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FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

CATALOGUE

FISHES

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.,

ETC. ETC.

VOLUME THIRD.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1861.

S^'7:c>7

r^o-.o

CATALOGUE

ACANTHOPTERYGIAN PISHES

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.

GOBIIDyE,

DISCOBOLI,

OXUDERClDyE,

BATRACHID/E,

TEUICULATI,

BLENNIID^,

ACANTHOCLmiD^,

COMEPHORID.^,

TRACIIYPTERID^,

IvOPHOTID.E,

VOLUME THIRD.

TEUTHIDIDvl^;,

ACRONURID^,

nOPLOGN ATHID^,

MALACANTIIID^,

NANDIDyE,

POLYCENTRIDyE,

LABYRINTIIICI,

LUCIOCEPHALID/E,

ATlIERINIDyE,

MUGILID.E,

OPIIIOCEPIIALID/E,

TRICHONOTID/E,

CEPOLID.E,

GOBIESOCID/E,

PSYCHROLUTIDyE,

CENTRISCID^,

FISTULARID^,

MASTACEMBELID^,

NOTACANTHI.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1861.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCTH,
RKD lilON COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

Dr, GihTTHEB dbseryes,-^'"' Tfiis volume concludes ^ he Order of Acan-
THOPTEKXGit as defined by Johannes Miiller. Weighty reasons have
been brought forwaKd against the natural limits of this Order, when
compared with the other coordinate -divisions of the Teleostbi; and
it would almost appear as if Miiller, in his attempt to base the
systematic distribution of that subclass on isolated anatomical
characters, had not been successful in creating one Order which
would comprise fishes allied in habit, in mode of Hfe, and in the rest
of their principal anatomical characters. But, frequent as are the
objections against MiiUer's modifications of Cuvier's system, no one
has proposed any arrangement which would give a more satisfactory
result, if put to the test of carrying it out to a detailed subdivision.
Systematic attempts not accompanied with, or confirmed by, proper
characters are unavailable to oihers, and may even delude the author
himself*.

" Under these circumstances, I still feel satisfied to distribute the
fishes, on the base of Miiller's ordinal arrangement, into natural
minor divisions, whether called famiUes, groups, or genera; and,
in my opinion, there is no character equal in importance to that of
the structure and position of the fins ; for, as they are in immediate
connexion with the entire habit of the fishes and with their mode
of Hfe, they best indicate their natural afiinities, and, indeed, prove
to be the most constant and general characters. Isolated, striking
exceptions will occur, but they are comparatively few in number.
The examination of the skeletons has led to the conclusion that the
number of the vertebrae is another character of great importance for
the distinction of the families ; but whether it has any bearing of

* For instance, I think it quite impossible for my highly esteeme-d friend,
Dr. V. Bleeker, to find one or several characters common to all the fishes of his
" Caterva 3. Blennii," without being obliged to take into the same division fishes
that are widely sundered from them according to his system.

a2

still greater import cannot be exactly determined at present, my
investigations on this point, although extendmg over the Osteological
Collection in the British Museum, which is making rapid progress
towards completeness, as well as over several other Collections, being
far from concluded.

" The plan adopted in the preceding volumes has been main-
tained, except that, to save space, the specimens from the same
locality are,. in their enumeration, collected into one line. It has
thus been possible to give full descriptions of the new species, the
number of which amounts to more than twice that contained in the
previoxis volume. If we compare the result with the corresponding
parts of the ' Histoire Nat. des Poissons,' we find : —

Total number of species in Cuv. & Val. . 600

Total number of species in this volume 1168

Species apparently well characterized in Cuv. & Val. .... 463

Species apparently well characterized in this volume .... 935

" Moreover, full descriptions have been given of the species of
those families which had not been previously worked out.

"The Collection of the British Museum has received important
additions since the publication of the last volume; and I feel the
more pleasure in referring to them, as several have been given or
made to add to the completeness of this work : —

"1. A Collection of Fishes from the Baltic, presented by Max.
Prince of Neuwied.

" 2. A Collection of Fishes from the Sea of Madeira, presented by
J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

" 3. A Collection of Fishes from the Mediterranean and Red Sea,
presented by Dr. E. RiippeU.

" 4. A Collection of Fishes from the Coast of Mossambique,
and of Labroid Fishes, presented by Prof. Peters of the Berlin
Museum.

" 5. Two Collections of Fishes from the Mediterranean and from
the Lower Nile, made by J. Petherick, Esq., H.M. Consul at
Chartum.

" 6. A Collection of Fishes from Bengal, believed to contain
many typical specimens of Buchanan Hamilton's woi]c, presented by
G. Pi. Waterhouse, Esq.

" 7. A Collection of Marine Fishes trom Java, purchased of
Mr. Jamrach.

" 8. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Siam, made by
M. Mouhot;

" 9. A Collection of Fishes from the West Coast of Central
America, made by Capt. Dow, and presented by Dr. P. L. Sclatcr,
Seer. Zool. Soc.

" 10. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Bahia, made by
Dr. 0. Wucherer.

"11. A Collection of the Duiilieates of Fishes in the Museum at
Fort Pitt, presented by the Medical Officers of that establishment.

"The present volume contains several genera of Fishes so
extremely rich in species, that we must not expect to find the
greater portion of them united in one collection. However, in order
to give as many original descriptions as possible, and to determine
with accuracy the specimens in the British Museum, several of the
Continental Museums have been personally examined. Prof. Schlegel
of Leyden, Dr. E. Ruppell of Frankfort, Prince Max of Neuwied,
Prof. Peters of Berlin, Prof. Troschel of Bonn, Dr. v. Bleeker of
Batavia. Prof. Aitkcn at Fort Pitt, Prof. Gill of Washington, <fec.,
&.C., have either given mo much valuable information, or most
liberally assisted me during my visits to their collections."

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Museum,
July 15, 1861.

ADDITIONS

TO THE

INDEX OF THE WORKS

QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.

1764. Kolreidei', J. T. Descriptio Piscium rarionnn c Museo Petropoli-
tano exceptorum, in Nov. Comni. Petropol. t. ix.

1817. Cuvier, G. Sur le genre Chironectes, in Mem. INIiis. Hist. Nat. t. iii.

1819. Lesueur, Ch. A. De quelques Poissons decoiiverts dans les Lacs du
Haut-Canada, in 31em. Mus. Hist. Nat. t. v.

1830. Hancock, J. Observations on tlie Mullets of the Coast of Guiana

and the Grey Mullet of the British Coast, in Lond. Quart. Journ.
Science.

1831. Taylor, J. On the Respiratory Org'ans and the Air-bladder of cer-

tain Fishes of the Ganges, in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Science,
vol. V.

1835. Elistrom, C. U. Fiskame i Morko Skargiird, in Vet. Akad. Ilandl.
Stockh.

1837. Rathke, Beitrag zur Fauna der Krym, in M^m. Acad. St. Petersb.
t. iii.

1839. Lienard, F., mentions several species of Fishes in " Dixieme Rap-

port Annuel sur les tra\aux de la Soci^te d'llistoii'e Naturelle de
rile Maurice," Maui'ice, 8vo.

1840. Miillcr und Peters. Ueber einige neue Fische, in Monatsber. Berl.

Acad.

1846. Peters, W. On Ctenopoma multispinis, in Midler's Archiv.
1853. . Ueber das Kiemengeriiste der Labyi'inth-fische. Ibid.

1852. . Neue Fluss-fische aus Mossambique, in INIonatsber. Berl.

Acad.

. Fortsetzung der Diagnosen von neuen Fluss-fischen aus

Moss.ambique. Ibid.

1853. . Barhus rudiatus, cia neuer Slisswasserfisch von Mossam-

bique. Ibid.

Vin INDEX OK THE WORKS QUOTED

1859. Peters, W. Ueber einige neue Fische des Berliner zoolog. Museum's.
Ihiil

1840. Fries. XJntersuchung der an den Scliwedisclien Kiisten vorkom-
nienden Arten der Gattung Gobius. Uebers. in Wiegm. Archiv.

1840. Risso, A. Sur une nouvelle espece du genre Gymnetre, in Wiegm.
Archiv.

1842. 3I'Clelland. On the Freshwater Fishes collected by W. Griffith, in

Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.

1843. . Description of a Collection of Fishes made at Chusan and

Ningpo. Ibid.

1844. Schlcgel, H., en Milller, S. Beschryving van het Geslacht Ampha-

canthtis, in Verhand. Natuurl. Geschied. Nederl. overz. Bezitt.
Zool. Leyden, fol.

1852. ScJdegel, H. Over Amphacanthus vulpinus en puella, in Bydrage

tot de Dierkunde. Part 5. Amsterd., fol.

1845. Bleeker, P. v. Bydrage tot de geneeskundige topographie van

Batavia, in Natuurk. en Geneesk. Archief van ^Nedei'l. Ind.
vol. ii.

1847. . Overzigt der Siluroieden welke te Batavia voorkomeu, in

"Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen,
vol. xxi.

. (Labr. cten.) Labroideorum ctenoideorum Batavieusium dia-
gnoses et adumbrationes. Ibid.

. Nieuwe Bydrage tot de kennis der Siluroieden van Java.

Ibid.

1853. . Bydrage tot de kennis der Mursenoiden en Symbranchoiden

van den Indischen Archipel. Ibid. vol. xxv.

. Bydrage tot de kennis der Troskieuwige visschen van den

Indischen Archipel. Ibid.

. Nalezingen op de Ichthyologie van Japan. Ibid.

. Nalezingen op de ichthyologische Fauna van Bengalen en

Hindostan. Ibid.

1854. . Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthylogische Faima van Japan,

in Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch. i. Amsterd., 4to.

1855. . Over eenige visschen van Van Diemens Land. Amsterd., 4to.

1859. . Zevende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-faima van Sumatra,

in Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vol. v.

. Twaalfde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Borneo.

Ibid.

. Twaalfde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-faima van Celebes.

Ibid.

. Vyfde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Japan.

Ibid.

. Negende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Banka,

in Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind.

. Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Bawean. Ibid.

. Derde Bydrage tot do kennis der visch-fauna van Bali.

Ibid. vol. xvii.

IN THIS AND THE PEECEDING VOLUMES. IX

1859. Bleeker, P. v. Enumeratio specierum Piscium hucusque in Ai'chi-

pelago Indico observatarum. Batav., 4to.

1860. . Achtste Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Sumatra,

in Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vol. viii.

. Negende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Su-
matra. Ibid.

. Dertiende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-launa van

Borneo. Jbid. vol. vi.

. Dertiende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van

Celebes. Ibid.

. Zesde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Japan.

Ibid.

. Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Nieuw-Guinea.

Ibid.

. Elfde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Aniboina.

Ibid.

. Over de plaatsing in het stelsel van de Luciocephaloiden, in

Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. vol. xx.

. Tiende Bydragfe tot de kennis der visch-faima van Banka.

Ibid. vol. xxi.

. (Cape of Good Hope.) Over eenige viachsoorten van de

Kaap de goede Hoop. Ibid.

. Conspectus systematis Cyprinorum. Ibid.

. Vyfde Bj'drage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Timor.

Ibid.

. (Singapore, iii.) Derde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-
fauna van Singapoera. Ibid.

. Elfde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Banka.

Ibid. vol. xxii.

. Tweede Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Bawean.

Ibid.

. (Timor, vi.) Zesde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna

van Borneo, liid.

. Vierde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Bali.

Ibid.

. Derde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Boero.

Ibid.

1846. Diiben enKoren. Ichthyologiska Bidrag, in Vetensk. Akad. Hand!.
Stockh. 8vo.

1846. Brisout de BarneriUe. Three papers on Discoboli, in fievuo Zool

Paris, 8vo.

1847. Guichenotf. A. Siu- un nouveau genre de Percoides {Pomanoiis),

in Revue Zool. Paris, 8vo.

1849. Hancock, A., and Embletoii, D. Account of a Ribbon-fish, in Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. 'w.

1849. Gray, J. E^ On the British specimens of Regalecus, in Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond.

1850-60. Bianconi, F. F. Specimina Zoologica Mosambicana. Bonon., 4to.

X INDKX OF THE WORKS QUOTED

1854. Aijres, W. O. Many descriptions of Fishes, in Proceed. Calif. Acad.
Nat. Sc. San Francisco, 8vo.

1854. Mettenheimer, C. Anatomisch-histologische Untersuchungen Uber

Tetragomirus, in Abhandl. Senckenb. Gesellsch. Frankf , 4to.

1855. Richarckon, J. Account of the Fish, in " The Last of the Arctic

Voyages, under the command of Sir E. Belcher." London, 8vo.
1855. Nilsson, S. Skandinavisk Fauna. Deel iv. Fiskarna. Lund, 8vo.

1857. Philippi, R. A. Ueber einige chilenische Fische und Vogel, in

Wiegra. Arch.

1858. Gill, Til. Synopsis of the Freshwater Fishes of the western portion

of the Island- of Trinidad, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York,
vol. vi.

1859. . On the genus Callionymus of authors, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.

Philad. 1860.

. On Dactylopus and Leptoscopus. Ibid.

. Notes on a Collection of Japanese Fish. Ibid.

. Descriptions of new generic'types of Cottoids. Ibid.

. Description of a new genus of Salariance. Ibid.

. Description of a type of Gobioids (Evorthodtcs). Ibid.

. Notes on the N omenclature of North American Fishes. Ibid.

. Prodromus descriptionis subfamiliae Gobinarum piscium in

Mare Pacilico acquisitarum, in Trans. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York.
8vo.

. Prodromus descriptionis familiae Gobioidaruni duorum ge-

nerum. Ibid.

. Description of a new generic form of Gobince from the

Amazon River, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York.

1800. . Conspectus Piscium in expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum

coUectorum — Sicydiance, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861.

. The genus Labrosonms. Ibid.

. The genus Labrax. Ibid. (Important paper for the di-
stinction of the North American species and their synonymy.)

. Monograph of the Philypni. Ibid.

. . Note on the Nomenclature of North American Fishes. Ibid.

1861. . Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern coast of North

America. 8vo.

. Revision of the Genera of North American Scieeninee, in Proc

Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

. On the Liostomince. Ibid.

. On the Identity of Neomceiiis, Girard, and Lutjanus, Bloch.

Ibid.
1859. Suckley, G. The Natural History of Washington Territory. Fishes.

New York, 4to.
1859. liiyfh, E. Report on a Collection from Great Andaman, in Journ.

As. Soc. Heng.
1859. Kcsslci; K. Ueber die Siisswasserfische der Kryni, in Bull. Soc.
Nat. Moscou, xxii. part 1.

IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES. XI

1859. Kesdvr, K. Systematisclie Uebersicht der Stacliclflosser des uord-
westlichen Theils des schwarzen Meei'es. Ibid, part 2.

1859. Girarcl. Report on theU. S. and Mexican Boundary Survcv under

W, Emory. Fishes. Washington, 4to.

18G0. Troschel, H. Lcptopteryyius, neue Gattung der Discoboli ; in
Wiegin. Arcbiv.

1860. Abbott, Ch. Description of new species of American Freshwater

Fishes, in Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

. A new species of Astroscopus. Ibid.

1800. Kuup, J. Ueber eine neue Art Triyla aus China, in Wiegm. Ai'ch
. Aiiubas trifoliatus. Ibid.

1800. Gdnther, A. Third List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata from Ecuador,

in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

1801. . On three new Trachinoid Fishes, in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

. On the immature state of Lophius piscatorius. Ibid.

. On the Bi'itish species of Muqil. . Ibid.

. On a new species jf the genus Gcrrcs, in Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond.

. On a new penus of Australian Freshwater Fishes (Narino-

perca). Ibid.

. On a new species of the genus Payrus. Ibid.

1861 Lowe, R. T. A History of the Fishes of Madeira, Part 5. Lond.,
8vo (printed in 1843, published in 1861).

1861. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Mittheilungen. Part i. ii. & Hi.,

in Verhandl Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien.

. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gobioiden, in Sitzgsber. Wien.

Acad. vol. xlii.

1861. Kner, R. Ueber den Flossenbau der Fische, in Sitzgsber. Wien.
Acad. vol. k\\. & xlii. Svo.

18 . Poey, F. Memorias sobre la Ilistoria natural de la Isla de Cuba,
tomo ii. Habana, 8yo.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. 19. Gobitd^.

First Group. G o B 1 1 n a .

Page

1. Gobius, Artedi 8

1. cy]irinoides, PaU. 8

2. mannoratus, Pall. . , .'546, 550
4. semilunaris, Heck 10

6. sulcatus, Eichw 10

7. niger, L 11

8. auratus, Risso 11

9. lesueiirii, Risso 12

10. jozo, L. 12

quadricapillus, Pall. . . 4, 54G

macropterus, Nordm 4

11. flavus, actV. 13

12. uudiceps, C.etV. 13

13. genivittatus, C. etV. 13

14. oligolepis, Bleeh 14

15. buccatus, C. etV. 14

IG. cyclopterus, C. etV. .... 14

17. lineatus, Jenyns 15

18. oplopomus, C. etV. .... 15

19. martensii, Gthr 15

20. quagga, Heck 16

21. panizzfB, Verga 16

22. rhodopterus, Gthr. ...... 16

22a. leopardinus, Nordm. . . 547

23. ophthalmoporus, Bkek. . . 17

24. ODscurus, Peters 17

25. elegans, K.etv.H. 18

olivaceua, Schlefj 4

richardsonii, Bleek 4

kuhlii, Bleek 4

tylankahanensis, Bkek. . . 4

poecilosoma, Bleek 4

26. baliurus, C.etV. 18

27. atherinoides, Peters .... 18

28. piintangoides, Bleek 19

puntang, Bleek 19 )

29. ehrenbergii, C.etV. 19

30. hemigymnopomiis, Bleek. 20

Page

31. biocellatus, C. etV. 20

32. lentiginosus, liicliard.s. . . 20

33. ornatus, Jiiipp 21

34. g-'-iris, B.H. 21

35. viridi-punctatus, C. et V. . 24
eleotrioides, Bleek 4

35a. macrostoiua, Steiiid. . . 548

36. sublitiis, Cant 24

37. albo-pimctatu.s, C. etV... 25

38. nebulo-punctatiis, C. et V. 26
38a. coalitus, Benti 548

39. soporator, C.etV. 26, 549

(bif^liojji, 31. ctT. 27)

39 a. kneni, Stcind. 549

40. *nigii, Gthr 27

41. nox, Bleek 28

42. filosus, C. etV. 28

43. apogonius. Cant 28

44. sadauundio, B. H. 29

45. criniger, C. et V. 29

46. cocosensis, Bkek 30

47. polvcynodon, Bleek 30

48. reichii, Bkek 30

49. siiniatranu.^, Bleek 31

50. pbaiospilosoma, Bleek. . . 31

51. semidoliatus, C. et V. . . 31

52. pasuruensis, Bleek 32

53. hoevenii, Bkek 32

54. tambujon, Bkek 32

55. iavanicus,i?/wA; 33

56. bomeensis, Bkek 33

57. melanurus, Bkek 33

58. oxyptems, Bkek 34

59. fasciatus, Gill 34

60. ecliinoceplialus, Riipp. . . 34

61. amiciensis, C. et V. .... 35

62. bitelatiis, C. et V. 35

63. notacanthus, Bkek. . . 35, 549

64. caninoides, JBkek 36

65. capistratus, Peters 36

66. ophthalmotrenia, Bkek. . . 37

SYSTEMATIC INBKX.

Vage

67. chinensis, Osbeck 37

68. caninus, C. et V. 38

69. venenatus, C, et V. 38

70. cyanomos, Jileek 39

71. chlorostigmatoides, J?fee7i;. 39

72. *frenatus, Gthr 39

quadriporus, C. et V. . . . . 4

brevifilis, C. et V. 4

jautliinopterus, Blcek. . . 4

goldnianni, Bleek 5

chlorostigma, Bleek 5

modestiis, Bleek 5

ripilepis, Richards 5

pflauniii, Blcek 5

sirailis; Gill 5

73. cyanoclavis, Cant 40

74. *brevirostris, Gthr 41

75. cauerensis, Bleek 41

76. bontii, Bleek 41

77. phaioinelas, Blcek 42

78. xanthosoma, Bleek 42

(melanosomaj Blcek 42)

79. baliuroides, Blcek 42

80. gjinnauchen, Bleek 43

80 a. *paradoxus, Gthr 549

81. plem-ostigma, Bleek 43

82. gastrospilus, Bleek 43

83. *microphthaltnua, Gthr. 44, 550

84. acutipinnis, C. et V. . . . . 44
melanostigma, Bleek 5

85. *spectabilis, Gthr 45

86. signatus, Pet 45

87. *schlegelii, Gthr 46

87 rt. lyricus, Giraid 550

88. polynenia, Bleek 46

89. margariturus, Richards. . . 47

90. temnunckii, Bleek 47

91. mystacinus, C. et V. . . . . 48

92. tentacularis, C. et V. 48

93. ophthalmonema, Bleek.. . 48

94. microlepis, Bleek. 49

95. papuensis, C.etV. 49

96. belosso, Bleek 50

97. lanceolatiis, Bl. 50

sniaragdus, C. et V. 5

liastatus, Girurd 6, 546

brasiliensis, Bl. 6

98. ratan, No7-dm 551

98 a. syrman, Nvrdm 551

99. batrachocephalus, Pall. 51, 551

100. .steveuii, Nordm • . . 52

100 «. fluviatilis. Pall. 551

101. gyninotracliehis, Kessl. . . 552

102. plat> rostris. Pall 553

102rt. kesslori, Gthr 553

102i. trautvetteri, Kessl. 553

103

104,

105

106

10

108

109,

110.
111.

112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.

119.
120.
121,

122,
123,
124.
125.
126.
127.

128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.

Page

. paganellus, L 52, 553

melanostonia, Pall. .... 53, 554
. opliiocephalu.s. Pall. . . 54, 554

cruentatus, Gm 54

. geiiipoms, C. et V. 55

capito, C. et V. 55, 554

maderensis, C. et V. . . . . 57

giittatiis, C. etV. 3

limbatus, C.etV. 3

lugens, Nordm 4

caspius, Eichw 4

affinis, Eichto 4

ephippiatus, Loive 4

riuviatilis, Pall 4

cephalarges. Pall. 4, 546

constructor, Nordm 4

virescens, Pall. 4

chilo, Pall. 4

fuliginosus, M'Coi/ 4

*ekstromii, Gthr 57

miniitus, Gm 58f 554

(gracilis, Jenyns r,9)

colonianus, Risso 59

banana, C.etV. 59, 554

ieneo-fuseus, Peters .... 61

*mexicanus, Gthr 61

*transandeanus, Gthr. . . 62

*crassilabris, Gthr 63

ocellaris, Broass 64

nigripimiis, C. et V. .... 5

pallidas, C. etV. 5

guamensis, C. et V. 5

chiloensis, Guich 5

stamineus, Val. 5

blokzeyli, Blcek 5

CEBruleiis, Lienard 5

gramniepomus, Blcek. 64, 554

gyniiiopomus, Bleek 65

brunneiis, Schlcg 65

platycephalus, J?jc/m«/s. . 5

annularis, Gill 65

xanthozona, Blcek 66

*p]atynotus, Gthr 66

sphinx, C.etV. 67

phalajna, C.etV. 67

semicinctus, Benn 68

papilio, C. et V. 5

sinensis, Lacep 5

albomaculatus, Riipp. . . 69

decussatus, Bleek 69

bynoensis, Richards 70

cferuleopunctatus, Riqyp. 70

cyanotaenia, Bleek 71

niveatus, C. etV. 71

cryptocentrus, C. et V. . . 71

russus. Cant 72

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

136. voigtii, Bleek 72

137. polyophthalmus, Bleek, . . 73

138. knutteli, Bleek 73

139. arabicus, Gm 74

mertensii, C. et V. 5

pavoninoides, Bleek 5

140. fontanesii, Bleek 74

141. g3'mnocephaliis, Bleek. . . 75
141 «. *seminudus, Gthr 5.54

142. peti'opbilus, Bleek 75

143. ruthensparri, Eupkras. . . 76

144. stigmotnonus, Rich 76

145. flavimaniis, Schlcg 76

146. newbemi, Girard 77

147. Lexanema, Bleek 77

148. ommaturus, Rich 77

149. lepidus, Girard 78

150. hasta, Schlaj 78

161. stigmatias, Richards 78

152. virgo, Schleg 79

rubro-treniatus, Lien 6

commersonii, C.etV..... 6

cferuleus, Lacep 6

wlirdemanni, Girard . .6, 546

catulus, Girard ...... 6, 546

gulosus, Girard 6, 546

anjerensis, Bleek 6

coibitis, Pall 6

gutum, Buck. Ha7n 6

melanopus, Bleek 6

patella, TJiimb 6

breviceps, Blyfh 6

2. Euctenogobius, Gill 79

1. badiup, Gill 79

2. *sagittula, Gthr 555

3. ♦Latrunculus, Gthr 80

1. albus, Parn 80, 556

2. pellucidus, Nardo 556

4. Apocryptes, C. et V. 80

1. lanceolatus, Schn 80

2. dentatus, C. et V. 81

3. borneensis, Bleeh 81

4. bato, Btcrh. Ham 82

5. serperaater, Rich 82

6. rictuosus, C. et V. 82

7. macrolepis, Bleek 83

8. nexipinnis, Cant 83

9. henki, Bleek 83

10. madurensis, Bleek 84

11. glyphidodon, Bleek 84

12. brachj^^terus, Bleek 84

5. Evorthodus, Gill 84

1. breviceps, Gill 85

0. Gobiosoma, Girard 85

1. alepidotum, Sehti 85

1 a. molestiim, Girard . . . 556

Page

2. diadematum, Riipp 85

3. macrognathos, Bleek 86

4. ophicephalum, Jen. . . .^. 86

5. nilssonii, Diib. et Kor. . . 86

6. stuvitzii, Diib. et Kor. . . 86

7. Gobiodon, K. et v. H. 87

1. citriniis, Riipp 87

2. riviilatus, Riipp 87

3. quinque-strigatus, C. et V. 87

4. cerameaasis, Bleek 88

5. histrio, K.etv.H. 88

6. heterospilos, Bleek 88

7. *micropus, Gthr 89

coryphaenida, C.etV..... 87

erythrophaios, Bleek 87

8. TriaenopHorichthys, Gill . . 89

1. trigonocepbalus. Gill .... 89

2. *barbatus, Gthr 90

8 a. Tridentiger, Gill 566

1. obscurus, Schleq 566

9. Benthophilus, Eichw 91

1. macrocephalus, Pall. . . 91, 556

10. Sicvdium, C.etV. 91

1. plumieri, Bl. 92

2. lagocephaluni, Kolr 92

3. laticeps, C.etV. 93

4. stimpsoni, Gill 93

5. xantbiirum, Bleek 93

6. micniruni, Bleek 93

7. macrostetholepis, 5/ccA;. . 94

8. pan-ei, Bleek 94

9. CATiocephalum, C. et V. . . 94

10. niicrocephalum, Bleek. . . 95

11. gymnauchen, Bleek 95

12. zosterophorum, Bleek. ... 95

13. balinense, Bleek 96

11. Lentipes, Gthr 96

1. concolor, Gill 96

12. Periophtlialmus, Schn 96

1. koelreuteri, Schn 97, 557

2. chrvsospilos, Bleek 100

3. schlosseri, Pall. 100

fiiscatus, Bli/th 96

13. Boleophthalinus, C. et V. . 101

1. boddaertii, Pall. 102

2. pectiuirostris, G7n 102

3. dussuiniori, C.etV. 104

4. *sculptus, Gthr 104

5. viridis, Buck. Ham 104

dentatus, C.etV. 101

campylostomus, Ric/i. . . 101

laokiis, C.etV. 101

14. Eleotris, Gronoi 105

1. ophiocephalus, IC et v. H. 107

2. cantoris, Gthr 108

3. porocephaloides, Bleek. . . 109

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

4. aporos, Bleek 109

5. hoedtii, Sleek 110

{io\&om, Bleek 110)

G. macrolepidota, Bl, Ill

7. madagascariensis, C, et V. Ill

8. mogurnda, Richards Ill

9. maculata, Bl. 112

9rt. somnolenta, Girard. . . . 557

10. grandisquama, C. et V. . . llo

11. sima, C.etV. 113

12. gobioides, C.etV. 114

13. obscura, Schleg 115

13fl. *potamophila, Gthr. . . 557

14. oxycephala, &/i/e^ 115

15. liasseltii, Bleek 116

16. butis, Buck. Ham. . . 116, 558

17. amboinensis, Bleek 117

18. melanostigma, Bleek 117

19. caperata, Cant 117

20. cyprinoides, C.etV. 118

21v leuciscus, Bleek 118

22. taenionotop terns, Bleek. . . 118

23. cyanostigma, Bleek 119

24. dorraitatrix, Schn. . . 119, 558

25. lembus, GtJir 121

26. lateralis, Gill 122

27. gyrinus, C. etV. .... 122, 558

28. smaragdus, C.etV. 123

29. fornasini, Bianc 123

30. gyrinoides, Bleek 123

31. marraorata, Bleek 123

32. guavina, C.etV. 124

33. canina, Bleek 124

34. periophthalmiis, Bleek. . . 124

35. fusca, Schn 125, 558

(pseudacanthopomus, Bleek. 1 26)

36. melano.soma, Bleek 126

37. belobranclia, C.etV..... 127

38. taenioptera, Bleek 127

39. sinensis, Laccp 127

40. urophthalmus, Bleek 1 28

41. urophthalmoides, Bleek. . 128

42. *siamensis, Gthr 129

43. macrodon, Bleek 129

44. muralis, Q. et G 130

45. sexgnttata, C. et V. 130

40. strigata, C. et V. 131

47. helsdingcnii, Bleek 131

48. hetcroptera, Bleek 132

49. microlepis, Bleek 132

acanthopomus, Bleek. . . 105

radiata, Q.etG 105

woWii, Bleek 105

melaniirus, Bleek 105

viridis, Bleek 105

prismatica, Bleek 105

Page

gymnopomus, Bleek 105

nammans. Cant 105

trabeatns, Richards 105

longipinnis, Bemi 105

danius, B. II. 105

15. Asterropteryx, Riipp 132

1. semipunctatus, Riipp. . . 132

Second Group. Amblyopina.

16. Amblyopus, C.etV. .... 133

1. caeculus, Schn 133

2. gi-aeilia, C. et V. 134

3. *brachygaster, Gthr 134

4. hermannianus, Lacep. . . 135

5. *t8enia, Gthr 135

6. urolepis, Bleek 136

7. brachysoma, Bleek 136

8. broussonetii, Laccp 136

roseus, C.etV. 133

eruptionis, Bleek 133

lacepedii, Schleg 133

rugosns, Rich 133

Third Group. Tkypauchenina.

17. Try^iauchen, C.etV. 137

1. vagina, Schn 137

2. microcephalus, Bleek. . . 137

18. Trypauchenichthys, ^/eeA;. 137
1. iy^ns, Bleek 138

Fourth Group. (Jallionymina.

