandaHs notched. Whitish, with eight black longitudinal bands on each side ; a black blotch on each side of the base of the caudal fin. Red Sea ; Indian Ocean.
a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. India. Presented by the Zoological Society.
2. Chilodipterus lineatus.
Perca lineata, Forskal, Bescrj^f. Anim. p. 42. no. 43; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 89.
arabica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1312.
Centropomus arabicus, Lac&p. ivi pp. 250, 255. Cheilodiptferus arabicus, Cuv. i^ Val. ii. p. 165. pi. 23.
Caudalis notched. On each side 14-16 black longitudinal lines ; a black blotch on each side of the base of the caudal fin. Red Sea.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
h. Adiilt. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
3. Chilodiptems quinquelineatus.
Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, Ctw. Sr Val. ii. p. 167 ; Riipp. K W.
Fische, p. 89; Lesson, Zool. Vorf. Duperr. ii. p. 237; Bleeker, Atnb.
^ Cer. p. 252. Apogon novenistriatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 86. t. 22. f. 1.
Caudalis notched, with ten black longitudinal bands— four on
48. POMATOMUS. 249
each side, one along the middle of back, and one on the belly ; a black :3pot on the tail with yellow centre ; the first 'lorsal fin blsick in front.
Society Islands ; Amboyna ; Red Sea.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
4. Chilodiptems apogonoides.
Sleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i., Manado en Macassar, p. 37.
Caudalis forked. The interior ridge of the praeoperculum not serrated ; an outer series of larger teeth in the upper jaw, two small canines in the lower. Rose-coloured ; a brownish band round the muzzle ; top of the spinous dorsal blackish. {Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
5. Chilodiptems amblyuropterus.
Sleeker, Boeroe, p. 395.
Caudalis rounded ; sub- and interoperculum entire ; with nume- rous blackish longitudinal streaks ; fins immaculate. (Bl.) Sea of Boeroe.
47. SCOMBROPS.
Scombrops, Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon^ p. 118.
Eye larg«. Seven branchiostegals ; in the upper jaw two long canine teeth, in the lower a series of canine-like teeth ; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first with eight, the anal fin with three spines. No denticulations on the bones of the skull ; oper- culum with two very feeble points. Scales moderate, very thin, smooth. Pancreatic caeca in increased number.
Japanese Sea.
1. Scombrops chilodipteroides.
Scombrops, sp., Temm. 8f Schleg. I. c. pi. 63. f. 2.
cheilodipteroides, BUek. Ven'hand. Bat. Qenootsch. xxv. Jap. p. 9,
and xxvi. Jap. p. 58.
D. 8 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 55-60. L. transv. ^. Cac. pylor. 15.
Spines of the fins very feeble ; lower jaw longest ; caudalis forked ; coloration uniform. Japanese Sea.
a. Japan.
48. POMATOMUS.
Pomatomua, (not Lae6p.) Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 387 : Cuv. 4* Val. ii. p. 171.
Eye very large. Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth -volliform.
250 PEKCiDJS.
without canines ; no teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, sepa- rated by an interspace, the first with seven, the anal fin with two spines. No denticulations on the edges of the bones of the skull ; operculum with two very feeble points, praeoperculum with promi- nent rounded and striated angle. Scales moderate, slightly adherent. Pancreatic caeca in considerable number. Mediterranean.
1. Pomatomus telescopium.
Eisso, IcUhyol. Nice, p. 301. pi. 9. f. 31 ; Cuv. ^ Val. ii. p. 171. pi. 24, \-i. p. 49.5; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 173; Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alger. Poiss. p. 32 ; Barker- Webb 8f BeHhel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Ichthyol. pi. 1.
D. 7 1 ^. A. |. L. lat. 40. Csec. pylor. 22.
Height of the body rather more than one-fourth of the total length ; eye very large, one-third of the length of the head ; caudalis forked. Coloration uniform.
Mediterranean ; Canarian Islands.
a. Young. Sicily.
49. ACROPOMA.
Acroporaa, 2'emm. ^- Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 31.
Seven branchiostegals. Teeth villiform, with canines in both the jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones. Two dorsals, the first with seven (eight) spines, the anal fin wdth three. Operculum produced into a long denticulated point, praeoperculum entire. Anus nearer th^ root of the ventrals than the origin of the anal. Scales moderate, deciduous, minutely ciliated.
Japanese Sea.
1. Acropoma japonicum.
Acropoma, sp., Temm. <§- Schleg. I. c. pi. 12. f. 2, 3.
D.7(8)l^. A.f
Spines of the fins slender; lower jaw longest; caudaUs forked. Coloration uniform. Japanese Sea.
50. 0LIG0KU9. 261
Sixth Group. GRYSTINA.
50. OLIGORUS*
Gryates, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 58.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with eleven spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with one point, prseoperculum with a single smooth or obtusely denticulated ridge. Scales small. The number of the pyloric appendages small (3).
Rivers of Australia.
1. Oligorus macquariensis.
Grystes brisbanii, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 227.
Grystes macquariensis, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 58 ; Richards. Ereh. Sf Terr.
Fishes, p. 118. pi. 53. f. 8, 9. peelii, Mitchell, Exped. Austr. pi. 6. f. 1.
B. 7. D. {i. A.^. Caec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-seventh of the latter. Praeoperculum, suprascapula, and praeorbital entire ; operculum with one small spine. Pectoral and ventral fins short, caudalis rounded ; the fifth dorsal spine longest; the second and third of the anal nearly equal in length. Brownish grey, with irregular darker spots.
Rivers of Austraha.
a, h. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
2. Oligorus gigas.
Centropristis gigas, Oicen, Osteol. Catal. i. p. 51.
B. 7. D. li. A. |. Vert. 13/14.
Praeoperculum obtusely serrated. New ZeMand.
This species, established by Prof. Owen from a skeleton in the Collection of the College of Surgeons, can scarcely be referred to Centropristis, even if that genus be technically taken in the extent of the characters given by Cuvier, because there are no canine teeth at all. Cuvier combined very heterogeneous fishes in that genus, and, inconsistently enough, separated many others which exhibit all its characters. At present it is quite impossible to retain it with the defiuition of Cu\ier. The skeleton of the fish in question much resembles that of some species of Serrunus ; but we cannot, on
* oX/yos, few, and Mpoi, guard ; formed according to pylorus, trom nvXif, gate, and irijoos s. ovpos.
252 PEECID^.
account of the absence of the canine teeth, refer it to that genus. Therefore, although not having a skeleton of Oligorus macquariensis, I think it nevertheless best to combine both fishes, on account of the similarity in the structure of their teeth, of their branchiostegals, and of their fins, as well as in their general habit, size, and native country.
51. GRYSTES*.
Grystes, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 64.
Six or seven branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with ten spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with two points, praeoperculum with a single smooth-edged ridge. Scales moderate. The number of the pyloric appendages increased. Air- bladder simple, shghtly notched behind.
Rivers of the United States.
1. Grystes salmouoides.
Labrus salmoides, Lac&p. iv. pp. 716, 717. pi. 5. f. 2.
Cichla variabilis, Lesiieur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. PhUad.
Grvetes salmoides, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 54. pi. 45 ; Rhgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 9 a. f. 2 ; Dehay, New York Fauna, Fishes, pi. 69. f. 223 (cop.); Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 25. pi. 4. f. 2 (dorsal wrong).
Micropterus, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 9 (founded on a mutilated specimen).
B. 6-7. D. , '" A. -^^. L. lat. 90. Caec. pylor. 14 and more.
13-14 11-12 ^•'
The height of the body is nearly one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head is contained 3| therein. Lower jaw pro- minent. Praeoperculum and supraseapula entire, operculum with two spines ; prseorbital without or with some slight denticulations ; pectoral and ventral fins short ; the fourth dorsal spine longest ; the second of the anal much shorter than the third ; caudalis slightly notched. Uniform greenish brown, with a black spot at the pos- terior angle of the operculum. Young with many indistinct longi- tudinal streaks.
Fresh waters of the United States.
Or-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
52. ARRIPIS.
Centropristes, sp., Cuv. <^- Val. iii. p. 50, vii. p. 451 ; Richardson, Voy.
Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, pp. 29, 117. Arripis, Jenxjns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 14. Homodon, Brisout de Barneville, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 133.
Seven branchiostegals. All the teeth card-like or villiform, with-
* 1. Grystes nuecensis, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1864, p. 25. 2. Grjstes faaciatus, Eoffm Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 289. — Ohio.
52. ARRiPis. 253
out any canines ; teeth on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. One dorsal, with nine slender spines ; the anal fin with three. Operculum spiniferous; prseoperculum denticulated. Scales mode- rate. Number of the pyloric appendages increased (17-50) Seas of the A\istralian region.
1. Arripis georgianus.
Centropristes georgianus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 451 ; Richm-dson, Ereb.
^ Terr. Fishes, p. 117. pi. 54. f. 3-6. Arripis georgianus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, p. 14.
D. ^. A. l^. L. lat. 55. Csec. pylor. 17.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, and the length of the head nearly four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head ; praeoperculum finely serrated, operculum with two spines. The fourth dorsal spine longest. In a dried state greenish or yellowish olive, each scale punctulated with darker in the centre or at the edges.
South-eastern and south-western coasts of Australia; Norfolk Island ; Port Jackson ; King George's Sound.
a~c. Adxilt : skins. Holdfast Bay ; South Australia.
d. Adult : skin : not good state. Houtman's Abrolhos. — ' Herring' of
the Colonists.
e, /. Half-grown : skins : not in a good state. Hobson's Bay ; Port
Philip. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly. g. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. Presented by Mr. J. Strange. h. Half-grown : skin : not in a good state. Port Jackson. From
Mr. Gould's Collection.
2. Arripis salar.
Centropristes salar, Richardson, Zool. Trans, iii. p. 78, and Voy. Zool.
Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 29. pi. 20. f. 4-6. tasmanicus, Hombr. 8f Jacq. in Dumont cC Urville, Voy. au Pole
Sud, Poiss. p. 40. pi. 4. f. 1.
D. ^. A. ■^. L. lat. 48-52. L. transv. 6/12. Csec. pylor. ca 50.
Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the latter. Praeoperculum serrated behind and beneath ; sub- and interoperculum with scales. The fourth dorsal spine longest ; the third of the anal rather longer than the second. Back with darker spots.
Bay of Islands (New Zealand) ; Port Arthur (Van Diemen's Land) ; Australia ; Raoul Island ; Norfolk Islands.
a. Fine specimen. Raoul Island. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
254 PEECID^.
b-d. Half-grown. Norfolk Island. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult male : skeleton. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
f-h. Adult : bad state. Australia. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
Jc. Adult: stuffed. Australia.
I. Adult : not good state. Australia. Presentedby Sir J. Richardson.
m. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
n-q. Adult : not good state. Poit Arthur. From the Haslar Col- lection.
r. Adult: not good state. Port Arthur. From the Haslar Col- lection.
s-iv. Adult : very bad state. Port Arthur. Presented by Sir John Eichardson.
The swim-bladder is simple, provided with thin membranes ; tes- ticuh two and separate ; pseudobranchise large.
STceleton. — The upper surface of the skull is broad, flat, rather depressed in the middle ; the occipital crest is feeble, and does not extend on to the upper surface of the skull ; one low, thin and muci- ferous ridge passes from the orbit to the upper end of the praeoper- culum. Praeorbital very small, triangular, with spinous teeth at the lower margin. Suborbital arch narrow, with a concave plate at the inner side for supporting the eyeball; upper maxillary with a rather slender basal style, and widening behind ; there is an additional bone situated along its upper margin. There is no free space between the articiilary and dentary bone. The operculum terminates behind in two very feeble, flat, thin points, separated from each other by a notch ; the upper is shorter and rounded. The praeoperculum is striated, each stria terminating in a fine tooth ; the serrature extends over both the limbs, and is coarser beneath ; the sub- and interoper- cillum have the margins entire and rounded ; suprascapiila scarcely and very indistinctly denticulated, humeral entire ; the lower coracoid styliform. There is no free space between both halves of the pubic bone.
The length of the abdominal vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 12: 19; the ribs are rather long and slender; the first interhaemal is compressed, feeble and flexible, and attached to the hsemals of the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth vertebrae.
The teeth, being rather strong and separate, form a card-like band in the upper jaw. The others are villiform, and reach, in both the jaws, to the extremities of the bones. The group of the vomerine teeth forms nearly an isosceles triangle ; palatine band rather broad ; those of the pharyngo-branchial villiform.
3. Arripis truttaceus.
? Perca trutta, Cuv. 8f Val. ii. p. 54. Centropristes (?) truttaceus, Ctcv. 8f Val. iii. p. 50.
D. ^. A. i.
18 9
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, and equal
54. PEBCiLiA. 255
to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one -sixth of the latter. Denticulations of the prseoperculum visible on the inferior limb only ; operculum with two feeble spines ; sub- and interoper- culum without scales. The fourth dorsal spine longest. Coloration uniform. {Cuv.)
Port "Western (New Holland).
53. EURO.
Huro, Cuv. ^ Vfil. ii. p. 124 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 4.
Six branchiostegals. AU the teeth villiform, without canines; palatine bones ? ; tongue ? Two dorsals, the first with six, the anal fin with three spines. No denticulations on the bones of the head ; operculum with two flat obtuse points. Scales moderate.
Lake Huron.
1. Huro n%ricans.
Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Ciw. 8f Val. ii. p. 124. pi. 17 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 4 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 15. pi. 69. f. 224 (cop.).
^'^\h- ^-n- L-lat. 60-65.
Height of the body equal to one-third of the total length, excluding the caudal ; cleft of the mouth obliquely running upwards towards the plane of the forehead. Caudal slightly notched. Coloration uniform.
Lake Huron. (Black Bass.)
54. PERCILIA.
Percilia, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 197, and U.S. Naval Astron. Exped. to the Southern Hemisph. Zool. p. 235.
Five or six branchiostegals. Maxillary teeth small, conical, with- out canines ; palatine teeth none. Two dorsals, united at the base only ; the first with nine spines, the anal with three. Operculum without any spines ; a few minute spines along the Hmb of the prse- operculum. Scales moderate.
Rio de Maypu.
1. Percilia gillissii. Oirard, I. c. pi. 29. f. 5-9.
D. 9 I 11. A.|. L. lat. 35.
Snout short and rounded ; the upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Light reddish or red- dish brown, maculated with black. (Crir.)
Rio de Maypu.
^6 PEBCID^.
55. CENTRARCHUS*.
Centrarchus, Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 84. Pomoxis, {Rafin.) Holhr. Ichth. S. Card. p. 36.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones and on the tongue. One dorsal ; the anal fin generally with more than three spines. Operculum with two flat points, praeoperculum entire or scarcely denticulated. Scales moderate. Air-bladder notched behind. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Fresh waters of the Nearctic region ; one species from Cuba.
1. Centrarchus seneus.
CilJlila senea, 7-e Siieur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1822, p. 214. pi. 12 ;
Kirtland, Zool. Ohio, pp. 168, 191. Centrarchus seneus, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 84; Richards. Faun. Bor.
Amer. Fish. p. 18. pi. 75; Kirtland, Bost. Journ. iv. p. 239. pi. 11;
f. 1 ; ? Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 27. pi. 2. f. 4. Centrarchus pentacanthus, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 88.
D. 1^. A. j^. L. lat. 39-40. L. transv. 19-20. Vert. 1^18. Ctec. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, and more than the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter, and rather shorter than the distance between the eyes. Praeoperculum and prseorbital serrated. CaudaUs truncated. Grey- ish brown, each scale with a dark centre ; vertical tins variegated with dark brown ; a black spot above the angle of the operculum.
Lakes of North America.
o-c. Adult : skins. Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
2. Centrarchus pomotis.
Baird, in the Ninth Smithson. Export, p. 325.
D. il. A. 3^. L. transv. 6/12.
Snout very short, lower jaw longest ; the maxillary bone reaching to the posterior margin of the eye. The length of the h«^ad is 3| in the total, the diameter of the eye one-fourth of the former. Caudalis roimded ; the external soft ray of the vcntrals extending as a filiform appendage beyond the other rays, which do not reach the front end of the anal. Greenish olive, with three or four irregular longitudinal bands of dull greenish yellow ; a dusky spot at the end of the oper- culum ; fins uniform. (Baird.)
New Jersey ; New York.
* 1. Centrarchus viridis, Cuv. 4~ Val. vii. p. 460. — Southern parts of N. America.
55. CKNTUAjtcnus. 257
3. Centrarchus intermptus.
Centrarchus interruptus, (iirard, Pt-oc. Ac. Nat. fie. Philad. 1854, p. 129.
maculosufl, Ayren, Proc. Californ. Ac. Nat. Hint. 1H54, p. 8.
Amblopli1x;s intftrruplus, Oirard, U. S. I*nc. It It Exp. Fishes, p. 10. pi. 2. f. 1^.
The length of the head is about one-third of the total ; the dia- mcttir of the eye one-fourth of the length of the h«!ad. (/reyish brown, with irregiilar darker transverse bands, int<;rru{)t<;d along th© lateral line ; the portion of the band a))ove is somewhat alternating with that beneath it ; a large lilackt spot above the angle of tho oper- culum ; two dark streaks diverge from the eye bac;kwards. (Gir.)
Rivers of California.
4. Centrarchus irideus.
Perca iridea, Bosc.
Labrus sparoides, Lac4p. iii. pi. 24. f. 2.
iris, Luc&p. iv. p. 710. pi. 5. f. 3.
nmcropterufl, Luc/tp. iii. pi. 24. f. 1.
Centrarchus irideus, Ouv. ^ Val. iii. p. 89; Ilolhr. Ichth. S. Carol. p. 15. pi. .3. f. 1.
sparoides, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 458 (not pi. 48;.
1). ilzi£. A.!^.
Greenish, with scries of black spots ; the rays of the vertical fins with alternate black and white spots. Dorsal fin wdth a duwky spot, bordered with orange near the posterior extremity of tho fin (more indistinct in old age).
Charlestfjn.
5. Centrarchus hexacanthus.
Centrarchus sparoides, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 88. pi. 48.
hexacanthas, Cuv. &■ Val. vii. p. 4o8; Kirtland, Boat. Journ. iii.
p. 480. pi. 20. f. 2. Cichla storeria, Kirtl. Rep. Zool. Ohio, p. 101. Pomcjfcis hexacanthus, Ilolhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 36. pi. 0. f. 1.
D-lSn- A.^,. Ca.c. pylor. 8.
Tho form of the head and body is similar to that of 0. ffMeus. Praeoperciilum with somr; iriegnlar denticulations at the angle and at the lower limb. Body and vertical fins irtregularly spotted with blackish.
Fresh waters of North America.
a-e. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins. Streams leading into
Lake Erie. From Dr. Pamell's Collection. f-h. Young.
6. Centrarchus nitidus.
Pomoxis nitidus, CrtVarrfm U.S.Pac. R.R. Exp. Finhen, p.O. pl.2.f.5-8.
"• is- ^- Tr The height of the body is one-third of the total length, and more
258 PEHCID^.
than the length of the head. Prajoperciilura entire. Back and vertical fins irregularly spotted with blackish, on the back grouped together in bands. {Gir.) Houston llivcr, Kentucky.
7. Centrarcnus fasciatus.
Cichla ftsciata, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. ii. p. 216.
ohioensis, miuima, Lcsucur, I. c. p. 218.
Centrarchiis fasciatus, ^eAay, Netc York Fauna, Fishes,^. 28. pi. 3. f. 8; Kirtl. BosL Joitrn. v. p. 28. pi. 9. f. 1.
U. -. A. ^.
Body gibbous ; the height is 3i in the total length. Dusky bluish, often with transverse bands. Lakes of the United States.
^ 8. Centrarchus obscurus.
Dehay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 30. pi. 17. f. 47 (in the text 48). T) 12 A ^
Body rather elongate, not gibbous ; the height is one-fourth of the total length. Uniform greenish brown. (Dekay.) Onondaga Creek.
9. Centrarchus gulosns.
Pomotis gulosus, Cuv. 4" J'^al. iii. p. 498. Centrarchus gulosus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 459.
9 9
Brown, shining golden ; a black spot above the angle of the oper- culum. {Cuv. Sf Tal.)
Lake font Chanrain ; Lakes near New Orleans.
10. Centrarchus tetracanthus. Cuv, 8f Val. vii. p. 4G0.
D. ^. A. i-.
10 ^* 9*
The height of the body is about one-third of the total length. Body and vertical fins spotted with blackish. {Vol.) Fresh waters of Cuba.
56. BRYTTUS*.
Brj-ttus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 461. Six (five) branchiostegals. AH the teeth viUiform, without canines ;
* 1. Bvyttus reticulatua, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 463.^-North America.
2. Calliurus diaphanus, Girard, U. 8. Pacif. E. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 13. pi. 4.
f. 1-4.— Texas.
3. Bryttua signifet', Girard, I. c. pi. 7. f. 5-8. — Texas.
4. humilis, Girard, l. c. pi. 7. f. 9-24. — Arkansas and Texas.
5. Calliurus microps, Girard, I. c. p. 17. pi. 4. f. 5-8. — Texas.
OG. BRYTTUS, 259
teeth on the palatine, bones*. One dorsai, with ten (occasionally with nine) spines, the anal fin with three. Op(*i'culum with a rounded, membranaceous, coloui'ed lobe above the angle ; proeoperculum entire. Scales moderate.
Fresh waters of the Nearctic region.
1. Bryttus punctatus.
Brjiitus punctatus, Cuv. ^' Val. vii. p. 462. unicolor, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 464.
D. i^. A.-i. L. kt. 35.
U 8-9
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal fin) ; the length of the head one-third. Caudalis emarginate, with rounded lobes ; the first ray of the ventral pointed. Brownish green, with parallel series of round black spots; cheeks black - spotted. Angle and inferior limb of operculum blackish. Ventrals black. {Val.)
Fresh waters of North America.
2. Brjrttus albulus. Girard, U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 19. pi. 6. f. 1-4. B. 5. D.|5. A.^. L. transv. 6/16.
The height 6f the body is 2|, the length of the head 3| in the total length. The upper maxillary reaches to the anterior margin of the orbit. Pale reddish brown, dorsal with a black patch (not marked in the figure). (Gir.)
Eio Blanco (Texas).
3. Bryttus longulus.
Pomotis longulus, Baird 8f Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1853, p. 391, and in Marcifs Explor. Red River, p. 245. pi. 12.
Bryttus longulus, Baird ^ Girard, I. c. 1854, p. 25.
Callim-us fomiosus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 14. pi. 5. f. 1-4.
longulus, Girard, I. c. p. IG. pi. 5. f. 5-8, pi. 6. f. 5-8.
The height of the body is about three times in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the upper maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. Keddish brown ; the dorsal and anal with a sixbcircular large black spot behind; ventrals and the external half of the anal yellowish. (i5. ^ G.)
Red River ; fresh waters of Texas and Ai'kansas.
* Sir J. Richardson probably made a mistake iu translating the diagnosis of Cuvier, if he attributes to this genus "a narrow band of villiform teeth on tl)i' tongue." {Ichfhyol. p. 277.)
s 2
260 PERcrD^.
4. Bryttus floridensis.
Calliurus floridensia, Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 53. pi. 6. f. 1.
• 10 10
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3^, The upper maxillary reaches to the middle of the orbit. CaudaUs subtruncated, with rounded angles. Opercular appendage very short. Dusky above, with black spots along the sides ; anal and caudal fins dusky ; dorsal with a reddish-brown spot at its pos- terior inferior margin. (Holbr.)
St. John's River (Florida).
This species is said to have the tongue armed with a patch of asperities.
5. Bryttus melanops.
Calliurus melanops^ Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 11. pi. 3. D.l^. A.i-.
10 9
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is about one-third of the total. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. Reddish, with a blackish spot at the centre of each scale. {Qir.)
Fresh waters of Texas.
6. Bryttus murinus.
CaUiurus murinus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. FisheSf p. 18. pi. 7. f. 1-4.
D.15. A.^.
12 10
The height of the body equab nearly the length of the head, and is one-third of the total. The upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Dark blackii^ brown ; the dorsal with a black patch behind. (Gir.)
Fresh waters of Texas.
7. Brjrttns fasciatns. Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 51. pi. 5. f. 3. D » A ^
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length ; the length of the head 3^. Caudalis rounded. Olive-brown, with dusky vertical bars ; below yellowish, with numerous crimson spots. (Holbr.)
St. John's River (Florida).
8. Bryttus gloriosus. Holbrook, I. c. p. 52. pi. 5. f. 4.
"f;- A.i.
The height of the body is 2f in the total length, the length of the
57. POMOTis. 261
head 3|. Caudalis rounded. Olive-brcJwn : head, body, dorsal and anal fins with numerous golden spots ; a black blotch at the root of the caudal fin. (Holbr.)
Cooper Elver ; South Carolina ; Georgia.
57. POMOTIS*.
Pomotis, Cuv. Hegne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 90.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth viUiform, without canines ; teeth neither on the palatines nor on the tongue. One dorsal, with ten, rarely with nine or eleven spihes ; the anal fin with three spines. Operculum with a rounded, membranaceous, coloured lobe above the angle ; praeoperculum entire or minutely crenulated. Scales moderate. Air-bladder large, subdivided posteriorly into two horns. Pyloric appendages in small number (6-8).
Fresh waters of the Nearctic region.
1. Pomotis auritus.
Labrus auritus, L. Gm. p. 1286; Bl. Schn. p. 246; Shaw, Zool, iv.
p. 482. Perca ^bbosa, Catesby, t. 8. f. 3. Pomotis vulgaris, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 91. pi. 49, vii. p. 465 ; Richards.
Faun. Bor. Amer. p. 24. pi. 76 ; Kirtland in Bost. Jcnirn. iii. p. 470.
?1. 28. f. 2 ; Cuv. Eigne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 10. f. 3 ; Dekay, New York ^auna, Fish. p. 31. pi. 51. f. 166 ; Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 6. pi. 1. f. 2.
D. j^2- ^' To' ^- 1^*- ^^-^^- ^- ^^^^^^' Tizn- Vert. 14/16. Caec. pylor. 6-8.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-foui'th of the latter, or two- thirds of the distance between the eyes. Praeoperculum slightly serrated; caudal fin slightly notched, with rounded lobes. The length of the third dorsal spine 2| or three times in the length of the
* 1. Pomotis tetracanthuB, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 94. — Buenos Ayres.
2. ravenelii, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 465. — N. America.
3. holbrookii, Cuv. c^ Val. vii. p. 466. — Charieston.
4. incisor, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 466; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, -p. 13. pi. 2.
f. 1. — New Orieans, S. Carolina. 6. gibbosus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 467. — Charieston.
6. soils, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 468. — Lake Pont Chartrain.
7. catesbyi, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 469. — Philadelphia.
8. breviceps, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. Philad. 1853, p. 390,
and in Marcy's Explor. Red Eiver, Zool. p. 246. pi. 13, and in U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 28.— Eed Eiver.
9. Labrus appendix, Mitch. Suppl. Mem. Amer. Monthly Mag. ii. p. 247. — Pomotis appendix, Dekay, New York Fauna, p. 32. — N. America.
10. Pomotis nitidus, Kirtl. Bost. Journ. iii. p. 472. pi. 28. f. 1. — Ohio.
1 1 . luna, Gir. U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 22. pi. 8. f. 1-4.— U. S.
12. aquilensis, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. Philad. 1853. p. 387,
and U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 25. pi. 9. f. 1-4, pi. 10. f. 8-11. — P. nefaslus, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1854, p. 24.— P. popeii, Girard, U. S. Pacif R.R. Exp. Fish. p. 26.
262 PEECIDiE.
head. Coloration uniform, with a black lobe at the operculum, and with series of brownish spots between the itiys of the vertical fins. North America,
a. Adult : skin. Lake Erie. From Dr, Parnell's Collection,
h. Adult. New York. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
c, d. Adult. 'N. America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection,
e. Adult : skin. New Orleans. From Dr, Parnell's Collection.
/. Yoimg. New Orleans.
g, h. Young.
Var. Uniform blackish brown. i. Adult : skin. Lake Erie. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
2. Pomotis rubricauda.
I'omotis rubricauda, Storer, Bost. Juurn. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 177; Holbr.
IcMh. S. Carol, p. 10. pi. 2. f. 2.
appendix, Storer, Si/nops. p. 42.
fallax, Baird ^ Gimrd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. P/iilad. 1854, p. 24,
and U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 27. pi. 8. f. 9-12, pi. 9. f. 5-12,
pi. 10. f. 1-7." convexifrons, Baird 8f Girard, Pi-oc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 24.
D.^. A.^. Cffic. pylor. 7.
11 10 '^•'
The height of the body is about 2| in the total length, the length of the head (without appeiidage) four times. The appendage very long, one-half of the length of the head (in mature specimens), Prajoperculum rounded, not, or but slightly, serrated at its angle. The spinous portion of the dorsal lower than the soft. The pcctoi-al not reaching so far backwards as the ventral. Caudal fin slightly notched, with rounded lobes. Above dusky, sides of the operclcs and below red, some blue waving lines on the sides of the head. Appendage black, bordered above and below with pale greenish blue. Fins uniform yellowish ; dorsal fin sometimes with a darker patch.
Fresh waters from Massachusetts to Georgia and Texas.
n. Half-grown : skin. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
3. Pomotis elongatus.
Holhrook in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 47. pi. 5. f. 1.
^■l- A.f..
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length, the length of the head four times. The upper maxillary reaches to the anterior mar- gin of the eye. Opercular lobe black, of moderate size. -Caudulis cmarginate, with rounded lobes. The soft ]>ortion of the dorsal higher than the spinous. Checks with pale bluish lines ; body dusky above, yellow below, with several dark vertical bars on the sides, and a black blotch on the back of the tail behind the dorsal fin. {/lolbr.)
St. John's llivtr; Florida.
57. roMOTis. 263
4. Fomotis speciosus.
Baird 8f Girard, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 24, and U. S. Pacif B. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 23. pi. 8. f. 5-8 (not Holbrook).
D.|^. A. :^. L. lat. 43.
The length of the head is one-fomth of the total ; the diameter of thr eye one-fourth of the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ; pectorals reachrag as far backwards as the ventrals. Brownish, with a narrow blackish band parallel to, and near, the dorsal line ; posterior part of the soft dorsal with a large subcirciilar blacldsh spot ; anal and ventrals blackish ; pectorals yellowish.
Fresh waters of the United States. (Texas.)
Some of the specimens in the British Museum Collection have the spinous dorsal rather elevated, the fifth spine being more than one- half of the length of the head. Others have the same spine much shorter, contained about 2| in the length of the head. These specimens, perhaps, are specifically different, but exhibit the black dorsal spot mentioned in the diagnosis.
a-e. Adult, half-grown, and young : skins. (Lake Erie ?) From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
5. Pomotis chsetodon.
Paird in the Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 324.
The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length ; eye large, only one-third of the length of the head. Caudalis sub- tiiincated ; the pectorals and ventrals extending beyond the third anal spine. Dirty white, with six black vertical bands ; ventrals black in the centre; the dorsal black between the tlirec anterior rays. (Baird.)
Cedar Swamp Creek, New Jersey.
6. Pomotis heros.
Paird ^ Girard, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 25, and U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. FisJies, p. 24. pi. 9. f. 13-16.
• 12 n
The length of the head is 3| in the total ; the fliametcr of the eye one-fourth of the former. Pectorals very long, extending to the second soft ray of the jinal fin. Caudalis emarginate ; the spinous dorsal elevated. Uniform blackish bro\Mi ; pectorals yellowish ; other fins greyish. (B. 4' G-)
Texas.
Compare Pomotis machroch,ir[a, Raf.J, Kirtland, Best. Journ. iii p. 460. pi. 27. f. 3.
264 PERCIBJ?.
7. Pomotis microlophijs.
Pomotis speciosus, Holbr. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philud. 1855, p. 48. pi. 5. f. ^ (not Baird Sf Girnrd).
10 9
The height of the body is 2 1 in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter. The upper maxillary reaches nearly to the anterior margin of the eye. Opercular lobe small, black, edged with red. Caudalis emar- ginate, with rounded lobes ; the soft dorsal higher than the spinous ; the tenth dorsal spine much longer than the ninth (according to the figure quoted) ; the pectoral fin extends to the second anal ray, the ventral to the first spine. Brownish olive, with a few reddish-brown spots on the sides ; lateral line red : fins immaciilate. (Holbr.)
St. John's Kiver (Florida).
8. Pomotis marginatus.
Holbr. I. c. p. 49. pi. 6. f. 2.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; snout shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the upper maxillary extending to the orbit. Caudalis slightly emarginate ; the pectoral reaches to the vent, the ventral to the origin of the anal. Dusky olive brown, with vertical bars of the same colour ; head and body with numerous bluish-green spots ; opercular appendix bordered with green. (Holbr.)
St. John's River (Florida).
58. ANOPLUS. Anoplus, Tcmm. ^ Schleg, Faun, Japan. Poiss. p. 17.
Branchiostegals six. The outer teeth of the jaws short, but rather thick ; teeth on the vomer ; none on the palatine bones. Dorsal deeply notched, the first portion with ten, the anal with three spines ; all the spines very long, strong, and flattened. Cau- dalis very slightly notched. Praeoperculum veiy finely serrated ; the other opercles neither serrated nor armed.
Japanese Sea.
1. Anoplus banjos.
Banjos, Krusemtern's Raise, pi. 54. f. 1.
Anoplus, sp., Farm. Japan. I. c. pi. 8.
Anoplus banjos, jRichards. Ichth. ^hina,t.Tp. 23G.
D. J^. A. ^. L. lat. 66.
The third dorsal spine two-thir(Vi of the height of the body ; the soft dorsal with a deep-black spot at the upper extremity.
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Japan. From the Leyden T^useum.
59. ODONTONECTES. 265
59. ODONTONECTES.
Csesio, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 442.
Six branchiostegals. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones ; an outer series of larger teeth in the jaws ; canines very small. One dorsal, with ten spines, and with the basal half scaly; the anal fin with three spines. Opercular points in- distinct; the angle of the preeoperculum very slightly serrated. Scales moderate, without visible serrature. Cleft of the mouth oblique, the lower jaw longest ; eye moderate. Pyloric appendages in small number ; air-bladder with two narrow processes in front to the base of the skull.
East Indian Seas.
This fish cannot be referred to C(^sio, having distinct bands of palatine and vomerine teeth ; nor to Cuvier's famUy of Mcenidce, not having the mouth more protractile than the greater part of the Perddce. It is very probable that Ccesio lunaris, and some other similar species which I have had no opportunity of examining, should also be referred to this genus.
1. Odontonectes erjrthrogaster.
Renard, i. 32. 174.
Csesio erjrthrogaster, (KuhlSr van Hass,) Cuv.i^ Val. vi. p. 442. pi. 166 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch, xxiii. Mcenid, p. 9.
B. 6. D. J^. A. ^. L. lat. 53. L. transv. 7/13. Vert. 10/14. Csec. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the snout is equal to the diameter of the eye, and about one-fourth of the length of the head. The upper maxillary reaches scarcely beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; the angle of the prseoperculum rounded and very finely serrated. The basal haK of the dorsal and anal fins scaly ; all the spines slender and flexible ; the fourth of the dorsal longest^ dorsal continuous ; caudalis deeply forked ; the second and thii-d anal spines nearly equal. Above bluish green ; beUy rose-coloured.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult: skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. /. Adult.
g. Adult. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
Skeleton. — The skull of this species is distinguished by the ex- ceedingly high crest, which extends from the foramen occipitale to the anterior end of the frontal bones ; it is triangular, and sup- ported by a bony ridge arising from the supraoccipital bone and
26G PERCID^.
ascending in an oblique direction. There are, besides, the two usual lateral ridges, moderately developed. The basal portion of the skull is not globose or swollen. The jaw-bones are rather feeble ; the maxillary is styUform in its basal half, and widens at the oppo- site extremity, so that the posterior and anterior margins are equally and shghtly concave. The articulary processes of the intermaxillary bones arc shorter than the bones themselves, and are received in a slight groove of the extremity of the occipital crest. The muciferoiis channel of the lower jaw is little developed, like those of the other part« of the skull. The praeorbital is falciform, and has no denticu- lation whatever ; the suborbital arch is narrow, with an interior ridge reaching into the orbit. The pracoperculum is indistinctly serrated at the angle only ; the posterior edge is nearly vertical, the inferior and the angle slightly rounded. The operculum has a slight ridge at the inner side, terminating in an obtuse point ; the sub- and interoperculum are narrow and slightly curved. The coracoid, the ulna, and the radius arc remarkably broad, the pubic bones rather narrow and very elongate.
The teeth are very small, and an'angcd in a single series in the upper and lower jaws. The band of vomerine teeth is bent at an obtuse angle, and narrow, like that of the palatine bones.
Tlierc are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertcbroc, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-6. The neural and haemal spines are slender ; the first interhasmal is attached to the haimals of the eleventh and twelfth vertebrae by a slender and styliform portion, and forms a broad semi- circular plate, to which the anal spines arc joined.
60. DULES*.
Dales, Qiv. ^ Val. iii. p. 111.
Six branchiostegals. All the teeth villiform, without canines ; teeth on the palatine bones. One dorsal, with ten spines, the anal fin with three. Operculum with two or three points, pracoperculum serrated. Scales moderate, minutely serrated ; chin not very pro- minent ; eyes moderate.
Seas between the Tropics, some species entering into the rivers.
1. Dules auriga.
Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 112. pi. 51 ; Dikay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 34. pi. 10. f. 54; Jenyns, Zool. of the Bcayle, Fishes, p. IG.
D.i2. A.}. Vert. 10/14. The third dorsal spino very elongate, filiform, half the length of
« 1. Dules vanicolcnsie, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 478; Dumont (VUrvillc, Voy. Pole Slid, 7'o/s,s. p. 42. pi. .'5. f. 2 (the (Igiires of species of Dules, quoted from this work, <lo uot appear to be very correctly executed with regard to their coloration)
60. DTTLES. 267
the total. Cauclalis truncated. Operculum with three spines. Yellowish grey, with two or three darker cross-bands.
This fish much resembles the genus Centrojyristis.
Coast of Brazil (and of North America ?).
a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
|
2. |
Dules flaviventris. |
|||||
|
Cuv. |
8fVal. |
iii. |
P- |
113. |
D-n- |
A.f |
No elongate dorsal spine. Caudalis truncated. Operculum with three spines. Brownish, with a large yellow space on the belly, and with two round black spots on each side, at the base of the caudal fin. (Cuv.)
Coast of Brazil.
I suppose that this species belongs to Centropristis.
3. Dules caudavittatus.
Holocentnia caudavittatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 332, 367. Dides caudavittatus, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 117, vii. p. 475; Regno Anim. in. Poiss. pi. 11. f. 2.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 19.
In habit very similar to D. tmimrus. Caudal fin with two black cross-bands, the posterior of which forms a black edge ; the soft dorsal fin without black. (Cuv. 4" Val.)
Isle de France.
4. Dules taeniurus. Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 114; Bleeker, Perc. p. 49.
D. H. A. l^. L. lat. 50-55. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of the head 4-^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. Oper- culum mth two spines. Caudalis deeply notched ; the fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, the tenth shorter than the following ray ; the spinous and the soft portion of the dorsal nearly equal in height and in length ; the second anal spine stronger, but shorter than the third. Above steel-blue ; each lobe of the caudal brown, with an oblique white band; both bands convergent posteriorly; the soft dorsal anteriorly and above with a brownish margin.
Chinese and Javanese Seas.
Bleeker (I. c.) mentions only forty scales in a longitudinal line, as is the case in D. marginatus.
a. Fine specimen. Chinese Sea. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, h. Adult. Cliincse Sea. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. c. Adult. Chinese Sea. . Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
268 PERCTD.B.
5. Dules fascus.
Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 118; Peters, Wiegm. Arch. la'jS, p. 238. D.i^. A.i-.
U 10
In habit similar to D. tceniurus. Brown ; the dorsal fin uniform brown ; caudalis with some indistinct blackish longitudinal lines ; analis with a series of black spots along the base. {Cuv.)
Isle de France ; Island of Anjoana (Mozambique).
6. Dules marginatus.
Cfuv. Sf Vol. ill. p. 116. pi. 52, vii. p. 474; Dumont d' UrviUe, Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 41. pi. 3. f. 3 ; Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 573.
D. 12. A. ^2- ^- lat- 40-45. L. transv. 5/8. Caec. pylor. 8.
In habit similar to D. tceniurus. - The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, the tenth as long as the following ray ; the second anal spine stronger, but shorter than the third. Greyish above ; caudal fin with two black cross-bands, the posterior of which forms a black edge ; the soft dorsal fin anteriorly and above with a black band.
Sea of Java. AmbojTia. Vanicolo. Feejee Islands.
a. Adult. Java.
b. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. Amboyna. From the Collection of Madame I. Pfeiffer.
d. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
e-g. Adult and half- grown. Feejee Islands. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty. h. Adult. Feejee Islands. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection. i, Tc. Adult : stuffed.
7. Dules rupestris.
Centropomus rupestris, Lacep. iv. pp. 252, 273.
Dules rupestris, Cuv. 4* Val. iii. p. 119, vii. p. 477 ; ? JBleek. Natuurk.
Tydschr. Ned. Indie, vi. p. 209. maculatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. vii. p. 475 ; Bleek. Ambotna, iv. p. 333.
D.-L5-. A.-^. L.lat. 40-42. L. transv. 4/8. Vert. 11/15. Ca!c. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is 3^-3f in the total length, and the length of the head 4^-4| ; the diameter of the eyes equal to, or less than, the distance between them. Operculum with two spines. Caudalis truncated, or slightly emarginate ; the fourth and fifth doraal spines longest, the spinous portion of the dorsal sometimes higher, some- times rather lower than the soft. Brownish grey above, each scale with a deep-black spot in the centre ; the vertical fins broMTi-spotted, and edged with blaclcish.
Fresh waters of Isle dc France, of Celebes and Amboyna, of the Feejee Islands, and of the Island of Oualau.
a. Largo specimen. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
60. DULEs. 269
b. Large specimen : skeleton. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald. c-e. Adidt and half-grown. IslandofOoalau (fresh waters). Voyage
of the Herald. /. Adult. Island of Ooalau (fresh waters). Voyage of the Herald. g-i. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. frank. k. Adult. Isle de France. Presented by the Zoological Society. I. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological -Society.
Skeleton. — ^This genus, or at least this species of the genus, is justly considered to be a true Percoid, the bones of the skull ofiFering all the characters of the family, although somewhat modified in form. The upper part of the skull is broad, flat, slightly rounded on the sides, rough, but without any prominent ridges. The occipital crest is well developed, pointed behind, but does not extend on to the upper surface of the skull ; the nasals are narrow, cylindrical, tubi- form. The praeorbital is small, only one-third as broad as the distance between the eyes, and minutely serrated on the posterior third of the lower margin ; the suborbital arch is feeble, rather narrow, and there is no interior plate for supporting the eyeball. The upper maxiUary is rather slender, widening behind, and with a slightly convex upper edge and a concave one beneath. The operculum has two very acute spines, the terminations of two ridges at its interior surface. The lower spine is much longer, and obliquely fiirected downwards. The praeoperculum is entire behind, nearly right-an- gular, and has a minutely serrated inferior margin. The suboper- culum is distinguished by a deep notch in the lower limb, in front of which it shows an exceedingly fine serrature. The interopercu- lum has a rounded inferior margin, with some denticulations so fine as to be hardly visible. The suprascapula and humerus are finely serrated ; the lower coracoid narrow, styHform.
The length of the abdominal vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 11 : 15 ; the first interhaemal spine is not very strong, equal to the length of the third to the eighth vertebra, and attached to the twelfth haemal spine.
The dentition is very complete : there are villiform bands in both the jaws, reaching to the extremities of the bones ; on the vomer in a broad band, forming a right angle ; on the palatine and pterygoid bones in narrow separate bands ; and, finally, in an oval patch on the entopterygoid. The teeth on the pharyngo-branchial or upper pha- ryngeal bone are remarkably strong and rasp-like.
8. Dules guamensib.
Cuv. 4* Vol. vii. p. 474 j Dumont cT Urville, Foy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 42. pi. 3. f. L
10 10
In habit similar to D. tceniurus. Fins immaculate, each lobe of the caudal black at the tip. ( Vol.) Sea of Guam.
270 PEECIDiE.
9. Dules malo.
Duk'S malo, Cui\ ^ Val vii. p. 479 ; Dunwnt (T Urville, I. c. p. 4^}. pi. Ji. f. 4.
mato, Less. Voy. Coq, Zool, ii. p. 223,
leuciscus, Jenyns, Zool, of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 17.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is larger than one-third of tlie length of the head, or than the distance between the eyes. Silvery white, brouTiish on the back; the dorsal, 'anal, and ventral fins brown-spotted.
River Matavai (Otaiti),
10. Dules bennetti.
Perca aigentea, Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon, pi. 22.
Dules bennetti, (Sleeker) Peters, Wieym. Arch. 1855, p, 238.
B, 5? {Bennett). D. ^. A.:^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/12.
Caudalis forked. Uniform silvery ; a black streak along the middle of the caudal, and on each lobe two oblique black transverse bands, confluent into an oval ; all the other fins immaculate. (Benn.)
Sea of Ceylon (Bennett), Fresh waters of Mozambique (Peters).
a. Adult. Presented by Sir A. Smith. — The soft dorsal fin with a black tip. Perhaj)S a variety- of D. tceniurus.
11. Dules ambiguus. Datnia ambigua, Richardson, Voy. Ereh. i^- Terr. Fishes, p. 25. pi. 19. D. {5. A. |. L. lat. 85.
The spines of the fins-vciy strong ; tlic snout rather elongate, much longer than the eye ; pi-aeopcrculum mth spinous teeth at the infe- rior hrab, directed fonvards. Coloration uniform.
Western Australia.
a. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. From the Haslar
Collection. 6, c. Adidt ; stuft'cd. West Australia. Presented by Captain Sir G.
Grey.
APHREDODERIDJi. 271
Before we proceed to the family of the Pristipomatidce, which con- tain fishes with the habit and many of the characters of the Percidc^, and which enter into a nearly continuous series with our last genera {Odontonectes, Dules), we are obliged to intercalate a fish, which we dare not remove very far from Pomotis, Centrarchns, and Bryttus — fishes with a similar structure of the vertical fins, and inhabitants of the fresh waters of the same geographical region. The extraordinary position of the vent, before the ventrals (as occurs again in Ambly- opsis), and the number of the rays of the ventrals demand the for- mation of a separate family for this fish.
Fam. 4. APHREDODERIDiE.
Form of the body oblong ; eyes lateral ; cleft of the mouth ex- tending on to the sides of the muzzle ; vent jugular, before the ventrals. Villiform teeth in both the jaws and on the palate. Six branchio- stegals. Some of the bones of the skull anned. Scales ctenoid. Ventral fins thoracic, with more than five soft rays. One single dorsal, with the spinous portion little developed. Caeca pylorica in moderate number. Air-bladder simple.
Fresh waters of North America.
One genus.
1. APHREDODERUS.
Aphredoderus, {Lesumr) Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 446; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 35.
Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the lower jaw longest ; eye moderate. ViUiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and on the palatine bones. Six branchiostegals. Infraorbital and pra)- operculum with spinous teeth. Scales moderate, ^tenoid. Dorsal with three, anal with two spines. Caudalis rounded. Pseudobranchiae ?
Fresh waters of North America.
1. Aphredoderus sayanus.
Scolopsis sayanus, Gilliams, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 81. pi. 3. Aphredoderus gibbosus, {Lesneur) Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 448. pi. 278.
sayanus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 35. pi. 21. f. 62 ;
JSaird, Ninth Smithsonian Report, p. 326.
D. l^. A. |-. L. lat. 45-50. C«c. pylor. 12.
The height of the body is 4i in the total length, of which the head is one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is less than the distance from the end of the snout, and two-thirds of the distance between the eyes. The maxillary bone extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; the distance of the anus from the snout is equal to one-fifth of the total length ; caudalis rounded. Greenish olive ; a vertical spot beneath the eye.
Harrowgate, near Philadelphia ; Lake Pont Chartrain. Many streams on the Atlantic coast.
a. Adult; skin. United States. J? rom Dr. Pamcll's Collection.
272 PRTSTIPOMATID^.
Fam. 5. PRISTIPOMATID.E.
Percoidei pt., Scisenoidei pt., Sparoidei pt., et Maeuides, Cuv. H^gne
Atmn. ; Muller, Berl Abhandl 1844, p. 201. Percidae pt., et Scifenidae pt., Otoen, Led. Comp. Anat. Vert. i. p. 49. Theraponidae pt., Sciaenidje pt., Sparidae pt., et Maenides, Ricliards,
Body compressed and oblong, covered with scales, the serrature of which is sometimes exceedingly fine and sometimes wanting. Lateral line continuous, not continued on the caudal fin*. Mouth in ffont of the snout, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate size. Five, six, or seven branchiostegalsf. Teeth in villiform bands, with pointed and conical canines in some of the genera ; no molars or trenchant teeth in the jaws, generally no teeth on the palate ; jaws toothless in two of the genera. No barbels. Cheek not cuirased. One donsal fin, formed by a spinous and soft portion of nearly equal development, the former of which either contains strong spines or is continuous with the latter; anal similarly developed as the soft dorsal; the lower rays of the pectorals branched ; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays. The bones of the head ^vith a rudimentary or moderately developed mucifcrous system. Stomach caecal ; pyloric appendages in small or moderate number +. Air-bladder present, more or less simple. Pseudobranchise weU developed §.
Carnivorous fishes, without molar or trenchant teeth, inhabiting the seas of the temperate and tropical regions ; a few entering fresh waters.
The fishes united by the above characters into a family form a vciy natui-al group, in their external structure as weU as in their in- ternal organization. A few of the members continue to have vomerine teeth, like Percidce ; but they are either deciduous or absent in species closest allied to them. At the end of the family there are some fishes Vith a more cylindrical habit, and Etythrichthys has some resemblance to the Scomhridce. There is a South American freshwater fish, Poly- centrus, and Hyperoghjphe from Australia, which disturb the har- mony of the characters of this family ; but not knowing a better place for them, I thought it best to leave them where they were placed by their first discoverers.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Anal Jin with three spines.
A. Air-bladder separated by a contraction into tin anterior and posterior
portion.
All the teeth villiform and couical I. TherApon.
T^eeth of the outer row with a small lobe on each side 2. Helotes.
* In Polycentrus absent. \ Except in Hi/per oglyphe.
t In ChcBtopteriiS four. § In Polycentms hidden.
PHISTIPOMATIDiE. 273
B. Air-bladder not contracted.
1. TeetJi in the jaws.
a. Mouth moderately protractile.
* Preeoperculum serrated.
Seven branchiostegals. A central groove behind the sym- physis of the lower jaw. The vertical fins not scaly, or at the base only. Teeth of the jaws vilUform 4. Pristipoma
Seven (?) branchiostegals. A central gfoove'behind the sym- physis of the lower jaw. In each jaw an external series of very stout and conical teeth 5. Coitodon.
Seven branchiostegals. A central groove behind the symphysis of the lower jaw. The soft portions of the vertical fins scaly to their margin 6. HiEMUL0N.|
Seven branchiostegals. Chin covered with barbel-like papillae. 7. Hapalogenys.
Six or seven branchiostegals. Lower jaw with pores, but vrithput central groove. The upper profile of the head parabolic 8. Diagramma.
Seven branchiostegals. The spinous dorsal very low, scarcely
continuous with the soft, with eight spines 9. Hypbroglyphk.
Six branchiostegals. Body elevated ; the upper profile of the
head concave 10. Lobotes.
Five branchiostegals. Prjeorbital with a spine directed back- wards 13. SCOLOPSIS.
Five or six braneliiostpgals. Praiorbital not armed. Caudalis
deeply forked 14. Hbtbrognathodon.
Seven branchiostegals. Lower jaw without pores. Dorsal fin
with ten spines 17. Pristipomoides.
* Preeoperculum entire.
Canine teeth ; distance between the eye and the angle of the mouth great ; more than three series of scales between the eye and the angle of the prseoperculum. Dorsal scaleless 15. Dentex.
Canine teeth ; distance between the eye and the angle of the mouth great. Three series of scales between the eye and the angle of the praeoperculum. Dorsal scaleless 16. Synaoris
Canine teeth ; distance between the eye and the angle of the mouth small. More than three series of scales between the eye and the angle of the praeoperculum. Dorsal scaleless •. 18. Pentapus.
Four branchiostegals. Canine teeth none 19. Chjetopterus.
Seven oranchiostegals. Canine teeth none , 20. Apharews.
Dorsal scaly along the base 23. CiESio.
h. Mouth very protractile.
Spines of the fins very stoat ; twelve in the dorsal fid 11. Datnioidbs.
Dorsal^; anal— ^ 12. Gerres.
Spines of the fins feeble. Dorsal scaleless. Vomerine teeth... 21. M^ena. Spines of the fins very feeble. Dorsal scaleless. Vomerine
teeth none 22. Smaris.
T
274 PRISTIPOMATID^,
2. Jaws toothless.
Spines of the fins very strong 3. Macquaria.
Spines of the fins feeble 24. ErythriChthys.
II. Anal fin with more than three spines.
Anal fin with five spines 25. Pbntaprion.
Anal fin with thirteen spines. No lateral line 26. Polycentrus.
1. THERAPON*.
Therapon, Ctiv. Rbgne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 125.
Datnia, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 138.
Pelates, Cuv. Rhgne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 145.
Six branchiostegals. Eye of moderate size. Teeth villi form in both the jaws, deciduoiis on the vomer and the palatine bones. Operculum spiniferous ; prseoperculum serrated. Dorsal more or less notched, with twelve spines (in Th. caudovittatns with thirteen) ; anal with three. Scales moderate. Air-bladder with two divisions, an anterior and posterior, separated from each other by a contraction. Cseca pylorica in moderate number.
From the Eed Sea to the Cape of Good Hope through the Indian Ocean to the coasts of Australia. Several species entering rivers.
1. Therapon theraps.
Therapon theraps, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 129. pi. 53 ; Jilccher, Perc. p. 50 ; Richards. Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 126 ; Riipp. Neue Wirb. Fische, p. 95.
D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 55. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length ; the length of the head four times. The snout is 11 the interspace between the eyes. Praeoperculum rounded, seiTated, with moderate spinous teeth at the angle ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is elongate and strong. Greenish grey, with three straight brown longitudinal bands, the inferior of which extends fi-om the head to the tail ; the spinous portion of Ijhe dorsal fin blackish between the third apd seventh spines ; two or three blackish bands obUquely crossing each lobe of the caudal.
All the Indian Seas ; Chinese Sea ; False Bay : entering rivers.
a. Adult, India,
6, Half-grown, India,
c. Many half-grown and young specimens. East Indies,
* 1. Therapon rubricatus, Richards. Ann. Sf Mag.N. H. 1842, vol. ix. p. 127. — N. W. coast of Australia.
2. microlepis, Riippell, Vers. Fische des Senckenberg. Mus. p. 4. —
Indian Ocean.
3. Douzetianus, Homhr. f( Jacqtdn. Voy. Pdle Sud, Zool. iii., Poiss. p. 43.
pi. 4. f %—Hah. ?
1. THERAPON. 275
d-f. Young. India. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Half-grown. Singapore.
h, i. Young. Malacca.
Tc. Half-grown. China.
I. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
m. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
n. Adult: stiiffed. China Seas. Presented by J. 11. Reeves, Esq.
0. Half-grown. China Seas.
p. Adult : skin. False Bay. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
q-ii.. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
? Var.
V. Half-grown. Philippines.
2. Therapon obscurus. ' Cuv. 8,- Val. iii. p. 135 ; Cantor, Catal p. 20.
D.^^. A.|. Caec. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and contained 3j in the total. Snout as in Th. theraps. Teeth of the vomer and the palatine bones distinct. Prseoperculum equally ser- rated ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is the longest. The dorsal fin deeply notched, the caudal emarginate. Pale blackish silvery, with two broad, longitudinal lighter bands ; the spinous por- tion of the dorsal fin blackish between the third and seventh spines ; the caudal fin with two oblique black bands on each lobe.
Sea of Pinang.
The fish described by Bleeker (Perc. p. 51) under the name of Th. obscurus cannot belong to this species.
3. Therapon squalidus. Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 136.
D. i^. A. |. Caec. pylor. 13.
Very similar to Th. obscurus. The height of tbe body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and contained about 3i in the total. Snout as in TJi. theraps. Pra^operculum angular, equally serrated ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is the longest. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, the caudal emarginate. Pale bluish sUvery, with two broad silvery longitudinal bands ; the spinous por- tion of the dorsal fin with a large blackish spot ; the caudal fin with two narrow oblique black bands on each lobe. (Cuv.)
Indian Ocean.
Therapon transversus, Cuv. and Val. ui. p. 137, "wath indistinct cross-bars and eleven pyloric appendages, may prove to be identical with the former.
t2
276 PEISTIPOMATID^.
4. Therapon virgatus.
Datnia virgata, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 480.
Very similar to Th. obscurus. No teeth on the palate ; the spinous teeth of the praeoperculum and the opercular spine very strong. Three longitudinal bands ; each lobe of the caudal with two oblique streaks ; the spinous dorsal with a blackish blotch, the soft portion and the anal with two brown spots. ( Val.)
Bay of Bengal.
5. Therapon ellipticus.
Datnia elliptica, Htch. Voy. Ereh. 8f Terr. Fishes, p. 118. pi. 62. f. 4-8. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 85. L. transr. 17/31.
The height of the body is 3|- in the total length, the length of the head 4|-. The snout moderately pointed. No teeth on the vomer or palate. Praeoperculum serrated posteriorly and inferiorly, with the angle scaleless ; praeorbital serrated ; two opercular spines, the lower of which is the broader and longer. Dorsal fin nearly even ; caudalis emarginate. Uniform.
Rivers of Western Australia,
a. 17" long: stufied. Australia. — Type of the species. h. Adult : skin. River Namoi (Australia).
6. Therapon cancellatus. Datnia cancellata, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 144 ; Sleeker, Celebes, vii. p. 438. B, 6. D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 3^-3f in the latter. The upper maxillary reaches nearly to the anterior margin of the eye. Snout scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye. The angle of the praeoperculum with spinous teeth ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is much the longer. The fourth dorsal spine less than one-half of the depth of the body, and equal to the second of the anal fin. Caudal scarcely emarginate, with a pointed upper lobe and a rounded lower one. Above greenish, with brownish cross- bands on the back ; three brownish longitudinal bands below the lateral line, the lower of which is formed by spots. The spinous dorsal with a black mai'gin ; the anal and ventral fins with a large blackish basal blotch.
Seas of Java and Celebes.
7. Therapon cinereus.
P Therapon cinereus, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p, 138.
D.}?. A.|. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 11/18. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of
1. THEHAPON. 277
the head 3|. The interspace between the eyes equals nearly the liameter oi the eye ; the snout is a Kttle longer. Praeoperculiun rounded, with moderate denticulations, gradually becoming larger towards the angle. Operculum with two spines, the lower of which is very long and strong. Spiaes of moderate strength ; the fourth of the dorsal more than one-half the length of the head, and the twelfth much longer than the preceding. The third spine of the anal longer than the second. Caudalis scarcely emarginate. Cheeks with five or six series of scales. Coloration uniform ; a black blotch between the third and sixth spines. India.
a, Adxilt. India. Old Collection, with the name of Perca argentea.
8. Therapon xinicolor. (Plate XVI. fig. A.) D. }?. A. J. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/20.
The height of the body is four times iji the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the interspace between the eyes is more than their diameter, and the snout is still longer. Praeopereulum rounded, finely serrated; praeorbital and coracoid indistinctly denticulated. Opercidimi with two spines, the lower of which is slightly pointed. Spines of the dorsal rather feeble ; the sixth is the longest, and 3| in the length of the head. Caudal truncated, with rounded angles Cheeks with small scales, forming many series. Greyish, each scale with darker margin.
Fresh waters of New South Wales.
a-d. Adult : skins. Head of Mosquito Creek, near Darling Downs. e-Jc. Adult : skins. Gwydir River.
Description. — The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. The head is sKghtly compressed, its width between the orbits being one-fourth of its length, -vvhieh is 3^ in the total. The upper surface of the head is flat and entirely scaleless. The snout is of moderate length, the upper maxiUfity reaching beyond the an- terior margin of the eye. The praeorbital is quadrangular, not much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; it has the lower edge indi- stinctly denticulated. The eye is situated high up the sides, rather small, taking one-sixth of the length of the head. The scales of the cheeks are small, and arranged in about nine series between the orbit and the angle of the prseoperculum. The naked margin of the praeopereulum is narrow, the angle rounded ; the posterior Hmb finely serrated, and longer than the lower, which is entire. The scales of the opercles are intermediate in size between those of the cheek and of the body. The operculum has two points, with a notch between ; the upper is very obtuse, the lower spinous and rather prominent. The sub- and interoperculum do not show any denticu- lation ; the suprascapula is not visible, whilst the coracoid is very broad, scaly, and denticulated at its posterior margin.
The spines of the dorsal fin are feeble and rather low : the first is
278 PRlSTIPOMATIDwB.
one-half of the second ; the sixth is the longest, 3| in the length of the head ; the twelfth longer than the eleventh. The soft portion of the dorsal is more elevated and rounded ; the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is less than the height of the tail below the end of the dorsal. The caudal is rather short, truncated, and has the angles rounded. The origin of the aiial falls somewhat behind the vertical from the origin of the soft dorsal, whilst the ends of both correspond to each other; the spines are? moderately strong; the first is one-half of the second, which is stronger, but not longer than the third ; the soft portion is lower than the corresponding dorsal fin. The pectorals are rounded, verj- short, and 8| in the total length. The ventrals are inserted immediately behind the pectorals, and rather longer, their length being one-seventh of the total.
The scales are of moderate size, minutely ciliated ; those of the belly are very small. The lateral line is nearly straight, slightly bent downwards beneath the soft dorsal.
The teeth form villiform bands, with an outer series of stronger ones ; there are no teeth on the palate.
The fishes are now uniform greyish, silvery shining ; each scale has the margin darker.
inches, lines.
Total length 7 0
Height of the body 1 10
Length of the head 2 0
Distance between the eyes 0 6
Diameter of the eye 0 4
Length of the sixth dorsal spine 0 6^
Height of the soft dorsal 0 9
Length of the caudal 1 1
of the second anal spine 0 5^
Height of the soft anal 0 8
Length of the pectoral 0 10
of the ventral 1 0
9. Therapon servus.
Scisena jarbua, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 50; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 541. Holoeentnis servus, Block,, t. 238. f. 1.
jarbua, Lace2>. iv. pp. 348, 355.
Grammistes servus, £1 Schn. p. 185.
Therapon timoriensis, Quoj/ & Gaim. Voy, Fr&ijc. Poiss. p. 341.
servus, Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 125, vii. p. 479 ; Bkekfir, Perc. p. 50 ;
Richardson, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. Lx. p. 126 ; Kiipp.
N. Wirh. Fische, p. 95. Pterapon trivittatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. pi. . f. 1.
D. 11*1^. A.|. L. lat. 80. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and is contained 3| in the total length. The snout is a httle longer than the interspace between the eyes is broad. Pra^oporculum
* The first spine is minute and scarcely visible in young specimens.
1 . rnEEAPON, 279
rounded, serrated, with strong spinous teeth at the angle ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is elongate and strong. Greenish grey, with three curved, brown, longitudinal bands, the convexity of which is towards the beUy ; the inferior extends from the head to the taU. ; the spinous portion of the dorsal fin blackish between the fourth and seventh spines ; two blackish bands obliquely crossing each lobe of the caudal.
Erom the Red Sea along the Eastern Coasts of Africa through all the Indian Seas to the North Coast of Australia; entering fresh waters.
a. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Port Essington (fresh water).
h, c. Adult : stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
d-f. Fine specimens. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
g. Adult. Moluccas. From the Leyden Museum.
h. Adult. Moluccas.
i. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Tc. Adult: skeleton. China,
I. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
m. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.
n. Half-grown : skin. China. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
0, p. Young. China. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.
q, r. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C.
Jerdon, Esq. s, t. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C.
Jerdon, Esq. M, V. Young. Fresh water of Point de (jaUe (Ceylon). Presented
by Sir A. Smith. w. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea.
X, y. Half-grown : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith, z. Half-grown, India. With the name of Perca cincta. a. Half-grown. India. With the name of Perca cincta. 13. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq y. Half-grown. India. S. Young : not good state. India. €-0. Young. India.
(. Young. India. From the Haslar Collection. K. Half-grown: stuffed. (Nepal?) Presented by B.H.Hodgson, Esq.
SJceleton. — The skeleton of Therapon differs in nothing particularly from that of the Percine type, and does not yet show those developed grooves on the skull of the tnie Scicenidce. The upper surface of the skull is continued, in a straight line, into the occipital crest, which, well developed, exhibits a strong and thick ridge. The frontal bones are flat and broad, without sharp ridges, tapering from the anterior angle of the orbit, and truncated in front. The prseorbital is broaa, irregularly quadrangular, with the lower margin denticulated ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is very narrow ; the bone next to the prseorbital has at its inner side a broad plate, joining the entopterygoid and supporting the eyeball from beneath. The maxillary is^noderately widened behind; the intermaxillary has a
280 PRISTIPOMATIDJE.
broad band of villifoain teeth in front, and several larger ones in its external series ; the viUiform band is very narrow on the lateral parts of the bone. The villifonn band of the mandibula is much narrower ; but there is an external series of teeth, rather larger and more numerous than in the upper jaw. There is a very narrow transverse band of exceedingly fine teeth on the vomer. The pha- ryngeal bones are separated from each other, the upper as well as the lower ones ; they are armed with villiform teeth.
x"he operculum is distinguished by a very long and strong spinous process, longe'* than its greatest width ; there is another small one above. Suboperculum narrow, with a small notch to receive a limb of the coracoid ; not serrated. Intcroperculum shorter and broader, with the lower limb distinctly serrated. The axes of the two limbs of the praeoperculum form a very obtuse angle ; they are represented by a thick ridge, from which striae radiate, terminating in strong spines ; there are about fifteen spines round the edges of the bone, two of which (at the angle) are strongest ; those of the lower limb are very feeble. The suprascapula and the coracoid are distinctly denticulated, and the latter exhibits flat striae besides. The pubic bones are shaped as in the Percina ; namely, each is formed by three plates, the internal thinnest, broadest, and closely joined to that of the other side. The two other plates, situated in one plane vertical to the third, are low.
There are ten abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae. The fourth has a broad process, to which the air-bladder is fixed. The second rib is remarkably broad in its upper half. The first interhaemal is of moderate strength, equal to the length of the second vertebra to the seventh, and is fixed to the haemals of the eleventh and twelfth.
10. Therapon trivittatus.
Russell, ii. pi. 126.
Coius trivittatus, Buch. Ham. pp. 92, 370.
Therapon puta, Cuv. <^- Vol. iii. p. 131 ; Bleek. Pare. p. 50; Cuv. Rbgne
Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 12. f. 2. trivittatus. Cant. Catal. p. 19.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 90-100. Cffic. pylor. 7. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is 3f- 4^ in the total length, the length of the head 4-J-. The snout is 1^ the interapace between the eyes. Praeoperculum serrated, with very long spinous teeth at the angle ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is elongate and strong. Greenish grey, with three straight brown longituchnal bands, the inferior of which extends from the ej'e to the tail ; the spinoxis portion of the dorsal fin blackish between the third and eighth spines ; two blacldsh bands obliquely crossing each lobe of the caudal.
Indian Seas.
a. Adult : skeleton. Itidia. From Mr, Frank's Collection. h. Adult. Ceylon. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
1. THEBAPON. 281
c. Young, Singapore.
d. Adult. Moluccas.
e. Adult. Piirchased of M. Parzudaki. /. Air-bladder of specimen a.
Skeleion.-^H\\Q general structure being the same as in Th. servus, I only give descriptions of those parts which show the specific difference. The breadth of the frontal bones between the eyes is naiTower ; these bones do not taper in front, but show a sinuous lateral margin from the angle of the orbit. The teeth in the external series of the intermaxillary are scarcely larger than those of the viUiform band behind, and very numerous ; the lower jaw has no larger teeth whatever. Vomer edentulous. Suboperciilum without notch, interoperculum not denticulated. The angle of the prEeoperculimi is still more obtuse; the axis of the lower Hmb is prolonged into a long spine, not much smaller than that of the operculum ; there are two smaller spines above this long one, directed upwards, and two below, directed backwards ; all the lower limb is finely serrated. The fourth vertebra shows the same pecu- liarity as in the preceding species ; but not the second rib, which is like the succeeding ones.
11. Therapon ghebul.
Therapon ghebul, (JEhrenberg) Cuv. <5* Val. iii. p. 133 ; Sleeker, Perc. p.. 51.
^- r.' A. ,„,' „,. L. lat. 90-100.
10 10 {Cub. g)
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head and 4|— 4^ in the total. Snout as in Th. trivittatus. Praeoperculum ser- rated, with long spinous teeth at the angle ; operculum with two spines, the upper of which is short, the lower moderately long. Greenish, with four straight brown longitudinal bands, the third of which extends from the muzzle to tlie tail ; the spinous portion of the dorsal fin blackish between the third and eighth spines ; two blackish cross-bands obliquely crossing each lobe of the caudal.
Red Sea ; Javanese Sea.
12. Therapon oxyrhjrnchus.
Temm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Japon. p. 16. pi. 6. f. 3; Richards. Ichthyol. China, p. 239 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 64.
D j^. A. \. L. iat. 55-60. L. transv. 15/25. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head (oper- cular spine included) and 3| in the total ; the snout is nearly twice as long as the interspace between the eyes is broad. Prae- operculum rounded, with long spinous teeth behind, longest at the angle, smallest at the. lower margin. Operculum with two spines, the lower of which is elongate. Greenish grey, with four brown longitudinal bands, the third running from the snout through the
282 PUISTIPOMATID^.
eye to the root of tail ; the dorsal fin ^vith two brown bands, one along the base, the other along the upper margin of the spinous portion.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Skin, in spirits. Japan. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Adult: stuffed. Japan.
c. Adult. China.
d. Adult. China.
e. Adult. India. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult (has been dried). India. Presented by the Zoological
Society. g. Adult: skeleton: not good state. India. Presented by the
Zoological Society.
Skeleton. — This species has the same dentition of the jaws as Th. trivittatus. The vomer has a prominent traiisverse ridge, but I cannot find any teeth. The angle of the pra;operculum is as obtuse as in Th. trivittatus, but the spinous teeth of the posterior limb and of the angle are more numerous and more equal ; there are about nine above the longest at the angle, more or less directed upwards ; then follow several smaller ones ; and the greater part of the lower Hmb shows a fine serrature. The other parts of the skeleton are very much Like Th. trivittatus.
13. Therapon quadrilineatus.
Iloloccntrus quadrilineatus, Block, t. 238. f. 2.
Therapon quadrilineatiis, Cuv. ^- Vol. iii. p. 134 ; Sleeker, Pere. p. 51 ;
Richards. Ichth. China, p. 239. xanthm'us, Cuv, Sf Val. iii. p. 135.
^-WTo- ^'h L.lat.65.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total. Snout as in Th. trivittatus. Prseoperciilum serrated, ^vith stronger teeth at the angle ; operculum with two moderate spines, nearly equal in length. Dorsal fin not very deeply notched. Caudal truncated, with rounded angles. Greyish, with four straight, brown, longitudinal bands ; the spinous portion of the dorsal fin black-edged, and with a blackish spot between the third and seventh spines ; caudal fin immaculate.
Javanese and Chinese Seas.
14. Therapon cuvieri.
Pristipoma sexlineatum, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Potss. p. 320. Pelates aexlineatus, quadrilineatus, et quinquelineatus, Cuv. 8f Val. iii.
?. 140. pi. 55 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 223 ; Cuv. Rigne Anim. II. Poiss. pi. 12. f. 1. Therapon cuvieri, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Itidie, vi. p. 211.
D. I?. A. ^. L. lat. 66. L. transv. 12/23. Ccec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of
1, THEEAPON. 283
the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is nearly five times in the length of the head, and 1| in that of the snout. Praeoperculiim finely and equally serrated throughout ; opercular spines very feeble. No vomerine or palatine teeth. Dorsal scarcely notched, with slender spines ; the fifth and sixth are longest, their length being 2| in the depth of the body ; the last two spines much longer than the first two ; anal spines feeble. Caudal very slightly notched. Four, five, or six longitudinal bands ; fins immaculate. Coasts of Australia ; Sea of Timor.
a. Half-grown : skin. N. S. "Wales.
b. Half-gro^vn: skin. Port Jackson. From Mr. Gould's Col-
lection.
c. Adiilt. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult: skm. Port Essington. From Mr, MacgiUivray's Col-
lection. /. Adult. Australia. From the Haslar Collection. g. Adult. Austraha. From the Haslar Collection. h. Adult. Austraha. From Mr. Gould's Collection. i. Adult : stuffed. Australia. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
15. Therapon argenteus.
Datnia argentea, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. 139. pi. 54 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 52. Mesopristes macracantlius, Bleeker, Topogr. Batav. Datnia cancellatoides, Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 5 (yoimg with longitu- dinal bands).
Cuvier quotes t6 this species Coim datnia, Ham. Buch. Gang. Fish, p. 88. pi. 9. f. 29, creating for this species the generic name of Datnia. By comparing Buchanan's figure of the fish, and stiU more his description, one may easily see that this is quite a different fish. Hamilton's figure has thirty-three scales in the lateral line ; Cuvier's fish has nearly sixty. Ham. Buch. describes the posterior teeth as " blunt and crowded together; the palate is smooth, and has behind the teeth a short membranous veil ; above each ventral fin is a long scale-like appendant.*' Neither such -a membranous veil nor such, an appendix is to be foimd in Cuvier's fish ; and this species of Ham. Buch. is identical with Sparus hasta, Schneid., or Chrysophrys lon- gispinis, Cuv. & Val., Chrysophrys hasta, m.
B. 6. D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 25. Csc. pylor. 11.
The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length, the length of the head nearly one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter. The upper maxillary does not reach to the an- terior margin of the eye ; snout much longer than the diameter of the eye. Suprascapulaiy and coracoid serrated ; operculum with two spines, the lower of which is the longer. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, longer than half the height of the body ; the second anal spine still stronger and longer. Caudal sHghtly notched. Scales
284 PRISTIPOMATID^.
very finely serrated. Silvery, darker on the back ; the spinous dorsal with a narrow black edge ; the soft anal with a blackish blotch. Capo Sea ; Indian Ocean ; Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Adult. India.
d Adult : stuffed : not good state. Cape Seas.
16. Therapon caudovittatus.
Datnia cauda\'ittata, Richards. Voy. of the Erebus and Terror, J'ishes, p. 24. pi. 18. f. 3-5.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 46.
Snout rather longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum rounded, finely and equally denticulated. Operciilar spines flat and rather short. Dorsal scarcely notched : the last spines as long as the first rays ; the fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest, half as high as the body, slender ; the second anal spine rather stronger than the' third. Spotted with greyish brown : each lobe of the caudal with one broad deep-black band.
Rivers of Australia.
a. Adult. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
b, c. ' Fine specimens : stuffed. Victoria. Voyage of H. M. S.
Herald. d, e. Adult : stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake. f-Ti. Adult : skins : not good state. Harvey River (fresh water),
Western Australia. h. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
The contraction of the air-hJmlder in this species is as conspicuous as in any other Therapon ; it has been overlooked by Sir J. Richardson, who describes the air-bladder as undivided, and sepai'ates Th. caudo- vittatus from this geuus.
2. HELOTES.
HeloteS, Cuv. Bigne Anim ; Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 149.
Six branchiostegal s . Eye of moderate size . Cleft of the mouth rather small ; jaws nearly eijual. Teeth : none on the vomer or the palatine bones ; those of the outer rows with a small lobe on each side. Oper- culum with feeble spines ; prasoperculiim denticulated. Dorsal not deeply notched, with twelve spines, anal with three. Scales small, ctenoid. Air-bladder separated by a contraction into an anterior and posterior portion. Cajca pylorica in moderate number.
From the Molucca Sea to Australia.
3. MAcarAniA. 285
1. Helotes sexlineatus.
Therapon sexHneatus, Quoy 8; Gaim. Voy. Freyc, Poiss. pi. 60. f. 1. Helotes sexlineatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. iii. p. 149. pi. 56 ; Bleek. Natuurk.
Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 171 ; Cuv. H^gne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 12. f. 3.
D. -. A. •^. L. lat. 110. L. transv. 35. Caec. pylor. 15.
]0 10 -^ •'
Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4|^ in the total. Teeth with distinct lobes. Operculum with two short spines, the lower of which is somewhat prominent ; praeoperculum rounded, denticulated. The fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest. Six blackish- brown longitudinal bands on each side.
Australian Coasts.
2. Helotes octolineatus.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 18.
1). -. A. J.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 4^ in the total. Jaws equal. Teeth distinctly three-pointed. Oper- culum with two spines, the lower of which is prominent. Eight blackish-brown longitudinal bands on each side. (Jen.)
King George's Sound (S. W. Coast of Australia).
3. Helotes polytsenia.
Bleeker, Hahnaheira, p. 53.
D. ^. A. i-. L. lat. 75. L. transv. ii.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3i«in the latter. Teeth with rather indistinct lateral lobes. Operculum with two flat, short spines ; praeoperculum rounded nearly throughout, denticulated. The fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest, half as high as the body, the two posterior ones much longer than the two anterior. A black blotch above the lateral line near the nape ; (ten or twelve) brown longitu- dinal bands on the sides.
Sea of Halmaheira.
a. Adidt. — It is not without doubt that I refer this specimen to the above species, as it has six longitudinal bands only, and a black blotch on the dorsal. In other points it agrees with Bleeker's description.
3. MACaUARIA.
Macquaria, Cuv. ^ Val, v. p. 377.
Form of the body oblong, compressed ; eye moderate ; cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, with the jaws equal. One dorsal, with
286 PRlSTIPOMATIDiE.
eleven spines, anal fin with three ; all the spines strong. No teeth in the jaws or on the palate. Branchiostegals five. Both limbs of the prsDoperculum serrated ; operculum with two points. Scales mode- rate, ctenoid. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Freshwater fish from Australia.
1. Macquaria australasica. Cuv.^ Val. I c. pi. 131 ; Less, Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 194. pi. 14. f. 1. D. Jj. A. |. L. lat. 65-66. Caec. pylor. 3.
Externally very similar to Dules ambigitus. Snout scaleless. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest ; the second of the anal fin much longer and stronger than the third. Uniform browTiish.
Macquarie River.
4. PRISTIPOMA*. Pristipoma, Cuv. Rkgne Anim. ; Cuv. % Val. v. p. 243.
Form of the body oblong, compressed. Eye moderate. Cleft of the mouth hoiizontal, not very -wide, ^\ith the jaws nearly equal ; a cen- tral groove below the chinf. One dorsal, with eleven to fourteen spines, the anal with three ; vertical fins not scaly, or with scales on the basal portions only. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, without canines ; none on the palate. Brrfnchiostegals seven, l^raeoperculum serrated ; operculum with very indistinct points. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Pscudobranchioc. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in small number.
All the Tropical Seas, extending into the Japanese Seas and the Mediterranean.
1. Pristipoma cavifrons.
? Lutjanus luteus, Bl. taf. 247.
? Grammistes hepatus, Bl. Schn. p. 187.
Diagramma cavifrons, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 290. pi. 123.
B. 7. D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Vert. 10/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Snout short, cleft of the mouth small. The upper margin of the orbits is elevated, and renders the space between concave. Praeoperculum serrated throughout. Dorsal fin notched,
* 1. Pristipoma rangii, Ctiv. ^ Val. ix. p. 484.— Cape Verde.
2. jubclini, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 2.')U.— Cape Verde ; Senegal.
3. Rusixll, pi. 132.— Pristipoma giioraka, Cuv. # Vol. v. p. 256, cop. in
Belang. Voy. p. 303 ; Cant. Caf.al. p. 73.
4. Pristipoma? chloronotum, Eichards. Ichth. China, p. 228.— Canton. 6. ? gallinaceum, liickards. Ichth. China, p. 228. — Canton.
6. ? grammopcecilum, Richards. Ichth. China, p. 228. — Canton.
7. leucurum, Cuv. Sf Fal.ix. p. 488.- -Seychelles.
Cfr. Pristipoma cavifrons.
4. PEISTIPOMA. 287
with long and strong spines. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spine very strong, and much longer than the third. Coloration uniform.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Adult : skin. '^'West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
This species ib said to have no groove below the chin, and has been placeli' in Diagramma by Cuvier, but it is closely allied to the fol- lowing species.
2. Pristipoma serrnla. Cuv. Sf Val. V. p. 272 j Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 70.
13 • 9*
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the snout short, not longer than the width of the eye. Dorsal fin very deeply notched, with feeble spines ; the second and third anal spines equal in length. Back with four or five yellow longitudinal lines. (Cuv.)
Martinique.
Pristipoma auratum, Cuv. & Val. I. c, with uniform coloration, may b6 only a variety of the above species.
3. Pristipoma melanoptemin.
Pristipoma melanopterum, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 273.
? Pristipoma bilineatum, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 271. pi. 122.