19. Platyptera, K. et v. H. . . 138
1. aspro, K.etv.H. 138

20. Callionymus, L 138

1. lyra, L 139

2. niaculatus, Rafin 144

3. festivus, Pull 144

4. belenus, Risso 145

5. curvicornis, C. et V. 145, 558

6. huguenii, Bleek 145

7. lunatus, Schleg _ 146

8. hindsii, Richards 146

9. sagitta. Pall. 146

10. phaeton, Gthr 147

11. altivelis, Schleg 147

12. calauropomus, Richards. . 147

13. filamentosus, C. et V. . . 147

14. schaapii, Bleek 148

15. longecaudatuSj&M'i;. 148, 558

16. siniplicicornis, C. et V. . . 149

17. goraniensis, Bleek 149

18. lineolatus, C. et V. 149

19. ocellatus, Pcdl 150

20. marmoratus. Pet 150

21. opercularis, C. et V. . . . . 151

22. opercularioides, -B/peA:. .. 151

SYSTEMATIC INDKX.

Pane

reticulatus, C. et V. .... 138

fasciatus, C. et V. 138

orientalis, Schneid. 139

melanotopterus, Bleek. . . 139

21. Vulsus, Gthr 151

1. dactylopus, Benn 152

Appendix.

Luciogobius, Gill 152

1. guttatus, Gill 152

Oxymetopon, Bleek 153

1. typus, Bleek 153

Fam. 20. Discoboli.
First Group. Cyclopteuina.

1. Cyclopteinis, Artedi 154

1. lumpus, L 155

2. spinosus, 3Iidl 157

3. •orbis, Gthr 158

Second Group. Lipakidina.

2. Liparis, Artedi 158

1. vidgaris, Flem 159

2. fabricii, Kroy 101

3. monta^ui, Donov 101

4. caUyodon, Pall 102

5. *cyclopus, Gthr 1(53

0. gelatinosus, Pall. 103

7. pidchellus, Ayres . . 164, 559

8. mucosus, Ayres .... 105, 559

Fam. 21. Oxtjdercid^.

1. Oxuderccs, Valenc 105

1. dentatus, Valenc 105

Fam. 22. Bathachid^.

1. Batrachus, Schn 160

1. tau, L 107

1 a. apiatus, C. et V. 559

2. gTuimiens, Bl. 108

3. •trispinosus, Gthr 169

4. djussumieri, C. et V. . . . . 109

5. dubius, White 109

6. diemdnsis, Lesucur .... 170

7. didactylua, Srh7i 170

8. •pacifici, Gthr 173

9. surinamensis, Schn 174

gronovii, C. et V. 166

variegatus, C. et V 166

crjTptocentrus, C. et V. . . 166

2. •Thalassophryne, Gthr. . . 174
1. *maculosa, Gthr 175

Page

3. Poriclithys, Girard 175

1. porosissimus, C. et V. . . 176

2. porosus, C.etV. 177

Fam. 23. Pediculati.

1. Lopliius, Artedi 178

1. piscatorius, L 179

2. setigerus, Wahl 180

3. budegassa, Spinola 180

americaiui.^, C. et V. .... 181

vomerinus, C. et V. .... 181

upsicephalus, Smith .... 181

2. Brachioniclithys,i//rti. 182, 500

1. liirsutu.«, Lacvp 182, 560

2. lajvis, Lacep 182

(politus, Richards 183)

sebae, Gthr 182

3. 'Saccariu-s, Gthr 183

1. *lmeatus, Gthr 183

4. Antennarius, Cvmmers. . . 183

1. marmoratus, Gthr 185

a. pictus, Schn 180

^. var 186

y. raninus, Tiles 187

b. gibbu.s, Mitch 187

t. r.iaiTuoratus, Sclin. ... 187

C var 188

2. barbatulus, Eyd. et Soul. . 188

3. histrio, L 188

4. tigi-i.s, Poey 189

o. hispidus, Schn 189

6. pinniccps, Commcrs 190

(laccpedii, Bleek 190)

7. tridens, Schley 191

8. moluccensis, Bhek 191

9. coccineus, Less 191

10. lindgreeni, Bleek 192

11. uroplithalmus, Bleek. . . 192

12. coiiimersonii, Lacep 192

13. principis, C. et V. 193

14. horridu.s, Bleek 193

15. melas, Blcck 194

16. multiocellatus, Gthr 194

a. multiocellatus, C. e< V. 194

0. var 194

y. leucosoma, Bleek 195

8. leprosa, Byd. et Soul. . 195

17. nummifer, Cuv 195

18. notophthalmus, Bleek. . . 196

19. ocellatus, C. et V. 196

20. biocellatus, Cup 196

21. teuebrosus, Poey 197

22. caudimaculatus, Biipp. . . 197

23. chironectes, Lacep 197

24. pardalis, C. et V. 198

h

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Pace

25. ]t()l\()[)htlialmus, B/i-ek.. . 198

2(3. i)livmatodes, lif'Tl- 198

(orio-o>pilo.s m-ck 108)

27. Icprosus, Ji/rck 198

28. bij^ibbus, Laccp 109, 500

20. boiigainvillii, C. et V. . . 100

p.nvoninus, C. ct V. 1H3

chlorostig-ma, EJirenh. . . 183

tri.si<rnatu?, Hicluirds 184

nieiitzolii, C. d V. 184

furcipilis, Cm- 184

niarnioratiis, Sliaw 184

bicoriiis, Loire 184

dorehensis, lilccli 184

0. Cliaimax,, Loire 200

- 1. pictus, Lowe 200

0. Malthe, Ciw 200

1. respertilio, L 201

2. (;ubiiVon.s, liirliards 203

7. Ualicutfea, C. H V. 203

1. stellata, Wahl 203, 560

8. CVratias Kriiii 205

1. holbulli, Kriii/ 205

Fani. 24. Blenniid^.

1. Aiiarvliichas, Artedt 208

1. lupus, L 208

2. denticulatus, LCroi/cr .... 211

2. Anavrliiclithv.'^, A>/rcs .... 211
1. felis, Giranl . '. 211

3. lilonnius, Jrfcdi 211

1. crattonigiuo, Ul. 212

2. cornutu^f, L 213

3. ta.smanitiinis, liich 214

4. .sem'fasciatus, liiipp 214

5. coviiitbr, lii'pp 214

0. capito, C. et V. 215

7. Gvvtliroce]ilialu^, Ifissc . . 215

8. tciitaculavis, Brunu. 215, 5(50

9. filiconii?, C. et V. 21G

da. melauio, Ke.sul. 5()1

10. smyriiensis, C. et V. .... 21G

11. Touxi, Cocco 217

12. fucorum, C. et V. 217

13. gentilis, (imird 217

14. vuloaris, Polliui . . . .217, 5()1
(cagnota, V<d 218)

15. sanguhidlontus.i'w//. 218, 5()1
1(). *.siuciisis, Ofln- 219

17. panllieriiius, (I et V. . . . ■ 219

18. sordidus, i/fv;» 220

19. varus, ii'/.s.sw 220

20. ba.=.i]i.«cus, (!. et V. 220

21. praijliiciis, liisso 221

22. si.hiu.K, ('.(fr. 221

Page

23. paTO, Btsso 221, 501

24. ocellaris, L 222

25. galerita, Z 222, 501

2(). cri.'status, L 223

27. crinitns, C. et V. 224,. 5()1

28. *eniai'ginatus, Gthr 224

29. *macropteryx, liiipp 224

30. *bifilum, Gthr 225, 5()1

31. lupulus, Bonap 225

32. fissicornis, C. et V. 225

32 a. nuiltifilis, Girard 562

33. *{equipinnis, Gthr 225

34. *brovipinnis, Gthr 22G

35. pliolis, L 22G

30. trigloide.s, C. et V. 227

30 «. bufo, Lowe 502

.')7. gemiuatus, Wood 228

38. punctatus, Wood 228

ruber, C. et V. 211

iutcqualis, C. et V. 211

frater, Asso 212

goreensis, C. et V. 212

oceanicus, C. et V. 212

carolinu.s C. et V. 212

parvidens, C. et V, 212

tentacularis, Ilisso 212

cornu cervi, Bisso 212

stoUatu.s, Btsso 212

galerita, Brno 212

liueatu.s, Gineh 212

lientzii, Le.siintr 212

aurosploudidus, 7?/c/t. .. 212

fasciolatocep.^, Bich 212

4. Chasmodes, C. et V. 228

1. bosciauus, Larep 229

2. quadriftxsciatu.s, Wood . . 229

3. novemlineatu.s, Wood . . 229

5. Petropcirtes, Biipp 220

1 . tapeiuosouia, Bleek 230

2. rhinorliynchus, Bleek. . . 230

3. amblvrhynclius, Bleek. . . 2-30

4. tf«uiatus, Q. etG 231

5. filamcntosus, C. et V. . . 231
0. punctatus, C.etV. 231

7. *di.<par, Gthr 232

8. kallosoma, Bleek 233

9. elongatus, Peters 2-33

10. variabilis. Cnnt 234

11. breviceps, C. et V. 234

12. ancvlodon, Biipp 235

13. polyoaou, Bleek 235

] 4. cvpnnoides. C.etV. .... 23>5

15. solorcnsi.s Bleek 2-35

10. aneuia, 7//w/v 230

17. graunni.stos, C. et V. . . . . 230

18. teniuiiucldi, Bleek 23(5

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

19. bankanensis, Bleek 287

20. heyligeri, Bleek 237

21. mitratus, Riipp 237

22. barbatus, Peters 238

23. thepassii, Bleek 238

24 anolis, C.etV. 238

25. bioceUatus, C.etV. .... 239

20. fasciatils, Jenym 239

(ornatus, Jem/ns 239)

dussumieri, C. et V. .... 229

tasciolatus, Ehrenh 229

bankieri, Richards 229

6. Salaries, Cuv 239

1. Havo-iimbrinus, Riipp. . . 241

2. oivx, Ehraih 241

3. *spxHlum, Gthr 241

4. tridact3lus, Schncid. .... 242
(tetradactylus, Bleek. . . 242)

5. atlaiiticus, C.etV. 242

0. *nitidus, Gthr 243

7. aniboinensis, Bleek 244

8 rivulatus, Riipp 244

9. fasciatus, Bl. 244

10. fuscus, Riipp 245

11. nigro-vittatus, Riipp. . . 245

12. Cyclops, Riijyp 24(5

13. ceranausis, Bleek 24G

14. frenatua, C.etV. 24G

15. seb«, C.etV. 246

16. castaneus, C. et V. 247

17. variolosus, C.etV. 247

18. viridis, C.etV. 247

19. cuvieri, Gthr 248

20. textili.«, Q. et G 248

21. marinoratus, Benn. . .248, 562

22. arouatus, Bleek 249

23. venniculatu.s, C. et V. . . 249

24. nibro-punctatus, C. et V. . 249

25. celebicus, Bleek 250

26. guttatus, C. et V. 250

27. inteiTuptus, Bleek 250

28. chi-Ysospilos, Bleek 250

29. gibbifrons, Q. et G 251

30. periophtlialmus, C. et V. . 251

31. dussumieri, C et V. 251, 562

32. sumatraiius, Bleek 252

33. heudriksii, BU'ek 252

34. edentulus, Sehneid. .... 252
85. goesii, Bleek 253

36. *a3quipinuis, Gthr 253

37. diproctopterus, Bleek. . . . 254

38. nigricans, Gill 254

39. vomerinus, C.etV. 254

40. lineatus, C.etV. 254

41. quadricornis, C. et V. . . 255

42. melanocephalus, Bleek. . . 255

Page-

43. •fronto, Gthr 255

44. meleagris, C. et V. 250

45. «bellus, Gthr 256

40. oovtii, Bleek 257

47. bilitonensis, Bleek 257

48. cyano*tignia, Bleek 258

49. hasseltii, BU-ek 258

50. unicolor, Rttpp 259

venniculatoides, Bleek, . . 239

raaltenii, Bleek 239

kuhlii, Bleek 239

biseriatus, C. et V. 240

niger, Ehrenh 240

ruticaudus, Ehrenb 240

guttatus, Bleek 240

kingii, C.etV. 240

heteiopterus, Bleek 240

caveruosus, Schneid 240

olivaceus, Bh/th 240

epalzeorbpicluis, Bleek. . 240

schultzei, Bleek 240

7. Blennopbis, Valetic 259

1. webbii, Val. 259

8. Neodinus, Girard 259

1. bkancliardi, Girard .... 259

2. patiricus, Girard 2(50

9. Cebidichthys, Af/rcs 200

1. violacc'U-;, Girard 200

10. 3Iv.xo(les, Cur, 260

1. v'iridis, C.etV. 200

2. cristatus, C.etV. 201

11. IIetero.stichu.«, Girard. . . . 2t>l
1. rostratus, Girard 201

12. Clinus, Car 201

1. nucliipinuis, Q. et G 262

2. xanti, Gill 263

3. henniuiori, Lcsueiir .... 264

4. delalaudii, C. et V. .... 264

5. bracliycephalus, C. ct V. . 264

6. genigiittatus, C. etV. . . 265

7. variolosus, C. et V. 265

8. guttidatus, C. etV. .... 266.

9. microcirrliis, C. et V. ^ . . 266

10. criuitus, Jen 266

11. *nmcrocephalu.s, Gthr. . . 200

12. latipinuis, C.etV. 207

13. gobio, C.etV. 207

14. superciliosus, X 208

15. acuminatus, C. et V. 209, 502
10. capeusis, C. et V. 209

17. cottoides, C. et V. 209

18. beterodon, C.etV. 270

19. *iiematopterus, Gthr. . . 270

20. doi-salis, Bleek 271

21. anguillaris, C. rl V. .... 271

22. despicillatus, Ric-h 271

h 2

SrSTEHATIC INDEX.

Page

peruvianus, C. etV. .... 261

elegans, C. et V. 2G1

canariensis, Val. 262

fasciatus, Gtistcln 262

fernandezianus, Guich. . . 262

13. Cristiceps, C. et V. 272

1. argentatus, Risso 272

var. antinectes .... 273, 562

2. xantliosoma, Bleek 273

3. *nasutus, Gthr 273

4. *roseus, Gthr 274

5. Hustralis, C. ct V. 275

14. ♦Auchenopterus, Gthr. . . 275

1. *monophthalmu9, G(hr. . 275

2. veranyi, Filippi 276

15. Tripterygium, Hts^ .... 276

1. nasus, liisso 276

2. melanurum, G^iich • 277

3. varium, Forst 277

4. nigripinne, C.etV. .... 277

5. foi-steri, C.efV. 278

6. •medium, Gthr 278

7. fenestratum, Forst 278

8. trigloides, Bkek 279

16. Dactyloscopus, Gill . .279, 560

1. tridigitatus, Gill 279, 563

(poeyi, Gill 663)

2, pectoralis, Gill ' 563

16 a. Myxodagnus, Gill 563

1. opercularis, Gill 563

17. Dictyosoma, Schleg 279

1. temminckii, Bleek. . .279, 564

18. Gimellichthys, Bleek 280

1. pleurotsenia, Bleek 280

19. Stichseus, Kroyer 280

1. lumpenus, Fahr 280

2. medius, Reinh 281

2 a. nubilus, Richards 564

3. maculatiLS, Fries 281

4. islandicus,' Walb 281

5. aculeatus, Reinh 282

6. angiiillaris, Pall. 282

7. punctatus, Fabr 283

8. unimaculatus, Reinh 283

9. hexagrammus, Schleg. . , 284
subbifiircatus, Storer 280

20. Blenniops, Niks 284

1. ascanii, Waib. ,.,..... 284

21. Centronotus, Bl. 285

1. gimelliis, L 285, 564

2. fasciatus, Bl. 287, 564

3. nebulosus, Schleg 287

4. apus, C.etV. 288

5. *gunellifojinis, Riipp. . . 288

6. dolichogaster, Pall 288

7. alectrolophiis, Pall. 289

Page

9. roseus, Pall. 290

mucronatus, Mitch 285

tfenia, Pall. 285

ruben-imus, C. etV. .... 285

polyactocephalus, Pall. . . 285

crassispiaa, Schleg 285

macrocephalus, Gir 285

affinis, Reinh 285

21 a. Anoplarchus, Gill 564

1. *crista galli, Gthr. . . 289, 564

22. Apodichthys, Girard 290

1. flavidus, Girard 290

23. Xiphidion, Girard 291

1. mucosum, Givard 291

24. Cryptacanthodes, Storer . . 291
1. maculatus, Storer 291

25. Pataecus, Richards 292

1. fronto, Richards 292

2. *maculatus, Gthr 292

26. Pholidichthys, Bleek 293

1. leucotsenia, Bleek 293

27. Andamia, Bhjth 294

1. expansa, Blyth 294

28. Genyptenis, Philippi' .... 294
1. chilensis, Guich 294

29. Zoarces, Cuv 295

1. viviparus, L 295

2. anguillaris. Peck ..... 296

americanus, Bl. 295

Blennius polaris, Sabine . . 295

30. Nemophis, Kaup 296

1. leasonii, Kaup 296

31. Pseudoblemiius, Schleg. . . 297
1. percoides, Gthr. . , 297

Fam. 25. AcANXHOCLiNiDiE.

1. Acanthoclinus, Jen 297

1. littoreus, Forst 298

Fam. 26. CoMEPHoniDiE.

1. Comephorus, Lacep 299

1. baikalensis, Lacep 299

Fam. 27. Tkachypterid^.

1, Trachypterus, Gouan 300

1. spinolaj, C.etV. 300

2. cristatus, Bonelli 301

(miillerianus, Risso .... 301)

3. grvphurus, Lowe 301

4. tienia, Schn 302

5. altivelis, Kner 303

6. iris, Walb 303

7. leiopterus, C.etV. 304

8. *riippellii, Gthr 304

9. avcticus, Briinn 305

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Page

2. Stylophorus, Shaw 306

1. chordatus, Shaw 306

3. Regalecus, JBriinn 307

1. gladius. Walb 308

(capensis, C. etV. .. 308)

2. teluni, C.etV. 309

3. banksii, C. et V. 309

4. glesne, Ascan 310

5. grillii, Lindr 311

6. russellii, Sliaw 311

Fam. 28. Lophotid^.

1. Lophetes, Giorna 312

1. cepedianiis, Giorna .... 312
(capellei, Schleg 812)

Fam. 29. Teuthididje.

1. Teuthis, L 313

1. javiis, L 315

2. canaliculata, Mungo Park 316

3. concatenata, C. et V. . . . . 316

4. coraUina, C. et V. 316

5. vermiculata, K. et v. H.. . 317

6. labyrinthodes, Bleek 317

7. sutor, C.etV. 317

8. margaritifera, C. et V. . . 317

9. tumifrons, C.etV. 317

10. dorsalis, C.etV. 318

ll..oramin, Bl. Schn 318

12. albopunctata, Schleg 318

13. *striolata, Gthr 319

14. hexagonata, Bleek 320

15. guttata, Bl. 320

16. stellata, Forsk 320

17. notosticta, Richards 320

18. fuscescens, Houtt 321

19. lurida, Ehrenh 321

20. nebulosa, Q. et G 321

21. argentea, Q.etG 322

22. marmorata, Q. et G 322

23. lineata, C.etV. 322

24. sigana, Forsk 322

25. tetrazona, Bleek 323

26. doliata, Cuv 323

27. puella, Schleg 323

28. virgata, C.etV. 323

29. vulpina, Schleg 324

russelii, C. et V. 318

firmamentum, C. et V. . . 313

abhortani, C. et V. 313

mertensii, C. et V. 313

rostratus, C. et V. 313

guamensis, C. et V. .... 318

olivaceus, C. et V. 313

kopsii, Bleek 313

Page

chrysospilos, Bkek 313

melanospilos, Bleek. .... 313

Fam. 30. AcBONuniD.!:.

1. Acanthurus, Bl. Schn 825

1. triostegus, L 827

(pentazona, Bleek 329)

2. guttatus, Forst 329

3. chirurgus, Bl. 329

4. matoides, C. et V. 330

(lamarrii, C. et V. 331)

5. nigrofuscus, Forsk 331

6. *bipuuctatu3, Gthr 331

7. nigros, C.etV. 332

8. doreensis, C.etV. 332

9. chrysosoma, Bleek 332

10. rubropunctatus, Riipp. . . 333

11. margiuatus, C. et V. .... 333

12. lineatiis, L 333

13. striatus, Q.etG 334

14. sohal, Forsk 334

15. imdulatus, C. et V. 335

16. dussumieri, C.etV. 335

17. grammoptiius,J2tc^ar(Zs. . 335

18. bleekeri, Gthr 335

19. caeruleus, Bl. Schn 336

20. liueolatus, C.etV. 336

21. olivaceus, Bl. Schn 336

22. pjToferus, liittl. 337

23. *tennentii, Gthr 387

24. gabm, Forsk 388

25. nummifer, C.etV. 338

26. glaucopareius, C. et V. . . 339

27. celebicus, Bleek 339

28. fuscus, Steindachner .... 3.39

29. leucosternon, Benn 340

80. achilles, Shaw 340

31. triangulus, C.etV. 341

32. fraterculus, C.etV. 341

33. hepatus, L 341

34. strigosus, Ben7i 342

35. ctenodon, C.etV. 342

86. rhombeus, Kittl. 342

37. goramensis, Bleek 343

38. xanthurus, Blyth 843

39. gemmatus, C.etV. 343

40. velifer, Bl. 344

41. bypselopterus, Bleek 844

42. desjardmii, Bom 344

43. riippeUii, Benn 345

44. suillus, C.etV. 345

flavoguttatus, Kittl. . . . 325

bahianus, Casteln 325

brevis, Poey 825

tractus, Poeg 325

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. *Acronurus, Gthr 345

1. orbicularis, C. ct V. .... 346

2. melauurus, C. ct V. .... 346

3. *br^Yispinis, Gihr 346

4. arfienteus, Q. et G 346

melas, C. ct V. 845

3. Prionurus, Laccp 347

1. microlepidotiis, LacSp. . . 347

2. scalpruni, Lanqsd. 347

3. laticlavius, Vdl. 347

4. Naseiis, Commcrs 347

1. unicornis, Forsk 348

2. Ijraclnccntron, C. ct V. . . 349

3. tripelte.H, C. ct V. 349

4. brevirostris, C. et V. . . . . 349

5. olivaceua, Soland. 352

6. annulatus, Q. vt G 352

7. tuljerosus, Laccp 353

8. liLuratus, Forf^t 353

9. he.xacantlius, Blcch 355

10. tapeino^oma, lih-.k 355

11. thynnoides, C. ct V. 355

punctulatus, C. et V. . . . . 347

unicolor, Lienard 347

5. Keris, C.etX^. u55

1. anginosus, C. et V. .... 356

2. amboiueu.sis, Bleek 350

Fam. 31. IIoplognathid^.

1. Iloplognalhus, Richards. . . 357

1. conwavii, liir/iards 357

2. fjisciatus, Selilr(f 357

3. punctatus, ScMccf 358

Fam. 32. MALACANXHIDiE.

1. Malacanthus, Cuv 359

1. plumieri, Bl. 359

2. latovittatus, Laccp 300

3. hoedtii, Blcch 301

Fam. 33. Nandid^.

First Group. PlEkSiopina.

1. Plesiop.s, Cur 303

1. nip'ican.s, Bupp 303

2. ca?ruleo-linoatu.s, lliipp. . . 303

3. corallicola, K. ct v. II. . . . 304

4. oxycepbalus, Blcck 3(>4

5. *bicekeri, Gthr. 304

2. •Tracliinops, Gthr 300

1. *t8eniatu.s, Gthr 300

Second Group. N and in a.

3. Badis, Blcck 307

1. buclianaui, Blcck 307

2. dario, B. II ."-07

Pago

4. Naudus, C. et V. 307

1. luannoratus, 0. et V. . . . . 367

2. nebulosus, Bleek 368

6. Catopra, Blcck 368

1. fasciata, Blcck 368

2. nandoides, Bleek 308

3. grootii, Bleek 369

Third Group. Aciiarnina.

6. Acliarnes, 31. et T. 309

1. speciosus, 31. et T. 369

Fam. 34. PoLYCENXEIDiE.

1. Polvcentrus, 3L et T. 370

1. schouiburokii, 3L et,T. . . 370

2. tricolor, Gill 371

2. IMouocirrhus, IlcrUcl 371

1. polyacanthus, Heck 371

Fam. 35. Labyrinthici.

1. Spirobranclius, C. ct V.. . . . 373
1. capensis, C. ct V. . . . .373; 564

2. Ctenopoma, Peters. . . .373, 560

1. iuulti.^piuo, Pet 373

2. *niicrolepidotum, G-7/(/-. .. 505

3. Anabas, Citv 374

, 1. .scandeus, Dald. 375

2. *macroceplialus, Bleek. . . 370

3. oligolepis, Blcck 370

4. microct'plialus, Blcck. . . . 377
^•ari('fratus, Bleek 374

4. Ilelostoma, K. et v. II. 377

1. temniincldi./i'.fi' r.II 377, 5()6

5. Polvacantluis, K. et v. II. . . .'578

1. hasseltii, C. etV. 378

2. eiuthovenii, Bleek 378

3. helfrichii, Blcck 379

4. opercularis, Ij 379

5. *sig-natus, Gthr 379, 566

6. cupauu.s, C. et V 381

7. deissneri, Blcck 381

6. Macropiis, Laccp 381

1. viridi-auratu3, Laccp. . . 382

7. Osphromenius, Cummers. . . 382

1. olfax, Commcrs 382

2. tricbopteras, Pall 384

3. *sianu'n.sis, Gthr 385

4. *nii('rolepis, Gthr 385

5. striatus, Bleek 386

8. Trichog-a.^ter, >Schn 387

1. fasciatu.?, Sdin 387

2. unicolor, C. ctV. 388

sota, B.IL .'187

cbuna, B.IL .387

SYRTKJfATIC INDEX.

Page

9. Betta, Bleek 388

1. trifasciata, Bleek 388

2. pugnax, Cant 389

Fam. 36. Luciocephalid^.

1. Lucioceplialus, Bleek 390

1. pulcher, Gray 390

Fam. 37. Atherinid^.

First Group. Atherinina.

1. Atlierina, Artcdi 392

1. pre9b}i:er, Cuv 392

2. pontica, JEichw 393

3. hepsetus, L 393

4. lacustris, Bonap 394

5. boyeri, Risso 394

6. martiiiica, C. et V. 895

7. l)revicop9, C. et V. 395

8. parvipinuis, C. et V. 39G

9. iiiocho, C.etV. 396

LO. hepsetoidcs, Richards. . . 897

11. presbyteroidea, Richards. 397

J 2. forskalii, Riipp 397

13. bleekevi, Gthr 398

14. afra, Peters 398

15. valencienncsii, Blcck 398

16. piii{rui8, Lac(p 399

(lacunosa, Forst 399)

17. lacunosa, Bleek 400

18. duodecimalis, Bleek 400

19. stipes, M.etT. 400

20. eudrachfensis, Q. et G. . . 401

21. braehyptera, Bler.k 401

22. *microstonia, Gthr 401

23. *pauciradiata, Gthr 401

rissoi, C.etV. 892

sarda, C.etV. 892

Carolina, C.etV. 392

waigicMisis, Q. et G 393

temminclvii, Bleek 392

arpjyrota^niata, Blcck 392

bimanensis, Blcck 392

tajniata, Agass 392

punctata, Bcim 392

caspia, Eiclno ,'592

2. Atlierihiclitliys, Blcck 402

1. iacksoniana, Q. et G 402

2. laticlayia, C. et V. 402

3. miciYilepidota, Jen 403

4. nigricans, Richards 403

5. *alburnus, Gtlir 404

0. humboldtii, C. et V. 404

7. bf)narionsis, C. ci V. .... 404

{lichtensteinii, C.et.V. . .404)

PMgO

8. brasiliensis; Q. et G 404

9. incisa, Jen 405

10. argcntinensis, C. et V. . . 405

11. 'gracilis, Gthr 405

12. menidia, L 406

13. notata, 3J'itch 406

14. californiensis, Girard. . . . 406

15. nigi-ans, Richards 406

lessonii, C.etV. 402

Second Group.
Tetragonurina.

3. Tetragonurus, Risso 407

1. cuyieri, Risso 407

Fam. 88. INIuoiLiDiE.

1. '^InoW, Artedi 409

1. cepbalus, Cmj 417

2. lineatus, Mitch 417

8. constantire, C.etV. 418

4. cephalotus, C.etV. 419

5. rammclsbcrgii, Tschudi . . 420

6. *dobula, Gthr 420

7. hfemntochilus, Schlcq, . . 422

8. perusii, C. et V. ........ 422

9. liza, C.etV. 423

10. subyividis, C.etV. 423

11. •nepalensis, Gthr 424

12. argeiiteus, Q. et G 424

13. .suiidaneusis, Bleek 425

14. strong3loc('plialus, Rich. . 425

15. parsia, Bach. Ham 426

16. bclaualv, Bleek 427

17. planiccps, C.etV. 428

18. *louginianu^, Gthr 428

19. •kclaartii, Gthr 429

20. engoli, hlcck 480

21. cantoris, Blcck 430

22. brasilicnsi.s, Ac/ass 431

23. *robustus, Gthr 432

24. •aflmis, Gthr 433

25. ophuysenii, Bleek 434

26.^cunnosius, C.etV. 434

27.'speigleri, Bleek 435

28. Avaigicnsis, Q. et G 435

(rossii, Blcck 430)

29. *suppos7tus, Gthr 437

80. *octoradiatus, Gthr 437

31. cm-tus, Yarr 439

32. capito, Cuv 439

(dubabra, C. et V. -^40)

33. ricliardsouii, Smith 440

34. *pctberici, Gthr 441

85. auratus, Risso 442

86. salioiis, Risso 448

(caponsis, ('. et J^. 443)

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

37. multilineatus, Smith .... 443

38. cryptochilus, C.etV. 444

39. axillaria, Bleek 444

40. cseruleomaculatus, B/eeA;. 446

41. *bleekeri, Gthr 445

42. *ceylonensis, Gthr. 446

43. smithii, Gthr. 447

44. troschelii, Bleek 448

45. bomeensis, Bleek 448

46. ceramensis, Bleek 449

47. oligolepis, Bleek 449

48. *hypselopterus, Gthr. .... 450

49. *compressus, Gthr. 451

50. melinopterus, C et V. . 462

51. *decemradiatus, Gthr. . , 462

52. peronii, C.etV. 462

53. falcipinnia, C.etV. 453

54. broussonetii, C.etV..... 453

55. labeo, Cuv 453

56. labiosus, C.etV. 454

57. chelo, Cuv 464

58. *3eptentrion»lis, Gthr. . . 455
69. *nigrostrigatus, Gthr. . . . 457

60. heterochilus, Bleek 457

61. crenilabis, Forsk 468

62. macrochilus, Bleek 458

63. *ruppellii, Gthr 468

64. cirrhostoma, Forsk 469

65. *proboscideu3, Gthr 459

66. corsula, Buch. Ham 460

plumieri, Bl. 409

albula, L 410

breviceps, C.etV. 410

borbonicus, C.etV. 410

cylindricus, C. et V, .... 410

cascasia, Buch. Ham 410

carinatus, Ehrenb 410

Bcheli, Forsk 410

tade, Forsk 410

hucbanani, Bleek 410

valenciennesii, Bleek. . . 410

bontah, Russ 410

pedaraki, C.etV. 410

acutus, C.etV. 410

melancranus, Rich 410

ventricosixs, Rich 410

chaptalii, Eyd. et Soul. . . 410

lauvergnii, Eyd. et Soul. . . 410

grandisquamis, C. et V. . . 410

parmatus, Cant 410

berlandieri, Girard .... 410

2. Agonostoma, Beiin 461

1. plicatile, C.etV. 461

2. oxyrhynchum, C. et V. . . 461

8. telfairii Benn 462

4. dobidoides, C.etV. .... 462

Page

5. •microps, Gthr 462

6. •nasutum, Gthr 463

7. monticola, Bancr 464

8. •percoides, Gthr 464

9. forsteri, Schn 465

3. Myxus, Gthr 466

1. •elongatus, Gthr 466

2. *harengus, Gthr 467

8. curvidens, C.etV. 467

4..cmUabis, C.etV. 467

Fam. 39. OPHIOCEPHALIDiE.