I^-TTnfer- ^-h I^-lat.50. L. transv. 9/14.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3f . The snout is obtuse, rather shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is narrow, the upper maxiUary reaching to the vertical from the front margin of the eye. Praeoperculum with the posterior limb very shghtlj emarginate, and with rather, stronger denticulations at the angle. The dorsal fin deeply notched, with strong spines ; the third longest, one-half the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spiae exceedingly strong, and much longer than the third of the dorsal fin. Vertical fins scaly on one-half their height. On each side two parallel brown bands, one above the lateral line, the other from the eye to a round spot at the root of the caudal ; the fins blackish. Coloration in old age uniform, with blackish fins.
Coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Rio Janei^-o. Presented by A. Fry, Esq. 6. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pam ell's Collection.
I should without any hesitation consider P. bilineatum as the younger state of P. melanopterum, if Cuvier had not stated fifteen soft rays in the dorsal fin of the former. On the other hand, specimen a, which is not full-grown, has seventeen rays, and the exact coloration given by Cuvier of P. bilineatum.
288 PRisTiPOMAin)^.
Likewise Pristipoma hicolor (Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares, Amer, Sud, p. 8. pi. 2. f. 2) may prove to be a variety only of the above species, or tlio tj-pe of the species itself, but with the coloration made from life.
4. Pristipoma virginicum. =
Margrave, p. 152 (Acara pinima), and p. 148 (Guatucupa juba). Sparus virginious, Linn^Grnel. p. 1278; Bl. Schn. p. 274.
vittatus, Bl. taf. 26-3. f. 2 (not taf. 275).
Perca juba, BL taf. 308. T. 2 (very bad). Grammi-stes mauritii, Bl. Schn. p. 185.
juba, Bl. Schn. p. 184.
Lutjanus virginicus, Lacep. iv. pp. 197, 199. Sparus jub, Lacep. iv. pp. 4.3, 138. Pristipoma rodo, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 274.
D. _1^. A.-. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 14/16.
15-17 10
The profile of the head and nape veiy steep. The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head four times. The cleh of the mouth is small, the ui)por maxillary not extending to the anterior margin of the orbit. The portions of the dorsal fin scarcely separated by a slight notch ; the spines stout, the longest shorter than the second of the anal, wliicli is one-half the length of the head, Caudahs deeply notched. An oblique brown band from the nape thi'ough the eye to the angle of the mouth ; another, more vertical, from the origin of the dorsal to the root of the pectoral ; behind this cross-band six parallel bluish longitudinal bands.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America,
a, b. 13" long : skins. Jamaica, From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult: skin, Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
d. Adult. S, America, Presented by Sir K, Schomburgk.
e. HaLf-gro^vn. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
/, g. Half-grown, From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h. Adult, From the Haslar Collection,
i. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection,
Jc, I. Adult: stuffed.
m, n. Adult: stuffed. Old Collection.
5. Pristipoma surinamense,
Ijutjanus surinamensi^, Bhch, taf. 253. Holocentrus gibbosus, Lac^p. iv. pp. 344, 391. Pristipoma surinamense, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 273.
D.li, A.|.
10 7
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. The snout is short, not longer than the width of the eye. Dorsal fin notched ; the fourth spine longest ; the second anal spine strong. Caudalis somewhat rounded. Body mth irregular blackish cross- bars.
Surinam,
4. TRISTIPOMA. 289
6. Pristipoma nigrum.
Pristipoma nigrum, (Martens) Cuv. 4' Vol- v. p. 258 ; Cant. Catal. p. 74.
B.7. D.|i. A.f
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; eye one-third of the latter. Blackish brown. Sea of Pinang ; Manilla.
7. Pristipoma hasta.
Lutjanus hasta, Blocli, taf. 246. f. 1 ; Bl. 5cA«.p.324 ; Lacep.'w. p. 229. Labrus commersoni, Lacep. iii. pp. 431, 477. pi. 23. f. 1 ; Shatv, Zool.
iv. p. 493. Lutjanus microstoma, Lacep. iii. pi. 34. f. 2, iv. pp. 181, 216. Pristipoma kakaan, Cuv. Sr Val. v. p. 244 ; R'dpp. N. W. Fische, p. 123.
t. 20. f. 1 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 227 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat.
Genootsch. xxiL p. 3.
commersonii, Cuv. 8r Val. v. p. 252 ; Cant. Catal. p. 72.
hasta, Cuv. 4" Val. v. p. 247, cop. in Belanger, Voy. hid: Orient.
p. 362 ; Bleek. I. c. xxiii. Scicen. p. 20. chrysobaliou, (Kuhl ^- v. Hasselt) Cuv. 4* Val. v. p. 248.
D. 11 1 ^i- A.. ^. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/10. Caec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is 3 to 3| in the total ; the length of the head is sometimes equal to that height, sometimes less ; the snout is a little longer than the width of the eye, the diameter of which is 4^ in the length of the head. Jaws equal ; the upper maxiUary reaches to the level of the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior limb of the praeoperculum emarginate, its angle roimded, produced and denticulated. The fourth dorsal spine longest, longer than half the length of the head ; the dorsal fins separated by a more or less deep notch. CaudaHs truncated ; the second anal spine very strong, but shorter than the longest of the dorsal fin* ; pectoral pointed, elon- gate, its length being 3| in the total. Back and upper part of the sides with brown spots, more or less regularly aiTanged, sometimes forming longitudinal seiies, sometimes cross-bars ; both the dorsal fins wdth two or three series of round brown spots.
From the Red Sea along the east coast of Africa through all the Indian Seas to the northern shores of Australia.
a. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
6. Adult. India. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
e. Adult : skin. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
d. Half -grown : not good state. In(^a. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult. China. /. Adult, China.
g. Adult : not good state. China.
h. Adult : stuffed. China, Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. i. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R, Reeves, Esq. k. Half- grown. China,
* In young specimens the anal spine is as long as the fourth of the dorsal fin.
U
290 PEISTIPOMATlUiK.
/. Half-grown. China.
m, n. Young. China.
0. Half-grown. Philippine Islands.
p. Half-grown. Moluccas.
q. Half-grown. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
r. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
s. Half-grown. Cerara. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
t. Half-grown. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
u. 20" long: stuffed. Cape York (69 fathoms). Voyage of the
Rattlesnake. V. Half-grown: bad state. North Australia. Presented bv Dr.
J. R. ELsey.
8. Pristipoma nageh.
Riippell, N. TV. Fische, p. 124. taf. 30. f. 2 ; ? Richardson, IcJiiJi. Oiina, p. 227 ; Bleek. I. c. xxiii. Scian. p. 21.
D. 11 I ^. A. \. (L. lat. 40, Bleek.)
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 85 in the total. The snout is elongate, compressed ; praeoper- culum slightly emarginate ; dorsal fin deeply notched, with the spines of moderate strength, the fom-th the longest. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the thii'd, but shorter than the highest of the dorsal. Silvery, with eight vertical bands, each formed by one or two series of blackish spots. Dorsalis with brownish spots.
Red Sea ; Sunda Sea.
9. Pristipoma punctulatum. Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 124. taf. 30. £ 3.
D-H- A.|.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head nearly four times. The snout and the cleft of the mouth are short; pra^operculum slightly emarginate posteriorly. The dorsal and anal fins are low ; the former is slightly notched, and has the third spine longest, which is one-third only of the height of the body ; the second anal spine is still .shorter, but very strong ; the third much shorter and thinner. Caudalis tnmcated ; pectoral elongate, 3| in the total length. Back and sides with blackish dots, forming undu- lating longitudinal lines ; dorsal fin with longitudinal series of black- ish spots.
Red Sea.
a. Fourteen inches long : stuffed. Isle dc France. From Dr. Janvier's Collection. — This specimen agrees very well with the above description, taken from fishes of the Red Sea ; but the second anal spine is rather longer tjflan the third of the dorsal, and exceedingly strong. There are forty-eight transverse rows of scales, eight longitudinal ones above the lateral line, and sixteen below.
4. ritisTiroMA. 291
10. Pristipoma dussumieri. Cur. S^' Val. v. p. 259.
D. AH. A. y. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 3j in the total. The snout is scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is rather narrow, the upper maxillary scarcely reaching to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Prse- operculum with the posterior limb shghtly emarginate, and with the angle not projecting. The dorsal fin notched, with strong spines ; the foiuth the longest, 2| in the length of the head. Caudalis trun- cated. The second anal spine is exceedingly strong, much longer than the third, and at least as long as the longest of the dorsal. The length of the pectoral is one-fourth of the total.
Coast of Coromandel.
a. Adult : bleached. Old Collection, as Perca corvina.
b. Adult : bleached. Old Collection, as Perca corvina.
c. Adult ; stuffed : not good state.
11. Pristipoma argenteum.
Scisena argentea, Forsk. p. 51 (not Gmelin). Poiuadasis argenteus, Lacep. iv. p. 516.
Pristipoma argenteum, Cm: Sf Val. v. p. 249 ; Riipp. N. W. Finche, p. 123.
D. i±i^. A. ^. L. lat 56, L. transv. 8/15.
13-15 7-9
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is If in the length of the snout, and 4| in that of the head. The snout is elongate, the cleft of the mouth rather small, the upper maxiUary not extending to the front margin of the orbit. The prseoperculum shghtly sinuous behind. The dorsal fin deeply notched, with spines of moderate strength ; the foui'th longest, 2i in the length of the head. CaudaHs with rather elongate lobes, but nearly truncated when stretched out. The second anal spine not much stronger and scarcely longer than the third, shorter than the highest of the dorsal fin. Pectoral nearly one-foui-th of the total length. Silvery, the upper two-thirds with brownish dots. Dorsal fin with a series of brownish spots along its base.
Red Sea.
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Adult; not good state. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Col-
lection. €. Young. d, e. Young : stuff'e^ : bad state.
The specimens in the British Museum Collection are of unknown
u2
292 PRISTIPOMATIDyE.
origin, and I doubt whether they came from the Red Sea ; but they agree very well with P. argenteum, as far as the characters are given in the descriptions quoted.
12. Pristipoma argyreum.
Pristipoma argyreum, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Scteen. p. 22. ? Pristipoma argyreimi, Cuv. (^ Val. ix. p. 485.
D. iif^ A.f L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is 3^ to Sj in the total length, and equal to the length of the head. The snout is much shorter than the eye, which is one-third of the leng-th of the eye. Praeoperculum slightly emarginate behind, with fine denticulations. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, one-half of the height of the body. Caudalis tnincated ; the second anal spine one-seventh of the total length. Uniform silvery ; operculum with an oUve spot.
Coast of Coromandel ; Sumatra ; Batavia.
13. Pristipoma pihloo.
Richardson, Ichth. CJiina, p. 227.
U. -. A. -.
Prseoperculum with the posterior edge emarginate. The second anal spine longer and stronger than the third. A row of seven roundish dark spots or short transverse bars along the back above the lateral line. {Richardson.)
Canton.
The specimen on which this species was foun(Jed by Sir John Richardson appears to have been mislaid.
14. Pristipoma paikeeli.
Paikeeli, Russell, pi. 121.
Pristipoma paikeeli, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 259 ; Cant. Catal. p. 74 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Sci<en. p. 20.
B. 7. D. ^. A. -5-. L. lat. 55-60.
15 9
The height of the boay is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3|. Caudalis emarginate. Silvery brownish white ; on the back and sides as far as the pectoral fin, six brown parallel longitudinal bands edged mth black ; all the fins, except the pectoral, minutely dotted with brown ; the spinous dorsal black- edged ; the upper half of the soft dorsal and the posterior margin of the caudal blackish. Membrane of the soft dorsal, of the caudal, anal, and ventral fius j)artially-covercd with minute scales.
Madras ; Vizagnpatam ; Sea of Pinang.
4. pmsxiPOMA, 293-
15. Fristipoma maciQatimi.
Anthias maculatus, Bl. tab. 326. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 306. Lutjanus maculatus, Lacep. iv. p. 239. Caripe, Russell, pi. 124.
Pristipoma caripa, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 261 ; Cant. CataL p. 76 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 124; Bleek. I. c. p. 21.
D.lllii^- A.f L.lat.47.
The height of the body is 85 in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the snout is not longer than the diameter of the eye, and 3|^ in the length of the head. The jaws are equal in front ; the upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The posterior limb of the praeoperculum is conspicuously emarginate, and iSnely denticulated like the angle. The dorsal fin is deeply notched ; the spines are strong ; the fourth is the longest, half the length of the head. CaudaKs slightly emarginate ; the second anal spine, stronger and longer than the third, is not quite so long as the longest of the dorsal. Pectoral elongate, one-fourth of the total length. A black cross-band before the dorsal fin ; six large blotches on each side of the back, either forming two longitudinal rows or three cross-bands. The spinous dorsal blackish, with a series of whitish spots along the base ; the soft dorsal with two series of brown spots.
Fjom the coast of Coromandel to New Guinea ; Red Sea.
a. Half-grown: stuffed. Torres Strait. Voyage of the Rattle- snake. h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
16. Pristipoma aaritum. Cuv. 8f Val. V. p. 263 ; Cant. Catal. p. 76.
B.7. D.i^. A.^^.
The length of the opercle little less than one-half of that of the head ; it projects backwards above the anterior half of the pectoral. Mouth small. The fourth dorsal spine longest, and equal to the second of the anal. Caudal fin covered almost throughout with minute rough scales; the membrane of the ventrals scaly. The spinous dorsal with numerous brownish spots, foi-ming tlii-ee to six oblique series ; the upper margin black. The soft dorsal with some smaller rounded spots.
Siam ; Sea of Pinang.
17. Pristipoma therapon. Sleeker, Java, i. p. 100, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Scicen. p. 22. D. IH. A. i-. L. lat. 40. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length ; the diameter of
294 PRISTIPOMATID^.
the eye is one-third of the length of the head, the snout rather shorter. Prseopercnlum with the posterior limb very slightly emar- ginate. The fourth spine of the dorsal longest, 1^ in the height of the body ; the second of the anal one-sixth of the total length. Uniform ; a large brown blotch on the anterior part of the dorsal tin. (Bl.)
Sea of Bata\aa.
18. Pristipoma terribile. (Plate XIV.)
D. 12 I ^. A. J. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 8/19.
The height of the body is thi'ee times in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the snout is rather pointed and longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 8|-in the length of the head. The upper jaw is rather longer than the lower ; the maxillary extends nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior limb of the pra?operculum is emarginate and serrated, and the angle produced backwards, rounded, and armed Avith stronger spinous teeth. Dorsal fin deeply notched ; all the spines very strong and long : the fourth of the dorsal is the longest, and more than one- half of the length of the head. CaudaHs trunc*ated ; the second anal spine exceedingly long, five-sixths of the length of the head ; the length of the pectoral is one-fifth of the total. Coloration uniform ; the first dorsal with a black edge.
a. Sine patria.
Description of the specimen. — This species is intermediate between P. hasta and P. crocro. It resembles Therapon argenteus in general habit and in the strength of its spines, which are relatively stronger than in any other species of Pristipoma. The body is rather com- pressed and elevated, its greatest depth, below the fourth dorsal spine, being one-third of the total length. The upper profile descends abruptly from its highest point to the nape, where it is slightly concave ; from thence to the snout it is straight. The upper surface is moderately broad, the distance between the eyes being less than the width of the orbit. The snout is rather pointed, with the upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower. The teeth form viUiform bands without canines or other larger teeth. On the chin there is the usual central groove and some indistinct lateral pores. The praioperculum approaches in form that of P. hasta, being conspicuously emarginate, with the angle produced backwards, and armed with much stronger spinous teeth than those of the posterior limb. The scales extend to the margin of the bone, and are smaller than those of the operculum. The operculum has a notch behind, between two feeble and obtuse points. The suprascajnda is serrated.
The origin of the dorsal fin falls in front of the vertical from the base of the pectoral, and its end before that of tlie anal ; the base of the spinous portion is more than twice as long as tluit of the soft. The sjinee arc exceedingly strong, on one side broadi'r than on the other:
4. PRISTIPOMA. 295
the first is small ; the second one-half the length of the third ; the third three-fourths of the fourth, which is the longest, half as high as the body. The following decrease in length to the twelfth ; the thirteenth, which must be considered as j)art of the soft portion, is longer than the two preceding spines, and equal to the tenth. The soft portion has a rounded margin, the second, third and fourth rays being the longest, and equal in height to the sixth spine ; they are twice as long as the last, which is the shortest. The spinous portion, as well as the soft, can be received into a scaly sheath. The caudal fin is truncated, and scaly at the base only : .-^ne of its longest rays is one-fifth of the total length. The distance between the caudal and anal fins equals the base of the latter ; the origin and end of the anal fin fall vertically behind the origin and the end of the soft dorsal. The first spine is one-half the length of the third, and is excavated posteriorly. The second is exceedingly long, equal to the height of the body above it, and broader on the left side than on the right. The third is broader on the right side, two-thirds of the length of the former, and shorter than the first ray. The margin of the soft portion of the anal fin is very slightly emarginate. The pectoral fin is rather pointed, and of moderate length, one-fifth of the total. The root of the ventral fin is situated immediately behind that of the pectoral ; the first ray is one-third longer than the strong adjacent spine, and produced into a short filament which extends to the vent.
The scales are of moderate size, slightly crenated, quadrangular, rather longer than high ; one of the largest covers about one-fifth of the eye. The lateral line is curved, and parallel to the profile of the back.
The specimen is now uniform silvery, with the spinous dorsal black-edged ; this part of the fin appears to have been blacldsh.
A supposition as to the origin of the specimen cannot be given with any certainty, on account of its affinity to neotropical sj)ecies,, as well as to palasotropical ; but there is more pijobability of its being found in a part of the East Indian Seas, or of the Pacific.
inches, lines. '
Total leng-th 6 11
Height of the body 2 3
Length of the head 2 0
Diameter of the eye 0 5|
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 2
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 7
of the third dorsal ray 1 0
of the eleventh dorsal ray 0 6
of the caudal fin 1 5
of the first anal spine 0 7
of the second anal spine I 7
of the pectoral 1 5
of the ventral 1 6
of a large scale 0 2^
Height of a large scale 0 2
'2{)& PBrSTlPOMATID.!:.
19. Pristipoma crocro. Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 264. D. 12 1 i. A. y. L. lat. 50-5G. L. trausv. ^^. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of the head 3-J. The snout is elongate and rather pointed ; the dia- meter of the eye is 4| in the length of the head, and 1| in that of the snout. The upper jaw is rather longer than the lower ;. the max- illary extends to the vertical from the anterior mai'gin of the orbit. The posterior limb of the pra^operculum very slightly emarginate, serrated, the angle not prominent, rounded, and with stronger den- ticulatious. The dorsal fin deeply notched, all the spines strong ; the fifth dorsal spine longest, nearly one-half as long as the head. Caudalis ti'uncated ; the second anal spine exceedingly strong, nearly two-thirds of the length of the head ; pectoral rather short, one-sixth of the total. Coloration uniform ; the first dorsal blackish, the pec- toral yello^vish, the other fins grepsh.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
b. 14" long : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
c. Adult : skin : Jamaica. From Dr. I'araeirs Collection.
d. Adult.
e. Half-grown.
/. Half-grown : skeleton. Old Collection.
g. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. — It agrees with the other specimens in all the characters, except in having the dorsal spines, and especially the anal spine, shorter.
Skeleton. — The most superficial comparison of the skeleton of this fish with that of a species of T'herapon (c. (j. Th. servus) shows the close afiinity of those genera, and the error of Cuvier, who united Pristipoma, &c., \vith the Scicenidce. The upper surface of the skull is nearly even between the orbits, there being two pairs of foramina only, one close together in the middle of the frontal bones, the other more distant from each other, near the anterior extremity of those bones : these foramina lead into narrow muciferous channels in the interior of the bone. The occipital crest is raised above the level of the skull, and moderately elevated ; it extends as far as the occipital. On each side of this crest there is another, much lower, running to the point where the suprascapular bone is suspended. The turbinal bones are elongate, concave, forming a half-channel. The inter- maxiUarj' is stout and rather short, the upi)er posterior process being more than one-half of the length of the bone ; the anterior portion of each process is broad, the posterior styliform ; its posterior mar- gin is S-shaped, without a prominent process. The maxillary is rather narrow, with the posterior margin deeply notched. The lower part of the mandil)ulary is transformed into a wide muciferous channel, with four grooves, sepaiatod from one another by narrow transverse ridges. The infraorbital ring is very narrow, except the
4. PEISTIPOMA. 297
praeorbital : there is no interior plate to support the eyeball fi-om beneath. The praeorbital is triangular, with the lower side curved, and has three or four cavities or wide openings of its muciferous channel. The operculum is very irregularly Sihaped, and posteriorly armed with two points of nearly equal size, separated from each other by a deep notch ; the lower is more acute : there is no ridge on the interior side of the bone. Sub- and interoperculum without any denticulation. The praeoperculum is very strongly built and armed ; there are three strong but short spinous teeth at the angle, and fifteen smaller ones along the posterior margin ; the upper of these teeth are directed upwards ; the lower margin is shghtly con- vex and entire. It has four wide openings of the muciferous channel ; two larger ones on the lower limb, and two smaller ones above the angle. The suprascapula is strongly, the coracoid bone not serrated.
The vomer is anteriorly broad, rounded, along its middle slightly concave, without any teeth. The teeth in the jaws are placed in broad villiform bands, the lateral ones being scarcely larger than the remainder. The pharyngeal teeth are short, cardiform.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae ; the length of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-5. There are several spurious interneural spines (interneurals without corresponding dorsal spine) in front of the dorsal fin, and each of these interneurals terminates above in a small hook, directed forwards, as is the case in many other fishes. The fii'st interhgemal is very strong, with deep longitudinal grooves ; its length equals that of the first eight vertebrae.
20, Pristipoma coro.
Seba, iii. 27. 14. Coro-coro, Marqr. p. 177. SciiBna coro, Bl pi. 307. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 81.
Pristipoma coro, Cuv. &■ Val. v. p. 266 ; Cuv. Eegne Anim. Bl. Paiss. pi. 30. f. 2.
D. 11 I ^. A. J. L. lat. 50. L. transv. ■^.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter ; the snout is rather longer, with the loAver jaw longest, and with the cleft of the mouth moderate, the upper maxillary reaching somewhat beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The pos- terior limb of the praeoperculum obliquely descending backwards, with pointed, distant, spinous teeth ; two strong spinous teeth at the angle. DorsaHs deeply notched, -ndth rather strong and long spines ; the fourth longest, rather more than one-half the length of the head. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine exceedingly strong, and even longer than the fourth of the dorsal. Body with about eight brownish cross-bands.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a, h. Adult. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
298 PRISTIPOMATIDiE.
21. Pristipoma catharinae. Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 269 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zwl ii. p. 201.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. The mouth is small. Praeoperculiim with rather stronger denticulations at the angle. The dorsal fin notched, with strong and long spines, the twelfth being longer than the two preceding ones. Caudalis emar- ginate ; the second anal spine strong, longer than the third, which equals in length the first ray. Ventral fins longer than pectorals, with a long spine. Coloration uniform ; the fins brown, except the pectorals. {Cuv.') Coast of Brazil.
22. Pristipoma rogerii. Cuv. ^ Vol. V. p. 254.
B. 7. D. j|. A. ■^. Csec. pylor. 5.
The praeoperculum with the posterior margin vertical, and with the angle rounded ; the foiu'th and fifth dorsal spines longest, one- third of the greatest depth of the body. The anal spines very strong ; the thii'd rather longer than the second, and nearly one-third the depth of the body. Uniform silvery ; along the base of the spinous dorsal brown and white spots ; on the soft portion brown spots only. (Cuv.)
Senegal.
A rather doubtfid species, and perhaps identical with the following.
23. Pristipoma bennettii.
Pristipoma bennettii, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 176; Valenc. m Barker- Webb, Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Iclith. p. 26 ; Gnichen. Poiss. in Explor. Alger, p. 44.
Pristipoma ronchus, Valenc. I. c. p. 25. pi. 7. f. 2 ; Guichen. I. c.
D.i^^ A.^. L.lat. 50-55. L. transv. ■^. Csec. pylor. 8. Vert. 10/16.
The height of tlie body nearly equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter, and If in the length of the snout. The cleft of the mouth is mode- rate, the upper maxillary not reaching to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum with the posterior limb very shghtly emarginate, and with rather coarser denticulations at the angle. Dorsalis notched, and Avith the spines of moderate strength ; the fourth is the longest, and 2i in the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spine stronger, but not longer than the third, and rather shorter than the highest of the dorsal ; the length of the pectoral is 4^ in the total. Coloration uniform ; sometimes a greenish -black spot above the angle of the opercidum.
Coast of Algiers ; Canary Islands ; St. Vincent's.
4. pwsTiPOMA. 299
a. Fine specimen. St. Vincent's. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Col- lection. b-d. Young. St. Vincent's. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper. e. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection. /. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe. (/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. h. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
STcehton. — The system of muciferous channels is rather more de- veloped than in other species of Pristipoma : the two pairs of fora- mina on the frontal bones are wide, and lead into spacious channels ; the turbinal bones are elongate, and transformed into half-canaLs. The occipital crest is elevated, triangular, and does not extend over the frontal bones. Of the two lateral crests, the interior is short, without free processes posteriorly, and the exterior is wide and muciferous, communicating with channels of the suprascapida and the praeoper- culum.
The maxillary is very irregularly formed, broadest near its base ; it is joined by one process to the palatine bone, by a second to the intermaxillary, and by a third to the vomer. The posterior process of the intermaxillary is longer than the descending, toothed branch of the bone ; the anterior portion of each process is broad, the pos- terior styUfonn ; the descending branch is rather narrow, without any prominence. The lower part of the mandibulaiy is transformed into a wide muciferous channel, with four grooves, separated from one another by delicate transverse ridges. The praeorbital is trian- gular, with the lower side curved, and has four or five wide openings. The remainder of the infraorbital ring is very narrow, muciferous, and without an interior plate to support the eyeball from beneath.
The operculum has two obtuse and flat points posteriorly, with a deep groove between; there is no longitudinal ridg-e on its inner surface. The praeoperculum is very strongly built; its serrature begins near the upper extremity, the teeth becoming gradually coarser at the angle, and disappearing at the lower limb. The posterior teeth are horizontally directed backwards. There are four wide openings, separated from one another by narrow ridges : two larger ones on the lower limb, one on the angle, and one on the posterior limb. The suprascapula is obtusely denticulated, the coracoid entire.
The lower part of the brain-capsule is slightly swollen, and there is an elongate opening before the occipital joint. The anterior por- tion of the basisphenoid has a narrow sharp ridge above and below. The head of the vomer is broad, rounded, and slightly concave at its lower surface.
The teeth in the jaws form broad villiform bands, with an outer series of stronger ones. The pharyngeal teeth arc stout, conical, and placed in elongate triangular patches below, and in rounded ones above.
There are ten abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : I'o. There are three spurious inte*neural spines in
300 I'RISTIPOMATID^.
front of the dorsal fin, each tenninating in a small hook, directed forwards. The fiist interhaemal is very strong, with two divergent anterior ridges, leaving a deep groove between them ; it is attached to the eleventh vertebra, and its length equals that of the first seven vertebrae.
24. Pristipoma conceptionis.
Cfuv. <§• Val. v. p. 268, ix. p. 486 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 200 ; Gay, Hkt. Chil. Zool ii. p. 195, Atl Ictiol. lam. 4. f. 2. •
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
14 13
The length of the head is rather less than the height of the body, which is one-fourth of the total. Praeoperculum slightly serrated ; dorsal and anal fins low ; dorsal notched ; the spines feeble. Colo- ration uniform.
Coast of Chili.
25. Pristipoma stridens.
Sciaena stridens, Forsk. p. 50.
Pristipoma simmena, Cuv. Sf Val. y. p. 2G0.
stridens, Biipp. N. W. Fische, p. 122. taf. 31. f. 1.
D. 11 I y^. A. ^g. L. lat. 62. C»c. pylor. (5) 6.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and somewhat less than one-fourth of the total. The snout is of moderate extent, longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one- fourth of the length of the head. The upper jaw is rather longer than the lower ; the maxillary extends nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior limb of the prae- operculum very slightly emarginate, serrated ; the angle not promi- nent, rounded, and with rather stronger denticulations. The dorsal fin deeply notched ; the spines slender, but scarcely flexible ; the fifth dorsal spine longest, one-half the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spine not strong, and shorter than the third. On each side two to six brownish-black longitudinal bands ; if two, one from the eye to the root of the caudal, the other above the lateral line.
Red Sea.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
26. Pristipoma lineatum.
? Pristipoma rubrum, Ciuk ^- Val. v. p. 283. Pristipoma lineatum, Cuv. 9f Val. v. p. 287.
D. 1^. A.-^. L. lat. 56. L. transv. ^. Caec. pylor, 5. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|. The profile of the nape is convex, abruptly descending. The snout is high, and 1 1 the width of the eye, the diameter of
4. PRisTH'OMA. 301
which is 4i iii the length of the head. The ck'ft of the mouth is moderate, the upper maxillary reaching exactly to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior margin of the praa- operculum is slightly oblique in a backward direction, and finely denticulated. The dorsal fin scarcely notched ; the spines moderate ; the fourth longest, and rather shorter than one-half the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spine is stronger than the third, but not longer, and scarcely one-half the length of the fourth dorsal spine. The pectoi'al fins rather longer than the ventrals. Indistinct obUque streaks above the lateral hnc ; a dark band on the upper half of the operculum ; a whitish band along the base of the dorsal fin ; the soft portion with or without brownish spots.
Coast of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. E.io Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
27. Pristipoma fasciatum. Ckw. 4' Val. V. p. 285, cop. hy Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 87. D. J|. A. -1. L. lat. 75. Ctec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 3| in the total. The snout is compressed, produced, with the jaws nearly equal, and with the cleft of the mouth rather small. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and less than one-half the extent of the snout. The dorsal fui is nearly even ; all the spines rather slender. Caudalis emarginate ; the third anal spine somewhat thinner and longer than the second. The sides of the body clouded with darker, in the form of more or less regtdar cross-bars ; a dark streak on the upper half of the operculum, ex- tending on the sides. The dorsal fin with two, posteriorly with three longitudinal series of rounded brown spots.
Coast of the Southern States of North America.
a. Fine specimen. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr, Cuming.
Cu\'ier mentions his specimens as coming from New York ; but it is not confirmed by any of the American natm-alists ; and I toink this to be a more southern species. Hcemidon falvomacuhitum of Holbrook appears to be closely allied, but specifically difierent.
28. Pristipoma fulvomaculatum.
LabioLS fulvomaculatus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. i^ Phil. Soc. New York, i.
p. 406. Haemidon fulvomaculatum, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 84.
pi. 7. f. 21 ; Holbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 166. pi. 22. f. 2.
D. i^. A. I. Cjec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3i. The upper maxillary does not extend to the vertical
302 pristipomatiDjK.
from the front margin of the orbit. Prseoperculum with the poste- rior limb very slightly emarginate. Spines of the fins slender ; the third of the dorsal fin longest, Caudahs emarginate. Sides of the head and body and the vertical fins with niimeroxis yellow spots ; those above the lateral line arranged in irregular obUque serie^, those below it in horizontal rows. {Holhr.) Coast from Georgia to Virginia.
29. Pristipoma viridense. *
Cuv. 8r '^ol- V. p. 287 ; Barker- Wehh 8f Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Iks Canar. Ichthyol. p. 26.
D.J|. A.|. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 12/28. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the length of the -head. Dorsal fin continuous, with the spines of moderate strength ; the second anal spine strong, scarcely longer than the third. Caudalis timncated. Coloration uniform brown ; dorsal fin with a more or less distinct black margin.
North-west Coast of Africa ; Caribbean Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
h. Fine specimen. St. Vincent's. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
c. Large specimen : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
30. Pristipoma suUlum. Cuv: ^ Val ix. p. 482,
D. ^. A.-. L. lat. 55.
15 9
The height of the body is nearly four times in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter, and much shorter than the long and pointed snout ; the eye occupies the middle of the length of the head. The praeoperculum with a deep sinuosity above the angle, and finely serrated. Dorsal and anal spines rather feeble ; caudalis forked ; pectoral one-fifth of the total length. Body with streaks formed by greenish ispots, oblique above the lateral line, straight beneath; dorsalis with a series of large greenish spots. ( Val.)
Cape Verde.
31. Pristipoma peroteti.
Pristipoma perotaei, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 254.
D. -. A. -. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 26.
17 10
Coloration uniforai. {Cuv.) Senegal.
4. PETSTIPOMA- 303
32. Pristipoma octolineatmii.
Cur. ^- Vul. ix. p. 487 ; Guirhen. Poiss. in Explor. Algpr. p. 44. pi. 2.
14 7
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one- fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is rather less than one- third of the length of the head. Prajoperculum with strong denticii- lations. Doreal fin even, caudal scarcely emarginatc. On each side four blue longitudinal sti>eaks.
Cape Verde ; Coast of Algiers.
i53. Pristipoma cantharinunL
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 4fl. pi. 10.
i^-lS-e- ^•^- L.lat.70. The height of the body is 3-| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is one -fifth of the latter ; the snout produced, twice as long, with the jaws equal in front. The upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Prteoperculura rectangular, with the angle slightly rounded, and the ascending Hmb straight and finely denti- culated. The dorsal fin is scarcely notched, the longest (fourtli) spine being 2^ in the length of the head. The caudal forked ; the second anal spine stoutest, but rather shorter than the third, and scarcely one-half of the length of the longest of the dorsal fin ; the pectorals are 5^ in the total length. Uniform bluish grey- Galapagos Archipelago.
a. Bleached ; 7g" long.
34. Pristipoma japonicum.
Cuv. Sf Vul. V. p. 288 ; Fann.Japoii. Poiss. p. 60. pi. 26. f. 2 ; Richards. Ichth. Cfhina. p. 228.
D.ii^. A.|-. L. lat. 89. Ca;c. pylor. 8. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 4 or 4i. The snout is short, scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, with the lower jaw longest ; the upper maxillary reaches to the front margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum finely ser- rated throughout, with the posterior Hmb slightly emarginate, and the angle rounded. DorsaHs not notched ; the spines of moderate strength. Caudalis slightly emarginate; the anal spines nearly equal. Coloration uniform.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Fine specimen. China.
b. Adult ; stuffed. China Sea. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult: skeleton. China Sea. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Pseudobranchiae well developed. Air-bladder large, simple.
304 PKISTIPOMATIDJC.
Skeleton. — In this species the system of muciferous channels is still less developed than in Puistipoma crocro. The occipital crest is very elevated, and extends to the anterior extremity of the frontal bones ; the lateral crests, between the orbit and suprascapula, are relatively as high. At the anterior end of each frontal bone there is a wide oval opening continued into the channel-shaped turbinal bone. The bones of the jaws are rather feeble : the length of the posterior processes of the intermaxillarics is about one-half of that of the entire bone ; a projecting semicircular process at the posterior mar- gin. The maxillary bone is concave posteriorly, and has the lower posterior angle produced. The mandibulaiy bone has four or five grooves beneath ; they are shallow, very small in front, and sejia- rated from one another by broad bony interspaces : the anterior part of the vomer is angular and slightly swollen, as in fishes with a toothed vomer. The praeorbital is broad, triangular, with some small irregular cavities ; the remainder of the infraorbital arch is very nar- row, without an interior plate for supporting the eyeball from beneath. The operculum has two very obtuse points, distant and separated from each other by a deep and wide notch ; the sub- and interoperculum are not denticulated, and have the lower margins sHghtly rounded ; the Hmbs of the praeoperculum have a vertical direction towards each other, but the angle at which they meet is rounded. The posterior limb is deeply serrated, the inferior very indistinctly ; the teeth above the angle are the strongest and spinous. The muci- ferous channel of the praeoperculum has four narrow openings.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1'5. The neural spines are slightly inclined back- wards ; the haemals of the first four caudal vertebrte are lengthened, and broad at their lower extremity, to receive the interhaemals. The first interhaemal is strong, and as long as the first seven vertebrae together.
The dentition is composed of villiform bands only, the pharyngeal teeth being rather stronger than those of the jaws.
5. CONODON.
Conodon, Cuv. 8f Vah v. p. 156.
Body oblong ; muzzle with the jaws nearly equal in front. Two dorsals, united by a low membrane ; the first with eleven strong spines ; three strong anal spines. In each of the jaws an external series of very stout, short, conical teeth. Praeoperculum denticu- lated. Scales moderate. Pseudobranchiae ? Air-bladder with two very short horns in front.
Caribbean Sea.
1. CoBodon plumieri.
Scisena plumieri, Block, vi. p. 66. taf. 306.
Perca plumieri, Bl. Schn. p. 85 ; Cm\ ^ Val. ii, p. 5L
6. H^MuiON. 305
Centropomas plumieri, Lac^. iv, p. 268.
Chilodipterus chrysopterue, Lacep. iii. p. 542. pi. 33*. f. 1,
Conodon antillanus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 156.
D. 11 1 }-. A. -i. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 1.
The second anal spine one-half of the length of the hea*. The upper maxillary reaches to the anterior margin of the eye. Pree- operculum vrith denticulations posteriorly and inferiorly, equal in size, and with two spinous teeth at the angle. Caudalis truncated. Body with eight cross-hands.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
h. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult : stuffed : not good state.
d. Adiilt : stuffed. Old Collection.
e. Adult : skin : not good state.
The lighter (yellowish) longitudinal bands disappear in the pre- served fish.
6. ILffiMULONt.
Diabasis, Desm., Benn.
Heemulon, Ciiv. B^gTie Amm. ; Cuv. <5' Val- v. p. 223.
Form of the body oblong, compressed. Eye moderate. Cleft of the mouth horizontal, generally wide, with the jaws equal. A central groove below the chin. One dorsal, with twelve or thirteen spines, the anal with three ; the soft portions of the vertical fins scaly to their margins. VilHform teeth in both the jaws, without canines ; none on the palate. Branchiostegals seven. Prseoperculum serrated ; operculum with very indistinct points. Scales moderate, ctenoid! Pseudobranchiae. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in small number.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
1. HaBmulon formosum.
Cateshy, ii. p. 6. pi. 6. f. 1 ; Duhnm. Peches, it.lj. 62. pi. 11. f, 2. Perca lormosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 488. Labrus plumieri, Lac6p. iii. p. 480. pi. 2. f. 2.
Haemulon formosum, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 230 ; Castehi. Anim. nouv. ou rares Amer. du Sud, Poiss. p. 10.
D. i|. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. :g.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 34- in
the total ; the diameter of the eye is four times in the length of the
head and 1| in that of the snout; the snout is elongate, compressed •
the cleft of the mouth wide ; the upper maxiUary reaches to below
* CuTier erroneously quotes pi. 23.
t 1. Hsemulon arcuatum, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 481 ; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol. d1 17 •f. 2.— S. Carolina. ^'
2. Diabasis obliquatus, Benn. Zool. Journ. r. p. 90. — Jamaica.
306 PBISTIPOMATID,^.
the middle of the eye. The eleventh and twelfth dorsal spines are nearly equal in length. Caudalis forked. The side of the head with eleven or twelve bluish, waving longitudinal streaks, edged with brownish, and not extending on the trunk. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Half-grown, From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 6, c. Fine specimens. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. Smith, Esq. d, e. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection. /, g. Adult : stuffed.
2. Haemulon elegans.
Anthias formosus, Bl. taf. 323 ; Bl. Schn. p. 305. Hsemulon elegans, Cuv. Sf- Vol. v. p. 227 ; Cuv. JRkgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 30. f. 1.
D. j|. A. |-. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 8/16.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 1| in the length of the snout and 3| in that of the head. The snout is compressed, elongate ; the cleft of the mouth wide ; the upper maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye. The eleventh and twelfth dorsal spines are nearly equal in length ; caudalis forked. Sides of the head and of the body with seven or eight waving, light-blue longitudinal bands, edged with brownish.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult.
h. Half-grown : bleached. Old Collection.
e-e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection. /. Young.
g, h. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection. /. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. k-n. Adult : stuffed. 0. Adult : stuffed. Old Collection.
3. Haemulon microphthalmum. (Plate XVII.)
D. |§. A. |. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 31 in the total. The eye is small, its diameter being one-sixth of the length of the head, and contained 2| in the length of the snout. The cleft of Iho mouth is rather wide, but the upper maxiUaiy does not reach to the vcitical from the anterior margin of the eye. Prae- operoulum with the posterior limb very slightly emarginate, finely and equally sorrHtcd. Dorsal fin not deeply notched, with the spines of moderate si length ; the f'oui-th is the longest, and 2^ in the length of the head ; caudal forked. The second anal spine vciy strong, longer than tlio third, two-thirds of the fourth dorsal spine. Vertical
H. H^MTJLON. 307
fins covered with very thin scales and transparent. Coloration uni- form olive (in a dried state). Coast of America.
a. Adult : stuffed. America.
Description of the specimen. — This species much resembles H. eleganSfformosum, canna, &c., but may be readily distinguished by its small eye, uniform coloration, and by the ti"ansparent scales, which cover the vertical fins. The length of the head and the height of the body are nearly equal, and 3|^ in the total length. The crown is very convex and elevated, much broader than the diameter of the eye, and covered with scales to the nostrils. The eye is nearer the posterior margin of the praeoperculum than the end of the muzzle, and relatively smaller than in other species, its diameter being one- sixth only of the length of the head. The praeoperculum is finely and equally serrated at both its Umbs ; the posterior Hmb is very slightly emarginate, the angle and the inferior Hmb are rounded. The scales reach to the margin. The suprascapula is serrated.
The base of the spinous portion of the dorsal fin is longer than that of the soft. The spines are of moderate strength, on one side broad, on the other with a longitudinal ridge : the first is one-half as high as the second, the second is rather more than one-half of the third ; the fourth is a little longer than the third ; the following spines gradually decrease in height to the eleventh and twelfth, which are equal. The soft dorsal has the superior margin slightly curved, the middle rays being longest, and about equal to the ninth dorsal spine : this part of the fin is covered with transparent scales nearly to its margin. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is equal to the width between the last ten dorsal rays. The caudal -^in. is moderately forked, the lobes being 4^ in the total length : trans- parent scales cover two-thirds of the fin. The distance between the caudal and anal fins equals the width between the last thirteen dorsal rays. The origin of the ancd fin falls below the fourth dorsal ray, its end below the twelfth. The first spine is small ; the second extremely thick and striated, equal in length to the eighth of the dorsal ; the third is shelter and less strong, on the right side flat, on the left with a longitudinal ridge. The first ray is equal to, or rather shorter than, the second spine, and covered with transparent scales, like the whole fin. The pectoral is pointed ; but the extremity being broken off, I am not able to state the relative length of the fin. The length of the ventral is 6f in the total ; its base falls immediately behind that of the pectoral ; the spine is modei'ately strong, and two-thirds of the length of the fin.
The scales covering the head are much smaller than those of the body, especially those of the nape ; they are very finely ciliated. The scales of the lateral line are small, one-third the size of one of the adjacent series.
The teeth are in broad villiform bands, with rather stronger ones in the outer series ; those which are placed on the side of the lower jaw are the strongest.
x2
308 PRISTIPOMATID^.
The colour is now entirely uniform, each scale having a darker margin.
inches, lines.
Total length 14 0
Height of the body 4 1
Length of the head 4 0
of the diameter of the eye 0 7^
of the fourth dorsal spine 1 7^
• of the eleventh dorsal spine .... 9 0
of the seventh dorsal ray 12 0
of the second anal spine 1 1 g
4. Hsemulon macrostoma. (Plate XVIII.) D. 11 1 3^. A. |. L. lat. 55-58. L. transv. 10/17.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is S^ in the total. The snout is elongate and compressed, and rather more than twice the diameter of the eye, which is 5^ in the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is very wide, the upper maxillary nearly reaching to the vertical from the anterior marg^in of the eye. Praeoperculum with the posterior hmb nearly vertical, and with obtuse denticulations, which become stronger at the angle, but dis- appear with age. Dorsal fin deeply notched, Avith strong spines, the foiirth being the longest, 2^ in the length of the head, and the last being considerably longer than the eleventh. Caudalis forked ; the second anal spine very strong, scarcely longer than the following, and equal in length to the sixth of the dorsal. The length of the pectoral is 4^ in the total. Five blackish (in a dried state) longi- tudinal bands, one being very distincrfrom the eye to the caudal fin, the others more or less indistinct and interrupted.
Jamaica. a-c. Adult and half- grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
Description. — This fish belongs to the group with the cleft of the mouth wide, and with the vertical fins thickly enveloped by scales, and is closely allied to H. elegans, canna, &c. The body is rather elevated, its greatest depth being below the origin of the dorsal fin, and contained 3i in the total length. The length of the head is equal to that height. The mouth is nearly horizontal. The max- illary and intermaxillary may be nearly entirely concealed below the prseorbital, the greatest width of which is one-half more than that of the orbit ; it is covered with scales, like the cheeks and the prfieoperculum. The space between the eyes is convex, larger than the width of the orbit, and scaly nearly to the nostrils, which are situated immediately before the eyes. The eye is nearer the poste- rior margin of the operculum than the end of the snout. The suprascapiJa is scarcely to be distinguished from the scales ; it is in- conspicuously serrated.
The dorsal fin begins above the base of the pectoral and terminates
♦5, H-EMULON. 309
a little behind the anal ; the base of the spinous portion is one-half longer than that of the soft ; both portions are separated by a deep notch. The spines are strong : the first is two-fifths of the second ; the second three-quarters of the third ; the fourth is the longest, and 2^ in the length of the head; the fifth equals the third, and the following gradually decrease in height to the eleventh ; the twelfth is longer than the preceding, and it belongs apparently to the soft dorsal, being closely attached to the adjacent ra5^ The soft portion is so thickly enveloped by scales, that it is difficult to distinguish the single rays. The upper margin is slightly rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth of the rays being the longest, and equal in height to the second spine, whilst the last measures not half that height. The caudal fin is moderately forked, and thickly covered by minute scales to its margins. The origin of the anal fin falls below the third or the fourth dorsal ray : the soft portion is higher than the spinous, entirely enveloped by scales, and has a rather concave margin. The fiist spine is very small ; the second very strong, striated, equal in length to the sixth dorsal spine, or one-third of the length of the head ; the third is rather shorter and not so stout as the other ; on one side it is flat and striated, on the other longi- tudinally grooved. The pectoral fin is pointed, and contained 4|- in the total length ; it extends to the vertical from the vent ; there are some scales at its base. The base of the ventral falls below that of the pectoral ; and being much shorter than that fin, it does not reach to the vent, and is one-sixth of the total length ; a series of small wcales follows each of the rays, covering their base and the inter- spaces between them nearly to the end of the fin. The ventral spine slightly exceeds one-half of the length of the adjacent ray.
The scales are of moderate size, ctenoid, and arranged in rather irregular sei'ies; those of the lateral line are small, and their number is variable, and would not indicate the number of the transverse series of scales. An oblique stripe of very small scales descends up- wards and forwards from the suprascapula to the nape.
The teeth form in both the jaws broad villiform bands, but the outer series contains large conical teeth, which are as strong in the lower jaw as in the upper. In one of the specimens, one of the upper pharj'ngeal bones is preserved ; it is armed with powerful teeth, which, at the outer part of the bone, are strong and curved, and towards the middle conical and pointed ; on the inner portion of the bone the teeth are obtuse and broad, and assume the character of molars.
The ground-colour is now greyish ; there is a distinct, straight, blackish band from the middle of the eye to the upper half of the tail. Above this band are two or three others, and below 'it a fourth, much less distinct, and in two of the specimens inteiTupted. The ventrals are blackish.
inches, lines.
Total length 10 6
Height of the body 4 0
Length of the head 4 0
Diameter of the eye 0 0
310 PK1STIP0MATID3C.
inches, lines.
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 7
of the eleventh dorsal spine 0 8
of the third dorsal ray 1 5
of the second anal spine 1 4
of the pectoral 2 11
5. Haemulon chromis
Perca chromis, Broussonet.
Haemulon c&niin,Affass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 130. pi. 69 (not C. 8f V.).
chromis, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 242.
D. JL|_. A. |. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 6/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 1^ in the length of the snout, and 3|- in that of the head. The cleft of the mouth is rather wide, the upper maxiUary reaching a little beyond the front margin of the eye. The praeoperculum is finely and equally denticulated, with the posterior limb slightly emarginatc. The dorsal fin deeply notched, with the spines of moderate strength ; the fourth is the longest, 2| in the length of the head. Caudalis forked, and enveloped by scales nearly to its extremities ; the second anal spine much stronger, but scarcely longer than the third, 2A in the length of the head ; ventral and pectoral fins covered with scales. Each scale with a darker centre, the spots forming more or less distinct oblique streaks. A blackish-brown spot, concealed by the angle of the praeoperculum. Fins browTiish.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
h. Adult: not good state. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
c. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. (J. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. e. Half-grown: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. /. Half-grown. Gulf of Mexico. From the Haslar Collection. (J. Large specimen : not good state. South America. Presented by
Sir 11. Schomburgk. Ji. Adult : not good state. S. America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. i. Adult. Old Collection, as Perca chromis. Tc. Adult : not good state. Old Collection.
The fish described by Agassiz {I. c.) agrees much better with H. chromis than with H. canna, Cuv, The number of the soft rays of the dorsal fin, the extent of the upper maxillaiy, and the less distinct oblique streaks, are the characters by which H. chromis may be distinguished from H. canna.
6. Haemulon schrankii.
Af/d.^s. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 131. tab. G9<7. D. i^. A.^.
18 10
Thr height" of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
6. HiEMULON. 311
and 3^ in the total. The cleft of the mouth is rather wide, the upper maxillary reaching nearly to below the centre of the eye. The dorsal fin notched, wij;h the spines of moderate strength, and with the fourth longest. Caudalis forked, but the basal half only scaly ; the pectoral and ventral fins without any scales. Coloration immaculate.
Coast of Brazil.
7. Hsemulon canna.
Cuv. 8f Val. V. p. 233 ; ? Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares de I' Amir, du Slid, Poiss. p. 11 (not Agass.).
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3§ in the total. The snout is elongate and compressed, and nearly twice the width of the eye, the diameter of which is 5| in the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is wide, but the upper maxillary does not reach the vertical from the front margin of the eye. Prae- operculum with the posterior limb nearly vertical, and with rather stronger denticulations at the angle. Dorsal fin notched, with strong spines, the fourth spine longest, 2| in the length of the head ; the caudal forked. The second anal spine very strong, rather longer than the third, but not quite so long as the fourth spine of the dorsal (in yoimg specimens rather longer). The length of the pectoral is 4^ in the total. Oblique black bands descend from the back along the series of the scales ; dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventral fins blackish.
Coasts of Tropical America.
a-cL Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection. e. Adult. Guatemala. Purchased of Mi-. Frank. /. Half-grown. Puerto CabeUo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
8. HaBmulon album. Ctw. Sr Val. v. p. 241.
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 7/16.
The height of the bodyis 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter, and 2^ in the length of the snout ; the cleft of the mouth is wide, but the upper maxiUary does not reach to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Praeoperculum finely and equally serrated, with the posterior limb nearly vertical. The dorsal fin scarcely notched ; spines moderately strong, the fourth longest, 2i in the length of the head. Caudalis forked. The second and third anal spines nearly equal in length and strength, rather longer than one-half of the foui-th dorsal spine. Coloration uniform (in a dried state) ; no black spot behind the angle of prajopercidum.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Seventeen inches long: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Col- lection.
312 PBISTIPOMATlDiE.
9. Hsemulon xanthopterum.
Haeiuuloii bonariense, Cuv. "^ J'a/. \ . p. l^'U.
xanthopterum, Cuv. Sr Val. v. p. 2-"}4.
heterodon, Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 2^^). pi. 121.
D. 11 I ^^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body is 3 or 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3| or 3|. The snout rather pointed, of moderate length, rather longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3| in the length of the head. The upper maxillary does not fuUy extend to the vertical from the centre of the orbit. The posterior limb of the prcDoperculum is slightly emarginate and minutely denticulated ; the angle Avith rather stronger spinous teeth. The dorsal fin is notched ; the spines are moderately strong ; the fourth the longest, exactly one-half the length of the head. The soft dorsal, the caudal, and anal fins are thickly enveloped by scales. Caudalis forked ; the second anal spine is stronger and longer than the third, and rather longer than the longest of the dorsal. The pectoral fins are tm-ned upwards. Tlie lateral scales hettveen the pectoral Jin and the lateral line are conspicuouslij much larger than the remainder. Coloration uniform, with oblique bands beneath the lateral line ; a deep-black spot is concealed by the angle of the praeoperculum.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a, b. Adult. West Indies.
c. Adult : skeleton. West Indies.
d. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
e-l. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
m. Adult : stuffed. Martinique.
n-y. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection. z. Half-grown : skin. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson,
Esq. a. Half-grown. Puerto CiibeUo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. /5. Half-grown. Old Collection, as Perca chromis. y. Half-grown : stuffed. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
Peritoneum black.
Skeleton. — The system of muciferous channels is more developed than in Fristipoma, but much less than in the true Sci(jemdoe. There are four very distinct openings on the upper part of the skull, between the eyes ; the posterior and smaller pair close together ; the anterior more distant from each other, and close behind the turbinal bone, which, more strongly developed than usual, forms a soHd half- channel. Between these openings there is a deep longitudinal groove, wddening between the turbinal bones to receive the processes of the intermaxillaries. The occipital crest is very prominent, the horizontal portion being wider than the vertical, and extending on the frontal bones ; the latci'al crests are relatively less developed, but very distinct, and the outer one is transformed into a muciferous channel, commencing with an elongate opening above the posterior pait of
6. H^MULON, 313
the orbit. The basisphenoid is distinguished by a very deep longi- tudinal groove, arising from the condyloid process of the basioccipital. • The intermaxillaries are furnished with very elongate posterior processes, much longer than the bone itself. Cuvier might have placed this species in his family of Mcenides wdth greater propriety than several species of Ccesio. The maxillary bone, as in most o( the species of Mcemuhn and Pristipoma, is broadest near its base, where it is hidden below the large praeorbital, the free part being narrow, and nearly of equal width to the posterior extremity. The anterior part of the vomer is slightly swollen and rounded. The mandibulary has four wide cavities below, separated from one another by deUcate transverse bones. The operculum has no prominent point, and is irregularly quadrangular, the posterior side being slightly emarginate. The prseoperculum has the strongest denticiilations at the angle, the posterior margin slightly concave and the inferior convex ; its muci- ferous channel has four wide openings with thin bones between, as in the mandibular channel. The praeorbital is very large, triangular, with the inferior side curved ; three or four muciferous cavities of considerable width. Suprascapula with some denticulations.
The exterior row of the maxillary teeth, as well as of the mandi- bulary, contains several larger conical teeth, and there is also a large tooth at the posterior extremity of the row.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the former portion of the colximn being l-o that of the latter as 1 : 1-44. The first interhaemal is strong, and equals the length of the first eight vertebrae together.
10. Hsemulon caudimacula.
Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 236.
10 7
Caudalis forked. Brownish oblique streaks on the back and sides ; a black spot on each side of the root of the caudal fin ; ventral and anal fijis blackish. (Cuv.)
Coast of Brazil.
11. Hsemulon chrysoptenun.
Catesby, Hist. Nat. Carol, ii. p. 2. pi. 2. f. 1. Perca chrysoptera, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 488 ; Linti. Gm, p. 1314. Lutjanus chrysopterus, Lacep. iv. pp. 186, 226. Haemulon chrysopteron, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 240 ; Dekay, New York Zool. iv. p. 85. pi 7. f. 22; Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 120. pi. 17. f. 1.
^- tS;- ^' I- ^- ^^*' ^^- ^- transv. 6/13. The height of the body is 3|- in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the length of the head, and 1^ in that of the snout. The cleft of the mouth is wide, the upper maxillary reaching nearly to :the vertical from the centre of the eye. The praeoperculum with the posterior limb slightly emar- ginate, and with rather stronger denticulations at the angle. The dorsal fin notched ; spines slender, flexible ; the fourth longest, 2\
314 PEISTIPOMATID^.
in the length of the head. Caudal fin deeply forked ; the second anal spine stronger, but scarcely longer than the third, and much shorter than the fourth of the dorsal. Scales of the pectoral region not larger than the others. Coloration uniform (in spirits), without a black spot behind the angle of the pra^operciilum. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America ; S. Carolina.
a. Adult. "West Indies.
b. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
c-h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. /. Adult: skin. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq. k. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Bahia.
12. Hsemulon chrysargyreum. (Plate XVI, fig. B.) D. 11 I ^. A. |-. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/12.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head nearly four times. The snout is of moderate length and rather shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is moderate, the maxillary scarcely reaching beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Prajoperculum with the posterior limb nearly vertical and finely serrated, the denticulations becoming rather stronger at the angle. Dorsal fin deeply notched, with slender spines, the fourth being the longest and more than one-half of the length of the head. Caudalis deeply forked. The second anal spine rather slender, nearly equal to the following, and one-third the length of the head. Silvery, with five golden parallel longitudinal bands on each side, and a sixth medial one from the crown to the origin of the dorsal ; the spinous dorsal blackish.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener. h. Fine specimen. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
Description. — The upper profile descends in a gentle curve from the fourth dorsal spine to the end of the snout. The body is not very elevated, its greatest depth being 3i in the total length. The head forms nearly one-fourth of the same length, and has the croAvn rather concave and covered with small scales to the nostrils. The distance between the eyes is less than the width of the orbit. The cleft of the mouth is nearly horizontal, with the jaws equal ; the upper maxillary reaches to, or scarcely be^-ond, the anterior margin of the orbit ; it is nearly entirely hidden beneath the praeorbital, the greatest width of which is three-quarters of the diameter of the eye ; the posterior portion of the praeorbital is scaly. The eye is rather large, one-third of the length of the head, and nearer the end of the snout than of the operculum. The posterior limb of the prteoper- culura is very slightly emarginate, or nearly vertical, and finely serrated ; the angle is roundcnl, and armed with rather coarser denti- culations. The operculum has a slight notch posteriorly ; the supra- scapula is hidden by the scales and minutely serrated.
6. HdCMULON. 315
The dorsal fin begins above the base of the pectoral, and terminates above, or a little behind, the end of the anal ; the base of the spinous portion is one-half longer than that of the soft ; both portions are separated by a deep notch. The spines are slender, but not flexible ; the first is two-fifths of the length of the second, the second three- fifths of the third, the third rather shorter than the fifth ; the fourth longest, one-half of the height of the body. The following spines gradually decrease in height to the eleventh ; the twelfth is longer than the preceding, and it belongs apparently to the soft dorsal, being closely attached to the adjacent ray. The soft dorsal is covered with transparent scales from the base to the upper margin, which is nearly straight and obliquely descending backwards ; this portion of the fin is much lower than the spinous. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is shorter than the base of the soft dorsal. The caudalis is deeply forked, the upper lobe (which is rather longer than the lower) being 4| in the total length, and three times as long as one of the middle and shortest rays. Series of small scales extend over one-half of the lobes. The distance between the caudal and anal fins equals the length of the base of the soft dorsal. The origin of the anal falls below the second dorsal ray, the end a little before the vertical from the end of the dorsal. The first spine is small ; the second and third are nearly equal, and rather stronger than the dorsal spines, the eighth of Avhlch they equal in length. The soft portion of the fin has the margin slightly emarginate, and is thickly covered with minute scales ; it is higher than the soft dorsal, the first ray being nearly one-half of the length of the head. The pec^ toral fin is slightly pointed, scaly at the base only, and nearly one- sixth of the total length. The ventral is much shorter ; its base falls immediately behind that of the pectoral ; the spine is two-thirds the length of the first ray ; there is a narrow series of minute scales along the outer side of each ray.
The scales are of moderate size, one of the largest covering one- sixth of the eye ; they are finely serrated, and rather higher than long.
The teeth form villiform bands, with the outer series of the upper jaw containing rather larger ones.
The colours are beautifully preserved in the specimen from Trinidad. The ground-colour is silvery, with a greyish-green hue on the back. A narrow golden longitudinal streak descends from the origin of the dorsal to the centre of the crown. There are on each side five golden, parallel, longitudinal bands, not much narrower than the intermediate stripes of the ground-colour : the first from the snout above the eye to the middle of the base of the soft dorsal ; the second from the upper margin of the orbit crossing the lateral line to the en J of the dorsal ; the third from the posterior margin of the orbit along the middle of the body ; the fourth from the inferior margin of the orbit across the base of the pectoral to the base of the lower caudal lobe ; the fifth from the inferior margin of the praeorbital to the end of the anal. The upper part of the iris and the inside of the mouth are red. The dorsal and caudal fins blackish ; the spinous portion of the
316 PEISTIPOMATID^.
former is of deeper black on the marginal half ; the anal and ventral fins citrine ; pectoral colourless, with the axil blackish. All these coloiirs are changed into a uniform yellowish in dried specimens.
inches, lines.
Total length 5 10
Height of the body 1 8
Length of the head 1 6
Diameter of the eye 0 6
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 10
of the eleventh dorsal spine 0 4
of the third dorsal ray 0 7
of the upper caudal lobe 1 3
of the second anal spine 0 6
of the first anal ray 0 8
of the pectoral 1 0
of the ventral 0 10
of a large scale 0 2
Height of a large scale 0 2^
13. Haemulon quadrilineatum.
? Capeuna, Maryr. p. 155 (fiff. p. 163).
Granunistes trivittatus, Bl. bchn. p. 188.
Serraniis capeuna, Licht. Berl. Ahhandl. 1820, p. 288.
Haemulon quadrilineatum, Cut: Sf Vol. v. p. 238. pi. 120
D. 1^. K.^.
14 8
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is somewhat less than one-fourth of the total. The upper maxillary reaches to the front margin of the orbit. The dorsal spines not very strong ; caudalis forked ; the second anal spine stronger and longer than the third. Two brown bands along nearly all the side of the body — one above, the other along the lateral hne ; a short browoi streak between the upper band and the spinous dorsal, another along the side of the head above the orbit ; two broad golden longi- tudinal bands from the eye and muzzle beneath the lateral line ; dorsal and caudal fins grejash brown. {Cuv.)
S. Domingo.
14, Hsemulon aurolineatum.
Cuv. 8f Val. V. p. 237 ; Casteln. Anhn. noia: oh rarcs Andr. du Sud, Poiss. p. 11.
D. J|. A. |. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 7/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 1^ in the length of the snout, and 3i in that 9f the head. The cleft of the mouth is wide, the upper maxillary reaching to below the centre of the eye. Pneoper- culum with the posterior limb vertical, aiul with rather stronger denticulations at the angle. The dorsal fin w ith a notch ; the si)inos rather slemirr ; the fourth longest, rather less than one-half the
7. HAPALOGENYS. 317
length of the head. Caudalis deeply forked ; the second anal spine rather longer and stronger than the third, but much shorter than the fourth of the dorsal. On each side two brown longitudinal bands, one from the vertex to the end of the dorsal, the other beneath the lateral line from the eye to the middle of the tail ; a large brown spot on each side of the base of the caudal. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Pemambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
7. HAPALOGENYS.
Hapalogenys, Richards. Aim. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiii. p. 463, and
Ichthyol. Sulph. p. 84. Pogonias, sp., Temrn. ^- Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 59.
Form of the body compressed, elevated. Eye moderate. Cleft of the mouth horizontal. Mandibula inferiorly with several pores, hidden by crowded, barbel-like papillae. Pi-aeoperculum serrated ; operculum with short spines. Six branchiostegals. One dorsal, with eleven spines, the anal with three ; all the spines very strong. Caudal convex. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages in small number. Pseudobranchise. The lower pharyngeal bones separated.
Chinese and Japanese Seas,
1. Hapalogenys n^^pinnis.
Pogonias nigripinnis, Temm. 4" Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 59. pi. 25
^ot good). Hapalogenys nitens, Richards. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiii.
p. 463, and Ichthyol. Sulph. p. 84. pi. 43. f. 1, 2. ? Hapalogenys maculatus, RicJiards. Ichth. China, p. ^5.
B. 6. D.y^. A.^. L.lat.65. L. transv. 11/25. Cac.pylor.4.
The fourth dorsal spine longest, nearly one-half the length of the head ; the second anal spine rather more than one-half of the fourth of the dorsal fin. Coloration uniform reddish grey ; fins blackish.
Chinese Seas.
a. Adult : stufied. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Sir John Richardson mentions, in his ' Report on the Ichthyologj^ of the Seas of China and Japan,' four specimens in the" British Museum Collection — types of four species of Hapalogenys : —
1. The typical specimen of H. analis.
2. A specimen in spirits (4|" long), representing H. nitens. This is, without any doubt, the original of the figure in the * Voyage of the Sulphur.'
3. A specimen of H. maculatus. There is no such specimen in the
318 PEISTIPOMATIDiE.
Collection, Having established the species from the figure of Reeves, he has probably, by some mistake, referred the second specimen to this species. Not trusting in species established from figures, I consider H. maculatus as a very doubtful species — if not merely a young individual of H. nitens.
4. This specimen (9" long) is stated to have been received " from Berlin as Pogonias melanopterus, out of Biirger's Collection." In fact it has been purchased with that name, of Mr. Frank, who received it from the Ley den Museum. Doubtless it is one of the specimens on which P. nigripinnis of the ' Fauna Japonica ' was founded, and is of great value, because it proves that the figure given in that work is very faxilty, representing the upper profile of the tead much too concave, the dorsal spines too slender, the barbels too long, and the coloration too dark ; consequently the figure is of no use for determining the species. But, moreover, that specimen proves the unmistakeable identity of Pogonias nigripinnis and of Hapalogenys nitens ; and I am surprised that Sir J. Richardson did uot arrive at the same result, having seen both the specimens. The figure in the ' Ichthyology of the Sulphur ' is a perfectly true repre- sentation of the species.
2. Hapalogenys mucronatns.
Pristipoma mucronatura, Eydoux ^ Souleyet, Voy. de la Bonite, Zool.
p. 161. pi. 2. f. 1 (1841). Hapalogenys analis, Richards. I. c, Sf Ichth. Sulph. p. 85. pi. 43. f. 2.
B. 6. D. 1^. A. |-. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 11/23.
The third dorsal spine and the second of the anal exceedingly long and strong, the former three-quarters of the length of the head ; the anal sj)ine two-thirds of that of the dorsal. Body with dark cross-bands* ; the soft dorsal and the caudal black- edged.
China Seas.
a. Stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
8. DIAGRAMMA.
Diagramma, Chcv. Bigne Anim. ; Cuv. & Val. v. p. 290. Plectorhynchus, (LacSp.) Cafitor, Catat. p. 77.
Form of the body compressed, oblong, with the upper profile of the head parabolic. Cleft of the mouth Small, horizontal. Eye moderate. Procopcrculum serrated ; suborbitals without any spines. Six or seven branchiostegals. No canine teeth. Four or six pores under the mandibula, but no larger groove. One dorsal, with nine to fourteen spines ; three anal spine*j. Caudal not forked. Scales ctenoid, rather small, in the first sp(>cies moderate. Swim-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in small number.
From the Red Sea through all the Ea.st Indian feeas to the Pacific. One species in the Mediterranean.
* They ait not more visible in the specimen in the British Museum Collection.
8. DIAGKAMMA. 319
1. Diagramma gibbosum.
Diagramma gibbosus, (^Hombr, Sc Jacq.) Guichen. Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss. p. 46. pi. 5. f. 2.
D. 15. A. K
18 8
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head nearly four times. The distance of the caudal fin from the dorsal is longer than the height of the tail beneath the end of the dorsal (according to the figure). Dorsal fin notched, with strong spines ; caudalis subtruncated ; the second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third ; the fourth dorsal spine longest. Uni- form greenish. (Guichen.)
Samoa (Polynesia?).
2. Diagramma crassispiuum. Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 125. taf. 30. f. 4.
The height of the body is 2-2 in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is much longer than the height of the tail below the end of the doi-sal (according to the figure). Dorsal fin notched, with strong spines ; the fourth dorsal spine longest, 2^ in the height of the body ; the second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third. Caudalis truncated. Uniform blackish; fins black. {Rupp.)
Red Sea.
3. Diagramma afl&ne. (Plate XIX. fig. A.)
? Diagramma crassispinum, Bleek, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen. p. 26 (not Rilpp.).
D. Ji. A. |-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 9/16.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is less than the height of the tail below the end of the dorsal. Dorsal fin notched, with strong spines, the fourth of which is the strongest, 2i in the height of the bodj' ; the second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third. Caudalis slightly convex. Uniform brownish ; the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins black.
Coasts of N.W. Australia ; East Indian Archipelago.
a. Adult : very bad state. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson. h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult : deformed. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq,
h. Fine specimen. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
Description. — This species is closely allied to D. crassispinum,
320 PRISTIPOMATID^.
Riipp., from which, however, it must be distinguished, on account of its shorter and higher tail. One might also suppose it to be iden- tical with Pristipoma nigrum, of which we find a bad description by Cuvier in the Hist. Nat. des Poissons: but oiu- fish, ha\4ng no central groove beneath the chin, cannot be referred to Pristipoma. The form of the body is very compressed and elevated, its greatest depth being 2| in the total length. The upper profile is nearly straight along the base of the spinous dorsal, but it descends steeply along that of the soft, and still more from the origin of the dorsal to the snout. The lower profile is nearly straight between the snout and the anal fin. The length of the head is 3f in the total ; it is very compressed, the distance between the eyes being one-half only of the width of the orbit. The snout is short, but elevated ; the cleft of the mouth horizontal, rather narrow, the upper maxillary extend- ing to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit ; all the snout scaleless. The nostrils are situated immediately before the e5-e ; they are rather distant from each other, and nearly equal in wndth. The diameter of the eye is 3^ in the length of the head, and longer than the greatest width of the prseorbital. The pra^operculum is distinctly serrated, and covered with scales to the margin ; its posterior limb is nearly vertical and twice as long as the inferior ; the angle is rounded. The operculum has a crescent-shaped notch between two obtuse points. The suprascapula is serrated.
The dorsalis begins above the suprascapula and terminates a little behind the anal ; the length of the base of the spinous dorsal is nearly twice as long as that of the soft. The spines are strong, and broader on one side than on the other : the first is two-fifths of the length of the second, the second three-fifths of the third ; the fourth is the longest, and 2 j in the height of the body ; the following decrease in length to the thirteenth, the last being a little longer than the pre- ceding, and about equal to the second. The soft dorsal has a rounded upper margin, the middle rays being the highest, but rather shorter than the fourth dorsal spine. All the fin is scaleless, and moves in a scaly sheath. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is nearly one-half the length of the base of the soft dorsal, and less than the height of the tail below the end of that fin. The caudal fin is slightly rounded, scaly at the base, and its length 5| in the total. The distance between the caudal and anal fins equals the length of the base of the latter. The origin of the anal fin falls vertically below the fourth dorsal spine, and its end a little before that of the dorsal ; the spines are very strong : the first is one-third of the length of the second, the second is 2| in the height of the body ; the third is one-third shorter than the former, and broader on the right side than on the left. The soft portion is shorter than the spinous, and the whole fin moves in a scaly sheath. The pectoral is rounded, and short(;r than the ventral, the length of which is 4| in the total ; it reaches to the vent, and its ba.se is situated posteriorly to that of the pectoral.
The scales are of moderate size, one of the largest covering about one-fourth of the eye : they are finely ciliated, and about as high as
8. DI AGRA MM A. 321
long. Those above the hiteral line are rather smaller than those below it, therefore the number" of transverse series of scales below that line is less (45). The curvature of the lateral line follows that of the back.
The coloration is uniform brownish, the breast white ; all the fins, except the pectorals and the caudal, are black. The caudal and the margin of the soft dorsal and anal are white (in spirits).
inches, lines.
Total length 4 3
Height of the body 1 y
of the tail below the end of the
dorsal 0 6
Distance between dorsal and caudal fins. . 0 4| '
Length of the head 1 3
Diameter of the eye 0 4|
T/cngth of the fourth dorsal spine 0 9
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 3|
of the fifth dorsal ray 0 8
of the second anal spine 0 8|
of the pectoral 0 9
of the ventral 0 11
of a large scale 0 2
Height of a large scale 0 2 j
4. Diagramma griseum. Our. Sf Val. v. p. 306.
D.i-J. A.f Vert. 10/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine strong. Uniform greyish. {Cuv.)
Coast of Malabar.
5. Diagramma pertusum.
I^rca pertusa, Thiinberg, Nya Handl. Stockh. 1793, xiv. p. 198. pi. 7.
f. 1 (sec. Block) Lutjanus pertusus, Bl. Schn. p. 328. Diagramma thunbergii, Cuv. t^ Val. v. p. 308.
D '" A '
Uniform brownish (in a dried state). Japanese Sea.
6. Diagramma mediterraneum. Guichen. Explor. Alyer. Rept. et Puiss. p. 45. pi. 3.
17 9
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. Dorsalis nearly even, caudalis forked. Uniform greyish ; fins blackish brown. (Gidch.)
Coast of Algiers.
r
322 PRISTIPOMATIDJE.
7. Diagramma centurio.
Cuv. ^ Val. V. p. 308.
D.l?. A.f
Brownish grey ; neck, back, dorsal and caudal fins dotted with brown. (Cuv.)
Seychelles.
8. Diagramma shotaf.
Seisena shotaf, Forsk. p. 51.
Diagramma shotaf, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 126, and N. W. Fische, p. 125 ; ? Cfuv. 4- Val. V. p. 305.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-foiirth. The height of the soft dorsal is one-half of the greatest depth of the body. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine longer and thicker than the third. Grey, with blackish fins, and two light-blue streaks from the eye on the prseoperculum.
Red Sea.
9. Diagramma fcetela.
Seisena fcetela, Forsk. p. 51.
Diagramma flavo-macidatum, (Fhrenb.) Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 304 ; Rupp.
Atl. Fische, p. 127. fcetela, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 305 (adult) ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 125.
D.i A,l.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head nearly one-fourth. Along the back two series of rounded yellowish spots ; across the opercles several yellowisli longitudinal bands, continued on the body, but interrupted, and forming spots on the posterior half ; the dorsal fin with a yello\Adsh margin and two series of yellowish spots ; caudal and anal fins spotted with yellow. Uniform with age. •
Red Sea.
10. Diagramma gaterina.
Seisena gaterina, Forsk. p. 50. Renard, fol. 3. f. 17. Holocentrus gaterina, Lacep, iv. p. 347.
Diagramma gaterina, Cuv. i<f Val. v. p. 301. pi. 125 ; Riipp. Atl. Fische, taf. 32. f. 1.
^' ''■ ^- iSb- ^- f ^'- ^^^- ^^- ^- ^^^^«^- 12/25. Vert. 11/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head nearly one-fourth. The third spine of the dorsal fin and the following four or five nearly equal in height. Caudalis tnin- cated ; the second anal spine stronger, but not much longer, than the third. Body and vertical fins with numerous blackish-brown spots.
Red Sea.
8. DIAGRAMMA. 32 'j
a. Adult. Red Sea, From the Senckenberg Museum.
b. Adult: stuffed.
The fish mentioned by Sir J. Richardson {Ichthyol. China, p. 227) cannot belong to this species, its numbers being — D. p. A. — .
11. Diagramma pardalis.
Diagramma pardalis, {Kuhl 8f v. Hasselt) Cuv. 4* Val. v. p. 300. D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 12/22.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 4^ in the length of the head, and one-half of that of the snout. The upper maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Prae- operculum with the posterior limb vertical, and the angle rounded, fixiely and equally serrated. The dorsal fin cannot be entirely con- cealed in a scaly sheath ; it is deeply notched, with the middle part of the soft portion elevated ; the spines are moderate, the fourth the longest, and 2| in the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal in length, but the former stronger. Head, body, and vertical fins covered with numerous round brown spots ; the spinous dorsal edged '^^'ith deep black ; pec- toral and ventral fins blackish, the former dotted with brown.
Javanese Sea.
a. Large specimen (15").
6. Large specimen : not good state : has been in chloride of zinc.
Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state.
12. Diagramma punctatum.
Diagramma punctatum, (Ehrenb.) Cuv. &• Val. v. p. 302 ; Faun. Japan.
Poiss. p. 60; Rilpp. Atl Fische, p. 126. taf. 32. f. 2, and N. W.
Fische, p. 125 ; Quoy &■ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. pi. 12. f. 2. p. 699 * ;
Cuv. likgne Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 30. f. 3 ;' Bleeker, Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. xxiii. Sci(sn. p. 25 (not synonymy). Holocentrus radjabou, Lacep. iv. pp. 335, 374. Diagramma cinerascens, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 307 (adult) ; R'dpp. Atl.
p. 127.
B. 7. D. ^. A. I- L. lat. 85. Vert. 12/15.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4i. The width of the eye is scarcely longer than the extent of the snout, and 3| in the length of the head. The \ipper maxiUary extends to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. , Prae- operculum with the posterior limb vertical, and the angle rounded, finely and equally serrated. The dorsal fin moves in a high scaly sheath, and is even or slightly notched ; the spines are moderate, the second and third the longest, half the length of the head. Cau-
* These natui-aliists giVe the following numbers : B. 5. D. — . A. — , &c. (!)
Y 2
;j24 pniSTiroMATiDj*:.
diilis truncated; the second und third anal spines nearly equuUy strong, the latter rather longer. Body and vertical fins with nu- merous hrown spots, disappearing with age ; the dorsal and aiud fins with a hlack margin. Sometimes light longitudinal streaks at the side of the head.
Red Sea ; Trincomalee ; Seas of Java and Vanicolo ; Sea of China.
a. Adult : stuflfed. Red Sea. From the Senckcnberg Museum.
6. Adult: skin. Ceylon. Presented by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
c. Adidt. China.
d. Adult. China.
e. f. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Half-grown: stuffed. From theCollection of the Zoological Society. h. Adult: skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
The air-hlathler has been described* as simple, but a closer ex- amination has shown me that there arc several slender horns in front and on the sides of the anterior quarter. Their number differs in diffei'cnt individuals from five to eight. They are rather short, and, reaching hdtvecn the musclea of the abdominal cavity, have here the very peculiar ])urpose of fixing the air-bladder ; they decrease in length posteriorly, and are hollow.
Skeleton. — The maxillanj bone scarcely widens at its posterior extremity, but it has the inferior angle produced ; the interma-cciUary is a little shorter, and has a flat prominence posteriorly, and a deej) notch between tliis prominence and the process ; its postei'ior process is broader and stronger than the Ixme itself, and of aboui the same length, but does not extend to the level of the orbit. The vomer has antei-iorly an angular transverse ridge, as in species with a toothed vomer ; its posterior portion is longitudinally grooved. The mandihula is elevated, but short, its length slightly exceeding the width of the orbit ; the muciferous channel, which is contained in the lower part of the bone, is nearly entirely closed by the bone, there being two or three small openings only, as is the case with neaily all the rest of the system of muciferous channels. The turhinal bones are very elongate, tubuliform, with a long slit posteriorly and a small opening in front ; there is a wide interspace between these bones to receive the posterior processes of the intermaxillaries. The free margin of the 2>olafine bone has nearly a vertical direction ; the ptei-ygoid reaches to the mandibulary joint, and terminates in a small prominent knob. The pre-, meso -, and epitympanic form together an oblong plate, with a central impression and a wide opening between the pre- and epityriipanic.
The occijrital crest is very elevated, its horizontal portion being nearly three times as wide as the vertical, and extending to the level of the anterior margin of the orbit. There are, besides, two similar crests on each side from the orbit to the scapulaiy ; they are very developed, the outer being lower and muciferous, and the inner con- tinued into the upper orbital edge, which is likewise elevated. There arc two pairs of openings of moderate width at the anterior extre- » Riipp. Atl. p. 120.
M III Mill \ IVI l\l A .
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326 PRISTIPOMATIDJE.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult. China.
d. Half-grown. China.
e. Adult; skeleton. China.
/. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Adult: skin. Nepal? Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
14. Diagramma chaetodonoides.
Plectorhynchus chaetodonoides, Lacep. ill. p. 136, ii. pi. 13. f. 2. Lutjanus chsetodonoides, Lacep. iv. pp. 195, 243. Chsetodon plectorhynchus, UShaw, Zool. iv. p. 356. pi. 49. Diagramma plectorhynchus, Cuv. 8f Val v. p. 294 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen. p. 24.
B. 7. D. ||. A. ^. Case, pylor. 12.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length. The dorsal spines of moderate length and strength, the second of the anal fin rather long and strong. Brownish black, with nine white blotches on each side, each with a blackish centre. The soft dorsal and the anal white, with black spots ; the spinous dorsal blackish, with a whitish margin ; pectoral and ventral fins black.
Sea of Batavia.
Cuvier considers a fish in the Collection of the Leyden Museum as a variety of this species : it has a whitish ground-colour, the back marbled with blackish ; a whitish spot in front of the ventral tins, another behind the pectoral, a third, round, above the anal, and a foiu-th, square, occupying the tail ; the vertical fins black-spotted.
15. Dia^amma pica.
Seha, iii. 26. 31.
Diagramma pica, Cuv. i^ Val. v. p. 297.
D. i?. A. |-. L. lat. 85.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length ; the dorsal spines one-fourth of the height of the body. Three large white spots on each side, one across the muzzle, one across the neck, and a third near the end of the spinous dorsal ; belly and lower parts of the sides white, notched by the black coloration of the back. Dorsal fin black, above the white spot white; caudal white, with irregular black bands and spots. {Cuv.)
Sea of Otaheiti.
16. Diagramma orientale.
Anthias orientalis, Bloch, taf. 326. f. 3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 306. Lutjanus aurantius, Lacep. iv. p. 239. Serranus orientalis, Cue. 4* Val. ii. p. 318.
8. DIAGBAMMA. 327
Diagramma orientale, Cuv. 6f Val. v. p. 299. pi. 124 ; Sleeker.. Verh.
Bat. Gen. xxiii. Sci<sn. p. 23. sibbaldii, Betm. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 182.
D.jii-^. A.|. L.lat.65.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4^. Dorsal fin notched ; spines moderate, the second anal spine stronger and longer than the third. A white spot across the muzzle, another across the neck, a third near the end of the spinous dorsal, a fourth round the tail ; belly of white colour, extending on several parts of the side of the body; dorsal fin black, above the white spots white. Caudal white, with a black longitudinal streak, and with blackish margins.
Seas of Ceylon and Bali.
a. Half-grown. Ceylon. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Type of Diagramma sibbaldii.
17. Diagramma pictum.
Seba, iii. 26. 32 (very bad).
Perca picta, Thunb. Nya Handl. xiii. p. 141. pi. 5.
Grammistes pictus, Bl. Schn. p. 190.
Lutjanus pictus, Lacep. v. pp. 687, 688.
Diagramma pictum, Cuv. i^ Val. v. p. 315 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 62 ;
Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 227. PlectorhjTichus balteatus, Cant. Catal. p. 78.
D. 9ii?. A. I- L, lat. ca. 95. C«c. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3g in the total length, the length of the head 45 ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the latter. The dorsal fin is slightly notched, and has the second spine elevated, |^ or f of the greatest depth of the body. Caudalis convex. The second anal spine stronger and a httle longer than the third. BeUy yellowish ; back and sides brown, with foiu' (in varieties with less or more) white longitudinal bands. The fii'st from the muzzle along the median line of the crown, bifurcating on the neck into two bands, one on each side ; the lateral part runs to the anterior part of the soft dorsal, sending upwards a vertical portion to the first three dorsal spines. The second band) broader, from the nostril above the eye to the back of the tail, continued on the last rays of the dorsal, as well as on the upper part of the caudal. The third from the lower margin of the orbit to the lower part of the caudal. The fourth, indistinct from the yellowish coloration of the belly, from the snout to behind the anal fin. The spinous dorsal black, between the first three spines white ; the soft portion with a broad white longitudinal band, and with the posterior rays white. The caudal with a broad black median band, and with two oblique ones of the same colour on each lobe ; the anterior half of the anal black," the remainder white ; pectoral colourless, ventral black in the outer half.
Coast of Pondicherry ; SeasofPinang, Java, and Amboyna ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
328 PRISTIPOMATTBvE.
a. Half- grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b. Half-grown. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. ArabojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half- grown.
e. Young. From the Haslar Collection. /, g. Half- grown : dried : not good state.
There can be no doubt that the fish described by Dr. Cantor as Plectorhynchus halteatus belongs to the tj^iical form of Diagramma pictiim. He appears to have been misled by his specimens exhibiting twenty-three rays of the dorsal, and the length of the second dorsal spine being contained | in the depth of the body, which is really more in accordance with Cuv^er's description of Diagromma halteatum. But, on the other hand, the coloration is exactly the same as in D. pictum, and differing from D. balteatum ; and Cuvier does not men- tion anything about the height of the dorsal spines of D. jjidum. In fact, the height of these spines appears to vary very much ; and I fully believe that D. balteatum is a variety of D. pictum, so that Dr. Cantor's mistake appears to be of no great consequence.
Var. A.
h, i. Adult. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jcrdon, Esq.
I consider these two specimens as a variety of D. pictum. The form of the body is the same, the second anal spine three-fifths of the height of the body. Six white longitudinal bands on each side : the first as in the typical specimens ; the second (additional) narrow and short from the crown of the head, lost on the anterior third of the body ; the third like the second in the tjq^e ; the fourth (addi- tional) from tiio middle of the eye to the root of the caiidal ; the fifth and sixth like the third and fourth in the type. On the dorsal the white band of the soft portion is continued on the spinous ; the membrane between the first three spines white ; on the other fins the black colour predominates ; pectorals colourless. These speci- mens have nine dorsal spines.
Var. B. Diagramma balteatum.
Diagramma balteatum, (Kuhl ^- v. Hass.) Cuv. ^ Vol. v. p. 316. D.!S. A.f
The height of the body is 85 in the total length, the length of the head 4i. The dorsal fin is slightly notched, and the second spine is I as high as the body. Caudalis convex. Belly yellowish ; back and sides brown, with a white spot beneath the first three dorsal spines. One white band from above the eye to the upper half of the caudal ; the remainder of the caudal black. Dorsal black, with a white longitudinal band along the middle, and with the posterior part white.
Sea of Java.
k, I. Half-grown. China or Borneo? Presented by Sir Kdward Belcher.
8. DIAGRAMMA. 329
18. Diagramma pcBcilopterum.
Diagramma poecilopterum, Cuv. i^ Val v. p. 314 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 61.
23 5
White, with six or seven black longitudinal bands, alternately complete and interrupted; dorsal and caudal with round or irre- gular black spots ; anal and ventrals black.
Coast of Pondicherry ; Trincomalee ; Molucca Sea ; Japanese Sea.
19. Diagramma lessonii.
Cuv. Sf Val. V. p. 313 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii, p. 199. pi. 24 (bad) • Bleek. Batav. p. 463.
B. 6. J).'^. A. I L.lat. 90.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the latter. DorsaUs even, the third, fourth and fifth spines longest^ 2| in the length of the head. CaudaUs truncated ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third. Back and sides blackish brown, with five white longitudinal bands (on the head six) ; belly whitish. All the bands meet those of the other side on the crown and muzzle : the first from the nape to the first dorsal rays ; the second from the crown to the middle of the base of the soft dorsal ; the third from the upper margin of the orbit to the back of the tail ; the fourth from the lower posterior angle of the orbit to the middle of the root of the caudal ; the fifth from the lower margin of the orbit to the lower part of the tail ; the sixth on the head only, from the snout to the base of the pectoral. The spinous dorsal blackish brown, with a serrated, white, broad longitudinal band, continuing near and along the upper margin of the soft dorsal, but narrower. The soft dorsal yellowish, with a brownish-black narrow edge, besides the white band and large round brown spots ; doi-sal and anal largely spotted ^vith brown ; pectoral not coloured ; ventral with the outer half brown.
Waigiou ; Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
20. Diagramma blochii.
Anthias diagramma, Bl. tab. 320. Grammistes diagi-amma, Bl. Schn. p. 184. Spams diagramma, Shaw, Zool, iv. p. 440. pi. 65. Diagramma blochii. Cut: 4" Val. v. p. 312. Plectorhynchus blochii, Cantor, Catal. p. 77.
B.6. D.- A.f
The second, third and fourth dorsal spines equal or even slightly exceed one-half of the height of the body ; the second and third anal spines equal the length of the tenth dorsal spine, and slightly exceed one-third of the height pf the body. YeUow : from between Ihc eyes
330 PBlSTIPOMATIDaC.
a longitudinal brown band following the back, continuing above the base of the soft dorsal fin ; a second from the muzzle above the orbit, dividing in two portions, which again unite above the middle of the pectoral fin, and continue straight to the posterior part of the soft dorsal ; a third, the broadest, from the eye straight to the root of the caudal ; a fourth, imder and parallel to the latter ; a fifth and sixth, of lighter brown, from the muzzle to the posterior part of the abdo- men ; a seventh, similar, from the gill-opening to the posterior part of the root of the caudal fin. The margin of the dorsal black ; be- tween the root of the third and fourth dorsal spines a black spot ; from the point of the second to the base of the eighth spine, a broad oblique black band, continuing straight to the middle of the soft dorsal, where it unites with the first band of the body, and thus con- tinues to the posterior part of the fin ; caudal orange, with scattered irregular black spots ; anal and ventral greyish, posterior part black ; pectorals orange, with a black band across the root, the centre, and the point. (Cant.)
Seas of Ceylon and Pinang.
? a. Adult : skin : not good state. East Indies.
21. Diagramma albovittatuin.
MiippeU, N. W. Fische, p. 125. taf. 31. f. 2 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. htdo- Nederl. i. Man. en Makass. p. 46.
B. 6. D. j|. A. g^^. L. lat. 75-80.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times. Dorsal fin nearly even, caudal slightly rounded. Brown, with three white bands on each side: the first from the vertex along the base of the spinous dorsal to the last dorsal spine ; the second from above the eye to the back of the tail ; the third from below the eye to the inferior side of the tail. Fins yellowish ; the soft dorsal with two brown longitudinal bands; the caudal fin with a median band, and two oblique ones on each lobe, all of a brown colour.
Red Sea ; Sea of Manado.
22. Diagramma lineatum.
Seba, ill. 27. 18; Benn. Cinjl. Fish. p. 13. f. 13. Perca diagramma, L. Gm. p. 1319.
lineata, L. Gm. p. 1319.
Sciffina lineata, L. 3fus. Ad. Frid. i. 31. f. 4.
abu mgaterin, Foisk. p. 51.
Grammistes lineatus, Bl. Schn. p. 180.
Diagramma lineatum, Cuv. <$• Val. v. p. 309 ; Bleek. Amhoina, iii. p. 22.
B. f>. D. 1?. A. |. L. lat. 75.
20 7
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4^. The fourth dorsal spine longest, about half the depth of the body ; caudalis rounded ; the second anal spine longer than the
8. DIAGRAMMA. 331
third. Brown, with six yellowish longitudinal bands : the first along the middle of the neck and occiput ; the second from the eye to the middle of the base of the soft dorsal ; the third, broader, from the eye to the back of the taU, and continuing on the caudal ; the fourth from the eye to the root of the caudal ; the fifth from the snout to the lower pa^t of the caudal ; the sixth from the mouth to the anal. Fins yellow ; the anal and dorsal fins with a basal and marginal black band, the basal of the latter widening posteriorly, and extend- ing to the top of the soft portion ; caudal fin with a median black band, and with two other oblique ones on each lobe ; pectoral with three spots, ventral with one large brown spot.
23. Diagramma radja
Sleeker, Atnboina, iv. p. 366.
B. 6. D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 75.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the latter ; the fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, one-third of the height of the body. Caudalis rounded ; the second anal spine longer than the third. Yellow, with eight or nine black longitudinal bands, the fourth of which runs from the eye to the caudal. The spinous dorsal with a basal and with a marginal black band, continued on the soft portion ; the caudal with a median longitudinal band, and with foui* or five obHque streaks above and beneath; the anal with some blackish spots; pectoral with a blackish spot at the base; ventral imma- culate. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
24. Diagramma sebse.
Seba, iii. 27. 17.
Diagramma sebae, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen, p. 24.
D.Jf. A.|. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3-3| in the latter. The second, third and foiirth dorsal spines are the longest, and 2| or three times in the height of the body, the last is the shortest ; the second spine of the anal tin longest, and one-third of the height of the body, Caudalis truncated. Yellowish, with seven brown longitu- dinal bands ; the vertical fins black-edged and spotted with blackish ; pectoral and ventral fins yeUow, the former with -a red spot at the base. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia and Banda Neira.
25. Diagramma goldmanui.
Bleeker, Ternate, ii. p. 602.
B. 6. D. ||. A. J. L. lat. 65-70, The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of the
332 PElSTirOMATID^.
head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the latter ; the third and foiu'th dorsal spines longest, nearly one-third of the height of the body. Caudahs truncated ; the second anal .spine scarcely longer than the third. Yellow, wath ten or eleven blackish- brown obUque longitudinal bands edged with blue : the first from the middle of the nape to the base of the fourth dorsal spine ; the second and third from above the head to the base of the spinous dorsal ; the fourth, fifth and sixth from the eye to the base of the soft dorsal ; the seventh from below the eye to the end of the dorsal ; the eighth from below the eye to the caudal ; the ninth from the mouth to the caudal ; the tenth along the belly. Dorsal fin above black-edged, and with a series of round black spots. Caudal and anal fins without bands, with a few large black spots ; pectoral and ventral fins immaculate, above the base of the former a large san- guineous spot. (M.) Sea of Temate.
26. Diagramma haematochir. Blecker in Natuurk, Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1854, p. 175. B. 6. D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter ; the third and fourth dorsal spines longest, nearly one-thii'd of the height of the body. Caudalis truncated. Yellowish; tne snout brownish, with two white, curved cross-bands between the eyes ; on each side about seventeen oblique blackish -brown bands : one along the middle of the neck, eight from the head to the back, and the others from the side of the belly to the back ; no bands below the eye. The vertical fins black-edged ; the spinous dorsal with one series of blackish- brown spots, the soft with two ; caudalis with numerous, analis with scarce spots. A large sanguineous spot above the base of the pectoral fin. {Bl.)
Sea of Temate.
27. Diagramma polytaenia.
Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 756 (not Solor, p. 08).
B. 6. D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 100.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 41 ; the diameter of the eye is 3|^ in the latter ; the third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, one-third of the height of tlie body. Caudfdis truncated ; the second anal spine longer than the third. Yellow, with nine bluish-white longitudinal bands edged with black, the four upper ones terminating at the base of the dorsal, the four next at the caudal, the lowest near the anus. {BI.)
Sea of Macassar. (Port Essington.)
a. ? Adult : skin : not good state. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
8. DIAGUAMMA. 33;1
28. Diagramma polytaenioides.
Diagramnifi polytainia, Blevk. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nedcrl. Inrlir, v. j-i. 08
(not /. r. iii. p. 755). polyUenioide-s, Bleek. I. c. vi. p. 377.
B. 6. D. ^. A..|. L. lat. 85.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is 3 1 or 3| in the latter. The fourth dorsal spine longest, rather longer than one-third of the height of the body ; the second anal spine longer than the third. Yellow, with nine bluish-white longitudinal bands edged with brown ; the three upper ones running from the croAvn to the base of the dorsal fin ; the fourth, fifth and sixth from the side of the head to the caudal fin ; the seventh and eighth from the head to the anal ; the ninth from the head to the belly. The caudal brownish violet, with nine or ten oblique bluish-white streaks ; the other fins yellow ; the pectorals with three brownish cross-bars ; the anal with two or three white oblique bands ; the soft portion of the dorsal wdth three brown longitudinal bands.
Sea of 8olor ; Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mi-. Frank. — I consider this specimen as a variety of D. j^oli/hvuioides;. It has six white longitudinal bands only, but the same numbers of the fins, thf- same spinous dorsal fin of nearly uniform j-ellow, and two cross- bars on the pectorals.
29. Diagramma chrysotaenia.
Bleeker, Celebes, viii. p. 30o.
B. G. D. i2. A.l. L. lat. 65.
JO /
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-third, of the length of the head. Caudalis subtruncated ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third. Above bluish ; on each side eight orange-coloured longitudinal bands : the fii'st from the neck along the base of the spinous dorsal, continuing on the soft portion of this fin ; the second from the forehead, extending on the posterior quarter of the soft dorsal ; the third from the snout above the eye and the lateral line to the back of the tail ; the fourth from the eye to the upper half of the root of the caudal ; the fifth from the eye to the middle of the caudal ; the sixth from below the eye to the lower half of the root of the caudal ; the seventh from the mouth to the lower margin of the caudal ; the eighth from the mouth to the base of the anal. A median yellow band from the snout to the origin of the dorsal. The dorsal and caudal fins brown-edged ; the spinous portion of the former with two, the soft with three yellow longitu- dinal bands ; the other fins yellow. {Bl.)
Sea of Macassar.
334 J'RISTIPOMATID^.
3(J. Diagrarama reticulatum. D.-i^. A.-^. L. lat. 85. L. transv. 13/25.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head four times. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine is stronger, but scarcely longer than the third. Brownish grey (in a dried state), reticulated with darker waved lines ; three longitudinal bands on the operclos.
Chinese Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Purchased of Mr. Wai-wick. Description. — The greatest depth of the body is above the pectoral
fins, where it is contained 3| in the total length ; the upper profile descends parabolically from the fifth dorsal spine to the mouth. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal and rather small, the upper maxillary not extending to the anterior margin of the orbit. The snout is much longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The lips arc thick and fleshy. The scales above extend to between the nostrils, laterally on the posterior portion of the pra;orbital. The scales of the cheek are very small, and cover the prajopcrculum to its margin. The pra^operculum is distinctly and equally serrated, and has the angle and the inferior limb rounded. The operculum has two obtuse points, with a slight notch between. Suprascapula serrated.
The dorsal fin begins above the suprascapula, and ends above the middle of the distance between the anal and caudal fms ; the length of its spinous portion is rather more than that of the soft, and the distance from the caudal fin etpials that between the first and fifth dorsal spines. The upper margin is continuous and slightly waved. The spines are of moderate strength, on one side broader. The first spine is three-fifths of the length of the second, the second tliree- quartcrs of the third, the third rather shoncr than the fourth, fifth and sixth, which are the longest, and about 3,| in the height of the body. The posterior spines gradually decrease in length, the last being about equal to the second. The first ray is longer than the preceding spine ; the following rays become gradually longer to the tenth, which, together with the following three or four, form the highest portion of the fin, even higher than the longest spine; the posterior rays decrease again in length, and fomi a rounded angle of the fln. The spinous j)ortion moves in a scaly sheath, which be- comes deeper and more conspicuous from the seventh spine ; the soft portion is covered with scales for half its height.
The caudal fin is tnincated ; one of its longest rays is one-fifth of the total length. Minute scales extend between the rays to one-half of the length of the fin. The origin of the anal fin falls vertically below tlu! fifth ray of the dorsal, and the end below the fburteenth ; the length of its ba.se is rather more than one-half of its distance from the caudal. The first sj)ine is small ; the second strong, and ecjual to the longest ray of the dorsal ; the thii-d is rather shorter and much thinner. The first three rays exceed the spines in length.
8. DIA6RAHMA. 335
and form, with the other shorter ones, a rounded margin. One-half of the fin is thickly covered with scales. The pectoral is slightly rounded, and its length 6g in the total. The ventral is rather shorter ; its base falls immediately behind that of the pectoral ; the spine is moderate, about two-thirds the length of the fin. Both the latter fins are far distant from the vent.
The scales are rather small, ctenoid ; the lateral line is very slightly curved.
The teeth of the jaws are in villiform bands, the outer row con- taining rather larger ones.
The coloration is now brownish grey, with darker stripes, waved and anastomosing ; the stripes have a more longitudinal direction on the anterior part of the body, and a more oblique one in the middle and posteiiorly. There are three indistinct bands acrpss the oper- culum.
inches, lines.
Total length 11 2
Height of the body 3 5
Length of the head 2 9
of the fourth dorsal spine 1 0|
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 9
of the eleventh dorsal ray 1 2\
of the longest caudal ray 2 2
of the second anal spine 1 2
Distance between caudal and dorsal fins . . 1 0 between anal and caudal fins . . 2 0
31. Diagramma nitidum. (Plate XIX, fig. B.)
D. i?. A. |. L. lat. 95. L. transv. 20/25.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head four times, Caudalis truncated. The second anal spine stronger, but scarcely longer, than the third. Reddish brown- (in spirits), with six bluish, darker-edged, parallel, longitudinal bands : the first from the nape to the origin of the soft dorsal ; the second from above the eye to the posterior third of the soft dorsal; the third from the eye on, and above, the lateral line to the back of the tail ; the fourth from the eye below the lateral line to the middle of the tail; the fifth from below the eye to the inferior part of the caudal ; the sixth from the mouth over the root of the pectoral to the end of the aiial fin.
a. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby,
Description of the specimen. — The greatest depth of the body is above the pectoral fins, where it is contained 3^ in the total length ; the upper profile descends parabolically from the third dorsal spine to the mouth. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal and small, the upper maxillary not extending to the anterior margin of the orbit. The diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and
336 PRISTIPOM VfTD^:.
more than the extent of the snout (perhaps in younger individuals only). There are three pairs of minute pores near the symphysis of the lower jaw. The scales above extend to between the nostrils, laterally nearly over all the praeorbital. The scales of the cheek are not much smaller than those of the opeiculum, and cover the praj- operculum to its margin. The prajoperculum is distinctly and equally serrated, and has the angle and the inferior limb rounded ; its pos- terior limb descends in a slightly oblique direction forwards. The operculum has iwo obtuse points with a slight notch between. Su- prascapula serrated.
The dorsal fin begins above the base of the pectoral, and the ver- tical from its posteiior end falls nearer to the anal than to the caudal ; the length of its spinous portion is rather longer than that of the soft, and the distance from the caudal fin equals that between the first and sixth dorsal spines. The upper margin is continuous and slightly waved. The spines are of moderate strength, on one side broader. The first spine is one-half the length of the second, the second three-fifths of the third, the third rather shorter than the next four^ which are the longest, and about 85 in the height of the body. The posterior spines scarcely decrease in height, the last being equal to the third. The first ray is rather longer than the preceding spine, and the following gradually become higher to tlu^ tenth, which forms the highest point of the fin — higher than the spinous dorsal ; from thence they decrease again, forming a rounded angle of the fin. The spinous portion moves in a scaly sheath, which becomes deeper and more conspicuous from the fourth spine ; the soft portion is covered with scales for half its height.
The caudal fin is truncated ; one of its longest rays is one-fifth of the total length. Minute scales extend between the rays to one-half of the length of the fin. The origin of the anal fin falls vertically below the sixth ray of the dorsal, and the end below the eleventh ; the length of its base is one-half of the distance from the caudal. The first spine is small ; the second strong, and equal to the longest ray of the dorsal ; the third is rather shorter and more slender. The first three rays exceed the spines in length, and form, with the other shorter ones, a rounded margin. One-half of the fin is thickly covered with scales. The pectoral is slightly rounded, and its length is one- sixth of the total ; the ventral has the same length, and extends to the vent. Its base falls immediately behind that of the pectoral. The spine is moderate, about two-thirds of the length of the fin.
The scales are small, ctenoid. The lateral line is slightly curved.
The teeth of the jaws stand in villiform bands, the outer row con- taining rather larger ones.
To the description of the colours given above, must be added, that the fins appear to be immaculate, and that the lower portion of the side of the head is silvery shining.
inches, lines.
Total length 4 6
Height of the body I r>
Length of the head 1 2
10. LOBOTES. 337
Diameter of the eye 0 ."j
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 0 .">
of the twelfth dorsal spine 0 4!
of the tenth dorsal ray 0 7
of the longest caudal ray U 11
of the second anal spine 0 7
Distance between dorsal and caudal fins . . 0 o^ between anal and caudal tins , 0 lU
9. HYPEROGLYPHE*.
Diagramnia, .sp., Richanh. ErtJi. i)- Terr. Fisht's, p. •2'*).
Body (jblong, compressed. Eye moderate. Snout blunt ; cleft of the mouth oblique, with the up[)er jaw lougcu-. Two dorsals, scarcely united, the first much lower than tlie second, with eight short spines ; anal fin with very feeble spines. Pj-oeorbital and prajopcrculum ser- rated; operculum spiuiferou^. Seven branchiostcgals. Jaws with the teeth in -s-illiform bands, without canines. Roof of the mouth with a deep longitudinal groove. Scales small, cycloid. (Pharyngeal bones separated from each other. j Air-bladder sim])le ; pyloric ap- pendages in great number.
Coasts of Australia.
1 . Hyperoglyphe porosa.
l^iitgramnia povosa, Rtrhnnk. Enh. ^- Terr. Fisliefi, p. 20. f. 5, 6. B. 7. D. 8 I ^-. A. f^. L. lat. 95-100.
I 20 16
The upper maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye ; both limbs of the praeoperculum ciliated. Caudalis slightly emarginate. Uniform brown (in spii'its) ; the soft dorsal and anal fins mtli two series of dark-brown spots.
Coasts of Australia.
a. 5.|" long. From the Haslar Collection.
10. LOBOTESt.
Lobote.^, Cur. Kef/ne Anim. ; Cur. S;- Vul. v. p. ^18.
Form of the body and of the vertical fins rather elevated. Eye i-ather small. Snout blunt, with the lower jaw longer and the clelt of the mouth oblique. One dorsal, with twelve spines, the anal fin with three. Caudalis rounded. No canines (inferioi- pharyngeal bones separated). Praeoperculum denticulated ; operculum with ob-
* From iinep, above, and y\v(pi), grooro.
t 1. Lobotes citrimis, Riihardf,. Ichth. Ch/nn. p. 237.
2. — — — emarginadis. Baird tj" Girtrnl. XinfJi Smi^ln^'ni . Hrpnrf^ y ?,'X^. (United States) does not nppear to belon;; to tins (jenust
7.
338 PRlSTIPOMATIDyE.
tuse points. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Branchiostegals six. Air- bladder simple ; pyloric appendages few. Pseudobranchise developed. Atlantic Coasts of America. Indian Seas.
I. Lobotes auctonun.
Holocentrus surinamensis, BL taf. 243 ; Bl. Schn. p. 316. Bodianus triurus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 418.
b1. 3. f. 10. LoDotes surinamensis, Cuv.Sf Vol. v. p. 319; Uekay, New York Fauna,
Pibhes, p 88. pi. 18. f. 49 ; Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 159. pi. 23. f. 2. Lobotes erate, Ciiv. 8f Val. v. p. 322 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch.
xxii. p. 4, and. xxiii. Scicen. p. 26 ; Cant. Catal. p. 80 ; Cuv. Regne
Anim. III. Pviss. pi. 31. f. 1.
farkharii, Ctiv. ^ Val. v. p. 324.
somnolentus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 324.
incurvus, Richards. Ichth. Chiii. p. 237.
^•iSe- ^-n- L. lat. 45. Csec. pylor. 3. Yeri;. 13/11.
Caiidal fin rounded ; the soft dorsal and anal fins rather elevated ; nape concave ; eye small. Uniform brownish, yellowish, or blackish ; caudal fin sometimes with a lighter edge.
Atlantic coasts of America from New York to the coast of Su- rinam ; Caribbean Sea. Ceylon ; Bay of Bengal ; Sunda, Molucca, and Chinese Seas.
As in all fishes which attain to a considerable size, the individuals of this species are subjected to some modifications of several external characters ; for instance, of the denticulations of the prseoperculum, of the colours, and of the height of the fins. I cannot find any determinable difference between specimens from the old and new world. Lobotes incurvus is founded on a half-grown specimen, with the vertical fins scarcely longer than usual.
a. 22" long : stuffed. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick. h. Half-grown. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. c, d. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From ])r. Pamell's
Collection. e. 22" long : stuffed. Calcutta. Presented by E. Blyth, Esq. /. Half- grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. 11. Keeves, Esq.
— Original specimen of Lohotcs incurvus. g. Half-grown : stuffed. India. Purchased of Mr. Warwick. h. Half-grown : stuffed.
II. DATNIOIDES.
Datnioides, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nadcrl. Indie, 1853, v. p. 440.
Body elevated. Eye moderate. Intermaxillaries very protractile, their posterior processes extending to the occiput. One dorsal fin, with a deep notch and t^\elvo spines ; the anal fin with three ; all the spines very stout ; caudalis rounded. Pneoperculum serrated, operculum with short spines. Scales moderate or rather small,
12. GERRES. 339
ctenoid. Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiae. (Th^ lower pha- ryngeal bones separated.) Air-bladder simple. East Indian rivers.
1. Datnioides polota.
Coius polota, Buck. Ham. pp. 95, 370. pi. 38. f. 31 ; Faun. Japan. Poiss
p. 17 ; Richards. Ichth. Sulph. p. 83. binotatus, Gi-ay, Ind. Zool. Pise. pi. 2. f. 2 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss.
p. 17 ; Richards. Ichth. Sulph. p. 83. Datnia polota, Cantor, Catal. p. 16.
Lobotes hexazona, Bleek. Natuurk. Tyds, Ned. Ind, i. p. 9, ii. p. 1G5. Datnioides polota, Bleek. I. c. v. p. 441.
B.6. D.l?. A. 4 L.lat.70.
Greenish, with eight blackish cross-bands.
Estuaries of the Ganges ; rivers of Borneo and Sumatra. a. Adult. Borneo. h-h. Half-grown and young. India. ?". Young. India, Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
2. Datnioides microlepis. Bleeker, Borneo, vii. p. 442.
B. 6. D. j|. A. |. L. lat. 75-80.
15 9
Red, with eight black cross-bands. Kiver Kapuas (Borneo).
12. GERRES*.
Gerres, Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 446. Catoch£enum, Cant. Catal. p. 55.
Form of the body compressed, oblong or elevated. Mouth very protractile, and descending when thrust out. Eye rather large. Prae- operculum generally entire. Six branchiostegals. No canine teeth. Dorsalis deeply notched, with the formula^; analisr^,. Caudal forked. Scales moderate, minutely or not cihated. Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in small number. Pseudobranchiae.
All the tropical seas, entering fresh waters. One species from the coast of North America.
* 1. Gterres bilobus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 466. — Cape Verde.
2. peruvianus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. i67 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss.
p. 180.— Coast of Peru.
3. richii, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 469.— East Indies?
4. Smaris lineatus, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. p. 185. pi. 46. f. 1. — Q-erres li-
neatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 470. — Acapulco.
5. Gterres limbatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 476. — Catochsenum limbatum, Cant.
Catal. p. 65. — East Indies.
6. lucidus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 477. — Pondicherry.
7. waigiensis, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 292. — Waigiou.
8. Eucinostomus argenteus, Baird iSf Gir. Ninth Sitiithson. Report, p. 345,
probably should be referred to this genus. The species being the most northern, is highly interesting ; but the description given does not distinguish it from East Indian species. — Coast of New Jersey.
2
;i40 I'lilSTIl'U.MAI'lD.l..
1 . Gerres plumieri.
Ciir. .y Vol. vi. p. 45-2. pi. 1(57.
D^ A.— L. lat. ;^7. L. transv. 6/11. Vert. 10/14.
10 7-8
The height of tne body is 21 in the total length (without caudal tin). Prtcorbital serrated; the second dorsal and anal spines ex- ceedingly strong and long ; the former slightly longer, nearly as long as the head. Silvery, ^N-ith more or less distinct longitudinal stnp(>s corresi)onding to the series of scales ; dorsal generally lilackislu
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
b. Skeleton. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
c. Fine specimen. Central America. From M. Salle's Collection. (/. Adult. Guatemala. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Adult. Pernambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, E.sq. /. Adult, lialiia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki. g, h. Half-gi-own and young : skins. South America. From Dr. Parnell's CoUecticm.
Air-hladiler simple.
Skeleton. — The skull of Gerres exhibits several jjoculiarities liy which it may be distinguished from any other: they are — the high, triangular occipital crest, with a deep groove in front, to receive two very elongate processes of the intermaxillary bones, the jjcculiar shape of the jaws, and the broad and strong pubic bones. The max- illary bone has a somewhat irregular form, is slightly curved, and has a broad shallow groove along its upper and posterior margin. The front part of the intermaxillary bones is broad and slightly excavated, not unlike the upper jaw of some Tortoises ; the pos- terior processes are veiy slender, flexible, and extend backwards into a groove of the occipital crest situated on the posterior half of the frontal bones ; the descending branch of the intermaxillary also is rather irregularly foi'mcd and bent. The mandibula has tlie inferior margin slightly concave ; the front part of the dentary is rather flat and hoiizoutal, whilst the posterior part, together -with the adjacent portion of the articulary, forms a high and elevated ridge. The tui-- binal bones are very tlongate. irregularly bent, and transformed into a half-channel. The praH)rbital is triangular, broadest anteriorly, and with the infeiior margin distinctly serrated; the infraorbital arch, like the posterior part of the pra^orbital, is narrow, and without an interior plate. The head of the vomer forms an angular prominence, but without any teeth ; the palatine bones are deeply grooved. The posterior margin of the pra^operculum is nearly straight and minutely serrated ; the angle is rounded, and armed with equal and coar.se denticulations ; the lower margin is straight and very distinctly ser- rated. The operculum is twice as deep as long, five-sided, with the posterior side slightly emarginate, and without prominent points ; its inferior angle is veiy acute. The sub- and interoperculum are very thin; thfir inferior margins are entire, and form together a ve.y
12. GKRUKS. 341
strong curvature. The upper surface of the skull is furnished with a very high and strong triangular crest, shai-ply pointed above, and supported by two pairs of sh(jrt and low ridges, one before, the other. The occipital crest bifurcates anteriorly, forming the posterior end of a longitudinal groove, in which the processes of the intermaxillaries move, as in a sheath. The base of the skull is rather compressed. The humeral arch does not exhibit any peculiarity. The pubic bones form a very strong and broad triangular plate, and have the exterior ridges much developed.
There are ton abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrct, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-3. The ribs are moderately strong, and have a longi- tuchnal groove anteriorly and posteriorly ; the first rib is short, bent backwards, and has a short prominence at its outer curvature. The neural spines of the posterior abdominal vertebrae gradually become longer, and are furnished with a flat, transparent posterior ridge. The intern eural spines of the spinous dorsal have a similar ridge anteriorly and posteriorly ; and these ridges are so broad, that they do not leave a free space between them. The interneural belonging to the second dorsal spine is exceedingly strong, and nearly equals the first interhaemal ; it is intercalated between the second and third neural spines. The lirst interhaemal, to which are joined the first and second anal spines, is trihedral, exceedingly strong, and attached to the hajmals of the tenth and eleventh vertebrae ; its length equals that of the second vertebra to the ninth.
2. Gerres poeti.
Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 468; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxiii. M(hti(l. p. 11. V. -. A. y.
The diameter of the eye is 2| in the length of the head. Spines of the fins extremely strong and broad ; the length of the third dorsal spine is 2^ in the depth of the body, and its width is one-ninth of its own length. The second anal spine is rather shorter than the third, and one-third of the depth of the body ; its width is one-fifth of its ovm length. Uniform silvei-y ; dorsal above black-cdgcd.
Coast of Mahe (entering the rivers) ; Sunda Sea.
3. Gerres rhombeua.
Shane, Jamaica, ii. pi. 253. f. 1.
Gerres brasilianu;', Cue. ^ Val. vi. p. 458.
rhombeus, Cuv. i$- Val. \n. p. 459.
D. ^. A.Hf-g. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 6/11. 9/15.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal fin). Praeorbital entire ; prseopcrculum distinctly, interoper- culum finely serrated. The sjiincs moderate ; the second of the dorsal two-thirds the Irngth of the head, in young individuals a.<» long as
342 riUSTIl'OMATID.'U.
the head ; the second of the anal three-fourths of the second of the dorsal. Silvery ; dorsal with a blackish margin. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society. b-f. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection, r/. Adult : not good state. Puerto Capollo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. h. Adult : not good state. South America. Purchasedof Mr. Brandt. i-I. Adult: not good state. South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. VI. Half-grown. South America. Presented by Sir K. Schomburgk. n. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection. 0. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 2>. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection. (/. Young.
SJceleton. — I have had skeletons of the fish prepared with two anal spines as well as with three, and having found them exactly alike, I am fully coavincec^ that the form with two anal spines is merely accidental in so.ne individuals, and that O, rhombens of Cmier must be considered as a nominal species. I have, however, preferred the name of G, rliomheus to that of G. brasiliensis.
The skeleton differs from that of G. plumieri in several points. The maxillary bone is very irregularly shaped, and exhibits a thick protuberance in the middle of its outer surface ; this is, however, more conspicuous in very old specimens. The interna axillaries and the mandibula arc very much like those of G. pJumieri. The prae- orbital has the maxillary margin concave and entire ; its posterior j)art is rather broader than the remainder of the infraorbital arch. The head of the vomer is rather flat, without a distinct i:)rominence ; the palatine bones exhibit a slight groove. Both the margins of the prieoperculum are straight ; the angle is rounded, and Like the inferior limb armed with a very distinct and equal serrature ; the posterior limb is entire. The remainder of the opercidar apparatus as in G. plumicri. The occipital crest extends fui'ther forwards than in G. plumieri, the anterior groove being situated above the anterior portion of the frontal bones ; there is, besides, this peculiarity in G. rhombcKS, that the groove mentioned communicates with the orbital cavity by a pair of large oval holes.
There are nine abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebra'. ; the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-8. The ribs are rather feeble, \\dth a posterior and anterior longitudinal groove ; the first three libs arc very slender, short, and without a prominent knob. The neural sjunes become gradually longer to the thirteenth vertebra, and are furnished with a more or less distinct, flat, transparent, posterior ridge. The inter- neural spines do not differ from those of G. plumicri, except that of the second dorsal spine, which, like that spine itself, is not quite so strong. The first intcrhtemal is exceedingly strong, and has in front a very broad and cmai-ginate ridge ; its length equals that of the first nine vertebrae.
12. UEREES. 343
4. Gerres zebra. Mull. ^ Trosch. in Scho?nbur(/k's Barbae!, p. 608. D. ^. A.^.
10 7
Silvery : steel-blue above ; five or seven vertical bands. The height of the body is a third of its length, and contains two and a half times the length of the second and third spine in the dorsal fin, and three times of the sficond spine in the anal fin. {M. ^ T.)
Coast and freshwater ponds of Barbadoes.
5. Gerres subfasciatus. Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 477.
U. -. A. y.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the snout is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye. Spines of the fins slender ; the third of the dorsal fin is one -half of the height of the body, its width being less than one-twelfth of its own length. The second anal spine stronger, but rather shorter than the third, and about one-fifth of the height of the body. Silvery, with six or seven indistinct vertical bands.
Port .Tackson.
a, h. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection. c-e. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Gerres ovatus. (Plate XX. fig. A.) D. f^. A. y. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 5/10.
The height of the body is 2i in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, longer than the snout, and equal to the distance between the eyes. The groove for the processes of i;he intermaxillary bones is short, and does not extend beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; there are no scales between that groove and the orbit. The spines of the dorsal slender and flexible ; the second and third longest, and 2 1 in the height of the body ; the third of the anal fin longest, shorter than the first ray, and nearly one-fourth of the height of the body. Coloration uniform ; dorsaUs black-edged.
Coast of Australia.
a. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 6. Adult. Australia. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.
Description. — The body is elevated, ovate, its greatest depth being above the ventral fin, where it is contained 2i in the total length (without caudal fin), or three times when this fin is included. The upper profile anteriorly descends abruptly from the origin of the dorsal, the lower ascends from the base of the mandibula ; both nieet at a not very acute angle. Posteriorly, along the base of the anal, the
311
I'Ki.srri'oM \ iiii.i:.
lower ])i'()Hlc usrciitls more siiddonly UiiUi llie iippti descends. Tlu; Iciifrlli of the lieiid is Hi in tfic total, witliout caudal Hn, or oiu'-iilth of tii(> same length, that fin included. The .->uout is shorter than the diani(;ter of the eye, the upper maxillary extending to tlic anterior margin of the orbit. The groove for the pioecsises of the intermaxillary houcs i.s .>hort, quadrangular, with a posstejior and anterioi- angle and two latei'al ojies ; it does not extend lje}-ond the vertical from the anterior margin (jf the eye, and is entirely scaleless, as is the intcr- s[)ace between this groo\e and the orbit. The iijjper surface of the head is covered with large scales, to between the anterior part of the distance between the eyes. The nostrils are placed high up the Sides, neai-er the eye than the end of the snout ; they arc rather prominent, with the posteiior opening wider. The pneorbital is entirely scaleless: anteriorly broad, it is narrowest between the maxillary and the orbit. The scales of the clieeks aic rather smaller than those of the body, and extend on the mandil)ula, there forming a narrow stripe immediately behind the maxillary. The pra:!operculum has a vertical posterior margin ; the angle and the inferior limb are rounded, without any denticulations ; the scales of the cheeks do not extend over its limbs. The 0])ei-culum is irregularly quadrangular ; its post(;i'ior side is cnuirginate ; the inferior straight, slightly ascending backwards. The sub- and interoperculum are, like the operculum, covered witu dc(;iduous scales ; their inft'Hor maigins are convex.
The (lor.idl iin is not very deei)ly notched ; the length of the base of the spinous portion is .shoile'r than of the soft, and its distance from- the caudal is one-fh'lh only of that from the end of the snout; its oi-igin is above the base of the pectoral, and its end a little before the vertical fj-om the end of the anal fin. The .'^i^mes are slender, and the anterior ones flexible: the first is minute; the second and third arc the highest, and 2^ in the depth of the body ; the fourth, fifth and sixth decrease in length, the last four being nearly equal, and one-half of the third. The first ray is higher than the preceding spine, the other rays not dirt'eiing vc^ry much from it in height, and forming together a slightly convex margin, with the membrane l)etwcen deeply notched. Theic are eleven soft rays in one specimen, in thv- other ten. The caudal fin is deeply forked, the middle and shortest ray i)eing Hi in the length of one of the outer and longest rays ; the u])per lol)e is scarcely longer than the lower, and one-fourth of the total length ; small, thin, and deciduous scales extend over the basal thiid of each lo]>e. The origin of the anal fin falls below the .sixth d.nsal ray, and its end a little l)ehind that of the dorsal ; the length of its base is more than its distance from the caudal, and equals five-eighths of the length of the head; it moves, like the dorsal, in a scaly sheath. The anterior spine is minute ; tlu^ second stronger than the stoutest of the dorsal ; the thii'd is m(»re slender, but longer than the second, aiid about one- fonrth of the height of the l)ody. The fiist ray is rathe)- longer than tlic preceding spine, and the following rays diminish in length, so as 1o form a (nncavc margin oi ilic Iin.
The )><rff,ral tin is ch.ng'ilc. liic middle r;i\s being th(> longest . it
12. (iKKltKs. Ji-lO
docs not fully extend to the orij^in of the tinal, luid ia 3| in the total hsiifijth ; its base is entirely sealeless. The base of the ventral is at some distanee behind that of the jjeetoral, and falls below the foui'th dorsal spine ; it does not extend to the vent, and is G| in the total length; it is eomposed of one straight spine, two-thirds of the adjacent ray, and of fjve rays, the last of which is split into two branches to its base.
The scales are very thin, not ciliated, scarcely higher than long ; one of the largest covers one-half of the eye. There is an exceedingly long squamose flap at the exterior base of the ventral. The lateral line is slightly curved.
The teeth are minute, in villifoim bands.
The back is reddish olive, with some reflecting longitudinal streaks ; the sides and the belly are silvery. The dorsal fin has a broad blackish margin, the other fins arc colourless.
inches, lines.
Total length 0 8
Height of the body 2 3
Length of the head 1 4
Diameter of the eye 0 5
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 11
of tlie ninth dorsal spine 0 5^
of the middle caudal ray 0 0
of the upper caudal lobe 1 8
of the second anal spine 0 G
of the third anal spine 0 7
of the pectoral fin 1 10
of the ventral fin 1 0
of the squamous flap 0 9
of a scale 0 34
Height of a scale 0 3|
7. Gerres abbreviatus.
Bleeker, Java, i. p. 103, and Verh. Jiatav. Genootsch. xxiii. Manid. p. 1 1 . D. ■^. A. J. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5/10.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is one-thLrd of the length of the head. Pracorbital and praj- opcrculum entire. The second s})ine of the dorsal fin more than one-half of the height of the body, and nearly equal to the length of the head. The second and third anal spines strong, and rather longer than the rays, one-third of the height of the body, C'oloia- tion uniform ; dorsal black- edged.
Seas of Batavia and Amboyna.
Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
8. Genres filamentosus.
Rnssr//, i p. 52. p!. r.8
'^icrrcs filam<>ntosns,' ^Vr. .V In/. \'/. p. 4^2; Jl'-rlrr. I'rrJi. Jhil. f,',- tiootscli. xxiii. Mfciiiil. p., 11.
346 PRISTIPOMATID^.
Gerres punctatus, Bleeker, Topogr, Batav. (not Cuv.). Catochacnum filamentosum, Cant. Catal. p. 56.
D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/12.
The height of the body is 2^ in. the total length (without caudal fin). The spines of moderate strength ; the second of the anal pro- duced into a filament, which sometimes extends to the caudal.
Sea of Pinang; Sunda and Molucca Sea; New Guinea.
a. Adult : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank. h. Adult : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult; stuffed. Cape York (in 68 fathoms). Voyage of the
Rattlesnake.
9. Gerres punctatus. Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 480,
D.^. A.i-.
10 8
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length. The second dorsal ^pinc prolonged into a short filament, and sometimes as long as three-quarters of the height of the body. Silvery ; dorsal with a narrow black margin, each ray with a brown point at the base. Young individuals with indistinct cross-bands.
Coast of Pondicherry ; Sea of China.
Gerres macracanthus (Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1854, vi. p. 195) may be foimded on older individuals of the above species. (A. y. L. lat. 40.) Caught near Batavia.
o. Adult. Old Collection, as Sparus edentulus.
b, c. Yoimg. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Philippine Islands.
«. Half-grown. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
10. Gerres gnla. Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 464 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 58. D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 4/9. Vert. 9/15.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length (without caudal fin). Praeorbital and prteoperculum entire, the latter Avith the angle shghtly rounded. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries extends nearly to the vertical from the centre of the eye ; a trans- verse stripe of scales covers a part of the groove, separating from it the posterior third*. The snout is shorter than the diameter of the eye, and equal to the space between the eyes. The spines of the fins of moderate strength ; the second and third of the dorsal half as long as the head, but twice as long as the second of the anal. Silvery : dorsal fin minutely dotted with brown ; the dots more crowded at the top of the dorsal.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
* Space between the eyes with a fovea in the middle {Jenyns, I. c.)
12. GEBfiES. 347
a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
b. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
c. Adult : skeleton. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
d. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
e. f. Young. Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection. g. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Young.
i, k. Half-grown and young: skins.
Skeleton. — The very remarkable form of the first interhaemal spine has been mentioned by Cuvier. He states the number of the caudal vertebrae to be thirteen ; but I have found fifteen, as in other species of Gerres. The length of the abdominai portion of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1'6.
11. Gerres nigri. (Plate XX. fig. B.) D. ^. A.|. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 5/11.
The height of the body is 2|- in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the length of the head, rather longer than the snout, and equal to the distance between the eyes. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones is elongate, triangular, reaching nearly to the vertical from the centre of the eye, and is entirely scaleless. Spines of the fins rather slender ; the second of the dorsal is 2^ in the height of the body, and nearly twice as long as the third of the anal, which is rather longer, but less stout, than the preceding. Silvery, with indistinct longitu- dinal stripes above the lateral line ; the vertical fins blackish ; dorsal black-edged.
Mouth of the River Niger.
a. Adult. Eiver Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
6. Half-grown. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — The body is moderately elevated, its greatest depth being below the origin of the dorsal, where it is contained 21 in the total length, without caudal fin, or 3^ in the same length, the caudal included. The upper profile anteriorly and posteriorly descends as much as the lower ascends, and they i^eet in front at an acute angle. The length of the head is 3f in the total, without caudal fin. The snout is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye, the upper maxillary extending to the anterior margin of the eye. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillary bones is elongate, triangular, with a somewhat rounded posterior angle, and widening anteriorly. The scales of the upper surface of the skull do not extend over that groove, forming a stripe between the groove and the orbit, and terminating behind the nostrils, which are situated high up the sides, nearly halfway between the orbit and the end of the snout. The prseorbital is entirely scaleless : anteriorly broad, it is narrowest between the maxillary and the orbit. The scales of the cheeks are smaller than those of the body, and extend in a narrow stripe on the mandibula, immediately behuid the maxillary. The prasoperculum is
348 rRISTIPT).M atid.t:.
rounued, without any dcnticulations wliatevor ; the scales of the checks do not extend on its limbs. The operculum is irregularly quadran- gular ; its posterior side is emarginate, the inferior straight, obliquely ascending backwards. The sub- and interoperculum are covered with deciduous scales, like the operculum ; their inferior margin is slightly convex.
The dorsal fin is not very deeply notched ; the length of the base of the spinous portion is shorter than of the soft, and its distance from the caudal is one-third only of that fi'om the end of the snout ; its origin is above the base of the ventral, its end a little before the vertical from the end of the anal fin. The spines are rather slender, but not flexible : the first is minute ; the second the highest, and 2i in the height of the body ; the third is a little, the fifth and sixth considerably shorter ; the last three are nearly equal in length, and 2| in the length of the second. The first ray equals the sixth spine ; the other rays not differing very much in height, and forming a slightly convex margin, with the membrane betAveen deeply notched. The caudal fin is deeply forked, the middle and shortest ray being one-fifth only of the length of one of the outer and longest rays ; the lobes are equal, and one-fourth of the total length : small, thin, and deciduous scales extend over the basal third of each lobe. The origin of the anal fin falls beneath the third ray of the dorsal, its end a little beliind that of the dorsal. The length of its base is more than its distance from the caudal, and exactly equals the distance between the anterior margin of the eye and the hinder end of the operculum ; it moves like the dorsal in a scaly sheath. The anterior spine is minute ; the second rather stronger than the strongest of the dorsal ; the third is more slender, but longer than the second, it is more than half of the second dorsal spine, and about one- sixth of the height of the body. The first ray is rather longer than the last spine, and the following rays diminish in length, so as to form a concave margin of the fin.
The pectoral fin is elongate, the middle rays being the longest ; it reaches beyond the origin of the anal fin, and is one-fourth of the total length. The base of the ventral fin falls behind that of the pectoral ; it does not extend to the vent, and is one-seventh only of the total length ; it is composed of one slightly curved spine, three- fourths of the adjacent ray. and of five rays, the last of which, as in all the species of Gerres, is si)lit into two branches to its l)asc, so that there is an appearance of the fin having six soft rays.
The scales are deciduous, not ciliated, higher than long : one of the largest covers one-third of the eye. There is an exceedingly long s(juamous Hap at the exterior base of the ventral. The lateral line is very slightly curved.
The teeth are minute, in villiform bands.
The back is reddish olive, with some retiectiiig longitudinal streaks ; the sides and the belly arc silvery. The veitical fins are blackish ; i\\o dorsal fin with a black edge. In the younger of the specimens the blackish culnur <>f the dorsal fin forms two loncitudinal scries of
S])Ots.
12. uKUUKs. ;',4<)
line:
-J
Total length 7 s
Height of the body 2 5
Lei4>th of the hc^ad 1 lo
Diameter of the eye 0 7
Length of the second dorsal spine 1 1
of the ninth dcn^sal spine 0 r>
of the middle caudal ray ( )
of a caudal lobe 1 lo"
of the second anal spine 0 7',
-of the third anal spine 0 8^
of the pectoral fin 1 11
of the ventral fin 1 1
of the scjuamous Hap 0 i( )
of a scale 0 3.j
Height of a scale , 0 4]
12. Gerres squamipimiis. (Ti-atk XXI.) 1). f^. A.|. L. lat. 4;i-44. L. transv. 5/1;?.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is rVi in the length of the head, rathei- shorter than the snout, but e(jual to tlie distance between the eyes. The groove for the processes of the intei-maxillary bones is broad, triangular, entirely scaleless, and does not reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The dorsal spines are rather slender and slightly compressed; the second is 1^ in the length of th(> head. The second anal spine is rather strong, stronger and a little longer than the third ; its length is 1^ in that of the head : caudal fin deeply forked, entirely covered with scales ; the length of a lobe is nearly ;5| in the total. Uniform silvery; the margin of the dorsnl fin blackish.
Caribbean Sea.
a-d. Adult : skins, .famaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. e. Half-grown: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Paniell's Collection. /. Adult: not good state. Guatemala. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Description. — The body is moderately elevated, its greatest depth being below the anterior part of the spinous dorsal, where it is con- tained 2g in the total length, without caudal fin, or 'S^ in' the same length, the caudal included. The upper profile, anteriorly and nos- teriorly, descends as much as the lower ascends, and they m(H't at an acute angle in front. The length of the head is 8^ in the total, without caudal fin. The snout is rather longer than the dia- meter of the eye, and the u})pcr maxillary extends slightly beyond the anterior margin of the eye ; the part of the maxillary which is not hidd-n by the pra^orbital is rather elongate, ovate. The groove for the i^rocesses of the intermaxillary bones is rather broad, trian- gular, widening anteriorly, with a rounded posterior angle, which is situated in the vertical fiom the anterior third of the ort)it. The
350 PRISTIPOMATIDiE.
scales of the upper surface of the skull do not extend over that groove, forming a stripe between the groove and the orbit, and ter- minating a little behind the nostrils, vrhich are situated high up the sides, close to the orbit, and remote from the end of the snout. The prajorbital is entirely scaleless, and without any denticulations ; anteriorly broad, it is narrowest between the maxillary and the orbit ; its maxillary margin is semilunate. The scales of the cheeks are rather smaller than those of the body, and extend on that part of the mandibula which is situated immediately behind the maxil- lary ; they are arranged in four series on the praeoperculum and in two on the mandibula. The angle and the inferior margin of the prseoperculum form one curve : a narrow space along this curve is scaleless ; it is about as wide as one of the scales of the cheek. The operculum is irregularly quadrangular, with the posterior side slightly emarginate ; the inferior is straight, obliquely ascending backwards. The sub- and interoperculum arc covered with deciduous scales, like the operculum ; their inferior margins form one convexity.
The dorsal fin is not very deeply notched ; the length of the base of the spinous portion is two-thirds of that of the soft, and the distance of the dorsal from the caudal is not quite one-third of that from the end of the snout ; its origin is a little behind the vertical from the base of the ventrals, whilst the extremities of the dorsal and anal fins correspond to each other. The spines are rather slender : the first is very short ; the second the highest and somewhat flexible, its length being 1| in that of the head, and 2^ in the height of the body ; the third is rather shorter ; and the following gradually de- crease in length to the last, which is one-half of the second. The first ray nearly equals the sixth spine. The caudal fin is entirely and densely co'^ered with minute scales, and deeply forked, the middle and shortest ray being one -fifth only of the outer and longest rays ; the upper lobe is rather longer than the lower, and nearly 3| in the total length. The origin of the anal fin falls beneath the fifth ray of the dorsal, whilst the extremities of both fins correspond to each other ; the length of its base is rather more than its distance from the caudal, and rather less than the distance between the ante- rior margin of the eye and the hinder end of the operculum ; it moves, like the dorsal, in a deep scaly sheath. The first spine is very short ; the second strong, its length being 1^ in that of the head, and 3| in the height of the body ; the third is rather shorter, and half as stout as the second. The first ray has about the length of the second spine, whilst the following rays diminish in length, so as to form a concave margin of the fin.
The pectoral fiji is rather elongate, the middle rays being the longest ; it reaches nearly to the origin of the anal fin, and is 8| in the total length. The base of the ventral fin falls behind that of the pectoral ; it is partly covered with stripes of minute scales ; it does not reach to the vent, and is G^ in the total length ; it is composed of one spine, slightly curved, and three-fourths of the adjacent ray, and of five rays, the last of which, as in all the species of Qerres, is split into two branches to its base.
12. GERRES. 351
The scales are not ciliated, higher than long ; one of the largest covers one-third of the eye. There is an exceedingly long squamous flap at the exterior base of the ventral. The lateral line is very slightly curved.
The teeth are minute, in villiform bands.
The colour is uniform silvery, with shining longitudinal stripes ; the upper half of the spinous dorsal is greyish.
inches, lines.
Total length 11 0
Height of the body 3 6
Length of the head 2 7
Diameter of the eye 0 8|
Length of the second dorsal spine 1 7
of the ninth dorsal spine 0 9
of a caudal lobe 3 2
■ of the second anal spine 1 1
of the third anal spine 1 0^
of the pectoral fin 3 0
of the ventral fin 1 9
of a scale 0 4^
Height of a scale 0 5^
13. Gerres japonicus. Blcekcr, Japan, p. 404, and Verli. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, tab. 5. f. 2. D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is 2|^ in the total length (without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is one-thii-d of the length of the head. Praeorbital and praeoperculum entire. Spines of the fins slender; the second of the dorsal fin one-half of the dej^th of the body ; the second of the anal longer than the third, or than one-half of the second dorsal spine ; the caudal lobes are 4| or 4| in the total length. The spinous dorsal above black ; caudal fin with a broad blackish margin.
Seas of Japan and China.
a. Half-grown : not good state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
14. Gerres acinaces.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1854, vi. p. 194. D. ^. A.j. L. lat. 40-45.
The height of the body is about 3|- in the total length ; the dia- meter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head. The second dorsal spine longer than one-half of the height of the body, but much shorter than the head ; the second of the anal longer than the third and than the rays, nearly one-half of the length of the head. Sil- very; caudalis brown-edged posteriorly. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
3o2 pnrsTiroMATiD.i;.
This species appears to be very similar to Gcrres ^(/uamipinnis ; but the latter has the caudal fin so thickly covered with scales, that I do not believe that fileeker would have omitted so conspicuous u character if it were also present in G. acinaces.
15. Genres kapas.
Bleeker, Rmiw, p. 482.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 32.
10 /
The height of the body is 3i-3^ in the total length. The spines of the fins slender ; the second and third of the dorsal fin one-half of the height of the body ; the second and third of the anal not longer than the rays, and contained three or four times in the height of the body. Silvery: above greyish ; the spinous dorsal black-edged. (BJ.) Sea of Batavia.
10. Gerres aprion. Cuv. Sc Vul. vi. p. 4H1. D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/10. Ciec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is one- third of the total length (Avithout caudal fin). Prseorbital and prseoperculum entire, the latter vnx\\ the angle slightly rounded. The groove for the processes of the in- termaxillaries extends to the vertical from the centre of the ej^e, is elongate, and entirely free of scales. The snout is slightly longei- than the diameter of the eye, which exceeds the width of the head between the eyes. The spines of the fins moderate ; the second of the dorsal is longer than one-half of the length of the head, and nearly twice as long as the second of the anal. Silvery : a deep- black spot at the top of the dorsal fin ; the upper part of the snout blackish brown.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
c-h. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins. Jamaica. From Dr.
Parnell's Collection. i-l. Adult : bad state. West Indies. m. Half-gro\\Ti : skin : bad state. West Indies. Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener. n. Adult. South America. Presented by Lord Stuart. 0. A(nilt. South America. Presented by Loi'd Stuart. p. Half-grown. (j. Half-grown. r. Half-grown. s. Adult: skin.
1 7. Gerres oyena.
Labrus oyena, Forsh. p. .35: lil. Srfin. p. 245: Larq). iii. p. 40.3. Sparus erythrurus, lil. (ab. 201 (very bad). Cichla ervtluiua, Jil. Sclin. p. ;').30.
12. (iKUKEs. , J35J3
8panis britannus, Lacep. iv. pp. 132, 134.
Labius longirostris, Lacvp. iii. p. 407. pi. 19. f. 1.
Smaris oyeua, Itiqyp. All. p. 11. taf. 3. f. 2.
GeiTes oyena, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p, 472 ; ? Jriiyus, Zool. Berif/lc, Fishes,
p. 69; Block. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Mmiuh p. 12.
oblongus, Bleek. I'opoyr. Bafni: (not Cuv. ).
? GeiTes equiila, Temm. |- Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 70. pi. 40. f. 1
(not good) ; Bleek, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxa i. p. 92.
D. ^. A.|-. L.lat. 35-38. Cjec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length (withoiit caudal fin). Praeorbital and prasoperculura entire, the latter ^vith the angle slightly rounded. The snout is slightly longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. Tlie spines of the fins moderate ; the second of the dorsal Ls one-half of the height of the body, and at least twice as long as the second of the anal. Uniform silvery,
Ked Sea; Isle de France; Sunda Sea (Japanese Sea?).
a. Adult : bad state. Old Collection.
h, c. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
18. Gerres macrosoma. Sleeker, Gilolo, p. 50.
D.A A.f L.lat. 42.
The height of the body is four times in the total length (one-third without caudal), the length of the head 4| to 4| ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and rather shorter than the snout ; the interspace between the eyes is rather less than the width of the orbit. The groove for the processes of the intermaxiUarj^ bones is entirely scaleless, and does not extend to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The spines of the fins are slender ; the second of the dorsal 1| in the height of the body ; the second of the anal shorter than the third. Silvery : each spine and ray of the dorsal with a brown basal spot ; the spinous portion black-edged.
Seas of Gilolo and Amboyna.
a. Half -grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
19. Gerres argyreus.
Sciaena argyrea, Forster.
Cichla argj-rea, Bl, Schn. p. 344.
Gen'es waigieusis, Quoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Frcyc. Zool. p. 292
argyreus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 478.
D. ^. A.|. L.lat. 45.
The height of the body is scarcely more than the length of the head, and one-third of the total (Without caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and rather longer
2a
354 PKISTIPOMATID.K.
than the snout, the extent of which equals the distance between the eyes. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaiy bones is entirely scaloless, and does not extend to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The spines of the fins are slender ; the second of the dorsal is one-half of the height of the body, and more than twice the length of the second anal spine, which is rather stronger, but not longer, than the third. Silvery ; top of the dorsal blackish. Red Sea ; Seas of Waigiou, Strong, and Tanna ; Port Jackson.
n. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. h. Adiilt. From the Haslar Collection.
c, d. Adult : skins : not good state. Port Jackson. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
20. Gerres oblongus.
Cuv. Sf- Val. vi. p. 479.
D. K A. 4-.
The height of the body is less than one-fourth of the total length. Spines of the fins' slender. Silvery, with five or six indistinct brown- ish vertical bands. Lateral line nearly straight. {Cm .)
Sea of Ceylon.
13. SCOLOPSIS*.
Scolopsides, Cuv. Regne Anm. ; Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 327.
Form of the body oblong. Eye moderate. Snout moderate, with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal and the jaws equal. One dorsal ; the number of the fins — D. ^. A. ~ ; caudalis more or less forked. Infraorbital arch Avith a spine directed backwards. Prajoperculum generally distinctly denticulated ; operculum Avith an indistinct spine. Scales moderately ctenoid. Five branchiostcgals. Pseudobranchia). Air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages few.
From the Kcd Sea through the Indian Oceaji into the Pacific.
1. Scolopsis japonicus.
Anthias japonicus, Moch, taf. 325. f. 2; Bl. Schn. p. 307.
Lutj anus japonicus, Lacep. iv. p. 31.
Kuiite, Russell, pi. 106.
Scolopsis kate, Cui\ i^ Val. v. p. 329.
kurite, Riipp. All. Fische,v>. 9. taf. 2. f. 3 ; Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 331.
Scolopsides riipp^lii, Cuv. <5* Val. v. p. 332 ; Richardson, Ichth, China, p. 236.
D. '-. A. I- L. lat. 41-44. L. transv. ^^.
The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is about one-
* 1 . Scolopsides pomotis, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 237.
2. taEniopteruB, Cuv. <f- Val. v. p. 345 ; Bkefc. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii.
Scian. p. 29. — Batavin
13. scoLOPSis. 355
third of the latter, and longer than the snout. The infraorbital ring with two prominent spines ; the anterior spuaiferous plate rather elevated, and denticulated beneath the spine ; pr8eo])erculum with a shght notch above the angle. The spines of the fins strong ; the second of the anal fin longer and rather stronger than the third, nearly one-half of the length of the head. Caudalis slightly forked. Coloration uniform.
Red Sea ; Coast of Pondicherry ; Chinese Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cliina. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. h, c. Adult: skins. Ceylon. Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
The notice given by Sir J. Richardson (I. c.) is taken from spe- cimen a. ; it shows the tw^o infraorbital spines, one of which is di- rected hackAvards, the other forwards, as conspicuously as in nny species of Scolo2)sis. Therefore the statement of Sir J. Richardson, " two suborbitar teeth pointing backwards, one under the other and more slender, none pointing forwards," is erroneous.
2. Scolopsis margaritifer.
Cur. ^- Vul. V. p. 337; Bleaker, Verliand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Sciccn. p. 30.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/15.
The height of the body is 3^-3^ in the total length, the length of the head 4^-41 ; the diameter of the eye is 2|- in the latter, longer than the snout, and equal to the distance between the eyes. Pra^orbital half as wide as the orbit, with a very long and strong spine, and some denticulations beneath ; the second (third) infra- orbital terminating posteriorly in a small point, above the tip of the large spine. Praeoperculum with strong and short spinous teeth, each of which has a small hook at the base ; the angle projecting backwards, strongly armed. The spines of the fijis moderate ; the second of the anal stronger, but rather shorter than the third, which is 2|^ in the length of the head. Caudalis forked, the upper lobe longest. Greenish olive, each scale with a pearl-coloured base. The marginal half of the dorsal violet.
Sea of Batavia ; Waigiou.
«. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
3. Scolopsis ciliatus.
Holocentrus ciliatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 383, 371. Lycogeuis argyrosoma, Kuhl 8f van Hasselt. Scolopsides lycogenis, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 346. pi. 127.
B. 5. D, i^. A. |. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 4/15. Ca3C. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the snout is rather shorter than the diameter of the eye,
2 A 2
3oG PRISTIPOMATID.li;.
which is ouc-third of the length of the head, and equal to the inter- space between tlie eyes. The ni)per maxillaiy araicd witli a pro- minent sen-ated longitudinal ridge, and extending to the vertical from the front margin of the eye ; the infraorbital arch with two promi- nent spines of nearly equal size. Praeopcrculum with stronger spinous teeth at the angle, but the angle not prominent. Operculum with a conspicuous spine. Spines of the fins slender ; the third of the anal fin longer than the second. Caudalis emarginate. A shining white longitudinal band between the lateral line and the middle of th^ dorsal fin.
Seas of Java, Ambo)Tia, New Guinea, and Vanicolo.
a. Adult. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida PfeifFcr's Collection.
4. Scolopsis auratus.
Perca aurata, Mtimjo Park, Trans, Linn. Soc. iii, p. 35. Antliias vosmeri, £1. tab. 321 ; SI. Schn. p. 304. Lutjanus vosmtn-i, Laccp. iv. p. 213.
am'covittatus, Laccp. iv. p. 216.
Pomaccntrus enneadactylus, Lacep. iv. pp. 505, 508.
Scolopsides vosmeri, Onv. i^ Val. v. p. 333 ; Bleak. Vcrit, Bat. GenootscJi.
xxiii. Scicen. p. 27. Scolopsis aurata, Cant. Catal. p. 81.
9 7
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head about four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. The infraorbital arch with two prominent spines, and the anterior spiniferous plate denticulated beneath the spine ; a part of the prasopcrcular tee.th bent outwards, and most of them with a miijute spine at the base, pointing downwards ; the second anal spine longest and strongest, the first half its length. A silvery longitudinal band beneath the lateral line, terminating opposite the soft dorsal fin.
Seas of Java, Sumatra, and Pinang.
5, Scolopsis torquatus. Chiv. ^ Val. V. p. 335; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. p. 28. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 41-42. L. transv. 4/15.
Body rather elevated ; snout short ; pra^orbital .spine strong ; angle of prajoperculum projecting; the spines of the fins rather strong ; the second of the anal fin longer than the third. A broad yellowish cross-band from the nape over the operculum.
Sea of Batavia ; Molucca Sea.
rt. Fine specimen. Moluccas (as Scolopsides collaris). b. Adult. India.
13. scoLorsis. 357
6. Scolopsis bilineatus.
Anthias bilineatus, Block, taf. 325. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 30G. Lutianus ellipticus, Larep. iv. p. 213.
Scolopsitles bilineatus, Cui\ ^ Val. v. p. 33G; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen, p. 28.
D. ^. A. l L. lat. 46. L. transv. 4/15.
The snout is short, shorter than the diameter of the eye ; the interspace between tlie eyes exceeds the diameter. Praeoperculum notched above the angle. A yello\\dsh band, edged with brown, ascends from the angle of the mouth in a slight curve upwards to the origin of the soft dorsal ; a yellowish blotch on the back, below the posterior two-thirds of the soft dorsal. A yellow line from the origin of the dorsal to the middle of the forehead ; another, parallel, above the eye ; a third through the eye, joining that of the other side on the muzzle. Dorsal fin white, with a broad black streak on the marginal half of the soft portion ; anal black in its anterior half, white in its posterior.
Seas of Amboyna and Celebes.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Franlc.
h. Half-growTi. Celebes.
c. Adult. Old Collection, as Perca /rewato.
7. Scolopsis bimaculatus.
Scolopsis bimaciUatus, Rilpji. Atl. Flsche, p. 8. pi. 2. f. 2, and N. IV.
Fische, p. 126 ; Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 340. Scolopsides ta^niatus, (Fhrenb.) Cuv. <^ Val. I. c. luermis, Rich. Iclith. China, p. 236 (not Schley.).
D. ^. A. y. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 4/15.
The height of the body is 3-^- in the total length, the length of the head four times. The diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and rather longer than the snout, or the interspace between the eyes. Infraorbital arch with one strong spine; the spiniferous plate rather elevated, with several denticidations beneath the spine. Prajoperculura with the angle projecting. Spines of the fins rather slender ; the thii'd of the anal fin somewhat longer and not thinner than the second. Caudalis slightly forked. Rose-coloured, with a large oblong blackish blotch in the middle of the total length
Red Sea ; Ceylon ; Chinese Seas. a. Adult: stuffed. China Seas. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. h. Fine specimen.
8. Scolopsis inermis.
Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Jajmi. Poiss. p. 03. pi. 28. f. 1 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 83. — Richards. Ichth. China, p. 236, belongs to Sc. bimaculatus.^
D. ^, A.-i. L. lat. 30. The height of the body is 3f to 3f in the total Icngtii, the Icnglh
358 PRISTIPOMATIDiE.
of the head 3f to 4 ; the diameter of the eye is a little less than one-third of tlie latter. The prajorbital is only half as high as the eye, and has a short spine and some denticulations beneath. Prae- operculum with the angle rounded, slightly denticulated. The anal spines strong, the second and third nearly equal ; caudalis scarcely emarginate. Coloration uniform. Japanese Sea.
9. Scolopsis monogramiua.
Scolopsides monogramma, (Kuhl S)- r. Hans.) Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 338 ; Cur. Signe Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 31. f. 3; Meek. Verh. Batav. Gen. xxiii. Scicen. p. 29 (not synonymy).
D. -. A. -. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 4/16.
9 7 '
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head, and rather longer than the snout, or the distance between the eyes. Praeorbital two-thirds as high as the eye, with a flat strong spine and some denticulations beneath ; praeoperculum di- stinctly serrated at the angle and at the posterior limb, which is slightly emarginate. The spines of the fins moderate ; the third of the anal fin a little longer than the second. Caudalis emarginate. Coloration uniform (in spirits).
Sea of Java ; Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Moluccas.
b. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
10. Scolopsis phaeops. Scolopsides phaeops, Bennett, Proc. Committ, Zool. Soc. i. p. 165.
D. -. A. |. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 5/17.
9 7 '
The height of the body is three times in the total length (without caudal fin), the length of the head 3i ; the snout is rather longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3f in the length of the head. The praeorbital is in the middle half as wide as the orbit, and anned with a flat strong spine and seyeral spinous teeth ; pneoperculum with strong spinous teeth, and with a notch above the projecting angle. Caudalis deeply forked, with both lobes produced into fila- ments. A silvery streak from the muzzle across the praeorbital to the eye ; another from the praeorbital spine to the angle of the prae- operculum. A hght yellowish longitudinal band from over the eye, above and parallel to the lateral line, to the end of the dorsal.
Isle de France.
a. Fine specimen. Isle de France. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. — Type of the species.
Description of the specimen. — This species is rather elongated, the greatest depth of the body being one-third of the totid length (wnthout caudal fin). The head is rather broad and flat above, covered with scales nearly to the nostrils ; all the snout is scaleless. The distance between the eyes is more than the width of the orbit or the extent
13. scoLopsis. 359
of the snout. The cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique, moderate, the maxillary not reacliing to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The praeorbital is broadest between the eye and the top of the snout ; it is composed, as in all the species of Scolopsis, of two pieces, the posterior of which is the spiniferous ; i^s width in the middle, or in the suture between the two pieces, is one-half of that of the orbit. The spine is sti'ong, flat, and pointed ; and there are five spinous teeth besides, much smay.er than the spine, but similar in shape : there is no spine pointing forwards. The prse- operculum is scaly to its posterior margin, but part of its inferior limb is naked. There are six series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum. The posterior limb descends obliquely forwards, and is armed Avith about twelve rather distant spinous teeth, the middle of which are sti'ongest ; the ang.e is rounded and projecting, and anhed with, about eight spinous teeth, more feeble than the strongest ones of the limb ; the inferior limb is smooth, without teeth, and as long as the posterior. The operculi^m has a short and prominent spine, and is covered with scales of mo- derate size ; even its basal margin is scaly. The suprascapula is finely serrated, and it can scarcely be distinguished from the sur- rounding scales.
The dorsal fin begins before the vertical from the base of the pec- toral, and terminates a little behind the anal. The length of the base of the soft dorsal is 1| in that of the spinous. The spines ate moderate, not flexible : the first is two-thirds of the second ; the second is rather shorter than the folio-wing foiu% which are the longest, and one-third of the height of the body. The soft dorsal is rather higher, the sixth and seventh rays being the longest. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins equals the height of the tail beneath the end of the dorsal. The caiulal is deepl}^ forked, each lobe being produced into a filament, the length of which equals that of the first dorsal ray ; the upper lobe is slightly longer than the lower. The fin is nearly scaleless. The distance between the caudal and anal fins equals the height of the tail above the end of the latter. The anal fin begins beneath the second dorsal ray, and terminates a little before the dorsahs. The spines are rather stronger than those of the dorsal, and on one side broader than on the other : the first is nearly one-half of the second ; the second three-quarters of the third, which is three times as long as the head. The margin of the soft portion is slightly rounded, the postexior rays gradually be- coming shorter : the first ray is 2\ in the length of the head. The pectoral fin is slightly pointed, scaly at the base only, and does not reach to the vent. The base of the ventral fin faUs behind that of the pectoral ; it is shorter, and also does not reach to the vent ; the spine is two-thii'ds of the first ray.
The scales are of moderate size, finely crenated,- much higher than long, and fii-mly adherent ; one of the largest covers one-fifth of the eye.
The ground- colour is now greenish olive ; tho fins are colourless, The. bands as described above.
360 PKISTIPOMATID^.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 11
Length from the snout to the root of the
caudal 7 4
Height of the body 2 5
Length of the head 2 3
Diameter of the eye 0 7|
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 10
of the seventh dorsal ray 1 1|
of the upper caudal lobe 2 7
of the third anal spine 0 9
of tho ^t anal ray 1 0
of the pectoral fin 1 8
of the ventral fin 1 6
of a large scale 0 2|
Height of a large scale 0 3|
11. Scolopsis temporalis.
Scolop§ides temporalis, Cuv. i5|- i''al. v. p. 341.
D. ii. A. J. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/17.
The snout is as long as the diameter of the eye ; the praeorbital tWo-thirds as high as the eye, with a flat spine and some denticula- tions beneath ; the praeoperculum with the posterior hmb oblique and coarsely denticulated, and with the angle projecting backwards. The spines of the fins rather slender ; the second anal spine shorter and not thicker than the third. Caudalis deeply forked, with the lobes produced into filaments, the upper being the longest. The first ray of the ventrals produced into a short filament. Upper part of the head, between the scaly crown and the tip of the snout, violet, with three cross-bands of yellowish colour (in a dried state) ; the upper band continued behind the eye, and forming there a violet ring with yellowish centre. Body and fins imiform.
Seas of Waigiou, Yanicolo, and New Guinea ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a, h. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (in 15 fathoms). Voy- age of the llattlesnake.
12. Scolopsis personatus. C'Mt". 8f Vol. V. p. 344 ; Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 576.
D. ^. A.|. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3i in the latter. The pi-aiorbital is half as wide as the eye, and denticulated beneath the spine ; the snout is scarcely longer than the (htuncter of the eye. I'ra?opcrculum with the angle roimdcd, and tlie posterior limb slightly cmarginate, strongly denticulated. The tbird anal spine longest.
13. scoT.opsis. 361
Caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes pointed ; the first ray of the ventral fins produced into a short filament. Snout above violet, with a bluish band (in life) between the eyes ; a broad yellow band from the eye to the caudal ; the soft dorsal with a violet margin behind. Seas of Java and Sumatra.
13. Scolopsis frenatus. Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 343.
9 7
Prseoperculum with strong denticulations, some of which are bifur- cate ; the angle projecting backwards. Caudahs deeply forked, with both the lobes produced into filaments. The upper part of the muzzle violet, with a whitish margin in front ; a green band from the eye to the third dorsal spine (sometimes disappearing in spirits). Sometimes a blackish spot on the tail. (Cuv.)
Seychelles ; Isle de France.
14. Scolopsis cancellatus.
? Scolopsis lineatus, Qtioy ^ Gahn. Voy. de TAstrol. pi. 60. f. 3 (very
bad). Scolopsides cancellatus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 351 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen. p. 28,
D. •^. A. J. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 3/12. Csec. pylor. 6. Vert. 10/14.
I'he height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 3f in the total ; the snout is very short, two-thirds of the dia- meter of the eye, which is 24- in the length of the head. The inter- space between the eyes is flat, narrowest above the middle of the eyes, and there shorter than the width of the eye ; but above the anterior angle of the orbit it widens so much as to equal the dia- meter mentioned. The upper maxillary extends to the vertical from the^front margin of the orbit. The infraorbital arch with one spine only. Prseoperculum finely and equally serrated, with a slight notch above the angle. Spines of the fins moderate ; the second anal spine rather strongei , but not longer than the third. Back largely marbled with greyish brown ; two yellowish longitudinal streaks from the upper half of the eye ; a black spot between the first three dorsal spines.
Polynesia ; Sumatra.
a. Half-grown. Sumatra. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
15. Scolopsis bleekeri.
Scolopsides lineatus, Bleeker, Solor, p. 73 (not Riipp.). D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 35. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
3G2 PRISTIPOMATTD.E.
head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the latter, and longer than the snout. The praeorbital is one-third as high as the eye, and armed with a strong slender spine and some denticulations beneath. Praeoperculum with the posterior limb strongly serrated and scarcely emarginate. Caudahs forked ; the second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third, even longer than the soft portion of the fin. Above dark violet ; a yellow cross-band between the eyes ; three bluish longitudinal bands — the first along the middle of the neck to the dorsal fin, the second from tl^e crown to the base of the soft dorsal, the third from the eye to the end of the dorsal ; a white lon- gitudinal band from the snout, below the eye, to the caudal. A black spot on the anterior part of the spinous dorsal. (Bl.) Sea of Solor.
16. Sc^iopsis ghanam.
Scisena ghanam, Forslc p. 5J
Holocentrus ghanam, Lacep. iv. p. 847.
Scolopsis lineatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 7. pi. 2. f. 1, and N. W. Fische,
p. 126. Scolopsides ghanam, Ctiv. 8f Val. v. p. 848.
D. ]1, A.y. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 4/14. Csec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is 3|^ in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the latter, and much longer than the snout, or the interspace between the eyes. The infraorbital arch with one fiat spine of moderate length ; the spini- ferous plate slightly denticiilated, and not elevated. Praeopercuhim with a notch above the angle. Spines of the fins slender ; the third of the anal longer and not thinner than the second. Caudalis sliglitly forked. The lateral line angularly curved below the fourth dorsal spine, and steeply descending behind the end of the dorsal fin. On each side four whitish lines : the first from above the anterior angle of the orbit to the end of the dorsal ; the second from the supra- scapula above, and following the lateral line to the back of the tail ; the third from the posterior upper angle of the orbit below, and fol- lowing the lateral line, lost on the posterior third of the body ; the fourth, shortest, from the posterior lower angle of the orbit, lost above the base of the pectoral.
Red Sea.
a. Adult.
b. Adult.
17. Scolopsis pectinatus.
Scolopsides pectinatus, {KuhlSfv. Hass.) Cue. c^- Val. v. p. 34G, D.H. A.i.
Praeorbital narrow, with a verj'' acute spine and without other den- ticulations ; praeoperculum with the angle projecting backwards. Yellowish, indistinctly spotted ; fins immaculate. (Cuv.)
Sea of Java.
13. scoLOPSis. 363
18. Scolopsis longulus. Richards. Ann. (^ Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1842, p. 889.
D. ^. A. -i. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 3/15.
The height of the hody is nearly equal to the length of the head, and about one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is rather shorter than the snout, and 3| in the length of the head. The prae- orbital is three-quarters as wide as the eye, and armed with a small spine and some denticulations beneath ; praeoperculum with the pos- terior limb very finely serrated, and with the angle rounded. The spines of the fins moderate ; the second of the anal shorter than the third. Caudalis emarginate. A yellowish band broadly edged with blackish above and below, from above the pectoral to the root of the caudal ; two indistinct blackish Hues above the lateral hne.
North-west coast of Australia.
a. Adult : skin. Torres Straits. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection. —
Type of the species.
6". Adiilt : skin. Port Essington, Presented by the Earl of Derby, c. Adult : skin. Port Essington.
19. Scolopsis leucotsenia.
Bleeker, Banka, p. 451.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 36.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the latter, and longer than the snout. The praeorbital half as high as the eye, with a single spine, and without denticulations beneath ; praeoperculum with the posteiior limb slightly emarginate and strongly denticu- lated. Caudalis forked ; the second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third. A brown band from above the eye to the end of the dorsal fin, a second from the snout to the base of the caudal ; a white band between. (Bl.)
Sea of Banka.
20. Scolopsis leucotsenioides.
Bleeker, Celebes, vii. p. 439.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is much longer than the snout, twice the distance between the eyes, and 2| in the length of the head. The praeorbital is one-third as high only as the eye, with a short spine behind, and without any other denticiilations. Praeoperculum serrated. Caudalis forked ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal. A black curved band from the muzzle, above the eye and the lateral line, to the caudal fin, anteriorly and pos- teriorly united with that of the other side ; a second black straight
364 PRISTIPOMATID.T:.
band from the muzzle, through the eye, to the root of the caudal ; a third, very broad white band from the eye to the caudal. A black blotch between the first and fourth dorsal spines ; a series of brownish spots along the base of the soft dorsal. (Bl.) Sea of Manado (Celebes).