1. Ophiocephalus, Bl. 468

1. punctatus, Bl. 469

2. *affini3, Gthr 470

3. gachua, Buch. Ham 471

(aurantiacus, Buch. Ham. 471)

4. *kelaartii, Gthr. 472

5. rhodotsenia, Bleek 472

6. mystax, Bleek 473

7. melanosoma, Bleek 473

8. melanopterus, Bleek 473

9. cyanospilos, Bleek 474

10. striatua, Bl. 474

11. polylepis, Bleek 475

12. bankanensis, Bleek 476

13. lucius, Ketv.H 475

14. *8iamensi8, Gthr. 476

16. *obscuru8, Gthr 476

16. barca, Buch. Ham 477

17. nigricans, C.etV 477

18. grandinosus, C.et V. . . . . 478

19. maruliiis, Buch. Ham. . . 478

20. *pseudomarulius, Gthr. . . 478

21. m&rulioides, Bleek 479

22. plenrophthalmus, ^ZeeA:. . 479

23. argus, Cant 480

24. maculatus, Lacip 480

25. micropeltes, K. et v. H. . . 482

(stevensii, Bleek 482)

sowara, C. et V. 468

ocellatus, Lacip 468

miliaris, C. et V. 469

iris, C'.e^ F. 469

jo vis, Richards 469

theophrasti, Val. 469

leucopunctatus, Sykes . . 469

2. Cbanna, Gron 483

1. orientalis, Schn 483, 566

Fam. 40. TniCHONOxiDiE.

1. Trichonotus, Schn 484

1. setigerus, Schji 484

2. Hemerocoetes, C.etV. 485

1. acanthorhynchus, Forst. . 486

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. 41. CEPOLiDiE.

Page

1. Cepola, L 486

1. iTibeacens, L 48G

2. schlegelii, Bleek 488

3. abbreviata, C. et V. 488

4. krusenstemii, Schkg 488

5. mesoprion, Bleek 488

6. marginata, C. et V. 489

7. limbata, C. et V. 489

striata, Schti 486

Fam. 42. GoBiESOCiDiE.

1. Chorisochismus, Barnev. . . 490
1. dentex, PaU. 490

2. Sicyases, Miill. et Trosch. . . 494

1. sanguineus, M. et T. .... 494

2. fasciatus, Pet 497

3. chilensis, Barnev 497

3. Cotvlis, 3f.etT. 497

1. fimbriata, 3f.etT. 498

ventricosa, PaU. 498

stelleri. Pall. 499

4. Gobiesox, Lacep 499

1. cephalus, Lacep 499, 566

2. *macropbthabnu3, Gthr. . 502

3. nigripiunis, Pet 502

4. nudus, Bl. 502

5. pcecilophthalnius, Jen. . . 503

6. mannoratus, Jen 504

7. maeandricus, Girard .... 505

5. ♦Diplocrepis, Gthr 506

1. puniceus. Rich 506

6. •Crepidopaster, Gthr 507

1. *tasmaniensis, Gthr 507

2. *spatula, Gthr 508

7. Trachelochismus, Barnev. . 509
1. pinnulatiis, Forst 509

8. Lepadogaster, Gouan .... 510

1. gouanii, Lac^ 510

2. candoUii, Risso 513

3. wildenovii, 'Risso 514

4. bimaculatus, Penn 514

brownii, Risso 510

rafinesquii, Costa 510

latirostris, Costa 510

9. Leptopteiygius, Trosc/^ . . . . 515
1. piger, Nardo 515

Fam. 43. Psychrolutid^.

Page

1. ♦P.gycbrolutes, Gthr 51(5

1. *paradoxus, Gthr 516

Fam. 44. Centriscid^.

1. Centriscus, L 518

1. scolopax, L 518

2. gracilis, Loice 521

3. humerosus, Richards. . . 522

4. velitaris, Pall. 524

2. Amphisile, Kl^nn 524

1. scutata, L 525

2. punctulata, Bianc 527

3. *strigata, Gthr 528, 566

Fam. 45. FiSTULAniD.,E.

1. Fistularia, L 529

1. tabaccaria, L 529

2. senata, Bl. 533

2. Aiilostonia, Lacc-p 535

1. coloratum, M. et T. 536

2. chinense, L 538

Fam. 46. Mastacembelidje.

1. RhjTichobdella, Schn 539

1. aculeata, Bl. 540

2. Mastacenibelus, Gronov. . . 540

1. pancalus, Bitch. Ham .... 541

2. zebrinus, Bhjth 541

3. aleppensis, Schn 541

4. unicolor, K. et v. II. .... 542

5. erjthroteenia, Bleek 542

6. 'argus, Gthr 542

7. armatus, Lacep 542

8. maculatus, Reinw 543

Fam. 47. Notacanthi.

1. Nofteanthus, Bl 544

1. nasus, Bl. 544

2. bonapartii, Risso 545

3. mediteiTaneus, Fil. et Ver. 545

4. sexspinis, Richards. . . 545, 566

5. rissoanus, Fil. et Ver 545

ERRATU.^I.
Page T). — 41. Bostrychus sinensis, Lacep. &c., is to be erased.

CATALOGUE

OK

FISHES.

Order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.

{CONTINUED.

Fam. la. GOBIIDiE.

Gobioidei, pt., Cuv. Regtie Anim.
Gobioidei, Mull. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 201.
GobiidsB, Owen, Led. Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.

Body elongate, low, naked or scaly. Teeth generally small, some-
times with canines. The infraorbital ring does not articulate with
the pneoperculum. The two dorsal fins separated or more or less
united*, the sphiov^ portion being always the less developed and cow-
posed ofjieocihle spines ; the anal similarly developed as the soft dorsal ;
ventrals with one spine and Jive raysf ; sometimes both ventrals united
into a disk. Gill-opening more or less narrow, the gill-membranes
being attached to the isthmus ; four giUs ; pseudobranchiae. A pro-
minent papilla near the ventX- Air-bladder generally absent. Py-
l07^ appendages none.

Carnivorous fishes, living at the bottom of the shores and of the
fresh waters of the temperate and tropical regions. This family
offers numerous instances of the fact, that a part of the individuals
of one and the same species are entirely confined to fresh waters,
whilst others Mve in the sea.

* No spinous portion can be distinguished in Lvciogohitis, a genus but ini
perfeeUy Known.

t Four in Trypauchen, microcephalus and Trypaiichenichthys.

\ No anal papilla in Asterropteryx.
VOL. III. B

Synopsis of the Groups.

Ventral tins united into one disk, or situated

close together ; two separate dorsal fins . . a. Gobiina.

The two dorsal fins united into one. Ver-
tebrae 11/17 b. Amblyopina.

The two dorsal fins united into one. Ver-
tebrae 10/24 c. Trypauchenina.

Ventral fins widely apart from each other ;

two separate dorsal fins cl. Callionymina.

Appendix. — Luciogobius. Oxymetopon.

Synopsis of the Genera.
First group : Ck)biina.

fenirak untied into one Jin.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
Teeth conical, fixed, those of the upper jaw
in several series 1. GoBius, p. 3.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
Teeth conical, fixed, those of the upper jaw
in a single series ; canine teeth none 2. Euctenogobius, p. 79.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
The upper jaw with a series of long teeth,
behind which are two groups of strong canine
teeth 3. Latruncdlus, p. 80.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
Teeth conical, fixed, those of the upper jaw in
a single series ; canine teeth at least in the
lower jaw 4. Apocryptes, p. 80.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
Teeth of the upper jaw in a single series,
emarginate, those of the lower horizontal ... 5. Evorthodus, p. 84.

Body naked, cylindrical ; head not compressed.

Teeth conical, fixed 6. Gobiosoma, p. 85.

Head and body naked, compressed. Teeth
fixed, conical, lower jaw generally with two
canines near the symphysis 7. Gobiodon, p. 87.

Ventral not adiierent to the belly. BoiSy scaly.
Teeth erect in both jaws, in a single series and
tricuspid 8. TRiiENOPHORiCHTmrs, p. 89.

Body tubercular. Gill-openings reduced to a

small foramen 9. Bentiiophilus, p. 91.

Ventral short, adherent to the belly. Body
scaly. Teeth of the upper jaw moveable, in
a single series 10. Sicydium, p. 91.

Ventral short, adherent to the belly. Body
naked. Teeth of the upper jaw tricuspid, in
a single series 11. Lenttpes, p. 96.

1. O0B1TJ3. 3

Ventral fins close together, but^mote or less comipletcly disconnected.

Eye8 very close together and very prominent.

Teeth erect in both jaws 12. Periophthalmus, p. 90.

Byes very close together and very prominent.

Lateral teeth of the lower jaw horizontal 13. Boleophtiialmus, p. 101

Eyes not prominent ; anal papilla distinct 14. Eleotris, p. 105.

Head and body compressed; anal papilla ab-
sent 15. ASTERROPTERY.X, p. 132.

Second Oroup: Amlilyopiiia.
Anterior teeth very strong Ifi. AmblYopus, p. 133.

Third Group : Trypauchenina.

Ventrals united into one disk 17. Tr^pauchen, p. 137.

Ventrals completely disconnected 18. Trvpauchenichthys, p. 137.

Fourth Oroup : CaUionjrmina. .

Gill-openings of moderate width ; praeopercu-

lum not armed 19. Platyptbba, p. 138.

Gill -openings reduced to a small opening ; pree-

operculum armed. None of the ventral rays

detached 20. Callionv.mus, p>138.

The outer ventral ray detached . 21. Vclsus, p. 151.

A^pendiiJc.

Ventral fins united. One short dorsal fin. Body
naked Luciogobius, p. 152.

VQntral fins separated, 1/4. Two dorsal fins;

head compressed into a fleshy crest Oxymbtopon, p. 153.

First Oroup. GOBIINA.

Ventral fins united into one disk, or situated close together ; two
separate dorsal fins. Vertebrae J^||.

1. GOBIUS*.

Gobius, Artedi, Genera, p. 28.

Gobius, sp., Cui\ Regne Anim.

Chaeturicnthys, Richards. Voy. Sulph, Fishes, lo. 54.

Gobionellus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 168.

Oxyurichthys, Bleek. Enumcr. Spec. p. 120.

* a. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. niger, G.- paganellus, or G. capito.

1. Gobius gottatus, Cuv. 4' Vol. xii. p. 24; Guiclien. Explor. Alger. Poiss.

p. 76. — Mediterranean.

2. limbatus, Cuv. # Val. xii. p. 26. pi. 344.— Nice. 3.

B 2

4 GOBIID^.

Cteno^obius, Gill, Ann. Lye. NaLHkt. New York, 1858, pp. 374, 430.
Acantliogobius, GiU in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, and Proc. Acad.

Nat. Se. Philad. 1859, p. 145.
Rhinogobius, GiU in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, and Proc. Acad,

Nat. Se. Philad. 1859, p. 145.
Clifenogobius, Gill in Ann. Lye. Nat, Hist, New York, 1859, p. 12,
Lepidogobius, Gill, ibid. p. 14.

Body more or less elongate, scaly. Teeth in several series in the
upper jaw, conical and fixed, generally. small, sometimes with canines.
Two dorsal fins : the anterior with six, rarely with five or more
flexible spines ; the posterior of greater, and sometimes of much
greater, extent than the anterior. A.nal similar to the posterior
dorsal in form and size, terminating at some distance from the caudal.
Ventral fins united to a disk, which is not attached to the belly.

3. Gobius lugens, Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Buss. M6rid. iii. p. 414, Poiss. pi. 9.

f. 1. — River Codor.

4. caspius, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 76, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou,

1838, p. 144. — Caspian Sea.

5. affinis, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 75, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou,

1838, p. 143.— Caspian Sea

"6. reticulatus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77. — Odessa.

7. ephippiatus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 84, and Trans. Zool. Soc.

iii. p. 10. — Madeira.

8. fluviatilis, Pcdl. Zooffr. iii. p. 162 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss.

Merid. iii. p. 429. — Rivers of Southern Russia.

9. cephalarges. Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 155 ; Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Buss.

Merid. iii. p. 420, Poiss. pi. 12. f. 2.— Black Sea.

10. constructor, Nordm. I. c. p. 427. pi. 9. f. 2. — Rivers of South Russia.

11. virescens. Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 158 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss.

Merid. iii. p. 417. — Black Sea.

12. chilo. Pall. I.e. ; Nordm. I. c. p. 418.— Black Sea.

13. fuliginosus, M'Coy in Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, vi. p. 403. —

Connemara (Ireland).

/3. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. Jozo.

14. Gobius quadricapillus. Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 159; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.

Russ. Merid. iii. p. 433, Poisa. pi. 13. f. 3. — Sebastopol.

15. macropterus, Nordm. I. c. p. 434. pi. 13. f. 2. — South coast of the

Crimea.

y. Species apparently allied to G. elegans.

16. Gobius olivaceus, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 143. pi. 74. f. 3. — Japan.

17. riehardsonii, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 508. — Rivers of Sumatra.

18. kuhlii, Bleek. B/enn. en Gob. p. 251. f. 9. — Rivers of Bantam.

19. tylankahanensis, Bleek. Blcnn. en Gob. p. 251. f. 12. — Rivers of

Bantam.

20. poecilosoma, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xiii., Blenn. en Gob.

p. 31, and Banten, p. 320. — Coast of Java.

^. Species apparently allied to G. kokius.

21. Gobius eleotrioides, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Bknn. en

Gob. p. 25. — Batavia.

€. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. caninus.

22. Gobius quadriporns, Cuv. <^- Val. xii. p. 87. — Surinam?

23. . brevifilis, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 90. — Pondicherry.

24. janthinoptcrus, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 702. — Ceram. 25.

1. GOBIUS. 5

Anal papilla generally distinct. Gill-opening vertical, of moderate
width, the gill-membranes being united to the isthmus ; branchio-
stegals five : gills four, pseudobranchiae ; air-bladder none, or, if
present, very small. Pyloric appendages none. Vertebra; |^^.

Found on all the coasts of the temperate and tropical regions,
many species entering fresh waters, and some entirely confined to
them.

The attempts to di\nde the numerous species of this genus into
smaller groups have failed to establish natural genera. The cha-
racters which may be used for that purpose — as the form of the body,
the structure and size of the scales, modifications of the dentition,
extent of the fins, presence or absence of barbels — either show gradual
transitions between the most extreme forms, or such species are

25. Gobius goldmanni, Bleek. Timor, p. 167. — Timor Kupang.

26. chlorostigma, Bleek. Verhatid. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Bhnn. en Gob.

p. 27. — Coast of Java.

27. modestus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. rxii., Blenn. en Gob.

p. 28. — Java.

28. ripilepis, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 205. — China.

29. pflauniii, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Jnpayi, p. 42. f. 3.

— Nagasaki.

30. Ehinogobius similis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pkilad. 1859, p. 145. — Japan.

Z. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. acutipinnis.

31. GohiMs mel&nosiigvivA, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Bkmi. en

Goh. p. 32. — Sea of Batavia.

9j. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. ocellaris.

32. Gobius nigripinnis, Cuv. if Vol. xii. p. 101. — Bourbon.
83. pallidus, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 102. — He dc France.

34. giianiensis, Ciiv. f Val. xii. p. 103. — Guam.

35. chiloensis, Guichen. in Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 293. lam. 6 b.

f. 1.— Chiloe.

36. Btamineus, Val. Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p. 179. pi. 5. f 5. — Sandwich

Islands,

37. blokzeyli, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vol. — , Bali, iv. —

Rivers of Bali. — Very nearly allied to G. grammepomns or G. gijmno-
pomus.

38. caariUeus, lAinoerd, Dix. Rapp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Manr. p. yS. — Mau-
ritius.

Q. Species apparently allied to G. brunneus.

39. Gobius platycephalus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. pp. 204, 318. — Cliina.

I. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. phaltena.

40. Gobius papilio, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 91. — He de France.

41. Bostrychus sinensis, Lacip. iii. pp. 140, 141. pi. 14. f. 2. — Gobius sinensis,

Cuv. cf- Val. xii. p. 94. — China.

K. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. arahic^is.

42. Gobius mertensii, Cuv. f Val. xii. p. 110. — Hab. ?

43. pavoninoides, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 33.— Soa of Madura.

\. Species apparently allied to G. lanceolatus.
44 Gobius smaragdus, Cuv.^ Val. xii. p. 120. — Cuba 45

6 GOBIID.E.

united by them as are otherwise entirely different from one another.
jVny one who should extend his examinations to a great number
of species would soon become aware of the fruitlessness of such at-
tempts, by wliich neither a natural arrangement is effected, nor the
determination of the species facilitated. A generic separation of
those s])ecics which are entirely devoid of scales, or Avhich have the
teeth tricuspid or in a single series, appears to be the most justifiable.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. The anterior dorsal with five or six spines.
A. Scales large or of moderate size, fifty or less in a longitudinal series.

1. A longitudinal crest on the nape, p. 8.

1. G. cyprinoides.

2. No crest on the head.

a. Caudal fin romided, not elongate.
(la. Canine teeth none.
a. Head longer than high.

ua. The second dorsal with eleven or more rays.

* Head longer than broad, p. 9.

2. G. ratau. 7. G. niger. 11. G. flavus.

3. G. sjTman. 8. G. auratus. 12. G. nudiceps.

4. G. semilunaris. 9. G. lesueurii. 13. G. genivittatus.

5. G. melanio. 10. G. jozo. 14. G. oligolepis.
(i. G. sulcatus.

* * Head as broad as long, p. 14.

15. G. buccatus.

45. Gobionellus liastatus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.Philad. 1858, p. 1C9.

— Coast of Texas.
4G. Taiasica, Marcgr. p. 144. — Gobius brasih'ensis, Bl. Sclm. p. 69 ; Ciiv. ^

V(d. xii. p. 121 (not Lichf.). — South America.

SiJccics of which the uffinity is not detcrminahle.

47 Gobius rabro-tseniatus, Lienard, Bix. Bapp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maur. p. 39. —
Mauritius.

48. niger, Lacep. ii. p. 568. — Gobius commersonii, Cuv.^- Val. xii. p. 136.

— lie de France.

49. ca'ruleus, Lac(p. ii. p. 500 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 137. — Bourbon.

50. lyricus, Girard inProc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 109. — Coast

of Texas.

51. wurdemanni, Girard, ibid. — Coast of Texas.

52. calidus, Girard, I. c. — Coast of Texas..

53. gulosus, Girard, I. c. — Coast of Texas.

54. anjcrensis, BIcck. Blenn. en Gob. p. 251. f. 11. — Anjer.

.55. cobitis, i'fl//. Zoogr. iii. p. 101 ; Nordm. in Dcmid. Voy.Russ.Merid.

iii. p. 4.'55. — West coast of the Crimea.

50. gutum, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 50; Cuv. if" Val. xii.

p. 138. — Ganges. — A figure of it (No. 272) exists in the Collection of
Drawings of Fishes by Ilardwicke (MSS. of the British Museum).

57. meUinopus, (Ca.steln.) BIcck. Singapore, iii. p. 450. — Singapore.

58. patella, Thunh. in Vctcnsk. Acad. Nga Handl. Stockh. xiii. 1791,

p. 191. tab. 0.— East Indies.

59. brcviceps, Blyfh '« Joicrn. As. 8oc. Beng. p. 271.-— Andaman Islands.

1, GOBIUS.

19.

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

29.
30.
31.

/3^. The second dorsal with eleven or less rays.

* [lead as broad as long, p. 14.
16. G. cyclopterus. 17. G. lineatus.

** Head longer than broad,
t Prseoperculum with two tooth-like prominences, p. 15.

18. G. oplopomus.
ft Praeoperculuin not armed.
§ Anterior doi-sal Avith six spines, p. 15.

32. G. lentiginosus. 45. G. criniger.

33. G. ornatus. 46. G. cocosensis.

34. G. giuris 47. G. polycynodon.
(uuicolor). 48. G. reichii.

35. G. viridi-punctatus. 49. G. sumatranus.

36. G. sublitus. 50. G. phaiospilosoma.

37. G. albo-pimctatus. 51. G. semidoliatus.

38. G. nebidopunctatus. 52. G. pasurueusis.

martensii.

panizza>.

rhodopteriis.

oplithalraoporus

obscurus.

elegans.

baliurus.

atherinoides.

puntangoides

(puntang).

elirenbergii.

39. G. soporator.

40. G. nigri.

41. G. nox.

42. G. filosus.

hemigymnopomus. 43. G. apogonius.
biocellatiis. 44. G. sadanuudio.

53. G. hoevenii.

54. G. tambujon.

55. G. iavanicus.

56. G. borneeusis.

57. G. melanurus.

§§ Anterior doi-sal with five spines.
* Posterior dorsal eight-rayed, p. 34.

58. G. oxj-pterus.

*• Posterior dorsal eleven-rayed, p. 34.

59. G. fasciatus.
fi. Head as high as long, p. 34.

00. G. echinocephalus.
66. Canine teetli.

a. Head as high as long, p. 35.

01. G. amiciensis.
fi. Head longer than high.

aa. The first spine of eacli of the dorsal fins stiff, p. 35.
62. G. bitelatus. 63. G. notiicanthus. 64. G. caninoides.

/3j3. All the spines and rays flexible, p. 36.

65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.

84

85.
86,

capistratus.

ophthalmotsenia.

chinensis.

caniniis.

venenatus.

cyanomos.

c'hloi-ostijjmatoides,

72. G. frenatus.

73. G. cyanoclavis.

74. G. brevirostris.

75. G. cauereusis.

76. G. bontii.

77. G. phaiomelas.

6. Caudal fin elongate, pointed, p. 44.

acutipinnis. 87. G. sohlegelii.

spectabilis. 88. G. polyncma.

signatus.

78. G. xauthosoma

(melanosoma)

79. G. Ijaliuroides.

80. G. gymnaucheu.

81. G. pleurostigma.

82. G. gastrospilus.

83. G. macrostoma.

89. G. margariturus.

90. G. temminckii.

91. G. mystacinus.

b GOBnO^.

B. Scales rather small, fifty or more in a longitudinal series.

1. A tentacle above the orbit, p. 48.

92. G. tentacularis. 9.3. G. ophthalmonema.

2. No tentacle above the orbit.

a. Caudal fin elongate, pointed, p. 49.

94. G. microlepis. 95. G. papuensis. 97. G. lanceolatus.
96. G. belosso.

b. Caudal fin roimded, not elongate.
aa. Canine teeth none, p. 51.

98. G. marmoratus. 107. G. geniporus. 116. G. transandeanus.

99. G. batrachocephalus. 108. G. capito. 117. G. crassilabris.

100. G. stevenii. 109. G. maderensis. 118. G. ocellari».

101. G. lacteus. 110. G. ekstromii. 119. G. grammepomus.

102. G. platyrostris. 111. G. minutus. 120. G. gynmopomus.

103. G. paganellus. 112. G. colonianus. 121. G. brunneus.

104. G. melanostoma. 113. G. banana. 122. G. annularis.

105. G. ophiocephalus. 114. G. seneofuscus. 123. G. xanthozona.

106. G. cruentatus. 115. G. mexicanus. 124. G. platynotus.

bb. Canine teeth, p. 67.

125. G. sphinx. 127. G. semicinctus. 129. G. decussatus.

126. G. pnalsena. 128. G. albomaculatus. 130. G. bynoensis.

C. Scales minute, p. 70.

131. G. cseruleopunctatus. 135. G. russus. 138. G. knutteli.

132. G. cyanotsenia. 136. G. voigtii. 139. G. arabicus.

133. G. niveatus. 137. G. polyophthal- 140. G. fontanesii.

134. G. cryptocentrus. mus. 141. G. gymnocephalus.

II. The anterior dorsal with seven to nine spines, p. 75.

142. G. petrophilus. 146. G. newberrii. 149. G. lepidus.

143. G. ruthensparri. 147. G. hexanema. 150. G. hasta.

144. G. stigmothonus. 148. G. ommaturus. 151. G. stigmatias.

145. G. flavimanus. 152. G. virgo.

I. The anterior dorsal with five or six spines.

A. Scales large or of moderate size, fifty or less in a longitudinal
series.
1. A longitudinal crest on the nape.

1. Gobius cjrprinoides.

Gobius cyprinoides, Pall. Spicileg. Zuol. viii. p. 17. tab. 1. f. 5 j Citv. (§•

Vol. xii. p. 129.
crista galli, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 130 ; Guichen. Poiss. m Panion

de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 128. pi. 3. f 3.

B. 5. D. 6||. A.|. L. lat. 25. Vert. 11/15.

A low longitudinal crest behind the crown of the head. The
height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-fourth
of the total. The width of the interorbital ispace is less than the

1. GOBIUS. 9

diameter of the eye, which is one-foiirth of the length of the head.
Caudal rounded. Yellowish-brown : the first dorsal black, the others
greyish ; caudal with numerous brownish dots.
Caribbean Sea.

There is no doubt that Pallas described this species, which is very
frequently brought to Europe, but he was misinformed with regard
to the locality whence it came.

a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of H. Cuming, Esq.
h-f. Adult : skins and stuffed. Jamaica. From Dr. Parncll's Col-
lection.
g-i. Adult.
Tc. Adult : skeleton.

The skeleton does not differ essentially from that of the tj'pical
species of the genus (as G. capita). The skull is rather compressed ;
the orbital margin is ver^' elevated, with a simple edge ; the bony
bridge between the orbits is very narrow, and the low occipital crest
aiises from it. There axe eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal ver-
tebra;, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being
to that of the caudal as 1 : 1 -3.

2. No crest on the head.

a. Caudal fin roimded, not elongate.
aa. Canine teeth none.
a. Head longer than high.

aa. The second dorsal with eleven or more rays.
* Head longer than broad.

2. Gobius ratan.
Nordm. in Deinid. Voy. Russ. Meiid. iii. p. 416, Poiss. pi. 11. f. 2.
D. 6 I 19. A. 15.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is one-fifth of the
total length, the length of the head one-fomth. Snout rather con-
vex, of moderate extent ; cleft of the mouth wide, obUque. The
eyes are close together and of moderate size. Dorsal fins subcon-
tinuous, the second higher than the first, nearly as high as the body ;
caudal rounded. Brownish-black, irregularly spotted with lighter :
dorsal fins yellow-edged ; the second and the caudal blue, finely re-
ticulated with blackish ; anal with some darker spots. {Nordm.) '

Shores of Odessa.

3. Gobius syrman.

Nordm. in Dvmid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 419. pi. 12. f. 1.

D. 6 I 19. A. 15.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is one-fifth of

the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Snout obtuse,

convex ; cleft of the mouth oblique ; eyes rather small. Dorsal fins

close together, lower than the body, the posterior being somewhat

10 GOBIIDit:.

higher than the anterior ; caudal rounded ; the ventrals do not reach
to the vent. Yellowish- brown, irregularly brown- spotted ; a brown
spot below the eye : the first dorsal yellowish, brown-spotted ; aU
the other fins black. (Nordm.)
Shores of Odessa.

4. Gobius semilunaris.

Ileckel in Ami. Wien. Mus. 1840, ii. p. 152. tab. 8. f. 5, 6 ; Nordm. in
Demid. Voy. Itiiss. Merid. iii. p. 4-38.

D. 6 I 18. A. 14. L. lat. 34-37.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. Snout of moderate
extent, conical, A\dth the jaws equal anteriorly ; gape narrow, ex-
tending to below the nostrils. Eyes very close together, as long as
the snout. The dorsal fins are somewhat remote from each other;
the second is as high as the body, and twice as high as the first :
caudal subtruncated : the ventrals extend on to the anus. YeUoAvish-
brown, spotted with darker ; a brownish band on the root of the
caudal fin. {Hedc.)

River Marizza (Roumelia) ; Rivers of South Russia.

5. Gobius melanlo.

Pall. Zooyr. iii. p. 412 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 412,
Poiss. pi. 11. f. 1.

D. 6 I 15. A. 14.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a quarter. The snout is obtuse, convex ; the cleft of the
mouth oblique ; eye of moderate size. Dorsal fins close together,
lower than the body : caudal rounded. Entirely black ; the vertical
fins yellow-edged. (Nordm.)

Shores of Odessa.

6. Gobius sulcatus.

Gobiiis bothriocephalus, Eichto. JReise auf dem Kaspischen Meere, i.

p. 279.
sulcatus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 75, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.

1838, p. 142.

D. G I 16. A. 13.

The height of the bod^; is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths ;
the head is broader than high ; a transverse groove between the
nostrils; the width of the interorbital space equals the diameter of
the eye. The pectoral fin extends to the sixth ray of the posterior
dorsal, the ventral to the vent ; rays of the fins very thick. Yellow-
ish-brown, black-si)otted ; a large black spot on the first dorsal.
(Eichw.)

Caspian Sea.

1. GOBIUS. 11

7. Gobius niger.

The Black Goby. The Rock-fish.

Gobio niger, Rondel. 17. cap. 17. p. 200; Gesner, p. 385.

? Gobius niger, Willughb. p. 206. tab. N. 12. f. 1 ; Ray, p. 76 ; Schonev.

p. 36.
Gobius, no. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 28,
Gobius niger, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 449; Retz. Faun. Siiec. p. 326; Mull.

Proflr. Zoof. Dan. p. 44 ; Nihs. Prodr. ZooL Suec. p. 93, and Skand.

Faun. iv. p. 210; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 94; Low, Faun. Oread.

p. 205 ; Jeni/ns, Man. p. 385 ; Ekstr. Fische Morko, p. 255, and Skand.

Fisk. p. 157. tab. 36 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 251, 2nd edit. i.

p. 281, 3rd edit. ii. p. 318 (part, descript.) ; Cuv. 4" V(d. xii. p. 9;

Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 81. pi. 29 ; Fries in Wiegm. Arch.

1840, p. 237 ; (not fhomps.).

^ozo, PI. tab. 107. f. 3.

? Gobius bicolor, (Briinn. Ichth. Massil. p. 30) ; L. Gm. p. 1197 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 73 (not Cuv. Sf Fa/.).
Black Goby, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 186. pi. 38.
Gobius britannicns, TJtomps. Ann. <^- Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, ii. p. 416,

and Proc. Zuol. Soc. 1837, p. 61.