21. Scolopsis caninus. Cuv. ^ Vol. V. p. 354.
1).-. A.y.
Several larger teeth in the jaws. Pra^orbital with the posterior margin very oblique, entire, and terminating above in a short point ; praeoperculum with the margin rounded and scarcely serrated ; spines of the fins slender. A yellowish band from the eye to the caudal fin.
New Guinea.
14. HETEROGNATHODON*.
Heterodon, JSleeker, Bydr. Topogr. Batav.
Heterognathodon, Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. 1850, p. 100, and Verkand. Batav. Genootsch, xxiii. Sciccn. p. 30.
Form of the body oblong ; eye^moderate ; cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, with the jaws equal. One dorsal; dorsal with the number ^ ; anal y ; spines feeble. Caudalis more or less deeply forked. Canine teeth in both jaAvs. Infraorbital arch entire ; prsc- operculum serrated ; operculum with a single spine. Five (some- times six) branchiostegals. Scales moderate, ciliated
East Indian Seas.
1. Heterognathodon bifasciatus. Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Scicen. p. 30.
D. ^. A. f. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The snout is convex, shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is 2|- in the length of the head. The upper maxillary bones rough ; prajorbital naked. The third anal spine longest ; caudalis cmarginate. Bluish, with two pearl-coloured longitudinal bands; the first between the eye and the end of the dorsal, the second from the snout to the caudal. {Bl.)
Sea of Siunbawa.
2. Heterognathodon hellmuthii. Bleeker, Solor, p. 75.
B. 6. D. ^. A. J. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of tho
* ] suppose that the Lama gidiminda, BussoU, ii. pi. 107, is to be referred to (his genus. It is identical with CanfhavKs ffuiimhim, Cuv. & Yul. vi. p. 344, nncl Spondi/liosoma f/idiminda, Cantor, Catal. |). .W. — Eas' Indian Sea?
14. UETEKOGNATUODON. 366
head 4f . The snout is convex, shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-third of the length of the head. Prajorbital and margin of the praeoperculum scaly; the posterior limb 'of the pra)operculum minutely denticulated. Caudalis forked. A brownish longitudinal band from the eye to the caudal fin ; above and below the lateral line two series of blue dots. (Bl.) Sea of Solor.
3. Heterognathodon xanthopleura.
Heterodon zonatus, Sleeker, Bydr. Topogr. Batav. Heterognathodon xanthopleura, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, i. 1850, p. 101, and Ver. Bat. Genootseh. xxiii. Sciatn. p. 31.
D. '-^. A. |. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one- fourth of the total ; the snout is conical and rather longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3i in the length of the head. Praj- orbital naked; prajoperculum very finely denticulated. The third anal spine longest. Caudalis emarginate. On each side two lighter longitudinal bands ; a bluish band from the eye to the operculum.
Seas of Batavia and Amboyna.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Brandt as Dentex lineatus.
4. Heterognathodon macnirus.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. 1850, p. 101, and Verhand, Batav. Genootseh. xxiii. Sciceti. p. 31.
D. ■^. A. |. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is 41 in the total length, the length of the head five times ; the snout is conical, shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. Pjraeorbital scaly. The third anal spine longest. Caudalis deeply forked. A broad yellowish band from the eye to the caudal fin. (5/.) ,
Sea of Batavia.
5. Heterognathodon nemurus.
Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 754.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 45 {BUeTcer 55 ?).
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is Si in ihe total length (without the caudal) ; the snout is conical and scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3^ in the length of the head. Prseorbital naked, the margin of the praeoper- culum scaly. Caudalis forked, with the lobes produced into filaments longer than the fin ; body with two broad yellow longitudinal bands on each side.
Sea of Macassar.
a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
366 PRISTIPOMATTHyl-:.
G. Heterognathodon microdon. Sleeker, Batav. p. 4G4.
B. 5. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is A\ in the total length, the length of the head 4^. The snout is conical, shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. Praeorbital scaleless ; margin of pra^operciilum scaly. Caudalis forked. Rose- colom-ed ; a yellow band from the snout through the eye to the caudal fin.
Seas of Batavia and Amboyna ; Louisiadc Archipelago.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Ai'chipelago. Presented l)y the
Lords of the Admiralty.
15. DENTEX*. Dentex, sp., Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 212.
Fonn of the body oblong, rather elevated ; eye moderate ; cleft of the mouth more or less horizontal, with the jaws nearly equal. One continuous dorsal, with the numbers varying between '" '^". '^ ; in
' •' "^ 10 and 12
the anal between — ; caudalis more or less forked. Generally strong canines in both the jaws. Praeorbital entire, broad ; distance between the eye and the cleft of the mouth great ; prajoperciUum entii'e, wath more than three series of scales ; operculum without prominent spine. Six branchiostegals. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Pseudobranchiae. Swim-bladder with a not<^h posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic ; lied Sea ; Sunda Sea ; Japanese Sea.
1. Dentex vulgaris.
Swayptf, ^vvohovs, Aristot. ii. c. 13, 15, viii. c. 2, 13, ix. c. 2.
Dentex, Colum. Viii. c. IG.
SwoSour, JElian, i. c. 4G.
Synagris, Salv. p. Ill; Rondel, v. c. 19. p. 15U.
Sparus, no. 5, Artedi, Genera, p. 3G.
, no. 6, Artedi, Sijnon. p. 59.
* 1. Labrus macrocephalus, Lacep. iii. p. 480. pi. 2G. f. 1. — Dentex macroce- phalus, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 232 ; Cuv. Kegne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 35. f. 2. — Hab. ? — Probably a species of Par/rus.
2. Dentex gobioides, {Solander) Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 234. — Otaheiti.
3. Labrus thunbergii, Lacfp. iv. p. 467. — Dentex thunbergii, Cuv. ^ Val.
vi. p. 2.37. — Japan.
4. Sparus cynodon, Bloch, taf. 278. — Cichla cynodon, Bl. Schn. p. 338. —
Dentex cynodon, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 2.'{9. — Ilab. ?
6. Dentex rivulatus, Benn. Proc. Zool^ Soc. iii. p. 91 (not Riijrp.). — Trebizond. 6. — — waigiensis, Quoy 4' Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 302. — Appears to be
some Percoid fish.
15. UKNTEX. 3(57
Sparus dentex, L. Gm. p. 1278 ; Bl. taf. 268 ; Bl. Schn. p. 271 ; Lucep.
iv. p. 121 ; Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 253 ; De la Roche, Ann. 3Itis. xiii.
p. 317. Duhamel, Peches, ii. c. 2. p. 251. Cichla dentex, Bl. Schn. p. 337. Sparus cetti, Binso, Ichth. Nice, p. 256. Dentex cetti, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 256. vulgaris, Cur. 8f Val. vi. p. 220. pi. 153; t'lem.Bnt. Anim. p. 212 ;
Jen. Man. p. 357 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. i. p. 127 ; GidcJien. Explor.
Alffer. Poiss. p. 51 ; Webb ^ Berthel. Isles Canar. Poiss. p. 3(5.
13. 6. D.i^. A.|. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 7/16. Cecc. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^^ in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 5^ in tiie latter, and 2^ in that of the snout. The prseorbital is very large, its height being nearly twice that of the eye. There are eight series of scales between the prseorbital and the angle of the prseopcrciilum, the Hmb of which is also partly covered with small, irregular scales. In each of the jaws fom: canine teeth, the outer pair of which is much stronger than the inner one. The spines of the fins are rather slender and flexible ; the fourth of the dorsal is the longest, and 2| in the length of the head. CaudaHs forked. The third anal spine rather longer than the second, and rather shorter than the first ray ; the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins slightly elongate. Bluish silvery, Avith some h-regular blackish dots on the back ; axil blackish.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands ; Coast of England (occasional).
a. Adult : skeleton. Adriatic. Purchased of Mr. Frank. 6. Fine specimen. Dalmatia. Pm-chased of Dr. Heckel.
c. Half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
d, e. Young: stuffed: not good state. Lisbon. Presented by G.
Hough, Esq.
/. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. LoAve. g. Young : bad state. Old Collection.
h. Adult : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Skeleton. — The upper maxiUary bone is oblong, flat, with the pos- terior inferior angle forming a prominence, to which the extremity of the intermaxillary is joined ; the intermaxillary tapers little, is rather broad at the base, and has the posterior processes nearly as long as the descending branches, although they do not reach back- wards to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The mandibulary is moderately elongate and elevated, and has a ver^ distinct muciferous channel wiiji fom- elliptical openings. Thp head of the vomer is broad, slightly excavated and rounded anteriorly ; the palatine bones have a nearly vertical situation. The turbinal bones are veiy elongate, tubuliform ; the prteorbital veiy large, qua- di'angular ; there is a bony plate at the inner side of the infraorbital ring. The lower limb of the praeoperculum is only one-half the length of the posterior ; both meet at a rather obtuse angle, which, however, is rounded ; long slits and openings lead into a channel along the
368 I'RISTIPOMATID.E.
interior ridge of the bone. The opercuhim is quadrangular, with a slight exterior ridge; the interoperculura rather broader than the suboperculum. The anterior portion of the frontal bones is slightly convex, porous. The occipital crest is strong, and extends on the frontal bones to dbove the centre of the orbit ; the lateral crests also are very developed. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is slightly compressed, and the basisphenoid has a quadrangular open- ing before the occipital joint. The humeral arch and the pubic bones do not show any peculiarity.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal venebrce, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column . being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-4. Some of the anterior ribs arc broad in their basal portion. The neural and-'hajmal spines slender, the interneurals di- lated ; the first interhaemal is rather feeble, but it has a verj' distinct anterior ridge.
2, Dentex argyrozona.
aw. ^ Val. vi. p. 235 ; Smith, III S. Afr. Fishes, pi. 19. D. _iL. A. f. L. lat. 60. L. transv. ^. Cjbc. pylor. 4. Vert. 9/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the total. The snout exceeds in length the diameter of the eye. Canines very strong. The praeorbital scaleless, nearly as high as the eye ; there are eight or nine rows of scales between the pracorbital and the margin of the profsoperculum, which is also covered with scales for its greater part ; the scales above the lateral line scarcely smaller than those of the sides. The spines of the fins slender, rather flexible ; the fourth of the dorsal longest, and not (juite one- third of the length of the head ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal. Caudalis emarginate. Red, with silvery longitudinal bands.
Cape Seas.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Cape of Good Hope. From the
Haslar Collection.
b. 23" long : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
c. 29" long : stuffed. Cape Seas. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
d. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
e. Adult : skin. False Bay. /. 29" long : stuffed.
3. Dentex prav^rbitalis. (Plate XXIII. fig. A.)
D. {|. A. g L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10/15.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the length of the snout, and 6f in that of the head. Canines very strong. The pi-ae- orbital regularly quadi'angiilar, scaleless, much higher than wide ; the width of the orbit is 2] in the height of the pracorbital. There
15. DENTEX, 369
are eleven or twelve series of scales between the praeorbital and the margin of the praeoperculum, which is also entirely scaly. The scales on the upper surface of the head entirely cover the space between the eyes ; those above the lateral line are considerably smaller than those below. The dorsal spines moderate, not flexible ; the fourth is the longest, and 2| in the length of the head ; the third anal spine rather longer than the second. Caudalis emarginate. Coloration uniform (in a dried state). Cape Seas,
a. Stuffed, Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal, where it is contained Sg in the total length. The nape of the neck is very convex and gibbous ; from thence the upper profile of the head is straight and descends in an oblique line. The head is elevated and strongly compressed, its width between the eyes being 5| in its length, which is one-fourth of the total. The head is entirdy covered with rather small scales, except the snout ; on the upper side the scales extend to the level of the anterior nostril. The posterior processes of the intermaxillaries are rather longer than these bones. The praeorbital is very large, elevated, quadrangular, with the posterior margin straight, descend- ing obliquely downwards. The eye is situated high up the sides, but does not interfere with the upper profile ; it is rather small, its diameter being 6f in the length of the head.
The dorsal spines are of moderate strength, on one side broader and compressed ; the first is two-thirds of the second, the second three-quarters of the third ; the third rather shorter than the fourth, which appears to be the longest, and 2| in the length of the head ; the soft dorsal is considerably lower than the spinous. The caudal fin is slightly forked. The posterior edge of the pectoral is slightl-^ emarginate ; the fin is pointed, its length being 4| in the total, anu reaches nearly to the anal fin : the ventral is much shorter ; but I cannot state its exact length, part of the fin being broken off.
The scahs are rather small on the head, on the back, and on the breast, much larger on the sides of the body and on the back of the tail. They are minutely ciliated and higher than long. One of th6 largest covers the eye.
Each of the jaws is armed with a series of pointed conical teeth, becoming smaller posteriorly ; there are four canines in front of the upper jaw, six in front of the lower, the outer of which are strong and curved. Behind these larger teeth is a narrow band of small cardiform teeth.
The present colour is a uniform greyish olive.
inches, lines.
Total length 20 6
Height of the body 5 9
Length of the head 5 0
Diameter of the eye 0 9
Distance between the eyes 0 11
2b
370 PKISTIPOMATID^.
inches, lines.
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 2 0
of the pectoral 4 6
of the ventral spine I 10|
of a scale 0 Tj
Height of a scale 0 9|
4. Dentex rupestris.
Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 231 ; Smith, III. S. Afr. Fishes, pi. 14 (not good) ; Owen, Os'eolog. Catal. L p. 00.
D. n A. |, L. lat. 58. L. ti-ansv. {^.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3^ in the total. The snout is twice as long as the diameter of the eye, which is 5 3 in the length of the head. Canines very strong. The praeorbital scaleless, much higher than the eye ; there are seventeen rows of scales between the praeorbital and the margin of the prae- operculum, which is also covered with sfc'les for its greater part; the scales above the lateral line are much smaller than those of the sides, similar to those of the head. The spines of the fins moderate, not flexible ; the fourth of the dorsal is the longest, and Sj in the length of the head ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal. Caudalis eraarginate. Coloration uniform.
Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
5. Dentex macrophthalmns.
Ivvaypii, 2vvooov, Athen. vii. pp. 322, 327; Oppian, i. 170.
Synagris, Belloru p. 181.
PDentalis seu Dentex Bellonii, Gesner, pp. 934, 1119.
Synagris Bellonii, Gesner, p. 934.
SpaiTis macrophthalmus, Bloch, taf. 272 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 250.
Cichla macrophtlialma, Bl. Schn. p. 337.
Sparu.s erythrostoma, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. no. 31.
Dentex macrophthalmus, Cuv. ?^ Val. vi. p. 227; Guicheiu Eocplor
Seietit. Alger. Poiss. p. 51 ; Webh 4- Berth. I. c. p. 37. ? Dentex maroccanus, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 234.
B. 6. D. }?. A. |. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and longer than the distance between the eyes ; the praeorbital is three times as long as high ; praeoperculum with scaly margin ; four canines of moderate size in the upper jaw. Dorsal spines moderate; the second of the anal fin longer and stronger than the third. Caudalis emarginate- Uniform red.
Mediterranean.
15. DENTEX. 371
a. Adult : stuffed : not good state. h, c. Half-grown : stuffed.
d. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo- logical Society.
6. Dentex filosus,
Dentex filosua, Valenc. in Webb, lies Canar. Poiss. p. 37 ; Gtdchen.
Explor. Scient. Alg6r. Poiss. p. 52. Dentex filamentosus, Valenc. I. c. pi. 6 (not Cuv. 8' Vol.).
D. }^. A. |. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 8/14.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times. Nape very convex, elevated. The scales of the upper surface of the skull do not extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; there are eight series of scales between the prseorbital and the angle of the praeoperculum. Four canines in each jaw. The third or the third and fourth spines of the dorsal produced into more or less long filaments. Caudalis forked. The first ray of the ventrals sometimes elongate. Reddish, with irre- gular blackish spots on the back.
Coast of Algiersj Canary Islands ; Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith-
7. Dentex nufar.
Dentex nufar, {Ehrenh.) Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 240; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 115.
D.l?. A.-|. Ca3c. pylor. 4.
The third spine of the dorsal fin three-quarters of the height of the body, the fourth and fifth shorter ; four canines in each of the jaws. Coloration uniform silvery.
Eed Sea.
8. Dentex hypselosoma. Bleeker, Japan, p. 402, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, tab. 4. f. 2. B. 6. D. {?. A. f . L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3|^ or 4 ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and longer than the snout. The height of the praeorbital two-thirds of that of the eye. Four canine teeth above, six below. The scales of the praeoperculum are arranged in five series. Dorsal spines rather slender ; the fourth longest, nearly one-third of the height of the body. Caudalis emarginate ; the second anal spine longest. Rose-coloured; a broad yellow band between the eyes. {Bl.)
Sea of Japan.
2 B 2
372 PBISTIPOMATID^.
0. Dentex ^seus.
Dftntex griseus, Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Jupon. Poiss. p. 72. pi. 36 5
Blocker, Sumatra, iv. p. 80, and Verhand. Batav. Genootach. xxvi.
JapuH, p. 88. Dt-ntex lethrinoidfts, Bfeek. Java, i. p. 102, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii.
Spar. p. 11. Lobotes microprion, Bleek. Natuurk. Tyihchr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 174
(young).
B. 6. D. L". A. ^. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 2|-3| in the total length, the length of the head four times. The snout is rather longer than the eye ; the prseorbital is large, about half as high as the eye, and scaleless, like the margin of the praeoperculum ; there are four rows of scales be- tween the prseorbital and the angle of the pi*a3operculum. Six canine teeth in the upper jaw. Spines of the fins moderate : the fourth of the dorsal longest, one-third of the height of the body ; the third of the anal fin much longer than the second. CaudaUs emarginate. Uniform rose-coloured, the dorsal and anal fins marbled with darker ; young specimens with seven brownish cross-bands.
Seas of Japan, Java, and Sumatra.
«. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Japan.
10. Dentez microdon. Bteeker, Celebes, i. p. 219.
B. 6. D.J?. A.f^. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and equal to the length of the snout. The height of the pneorbital is 1| in the diameter of the eye ; the upper maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. No canine teeth. There are four series of scales between the pra;orbital and the mar- gin of the praeoperculum. Dorsal spines slender ; the third, fourth, and fifth longest, one-third of the height of the body ; the 'third anal spine longest. Caudalis deeply forked. Greenish ; a black streak from the eye to the interoperculum. {Bl.)
Sea of Bulucomba (Celebes).
11. Dentex rivulatris. Riipp. N. TV. Fische, p. 116. taf. 29. f. 2 (not Benn.).
D. 12. A. ^.
9* 10
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the eye is one-third of the latter. There are four series of scales on the praeoperculum. Canines in both jaws ; on the sides a series of conical teeth. Spines of the fins^ moderate; caudalis forked ; the third anal spine longest. Greenish ; sides of the head with blue Avavcd lines. {Riipp.)
Kcd Sea.
16. STNAGRIS. 373
12. Dentex midtideiis.
Cuv. <5- Val. vi. p. 238.
B.'A A.i-. n 9
Eight or ten canine-like teeth in the outer series of each of the jaws. The last rays of the dorsal and anal fins elongate ; the spine of the ventral compressed, very broad, and nearly as long as the rays. Praeorbital narrow and elongate. Pectoral very long. Uni- form red. (Val.)
Red Sea.
This species, imperfectly described by Valenciennes, perhaps should be referred to Pentapiis.
13. Dentez hasta. Cuv. 9f Val. vi. p. 255.
B.6. D.ii. A.|.
Dorsal spines, and especially those of the anal, strong ; prieoper- culum slightly ciliated, its limb scaleless. Si& stout canine teeth in each of the jaws. The height of the body one-third of the total length. Coloration uniform. ( Val.)
Coast of Malabar.
16. SYNAGRIS*.
Dentex, sp., Cuv. B^gne Amm. ; Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 212.
Form of the body rather elongate; eye moderate; cleft of the mouth more or less horizontal, wJth the jaws nearly equal. One continuous dorsal with the number j ; anal fin =^ ; spines feeble. Caudalis deeply forked. Canine teeth, at least in the upper jaw. Infraorbital arch entire ; preeopercxilum entire, or with very indi- stinct serrature, with three series of scales; operculum without prominent spine. Six branchiostegals. Scales moderate, ciliated. Pseudobranchiae. Swim-bladder with a notch posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in small number.
From the Red Sea, through all the East Indian Seas, into the Pacific. [One species from the Surinam coast.]
1. Synagris furcosus.
Dentex furcosus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 244.
D. ^. A., -i. L. lat. 48-50. L. transv. 4/14. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
* 1. Dentex marginatus, Ctcv. Sf Val. vi. p. 245. — East Indies.
2. tambuloides, Bleek. Batav. p. 465. — Batavia.
3. tolu, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 249 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Spar.
p. 13. — Batavia.
4. Coryphsena striata, Block. — Dentex striatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 252. —
Tranquebar.
5. Dentex mesoprion, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 13. — Sumatra.
G. ruber, Ciiv. ^- Val. vi. p. 245 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poias. p. 187.
pi. 31. f. 2; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Spar. p. 12.— East Indies.
374
PRISXIPOMATID^.
fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3f in the latter, and lg-l| in the length of the snout. The pra^orbital is higher than the eye ; there are three rows of scales between the prseorbital and the margin of the praeoperculum. Six canine teeth in each of the jaws. The spines of the fins slender, flexible ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth of the dorsal fin longest, 2|— 2^ in the length of the head. Caudalis deeply forked, scaly, the upper lobe rather longer ; the second and third anal spines verj' feeble, nearly equal ; the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins slightly elongate. Coloration uniform.
Coast of Trincomalee ; Sea of Amboyna ; Louisiade Archipelago ; Coasts of Austraha.
a. Fine specimen. Ambojoia. Purchased of Mr. Frank. h. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
c. Adult : stuffed. Chaumont Island (Louisiade Archipelago), in
17 fathoms. Voyage of the Rattlesnake. \
d, e. Adult : skins. Damlay Island.
/. Fine specimen. Australia. Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq. g. Fiae specimen. Australia. Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq.
2. Ssmagris taeniopteras.
Dentex taeniopterus, Cuv. <§• Vol. vi. p. 246; •Bleek. Verh. Batccv. Genootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 11.
B. '\ A. ^. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 4/11.
9 7 '
The height of the body nearly equals the length of the head, and is 3f in the total ; the snout is longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The prseorbital is as high as the eye ; there are three series of scales between the prseorbital and the margin of the praeoperculum. The spines of the fins slender and flexible ; the posterior of the dorsal fin longest, 2| in the length of the head, and jather shorter than the rays. Cau- dalis forked. The third anal spine iutermediate in length between the second spine and the first ray ; the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins slightly elongate. Rose-coloured, with yellow longi- tudinal bands on the body ; a yellow band from the base of the first dorsal spine to the top of the last ray.
Coasts of Australia ; Molucca Sea
a. Adult : stuffed. N.E. coast of Australia. Voyage of the Rattle- snake. h. Adult. Molucca Sea.
3. Syna^s mulloides.
Dentex mulloides, Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 576.
D. ^. A. f L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the
16. STNAGEIS. 375
latter, and as long as the snout; the praeorbital is only half the height of the eye. Six or eight canine teeth in the upper jaw, none in the lower. There are three series of scales between the praeor- bital and the angle of the praeoperculum. The spines of the fins feeble, flexible ; the middle ones of the dorsal fin highest, not quite so high as the body ; the third anal spine longest, but rather shorter than the first ray. Caudalis deeply forked, the upper lobe longer Uniform rose-coloured. (Bl.) Sea of Sibogha (Sumatra).
4. Synagris upeneoides.
Dentex upeneoides, Bleeher, Banka, ii. p. 725,
B. 6. D. ^. A. I- L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and as long as the snout. The upper maxiUary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit ; the height of the praeorbital is If in the diameter of the eye ; there are three series of scales between the praeorbital and the margin of the praeoperculum. Six canine teeth in the upper jaw, none in the lower. The spines of the fins slender, flexible ; the middle ones of the dorsal longest, half the height of the body ; the soft portion of the fin lower than the spinous. Caudalis deeply forked. Rose-coloured ; the soft lorsal with a yeUow longitudinal band near the upper margin. (5Z.)
Sea of Banka.
5. Synagris zysron.
Dentex zysron, Sleeker, Mas, p. 219.
B. 6. D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length of the head 4|- ; the snout is shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head ; the praeorbital is not half as high as the eye. Eight or ten canine teeth in the upper jaw. There are three series of scales between the praeorbital and the mar- gin of the praeoperculum. Praeoperculum with slight denticulations. Spines of the fins slender, those of the dorsal more than one -half lower than the body. Caudalis deeply forked. The third anal spine intermediate between the second spine and the first ray. Rose- coloured; dorsalis with the upper margin yeUow; analis with an obHque yellowish longitudinal band. (Bl.)
Sea of Nias.
6. Synagris ovenii.
Dentex ovenii, Bleeker, Celebes, v. p. 246,
B. 6. D. ^. A.f L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length of the head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and equal to the length of the snout ; the height of the praeorbital- is
376 PEISTIPOMATIDiE.
1^ in the diameter of the eye. Six or eight canine teeth in each jaw. Scales of the praeoperculum arranged in three series. Dorsal spines slender, about half the height of the body ; caudal fin deeply forked, with the upper lobe longer. The third anal spiae longe'st, much shorter than the soft portion of the fin ; the posterior anal ray shortest. Rose-coloured, without any bands. (Bl.) Sea of Macassar.
7. Synagris metopias.
Dentex metopias, Bleek. Act. Soe. Nedet'l. ii., Ambotna, p. 51. D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 48-50.
The height of the body is 4|- in the total length (without caudal fin), the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the latter, and much longer than the snout ; the height of the praeorbital is less than one-half the width of the orbit (above the angle of the mouth) ; the upper maxillary reaches to below the anterior half of the eye ; praeoperculum with denticulations. The soft portion of the dorsal scarcely higher than the spinous ; the first ventral ray produced into a filament ; the upper caudal lobe longer than the lower. Uniform rose-coloured. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
8. Synagris hexodon.
Dentex hexodon, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc, Poiss. p. 8Q1 ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 243.
D. ^. A. \. L. lat. 45.
Scales of the cheeks larger than those of the body ; six canines in each jaw ; the dorsal spines feeble, and lower than the soft portion of the fin. Body elongate. Uniform rose-coloured, silvery beneath. {Val.)
A rather doubtful species, from the Sea of Timor.
9. Synagris peronii. Dentex peronii, Cuv. 8^ Val. vi. p. 245. pi. 154. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 65.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4^ in the total length. CaudaUs deeply forked, covered with scales. The posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins not elongate ; the third anal spine longer than the second. Rose-coloured. ( Val.)
Molucca Sea.
10. Synagris variabilis.
Dentex variabilis, ( Ehretibery) Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 241. fasciolatus, {Ehrenberq) Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 242.
D.f A.|.
Dorsal fin rather low. Silvery ; body and vertical fins marbled with brownish. ( Val.) Red. Sea.
16. STNAGEIS. 377
11. Synagris luteus.
? Coryphsena lutea, Bl. Schn. p. 297. taf. 58. Dentex luteus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 260.
D. ^. A.}. L. lat. 40.
Teeth nearly equal. {Vol.) Coast of Pondicherry.
12. Sjrnagris celebicns.
Dentex celebicus, Sleeker, Celebes, v. p. 245.
B. 6. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is five times in the tctal length, the length of the head 4|. The snout is scarcely short or than the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head ; the upper maxillary reaches to below the anterior half of the eye ; the praeor- bital is narrow, its height being 1| in the diameter of the eye. Six canine teeth in each jaw. Scales of the prseoperculum arranged in three series. The dorsal spines slender, the posterior ones longest, one-half the height of the body ; the soft portion of the dorsal scarcely higher than the spinous. Caudahs deeply forked ; the third anal spine longest, rather shorter ihan the soft portion of the fin. Rose- coloured, with a yellow lateral band ; dorsal and anal fins with two greenish-yellow longitudinal bands, the former with a yellow margin.
Macassar ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (in 30 fathoms). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
13. Synagris nematopus.
Dentex nematopus, Sleeker, Celebes, i. p. 219.
D.^. A.|-. L. lat. 45.
The height of the body is 4|^ in the total length, and equals the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 3-1- in the latter, and equal to the length of the snout. The praeorbital is half as high as the eye ; there are three series of scales between the prajorbital and the margin of the praeoperculum. The upper maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Four canines in the upper jaw, none in the lower. Spines of the fins slender ; the posterior ones of the dorsal longer, and 1| in the height of the body ; the soft portion of the fin higher than the spinous. The pectoral fins rather longer than the head ; in adult specimens the first ray of the ventrals produced into a filament, reaching beyond the origin of the anal fin. The third anal spine intermediate in length between the second spine and the first ray. Caudalis deeply forked, the upper lobe being longer. Red, with two yeUow bands
378 PKISTIPOMATIDJE.
from the head to the caudal fin ; dorsal fin with three waved, green- ish-yellow longitudinal stripes.
Sea of Biilueomba (Celebes). Lotiisiade Archipelago.
a-d. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voy- age of the Rattlesnake (in 30 fathoms).
14. Synagris japonicus.
Spams japonicus, Block, t. 277. f. 1.
Dentex blocliii, Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, 1851, p. 176.
B. 6. D.H A.f L.lat. 45.
The height of the body is 4 or 3| in the total length, and nearly equal to the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 3-3^ in the latter, and rather longer than the snout ; the height of the prae- orbital is about one-half of the diameter of the eye ; there are three series of scales between the praeorbital and the angle of the praeoper- culum. Eight or ten canine teeth in the upper jaw, none in the lower. The spines of the fins slender ; the posterior ones of the dorsal longer, 2f in the height of the body ; the third anal spine in- termediate in length between the second spine and the first ray. Caudalis deeply forked, with the upper lobe longer, and sometimes produced into a short filament. Reddish violet, with seven or eight golden longitudinal bands; a ferruginous spot on the opercidum; dorsal fin yellow-edged, caudal red. (-BZ.)
Sea of Batavia.
15. Synagris filamentosns.
Cantharus filamentosus, R'dpp. Atl. Fische, p. 50. pi. 12. f. 3 (not
Dentex filamentosus, Cuv. 8f Val). Dentex bipunctatus, (Shrenberg) Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 247. tambulus, Cfuv. df Val. vi. pp. 249, 558 (not Spams japoniciis,
Block) ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 114 ; Bleek. Verlutnd.Bat. Gettoatsch.
xxiii. Spar. p. 12.
D. '-^. A. |. C^. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is three times in the total length (without caudal), the length of .the head 3^. The snout is longer than the eye. The posterior spines of the dorsal fin longest, one-third of the height of the body ; caudalis deeply forked ; in adult specimens (males ?) the upper lobe prolonged into a filament nearly as long as the fin, and the ventrals elongate, about one-foui'th of the total length. Reddish ; two yellow streaks along the belly.
Red Sea ; Coast of Pondicherry.
16. Synagris nemurns. Dentex nemurus, Bleek. Act. Soe. Nederl. ii., Amboitia, p. 49. B. 6. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 50. The height of the body is 4| in the total length (without caudal
16. 8TNAGBI8. 379
fin), the length of the head 3|- ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the latter, and longer than the snout ; the praeorhital is not half as high as the orbit (above the angle of the mouth) ; the upper maxiUary bone reaches to below the anterior half of the orbit ; praeoperculiun den- ticulated, operculum with a conspicuous spiae. The first ventral ray produced rato a filament; the upper caudal lobe with a filament, which is 3f in the length of the body. Eose-coloured ; the dorsal fin with a yeUow margin ; the anal with a series of yellow dots along the base. (Bl.) Sea of Amboyna.
17. Synagris sinensis.
Spams sinensis, Lac^. iv. p. 46.
Dentex setigerus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 253 ; Faun, Japan. Poiss. p. 73. pi. 37. 1 I (not good).
D.^. A.-|. L. lat. 48. L. tran^v. 4/10.
The height of the body is four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is much shorter than the muzzle, and one-fourth of the length of the head. Praeorhital very large, much higher than "the eye, and scaleless, Hke the margin of the praeoperculum. Praeoperculum minutely ciliated. The spines of the fins slender, those of the dorsal 2^ in the length of the head ; the last rays of the dorsal and anal fins elongate ; the upper lobe of the caudal produced into a very long filament. Red, with sik yeUow longitudinal banfls on each side ; dorsal and anal fins with a yeUow band along the base and margin ; the elongated caudal ray yellow.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Adtilt : stuffed : injured. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. h. Adult : skin : not good state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves^ Esq.
18. Synagris nematophonis.
Dentex nematophorus, Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 500.
B. 6. D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 4| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is about one -third of the latter, and longer than the snout. The praeorhital is haK the height of the eye ; there are three series of scales between the praeorhital and the angle of the praeoperculum ; the upper maxiUary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The first two dorsal spines produced into very long filaments, extending to the caudal fin. Caudalis deeply forked, the upper lobe produced into a filament. Rose-coloured, with three or four yellow longitudinal bands ; dorsal fin yellow-edged, anal with a yellow basal streak. (Bl.) Sea of Padang (Sumatra).
380 PKISTIPOMATID^.
19. Synagris macronemus.
Dentex filamentosus, Cuv. >§• Val. vi. p. 254. pi, 155 (not Dentex fila- mentosiis, Val. in Webb, I. c, or Cantharus filamentosus, Itupp.).
B. 6. D.H A.f
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the first dorsal spine, the upper lobe of the caudal, and the first ray of the ventral produced into long filaments. (Val.)
Surinam.
It is not certain, from the imperfect description of Valenciennes, whether this fish shoiild be referred to Sytiagris or to Dentex ; ac- cording to the figure, it has the habit of Synagi'is, but the scales on the praeopereulum arc arranged in more than three series, as in Dentex.
17. PRISTIPOMOIDES.
Pristipomoides, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1852, iii. p. 574.
Form of the body compressed, rather elongate ; eye and muzzle moderate, with the lower jaw longest. Seven branchiostegals. Two or four canine teeth. Praeopereulum denticulated. No pores under the mandibula. One dorsal with ten, the anal with three spines ; caudal fin deeply forked and entirely scaly. Scales moderate, ctenoid.
Coast of Sumatra.
1. Pristipomoides typus.
Pristipomoides typus, Bleek. I. c. p. 575. Dentex pristipoma, Bleekei; Celebes, v. p. 246.
B. 12. A. -i. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4^ to 4f in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the snout is not shorter than the eye ; the upper maxillary reaches to below the anterior half of the orbit ; dorsal fin not notched, spines slender ; the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins elongate. Rose-coloured. {Bl.)
Sea of Sibogha (West Sumatra).
18. PENTAPUS*.
Pentapus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 258. Leiopsis, Bennett, in Life of Raffles, p. 088.
Form of the body oblong ; eye nioderate ; cleft of the mouth hori- zontal, with the jaws equal. One continuous dorsal, with the numbers varying between ^-^^^ ; in the anal between y^^^ ; cau- dalis deeply forked. Canines small. Pra^orbital entire, narrow ; the distance between the eye and the cleft of the mouth small. Prae- opereulum entire, with more than three series of scales ; operculum with one feeble spine. Six branchiostegals. Scales moderate,
» 1. Pentapus iris, Cuv. {J- Vol. vi. p. 266.— Australia.
18. PKNTAPTJS. 381
ciKated, Pseudobranchiao. Svvim-bladdcr simple. Pyloric a])pendages in small number.
East Indian and Australian Seas.
1. Pentapus aurolineatus. Spams aurolineatus, Lacep. iv. p. 1.32.
Pentapus aurolineatus, Cuv. ^- Veil. vi. pp. 269, 559. pi. 167 ; Bleeher, Halmaheira, p. 7.
D. j;. A. ,j^. L. lat. 70-75. L. transv. 6/17.
The upper maxillary with a crenulated longitudinal ridge ; four or five series of scales between the prasorbital and the angle of the prgeoperculum. The third anal spine longest. Body with more or less distinct longitudinal stripes ; a white spot on the back, beneath the end of the dorsal fin.
Isle de France ; Molucca Sea ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a-c. Adult : stufied. Louisiade Archipelago (in 43 to 50 fathoms).
Voyage of the Rattlesnake. d. Adult. Isle de France. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society (Dentex lycogenis, Benn.).
2. Pentapus vitta.
Quoy ^ Gahn, Toy. Freyc. JJran. Poiss. p. 294. pi. 44. f. 4 ; Cuv. ^ Vol, vi. p. 204.
D. ^. A. j-^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 6/20.
The margin of the prseoperculum without distinct scales, slightly striated. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is about one-fourth of the total. The diameter of the eye is shorter than the snout, and the distance between the eyes one-fourth of the lengtli of the head. Caudalis forked, with acute lobes. The spines of the fins feeble ; scales of the praeoperculum small, in about six series ; the second of the anal one-half of the third. A broad brownish-black band from the snout through the eye to the upper half of the root of the caudal fin.
Coasts of Austraha,
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Victoria (Australia). Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
c-f. Adult : skins. Houtman's Abrolhos. From Mr. Gould's Col- lection.
g. Adult : not good state, 'From the Haslar Collection.
3. Pentapus peronii.
Cuv. (§• Val vi. p. 268.
D. ^. A. 1. L. lat. 50. Csc. pylor. 6.
The margin of the prsooperculum scaleless ; pectoral very short ; a black band from the eye to the caudal fin. (Vol.) Hub. ?
382 PBISTIPOMATID^.
4. Pentapus vittatus.
Spams vittatiis, Block, taf. 276. Pentapua vittatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 260.
B. 6. D. ^. A. -i. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 14-15.
The margin of the praeoperculum scaly. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is rather less than one-third of the length of the head, and equals that of the snout. CaudaUs forked. Three blue longitudinal bands from the head along the sides. {Vol.)
East Indies.
5. Pentapus porosus. Cuv. ^ Val vi. p. 267. pi. 156.
D. ■^. A. -i. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one- fourth of the total. The pectoral does not extend to the anal. Body with indistinct oblique streaks. (Fa?.)
Hah. ?
6. Pentapus nubilus. Pentapodus nubilus, Cantor, Catal. p. 49.
D.i5. A.|. L. lat. 47.
The length of the head, when the muzzle is protracted, is one - third of that of the body, the caudal not included. The pectoral reaches to the anal. An indistinct blackish oblique band from the nape of the neck to the point of the operculum ; a second, similar, in front of the dorsal, terminating beneath the lateral line in a large rounded spot ; a few indistinct, blackish, clouded spots along the sides. {Cant.)
Sea of Pinang.
7. Pentapus unicolor. Cuv. <§• Val. vi. p. 263.
D, ^. A.|. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is about one-fourth of the total. Caudalis forked. Coloration uniform. {Val.) East Indies ?
8. Pentapus setosus.
Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 270 ; Bleeker, Nattmrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 175.
B. 6. D. y. A. J. L. lat. 60. Csec. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head. The middle spines of the dorsal longest ; the first ray of the ventrals
18. PENTAPTJS. 383
produced into a filament, reaching to the anal ; the third anal spine intermediate between the second spine and the first ray. The upper lobe of the caudal produced into a long filament. A blue and yellow band from the muzzle through the eye to the operculum ; a brown, bhiish-edged spot at the root of the ca,udal ; dorsal fin with the upper margin yellow. Sea of Batavia.
9. Fentapus paradiseus. (Plate XXIV. fig. A.) D. ^. A. |-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/16.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one- fourth of the total (without caudal filament) ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head. The middle spines of the dorsal are the longest. The first ray of the ventral sometimes produced into a short filament, which does not reach to the vent ; the third anal spine intermediate between the second spine and the first ray* In male (?) individuals the upper lobe of the caudal produced into a filament, sometimes as long as the body. Muzzle above bluish silvery with two yeUow cross-bands, the anterior of which runs to the middle of the eye, crossing the prseorbital. A third yellow band from the praeorbital, along the inferior margin of the orbit, across the cheek, operculum and suboperculum, to the base of the pectoral. A silvery longitudinal band from the middle of the eye, along the side of the body, below the lateral Une, to the upper part of the tail, and con- vergent with another pearl-coloured band from the origin of the anal : both the latter bands meet at an acute angle in the middle of the base of the caudal fin. Finally, a pearl- coloured band on the back, along the base of the dorsal fin.
Polynesia; Sumatra.
a. 11" long, filament 3^". Old Collection.
h. 6" long, filament 2". Sumatra. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. c, d. 7|" long, filament 2^". Australia. Presented by J. Mac-
gillivray, Esq. e, f. 8" long, filament 5" : stuffed. Moreton Island (12 fathoms).
Voyage of the Rattlesnake. g, h. 6" long, filament |" : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (30
fathoms). Voyage of the Rattlesnake. i. 7^" long, filament none. Purchased of Mr. Gosse. k. 7" long, filament 2". Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. I. 5" 4'" long, filament none. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — This fish forms one of the most beautiful species of the whole family. The coloration, with the exception of the ground-colour, is very well preserved in specimens in spirits, but not so well in dried specimens ; this facilitates its distinction from P. setosus, to which it is closely allied. It appears, however, from the descriptions of the latter species, that, besides the differences
384 PRISTIPOMATIB^.
ill colour, our new species has fewer transverse rows of scales and a more elevated body. Its greatest depth is above the base of the ventral fins, where it equals the length of the head, and forms one- fourth of the total ; the height of the body is 3^ in the total length (the caudal excluded). The head is ratlier broad above, the distance between the eyes being more than the width of the orbit, and equal to the length of the snout ; it is scaly to the level of the nos- trils, which, close together, and at some distance from the eye, are situated rather on the upper surface of the head than on its side. The snout is somewhat pointed, with the jaws equal, and with the cleft of the mouth moderate and slightly oblique. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The praeorbital is porous, and has a slight notch to receive the extremity of the maxillary bone ; here it is narrowest, the distance between the angle of the mouth and the eye being only one-half of the diameter of the latter; it is, like the rest of the snout, entii'ely scaleless. The prseoperculum is not denticulated, exhibiting some slight striae at the angle ; the limbs have a nearly vertical direction towards each other, but the angle is rounded ; there is a broad scaleless space above the angle and the lower limb, the remainder of the cheek being covered with seven series of scales of rather small size. The operculum has a semicircular notch behind, but no pro- minent points. The suprascapula can scarcely be distinguished from the surrounding scales.
The origin of the dorsal fin is above the posterior extremity of the operculum, and its end behind the vertical from the end of tho anal fin. The spines are slender and somewhat flexible : the first is three- fifths of the length of the second ; the second and third are rather shorter tnan the three following, which are the longest, and 2| in the height of the body ; the posterior spine is rather shorter than the rays, which form a slightly convex margin of the fin, and none of which attain the height of the spinous dorsal ; the posterior rays are not elongate. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins equals the height of the tail below the end of the dorsal. The caudal is forked, and partly covered with series of small scales ; the upper lobe is longest, and produced in some of the specimens into a filament, which is shorter than the fin in two half-grown specimens, but one- third or three-quarters of the total length in adult ones ; a third part of the specimens are destitute of such a filament. I am inclined to beheve that this is a sexual difierence. The distance between the caudal and anal fins is equal to that between the snout and the posterior margin of the eye. The anal spines are veiy feeble ; the first is one-half the length of the second, the second two-thirds of the third ; the third is three-quarters of the first ray. The fin is lower than the soft portion of the dorsal, and has sometimes a rounded margin ; sometimes the last ray is rather elongate. The pectoral is slightly pointed, and its length is 1^ in that of the head. The base of the ventral falls behind that of the pectoral ; its first ray is sometimes produced into a short filament, in other spccinuns not.
The scales are of moderate size, finely ciliated, much higher than
19. CH^TOPTEEITS. 385
long ; one of the largest covers one-sixth of the eye. The lateral line follows the curvature of the back.
There are, besides the ^^ Hi form bands and the outer series of larger teeth, four canines of moderate size in front of the upper jaw. The lower jaw is armed mth a single pair ; they are rather bent out- wards, and receive the four upper ones between them.
To the coloration, as given above, must be added, that the ground- colour is now a reddish olive (rose-coloured in life?), and that two of the specimens exhibit a brownish speck at the root of the caudal, in the angle formed by the pearl-coloured bands. A similar spot is found in Pentapus setosus.
inches, lines.
Total length (without filament) 7 6
Height of the body 1 11
Length of the head 1 11
Diameter of the eye 0 6
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 0 9
of the pectoral 1 3
of a large scale 0 1|
Height of a large scale 0 3
19. CH^TOPTERUS.
Chaetopterus, Temm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Jaimn. Poiss. p. 78.
Form of the body elongate ; eye moderate ; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the lower jaw rather longer. One continuous dorsal with ten spines, the anal fin with three. CaudaUs deeply forked. Canine teeth none ; minute teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. Praiorbital and praeoperculum entire, i Four bran- chiostegals. Scales moderate, ciliated.
Japanese Sea.
1. Chaetoptenis dubius.
Chaetopterus, sp., Temm. <^ Schleg. I. c. pi. 37. f. 2.
Uniform red. Japanese Sea.
D. 1^. A. f L. lat. 75.
20. APHAREUS.
Aphareus, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 485 ; Rlqip. N. W. Fis^rhe, p. 121.
Form of the body oblong ; eye moderate ; the cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, rather wide, with the lower jaw longer. One dorsal, continuous, with the anterior part highest, and witt ten or twelve spines ; analis |-. All the spines feeble ; caudalis deeply forked. No canines. No teeth on the palate. Praeorbital and prae- operculum entire. Scales rather small. Seven branchiostegals. Air- bladder simple. A (respiratory) cavity behind the branchiae, at the interior side of the humenis. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Red Sea ; Isle de France.
386 PHISTIPOMATID^.
1. Aphaxeus furcatus.
Renard, pi. 80. p. 166 ; Valentijn, no. 129. Labrus furcatus, LacSp. iii. pp. 424, 477. pi. 21. f. 1. Caranxamorus sacrestinns, ia<;^. v. p. 682. Aphareus cserulescens, Cuv. Sf Vol. w. p. 487. pi. 167 b.
D.J?. A,|. L. lat. 75.
The third dorsal spine is the longest. The last ray of the dorsal and anal fins twice as long as the preceding. Uniform hrowniah blue. {Cuv.)
Isle de I'rance.
2. Aphareus mtilans.
Cuv. 4" Val. vi. p. 490; BUpp. I.e. — ; ? Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. ii., Amboina, p. 52.
D. 'j. A. |. Csec. pylor. 5.
The fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines are the longest ; the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins twice as long as the preceding. Uniform rose-coloured.
Red Sea. [Sea of Amboyna.]
Bleeker found ten dorsal spines and eleven rays in a specimen from Amboyna, which number is given to the other species by Cuvier. In other respects the description agrees better with A. ru- tilans. Bleeker states seventy scales for the lateral line.
21. MJENA*. Msena, Cuv. JRkgne Amm. ; Citv. ^ Val. vi. p. 886.
Form of the body compressed, oblong ; eye moderate ; the motith very protractile; the posterior processes of the intermaxillaries extending to the occiput. One dorsal, scaleless, with the number — ; the anal -^ : the spines feeble. Caudalis forked. Minute teeth on the vomer. Praeoperculum entire. Scales moderate, ciliated. Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiae. Air-bladder posteriorly di- vided into two lobes. Pyloric appendages in smaU number.
Mediterranean.
1. Msena vulgaris.
? Maivlsf Aristot. vi. cap. 15, 17, viii. cap. 30, ix. cap. 2.
? Msena, Plin. ix. cap. 25 ; Rondel, v. cap. 13. p. 138.
SpaTus, sp. 7, Artedi, Genera, p. 36.
Sparus msena, L. Om. p. 1271; ^ Bl. taf. 270; Bl. Schn. p. 272.
mendola, Lac&p. iv. p. 85.
Msena vulgaris, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 390 ; Martens, Iteise nach Venedig, ii. p. 424; Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alg&r. Poiss. p. 55.
B. 6. D. ij. A. |. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 6/13. Caec. pylor. 4.
Vert. 9/13. The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
* 1. Msena jusculum, Cuv. 4" Val. vi. p. 395.^Medit«rranean.
22. «MARis, 387
head 4\; the diameter of. the eye is one-fourth of the latter. The height of the dorsal is 2| in that of the body. Lead-coloured, with indistinct longitudinal stripes ; a black blotch beneath the lateral line. Mediterranean.
a. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
b-e. Adult and half-grown. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult female': not good state. Malta.
g. Adult.
h, i. Adult : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
k. Adult: stuffed.
2. Msena vomeriua.
Ciw. Sf Val. vi. p. 400. pi. 164.
D. H. A. -|. L. lat. 60-65. L. transv. 20. Caec. pylor. 4.
The vomerine teeth are arranged in a small patch on the anterior part of the bone. The height of the body is Sf in- the total, the length of the head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter ; the spinous dorsal half as high as the body. Coloration uniform. ( Val. )
Malta.
3. Maena zebra.
? Sparus lineatiis, Osheck, Act. Nov. Nat. Curios, iv. 1770, p. 100 * Sparus zebra, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 47 ; Bl. Schn. p. 279.
osbeckii, Lacep. iv. pp. 33, 109 ; Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 246.
massiliensiS; Lacep. iv. p. 107.
tricuspidatus, Spinola, Ann. Mus. x. pi. 18.
gora, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 2nd edit. p. 357.
Msena osbeckii, Cuv. fy Val. vi. p. 397 ; Onichen. I. c.
D. Ji. A. J. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 20. Caec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/13.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 4^. Greyish blue : head, body, and vertical fiiis with light-blue spots, those of the cheeks forming radiating series.
Mediterranean.
22. SMARISt.
Smaris, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 403.
Form of the body oblong or cylindrical ; eye moderate or rather
large; the mouth very protractile, the posterior processes of the
intermaxillaries extending to the occiput. One dorsal, scaleless,
with (nine) eleven and more spines, the anal fin with three ; all the
* It is very doubtful whether the fish described by Osbeck is to be referred to this species, wliich has no lateral blotch, whilst Osbeck says, "Macula nigra utrinque infra lateralem." The fish is called by Osbeck Sp. lineatuR. and not radiaftis, as Valenciennes en'oneously copies from Bonnaterre.
t 1. Smaris martinicus, Cuv. 4 Val. vi. p. 424.— Martinique.
2 c2
388 PEISTIPOMATID-S:.
spines veiy feeble ; caudalis forked. No teeth on the vomer. Prae- operculum entire. Scales rather small, ciliated. Six branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiffi. Air-bladder generally forked posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic. [Sea of Ceylon.]
1. Smarts vulgaris.
? "Sfiapis, Arist. Hist. Anim. viii. cap."" 30.
Smans, Rcndel. .v.- cap. 14. p. 140.
Giaret, Bellotu i. p. 221. fig, in p. 223 & p. 222.
Maena Candida seu Smaris Rondeletii, Gesner, Aquae, iv. p. 522.
Smaris primus, Johnst. i. cap. 1. p. 55. tab. 20. f. 5.
Spams, sp. 10, Artedi, Genera, p. 36.
Sparus smaris, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 468 ; L. Gm. p. 1271 ; Bl. Sehn.T,. 273 j
Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 238 (not Briinn.) ; tacep. iv. pp. 79, 84. Smaris smaris, Bisso, Hist. Nat. iii. p. 345. Sparus argenteus, macula, &c., Briinn. Ichth. Mass. p. 42. Smaris vulgaris, Cuv. (^ Val. vi. p. 407 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci,
pi. . f. 1. Smaris gagarella, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 420 ; Bonap. I. c.
-D.il. A.|. L.lat.70. L. transv. 7/12. Csec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4| in the total ; the snout (when closed) is rather longer -than the diameter of the eye, which is 3^ in the length of the head. The dorsal fin not notched, with the posterior rays shortest ; the sixth spine is the longest, longer than one-half of the height of the body. A large black lateral spot beneath the lateral line.
Mediterranean.
a. Fine specimen. Dalmatia.
6, c. Adult. Adriatic. From Mr. Frank's Collection. d. Adult. Lisbon.
«. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo- logical Society.
2. Smarts alcedo.
Smaris, Willughhy, iv. cap. 23. p. 43.
Sparus alcedo, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 258.
Smaris smaris, mas, Bisso, Bur. Merid. iii. p. 845.
Scisena gymnodon, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 252.
Smaris alcedo, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 416 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. pi. . f. 3 ;
Guich. Expilor. Scient. Alg&r. Poiss. p. 55. chryselis, Cuv. Sc Val. vi. p. 419. pi. 165 ; Bonap. I. c. f. 4 ;
Nordm, in Demid. yog. Buss. Mirid. p. 389.
D. i{. A. |. Csec. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length >3f the head, and one-fourth or one-fifth of the total. The spinous dorsal rather higher than one-half of the depth of the body ; the posterior rays
22. SMAK18. 389
not shortened. Head and body with irregular blue spots and streaks ; vertical fins blue-spotted ; a brownish spot between the first two or three dorsal spines. Mediterranean,
a. Adult : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
3. Smarts maurii. Bonap. Faun, Ital. Pesci, pi. . f. 3.
D. ii. A.i-.
12 9
The height of the body is rather shorter than the length of the head, and about one-fifth of the total. Dorsal fin without notch, with the posterior rays longest, rather higher than one-half the height of the body. No black lateral blotch. (Bonap.)
Mediterranean.
4. Smaris gracilis.
Sparus smaris, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 344. Smaris gracilis, Bwiap. Faun. Ital. pi. . f. 1.
The length of the head is much more than the height of the body, which is one-sixth of the total length. The dorsal without notch, much higher than one-half of the depth of the body ; the posterior rays shortest. A black lateral blotch below the lateral Une.
Mediterranean.
a. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo- logical Society.
5. Smaris melanarus. Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 422. D, 1^, A. ^. C»c. pylor. 7. L. lat. 6tj. L. transv. 8/15.
Lead- coloured, silvery shining ; a large black spot at the root of the caudal fin. Cape Verde.
a-c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Smaris balteatus.
Ciw. 8f Val. vi. p. 424.
Body cylindrical, elongate. Dorsalis deeply notched. Above reddish brown, dotted with white ; a silvery band from above the eye to the caudal; beneath silvery. {Val ^
Ceylon.
390 PKISTIPOMATID^-
7. Smaris insidiator.
Smaris insidiator, Cuv. 8) Val. vi. p. 414; Boriap. Faun. Ital Pcsei, f. 2.
?^n]
maris angustatus, Solander, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 421. — Madeira. ? Smaris royeri, Bowdich, Cuv.. Sf Val. vi. p. 421. — Madeira.
D. ■^. A. ^. L. lat. 90. L. transv. 4/15. Caec. pylor. 3.
Body cylindrical. The height of the hody is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head, and equal toj^that of the snout. Caudalis notched. No lateral blotch.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection. h. Fine specimen. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
c. Adult: bad state. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
e. Adult. /. Adult.
23. C-ffiSIO*.
Caesio, sp., (Cominersou) Cuv. Ri'yne Anim. ; Cuv. H) Val. vi. p. 426.
Form of the body oblong ; eye moderate ; the cleft of the mouth more or less oblicjue, with the jaws e(]ual, or the lower slightly longer. One dorsal, continuous, with the anterior part highest, more or less covered with scales f ; the number of the spines varjang be- tween nine and thirteen ; anal fin ^^ ; all the spines very feeble ; caudalis deeply forked. No teeth on the palate. Prajoperculum entire, or minutely denticulated. Scales moderate, ciliated. Six or seven branchiostegals. Pseudobranchia). Air-bladder simple. Py- loric appendages in small number.
From the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean into the Pacific.
1 . Caesio lunaris.
Rcnard, pi. 32. f. 174.
CfBsio lunaris, (Ehrenbg.) Cuv. 8) Val. vi. p. 441 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool.
ii. p. 18G, Pois.s. pi. 34 (faulty) ; Bleeker, Natuufk. I'ydschr. I^ederl.
Indt'r, 1851, p. 1<7.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 55. Cffic. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length -of the head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is 3g in the latter ; the second
* 1. Cicsio tricolor, Cnv. ^ Va!. vi. p. 4.S8. — Enst Indies.
2. Spania cuning, Bl. taf. 2G3. f. 1 ; Lacip. iv. p. 1 15. — Ciclila cuning. Bl. Schn. p. 3iK>. — Ciesio cuning, Cav. tV Val. vi. p. 444. — East Indies. t t'fr. Ca'sio gyranopterus, p. 394.
23. CJE8I0. 391
anal spine longer and stronger than the third. No lateral band ; a "black spot at the axil ; caudal lobes with black tips. Red Sea ; Sea of Batavia ; New Ireland.
a. Adult: stuffed.
2. Csesio xauthonotus. Bleeker, Batav. p. 460.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of the head 4j ; the diameter of tlw- eye is 3| in the latter, and longer than the snout. Al)ove yt^llow, a blue band between the snout and eye ; lateral lino brown ; base of the pectorals violet ; no band or spot on the caudal. {BL)
Sea of Batavia.
3. Cffisio pisang. Bleeker, Amboina, iii. p. 23.
D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is 4|-4f in the total length, the length of the head 4|-45 ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter, and nluch longer than the snout. llose-colourcd ; scales of the upper parts with a blue basal spot ; lateral line brown ; lobes of the caudal with l)luck tips.
Seas of An*boyna and Batavia.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
4. CsBsio pinjalo.
Pinjulo typus, Blctk. By dr. Tupoyr. Batav. Cajsio pinjalo, Bleek. Java, i. p. 102.
D. \\. A. ^. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body is 3 or 3^ in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. Coloration uniform ; dorsal black-edged. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
5. C»8io maculatus.
Cuv. 8f Val vi. p. 439.
D. 12. A. ^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 7/14.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one- fourth of the total. A black longitudinal stripe on each loltc of the caudal ; axil black. Greenish, s])otted with blue ; no latcual band.
Seas of Amboyna, Vanicolo, and China (Madagascar).
392 PRISTIPOMATID^.
a. Largo specimen. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. 6. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Esq.
c. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Collection.
6. Csesio caerulaureus.
Cfesio coendaureus, Lact'p. ill. p. 8G; Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 434 (cfr.
p. 559, aud note by Valenciennes) ^ ? Smaris mauritianus, Quoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. Poiss. p. 290.
pi. 44. f. 3. ? Csesio azuraureus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 130. ? coerulaureus, var., Cant. Catal. p. 54.
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length. Above bluish, with a golden longitudinal band along the lateral line ; along each lobe of the caudal a blackish band {Cuv.)
Red Sea ; Isle de France ; Ceylonese Sea.
It is very doubtful whether the fish described by RiippeU as Ccesio azuraureus is to be referred to Cuvier's species. It has the formula D. 1^, A. Y^, no lateral band, and appears to be higher in compari- son with its length. On the other hand, the fish from the Red Sea, described by Cuvier as a variety of C. coerulaureus, p. 436, is probably identical with Ccesio striatus of Riippell. From the extremely deli- cate structure of the fin-rays^ it is very difiicult to count them and to give the correct numbers, but which is the more necessary, as we do not yet know to what extent they vary in the species of this genus.
7. Caesio striatus.
Csesio striatus, Eiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 131. pi. 34. f. 1. ? Caesio ccerulaureus, var., Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 43G.
t B. 6. D. f-^. A. ^. L. lat. GO. L. transv. 8/13.
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the latter, and shorter than the snout. Violet, with four or five blackish longitudinal bands ; along each lobe of the caudal a blackish band ; above the axil a black spot.
Red Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Red Sea.
8. Caesio chrysozona. Coesio chrysozona, {KuJd Sfvan Ilass.) Cnv. &■ Val. vi. p. 440.
^- Ts- ^- fa- ^- 1^^- ^''5- ^- transv. 6/16. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter, and nearly equal in length to the snout. A broad shining
23. c^sio. 393
golden longitudinal band from the shoulder to the caudal ; axil and tips of the caudal blackish.
Molucca Sea. a. Adult. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
9. Caesio argenteus.
Bodianus argenteus, Block, vii. p. 44. taf. 231. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p, 332. Csesio argenteus, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 437.
D. i^. A. i-.
14 12
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length. Uniform sUverj-, with a black spot above the axil. East Indies ?
10. Caesio tile.
Cuv. %■ Val. vi. p. 428 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 181 ; Cuv. R^gtie Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 36. f. 2.
B. 6. D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 18 or 20. Ctec. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length of the head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is about one-fourth of the latter, and 1^ in the distance between the eyes. A blackish band from the shoulder, continued on the upper lobe of the caudal fin ; the lower lobe with a longitudinal band of the same colom\ Axil black. {Cuv.)
Archipelago of the Caroline Islands.
11. Caesio cylindricus. (Plate XXIV. fig. B.) B. 7. D. fj. A. ^. L. lat. 76. L. transv. 6/15.
Body cylindrical ; its greatest depth is one -sixth of the total length. The distance between the eyes less than the diameter of the eye. The base only of the soft portions of the vertical fins scaly. Above bluish, each scale of the back with a brownish margin ; a brown longitudinal band from the suprascapula, continued on the upper caudal lobe ; the lower lobe with a similar band ; axil deep black.
Madagascar.
a. Fine specimen. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
Description of the specimen. — The body is elongate, cylindrical, but with the back not broad. The length of the head is 4| in the total ; above, it is scaly to the vertical from the centre of the eye ; the distance between the eyes is less than the width of the orbit, which is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head ; the snout is rather longer than the diameter of the eye, and scaleless, like a crescent- shaped space behind the eye. The cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique, and of moderate width, the upper maxiUary reaching to the anterior margin of the orbit. The jaws are equal, the upper mode- rately protractile, the processes of the intermaxillaries reaching to above the anterior third of the eye. The teeth of the jaws are very fine ; a toothless ridge across the vomer. The nostrils are distant
394 PRISTIPOMATID^.
from each other ; the posterior is situated above the anterior margin of the eye, at the upper surface of the skull ; the anterior more on the side of the head, nearer the eye than the extremity of the snout. There are three series of scales on the praeoperculum, nearly one- half of which is scaleless and finely striated; the lower limb is rather longer than the posterior, both meeting at a rounded angle. The operculum is without any spine, and the suprascapula is not ser- rated. The origin of the dorsal fin is in a vertical line from the base of the ventral, and its end above that of the anal. The spines are extremely feeble ; the third is the longest, and one-haK of the length of the head ; the posterior rays decrease in length to the origin of the soft portion. The caudal fin is deeply forked, with -the lobes equal, the length of which is 5^ in the total. The lower margin of the anal is slightly emarginate, and the spines are rather shorter than the first ray. The base of the ventrals is situated at some distance from that of the pectorals, but, being much shorter, they do not reach quite so far backwards as the pectorals. Their length is 8| in the total, that of the pectorals 5^.
The scales are smooth, not ciliated, scarcely higher than long, and rather small ; one of the largest covers about one-eighth of the eye. The lateral line is nearly straight, but slightly bent downwards above the anal fin.
The ground-colour of the back and of the sides is bluish, of the belly sUvery ; a brown longitudinal band runs from the suprascapula along, and on the tail above, the lateral line to the caudal, on the upper lobe of which it is continued ; each scale abov6 this band has a brownish margin. There is a similar band on the lower caudal lobe. The dorsal fin is entirely blackish ; the other fins are colour- less, except the base of the upper three pectoral rays, which is black, like the axil.
inches. lines.
Total length 4 9
Height of the body 0 9^
Length of the head 1 1|
Diameter of the eye 0 3^
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 6|
of the caudal fin 0 10
of the pectoral fin 0 10
of the ventral fin 0 6|
Bleeker refers the following species to Ccesio, from which, however, it must probably be separated, ha\'ing the dorsed fin entirely naked, and seven branciiiostegals. There are, moreover, extremely minute teeth on the vomer ; but these alone, as Bleeker justly obsei-ves, could not alter the situation of this species in the system.
12. CsBsio gymnopterus. Bleeker, Ternate, vii. p. 372.
K A. i-.
15 12
Dorsal fin without any scales. The height of the body is one-
B. 7. D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 65-70.
24, ERTTHBICHTHTS. 395
seventh of the total length, the length of the head about one-fourth. The upper maxillary scaleless, reaching to the anterior margin of the eye. Coloration uniform. (Bl.) Sea of Temate.
24. ERYTHRICHTHYS.
Erythrichthys, Tetnm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Jupoii. Poiss. p. 117. Emmelichthys, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 47. Boxaodon, Gay, Hist. Cliil. Zool. ii. p. 208. Dipterygonotus, Bleek. Contr. Ichth. Celebes.
Form of the body elongate ; eye moderate ; the mouth very pro- tractile, the processes of the intermaxillaries extending to the occiput. Two dorsals, with several isolated spines between ; all the spines feeble. Caudalis forked. No teeth in the jaws or in the palate ; the lower pharyngeal bones separated from each other, and, hke the upper ones, armed with cardiform teeth. Praeoperculum entire. Scales rather small, ciHated. Seven or six branchiostegals. Pseudo- branchiae.
Molucca Sea ; Sunda Sea ; Australian Seas ; Pacific.
1. Erythrichthys schlegelii.
Erythrichtliys, sp., Temm. iSI' Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 117. pi. 63. f. 1.
B.6. D.10|A A.i;.
The angle of the praeoperculum is a right one, not rounded. Uni- form red.
Japanese Sea.
The figure of this species given in the Fauna Japonica does not show isolated spines between the dorsals ; but it is highly probable, from its great similarity to the following species, that such exist.
2. Erythrichthys nitidus.
Emmelichthys nitidus, Richards. I. c. pi. 29. f. 7, 8.
B. 7. D. 9 I 3 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 96. L. transv. 8/20.
XJnifonn greyish silveiy. The angle of the praeoperculum rounded. West Australia ; New Zealand.
a. Adult : skin New Zealand. Presented by Mr. Frederic Knap. 6. Adult : skin.
3. Erythrichthys cyanescens. Boxaodon cyanescens, Gay, I. c. p. 209, Atl. Ictiol. lam. 5. f. 1.
D. 8 I 5 I 10. A.
2 (3?) 12 *
Uniform bluish green. Sea of Valparaiso.
This fish decidedly belongs to the genus Ei'ythrichthys of Hchlegol.
396 PEISTIPaMATIDiE.
or Emmelichihys of Richardson ; but it is difficult to give the di- stinctive characters of the species, as the descrijition quoted evidently contains many errors : e. g. six branchiostegals are stated in the diagnosis of the genus, and seven in the formula attributed to the species ; two anal spines are given in the description, and thi'ee in the figure, &c. The mouth also is said to be little protractile.
4. Erythrichthys leucogrammicus.
Dipterygonotus leucogrannnicus, Bleek. Contr. Ichth. Celebes. Emmelichthys leucogrammicus, Bleek. Java, i. p. 103.
B.7. D.lOMlf A. A
Bluish, with three white longitudinal streaks on each side. Sunda and Molucca Seas.
a, h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank, c, d. Half-grown : not good state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
25. PENTAPRION.
Pentaprion, Bleek. Java, i. p. 104, and Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Mcenid. p. 13.
Form of the body compressed, oblong ; eye moderate ; mouth very protractile, and descending when thrust out. One dorsal, deeply notched, with ten spines, the anal fin with five. Caudahs forked. No teeth on the palate. Scales moderate, not cUiated, deciduous. Six branchiostcffals.
Sunda Sea. Sleeker, I. c.
Uniform silvery. Sea of Batavia.
1. Pentaprion gerreoides.
D. 15. A. ^.
14 12
26. POLYCENTRUS.
Polycentrus, Miill. (§• Trosch. in Schomb. Rcis. Brit, Guyana, ill. p. G22, and Horm Ichthyol. ill. p. 25.
Six branchiostegals. Praeoperculum and praeorbital serrated ; operculum spinifcrous. No lateral line. Dorsal and anal fins with numerous spines. ' Pharyngeal bones separated fron^, each other. Pseudobranchiae hidden.
Essequibo.
1. Polycentrus schomburgkii. Miill. 8f Trosch. I. c, and Hor. Ichthyol. iii. taf. 5. f. 2. B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/.5. Brown. Essequibo.
1. irpENEOiDEs. 397
Fam. 6. MULLID^E.
Percoidei, pt., Cuv. B^gne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. iii.
p. 419 ; Mull. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 201, Percidse, pt., Owen, Led. on Compar. Anat. p. 49. Mullidse, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840 j Richardson.
Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales with- out or with an extremely fine serrature. Profile of the head moie. or less parabolic ; hyal apparatus with two long barbels. Lateral line continuous. Mouth in front of the snout, with the cleft lateral "and rather small. Eye lateral,^ of moderate size. Four branchiostegals ; pseudobranchise. Dentition feeble, more or less complete. ' Two dorsal Jins, remote from each other ; anal similar to the second dorsal ; ventrals with one spine and five rays. Air-bladder, if present, simple and of variable size ; stomach siphonal.
Inhabitants of nearly all the tropical seas, extending in Europe on to the coasts of the temperate region. Some species entering rivers.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and the
palatine bones 1. Upeneoides.
Teeth in both the jaws and on the vomer ; none on
the palatine bones 2. Upeneichthys.
No teeth in the upper jaw 3. Mullus.
No teeth on the palate ; teeth of the jaws in several
series 4. Muxloides.
No teeth on the palate ; teeth of .the jawS in a sin^e
series , . - 5. Upeneus.
1. UPENEOIDES*.
Upeneus, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 448. Upeneoides, Bleeker.
Teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones. "Red Sea ; East Indian and Australian Seas.
1. Upeneoides yittatus.
Mullus vittatus, Forskal, Faun. Arab. p. 31V; L. Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 1341 ; Bl. Schn. p. 79 : Lac^. iii. pp. 382, 401. pi. 14. f. 1 : Shaw,
Zool. iv. p. 616. pi. 89. Russell, pi. 158. Mullus bandi, /S^atc, Zool. iv. p. 615.
* 1. Upeneus taeniopterus, Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 451. — Ceylon.
2. Mullus subvittatus, Temm. J- Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 30. — Upeneus aubvittatus, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 219. — Japanese and Chinese
398 MULLlDiB.
Upeneus vittatus et bivittatus, Citv. ^ Val. iii. p. 448, vii. p. 620; R'unp. N. W. Fische, p. lOl.
bitinniatiis^ Ifftntu-tt, P)-oc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1830-.'}], p. 59.
Uponcoid»;H bivitlatus, lilvekcr, Perc. p. G4, and Amhoina, vi. p. 411. vittatus, Bleek. Act. Soc, Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 4.'}.
D. 8 1 1. A. 7. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 3/0.
The lonptli of tlic licud \h 4^ in tho total ; tho barbels reach to the vortical from tho aTi^jjhi of tbo jjnnoporculum ; the lu^if^lit of the HpinouH (lorHal ih four-fiftliH of that of the body. Hody with two or three longitudinal bands, Hliiniiif^ f^oldcn ; tlu^ sjtinouH dorsal with the top black, and with one or two blackish bands ; tho upper lobe of the caudal with throe or four, the lower with two or three oblique black bands.
From tho Rod Sea to nearly all tho Indian Seas.
a. Adult. Philij)pincs.
b. Adidt: very bad skin. Ceylon! Presented by tho Zoolof^cal Society.
c. Half-f^rown. AiiiboyiUi. From Mr. Frank's Oollrction.
d. Half-grown. India. From the llaslar Collection.
e. f. Half-grown : very bad state. India.
2. Upeneoides tragula.
Upenoufl tragula, Richarchon, Ichth. China, p. -220. UpeneoidoH variogatus, lilvekcr, I'crc. p. (54, and Act. Soc. Ncdcrl. ii. Amboina, p. 48.
D. 8||. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 2/5.
The length of the hpad is 4| in the total ; the barbels do not reach to the vortical from the postonor margin of the pra)operculum. The height of the spinous dorsal is threo-(|uarters of tliat of the body. Vomerine teeth in two lateral stripes. Head, body, anal, pectoral, (did v(!ntrul lins sparingly and irrcgulaily Ki)ottcd with brownish ; a brown longitudinal ])aii(l from the snout tbrougli tlio eye to the base of tho caudal ; dorsal lius largely marbled with Idackish ; each lobe of the caudal with live or six o])li([ue brown cross-bands.
East Indian Archipelago; Chinese Sea.
ffl. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection. 6. Adult. Philii)pin(!s.
c. Adult : stuffed. Canton. Presented by J. R. Roeyea, Esq.
d. Adult: stuffed. Voyage of H. M.S. Herald.
3. Upeneoides sulphurous.
Valcnt. iii. n. 504. fig. 505; Rvnard, \. 4.'{. 210.
Cponeus sulphurous, Cuv. c^ Val. iii. p. 450.
? llypcneus vittatus, var., (,'ant. Catal. p. 35.
Upeneoides sulphurous, lileelcer, Act. Soc. Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 45.
D. 8 I -^. A. 7. L. lat. 38.
The length of the head is 4^-4jJ in tho total ; tho height of tho Rpinous dorsal is 1^ or 1^ in that of the body. Rose-coloured, with
1. UPENEOIBES. 399
five yellow longitudinal bands ; belly yellow. The dorsal fins with two or three longitudinal bands, and with the top black. The caudal white-edged, the upper lobe brownish.
Red Sea ; East Indian Archipelago ; Chinese Sea.
a. Half-grown, lied Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Half-grown : not good state. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr.
Frank.
c. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
? d. Half-grown : stuffed. New Hebrides. Voyage of the Herald.
4. Upeneoides moluccensis. Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 409.
D. 7 I y. A. 8. L. lat. 38-39.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of the head 4?^ ; the space between the orbits is flat. The vomerine teeth form a continuous angular band. The barbels do not roach to the posterior margin of the pra;operculum. The height (jf the Hj)inous dorsal is 1^ in that of the body. Rosc-colourod, with a yellow lateral band; the caudal and dorsal fins with alternate yellow and pearl -coloured bands ; those of the spinous dorsal horizontal, those of the second dorsal and of the caudal obUque ; the upper caudal lo^e with blackish tip. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
5. Upeneoides bensasi.
Mullus bensaai, Temtn. (^ Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiaa. p. 80. pi. 11. f. 2. Upeneoides beusaai, IJleek. Verh. Batav, GenootscJi. xxvi: Japan, p. 71.
D. 7|i. A. 7. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is 5-5|- in the total length, tHe length of the head 4|-4|. Vomerine teeth ii\ an angular uninterrupted band. The height of the spinous dorsal not, or scarcely less than, that of the body. Rose-coloured : dorsal fins with two or three deep-red longitudinal bands ; the upper caudal lobe with four oblique deep- red bands.
Japanese Sea.
6. Upeneoides sundaicus.
Upeneoides vittatus, lileeker, I'erc. p. Gu.
Bundaicua, Sleeker, Amboina, vi. p. 411, and Aet. Soc. Nederl. ii.
Amboina, p. 47.
D.8|l.
A. 8. L. lat. 34-^5.
The length of the head is 4^ to 5 in the total. The barbels reach to the posterior margin of the prajoperculum. The spinous dorsal as high, or nearly as high as the body. Back light violet ; a broad brown band from the eye to the caudal. Fins rose-coloured ; the soft dorsal with five yellow longitudinal stripes ; the upper caudal
400 MXJLLIDJE.
lobe with four or five yellow cross-bands, the lower margined with violet posteriorly.
East Indian Archipelago.
7. Upeneoides vlamingii.
Vlaming, no. 123 ; Renard, i. 5. 31.
Upeneus vlamingii, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 452. pi.. 71 ; Richardson, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 211.
D. 8 I 9. A. 8. Csec. pylor. ca. 30.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3^ in the total. The barbels reach to the angle of the praeopercalum. The vomerine teeth are divided into two lateral groups. Red ; each scale with a violet speck, forming together longitudinal series ; snout and cheeks with obUque violet streaks ; the second dorsal and anal fins with longitudinal series of violet specks. {Cuv.)
Island of Motuaro, Queen Charlotte's Sound. (Rich.)
2. UPENEICHTHYS.
Upeneua, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 455. Upeneichtnys, Blceker.
Teeth in both the jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatine bones.
Australian Seas, entering rivers.
1. Upeneichthys porosus.
Upeneus porosus, Cuv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 455 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 216.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 2/6.
The barbels reach to the vertical from the extremity of the oper- culum. Two silvery streaks between the eye and the mouth, the lower continued below and behind the eye.
Seas of Australia, Van ])iemen's Land, and New Zealand : enter- ing rivers.
a. Adult: skin: not good state. Port Jackson. From Mr. Gould's
Collection.
b. Half-grown : skin. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
c. Half-grown: skin. Australia. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
d. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. e-g. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
3. MULLUS.
Mullus, Linn4 ; Cuv. Rkgnc Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 422.
Teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and on the palatine bones, none in the upper jaw.
Mediten-anean ; Coasts of Temperate Europe.
3. MTTLLTJS. 401
1. Mullus barbatus.
TpiyXa, Aristot. ii. cap. 17, iv. cap. 11, v. cap. 9, vi. cap. 17, viii.
cap. 2& 13, ix. cap. 2&37; JEIian, ii. cap. 41; Athen. vii. pp. 324, 325. Mullus, Ovid, V. 123; Plin.ix. cap. 17, 18,51; Martial, x. ep. 30,31,
xi. ep. 50 ; Colum. viiL cap. 17 ; (Salv. fol, 235 ; WillugMy, p. 285 ;
Ray, p. 90. rrigla, no. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 43. MuUus barbatus, Linn. Srjst. Nat. i. p. 495 ; Bl. taf. 348. f. 2 ; Mart.
Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 426 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 442. pi. 70 j Yarr.
Brit. FisJies, i. p. 36 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Poiss. p. 373. MuUus ruber, Lac&p. iii. p. 385 ; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iv. p. 611.
B. 4. D. 7 1 1. A. 2/6. L. lat. 40. Vert. 10/14.
The upper profile of the snout approaching the vertical line ; the upper maxillary reaching beyond the vertical from the anterior mar^ gin of the eye. Red, without yellow stripes.
From the Mediterranean to the South coast of England.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
b. Adult : skeleton. Madeira. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
c. Adult : very bad state. Adriatic. From Mr, Frank's Collection.
d. Fourteen inches long. London market- Purchased.
e. Adult: stuffed. Devonshire.
/. Half-grown. Brighton. Presented by Mr. E. Gerrard.
g. Half-grown : skin. Europe. From Mr. Yan-ell's Collection.
For a description of the skeleton see the following species.
2. Mullugi surmuletus.
MuUus, Plin. ix. cap. 17.
Mullus major, Salv. fol 236; Wittughhy, p. 285; Ray, p. 91. Trigla, no. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 43. *
Mullus surmuletus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 496; Block, taf. 67; Lac6p.
iii. p. 394 ; Petmant, Brit. Zool. iii. p. 368. pi. 64 ; Linn. Faun.
Suec. ed. Retz. jp. 341 ; Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 71 ; Martens, Reise
nach Venedig, ii. p. 427 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 433 ; Cuv. Rigne Anim.
III. Poiss. pi. 19. f. 2 ; Yarr ell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 31 ; Guichen. Explor.
Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 8. barbatus, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 316 ; Gronov. ^yst. ed.
Gray,^. 108*.
B. 4. D. 7 1 1. A. 2/6. L. lat. 40. Caec. pylor. 22. Vert. 10/14.
The upper profile of the snout very oblique ; the upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the anterior margin of the ejQ. Red, with three yellow longitudinal stripes.
From the Mediterranean to the Baltic.
it. Adult: stuffed. Brixham. '6, c. Adidt. British Channel. London market. d. Adult and half-grown. Madeira, From the Haslar Collection.
* Gronovius considers M. barbatus as the male and M. surmuletus as the female of one and the same species
2d
402 mtjllidjE.
e. Half-grown : skeleton. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Col- lection. /. Half-grown. Dalmatia. g. Half-grown. Dalmatia. h. Adult : skin : bad state. From Gronovius's Collection.
Skeleton. — The doubts which I have jilways entertained on the specific difference between Mullus barbatus and surmuletus are still more increased by the examination of the skeletons. Both are so much like each other, that they need only one description. There is no difference at all between them except in the more abrupt upper profile of the snout in M. barbatus. The maxiUary is thin, oblong, as broad at the base as at the extremity ; the intermiaxiUary feeble^ thin, with the posterior process shorter than the descending branch, which shows a flat prominence on its^ posterior margin. The man- dibulary also is thin, with some pores, and becomes suddenly very narrow near the symphysis. The entopterygoid is well ossified, and extends upwards to the bony plate situated at the inner surface of the infraorbital ring ; there is a wide slit between the epi- and pre- tympanic. The length of the inferior limb of the praeoperculum is three-fifths of that of the posterior ; both meet at a rounded angle ; there is a rudimentary muciferous channel between the margin of the bone and the iiufer ridge, which is rounded and scarcely elevated. The operculum is irregularly quadrangular, the posterior side being emagriiate. The sub- and interoperculum are thin. iThe prseorbital is oblong, twice as long as wide, and very porous ; the remainder of the infraorbital ring very narrow. The frontal bones are fiat, with some slight ridges and grooves. The occipital crest is very feeble, and not more developed than the lateral crests ; the interior lateral crest does not extend backwards to the articulation of the suprascapula. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is neither compressed nor roimded, and the basisphenoid has a large opening before the occipital joint. The barbels are fixed to the basihyal ; the urohyal is formed by three plates, the two lower of which are rather convergent towards each other. The ulna and radius are dilated, and the openings between them and the humerus are very small. The inner plates of the pubic bones are broad, and joined together in their whole length.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1:1-4. The neural, haemal, interneural and interhgeraal spines are very feeble.
4. MULLOIDES*.
Upeneits, sp., Cue. 8( Vol. iii. p. 456. MuUoides, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 697.