D. 6 1 -^. A. ^^. L. lat. 39-40. Vert. 12/16.

Eleven or twelve longitudinal series of scales between the second
dorsal and anal fins. The height of the body is contained six times
in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half.
Jlorsal fins close together, abotit as high as the body ; the distance
of the dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout from the prae-
operculum. A few of the upper rays of the pectoral fin sometimes
very fine, silk-hke ; the pectoral extends to the vertical from the anal
papilla ; the ventral fins reach to the vent. Brownish -olive, more or
less distinctly marbled ^dth darker : dorsal and caudal fins with in-
conspicuous blackish streaks ; anal uniform ; pectoral with a dark
spot on the upper part of its base ; ventral greyish.

German Ocean ; Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe.

a, h. Adult. South Devonshire. Museum Leach.

c-h. Fine specimens. Baltic. Presented by Max, Prince of Neuwied.

i. Half-grown, Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.

k-hi. Half-grown : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

Variety : orange-yellow, finely marbled with reddish ; fins black on
the marginal half: perhaps identical with Gobius auratus, E-isso.

n. Fine specimen. British coast. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.

8. Gobius auratus.

Gobius auratus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 160, and Fur. Mirid. iii. p. 283 ;

Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 31.
Eleotris auratus, Cuv, Regne Aniin. ii. p. 247.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total length, or four
fimcs the diameter of the eye. Check with seven or eight series of

12 GOBUD*.

minute warts, radiating from the eye ; none on the temple and on
the neck. Two or three of the upper pectoral rays slightly detached.
Brownish-yellow, marbled with darker ; a black spot on the upper
part of the root of the pectoral. ( Val.)
Coast of Nice.

9. Gobius lesueurii.

Gobius lesueurii, Hisso, Eur. 3Iericl. iii. p. 284 ; Cuv. (^ Val. xii. p. 33 ;
Guichen. Exp. Alyer. Poiss. p. 77.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26-27. L. transv. 4 or 5.

I 14 14

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth. The head is one-third less high than
long, and one-quarter less broad than high. The width of the in-
terorbital space is less than one-half the diameter of the eye. The
upper profile of the snout descends abruptly, and the lower jaw
projects a little. Flbsh- or rose-coloured, with yellowish tints :
cheek and opercle with three yellow stripes, descending obliquely
forwards ; the first dorsal with a blackish margin ; caudal with two
greyish vertical lines. (Val.)

Coast of Nice.

10. Gobius jozo.

Gobius tertius, Willuyhhy, p. 207 ; Ray, p. 76 ; Artedi, Synoii. p. 47

(not sjTion.).
jozo, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 450; Bl. Schn. p. 69; Risso, Ichth. Nice,

p. 159, and Eir. Merid. iii. p. 280 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 35 ; Guichen.

Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 77.

albescens, &c., Cfronov. Mus. no. 176, and Zoophyl. no. 275.

nebulosus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 161, and Eur. 3ierid. iii. p. 281

(not Forsk.).
longeradiatus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 286 ; Cuv, (^ Val. xii.

p. 38.

D. 6 I i. A. ^^. L. lat. 34-40.

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length ; head as
broad as high, with the snout veiy obtuse. The eye occupies the
second quarter of the length of the head ; the width of the inter-
orbital space equals one-half of its diameter. Scales of moderate size ;
canine teeth none. The dorsal fins are elevated, and some rays of
the first are prolonged, filiform ; caudal somewhat pointed ; the
basal membrane of the ventral fin is broad, provided with a small
appendage on each side. The upper pectoral rays silk-like. Stripes
of minute warts on the side of the head and on the neck. Brownish
or brown ; fins blackish, especially the ventral and anal fins ; the
first dorsal black superiorly, or with one or two black spots between
the first two spines ; dorsal fins sometimes with brownish longitu-
dinal lines.

Mediterranean.

a-h, c. Adult. Dalmatia.

1. GOBITJS. 13

d, e. Adult and half-grown. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. Pratt,

Esq.
/. Half -grown: bad state. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult : skeleton. Dalmatia.

11. Gobius flavus.
Cuv. ^ Val xii. p. 60.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The width of the interorbital space equals the
diameter of the eye. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, and ex-
tends to behind the vertical from the orbit. Scales of moderate size.
None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; no warts on the head. Uniform
yellowish. (Vol.)
Surinam.

12. Gobius nudiceps.
Cuv. i§* Val. xii. p. 65.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total ; it is higher than
broad, and half as high as long ; its profile descends little, and is
nearly straight ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length
of the head, and equals the width of the interorbital space. The
outer teeth are somewhat enlarged, but there are no canines. Dorsal
fins rather low. Scales of moderate size ; head, nape of the neck,
and base of the pectoral naked. None of the pectoral rays sUk-like.
Blackish -olive : a black, white-edged vertical band at the base of the
pectoral ; the first dorsal grey, with three blackish longitudinal
streaks, and with the margin yellow ; the second ^^ith twelve black-
ish oblique lines ; the rays of the caudal dotted with blackish. The
other fins uniform grey. {Vol.)

Cape of Good Hope.

Bleeker (" Cape of Good Hope," p. 25) gives a description of a single
specimen of a Goby from the Cape, which he refers to this species.
His description differs in several points from that of Valenciennes : —
The height of the body is contained six times and a third in the total
length, the length of the head four times and three-fifths. The
width of the interorbital space is not much more than one-half of
the diameter of the eye. Sivty scales m a longitudinal line ; a
narrow stripe of scales across the base of the pectoral fin. The basal
half of the pectoral fin deep violet, with a very conspicuous light
transverse band ; a black spot superiorly at the base.

13. Gobius genivittatus.
Cuv. 4" Val. xii. p. 64.

D.6|l. A. A

The upper jaw is somewhat protractile. The length of the head
is one-fifth of the total ; it is broader than high, and half as high as
long. The eye occupies the second quarter of the length of the head ;

14 GOBIID^.

the profile of the snout descends abruptly. The first dorsal is lower,
the second rather higher, than the body. Scales of moderate size.
Canine teeth none. Yellowish-brown, with twelve narrow brown
vertical streaks ; each scale on the .sides with a short black stripe ;
a broad brown band from the eye to the lower margin of the praj-
operciilum. (Val.)
Otaheitc.

14. Gobius oligolepis.

Gobius oligolepis, Bleeh. Sumatra, iii. p. 508.

spiluriis, Bleck. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 32«.

D. 6 I 11-12. A. 12. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half or six
times in the total length, the length of the head five times. The
head is obtuse, convex, rather higher than broad. The eyes are
close together, and their diameter is somewhat less than one-third
of the length of the head. Jaws equal anteriorly, the maxillaiy ex-
tending to below the posterior half of the orbit. The teeth of the
outer series are enlarged in the upper jaw ; canines none ; cleft of
the mouth slightly oblique. The head and the neck, to the anterior
dorsal fin, are naked. The spinous dorsal has the anteiior spines
produced, and as high as the body ; the soft dorsal is lower. The
upper pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal fin obtusely roimdcd, nearly
one-fourth of the total length. Green : a blackish band between
the eye and the interopercidum ; head and body spotted with darker,
the spots on the sides being transverse and disposed in a series. The
soft dorsal fin with two blackish longitudinal lines on the marginal
portion ; dorsal and caudal rays spotted with violet. {Bl.)

Coasts and rivers of Java, Madura, and Sumatra.

** Head as broad as long.
15. Gobius buccatus.
Cuv. 8{ Val. xii. p. 60.

Cheeks swollen. Head as broad as long, and one-third broader
than high ; its length is one-fourth of the total. Mouth nearly
vertical. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the
head, and one-half of the width of the interprbital space. None of
the pectoral rays silk-like. Scales of moderate size. EntJrplv
brown. {Vol.)

Hah. ?

/3/3. The second dorsal with eleven or less rays.
* Head as broad as long.

1 6. Gobius cyclopterus.
Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 50.

D.O|i. A.i
The head is as broad as long, and only half as high ; its length is

1 . GOBIUS. 15

one-fourth of the total. Venti'al veiy short and subcircular. CJrey,
indistinctly marbled with brown. ( Val.)
Nfcw Ireland (Carteret Harbour).

17. Gobius lineatus.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 95. pi. 19. f. 2.
D. 6 U. A. |. L. lat. 37.

Scales in eleven longitudinal scries. The heigbt of tlie body is
contained five times and a half in the total length, the lengtli of the
head four times and a half ; th(! head is nearly as broad as long;
eyes Avith a diameter nearly one-fourth that of the head ; the inter-
orbital space scarcely more than half a diameter in breadth. Teetli
of the outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none. The upper ])cctoral
rays are silk-like ; ventrals a little shorter than the pectorals ; dorsal
fins lower than the body ; caudal rounded. Sides of the head naked,
with stripes of minute warts. Dusky grey, with about ten rather
indistinct longitudinal dark lines. Fins dusky, with very faint irre-
gular whitish spots. A dark spot on the upper half of the eve. (Jen.)

Chatham Island.

*• Head longer than broad.
t Prseoperculum with two tooth-like prominences.

18. Gobius oplopomus.
Ctiv. ^ Val. xii. p. GO.

D. 611. A.-i.

I 9 9

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and a fourth in the total. Canine teeth none.
Prseoperculum mth two tooth-like prominences at the angle. The
first dorsal is higher than the body, whilst the second and the anal
equal it in height ; caudal ti-uncated. Scales large. Greenish above ;
a series of black spots along the middle of the side. 151ue ocellated
spots on the cheeks, opercles, and on the back ; dorsal fins with
purplish spots on their lower half ; the basal half of the caudal dotted
with black ; a blue longitudinal band along the middle of the anal
fin; ventral blackish towards the extremity. (Val.)

Massuah (Red Sea).

tt Prseoperculum not armed.
§ Anterior dorsal with six spines.

19. Gobius martensii.

Gobius fiuviatilis, (BotielU ?) Cui\ i!)- Val. xii. p. 52 ; Cur. Itk/nc
Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 80. f. 2 ; Martens in Wieym. Arch, xxiii. p. 17(>.
tab. 9. f. 4, 5 ; Heck, i^ Kner, Siisswasserf. p. 57 (not Pall.).

D. 6 I -1. A. |. L. lat. 40.

The height of the body is not quite one-sixth of the total length
(without caudal fin), the length of the head one-fourth. The head

16 GOBIID^.

is as broad as high. Snout rounded, rather obtuse. The dorsal fins
are remote from each other and lower than the body. None of the
pectoral rays silk-like; the ventral terminates at a great distance
from the vent. Greyish, sometimes with ill-defined vertical bands ;
the second dorsal and the caudal with brown dots on the rays.
Fresh waters of North Italy.

a, h. Fine specimens. Ticino. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

20. Gobins quagga.

Hechel, Ann. Wien. Mm. 1840, ii. p. 150. tab. 9. f. 5, 6.
D. 6 I 9-10. A. 9-10. L. lat. 35-37.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times; snout somewhat
pointed, with the lower jaw longer than the iipper ; the eyes are
close together, two-sevenths of the length of the head. Dorsal fins
rather remote from each other, lower than the body ; caudal rounded ;
the ventral extends on to the vent. Yellowish, with six dark-brown
cross-streaks ; the first on the mandibula, the second below the eye,
the third on the operculum, the fourth, fifth and sixth on the tail ;
a dark-brown spot on the base of the caudal ; vertical fins with
waved brownish streaks. (Heck.)

Palermo.

21. Gobius panizzs.

Gobius panizzse, Verga, Atti della terza Riunione degli Sdenziati Ital.
Firenze, 1841, p. 379 ; Heck, ^ Kner, S'dsswasserf. p. 49.

D. 6 I 9. A. 8. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half ; snout
somewhat pointed, with the lower jaw longer than the upper ; the
width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye,
which occupies the second quarter of the length of the head. Dorsal
fins rather remote from each other, lower than the body; caudal
rounded ; the ventral does not extend on to the vent. Nape of the
neck naked ; the scales on the tail considerably larger than those on
the anterior part of the body. Brownish-olive (in spirits), with a
brown longitudinal band ; chin black ; the first dorsal with a large
black spot, the second and the caudal finely brown-dotted.

Lagunes of Comacchio ; Lago de Garda.

The characters are taken from two specimens in the Senckenberg
Museum, brought by Dr. EiippeU from the Lake of Garda ; they are
females, only 15 lines long, but with the ovaria fully developed.

22. Gobius rhodopterus.

Gobius reticulatus, Cuv. ^ Val xii. p. 50; M'Coy in Ann. 8f Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1841, vi. p. 403 (not Eichw.).
D. 6 I 10. A. 10.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length

1. GOBIFS. 17

of the head one-fourth ; snout very short, tumid, convex ; lower jaw
longer than the upper ; eyes large, approximate ; first dorsal with
the second ray longest, the others gradually decreasing in length ;
the ventral fin reaches to the anus, yello^vish, reticulated with
hlack lines ; dorsal fins of a beautiful rose-colour (during life), with
large black spots ; the other fins whitish. (M'Coy.)

Valenciennes mentions a black spot above the axil of the pectoral
fin, another at the root of the caudal, a third below the eye, and two
at the extremity of the lower jaw.

Mediterranean ; Dublin Bay.

23. Gobius ophthalmoporus.
Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 840.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 45.

The height of the body is contained six or seven times in the total
length, the length of the head five times and a quarter to five times
and three-quarters. The head is higher than broad, its greatest
width being nearly one-half of its length. The eye is situated in
the anterior half of the head, its diameter being one-fourth of the
length of the head ; the width of the space between the eyes is about
one-half their diameter. The snout is obtiise, as long as the eye ;
the cleft of the mouth oblique, extending to below the front margin
of the orbit. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged ; canine
teeth none. A large pore behind the eye. The dorsal fins are not
elevated ; the third spine of the anterior dorsal is the longest ;
caudal rounded. Head, body, and pectoral fins uniform green ;
the anterior dorsal with blackish-violet longitudinal streaks, the
posterior with series of violet spots ; anal with a blacki.sh margin.
{Bleelc.)

Sea of AmboyTia.

24. Grobius obscurus.
Peters in Wier/m. Arch. 1855, p. 250.

"^■'A^y ^-ohr L. lat. 42.

Fourteen longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal and the
vent. The length of the head is contained three times and one-fifth
in the total (-without caudal) ; it is one-fourth broader than high,
and as much longer than broad. The eyes occupy the second quarter
of the length of the head, and arc distant from each other the entire
or the half length of their diameter. The snout is somewhat con-
vex ; the cleft of the mouth slightly oblicjue, and extending to below
the anterior margin of the orbit; it does not ascend to the level of
the eye. Teeth of the outer series enlarged. The first dorsal lower
than the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper pectoral rays silk-like.
Head naked. Blackish-brown ; dorsal and caudal fins with darker
spots. {Pet.)

Mozambique,
vot. III.

1 .S GOBIIBvE.

25. Gobius elegans.

Gobius elegans, {Kuhl8(i-an Ilass.) Cur. (§• Val. xii. p. 58; ? Bleeker,

Natimrk. Tydschr. Ncderl. Ind. 1851, i. fig. 10.
elegans, var., Cantor, Catal. p. 179.

D. 6|^. A.-i. L. lat. 36.

Nine longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fifth. Snout obtuse. The ante-
rior dorsal fin is rather lower than the posterior, the height of which
equals that of the body. The upper rays of the pectoral fin silk-like.
Caudal rounded. Teeth small, equal in size. Buff'-coloured, minutely
dotted with brown ; the upper half of the sides with three or four
indistinct lines, each formed by a series of very short brown streaks,
beneath which a series of indistinct brown spots ; a blackish spot at
the posterior margin of the orbit, a second at the upper part of the
root of the pectoral fin, and a third at the lower part of the root,
spreading on the gill-menbrane. The membranes of the dorsal fins
with three or four indistinct series of blackish spots, and a few
similar on the caudal membrane.

Seas of Pinang, Bombay, Java, New Guinea, and Vanicolo.

a. Skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Nearly
unifonn yellowish. The description of the colours has been
borrowed from (!antor's description, which was dra^vn up from
this specimen.

26. Gobius baliurus.

Gobius baliurus, Ciiv. 8f Val. xii. p. 01 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Ge-
noutsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 31.

The height of the body is one- sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The head is half as high and broad as long.
The eye is one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital space
xery narrow. Teeth small ; canine teeth none. Scales large. None
of the pectoral rays silk-like ; three or four series of minute warts
below the eye. Caudal rounded. Ero^vnish-grey, indistinctly marbled
with grejash. Caudal fin with a round brown spot at the base, and
w'th white points on the rays. Ventral and margin of the anal
wiiite. {Val.)

Seas of Java, Amboyna, and Celebes.

? a. Adult. Amboj-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

27. Gobius atherinoides.
I'eters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 254.

D. 0 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 26-28.
Scales in nine longitudinal series. The height of the body is con-

1. GOBitrs. 19

tained five times and a half in the total length (without caudal) , the
length of the head three times and three-quarters. Snout shorter
than the eye, convex ; cleft of the mouth oblique ; the eyes are very
close together, and their diameter is rather more than one-fourth of
the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series enlai-ged. Dorsal
fins not elevated ; none of the upper pectoral rays sUk-like. Green-
ish ; irregular brown spots along the side of the head and body, the
last on the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and caudal fins brown-
spotted. (Pet.')
Mozambique.

28. Gobius puntangoides.

Gobius puntang, Bleek. Natiiurk. Tydschr. Nederl. I/uL iii. p. 092 (not

ii. p. 486).
puTitangoides, Bleeh. Ceram, iii. p. 242.

D. 6 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half or five
times in the total length, the length of the head five times ; the head
is higher than broad, its height being three-fourths or four-fifths of
its length ; the eyes are close together, and their diameter is one-
fourth or one -fifth of the length of the head. 8idcs of the head
scaly ; snout obtuse, convex, longer than the eye ; the cleft of the
mouth is oblique, with the jaws ecjual anteriorly. Teeth of the outer
series enlarged ; canine teeth none. Dorsal fins as high as, or
somewhat higher than, the body ; caudal rounded. Olive, with
brownish cross-bands ; most of the scales have a greenish dot.
Dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins with scries of yellow and blackish
dots ; anal with alternate yeUow and reddish-\-iolet longitudinal
streaks.

Rivers and coasis of the East IncHan Ai-chipclago.

a. Fine specimen. AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Oohiiis puntang, Bleek. Riouw, p. 48fi, appears to be very closely
allied to this species.

29. Gobius ehrenbergii.
Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 03.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; it is nearly as
broad as high, and one-third longer than broad. The eye occupies
the second quarter of the length of the head. Scales large. Teeth
very small. The rays of the second dorsal fin become gradually
longer posteriorly, and the last are one-third higher than the body ;
the upper pectoral rays arc somewhat silk-like. Blackish, dotted
with blue ; dorsal fins with five or six black longitudinal lines ; rays
of the caudal dotted with black. (Vol.)

Alexandria.

t:2

20 GOBirojE.

30. (Robins hemigymnopomns.

Bleeke)', Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i., Manado en Makassar, p. 50.
D. 6 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 32.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half ; the head
is as broad as high ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye,
with the jaws nearly equal anteriorly. The eyes are very close to-
gether, and the length of their diameter is contained three times and
a half in that of the head. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged.
The upper part of the sides of the head scaly, the lower naked.
Dorsal fins half as high as the body ; the upper pectoral rays sUk-
like ; caudal rounded. Greenish, spotted with brown ; two brown
longitudinal streaks on the side of the head ; an irregular longitu-
dinal band on the side of the body ; dorsal and anal fins with two
series of round black spots. (Bleeh.)

Seas of Macassar and Biliton.

31. Gobius biocellatus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 73.

D. 6 I -^.

I 10

A.l.

Snout elongate, depressed. Head broader than high. Canine
teeth none. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total
length. Greyish-brown, with brown stripes along the series of
scales ; five or six clouded spots on the sides ; the first dorsal with
two black, white-edged spots — one between the first and second
spines, the other between the fifth and sixth ; anal brownish, with
white spots ; caudal dotted with brown. (^Val.)

Pondicherry.

32. Gobius lentiginosus.

Richards. Ichth. Voy. Ereb. Sr Terr. p. 3. pi. 1. figs. 5, 6.
D. 6 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 26.

Six longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the
anal fin. The head is about as high as broad. Eyes very close to-
gether, of moderate size ; snout moderately long, with the lower jaw
prominent. Head naked. Teeth small. The anterior dorsal is rather
lower than the posterior, which is as high as the body. Caudal
slightly rounded ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Honey-
yellow, marbled and spotted with blackish-brown and dotted with
white ; a dark spot at the root of the caudal fin ; dorsal and caudal
fins dotted with black ; anal and ventrals immaculate.

Bay of Isiands, New Zealand.

a. Bay of Islands. Presented by Lieut. A. Smith.
6, c. Not good state. Bay of Islands. Presented by the Lords of
the Admiralty. — Types of the species.

1. GOCIUS. 21

33. Grobius omatus.

Gobius omatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. I.'i5, and N. W. Fische, p. 137.

ventralis, (Fhrenb.) Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 113.

interstinctus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 3. pi. 5.

figs. 3-6 ; lileek. Amb. (^ Ceram, p. 275.
• periophthalmoides, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydsc^r. Nederl, Ind. 1851,

i. p. 249.

Seven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fin. The height of the body is contained six or seven times
in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half; the
head is rather broader than high, its width being contained one and
a half times in its length. The eyes are very close together ; their
diameter is three times and a half in the length of the head. Snout
obtuse, convex, as long as the eye. Crown of the head scaly. The
cleft of the mouth is scarcely oblique, with the jaws nearly equal in
length. AU the teeth very small. Dorsal fins somewhat lower than
the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper rays of the pectoral silk-like.
Green, with numerous brown spots and yellow dots ; all the fins,
except the ventral, dotted with black.

Eed Sea ; East Indian Archipelago ; Philippine Islands ; North-
west coast of Australia.
a. Fine specimen. Red Sea. Collected and presented by Dr. E.

RiippeU.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Adult. Moluccas.

d. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands.

tr-f. Adult. Feejee Islancb. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

,_ , „ , J ^ - f North -west coast of Australia.

^.Hatf-grown: bad state. I F^om the Haslar CoUection.-

h-lc. Half-grown: not good state. | Types of (?. mto-s<mch(^.
I. Adult. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

34. Gobius giuris.

Korah-motta, Russell, pi. 50.

Koku, Russell, pi. 51.

Bullae korah, Russell, pi. 53.

Gobius giuris, JBuch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 61. pi. 33. fig. 15 ; Cui\ Sf

Val. xii. p. 72 ; Rleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xii., Bletm. en Gob. p. 24.,
kokius, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. G8 ; Jerdon in 3Iadr. Journ. xv.

p. 148; Bleek. I. c., Cant. Catal. p. 180; Jacq. Voy. Jnd. Poiss.

pi. 14. fig. 3.

russelii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 75.

catebus, Ciw. Sf Val. xii. p. 7G.

kora, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 77.

celebicus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 74; Bleek. Banteti, p. 318.

kurpali, Sykcs in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 352. pi. (51. fig. 1.

platycephalus, Peters, Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1852, p. 081.

phaiosoma, Bleek. Verhaml. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 30, aud Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, i. fig. 5.

22 ' GOUIID^.

Gobius fiisifonnis, Bleekei; Verhand. Batav. Geiiootsch. I. c.

fasciato-punctatus, Richards. Vvy. Sulph. Ichth. p. 145. pi. 62.

figs. 13, 14.

B. 4. D. 6 -. A.|. L.lat. 30-33. Vert. 11/16.

Nine or ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Snout elongate, depressed, with the lower jaw
prominent ; head broader than high ; the teeth of the outer series
enlarged, canine teeth none. The scales on the neck are much
smaller than those on the sides of the body. The height of the body
is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total length, the length of the
head one-fourth. The interorbital space is flat, of moderate width,
broader in large, and narrower in immature specimens. Dorsal fins
nearly as high as the body ; the spines of the anterior dorsal some-
times a little prolonged in adult specimens. The distance of the first
dorsal from the eye nearly equals that of the snout fi'om the praj-
operculum. No silk-Kke pectoral rays ; the ventral extends nearly
on to the vent. Yellowish-brown, with more or less distinct brown
bands across the back, alternating with a series of rounded brown
blotches situated along the sides of the body. Pectoral, dorsal, and
caudal fins with series of brown dots, the former Avith a small brown-
ish spot on the upper part of the base ; generally a brown cross-
streak between the eyes.

Found on all the East Indian coasts ; entering fresh waters.

a, h, c. Adult. Ceylon.

d-h, i, k. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

I. Fourteen inches long: stuffed. Calcutta. From the Collection

of the East India Company.
m. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagint-

weit.
n-p. Young. Bengal, From the CoUection of the East India

Company.
q. Adult : skin. Fresh waters of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
r. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's CoUection.
s, t. Fine specimens. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.
u. Large specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
V. Adult. Ceram. From the Collection of Madame Ida PfeifFer.
w. Half-grown. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Steven.
ic. Adult. Borneo. Purchased of Mr, Frank.
y. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands,

z. Adult. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.
a. Adult. China Seas. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — Type of

G. p'sciato-punctatus.
fl, y~S, €-0, I, K, \. Adult and half- grown. China.
fi, V, £,, o, 7r, p. Adult, half-grown, and young. East Indies,
t (7. Young. Zambeze. From Prof. Peters's Collection as G^oWtwp^rt-

tycephalus, Peters,
r. Adult male : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

1. 60BIUS. 23

As in all species that are very uumerous in individuals (Rana
temporaria, Serranus scriba and cabrilla, &c.), so in the present, the
accidental and individual varieties are innumerable, and sometimes so
striking, that one is tempted to consider them as specific differences.
In order to arnve at the truth, it is necessary to examine a great
number of spfecimens, when we soon discover that none of the
characters on which G. celebkns, fasciato-punctatus, «fec. have been
founded, hold good. The specimen, howe\er, found by Kuhl and
van Hasselt in Java, which has been named by them G. unkolor (not
Cuv. <fe Val.), and which is still preserved in the Leyden Museum,
may well prove to be a distinct species. It has a shorter snout
than any of the thirty-seven s^wcimens in the Bi'itish Museum, the
scales on the neck are not much smaller than those on the sides, and
the colours appear to have been uniform.

Skeleton. — All the bones of the head are somewhat prolonged, in
accordance with the elongate external form of the fish. The croAvn
of the skull is rather flat, shghtly elevated along its median line,
which terminates in a low occipital crest. The lateral and anterior
margins of the crown (parietal and principal frontal bones) are pro-
vided with a double ridge, including a muciferous channel ; the outer
anterior angle of the crown is a point projecting into the orbit. The
orbit is on the upper surface of the head, and not closed by an infra-
orbital ring. The orbital portion of the fi'outals is very narrow.
The pra^frontal is well developed, and forms an anterior projecting
angle of the orbit ; only a part of the ethmoid is covered by the
frontal. The bones of the jaws are prolonged, but strong: the
intermaxillary has no dilated lamella posteriorly ; the maxillary is
styUform, slightly cun-ed ; both bones have the sides by which they
touch each other so grooved, that they exactly fit on each other ;
the mouth not being much protractile, these bones cannot be re-
moved far from one another. The dentary bone of the lower jaw is
strong, similar to the furcula of a bird ; the articular bone is hori-
zontally dilated, extending only to a short distance beyond the point
of its union with the dentary ; the angular bone is very small. The
tympanic bones are narrow, large portions of the tympanic groove
being unossified : the hypot^Tnpanic is formed by two i)ortions, the
upper for the sutures with the pterygoid and mesotympanic, the
lower for the suture with the prseoperculum. There is a wHLde firee
space between these two portions, posteriorly closed by the meso-
tympanic and praioperculum ; the pretympanic is very narrow, and
considerably smaller than the mesotympanic. The glosso-hyal is
extremely broad, triangular, the point of the triangle being pos-
terior. The humeral arch is fixed to the skull by the suprascapula,
which is formed by two styliform processes, the lower of wliich is
extremely slender. There is a transverse groove fonned by two
ridges near the point where these two processes meet ; it serves as
the passage for the muciferous channels of the head into that of the
lateral line. The humerus has a short process posteriorly for arti-
culation with the pubic bone of its side ; radius vcrj' short. Each

24 GOBIID^.

pubic is a simple, styliform, concave bone attached to the humeral
process above mentioned by an intermediate cartilage.

The posterior portion of the occipital bone is produced, tubiform.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as ] : 1-24. Ribs and processes of the vertebrae feeble.

The peculiarities of the skeleton of the typical species of OoUus
appear to -consist —

1. In the Hat and broad form of the crown of the head, together
with a very narrow orbital portion of the frontal bones.

2. In the form of the different pieces of the lower jaw.

3. In the incomplete ossification of the infraorbitals and of the
tympanic bones, there being a large free space in the tympanic
groove.

4. In the articulation of the pubic bones with the humerus.

5. In the broad glosso-hyal.

6. In the comparatively small number of vertebrae.

35. GoMus viridi-punctatus.

Nuna Motta, Russell, i. p. 41. pi. 52.

Gobius viridi-punctatus, Cuv. ^ Val, xii. p. 62.

J)-6|f„. A.i-.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, t e length
of the head one-fourth. The head is half as high and broad as long.
The eye is one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital space
very narrow. Lateral teeth slightly enlarged, canine-like. Scales
large ; those on the neck small. None of the pectoral rays silk -like ;
two series of minute warts on the cheek. Yellowish -brown, with
paler dots on the sides ; a series of four or five deep-brown spots
along the sides ; dorsal with a brown longitudinal streak in its upper
third; ventral and anal blackish. {Val.)

Coast of Coromandel ; Bombay.

36. Grobius sublitus.

Cant. Catal p. 181.

D. 6 I -i-. A. 4-. L. lat. 38.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times ; the head is rather
elongate, higher than broad, its depth being one-third of its length ;
e^nout rather pointed ; the eyes are veiy close together, and occupy
the second quarter of the length of the head ; cleft of the mouth wide,
oblique ; teeth card-like. The four anterior dorsal spines are nearly
equal in height ; the fifth is somewhat produced ; the second dorsal as
high as the body ; caudal a little pointed ; none of the pectoral rays
sii-Hke. Brownish-grey, with six parallel brownish longitudinal
streaks ; anterior dorsal with a central whitish curved band, and a

1. GOBIUS. 25

similar one along the base ; second dorsal and caudal with series of
whitish spots ; anal with a subterminal reddish-white band ; the
posterior pointed part of this fin, as well as the outer half of the ven-
trals and pectorals, blackish.
Sea of Pinang

a. T^'pe of the species : skin : not good state. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.

37. Gobius albo-punctatiis.

Gobius albo-punctatus, Ciiv. Sf Val. xii. p. 57.

padangensis, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 249.

nebulo-punctatua, Riipp, N. W. Fische, p. 189.

punctillatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 138, and N. W. Fische, p. 138.

D. 6 ||. A. \. L. lat. 35.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the
anal fins. Head broader than high ; canine teeth none. The height
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length , the
length of the head four times and a third. Snout somewhat longer
than the diameter of the eye ; interorbital space narrow. Dorsal
fins not very close together ; the anterior lower than the posterior,
which is nearly as high as the body. The distance of the first dorsal
from the eye equals that of the snout from the pi^ajopcrculum.
Upper pectoral rays silk-Uke ; the ventral has the basal membrane
well developed, and does not extend on to the vent. Scales on the
nape of the neck smaller than those on the side of the body. Ited-
dish-brown (in spirits), marbled with darker ; sides of the head antl
body dotted with silvery, the dots forming series along the rows oi
the scales. Dorsal and caudal fins greyish, dotted with black, the
dots forming three series on the anterior dorsal and two on the pos-
terior ; the other fins uniform greyish.

Red Sea ; Indian Ocean ; Feejee Islands ; Port Essington.

a. Adult. Egypt. Presented by J. Burton, Esq.

h, Cr-e^ Adult and half-grown. China. Presented by Captain Sir

E. Belcher, C.B.
f-g, h-Tc. Fine specimens. Feejee Islands. V^oyage of the ' Herald.'
/, m. Half-grown and young : not good state. Port Essington.

From the Haslar Collection.
n-q. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
r. Adult.

Variety : L. lat. 37-40. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins blackish,
"with series of whitish dots.

a. Adult. Voyage of H.M.S. Chanticleer.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

O. nehulo-punctatus, Riipp., is identical with G. alho-punctatus,
Cuv. & Val., as I have convinced, myself by examination of the
typical specimen in the Senckenberg Museum. G. punclillatus.
Riipp., is the same species.

2G GOBUDJE.

38. Gobins nebulo-punctatus.

Gobiiis nebvilo-piinctatus, Ctiv, ^- Val, xii. p. 58 j Peters in Wiegm.
Arch. 1855, p. 250,

? Gobius nobulo-pimctatus, Bleck, Act, Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl, iii., Sum-
atra, p. 40.

Gobius fuscus, Riipj). Atl. Fische, p. 137.

D. 6 I i. A. \. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-thirds. The head is
nearly as broad as high, its height being more than one-half of its
length. The diameter of the eye is one- fourth of the length of the
head ; it is situated entirely in the anterior half of the head ; inter-
orbital space very narrow. Snout as long as the eye, with the cleft
of the mouth oblique, and with the jaws equal in length. The teeth
in the jaws form a band, those of the outer series being somewhat
enlarged. Dorsal fins separated from each other, but close together ;
the fii'st is lower than the second, the height of which equals that
of the body. The upper pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal rounded ;
the anal is much higher posteriorly than anteriorly, its height being
equal to that of the second dorsal fin. Greenish, clouded with
brownish ; head and body with longitudinal series of numerous white
dots ; fins uniform blackish, th'fe first dorsal edged with white su-
periorly.

lied Sea ; Mozambique. ? Trussan (West Sumatra).

Dr. lliippell considers his O. fuscus, the typical specimen of which is
lost, as identical with Q. nehuh-punctatus, Cuv. & Val. If Bleeker's
specimens really belong to the same species, they are immature,
with larger eyes and with shorter snout than in the adult fish.

This fish, however, appears to be only a variety of G. alhopvnc-
taius. The following specimens may be considered as tj^ical, as they
are from the original Collection of Prof. Ehrenberg.

a-h. E,ed Sea. From the Berlin Museum.

39. Gobius soporator.

Ciir. ^ Val. xii. p. 56 ; Guichen. Poiss. in Ramion de la Sagra, Hist.
Cuba, p. 127.

D. 6|-1-. A.-i. L. lat. 35-41.

Twelve longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head rather broader than high ; the height of the body
is contained five times to four times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head four times. The snout is rather longer than the
diameter of the eye, which equals the width of the interoibital space.
Scales on the neck much smaller than those on the body. Dorsal
fins not very close together, lower than the body ; the distance of the
first dorsal from the. eye equals that of tlie snout from the pra>opcr-
culum. The upper rays of the pectoral silk-like ; the ventral fin

1. GOBIUS. 2*?

has the basal membrane very broad, and terminates at some distance
from the vent ; no warty stripes on the head ; cheeks naked. Dark
brownish-olive, marbled with darker, and with lighter dots along
the series of scales ; ventrals blackish.

Caribbean Sea ; Gulf of Mexico ; Mediterranean.

a. Adult : not good state. Jamaica.

b. Adult : skin. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

c. Half-gi'own. Mexico. From M. SaUe's Collection.
d-e, f-g. Panama.

7t-v. Fine specimens. Sicily. Collected by W. Swainson, Escj.
k, I. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
m. Half-grown : stuffed.

n. Half-grown. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.

Professor Peters has kindly communicated to mo a description of
the unique specimen in the Uerlin Museum, on which MiiUer and
Troschel have founded their Gohius bisJiopi (in Schomburgk's Barbad.
p. 672). It so closely agrees with our specimens of G. soj^iorator, that
I have no doubt that both are identical..

40. Gobius nigri.

D. 6 I 11. A. 9. L. lat. 42.

Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin
and tlie anal. The height of the body is contained four times and
two- thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times;
the head is broader than high, its width being five-sixths of its length ;
the snout broad and depressed, as long as the diameter of the eye ;
the cleft of the mouth horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly ;
the maxillary extends somewhat beyond the anterior margin of the
eye. The eyes are close together, directed upAvards, their diameter
being one-fourth of the length of the head. Tlie head is densely
covered with small scales to the vertical from the centre of the eye.
Canine teeth none ; teeth of the outer series somewhat enlarged.
Dorsal fins separated from each other, of nearly e{iual height, lower
than the body ; caudal obtusely rounded ; pectoral with the basal
portion scaly, and with the upper rays silk-like ; ventral subcircular,
not extending on to the vent, Avith the basal membrane well deve-
loped and proA^ided .with two processes. Scales ctenoid. Cliestnut-
brown : dorsal, caudal, and pectoral brown-spotted ; anal and ventral
blackish.

". Fine specimen. , Niger Expedition. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.

lines.

Total length 30

Height of the body 6|

Length of the head 8

Greatest width of the head 6|

Diameter of the eye 2

28 GOBIIDiE,

41. Gobius nox.
JSleeker, Blenn. en Gob. p. 248.

D. 6 I -i-. A. 4. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half or six
times in the total length, the length of the head four times to four
times and a half; the head is a little broader than high ; the dia-
meter of the eye is contained three times or three times and a half
in the length of the head ; the width of the interorbital space less
than one-half the diameter of the eye. The cleft of the mouth is
oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; teeth of the outer series
enlarged ; canine teeth none. Dorsal fins lower than the body ; the
upper pectoral rays silk-Hke ; caudal rounded. Entirely deep brown
or black. (Bleek.)

Coasts of West Sumatra, Nias, and Solor.

42. Gobius filosns.
Cuv. 8f Val. xii, p. 78.

D.6|l

The height and the width of the body at the pectoral fins are one-
sixth of the total length, the length of the head nearly one-fourth.
The head is one-fourth less broad, and one-half less high, than long ;
the snout is depressed, obtuse, with the lower jaw prominent. The
eyes are on the upper surface of the head ; their diameter equals the
width of the interorbital space, and is one-sixth of the length of the
head. Canine teeth none ; the teeth of the outer series very slightly
enlarged. The second dorsal spine filiform, sometimes twice as high
as the body ; caudal somewhat pointed ; the upper pectoral rays are
silk-like ; the basal membrane of the ventral well developed.
Yellowish-brown, irregularly spotted with darker : dorsal fins vnth.
longitudinal series of brown dots, the caudal with cross-series on the
middle rays ; anal with the margin white. (Val.)

He de France.

43. Gobius apogonius.

Cant. Catal p. 182.

D. 6 I y. A. |. L. lat. 25.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the
anal. The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length,
the length of the head one-fourth ; the head is depressed, with the
muzzle broad and rounded ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the length of the head, and equals the width of the interorbital space.
The cleft of the mouth is oblique, with the lower jaw slightly ])ro-
jecting beyond the upper. Canine teeth none. The middle rays of
the anterior dorsal prolonged, as high as, or higher than, the body ;
caudal rounded; the upper rays of the pectoral silk-like. Buff"-
coloured, with several, sometimes interrupted, black spots ; on the

1. GOBIITS. 29

anterior dorsal two elongated black spots, of which the posterior be-
tween the fourth and fifth spines ; the other vertical fins with series
of black dots and with the margin free ; ventrals with the extremi-
ties of the two central rays black.

Sea of Pinang,
a, b. Types of the species : skins. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

44. Gobins sadanundio.

Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 52, 366 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Getiootsch.
XXV., Bengal en Hindost. p. 102. tab. 2. fig. 2.

D. 6 I ^. A. 4. L. lat. 26.

I 7 7

The height of the body is contained four times and a half or five
times in the total length, the length of the head fom- times and a
thii-d or four times and a half. The head is nearly as broad as high.
The diameter of the eye is less than the width of the interorbital
space, and one-third of the length of the head. Snout and cheeks
naked. The cleft of the mouth extends to below the middle of the
eye ; teeth in villiform bands, canines none. The dorsal fins nearly
as high as the body, the middle spines of the anterior one being pro-
duced into short filaments. Green, with scattered black dots on the
sides ; the anterior dorsal yellowish, with a blackish blotch poste-
riorly ; the second dorsal and the anal with one or three longitudinal
series of black dots ; caudal with two or four blackish spots on the
base. {Bl.)

Iliver Hooghly (Calcutta).

45. Gobius criniger.

? Gobius nebulosus, Forsk.^. 24; Bl. Schn. p. 72; Cin-.Sr Val. xii. p. 84.

Gobius criniger, Cuv. <^ Vol. xii. p. 82 ; Cant, Catal. p. 184 ; Bleeker,

Banka, p. 453; Richards. Ichth. Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. p. 2. pi. 1. figs. 3,4.

B. 5. D. 6 I -i-. A. -i-. L. lat. 34.

Nine longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the latter is nearly half
as high as long, and a quarter less broad than high. The eye occu-
pies the second quarter of the length of the head ; the width of the
interorbital space is one-half of the diameter of the eye. Snout
short ; teeth small. The head and the neck are naked. The dorsal
fins are equal in height, as high as the body ; the second spine of
the first dorsal sometimes produced, fiUform ; caudal rounded ; none
of the pectoral rays sUk-like. Pale ochreous : head, body, dorsal
and caudal fins irregularly spotted with black, some of the spots
being very large ; caudal and anal fins with black margins.

North-west coast of Australia ; New Guinea; East Indian Archi-
pelago ; Pinang ; Malabar.

a-d. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

30 GomwM.

e. Skin, Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Type of

Dr. Cantor's description,
/. Adult : very bad state. N.W. coast of Aiistralia. — Type of Sir

J, Richardson's description, — The tooth described as the canine

tooth is very small,
r/. Adult : bad state. Port Essington.

46. Gobius cocosensis.
Bleaker, Kokos-eiland. p. 47.

D. 6 I ^. A. 4-. L. lat. 34.

I 9 o

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a quarter. The head is nearly
as broad as high ; the snout obtuse, convex. The eyes are close to-
gether, and their diameter is one-third of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth oblique ; teeth of the outer series enlarged ; ca-
nine teeth none. Head and nape of the neck naked. Dorsal fins
lower than the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper pectoral rays silk-
like. Greenish, clouded with brownish ; head with blue dots ; the
rays of the soft- dorsal and of the caudal brown -spotted ; the other
fins immaculate. (Bleek.)

Sea of Now Selma.

47. Gobius polycynodon.

BleeJter, Verlumd. Batav, Genootsch, xxii., Blenn. en Goh. p. 25.

D. 6 I i-. A. -i-. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is one-ninth of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth ; the head is obtuse, flat, with the upper pro-
file nearly straight, broader than high. The width of the inter-
orbital space equals the diameter of the eye, which is contained three
times and a half in the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series
enlarged. The first dorsal is higher than the body ; caudal obtuse,
of the length of the head. Entirely uniform green. {Bleek.)

Coast of Pasuruan.

48. Gobius reichii.
Blecker, Sumatra, iii. p. 509.

p. 6 I -i-. A. \. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and three-fifths ; the height and
the width of the head arc nearly equal to each other, and two-thirds
of the length of the. head. The eyes are veiy close together, one-
third of the length of the head. Snout obtuse, convex, with the
upper jaw scarcely shorter than the lower. The teeth of the outer
scries arc enlarged ; canine teeth none ; cleft of the mouth obUque.
Sides and crown of the head naked. The spinous dorsal is higher

1. GOBirs. 31

than the soft and lower than the body ; caudal obtuse. Green,
spotted with violet ; cheeks with oblique violet streaks. The rays
of the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins dotted with brown ; the spi-
nous dorsal blackish above. (Bleel-.)
Rivers of Padang (Sumatra).

49. Gobius sumatranus.
Bleeker, Sumatra, iv. p. 83.

D. 6 1 -^. A. 4-. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, th-^ length
of the head one-fourth ; the head is depressed, broader tht;n high ;
the snout pointed, very slightly convex, va\h. the lower jaw longest.
The eyes are very close together, their diameter being one-fourth of
the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is oblique ; the teeth
of the outer series enlarged. Head naked. The second dorsal equals
the body in height, and is higher than the first ; tlie upper pectoral
rays silk-like ; caudal rounded. Brownish-green, with broAvn and
green points ; fins orange-coloured, variegated with brown. {BlecJc.)

Sea of Padang (Sumatra).

50. Gobius phaiospilosoma.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Gcnootsclu xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. .30.
D. 6||. A.|. L. lat. 20.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half ; the head is rather de-
pressed, broader than high ; snout somewhat pointed. The eyes are
very close together, their diameter being one-fourth of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is oblique ; teeth of the outer
series enlarged. The first dorsal is as high as the body ; caudal
rounded. Greenish, "with a longitudinal series of six brown spots ;
a black band from the eye to the maxillary ; the second dorsal and
the caudal variegated. {Bleek.)

Coasts of East Java and Madura.

Dr. V Bleeker has lately refen'cd this species as a doubtful syno-
nym to O. kokius, Bleek., or G. giuris, nob. (Enuraer. Spec. p. 117).

51. Gobius semidoliatus.
Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 67.

D.6||. A.f

Canine teeth none. The second dorsal spine is somewhat elon-
gate, its height being equal to that of the body. Deep chestnut-
. brown, with pale bands edged with black : two before and two be-
tween the eyes, three on the neck, and two below the first dorsal ;
three on the cheek, one on the operculum, and one on the shoulder
before the pectoral. ( Val.)

Sea of Vanicolo. (Red Sea.)

32 GOBiiD-i:.

52. Gobius pasumensis.

Bleeher, Verhand. Batav. Genootseh. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 32.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 20.

The height of the body is one -seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth ; the head is twice as long and broad,
as high. Eyes very close together, their diameter being two-sevenths
of the length of the head. Canine teeth none ; cleft of the mouth
oblique, extending to below the eye. The first dorsal is lower than
the body ; caudal obtusely rounded, its length being nearly one-fifth
of the total. Green. (Bl.)

Coast of Pasuruan ; entering rivers.

It would appear that this Goby is distinguished by very large scales ;
but we must remark, that the short description was drawn up by
Dr. v. Bleeker at an early period, without being afterwards revised,

53. Gobius hoevenii.

Bleeker, Borneo, v. p. 426.

D. 6 1 y. A. y. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half ; the head is somewhat
broader than high ; the snout obtuse, convex, not longer than the
eye, the diameter of which is contained three times and a half in the
length of the head, and equal to the width of the interorbital space.
The cleft of the mouth is scarcely oblique, with the jaws equal an-
teriorly, the maxillary extending to below the orbit. Teeth very
small. Dorsal fins lower than the body ; caudal rounded. Greenish,
variegated with blackish ; the anterior dorsal black at the base, and
with a white band along the middle ; the posterior dorsal with a
scries of brown spots along the base ; the other fins green. (BleeJc.)

Rivers of Sambas (Borneo)

54. Gobius tambajon.
Bleeker, Banten, p. 319.

D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 25-26.

The height of the body is contained five times or five times and a
half in the total length, the length of the head four times or four
times and a third ; the height of the head is three-fourths or five-
sevenths of its length ; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye,
which is one-third of the length of the head ; eyes very close to-
gether ; cleft of the mouth very oblique, the maxillary extending to
below the posterior half of the eye. Teeth of the outer series en-
larged in the upper jaw ; canines none. The third dorsal spine is
the longest ; caudal rounded. Green, with two series of alternate
brownish spots ; dorsal with two or three longitudinal, caudal with
four or five transverse brownish stripes. (Bl.)

Rivers Panimbang and Tjiliwong (Java). Rivers of Bali.

:«

55, Gobius javanicus.

Blevker, Nafuurk. Tyihchr. Nederl Ind. 185(>, p. 88.

D.6|l

A. y. L. lat. 27-28.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of tlic head,
and one-fifth of the total ; the height and width of the head are
three-foiirths of its length. Eyes close together, their diameter
being more than one-third of the length of the head ; the upper
jaw is somewhat longer than the lower ; the maxillary extends to
below the anterior margin of the ej'e. Cleft of the mouth little
oblique. The teeth form bands, those of the outer series being en-
larged. Crown of the head and operclcs sealy. Dorsal fins lower
than the body ; the middle spines of the anterior dorsal are the
longest ; caudal obtuse, rounded. Green : three deep-violet spots
on each side of the head ; most of the scales with a brown spot ; pos-
terior dorsal and caudal fins brown-dotted ; the spinous dorsal with
a large round black spot posteriorly. (Blcek.)

Rivers of Southern Java. Coast of Booroo,

50. Gobius bomeensis.
Sleeker, Borneo, i. p. 10.

^'^IfWy ^-ehy L. lat. 24.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and three-(}uarters ; the head is
two-thirds as broad as long. The width of the interorbital space is
less than that of the orbit, which is one- third of the length of the
head. Teeth very small ; cleft of the mouth narrow, not extending
on to the orbit. The first dorsal is half as high as the body ; caudal
rounded. Green, anteriorly clouded with brown : dorsal fins red
the first with a broad black upper margin, the second bluck-spotted ;
the other fins immaculate. (BJeek.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing (Borneo) and of Sumatra,

57. Gobius melanurus.

BleekeTf Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Bleiin. en Gob. p. 31.

D. 6 I i. A. ^. L. lat. 20.

I 7 7

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The head is somewhat broader than high, convex
and obtuse ; the eyes are close together, their diameter being one-
third or one-fourth of the length of the head. The upper jaw with
the teeth of the outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none. The first
dorsal is lower than the body ; caudal convex. Head, the first dorsal
and the caudal black; the remainder brown. (Bleek.)

Coasts of Java and BiHton.

"With regard to the smaU number of scales in the lateral line, see
the note on G. inisuruensis, p. 32,

VOL. III. i>

'M 00BT1D,E.

§§ Anterior dorsal with five spines.
* Posterior dorsal eig^ht-rayed.

.58. Gobius oxypterus.
Bleeker, Java, iii. p. 400.

D. 5 I -i. A. ^. L. lat. 25.

The height ot the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-third.s ; head pointed, de-
pressed ; the width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter
of the eye, which is nearly one-third of the length of the head.
Gape oblique, with the lower jaw longest ; teeth small, in a single
row. Head and nape naked. Dorsal fins remote from each other,
the second anteriorly much higher than the first, and also higher
than the body ; caudal rounded. Greenish : lips black ; anal rays
with violet dots. (BleeJc.)*

Lake Grati (Province of Pasuruan, in Java)

** Posterior dorsal eleven-rayed.

59. Gobius fasciatus.

Ctenogobiiis fasciatus, (tHI, Freshwater Fishes of Trinidad, in Ann.
Lye. Nut. Hist. New York, 1858, p. 16 (sep. copy).

D. 5 I 11. A. 10.

The height of the body is little more than one-seventh of the total
length, the length of the head less than one-fifth ; the width of the
body between the pectoral fins is three-quarters of its greatest height.
The eyes are more than a quarter of the length of the head, and are
distant the length of one of their diameters from the snout ; they
are verj^ close together. Yellowish, with four linear black spots on
the side ; a dark spot and numerous black dots on the base of the
caud-al fin ; caudal crossed by five zigzag linear black bands, dorsal
with three or four sublinear black spots ; anal, pectoral, and ven-
tral fins yellowish. Head with scattered black dots ; a dark trian-
gular spot on the operculum. (Gill.)

Fresh waters of Trinidad.

/3. Head as high as long.
60. Gobius echinocephalus.

Gobius echinocephalus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p, 136, and N. W. Fisehe,
pp. 1.37 & 138 ; Cuv. (§■ Val. xii. p. 134.

D.6|ii. A.|. L. lat. 23.

Body thick, its height being contained three times and a fifth in
the total length. Head convex, as high as long, one-fourth of the
total length. Teeth very fine. Dorsal fins subcontinuous ; caudal

* This species, technically, ought to be referred to E-uctenogohiuR, but it docs
not appear to have a natiu-al afTinity to the typical species of that genus.

1. ooBius. 35

rounded ; ventral subcirctilar. Scales of moderate size ; head with
small prickles. BroAvnish.
Massuah ; Sea of China.

a, h. Fine specimens. Red Sea. Collected and presented by Dr.

E. Riippcll.
c. Adult : not good state. China Seas. Propcntod by Captairi Sir

E. Belcher, C.B.

bh. Canine teeth present.
fi. Head as high as long.

61. Gobius amiciensis.
Cuv. Sf Vol. xii. p. l.'{5.

Body thick, its height being equal to the length of the head, and
one-fourth of the total. Head convex, as high as long. Canine
teeth. Caudal rounded ; ventral subcircular. Scales of moderate
size. Brownish. {Veil.}

Tongatabou. Carteret Harbour (New Zealand)

/3. Head longer than high.
aa. The first spine of each of the dorsal fins stiff.

62. Gobius bitelatus.
Cuv. 8,- V(d. xii. p. 89.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length the length
of the head somewhat less than one-fourth. I'he profile of the head
descends obliquely, and is slightly convex. Doi'sal fins rather lower
than the body, the first spine of each being strong, not tlexible.
Canine teeth. Scales large. Grejish, with jtearl-coloured dots on
the sides of the head and body ; some small black spots along the back,
and on the sides of the tail ; caudal dotted with brown. ( rcil.)

Red Sea.

63. Gobius notacanthus.

Blecke); Gomm, p. 210.

D.6|f A.f^. L.lat.2y.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds, i'he
eyes are very close together, and occupy the middle third of the length
of the head. The snout is very obtuse, convex. The teeth of the
outer series are enlarged ; canine teeth in the lower jaw. Cleft of
the mouth oblique ; head naked. The first spine of each of tlic
dorsal fins is strong, not flexible; the other spines are produced,
liijijher than the body, the fourth and fifth being the h)n!i('st ; tli6

I. 2

36 GOBIID.^.

second dorsal is lower than the body ; caudal rounded. Greenish :
each scale with pearl- coloured, violet-edged dots ; a series of from
three to five brownish spots along the side ; sides of the head with
short bhiish, violet-edged streaks ; the second dorsal with bluish dots,
pectoral with minute white dots ; anal fin -^-ith short, obli(]ue, white
streaks. (BleeJc.)
Sea of Goram.

Perhaps identical with Goblus bitelatus.

64. Gobius caninoides.
Sleeker, Ambolna 8f Ceram, p. 274.

D-6|i^. A.ij. L.lat.30.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half to six
times in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half.
The eyes are verj' close together, and the length of their diameter
is contained three times to three times and a half in that of the head.
The snout is obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. The teeth of the
outej- series are enlarged; canine teeth in the lower jaw. The first
spine of each of the dorsal fins is strong, not flexible ; none of the
spines are produced ; the vertical fins lower than the body ; caudal
rounded. Green, with blackish spots ; most of the scales with a
blackish dot. Dorsal and caudal fins with series of blackish dots ;
anal violet. (Bleeh.)

Seas of Amboyna, Celebes, and Booroo.

^^. All the spines and rays of the fins flexible.

65. Gobius capistratus.
Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 251.

D. 6|f^. A.3L. L.lat. 31.

Scales in nine longitudinal series. The height of the body is con-
tained four times and a half in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head three times and a half. Snout short, convex ;
the eyes are very close together, and occupy the second quarter of
the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; the
outermost of the lower jaw curved and depressed. Dorsal fins lower
than the body ; caudal rounded ; none of the upper pectoral rays
silk-like. Greenish, with five broad brown cross-bars on the back,
altematijig with others crossing the lower part of the body ; scales
more or less distinctly white-spotted ; a brown vertical band through
the eye ; pectorals dotted with white ; the first spine of the an-
terior dorsal, the rays of the posterior and the caudal fin brown-
spotted. {Pet.)

Ibo (coast of Mozambique).

This species appears to be closely allied to Gobius ophihalmotcenia,
Bleek.

1. ooiiins. 37

66. Gobius ophthahnotaenia.

lilcvkcr, Kuhos-Eiland p. 40,

3)-G|nV.- ^-n- i^-i^t.27.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half to five
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half to foui- times and two-thirds. The head is nearly
as broad as high ; the snout obtuse, convex. The eyes are very close
together, and their din meter is one-fourth of the length of the head.
The cleft of the mouth is oblitjue ; teeth of the outer series enlarged ;
the lower jaw with a lateral canine tooth. Sides and crown of the
head scaly. The first dorsal is lower than the second, which is
lower than, or as high as, the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper
pectoral rays silk-like. Green, clouded %vith darker, and dotted with
brown and bluish : a blue vertical band through the eye ; snout and
cheeks with yellow dots ; the anterior dorsal with blackish spots an-
teriorly and with ^'cllow ones posteriorly ; the second dorsal brown-
spotted ; pectoral and ventral fins reticulated with brownish-\'iolet,
and minutely dotted with bluish ; caudal with numerous brownish
and blue duts, and ^^'ith the lower margin violet.

Sea of New Selma ; coasts of Celebes ; China Seas.

a. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

67. Gobius chinensis.

Gobius chinensis, Osbcck, licm nach China, p. 340 ; Cuv. iSf Val. xii.
p. 138 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 204.

eleotris, L. Syst. Nat. 12th edit. p. 449.

? Gobius unicolor, Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 88 (not Kuhl 8) van Hass.).

D. 6 I 11. A. 10. L. lat. 35.

Thirteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. The height of the body is contained five times
and a quarter in the total length, the length of the head four times
and three-(jiiartcrs. The head is as broad as high, and one-fourth
longer than broad. Snout obtuse, rounded, with the gape oblique,
and with the lower jaw somewhat prominent, longer than the eye,
the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head, and
equal to the width of the interorbital space. Checks with series oi^
minute warts. The nape and the upper part of the operculum
covered with small scales. Dorsal fins lower than the body, the rays
of the second becoming gradually longer posteriorly ; caudal some-
what pointed ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Yellowish (in
spirits), with very indistinct darker markings ; many scales with a
shining pearl-coloured spot.

Seas of China. (? Kivers of Java.)

a, b. Adult. China.

Valenciennes' description of G. unicolor is evidently taken from a
fish very different from the typical specimen preserved in the Leydcn
Museum.

38 GOBIID^,

68. Gobius caninus.

Gobius caninus, Cm. Sf Val. xii, p. 80; Bleck. Verhand. Batav. Gc-

nootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 27.
gi'andinosus, Valenc. in Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p, 177. pi. 5. fig. 4.

D. 6 1 y. A. |. L. lat. 27-30.

Nine longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal. The height of the body is contained five times and a half
or six times in the total length, the length of the head four times
and a half or four times and three-quarters. The eyes occupy the
second quarter of the length of the head, and are very close together.
The lower jaw with two canine teeth. Series of minute warts on
the cheek. Scales large, those of the occiput small. The first dorsal
is lower than the body, and the second and third spines are pro-
duced in the male ; caudal obtusely rounded. Greenish, with large
irregular brown spots disposed in two alternate longitudinal seiies,
and with numerous yellow dots ; a blue spot on the shoulder.

East Indian Archipelago and coasts of China, entering rivers.

a. Adult. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
b-c. Adult. Amoy.

69. Gobius venenatus.

Cm: fy Val. xii. p. 85.

D. 6 1 f^. A. i-. L. lat, 35.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second doi-sal and
the anal. The scales on the nape and before the dorsal, on the upper
part of the operculum and round the pectoral fin, arc much smaller
than those on the body and on the tail. The height of the body is
contained five times in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a third. The head is as broad as high, with the cheeks
swollen ; two longitudinal and many vertical series of miuute pores on
the cheek. The width of the interorbital space is less than the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. Snout
longer than the eye, with the cleft of the mouth oblique, and with
the lower jaw longest. Teeth of the outer series of irregular size ;
a curved canine tooth on each side of the jaw. None of the pectoral
rays sUk-like ; the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins are the
longest, longer than the second and third dorsal spines. Caudal fin
rounded, somewhat pointed, nearly as long as the head ; the ventral
fin terminates at some distance from the vent, and has the basal
membrane well developed, lledchsh-ohve (in spirits), A\ith a series
of iU-defincd darker spots along the side ; each scale with a lighter
centre; a whitish spot, broadly edged with bluish, above the oper-
culum ; the spinous dorsal fin with a black spot anteriorly ; a white
band, inferiorly edged with blackish, on and along the iippcr margin
of the caudal fin.

Pondicherry. Kurrachee.

An adult specimen, brought by Messrs. von Schlagintwcit from
Kiirrathec, i^ in the PJast India Collection.

1. GORIIS. 3;!

70. Gobius cyanomos.

BJeeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootscli. xxii., Blenn. en 06b, p. 2o.
D. G I ij. A. |. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half; the head is as broad as
high ; the width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. Teeth of the
outer series enlarged ; a canine tooth on each side of the lower jaw.
Scales of the occiput small. The first dorsal fin is lower than the
body, and the second and tliird spines are produced into filaments in
the male; caudal rounded. Male green, Avith fo\ir or five longitu-
dinal series of yellowish dots; a blue spot on the shoulder; the
second dorsal blackish, with white spots and red margin ; ventrals
and anal violet; caudal with a brown spot superiorly at the base.
Femah with green dors caudal (Blcel.)

Seas of Madura, Banka, ana Java.

71. Gobius chlorostigmatoides.
Blccker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn, en Gob. p. 2(>,

I>.G|fo

A. \. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one- fifth ; the head is as high as broad ; cleft of the mouth
obhque. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; a canine tooth on each
side of the lower jaw. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the
length of tlie head, and c(iuals the Audth of the interorbital space.
Sides of the head naked ; scales on the occiput small. The first dorsal
is lower than the body ; caudal obtuse. Green : eacli scale on the side
of the body with a brown spot ; the second dorsal, the anal and caudal
variegated with black ; caudal with a brown spot superiorly at the
base. (Bleek.)

Seas of Madura, Java, and Borneo.