* 1. Upeneus raartinicus, Cuxk cf- Val. iii- P- 483. — Martinique.
2. parvus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 226. — Cuba. — This fish maj belong
to another group.
3. — — balteatus, C'lcv. 8f Val. iii. p. 484. — Cuba. — A very doubtful species. 4. mauritianus, Bcrin. Prnr. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 69. — Mauritius.
4. MTJLLOIDES. 403
Teeth in both the jaws in several series, but neither on the vomer nor on the palatine bones.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to Polynesia. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
1. Molloides flavolineatus.
MuUus flavolineatus, Lacep. iii. p. 406.
aureo\'ittatus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 618.
Upeneus flavolineatus, Cuv, 8f Val. iii. p. 456 ; Rujyp. N. JT". FiscJie,
p. 101. t. 26. f. 1 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 24 ? Hypeneus flavolineatus, var., Cant. Catal. p. 36. Mulloides flavolineatus, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 697.
D. 7 1 -g-. A. 8. L. lat. 35-36. L. transv. 2/5-6. Ctec. pylor. 18.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 5 j in the total length ; the space between the eyes is 1^ in the length of the snout, and flat ; the barbels reach to the vertical from the angle of the praeoperculum ; the spinous dorsal is nearly as high as the body. A broad citrine band from the eye to the caudal; yellow streaks on the snout ; fins immaculate.
From the Red Sea to the Chinese Sea.
a. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection. 6. Adult male : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Half-grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
d. Half-grown. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
e. Intestines of specimen h.
The skeleton differs very little from that of Mullus barbatus ; the posterior process of the intermaxillary is more elongate, and equals in length the descending branch ; the limbs of the praeoperculum have a rectangular direction towards each other, the angle itself being slightly rounded. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is rounded ; the length of the abdominal poxtion of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1*46.
2. Mulloides flavovittatus.
Upeneus flavovittatus, Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 224. lam. 17. f. 4. D. 7 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 38-41. L. transv. 3/7. Caec. pylor. 10-18.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length ; the space between the eyes is 1| in the length of the snout, and flat; the barbels reach to the vertical from the angle of the praeoperculum ; the spinous dorsal is much lower than the body. A broad citrine band from the eye to the caudal ; yellow streaks on the snout ; fins immaculate.
Caribbean Sea.
a-c. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's CoUeetion.
2 D 2
404 MTJLLID^.
d. Large specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Poey attributes a single series of teeth to this species ; but I can distinctly distinguish a band of several series of teeth, rather stronger than in the species with villiform bands.
3. Mulloides vanicolensis.
Upeneus vanicolensis, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 521. Mulloides vanicolensis, Bleek. Ternate, li. p. 601.
D-Mi-
A. 8. L. lat. 35.
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length ; the space between the eyes is very convex ; the barbels reach to the pos- terior margin of the prseoperculum. The scapula without spine. The spinous dorsal nearly as high as the body. Coloration uniform.
Seas of Ternate and Vanicolo.
4. Mulloides zeylonlcus.
Upeneus zeylonlcus, Cuv. 8c Val. iii. p. 459, vii. p. 520. D.7||. A. 7.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length. The barbels do not reach beyond the angle of the prseoperculum. Red : the first dorsal brownish yellow, the second with a black line along the base. {Cuv.)
Coasts of Trincomalee and New Guinea.
Air-bladder large.
5. Mulloides japonicus.
MuUus japonicus, Houtt. 3Iem. Had. xx. p. 334; L. Gm. i. p. 1340;
Bl. Schn. p. 79. Upeneus japonicus, Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 460.
D.7|l. A. 7.
Scapula with a small spine. Coloration uniform. (Cuv.) Sea of Japan.
5. UPENEUS*
IJpeneus, sp., Cuv. (§• Val. iii, p. 401. Lpeneu8, Bleeker.
1. MiUlus auriflamma, Forsk. p. 30; Bl. Schn. p. 79.— Upeneus auriflamma.
Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 461. r t-
2- cherseryclros, Lacip. iii. p. 406.— Scisena ciliata, LacSp. iv. pp. 308,
312.— Mullus radiatus, Shaw, p. 618.— Upeneus cherserydros, Cuv. ^
Val. iii. p. 470. — Indian Ocean.
3. Upeneus cinnabarinus, Cuv. iS( Val. iii. p. 475. — Ceylon.
4. fraterculus, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 524.— Seychelles.
5- atherinoides, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 626. — Guam.
6. cyprinoides, Cuv. Sc Val. vii. p. 526.— He de Prance.
7- luteus, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 521 ; Bled. Perc. p. 63.— Indian Ocean.
5. UPENETJS. 405
The teeth in both the jaws form a single series ; palate without any teeth.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to Polynesia. Tropical parts of the Atlantic.
1. Upeneus barberinus.
Mullus barberiBus, Lacep. iii. p. 406. pi. 13. f. 3.
Upeneus barberinus, Cuv. ?f Val. iii. p. 462 ; Rilpp. N, W. Fische, p. 101.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 29-31. L. transv. 2/7. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 45-4| in the total length ; the distance between the eyes is one -half the length of the snout ; the barbels reach slightly beyond the vertical from the angle of the praeoperculum. A black band from the eye along the lateral line to below the anterior half of the second dorsal ; a round black spot on each side of the root of the caudal.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas.
a. Fine specimen. Moluccas.
b. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. From the Collection of Madame Ida
Pfeiffer.
c. Young. Amboyna. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer.
d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Adult. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection. /. Adult. India.
g. Adult. India.
The skeleton differs very distinctly from that of Mullus and of Mulloides flavolineatus. The maxillary is much narrower at the base than at the extremity ; the posterior process of the intermaxillary is very short. The frontal bones are concave between the orbitg, and there is a longitudinal crest along their meeting margins, ex- tending nearly to the anterior end of the bones and not continued into the occipital crest, which is rather higher than the lateral ones. The angle of the praeoperculum is as much rounded as in M. barbatus ; the basal portion of the brain- capsule is neither compressed nor roimded. The length of the abdominal portion of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-7.
2. Upeneus macronemus.
Mullus macronemus, Lac^. iii. pp. 404, 405. pi. 13. f. 2.
auriflamma, Lacdp. iii. p. 400 (not Forsk.).
Upeneus lateristriga, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 463 ; Rupp. N. W. Fische, p. 101.
D. 8|9. A.i-.
The space between the eyes is somewhat sinuous. The barbels reach to the base of the ventrals ; the last dorsal ray elongate. Rose- coloured ; a brown longitudinal band from the nostrils through tiie eye to below the middle of the second dorsal ; a brown spot on each
406 MULLiD,*;.
side of the tail ; the ventral fin, the anterior margin of the first dorsal, the lower half of the second, and the lateral margin of the caudal fin are brown. The anal fin and the upper half of the second dorsal yellowish, with violet longitudinal lines. {Ru2>2y-) Red Sea.
3. Upeneus barberinoides.
Bleeker, Amboina i^- Ceram, p. 263.
D. 8 1 1. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is 4|-4| in the total length, the length of the head about four times. The barbels reach slightly beyond the posterior margin of the prseopcrculum. Kcd : the dorsal scales with a reddish-violet centre ; a lateral brown band from the snout through the eye to below the anterior portion of the soft dorsal ; opercles with a large brown spot besides, extending on the side of the body ; a blackish spot on the lateral line, corresponding to the extremity of the second dorsal ; the soft dorsal with a bluish-black base, and with alternate yellow and blue stripes on its upper half. {Bl.)
Northern coast of Ceram.
4. Upeneus indicus
BnsseU, ii. p. 42. pi. 157.
Mullus indicus, Shaw, Zool. iv. pt. 2. p. G14.
Upeneus russellii, Cuv.Sf Val. ill. p. 465; Richards. Ichth. C%i«a,p.220;
Bleeker, Perc. p. 62. ? Upeneus waigiensis, Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 466.
D. 8 I 9. A. y. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/7.
Interspace between the eyes rather flat ; the barbels reach slightly beyond the angle of the praeoperculum. A shining golden spot on the lateral line, disappeaiing after death; a black blotch on each side of the tail, on the lateral line, between the dorsal and caudal fins.
East Indian Seas.
a. Thirteen inches long : stufied. China. Presented by J. R.
Reeves, Esq. h. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
5. Upeneus spilurus.
Bleeker, Japan, p. 395, and Verhand. Batav. Oenootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 68. tab. 2. I 2.
D. 8 I -i-. A. 8. L. lat. 28.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 4^ in the total. Scales ctenoid (?). The spinous dorsal much lower than the body. Rose-coloured ; a large round black spot above the lateral line, between the second dorsal and caudal. {BL)
Sea of Japan.
5. trpENEus. 407
6. Upeneus pleurospilos.
Sleeker, Natuurh. Tydschr. NederL Ind. iv. p. 110, and Verhand. Satav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 69.
D. 8 1 1. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 4| in the total. The barbels reach to the posterior margin of the operculum. The spinous dorsal much lower than the body. Rose-coloured : each scale of the back and of the sides with a central reddish-violet spot ; a black spot below the lateral line, con-esponding to the posterior part of the spinous dorsal ; cheeks and snout with bluish stripes ; the second dorsal with two blue longitudinal bands ; the caudal, anal, and ventral fins with yellow bands. (-BZ.)
Seas of Japan and Amboyna.
7. Upeneus brandesii.
? Upeneus pleurostigma, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 59. Upeneus brandesii, Bleekvr, Bandu, i. p. 236.
D. 8 1 1. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The barbels reach to the posterior margin of the praeoijerculum. Red : a large round black spot on the lateral line between the dorsals ; the second dorsal with a large black basal spot. {Bl.)
Sea of Banda Neira (and of Mauritius ?). J»
8. Upeneus malabaricus. Cuv. (^- Val. iii. p. 467.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/7.
The barbels reach beyond the angle of the prseoperculum. A large ovate white spot on the lateral hne, above the extremity of the pectoral ; a black spot on each side of the root of the tail.
Coast of Malabar ; Philippine Islands.
a. Half-grown. Philippines.
9. Upeneus trifasciatus.
Mullus bifasciatus, Lac&p. iii. p. 404. pi. 14. f. 2.
trifasciatus, Lacep. iii. p. 404. pi. 15. f. 1.
multifasciatus, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. pi. 59. f. 1.
Upeneus bifasciatus, Cuv. 4" Val. iii. p. 468.
trifasciatus, Citv. 8f Val. iii. p. 468 ; Jemjixs, Zool. Beagle, Fishes,
p. 25 ; Bleek. Banda, i. p. 237.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/7. Vert. 10/14.
The distance between the eyes is convex, and If in the length of the snout. A broad black cross-band over the tail, a second from the anterior portion of the soft" dorsal ; the space between the two
408 MULLIDiE.
bands yellow or white ; sometimes a tliird black band from the spi- nous dorsal. An oblong black spot behind the eye. The basal half of the second dorsal black, the upper half with white longitudinal bands ; the anal with blackish longitudinal bands. From the Indian Ocean to Polynesia.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b. Adult. China.
c. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown. Celebes.
e. Adult : skin : bad state. Ceylon. Presented by the Zoological
Society. /. Adult : skeleton. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection. g. Half-grown. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection. h. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection. i. Half- grown. India. From the Haslar Collection.
Var. — Anterior portion of the body black, with two white longi- tudinal bands, one fi'om the muzzle above the eye to the origin of the soft doi-sal ; the second oblique, from the cheek below the eye to the lateral line. A black spot on each side of the tail instead of the caudal band.
Jc. Half- grown. East Indies. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
The skeleton of this species is entirely similar to that of Upenms barberinus : the length of the abdominal portion of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1:1-6^
10. Upeneus maculatus.
Mar ff rave, pp. 156, 181. Mulius maculatus, Bl. taf. 348. f. 1.
Upeneus maculatus, Cut: ^^• Val. iii. p. 478 ; Poey, Mem. Cub. p. 223 ; Castcln. Anim. nouv. ou rares Atiier. Sud, p. 6.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/6. Caec. pylor. 8-9 {Cuv. ; 18, Poey). Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length ; the interspace between the eyes one-half of the leng-th of the snout, and flat. Two black blotches on the lateral line, corresponding to the two dorsal fins.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a-i. Adult and half-grown : sldns. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection, h. Half- grown. I. Half-grown. West Indies. m. Adult: stuffed. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
11. Upeneus punctatus.
Cuv. ff Veil lii. p. 482.
D. 7 1 9. A. 7.
Red, each scale with a lilac centre ; on each side of the snout
5. UPKNEUS, 409
three lilac streaks ; on each side of the body four or five clouded brownish spots. {Guv.) Sea of Martinique.
12. TTpeneus prayensis.
Cuv. 4" Val. ill. p. 485 ; Jenyns, Zool. BeagU, Fishes, p. 2G. D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/6.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length ; the distance between the eyes is flat, and one-half of the length of the snout ; the barbels reach nearly to the vertical from the opercular spine. Colo- ration uniform (in siDirits), except a small black spot behind the eye, at the upper extremity of the prseoperculum, and a blackish longitu- dinal band on the soft dorsal.
West coast of Africa.
a. Half-grown. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
13. Upeneus cyclostoma.
Miillus cyclostomus, Lacep. iii. p. 404. pi. 19. f. 3 (very bad). Scisena heptacantlius, Lacep. iv. pp. 308, 312.
Upeneus cyclostomus, Cuv. i^- Val. ill. p. 472; Rlipp. N. W. Fisc/ie,'p. 101. ? Upeneus immaculatus, Benn, Proc. Comin. Zool. Soc. i. p. 60.
D. 8 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 27-30. L. transv. 2/7,
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and less than one-half of that of the snout. The snout not pointed ; the distance between the eyes is convex, and 1-| in the length of the snout. The height of the spinous dorsal is two -thirds of that of the body. The tubes of the. lateral line with very short lateral branches. The barbels reach to, or nearly to, the base of the ventrals. Coloration uniform (in spirits).
From the Red Sea, through the Indian Ocean, to the Indian Archi- pelago.
a. Fine specimen. Moluccas. From the Leyden Museum as Upe-
neus luteus.
b. Half-grown. Coram and Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's
Collection.
c. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Rattle-
snake.
d. Young : stuifed. Louisiade Archipelago (30 fathoms). Voyage
of the Rattlesnake.
e. Half-grown : stuifed. Redscar Bay (S.E. coast of New Guinea ;
on mild). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
14. Upeneus oxycephalus.
BkfifCcA ^ct. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. 3Ianado en Makass. p. 45. D. 8 I -^. A. 8. L. lat. 30. The height of the body is 4^-4^ ia the total length, the length of
410 UVLLIDJE.
the head 3|-4 ; the space between the orbits convex ; the greater part of the eye is situated on the posterior half of the length of the head, in which it is contained 5-5g times ; the snout is pointed, and longer than twice the diameter of the eye. The barbels reach to the base of the ventrals ; the height of the spinous dorsal is If in that of the body. Hose-coloured ; two blue stripes on the side of the snout, and two or three others on the side of the head. The second dorsal and the anal bright yellow, with three to live bluish longi- tudinal bands. (Bl.)
Sea of Manado (and He de France).
rt. ? Adult : stuffed. Mauritius. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.
15. Upeneus chrysopleuron.
Mullus chrysoplem-on, Temm. S,- Schley. Faun. Japm. Poiss. p. 29.
pi. 12. f. 1. Upeneus biaculeatus, (Gray) Rich. Ichth. China, p. 219*. Upeneoides chrysopleuron, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv,
Japan, p. 10. Upeneus chrysopleuron, BUek. I. c. xxvi. Japan, p. 70.
D. 8 I y. A. 8. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and 4| in the total. The length of the snout is twice the diameter of the eye. Crown rather flat ; the teeth of the jaws of unequal .size. The spinous dorsal much lower than the body. Rose-coloured, with a broad golden band from the head to the caudal, extending on the back of the tail ; snout mth bluish streaks ; fins immaculate ; a small blackish spot above the axil.
Seas of Japan and China.
«. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Hulf-grown. China Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adiilt. China.
d. Adult. China.
€. Adult : stuffed. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. /. Half-gi'own. Presented by the Zoological Society.
16. Upeneus jansenii.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl i. Man. en Makass. p. 44.
D. 8 I j. A. 8. L. lat. 30,
The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is about one-fourth of the latter, and much more than one-half the extent of the snout. Crown rather flat. The barbels reach to the posterior
* Sir J. Richardson quotes as the first authority, " Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus." A catalogue containing an account of this fish has never been published, tn my knowledge.
5. UPEITEUS. 411
margin of the praeoperciilum. The height of the spinous dorsal is 1| in that of the body. Uniform rose-coloiu-ed. Seas of Manado and Ambojna.
a, h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. 17. Upeneus dubius.
Miillus dubius, Temm. c^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 30. pi. 11, f. 3.
D.7|i A.±
Red, with a yellow longitudinal band ; dorsal and anal fins with obhque brown longitudinal bands. {Schleg.) Sea of Japan.
18. Upeneus bilineatus. Ciw. 4" Val. vii. p. 525.
D.7|i. A. 7.
Snout short, with the upper profile approaching the veitical line, as in Mull us barbatus. Barbels leather short. Back brownish ; two yellow stripes along the side of the body ; the top of the first dorsal black. (VaL)
Sea of Amboyna.
19. Upeneus crassilabris.
Ciiv. ^ Val. vii. p. 523.
D.8||. A. 7.
The height of the tail is one-half of that of the body. Lips thick. The barbels do not reach to the base of tbe ventrals. Ventrals very large. The first dorsal violet ; the second violet on the base, and with violet stripes on its upper half; anal dotted and obUquely striped with violet ; caudal dark-coloui'ed, dotted with white ; the three outer rays of the ventral violet ; barbels brownish. ( Val.)
412 SPARIBJE.
Fam. 7. SPARID^.
Sparoidei, pt., ot Squamipinnes, pt., Cuv. Rbgne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val.
Hist. Nat. des Poiss. ; Midler, Berl Abhandl. 1844, p. 201. SpaxidaB, pt.,"et Ch8etodontida3, pt., Richardson.
Body comjjressed and oblong, covered with scales, the serrature of which is exceedingly minute, and sometimes wanting. Tail not armed. Lateral line continuoiis, not continued on the caudal fin. Mouth in front of the snout, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate size. Five, six or seven branchiostegals. Either trencJiant teeth in front of the jaws, or lateral series of molar teeth* ; generally no teeth on the palate. One dorsal fin, formed by a Spinous aild soft portion of nearly equal development ; anal with three spines ; the lower rays of the pectorals generally bKinohed, in one group simple ; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five rays. The bones of the head with a rudimentary muciferous system. Air-bladder present, often bifid posteriorly. Pseudobranchite well developed.
Herbi- and carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas of the tempe- rate and tropical regions ; a few entering rivers.
Synopsis of the Groups.
a. Cantharina. More or less broad, trenchant teeth in front of the jaws ; no molars or vomerine teeth ; the lower pfectoral rays branched. — Mostly vegetable feeders.
6. Haplodactyliua. Trenchant teeth in front ; no molars ; the lowpir pectoral rays simple. — Vegetable feeders.
c. Sarg^a. Trenchant teeth in front and molar teeth on the sides.
— Mostly carnivorous.
d. Pagrina. Conical teeth in front and molars on the sides. — Car-
Mvoroua.
e. Pimelepteriua. Trenchant teeth in front ; teeth dh the palate. —
Carnivorous ?
[Appendix: Bobibia.]
First Group. CANTHARINA.
Sparidce with more or less broad, trenchant teeth in front of the jaws ; no molars or vomerine teeth ; the lower pectoral rays branched.
* Some species of Leihrinus appear to make an exception, but th6ir teeth are ..hick, and approach to molars ; they are, moreover, readily distinguished by their naked cheek.
1. CANTHABTTS. 413
Synopsis of the Genera. * Cheeks and opercles scaly ; vertical fins without scales.
A band of cardiform teeth in front of both jaws, the outer series containing teeth, which are slightly compressed and lanceolate 1. Cantharus.
A single series of trenchant, notched teeth in both jaws, without a band of other teeth behind 2. Box.
A single series of broad lanceolate teeth in both jaws,
without any other teeth behind 3. Scathardb.
A single series of broad, trenchant teeth in both jaws, with granular teeth behind and pointed ones on the side ^. 4. Oblata.
One or two series of broad, trenchant teeth, and with a band of granulated teeth behind ; no pointed •
lateral teeth 5. Cbenidens.
*♦ Cheeks and opercles scaly ; vertical fins more or less covered with scales.
A series of broad lanceolate teeth in both jaws, with a band of similar teeth behind, which are less de- veloped. Eleven dorsal spines 6. Pachymetopon.
Dorsal fin deeply notched. Ten dorsal spines 7. Dipteeodon,
A recumbent spine before the dorsal fin 8. Peoteracanthps,
*** Cheeks scaly, opercles naked.
Scales moderate; fourteen or fifteen dorsal spines... 9. Girblla.
Scales moderate; twelve dorsal spiiieB 10. Doydixodon.
Scales small 11. TspHBiEOPa.
**** Cheeks naked.
Scales moderate 12. Gtmnoceotaphus.
1. CANTHARITS*
Cantharus, Cuv. Signe Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Vol. vi. p. 818.
Teeth cardiform or villifoBm, those of the outer row slightly com- pressed and lanceolate t ; no molar teeth. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal spines (ten or eleven) can bo received into a scaly sheath ; three anal spines. Scales moderate. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric ap- pendages in small number. . Air-bladder with two horns posteriorly.
Mediterranean ; from the coasts of Great ^Britain romid the Cape to the Seychelles.
1. Canthaxas lineatris.
? Kavdapos, Aristof. viii. cap. 13.
CaxLth&iua, Rondel, v. cap. 4. p. 120; Gesner, p. 178; Aldrov. ii. cap. 20. p. 186; WUlughhy, p. 309; Ray, p. 130.
* 1. Cantharus sene^alensis, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 337. — Cape Verde.
t This is very conspicuous in mature specimens, and has been overlooked by Cuvier. Therefore I separate liiese fishes from the Pristipomatidte, and do not think that the Indian species are to be referred to this genus.
414 SPAEIDJE
Sparus, no. 2, Artecli, Genera, p. 36.
cantharus, L. Gm. p. 1274; Bl. Schn. p. 17 ; Duhamel, Pt'ches,
ii. sect. 4. pi. 7. f. 1.
lineatus, Montagu, Mem. Wern. Sac. ii. 1815, p. 451. pi. 23.
vetiJa, Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 79.
sciandra (Uttdolpht), Rosenth. Ichthyot. Tafeln, taf. 14. f. 1.
Pagi'us lineatus, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 211.
Cantharus vulgaris, Cuv. ^ Val. \\. p. 319. pi. 160; Guichen. Explor.
Sc. Alqer. Poiss. p. 53. griseus, Cuv. iSf Val. vi. p. 333 ; Jen. Brit. Vert. p. 358 ; Yarrell,
Brit. Fishes, p. 130 ; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 178. lineatus, JVJiife, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 16.
By an examination of several specimens from the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands, as well as from the British Channel, it is evident that the few differences on which Valenciennes separated the G. griseus from C. vulgaris must have been merely accidental in the individuals from which the descriptions \^?ere taken. In the ' His- toire Natm-elle des lies Canariens, par Webb et Berthelot,' Valen- ciennes says, that C. griseus is not found in those seas, and that the C. griseus, Lowe, is to be referred to C. vulgaris. There are speci- mens in the British Museum (oub was sent by the Rev. R. T. Lowe) which really agree better with C. griseus, Val. But other specimens from the British coast have the prseorbital as slightly notched as it is stated to be by Valenciennes in the Mediterranean fish ; others from the Mediten-'anean have six series of praeopercular scales, as weU as those from the Channel.
D.ii. A.^. L.lat. 68-75. L. transv. 5il?. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3-3| in the total length, the length of the head 4^ , the diameter of the eye is about one-fourth of the latter (in young and half-grown individuals larger), and equal to, or rather shorter than, the snout. There are six (or seven) series of scales between the pra?orbital and the pra^opercidar limb ; praeorbital notched by the maxillary bone. The dorsal spines rather slender and flexible, the fourth, fifth and sixth the highest, and longer than any of the rays. Caudalis emarginate ; the anal spines very. much shorter than the rays. Greyish green, with darker longitudinal lines ; fins black- ish grey.
a. Adult: stuffed. Polperro.
h. Adult : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence, R.N.
c. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth.
d, e. Eighteen inches long :' skins. Plymouth. Fr»m Mr. Yarrell's
Collection. /. Half-grown. British Channel.
g. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. h. Adult : stuffed. England. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. i. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe. Jc. Half-grown : stuffed. Santa Cruz, Tencriffe. I. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection. m-p. Adult: stuffed.
1. CANTHARUS. 415
q-s. Half-grown : stuffed.
t. Half-grown : not good state. Mediterranean, Purchased of Mr.
Frank. u. Half-grown : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. V. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection. w. Half-grown : bad state. From the Old Collection, •r. Adult. From the Old Collection. y-y. Adult : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. S. HaLf-gro'wn : skin. From Gronov's Collection. e. Adult: skeleton.
Skeleton. — The maxiUary bone is oblong, straight, with a longitu- dinal ridge, and provided above and behind with a semicircular flat process. The intermaxillarj' is rather nan'ow, styliform, with the posterior processes shorter than the descending branches. The man- iibula has a narrow cleft between the dentarj' and articular bones, and several very distinct pores of the muciferous channel. The vomer has a rather irregularly quadrangular and slightly concave head, and terminates in a long tapering tail. The marginal part of the praeoperculum is very thin ; the length of the inferior Umb is two- thirds of that of the posterior ; both meet at a right angle, which, however, is rounded. The praeopercular ridge is rather low, with a narrow muciferous channel. The operculum is irregiilarly qua- drangular, with t/ie upper side shortest, and the posterior slightly emarginate ; there is a very slight ridge on the inner surface of the bone, descending obhquely downwards, and not terminating in a point ; the-surface near the upp6r angle is roughened by pores. The suboperculum is rather shorter and narrower than the interoper- culum. The turbinal bones are somewhat elongate, transformed into a muciferous channel, and widened posteriorly. The pra^orbital is of moderate width, tapering posteriorly, with the anterior margin con- vex ; the remainder of the infraorbital ring is very narrow. There is an excavated bony plate at its inner side, to support the eyeball from beneath ; this plate articulates with the pterygoid by a rather strong process. The frontals form a high and very convex bony protuberance, ^pierced by several pairs of pores, whilst the super- ciliary portion is thin, and without bony excrescences ; from that bony protuberance afises the high, triangular, occipital crest, with the upper margia slightly convex. The lateral crests also are well developed. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is slightly com- pressed. The glosso-hyal rather short, cuneifoiTn, with the anterior extremity thickest. The urohyal is veiy deeply notched posteriorly, terminating in two processes, the upper of which is flat, in a vertical direction, whilst the lower horizontal one is again forked, and forms two long spines. The pubic bones are elongate, each being formed by three lamellae of nearly equal development.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-34. The neural spines are of moderate length; those
416
SPAEIDJ!.
of the first caudal vertebrae are the longest, as long as three of the latter together. The interneurals are much dilated ; there are three spurious interneurals. The first interhaemal is rather slender, equal to the length of the first six vertebrae.
The teeth form, in both the jaws, broad cardiform bands, and the anterior ones are distinctly compressed and lanceolate.
2. Cautnarus brama.
Duhamel, Perhes, ii. sect. 4. pi. 4. f. 1. Sparus brama, Block, v. p. 77 (not fig.).
Cantharus brama, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 328 ; Gxdchen. Explor. Se. Alg&r. Poiss. p. 53 ; i:xpSd. Sc. Moree, Zool. pi. 17. f. 1 a, b.
D.ii. A.i-.
12 • 10" ,
Very similar to C. lineatus ; it is said to have the praeorbital not notched. (Val.) Mediterranean.
3. Cantharus orbicularis.
Cuv. Sr Val. vi. p. 331 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, pi.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 70.
12 10
The height of the body is 2| in the total length; praeorbital without notch ; the sixth dorsal spine the highest. Coast of Corsica.
4. Cantharus emarginatus.
? Cantharus emarginatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 338.
D. Ji. A.-^j. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 13/21.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head is 4| in it ; the diameter of the eye is about one-fourth of the latter, less than the distance between the eyes, and nearly equal to the length of the snout. There are eight series of scales between the praeorbital and the praeopercular limb ; praeorbital notched by the maxillary bone, which has a rather sharp longitu- dinal ridge. Dorsal rather low. Caudalis emarginate, the third anal spine shorter than the dorsal spines. Coloration uniform (in a dried state).
? Cape Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed.
5. Cantharus blochii.
Sparus brama, Block, taf. 279 (not descr.). Cantharus blochii, Cuv. 4' Val. vi. p. 339.
D. 1^. A. ~. L. lat. 64. L. transv. 9/18. Caec. pylor. 3 (4 ?).
Vert. 11/13. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 4-^ ; the diameter of the eyes is 1| in the distance between
1. CANTHAEUS. 417
them, and about one-fourth of the longm of the head. The anterior teeth broad, lanceolate. There are about eleven series of scales be- tween the proeorbital and the prseopercular limb, Avhich is covered with scales. The dorsal spines moderate and rather short ; the fourth one-third of the length of the head. The anal spines of mo- derate size. Uniform brownish. Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
b. Adult : skin. False Bay.
c. Adult: skin. From Gronov's Collection.
0. Canthanis grandoculis.
Cm\ 4" Vnl. vi. p. 341 ; Cuv. Rh(]ne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 35. f. 3. T) i^ A i-
Nape of the neck slightly concave ; the greatest depth of the body is below the posterior dorsal spines, where it is contained three times in the total length. Pra^orbital withoiit notch. The diameter of the eye is 2^ in the length of the head. Four series of scales on the prfcoperculum. Spines of the fins strong. Greenish ; dorsal spotted with violet ; ventrals blackish. {Vol.)
Seychelles.
I very much doubt whether the three following species, referred by Valenciennes to Canthartts, really belong to this genus or to this family at all.
7. Cantharus caeruleus. Ctiv. Sf Val vi. p. 342.
^^- To- ^- lo-
Body ovate, obtuse in front ; praeorbital without notch, caudal forked. The soft portion of the dorsal and anal fins elongate. Bluish ; a bluish streak from the muzzle to the orbit. ( Val.)
Sea of Guam (Mariannes).
8. Cantharus maculatus.
Cuv. l<f Val. vi. p. 343.
D. -. A. -.
Body ovate, elongate ; snout obtuse ; prscorbital narrow, without notch. The spinous dorsal low, the soft and the anal fin high ; caudal slightly forked. Red, with three series of irregular, rounded, white spots ; fins brown, the caudal and the margin of the soft dorsal 5'ellow. {Val.)
Indian Ocean.
418 SPAKIDJE.
9. Cantharus lineolatus. Cm. ^ Vol: vi. p. 344.
•p, 10 .3
"' Ta- '^- Fa- Body ovate ; proeorbital narrow ; caudal truncated. Brown, with
lighter spots and lineolated with white ; fins bi-own, sparingly spotted
with white. (Val.) Indian Ocean.
2. BOX*.
Box (Boops), Cuv. Reyne Anim, ; Ciiv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 340.
In both jaws a single anterior sci'ics of broad incisors, notched at the cutting margin ; no molars. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal spines (eleven to fifteen) can be received into a scaly sheath ; anal spines three. Scales moderate. Six branchiostcgals. Pyloric appendages in small number ; air-bladder with two horns posteriorly. Intestinal tractus elongate.
Vegetable feeders. From the Mediterranean ; Western coasts of Europe and Africa ; Caribbean Sea ; one species from the East Indies.
1. Box vulgaris.
Bwl, Aristot. ix. cap. 3 ; Ojjjnan, i. p. 5.
Box, Plin. xxxii. cap. 11; Jicllon. p. 230.
Boops, Mondel. v. c. 11. p. 136; Gesner, p. 127; Aldrov. ii. c. 41.
p. 231 ; Willwjhhy, p. 317 ; Ray, p. 135. Sparus, no. 6, Artccli, Oen. p. 36. boops, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 469 ; L. Gm. p. 1274 ; Briinn. Pise.
Mass. p. 44 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 97, 99 ; PL Schn. p. 273 ; Risso, Ichth.
Nice, p. 242 ; Martetis, Reisc nach Timvdiq, ii. p. 424. Box vulgaris, Oiv. ^ Val. vi. p. 348. pi. 161 ; IVhifr, Catal. Brit.
Fishes, p.' 20; Ciw. Rbgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 36. f. 1 (not good);
Guichenot, Explor. Sc. Alyei: Poiss. p. 54. Boops canaripiisis. Valenc. in Webb 8f Berihel. Hist. Nat. lies Cciiar.
Poiss. p. 36. pi. 10. f. 1.
D. ii. A.^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. G/13. Ca>c. pylor. 5. Vert. 11/13.
Body elongate, somewhat cylindrical ; caudal deeply forked. Yellowi.sh ohve, with golden longitudinal bands.
Mediterranean ; Canary I.slands. Occasionally on the southern coast of England. Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult: stuffed. ^Mediterranean. rurcha.scd of Mr. Argent.
6. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
c. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Hashir Coll'ction.
(/. Skeleton. Madeira. From the Rev. K. T. Lowe's Collection.
e. Half-grown : skin : not good state. Santa Cruz (Teneriffc).
/. Adult. Lisbon. Presented by P. Hough, Esq.
(J. Young. Lisbon.
h. Young. Li.sbon.
* 1 Hdx sMlpoides, Cuf. t\ Vul ri ]>. "(ii") East Iiiflie.s
2. BOX. 419
('. Adult : skin : very bad state Falmouth fish-market. Presented
by W. P. Cork, Esq. k\ Adult. Old Collection. I. Half-f^rown : bad state. m. Hall'-grown : bad state.
n. Half-grown : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrcll's Collection. 0. Young. ^>. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection. - .
Var. CARAimcA, an species? q. Fine specimen. 8t. Vincent's. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection. D. -. A. 4. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 8/15.
14 lb
This specimen differs more from the Mediterranean fish than the Boops canariensis of Valenciennes, having smaller scales above the lateral line ; but the wider the range of ? species, and the more numerous it is in individuals, the more caution is required in sepa- rating new forms from it, as after all it may prove to be a climatic or an accidental variety. But the fish is verj' interesting, as a spe- cimen of Box lias not yet been found in the West Indies.
SJcehton. — The occipital crest and the two lateral crests are thin, feeble, and moderately elevated ; the former does not extend on the frontal bones, and the latter emit a flat free process posteriorly. The upper surface of the frontal bones is roughened by low irregular ridges and grooves ; there is a shallow median groove along the snture of the bones. The turbinal bones are transformed into a rather elongate tube. The posterior process of the intermaxillary is shorter than the descending branch of the bone ; the mandibula is of moderate length, as long as the prjEorbital. The vomer is cuneiform, flat. The praiorbital is elongate, slightly tapering posteriorly ; the re- mainder of the infraorbital arch is somewhat narrower, without interior plate. The pra^operculum has no prominent ridge, or a developed muciferous canity ; its angidar portion is very thin, flexible, broad, produced, Avith the posterior margin rounded. The operculum is twice as high as broad, and has a very obtuse jiosterior point, Avith a slight notch above. The subopcrculum is elongate, and has a nearly vertical situation. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is compressed, and the basisphenoid has a verj' wide foramen before the occipital joint. The urohyal is distinguished by a very deep in- cisure in its posterior margin, Each pubic ])one is formed by three lameUse of equal extent ; their entire length is less than that of the coracoid.
I find one vertebra more than stated by Valenciennes, namely eleven abdominal vertehrce and thirteen caudal, the length pf the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of' the latter as 1 : 1-07. The single vertebrae are rather elongate ; the neural and hccmal spines narrow, except those of the first four vertebra;, which are dilated ; the interneural spines are dilated, triangular, but short, and do not extend between the neural spines. The interha^mal spines are very feeble, and the first is scarcely difFerent fiom the othei's. Tlie ribs are slender.
2 i: 2
42U SVAUID.K.
2. Box salpa.
2<iX7Tr;, Ari.st: iv. c. 8, v. c. 9, 10, vi. c. 17, viii. c. 2, 13, ix. c. 37 ;
JElian, ix. c. 7. p. 51G; Oppimi, i. p. (>; Athen. vii. p. 320. Salpa, Ovid. Hal. v. 121 ; Plin. ix. c. 57 ; Ih-Ilon. pp. 187, IHO; J2w!r?.
V. c. 23. p. 154; GesHcr, pp. 832, 979: ^iW;«r. ii. Q. 21. p. 189;
Wilhujhhy, p. 310 ; i?«y, p. 134. Spams, no. 15, Artidi, Gvn. p. 38. salpa, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 470 ; Briinn. Pise. 3fass. p. 4(5 ;
L. Gm. p. 1275 ; Block, taf. 265 (not pood) ; Bl. Schn. p. 270 ;
Lacep. iv. pp. 97, 101 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 243. Cynfcdus, Gronov. Zoojyhi/l. no. 21G.
Box salpa, C?a-. <!i- rrt/.vi.'p.357. pi. 162; Webb i<f Berth. I. c. ^Gidrh.l.c. C'ynpcdus onias, Gronov. Si/st. cd. Gray, p. 55.
!)• 77- ^•rrn- L. lat. 73. L. transv. 5/14. Cicc. i)ylor. 4.
15 14-15 * •'
Vert. 10/14. Body rather compressed ; caudalis forked. Greenish, with orangc- coloiired longitudinal bands ; a black spot in and above tlic axil. Mediterranean; Canary Islands ; Cape Seas?
'I. Adult : skin : not good state. Mediterranean. From the Collection
of the Zoological Society. h. young. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult. Sicily. I'resented by W. Swainson, Esq.
d. 13" long. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult : stuffed. Capo Seas. Purchased of Sir A. Smitli. — Axil
wdth a black spot ; therefore not identical with B. f/oreensls.
f. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult : bad state. )j. Adult: stuffed.
i. Adult : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
k. Half-gro\ra.
I. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m. Large specimen : skeleton. Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T.
Lowe's Collection. n. Intestines of specimen m. 0. Half-grown : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
A description of the anatomy of the soft parts has been given by Valenciennes, to which I may add, that the pyloric appendages are very elongate.
Skeleton. — The occipital crest and the two lateral crests are rather feeble and moderately elevated ; the former slightly extends on the frontal bones, and the latter emit a flat free process posteriorly. The upper surface of th(! frontal bones is slightly convex and roughened by irregular small ridges and holes ; there is no central longitudinal grcjove. The upper portion of the skull is broad, and therefore the turbinal bones are remote from each other ; they are transformed into curved tubes. The intermaxillaries are short and strongly built ; their posterior processes are nearly equal in length to the descending bran(;h. The maxillary bone is short, bent, and very irregularly shajjcd ; its upper portion is fitted in the angle of the intermaxillary and provided with a deep gi'oove for the articulation with the tur])inal bone, — a! structure bj- wliit'li we are rtniinded of that of GireUa;
2. BOX. 421
Pimelepterus, &c. The mandibulary is stout, elevated, and short, shorter than the praiorbital, and relatively much shorter than in Box vuJ(jaris. The vomer has a broad and flat head, and its posterior portion compressed and narrow. The praeorbital has its upper anterior portion rather produced, and its inferior edge slightly emarginatc. The infraorbital ring is not much narrower than the posterior part of the praeorbital, and has no interior plate. The angle of the prse - operculum is regularly rounded and not produced. The operculum is quadrangular, twice as high as broad ; the anterior side is the longest, the superior the shortest ; it has no spine at all. The sub- opcrculum is obliquely situated, and much narrower than the inter- operculum . The basal jDortion of the brain-capsule is very compressed, and the basisphenoid has a wide and elongate foramen before the occipital joint. The glossohyal is very short, triangular. The uro- hyal not only has a very deep posterior incisure, but the lower of the two processes formed by that incisure is again deeply forked. The pubic bones are formed by three lamellae of equal extent, as in Box vulgaris, but they are relatively longer, and not much shorter than the coracoid.
I find one vertebra more than stated by Valenciennes, namely ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebra;, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-18. The single vertebrae are strong, but not distinguished hj their length. The neural and haemal spines are narrow, remote from each other, except those of the first three vertebrae, which are dilated. The intemeural spines are rather short, and do not extend very far between the neurals ; those of the spinous dorsal are dilated. The interhaemal spines are very feeble ; the first is stronger and longer than the others, with a short anterior ridge, and is attached to the haemal of the eleventh vertebra. The ribs are of moderate strength, and some have epipleural spines.
The incisors are similar to those of Pimelepterus ; there arc nine on each side of the upper jaw, and twelve on each side of the lower. Each has a free vertical portion and a horizontal one, by which the tooth is anchylosed to the bone. The vertical portion has a shallow outer longitudinal groove, terminating in a notch at the cutting margin ; the horizontal portion is compressed, and has a very deep groove for the soft parts of the tooth. The teeth are replaced from time to time by others, ivhich enter tJieir place from the outside of the series, whilst we observe, in other fishes of this family, that the teeth replacing the old ones are developed on the interior side of the cavity of the mouth. The pharyngeal teeth form broad cardiform patches, and are stronger beneath than above.
3. Box goreensis, Cuv. Sr Val. vi. p. 364.
Very similar to B. salpa, but without black at the axil, (l^al.) A rather doubtful species from Cape Verde.
422 SPAKIDJE.
3. SCATHARUS.
Scatharus, Cuv. 4- Val. vi. p. 375.
In both jaws a single series of lanceolate teeth, behind which are no other teeth ; no molars. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal spines (eleven) can be received in a scaly sheath ; anal spines three. Scales mo- derate. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number ; air-bladder with two short posterior horns.
Mediterranean.
1. Scatharus graecus.
Cuv.Sf Val. vi. p. 37G. pi. 1G2 ter; Expecl Sc. Moree, Zool. pi. 17. f. 2 a, b.
D.il. A.^. Ca^c. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Colo- lation uniform. Mediterranean.
4. OBLATA.
Oblata, sp., Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. 6f Val. vi. p. 366.
In both jaws a series of broad incisors in front, notched at the cutting margin, behind which is a band of granular teeth* ; on the sides a series of small pointed teeth ; no molars. Cheeks scaly. The dorsal spines (eleven) can be received in a scaly sheath ; anal spines three. Scales moderate. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number ; air-bladder with two horns posteriorly.
Mediterranean.
1. Oblata melanura.
i/l(\avovpos,Arist. viii. c. 2 ; JEllan, i. c. 41, xii. c. 17 ; Oppian, i. p. 5 ;
Athen. vii. p. 313. Melanui-us, Ovid. Hal. v. 113 ; Flin. xxxii. c. 11 ; Bdlon. pp. 270, 271 ;
Rondd. V. c. 6. p. 126; Sulv. f. 181, 182; Aldrov. i. c. 13. p. 64;
Gesner, pp. 540, 638 ; Willwjhhy, p. 310 ; Bay, p. 131. Spurns, no. 14, Artedi, Genera, p. 37. melanm-us, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 468 ; Bribin. Pise. Mass. p. 41 ;
L. Gm. p. 1271 ; Bl. SeJm. p. 273.
oblada, Lacip. iv. p. 76 ; Bisso, Irhth. Nice, p. 237.
Oblata ra*>l".r.ai'a, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 366. pi. 162 b ; Guichenot, Exjjlor.
Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 54.
D. ||. A. f^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. ^^. dec. pylor. G. Vert. 10/14.
The lower jaw rather prominent ; a large black blotch across the back of the tail, extenchng on the sides. Mediterranean ; Madeira ; Canary Islands.
o. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo- logical Society.
* The teeth behind the incisors arc not villiforni, ns stated hy Cuvier, but granular, aa in Crenidens, to which genus Oblata is closely allied.
4. OHLATA. 423
b. Adult. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
c. Many young specimens. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Kev. R. T. Lowe's Collection.
e. Adult. Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T, Lowe's Collection. /. Adult male : skeleton. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection. g. Adidt. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
h, {. Half-grown : bad state.
k. Half-grown : stuffed : not good state. From Mr. YarreU's Col- lection. /. Intestines of specimen /.
SJceleton. — The occipital crest is very elevated, triangular, and extends anteriorly to a transverse protuberance of the frontal bones between the eyes ; the lateral crests are moderately developed, and terminate posteriorly in a short free process. The frontal bones have a very rough surface -with many larger and smaller pores and a broad impression in front: The inter maxdlarics are moderately developed, and have the posterior processes shorter than the descending branches. The maxillary is slightly curved, and not much broader at its free extremity than at its base. The mandibiila is longer than the praeorbital, with a free interspace between the dentary and articular bones. The turbinal bone is transformed into a half- channel. The praeorbital is porous, and tapers slightly at its pos- terior extremity ; the other infraorbital bones form a very narrow ring, with a narrow interior plate for supporting the eyeball from beneath. The anterior i)ortion of the vohier is flat and broad. The system of muciferous channels is more developed in this species than ifi Box : there is a pra^opcrcular channel with very distinct openings ; the Hmbs of the praeoperculum are inconspicuously striated, and the striae do not terminate in denticulations ; the inferior Umb is shorter than the postei'ior. The operculum is 1| as high as broad, and irregularly quadrangular ; the upper side is oblique. There is a ridge at the inside of the bone, running towards the posterior angle, and not terminating in a prominent spine. The sub- and interoperculum are very thin, and the former is situated in a very obU(]ue direction. The basisphenoid has a very wide opening before the occipital joint, and ascends in a cui've from the brain-capsule to the nasal vertebra. The glossohyal is elongate, styliform ; the urohyal triangular, ele- vated, and without posterior notch. Each pubic bone is formed by three lamellae of nearly equal development, as in Box ; it is of moderate length and much shorter than the coracoid.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1'4. The neural and haemal spines arc slender ; the longest are those belonging to the eighth vertebra to the fifteenth. The haemal spines are much longer than the neurals. The? inter- neurals of the spinous dorsal are dilated, and not shorter than the neurals. The first interhaemal is slender and has a narrow ridge anteriorly ; it is attached to the eleventh vertebra. The ribii are moderately strong, and some of them bear ei)ipleural ispines.
424 spABiD-s;.
The eigbt anterior teeth of the upper jaw and the ten anterior of the lower are compressed, but without horizontal process. All the lateral teeth are conical and pointed There are some granular teeth behind the incisors, irregidarly arranged. The pharyngeal teeth are cardiform, the upper ones strongest.
5. CRENIDENS.
Crenidens, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 377.
In both jaws one or two series of broad teeth, with the cutting margin crenulated ; a band of granulated teeth behind those series ; no pointed lateral teeth. Cheeks and opercles scaly. The spines of the dorsal (eleven) can be received in a groove ; three anal spines; dorsal and anal fins not scaly. Scales of moderate size. Five bran- chiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number ; air-bladder simple.
A vegetable feeder from the eastern coasts of Africa.
1. Crenidens forskalii.
Sparus crenidens, Forskal, Descript, Anim. p. xv. Crenidens forskalii, Cue. 4" Vnl- vi. p. 377. pi. 162 quater ; Rilppell, N. W. Fische, p. 120 ; Peters, Wtegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 243.
D. ii. A. J. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 5/13. Csec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Three series of scales on the cheeks. Coloration uniform. Red Sea ; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippcll's Collection.
6. PACHYMETOPON.
A series of trenchant incisors in front of both the jaws, behind which is a band of similar teeth, but less developed, and replacing the former. No molars ; no teeth on the palate. Dorsal and anal fins partly, caudal entirely hidden by scales. Dorsal without notch and with eleven spines. Scales moderate. Cheek scaly.
Eab. ?
1. Pachymetopon graude. (Plate XXVI."
D. ii. A.^. L. lat. 88. L. transv. 11/22.
A large and convex transverse protuberance between the eyes. Hab. ?
a. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Description of the specin^fn. — The form of the body describes a rcgiilar o\n\, the lower pi-ofil'> being (•(•nsidorably ciirvod. The profile
6. VACUYMETOrON. 425
of tlie neck is strongly curved, and passes into a very prominent rounded protuberance between the eyes. The greatest height of the body is above the root of the ventrals, and ono-third in the total length ; the head is rather short, one-fifth of the total length, and distinguished by the convex prominence across the forehead. The width between the eyes is 24 in the length of the head. The snout is elevated, short, and obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth rather email, the upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the pos- terior nostril. The posterior portion of the mandibula is scaly. The praeorbital is rather longer than wide, and naked, like the upper part of the skull. The eye is of moderate size, and contained 4i in the length of the head, or 1| in that of the snout. The nostrils are situated before the upper angle of the orbit, and rather remote from each other; the posterior is an elongate slit, the anterior more rounded. The cheek is covered with six series of scales, but a broad marginal space of the praeoperculum is scaleless ; the pos- terior margin of the praeoperculum is straight, slightly oblique ; the angle is rounded and minutely serrated ; the inferior margin convex, and about half as long as the posterior. The other opercles are covered with scales, without any. spines or denticulations. The suprascapula is much larger than a scale, and indistinctly striated ; a series of scales, similarly striated, ascends from the suprascapula to the neck.
The distance of the occiput from the dorsal fin nearly equals that from the end of the snout. The fin is continuous, and its soft por- tion is enveloped in a scaly coat to one-half of its height. Its origin falls vertically above the root of the pectoral, and its end above the sixty-third scale of the lateral line. The spines are moderate ; the fifth is one of the highest, and about 24 in the length of the head. The soft dorsal nearly equals the same height. The distance between the caudal and dorsal fins nearly equals the height of the tail beneath the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is densely covered and entirely hidden by minute scales ; it is emarginate, with the lobes pointed, one of the middle rays being rather less than one-half of the length of a lobe. The anal fin is scaly to the same extent as the soft dorsal ; its origin falls vertically rather behind that of the soft portion of the dorsal ; the spines are rather strong ; the first is one-half of the length of the second ; the second rather stronger, but not longer than the third, and about two- thirds the length of the longest dorsal spine. The rays appear to be equal to one another, and to those of the dorsal fin. The pectoral fin is 3| in the total length, and reaches to the origin of the anal ; the fifth ray exceeds the others in length ; the basal portion of the fin is densely covered with scales. The root of the ventral falls entirely behind that of the pectoral ; the fin has a moderately strong spine, about two-thii-ds of the length of the adjacent ray, and reaches nearly to the vent.
The scales arc of moderate size, not ciliated, higher than long ; one of the largest covers one-half of the eye.
The teeth forming the outer seiies arc tiiangular, broad, with pointed extremities, sixteen in the upper jaw and twenty-two in the
426
SPABID^,
lower. The other teeth, behind this series, arc arranged in a broad band, similarly but less developed, with the cutting margin not yet pointed.
The coloration is now a uniform greyish ; but the fish appears to have been red in life, \vith the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins blackish
inches, lines.
Total length 20 6
Height of the body 7 0
Length of the head 4 0
Distance between the eyes 1 10
Diameter of the eye 0 10
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 1 9
of the second anal spine 1 3
of the pectoral fin 5 6
of the ventral fin 3 6
of a scale 0 6
Height of a scale 0 8
7. DIPTERODON. Dipterodon, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 274.
A series of trenchant incisors in both jaws ; no molars ; no teeth on the vomer or the palatines. Cheek scaly. Mimite scales cover the greater part of the soft portions of the vertical fijis. Dorsal deeply notched, with ten spines, nine of which form the spinous portion ; three anal spines. Praeoperculum denticulated. Scales small. Six branchiostegals. Air-bladder simple.
Cape Seas.
1. Dipterodon capensis.
Coracinus, Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 220.
Dipterodon capensis, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 270. pi. 188.
Coracinua aper, Gronov . Syst. ed. Gray, p. 57.
D.9|t7^- ^-Thl' I-lat.75. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body is 2f in the total length. Uniform dark brown. Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Procured from Sir A. Smith. h. Adult.
<5. Half-grown : stuifcd. Cape Seas. Procured from Sir A. Smith. d. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
8. PROTERACANTHUS. Crcnidons (Girella), sp,, Cant. Cafaf. p. 52. In both jaws one or two series of flat tricuspid tcoth, behind which is a band of similar teeth, replacing the former. No molars. Checks and operdcs scaly. A recumbent spine before the dorsal ;
9. OIEET.LA. 427
ten dorsal and three anal spines ; the soft portions of tlic dorsal and anal scaly at the base. Scales of moderate size. Five branchioetegals. Sea of Pinang ; Malayan Peninsula.
1. Proteracanthus sarissophorus.
Crenidens sarissophorus, Cant. Catal. p. 52. pi. 1. Girella sarissophorus, Bleek. Sinyup. pp. 03, 04.
D. 'A A.-i.
15 14
The height of the body is 2| in the total length ; caudal trun- cated ; the fourth dorsal spine (the recumbent spine not included) very strong and elongate, overlapping the succeeding five spines \ the first ventral ray produced into a filament. Coloration imiform brownish. {Cant.)
Sea of Pinang ; Malayan Peninsula.
9. GIPvELLA*
Girella, Oray, Ulustr. Ind. Zool.
Melanichthys, Te>n?n. ^ Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 75.
Crenidens, sp., Richardson.
In both jaws series of flat and generally tricuspid teeth, behind which is a band of similar teeth, but less developed, and replacing the former. No molars ; [in one species a short scries of palatine teeth.] Cheeks scaly ; opercles naked, except the upper angle of the operculum. The dorsal spines (fourteen or fifteen) can be re- ceived into a rather incomplete groove. Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in great number; air- bladder divided into two posterior horns.
Chinese, Japanese, and Australian Seas.
1. Girella punctata.
Girella punctata. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. pi. 98. f. 3, 4. Melanichthys, Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 75. pi. 39. Crenidens pimctatus, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 242. melanichthys, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 243.
D-S5- A-IiVs- L.lat. 52-66. L. transv. ^.
The length of the head is about 4| in the total length ; dorsal nn of moderate height, the longest ray rather longer than the last spine ; the incisors three-pointed, moderately broad, imbricate, the upper in three, the lower in two series. Uniform broAvnish.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. 9" long ; skin. China Seas. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
6. 14" long: stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esf].
— Type of Girella punctata : rather deformed by stuflUng. c-f. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
* 1. Crenidens Iconinus, Ifickardson, Ichtk. China, p. 242.— China Seas
42S spahidj;.
2. Girella tricuspidata.
I>ox tricuspidiitus, Quntj i^- Gaim, Voy. Frcxjc. Zool. p. 2'J(5. Oblata tiicuspidata, Cue. i^- Val. vi. p. 372.
Cronidcns tnglyphus, Richm-clson, Voy. Erch. Sf Tor., Fishes, p. 36. pi. 25. f. 2.
^•TTiTr ^'TTTr L. lat. 50. L. trausv. 10/20*. Vert. 11/16.
The length of the head is 4-| in the total length ; dorsal fin mode- rately high, the spinous portion lower than the soft ; the incisors three-pointed, moderately broad, imbricate, in several series in the upper, in two in the lower jaw. Uniform brownish.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult : had state. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
b. Thirteen inches long: stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr.
Warwick.
c. Young. Australia. Purchased of Mr. (jould, d-r/. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection. h. Skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection. Jc. Intestines of specimen h.
The peritoneum is of an intensely black colour ; the stomach horse- shoe-like bent ; the pyloric appendages are exceedingly numerous, thin, and many of them bifid or trifid ; the intestines make five com- plete convolutions, and are 1| as long as the whole fish; the uir- bladder is posteriorly divided into two large horns, situated between the mupcles of the tail and the ha)mal spines belonging to the anal fin.
Skeleton. — The occipital crest is elevated, triangular, and does not extend on the frontal bones. The frontal bones are broad, and fur- nished -ndth two low elongate protuberances, which diverge between the eyes, each terminating in two crests, lateral to that of the occi- pital, and moderately developed ; the nasal (ethmoid) bone is not concealed by the frontal bones, and projects considerably before them. The anterior portion of the intermaxiUaries is strong and thick ; their posterior processes equal in length the descending branches. The maxillary is feeble, with a broad free extremity. The mandibula is short, elevated, and about as long as the prajor- bital. The head of the vomer is triangular and slightly excavated. The turbinal bone is very elongate and tubiform, the pra^orbital rhombic, the suborbital arch narrow, with a broad interior plate for supporting the eyeball from beneath. The horizontal limb of the pra^opercidum is much shorter than the vertical ; both are minutely serrated ; the angle rounded ; there are small openings from the muciferous channel of the bone. The operculum is Ig as high as wide, (quadrangular, with the upper side horizontal, and the posterior slightly emarginatc ; it is provided at its inner sui-face with a bony oblique ridge, terminating in a fice j)romiucnt spine. The sub-
* The series of email scales on the back and on tlie belly arc included in these numbers.
9. GIUELLA. 429
and mteropcrculum arc obliquely situated ; the former tapers pos- teriorly, and is produced into an elongate point. The basal por- tion of the brain-capsule is not compressed ; the basisphenoid has a narrow opening before the occipital joint. The urohyal is elevated, triangular, with the posterior side emarginate. Each pubic bone is formed by three lamella), the inferior of which is the broadest, and the two exterior ones strongest ; it is elongate, and nearly as long as the coracoid.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vcrfehra', the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1:1-4. The single vertebra) are rather short. The first interha;mal spine is of moderate strength, and evidently composed of two. Some of the ribs have epipleural spines.
3. Girella simplex.
Crcnidcus simplex, Richardson, Voy. Erebus Sf lerror, Fishes, p. 25.
^- rS-3- ^- h- ^- ^^^- ^^- ^- transv. 11/20.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total length ; dorsal fin of moderate height, the spinous portion about as high as the soft ; the incisors ^\'ith the cutting margin entire, moderately broad, im- bricate, above and below in two or three irregular series. Uniform broAvnish (in a dried state).
Australian Seas.
a. Adult. Sydney. Purchased of Mr. lirandt.
b. Adult : stuffed. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Gould. Type
of the species.
c. Adult : stuffed. Moore's Bay. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
This species is distinguished by a short series of teeth on the anterior portion of the palatine bones.
4. Girella zonata. (Plate XXVII.) D. il. A. ^. L. lat. 49. L. transv. 9/17.
14 ,11
In both jaws a pluriscrial band of narrow tricuspid teeth, sepa- rated from a posterior band of similar teeth, which are less deve- loped, by a groove. Brown (in spirits), with a vertical lighter zone across the middle of the body ; the vertical fins and the ventrals blackish.
Australian Seas ?
a. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The anterior part of the trunk is slightly elevated, its greatest height being above the base of the ventral fins, where it is one-third of the total length. The head is rather short and thick, the distance between the eyes being one- third of the length of the liead, which is 4^ in the total. The sno^if
430 SPAKID^.
is obtuse and broad ; the upper maxillary (which, wlu-ii the mouth is closed, is entirely hidden) reaches to the vertical from the anterior marjiin of the eye. The pra^orbital is higher than long, and entirely scalcless. The eye is situated near the upper profile of the head, without interfering with it ; it is of moderate size, its diameter being 4'i in tlie length of the head. The cheeks are covered with very small scales extending nearly to the pra^opercular margin, which ex- hibits some_ minute serrature at the angle. The operculum is scaly on its upper angle only ; the remainder is naked, like the sub- and interoperculum. The suboperculum is narrow, and tapers vcrj- much posteriorly; its lower margin is nearly straight ; the interoperculum is broader and crescent-shaped. Thf; suprascapula is not visible externally.
The dorsal fin begins vertically above the root of the pectorals, and ends in the vertical from the 38th scale of the lateral line. Streaks of minute scales ascend between the spines and raj's to about one-half of the height of the fin. The spines are of moderate size ; they gradiudly become longer to the sixth, the seventh to the four- teenth being nearly equal in length, about 2^ in the length of the head ; the anterior rays arc rather more elevated, but the posterior ones decrease again, and the last is about one-third of the length of the head. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins exactly equals that })etween the end of the snout and the pncopcrcular mar- gin, or the depth of the tail beneatli the end of the dorsal. The caudal fin is nearly scalelcss, emargiiiate, with acute lobes ; one of the middle rays is about two-thirds of the upper lobe. The ayial fin begins a little behind tlie soft portion of the clorsal, and ends a little before it ; its base is scaly, and streaks of minute scales extend on be- tween the rays to about one-third of the depth of the fin ; the lower margin is very convex. The spines are rather strong ; the first is one-half the length of the second ; the second three-quarters of the third, the free poi'tion of which is 2J in the length of the head ; the following rays become longer to the fourth, fifth, and sixth, which are about two-thinls of the length of the head ; and the last ray is ono- hfdf only of the sixth. The pectoral fins are scaly in their basal third ; they have a rounded posterior margin, and are of moderate length, not extending to the vent. The root of the vcnh-ah is placed at some distance behind the vertical from the })ase of the pectorals ; they extend to the vent, and are com])osed of one spine and five rays, the former of which is about one-half the length of the first ray. There is no elongate scale at the base of these fins.
The sc(des are distinctly ciliated, and rather longer than high, their basal portion being much larger than the free. Many beau- tifully arranged fine streaks radiate from the centre to the basal mai-gin. One of the largest covers one-half of the eye.
15oth jaws arc furnished in front with a transverse band of deli- cate, tricuspid, narrow tectli, arranged in three or four series. An- other (posterior) band of teeth is s(>parated from the foimer by a groove; this band contains teeth, by which the anterior ernes jnay be re])laced ; (licy are tlierefore in a less develo])ed condition, having
1 1 . TKrint.Eors. 431
rather the appearance of setiform or ^illiform teeth, with tlic notches at tlie cutting margin scarcely visible. There are no palatine teeth whatever.
The colour is now a dark nut-brown, with a liglitcr vertical band, descending from the middle of the spinous dorsal to the belly, and occupying three series of scales. The dorsal, anal, and ventral fins are blackish.
inches, lines.
l\ital length 8 4
Height of the body 2 10
Length of the head 1 11
Distance between the eyes 0 8
Diameter of the eye 0 5
Length of the sixth dorsal spine 0 10
of a caudal lobe 2 0
of the third anal spine 0 9
of the fifth anal ray 1 4
of the eleventh anal ray 0 7
of the pectoral 1 7
of the ventral 1 5
of a scale 0 31
Height of a scale 0 3
10. DOYDIXODON.
Doydixodon, Valenc. in Voy. Venus, v. p. 318.
In both jaws scries of flat teeth, behind which is a band of similar teeth, less developed and replacing the former. No mohirs ; no teeth on the palate. Cheeks scaly ; npercles naked. Dorsal and qnal fins scaly at the base ; twelve dorsal spines ; the soft poi-tions elevated. Scales of moderate size. Five branchiostegals.
Galapagos Archipelago.
1. Doydixodon freminvillei. Valenc. I. c. p. 323. pi. 5.
Uniform bro^vTiish. Galapagos Archipelago.
11. TEPHR.ffiOPS.
Cronidens, sp., Richards. Voy. Erch. c^ Terr., FisJiea, p. 09.
In both jaws series of flat, tricuspid teeth, behind which is a band of similar teeth, less developed and replacing the former. No molars. Checks scaly ; opercles naked, except the upper angle of the ojx'rculum. Fourteen dorsal spines. Scales very small.
Australian Seas.
* Tlie (igure docs not agree witli tliese numbers.
432 sparid.t:.
1 . Tephraeops richardsoni.
Crenidens tephraeops, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sc Terr., Fishes, p. 69. pi. 41. f. 1.
13 11
In front of the jaws a single series of tricuspid teeth, separated from the broad posterior band of smaller pnes by a groove ; anal fin rather elevated, the second ray being four-fifths of the length of the head. Uniform blackish. »
King George's Sound.
a. Eleven inches long : stuffed. King George's Sound. — Type of the species.
2. Tephraeops zebra.
Crenidous zebra, Richards. I. c. p. 70.
Nine blackish-brown bars descending from the back. Known from a drawing only. King George's Sound.
12. GYMNOCROTAPHUS*.
In both jaws a series of broad, lanceolate incisors, behind which is a band of cardiform teeth. No molars. Cheeks naked. Opercles scaly. Six branchiostegals. Ten dorsal spines. The vertical fins partly covered with scales. Scales of moderate size.
Cape Seas.
1. Gyinnocrotaphus curvidens. (Plate XXTI.)
B. 6. D. J^. A. -p^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 0/18.
The height of the body is about one-third of the total length. Cape Seas.
a. Thirteen inches long: stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
Description of the specimen. — The fish is somewhat similar to Canthctrus in general appearance. The body is rather elevated, its greatest height above the ventrals being nearly one-third of the total length. The length of the head is one-fourth of the total. The space between the eyes is rather convex and broad, its width being 2| in the length of the head. All the snout, the cheek, and the procoperculum are completely naked, and the scales of the neck do not extend on between the eyes. The snout is of moderate length. The eye is situated high up the sides, and its diametei- is 5i in the length of the head. The nostrils are before the upper angle of the
* From yv^i'tis naked, nnd icporn^os check.
32. GYAiNOCROTArrirs. 4:3.'}
eye and rather remote from each other ; the praiorbital is a little higher than long. The angle of the praeoperculum is rounded ; its limbs are directed towards each other at a rather obtuse angle ; it has no denticulations whatever. The other opercles arc entirely covered with scales, and have no armatm-e. The suprascapula is very large, and there is a series of similar scales between- it and the nape of the neck.
The distance of the occiput from the origin of the dorsal fin is much less than from the end of the snout ; the former falls vertically above the root of the ventrals, and its end above the forty-sixth scale of the lateral line. The last two spines and the soft dorsal are enveloped in scales, which ascend to one-half the height of the fin: The spines are of moderate strength and rather short ; the first is the shortest, whilst the third to the last are nearly equal and 3f in the length of the head. The soft dorsal is higher, quadrangular. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is much less than the depth of the tail beneath the end of the dorsal fin. The greater part of the caudal is covered with small scales ; it is slightly emarginate, with rounded lobes. The anal fin is opposite to the soft dorsal, to which it is very similar, though somewhat lower. The spines are not stronger than those of the dorsal ; the third is the longest, rather shorter than the longest dorsal spine or than the first anal ray. The pectoral is pointed, and one-fourth of the total length ; the portion nearest to the base is scaly. The base of the ventrals falls behind that of the pectorals ; their length is 6^ in the total; the spine is of moderate strength, and three-fifths of the length of the adjacent ray.
The scales are of moderate size, minutely ciliated, higher than long; one of the largest covers rather more than one -half of the orbit.
There is a series of broad, lanceolate, curved incisors in each of the jaws — in the upper one twelve, in the lower fom-teen ; there is also a broad band of cardiform teeth behind these incisors. Neither the vomer nor the palatine bones appear to have any teeth.
Colour unifoi-m brownish grey (in a dried state).
inches, lines.
Total length 13 0
Height of the body 4 0
Length of the head 3 3
Diameter of the eye 0 7^
Distance between the eyes 1 3
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 10^
of the pectoral 3 3
of the ventral 1 10^
of a scale 0 4^
Height of a scale 0 6
2v
434
Second Group. HAPLODACTYLINA.
Sparidce with cutting teeth in front ; no molars ; the lower pectoral rays simple, not branched. One senus.
13. HAPLODACTYLUS.
Aplodactylus, Cuv. ^- Val. viii. p. 476.
In both jaws series of flat and generally tricuspid teeth, behind which is a band of small cardiform teeth ; no molars ; vomerine teeth. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Two elongate dorsal fins, the first with fifteen or sixteen spines ; anal short ; the lower pectoral rays simple. .Scales very small. Six or five brancliiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number ; aii'-bladder simple.
Western coasts of South America ; Port Arthur (Australia).
Vegetable feeders.
1. Haplodactylus punciatus.
Aplodactylus puuctatus, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 477. pi. 242; Jenyns,
Zool. of the Beagle, Fishes, p. 15 ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 150.
Aplodactylus reginae, (Valeric.) Oorj, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 158. lam. 1.
tig. 2.
D. 16 I 21. A. |. Csec. pylor. 2.
Incisors tricuspid ; six simple pectoral rays. Brownish red, dotted all over with black. Coasts of Chile.
a. Fine specimen. S. America. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.
2. Haplodactylus vermiculatus. Gay, Hist. Chil Zool. ii. p. 159. lam. 1. f. 1. D. 15U. A.^.
I 20 8
Incisors tricuspid. Brownish grey, lighter beneath, vermiculated with brown ; fins brown-spotted. {Oay.) Sea of Valparaiso.
3. Haplodactylus guttatus.
Gay, I. e. p. 160,
D-15|i^„. A.f
Yellowish, dotted all over with white. (Oay.) Coast of Chile.
U). IIAPLODACTYLUS. 435
4. Haplodactylus arctidens.
Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 96, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 81.
D. 16|^. A t. Caec. pylor. 4. Vert. 1(5/18 (?).
Incisors lanceolate, without distinct lobes in old age. Six simple pectoral rays. Unifonn bro\ynish.
a. Twenty-three inches long: stuffed. Port Arthur. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. — Type of the species.
o. Haplodactylus lophodon. (Plate XXIII. fig. B.)
B. 5. D. 17 I 20. A. 1. L. lut. 78-
Each incisor with a terminal lobe and two lateral lobes (on each side). Six simple pectoral rajs. Brown : opercuhim with a black spot behind ; caudal and anal variegated with lighter.
Coast of New South Wales.
a. Adult. Sydney. Presented by the College of Surgeons. h. Young. New South Wales. Presented by Dr. G. Bennett.
Dcscnption of the specimen. — The greatest height of the body is 3^ in the total -length, and is below the sixth dorsal spine ; the upper profile of the head and the nape of the neck is rather concave. The head is small, its length being one-fifth of the total; its upper surface between the orbits is flat. The snout is obtuse and rounded, not longer than the diameter of the eye, which is more than the distance between the eyes, and one-fourth of the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is narrow, horizontal, situated at the lowei' part of the snout, which considerably projects above it ; the mouth is very little protractile, and the upper maxillary does not reach to the anterior margin of the orbit. The nostrils are rather remote from each other, and the anterior is furnished with a short membra- naceous appendage. The limbs of the prseoperculum are flexible and skinny, and meet at a roimded angle ; the operculum terminates posteriorly in a point, separated from another shorter one by a deep semicircular notch ; the sub- and interoperculum are narrow. The opercles and checks are covered with minute scales, the other parts of the head being naked.
The dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the extremity of the operculum ; the spinous portion has the upper margin convex, and is continued by the soft one, although the latter is considerably elevated above the posterior spines ; its upper margin is nearly straight, obliquely descending. The first spine is one-half the length of the second, the second one-half of the third ; the following increase in length to the sixth, which is nearly one-half of the length of the head. The posterior spines gradually become shorter to the sixteenth and seventeenth, which are equal in length to each other and to the second spine. The second and third rays arc the longest, rather longer than the sixth spine, the following gradually becoming shorter. There is a pad along all the base of the fin, covered witb small scales and
2 V 2
436 spARiDj;.
hiding the basal portion of the fin. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is 8|- in the total length, and much more than the height of the tail below the extremity of the dorsal. The caudal fin is slightly emarginate, with the lobes rather roimded ; its length is nearly one-sixth of the total. Stripes of minute and transparent scales extend over the greater half of the interspaces between the rays. The anal Is very short, the length of its base being 2^ in its distance from the caudal ; its origin falls vertically below the second dorsal ray, and its end below the eleventh. The first spine is one- half the length of the second, the second is one-half of the third, the third two-thirds of the second and third rays, which are the longest, and about Ig in the length of the head; the base of the fin is scaly. The pectoral fiJi is rounded, and equals the head in length. The six lower rays are simple, not distinguished from the others in length or in thickness. The ventmls are shorter and do not reach to the vent ; they are inserted below the middle of the pectoral : their spine is two-thirds of the total length of the fin.
The scales are small, longer than high, not ciliated at their outer margin ; one of the largest covers one-fifth of the eye.
The teeth are placed in a band in the upper jaw and in a single series in the lower ; they are compressed and rather elongate, with a lobe at the extremity and with two on each side. There are no vomerine or palatine teeth.
The ground-colour is brown ; body and tail with indistinct and interrupted darker longitudinal stripes ; a darker vertical spot below the eye ; the notch of the operculum black, white-edged anteriorly ; the pectoral and ventral fins are blackish, the caudal and anal this variegated with lighter.
inches, lines.
Total length 5 10
Length of the head 1 2
Height of the body 1 7
Diameter of the eye 0 3^
Length of the sixth dorsal spine 0 6^
Interspace between dorsal and caudal fins . . 0 8
Length of a caudal lobe 1 0
of the second anal ray 0 11
of the pectoral 1 2
of the ventral 0 11^
of a scale . 1 If
Height of a scale 0 1^-
Third Group. SARGINA.
Sparidce with cutting teeth in front of the jaws and molars on the sides.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Molar teeth in several series 14. Sargus.
Molar teeth in a single series 15. Charax.
14. SAllGUS. 437
14. SARGUS*.
Sargus, (Klein) Ciiv. Rcyne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 9.
A single front-row of cutting teeth and several side-rows of rounded molar teeth in both the jaws. Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal (ten to thii'teen) may be received in a gi'oove ; three anal spines. Opercles not armed. Scales of moderate size. Five or six branchio- stegals. Pyloric appendages in small nimiber ; air-bladder some- times notched anteriorly and posteriorly.
Mediterranean ; warmer parts of the Atlantic ; shores of the United States ; eastern shores of Africa.
1. Sargus vulgaris.
Sargus, Gesmr, Aquat. p. 825; Aldrov. pp. 174, 176; Scdoian. f. 179;
Bellon. p. 244. Sparus sargus, Briinn. p. 38. no. 52.
piuitazzo, Risso, Eur. Mericl. iii. p. 352.
Sargus vulgaris, Geoffr. Descr. Ey. pi. 18. f. 2.
sahiani, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 28 ; Guichenot, Explor. Sc. Alyir.
Poiss. p. 47 ; Webb ^ Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies Canar., Poiss. p. 28.
D. iiiL2 A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/14. Cajc. pylor. 4.
15-14 14 / LJ
Vert. 10/14.
Incisors moderately broad, implanted obliquely. The molars of the upper jaw form two distinct series only. The diameter of the eye is four times or 4| in the length of the head, 1| or If in that of the snout, and 1| in the distance between the eyes. The crown of the head is slightly convex, and there is a small protuberance above the upper anterior angle of the orbit. The prseorbital is broad, and covers entirely the maxillary bone. The pectoral fins extend to, or slightly beyond, the origin of the soft portion of the anal fin, and the ventrals to the vent ; the second anal spine is rather longer, but not stronger, than the third, and Sj in the length of the head. Golden olive- yellow, sometimes silvery, with narrow, slightly wa'n^, golden-yellow longitudinal stripes : a broad black band from the nape to the shoiilder and axil ; a broad black blotch across the back of the tail.
Mediterranean.
a. Adult : skin : not good state. Mediterranean. From the Col- lection of the Zoological Society.
b-e. Young and half-grown, Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Half-grown: skin. Malta. From Mr Yarrell's Collection.
g, h. Very •'fine specimens. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
/, h. Adult : stuifed. Santa Cruz (Tcncriffe).
J. Adult. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
m. Adult : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
n, 0. Half-grown : bad stao>. From the Haslar Collection.
2^. Adult : not good state : stuffed.
There is a specimen in the British Museum which so remarkably * 1. Sargus ascensionis, Cuv. (f Val. vi. p. Gl. — Ascension,
436 .sPAiuDj;.
dift'ers in thu number of the fins, that I considered it as the type of a new species for a long while, to which I intended to give the name oi S((iyi<^ auricularis ; but having this single specimen only, 1 pre- fer to give a fiill dcscrijjtion of it, as after all it may prove to be merely an accidental variety.
q. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
D. i2. A. ^. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 6/14.
Description of the sjieciynen. — The body is rather elevated, its greatest depth, below the fifth dorsal spine, being 2^ in the total length. The profile of the nape forms a not very strong curve, and is continued into that of the head, which descends to the snout in a straight lino ; the distance between the occiput and the end of the snout e(juals that between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal fin. The head is compressed, and forms one-fourth of the total length ; the distance between the eyes is one-third of the length of the head. The snout is rather pointed and of moderate length, the upper maxillaiy reaching nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The prscorbital is 1 1 as long as high, and covers entirely the maxUlary bone. The eye is of moderate size, and situated much nearer to the upper vertical than to the inferior limb of the pra^operculum. The nostrils are placed near the upper angle of the orbit ; the posterior is an elongate sHt, the anterior is round. There are four series of scales between the priEorbital and the limb of the pra3operculum, which also is partly covered with a single series of deciduous scales. The posterior margin of the prasopcrculum descends forwards in a straight and slightly oblique line ; the angle is rounded ; the inferior margin straight and oblique. The operculum has no ^distinct spine, and is covered with scales, like the sub- and inter- operculum. The supraseapula is scale-Ukc, without striae or don- ticulations ; but there is a curved scries of scales, ascending from the supraseapula to the nape, which exhibit very distinct stria).
The dorsal fin begins above the root of the ventrals and extends to the vertical from the forty-first scale of the lateral line, its distance from the caudal fin being 2| in the length of the head. The spines are rather strong, compressed, and broader on one side ; the first is one-half the length of the second ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth are longest, and 2| in the length of the head ; the following gradually decrease in length to the last, which is 3|^ in the length of the head. The soft rays are nearly equal in length to one another and to the last spine. The caudal fin is forked, one of the middle rays being nearly one- third the length of the upper lobe, which is rather longer -than the lower. The origin of the a)uil fin falls vertically below the end of the spinous dorsal, and its end immediately behind that of the soft dorsal ; it is rather higher than the opposite fin, the posterior rays, however, gradually becoming shorter. The spines an; rather stout ; the fust is two-fifths the length of the second, the second slightly exc(!cds the third, and is one-third of the length of the head. The aixth 2i<.'ctoral ray is longest, reaching to the origin of the soft
14. sARors. 439
anal. The base of the ventmh falls entirely behind that of the pectorals ; they are of moderate length and reaching nearly to the vent ; the spine is three-quarters of the length of the adjacent ray. There is an elongate pointed scale inserted at the base of the ventral.
The scales are minutely ciliated, higher than wide ; one of the largest covers one-third of the eye.
The incisors are moderately broad, little narrower than in S. ron- deletii; they are obliquely implanted, eight in each of the jaws. The molars are arranged in two series ; but there are several inter- calated between the two series of the upper jaw, giving the appearance of a third series ; the posterior ones of the inner series are the largest.
The fish is silvery, ^\'ith a blackish band froiu the nape across the shoulder and the posterior edge of the gill-opening ; another broad blackish band on the tail, behind the dorsal ; the axil and the ventral fins are blackish, the latter Avith a narrow white outer edge.
inches, lines.
Total length 8 11
Height of the body 3 2
Length of the head 2 3
Distance between the eyes 0 8|
between the dorsal and caudal fins 1 0
Diameter of the eye 0 7j
Length of the fifth doi-sal spine 0 11
of the thirteenth dorsal spine .... 0 71
of the pectoral 2 7
of the ventral 1 5
of the second anal spine 0 9
of a scale 0 3|
Height of a scale 0 4^
Skeleton. — The jaw-bones, armed with several series of broad molar teeth, are of a stronger and more solid structure than in any other fish of the preceding families. The intermaxillaries have their posterior processes rather elongate, the groove in which they move extending to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The portions for the incisors and for the posterior molars are slightly swollen and separated from each other by a slight notch. The raaxillJiry has the lower extremity bent forwards to support the functions of the intermaxillaiy, by which it is received in a groove. This structure is widely different from that of the fishes of the pre- ceding families, where both the bones are very loosely connected with each other; only some species of Dentex approach to it. The maxillary is pierced by an opening above the middle. The mandibulary is short, elevated, and thick ; there is no free space between the articular and dentary bones ; its muciferous channels ai'e very rudimentary, with small openings. The head of the vomer forms a semicircular plate, its posterior portion being very narrow, with a small groove behind the head. The lower limb of the prasopcrculum is one-third shortc)' than tlio ])<)sterior ; both meel at a rather obtu.sc anslo, which, however, i.s roiaidcd. Thf intcrioi
440 SPAEIDiE.
ridge is strong, rounded, not prominent, witn a narrow miiciferoiis channel behind. The operculum is irregularrly quadrangular, half as wide as high, with the posterior and superior sides shortest and very slightly emarginate. There is a ridge on its inner surface, obli(]uely descending downwards. The interoperculum is longer and broader than the suboperculum. The turbinal bone is elongate and rather widened posteriorly ; the prseorbital rhombic, with the anterior njargin membranaceous and much wider than the remainder of the infra- orbital ring. There is a bony plate at the inner side to support the eyeball from beneath. The frontal bones, between the orbits, are slightly convex, with several low ridges and pores, radiating from the anterior extremity of the occipital crest. The occipital crest is very high, strong, triangular, with the upper margin slightly convex, and extends to above the centre of the orbit. The lateral crests also are Avell developed, though veiy much lower than the median one. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is compressed, the basioccipital having a very wide quadrangular foramen behind the occipital joint. The large free space between the coracoid and radius is triangular, widest above, and not twice as long as broad. Each of the pubic bones is formed by three lamellae of nearly equal development.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrcB, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1'4. There are three spimous interneural spines, each with a small process above, directed forwards, as in many Acantho- pteiygian fishes ; the process of the fli'st is rather longer than the others. The first interhaemal has an anterior ridge, and is strong and elongate, its length equalling that of the second vertebra to the eighth.
There are eight rather narrow incisors in both the jaws, with a group of granular teeth behind. The immature teeth, destined to replace those which arc in use, make their ai)}>earance on the outer side of the bone. The molars are arranged in two series in both the jaws ; sometimes several smaller ones extend further back- wards at the inner side of these series, and give the ipixjarancc of a thud.