72. Grobius frenatus.

D.6|l. A.I. L. lat. 35.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin and
thu anal. The height of the body is contained nearly six times in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half ; the head
is higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, much longer than the
eye ; the cleft of the mouth obli(iue, with tlie jaws equal anteriorly ;
the maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. Teeth of the outer series enlarged; a canine tooth on each
side of the lower jaw. The width of the interorbital space is some-
what less than the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-seventh
of the length of the head. Head and nape naked. The dorsal tins

:((f fiOBIID.E.

are equal in height, and lower than the body; the second, third
and fourth spines of the anterior dorsal are the highest, termi-
nating in very fine short filaments ; caudal fin rounded, one-fifth of
the total length ; the ventral reaches nearly to the vent ; none of the
pectoral rays silk-like. Brown (in spirits), with darker spots ; head
with some indistinct darker dots ; a blackish band edged with lighter
from the maxillary to the lower part of the root of the pectoral ;
another, which is narrower, and sometimes indistinct, runs parallel to
the former to the upper part of the root of the ])ectoral. Dorsal fins
with a transparent margin, the anterior brownish, the posterior with
oblique blackish lines ; the upper half of the caudal with bi'own
crescent-shaped dots between the rays ; anal, ventral, and pectoral
blackish ; the latter with the base of lighter colour and with two
blackish spots, produced by tlie bands described.
Austraha,

a-g. Fine specimens. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

lines.

Total length 46

Height of the body 8

Length of the head 10

Diameter of the eye 1 1

Length of the caudal fin 9

73. Gobius cyanoclavis.

Cant. Catal. Mai. Fishes, p. 185.

D.6|l. A. I. L.lat.32.

iSeven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fifth ; the breadth of the latter at the
nape is contained twice and a half in the depth, which exceeds one-
half of the length of the head. The length of the diameter of the eye
is one-fifth of that of the head, and considerably more than the width
of the intcrorbital space. Snout obtuse, rather longer than the eye ;
cleft of the mouth oblique, wdtb the lower jaw slightly projecting be-
yond the upper ; one or two canine teeth on each side of the lower
jaw. The scales of the uape and of the sides of the head are much
smaller than those of the body. The spines of the anterior dorsal
produced, sometimes very long ; the second dorsal and the anal pos-
teriorly as high as the body ; caudal a little pointed. Greenish-grey,
the scales with a central azure spot : anterior dorsal clouded with
bro'WTi ; posterior dorsal and caudal with series of white spots and
with the upper margin orange ; the other fins black ; the anterior
margin of each of the anal rays accompanied by a blue streak.

Sea of Pinang.

a, h. Adult and half-grown : skins. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
T}pes of the species.

1. GOlilUS. 41

74. Gobius brevirostris.
D. 6 I 11. A. 10. L. lat. 48.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Snout obtuse, as long
as the orbit, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and with the lower
jaw slightly prominent. The maxillary extends somewhat beyond
the vertical fron. the anterior margin of the eye. Eyes close toge-
ther, their diameter being two-ninths of the length of the head.
Sides of the head and occiput naked ; the scales on the anterior part
of the body are considerably smaller than the remainder, which arc
ctenoid. Thirteen or fourteen longitudinal series of scales between
the second dorsal and the anal. A small canine tooth on the middle
of the lower jaw. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral
terminates at a great distance from the vent. Dorsal fins rather lower
than the body ; the second sijine of the anterior dorsal is the longest.
Caudal slightly pointed, one-fifth of the total length. Uniform
brownish -olive (iu spmts) ; the second dorsal with series of brown
dots ; caudal, anal, and ventral with the margins blackish.

Total length 29 lines.

China.

a. China. Presented by J. K. Reeves, Esq.

75. Gobius cauerensis.

Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 200.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 25.

Canine teeth in both jaws. The height of the body is contained
five times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half. The head is higher than broad, its width being
one-half of its length. Eyes very close together ; their diametf^r is
about one-third of the length of the head. Snout obtuse ; the cleft
of the mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly. Crown and
sides of the head scaly. Caudal rounded ; the anterior dorsal lower
than the posterior. Olive : a brown cross-band below the eye ;
opercles with blue dots ; body with seven or eight brown longitudinal
bands ; a series of five round bi'own spots behind the pectoral ; fins
yellow ; pectoral, dorsal, and caudal dotted with brown ; anal with a
broad black margin. (Bleek.)

Sea of Cauer (Sumatra).

76. Gobius bontii.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blemi. en Gob. p. 27.

D. 6 I ^. A. }-^. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained six times in tne total length,
the length of the head five times and three-fourths ; the head is half
as high and broad as long, obtuse and convex ; the eyes are verj"
close together, and their diameter is contained three times and a half
in the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ;• a

42 GOiiiiD.i:.

canine tooth on each side of the lower jaw. Scales on the occiput
small. The first dorsal is lower than the body, with tlie second and
thirc. spines produced into filaments (in the male '?) ; the length of
the caudal fin is contained four times and a quarter in tlic total.
Green : tail with a longitudinal series of black spots ; base of the dorsal
fins brown-spotted ; anal yellow at the base and blar-k at the margin ;
caudal dotted with black ; pectorals and vnntrals greenish. {Bleel.)
Coasts and rivers of Madura and Java.

a. Not good state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

77. Gobius phaiomelas.
Sleeker, Verhand. Baiuv. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. '29f.
D. 6 I ^. A. |. L. hit. 30.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length ; the head is as broad as high ; the length of the (hamoter
of the eye is two-ninths of that of the head, and c(iuals t\\o width of
the interorbital space. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; a pair of
canine teeth. Scales on the occiput small. The first dorsal is lower
than the body ; caudal rounded. Brown : fins black or blackish ; the
second dorsal and the caudal spotted with darker. (BlceJc.)

Coasts of Madura and Java.

78. Gobius xanthosoma.

Gobius xanthosoma, Blecker, Ceram, ii. p. 703,
Gobiodon xanthosoma, Bhcker, Bimitter, Spec. p. 120,

D. 6 I ^. A. -i. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total lengtn,
the length of the head three times and three-quarters ; the head is
somewhat higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than
the eye. The width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter
of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Head and
neck naked. The cleft of the mouth is very oblique, with the lower
jaw rather longer ; teeth of the outer series enlarged ; two canine teeth
near the symphysis of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins lower than the body ;
caudal obtuse. Uniform yellow ; the first dorsal brown. (Bleel:)

Coasts of Celebes, 13ooroo, Amboyna, Ceram, and Coram.

Gohius mehnosoma, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 703, is very similar to
this species, but uniform black.

79. Gobius baliuroides.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 26.

D. 6 ||. A, -i. L, lat. 25 ?

The lieight of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half ; the head is as broad as
high. The eyes arc very close together, one-third of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is ob]i(|ur ; a canine tooth on each
sido of the lower jaw. The first dorsal is as high as the body ;

1. GOUIUS, 4,'}

caudal rounded. Brownish ; a dark spot on the middle of the base oi
the caudal tin. (Bleek.)

Coast of ISumanap (East Madura).

80. Gobius gjrmnauclieii.

BleekeVy Act. Sue. Sc. Indo-Ncdcrl. vi., Japan, vi. p. 84. tab. 1. fig. '2.
■ D.6|j. A.f L.lat.25.

The height of the body is contained eiglit times in tlie total length,
the length of the head four times and two- thirds ; head nearly as higli
a.s broad. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the lengili of tht
head ; eyes very close together ; snout convex, shorter tlian the eye ;
head and nock to the origin of the spinous dorsal naked ; cleft of the
mouth oblique, with the lower jaw longest ; the maxillaiy extends to
below the anterior half of the orbit. The teeth of the outer series
are enlarged ; the lower jaw has a curved canine tooth on each side,
and a series of small horizontal teeth anteriorly. Scales ctenoid, those
on the posterior parts being the largest. Dorsal fins slightly con-
tiguous at the base ; the second spine is produced into a long filament.
No silk-like pectoral rays ; caudal roimded, its lengtli being rather
less than one-fourth of the total. Greenish, variegated with darker ;
dorsal and caudal fins with bro'WTi spots, those on the former in three
or four longitudinal scries; ventral and anal violet. {Bl.)

Rivers of Jcddo.

81. Gobius pleurostigma.

Blveker, Vei'hand, JSatav. Genootsch. xxii., Blcnn, en Gub. p. 28.
D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained four times and throc-(]uarters
or five times in the total length, and nearly equal to the length of
the head ; the head is as broad txs high ; the diameter of the eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to the width of the
interorbital space. Two canine teeth in the middle of the lower jaw.
Scales on the occiput large. The first dorstd is lower than the l)ody,
with the second and third spines produced into filaments in the mnle ;
caudal rounded. Green, with a lateral longitudinal series of eight or
ten black dots ; vertical fins black ; the first dorsal yellow at the tup,
and the anal dotted -wdth yellow ; the other fins green. (Blcck.)

Fresh waters of Java.

82. Gobius gastrospilus.

Bleeker, Batavia, p. 477.

D. G I ^. A. |. L. lat. 2Q.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The head is as high as broad ; the snout ob-
tuse, convex, shorter than the eye ; the cleft of the mouth slightly
obliciue ; the luwei' jaw has a small canine tooth t)n each side, and
the teeth of the outer .series are enlarged. The eves are close tt)ge-

44 GOIUID.E.

ther, and their diameter is contained four times ;ind a half in the
length of the head. Head scaly. The fii'st doreal is lower than the
second, and as high as the body ; caudal rounded. Green : most of
the scales -nath a brown spot ; rays of the vertical fins dotted with
brown ; spinous dorsal with a blue spot posteriorly. {Bhelc.)
Sea of 13atavia.

83. Grobius inacrostoma.

1>. 6 18. A. 7. L. lat. 27.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the pos-
terior dorsal and the anal. Head and body very compressed ; the
height of the body is contained three times and three-fifths in the
total length, the length of the head four times. The depth of the
head above the prseoperculum is not much less than its length, and
much more than its width. Eye rather small, its diameter being
one-seventh of the length of the head, equal to the width of the
interorbital space, and less than the extent of the snout. Cleft of
the mouth slightly oblique, wide, reaching backwards to the vertical
from the posterior margin of the eye, with the jaws equal in front.
Each of the jaws with a pair of small canine teeth anteriorly.
Cheeks naked; operculum scaly. Scales minutely striated and
ciliated. The two anterior dorsal spines are the longest, somewhat
produced, but much lower than the body. Caudal rounded, its
length being contained five times and a half in the total. The pec-
toral has no silk-like rays, and extends to the origin of the anal.
Ventral reaching to the vent, mth the basal membrane well de-
veloped. Brownish (in spirits), with irregular, narrow, oblique
darker streaks ; the anterior dorsal wdth two black longitudinal
stripes, the lower of which is dilated into a blackish blotch pos-
teriorly ; the second dorsal with throe rather irregular serrated
blackish bands, and with white spots between them. Caudal dotted
with brown ; anal blackish.

lines.

Total length 20

Length of the head 5

Height of the body 5|

Diameter of the eye 0|

Length of the caudal fin 3|

Australia.

a. Apparently mature. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

b. Caudal fin elongate, pointed.

84. Gobius acutipinnis.

(u)bius acutipeiini«, Cxr. ^- V<ff. xii. p. HO (nol Ctt/iL),
setosus, Cur. ..y T^aL xii. p. Bl.

The height of the body e(puil.s tlic length of the head, and is one-

1. Goitius. 45

sixth of the total. The head is one-fourth less high an<l one-third
less broad tlian long. The width of the intcrorbital space is one-half
of the diameter of the eye. Scales large ; teeth small. The fifth
dorsal spine is the longest, filiform ; the other fins pointed pos-
teriorly. Yellowash-brown, clouded with darker ; a bluish line from
the eye to the angle of the mouth ; dorsal fins with greyish longi-
tudinal lines ; the upper part of the caiidal and the anterior margiii
of the dorsal fins dotted with black and white. ( Val.)
Malabar.

85. Gobius spectabilis.
D. 6 I 10. A. y. L. lat. 32.

Nine longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The height of the body is contained eight times in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a half; the
head is depressed, broader than high ; the snout elongate, broad,
flat, Avith the lower jaw prominent. Several teeth of the outer series
are enlarged, canine-like, but there are no lateral canine teeth.
The width of the intcrorbital space is more than the diameter of the
eye, which is one-sixth of the length of the head. The dist;incc of
the first dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout from the pne-
opercvdar margin. Head naked ; scales on the nape of the neck
smaller than those of the body. Dorsal fins higher than the body ;
the spines of the first are produced into filaments, and the second
and third arc the longest. Caudal elongate, obtusely ])ointed, one-
fourth of the total length ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like ; ven-
tral with the basal membrane well developed. Yellowish-brown,
with indistinct blotches along the side ; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral
fins brown-dotted.

East Indies.

a. Adult. India. Presented by G. Ti. Watcrhousc, Esq.

inelics. lines.

Total length 10 0

Height of the liody 1 3

Length of the head 2 3

Diameter of the eye 0 3

Length of the caudal fin 2 (5

The natural affinities of this species are to G. r/iuris, fiom which
it is readily distinguished by the extraordinary develoi)ment of the
caudal fin.

86. Gobius signatus.

Peters in Wictpn. Arch. 1855. p. 253.

^■^\v.- A.fo- L. lat. 30.
Eight or nine longitudinal series of scales between the first dorsfJ
and the vent. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total

4(5 GOBITD.E.

longtli (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; the head
is rather higher than b'-oad, and one-fourth longer than high ; the
snout very slightly convex. The ej-es occupy the second quarter of
tlic length of the head, and arc distant from each other half the
length of their diameter. Teeth of the outer scries enlarged. Dor-
sal fins rather lower than the body, with the last rays somewhat
longer ; caudal pointed, as long as the head ; none of the pectoral rays
silk-like. Head naked. Greenish, ^vith irregular blackish-brown
blotches ; sides of the head ^\dth bluish spots ; pectoral and caudal
white-spotted ; ventvals brownish-black towards the extremity ;
anal Avith indistinct whitish spots along the base ; a large blackish-
bhie ocellus oetwcen the fifth and sixth dorsal spines. {Pet.)
Mozambique.

87. Gohius schlegelii.
D. 6 I 10. A. 10. L. lat. 28.

Eight longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin
and the anal. The height of the body is contained four times and
a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
three times and a half. The ej-es are close together, situated in the
anterior half of the head, their diameter being one-fifth of the length
of the head. Head rather compressed, much higher than broad ;
snout much longer than the cje, with the cleft of the mouth very
oblique, and with the lower jaw prominent. A canine tooth on
each side of the raandibula. Head naked ; scales on the neck much
smaller than those on the body. Scales ctenoid. The second and
third dorsal spines are the longest, filiform, lower than the body,
and equal in height to the second dorsal fin. Caudal fin elongate,
I)ointed, one-fourth of the total length. None of the pectoral rays
silk-like ; the ventral extends on to the vent, and has the basal
membrane very broad. Bro^\^^ : a series of short vertical black lines
on the lower half of the tail ; base of the pectoral with a black ring,
including a whitish centre ; anal with a black longitudinal l)and
along the base.

Length 4 inches.

Hah. Boutry, Gold Coast.

Tlie tjincal specimen is in the Leyden Museum.

88. Gobius polynema.

Chfcturichtliy? polyucma, Sleeker, Verhatnl. Batav. (icnoofseh. xxv..
Japan, p. 44. fig. 4.

D. 6 I 11. A. 10. L. lat. 30.
Lower jaw with several small barbels. Eight longitudinal senes
of scales between the second dorsal fin and the anal. The height of
the body is contained seven times and a third in the total length,
the length of the head five times. The head is as broad as liigh : the
snout broad, rounded, rather longer than the orbit; the cleit of Ihc
moutli oblicpie, with the jaws ('(inal anteriorly, 'i'lio maxillary

1. ooTirrs. 47

docs not extend to the vertical from the centre of llie ovl)it. Teeth
of the outer seiies enlarged; a small canine tooth on each side of
the lower jaw. The width of the interorbital space ecjuals the ver-
tical diameter of tlie eye ; its horizontal diameter is nearly one-
fourth of the length of the head; sides of the head and nape of the
neck scaly. The anterior dorsal fin is lower tlian tlu; posterior,
the height of which equals that of the body : caudal pointed, its
length being more than one-fourth of the total. Greenish : fins
^•iolet. A black ocellus edged with white on the upper portion of
the caudal fin, near the base. Traces of fine longitudinal lines tire
visible on the anal fin.

Chinese and Japanese Seas. Madras.

a. China. Presented by J. R. Eceves, Esq.

b. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

lino.-*.

Total length ")!>

Height of the body 7

Length of the head 10

of the caudal fin 14

Horizontal diameter of the eye 2\

89. Gobius margaritunis.
Richards. IclithyoL CJihui, y. 205.

The height of the body is aboiit one-eighth of tlie total length ;
head bluntly rounded in profile at the snout, with the jaws equal.
Eyes a full diameter apart. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ;
lower jaw with a lateral canine tooth. Caudal pointed. Scales
pretty large, ciliated. A series of silvery specks running down the
middle of the tail ; a few silvery specks on tlie nape, one on the
temples, another on the gill-cover, and two lines of pores on the
cheek. (Rich.)

Macao.

90. Gobius teniminckii.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genoofsch. xxii., Blow, en Gob. p. 33.

D. 6 I -i-. A. j. L. lat. 16-20.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and a third ; the head
is as high as broad, obtuse and convex ; the eyes are very close
together, and the length of their diameter is two-sevenths of that
of the head. The teeth of the outer series in the upper jaw are
enlarged ; canine teeth none. The first dorsal is as high as the body ;
caudal pointed, its length being one-third of the total. Green : tlio
first dorsal black, pectorals and caudal green, the others brown.
(Blech.)

Coast of Java.

48 GoniiD.E.

91. Gobius mystacinus.
Cuv. (^ Val. xii. p. 124.

The maxillaries are produced posteriorly, extending to the pnc-
opcrculum. The height of the body is contained five times and a
half in the total length, the length of the head four times. Canine
teeth none. Caudal fin somewhat pointed. Scales of moderate size.
Yellowish-brown, with indistinct cross-bars. (Val.)

Java,

This species appears to be the type of a separate genus.

B, Scales rather small, fifty or more in a longitudinal series.
1. A tentacle above the orbit: Oxyvu-ichth}s, part., Block.

92. Gobius tentacularis.

Gobius tentacularis, Cuv. 4" Val. xii. p. 128 ; Bleckor, Jura, ii. p. 434.

macrurus, Bleeker, Vcrhatid. Batav. Genuotsch. xxii., Blcnii. en

Gob. p. 35.
Oxyurichthys tentacidaris, Bleeker, Eman. Spec. p. 120.

^•^\vi- -^-ii- L-lat. 00-70.

A simple tentacle above the orbit, as long as the eye. The height
of the body is contained seven times to nine times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and a half to seven
times. Eyes very close together. Canine teeth none. Greenish
spotted with reddish.

Coasts of Java, Madura, and Sumatra.

93. Gobius ophthalmonema.

Gobius ophthalmonema, Bleekir, Ternate, viii. p. 208.
Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema, Bleeker, Enum. Spec. p. 120.

D. 6 I i. A'. ^. L. lat. 55.

A simple tentacle above the orbit, shorter than the eye. The
height of the body is contained seven times in the total length, the
length of the head five times and a half ; the head is higher than
broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. The eyes
are very close together, and their diameter is three-tenths of the
length of the head (?). Gape oblique, with the jaws equal ; teeth of
the outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none. Head naked. The
first dorsal spine is produced into a filament, the posterior dorsal fin
lower than the body ; caudal rhomboidal^ its lenglli being more than
one-fourth of the total. Olive, M'ith five brownish blotches along
the side ; dorsal fins with two series of blackish dots ; pectorals and
the upper half of the caudal black-dotted; ventral and anal brown.
{BleeTc.)

Sea of lY'rnatc.

1. GOBIUS. 49

2. No tentacle above the orbit-
a. Caudal fin elongate, pointed : Oxj-iirichtlij-s, part., Blevk.

94. Gobius microlepis.

Gobius acutipinnifa, var., Cantor, Catal, p. 184

microlepis, Block. Vcrliand. Batac. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn, en

Gob. p. 35, and Java, ii. p. 436.
Oxyurichthys microlepis, Blcek. Enum. Spec. p. 120.

D. 6 I i^. A. y^. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is contained from seven times and a thii'd
to nine times in the total length, the length of the head six times ;
the height of the head is contained once and one-half or once and two-
thirds in its length. The diameter of the eye is ouc-foiirth of the
length of the head ; eyes close together. The snout is obtuse, not
shorter than the eye ; cleft of the mouth very oblique, Avith the
lower jaw longest. The teeth of the outer scries are enlarged ;
canine teeth none. The dorsal fins are higher than the body ; the
fifth spine of the anterior dorsal is sometimes produced, filiform.
Caudal pointed, its length being one-third of the total. Crcen above,
with irregular violet spots ; each scale with a blackish dot on the
margin ; the vertical fins rose-coloured ; the spinous dorsal with i\\ o
or throe bluish longitudinal lines, the soft dorsal reticulated with
bluish and dotted with blackish ; caudal with numerous oblong
blackish spots ; anal with a yellow and violet margin.

Seas of Pinang, Java, and Madura ; Chinese Sea.

a. Skin : bad state. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

95. Gobius papuensis.
Cur. cS- Val. xiL p. 106.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-seventh of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head one-fourth. Tlie head is one-third longer than
high, and one-third higher than broad. The eyes are very close
together, their diameter being one-fifth of the length of the head.
Mouth oblique, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the
eye ; teeth of the outer series enlarged. The length of the caudal
is one-fourth of the total. Greyish -brown, clouded with darker ;' a
brown spot at the root of the caudal, another at the base of the [m^c-
toral ; dorsal fins mth fine reticulated lines.

Seas of Australia, New Guinea, and Java.

Ono of the two specimens from which I have taken the characters
is in the Leyden Museum ; the yolours have gone, except the dark
spot at the root of the caudal. It was found in Java by Kuhl and
van Hasselt, who intended to call it Gobius melanostigma , a name
since given by lUeeker to another species. This name would indi-

roL. in. £

60 GOBIID^.

cate that the specimen was tjlack-dotted during life, a peculiarity
occuiring in G. microlepis according to Bleeker's description. The
latter species, however, is said to have much larger scales, viz. fifty
in a longitudinal line. The other specimen is in the British Mu-
seum ; and it also exhibits a very distinct brown spot on the root of
the caudal.

a. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

96. Gobius belosso.

Gobius belosso, Bleek. Banten, p. 316.
Oxyurichthys belosso, Bleek. Enum, Spec. p. 120.

D.6|i. A.^. L.lat.70.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth. The eyes are very close together, their dia-
meter being about one-fourth of the length of the head. Snout
obtuse, somewhat shorter, tl^an the eye, with the cleft of the mouth
very oblique ; the upper maxillary extends to below the posterior
part of the orbit ; teeth of the upper jaw in a single series, without
canines. The upper pectoral rays silk-Uke ; the length of the caudal
is contained 3| times in the total. Yellowish-rose-coloured, minutely
dotted with bluish ; dorsal and caudal with reticulated bluish lines ;
pectoral dotted with white, and with a violet spot superiorly at the
base ; inferior margins of the anal and caudal violet. {Bl.)

Rivers of Banten (Java) and of Nias.

97. Gobius lanceolatus.

Gobius, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 82. no. 277. pi. 4. fig. 4 (bad).

lanceolatus, Bl. ii. p. 8. t. 38. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 69 ; Lacep. ii.

p. 545. pi. 15. fig. 1 ; Cuv. (^ Val. xii. p. 114.
bacalaus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 119.

D. 6 I i A. ^. L. lat. 70. Vert. 11/15.

I 13 14 /

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-eleventh of the total length, the length of the
caudal fin one-third, the length of the head one-seventh. The
snout is longer than the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the
head, and more than the width of the interorbital space. The jaws
are nearly equal in length ; the cleft of the mouth is oblique, and
the maxillary reaches to the posterior margin of the orbit. The
teeth of the outer series are slightly enlarged. Streaks of minute
warts on the sides of the head, but none on the neck. None of the
pectoral rays silk-like ; the basal membrane of the ventral fin is
well developed, without lateral appendages ; caudal lanceolate.
Brownish -grey.

Fresh waters of Cuba and Martinique ; Brazil ; Surinam ; Guiana.

«, h. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

1. GOBIUS. ."Vl

c. Adult. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart.

d-f. Adult and half-grown. West Indies. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
f/. Many veiy young specimens. West Indies. Presented by Col.

lleid.
?i. Large specimen. Old Collection.
i. Adult : skeleton. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schom-

burgk.

The slcfhton of this species does not essentially differ from that of
other Gobies, the elongate form of the body not being produced by
an increase of the number of the vertebra;, but by the single ver-
tebra} being prolonged. The length of the abdominal portion of the
vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1"4,

h. Caudal fin rounded, not elongate.
aa. Canine teeth none.

98. Gobius marmoratus.

Nonlin. in Demkl. Voy. Ittiss. Mcrid. iii. p. 4.35, Poiss. pi. 12. fig. 3.
D. G I 18-20. A. 18.

Scales rather small. The height of the body is rather more thaji
the length of the head, and one-fifth of the total. Snout of ukmIo-
rate extent, some^^^hat convex. Dorsal 'ins lower than the body ;
caudal rounded. Olive, with subquadrangular brownish si)ots ; a
pair of whitish spots on the base of the caudal fin, and a single one
below the eye. All the fins, except the ventrals, with .series of
brown dots, those on the second dorsal and on the anal havhig an
oblique direction. {Nordni.)

Sebastopol.

99. Gobius batrachocephahis.

Pali. Zonpr. iii. p. 150; Nordm. in Ikniid. Voy. linss. M6rid. iii. p. 400,
Poiss. pi. 8.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 75.

Twenty-two series of scales between the second dorsal and the
anal fins. The height of .the body is contained five times and two-
thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times. Head
depressed ; eyes prominent ; snout of moderate extent ; cleft of the
mouth oblique, with the lower jaw longest ; teeth of the outer series
enlarged. The width of the interorbital space is less than that of
the orbit. Eye of moderate size. Dorsal fins close together ; the
second is higher than the first, but rather lower than the body :
the ventrals do not reach to the vent : caudal rounded. Browni.sji-
yellow, with numerous irregular black spots ; fins brown-spotted.

Black Sea.

One specimen in the Poppclsdorf Museum (Bonn).

i: 2

52 GOBTID.B.

100. Gobius stevenii.

^ordm. in Dcniid. Voi/. liiiss. 3Icrid. iii. p. 432, Puiss. pi. 13. fig. 1.
D. 6 I 18. A. 16.

Scales rather small. The first dorsal siibquadrangialar, the mem-
brane between the third and fourth spines being more elevated than
between the second and third. The height of the body is contained
six times in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a half. Snout of moderate extent, convex ; eye of moderate size.
Dorsal fins as high as the body ; caudal rounded ; the ventrals do
not extend on to tlie vent, and have the basal membrane little deve-
loped. Body greyish-brown, with darker spots. (Nordm.)

Kertch (Crimea).

101. Gobius lacteus.

Nord))i. in Dcmid. Voy. Riiss. Mirid. iii. p. 430, Poiss. pi. 10. fig. 3.
D. G I 17. A. 10.

Scales rather small. The height of the body is contained five
times and a third in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a third. Snout of moderate extent, convex, with the
lower jaw longest. Teeth of the outer scries enlarged. Dorsal fins
lower than the body ; caudal rounded ; the ventrals do not reach to
the vent, and have the basal membrane little developed. Nearly
uniform grecnlsh-white. {Nordm.)

Dniester.

102. Gobius platyrostris.

Pall. Zflorp: iii. p. 154; Nordm. in Dnnid. Voy. Puss. 3Ierid. iii.
p. 410, ' Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 1.

D.6l^. A.±.

Scales rather small. The height of the body is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
three times and two-thirds. Head broader than high ; snout of
moderate extent ; cleft of the mouth oblique, Avith the lower jaw
longest ; eyes small, their diameter being much less than the width
of the interorbital space. Dorsal fins close, together ; the second is
higher than the first, nearly as high as the body: the ventrals do not
reach to the vent : caudal rounded. Brownish ; fins with series of
broT\mish spots. (Nordm.)

Coasts of the Crimea.

103. Gobius paganellus.

Pagancllus venetorum, Wilhu/hhy, p. 207; Ray, p. 75.

Gobius, sp. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 29; Hasselq. Eeise nach Paleest.

p. 373.
Gobius paganellus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 449 (not Cuv. 8,- Val).
bicolor, Cur. <S- Val. xii. p. 19 (not Gm.).

1. aoBiTJs. 53

Gobius niger (part, descr.), Yarrell, Bnt. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 281, 3rd
edit. ii. p. .318.

niger, Thomps, Ann. 8f Mag, Nat. Hist 1839, ii. p. 417.

? Gobius sordidus, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. 1835, p. 91.

I^-Hcnyfcle- A-CTiJTSrn- L. lat. 54-55.

Fifteen or sixteen longitudinal series of scales between the second
dorsal, and the anal fins. The height of the body is contained five
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half. The width of the interorbital space is less than
that of the orbit. Dorsal fins close together, rather lower than the
body ; the distance of the dorsal from the eye equals that of the
snout from the praeoperculum. The upper rays of the pectoral fin
very fine, silk-Uke ; the ventrals do not reach to the vent. Brownish,
indistinctly marbled with darker ; the fii^t dorsal fin greyish, with a
black longitudinal spot, and with a broad colourless upper margin ;
the other fins blackish, generally with indistinct dots.

Mediterranean ; coasts of Great Britain.

a-b. Adult and half-grown. Clonakilty, South Ireland. From

the Museum Leach as Gobitis niger.
c. Half-grown. Frith of Forth.
d,e,f. Fine specimens. Falmouth. Purchased.
g, h. Fine specimens. Madeira.
i. Large specimen. Dalmatia.

k. Adult : skin. Leghorn. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
l-p. Adult : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection as Gobius niger.
q, r. Adult.

104. Gobius melanostoma.

Gobius melanostomus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 151 ; Nonhn. in Dcmid.
Voy. Ems. Merid. iii. p. 411. pi. 7.

D. 6 I 16. A. 14. L. lat. 50 -52.

Sixteen longitudinal seiies oi scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. The height of the body is contained five times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a fourth. The interorbital space is naked, and its width is less than
the vertical diameter of the eye. Snout nearly twice as long as the
eye, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; teeth of the outer sei-ies en-
larged. Streaks of minute warts below the eye, none on the neck.
Dorsal fins close together, of nearly equal height, lower than the
body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye equals that of the
snout from the praeoperculum. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ;
basal half of the pectoral scaly ; the ventrals do not reach to the
vent, and have the basal membrane very developed. Light brown,
clouded with darker ; the first dorsal with a deep-black spot pos-
teriorly ; the outer half of the vertical fins brown.

Black Sea.

A specimen from Varna is in the Collection of the Poppclsdorf
Museum (Bonn).

54 UOUIIDM.

105. Gobius ophiocephalus.

Gobius ophiocephalus, Pal/. Zoogr. iii. p. lo3 ; Norchn. in Denit'd. Voy.

Riiss. 3Icrid. iii. p. ■i'2o, Poiss. pi. 10. fig. 2.
Gobius lota, Cuv. c^ Veil. xii. p. 27 ; Martens in Wiegm. Archiv, 1857,

-I r-Q

D.6|^,. A.^^. L.lat. 60-04.

Seventeen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Head rather higher than broad. The height of
the body is contained six times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head four times and one-third. The vertical diameter
of the eye is rather more than one-half the length of the snout, and
nearly equal to the width of the interorbital space. The anterior
dorsal fin is as high as the body, but lower than the posterior ; the
distance of the first dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout
from the prajoperculura. Pectoral without silk-like rays ; the ven-
tral has the basal membrane little developed, and does not extend
on to the vent. Brownish, marbled with darker ; sides of the head
and root of the pectoral spotted with whitish ; the first dorsal with
three pairs of dotted, brownish longitudinal bands ; the second and
the caudal spotted, the pectoral dotted with brown. A round dark-
bi'own spot at the root of the caxidal.

I^Frcsh waters and] coasts of Italy and Dalmatia. Palestine.

a. Eight inches long. Dalmatia.

6. Adult. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. A. Giinthcr,
c. llalf-gi'own. Adi'iatic.

d-f, g. Half-gro-mi. Lake Apollonia (Palestine). Presented by
H. Poole, Esq.

106. Gobius criientatus.

Briinn. Ichth. Massil. p. 33. no. 42.

Gobiu3 cruentatus, L. Gm. p. 1197; Bl. Schn. p. 72; liisso, Ichth.

Nice, p. 157, and Eiir. Merid iii. p. 282 ; Cuv. ^- Vcd. xii. p. 29 ;

Q'r.Begne Anim. III. Poins. pi. 80. fig. 1 ; Gtiichen. Ejtjj. Alger. Poiss.

p. 77.
P Gobius gi-acilis, Fries, Vet. Ah-ad Handl. 1838, p. 245. tab. 4. fig. 2 ;

Kilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 224.

D- 6 I A- A. -i-. L. lat. 58.

I 14 lJ-14

Seventeen or eighteen longitudinal scries of scales between the
second dorsal and the anal fins. Head as broad as high. The height
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head four times and a half. The horizontal diameter
of the eye equals the length of the snout, and is one-fourth of the
length of the head ; the interorbital space is very narrow and en-
tirely scaleless. Dorsal fins not very close together, somewhat
lower than the body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye
is more than that of the snout from the pra^operculum ; a few of the
tipper pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal membrane
well developed, and docs not extend on to the vent. Sides of the

1. GOBIUS. 55

head and nape of the nock with stripes of minute bro\vn warts,
those on the neck arranged in a 'j^ liJvc figure, lieddish-brown,
marbled with brown ; sides of tlie head and vertical fins spotted
with vermilion.

Mediterranean. (Coast of Scandinavia ?)

a. Adult. Dahnatia.

b. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq., as Gobius niyer.

c. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq., as Gobius lan-

ceolatus.

d. e. Young.

Gobius g)-&cilis, Fries, appears to be identical with G. cruentatus,
Gm., or at least very closely allied to it; whilst G. gracilis, Jcnyns,
perhaps, is founded on young specimens of G. minutus.

107. Gobius genipoms.

Gobius geniporu.s, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 32.

D. 6 I i A. f^. L. lat. 53.

The height of the body is contained seven times oi- seven times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times ;
the head is only half as high and broad as it is long. Tho eye oc-
cupies the second (piartcr of the length of the head ; the width of
the interorbital space equals one-half of the diameter of the eye.
The lower jaw projects a little. No silk-Kke pectoral rays ; ventral
fins without a basal membrane. * The distance of the caudal from
the two other vertical fins is one-seventh of the length of the body.
Streaks of minute pores below the eye and on the neck ; four or five
large pores along the margin of the pra^operculum. IJrowuish,
marbled with darker; fins blackish, dorsal and anal rays with white
tips ; rays of the caudal with brown spots ; head sometimes white-
spotted. {Val.)

Mediterranean.

108. Gobius capito.

? Gobius exanthematosus, Pall. Zoof/r. iii. p. IGO; Nordm. in Dcmid.

Toy. Htm. Merid. iii. p. 42.% Poiss. pi. 10. fig. 1.
Gobius capito, Cu)\ i^- ImI. xii. p. 21 ; Gttichen. Exp. AUjer. Pains.

p. 70.
? Gobius paganellus, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 20; Guichcn. Exp. ^llijer.

Poiss. p. 70; (not L.) juv.

D. 6 I ,-^. A. -i-- L. lat. 00-65. Vert. 12/10.

I 13—14 10-11 '

Seventeen to twenty longitudinal scries of scales l)etwoen the
second dorsal and the anal fins. Head as broad as high. The Jieight
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length,
the length of the head four timi's and a half. The hoiizontal dia-
meter of the eye is onc-fiith or one-sixth of the length of the head,
and not (|iitc one-half of that of the snout. The interorbital space
is fiat, scaly, and its width cvjuals tlie vertical diameter of the orbit

56

QOBIID^

(in mature specimens). Dorsal fins close together, lower than the
body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye is more than that
of the snout from the pra^operculum : the upper pectoral rays silk-
hke : the ventral fin has the basal membrane well developed, and
provided with a lobe on each side ; it terminates at a great distance
from the vent. Streaks of minute warts are scarcely visible on the
side of the head. Brownish, marbled with darker ; a series of black
dots along the middle of the side; the first dorsal clouded with
blackish, the second, caudal and pectoral dotted with brown ; anal
and ventral immaculate.

Mediterranean. (? Black Sea.)

a. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.

b. Pine specimen. Mediterranean. Presented by Prof. Troschel.

c. Half-grown. Mediterranean.

d. e, f. Adult and half-grown.
g, h. Adult : skeletons.

Skeleton. — The skull is rather short, as in Batrachus ; its crown
is flattened, slightly elevated along the median line, which termi-
nates in a short and low occipital crest. The lateral and anterior
margins of the crown (parietal and principal frontal bones) are pro-
vided with a double ridge, including a muciferous channel ; the
outer anterior angle of the crown is produced into a point which
projects into the orbit. The orbit is on the upper surface of the
head, incHning downwards to the side, and not closed by an infra-
orbital ring. The orbital portion of the frontal bone is very narrow.
The praefrontal is moderately developed, and has a rudimentary
prteorbital attached to it. The ethmoid forms a portion of the upper
surface of the skull : the intermaxillary is dilated into an oblong
lamella posteriorly ; the maxillary is styliform, curved and scarcely
dilated at its extremity. The dentary bone is strong, bent inwards
to meet its fellow, but not upwards, as in Gohius giuris ; the arti-
cular bone is dilated, not extending very far forwards ; the angular
bone is completely united with it, no sutiu-e betw^een them being
visible. Vomer hammer-hke ; palatine and pterygoid bones styli-
form. The tympanic bones are narrow, and large portions of the
tympanic groove are unossified : the hypotympanic is formed by
two portions — the upper broad one for the sutures with the ptery-
goids and with the prae- and meso-tympanic, the lower for the suture
with the prajoperculum. There is a wide frcM3 space between these
two portions, posteriorly closed by the mesotympanic and the prte-
operculum ; the mesotympanic is of about the same size as the prae-
tympanic. The glossohyal is extremely broad, triangular, the
point of the triangle being posterior ; the urohyal is irregularly
quadi-angular. The humeral arch is fixed to the skull by the supra-
scapula, which terminates superiorly in two long styliform processes,
the lower of which is exti^emely slender. There is a ti'ansverso
gi'oove formed by two ridges near the point where these two pro-
cesses meet ; it serves as the passage for the muciferous channels of
llie head into that of the lateral line. The humerus has a short

1. Q0BIU3. 57

process posteriorly for articulation with the pubic bone of its side ;
radius very short and intimately united with the humerus. Each
pubic bone, if viewed from above, is concave anteriorly and convex
posteriorly ; there is a cartilage intermediate between humerus and
pubic bone.

The posterior portion of the occipital bone is somewhat produced
backwards ; there are twelve abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrae,
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to
that of the caudal as 1 : 1-3. The ribs are moderately strong, pro-
vided with long epipleurals. Neural, htemal, <tc. spines feeble.

109. Gobius maderensis.

Gobius madeirensis, Cuv. 6|- Vol. xii. p. 55.

uiger, var., Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 84, and Trans. Zool,

Soc. iii. p. 10.

D. 6 I '-. A. Pj. L. lat. 54.

Fourteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Head rather broader than high. The height of
the body is contained six times in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a half. The snout is somewhat longer than the
eye, the interorbital space exceedingly narrow. The dorsal fins arc
somewhat remote from each other, and lower than the body ; the
distance of the first dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout
from the prceoperculum ; several strijies of minute warts radiate
from the lower part of the orbit ; nape of the nock without Avarts.
The upper pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal mem-
brane very broad, and does not extend on to tlie vent. IJrownish-
black or blackish, with inconspicuous darker cross-bars ; fins black.

Sea of Madeira.

a-h, c, d-f, g. Madeira.

h. Adult. Light- coloured variety.

110. Gobius ekstrdmii.

Gobius miiuitus, Ekstr. Vet, Akad. Ilaiidl. 1834, p. G4, and Fisclte in
den Scheeren von Morko, p. 200 (not Gin., Cue, ^r-)-

D. 6 I ^^. A. f,. L. lat. GO.

The height of the body is contained six times and a quarter in the
total lengtli, the length of the head four times. The head is as
broad as high, and not quite twice as long as broad. The horizontal
diameter of tlic eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and much
less than that of the snout. The interorbital space is very narrow.
The dorsal fins arc rather remote from each other, and somewhat
lower than the body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye
is more than that of the snout from the pra^operculum. The j^os-
terior dorsal rays arc not longer than the anterior ones. None of
the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral extends to the vent. Trans-
parent yellowish, marbled with reddish ; five or six dark-brown

58 GOBIID^.

spots along the lateral line, that at the base of the caudal being the
most distinct ; the anterior dorsal ^vith a blackish spot posteriorly ;
the other vortical fins dotted with brownish.
Coasts of Scandinavia.

a. Adult. River Gotha, Sweden. Taken from the stomach of a
Coitus scor^iitts.

This species is very similar to Gohius minutxis, with which it has
been confounded by Ekstrom, but may be readily distinguished by
the greater number of the rays of the dorsal and anal fins.

lines.

Total length 28

Height of the body 4|

Length of the head 7

Greatest width and height of the head 4

Diameter of the eye Ig

111. Gobius minutus.

Tlie Spotted Goby. The Polewig.

Aphva, Rondel, vii. c. 3. p. 210.

Aphya cobitis, Williighby, p. 207. pi. 12. fig. 5.

Marsio, Hoy, p. 76.

Gobius, sp. »Jr, Artedi, Genera, p. 29 (part, descr.), and sp. 4, Si/non.

p. 47 (part, synon.).
Gobius aphya, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 450 (part.) ; Artedi, ed. Walh. iii.

p. 192 ; Bl. Schn. p. 70 ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 281 (not Ichth.

Nice).
Gobius, no. 276, Gronov. Zoophyl. i. p. 81.
Spotted Goby, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 187. tab. 37.
Buliotte, Diihamel, Pesches, part. 2. sect. G. pi. 3. fig. 3.
Gobius minutus, L. Gm. i. p. 1199; Lacep. ii. p. 571; Donov. Brit.

Fishes, ii. pi. 38 ; Turto7i, Brit. Faun. p. 94 ; Ffem. Brit. An. p. 206 ;

Jen. 3Ian. p. 386 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 288, 3rd edit.

ii. p. 325 ; Parn. Fishes of the Frith of Forth, p. 82. pi 29; Cur. ii-

Val. xii. p. 39 ; Fries, Wieym. Arch. 1840, p. 237 ; Nilss. Skund.

Faun. iv. p. 222 ; Guichen. Fj-p. Alyer. Poiss. p. 78 (not Pall, or

Ekstr.).
Eleotris minuta, Bl. Schn. p. 66.
Gobius quadrimaculatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 44 ; Guichen. Exp. Alyer.

Poiss. p. 78.

unipunctatus, Parn. Fishes of the Frith of Foiih, p. 83. pi. 29.

? Gobius leopardinus, Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Riiss. Merid. iii. p. 436,

Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 4.

I>.6|,-iT. A.^„. L.lat.GO.
Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head rather broader than high. The height of the
body is nearly one-seventh of the total length, the lengtli of the head
one-fourth. The horizontal diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the
length of the head, and less than that of the snout. Tlie interorbital
space is narrow and naked. The dorsal fins arc rather remote from
each other, and somewhat lower than the body ; the chstancc of the

1. GOBIUS. 59

first dorsal from the eye is more than that of the enoiit from the
praeoperculum. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral ex-
tends to, or nearly to, the vent. Transparent greyish or yellowish ;
hack minutely dotted with black ; sometimes several darker spots
along the middle of the side ; generally a black spot be' ween the
last two rays of the first dorsal fin.
Coasts of Europe.

a. Adult. Frith of Forth. — Named Gohius arenarius (?).

b, c. Adult and half-grown. Frith of Forth.

d. Adult. Frith of Forth. — Named Gobhis unipunctatus.
e-lc. Adult. Mouth of the Thames. Presented by J. Frembly, Esq.
I. Many specimens, Brighton. Presented by J. G. Children, Esq.
m-o. Adult and half-grown. South Devon. Collected by G. Mon-
tagu, Esq.
p-q. Adult. England. Presented by Mr. Moore.
r-s. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
t, u-z, a, p-y. Adult.

Parnell's assertion, that specimens with a spot on the first dorsal
fin have two rays more in the anal fin than those without a spot, is
not confirmed by my examination of numerous specimens. Sec also
Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, v. p. 9.

Gohhcs gracilis (Jenj-ns, Brit. Vert. p. 387 ; Tarrell, Brit. Fishes,
2nd edit. i. p. 290, 3rd edit. ii. p. 331 ; Pam. Fislies Frith of Forth,
p. 85) appears to be a rather doubtful species. Small specimens
deposited in the British Museum, and named Gohius gracilis, agree
much more with young individuals of Gohius nirjer than with the
descriptions given by Jenyns and Parnell. Jenyns probably ex-
amined young individuals of G. minutus. [See Thompson, Aim. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, i. p. 356 and ii. p. 28.]

112. Gohius colonianus.

Gobius colonianus, liisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 285 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xii,
p. 51. pi. 345.

The keight of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the depth of the head is three-fifths of its
length, and its breadth one-half. The first dorsal fin is nearly twice
as high as the second, and considerably higher than the body, but
none of the rays are produced ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like.
Brownish, minutely dotted with black, the dots forming ill-defined
spots on the sides ; the first dorsal with a round, black, wliite-edged
spot between the last two spines.

Coast of Nice.

113. Gobius banana.

Poisson de Roche, Rochefort, Hist. Nat. Antilles, pp. 188, 189 (fig. bad).
? Gobius tajasica, Lichtenst. in Berl. Ahhundl. 1822, p. 273 (uot

3Inrcfir.).
Gobius banana, Cnv. iir Val. xii. p. 103.

60 GOBIID^.

Gobius raartinicus, Cuv.Sr Vol. xii. p. 105; Casteln.Anim.nouv. ou rares
de VAmer. du Stid, Poiss. p. 26.

^•^\ro' ^' To' ^- 1^*- 6^-6<5. Vert. 11/15.

Nineteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fin. The extent of the snout is rather more than one-
third of the length of the head. Eye small, one-seventh of the length
of the head (in mature individuals); the height of the body is con-
tained six times and a half in the total length, the length of the head
four times and a fourth. The interorbital space is flat, and its width
equals the diameter of the eye. The upper jaw is longer than the
lower. The maxillaiy extends to the vertical from the orbit in im-
mature specimens, or in specimens of middle size ; it does not reach
60 far backwards in veiy large individuals. Scales on the nape much
smaller than those on the sides. The distance of the first dorsal from
the eye is equal to, or rather more than, that of the snout from the
prseoperculum. The ventral terminates at a great distance from the
vent, and has the basal membrane very broad. Dorsal fins lower than
the body. Brownish-olive, irregularly spotted or dotted with dark
brown ; sometimes two oblique streaks from the eye to the lip. Dorsal,
caudal, and pectoral fins dotted with brown, the dots forming waving
longitudinal stripes on the dorsals, and transverse streaks on the caudal
and pectoral. Mature specimens have six to eight dotted streaks on
the caudal, immature ones four to five. Ventrals and anal white.

Caribbean Sea, entering fresh waters.

a-i. Adult and half-grown : stuffed and skins. Caribbean Sea.

From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
h-t. Adult and young. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
u, V. Adult. Antilles. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
w-y. Half-grown : skins, in spirit. America. From Dr. ParncU's

Collection.
2. Thirteen inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
a. Adult.
/S, Adult: skeleton. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.

Sl-eleton. — It does not differ in any essential point from those of
O. giuris and 0. capito, but is distinguished by the following pecu-
liarities : —

The crown of the head is broad, as in other Gobies, but with the
whole surface slightly convex. The posterior processes of the inter-
maxillaries are long and broad, and the anterior portion of these bones
is horizontally dilated, as in other Acanthopterj'gians which have a
protractile mouth (as Oerres). The bones of the jaws in general
are rather slender, and the articulary of the mandibula is not dilated.
Pubic bones short. There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal
vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column
being to that of the caudal as 1:1-3. Ribs and processes of the
vertebra; feeble.

1. GOBIUS. 61

114. Grobius aeneo-fuscus.

reters in Monatsher. Bcrl. Acad. 1852, p. G81.
D.G|^. A.± L.lat.GO.

Sixteen longitiidinal scries of sealcs between the second dorsal and
the anal fin. The extent of the snout is one-third of the length of
the head. Eye small, one-seventh of the length of the head. The
height of the body is contained five times and three -fourths in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. The in-
tcrorbital space is flat, and its width e(]uals the diameter of the eye.
Teeth in a very narrow band in the upper jaw. The upper jaw is
longer than the lower, and the maxillary does not extend to the ver-
tical from the orlnt. The distance of tlie first dorsal from the eye is
considerably more than that of the snout from the prajoperculum.
Scales on the nape much smaller than those on tlic sides. The ven-
tral terminates at a great distance from the vent, and has a broad
basal membrane. Dorsal fins lower than the body. Ground-(;oIour
green on the back, with metallic reflexions on the sides, irregidarly
spotted and dotted with dark brown ; two oblique streaks from the
eye to the lip ; dorsal and caudal rays with brown dots, forming lon-
gitudinal stripes on the former, and transverse ones on the latter ;
ventrals and anal white.

Coast of Mozambiciue.

a. Four and a half inches long. Sena. From Prof. Peters's Col-
lection.

This species is so closdy allied to the "West Indian G. banana, that
it requires a very close examination to detect differences by which
both may be distinguished, Avhilst, on the other hand, it is very
distinct from the East Indian G. grammepomus. Its most cha-
racteristic feature appears to be the snout, which is comparatively
shorter than in G. banana ; yet some specimens of the latter approach
it very closely also in this respect.

115, Gobius mexicanus.

D. 6 1 11. A. 11. L. lat. 76-82.

Twenty-four series of scales between the second dorsal fin and the
anal. Tlie height of the body is contained seven times and a half in
the total length, the length of the head four times and four-fifths.
The head is flat superiorly, as broad as high, its width bcins: nearly
one-half of its length. Snout elongate, with the upper profile
oblique; cleft of the mouth horizontal, the upper jaw being rather
the longer. Canine teeth none ; teeth of the outer scries enlarged.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. The width of the interorbital space equals the diametcn- of
the eye, which (in mature specimens) is one-eighth of the length of
the head. The head is naked ; scales ctenoid, tliose on the nape and
on the anterior part of the body very small. Tlie distance of the

62 OOBIID.E.

first dorsal from tlic eye is more than that of the snout from the
pra^opercnhim. Tlie dorsal fins arc lower than the body ; none of the
spines produced : caudal rounded, one-ciglith of tlic total length : the
ventral terminates at a great distance from the anus, and has a very
broad basal membrane. Yellowish-olive : back and sides reticulated
with blackish ; head, dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dotted with
blackish, the dots on the second dorsal forming internipted zigzag
streaks ; six cross-series of dots on the caudal ; an irregular, small
l)la clash spot on the upper part of the root of the pectoral ; ventral
and anal fins and the whole belly yello^nsh-Avhite.
Mexico.

a, h. Fine specimens. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.

inelics. lines.

Total length 8 0

Height of the body 1 1

Length of the head 1 8

Greatest width of the head 0 11

Diameter of tlic eye 0 2|

Length of the caudal fin I 0

Closely allied to Gohius banana, but readilj- distinguished by the
smaller scales.

116. Gobius transandeanus.
D. 6 I 11. A. 10-11. L. lat. 00-08.

Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin
and the anal. The height of the })ody is contained seveii times in
the total length, the length of the head tliree times and three-fourths;
the head is flat, depressed, much broader than high, with the snout
elongate. Cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, the upper jaw being
tlie longest. Canine teeth none ; teeth of the outer series enlarged.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. The width of the interorbital space equals the diameter of
the eye, which (in mature specimens) is one-fifth or one-sixth of the
length of the head. The head is naked ; scales ctenoid, on the nape
and on the anterior part of the body very small. The distance of
the first dorsal from the eye is considerably less than tliat of the
snout from the pra^operculum. The dorsal fins are higher than the
body, and the spines of the anterior dorsal arc prolonged into free
filaments (in mature specimens) ; caudal rounded, one-fifth of the
total length ; the ventral terminates at a great distance from the anus,
and has a very broad basal membrane. Yellowish : head, body, dorsal
and caudal fins irregularly spotted with blackish ; anal and ventral
uniform white or blackish.

Fresh waters of Western Ecuador.

a-b, c^d. Fine specimens. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Eraser's
Collection.

1. ooniUH. O:'

lino<.

Totfil length r,i>

]Ioight of the l)0(ly !>

Length of tlie head 17

Greatest Avidth of the head 10

Diameter of the eye 2^

Length of the eandal flu 12

The "western representative of Goh'ms haufina and (J. nie.rit-ainisi.

The most constant markings ajjpear to he some ol)li([ii(' l)l;i(ki^h
streaks on the side of the snout, and a simihir streak across the upper
part of tlic root of the pectoral.

117. Gobiiis crassilahris.
I), (i I 11. A. 11. L. lat. Go.

Fifteen longitudinal series of scales hctween the secoiul dorsal tin
and the anal. Scales on the neck much smaller than those on the
tail. The height of the hody is contained six times and a half in the
total lengtli, the length of the head tluee times and a half. The
head is iiat, depressed, as broad as high, uith the snout I'longale.
Cleft of the mouth horizontal, the iip])er jaw being the longer; lips
thick ; the eye is situated in i\w middle of the length of the head.
All the teeth sinall ; none of the outer series enlarged. The maxillary
extemls to, or slightly beyond, the vertical from the anterior mai'gin
of the ej-e. Tbe width of the intei-orl)ital space equals the diameter
of the eye, which (in mature specimens) is one-sixth of the lenglli of
the head. The head is naked; scales on tho aniericn- ]>art of the
body smaller than on the posterior. The distance of the; hr.^t dorsal
fm from the eye equals that of the suout fi'om the in-a'opereulum.
The dorsal fins arc lower than the body; caudal rounded, its length
being somewhat less than one-fifth of tlic total ; tlu' ventral fin ter-
minates at a great distance from the anus, and has a broad basal mem-
brane. Yellowish or brownish : sides of the head and body with
irregular black sjjots, the spots forming a distin(;t longitudinal band
between the bases of the. pectoral and caudal fins ; root of tlu: eaudal
with a round deep-black spot ; a black streak superiorly on tin- base
of the pectoral. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins dotted witli luown,
the dots being arranged in longitudinal series on the first, and in
trans^ erse ones on the two latter ; ventral and anal blackish.

Fnsh waters of Oualan and Aneiteum,

a. Adult. Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

h, c. Fine specimens. Aneiteum. From 'Mr. Macgillivray's Col-
lecticm.

lilies.

Total length (i4

Height of the body 1<)

Length of the Insad 17

Urentest width of the bead '.*

64 QOBnn.E.

118. Gobius ocellaris.

Gobius ocellaris, (Brottss.) Cun. ^ Vol. xii. p. 98.
D. 6 I ^. A. i. L. lat. 60.

Snout elongate, with the upper jaw longest and somewhat pro-
tractile. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth ; the height of the latter is two-thirds
of its own length, and its width three-quarters of its height. The
eye is situated nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to
that of the snout, and is one-sixth of the length of the head, or one-
half of the width of the interorbital space. All the teeth are small,
villiform. The height of the vertical fins is one-half of that of the
body ; caudal rounded ; the basal membrane of the ventrals is broad,
without lateral appendages. Reddish-brown, sometimes with a
darker band along the middle of the body ; back and sides dotted
with black ; fins blackish : the anterior dorsal with a black spot
between the fifth and sixth spines ; the posterior and the caiidal with
stripes of black dots. {Val.)

Fresh waters of He de France (and of Otaheiti ?).

119. Gobius grammepomus.

Gobius gi'ammepomns, Block. Verhmid. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., BIciin.

en Gob. p. 34, and Batjnn, ii. p. 200.

melanocephalus, Bleik. Verhand. Batav. Gcnontsch. 1. c. p. 33.

personatus, Bleek. I. c. p. 34, and Natuurk. Tydschr. Nedcrl. I/id.

1851, i. fig. 4.

^- ^ I fo- ^- To- ^- ^^^- ''^<)-55.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half to seven
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times to four times and two-thirds ; the height of the head equals its
width, and is contained once and a half or once and three-quarters
in its length. The snout is slightly convex, longer than the eye ;
the diameter of the latter is one-fourth or one-fifth of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is very slightly oblique, ^\^th the
upper jaw longer; the teeth of the outer series somewhat enlarged;
canine teeth none. The maxiUarj' extends to the vertical from the
orbit. Head naked. Scales on the neck not much smaller than
those on the tail. The spinous dorsal is somewhat higher than the
soft, but lower than the body ; the second and third spines are the
longest ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal rounded, its
length being five times or five times and a "half in the total. Green,
brown-spotted ; head dotted with violet ; an oblique streak from the
eye to the maxillary ; dorsal and caudal fins with small, oblong,
curved black spots ; pectoral with a larger spot at the upper part of
the base ; anal yellowish, violet along the middle.

Ilivers of Java, Celebes, Borneo, Bali, Booroo, Amboyna, Sumatra,
and Batjan ; Ceylon ; Madras.

a-h, c-<l. Fine specimens, Ceylon.

1. GOBIUS. 65

e. Adult: bad state. Madras. Presented by T. 0. Jerdon, Es(|.
f-g. Fine specimens. Borneo, rurchascd of Mr. Frank.
h. Adiilt.

120. Gobius gyinnopomus.
Bleeket; Sumatra, ii. p. 270.

D. 6 I ^. A. ij. L. lat. 4G-50.

The height of the body is contained six times and lliree-qnartors
in the total length, the length of tl\e head live times and one-third.
The head is higher than broad, its width being one-lialf of its lenglli.
The width of the interorbital space is one-half tJie diameter of the
eye, which is contained three times and two-thirds in the length of
the head. Crown of the head scaly, its sides naked. The teeth of
the outer series are enlarged ; canine teoth none. Jaws equal an-
teriorly. The anterior dorsal is about as higli as the body, the
second and third spines being tlie longest ; the posterior part of the
second dorsal higher than the body ; caudal rounded. Green, spotted
with brown : three brown angular cross-bands between the back and
the anal fin, the angle being directed backwards ; a brown cross-band
below the eye. The anterior dorsal violet with a yellow longitudinal
band, and with yellow dots above it ; the ])osterior spotted Avith
yellow, and with a yellow line along the margin ; pectorals yellow,
with a black spot on the upper part of the base ; ventrals violet ;
anal with an orange-coloured line along tlie margin; caudal spotted
with green superiorly and with a yellow and reddish-violet margin.
{BleeJc.)

Seas of Priaman and Java.

121. Gobius brunneus.
Schlcg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 142. pi. 74. tig. 2.

D. 0 I 10. A. 8.

The height of tlie body is about one-si.xth of the total length the
length of the head one-fourth. The snout is moderately long, its
length being three times and a half in that of the head ; tlie deft
of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw prominent. Teeth very
small; scales of moderate size. Caudal rounded; the second and
third dorsal spines are the longest, lower than the body. Park
brown : back and all the fins dotted with blackish ; the first dorsal
with two broad brown bands. (Schlq/.)

Bay of Nagasaki,

1 22. Gobius annularis.

Chajnogobius annularis, Gill in Ann. Lye. Nat. J fist. Xiw York, vii.
1859, p. 12.

D. G I 9. A. 8.

Scales small, cycloid ; head and sides of the neck naked. Body
elongate, its heiglit being one-seventh, and the length of the head
vor,. TTI. >"

66 GOBIID-Ti

nearly one-fourth of the total ; head rather broader than high, and
nearly twice as long- as high. The cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique,
^\dth the jaws equal anteriorly ; canine teeth none. The diameter of
the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and twice the width
of the interorbital space. Dorsal fins not elevated ; caudal rounded.
Brownish-grey, superiorly minutely dotted with blackish ; several
ocelli near the vent ; the second dorsal with three bands. {Gill.)
Coast of Jesso.

123. Gobius xanthozona.

Bhekcr, Ve7-hand. Batav. Gcnootsch, xxii., Blenn. oi Gob. p. 34.
D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is contained five or six times in the total
length, the length of the head three times and a half ; the head is
somewhat higher than broad ; the width of the interorbital space is
more than the length of the diameter of the eye, which occupies the
second fifth of the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series in
the upper jaw enlarged ; canine teeth none. Cleft of the mouth
subvertical. Dorsal fins low^er than the body ; caudal rounded.
Body encircled by eight alternately black and yellow bands, the first
across the head, and the fourth black one across the base of the
caudal fin ; dorsal and anal fins entirely black ; the others yellow,
with the base black. (Bleek.)

Rivers of Java and Borneo, near the coast.

124. Gobius platynotus.

D. 6 I 9. A. 10. L. lat. 65.

Twenty longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the
posterior dorsal fin and the anal. Head and anterior part of the
body broad, somewhat depressed ; a deep groove along the median
line of the broad back. The height of the body is contained six times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a half. Head broader than high, and not much longer than broad ;
snout broad, somewhat longer than the diameter of the eye, with
the upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower ; the cleft of the
mouth extends to below the middle of the eye. Teeth \dlliform ;
canines none. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of
the head, and somewhat less than the width of the interorbital space.
Head naked, except the posterior portion of the operculum ; two
longitudinal stripes of minute warts on the choek. Dorsal fins
lower than the body, the anterior being lower than the postciior ;
the third and fourth dorsal spines arc the longest. Caudal rounded,
its length being six times and a half in the total length. The
pectoral has no silk-like rays, and does not extend to the vertical
from the vent: ventral rather short, not adherent to the belly,
terminating at a great distance from the vent ; its basal membrane is
well developed. Scales small, cycloid. Brown (in spirits), with some

1. UODTUS. 67

darker dots ; a black spot on the posterior part of the spinous ilor^.sl ,
the soft dorsal with l)lackish spots ; tlio other fins immaculate.

linos.

Total length 2:\

Length of the head '>

Height of the body ;i.\

Diameter of the eye 1

Length of the caudal fin ."{J

ffah. ?

<i. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

f>h. Canine tfi'tli.