2. Sargus rondeletii.
2dpyos,Aristot. viii. c. 2,ix. c. 5 ; JEHan, i. c. 23, 2G, xiii. c. 2; Oppian,
iv. 599, 308-403; Athen. vii. 313, 321. Sargusi, Ovid. Hal. v. 106 ; Plin. ix. c. 17, 51, 59 ; Bellon. Aqiiat,
p. 242; Romk'l. v. c. 5. p. 122 ; Salv. f. 178 ; Gesn. Aquat. p. 828;
Gfonor. Zoophyl. p. 63. no. 219. Spams sargiis, L. Gm. p. 1270 ; HI. taf. 264; Bl. Schn. p. 270; Lacep.
iv. pp. 27, 77 ; Rissn, Ichth. Nice, p. 236.
variegatus, {Bonnat.) Lacep . iv. p. 107.
Sargus rauous, Geoffr. Descr. Etj. Puiss. pi. 18. f. 1.
roridciletii, Cav. tV Val. vi. p. 14. pi. 141 ; Guichetiot, Eorploi: Sc.
Alf/er. Poiss. p. 46 ; Webb SfBerthel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 28.
J). LLl?. A. ^-. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 8/16. Ca;c. pylor. 5.
12-15 13-14 ' ^ "
Vert. 10/14. Incisors rather broad, imj)lantcd obliquely. Three series of molars above, two beneath. Th'- diameter of the ey(^ i-s 4. J in the length of
14. 8ABGU8. 441
the head and 1^ in that of the snout, which equals the distance be- tween the eyes ; the crown of the head is convex, and there is a pro- tuberance above the upper anterior angle of the orbit ; the praeorbital does not entirely cover the maxillary bone. The pectoal fins extend to the origin of the anal, and the ventrals nearly to the vent. The second anal spine is rather stronger and longer than the third, and 3^ (in younger individuals 2|) in the length of the head. Silvery or shining golden, with numerous narrow longitudinal dusky stripes (8 or 9 above and 15 or 16 below the lateral line), 'and with four or five narrow blackish cross-bands, the first between the origin of the dorsal and the axil ; a broad black cross-band on the back of the tail. Mediten-anean ; Canary Islands ; Madeira.
a. Fine specimen. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
c. Fine specimen. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d. Adult : skeleton. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
e. f. Adiilt; stuffed. Santa Cruz (Tenerifie). Presentedby J. Gould,
Esq. g. Adult : stuffed. Santa Cruz (Teneriffe). h. Adult : stuffed. Lisbon. Presented by G. Hough, Esq. i. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection. k, I. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The skeleton is very similar to that of the preceding species ; there are, however, the following differenoes. The foramen of the maxiUary is much smaller, and situated more towards the upper extremity of the bone. The occipital crest has the upper margin straight. The large free space between the coracoid and the radius is triangular and elongate, three times as long as broad. There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1*24. Valenciennes attributes nine abdominal vertebrae to this and the preceding species, — I have found ten in both. Further, he says, " le premier intere'pineux porte a sa partie superieure une opine osseuse, courte, mais tres-grosse, dont la pointe est dirigee vers la teto du poisson ; en avant de cet interepineux en sent trois sans rayons." This is incorrect ; the first true interneural has no spine directed forwards, but that spine belongs to the third spurious inter- neural (t. e. to the third interneural without corresponding dermo- ncural). But, in fact, aU the three spurious intemeurals have such a spine directed forwards, as usual in this Order of fishes. The first interhsemal is strong and very elongate, equal to the length of tlie second vertebra to the ninth.
There are eight rather broad incisors in both the jaws, with a group of granular teeth behind. The molars are arranged in three series above, and in two below ; sometimes some smaller teeth extend from that group along the inner side of the constant scries, giving the appearance of a fourth (or third in the lower jaw) additional one. The pharyngeal teeth are cardiform, and the upper ones arc slightly compressed, terminating in a small curved hook.
14:
•^J'ARlD.i;.
3. Sargus capensis. Sniifh, lllustr. ZooL S. Afr. Fis/u-.s, pi. 23. f. 2.
A. -^. L. lat. 72. L. transv. 8/15.
^^' U-16"
Incisors moderately broad, inijilanted obliquely ; tbrcc series of molars in the uj)per jaw, two in the lower. Head rather small, its length being 4| in the total length ; the distance between the origin of the dorsal fin and the occiimt is much moro than that between the occijiUt and the snout. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, less tlian tlie distance between the ej'os, and 1 ^ in the lenglli of the snout. The pectoral fins extend to the vertical from the second soft ray of the anal fin ; the second anal spine is ratlier longer and stronger than the tliird, and nearly one-third of the length of the head. Uniform silvery : a large black blotch behind the dorsal (in life).
Cape Seas.
Adult. D. i?.
Adult. D. i|.
Adult: stuffed.
Smith. Adult : stuffed.
A. A.
D -
D. !^. A.
Cape Sea.'s. Presented by Sir A. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir
A, Smith. — Type of the species.
Description. — The body is rather elevated, its greatest depth being below the fourth dorsal spine, where it is nearlj' one-third of the total length. The profile of the nape forms a strong cui-v-c and is con- tinued into that of the head, which is straight and descends abruptly to the snout ; the distance between the occiput and the end of the snout is about three-quarters of that between the occi])ut and the origin of the dorsal fin. The head is compressed and rather short, its length being 4| in the total; the distance between the eyes is one-third of the length of the head. The snout is of moderate length, the upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the posterior nosti-il. The prseorbital is 1^ as long as high, and does not entirely cover the maxillary bone. The eye is of moderate size, situated in the middle of the vertical from the neck to the inferior limb of the pracoperculum. The nostrils are ])laced near the upper angle of the orbit ; the posterior is a very small slit, the anterior more ovate in form. There arc five scries of scales between the pr3Corl)ital and the Limb of the prtcoperculum, which is also covered with a single series of scales. The posterior margin of the procoperculum is vertical, the angle and the inferior margin arc cun-ed. The op(!rculum has an obtuse spine posteriorly, and is covered with scales, like the sub- and interoperculum. The suprascapula is scale-like, without any strife or denticulations ; and there is an indistinct curved scries of scales, ascending from the suprascapula to the nape, which exhibit some incons])icuous stria}.
'Hic dorsal lin begins immediately bcliind ihc vcjliral from tlie
II. H.\l((it!M. 443
biiHc of the poctonil, luid (ixtf^iids to tliiil, fioiii the liCty-wixtli hchIu oI' tlm hitorul liiid, its (lintimro IVoiii tln' ciuidiil fin bciii;^ (!(|Ual to oiio- liiilftlic Iciif^tli of tlio lioiul. TIk! Hj)iii(%siiro latliorHtroii;.^, coiiiprcHSod, and Itroadcr on out! Hido ; tlio first iw ono-liuU" Un', Icii^tli of tlio wicoiid ; tho fourth and liflli an; tho loii;j;rHt, lu^aily onc^-lialf tlio lcn^>th of tho head ; tho followinjj; ;^ni<hially (KicniaHo in h:ngth to the laHt, which in M in tho hinj^th of tho fourth. Tho nol't niyH unr noarly (-(lual in length to one another and to tho hiHt Hj)ine. 'I'lio raudal \\\\ \h forked, one of th(! middle raya heinjj; niiarly one-tliird of \}w upper lol>o, which is rather lonj^cr than tlui lower. 'I'he orij^in of the <vniil fin IiiIIh v(^itically 1)elow that of the Hoft doiHal, and its end iniinediaf,eiy Ixihind that of the dorHal ; it iw Hcaredy lower than the op|»osite fin, hut the poHterior rayH ;^ia(hially hecoin<i Hoinewliat Hhortc^r. 'i'he Hpines are rather Htout ; tho first is nearly one-half tho lcn/j;tli of \\h) second ; the Hocond ratlnsr loiif^cr and stronp^er than the third, ami about ouo- lliird of the length of the iicfud. The pictoral fin has a fow very Hrnall scales at llu; base ; the sixth ray excecids th(! others in lenf;;th, reachirif^ to*the s(;eond anal ray. 'J'he base of the ventrala falls entinily la^hind that of tlu; jxictorals ; they are of niod«)rat(! lenf^th, the first ray exttindiiif? to the vent ; the s])ine is about three-cjiiarterH of th<! lenj^th of that ray. There is a lonpf scaly fluj) inserted at tlio base of the ventral.
Tho scales are minutely ciliated at the ouu^r marf^iu, bif^her than wide ; one of the largest covers on(!-third of the eye.
The incisofs are modcirately broad, \(ny little narrower than in S. rondcMuii ; they are implanted in an obli(pie direction; there are six or eight in the up|)(!i- jaw, an<l eight or ten in the lower. The molars are rather sniall, arranged in three series in the iippcsrjaw, and in two in tho lower; there is sometimes anotluir molar af the inner side of the series of teeth in the h)W<!r jaw.
Th(! (!xamj)l<!S are now unifoitn silvcuy, witli a shining strc^ak along (!a(di series of seahis ; the ojiercular margin, tlus dorsal, anal, and vt;ntral lins an; gnsyish. The black dorsal blotch on tiit; lat(!ral linti, behind the dorsal, has disappeared.
inoliOH. liiK^H.
Total length 1) 0
Height of the body ',i 4
Ji(!ngth of the head '2 0
Distance betw(;(!n the eyes 0 H
betw<!en tho dorsal and tho occiput I i I
between tho occiput and the snout I 4\
Diameter of tlie eye 0 (5
Length (>( the fourth dorsal spine 0 11
of the twelfth dorsiil spine* 0 7
of the upjxsr caudal lobe 2 (5
of the second anal s[»ine 0 H\
of the pectoral 2 i)
of the v(!ntial I 7
of tt scahi 0 2^
Height of a scale () Mjf
•444 SPARID^.
4. Sarg^s vetula.
Scarus, Rondel, vi. cap. 2. p. 164; Willuyhhy, i. p. 305. § 11. Saxgus vetula, Cuv. 8/- Fed. vi. p. 48 ; Gitichen. Explor. Sc. Alyer. Poiss.
p. 47 ; Wehb &■ Berthclot, Hist. Nut. des lies Canar. Poiss. p. 29 (not
pi. a f. 2).
J), i-;. A. f3. L. lat. 75-80.
Four series of molar teeth in the upper jaw and three in the lower. The space between the eyes slightly convex. A brown spot on the sujjrascapula, another on the angle of the operculum ; a black blotch across the back of the tail ; vcntrals black.
Mediterranean.
5. Sargus lineatus.
? Cuv. (§• Val. vi. p. 59.— [?? Cuv. Rhyne Anim. Ill Poiss. pi. 34. f. 1.]
13 13
Incisors moderately broad, implanted in an obUq^^ direction, eight in each jaw. The distance between the origin of the dorsal and the occiput is much more than that between the occiput and the end of the snout. Body with four or five very narrow black cross-streaks ; tail with a broad black band ; base of the pectoral and ho ventral fins black.
Coast of Brazil ?
a. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6. Sargus noct.
Sargus noct, (Uhrenbery) Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 51 ; Rilpp. N. W Fische, p. 110 J Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alyer. Poiss. p. 47.
D. j|. A. f^. Cffic. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/13.
Eight mcisors in the upper jaw, six in the lower ; foiu" series of molars in the upper, three in the lower. Dorsal spiiies rather strong, the rays of the dorsal and anal fin short. On each side of the tail, on the lateral line, a roimd black spot.
Eed Sea : Mediterranean.
Valenciennes describes the air-bladder as simple ; but lliippell mforms us that it is bifurcate anteriorly and posteriorly.
a. Adult: stufi*ed: not good state. Red Sea. Presented by J. Bui-ton, Esq.
7. Sargus argenteus.
Cuv. ct Val. vi. p. GO.
D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 65. L. transv. 9/1 G.
Incisors moderately broad, implanted in a rather obIi(iue diiection ; three scries of molars in the ujiper jaw, two in the lower. The
14. SARGTJS. 445
diameter of the eye is 3| in the length of the head, li in that oi the snout, and equal to the distance between the eyes. The crown of the head is slightly convex ; a very slight protuberance above the upper anterior angle of the orbit. The pectoral fins extend scarcely to the origin of the anal, the ventrals to the vent ; the second anal spine is longer and stronger than the third, and 2| in the length ot the head. Silvery, with a black band across the back of the tail ; ventrals blackish. Coast of Brazil.
a. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
8. Sargus auriventris. Peters, Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 243.
D.i-'. A.I.
14 11
Bluish, shining ; a narrow golden longitudinal streak above the ventrals. {Pet.)
This species does not appear to have a black caudal spot. Mozambique.
9. Sargus annularis.
Sparulus, Ovid. v. 106 & 107.
Sparus, Rotidel. v. c. 3 ; Salvian. f. 177 ; Gesner. pp. 180, 1056, 1058 ;
WilliKjhby, p. 308. pi. 5. f. 2. Sparus, no. 12, Artedi, Genera, p. 37. Sparus annularis, L. Gm. p. 1270 ; Bl. Schn. p. 272 ; De la Roche,
Ann. Mas. xiii. p. 342. pi. 24. f. 13.
smaris, Bri'mn. Pise. Mass. p. 40.
haffara, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 244.
Sciaena melanura, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 254.
Sargus annularis, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 18. f. 3 ; Czw. 8f Val.
vi. p. 35. pi. 142 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 386,
Poiss. pi. 4. f. 1 ; Guichen. Explor, Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 47.
D. j^g. A. ;^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/13. C»c. pylor. 4. Vert. 9/14.
Incisors, broad, implanted vertically. The diameter of the eye is four times in the length of the head, and Ig in that of the snout ; the distance between the eyes is more than their diameter, and slightly convex. The pector^d fins extend slightly beyond the origin of thei anal; the ventrals are much shorter and remote fiom the vent. The second and third anal spines are nearly equal, and rather longer than the diameter of the eye. Silvery: back with several more oi' less distinct cross-bars ; axil not black ; a broad black band across the back of the tail behind the dorsal fin ; lateral line very conspicuous, greyish.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.
a. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc, Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
44() spaktd.t:.
h. Half-grown : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. Medi- terranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
(L Many young specimens. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
e,f. Adult; bad state. From the Old Collection.
r/, Ji. Adult. Lisbon.
i. Adult. Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T. Lowe's Collection.
I: Adult.
/. Adult.
i/i. Half- grown.
n. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
10. Sar^s flavolineatus. Chv. <§• Vol. vi. p. 00.
D. i5. A. 1.
11 10
Incisors broad, implanted in a vertical direction. No transverse bands or caudal spot. Bluish, -v^-ith 13-14 golden longitudinal bands (in life) ; vertical fins greyish. (VaJ.)
Shores of Cuba.
11. Sargus unimaculatus.
Mar(jr. p. 153.
Perca unimaculata, Blor^h, taf. 308. f. 1 (bad).
Grammistes unimaculatus, lil. Scltn. p. 184.
Sparus salin, Lacip. iv. pp. 130, 138.
Sargus humeri-niaculatus, Qu»ij ^- Gai'm. Voy. Fnn/c. Zoo/, p. 297.
unimaculatus, Ciiv. if Val. vi. p. 02.
Cj-najdus brama, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 50.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 48. -L. transv. 9/17. Cac. pylor. 5 (7, Val.). Vert. 10/14*.
Incisors broad, each with a notch. The diameter of the eye is four times in the length of the head, and l^ in that of the snout ; the distance between the eyes equals their diameter ; there is a protuberance above the anterior angle uf the orbit. The pectoral fins extend nearly to the origin of the soft portion of the anal fin ; the ventrals do not reach to the vent. The s(;c(>iid anal sjjine is curved, and much longer and stronger thaji the tliird, luai-ly one- half the length of the head. Reddish-silvery: a large black. blotch behind the shoulder, below the lateral line.
Atlantic shores of Tropical America.
a. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.
l>. Adult: skeleton. Brazil. Presented 1»y Lord Stuart.
c. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
d. Adult : skin : bad state. Rio Janeiro. Presented by Th. Thomp-
son, Esq.
* Vnlcnciennos says fiflooii. wliicli cortainlr i'' iiif'orroct.
14. SARGUs. 447
e. Adult: not good state. Guatemala. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.
/. Adult : bad state. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
g-i. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
h. Adult. From the Ha^lar Collection.
I. Half-gro-\vn : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
m. Adult: stuffed.
Sheleton. — The skeleton differs very little from that of S. vulgaris. The occipital crest and the neural spines are not quite so elevated as in that species, and the upper maxillary bone is not pierced by a foramen. The length of tne abdominal portion of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1*3. The length of the first in.terh8emal equals that of the first vertebra to the seventh.
12. Sargus ovis.
Sparus, Schoepff, Schriften der Gesellsch. Nat. Freunde, viii. p. 152. Sparus ovis, Mitch. Tram. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. Netv York, i. p. 392. pi. 2.
f. 5. Sargus ovis, Cuv. i§* Val. vi. p. 53 ; Storer, Report, p. 36 ; Dekay, Netv
York Fauna, Fishes, p. 89. pi. 8. f. 23 ; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 51.
pi. 8. f. 2.
^•IVJ^y ^'W L-lat.46. L. transv. 8/18.
Incisors broad, quadrilateral. A recumbent spine in front of the dorsal. The diameter of the eye is six times in the length of the head, and 2| in that of the snout. The distance between the eyes is more than twice their diameter*. Th^ pectoral fins extend nearly to the origin of the anal fin. The second anal spine is longer and stronger than the third, about one-third the length of the head. Body with five blackish cross-bars.
a. Twenty-two inches long: stuffed. N. America. Presented by
Edward Doubleday, Esq. h. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
13. Sargus rhomboides.
Sparus rhomboides, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 427 ; SJiato, Zool. iv. p. 447 : Schoepff, Schrift. der Naturf. Freunde Berlin, viii. p. 153.
Sargus rhomboides, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 68. pi. 143, cop. by Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 93. pi. 71. f. 228.
Lagodon rhomboides, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 56. pi. 8. f. 1.
D.l^. A. A Caec.pylor. 4.
A recumbent spine before the dorsal fin. Incisors mdderately broad, each with a notch ; two series of molars in each jaw. Body with longitudinal stripes, and sometimes with several dusky cross- bars. A black blotch at the origin of the lateral line.
Southern shores of the United States.
* These measurements are taken from the very large specimen in the British Museum, and may be found different in younger individuals.
448 spAUin.io.
14, Sargus fasciatus.
Sargxis fasciatus, Cm: Sf Val. vi. p. 59; Guichcn. Explor. Sc. Alf/ir. Poiss. p. 48 ; ? Valenc. in Webb ^ BertheM, Hist. Nat. lies Ca'tiar. Potss. p. 29 (not fig.).
D. j^. A. ^. L. lat, 60. L. tranav. 9/16.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head four times. Molars small, in two series. Incisors ^, narrow, elongate, implanted in an oblique direction ; lips very thick and fleshy ; snout rather elongate, tAvice the diameter of the eye. The pectoral fin Scarcely reaches to the origin of the anal. Whitish (in spirits), with seven broad brown cross-bands, each three times as broad as the interspaces between.
? BrazU, Cuv. ^ Val. ; Mediterranean, GuicJi. ; Canary Islands, Vah
a. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
15. Sargus cervinus.
Charax cervinus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 177.
? Sargus cervinus, Valenc. in Webb Sf Berthem, Hist. Nat. Hes Canar,
Poiss. p. 29. Sargus fasciatus, Valenc. I. c. pi. 9. f. 2 (not descript.). hottentottus, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Fishes, pi. 2.3. f. 1.
]). JLi_. A. ^. L. lat. 58-60*. L. transv. 9/16.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head foiu' times. Molars smaU, in two series; incisors ^> narrow, elongate, implanted in an oblique direction ; lips vety thick and fleshy ; snout rather produced, twice the diameter of the eye. The pectoral reaches beyond the origin of the anal. Shining golden, with seven brown cross-bands, broader than the interspaces between them.
Madeira ; Canary Islands ; Cape Seas.
a. Very fine specimen Lanzarote. From the Rev. R. T. Lowe's
Collection.
b. Stuffed. Cape Seai, Purchased of f-ir A. Smith.— Type of
S. hottentottus. e. Young. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith,
If we could always depend on the correctness of the descriptions given by Valenciennes, it would appear that there exist one or even two other species of these banded Sargi with thick lips, in the Seas of Madeira and the Canaiy Islands. The Rev. R. T. Lowe has kindly communicated to me his notes, taken on the spot, from seven specimens caught in Madeira ; they all belong to the species with the high body, Charax cervinus, Lowe. The only discrepancy from my diagnosis, taken from a Lanzarote specimen, is, that Mr. Lowe states' 65-66 scales of the lateral line ; but, possibly, the small scales
* Sometimes with several supernumerary scales on tlic caudal fln.
14. SAEGUs. 449
covering the caudal fin have been reckoned. Very different is the description of Valenciennes, which, if correct, clearly shows that he had a fish scarcely identical specifically with Charax cervinus, Lowe. On the other hand, the figure of Sargiis fasciatus, given by him, agrees well with Mr. Lowe's fish, but not with that described in the ' Hist. Nat. des Poiss.' under that name, and said to have a body miu:h, more elongate tJian in Sargus Uneatus. There is, apparently, confusion in the descriptions of M. Valenciennes, who, moreover, in the text refers the figure with the name of S. fasciatus to S. vetula. Therefore I think it of no great importance if he attribute to S. fasciatus |^ incisors, whilst I find ^. But, if the descriptions are really correct, we should have the following specific forms : —
1. Charax cervinus, Lowe. Height of the body 2^ in the total
length. Incisors y. L. lat. 58-60 (66). — Madeira, Lanzarote.
2. Sargus cervinus, Val. in Webb & Berth. Height of the body
one-third of the total length. Incisors ^. L. lat. 50. — Canary Islands*.
3. Sargus fasciatus, Cuv. & Val. Body oblong. Incisors |^. —
Canary Islands, Val. in Webb <Sf Berth.
4. Sargus fasciatus, Gthr. Height of the body one-third of the
total length. Incisors^. L. lat. 60.— iTaS. ? Haslar
Collection.
16. Sargus aries.
Cuv. 8f Val. VI. p. 68.
Incisors very narrow and elongate. The second anal spine strong. Body with seven narrow vertical bands; ventral fins black. (Val.) Atlantic coasts of South America.
17. Sargus ambassis. (Plate XXVIII. fig. A.)
D.l|. A.:^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. ^.
A recumbent spine before the dorsal fin. Incisors narrow, im planted in a rather oblique direction ; two series of molars in both the jaws. Nape of the neck very convex; the upper profile of the head descending in a straight Hne. The diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the head, half the length of the snout, and less than the distance between the eyes. The pectoral fins extend to the vertical from the second soft ray of the anal fin; the second anal spine is rather shorter and not stronger than the thii'd, and 3f
* Mr. Lowe observes : " Sargus cervinus, Val., is, I tliink, merely a larger ex- ample of my Charax cervinus, the less depth being due to the h-regular contraction in a dried specimen, such as almost, if not quite, aU the fishes sent by Webb to Valenciennes were."
2g
450 8PABID^.
in the length of the head. Body uniform greenish, with golden longi- tudinal streaka ; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins blackish ; axil blackish. Atlantic coasts of the United States.
a. Adult. New York. Pxirchased of Mr. Brandt as S. ovis. h. Adult: skin. New York. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Thirteen inches long : not good state. N. America. Purchased
of Mr. Warwick.
d. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection. «. Adult : skeleton. Old Collection.
Description. — This species appears to have been confounded with ihe following North American fishes, which also exhibit a procum- bent dorsal spine ; —
1. With Sargus ovis, which has broad quadrilateral incisors.
2. With Sargus rhomboides, which has moderately broad incisors, each with a notch.
3. Perhaps with Sargus aries (a more southern species), which has the body marked with seven cross-bars.
4. With Chrysophrys aculeatus, which, according to Valenciennes' description, has three series of molars. In our species the anterior incisors, although sufficiently flattened, are so narrow, that a super- ficial observer might take them for conical canine-Hke teeth, as in Chrysophrys.
Our species, which I call ;S^. ambassis, from the recumbent spine by which the genus Ambassis is distinguished, has the body elevated ; its greatest depth is below the sixth dorsal spine, where it ia con- tained 2| in the total length. The nape of the neck descends abruptly in a somewhat irregular curve, whilst the upper profile of the head is straight. The distance between the origin of the dorsal fin and the occiput is shorter than the length from the occiput to the snout. The length of the head is nearly one-fourth of the total ; the head is rather compressed, the distance between the eyes being one-fourth of the length of the head. The snout is elevated, rather pointed, and slightly produced ; the pra;orbital is rhombic, as wide as high ; the upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril. The eye is of moderate size, situated in the vertical from the occiput. There are six series of scales between the prajorbital and the limb of the prajoperculum, which is covered at the angle with a few irregular scales besides ; th operculum has a narrow space along its base scaleless, the remainoer is covered with scales like the sub- and intcroperculum. The suprascapula is scale-like, striated, and there is a curved series of similar scales ascending from the supra- scapula to the nape.
The dorsal fin begins above the opercular margin and extends to the vertical from the 37th scale of the lateral line, its distance from the caudal fin being equal to one-half the length of the head. The spines are of moderate size and taper very much at their extremity : the first is short ; the fourth is the longest, one-half the length of the head; the following gradually decrease in length to the last, which is five-eighths of the longest. The upper margin of the doraal
14. SAKGUS. 451
is very slightly convex, but the posterior angle is rounded ; the rays differ little in length, the posterior ones excepted, and are about three-fourths of the longest spine. The cavdal fin is forked, one of the middle I'ays being not quite one-half of the rays of the upper lobe, which is longer than the lower. The distance of the caudal fin from the anal is much less than that from the dorsal. The origin of the anal falls vertically below the end of the spinous dorsal or the 22nd scale of the lateral line, its end below the 39th scale ; it is much lower than the soft dorsal and has a slightly curved margin, nearly parallel to its base. The spines are moderately strong : the first nearly one-half the length of the second ; the second not stronger and rather shorter than the third, and contained 3^ in the length of the head ; the first ray is rather longer than the last spine. The pectoral fin has a few very small scales at the base ; the fifth ray exceeds the others in length, reaching to the second ray of the anal fin. The base of the ventrals falls entirely behind that of the pec- torals ; they are elongate, the first ray extending to the origin of the anal; the spine is about one-half of the length of that ray. There is a long scaly flap inserted at the base of the ventral.
The scales are minutely ciliated at the outer margin, higher than wide ; one of the largest covers one-half of the eye.
The incisors have a conical root and the crown slightly compressed and flattened ; there are six in the upper jaw and eight in the lower. The molars axe arranged in two series, the inner of which contains the larger ones ; all are of moderate size, but they gradually become larger posteriorly.
The scales are greenish, with an olive margin and golden centre ; the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins and the axil are blackish,
inches, lines.
Total length 10 8
Height of the body 4 3
Length of the head 2 9
Distance between the eyes 0 8^
Length of the snout 1 2
Diameter of the eye 0 7
Distance between dorsal and caudal 1 4
between anal and oaudal 1 1
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 4
of the twelfth dorsal spine 0 10
of the second dorsal ray 1 0
of the second anal spine 0 9
of the first anal ray 0 10|
of the pectoral 3 0
of the ventral 2 1
of a scale 0 4
Height of a scale 0 5^
Sl-eleton. — The jaw-bones, being armed with teeth much smaller than those of 'Sargus vulgaris, ar§ therefore not so strongly developed
2g2
452 spAiiiD^.
as in that species. The intermaxillaries have their posterior pro- cesses elon{>;ate, with their base widened ; the groove in which they move does not extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. There are also no protuberances on the descending branches of the bone, which are uniformly wide to their extremity. The maxillary has the lower extreraity very slightly bent forwards, and is without a foramen. The mandibulary is rather short and elevated, without a free space between the articular and dentary bones; there are five distinct pores from its muciferous channel. The head of the vomer is broad, flat, triangular. The lower limb of the pra)opcrculum is one-third shorter than the posterior ; both meet at a nearly right angle, which, however, is rounded. The interior ridge descends obliquely forwards, is flat, not prominent, witli 9 rudimentary muciferous channel behind. The operculum is irregularlj' quadrangular, half as wide as high, with the upper side shortest and deeply notched ; the ridge on its inner surface is very feeble. The sub- and intcroperculum are of nearly equal length and width. The turbinal bone is tubiform anteriorly, \\'idened and flat pbsteriorly. The praeorbital is large, rhombic, the remainder of the infraorbital ring narrow ; there is a bony plate at its inner side to support the eyeball from beneath. The frontal bones, between the orbits, are rather flat, with three low ridges and several pores and grooves. The . occipital crest is high, strong, triangular, with the upper margin very slightly convex, and extends to above the centre of the orbit, terminating posteriorly with the occipital. The inner of the lateral ridges is very feeble, the outer one moderately developed. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is slightly com- pressed. The pubic bones are of moderate length ; each of them is formed by three lamellaD of nearly equal development.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrcc, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1'44. There are three spurious intemeurals, each with a small process above, directed forwards ; the first two dorsal spines have one common interneural, with the horizontal spinous process, which is \-isible externally. The first interhaimal exhibits a peculiar transformation into a conical cavity, but in a slighter degree tiian in Gerres gula.
The incisors are very narrow, slightly curved, and six or eight in number ; there is a band of small setiform and minute granular teeth behind them. The molars are small and arranged in two series in both the jaws.
15. CHARAX.
Charax, Hisso, Eur. M^rid. iii. p. 353 ; Cuv. 8f Vid. vi. pp. 9, 71, Narrow incisors and a single series of small molar teeth in both the jaws. Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal (eleven) folding into a groove; three anal spines. Opercles not armed. Scales of moderate size. Five branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number. Air-bladder simple. Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.
16. LETHRINUS. 453
A ■
1. Charax pnntazzo.
Aldrov. Do Pise. p. 182 ; Rai/, Sytiops. p. 130. Sparus puntazzo, L. Gm. p. 1272.
annularis, Bri'mn. Pise. Mass. p. 37.
acutirostris, De la Roche, Ami. Mtis. xiii. p. 348, pi, 24. f. 12.
Charax acutirostris, JRisso, I. e. p. 354.
puntazzo, Cuv. Sf Vol. \\. p. 72. pi. 144 ; Nordm. vi Demid. Voy.
Russ. Merid. iii. p. 387. pi. 4. f. 2; OuicJien, Explor. Sc, Algir.
Poiss. p. 48.
^' liri- ^- h' I" la*- ^^-^^- ^«c- pyi<^^' 7.
Silvery, with blackish vertical bands ; a black blotch on each side of the tail. Snout produced. Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
b. Very fine specimen, 19" long. Lanzarote, Presented by the
Rev. R. T. Lowe.
Fourth Group. PAGRINA.
Sparidce with conical teeth in front and molars on the sides.
Synopsis of the Genera,
* Cheeks naked. D. H. A. -I 16. Lethrinus.
•* Cheeks scaly.
Canine teeth ; molars in a single series 17. Sph^rodon.
Canine teeth; the upper molar teeth in two series. 18. Pagrus.
Canine teeth none 19. Pagellus.
Canine teeth ; the upper molar teeth in three and
more series 20. Chrysophbys.
16. LETHRINUS*.
Lethrinus, Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 272. Cheeks naked. Cardiform teeth in front of the jaws, with the
* 1, Lethrinus gothofredi, Cuv. ^ Fa^. vi. p. 286 ; Bilpp.N. W. Fische, p. 120. — Red Sea.
2. fasciatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 290. — Trincomalee.
3. frenatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 291. — Ceylon.
4. korely, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 292. — Pondicherry.
5. maculatus, Cuv. df Val. vi. p. 292. — Pondieherry.
6. emereus, Cuv. cf Val. vi. p. 293. — Ceylon.
7. microdon, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 295. — Buru.
8. oUvaceus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 295. — Siuida Sea.
9. waigienais, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 297. — Waigiou ; New Guinea.
10
454 SPAKID^.
addition of canines; lateral teeth in a single series — conical, or conical and molar-like, or obtuse molars. Formula of the fins : D. y. A. I". Scales of moderate size. L. lat. 45-50. Six branchiostegals. Two or three short pyloric appendages ; air-bladder generally notched posteriorly, and with short lateral appendages.
From the Eastern shores of Africa through all the East Indian and Australian Seas to Polynesia ; and one species on the Western coast of Africa.
I. Species with all the lateral teeth more or less conical, without true
molars.
A. With a blackish blotch above the pectoral fin.
1. Lethrinus rostratus.
Lethrinus rostratus, {Kuhl8fvan Ilass.) Cuv. Sf Vol. vi. p. 296; Sleek. Verh. Batav, Genoolsch. xxiii. Spar, p. 13,
D. J. A. I-. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/16.
The height of the body is four times in the total length; the length of the head 3i. The snout very elongate and pointed. The length of the diameter of the eyes is more than the width of the distance between them, and 2| in the length of the snout ; the upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine teeth moderate ; the teeth of the lateral series slightly compressed, pointed ; the hindmost only of the upper jaw blunt and molar-hke. Dorsal spines moderate ; the third rather shorter than the longest ray, and 3| in the length of the head ; the third anal spine intermt-diate between the second spine and the fu-st ray. Caudalis emaiginate. Olive (in
10. Lethrinus sordidus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 298. — New Guinea.
11. flavescens, Guv. ^ Val. vi. p. 299. — Tongatabu.
12. azureuB, C'liv. 4~ Val. vi. p. ;300. — New Ireland.
13. casrulHus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 301. — Seychelles.
14. croceopterus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 302.— Seychelles.
15. argenteus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 303. — Seycl^elles.
16. borbonicus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 303. — Isle dc Franco.
17. genigutta,tus, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 304. — East Indies.
18. genivittatus, Cuv. S Val. vi. p. 306. pi. 159.— Habitat ?
19. Sparus chaerorhynchus, Bl. Schn. p. 278. — Lethrinus chserorhynchus,
Cuv. # Val. vi. p. 308.— Japan?
20. Lethrinus virescens, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 308. — Habitat ?
21. BUfSsell, pi. 89. — Lethrinus karwa, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 311. — East Indies.
22. Lethrinus abbreviatus, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 312. — Red Sea.
23. erythropterus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 313. — Ulea.
24. erythracanthus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 314. — Luganor.
25. alboguttatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 314. — Bonin.
26. xanthopt€rus, Cuv. ^" Val. vi. p. 315. — Ulea.
27. SparuB miniatus, (Forsi.) Bl. Schn. p. 281. — Letlirinus miniatuB, Cuv. ^
Val. vi. p. 315. — Pacific.
28. Lethrinus anatarius, Richardson, Ichtkyol. Voy. Sulph. p. 145. — Chinese
Sea.
29. cyanoxanthus, Richards. Ic. pi. 4. f. I. — Australia.
30. einnabai'inue, Richards. Ic. pi. 4. f. 2. — Austraha.
16. LETHBINUS. 455
spirits) ; head, body, dorsal and anal fins clouded with brownish ; a quadrangular blackish blotch between the pectoral and the lateral line ; the rays of the ventrals wliite, the membrane between black- ish. Each joint of the rays of the vertical fins with a brownish streak.
Sunda and Molucca Seas.
a. Adult. Moluccas.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Ceram. From Madame Ida Pfciffer's Collection.
d. Twenty-three inches long : skin : not good state. Ceylon. Col-
lected by E. F. Kebart, M.D.
2. Lethrinus amboinensis. Sleeker, Amboina, v. p. 490.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is rather less than one-fourth of the total length ; the length of the head is 3^ in it. The snout is rather pointed, but not much longer than the diameter of the eye ; the upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the orbit. Canine teeth of moderate size ; the lateral teeth conical, and not obtusely rounded. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, rather more than one-half of the height of the body. Caudalis emarginate, with pointed lobes. Head uniform oHve ; a large blackish blotch between the pectoral and the lateral line ; back and sides largely marbled with blackish ; base and spines of the dorsal fin and the pectoral rays variegated with violet.
Sea of Amboyna.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
3. Lethrinns moensii. Sleeker, Natuurk. Tychchr. Nederl. Ind. 1855, ix. p. 435. D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is about four times in the total length, the length of the head 3| to 4. The snout is pointed, and much longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3-3| in the length of the head. Space between the eyes flat. The upper maxiUary bone does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Canine teeth large, curved ; lateral teeth conical. The third dorsal spine longest, lower than one-half of the height of the body. Cau- dalis forked, with pointed lobes, the upper of which is longer. Green- ish ; snout and cheeks deep violet ; body with seven indistinct cross- bands. In young and half-grown individuals a blackish blotch below the anterior half of the soft dorsal, and partly below the lateral line ; opercular membrane red ; each spine and ray of the dorsal fin with a brown spot at the base.
Seas of Groot-Oby, Batjan, and Timor; Louisiade Archipelago.
456 SPARID^.
a. Adult : skin. Copang.
h, c. Adult : stuffed. Lmiisiade Archipelago. Presented by the
Lords of the Admiralty. d. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the Kattlc-
snake.
4. Lethrinus nematacanthus.
Bleekcr, Japan, p. 403, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 91. tab. 0.
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48.
The height of the body is nearly four times in the total length, the length of the head 4 to 3| ; the snout is slightly elongate and pointed ; the diameter of the eye is 1| in the Iciigth of the snout. The upper maxillary bone reaches to or nearly to the A'ertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Canine teeth moderate ; the lateral teeth co- nical, the posterior ones more obtuse and rather rounded*. Doi'sal spines slender ; the second is the longest, flexible, longer than the longest ray, and than one-half of the length of the head. Caudalis slightly emarginate. Olive, shining golden, with four or five orange- coloured longitudinal bands ; head and body A\-ith indistinct and iiTC- gular brownish spots ; a blackish blotch between the jicctoral and the lateral line ; spines and rays of all the fins (except of the pec- torals) with brownish spots.
Sea of Japan ; Louisiade Archipelago.
a. 8" long; filament 1" long: stuffed. Loiiisiadc Archipelago. Pre- sented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
h. 6" long ; filament indistinct : stuffed, Louisiade Archipelago (30 fathoms). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
5. Lethrinus richardsonii.
Lethrinus hasmatopterus, Richardson, Zool. SulpJt. Fislics, p. 144. pi. G4. f. 1-3 ; Blcek. Verhand. liatav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. Ul (not Schley.),
D. 'j. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/17.
The height of the body is 3-3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|. The snout is sUghtly elongate and pointed; the dia- meter of the eye is rather more than the width between the orbits, and 1|-1-| in the length of the snout. The upper maxiUaiy reaches to the vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine teeth rather small ; all the teeth of the lateral series conical, none molar-like. Dorsal and anal spines rather stoutf; the fourth and fifth longest, but distinctly shorter than the rays, and about 2| in the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate. Brownish olive (in spirits), indistinctly
* Tln8 does not agi-ee with the figure, wliidi exhibits all the lateral t^etli conical, pointed, and small.
t The figiu-e quoted represents them too flcnder.
IG. LETHBINrS. 457
marbled "with darker ; a black roundish blotch between the lateral line and the pectoral fin. China Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. Ori- ginal specimen of the figure quoted. 5, c. Adidt : skins. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
d. Half-grown. China.
e. Half-grown. China.
/, Half-grown: bad state. Hong Kong. From the Haslar Col- lection. g. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. h. Half-grown. Hong Kong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. i. Half-grown. k. ? Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
B. Without blackish lateral blotch.
6. Lethrinus reticulatus. Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 298 ; Blceker, Ba7idu, iii. p. 96. D.^. A.f. L.lat. 43(48?).
The height of the body is 3^-4 in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the snout is pointed, scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one -third of the length of the head ; the upper maxillary bone reaches nearly to the vertical from the anterior mar- gin of the eye. Canine teeth distinct and curved ; lateral teeth conical, the posterior ones obtuse. Caudalis emarginate, with pointed lobes. OKve or rose-coloured : head and body with violet specks, arranged in irregular transverse bands ; generally two violet streaks from the eye to the snout ; the spinous dorsal marbled with violet ; ventral fins violet; the rays of the vertical fins with fine cross- streaks. {Bl.')
Seas of New Guinea and Banda.
7. Lethrinus chrysostomus.
Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. IcUhyol p. 118. pi. CO, f. 6, 7.
D.^. A.|-. L.lat. 48. L. transv. 5/16.
The height of the body is three ""imes in the total length, the length of the head 3^. The snout is elongate and pointed, and the eye, in adult specimens, of rather small size, its diameter being less than the distance between the eyes, or nearly one-third of the length of the snout*. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril. Canine teeth rather strong; the teeth in the
* In immature specimens of 6" length, the eye appears larger and tlie snout less elongate, the diam_etcr of the former being 1^ in the lengtli of the latt«r. The lateral teeth have more the appearance or molars, and become more pointed with age only.
458 8PAR1D^.
lateral series are of moderate size, conical and pointed, the hindmost rather shorter and blunt. Dorsal spines moderate ; the tliird is rather shorter than the longest ray, and 3^ in the length of the head. OHve, each scale of the back and of the sides with a black vertical streak at its base ; head, dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventral fins black- ish brown ; the caudal vaiiegated with lighter. Norfolk Islands ; Australian Seas.
a. Adult, Norfolk Islands. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. — Type
of the specie's.
b. 18" long : stuffed. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
c. Adult : stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
d. Young ; stuffed. Cape York. Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
e. Half-grown : stuffed. Victoria. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
8. Lethrinus latifrons.
Lethrinus variegatus, Cui\ ^ Val. vi. p. 287. |i
elongatus, Cuv. (§• Val. vi. p. 289.
P Lethrinui? seniieinctus, Cuv. 8( Val. \\, p. 294. Lethrinus latifrons, Riipp. N, W. Fische, p. 118. taf. 28. f. 4 ; Bleek. CeUh. i. p. 220.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 50. Cebc. pylor. 2.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length of the head 3|^ ; the diameter of the eye is ?>\ in the length of the head, and 1^ in that of the snout*; the snout is pointed, and the upper maxillary bone does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The interspace between the eyes equals one- third of the greatest depth of the body. Canine teeth large ; all the lateral teeth conical. The fourth dorsal spine is the longest, higher than the soft dorsal, and -2^ in the length of the head. Greenish, with five or six darker cross-bands ; the rays of the dorsal and caudal fins variegated with darker, the other fins immaculate.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas.
II. Species with distinct molar teeth. A. With a blackish lateral blotch.
9. Lethrinus harak.
Scisena harak, Forsk. p. 52.
Lethrinus harak, Riiiip. N. W. Fische, p. 116. taf. 29. f. 3; ? Bleek.
Verhand. Batav. Gcnootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 15. ? Ijethrinus erythrurus, Cuv. (S" Val. w. p. 293. ? Lethrinus rhodopterus, Bleek. Singapore, i. p. 65.
D. ^. A. f . L. lat. 47. L. transv. 6/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the snout moderately elongate and pointed, llic diameter of the eye is longer than the distance between the eyes, and
16. LETHRINUS. 459
1| in the length of the snout. There is a slight protuberance before the upper anterior angle of the eye ; the upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior nosti-il. Canine and molar teeth mo- derate. Dorsal spines rather feeble ; the fourth is the longest, rather shorter than the highest ray, and 2| in the length of the head. Caudalis slightly emarginate. Greenish olive, with an oblong lateral blotch of blackish colour below the lateral line and below the middle of the dorsal fin.
Eed Sea ; East Indian Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
B. Without blackish lateral blotch.
10. Lethrinus ramak.
Scisena ramak, Forsk. p. 52.
Lethrinus ehrenbergii, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 312.
ramak, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 117. taf. 28. fig. 3.
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/15.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the total. The snout is rather elongate and pointed ; the length of the diameter of the eyes is rather more than the width of the distance between them, and one-half the length of the snout ; the upper maxillary bone does not reach to the vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine and molar teeth rather small. Dorsal spines mode- rate, the fourth nearly equal to the longest ray, and one-third of the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate. Uniform olive ; in life with an indistinct shining yellowish longitudinal streak.
Red Sea. [? Sea of Ceylon.]
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea.
h. ? Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by E. F, Kelaart, M.D.
11. Lethrinus cocosensis. Bleehei', KoTcos, p. 40.
D. i?. A. i-. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of the head .3^, The diameter of the eyes is 3^ in the latter, and more than the distance between them. The snout is longer than the eye, and the upper maxiUary bone does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior teeth are molars ; ca- nines moderate. The fifth dorsal ^pine longest, one-third shorter than the height of the body, and shorter than the rays. Caudalis forked, with pointed lobes. Olive, with four or five orange-coloured or red longitudinal bands ; fins immaculate, reddish yellow, the spi- nous dorsal brown-edged. {Bl.)
Sea of Nova Selma (Kokos Islands)
460 sPAHiDji:.
12. Lethrinus atlanticus. P Lethrinus atlanticus, Ctiv. 8f Val. vi. p. 275.
D. 12. A. |. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3f in the total ; the longitudinal diameter of the eyes is much more than the width between them, and 1^ in the length of the snout ; the upijcr maxillary bone reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril. Canine teeth moderate, the molars rather smaU. Doraal spines moderate ; the fourth is the longest, rather longer than the longest ray, and 2^ in the length of the head. Uniform greenish olive, the spinous dorsal blackish.
West coast of Africa.
a. 6" long. Kiver Niger. From Mr. Frascr's Collection.
Although my description differs from that of Valenciennes in several points, I have little doubt that the fishes themselves are identical, whilst the descriptions are taken from specimens of dif- ferent age.
13. Lethrinus kalloptems.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Nederl. i. Manado en Makassar, p. 47. D. i5. A. I-. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the total. The snout is pointed and much longer than the diameter of the eye, which is 3^ in the length of the head ; the upper max- illary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Canine teeth large ; molar teeth. The third and fourth dorsal spines longest, one-third only of the height of the body, whilst the soft dorsal is one-half of it ; caudalis slightly emarginate. Above olive, snout and cheeks red-spotted ; the rays of the fins beautifully red ; the spinous dorsal and the anterior portion of the soft spotted with violet and yellow ; the anal fin and the base of the caudal spotted with yellow. {Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
14. Lethrinus nebulosus.
Scisena nebulosa, Forsk, p. 52,
Lethrinus nebulosus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 284; Rilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 1 18,
c(niturio, Cuv. ^ Val. \\. p. 301 ; Peters, Wieym. Arch. 1855,
p, 243, esculentus, Cuv. 8f Val. pi. 158,
D,-. A,-. L, lat, 48. L, transv. 6/15.
9 8
The height of the body is 3 1 in the total length, the length of the head four times. The snout is rather elongate and pointed. The length of the diameter of the eyes is rather more than the width of the distance between them, and 1| in the length of the snout ; the
10, LETHEINTTS. 461
Upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior nostril. There is a slight protuberance before the uj^per anterior angle of the orbit. Canine and molar teeth moderate. Dorsal spines moderate ; the fourth rather shorter than the longest ray, and one -third of the length of the head ; caudaHs forked, with pointed lobes. Olive ; bluish spots on the sides of the head.
Red Sea ; Seychelles ; Coast of Mozambique.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. RuppeU's Collection.
15. Lethrinus opercniaris.
Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 289 ; Jileeker, Ve7-hafid. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 14.
D.i?. A.|. L. lat. 44.
The height of the body is 3i in the total length, the length of the head 3^-3§ ; the diameter of the eye is 1| in the length of the snout ; the pneorbital higher than the orbit. The molars of mode- rate size. The fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines are the longest. Greenish olive, the scales on the back with a pearl -coloured spot ; the opercular margin red ; dorsal and anal fins rose-coloured, trans- parent, with violet margin. {Bl.)
Seas of Batavia, Bantam, and Samarang.
16. Lethrinus xanthotsenia.
? Lethrinus omatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 310.
Lethrinus xanthotaenia, Blcekcr, Natuurk. Tydschr, Ncderl. Ind. 1851, ii. p. 176.
D. 12. A. |. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3-i- in the total length, the length of the head 3|-3| ; the diameter of the eye is 2^-3 times in the latter, and equal to the length of the snout. Canine teeth small, the posterior teeth short, tubercular. The fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest ; caudalis slightly emarginate. Greenish olive, with five or six yellow longitudinal bands ; the opercular membrane, the dorsal and caudal fins red, the other fins yellow. {Bl.)
Seas of Java and Sumatra.
17. Lethrinus leutjanus.
? Bodianus leutjanus, Lac6p. iv. p. 281.
? Lethrinus leutjanus, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 809.
Lethi'inus leutjanus, Bleek. Verhand, Bat. Genootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 14.
D. y. A. -|. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/14. Coec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^. The snout is rather elongate and pointed. The diameter of the eye equals the width between the orbits, and is one-half the length of the snout. The upper maxiUary reaches to the vertical
462 SPAKTDiE.
from the anterior nostril. Canine teeth moderate ; the posterior teeth of the upper jaw are rather obtuse and molar-like. Dorsal spines moderate ; the foiirth is the longest, and 2| in the length of the head ; caudalis emarginate. Reddish oUve (in spirits) ; the scales on the back with a very distinct pearl- coloured spot in the centre.
West coast of Sumatra.
a. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection. 6. HaK-grown. From the Haslar Collection,
18. Lethrinus glyphodon. (Plate XXV.) D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/15.
The height of the body is 2A or 3 times in the total length, the length of the head 3i. The snout is elongate and pointed. The diameter of the eye equals the width between the orbits, and is one- half the length of the snout. The iipper maxillaiy reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostiil. Canine teeth moderate, the molars large, and with a longitudinal groove on the crown. Dorsal spines rather slender ; the third, fourth and fifth are the longest, and about one-third of the length of the head. Caudalis emarginate. Unifonn olive (in a dried state).
Louisiade Archipelago.
a. Adult. Louisiade Archipelago. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col- lection. h. Adult. Louisiade Archipelago (fifteen fathoms). Voyage of the
Rattlesnake,
Description.' — The general form of this species is rather stout and elevated, the greatest height of the body, above the base of the ven- traLs, being one-thu'd of the total length, or even more. The upper profile of the neck is convex, and is continued into that of the head, which is straight. The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; the snout elongate and pointed, twice the diameter of the eye. The upper maxillaiy reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril when the mouth is closed, and is entirely hidden beneath the largo pra^orbitt.l, Avliich is rather higher than long. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and equals the space between the orbits, which is flat or very slightly convex. The operciilum and suboperculum arc covered with scales, and the former teiTninates in a very obtuse point with a slight notch above it.
The spines of the dorsal fin are rather slender, slightly compressed on one side. The third, or the third, fourth and fifth spines are the longest, about one-third the length of the head, but rather shorter than the fifth and sixth rays, which form the highest part of the soft dorsal. The caudal is slightly emarginate, with the lobes somewhat pointed. The anal spines are rather stronger, but shorter, than those of the dorsal fin : the fii'st is three-fifths of the second, the second intermediate in length between the first and third ; the third is 3i in
16. LETHBINUS. 463
the length of the head, and rather shorter than the first ray, which equals the longest dorsal spine. Of the pectoral rays the third is the longest, reaching to the vertical from the origin of the anal fin ; it is one-third of the total length. The ventral fins are inserted behind the pectorals, and reach nearly to the origin of the anal ; their length is 4A in the total ; the spine is rounded, and about two- thirds of the adjacent ray. There are four canine teeth in the upper jaw, and two in the lower. The molars are broad, and the largest ones have a longitudinal groove, the crown exhibiting two tubercles ; the groove and the tubercles are less distinct in the larger of the specimens ; the three anterior lateral teeth are more conical ; there are six or eight teeth in the upper jaw, and eight in the lower. A villiform band behind the canines.
The ground-colour is now yellowish olive (rose-coloured in life ?), with a golden longitudinal streak along each series of scales. The fins are colourless.
inches, lines.
Total length 13 8
Height of the body 4 11
Length of the head 4 2
Diameter of the eye 0 10
Length of the third (or fourth) dorsal.spine. 1 5^
-■ of the sixth dorsal ray 1 6-1-
of the thu'd anal spine 1 3
of the first anal ray 1 5^
of the pectoral fin 3 7
of the ventral fin 2 10
19. Lethrinus mahsena.
Sciasna mahsena, Forsk. p. 52.
Lethrinus bungus, (Ehretihff.) Ctiv. iS/- Val. vi. p. 279.
mahsena, Cuv. ^ Val. Ad. p. 313 ; Riipp, N. W, FiscJie, p. 119.
taf. 29. f. 4 (dorsal spines rather too slender).
D. |. A. |. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 5/15. Cgec. pylor. 3.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3g. The upper profile of the head somewhat gibboxis above the eyes (at least, in adult specimons). The eye is not very large, its diameter being 2^ in the length of the snout, which is very moderately produced. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Lips fleshy. Canines very large ; the posterior molar teeth with a distinct longi- tudinal impression. Dorsal spines rather compressed and broad on one side ; the third is nearly equal to the longest ray, and 3| in the length of the head ; the pectoral fins reach beyond the origin of the anal ; caudal forked, with rounded lobes. Greenish ; in adult pre- served specimens several indistinct lighter cross-bands.
Red Sea.
a. Sixteen inches long : stuff'ed. Red Sea. Presented by J. Burton, jun., Esq.
464 SPAKtD^.
20. Lethrinus mahsenoides.
? Lethrinus mahsenoides, Cui\ ^ Val. vi. p. 286.
Lethrinus mahsenoides, Bkek. Ver. Bat, ofetiootsch. xxiii. S^ar. p. 15,
D. ^. A. |. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/15.
The height of the body is three times in the total lengthy the length of the head' 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 3^ in the latter, and 1|- in the length of the snout and in the height of the praeor- bital. Canine teeth strong, molars moderate. The fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal spines longest. Uniform greenish olive, the opercular membrane red.
Seas of Batavia (and Amboyna) ; Philippine Islands.
a. Fine specimen. Philippines.
? 6. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
21. Lethrinus haBmatopteniB.
Lethrinus hsematopterus, Tettim. ^. Schleg. Faun, Japon. Poiss. p. 74 pi. 38 (not Richards, or Sleek.).
D.^. A.|. L. lat. 48. L. transv. -/-=.
9 8 15-10
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 3|. The snout is rather elongate and pointed. The diameter of the eye is rather less than the distance between the eyes, and 2^ in the length of the snout. The upper maxillary reaches scarcely to the vertical from the anterior nostril. Canine teeth moderate ; the teeth of the lateral series blunt, rounded mo- lars, with a very indistinct impression on the crown. Dorsal spines moderate, very much tapering; the third shorter than the longest ray, and nearly one-third the length of the head ; caudalis emar- ginate. Greenish oUve, each scale of the back and of the sides with a blackish spot at the base. The soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins red.
Sea of Japan.
a. Twenty inches long : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
22. Lethrinus latidens. Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 316.
Snout short. A series of molar teeth in the upper jaw, the second of which is twice as broad as long ; the three posterior ones are still larger. Six molar teeth in the lower jaw, two of which are large. A blackish appendage behind each dorsal spine. Coloration uniform ; axil of the pectorals and three spots on the anal fin black. ( Val.)
New Guinea.
18. PAGEus. 465
17. SPKffiRODON.
Chrysophrys, sp., Cuv. Sc Vat. vi. p. 134. Sphserodon, Rilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 112. Pagrus, sp., Bleek, Gilolo, p. 54.
Jaws with several conical canine-like teeth in front, and with a single series of molars on the sides. Cheeks scaly. Dorsal fin with ten spines, which can be received in a groove ; three anal spines. Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Red Sea ; East Indian Archipelago.
1. Sphaerodon grandoculis.
Sciseua grandoculis, Forsk. p. 53 ; L. Gm. p. 1305,
Sparus grandoculis, Bl. Schn. p. 276; Lacep. iv. p. 111.
Chrysophrys grandoculis, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 134.
Sphaerodon grandoculis, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 113. taf. 28. f. 2.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 5/16. Csec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/14. Eyes large. The dorsal spines equal on both sides ; the third anal spine longest; the spinous dorsal with two series of bluish spots, some of the rays of the dorsal and anal fins with a black spot behind their base, lied Sea.
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. Presented hj Dr. Rixppell. 2. Spliserodon heterodon.
Pagrus heterodon, Bleeker, Gilolo, p. 54.
D. 12. A. -i. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 5/^4.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3f ; the diameter of the eye is 2f in the latter ; the pncorbital is half the width of the orbit. Dorsal spines not elongate. Rose- coloured ; the scales with violet margins ; base of the pectorals violet.
Seas of Halmaheira and Amboyna.
a. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
? 6. Adult : skin : bad state. Ceylon. Collected by F. Kelaart, M.D.
3
18. PAGRUS*. Pagrus, Cup. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 141. Several pairs of strong, conical, canine-like teeth in the outer
* 1. Sparus hurta, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, ii. p. 73; Si/st Naf. i. p. 409*; L. Gm. p. 1272 ; Bl. Schn. p. 273 ; Eisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 255.— Aurata hurta, Eisso, Eur. Merid. p. 358.— Pagrus hurta, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 152.— ? Cynasdus torvus, Gro7wv. S^st. ed. Gray, p. 54.— Mediterranean.
2. Sciffina lata, &^awt^e>-.— Pagrus latus, Eichardson,Ann. <^ Mag. Nat. Hist.
1842, ix. p. 392. — ^New Zealand (identical with P. guttulatus or uni- colorl).
3. Dentex macroeephalus, Cuv. Eigne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 35. f. 2 (see p. 366)
2 H
466 spARiDai.
series of both the jaws ; the molars are arranged in two series. Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal (twelve, rarely eleven) are sometimes elongate, and can be received in a groove ; three anal spines. Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number (in one species none) ; air-bladder simple.
Mediterranean ; Coasts of Africa ; Atlantic shores of the United States ; Edst Indian and Australian Seas.
A. Species with the dorsal spines not elongated. 1. Pa^^rus vulgaris.
ndypos, Aristot. viii. cap. 13 & 17.
Pagrus, Rondel, v. c. 16. p. 142.
SpariLS, no. 4, AHedi, Genera, p. 36.
Duhamel, iv. cap. 2. p. 29.
Sparus pagrus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 469 ; Brimnich, Pise. Mass. p. 94 ;
Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 241; De la Rnche, Ann. Mas. xiii. p. 317;
Martens, Reise nach Venedifj, ii. p. 425.
argenteus, Bl. Schn. p. 271.
Pagrus vulgaris, Cuv. 8f Val. vi. p. 142. pi. 148 ; Ynrrell, Brit. Fishes,
i. p. 116, figure copied from Cuv. ^ Val. I. c. (not description or
vignette) ; Webb 8f Berthel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 32 ;
Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alger, Poiss. p. 49.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 6/13. Vert. 9/15.
The height of the body is 3g in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of tlie eye is Ij in the distance between the eyes, and If in' the length of the snout. The upper profile of the neck and head is parabolic ; an obtuse protuberance before the upper anterior angle of the eye; the preeorbital is Ig-lj as long as high, and has an incision in front. Dorsal spines not elongate ; the second anal spine stronger, but not longer, than the third, one-fourth of the length of the head ; pectoral elongate, reaching to the fourth soft ray of the anal fin. Silvery ; back rose-coloui-ed.
Mediterranean ; Sea of Madeira and of the Canary Islands.
a. Adult.
b. Yery fine specimen. Lanzarote. From the Rev. 11. T. Lowe's Col-
lection.
c. Half-grown. Orotava. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
d. Adult : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Yarrell has entirely mistaken this fish, and, as we shall see here- after, some other species of the Sparida3. The specimen from which he made the description and a' drawing of the dentition (pp. 117-119) is in the Collection of the British Museum, and belongs to Pagelhis erymnnus. The figure of the fish and the notes on the synonymy (pp. 11 6-1 17) arc taken from the ' Histoire Naturellc des Poissons, par Cuv. & Val.' It appears to mfi highly probable that Pagrus vulgaris does not reach so far northwards as the coast of Great Britain, as I have neither met with this species on the coast or in fish-markets, nor found a British specimen among th.> aumerous skins of British
18. PAGRus. 467
Spariflae in the Collection of the British Museum. The specimens mentioned in Mr. White's Catalogue of British Fishes as belonging to Pagriis vulgaris are likewise Pagellits eryihrinus.
2. Pagrus orphus.
Aurata orphus, Risso, Eur. M^rid. iii. p. 356.
Pagrus oi-phus, Ciiv. (^ Val. vi. p. 150. pi. 149; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 17 ; JFebh ^ Berthel. Hist. Nat. Iks Canar. Poiss. p. 32.
D. 1^. A. |. Cffic. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is one- third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and less than the distance between the ej'^es. The upper profile of the head is parabolic between the origin of the dorsal fin and the eye ; thence it descends abruptly to the snout, and is rather concave. The lower jaw projects slightly beyond the upper. Prajoi'bital elevated. Dorsal spines not elongate; the second anal spine stronger, but not longer, than the third ; pectoral elongate, reaching to the fourth soft ray of the anal fin. Rose-coloured, with a blue cross-band between the eyes.
Coast of Nizza (and of Cornwall?) ; Canary Islands.
a. 21" long: stuffed. Polperro, Cornwall. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
It is not without doubt that I follow the opinion of Mr. White and refer this specimen to the above species. It is evidently some- what defonned by stuffing, and does not appear to have the dentition of a true Pagriis.
.'}. Pagms laniarius. Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 108.
D. 1|. A. |. L. lat. 54-58. L. transv. 8/16.
The height of the body is 3f in tte total length, the length of the head 3|^. The distance between the eyes is rather flat, and nearly equals the diameter of the eye, which is If in the length of the snout. The upper profile from the nape to the snout is nearly straight, obliquely descending. The maxillary bone with a promi- nence situated near its base, and received in a notch of the proeor- bital. The praeorbital is nearly as high as long ; there are ten series of scales between the praiorbital and the interior ridge of the prae- operculum, the limb of which is covered with scales. The outer pair of canines in the upper jaw bent outwards. Dorsal spines rather strong, compressed on one side ; the second and third anal spines strong, and nearly equal to one-third of the length of the head ; pec- toral not reaching to the anal fiti. Uniform reddish.
Cape Seas.
a, h. Adult : stufted. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection c. Adult : skin. False Bay.
2 n 2
468 spartd.t;.
4. Pagms unicolor.
Chiysophry'S iimcolor, Qiwy Sf Gairn. Voij. Uraii. p. 299.
Pagrus unicolor, Cuv. ($• Val. vi. p. 162 ; Richardson, Ichth. China,
p. 242. guttiilatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 160 : Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii, p. 188.
D. 1^. A, |. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 8/17, Csdc. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye equals the distance between the eyes, and is 1^ in the length of the snont* ; a very slight protu- berance above the upper anterior angle of the eye ; the prteorbital is 1|^ as long as high; there are six or seven series of scales on the prfeopcroulum. Dorsal spines not elongate ; the second anal spine rather longer, but not stronger, than the third, one-third of the length of the head ; the pectoral reaches to the third anal spine, and is 4| in the total length. Silvery ; back darker, witli silvery specks, sometimes disappearing in preserved specimens.
New Zealand ; Australian Seas. (Chinese Seas ?)
a. Young. Now Zealand. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.
b, c. Young. New Zealand. Presented by Sir J. Kichardson. d, e. Young. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection. f-h. Y''onng. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Adult: bad state; has been in chloride of zinc. Sydney. Pre- sented by Sir J. Richardson.
Jc. Fine specimen. Port Jackson. Collected by Mr. Macgillivray.
/. Skeleton. Port Jackson. Collected by Mr. Macgillivray.
m. Half-grown. Norfolk Island. Presented by Sir J. Kichardson.
n. Half-grown. . Norfolk Island. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
o. Adult: stufted. Moreton Island (12 fathouis). Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
p. Adult : skin. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warw ick.
q, r. Adult: skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
s. Adult : bad state. Hong Kong? Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
t, n. Adult: skins. Cape of Good Hope? From Mr. Macgillivray's (!ollection.
V. Half- grown : skin.
w, X. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
y, z. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
a. Many j'oung specimens. From the Haslar Collection.
Pagrus ynin-ojifents, established by Yalenciennes from an apparently faulty drawing (Cuv. <Sr Val. vi. p. 163), may prove to be identical
with this .species.
The foUouing specimens probably belong to a chfferent and un- known species ; but being half-skins only, and deformed by stuffing, they do not admit of any satisfactory description. If we put aside their general form and their great size, they agree best with P. tmi- color.
- In y. aiig individuals equal to tlic lougth of the snout.
18. PAORL's. 469
a, h. 29" long : stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos. c, d. 22" long : stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos. e, f. Half-grown : skins. Houtman's Abrolhos.
Skeleton. — The maxiUary bone is of nearly equal width in the middle and at the extremities, and has the anterior edge slightly emarginate ; the intermaxillary is joined to the posterior extremity of the former, and has the posterior processes of moderate length, rather shorter than the descending branch. The mancUbulary is some- what elevated, with a narrow free interspace between the articular and dentary pieces ; there are four or five distinct openings of the muciferous channel, which runs along its lower surface. The head of the vomei* is triangular, and has the anterior margins slightly swollen. The turbinal bones are very long, tubiform, broadest pos- teriorly, where they together form a suture, and divergent ante- riorly, to receive the processes of the intermaxUlaries. The praeor- bital is quadrangular, not much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, and one-third longer than wide ; the remainder of the infraorbital ring is narrow ; there is a concave plate at its inside to support the eyeball from beneath, and joined \o the entopterygoid by a hammer- like pi-ocess. The axes of the limbs of the praeopercidum form an obtuse angle ; the angle of the margin is rounded. There runs a rather strong ridge parallel to the margins of the praeoperculum, with a rudimentary muciferous channel and several disiinct foraminfe. The operculum is irregularly quadrangular, with an interior ridge descending obUquely in a backward direction. The suboperculum is nearly vertically situated and pointed above ; the interoperculum with the lower margin rounded. The frontal bones are rather flat, obliquely situated, their highest point being at their meeting with the occipital crest. The supraoccipital is horizontally situated, and has a high triangular crest, the upper margin of which is swollen. Of the lateral crests ihe outer one only is developed, and transformed into a very distinct channel with about five openings. The base of the skull is slightly compressed, and there is a wide cavity in the basisphenoid before the occipital joint. The pubic bones are of mode- rate length ; each is formed by three lamellae, the inner of whieh is broadest.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-4. There are three spurious interneural spines in front, styliform ; nearly aU the others are dijated : the second is the longest, the following gradually decreasing in length. The first interhaemal is strong, and equal in length to the first seven vertebroe. Some of the ribs have epipleural spines.
There are foux canine teeth in both jaws. The molars are of nearly equal size, and small ; two series in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw they are arranged in two, series on the middle part only standing in a single series anteriorly and posteriorly.
470 SPARID^,
5. Pagnis major, ChryBophrys major, Temm. 8f Schlefj. Faun. Jupoti. Poiss. p. 7L pi. 35. D. ;|. A. |. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/15.
The distance between the eyes equals their diameter, which is Ig in the lengtjj of the snout. The prseorbital is 1 ^ as long as high ; a slight protuberance before the upper anterior angle of the eye. Limb of the prasopurculum naked. Dorsal spines moderate, slightly com- pressed on one side : the fourth is the long-est ; the second anal spine rather stronger, but not longer than the third, which is one-third of the length of the head. Molars small, in two series, sometimes with a third of rudimentary teeth. Unifprm reddish.
Japanese and Chinese Seas. (West coast of Australia?)
a. Adult: stuffed. China. Presented by J. K. Eeeves, Esq.
b. Half- grown. China.
c. Adult: stuffed. Japan.
6. Pagrus tumifrons.
Chiysophrys tumifrons, Tem7n, 8f Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 70. pi. 34.
D. ^. A.i.
11 10
Nape very gibbous, the profile of the head descending abruptly ; the height of the body is 2| in the total length. Eye large ; the cleft of the mouth wide, extending to below the eye. Dorsal spines equal in strength, moderate ; the second and third anal spines nearly t'qual. Uniform reddish. (Schleg.)
Japanese Sea.
B. Species with some of the dorsal spines flexible and elongate.
7. Pagrus cardinalis.
Sparus cardinalis, Laccp. iv. p. 141.
Cnrysoplirys cardinalis, Cm: 8f Val. vi. p. 130; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 09. pi. 33 ; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 241.
D. ^. A.^.
10 9
The height of the body is |ths of the total length ; a slight protu- berance above the eyes. Molar teeth small, in two series, sometimes with a third series of nidimcntary teeth. The first two dorsal spines veiy prominent, but much shorti^r than the third and fourth, which are elongate, filiform ; the second and tliird anal spines equal. Reddish ; back covered Avith small greyish flecks.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
18. PAGKUS. 471
8. Pagrus auriga.
Pagriis bertheloti, Valenc. in Webb 8f Berthel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar.
Poiss. p. 33. .auriga, Valenc. in Webb ^ Bert/iel. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss.
p. 34; Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alyer. Poiss. p. 49. pi. 4. f. 1,
D. i|. A.|. L. lat. 50. L. transv. G/15.
The greatest depth of the body is beneath the sixth dorsal spine, where it is 2f in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is one- fourth the length of the head. There are eight scries of scales be- tween the praeorbital and the angle of the praeopcrculum. The lengtli of the pectoral is 3| in the total ; the third and fourth dorsal spines filiform, the former |^— 4 of the depth of the body, lied ; back some- times sparingly spotted with blue.
Canarj' Islands ; Madeira ; Mediterranean.
a. Skeleton. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R.. T. Lowe.
b. Half-grown. Orotava (Tencriffe). Presented by the Rev. R. T.
Lowe.
c. Very fine specimen. Orotava. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
— These specimens do not show the cross-bands mentioned by Valenciennes. '/. Young : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. From the Haslar Collection. — With brown cross-bands.
Pafjrtis bertheloti and aurvja are the same fish according to the observations of the Rev. R. T.. Lowe, the former representing old specimens of the latter. In specimen c, which is twelve inches long, the third dorsal spine also is more than one-half the height of the body, whilst in the fishes on which Pagrus bertheloti was founded, the length of the same spine is 2| in the height of the body.
9. Pagrus ehrenbergii. Cue. ^- Val. vi. p. 155.
^■'i- '^'hcrjvr.r L. lat. 54.
The height of the body is 3g in the total length. The first two dorsal spines short, but very consincuously prominent between the scales; the third, fourth, and fifth spines elongate and filiform, the former of which is the longest, and sometimes renches backwards to the soft portion of the fin. Red ; back covered Avith blue spots.
Mediterranean.
(J.Young. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection. b. Adult : stuffed : not good state.
10. Pagrus filamertosus. Cm. ^ Val. vi. p. 158.
D.iH. A.|. L. lat. 54. L. transv. (i/ 15. The height of the body is 2\ in the total length, the length of t)i<-
472 SPARID^.
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is less than the distance between the eyes, one-third the length of the head, and 1-^ in that of the snout. There are five series of scales betAveen the pracorbital and the angle of the praeoperculum. The first two dorsal spines verj' short, but projecting between the scales ; the third very elongate, the fourth less ; the fifth not flexible ; the second anal spine stronger and longer than the third, 2| in the length of the head. Uniform red, shining golden ; the spinous dorsal violet. Sea of Mauritius.
a. Adult. Mauiitius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
11. Pagms spinifer.
Sparus spinifer, Fojsk. p. 32 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1273 ; Bl. Sc/tn. p. 281. Russell, li. p. 1. pi. 101.
Pagrua spinifer, Ctiv. ^- Val vi. p. 150; Rlipp. N. W. Fische, p. 114. lougifilis, Cue. ^- Val. \\. p. 159 ; Bleek. Celeb, iii. p. 756.
D. j^. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 22.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 4g ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the latter. The first two dorsal spines very short [and the first not projecting from the scaly sheath of the fiji ?] ; the third very elongate and filiform ; some of the following spines flexible, and in some of the specimens also filiform, but shorter than the third ; the second "and third anal spines nearly equal. Uniform rose-colom-ed ; the spinous dorsal black- edged.
lied Sea ; East Indian Seas.
Riippell has not found any pyloric appendages in this species. a. Young. China. — A. ~.
12. Pagrus argyrops.
Sparus argyrops, Linn. Si/st. Nat. p. 471; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 426; SI.
Schti. p. 277. Schospff, Schrift. Naturf. Freuncle Berlin, viii. p. 153. Sparus xanthurus, Lucep. iv. p. 120. Labrus versicolor, Mitch. IVans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i.
p. 404. pi. 3. f. 7. Pagrus avg^Tops, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 164 ; Agassiz in Spix, Pise. BrasU.
p. 117. tab. 64 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 95. pi. 9. f. 25 ;
Baird, Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 333; Hulbr. Ichth. iS. Carol, p. 175.
pi. 25. f. 1.
D. 1^. A. f!^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 20-23.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length. Canine teeth feeble ; molars very small, in two series. The second and third dorsal spines elongate, filiform, the third shoi'ter than the second. Brownish, golden shining ; a narrow, vertical, blackish spot in the middle of each side.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.
19. PAGELLUS. 473
19. PAGELLUS*.
Pagellus, Cuv. Sf Veil. vi. p. 169.
The anterior teeth card-like, without canines, the outer series generally containing larger ones than those behind. Several series of rounded molar teeth in both the jaws. Cheeks scaly. The spines of the dorsal (eleven to thirteen) can be received in a groove ; three anal spines. Opercles not armed. Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small number; air-bladder simple,
Mediterranean; Atlantic (except the shores of North America).
1. Pagellus erythrinus.
? 'EpvOpivos, Aristot. 10. cap. 11.
Erytluiuus, Bellon. p. 185 ; Rondel, v. pap. 16. p. 144 ; Sakian. f. 2.39 ;
Aldrov. ii. cap. 9. p. 154; Gesttcr, p. 365; Willuyhby, c. 10. p. 811.
tab. 5. f. 6 ; Ray, p. 134. Sparus, no. 3, Artedi, Genera, p. 36. Spams er) thrinus, Linn. Syst. i. p. 469 ; L. Gm. p. 1272 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 275; Shaw, Xat. Misc. xx. pi. 834; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 240;
Martens, Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 425 ; Duhanwl, Pechcs, iv. c. 2.
p. 29. Sparus pagellus, Laccp. iii. p. 86. Pagrus en thrinus, Rissn, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 361. Pagellus erythrinus, Cuv. Sf Vcd. vi. p. 170. pi. 150; Yarrell, Brit.
Fishes, i. p. 120, fig. cop. from Cuv. Sf Val. (not descript. and
vignette ; not White) ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Rt(ss. 31erid. p. 388 ;
GuichcH. Explor. Scient. Alqer. Poiss. p. 50 ; Couch in Loudon's May.
Nat. Hist. v. p. 17. f. 3 ; Parn. Fishes, Firth of Forth, p. 43. pi. 27. Pagellus rostratus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 177. Pagrus vidgaris, Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 117-119 (descript. and
vignette, but not figure and synonymy, which belong to the true
Payrus vnlyaris) ; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 17 (not synon.). Pagellus canariensis, Valenc. in Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies
Canar. Poiss. p. 35. pi. 10. f. 2.
D.j|. A.|. L. lat. 60. L. transv. ^^ Caic. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^- in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye equals the distance between the eyes, and is 3| in the length of the head and 1.] (twice in large specimens) in that of the snout. The pra?orbital is ] | or I3 as long- as high, with the maxillaiy edge shghtly notclied (in adult speci- mens). There are six series of scales between the prajorbital and the angle of the praioperculum. In both jaws two scries of molars only. The posterior nostril ovate. Uniform red.
Mediterranean ; Black Sea ; coasts of the Peninsula, ol l^'rance and Great Britain ; Canary Islands. [Cape Seas ?]
a. 19" long : stuffed. Firth of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Col- lection.
* 1. Pagellus breviceps, C">: Sf V<il. vi. p. UO. — Mediterranean
474 SPARID^.
b. 21" long: skin: not good state. Brixham. From Mr. Yarrell's
Collection (cfr. Yarrell, Brit. Fish. pp. 117, 118).
c, 20" long : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,
R.N. d-f. 20" long : skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. (J. 20" long : skin. Devonshire, From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. h. Half-grown. Lisbon.
i. Half-grown : stuffed. Lisbon. Presented by G. Hough, Esq. h. Fine specimen. Orotava. Presented by the llev. 11. T. Lowe. I. Adult : stuffed. Santa Cruz (Teneriffe). m. Half-grown. Adriatic. Purchased of Mr. Frank. n. Half-grown. Mouth of the Danube. 0, p. Adult : skins. From Mr. YarreU's Collection. q. Adult : skins. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. r. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar CoUoction. s. Half-groA^Ti : stuffed.
t, u. Young: skins: not good state. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. V. Young : not good state. Purchased of Mr. Warwick. IV. Adult: skeleton.
There is an important error in Valenciennes' description of this fish, by which some of the confusion among the Sparoid fishes in Yarrell's work may have originated. Valenciennes attributes eight anal rays to this fish (p. 17G), whilst the figuj-e (pi. 150) correctly represents nine. AU the European specimens that I have examined invariably exhibited the same number, viz. nine, and by this character alone Pagellus erythrinus may be readily distinguished from Pagrus vulgaris, which has constantly eight only. I have seen a single specimen of P. eri/thrimis, which formed an exception in having ten anal rays ; but this came from the Cape, and may prove to be a sepa- rate species.
Thus, even without having the original specimens from Yarrell's Collection, one could easily see that the description and the vignette representing the dentition, which Yarrell has given in the article on Pagrus vulgaris, were taken from specimens of Pagellus erythrinus.
The article on the fish which he has described under the name of Pagellus erythrinus is composed of several elements. The figure, above all, is a copy, taken fi'om the Hist. Nat. Poiss., Cuv. 4' Val, pi. 150, and, so far, there is no mistake about the fish ; but with regard to the rest, cfr. Pagellus owenii, p. 478 of this Catalogue.
Finally, there arc two other specimens in the British Museum Collection, which, perhaps, are types of separate si)ecics ; but in a group where it is necessary to prove the constancy of the distinctive characters, and where the species arc so (hfficidt of recognition, I think it better to refrain from establishing species upon doubtful characters.
Vab. ? Spec. nov. ? .V. Twenty-three inches long: skin. Soutli Devon. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. — Mt>lars in both jaws irregularly arranged,
19. PAGELLU8. 475
and giving the appearance of three series. I observe that this specimen is not the type, either of the descnption given by Yarrell of Pagellus erythrinus, or of the vignette.
Var. ? Spec. nov. ? y. Adnlt : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection. — Anal with ten soft rays.
SJceleton. — The maxiUary bone is compressed, oblong, with a groove near its posterior extremity for the articulation with the extremity of the intermaxillary ; there is another longitudinal groove at its upper extremity for the articulation with the palatine bone. The intermaxillary is stout, joined to the maxillary, and has the posterior process rather longer than the descending branch, but not reaching to the vertical from the orbit. The mandibula is stout, and there is no free space between the dentaiy and articular bones ; five pores lead into the rudimentar} muciferous channel running at its lower surface. The anterior part of the vomer is broad, flat, subtriangular ; the posterior is continued into the sharp crest of the basisphenoid. The palatine bones are crescent-shaped, and situated nearly ver- tically ; their upper portion is bent forwards, reaching as far as the turbinal bone, and is joined to the maxillary. The turbinal bones are long, tubiform. The prceorbital is longer than high, slightly concave at the maxillary margin. ; from its inner side arises a plate to support the eyeball from beneath. The remainder of the infra- orbital arch is narrow, muciferous. There are three singular conical cavities at the upper surface of the skull : a single one between the posteiior extremities of the turbinal bones, and another on each side, above the anterior angle of the orbit. The frontal bones are truncated anteriorly, with the upper surface slightly convex, roughened by pores and grooves. The occipital crest is rather stout, and, with two others on each side, well developed ; the external is muciferous. The brain-capsule is very slightly swollen on each side ; the basisphenoid has a lai'ge opening before the occipital joint, and is compressed to a sharp ridge, obliquely ascending to the vomer. The praeopcrculum has an obtuse and strong ridge, Avith the muci- ferous channel very rudimentary ; the horizontal limb is shorter than the vertical ; the angle and the lower margin are striated, the strice not terminating in points. The operculum is nearly twice as high as wide, irregularly quadrangular, with the posterior side slightly cmarginate and the lower angle much produced downwards ; its inner surface is furnished with an oblique bony ridge. The sub- operculum is obliquely situated, the interoperculum nearly horizon- tally. The pubic bones are of moderate length ; each is formed by three lamellae, the interior of which arc joined together, without free space between ; the outer one is much less developed, and situated nearly in the same plane with the interior ; the anterior extremities of the bones diverge.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal va-tehra',, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
476
SPARID^.
latter as 1 : 1*47. The first spiirious intemeural spine has a strong spine, pointing forwards ; the other interneurals are much dilated, and in immediate contact wdth one another. The fii-st interha;mal is of moderate length and strength. Some of the ribs have long epipleural spines.
The teeth of the anterior portion of the jaws form a villiform band, with an outer series of rather stronger ones ; posteriorly they assume a more granular character, and pass finally into two scries of mode- rate molars, the larger of which are placed in the inner series. The new teeth, replacing the old ones, are developed below, and pro- tected by, the latter.
2. Pagellus centrodontus.
Orphus, Rondel, v. cap. 25. p. 157 ; Aldrov. ii. cap, ii. p. 158.
Pagrus, Aldrov, ^. 151,
Sparus orplius, Lacip. iv. p. 146.
. pagrus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 212. pi. 42 ; Bl. taf. 267 ; Bl.
Schn. p. 271; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 98.
aurata, Don. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 89 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 97.
Duhamel, ii. sect. 4. cap. 2. p. 80.
Sparus centrodontus, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 345. pi. 23. f. 2.
massiliensis, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 247, and Eur. Merid. p. 357.
Pagrus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 211.
Pagellus centrodontus, Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 180 ; Parii. Fishes Firth of
Forth, v>. 40. pi. 27 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 123 ; Webb ^ Berthel.
Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 34. pi. 7. fag. 3; Guichen. Explor.
Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 50.
D.j|. A. 4 L.lat.75. L. transv. 7/16. Ctec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 2| to 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is rather more than the distance between the eyes, equal to the length of the snout and 3| in that of the head. The prfeorbital is much narrower posteriorly than in front, and not notched. There are seven series of scales between the praeorbital and the angle of the pra^operculum. Teeth very fine, intermixed posteriorly with minute molars, more or less irregularly arranged. The pectoral reaches to the origin of the anal. Silvery, back rose-coloured ; a large black blotch on the shoulder.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands ; coasts of the Peninsula, France, and Great Britain ; North Sea.
a. Adult : stuff'ed. Fii'th of Forth,
6, Adult : stuffed. Firth of Forth. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
c. Adult : sldn. South Devonshire, From Mr, Yarrell's Collection,
d. Adult : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc, English coast.
Presented by Mr. E, Gerrard.
e. Adult : stnffcd. Enghsh coast.
/. Adult: skin. EngUsh coast. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. (/. Half-grown : skin. English coast. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. h. Very large and fine specimen. Lanzarotc. Presented by the llcv. R. T. Lowe.
19. PAGELLrs. 477
i. Adult: not good state.
k. Adiilt : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection,
I. Half-grown : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m,n. Half- grown: stuffed.
0. Half-grown: bad state : stuffed.
p. Adult : skeleton : not good state.
Monstrosity '1 13 inches long and 5^ inches high; the pectoral reaches far beyond the origin of the anal. (See figure given by Yarrell.)
q. Polpcrro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
Skeleton. — The maxillarj' bone is oblong, with the anterior margin nearly straight, and with the posterior convex and pi'ovided with a notch ; the articular groove in which the palatine bone moves is verj' shallow ; the articulation with the intermaxillary is near its lower extremity. The intermaxillary is moderately strong, with the posterior process shorter than the descending branch. The mandibula somewhat elevated ; there is a free space between the dentary and articular bones ; five or six small openings load into the rudimentary muciferous channel. The head of the vomer is veiy broad, flat, tri- angular, whilst the posterior part tapers and passes into the sharp ridge of the basisphenoid. The palatine bones are narrow, situated in a nearly vertical direction ; they terminate siiperiorly in a process, rectangularly bent forwards for the junction with the maxiUary bone, and reaching as far as the turbinal bone. The nasal (ethmoid) js rather elongate, Avith two longitudinal impressions, in which are re- ceived the processes of the intermaxillaiy bones. The turbinal bones are provided with irregular grooves and cavities, and widened at both extremities. The prajorbital is twice as long as wide, whilst the remainder of the infraorbital ring is vcrj' narrow ; from the inside of the prseoi'bital arises a comparatively small plate to support the eyeball from beneath. The frontal bones are truncated anteriorly ; their upper surface is slightly convex, and roughened by pores and grooves. The occipital crest is moderate, and does not extend on the frontal bones ; the two lateral crests, and especially the outer one, are comparatively much more developed. The brain-capsule is slightly compressed ; the basisphenoid has the usual large opening before the occipital joint, and is compressed anteriorly into a sharp ridge. The pra3operculum has a very low ridge, and the muciferous channel is consequently nidinientary : the horizontal limb is shorter than the vertical ; both meet at a rounded angle, which, like the whole margin, is entirely smooth. The operculum is twice as high as \5dde, irregu- larly quadrangular, with the upper side oblique, the posterior curved, and with an acute lower angle ; there is an oblique bony ridge at its inner surface. The suboperculum is nearly vertically situated ; the interopereulum broad, with the lower margin rounded. The pubic bones are of moderate length ; each is formed by three lamella), the outer of which is the most feeble, and situated nearly in the same plane with the interior ; both the bones diverge anteriorly.
478 SPARID.E.
There arc ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehro}, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : l-ii4. The three spiuious interneurals are not spiniferous; the first interha3mal is of moderate length and strength,
3. Pagellus owenii.
Pagellus acarne, (not Cuv.) ram. Fishes Firth of Forth, p. 24. pi. 27 ;
Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 122* (fig. not aecurato ) ; White, Cat.
Brit. Fishes, p. 19. Pagellus erythrinus, Yarrell, I. c. p. 120, descr. and vignette [not fig.
or syrun.].
D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 68. L. transv. 0/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head and is 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is nearly equal to the distance between the eyes, Ig in the length of the snout, and 4| in the length of the head. The prasorbital is narrower posteriorly, its greatest depth being about Ig in its greatest length. There are three series of molars in the upper jaw and tM'o or three in the lower. Silveiy red, with a dark violet spot in the axil.
Only known at present from the coasts of the British Isles.
a,h. Fourteen inches long . skins. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell 's Collection.
c. Fourteen inches long : stuffed. Firth of Forth. From Dr. Par-
neU's Collection.
d. Fourteen inches long : .stuffed.
e. f. Fourteen inches long : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
Description. — This fish, known to British ichthyologists under the name of the " Axillary Bream," has been confounded by them with the Acarne of the Mediterranean, which appears to spread to the southern coasts of England in a few instances only. Both fishes are very similar to each other ; but the British species has constantly three series of molars in the upper jaw, whilst the southern speci- mens exhibit two only, as is stated by Cuvier and confirmed by the specimens in the British Museum. If there is any irregularity in the arrangement of the series of the upper molar teeth, and therefore a doubt about their number, they appear to form four series rather than three, and never two.
I have mentioned above that the article on Pagellus eri/thrinns in ' Yarrell's Fishes ' treats of a different species, except the figure, which is a copy, as acknowledged by himself. That part of the description which is composed by himself, contains xcry few specific characters which might not be attrilnited to other Sparida as well as to the species in question. But there is one sentence which clearly shows that Yarrell could not have had a .specimen of Pa- gellus eri/thrinus for this description, as he professes ; he says, p. 122, " The last two or three soft rays of both dorsal and anal fins are invested together in one scaly covering." This is the case in /*. owenii and in P. acarne from the Mediterranean, but not in Paqellvs erif-
19* PAaELLXTS. 479
thrinus. And if we consider, together with this character, the vignette of the same page, representing the molar teeth of the upper jaw in three regular series, as in P. owenii, and never in P, erythrimis or P. acarne, we cannot have any doubt that this description and this vignette were taken from specimens of P. owenii.
One point only appears to contradict this view, namely the formula of the fins, in which Yarrell attributes eight soft rays to the anal. But I have stated above that there is a misprint in this very number in the Hist. Nat. Poiss., and Yarrell in reproducing it clearly shows that he copied the formula from that work, in order to bring his description more into accordance with that of a work which he appears to have considered as infallible. Thus, Yarrell not only confounds four species of fish, but increases this confusion by pub- lishing figures and descriptions of them, part of which are taken from the work of a better informed author, and part from specimens totally distinct from the one intended to be described.
The fish from which Yarrell has taken his article on P. erythnnus is again described under the name of " Axillary Bream," p. 122*. The article on that fish is merely a reproduction of Dr. Parnell's observations ; it is, as stated above, different from the Acarne of thd Mediterranean, and I have named it in honour of Prof. R. Owen.
The general form is very much like that of P. acarne. The head is one-third of the total length, without caudal ; the snout appears to be rather more elongate, the distance between the extremity of the snout and the lower posterior angle of the praeorbital being 2^ in the length of the head. There are five series of scales on the cheek. A large crescent-shaped space' on the angle of the pra^oper- culum is naked.
The anterior teeth in both jaws are villiform, the outer series being formed by somewhat larger but equal teeth. Fui'ther pos- teriorly the teeth become granular, and, gradually assuming the character of molars, they form three regular series in the upper jaw ; each series contains six or seven molars, and they are all of nearly equal size, except the last two of the inner series, which are one- third larger than those around them. The lower jaw is generally armed with two series only, but occasionally the inner series is broken up in the middle, forming a third series, which, however, does not extend so far as the others ; each series contains six or seven molars, and the posterior ones of the inner series are nearly twice as large as the others.
The body is rather thick, and its greatest depth is 3| in the total length.
The spines of the fins are rather slender ; the fourth of the dorsal fin is the longest and 2| in the length of the head ; the soft dorsal is much lower. Caudalis forked.
The scales are somewhat irregularly arranged, especially on the anterior portion of the trunk nearest to the head ; the posterior margin of most of them has a more or less distinct notch in its upper half. The lateral line is slightly curved, and runs parallel to the back.
480 SPARID^.
inches, lines.
Total length 14 G
Length of the head 4 3
Height of the body 4 0
Diameter of the eye 1 0
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 G
4. Pagellus acame.
? "AKapva, Athcn. viii. cap. 13. ? Acame, Plin. xxxii. cap. 11. Acame, Rondel, xv. cap. 20. p. 151 ; Ihihamel, Pcches, ii. sect. iv.
c. 2. p. 32. Spams oerda, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 252.
Pagi'us acame, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 361.. Pagellus acame, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 191 ; Cui\ Regne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 35. f. 1; Guichen. Explor. Scient. Alger. Poiss. p. 51.
^' TT- ^- To- ^' ^^t. 72. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 22.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is nearly equal to the distance between the eyes, rather less than the length of the snout, and 3| in the length of the head. The praeorbital is narrower pos- teriorly, its gx-eatest depth being 1| in its greatest length. There are five series of scales between the pra^orbital and the angle of the prseoperculum. In both jaws two series of molars only. Reddish, shining golden ; a deep brownish-red spot in the axil.
Mediterranean ; from the Canaiy Islands to the coasts of Great Britain.
a. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. Presented i ■' the Ilev. H. T. Lowe.
b. Half-grown. Lisbon.
c. Half-grown. Cornwall. Museum Loach.
5. Pagellus bogaraveo.
Sparus bogaraveo, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 49; Lac6p. iv. pp. Ill, 112;
Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 249. Pagms bugaravclla, Risso, Eur. Merid, p. 359. Duhamel, Peches, sect. 4. pi. 1. f. 1. Pagellus bogaraveo, Cuv. 8f Val, vi. p. 19G.
D.lli^. A.-?-. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/14. Vert. 22.
12-11 11-12 '
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is a httle more than the distance between the eyes or than the length of the snout, and is one-third of the length of the head. The pra;orbital is rather narrow and elongate, its greatest depth being 2i in its length There are six scries of scales between the praeorbital and the angle of tlie pi-ac- operculum. In both jaws two series of small molars. Silver}-, back rose-coloured.
From the Mediterranean to the British Channel. a. Adult. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection. h. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
19. PAGELLU3, 4bl
(j. Pagellus mormyrus.
Mnpfivpoi, Arktut. vi. cap. 17 ; Athen. vii. p. 313.
M(5p/xiiXos, Opj)ian, i. v. 100.
Momi-sTus, Pliti. xxxii. cap. 11 ; Bellon. p. 183 ; Rondel, v. c. 22.
p. 153 ; Salv. f. 184 ; Gemer, p. 547 ; Aldrov. ii. c. 10. p. 184 ; Wil-
lughby, p. 329 ; Rmj, p. 134. Spams, no. 9, Artedt, Geneiri, p. 37. Sparus mormyrus, L. Syst. Nat. p. 472 ; Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 9<)
L. Gm. p. 1279 ; Bl. Schi. p. 277 ; Martens, JReise nach Vencdiij
ii. p. 425. i'ajp'us monn}'rus, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 18. f. 3. Pagellus mormyrus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 200; Webb ^^ Berthelof, ilist
Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 35 ; Guichen. Explor. Seient. Aly^r. Puisti
p. 51. Pagellus goreensis, Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 203. pernambucensis, Cue. Sf Val. vi. p. 210.
D. ||. A.^. L. lat. 63-G5. L. transv. 6/12-14. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of tho head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, 2^ in that of tlie snout, and 1 g in the distance between the eyes. The mouth is very protractile, and the upper maxillary bent, with the concaAity downwards and forw^ards. Tlic molar teeth in foiu series in the upper jaw, and in two or tliree in the lower. Silvery, shining golden, with seven narrow blackish cross-bars, and some times with seven other more indistinct ones between.
MediteiTanean ; Canary Islands ; North-west coast of Africa ; Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. From the CoUeetion of the Rev. K.
T. Lowe.
b. Adult: not good state. Sicily. Presented by W. Swain.son, Esq
0, d. Young. Malta. From the Haslar Collection. e. Half- grown. Dalmatia.
/. HaLf-gi'Own : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. g. Half-grown: skin : bad state. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. h. Young : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. i. Adult : bad state. (Cape of Good Hope ?) From the Haslar
Collection. k. Adult: skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
In all the specimens I found the number of the dorsal spines and the dentition as stated by Valenciennes for P. goreensis, which, 1 have no doubt, is identical wdth P. mormyrus.
The following South American specimens, probably identical with Pagellus pernambucensis, do not differ from those of the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.
1, m. Half-grown. St. Vincent. From Mr. Maogillivray's Collection. a. Half-grown : skeleton. St. Vincent. From Mr. Macgilli\'ray*s
Collection.
Sh'h'ton. — I cannot ugree with Valenciennes" viow. that tlii^ ske-
2 J
4d2 SPABII)^.
leton of this fish does not offer any remarkable peculiarity. The maxillary bone is crescent-shaped, with the anterior side emarginate and both extremities narrowest. The intermaxillary is broad, shorter than the maxillary, and its extremity forms an articulation with the anterior side of the latter ; the posterior processes are broad, very elongated, much longer than the descending branch of the bone ; they do not reach to the vertical from the orbit. The mandibula is very stout, and there is no free space between the dentary and articidar bones. The anterior portion of the vomer forms a very broad and concave plate. The palatine bones are, crescent-shaped, and situated in a nearly vertical direction ; their upper portion is much developed, bent forwards, reaching as far as the turbinal bone, and joined to the maxillary. The nasal (ethmoid) is very elongate, with two longitudinal impressions, in which are received the processes of the intermaxillary bones. 77ie turbinal bones, are exceedingly long and tubiform. The prseorbital is much longer than high, whilst the remainder of the infi-aorbital ring is very narrow : from the inside of the prseorbital arises a broad plate, su,pported by a strong process, which is attached to the entopterygoid. The frontal bones slightly diverge anteriorly to receive the extremity of the nasal ; their upper surface is roughened by pores and grooves. The occipital crest, with two others on each side, is moderately elevated. The brain-capsule is slightly compressed ; the basisphenoid has a large opening before the occipital joint, and its anterior portion is compressed into a ridge. The praeoperculum has an obtuse and strong ridge, with the muci- ferous channel very rudimentary ; the horizontal limb is much shorter than the vertical ; the angle is rounded and striated, the strise not terminating in points. The operculum is twice as high as wide, quadrangular, with the upper side oblique ; its inner siirface is fur- nished with an oblique bony ridge terminating in an obtuse point. The suboperculum is nearly vertically sitiiated, the interoperculum obliquely. The glossohyal is styliform, the urohyal triangular, with the posterior side notched. The lower pharyngeal bones are very elongate, with both the extremities pointed. The pubic bones are of moderate length ; each is formed by three lamellae, the interior of which is broadest.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1*33. The first interhsemal is of moderate strength and length. Some of the ribs have long epipleural spines.
The teeth of the anterior portion of the upper jaw form a villiform band, with an outer series of rather stronger ones. The two outer bands of the molars contain small teeth, which are somewhat irregularly arranged. The molars of the third series, nine in num- ber, gradually become larger posteriorly ; the fourth series extends to one-half only of the length of the third, and has small molars ; there are, finally, granidar teeth, forming two oblique and short series. The anterior teeth of the lower jaw are equal, short, and cardiform ; there are two series of molars in the posterior portion of the jaw, those of the inner one being large and broad ; this series is anteriorly
20. CURYSOPHRTS. 483
double, containing teeth equal to those of the outer one, The j)ha- ryngeal teeth are cardiforni.
The compariHon of the skeletons of European and West Indian specimens proves the identity of Pagellus pemamhucensis with P. mormyrxis.
7. Pagellus lithognathus.
aiv. 8r Val. vi. p. 204. pi. 151.
D.iJ. A.|. L.lat. 43-50. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 22.
Adult. — The height of the body is 4| in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is seven times in the length of the head, and 3| in that of the snout. The upjK'r maxillary bone (of achdt specimens) is very thick, swollen, and hard like stone. The molar teeth in the upper jaw form a band, and are irregularly arranged ; throe series in the lower. Uniformly coloured.
Cape of Good Hope.
a. Thirty-six inches long : stuffed.
Young. — The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and about 3.| in the total ; the diameter of the eye is one- fifth of the length of the head, about one-half of that of the snout, and 1 ;| in the distance between the eyes. The mouth is vei*y pro- tractile and the upper maxillaiy bent, with the concavity downwards and forwards, but not swollen. The molar teeth are rather small, arranged in three rcgidar Mrries in the upper jaw, and in one com- plete or in two incomphite series in the lower. The dorsal s])inos are moderate, slightly compress(>.d on one side ; the fourth, fifth and sixth are longest, their length being (^qual to the distance between the third and seventh spines. Coloration unifoi-m (in a dried state) ; in life with five brownish cross-bands.
b. 9|" long: stuffed. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith. e. 10" long : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
20. CHRYSOPHRYS*.
Chrysophrys, Cuv. Rbgne Anitn.; Cuv. Sf Val. vi. p. 81.
Four or six conical canine teeth and three or more series of rounded molar teeth in both jaws. Checiks scaly. The sjnnes of the dorsal (eleven or twelve) can bo received in a groove; ; three anal spines. Scales of moderate size. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric ap-
* 1. SparuB bilobatus, Lackip.'w. p. 141. — Chrysophrys bilobato, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 125. — From a drawing.
2. Renard, fol. 21. no. 214. — Chrysophrys coracinus, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 13;i.
— He de France.
3. Sparus fuscescens, var., Lacip. iii. pi. 17. f. 3. — Chrysophrys madagaflca-
riensis, Cuv. 4" Val. vi: p. 1.'}.5.— From a drawing.
4. Sparus annularis, lil. taf. 27 1 .— Cltrysophrys annularis, Cuv. Sf Val. vi.
p. l;i'.). — rcrlia|)8 an imaginary spiicioH. ."■>. Sparus I'orsUni,, lil. Svlin. ]). 282. -Chrysophrys fprstcri, Cuv. tf- Val. vi. p. 140. — Pacifio.
2 1 2
484 SPAKID.!:.
pendages in small number ; air-bladder sometimes notched, or with very short appendages.
Ronjid the coasts of Africa ; Indian Ocean ; East Indian Rcas . Pacific ; Atlantic coasts of the United States.
1. Chrysophrys aurata.
Xpi(TO(f)pvs, Aristot. i. c. 5, ii. c. 17, iv. c. 10, v. c. 10, vi. c. 17, viii.
c. 2, 1.3, 15, 19 ; Athen. vii. p. 328 ; Mian, xiii. c. 28, xvi. c. 12 ;
Oppian, i. p. 7. Aurata, Colmnell. viii. c. 16 ; Plin. ix. c. 16 ; Bellon. pp. 192, 198 ;
Rondel, v. c. 2. p. 115; Salman, fol. 174. b. 175; Gesner, pp. 110,
128; Willughhy, p. 307. tab. 5. fig. 6 ; Ray, p. 131. Aurata vulgaris, Aldrov. ii. c. 15. p. 171. Sparus, DO. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 35 ; Gronuv. Mm. Ichthyol. p. 38.
no. 90. Sparus aurata, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 467 ; Ilasselq. Ita- Palest, p. 337 ;
L. Gm. p. 1270; Bl. taf. 206?; Bl. Schn. p. 270; Risso, Ichthyol.
Nice, p. 234 ; Briimiich, Pise. Mass. p. 36 ; Lacep. iv. p. 57 ; 3Iar-
tens, Keise nach Venedig, ii. p. 424. Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 4. pi. 11. f. 1. Mochar, Osbeck, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. iv. p. 100. Sparus scriptus, Bl. Schn. p. 279. Chrysophrys aurata, Cuv, Sf Val. vi. p. 86. pi. 145 ; Guichen. Explnr
Scient. AlgSr. Poiss. p. 48; Ynrrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. Ill ; White,
Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 17 *.
D. i^. A. p,. L. lat. 76. L. transv. 8/17. Csec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 83 in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the distance between the eyes is rather more than their diameter, which is If in the length of the snout. The praeor- bital is 1| as long as high ; a slight protuberance above the upper anterior angle of the eye. Dorsal spines moderate, of equal strength ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal in size, one-fourth of the length of the head. The spinous portion of the dorsal conspi- cuously higher than the soft. Back bluish, belly silvery ; a dark violet blotch above the angle of the operculum ; a bright yellow band between the eyes.
Mediterranean ; western shores of the Peninsula and of France. Occasionally southern shores of England.
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
h. Half-grown. South Devonshire. Museum Leach.
f . Adult : stuffed. English coast.
2. Chrysophrys crassirostris. Cuv. 8f. Val. vi. p. 98. pi. 146.
Ti,]l, A,l, L. lat. 85. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of tho
* The skin, mentioned by Mr. White as in the Collection of the British Museum, was afterwards referred by him to Pagrus orphitx.
20. CHRYSOPHKYS. 485
head four times ; the distance between the eyes is more than their diameter. Dorsal spines rather feeble, of equal strength ; the spi- nous portion of the fin not, or scarcely higher than the soft ; the .second anal spine rather stronger than the third, 4^ in the length of the head. Eaek bluish, belly silvery ; body striped ; a large black blotch above the angle of the operculum ; a bright yellow band be- tween the eyes. (Veil.) Mediterranean.
3. Chrysophrys globiceps.
Cuv. ^- Val. vi. p. 100.
B-n- A.i.
Closely allied to Chrysophrys cairata.
The pra!orbital is not so high. Doreal spines rather feeble, of equal strength. Back bluish, belly silvery ; a blackish blotch above the angle of the operculum ; a bright yellow band between the eyes. Young individuals with three or four cross-bands, each formed by a double series of black points. ( Val.)
Cape of Good Hope.
4. Chrysophrys caeruleosticta.
Ciw. ^ Val. vi. p. 110; WebbS,- Berthelot, Hist. Nat. lies Canar. p. 81. pi. 6.f. 2.
D. ||. A.. |. L. lat. 50. Cjbc. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the dia- meter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and Ig in the distance between the eyes. The upper profile, between the dorsal fin and the snout, forms a quarter of a circle ; the crown is slightly convex. Proeoperculum with three series of scales. Incisors conical, strong ; four series of molars in the upper jaw, three in the lower ; no single large molar. The third dorsal spine longest, three- sevenths of the height of the body ; pectorals very long, extending to the fourth soft ray of the anal, lied, shining golden ; back with small blue spots arranged in four or five series ; a yellow band between the eyes ; dorsal fin minutely dotted with blacldsh.
North-west coast of Africa.
According to the statement of Valenciennes, the air-bladder is fur- nished with a gx'eat number of short and obtuse appendages on each side.
5. Chrysophrys laticeps.
Cyn8edu.s, sp., Gronov. Zuuphi/l. no. 213.
Cha-ysophrya laticeps, Ciiv. ^' Val. vi. p. 122 ; Cuv. Reyne Ani/n. III.
Poiss. pi. 34. f. 2. Perca leonina, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 113.
D. il^. A.|. L. lat. B5. L. transv. 8/17. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is 2| in llic total length, the lenglli of tho
486
SPARIDj-K.
head 3f . The upper profile of the neck is slightly parabolic, and that of the head straight, obliquely descending. The space between the eyes is very slightly convex, and ccpial to 1] diameter of the eye ; the length of the snout is twi(>e this (hametcr. Tlie praeorbital is 1^ as long as high, and covers the maxillary bone nearly entirely. There are twelve series of scales between the prajorbital and the in- terior ridge of the prajopercidum, the limb of which is entirely covered with scales. In both jaws one series of larger molars only ; in- teriorly vnth a band of granular molar teeth irregularly arranged. Dorsal spines moderate, compressed on one side ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal, and 3| in the length of the head. Reddish. Cape Seas,
a. Adult: stuffed.
b. Half-grown : stuffed.
c. Half-grown : stuffed : not good state. Cape Seas. Presented by
Sir A. Smith,
d. Half-grown : skin. False Bay.
e. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
6. Chrysophrys cristiceps.
? Chrysophrys cristiceps, Cuv. ^ Vol. vi. p. 132.
D. jj. A. |. L. lat. 60. L, transv, 9/22.
The Space between the head and the origin of the dorsal fin is elevated, and the height of the body beneath this space is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3|. The space between the eyes is very convex, and equal to 1^ diameter of the eye ; the length of the snout is t\vice this diameter. The prseorbital is rather longer than high, and covers the maxillary bone nearly entirely. There are ten series of scales between the prteorbital and the interior ridge of the praeoperculum, the limb of which is entirely covered Avith scales. In both jaws one series of larger molars only ; interiorly with a band of granular molar teeth iiTcgularly arranged. Dorsal spines mode- rate, compressed on one side ; the second and third anal spines nearly equal, and 3| in the length of the head. Reddish, irregularly marbled with greyish.
Cape Seas.
o. Adult: stuffed.
7. Chrysophrys gibbiceps. Chrysophrys gibbiceps, Cuv. ^ Val. \\. p. 127. pi. 147.
^•TT^- ^-l- I^-la^-53. L. transv. 9/1 8.
Nape very gibbous ; profile of the head abniptly descending. The greatest depth of the body is beneath the nape, whore it is three times in the total length ; the length of the head is 3| in the same. The prreorbital is as long as high ; its maxillary edge is emarginate,
20. CHEYSOPHRYS. 487
and the greater part of the maxillary bone cannot be hidden below the praeorbital ; limb of praeoperenlum scaly ; a protuberance above the upper anterior angle of the eye. Molars small anteriorly, numerous, and irregularly arranged ; two large ones on each side, behind the middle of each jaw. Dorsal spines moderate, of nearly equal strength ; the third and fourth nearly equal in length ; the second and third anal spines are 3| in the length of the head, lied ; the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins black. Cape of Good Hope.
a. 23" long : stuffed. Cape Seas. Purchased ot Mr. Argent. h. 21" long; stuffed. Cape Seas. Purchased of Sir A. Smith.
c. 21" long: not good state : stuffed. Cape Seas. Piirchased of Sir
A. Smith.
d. ] 7" long : skin. False Bay
8. Chrysophrys calamus.
PageUus calamus, Cuv. 4" Vol. vi. p. 206. pi. 152. ? PageUus penna, Cuv. <y Vol. vi. p. 209 ; Guicheti. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 82.
D. i?. A. j^. L. lat. 50-56. L. transv. 7/19 Vert. 22.
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|. Forehead broad, with a protuberance before the upper angle of the orbit ; the upper profile of the snout abruptly descending; the prseorbital very large, higher than long ; the upper maxillary with a prominent knob at its upper extremity (sometimes absent) ; the posterior opening of the nostrils a very long slit. Molars above in three series, beneath in two. Canines very distinct with age, and sometimes bent outward. Greenish, with golden longitudinal streaks ; dorsal and anal spotted with blackish ; ventral blackish.
Atlantic shores of Tropical America.
a. Ad\ilt. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki,
6. Half-grown. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Itichardson, Esq.
c. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. d-h. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection. i-m. Half-grown: skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection, n. Fifteen inches long : stuffed. 0. Adult: stiiffed. J). Half-grown : stuffed.
This species has very distinct canines when in mature age, and therefore it cannot remain in the genus PageUus, to which it was referred by Valenciennes.
Payellus microps, Guichen. I. c. p. 83. pi. 3. f. 1, appears to be different from the above species, although closely allied. It is said to have two series of molars in the upper jaw.
488 SrARlD.Ts.
}>. Chrysophrys sarba.
lixsscll, pi. 91.
.Sparus .sarba, Forsk. p. 31 ; L. (hn. p. 127.") ; Jti. Sc/i/i. \\ 280 ; Lacrp.
iv. np. 07, 103.
bufonites, Lac^p. iv. pp. 141', 143. pi. 2(i. i. 3.
p.sittacus, Laccp. iv. pp. 141, 143.
Chrysophrys sarba, Cuv. 8^ Val. vi. p. 102 ; Itiipp. N. W. Fischc. p. 1 10
pi. 28. f. 1. chrysargyra, Cue. c^ Val. vi. p. 107.
D. -LL. A.f!-. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/14.
12-13 11 '
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the distance between the eyes is rather more than their diameter, which is 1| in the length of the snout. The prtc- orbital is 1^ as long as high ; a .slight protuberance above the \\\y\wY anterior angle of the eye. The incisors arc broad, obtuse ; the molars in groat number, forming four sei-ies, above and beneath : a large ovate molar at the posterior end of each jaw. Dorsal spines moderate, rather compressed, broader on one side ; the fourth is the longest ; the second and third anal spines nearly eipial, )i^ in the length of the head. Silvery, with about fourteen indistinct longi- tudinal streaks in preserved specimens.
From the lied Sea to the lie de France and to the Molucca Sea.
K. Adult : stuffed, lied Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
h. 21" long : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
10. Chrysophrys haffara.
Sparu.s haffara, Fort<k. p. 33 ; L. Om. p. 127G ; Bl. Schn. p. 279. Chrysophr} c haffara, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 108 ; Ritpp. N. W. Fisc/ic, p. 111. taf. JO. f. 1.
^■U' A.^. Cec. pylor. ;i.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The upper profile of the head is parabolic, j)rominent above tlic nostrils, and truncated in front. Dorsal spines moderate, of equal strength ; the second anal spine rather stronger, but scarcely longer than the third, 3| in the length of the head ; the .spinous portion of th(t dorsal fin higher than the soft. Uniform silvery.
Red Sea.
1 1 . Chrysophrys bifa«ciata.
Valcnt. Amb. iii. p. 147 ; Hciutrd, li. 19, 91 (very bad).
Chsetodon bifasciatiis, Forsk. p. 64.
Holocfiitrus rabaji, Lacep. iv. p. 725.
Sparas mylio, Luap. iv. p. 131, iii. pi. 20. f. 2.
[iabrus catenula, Lacfij}. iii. p, 4G7. pi. 20. f. 3.
rhr-y«ophrysbifasciata, Oo'.cvFif/i'. vi.p. 118; liiipp.N. ]V. Fisch ,\\. 112.
D. ^. A. -^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. fi/12.
in-i 1
The height of the })ody is nearly three times in the (otal jotigtb
20. CUUYSuJllKV>. -ISO
the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 1 ^ iu the distance between the eyes, and 2^ in the length of the snont. The pneorbital is 1 1 as long as high ; a slight protuberance above the upper anterior angle of the eye. The incisors are broad, obtuse ; the molars in great number anteriorly, jjosteriorly larger, and forming three series. Dorsal spines rather strong and compressed, broader on one side ; the fourth is slightly longer than the third and fifth ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third, and 2^ in the length of the head. Silveiy, Avith two black cross-bands from the nape, one through the eye, the other along the posterior margin of the operculum.
lied Sea ; East Indian Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From the Frankfort Museum.
12. Chrysophrys aries.
Icmm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 68. pi. 31 ; Bleek, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. p. 87.
D. :^. A. — ^. L. lat. 58. L. transv. 8/14.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 4i ; the diameter of the eye is equal to the distance between the eyes, and Ig in the length of the snout; forehead somewhat swollen and prominent. The pra^orbital is 1| as long as high. The incisors are rather broad, triangular, pointed ; the molars form three series in the upper jaw and three in the lower, the middle containing several larger teeth. Dorsal spines moderate and somewhat com- pressed, a little broader on one side ; the third, fourth, and fifth are longest ; the second anal spine rather stronger, but not longer than the third, and 2| in the length of the head. Coloiation uniform, with indistinct longitudinal streaks.
Chinese and Javanese Seas.
a. Adult. China.
h, c Half -grown. China.
13. Chrysophrys taurina.
Chrysophrys taurina, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 56. pi. 12 ; Valcnc.
Voy. VSnus, v. p. 330. cyanoptera, Valenc. I. c. Paiss. pi. 4. f. 2.
D.if. A. A L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye is twice in the length of the snout. Praeorbital elevated. There arc four series of scales on the praeoperculum and operculum. Above, three scries of molar teeth, without a large oval one at the back ; two scries in the lower jaw. Dorsal spines moderate ; anal spines rather stout, the second being a little stronger and longer tlian the third. AVhitt\ witli four dark- brown much-interrupted bands, giving a luoUlcd ajtpcarance.
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archii)elago )
490 SPARIDJI.
14. Chrysophrys hasta.
Spams liasta, Bl Schn. p. 275.
Coius datnia, Bticli. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 88. pi. 9. f. 29.
Chrysophrys longispinis, Ciiv. ^- Val. vi. p. 116 ; Bleeker, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxv. Nalez. Ichth. Faun. Beng. Hf Hind. p. 93.
berda, Cm: 8f Val. vi. p. 113 ; Bichard.son, Ichth. China, p. 240.
longispinis, Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 08. pi. 32 ; Richardson, Ichth.
C/iina, p. 240. schlegelii, Bleeker, Japan, p. 400, and Verhatid. Batav. Genootsch.
xx\i. p. 86.
calamara, Cant. Catal. p. 48 (not C. 8,- V.).
xanthopoda, Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 241.
amipes, Richardson, I. c.
^•n^- A-s^- L.lat. 42-45. L. transv. ±?.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the eye is relatively much larger in immature specimens, in which it equals the distance between the eyes, and is 1^ in the length of the snout. In adult specimens the diameter of the eye is 1| in the width of the forehead and twice in the length of the snout. The praeorbital is twice as long as high, and, especially in very large specimens, considerably notched, to receive the posterior extremity of the maxillary bone. There is a verj' slight protuberance above the upper anterior angle of the eye. The incisors are conical, pointed, of moderate strength ; the molars in great number, above in four or even five series, beneath in three, sometimes in four. Dorsal spines strong, compressed, broader on one side ; the foiu'th is the longest ; the second anal spine very strong, 1 1 in the length of the head. Operculum with a rather prominent spine. Silvery ; anal blackish, dorsal edged with blackish.
Bay of Bengal, entering the rivers ; Chinese and Japanese Seas.
A. Western specimens with 11 dorsal spines: Sparus hasta, Bl. Schn., Chrysophrys berda, Valenc, but not Sparus berda, Forsk.
a. 15" long : skin. Ceylon. Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D,
b. 17" long : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
c. Adult : stuffed. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Cantor's Collection
as Pagrus fiavipinnis.
d. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jordon, Esq.
e. Adult : stuffed.
/". Half-groAvn. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. — The second ray of the anal fin is transformed into a spine.
B. Western specimens with 12 doi-sal spines : Coiiis datnia, Buch. Ham., Chr. longispinis, Valenc., Bleek.
g. Fine specimen. Calcutta. Presented by G. R. vVaterhouse, Esq. h. Adult : stuffed. Ganges at Calcutta. Purchased of Mr. Warwick. J. Adult: stuffed. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Cantor's Collection as Pagrus Jlavopinnis.
2U. CHKYSOPHRYS, 491
C. Western specimen with 13 dorsal spines. Tc. Adult: stuffed.
D. Eastern specimens with 11 dorsal spines: Chr. longispinis, Schleg., Richards., Chr. xantho_poda, Richards., Chr. schlegelii, Bleek. I. Half-grown. China.
m. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
n, 0. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. —
Types of Chr. xanthopoda and Chr. auripes, Richardson. p, q. Adult and half-grown : skins. China. Purchased of Mr.
War\vick. /•. Adult: stuffed. Japan. s. Adult. From the Haslar Collection ? t. Adult: stuffed. (Named Chr. maryinata?) u. ? Adult: bad state. N.W. Australia. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson.
The fine series of specimens in the Collection of the British Museum has enabled me not only to rectify- the synonjiny, but to form also a judgment on the differences obseiTed in fishes from different localities. Above all, there £lre three fishes described by older authors : Spams berda by Forskal, from the Red Sea, Sp. hasta by Schneider, from the coast of Coromandel, and Coius datnia by Buchanan Hamilton, from the Bay of Bengal. The description of the fii'st would appear too insufficient to admit of a decision but for the figure given by Riippell, which undoubtedly represents the same fish. We shall afterwards see that it is highly probable that the Red Sea fish must be separated from those of the East Indies, and that Valenciennes is wrong in applying the name of Sp. berda to the latter. Not having had specimens from the Red Sea, or the figure pubhshed by Riippell, Valenciennes was imable to compare both species. Thus the second name, Sp. hasta, given by Schneider, has the right of priority. Schneider had a specimen wdth eleven dorsal spines, and he gives a good diagnosis, by which the fish may be easily recog- nized ; and his specimen coming fi-om the coast of Coromandel, cannot be identified wdth Forskal's fish. With regard to Coius datnia, Buch. Ham., I have shown above (p. 283) that Cuvier was entirely wi'ong when he confounded it with Datnia argentea (Therapon argenteus, m.) ; the description given by Buchanan Hamilton is quite correct, and there cannot be the least doubt, from the dentition stated, that this ichthyologist described a Sparoid fish. The figure is excellent, and agrees with the specimen {g.) of the British Museum Collection as if it were di-awn from it.
In the sixth volume of the * Histoire Naturelle des JPoissons,' Valenciennes confounds, iinder the name of Chr. berda, Bengal spe- cimens oiSparus hasta with eleven dorsal spines, and Sp. berda, Forsk. Under the name of Chr. longispinis, he unites specimens from Japan and those from Bengal wdth twelve dorsal spines.
Schlegel and Riippell have not compared their specimens with ex- amples from other localities : the former applies Valenciennes's name
492 SPAlUDiE.
of Chr. hiigispims to those from Japan • the hitter correctly restores Forskfil'a name to the Ked Sea fish (the following species), and gives an excellent figure.
Sir J. Kichardson, in his Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan, has, in my opinion, entirely mistaken tlicse fishes iu the British Museum Collection, the Chinese and Japanese specimens of which only he has examined. Ho refers those preserved in spirits (sp. I, in.) to Chr. berda ; another (sp. r.), deformed by stuffing, and probably pui'chased in Holland, to Chr. lomjispinis ; finally, two other stuffed specimens (n, o), presented by ]\Ir. Reeves, and differing little from each other, which bettor retained their natural form, were consider'^d by him as tj-pcs of two new species — Chr. auripes and ccanthopoda (? xanthopus).
Bleeker made no reference to Chr. berda, Valenc, probably because he though' it identical with the fish described by Forskal and RUppell, and endeavoured to show a specific difference between the Bengal specimens and those from the Japanese Seas, — taking for the former the name of Chr. lomjispinis, and for the latter a new denomination, Chr. sclilegeln. All the Bengal specimens of his Col- lection exhibited twelve dorsal spines, and examples with eleven were unknown to him.
After having thus illustrated the synonymy of this and the fol- lowing species, I shall make some remarks on the differences found in the specimens from different localities, and first compare the Red Sea fish with those from the East Indies. Althoiigh not ha\dng a specimen from the Red Sea, the figure given by RUppell appears to be quite correct, like aU contained in his admirable works on the fishes of the Red Sea, and fidly sufficient for the purpose. From that figure it may be seen that the Red Sea fish has a much higher body even than those from Bengal, which are said to be higher than those from j'apan ; secondly, it has the second anal spine much shorter than any of the East Indian or Japanese specimens ; thirdly, there is a very conspicuous opercular spine in all the specimens from the East Indies, Japan, and China, but nothing of it is mentioned in the Red Sea fish or marked in the figure, — a character which certainly woiUd not have been overlooked by so accurate an observer as I)r. RUppell. Fi;om these differences I am induced to believe that Sparus berda, Forskal, forms a really separate species.
In the East Indian specimens the following differences were observed : —
1. Bleeker states the Bengal fish to be higher than that from Japan ; I found, in specimens of the same size, the height of the body, absolutely, and compared with the total length, exactly the same. There are, moreover, Bengal specimens in the British Museum Col- lection with a body not so deep as may be observed in examples from China. There is some variation in this respect in all the species of fishes, according to their sex, or to the season in wliich they are caught. At all events, the difference appears to be less than between the Red Sea fish and the species from the East Indies.
2. Bleeker states eleven dorsal spines for the Japanese fish, and
20. CHEYSOPHRYS. 493
twelve for the Bengalese. It is evident from my examination that the number varies iu the latter. It must be considered a rule in those fishes tvith a truly single dorsal fin, composed of a spinous and soft portion, that often one or tivo soft rays, nearest to the spines, are transformed into true S2)ines, the number of the latter thus appearing to be increased. That is the case in this species, where we find specimens with eleven spines and eleven rays, or others with twelve spines and then with ten rays only. This view is very nicely illustrated by a specimen of this (and of other) species in the British Museum Collection, where the second ray of the anal fin is trans- formed into a true spine. A variation of the spines, corresponding to that of the rays, is much less observed in those Acanthopterygii which have the dorsal divided by a more or less deep notch.
3. Valenciennes says that his Chr. longispinis from Japan and Bengal has a somewhat longer second anal spine than the other (^Chr. herda, Val., from Pondicherry), and Bleeker states nearly the contrary, viz. that the Bengal fish has that spine longer than the Japanese one. There is variation also in this respect: immature and half-grown specimens have that spine generally relatively longer ; but wo find specimens of the same size, from Japan and Bengal, where this spine is equal.
4. I could not observe a conspicuous difference m the height of the dorsal fin, as stated by Bleeker.
5. The examination of any of the Sparoids in different ages shows that the molar teeth are subjected not only to a regular reproduction, like the front teeth, but also to a different arrangement. Therefore the number of the series of molars and their shape can be used as a specific character only when founded on the examination of several specimens. If there are several series of molars, the inner series generally contaias the smallest ones and extends more or less back- wards, so that sometimes a specimen appears to have one series more than another. This is the case in the two fishes on which Sir J. Richardson has founded Chr. luripes and xanthopoda, the latter of which had lost moreover one of the canines. Both the specimens are stuffed skins, one-half of which only is preserved.
15. Chrysophrys calamara.
Calamara, Ru.ssell, i. pi. 92.
Chrysophrys calamara, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 117; Bleeker, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Spar. p. 10. berda, Bleek. Topogr. Batai\ and Ichth. Madura.
B. ij. A.. |. L. lat 35.
The height of the body is 2|-2| in the <-otal length, the length of the head about foui' times ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter and equal to the length of the snout. The molars in four or five series, the largest ones in the outer series. The pra;- orbital is much lower than the orbit. There arc five series of scales between the pra^orbital and the angle of the proeoperculum. Dorsal
45^4 spahidjE.
spines strong ; the fourth is the longest, one-third of the length of the head ; pectoral fins longer than the head, and reaching to the origin of the anal ; ventral fins shorter than the head, with the spine as long as one-third the height of the body ; the second anal spine very strong, 2-l-2| in the length of the head ; caudal emar- ginate, with the lobes obtuse. Silvery-greyish, with twelve darker longitudinal streaks ; the vertical fins black-edged. {Bl.) Indian Archipelago.
16. Chrysophrys berda.
Sparus berda, Forsk. p. 32 ; Lacej). iv. pp. 31, 105. Chrysophrys berda, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 120. taf. 27. f. 4 (not Cuv. 4- Val). '
D. J^. A. i-.
11-12 10
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the head 3|. The praeorbital is twice as long as high, and notched to receive the posterior extremity of the maxillary bone. Dorsal spines strong, compressed, broader on one side ; the fourth is the longest, one-half the length of the head, and equal in length to the second anal spine. (Operculum without spine?) Coloration unifonn. (i??/^.)
Red Sea.
17. Clirysophrys australis. TPiate XXVIII. fig. B.) ^- lirr ^- 1- ^- ^^^- 44-45. L. transv. 5/13.
The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The diameter of the eye is 4| in the latter, and Ig iii the length of the snout. The molars in four series in the upper jaw and in three in the lower; the posterior ones are the largest. The praeorbital is rather lower than the orbit. There are five series of scales between the praeorbital and the angle of the praeoperculum. Dorsal spines strong ; the fourth is the longest, and nearly one-half of the length of the head. The second anal spine very strong, equal in length to the fourth of the dorsal. Silvery, with shining golden longitudinal streaks ; edge of the spinous dorsal and axil black.
Australian Seas, entering rivers.
a. Sixteen inches long : stuffed.
b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult : sldn. Port Essington. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
d. Adult: skin. Port Jackson. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
e,f. Adult and half- grown: skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr.
Warwick, y, ^. Adult : skins. Harvey River. (Fresh water. West Australia.)
Description. — This species belongs to the grotip with the body elevated and the anal spines strong, which is formed by Clir. herd a. hasta, and calnmnra, all being East Indian species. The body is very
20. CHHRY80PHBT9. 495
compressed, and its greatest height is nearly one-third of the total. The head is relatively rather small, its length being one -fourth of the total ; its width between the eyes is 3^ in its length. The profile of the nape is strongly curved, and descends abruptly like that of the head, which has a slight protuberance between the eyes. The distance from the occiput to the dorsal fin is much longer than to the snout. The snout is moderately elevated, equal to 1^ diameter of the eye ; the upper maxillary, which is nearly entirely hidden by the praeorbital, reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The praeorbital has the maxillary edge sUghtly emar- ginate, and is 1^ as long as high. The nostrils are placed before the upper angle of the orbit and remote from each other ; the pos- terior is an elongate slit, the anterior a very small ovate opening. There are five series of scales between the praeorbital and the angle of the praeoperculum ; the inferior limb and the angle are naked. Operculum, sub- and interoperculum covered with scales ; the former has the posterior point not prominent. The suprascapula is striated, Hke the series of scales ascending to the nape of the neck.
The origin of the dorsal fin falls vertically above the root of the pectorals, and its end above the 34th scale of the lateral line. The spines are strong, compressed, and much broader on one side : the first is two-fifths of the second ; the fourth is the longest, nearly one-half of the length of the head ; the following gradually decrease, the last being about two-thirds of the fourth. The soft portion of the fin is rather lower than the spinous, and has the posterior extre- mity rounded ; the fifth and sixth rays are longest, and about three- quarters of the longest spine. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins is rather less than the depth of the tail beneath the extremity of the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is emarginate, with pointed lobes ; one of the middle rays is one-half of one of the outer ones. The origin of the atuil fin falls vertically below the fifth dorsal ray, and its end a little behind that of the dorsal fin. The first spine is very short ; the second is equal to the fourth dorsal spine, though stronger ; the third is more feeble and shorter. The anterior rays equal the third spine, and the posterior ones gradually become shorter. The pectoral fin is elongate, and reaches to the origin of the soft anal, the fourth ray exceeding the others in length. The ventrals are much shorter ; they are inserted behind the pectorals, and do not extend to the vent ; the spine is compressed and rather strong, about three-quarters of the adjacent ray.
The scales are minutely ciliated, higher than long, nearly elliptical but for the posterior margin, which is straight ; one of the largest covers four-fifths of the eye.
There are six canine-like teeth in each of the jaws, with a'villiform band behind them. The outer series of the lateral ones is formed by rather conical teeth. There are four series in the upper jaw, the posterior teeth gradually becoming larger ; the posterior tooth of the third series is the largest of aU. There are three series only in the lower jaw, which have the largest teeth also posteriorly ; but there are several other small ones at the hindmost extremity of the jaw.
490 SPARIDiE.
The teeth of the upper ^^haryngeal bones are exceedingly fine, viUi- form ; those of the lower ones setiform, with an outer series of larger ones, hook-like.
The coloration is now uniform silvery, with golden longitudinal streaks ; the dorsal fin is blackish, with a blafck edge on the spinous portion. The caudal fin has a broad blackish margin ; anal and ventrals blackish ; axil black.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 3
Length of the head 2 4
Height of the body 3 3
Diameter of the vjye () G
Distance between the eyes 0 8
Length of the fourth dorsal spihe 1 1
of the eleventh dorsal spine .... 0 9
of the fifth dorsal ray 0 10
of the second anal spine 1 1
of the third anal spine 0 10^5
of the pectoral 2 7
of the ventral 1 7
of the ventral spine 1 2
of a scale 0 4^
Height of a scale 0 54
18. Chrysophrys aculeata.
? Aurata bahaniensis, Cutesby, Hist. Carol, p. & pi. 16. ? Sparus chrysops, L. Gm. p. 1277 ; lil. Schn. p. 277. Chrysophrys aculeata, Cuv. l^ Val. vi. p. 137.
D.lf. A.:i. Vert. 10/14.
Body rather elongate. A recumbent spine before the dorsal. Molar teeth small, in three series in the upper jaw. Limb of the prseoperculum scaly. Pectoral elongate. Silvery, reddish on the sides, witli golden longitudinal streaks ; dorsal and anal fins reddish brown ; ventrals red. (Val.)
Atlantic Coasts of the United States.
This fish may prove to be a species of Sargus, having a recumbent dorsal spine, like the other North American Sargi. It appcare to be very near to Sargus ambassis, from which, however, it must be different (if the description of Valenciennes is corx-ect), having the body much more elongate, and tho upper molars arranged in three series.
21. PIMELEPTERUS. 497
Fifth Group. PIMELEPTERINA,
Spnndce 'with cutting teeth in front, and ^dth teeth on the palate. One genus only.
21. PIMELEPTERUS*.
Pimelepterus, (Lacep.) Cuv. Regne Anini. ; Cuv. Sf Vol. vii. p. 254. Kyphosus, {Lacep.~) Cuv. Rkgtie Anim.
In both jaws a single anterior series of cutting teeth, implanted by a horizontal posterior process, behind which is a band of villiform teeth ; fine teeth on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The soft portions of the vertical fins thickly enveloped by minute scales ; eleven dorsal and three anal spines. Prseoperculum generally denticulated. Scales of moderate size, bony. Seven brancliiostegals. Pj'loric appendages sometimes in small number, sometimes exceedingly numerous. Air-bladder notched posteriorly and sometimes anteriorly.
Apparently in all the ti'opical seas.
1. Pimelepterus boscii.
Pimelepterus boscii, Lac&p. iv. pp. 429, 430 ; Cmi. %■ Vol. vii. p. 258.
pi. 187, cop. hyDekay, Neio lork Fauna, Fishes, p. 100. pi. 20. f. 5(5;
Vaknc. in Wehb <^ Berth. Hist. Nat. lies Canar. Poiss. pi. 19. Pimelepterus incisor, Vhlenc. I. c. p. 47 (not Curier). ? Pimelepterus oblougior, Cuv. 6f Val. vii. p. 264.
D. i^. A. •^. L. lat. 66. L. transv. 10/20. Vert. 9/16.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the distance between the eyes is 2| in the length of the head. The longest dorsal spine is about one-fifth of the height of the body, rather longer than the soft portion of the dorsal, and nearly equal to the longest anal ray. The horizontal process of the teeth not much longer than the vertical. Uniform brownish (in a preserved state) ; a silvery streak along the praeorbital.
Tropical parts of the Atlantic ; Sea of Madeira.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection. h. Adult : stuffed. Cuba. From Dr. Poey's Collection. c. Half-grown: stuffed. Madeira. From the Rev. R. T. Lowe's Collection.
* 1. Pimelepterus dussumieri, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 273; Cuv. Regime Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 43. f. 1. — Bay of Bengal.
2. Pimelepterus raynaldi, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 274. — Simda Sea.
3. Pimelepterus oblongior, Cant. Catal. p. 174. — Pinang.
4. Pimelepterus incisor, Cuv. S( Val. vii. p. 266 (not Valenc. in Webb ^~
Berth.). — Brazil.
5. Pimelepterus indicus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 270 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 86. —
Japanese Sea. G. Pimelepterus Irevifrons, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Ichthyol. p. 18. — Lima.
2k
i98 SPARID^.
2, Pimelepterus fuscus.
Xyster fuscus, (Commers.) Lacep. v. pp. 484, 485. Pimelepterus fuscus, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 2G4; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 34. taf. 10. f. 3.
T),Ji. A.f^. L. lat. 68. L. transv. 12/22. Csec. pylor. ca. 1000.
Vert. 9/16.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the dis- tance between the eyes is 2 j in the length of the head. The soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins lower than the longest dorsal ispine. The horizontal portion of the incisors thr6e times as long as the vertical. Uniform greyish.
Cape of Good' Hope ; Red Sea.
a. 21 inches loiig : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection. 6. 25 inches long : stuffed.
c, 21 inches long : stuffed.
d. Young. Old Collection, as Chcetodon cyprinoides.
3. Pimelepterus waigiensis.
Pimelepterus waigiensis, Quoy Sf- Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 386. pi. 02.
f. 4. Pimelepterus marciac, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 267; RUpp. N. W.Fischc,^. 35.
D. 1^. A. ^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 12/20. C«c. pylor. 5-6.
The height of the body is 2| to 2^ in the total length. The breadth between the eyes is 2|- in the length of the head. The spinous dorsal fin is rather higher than the soft portion and the anal. The horizontal part of the incisors is distinctly longer than tlie vertical. Greyish ; a silvery streak along the proeorbital.
Coasts of New Guinea, Java, and Amboyna.
a. Adult. Old Collection, as Chcetodon cyprinoides. h. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown: stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
e. Young. India.
4. Pimelepterus lembus.
Cuv. i^ Val. vii. p. 209 ; Jilcck. Batav. p. 469.
D. -. A.-. L. lat. 00. L. transv. 10/18.
14 13 '
The height of the body is 3g in the total length ; the space between the eyes is 2| in the length of the head ; the horizontal portion of the incisors is twice the length of the vertical. The spinous portion of the dorsal fin higher than the soft. Bluish, with brown longitudinal streaks ; a golden band from the muzzle through the eye to the operculum ; another from the maxillary to the pnc- operculum.
Seas of Batavia and Vanicolo,
a. Adult : not good state. Moluccas, Purchased of Mr. Frank.
22. BoaiDiA. 499
5. Pimelepterus tematensis. Sleeker, Ternate, ii. p. 604.
D. ji. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. The spinous portion of the dorsal rather lower than the soft. Greenish, with brownish longitudinal streaks.
Sea of Ternate.
6. Pimelepterus tahmel.
Scisena tahmel, Forsk. p. 53.
Pimelepterus altipinnis, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 270 ; Bleek. Banka, ii.
p. 727. Pimelepterus tahmel, Rilpp. N. W. FUche, p. 35. taf. 10. f. 4.
D.li. i^.l. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 9/21.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length ; the distance between the eyes is 2| in the length of the head ; the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins elevated, much higher than the spinous. Greyish, vnih. numerous reddish-brown longitudinal stripes. [Pyloric appendages in very great number.]
From the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean and Archipelago to New Guinea.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection. h. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands.
c. Young. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Young.
I here subjoin, as an appendix to this family, the description of a fish which I had no opportunity of examining, and which appears to be nearer the family Pristipomatidoe, from which, however, it differs by its peculiar dentition.
22. BORIDIA. Boridia, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 154.
Two dorsal fins, the first with eleven spines. In each jaw three or four series of molar-like teeth ; the anterior teeth also molar-like ; no teeth on the palate. Cheeks scaly, fins scaleless. Scales of moderate size, not ciliated. Praeoperculum denticulated.
Brazil.
1. Boridia grossidens. Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 154. pi. 114.
Body rather elongate. Caudal forked ; spines of the fins of mode- rate strength and length. Brazil.
2 K 2
ADDENDA
Page 3. Gasterosteus aculeatus appears to be found in Icoland. — Cfr. Falxr, Fische hhinds, ]). 129
Pago 4. Gasterosteus argyropomus. The amended diagnosis is —
I^-M l|l^- ^-h- l*-'^- ^ert.l/]. Bo<ly wathout any plates. Dorsal spines short, serratc^d. Insertion of the ventrals rather nearer the first dorsal s])ine than (lie second ; their extremities reach to the tip of the ventral plate. Tlic pnstcrioi margin of the caudal tin truncated.
Page 4. 2 a. Gasterosteus williamsoni.
(iirard, IT. S. Parif. E. It. llrpcd. Ft'slics, p. !);>, and Pmc. Jr. A,il Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 133.
D. 1 I 1 |±. A. 1/7.
Body without any plates. I)oi-sal spines exiguous and sk>ndcr, not serrated. Insertion of the ventrals slightly in advance of the secojul dorsal spine, their extremities not reaching the tij) of tlie V(Uitral jdate. The posterior margin of the caudal fin subcrcscentic. {Oir.)
Williamson's J*ass (California).
Page 8, Add to the Sijimpsis of the Genera : —
Two dorsals. Neither praioporcular nor ven- tral spine 4,/. IIicTEnopHTHAi.Mis.
Two dorsals. Procoporcidar spine none ; one
ventral spine 7. M-iiiiPRiSTis.
Page 12. Add another genus of BERYCID^ : —
4 a. HETEROPHTHALMUS.
Ileterophthalmus, Bkekcr, Act. Site Sc. Imh-Kedcrl. i. 3[(tnndo oi Mahass. p. 42,
Muzzle very short, truncated, wnth the jaws nearly equal. Eye very large, Villiform teeth in the jaws and on the palatine bones.
ADDENDA. 501
none on the vomer, luj^ht branchiostegals. Opercular bones ser- rated ; praeoperculuni without spine. Scales small, ctenoid. Two separate dorsals ; ventrals six-rayed, without spine ; caudal forked ; anal with two spines. Abdomen serrated. Sea of Manado.
1. Heterophthalmus katoptron. Bkek. I. c. p. 43.
Eye with a double lobe beneath the pupil. {Bl.) Sea of Manado.
Page 51. Add t the Synopsis of the Genera : — * Lateral line none. Pseudobranclua; none ; two dorsals. 54a. Lembcs.
Page 62. Paralabrax nebulifer.
Figured by Girardin U. S. Pacif. Ji. R. Exp, Fishes, p. 33. pi. 12. f. 1-4.
Page 63. Paralabrax clathratus. Figured by Girard in U. S. Pacif. It. R. Exp. Fishes,^. 34. pi. 12. f. 5-8.
Page 67. Labrax multilineatiis.
Syn. : Labrax chrysops, Girard in U. 8. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 29. pi. 11. f. 1-4.
Page 74. Add as a doubtful species to LUCIOPERCA : —
1. Stizostedion boreus, G-irard in U. 8. Pacif. R. R. Fishes, p. 31. pi. 11. f. 5-8. — Northern rivers of North America.
Page 77. BOLEOSOMA.
Fishes closely allied to this and the preceding genus are described by Girard under the name of Arlina effulgem, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 64, — of Estrella atromaculata, 1. c. p. 65, — of Oligo- cephalus* lepidus, humeralis, and litisleyi, I.e. p. 67, — oi Alvordvus mactdatm and of Catonotus fasciatus, p. 68.
Page 88. ANTHIAS. Add as uncertain species : —
1 . Anthias lepidolepis, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. hulo-Nederl. n. p. 37.— Amboyna.
2. hechtii, Bleek. I. c. p. 38.— Amboyna.
3. Centropristis macrophthalmus, Milll. tf Trosch. in Schomb. Hist. Barbad.
p. 666. — Caribbean Sea.
* The praiseworthy attempt to form a generic name according to the rules of scientific naturalists has not been attended with success, the name Oligocephalus denoting a fish with a few heads, — and not with a small head, which Mr. Girard intended to signify.
502 ADDENDA.
Page sy. Anthias borbonius. Syn. : SeiTanus delissii, Benn. Proc. Connn. Zool. Soc. i. p. 126.
Page 89. 2a. Anthias manadensis.
Sleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Manado en Makau. p. 39.
D. ||. A. |. L. lat. 45.
The third dorsal spine a little longer than those which follow ; ventrals not elongate ; the caudal lobes very pointed and produced. Red : each dorsal scale .shining golden, with an oHve basal spot ; body with two, head with three rose-coloui'ed bands ; the soft dorsal dotted with yellow. (Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
Page 89. 2b. Anthias pleurotaenia. BUeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 34. D. ||. A. |-. L. lat. 52.
The third dorsal spine, the second ray of the ventral, and the caudal fin elongate. The denticulations at the angle of the praeoper- culum stronger. Eosc-coloured, with two pearl-coloured bands along the lower half of the sides of the body. [Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 89. 2c. Anthias cheirospilos. Blocker, I. c. p. 36.
D. i^. A. 4. L. lat. 40. 7 7
The third dorsal spine veiy long, filiform, the ventral and caudal fins elongate. The denticulations at the angle of the prfeoperculum stronger. Rose-coloured : tho soft dorsal black at the top ; anal and caudal fins violet posteriorly ; pectorals with a violet blotch ; ventrals violet, with rose-coloured longitudinal bands. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 91. Anthias macrophthalmus.
I have lately ascertained that both the specimens from which tho diagnosis was taken are from the Mauritius, and should be referred to Serranus filamentosiLS, Val., from which I do not know how to di- stinguish the Centropristis macrophthalmus of Miiller and Troschel. The latter therefore forms, for the present, an uncertain species of Anthias, whilst it is replaced by
8. Anthias filamentosns.
Serranus filamentosus, t'uv. Hf Val. vi. p. 500.
Centropristis iilamentoaus,MiilLi^Trosch.inSchomb. Hist. Barb. p. 666.
Serraaus mitis, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 127.
Diagnosis as given of Centropristis macrophthalmus (p. 91).
ADDENnA. 503
a. Large -specimen : stuffed. He de France. From Dr. Janvier's
Collection.
b. Fine specimen. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Typo of ^en-anus mitis.
8a. Antliias zonatus.
Serranus zonatus, Cuv. S)- Val. vi. p. 509.
? Serranus argyrogrammicus, Cuv. iff Val. viii. p. 472.
Serranus telfairii, Benn. Proc. Cumm. Zool. Soc. i, p. 127.
This species is described as Serramis zotiatus, p. 103, but it evi- dently belongs to Anthias.
Pago 95. Anthias cichlops.
In a separate copy of Bleeker's paper " Diagnostische Beschryringen van nieuwe Vischsoorten van Sumatra," published in Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Indie, iv. 1853, the number of the dorsal spines is wrongly stated to be live, Avliich is evidently a misprint. The proper reference to this species is — Natuurh. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. iv. 1853, p. 245 ; and the number of the dorsal fin |^.
Page 99. Add to the uncertain species in Note § : — .
5. Sexranus diktiophorus, Bleek. Aot. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Manado en Ma&ass. p. 38.
Page 103. Serranus filamentosus and zonatus ai*e to be referred to Anthias.
Page 107. 16a. Serranus amblycephalus.
Sleeker, Act. Soe. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 32. D ii. A. |. L. lat. 120.
The /height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the latter. Snout entirely scaly. Spiniform denticulations at the angle of the praeoperculum ; sub- and interoperculum entire. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest, and as high as the soft portion. Yellowish-brown, with seven brownish-violet cross-bands : the first between the eyes, and trifid below the eye ; the second across the neck ; the fifth above the anal spines ; aU the bands with black spots along the margins. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 141. Serranus hexagonatus.
Syn. : Serranus stellans, Bleelcer,Acl. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedei-l. i. Amhotna, p. 29.
504 ADDENDA,
Page 154. 127a. Serranus melanotsenia. Bkeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indn-Nederl. ii. p. 33.
D. :^. A.|. L. lat. 110.
The height of the body is one-fom-tli of the total length. Rose- coloured, with a broad black band from the eye to the end of the dorsal ; body and vertical fins dotted with white, the dots on the snout, back, and dorsal fin edged with \dolet ; a large round black spot above, on the base of the caudal. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
Page 161.
The name of Plectropoma cyanostlgma is to be altered into that of PUctropoma ocelJatnm, the former having been given by Bleeker to a fish which is identical ^vith PUctropoma leopardinum (p. 157).
Page 169. Pogonoperca ocellata.
Access to the Acta Soc. Sclent. Indo-Nederl. was only to be obtained after the printing of the family of PercidaD was nearly finished. It is now evident, from the excellent description by Dr. Bleeker contained in the 2nd volume, p. 31, that the above fish is identical with Grammistes punctatus, Cuv. & Val., mentioned in this Catalogue, p. 171. A generic separation from Orammistes, however, appears to be fully justified, and the proper denomination therefore will be Pogonoperca punctata. The species not being new, I have not considered it necessary to give the figure.
From Amboyna.
Page 178. Genyoroge bengalensis. The forniiila of the fins has been omitted : — D. li. A. I. L. lat. 65.
Page 179. Genyoroge caeruleovittata. Syn. : Diacope angiUus, Benn. Proc. Comrn. Zool. Soc. i. p. 127.
Page 179. 5a. Genyoroge spilura. Diacope spilvura, Benn. Proc. Coinni, Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 182. D. il. A. 1.
12 8
On each side five broad, parallel, red longitudinal bands ; a large black blotch before the base of the caudal fin ; the spinous part of the dorsal with a narrow blackish margin superiorly and infcriorly. (Benn.)
iSea of Ceylon.
ADDENDA. 505
Page 222. AMBASSIS.
Add to the diagnosis : Scales deciduous, generally large ; in some species very small.
Page 255. Add a new genus of PERCIDJE : —
54 a. LEMBUS*.
Lateral line none. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchia? absent. Eody subfusiform ; cleft of the mouth rather wide, with the lower jaw longest. A band of villiforra teeth in the jaws and on the vomer ; no canines or palatine teeth. Opercles neither serrated nor armed. Two dorsals, the first with seven slender spines ; anal spines indi- stinct. Scales rather small, ctenoid. Air-bladder present.
Fresh waters of Ecuador.
1. Lembus maculatus.
B. 6. D. 7 I J. A. f. L. lat. 57. L. transv. 22.
Yellowish, irregularly spotted witli blackish : back Avith five dark cross-bars ; a black blotch behind the extremity of the operculum ; three blackish streaks radiating from the eye ; the vertical fins dotted with blackish.
a. Andes of Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Description. — This fish is one of the most interesting additions in the collections sent home by Mr. Fraser. It is a true repre- sentative, in South America, of the Perches of the Arctic regions. It offers, however, several modifications of the typical characters, the most important of which appears to be the absence of the lateral line. In general appearance it resembles Lucioperca, or some of the other elongate Porches, its greatest height below the spinous dorsal being one-fifth of the total length (without caudal f). The body is rather thick, its greatest thickness between the opercles being five- sixths of the height. The tail is compressed. The length of the head is one-third of the total ; it is rather depressed, broad and flat superioi'ly, the width between the orbits being 4| in the length of the head, or 1|^ the diameter of the eye. The snout is pro- duced, depressed, with the lower jaw longest, and with the cleft of the mouth wide, the upper maxillary reaching nearly to below the middle of the eye. There are two nostrils on each side, far apart from each other : the posterior is near the upper angle of the orbit ; the anterior is minute, and close to the upper extremity of the max- illary bone. The eye is of moderate size, one-seventh the length of the head, situated high up the sides, so that its margin interferes
* Fi'om Xt;u/3os, a small, long, swift boat.
t The eaudal fin is lost in the single specimen, which is otliorvvisc very well preserved.
506 l.I)J)ENDA.
with the upper profile of the head. The praeoperculum has the pos- terior margin subvertical, the angle and the lower margin roiuaded ; it is longer than high, and has no sen-ature whatever. The oper- culum and siiboperculum are slightly produced posteriorly into a flexible point. The branchiostegous membrane is fixed to the isthmus, without touching that of the other side. The head is entirely covered with small scales, except the snout.
The spinous dorsal commences at some distance from the vertical from the base of the pectorals, and is composed of seven slender flexible spines, entirely separated from the soft dorsal ; the first spine is rather shorter than the second, the length of which is one-half that of the head ; the following become gradually shorter. The second dorsal commences nearer to the root of the caudal than to the occiput ; it is subquadrangular and rather elevated ; the first ray is the shortest, undivided, and may be considered as a spine ; the following rays gradually become longer to the last two, wbicli are considerably higher than the spinous dorsal. The commencement and the end of the anal fin fall vertically behind those of the soft dorsal, which it resembles in form ; the first two raj-s are undi- vided ; the sixth branched ray is the longest, higher than the spinous, and lower than the soft dorsal. The pectoral is rounded, and com- posed of slender branched rays ; it does not extend on to the vent. The ventral is inserted exactly below the pectoral, and composed of one feeble spine and five rays, the fourth of which is the longest, nearly reaching to the vent.
The scales are rather small, ctenoid, pentangular, vnih the basal margin vertical : there is no trace of a lateral line.
Each of the jaws is armed with a band of viUiform teeth, the pos- terior of which are more cardiform : no canines. The vomerine band is narrow, angularly bent ; palatine bones smooth. The pharyngeal bones are separated from each other and toothed, as in the typical Percidce.
The intestines are badly preserved ; pieces of an air-bladder, how- ever, could be easily detected.
inches, linos.
Total length (without caudal) 5 3
Height of the body 1 1
Thickness of the body 0 10
Length of the head 1 10
Width between the orbits 0 5
Diameter of the eye 0 3
Length of the second dorsal spine 0 11
of the last dorsal ray 1 2
of the sixth anal ray 1 0
of the pectoral 1 2
of the ventral 1 2|
Page 286. Add to the doubtful species of PRISTIPOMA: —
8. Pristipoma scapularo, Tachiirf?, Faun. Penmn. Ichthyol. p. 12.— Cbast of Peru. — It does not appear to he a species of this genus.
ADDENDA. 607
Page 305. Add to the doubtful species of HiEMULON: —
3. Heemulon modestum, Tsckudi, Faun. Peruan. Ichthyol. p. 11. — Coast of Peru. — It does not appear to be a species of this genus.
Page 339. 7. Gerres waigiensis, Quoy ^ Gaim., is identical with Gterres argyreus, p. 353.
Page 355. Scolopsis margaritifer.
Syn. ; Scolopsis margaritifer, Less. Voy. Duperr. Zool. Poiss. p. 198.
Page 360. Scolopsis temporalis.
Syn. : Scolopsis temporalis, Less. Voy. Duperr. Zool. Pviss. p. 197. pi. 26.
Page 381. Pentapus anrolineatus. Syn. : Dentex lycogenis, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 127.
Page 437. Add to the doubtful species of S ARGUS : —
2. Sargus arenosus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 91. pi. 22. f. 07. — Coast of New York.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
abbreviatus (Gcrrcs), 345. abbreviatus (Lethriims),
454. abdoininalis (Serranus),07 abu iiigateriii, o'iO. Aeanthoptorygii, ] . Acaraaya, IOH. Acarne, 480.
acarne(Pagellus),47S,480. acarne (Pagrus), 480. accensuiii, 1G7. Acerina, 72. acerina, 73.
aeinaccs (Gerres), 351. Acropoiiia, 250. aculeata (Cbrysoplirys),
4i)G. aculeatum (Plcctropoma),
1U3. aculcatus (Gastero-stcus),
2, 5tH). aculeatus (Obolarius), 2. acuta (Perea), GO. acutirostris (Charax), 453. acutirosti'is(Seri"anus),135 acutirostris (Sparus), 4C)3. adriaticus, 84. adustus, 22, 37, 45. aenea (Cichla), 25G. ajncus (Centrarchus), 25G. a;neu8 (Serranus), 134. affinc (Diagrami)ia), 319. affinis (Bcryx), 11, 13. akitara, 140. albidus (Labrax), G3. albo-aureus (Lutjanus),
185. albo-aureus (Mesoprion),
185. albofuscus (llolocentrus),
108. albofuscus (Serranus), 108. alboguttata (Diacopc), 1 82. alboguttatus (Lethrinus),
454. alboguttatus (Serranus),
I2i>. albomaculatus (Serranuf*), 105.
alborubrum (Iloloccn-
tritm), 3G. albo^'ittatum (Diagram-
nia), 330. albulus (Bryttus), 259. album (Ilicmulon), 311. alcedo (Smaris), 388. alcedo (Sparus), 388. alexandrinus (Serranus),
99. alta (Ambassis), 227. altipinnis, 499. altivolioides (Serranus),
127. altivclis (Serranus), 152. Alvordius, .501. Anibassis, 222, 505. anibassis (Ccntropomus),
223 anibassis (Sargus), 449. anibigua (Datiiia), 270. ambiguus (l)ules), 270. aniblycepbalus (Serra- nus), 503. amblvuropterus(Apogon),
24G. amblyuropterus (Apogon-
ichthys), 24G. amblyuropterus (Chilo-
dip^erus), 249. aniboinensis(Apogon),234 amboinensis (Genyorogc),
183. amboinensis (Lethrinus),
455. amboinensis (Mosoprion),
1S3. amboinensis (Serranus),
15G. americana(Lucioperca),74 americana (Perca), G5. americanum (Apogon),
247. amcricanus(Aniplnbrion),
1G9. amcricanus (Apogonich-
tliys), 247. amcricanus (Labrax), G5. Amia, 230.
Amphacanthus, 28. Ampbiprion, 10, 29. analis (Diacopc), 175. analis (Hapalogenys), 318 analis (Mesoprion), 194 analis (Serranus), 123. anatarius (Letbrinus),454. angularis (Serranus), 126. angulosus (Labrus), 4G. angulus (Diacope), 505. angustatus (Smaris), 390. annularis (Ajiogon), 239. annidaris (C'lirysoplu"ys),
483. annularis (Diacope), 204. annularis( Mesoprion), 204 annidaris (Sargus), 445. annularis (Sparus), 44.5,
453, 483. annulatum (Plcctropo- ma), 158. Anoplogaster, 8, 12. Ano])lus, 2()4. Antliias, 88. antliias (Lutjanus), 88. antillanus (Conodon),305 Anyperodon, 95. apdtcs, 7.'
aper (Coracinus), 42G A]iliarcus, 273, 385. Apbredoderidac, 271. Aphredodcrus, 271. Aplodactylus, 434.
Apogon, 229. Apogonichthys, 245.
Apogonina, 222.
apogonoides (Ambassis), 224.
apogonoides (Chilodi-» pterus), 249.
appendix (Labrus), 2G1.
appendix (Pomotis), 2G1, 2G2.
Aprion, 81.
aprion (Apogon), 247.
aprion (Apogonichtliys), 247.
aprion (Gerres), 3.52.
Aj)silus, 82.
510
ALPHABETICAL IJTPF.X.
apua, 140.
aquila (Scinena), 169.
aquilensis (Pomotis), 261.
ara, 147.
arabica (Pcrca), 248.
arabicus (Centropomus),
248. arabicus (Chilodiptorus),
248. arara, 97. arctiden8(Haplodactjlu9),
435. arcuatum (H£emulon),305 arenatus (Priacanthus),
215. arenatus (Rhypticu8),173. arenosus (Sargus), 507. areolata (Perca), 149. areolatum (Plectropoma),
156. areolatus (Serranus), 149. argentata (Perca), 192. argentatus (Labrus), 192. argentea (Datnia), 283. argentea ^Perca), 270. argentea (Scisena), 291. argenteum (Holocen-
trum), 28. argenteum (Pristipoma),
291. argenteu3 (Apogon), 245. argenteus (Bodianu8),393. argcnteus (Ca;sio), 393. argenteus (Eucinosto-
mus), 339. argenteus (Lethrinus),
454. argenteus (Mesoprion),
185. argenteus (Pomadasis),
291. argenteus (Priacanthus),
215. argenteus (Sargus), 444. argenteus (Sparus), 388,
466. argenteus (Therapon),
283. argentimaculata (Dia-
cope), 192. argentimaculata (Scisena),
192. argentimaculatus (Meso- prion), 192. argentinus (Ilolocentnis),
97. argcntinuB (Serranus), 97. argus (Cephalopholis),! 15 argus (Holoc^ntrus), 104. argus (Serranus), 115. argyrea (Cichla), 353. argyrea (Sciiena), 353.
argvreum (Pristipoma),
292. argyreu8(Gcrres),353,507. argyrogrammicus (Ser- ranus), l(t3, 503. argyropomus, 4, 500. argyrops (Pagrus), 472. argyrops (Sparus), 472. argyrosoma (Lycogenis),
355. argyrozona (Dentex), 368. argyrozona (Priopis), 222. arics (Chrysophrys), 489. aries (Sargus), 449. Arlina, 501.
armatus (Chaetodon), 81. armatus (Enoplosus), 81. aroubiensis (Apogon), 241 Arripis, 252. ascensionis (Amphacan-
thus), 28. ascensionis (Holocen-
trum), 28. ascensionis (Lutjanus),28. ascensionis (Perca), 28. ascensionis (Sargus), 437. Asper, 78. asper (Perca), 74. asperiUnguis ( Anthias), 89 aspersus (Serranus), 99. Aspro, 78. atherinoides, 404. atlanticum (Oreosoma),
214. atlanticus (Lethrinus),459 atlanticus (Sparus), 130. atrarius, 86. atrobranchus, 86. atromaculata, 501. auctorum (Lobotes), 338. Aulacocephalus, 173. aurantiaca (Diacope), 175. am»ntiu8 ( Lutjanus), 326. aurantius (Serranus), 1 18. Aurata, 484.
aurata (Chry30phry3),484. aurata (Perca), 356. aurata (Scolopsis), 356. Burata (Sparus), 476, 484. auratum (Pristipoma),287 auratus (Centropomus),
230. auratue (Holocontru9)^97. auratus (Scolopsis), 356. auratus ("Serranus), 97. aureovindis (Sphyrspna),
79. auriflamma, 404, 405. aiu-iga (Dulcs), 266. auriga (Pagrus), 471. auripc8(ChrysopbryB),400 auritiim (Pristipoma), 29.'i
aurituB (Apogon), 24(i. auritus (Apogonichthys),
246. auritus (Labru.'^), 261. auritus (Pomotis), 261. auriventris (Sargus), 445. aurolineatum(Ha'mulon),
316. aurolincatus (Mesoprion),
184. aurulineatus (Pentapus),
381, 507. aurolincatus(Sparus),.381 , aurorubens (Centropris-
tes), 207. aurorubens (Mesoprion),
207. aurovittatus (Lutjanus),
356. aurovittatus (Mesoprion),
186. aurovittatu8(MuIlus), 403. australasioa (Macquaria),
286. australis (Chrysophrys),
494. aust rali8( Trachichtliy s), 1 0 awoara (Serranns), 150. axillaris (Apogon), 232. axillaris (Diacope), 175. axillaris (Myripristis), 19, aya (Bodianus), 198. aya (Mesoprion), 198. azuraureus (Ca^sio), 392. azureus (Lethrinus), 464.
baciilis, 222.
bahamenais (Aurata), 496. balinensis (Apogon), 241. balteatum (Diagramma),
328. balt«atu9 (Plectorhyn-
chus), 327. balteatus (Smaris), 389. balteatus (Upcneus), 402. bandanensis (Apogon),
2m.
bandi (Mullus), 397. Banjos, 26*1. banjos (Anoplus), 264. barbatus (Mullus), 401. barberinoides, 406. barberinus, 405. barlovi, 222.
bataviensis (Serranus), 129 batjanonsis (Ambassis),
225. Bcllonii (Synagris\ 370. bcngalcnsis (Gtenyoroge),
178, 504. hpngalensis (TTolorcn-
trus), 178.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
511
benmebari (Priacanthus),
218. bennetti (Dules), 270. bennettii (Pristipoma),
298. bensasi (MuUus), 399. bensasi (Upeneoides), 399 berda (Chrysophrys), 490,
493, 494. berda (Sparus), 408, 494. bertheloti (Pagrus), 471. BerycidsB, 8. Beryx, 8, 12. biacideatu8( Gaaterosteus),
5. biaculeatiis (Upeneu8).410 bicolor (Pristipoma), 288. bicolor (Rhypticus), 173. bicolor (Smecticus), 173. bifasciata (Chrysophrys),
488. bifasciatum (Diploprion),
174. bifusciatus (Apogon), 238. bifasciatus (Chtetodon),
488. bifasciatus (Heterogna-
thodon), 364. bifasciatus (Mullus), 407. bifasciatus (Upeneus),407. biguttatus (Serranu9),156. bilineata (Perca), 171. bilineatum (Pristipoma),
287. b'ilineatus (Anthias), 357. bilineatus (Scolopsides),
357. bilineatus (Upeneus), 41 1 . bilobata (Chrysophrys),
483. bilobatus (Sparus), 483. bilobus (Gerres), 339. bimaculatus (Scolopsis),
367. binotatura, 28, 40. binotatus (Coius), 339. bipunctatus(Dentex),378. bita'niata (Diacope), 191. bitiuniatus (Mesoprion),
191. bitscniatus (Upeneus),398. bivittatus (Centropristis),
82. bivittatus (Serranus), 82. bivittatus (Upeneoides),
398. bivittatus (Upeneus), 398. bleekeri (Apogon), 245. bleekeri (Mesoprion), 208. bleekeri (Myripristis), 20. bleekeri (Scolopsis), 3G1. blochii (CantJiarus), 416.
blochii (Dentex), 378. blochii (Diagramma), 329. blochii (Plectorhynchus),
329. blochii (Priacanthus), 218. boelang (Serranus), 112. boenack (Bodianus), 1 12. boenack (Serranus), 112. bogaraveo (Pagellus), 480. bogaraveo (Sparus), 480. Bogoda, 222. bogoda (Ambassis), 228. bogoda (Chanda), 228. boliar (Diacope), 190. boliar (Lutjanus), 190. boliar (Mesoprion), 190. bohar (Sciaena), 190. Boleosoma, 77. bonariense (HsemiUon),
312. bonariensis (Priacanthus),
216. bontoides (Serranus), 149. bontoo, 138. Boops, 418. hoops (Anthias), 216. boops (Perca), 216. boops (Priacanthus), 216. boops (Sparus), 418. borbonicus (Lethrinus),
454. borbonicus (Myripristis),
19. borbonicus (Serranus), 89,
145. borbonius (Anthias), 89,
502. borensis (Diacope), 199. borensis (Mesoprion), 199. boreus, 501. Boridia, 499. boscii, 497. botche, 19.
bottonensi^ (Diacope), 181 bottonensis (Genyoroge),
181. bottonensis (Mesoprion),
181. boutton( Holocentrus), 181 bouzetianuB (Therapon),
274. bovinum (Plectropoma),
166. Box, 418. Boxaodon, 395. brachycentrus, 5. brachyrhynchus (Rhynch-
ichthys), 50. brama (Cantharus), 416. brama (Cynaedus), 446. brama (Sparus), 410. brandreii, 407.
brasilianum (Plectropo- ma), 164.
brasiKanus (Gerres), 341.
brasiliensis (Centropris- tis), 85.
breviceps (Pagellus), 473.
breviceps (Pomotis), 261.
brisbanii (Grystes), 251.
britannus (Sparus), 352.
brunneus (Epinephelus), 107.
brunneus (Serranus), 107.
Bryttus, 258.
buccauella (Mesoprion), 198.
bufonites (Sparus), 488.
bugaravella( Pagrus), 480.
bungus (Lethrinus), 463.
buphthalmos ( Anthias),87
biirgeri (Glaucosoma), 21 1
buruensis (Ambassis), 226
buruensis (Apogon), 246.
Caballerote, 194.
oabrilla (Perca), 106.
cabrilla (Serranus), 106.
cserulaiu-eus (Csesio), 392.
ceeruleolineata (Diacope), 209.
cseruleopunctata (Genyo- roge), 182.
ceeruleo-punctatus (Holo- oeutrus), 97.
cceruleopunctatus (Meso- prion), 182.
u£Eruleo])unctatus (Serra- nus), 97.
Cfflruleosticta (Chryso- phrys), 485.
cseruleovittata (Diacope), 179.
casruleovittata (Genyo- roge), 179, 504.
ceerulescens (Aphareus), 386.
cseruleus (Cantharus), 417
cseruleus ( Lethrinus), 454.
Cffisio, 265, 273, 390.
calamara (Chrysophrys), 490, 493.
calamus (Chrysophrys), 487.
calamus (Pagellus), 487.
calcarifer, 68.,
Callanthias, 87.
calvetii (Diacope), 205.
Camuri, 79.
canadensis (Lucioperca), 75.
canariensis i^Boops), 418.
(•«nariensis(Pageilu.s),473.
funct^Uata (Datnia). 276.
512
ALPHABETICAL FNOEX.
cancellatoides, 283. cancellatus(ScoIop3is),361 cancellatus (Therapon),
276. caninus (Scolopeis), 364. caninus (Serramis), 133. canna, 310, 311. Cantliarina, 412. cantharinum (Pristipo-
ma), 303. Cantharus, 413. cantharus, 414. cantoris (Apogon), 243. capensi8(Dipterodon),426 capensis (Portaceros), 212 capensis (Sargus), 442. Capeuna, 316. capeuna (Serranus), 316. Caprodon, 88,93. carauna, 120. carbonarium, 76. carbunculus, 79. cardinalis (Chrysophrys),
470. cardinalis (Pagrus), 470. cardinalis (Sorranus) 97. cardinalis (Sparus), 470. carinata (Monocentris), 9. carinatus (Auiphijirion),
10. carinatus (Apogonicli-
thys), 247. caripa, 293. Caripe, 293. carolinus (Priacantlms),
219. carponotatu8(Me8oprion),
190. carui, 185.
oataphracta (Sciajna), 9. oatapliractus (Gast<;racan-
thua), 2. catapliractus (Gastcroe-
tcus), 2. catcnula (Labrus), 488. catesbyi (Pomotis), 261. cathariniE, 298. Catoclucnum, 339. Catonotus, 501. catus (Coius), 200. catus (Serranus), 130. caudalis (Mesoprion), 191 caudanotatus(Mesoprion),
185. cauflavittata(Datnia), 284 caudavitfatus (Dulos), 2(>7 Cauda vittatus (Iloloccn-
trus), 267. caudiniiicula (Ilasmulon).
313. caudoniaculatum (Holp-
criitruiii), 41.
caudovittatus (Therapon),
2S4. cavifrons, 280. celebieus (Dcntex), 377. celebicus (Serranus), 139. celebieus (Synagris), 377. Centrarclius, 2.")6. Ccntriscus, 2, 7. centrodontus (Pagellus),
47(i. controdontus(Sparu8), 476 Centropomus, 74, 79. Ceiitropristis, 82, 1 74, 252. renturio(Diagranima),322 centurio (Letlirinus), 460. ceramensis (Apogon), 235. cernium (Polyprion), 109. Cernua, 72. cernua, 72.
cervinus (Cliavax), 448. cervinus (Sai-gus), 448. cetti (Dentex), 367. cetti (Spams), 367. ceylonicus (Apogon), 229,
244. ceylonicus (Mulloides),
404. ceylonicus (Upeneus),404. ChaH'orhynehus, 454. Cb.'vfodon, 81. cliirtodon (Pomotis), 268. ehivtodonoides (Diagram- ma), 326. eli.t'todonoide9(Lutjanus),
32fi. ehft^todonoides (Pleeto-
rliynclms), 326. CliiTtopterus, 273, 385. Clianda, 222. cliannus (Perca), 106. Chai-ax, 452. Clieilodipterus, 248. cheirospilos, 502. clierserydros, 404. cliema (Anthias), 111. eliilensis (Pcrcichthys),
61. cliilodiptcroides (Scom-
brops), 249. Cliilodipterus, 248. chinensis (Cnidon), 68. eliirtali, 185. chlorocephalus(Serranus),
UK), ehloronotum, 286. ehloropterum (Plectropo-
ma), 164. clilorostigma (Serranus),
151. chlorurum(Plcetroponia),
167. cUristianum, 4(5.
chromis (HiBmulon). 310. ehvoniis (Perea). 310. elirysargjTa (Cliryso-
plirys), 488. el n-ysargyreum ( Ilamu-
lon), 314. ehryselis (Sinaris), 388. clirysobalion (Pristipo-
nia), 2S9. clu'ysomelanurus (Spa- rus), 111. Chrysophrys, 465, 483. chrysopleuron, 410. chrys()j)omus (Apogon),
240. ehrysops (Spnrus), 496. chrysoptera (Perca). 133. chrysoi)terum (Uicnui-
lon), 313. chrysopterus (Chilodipte-
riLs), 305. chry-opterus (Lutjanus),
313. cliry sosoma ( Ajiogon ), 237 chrysostomus ( Letlirinus),
457. clirysota'nia(_ Apogon), 242 chrysota'uia (Diagram- ma), 333. chrysota;nia (Mesoprion),
192. chrysozona (C.-vsio), 392. chrvsurus (Grainmistcs),
180. chrysurus (Mesoprion),
186. chrysurus (Si>anis), 186. ciehlops (Ani bias). 95,503. ciehlops (Serranus), 95. eiliata (Perea), 62. ciliata (Perciehtliys), 62. eiliata (Seiirna), MH. ciliatus (IIoloeentrus),355 eiliatus (Seolojisis), 355. cinetum(Diagrannna),325 cinetum (■Plectro|)0)na),
l(i2. cinerasccns (Diagramma),
323. cinercus (Lcthruuis), 453. cinereus (Therapon), 276. cinnabarinus (Ixithrinus),
454. cinnabarinus (Upenous),
404. citrinua (Lobotes), 337- civis (Diacopc), 184. civis (Genyoroge), 184. clathratus, 6.'}, 501. Cnidon, (KS.
eociiuea (Diacope), 180. coeeineus (Apogon), 229.
ai,i>]iai)i;tual inukx.
oJli
ooccoi (Microiehthys), 229 cocosensi9(Lethrinu9),459 coioides (Bola), 127. coioides (Sen-anus), 127. Colas, 18(5.
collaris (Scolopsides), 356. colonus (Serranus), 101. commersonii (Ambassis),
22.3. commersonii (Labrus),
289. commersonii (Pristipo-
ma), 289. conceptionis (Centropris-
tis), 84. conceptioni8(Pristipoma),
300. conceptionis (Serranus),
84. concinnus, 6. Conodon, 273, 304. convexifrons (Pomotis),
262. Coracinus, 426. coracinus (Clu-jsoj^hrys),
Corniger, 28. eornigerum (Holocen-
trum), 49. cornutum (Holocentrum),
45. cornutus (Anoplogaster),
coro, 297.
coronatus (Serranus), 124.
corvina (Perca), 291.
Corviilus, 230.
crapao, 137.
crassilabri8(lTpeneus),41 ]
crassirostris (Chryso- phrys), 484.
crassispinum (Diagram- ma), 319.
Crenidens, 424, 427, 431.
crenidens (Sparus), 424.
creolus (Serranus), 100.
cristiceps (Chrysoplu*ys),
croceopterus (Lethrinus),
454. Crochilus, 114. crocro, 296.
cruentatus (Labrus), 215. cruentatus (Priacanthus),
215. cruentatus (Sparus), 124. cuning (Sparus), 390. cupreus (Apogon), 237. curvidens (Gymnocrota-
phus), 432. ' euvieri (Gasterosteus), 5. cuvieri (Therapon). 282.
i-vaiiesccns (^boxnodon). ■ 395.
cvane.scens (Erythrich- ' thys), 395.
cyanosoma (Apogon ), 242.
oyanopodus, 98.
cyanoptera(Chrysophrys), 489.
cvanoptcrus (Mesoprion), * 184.
ryanostigma (Plectropo- ' ma), 157.
cyanostigma (Serranus), 117.
cyanostigmatoides (Ser- ranus), 117.
C3'anota;nia (Apogon ),242.
cyanoxanthus(Letlnin us). 454.
cyclostoma (Bodianus), 157.
cyclostoma (Upeneus),409
eyclostomus, 409.
cylindricus (Ctsio), 393.
cylindi'icus( Serranus), 151
Cyna?dus, 42(J, 485.
cynodon (Dentex), 366.
cynodon(Mesoprion), 194.
cynodon (Sparus), 366.
cyprinoides (Chsotodon), ' 498.
cyprinoides (Upeneus), ' 404.
danubiensis, 73. Datnia, 274.
datnia (Coius), 283, 490. Datnioides, 273, 338. datnioides (Psammoper-
ca), 69. decacanthus (Pentaceros),
213. decadactylus, 14, 16. decemlineata (Diacope),
178. decussatus (Mesoprion),
210. delissii, 502. delphini, 16. demidofRi, 74. Dentalis, 370. dentatus (Apsilus), 188. dentatus( Mesoprion), 188. Dentex, 273, 366. dentex (Cichla), 367. dentex( Plectropom a) , 1 60. dentex (Sparus), 367. dermochirus (Serranus),
99. dermopterus (Serranus).
154. Diabasis. 305.
diacantha (Perca), ()3.
diacantlia (Scitena), 63.
diacanthu8(Serranus),l 10.
Diacope, 175, 184.
diadema 42.
Diagramma, 318, 337.
diagramma(Anthia8),329.
diagramma (Grammistes), 329.
diagramma (Perca), 330.
diagramma (Sparus), 329.
diaphanus (Calliurus),258
dichropterus, 142.
diktiophorus, 503.
dimidiatus, 2.
Diplectrum, 82.
Diploprion, 174.
Dipterodon, 78, 426.
Dipterygonotus, 395.
dodecacanthoides (Meso- prion), 206.
dodecacanthus (Meso- prion), 206.
Doydixodon, 431.
dubius(Ch£etopterus),385.
dubius (Midlus), 411.
dubius (Priacanthus), 221 .
dubius (Upeneus), 411.
Dules, 266.
duodecim-lineata, 175.
dussumieri (Ambassis), 225.
dussumieri (Chanda), 225.
dussumieri (Pimelepte- rus), 497.
dussumieri (Pristipoma), 291.
effidgens, 501. eln-enbergii (Letlirinus),
459. ehrenbergii (Pagrus), 471. elegans (Hasmidon), 306. elliptica (Datnia), 276. ellipticus (Lutjanus), 357. ellipticus (Therapon), 276. elongata (Perca), 64. elongatus (Labrax), 64. elongatus( Lethrinus ),458. elongatus( Mesoprion ), 1 85 elongatus (Pomotis), 262. elongatus (Trachichthys),
10. emarginatus (Cantharus),
416. emarginatus( Lobotes),337 emarginatus (Serranus),
134. emery ii (Mesoprion), 185. Emmelichthys, 395. endeka-tisnia (Apogon),
241.
2 L
514
ALPHAUKTICAL INDEX.
enneacanthus (Mcso-
prion), 209. enneadactvlus (Pomacen-
trus), 3o6. enneastigraa (Apogon),
236. Enoplosus, 80. ephippium(Plectropoma),
167. epistictus (Serranus), 128. equula (Gerres), 3.")3. erate (Lobotes), 338. erythracanthus (Lethri-
nus), 454. erythraeum (Holocen-
trum), 32. erythraeus (Serranus), 116. Erythrichthys, 274, 395. erythrina (Diacope), 199 Erythrinus, 473. erythrinus (Mesoprion),
199. erythrinus (Pagellus),
473, 478. erythrinus (Pagrus), 473. erythrinus (Sparus), 473. erythrogaster(Ca^sio),2G5. erythrogaster (Odonlo-
nectes), 265. crv-throgaster (Serranus)
'133. erythrognalhua (Meso-
))rion), 185. erythropterus(Lethrinus),
454. erythropterus (Lutjana*),
205. erythropterus (Mesopri- on), 205. erythrostoma(Sparus),370 erythrura (Cichla), 352. erythruruB (Lethrinus),
4;58. erythrurus (Serranus), 99. erythrurus (Sparus), 352. esculentus (Lethrinus),
400. Estrella, 501. etaape (Mesoprion), 178. Etelis, 79. Etheostoma, 77. Etheostomata, 77.
fallax (Pomotis), 262. farkharii (Lobotes), 338. fasciata (Cichla), 258. fasciata (Perca), 109. fasciatum (Pristipoma),
301. fasciatus (Apogon), 241. fasciatus (Bryttus), 260. fasciatus (Catonotus), .Wl .
fasciatus (Centrarchus),
2.-)8. fasciatus (Grystes), 252. fasciatus (Holocentrus),
lOi. fasciatus (Lethrinus), 4.53. fasciatus (Mullus), 241. fasciatus (Prionodes), 90. fasciatus (Sargus), 448. fasciculare, 83. fasciolatus (Dentex), 376. fax, 215, 220. filamentosum (Catoch.i?-
num), 346. filamentosus (Anthias),
502. filamentosus (Cantharus),
378. filamentosus (Centropris-
tis), 103, 502. filanientoi?us(Dentex),371 ,
378, 380. filamentosus (Gerrcs),345. fiIamentosus(Pagru8),47 1 . filamentosus (Serranus),
103, 502. filamentosus (Synagris),
378. filosus (Dentex), 371. fimbriat us (Serranus), 1 33. llavcscens (Bodianus), 59. flavescens (Lethrinus), 4.54 flavesccns (Mesoprion),
194. flavescens (Perca), 59. flavescens (Serranus), 82. flavimarginatus (Serra- nus), 103. flavipes (Diacope), 175. flavipinnis (Mesoprion),
185. flaviventris (Dules), 267. flavocaeruleus (Holocen- trus), 145. flavo-ca-ruleus (Serranus),
145. flavoguttatus (Serranus),
99. flavolineatus (Mullus),403 flavolineatu9(Sargus),446. flavolineatus (UpeneuB),
403. flavo-maculatiun (Dia-
gramma), 322. flavovittatus, 403. flavus (Serranus), 106. floridensis (Bryttus), 260. floridensis(Calliurus),260. fluviatilis (Cernun), 72. fluviatilis (Perca), 58, fretcla. 322. forniosa (Percn), 305.
fonnosa (Scia^na), 154. formosum (Haemulon),
305. formosus (Anthias), 306. formosus (Calliurus), 259. formosus (Serranus), 154. forskalii (Crcnidens), 424. forskalii (Holocentrus),
109. forsteri(Chrysophrys),483 forsteri (Sparus), 483. foveatus, 141. fraterculus, 404. fremitivillei (Doydixo-
don), 431. frenatus (Apogon), 241. frenatus (Lethrinus), 453. frenatus (Scolopsis), 361. fucatus (.Apogon), 244. fulgens (Mesoprion), 185,
197. fulgens(Priacanthus),215. fulva (Diacope), 184. fulva (Genyoroge), 184. fulva (Perca), 184. fulviflamma (Diacope),
201. fidviflamraa (Mesoprion),
201. fulviflamma (Perca), 201. fulviflarama(Sciama),201 . fulvomaculatum (Hacmu-
lon), 301. fulvomaculatum (Pristi- poma), 301. fulvomaculatus (Labrus"),
301. fulvus (Holocentrus), 184. furcatum (Holocentrum),
29. furcatus (Aphareus), 385. .furcatus (Labrus), 386. furcosus (Dentex), 873. furcosus (Synagris), 373. fuscescens (Mesoprion),
20K fuscescens (Sparus), 4*53. fuscoguttatus (Serranus),
127. fuscus (Apogon), 229. fuscus (Apsilus), 82. fuscus (Didcs), 268. fuscus (Pimelepterus),
498. fuscus (Serranus), 134. fuscus (Xyster), 498.
gagarella (Smari.s), 388. gaimardi (Serranus), 1.50 galeus (Serranus), 130. gallinaceum. 286. Gasteracanthus. 2.
ALPn.VltKTU'AL INDKX.
il.J
jfastcrosteidiK, 1. jrasterosleus, 2, 8. ;aterina, 322. jemhra (Mesoprion), 10'5. jenigiitlatiis (Lctlu-inus),
4:)4. genidttatus (Lellirinus),
454. Genyoi'oge, 175. geograpliicus (Sen-anus),
150. georgianus (Arripis), 253. georgianus (Ceutropris-
tis), 253. gerreoidcs (Pcntaprion).
Gerrcs, 273, 339.
gliaiiam, 3()2.
ghcbiil (Therapon), 2S1.
Giaret. 388.
gibba (Diacope), 180.
gibba (Genyorogc), 180.
gibba (SciEena), 180.
gibbiceps (Chrysopbrys).
480. gibbofsa (Pcrca), 261. gibboMiin (DiagranimaV
310. gibbosus (Aplirododcni.^),
271. gibbosus (Holoccntrus).
288. gibbosus (Pomotis), 2t>l. gibbus (Lutjanus), 180. gigas (Centropristis). 251. gigas (Holocentrus), 132. gigas (Oligorus), 251. gigas (Serraiuis), 132. gilberti (Serranus), 148. gillissii (Percilia), 255. GircUa, 427. glaga, 247. Glaucosoma, 211. globiceps (Chrysoplirys),
485. gloriosus (I5ryttus), 2G0. glv]>liodoii (Lcthrinus),
402. gobioidcs (Dentex), 3(){). Gobius, 78. godini (Apogon), 232. goldnianni (Diagramma),
331. goldmanni (Serranu8),12() goliath, 97. gora (Sparus), 387. goreensis (Box), 421. goreensi8(Mesoprion),105 gorecnsis (Pagcllu*), 481. goiTcnsis (Hprraiius). 133. gotliolVcfli (].ii>lhriiHi!!),
gracilis (Ajjogonichtliys),
240. gracilis (Perca), (iO. gracilis (Sniaris), 380. grivcus (ScaUiarus), 422. Gramniisios, 171. graiiiiiio]i(rciliini, 280. graiule (Paclivinetopon),
42-1. graudoculi.s (C'antliarus),
417. gTandoculis (Chry.*o-
piirys), -405. graiidoculis (Sciicna), 405. grandoculis (SpariLs), 405. grandocxdis (Sp]ia>rodon),
405. graiuilata (Perca), 50. grisea (Lucioperca), 70. griseum (Diagramma),32 1 griseus (Cantbarus), 414. gri.<eus (Dentex), 372. griseus (Mesoprion), 104. grossidens, 409. G^ryslcs, 251. Grystina, 251. giiainensis (Apogon). 229. guamensis (Dales), 200. guativere, 08. guativere (Bodianus). 12(). guaza (Labrus), 1 10. gula (Gevres), 34(). guliminda, 304. gulosus(Centi'arcluis),258. gulosus (Pomotis), 258. gumniiguttata (Pioctro]jo-
nia), KiO. guoraka. 28(). guttata (Pcrca \ 124. guttatus (Bodianus), 110. guttatus (Haplodactyliis),
434. guttatus (Johnius), 07. guttatus (Scrranus), 1 17,
119, 124. gutta-variuni (Plectropo-
nia), 100. guttulatus (Pagrus), 408. Gymnoccphalus, 72. gyinnoeeplialus (Lutja-
luis), 223. Gymnocrotapluis, 432. gymnodon (Scia-na), 388. gynniopareius (Serranus),
105. nymnoptcrus (Ca^sio),
304. gyninosus, 145. gyninurus, 3.
lia'inatocliii'l l)iagraiiiina ), 331.
luematoptcrus (Lethi'i-
nus), 4()4 Hannulon, 273, 305. haU'ara(Cbrysophrys),-18S. hartara (Sparus), 445, 48S. liamrubr (Antbias), 210. bamrulu" (Lutjanus), 210. hamrubr (Priacantbusl,
210. hamruhr (Sciirna), 210, Ilapalogenys, 273, 317. Ilaplodactylina, 434. Haplodactylus, 434. harak (Letlninus), 458. liarak (Scia?na), 458. liartzfeldii (Apogon), 242. hasta (Cbrysopbrys). 400 hasta (Dent«x), 373. hasta (Lutjanus), 280. ha.sta (Pristiponia), 280. hasta (Sparus), 400. hastatum (Holocentruni).
30. hebraiciun (Glauoo.soma ).
211. hcehtii, 502. liclhnuthii (Heterogna-
thodon), 304. Felotes, 272. helvetica (Perca), 58. heniistictus( Serranus), 1 J 0 ]iepatus(C'entropristis),84. hepatus(Graminisles),28(i licpatus (irolocentrus).84. hepatus (Labrus), 84. hepatus (Sen-anus), 84. heptacanihus, 400. heptadaet y lus ( I loloccn -
trus), ()8. lieptastignia(Apogon).23l heptazona (Chilodi))io-
rus). 248. Iieros (Pomotis), 203 Iletcrodon, 304. heterodon (Ilainulun).
312. heterodon (Pagrus), 40.5. l-.oterodon (Spluurodon ),
405. I£eterognathodon,273..")04 Iletero.phthahuus, 5( )0 . liexacanthus (Centrar-
chus), 257. liexacanthus (Diptero-
don), 230. liexacanthus (Pomotis),
257. hexagonata (Perca). 141. hexagonatus (lloioceii-
tnis), 141. I lexagonatus ( Serra 1 1 1 h ).
||(» 5(13 'J L 2
616
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
hexagoniis (Lutjanus), 27. hexagomis (Myriprislis),
27. hexazona (Lobotes), 339. bexodon (Dentex), 376. hexodon (Synagris), 376. hirundinaceus, 87. hispanum (Plectropoma),
165. hober(Centropomu9).201. hoedtii, 139. hoevenii (Apogon), 237. hoevenii (Serranus), 138. holbrookii (Pomotis), 261. Holocentrum, 8, 22, 28. holocentriim (Priacan-
thus), 220. Holocentru8,29,36, 72, 84. Homodon, 252. Hoplostethus, 8. horridus (Serranus), 136. hoteen (Mesoprion), 201. hottentottus (Sargns),448. humeralis (Oligocepba-
lus), 501. humeralis (Serranus), 104. humeri-maculatus, 446. humilis (Bryttus), 258. Huro, 255. hurta (Aurata), 465. hurt a (Pagrus), 465. hurta (Sparus), 465. hyalosoma (Apogon), 231 . Hyperoglyphe, 337. hyp-elonotus (Apogon),
232. hypselosoma(Dentex),371
imberbis (Apogon), 230. imberbis (Mullus), 230. immaculata(Diacope),191 immaculatus(Me9oprion),
193. immaculatus (Upeneus),
409. impetiginosus, 142. incisor (Pimelepterus),
497. incisor (Pomotis), 261. inconstans, 2. incurvus (Lobotes), 338. indicus (Mullus), 406. indicus (Pimelepterus),
497. indicus (Upeneus), 406. indigo (Plectropoma), 1 66. inermis (Seolopsis), 357. inermis (Serranus), 152. inopinatus, 2. insidiator (Smaris), 390. intermedius (Qtisteros-
teus), 2.
interrupta(Amba9sis),220. interruptu8(Ambloplites),
257. int€rruptus(Centrarehus),
257. iridea (Perca), 257. irideus (Centi'archus),257. iris (Labrus), 2.57. iris (Pentapus), 380. irradians, 83. isodon (Mesoprion), 206. itaiara, 99. italiea (Perca), 58.
jacobus, 19. jacome, 85. jaguar, 29.
jansenii (Serranus), 99. jansenii (Upeneus), 410. janthinuropterus (Meso- prion), 193. janthinurus (Mesoprion),
181. japonicum (Acropoma),
250. japonicum (Pristiporaa),
303. japonicus (Anthias), 354. japonicus (Epiuephelus),
109. japonicus (Ga8terosteus),9 japonicus (Gerres), 351. japonicus (Labrax). 71. japonicus (Lateolabrax),
71. japonicus (Lepisacan-
thus), 9. japonicus (Lutjanus), 354. japonicus (Monocentris),9 japonicus (Mullus), 404. japonicus (Myripri8tis),25 japonicus (Percalabrax),
71. japonicus (Priacanthus),
217, 218. japonicus (Seolopsis), 354. japonicus (Sparus), 378. japonicus (Synagris), 378. japonicus (Upeneus), 404. jarbua (Holoccntrus),278. jarbua (Seinena), 278. jocu (Anthias), 194. jocu (Mesoprion), 195. johnii (Anthias), 200. johnii (Mesoprion). 200. jub (Sparus), 288. juba (G-rammistes), 288. juba (Perca), 288. jubelini, 286. jnsculum (M.tna). 386.
kakaan, 289.
kallopterus(Apogon),241. kallopterus (Lethrinus),
459. kalosoma (Apogon), 240. kapas (Gerres), 35l. karooi, 185.
karwa (Lethrinus), 454. kasmira(Grammi8tes),178 kasmira (Sciana), 178. kale, 3.54. katoptron, 501 . kawamebari (Serranus),
107. koilomatodon (Apogon),
234. kopsii (Ambassis), 224. korely (Lethrinus), 453. kunhardtii, 99. kuntee, 20. kiu-ite, 354. Kyphosus, 497.
Labrax, 63. labrax (Perca), 63, 75. labrax (Sciaena), 63. labriformis(Serranu8),152 Labrus, 46, 84. lacteoguttatum, 38. laive (Holocentrum), 47. laevifrons, 497. Ifcvis (Labrus), 158. laevis (Perca), 61. Inrvis (Percichthys), 61. lala, 222. lanceolatus(Holocentrus),
107. lanceolatus(Serranus), 107 laniarius (Pagrus), 467. lata (Scia;na), 465. Lateolabrax, 70. lateralis (Apogon), 229. lateristriga, 405. Lat«s, 67.
laticeps (Holocentrum),38 laticeps(Chrysophry8),485 latidens (Letiu-inus), 464. latifasciatus (Serranus),
154. latifrons (Lethrinus), 458. latus (Apogon), 229. latus (Pagrus), 465. lebretonianus, 99. leignathos, 21. Leiopsis. 380. leiurus, 3. Lembus. 505. lembus (Pimelepterus),
498. lemniscatus (Serranus),
155. leo, 39. leonina (Perca). 485.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
517
leoniiiu6 (Crenidens ), 427. leonoides, 28. leopardinum (Plectropo-
iiia), 107. leojiardus (Ilulocentrus),
I ;-)7. leojiardus (Labrus), 12.3. leopardus (Plectroponia),
157. leopardus (Scrranus), 123. lepidolcpis (Anthias), 'ilJl. lepidopterus (Epuicphe-
lus), 'J7. lepidoptcrus(Serranu9);y7 lepidum (Boleosonia), 77. lepidus (OUgocephalus),
50'. Lepisacanthus, 8. lepisurus (Sparus), 100. leptacanthus (Apogon),
232. lessonii (Diagramnia),329. lethrinoides (Dentex), 372. Letlu-inu9 453. leuciscus (Dules), 270. leucogrammicus (Anyper-
odon), 9G. leucogramiuicus (Diptery-
gonotus), .396. leucograramicus (Emmel-
ichthjs), 390. leueogrammicus (Ery-
thriclitbys), 390. leueogrammicus (Serra-
nus), 96. leucostigma (Serraniis),
137. leucotienia (Scolopsis),363 leucotasnioide8(Scolopsis),
363. leucurum (Pristipoma),
280. leutjanus (Bodianus),4Gl. leutjanus(Lethrinus), 461. lima, 19, 28. limbatus (Gerres), 339. Hmbatus (Serranus), 125. linea (Mesoprion), 195. lineata (Diaoope), 193. lineata (Perca), 248, 330. lineata (Scisena), 64, 330. lineatum (Diagramma),
330. lineatum(Pristipoma),300 lineatus (Apogon), 239. lineatus (Beryx), 13. lineatus (Cantharus), 414. lineatiis(Centropomus),05 lineatus (Chilodipterus),
248. lineatus (Gerres), 339. lineatus (Graramiste6),330 lineatus (Labrax), 04.
lineatus (Mesoprion), 193. lineatus (Pagrus), 414. lineatus (Sargus), 444. liueatus (Scolopsis), 301,
302. lineatus (Serranus), 150. lineatus (Smaris), 339. lineatus (Sparus), 387, 414 lineolata (L)iacope), 205. lineolafus (Apogon), 244. lir.eolatus(Canth!irus),4I8 lineolatus (Mesoprion),
205, 208. linsleyi, 501. lithognathus (Pagellus),
483. litiu-a (Mesoprion), 194. Lobotes, 273, 337. longifilis (Pagi'us), 472. longimanus (Anthias), 94. longipinne (Holocen-
trum), 28. longirostris (Labrus), 353. longispinis(CIu'ysoplirys),
490. longulus (Bryttus), 259. longulus (Calliurus), 259. longidus (Pomotis), 259. longulus (Scolopsis), 303. lophodon (Haplodacty-
lus), 435. lorieatus (Gasterosteus), 2. loubina, 79. louti, 101. lowei, 17.
lucidus (Geri-es), 339. Lucioperca, 74. lueioperca, 75. luciopercanus, 84. luna (Pomotis), 201. lunaria (Perca), 97. lunaris (Cffisio), 390. lunulata (Perca), 185. lunulatus (Lutjanus), 185. lunulatus(Mesoprion),185 lunidatus (Serranus), 97. lupus, 03.
lutea (Coryphaina), 377. lutcus (Dentex), 377. luteus (Lutjanus), 286. luteus (Synagris), 377. luteus (Upeneus), 404. lutjanus, 185. latra (Serraniis), 126. lycogenis (Dentex), 381,
507. lycogenis (Seolopsides),
355.
macolor (Diacope), 176. macolor (Qenyoroge), 1 76. macolor (Mcsopi'ion), 176. Macquaria, 274, 285.
maequariensis (Grystes),
251. maequariensis (Oligorus),
251. macraeanthus (Ambassis).
227. macraeanthus (Gerres),
346. maeraeantlius (Meso- prion), 283. macraeanthus (Priacan-
thus), 220. macraeanthus (Traehypo-
m.T), 107. macroeephalus (Bodi-
anus), 145. macroeephalus (Dentex),
366, 405. macroeephalus (Labrus),
300. macrochir (Pomotis), 263. macrodon (Centropomus),
248. maerolepis( Ambassis), 227 maerolepis (Bogoda), 227. maeronemus (Midlus),
405. maeronemus (Synagris),
380. maeronemus ( Upeneus),
405. macrophtlialmus (An- thias), 91, 218,502. macrophthalmus (Centro-
pristis), 91, 502. macrophthalmus (Cichla),
370. macrophthalmus (Den- tex), 370. macrophthalmos (Plec-
tropoma), 165. macrophthalmus (Pria-
canthus), 215. maerophthalmu8(Sparus),
370. macroptera (Psammoper-
ea), 69. macropteroides (Apogon),
245. macropterus (Apogon),
24-1, 245. macropterus(Labrus),257. macropterus (Briacan-
thus), 215. macropus (Holoeentrum),
31. macropus (Priacanthus),
216. niaerosoma (Gerres), 353. macrospilos (Serranus),
149. niacrostoma (Hajmidon),
308.
518
ALI'IIAIJKTICAL IXIIKX.
inacriirus (Hoto'o^iatlid-
tloii), .'JC..'). macula (JSparus), ^88. inaculatii (Perca), 130. maculatuin (Boleoaoma),
77. uificulatum (Plectropo-
ma), 15G. inaculatum (Pristipoma),
293. maculatus(Alvordius),501 maculatus (Antliias), 293. inaculal iis(Bodianus), 156. niacidatus (Ciusio), 3U1. miwjulatus (Cantharus),
417. maculatus (Dules), 208. maculatus (Hapalogenya),
317. maculatus (Holocentrus),
108. niaculalus (Lcnibus), 505. inaculatus(Lcthrinus),453 macidatiis (Lutjanus),293 niaciilatus (Mu'llus), 408. luaoidatus (Rhypticus),
173. maculatus (Sei"ranus),108.
130. maculatus (Upeucus), 4(J8 maculosus (Apogon), 23(>. maculosus (Ceutrarelius),
257. maculosus (Serranus), W. madagascariensis (Chrys-
oplirys), 483. madras (Mesoprion), 200. malabaricus (Upeneus),
4{)7. Mfena, 273, 386. mivna (Sparus), 386. mahogoni (Mesoprion),
203. mah8ena(Lethrinus), 463. mahsena (Sciaiua), 4()3. mahsenoides (Lethriiius),
463. mainensis, 6. major (Pagrus), 470. malabaricus (Mesoprion),
204. malabaricus (Sparus), 204. malo (IJulcs), 270. maiiadensis(Anthia8),502. marciac, 4'.)8. margaritifer (Scolopsis),
355, 507. margaritifer (Serranus),
131. margaritophorus (Apo- gon), 234. niargi)iali!;( l<;|>in('pliclus),
135.
marginal is (Serraniu-;).
101), 1.J5. marginata (Diacoi>e), 181. marginata (Grenyoroge),
181. marginata (Perca), 62. marginata (Percichthvs).
62. mai'ginatum (Holocen-
trum), 36. marginatus (Dentex), 373. inarginatus (Dides), 268. marginatus (Mesoprion),
181. marginatus (Pomotis). 264 marginatus(Serranus),l."i3 marianum, 2'*^- marina (Luciopcrca), 75. marina (Perca), 103, 106. marinus (Gastcrosteus), 7. marinus (Holocentrus),
104, 106. maroccanus (Dentex), 370 martinicus (Smaris), 387. martinicus (Upeneus),402 massiliensis (Scorprena).
169. massiliensis (Sparus), 387,
476. matejuels, 29. mato (Dules), 270. maurii (Smaris), 389. mam-itianus (Smaris), 392. mauritianus (Upeneus),
402. mauritii (Grammistes),
288. meaeo, 244. mediterraneuin (Dia-
grainma), 321. mediterrancus (IIoplo-
stethus), 9. megachir (Serranus), 148. Melanichtbys, 427. melanichthys(Crenidens).
427. melanoleucum (I'lectro-
poma), 1.57. melanoleucus (Bodianus),
157. melano])s (Bryttus), 260. melanops (Calliurus), 2(50. melanops(Percichthys),t)[ uielanopterum (Pristi- poma), 287. nielanorliina (Plectro-
poma), 166. melanorhynclios (Apo- gon), 241. melanospi los( Gei i vorogc) .
183. niclaMOspilos( McHOiii'ion ).
183.
niclano'a'iiia, 504. inelanotoptcrmn (llolo-
centruiri), 43. melanura (Diacope), 183. melan ura(G-enyoroge), 183 melanura (Oblata), 422. melaniu*a (Sciana), 445. Melanurus, 422. melanurus(Bodianus), 147 melaiuu'us (Sc^rranus), 147 melanurus (Smaris), 389. melanurus (Sparus). 422. UK^Ias (Apogon). 243. mela.s (Serranus), 143. mcndola (S])arus), 38(). mcntzelii, 140. mcrou, 132. merra, 141. Mesoprion. 175. mesoprion (Dentex), 373. metallicus, 204. metopias (Dentex), 376. metopia;- (Synagris), 376. microceplialus (Gastcros- teus), 2. microchir (Me.-^oprion).
186. microdon (Dentex), 372. microdon (Heterognatho-
don), 366. microdon (Letliri!uis),453 Microichthys, 22;"!. microlcpis (Datnioides),
3;{9. microlepis(Tlierapon ),274 microlophus (Pomotis),
264. n 1 ic-ronot atus ( Ser ran us ),
137. microphthalnumi (Hic-
mulon), 30(). microphllialnms (Myri-
pristis), 24. microprion (Lobotes), 372 nu'croprion (Serranus),
116. microps (Calliurus), 258. niicrops (Pagellus), 487. Micropterus, 252. micropterus (Pagrus), 468 microstoma (Iloloeen-
trum), 34. microstoma (Lutjanus),
289. miliaris (Serranus), 99. millepun('tatus, 7. miniata (Diacope), 118. miniala (Perca), 118,119. miniatus ( Lethrijuis), 454. minialus (t^erranus), 1 18. miniatus (Sparus). 454. minima (C'icida), 258. miteliilli (I'crca), (55.
ALPnAJiKTICAL INDEX.
519
)iiitis, 503.
iiioara (Serraniis), 133. aiocliar, 484. iiiodestuin (H.timilon),
607. modestus (Apogon), 237. moensii (Lethrinus), 4.55. inolucceiisis( Apogon), 229 inolucccnsis(Upeneoides),
3'jy. luonacanthus (Plectro-
poina), 104. Monoeentris, 8. iuonocliTOus(Apogon),236 monogramma (Scolopsis),
358. iiionostigma (Mesoprion),
201. Hiorio, 142. Mormyrus, 481. inormyrus (Pagellus), 481 iiiormyriis (Pagrus), 4^1. luorinyrus (Pei'ca), 106. inorrhua (Serrauus), 154. mucroiiata (Perca), 65. mvicronatum (Pristipo-
ma), 318. mucronatus (Hapalo-
genys), 318. mucronatus (Labrax), 65. Mullidre, 397. MuUoides, 402. nmlloides (Dentex), 374. mulloides (Synagris), 374. Mullus, 400.
multidens (Dentex), 373. multifasciatus (Midlus),
407. multilineatus(Labi'ax),67,
501. multitaeniatus (Apogon),
220, 242. murdjan, 21. iniu'iniis (Bryttus), 260. uiui'inus (Calliurus), 260. mylio (Sparus), 488. myi'iaster (Serranus), 119. Myriodon, 174. Myripristis, 8, 19. mysta<;inus(Serranus), 109
nageb, 290. nalua, 223, 225. nania (Ambassis), 228. nama (Bogoda), 228. nama (Chanda), 228. nebulifer, (52. 601. nebulosa (Sciiena), 460. nebulosus (Centropomus).
82. nebulosus (Gasterostcus),
6. nebulosus ( LcUa-inus), 159
nebidosus (Serrauus), 1 10,
148. nefastus (Poraotis), 261. nematacauthus (Lethri- nus), 450. nematophorus (Dentex),
379. nematophorus (Synagris),
379. nematopterus (Apogon),
2.33. nematopus (Dentex), 377. nematopus (Synagris), 377 Nemobrama, 16. nemurus (Dentex), 378. nemurus (Hetcrognatho-
don), 3(55. nemurus (Synagris), 378. niger (Lutjanus), 176. nigra (Diacope), 176. nigra (Genyoroge), 176. nigra (Sciana), 176. nigrescens (Coryphajna),
86. nigri (Gerres), 347. nigri (Serrauus), 112. nigi'icans (Centropristis),
86. nigricans (Huro), 255. nigricans (Labrax), 63. nigi'icans (Plcctropoma),
167. nigriceps (Serranus), 99. nigriculus, 124. nigrijiinnis (Apogon), 235. nigripinnis (Hapaloge-
nys), 317. nigripinnis(Pogonias),3 1 7 nigripinnis (Serranus), 1 1 8 uigritus (Serranus), 134. nigro-fasciatus (Serranus),
112. nigromaculatus (Apogon),
233. nigrorubrum (Plectro-
poma), 158. nigrum (Pristipoma), 289. nilotica (Perca), 67. niloticus (Centropomus),
67. niloticus (Lates), 67. Niphon, 80. niphonius (Priacanthus),
217. nitens (Hapalogenys),317. nitidum (Diagramma),336 nitidus (Centrarchus), 257 nitidus (Emmelichthvs),
395. nitidus (Erythriclithys),
395. nitidus (Poniotis), 261. nitidus (Pomoxis), 267.
niveatus (Serranus), 130. nobilis (Lates), 68. nobilis (Polymisia), 17. noct (Sargus), 444. notata (Diacope), 181. notata (Genyoroge), 181. notatus (Labrax), 67. nouleny (Serranus), 126. nova; guinese (Apogon),
237. nov;T3 hoUandioe (Apogon),
noveboraceusis, 4. noveni-fasciatus (Apo- gon), 229, 241. novemstriatus (Apogon),
luibilus (Pentapodus), 382 nubilus (Pentapus), 382. uuecensis (Grystcs), 252. nufar (Dentex), 371.
oblada (Sparus), 422. Oblata. 422. obliquatus, 305. oblonga (Ambassis), 228. oblongior, 497 oblongus (Gerres),353,354 Obolarius, 2. obolarius, 2. obscurus (Centrarchus),
258. obscurus (Therapon), 275. occidentalis (Gasteros-
teus), 6. oceanicus (Holocentrus),
109. oceanicus (Serranus), 109. ocellatum (Plectropoma),
161, 504. octocinctus (Serranus), 1 09 octolineata (Diacope), 178 octolineatiun (Pristijio-
ma), 303. octolineatus (Helotes); 285 octolineatus (Mesoprion),
178. octovittata (Diacope), 180. octovittata (Genyoroge),
180. octovittatus (Cliilodipte-
rus), 248. oculatus (Anthiaa), 92. ocidatus(Centropristis),92 oculatus (Hesperantliias),
92. oculatus (Serranus), 92. Odontonectes, 205. ohioensis (Cichla), 258. olfax (Serranus), 153. oligacauthus (Plectro- poma), 157. Oligoccplialu.-i, 501.
520
ALPHAltETICAL INDKX.
Oligorus, 251.
olivaccus (Lethrinu9),453.
olivaccus (Mesoprion),
185. olmstcdi, 77. ongus, 142. onias (Cynscdus), 420. opercularc (Holocen-
tnun), 47. opercidaris (Lethrinus),
461. orbicvdaris ( Apogon), 233. orbicularis (Cantharus),
416. Oreosoma, 214. orientale (Diagramma),
32G. orientale (Holocentnun),
3G. orientaUs (Anthias), 326. orientalis (Grammistes),
171. orientaU? (Serranus), 32G. ornatus (Lethrinus), 461. Orphus, 476. orphus (Aurata), 467. orplius (Pagrus), 467. orphus (Sparus), 476. osbeckii (Msena), 387. osbeckii (Sparus), 387. osculatii, 65.
ouatalibi (Serranus), 120. ovatus (Gerres), 343. ovenii (Dentex), 375. ovenii (Synagris), 375. '••vis (Sargus), 447. ovis (Sparus), 447. Owenii (Pagellus), 478. oxyeephalua, 409. oxygeneios (Epinephelus),
169. oxyrhynchus (Serranus),
114. oxyrhynchus (Therapon),
281. oyena (G«rres), 352. oyena (Labrus), 352. oyena (Smaris), 353.
pachycentrum (Serranus),
116. Pachymetopon, 424. Pagellus, 473. Pagrina, 453. Pagrus, 465, 466, 476. ^ pagrus (Sparus), 466, 476. paikceli, 292. pallidus, 67. panthcrinus (Holocen-
Irus), 9M. pa n t herinus (Serranus),98 papilionarcus (Serranus),
114.
paradiaaeua (Callauthias), 87.
paradiseus( Pentapus ),383
Parabibrax, 62.
pardalis(Diagrajnraa),323
pardalis (Serranus), 148.
pargus (Mesoprion), 185.
parkinsonii (Serranus),97.
parvid(m8, 21.
parvus, 402.
patachoniea (Plectropo- ma), 164.
pavoninus (Serranus), 126
pavtense (Plcctropoma), 165.
pectinatus (Scolopsis), 362
peelii (Grystes), 251.
pelamidis, 50.
Pelates, 274.
peloritanus (Bodianu8),87
peloritanus (Callantliias), 87.
penna (Pagellus), 487.
pennanti (Perca), 88.
pentacantlaus (Bodianus), 29.
pentacanthus (Centrar- chus), 256.
pentacanthus (Perca), 171 .
Pentaeeratina, 212.
Pentaccros, 212.
Pentaprion, 274, 396.
Pentapus, 273, 380.
Perca, 58.
Percalabrax, 70.
Per car in a, 73.
Percichthys, 61.
Percida?, 51.
PerciUa, 255.
Pereina, 58.
Percoidei, 51.
perdix (Apogoniehthys), 247.
pernambucensis (Pagel- lus), 481.
peronii (Dentex), 376.
peronii (Pentapus), 381.
peronii (Synagris), 376.
perotaji, 302.
peroteti (Pristii)oma), 302.
personatiLs (!:5colopsi8),360
perlusa (Perca), 321.
pcrtusuni (Diagramma). 321.
pertUsus (Lutjanus), 321.
peruanus (Serranus), 97.
peruvianus (Gerres), 3.39.
phieops (Scolopsis), 3r>8.
j)haethon (Serranus), 100.
phaiot;vniatus (Meso- prion), 207.
philadelphicn, 82.
phcrbe, 85.
phula, 228.
Phycis. 103.
pica (Diagramma), 326.
picta (Perca), 327.
pictum( Diagramma), 327.
pictiun (Plectropoma),164
pictus (Grammistes), 327.
pictus (Lutjanus), 327.
]iihloo, 292.
i'ileonia, 76.
Pimelepterina, 497.
Pimelepterus, 497.
pinjalo (Caesiu), 391.
pisang (Ca^sio), 390.
pixanga, 98.
plebcius, 2.
Plectorhynchus, 318.
plectorhynchus (Chseto- don), 326.
plectorhynchus (Diagram- ma), 526.
Plectropoma, 1.56.
pleurospilus, 407.
])leurostigma, 407.
pleurotfenia, 502.
plumieri (Centropomus), 305.
plmnieri (Conodon), 304.
pkmiieri (Dipterodon), 202.
plumieri (Gerres), 340.
plumieri (Labrus), 305.
plumieri (Perca), 304.
plumieri (Scirena), 304.
poecdonotus (Serranus), 155.
poecilopterum (Diagram- ma), 329.
pceeilopterum (Holocen- trum), 32.
pcecilopterus (Apogon), 232.
pcecilopterus (Priacan- Uuis), 220.
PcDcilosoma, 77.
poeti (Gerres), 34L
Pogonias, 317.
Pogonoperca, 169.
polota (Coins), 339.
polota (Datnia), 339.
polota (Datnioides), 339.
Polyeentrus, 274, 396.
Polymixia, 8, 16.
polyphekadion (Serra- nus), 128.
polyjiodophilus (Serra- nus), 128.
Polyprion, 168.
polystignia (Apogonieh- thys), 2-16.
polysl igma (Serramis), 1 29
l>olj'la'nia (Diagramma), 332. 33.3.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
521
polytsenia (HelotcB), 286. polytsenioides (Diagram- ma), 333 pomacanthus(Me8oprion),
210. Pomatomus, 249. Pomotis, 261. pomotis (Centrarchu9),256 pomotis (Scolopsides), 354 Pomoxis, 256. popeii, 261.
porosa (Diagramma), 337. porosa (Hyperoglyphe),
337. porosus (Pentapus), 382. porosus (Upeneichtbys),
400. porosus (Upeneus), 400. post. 72.
prseorbitalis (Dentex), 368 priBstigiator, 85. pralinius, 20, 25. prasLin, 36. prayensis, 409. precioBus, 9. Priacanthina, 215. Priacanthus, 215. Prionodes, 96. Priopis, 222. Pristipoma, 273, 286. pristipoma (Dentex), 380. PristipomatidfE, 272. Pristipomoides, 273, 380. Proteracanthus, 426. Psammoperca, 69. psittacinus, 86. psittacus (Spar us), 488. puella (Pleetropoma), 16.5. pugetti, 2.
pulchella (Perca), 42. punctata (GiroUa), 427. punctata (Perca), 63. punctata (Pogonoperca),
504. punctata (Sciasna), 63. punctatissimum (Holo-
centrum), 38. punctatissimus (Serra-
nufl), 144. punctatum (Diagramma),
323. punctatum (Pleetropoma),
156. punctatus (Bryttus), 259. punctatus (Creniden8),427 pimctatus (Gerres), 346. punctatus (Qrammistes),
171, 504. punctatus (Ilaplodactv-
lus), 434 punctatus (HolQcentnis),
98. punctatus (La'-^-ns). 101
punctatus (Upeneus), 408.
punctulatum (Pristipo- ma), 290.
punctulatus(Apogon),240
punctulatus (Serranus), 101.
pungitius, 6.
puntazzo (Charax), 453.
puntazzo (Sargus), 437.
puntazzo (Sparus), 453.
pusilla (Perca), 230.
puta (Therapon), 280.
pygmseus, 2.
quadracus, 7. quadrifasciatus (Apogon),
239. quadriguttata (Diacope),
190. quadrilineatum (Hsemu-
lon), 316. quadrilineatus (Holocen-
trus), 282. quadrilineatus (Pelates),
282. quadrilineatus (Thera- pon), 282. quinquelinearis (Holocen-
trus), 178. quinquelineatus (Chilo-
dipterus), 248. quinquelineatus (Meso-
prion), 209. quinquelineatus (Pelates),
282. quoyanus (Serranus), 153.
rabaji (Holocentrus), 488.
Eabirubbia, 186.
radialis, 83.
radians, 83.
radiatus, 404.
radja (Diagramma), 331.
radjabou (Holocentrus),
323. ramak (Lethrinus), 459. ramak (Sciaena), 459. ranga, 228. Rangao, 199. rangii (Pristipoma), 286. rangus (Mesoprion), 199. rasor (Anthias), 93. rasor (Serranus), 93. ratisbonensis, 73. raucus (Sargus), 440. rayenelii (Pomotis), 261. raynaldi, 497. reevesii (Serranus), 97. reginse (Aplodactylus),
434. reticularis (Serranus), "150 reticulatum (Diagramma).
334.
reticulatus (Bryttus), 258. reticuletus (Lethrinus),
457. retrospinis (Holocen-
trum), 49. retrospinis (Mesoprion),
210. rex mullorum, 230. rhodopterus (Apogon),233 rhodopterus (Lethrinus),
458. rhombeus (Gerres), 341. rhomboides (Lagodon),
447. rhomboides (Sargus), 447. rhomboides (Sparus), 447. Rhynchichthys, 50. rhyncholepis (Serranus),
105. Rhypticus, 171. richardi (Mesoprion), 184. richardsonii (Lethrinus),
456. richardsonii (Pentaceros),
212. richardsoni (Tephraeops),
432. richii (Gerres), 339. rivulata (Diacope), 182. rivulata (Genyoroge), 182. rirulatus (Dentex), 366,
372. rivulatus (Serranus), 99. robustus (Ambassis), 222. rodo, 288.
rogaa (Bodianus), 116. rogaa (Perca), 116. rogaa (Serranus), 116. rogerii (Pristipoma), 298. ronchus (Pristipoma), 298 rondeletii (Sargus), 440. rosea (Genyoroge), 180. roseipinnis, 239. roseus (Serranus), 97. rosmarus, 135. rossica, 73. rostratus (Holocentrus),
50. rostratus (Lethrinus), 454 rostratus (Pagellus), 473. royeri (Smaris), 390. rubellus, 185. rubens (Centropomus),
230. ruber (Apogon), 230. ruber (Bodianus), 198. ruber (Dentex), 373. ruber (Epinephelus), 98. ruber (Gymnocephalus),
120. ruber (Holocentrus), 41 ruber (Mullus),401. rubra (Perca), 30, 122.
522
ALPnABETlCAI, INDV.X.
rubra (Sciivna), 29, 35. riibricnt us (Tlierapon ),274 rubricauda (Pouiotis), 2G2 rubrun i ( 1 1 olooeutruui ).33 rubruni (Pristipoina), 3(X) ruiblim-ata (Diac'opc),175. rufusi (t'eutropristis), 80. ruCus (Labrax), (i.^. nifus (Serrauus). '.IS. rui)cstris (Ontropoiuus),
208. rupestris (Dcntox), 370. rupostris (Dules). 2()8. rupestris (Serranus), 14."). ni]))H'lii ( Scolopsides).
;',.■. 4.
rupjH'llii (Apogon), 2.'}0. russellii (Mesoprion), 181 russellii (rp(>ncus), 4U0. '.•utilans (Aphnrcus),- .SSG. Rvpticus, 171.
sacer (Anlhias), 88. sacfcstiiius (( 'arauxanio-
rus). 38(). .^afglia (Scia'ua). 220. salar (Ai'n))is), 2.'i3. si'.lar (CVulroi)nsles), 253. ^ali^ (Sparus), 4-40. saluioidcs (Labnis). 2.52. .■^almouoides (Grysti's),252 salniouoidos (Ilolocen-
Irus). 128. salmonoidcs (Serrauus),
12S. Saljia. 2.'5. salpa (Box). 420. .«aljia (Sparus). 420. salpoides (l>ox), 418. salviaui (Sai"gus\ 437. sanibra (Al]ilieslos). 1 '.'-■{. sauimara. 40. saudat, 74. sa)idra. 75.
.saugiensis (Ajiogou). 235. .^anguinea (Diaoope), 175. sauguincus ( Mesopriou),
204. sapouaceus (Autbias), 172 sajionaccus (Rbypt icus),
172. sarba (Clwysopbrys). 488. sarba (Sparus), 488. Sargina, 430. Sargus, 23, 437, 414. sargus (Sargus), 440. s:u'i>s()pliorus. 427. .«a\alilis (IVrca), 04. savaiuis (Apliredodt'rus),
'271. sayaiuis (Scolojisis), 27 1 . scapularc (Prist iponia).
507
Scatbarus. 422. scblegelii (Autluas). 03. scblegelii (Apogon), 229. scldegelii (Aulacocepha-
lus), 173. scblegelii (Cbry.sopbrys),
470. scblegelii (Erytbricbtbvs),
395. schmiltii (Priaeantbus),
220. scbouiburgkii (Polyeeu-
trus). 390. scbra^tzer, 73. Scbraitser, 73. scbrankii, 310. Sciff'ua,8,21,29,3.5,40,79. sciandra, 414. Scolopsides. 354. Scolopsis, 273, 354. Scombrops, 249. scorpKuoides (Centro-
pristes). 175. scorpiienoides (Myriodou ).
175. scriba (Perca), 103. seriba (Serrauus), 103. Bcriptura (Lutjanus), 104. scriptus (Sparus), 484. sebtc (Diacope), 17(). sobre (Diagramnia), 331. scba' (Geuyorogc), 170. sebiv (Grauimistes), 171. scba^ (Mesopriou), 170. sebre (Serranus), 137. seuiiarmatus, 3. seuiiciuctum (Plcctrojio-
ma), 1(K). semiciuctus (Lethrinus),
458. scmiciuntus (Lutjanus),
209. semicinctus (Mesoprion),
209. semifasciatuin (Pileoma).
70. scuiifasciatus (Serrauus).
98. seiuilineatus (Apogon).
24( I. souiiluua (Sparus), 180. seuiipunctatus (Serra)uis),
114. scncgalensis (Cantbarus).
413. septemfaseiata (Perca),
114. seiitentrionalis (Perca). <)4 Serraniua, 81. Serranus, 82, 95, 97. serranus (Lutjanus), UM) -^erratogr.-mulala (Pcrcn ),
serratuni (Plectro])ouia).
103. serratu.s (Gastcrosteus),
2
serrula (Prislipouui). 287. servus (Graniuiistcs). 27^!. servus (llolocentrus). 278. servus (Tberapon). 278. setigerus (Deutcx). .■!79. selosus (Peulapu.<). 3S2. seNt';isciatu> (Serrauu.;),
los.
sexliueatuin (Prist ipouia).
282. scxliueatus (Ileloles).
2S5. sexliueatus(Peliiles), 282. scxliueatus (Tberapon ).
285. sexmaculatus (Serranus).
118. seyel)elleusi3 (Mvnjiris-
'tis). 20. sliilipau (Serranus). 1 10. sbotaf, 322. siagouofus, 84. .'iiauuMisis (Diacope), i7t>. sibbaldii (Diagraunua),
327. siguii'er (Bryttus), 250. sillaoo. 185. siuunena, 300. snnjilex (Crenidens), 429. simplex (Girella), 429. sinensis (Spanus), 379. sinensis (Synagi'is), 379. Suiaris, 273, 387. smaris (Smaris), 388. smaris (Sparus), 388, 445. Snieeticus, 171. sobra (Mesoprion), 209. sogbo. 29.
solis (Poniotis), 2(')1. souuu)lentus (Tjobotes),
33S. .souncrati (Serranus). 122. sordidus (Letbriuus), 454. Sparidtr, 412. sparoides (Centrarchus).
257. >liaroidcs (Labrus), 257. Sparulus, 445. Sparus. 3G(i, 380, 388,
418,445, 447, 4C.0. 473.
481,4.84. s]iarus (Mesoprion), 18K. speciosus (Pomotis). 203. sjiecubuu (Priacanlbus).
221. Spb;ero(lon'. 4(i.5. spil()]iara-us (Serr.iuus)
^|Mliir:i
( Dl;,
) .'.Oi
alphahetical int)"ex.
523
spilura (Genyoroge), 504. spilurus (Serranus), 123. spilurus (Upeneus), 40(i. Spinachia, 2. spiuachia, 7. spinifer (Pagrus), 472. spinifer (Sparus), 472. spiixi/era (Perca), 39. spinifcra (SciiPna), 39. spiniferum (Holocen-
trum), 39, 41. spiniger (Serranus), 140. spinosissiimim, 30, 41. spinosum (Holocentrum),
49. spinosus (Comiger), 49. spinosus (Niphon), 80. spinulosus, 5. splendens (Beryx), 16. Spondylioaoma, 364. squalidus (Therapon), 275 squamipinnis (Anthias),
89. squamipinnis (Gerres),349 stellans, 141,503. stercus muscaruni, 39. stigmapomus (Serranus),
111. Stizostedion, 501. Stone-Basso, 169. . storeria (Cichla), 257. striata (Coryphs?na), 373. striata (Diacope), 193. striatus (Anthias), 110. striatus (Caesio), 392. striatus (Dentex), 373. 8triatus(Epinephelus), 1 05 striatus (Holoeentrus), 84 striatus (Lutjanus), 110. striatus (Meso])rion), 193 striatus (Roccus), 65. striatus (Serranus), 110. stridens, 300. subfasciatus (Gerres), 343. subvittatus (MuUus), 397. subvittatus (Upeneus),397 suillum (Pristipoma), 302. suillus (Serranus), 127. SuUanaroo-kuntee, 20. sulphureus (Upencoides),
398. sulphureus (Upeneus),398 summana, 127, 137. sundaicus (Upene^ides),
399. surinamehse (Pristipoma),
288. surinamensis (Holoeen- trus), 338. siu-inamensis (Lobotes),
338. surinamonsis (Lutjnn\is),
288.
surmuletus, ^Ol.
susuki (Plectropoma), 160
Synagris, 273, 306, 370,
373. synagris (Sparus), 202.
tabaearius, 85. tfcniatus (Apogon), 234. tajniatus (Scolopsides),357 ta?nioclieirus, 97. ta^niops (Mesoprion), 184. taeiHops (Serranus), 121. tTuiopterus (Apogon),235 ta^niopterus (Dentex), 374 tseniopterus (Scolopsides),
354. taeniopterus(Synagris),374 t.Tniopterus (Upeneus),
397. trcniurus (Dules), 207. tahmel, 499.
tambuloides (Dentex), 373 tambulus (Dentex), 378. tanaicensis, 73. tasmanicus (Ccntropris-
tes), 253. taurina (Chrysophrys),489 tauvina, 141, 149. tayenus (Priacanthus), 221 Teleostei, 1. telescopium(Pomatomus),
250. telfairii, 503. temporalis (Scolopsis),
3()0. 507. Tephrfcops, 431. tephra-ops (Crenidens\
432. ter-aculeatus, 3. ternate'nsis (Pimclopte-
rus), 499. tari'lbile (Pristipoma), 294 tessellatum, 77. tetracantluis (Centrar-
chus), 258. tetracanthus (Gasteros-
teus), ;"). tetracantlius (Pomotis),
261. Therapon, 272, 274. therapon(Pristipoma),293 theraps (Therapon), 274. thermalis (Ambassis), 225. thcrmalis (Apogon), 231,
232. tlmnbergii (Dentex), 306. thunbcrgii (Diagramma),
321. tlunibergii (Labrus), 366. tiea (Diacope), 199. liere, 33, 45. liereoides, 3.3, 41. Iif>riniis(llolocontrus). I 14
tigrinug (Serranus), 1 1 4. tigris (Serranus), 112. tile (Csesio), 393. timoriensis (Apogon), 238. timoriensis (Diacope), 205 timoriensis (Mesoprion),
205. timoriensis (Therapon),
278. tolu (Dentex), 373. tensor (Antliias), 91. tonsor (Serranus), 91. torquatus (Scolopsis), 356. torvus (Cyna?dus), 4()5. Traehichthys, 8, 10. trachurus, 4. Traeiiypoma, 107. tracliypoma, 25. tragula (Upeneoides), 398. tragida (Upeneus), 398. tranquebaricus (Sparus),
200. transversus (Therapon),
275. triacanthus (Holoeen- trus), 84. triacanthus (Perea), 171. tricolor (Cajsio), 390. tricuspidata (Girclla), 428. tricuspidatus (Box), 428. tricuspidatus (S)iarus).
387. tridens (Centropristes), 91 . tridcns (Lutjanus), 91. trifasciatus, 407. trifurca (Perca), 91. trifurcus (Anthias), 91. triglv]>hus (Cronidens),
428. trilobus, 8(). trimacidatus (Apogon),
233, 238. triniaculalus (Serranus),
109. triurus (Bodianus), 338. trivittatus (Coins), 280. trivittatus (Grammistcs),
316. trivittatus (Ptcrapon), 278 trucha, 61.
truncatus (Apogon), 237. trutta (Perca), 254. truttaceus ( Arripis), 353. truttnceus-( Centropristes),
2.-)4. tsirimeuara(Serranus), 144 tumil'rons (Pagru.s), 470. tumifrons (Clirvsojihrys),
470. tmnilabris, 138. typus (Pinjalo), 391. tv)ius ( Prist i))onioidcs)
.•!S0.
524
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
undecimalis, 79. undecira-radiatufl, 79. iindulo3us (Bodianus),143 imdulo8UB(Serranufl), 143. unicolor (Bryttus), 259. unicolor (Chrysophrys),
468. unicolor (Holocentrus),
167. unicolor (Pagrus), 468. unicolor (Pentapus), 382. imicolor (Plectropoma),
167. unicolor (Therapon), 277. unimaculata (Perca), 446. unimaculatus (Qrara-
mistes), 446. unimaculatus (Meso-
prion), 200. unimaculatus (Sargus),
446. uninotatus (Mesoprion),
202. Upeneichthys, 400. Upeneoides, 397. upeneoides (Dentex), 375. upeneoides (Synagris), 375 Upeneus, 397. ura (Serranus), 147. urodela (Perca), 122. urodelus (Serranus), 122. urophthalmus (Serranus),
155. urotaenia (Ambassis), 224.
vacheUii (Ambassis), 227. vacti, 68.
vanicolensis (Doles), 266. vanicolensis (Mulloides),
404. vanicolensis (Upeneus),
404. varia (Perca), 86. variabilis (Cichla), 252. variabilis (Dentex), 376. variabilis (Spiagris), 376. variegatus (Apogon), 246. variegatus(Letluinus),458 variegatus (Serranus), 97. variegatuB (Spams), 440. variegatus (Upeneoides),
398. variolosus. 139. vermiculari8(Sparu8).202. vermiculatus (Haplodac-
tylus), 434. versicolor (Labrus), 472. vetula (Sargus), 444. vetula (Sparus), 414.
victoria; (Apogon), 243. vinosus (Apogon), 237. violaceum (Holocentrum),
43. violaceiM (Myripristis) ,19. virescens (Aprion), 81. virescens (Holocentrus),
106. virescens (Lethrinus), 454. virgata (Datnia), 276. virgatus (Therapon), 276. virginicum (Pristipoma),
288. \'irginicus (Lutjanus), 288. virginicus (Sparus), 288. viridense (Pristipoma),
302. vindis (Centrarchus), 256. viridis (Genyoroge), 180. vitianus, 175. vitta (Diacope), 207. vitta (Mesoprion), 207. vitta (Pentapus), 381. vitta (Serranus), 207. vittata (SciiEna), 171. vittatus (Hypeneus), 398. vittatus (Mullus), 397. vittatus (MyTipristis), 24. vittatus (Pentapus), 382. vittatus (Sparus), 288, 382. vittatus (Upeneoides),397,
399. vittatus (Upeneus), 398. vittiger (Apogon), 241. vitulinum, 165. vivanus (Mesoprion), 203. vlamingii (Upeneoides),
400. vlamingii (Upeneus), 400. vomerina (Maena), 387. vosmeri (Anthias), 356. vosmeri (Lutjanus), 356. vosmeri (Scolopsides),356. vulgaris (Acerina), 72. vulgaris (Aspro), 78. vT^dgaris (Box), 418. vulgaris (Cantharus), 414. vulgaris (Dentex), 3G6. vulgaris (Msena), 386. vulgaris (Pagrus), 466, 473,
476. vulgaris (Perca), 58. vulgaris (Pomotis), 261. vulgaris (Sargus), 437. vulgaris (Sraaris), 387. vulgaris (Spmachia), 7
waigicnsis (Dentex), 366. waigipiisis (Diacope). 191.
waigiensis (Gerres), 353,
507. waigiensis (Labrax), 69. waigiensis (Lethrinus),453 waigiensis (Mesoprion),
191. ■waigiensis(Myriodon), 1 75 waigiensis (Pimeloptarus),
498. waigiensis (Psammoper-
ca), 69. waigiensis (Scorpa;na),l 75. waigiensis (Upeneu8),40G. webbii, 17. whitii, 81. wjlliamsoni, 500. woIfTii (Ambassis), 226. wolgensis (Lucioperca'),74.
xanthonotus (Cocsio), 390.
xanthopleura (Heterogna- thodon), 365.
xanthopoda (Chryso- plu-ys), 490.
xahthopterum (Hiemu- lon), 312.
xanthopterus (Letlirinus), 454.
xanthopterygius (Meso- prion), 205.
xanthopus (Diacope), 181.
xanthottenia (Lethrinus), 461.
xanthurus (Sparus), 472.
xanthurus (Therapon),282
Xyster, 498.
yapilli (Mesoprion), 193.
zanana (Serranus), 123. zananella (Serranus), 116. zebra (Crenidens), 432. zebra (Gerres), 343. zebra (M»na), 387. zebra (Pileoma), 76. zebra (Sparus), 387. zebra (Tephrtf ops), 432. zeylonicus (Midloides),
404. zeylonicus (Upeneu8),404. ziilii, 72. zingel, 78.
zonata (Girella), 429. zonatus (Anthias), 503. zonatus (Heterodon), 165. zonatus (Serranus) 1 03,503 zostcrophorus (Apogon),
245. zysron, 375.
F.NT) OF THK FIRST VOT.l.'Mi:. I'RlNTEIi BY TAVl.tiK AND TtiANCIS. KF.I> l.ro.N I'CH'IIT. FI.EUT .STltlCKI'.
CATALOGUES
OP
THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION
IN
THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
I. VERTEBRATA.
Liat of Mammalia, By Dr. J. E. Gkay, F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. 1848.
2s. 6d. Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Cctacea. 12mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates. Part 2. Seals. 12mo, 1850, Is. 6^., with Woodcuts. Part 3. Hoofed Quadrupeds. Section I. (Ungulata furci peda). 12mo. 1852, with Plates of Genera, 12s. This work contains the description of the genera and species, and figures of the chief ■characters of the genera. List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul, presented Ijj;^ B. IT. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By Dr. J, E. Gray and G. K. Gray. 12mo. 1840. 2s. Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., and G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1858. Is. C(/. With Figures. List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
12mo, 1855. 4s. List of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.8. &c.
Part 1. Raptorial, Edition 1, 1844; edition 2, 1848. 3s. Part 2. Passeres. Section L Fissirostres. 1848. 2s. Part 3. Gallinaj, Grallae and Anseres. 1844. 2s. (Out of
print.) Part 3. Section I. Ramphastida;, 1855. 6d, Part 4. Columbse. 1856. Is. Od. List of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. l2mo. 1850. 4s. List of the Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c.
12mo. 1852. 2s. €d. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Testudinata. 4to. 1855. ^1 : 10s. With figures of all the new species, and of the skulls of the different genera. Catalogue of Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c. Part 1. Tortoises, Crocodiles and Amphisbainians. 1844, Is. Part 2. Lizards. 1845. 3s. 6d.
Part 3. Snakes (Crotalida;, Viperidoc, Hydridse and Boidse). 13rao. 184y. -Js. Gd.
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes, and Appendix to Part 1. By Dr. Albert Gunther. 12mo. 1858. 4*.
Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 12mo, 1850. 2s. CJ. Willi Plates of the Skulls and Teeth.
Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. A. Gunther.
Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 8vo. 1858. (is. With Plates.
Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,F.L.S.,V.P.Z.S. Part 1. Cartilaginous Fish. 12mo, 1851. 3s. Wj.th two Plates.
These Catalogues of Reptiles, Amphibia) and FisJt, contain the characters of all the genera and species at present known ; the latter are illustrated with figures of tlic genera.
Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. T. Gronow. 12mo. 1854. 3s. Gd.
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 12mo. l«5(i. 2s. With Plates.
Catalogue of Fish. Bv Dr. J. J. Kaup. 8vo. With many Plates. Part 1. Apodes, &c. 185G. 10*.
List of British Fish ; with Synonyroa. By A.White, F.L.S. &c. 12rao. 1851. 3*.
List of Osteological Specimens. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. and G. R. Gray, F.L.S, 12mo. 1847. 2s.
II. ANNULOSA.
Catalogue of Lepidoptera. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Part 1 . Papilionida;, with coloured figures of the new spe- cies. 4to. 1862. £\ : 5s.
List of Lepidopterous Insects.
Parti. Papilionidffi, &c. 12mo. 2nd edit. 1856. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Part 2. Erycinidffi, &c. 12mo. 1847. 9d. By E. Double- day, F.L.S.
Part 3. Appendix to Papilionida;, Erycinida;, &c. 1848. 9d.
List of Lepidopterous Insects, with descriptions of new species. By Francis Walkkr, F.L.S.
Part 1. Lepidoptera Iletcroccra. 12mo. 1854. 4s.
Part 2. 18.54. 4s, 6d. Piu-t 9. 185(5. 4.9.
Part 3. 18.55. 3s. Part 10. 1857. 3s. Gd.
Part 4. 1855. 3s. Part 11. 1857. 3s, Gd.
Part 5. 18.55. 4s, Part 12. 1857. 3s. Gd.
Part G. 1855. 3s. Gd. Part 13. 1858. 3s. Gd.
Part 7. 1856. 4s. Gd. Part 14. 1858. 4s. Gd.
Part 8. 1856. 3s. Gd. Part 15. i858. 4s. Gd.
List of British Lcpidopteta ; with Synonymti. By J. F. Ste- phens, F.L.S., and II. T. Stain'eon, M.E.S.
Part 1. 12mo. Ed. 2. 185G. 2o. Part 3. 1853. M.
Part 2. 1852. 25. Fart 4. 1854. 3.<f.
List of Ilymcnoptcrous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S. Part 1. Chalcididre. 12rao. 184G. Is. Q>d. Part 2. Additions to Chalcididre. 18 18. 2s. Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. Smith, M.E.S. Part 1. Andrenida;, &c. 12mo. 1853. Gs., with Plates. Part 2. Apida;. 1854. Gs., with Plates. Part 3. Mutillidje and Pompilidffi. 1855. 6s., with Plates. Part 4. Crabronida;, &c. 185G. C^s., with Plates. Part 5. Vespidee. 1867. Gs., with Plates. Part 6. Formicidse. 1858. Gs., with Plates. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 1. Apidae. 12mo. 1855. ds. Catalogue of British Fonnicidie, Sphegida;, and Vespidu). By
F. Smith, V.P.E.S. Catalogue of British IchneumonidiE. By Thomas Desvicnes,
M.E.S. 12mo. 185G. Is. \)d. List of British Aculeate Hymenoptera ; with Synonyma.^and the description of some new species. By F.Smith. 1851. 2s. Catalogue of Dipterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S. Parti. 12mo. 1848. Part 4. 1849. Gs.
3s. Gd. Part 5. Supplement I. 1854. 4s. bd.
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Cahdogue of Homopterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S. With Plates. _^^ ^
Part 1. 12mo. 1850. 3s. Q>d. Part 4. 1852. 4s. Part 2. 1850. 5s. Supplement. 1858. 4s.,
Part 3. 1851. 3s. M. with Plates.
Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S. Parti. 12mo. 1852. 2s. Grf. Part 3. 1853. Is. Gd. Part'2. 1853. 3s. 6i. Part 4. 1853. Is.
Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. Hagen.
Part 1. Termitina. 12mo. 1858. dd. Catalogue of Hispid^. By J. S. Baly, M.E.S. 8vo. 1858. Gs.
With Plates. Catalogue of Hemipterous Insects. By W. S.Dallas,F.L.S.&c. With Plates, Part 1. 12mo. 1851. 7s. Part 2. 1852. 4s. The Catalogues of Hymenopteroiis, Dipterous, Homopterous and Hemipterous Insects contain the description of the species m the Museum which appeared to he undescnbed. Catalogue of British Bruchids, Curcuhonidse, &c. By John Walton, F.L.S. 12mo. 185G
Catalogue of Cassiilidai. By Professor Boiiemax. 12mo.
185(j. 3s. Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects of Madeira, By T. V. Woi.-
LASTON, F.L.S. 8vo. 1857. ^s. Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects (with characters of new species).
Part 1. Cetoniada!, 12mo. 181?. Is. By A. White,
F.L.S. Part 2. Ilydrocanthari. 1847. 1a'. 3J. By A. White,
F.L.S. Part 3. BuprestidiE. 1818. Is. By A. White, F.L.S. Part 4. Clcvid;x;. 184f). I*. 8d. By A. White, F.L.S. Parts. Cucujidfc. 1851. 6d. By F- Smith, M.E.S. Part G. Passalida?. 1852. 8d. By F. Smith, M.E.S. Part 7. Longicornia. By A. White, F.L.S. With Plates.
Parti. 1853. 2s. 6d. Part 2. 1855. 3s. 6d. Part 8. Cassidida;. By A. White. 185G. 3s. List of Myriapoda. By G.Newport, F.R.S. &c. 12mo. 1844. 4d.
Catalogue of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Clnlopoda. 12rao. 1856. Is. 9c?. List of British Anojilura, or Parasitic Insects ; with Synonyma
By II. Denny. 12mo. Is. List of Cmstacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White. 1847- 2s. List of British Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White, F.L.S.
12mo. 1850. 2s. ()d. Catalogue of Entozoa ; with Plates. By ^\. Baird, M.D., F.L.S.
12mo. 1853. 2s. Catalogue of British Worms. By G. Johnston, M.D. Bvo. With Plates.
III. MOLLUSCA. Guide to the Collection of Mollusca, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
&c. 8vo. Part 1. 185G, 5s. Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. Part 1 . Cephalopoda Antepedia. 12mo. 1849. 4s. Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. Is. Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. Part 1. Placuniad;c and Anomiadic. ]2mo. 1850. 4J. Part 2. BrachiopodaAncylopoda. 1853. 3s. Figurcsof genera. Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera, and tlic descriptions of all the recent species at present known. Catalogue of Phancropneumona or Operculated Terrestrial Mol- lusca. ByDr.LouisPFEiiFERandDr.J.E.GRAY. 1852.5s.
Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. Deshayes. Part 1. Veneridsc, &c. 12mo. 1853. 3s. Part 2, Petricolidjxj. Gd.
5
List of Britisli Molluscfl and Shells; with Synonyraa. By Dr. J. E. GuAY, F.ll.S.
Parti. Acephiila and Brachio^MJila. 12mo. 1851. 3s. Gi.
Catalogue of Pulmonat;\. By Dr. Louis Pfeikfeu and Dr. J. E. GuAY, F.R.S.
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List of the Shells of the Cnnarics, described by M. D'OuniGNY. 12rao. 1854. Is.
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List of the Mollusca and Shells collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Soulkyet. 12ino. 1855. 8d.
Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells. By P. P. Car- penter. 12mo. 1857. 8s.
List of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Volutid*. 12rao. 1858. Gd. Nomenclature of Mollusca. By Dr. W. Baird, F.L.S. &c.
Part 1. Cyclophoridsc. l2rao. 1851. Is. Gd.
IV. RADIATA.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. By G. Busk, F.R.S,
Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1852. Ms. With Plates. Part 2. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1854. 15s. With Plates.
List of British Radiata ; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s. List of British Sponges ; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
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List of the British Animals ; with Synonyma and references to figures.
Part 1. Radiata. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. 4s. Part 2. Sponges. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. \0d. Part 3. Birds. By G. R. Gray. 1850. 4s. Part 4. Crustacea. By A. White. 1850. 2s. Gd. Part 5. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. Ed. 2. 185G, 1*. 9d.
6
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Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. White. 1853. Is. Part 16. Lepidoptera (completed). By II. T. Stainton, M.E.S. 1854. 3s.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera (Bees). By F.Smith. 1855. 6s., with Plates.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonidae. By Thomas DESVlGNEa,
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N.B. — These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary's Office in the British Museum; or through any Bookseller.
VI. Books illustrating or describing parts of THE Zoological Collections.
The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A., F.L.S. &c. New edition. 12mo. 1855.
Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of Major-
Gencral Thomas Hardwicke. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835, Zoology of tho Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Edited by Charles
Darwin, F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844. Zoology of the Voyag'? of II.M.SS. Erebus and Terror. Edited
by Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., and Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1844-1845.
British Museum — Historical and Descrii)tive. 12mo. 1855.
Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. &c. 'Post 8vo. 1855.
Zoological Miscellany. By W. E, Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.
3 vols. SpicilegiaZoologica. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1829-1830.
Zoological Misctllany. By Dr. J. E. Gray,F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Knovvsley Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Folio. 1850.
A Monograph of the Macropodidse. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1841-1844.
Mammals of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1845. Popular History of Mammalia. By A. White, F.L.S. Popular History of Birds. By A. White, F.L.S.
Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. Illustrated by plates by D. W. Mitchell, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844-1849.
The Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847-
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. 11. GossE, F.R.S. 8vo. 1849.
Monograph of Ramphastida;. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio.
Birds of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1848.
Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan. By Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 184G.
Fauna Boreali- Americana. The Fish. By Sir John Richard- son, M.D., F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. With Plates.
Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1 . Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Illustrations of British Entomology. By James F. Stephens, F.L.S. 10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835.
A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S. 8vo. 1829.
The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F, Stephens, F.L.S. 8vo. 1829 & 1833.
A Manual of British Colcoptera. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S. 12mo. 1839.
Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F, Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 1851-1856.
Monographia Chalciditum. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 183.9.
Entomology of Australia. Parti. Phasmida?. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 4to.
Synopsis of species of Phasmidaj. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1835.
Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward DounLEDAy,
F.L.S., and J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. Illustrtited by W. C.
Hcwitson. 4to. 2 vols. 1846-1850. Monographia Anoplurorum Britannia;, or British eiiecies of
Parasitic Insects. By Henry Denny, F.L.S. 8vo. With
Plates,
Fauna Boreali-Amcricflna. The Insects. By W. Kirdy, F.R.S. 4to. 1837. With Coloured Plates.
Insecta Madcrensia. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.,F.L.S. 4to. 1854. With Plates.
Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britannia). By W. E. Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821.
A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripcdia. ByCuAHLES Darwin, F.R.S. 8vo. 2 vols. 1854.
Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W, BAinn, M.D., F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1850.
Figures of Molluscous" Animals, for the use of Students. By Makia Emma Gray. 5 vols. 8vo. 1850-1857.
A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E. Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1852.
Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica. By C. B. Adams. 8vo. 1851.
Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of the North-cast Atlantic and neighbouring Seas. By R. MacAndhew, F.R.S. 8vo. 1850.
Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By John Piiillip.s, F.R.S. 4to. 1836.
A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. By Searles V. Wood, F.G.S. 4to. 1850.
A History of British Starfishes. By Edward Fordes, F.R.S.
8vo. A History of the British Zoophytes. By Oeorgb Johnston,
M.D. Bvo. 1838.— Ed. 2. 8vo. 1847- A History of British Sjwnges and Lithophytes. By George
Johnston, M.D. 8vo. 1842. A Synopsis of the British Diatomaceic. By W. Smith, F.L.S.
8v0. 2 vols. 1854-1866. The Plates by T. West. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Scries 1 and 2. Transactions of the Entomological Society.
January 1859.
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