125. Gobius sphinx.
Ow. ^- Val. xii. p. ',« ; mdc. lliuuht, iii. p. I().!.
D. (; I ^. A. ^. L. lat. .-,;{.

The lower jaw is provided with a small canine tooth on each sitU'.
Eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head compressed, higher than broad. 1'he height
of the body is contained four times and a fourth in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. The snout is obtuse,
•somewhat longei' than the diameter of the eye ; the interoi-bitiil
space is Hat, scaleless, and its width is one-half the diameter of the
eye. Dorsal fins close together, lower than the b(Kly ; the distame
of the first dorsal from the eye is rather more than that of the snout
from the pneoperculum ; none of tlu; pectoral rays silJc-like ; the
ventral has the basal membrane moderately developed, and does not
extend on to the vent. Body with four or five brownish cross-ltarids ;
belly rose-coloured, with about twelve blue cross-streaks ; lu'ad
with numerous blue, darker-edged spots ; the first dorsal clouded
with violet and dotted with blue, like the second and the caudal.
Ventral and amd fins rt)se-eoloured, with black margin ; the former
entirely dotted with blue, the latter only post'>riorly. (Jill-membrane
with a brown cross-bar.

Sea of New Guinea. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Coram. From Madame Ida IMcidri's Collection.

b. Fine specimen, l^ornco. I*urch;ised of ^Ir. Frank.

12(). Gobius phalaena.

Vuv. Sc Val xii. p. 5)2; lihrl: Ihnida, i. p. 244.

D. f;|i-. A.i-. L. lat. 52.

The lower jaw is provided with one or two small canines on each
side. Sixteen longitudinal series of scales between the second
dorsal and the anal fins. Head rather compressed, higher than
broad. The height of the body is contained foui- times and tlin^e-

I 2

68 GOBIID.E,

fourths in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
half. The snout is obtuse, nearly equal in length to the horizontal
diameter of the eye ; the interorbital space is flat, scalcless, and its
width rather less than the vertical diameter of the eye. Dorsal fins
close together, the third and fourth rays of the first dorsal elongate,
filiform, as high as the body ; the distance of the first dorsal from
the eye is more than that of the snout from the prKoperculum.
None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal mem-
brane moderately developed, and extends to the origin of the anal.
Brownish (in spirits), with six brown cross-bands, the posterior of
which are lighter in the middle ; side of the head with three series
of rose-coloured, brown-edged spots. The first dorsal anteriorly
with two oblique violet spots, posteriorly with a rounded blackish
spot ; the second dorsal blackish, with a whitish longitudinal band
below its margin ; caudal whitish, with blacldsh margin and three
round black spots, one near the base on the superior portion, the
other near the upper, and the third near the -lower angle. Anal
black, with two longitudinal series of light spots ; ventrals blackish ;
pectoral colourless.

East Indian Archipelago ; Vanicolo.

a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

This specimen does not exhibit the bands across the belly, de-
scribed by Valenciennes, and very distinct in Oohius sphynx.

127. Gobius semicinctus.

Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, i. p. 32.

D. 6 U. A. "-. L. lat. 55.

1 15 14

The lower jaw is provided with a small canine tooth on each side.
Eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Head rather compressed, higher than broad.
The height of the body is contained four times and three-fom'ths in
the total length, the length of the head five times. The snout is
obtuse, scarcely longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye,
which equals the width of the interorbital space. Jaws equal in
length anteriorly ; the upper maxillary docs not quite extend to
below the centre of the orbit. The interorbital space is naked ; the
bcales on the neck are much smaller than those on the body. Dorsal
fins close together, the second, third and fourth spines are much
elongate, filiform, higher than the body ; the distance of the first
dorsal from the eye is more than that of the snout from the prse-
operculum. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has
the basal membrane moderately developed, and extends to the vent.
Greenish-olive (in spirits), with some very indistinct darker bands
across the back. The lower side yellowish, with six silvery cross-
bands, edged with black, as broad as the interspaces of the ground-
colour between them, and ascending as far as the middle of the side ;
the first is between the roots of the pectoral and ventral fins, the

1. GOBIXJS. 09

last two above the anterior half of the anal fin. Shoulder with a
round brownish spot. Head reddish-olive ; its sides with rather
irregular, small, round silvery spots edged with brown. The first
dorsal with a large \'iolet spot in the middle and with numerous
small ocelli ; the second dorsal with longitudinal series of A-iolet
dots, more distinct on the base of the fin than superiorly ; caudal
with blackish margin and with a round blackish spot superiorly at
its base ; anal fin with numerous small ocelli along the base ; pec-
toral Avithout markings ; ventral white, with the margin blackish.
Mauritius.

a. Five inches long. Type of the species. From the Collection of
the Zoological Society.

128. Gobins albomaculatus.

Gobius albomaculatus, Itiipj). Atl. Fisclie, p. 135, and N. W, Fischc,

p. 137 ; Peters in Wiefpn. Arch. 1855, p. 250.
quinqueoGcUatus, Cuv. 4" Val. xii. p. 95.

D. 6 I 14-15. A. 15-lG. L. lat. 5G.

Twenty longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Crown of the head parabolic. The second, thii-d
and fourth dorsal spines produced into filaments, and higlier than the
body. Caudal rounded. Canine teeth in the lower jaw. Greenish-
brown, with five umber-brown cross-bands, and with bluish spots
between them on the back ; opercles with four blue longitudinal
streaks, and a yellow band between ; a round blackish spot above
the root of the pectoral and on the base of the caudal ; the second
dorsal white-dotted, and sometimes with tliree black, blue-edged
ocelli at the base ; two or three similar ocelli on the caudal fin.

Massuah.

a, h-c. Adult and half-grown. Red Sea. Collected and presented
by Dr. E. llUppell.

129. Gobius decussatus.
Bleeker, Celebes, vii. p. 442.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 60-65.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half iii the
total length, the length of the head five times. Teeth of the outer
series enlarged ; two strong canines in the lower jaw ; cleft of the
mouth oblique. Dorsal fins rather lower than the body ; caudal
rounded. Greenish rose-coloured, with four orange-coloured longi-
tudinal bands, crossed by bars of the same coloilr ; head ^-ith two
red longitudinal bands, edged with black and blue, the upper to the
scapula, the lower to the pectoral. Tail with an orange-coloured,
blue-edged spot. Dorsal and anal fins Avith oblique blue stripes.
{Bleek.)

Coasts and rivers of Nias, Celebes, and Booroo.

70 GomiD^.

130. Gobius bynoensis.

Gobius bynoensis, Richards. Ichthyol. Ereb. i^ Terr. p. 1. pi. 1. tigs. 1, 2

(not good).
stethophthalmus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl, Ind, i. p. 249.

fig. 7, and xv. p. 236.

D. 6 1 4 A. ^. L. lat. ca 65.

I 10 15

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Head higher than
broad ; snout obtuse ; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique ; teeth
of the outer series enlarged; lower jaw with a pair of canine teeth.
The width of the bony part of the interorbital space is one-half of
the diameter of the orbit, which is one-fifth of the length of the
head. The anterior dorsal is rather higher than the posterior, and
lower than the body ; its distance from the eye is more than that of
the snout from the praBoperculum. Caudal rounded ; none of the
pectoral rays silk-Hke. Body with two or three longitudinal bands :
one through the base of the pectoral, forming a spot of deeper colour
at the base of the fin ; another from the snout through the eye,
crossed by about five bars, descending from the back. Two series of
brown specks from the crown of the head to the dorsal fin.

Coast of Western Australia ; Philippine Islands. Biliton. Java.

a. Ty])e of the species : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
h. HaLf-groAvn. Aiistralia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

c. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

d. Adult. Philippine Islands.

This is a beautiful species. Bleeker describes the colours, from
fresh specimens, as follows : —

Greenish : back with four or five brownish-violet cross-bunds ; on
each side of the head two brownish -violet, blue-edged longitudinal
bands, the lower of which terminates in a dark spot on tlic upi)cr
part of the base of .the pectoral; neck with two series of brown,
blue-edged ocelli ; dorsal fins dotted with white ; caudal with a
brown spot on the upper part of its base ; anal with violet margin ;
the other fins rose-coloured.

C Scales minute.

131. Gobius cseruleopunctatus.

Gobius cieruleopunctatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 134, and iV. JF. Fische,

p. 137. taf. 32. fig. 3,
pavoninue, (Fhrenb.) Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 112.

D.G|1. A.f

Scales very small. The height of the body is contained six times
in the total length, the lengtli of the head four times and a half, that
of the caudal four times ; the latter is rhomboidal. The eyes are
very close together, one-sixth of the kngth of the head. Snout
short and obtuse. Canine teeth none. Dorsal fins higher than tlie

1. GOBIUS. 71

body. Brownish, with pearl-coloured spots along the back, and with
six or seven light streaks on the side, descending obliquely for-
wards ; head and the anterior part of the back with round black,
white-edged spots ; similar but smaller spots between the rays of
the dorsal fins ; anal and pectoral spotted with white ; caudal with
a yellow and black margin.
Massuah.

a, b. Adult. Red Sea. From Dr. Ruppell's Collection.

132. Gobius cyanotaBnia.
Bleeker, Bataria, p. 475.

D. 6 I ^. A. JL. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a quarter in
the "total length, the length of the head four times and a half ; the
head is higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter tlian
the eyes, which are prominent, close together, one-fifth of tlie length
of the head. The cleft of the mouth is oblique, the lower jaw being
slightly the longer. The teeth of the outer series arc enlarged ;
canine teeth none. Head naked ; the scales of the anterior part of
the body smaller than those of the posterior. The first dorsal fin is
somewhat higher than the second, but lower than the body. None
of the pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal rounded. Greenish rose-
coloured, with four broad brownish cross-bands and eleven blue
transverse stripes ; sides of the head with oblique blue streaks ;
dorsal, caudal, and ventral fins immacvdate; base of the pectoral
dotted with blue ; anal yellow, M-ith \dolet margin, and with three
reddish-violet, blue-edged longitudinal bands. {Bleek.)

Sea of Batavia.

133 Gobius niveatus.
aw. ^ Val. xii. p. 107.

Scales very small. The height of the body is contained ten times
and a half in the total Icugth, the length of the head six times. The
head is half as higli as long. Snout obtuse, rounded. The second
dorsal is higher than the first, and both are higher than the body.
The length of the caudal is one-fourth of the total. (Jreyish-ljrown ;
the sides of the head and the lower parts dotted with white. Ail
the fins with brown spots on the rays. ( Val.)

Java.

134. Gobius cryptocentrus.
Cur. Sf Val xii. p. 111. pi. 346.

I>-«|f„- A.i.
Scales small. The height of the body equals the length of the
head and of the caudal fin, and is one-fifth of the total. The head

72 COBIID^.

is half 39 broad as long, and its height is three-fifths of its length.
Snout short, convex ; eyes close together. The upper jaw has an
outer series of stronger teeth, and the two middle ones are somewhat
longer than the others. The height of the dorsal fins does not ex-
ceed that of the body ; caudal rhomboidal.

In spirits : blackish -brown, -nath numerous paler vertical streaks ;
sides of the head and the anterior portion of the back dotted with
white. Dorsal fins greyish, .with transparent spots, some of which
have a black centre.

During Ufe : greyish-red, with the vertical streaks yellow and the
dots blue ; cheek with three red, blue-edged vertical stripes. (Val.)

Massuah (Red Sea).

135. Gobius russus.
Cantor, Catal. p. 186.

D.eli A.i.

Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is contained
seven times in the total length, the length of the head and of the
caudal fin four times and a half. The diameter of the eye is one-
fourth of the length of the head, and nearly equal to that of the
snout ; the snout is broad, rounded, with the lower jaw a little longer
than the upper ; the gape wide, oblique ; a small canine tooth on
each side of the lower jaw ; teeth of the outer series enlarged. Head
^nd nape naked. Dorsal fins as high as the body ; caudal somewhat
pointed. Fles i-coloured : on each side four or five large clouded
blackish spots, the scales of which have a minute, vertical, lanceolate
whitish spot in the centre ; the first dorsal whitish, w4th two black-
ish bands, and with a black spot between the fourth and fifth spines ;
the second doi"sal with indistinct clouded blackish spots ; the other
fins whitish, minutely dotted with brown.

Sea of Pinang.

«, Type of the species: skin: not good state. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.

136. Gobius voigtii.

Gobius voigtii, Blecker, Sumatra, iv. p. 83.
xanthotaenia, Bleaker, Celebes, viii. p. 308.

D-6lf„. A.±. L.lat.80.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and four-fifths ; the head is higher
than broad ; the snout convex, shorter than the eyes, which arc vory
close together, one-fourth of the length of the head. The cleft of
the mouth is oblique, \Wth the jaws nearly eqiuil ; the teeth of the
outer series are enlarged ; a pair of lateral canine teeth in the lower
jaw. Head and neck naked ; scales on the anterior half of the body
smaller than on the posterior. The first dorsal is much higher, the
second lower, than the body ; the length of tlie caudal fin is four
times and a quarter in the total. Greenish, M-ith eight brownish
cross-bands ; head with round blue, darker-edged S2x>ts ; the first

1 . GOBIUS. 73

dorsal spine broadly annulated with brown, a black spot between
the fourth and fifth spin(!S ; the second dorsal fin blue-spotted, and
with a blue longitudinal line near the margin ; caudal orange-
coloured, superiorly and infcriorly violet, superiorly with two oblique
blue streaks ; the other fins violet.

Coasts of Celebes, Nias, Sumatra, and New Holland.

a. Adult.

b. Adult. New Holland.

c-d. Adult. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.

Bleekcr describes the colours of the specimen which he previously
named Gobius xanthotttnia, as follows : — Greenish, vdi\\ four black
spots on the back, and four others on the side ; nine or ten ol)liquc
bright-yellow streaks on the body, descending forwards ; licad with
golden, blue-edged ocelH : dorsal fins with the margin orange-
coloured, the first spotted with yellow and reticulated with blue,
and with a blackish spot between the third and fifth spines ; anal
with a series of round yellow spots along the base ; caudal fin with
a red and blue longitudinal streak along the middle, and wath the
upper margin yellow, blue, and orange coloured.

137. Gobius polyophthalmus.
Bleekcr, Batavia, p. 474.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 85.

The height of the body is contained seven times and three-quarters
in the total length, the length of the head five times ; the head is
somewhat higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than
the eyes, which are very close together, and one-fourth of the length
of the head. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged, and tho
lower jaw is provided with two canines besides. . Head naked ; scales
small, those on tho anterior part of the body inconspicuous. The
dorsal fins are scarcely higher than the body ; caudal lanceolate, its
length being contained three times and a half in the total. Green-
ish, with eight yellow cross-bands ; three violaceous spots on the
posterior part of the side ; head and dorsal fins with numerous ver-
milion, blue-edged spots ; the second dorsal with a yellow, ]>lue and
vermiUon margin ; caudal with oblique blue and vermilion streaks,
and with the upper margin coloured as in the second dorsal ; anal with
a series of violet spots along the middle, and with the lower margin
violet and yeUow; pectorals orange-coloured; vcntrals violet. (BhcL.)

Sea of Batavia.

138. Gobius knutteli.

? Gobius filifer, Cm?'. <§• Val. xii, p. 100.

Gobius knutteli, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sci. Lido-Nedcrl. iii., Japan, p. 16.
tab. 1. tig. 2.

D. Ol-. A.-.

I 1" !)

Scales minute. The hciglit of the body is contained eight times

74 GOBIID^.

in the total length, the length of the head four times and four-fifths.
The head is higher than bi'oad ; the snout convex, longer than the
eye, the diameter of which is one-fourth or one-sixth of the length
of the head. Eyes close together ; head and nape of the neck naked.
The cleft of the mouth is oblique, wide, extending to the posterior
margin of the eye. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; lower jaw
with small canine teeth. The first dorsal is twice as high as the
body ; caudal somewhat elongate ; none of the pectoral rays silk-
like. Greenish, with six darker cross-bands ; sides of the head with
white, darker-edged ocelli ; the spinous dorsal with a white cross-
band and with a black spot between the first and second spines ; the
soft dorsal with three or four undulated white longitudinal streaks ;
the other fins immaculate.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.

a, b. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c-d. Adult. Hongkong. From the Haslat Collection.

139. Gobius arabicus.

Gobius anguillaris, Forsh. pp. 23 & 24 (not L.).

arabicus, L. Gm. i. p. 1198 ; Bl, Schn. p. 72 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische,

p. 139.
bimaculatus, (Fhrenb.) Cut. S/- Val. xii. p. 108.

D.6|^. A.I.

Scales very small. The height of the body is contained seven
times in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
half. Cheeks swollen ; head as broad as high, but one-third longer
than high. The eye occupies the second fifth of the length of the
head. Canine teeth in the upper and lower jaws. The second and
third dorsal spines are higher than the body ; caudal pointed, one-
fifth of the total.

In spirits : blackish ; below paler, with brown cross-bands, or
brownish with minute black dots ; two blackish spots above the pec-
toral. The first dorsal with series of black points, the second with
fine longitudinal lines ; the other fins blackish ; the caudal with the
upper margin whitish.

During life: bluish-green, with red and blue dots; two oblong
blue spots above the pectoral.

Red Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea. Collected and presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

140. Gobius fontanesii.
Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 7G4.

D.6|^. A.i. L.lat.90.

The height of the body is ono-ninlli or one-tenth of the total
length, the Icngtli of the head onc-sixtli ; the head is twice as long
as high ; the snout convex, obtuse, nhoitci' than the eye ; the cleft of

1. GOBIUS. 75

the mouth oblique ; teeth of the outer series enlarged. The eyes
are very close together, one-foiu-th of the length of the head. The
scales on the posterior part of the body are much larger than those
on the anterior. Dorsal fins higher than the body ; caudal rather
elongate, its length being two-ninths of that of the body. Body
reddish-brown, with three broad brown cross-bands, the fii-st below
the spinous dorsal fin, the two others below the soft ; head with
yellow dots superiorly ; the soft dorsal with a series of yeUow spots
along the base. (Bleek.)

Sea of Bulucumba (Celebes) ; Amboyna.

141. Gobins gymnocephalus.
Bleeker, Batavta, p. 473.

D-8|i. A.±.

Scales very small. The height of the body is contained eight
times or eight times and three-quarters in the total length, the
length of the head six times ; the head is rather higher than broad ;
the snout obtuse, shorter than the eye ; the cleft of the mouth ob-
lique ; the eyes are close together, and their diameter is contained
four times and a half in the length of the head. Canine teeth in
both jaws. Dorsal fins nearly as high as the body ; caudal lanceolate,
its length being three times and two-thirds or four times and a
quarter in the total ; none of the pectoral rays siUc-like. Greenish,
with three broad rose-coloured cross-bands ; dorsal fins immaculate ;
caudal with several oblique red and blue streaks ; anal with a red
and blue longitudinal band along the middle. {Bleek.)

Sea of Batavia.

II. The anterior dorsal with seven to nine spiups.

142. Gobius petrophilus.
Bleeker, Batavia, p. 476.

D. 7 ||. A. i-. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained six times and a thiid in the
total length, the length of the head foiu- times ; head broader than
high ; snout convex, shorter than the eye ; cleft of the mouth ob-
lique. The diameter of the eye is contained three times and three-
quarters in the length of the head ; the width of the interorbital
space is less than one-half of the diameter of the eye. Teeth of the
outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none. Head naked ; scales on
the neck smaller than those on the body. The first dorsal is half
as high as the body ; caudal rounded. Brownish-red, clouded with
browTi superiorly ; the first dorsal with three or four brown longi-
tudinal streaks ; the rays of the other vertical fins and of the pec-
torals dotted with brown. (Bleek.)

Seas of Java, BaU, Sumatra, Timor, and Goram.

76 GOBIIDu'E.

143. Gobius ruthensparri.

Gobius ruthensparri, Euphras. Nya Handl Stockh. 1786, p. 64 ; Rdz.

Faun. Suec. p. 326; Fries m Wiefpn. Arch. 1840, p. 237; Ciw. Sy

Val. xii. p. 48; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2ud edit. i. p. 285; Niks.

Skand. Faun. iv. p. 226.

minutus, Nilss. Prodr. g. 94.

niger, Donov. Brit, Fimes, v. pi. 104 ; Fletn. Brit. An. p. 206.

bipunctatus, Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 255 ; Jen. 3Ian.

p. 386; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 86. pi. 29.

D. 7|

'''^. A.^^. L.lat. 35-40.

Eleven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head as broad as high, with the snout short and ob-
tuse. Body moderately slender ; the interorbital space is very
narrow and scaleless. Dorsal fins rather remote from each other,
lower than the body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye
is more than that of the snout from the pra^opcrculum. None of the
pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal membrane well
developed, and extends nearly to the vent, A deep-brown spot on
each side of the root of the caudal fin, another above the base of the
pectoral.

German Ocean. British Channel.

o, &. Many specimens. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Cocks, Esq.
c-d. Adult : bad state. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
e-h. Adult. Berwick.
i~h. Adult. Presented by Dr. Johnston.

144. Gobius stigmothonus.

Richards. Voy. Sidph. Ichthyol. p. 147.

I>.9|r3^.. A.^,. L.lat.60.

Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; eyes about half the diameter of
the orbit apart. A series of six v«ly irregular dark marks on the
middle of the sides, and a round black spot on the base of the caudal.
A velvet-black mark occupies the upper half of the dorsal between
the third and sixth spines. (Richards.)

Canton.

145. Gobius flavimanus.

Gobius flavimanus, Schley. Faun. Japon. Puiss. p. 141. pi. 74. fig. 1 ;

Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Japan, p. 42.
Acanthogobius flavimanus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,

p. 145.

D. 8 I 14-15. A. 12-13.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. Snout rather elon-
gate, with the upper profile very slightly curved ; its length is con-
tained twice and two-thirds in that of the head. The width of tlie
interorbital space is rather less than that of the orbit. Canine teeth

1. GOBITTS. 77

none; the anterior teeth slightly enlarged. Scales of moderate
size. Caudal rounded; dorsal fins rather lower than the body.
Light brownish, indistinctly clouded with darker ; dorsal, ventral,
and anal fins greyish, pectoral and caudal yellow ; dorsal and cau-
dal dotted with brownish. (Schhy.)
Bay of Nagasaki.

146. Gobius newberrii.

Gobius newberrii, Girardin Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. riiilnd. 1850, p.1,% ;

inBost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1857, pi. 25. figs. 5-8 ; in U. S. Pacif. R.R.

Exped. Fishes, p. 128.
Lepidogobius newberrii, Gill in Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist. New York, vii.

1859, p. 14.

D. 8 I 13. A. 12.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. Cleft of
the mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly. The diameter of
the eye is about one-fourth of the length of the head. Caudal
rounded ; dorsal fins rather lower than the body. Scales small.
Olivaceous, irregularly spotted with black ; caudal, and sometimes
the second dorsal, with blackish dots. (Gir.)

Tomales Bay (California).

147. Gobius hexanema.

Chaeturichthys hexanema, Bleck. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv.,
Japan, p. 43. fig. 5 ; Gill, Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. Ncio York, 1859, p. 16.

D. 8 I 17. A. 14-15. L. lat. 38-40.

Mandibula with six short barbels. The height of the body is one-
eighth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. The
width of the interorbital .space is less than one-half of the diameter
of the eye, which is contained three times and a half in the length
of the head. The upper surface and the sides of the head scaly ;
the cleft of the mouth is oblique, and the maxillary reaches to below
the anterior half of the orbit. Teeth in bands, those of the outer series
being the strongest ; canine teeth none. Caudal fin subrhomboid.
Green, marbled with darker, and with a series of five brown spots
along the side; fins brownish- violet; the second dorsal with yellowish
dots.

Sea of Nagasaki. Coast of Niphon.

148. Gobius ommaturus.
Mtehards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 146. pi. 55. figs. 1-4

D. 9 I 18-20. A. 15-18. L. lat. 70.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and one-third. Snout
somewhat produced ; the eyes are less than the diameter of the or])it
apart ; the upper jaw rather longer than the lower ; teetli ot the

78 oomiD.ii:.

otitor series enlarged. Caudal rhomboidal ; dorsal fins not elevated.
Brownish : a dark mark occupies the centre of the base of the caudal ;
rays of the dorsal fins dotted with brown.

Mouth of the Yang tze Kiang. Canton. Amoj'.

a. Adult. Amoy. Purchased.

b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

149. Gobius lepidus.

Gobius gracilis, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 134.
lepidus, Girard in U. S. Vacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 127,

(pi. 25 a. figs. 5, G).
Lepidogobius gi'acilis. Gill in Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vii.

1859, p. 14.

D. 7 I 20. A. 17.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head about five times. Cleft of the
mouth oblique, \nih. the jaws equal anteriorly ; the maxillary reaches
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the pupil. The eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital space very narrow.
Teeth of the outer series somewhat enlarged. Caudal rounded ;
dorsal fins not elevated. Scales small ; sides and crown of the head
scaly. Reddish-brown ; throat and fins blacldsh.

San Francisco (California).

150. Gobius hasta.

? Ophidium chinense, Lacep. i. pi. 22. fig. 3.

? Regalecus lanceolatus, Lacep. li. p. 219.

? Gymnetrus cepodianus, Shaw, iv. p. 198. pi. .30.

Gobius hasta, Sehleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 144. pi. 75. fig. 1.

D. 8-9 I 20. A. 17.

The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, and
one-twelfth of the total. Snout of moderate extent ; the width of
the interorbital space equals the vertical diameter of the orbii. The
teeth of the outer series enlarged. Scales of moderate size. Caudal
pointed ; dorsal fins not elevated. Greenish-brown ; caudal brown ;
the soft dorsal with four series of blackish dots.

Japan.

a. Adult. Japan.

151. Gobius stigmatias.

Chfeturichthys stigmatias, Richards. Voi/. Snlph. Fishes, p. 55. pi 35.
figs. 1-3.

1). 8 I 23. A. 19. L. lat. 53.

Several small barbels at the lower side of the mandibula. The
height of the body is one-ninth of the total length. Snout with
the lower jaw prominent ; the width of the interorbital spare e(pials
the diameter of the ej'e. The anterior dorsal is as high iis tlie body.

2. EUCTENOGOBIUS; 79

and higher than the posterior ; caudal lanceolate. A black mar it
on the posterior portion of the first dorsal.
South Pacihc (?).

a, b. Types of the species. South Pacific. Presented by Captain
Sir E. Belcher, C.B. From the Haslar Collection.

1 52. Gobins virgo.
Gobius virgo, Srhlcg. Faun. Jnpon. Poiss. p. 143. pi. 74 fig. 4.
D. 8 1 26-28. A. i

Scales minute. The height of the body is one-seventh of the
total length ; snout moderately long, with the jaws equal in length.
Caudal rounded ; dorsal fins rather lower than the body. Brownish :
an orange -coloured blue-edged band nins from the upper lip through
the lower half of the eye to the caudal fin ; another similar band from
the angle of the mouth to the operculum. Dorsal fins orange -
coloured, with a blue stripe below the margin ; caudal and anal with
the margins blue and black. (Schleg.)

Bay of Nagasaki.

2. euctenogmJbius.

Euctenogobius, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1859, p. 45.

Body elongate, covered Avith ctenoid scales of moderate size ; gill-
openings? Teeth small, in a single series in the upper jaw, and in
a narrow band in the lower ; canine teeth none. Two dorsal fins,
the first composed of six spines. Ventral fins united, not adherent
to the belly.

Amazon River.

1. Euctenogobius badius.

Euctenogobius badius, Gill in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vii. 1859,
p. 45.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 50.

Eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal fin aiul
the anus. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total lengtli ,
the length of the head one-sixth ; head somewhat higher than long ;
snout convex. A pore above each eye, and two on the upper half of
the ascending margin of the proeoperculum. Eyes close together, theii-
diameter being one-fourth of the length of the head. Dorsal fins not
elevated ; caudal rounded ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Bed-
dish-brown, with an indistinct hoary dot in the centre of each scale ;
two bluish bands extend from the eye to the upper jaw ; caudal fir
with about seven cross-bars ; the other fins almost uniform. {Gill.)

Amazon River.

See also Gobius oxt/ptertis (p. 34), which is said to have the teeth
in a single scries.

80 gobtid-t:.

3. LATRUNCULUS.

Body rather elongate, cover(>d witli deciduous cycloid scales of
moderate size ; gill-oi)enings rather Avidc. Cleft of the nioxith very
wide ; jaAvs with a scries of long- teeth, and with strong canine teeth ;
the upper jaw with a second series, which is formed hy the canine
teeth. Two dorsal fins, the first composed of five spines. Ventral fins
united, not adherent to the belly. Pseudobranchia). Vcrtebric 1 1/1 6.

Coasts of Scotland.

This genus is much more closely allied to Apocryptes than to
Gohhts, its dentition differing fiom that of the former only in the
arrangement of the canine teeth. The form of the teeth of the
outer series is exactly that which Ave observe in Apocryptes ; but
there is a second short series behind it, formed by tAvo groups of
strong and curved canine teeth, each group, occupying the front
part of the intermaxillary. The teeth of the Ioavct jaw are sub-
horizontal ; a strong, curved canine tooth is placed interiorly to the
end of the series of outer teeth.

Apocryptes hrachyptcrns, Block., appears to have more affinity
to this genus than to the typical species of Apocryptes.

1. Latrunculus albus.

The White Goby.

Gobius albus, Pnriu'll in Trans. Boy. Soc. Edinh. xiv. 1837, and in

Siqipl. Hist. Brit. Fishes, p. 27; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i.

p. 295, 3rd edit. ii. p. 333.

D.5|i A.i. Vevt. n/10.

The intcrorbital space is wider than the eye ; the A'entral docs
not extend on to the vent. Transparent.
Solway Frith ; Frith of Forth.

a. Many specimens. Solway Frith,

/>, c-(j. Frith of Forth.

h. Fi'om the Collection of the Zoological Society.

4. APOCRYPTES.

Apocryptes, Cuv. ^ Vnl. xii. p. 142.

Body elongate, covered Avith small scales, which become larger
posteriorly; gill-openings of moderate Avidth. T<;eth in a single
series, ccmical and fixed, Avith canines in both the jaws, or at least
in the lower. The spinous portion of the dorsal fin separated from
or continuous with the soft, composed of five or six spines. Ventral
fins united, not adherent to the belly. Pseudobrancliia; rudimentary.
Vertebrfc 12/15.

East Indian Seas and fresh waters.

1 . Apocryptes lanceolatus.

Eleotris lanceolata, Bl. Sclui. p. 07. <ab. 15.

Gobius cbaiigua, Jiiirh. ILtui. pp. 41, o(')5. pi. 5. fig. 10.

4. APOCRYPTES. 81

Apocryptes changua, Cud. 8f VaJ. xii. p. 145 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. pp. 5, 36.
lanceolatus, Cantor, Catal. p. 187.

D. 5 I 31. A. 30.

Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is one-ninth
of the total length. Snout obtuse, rounded, somewhat longer than
the eye, which is small. Jaws equal. Teeth of moderate size,
those of the lower jaw horizontal ; a pair of small canines near the
symphysis ; the maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye. Caudal fin lanceolate, its length being two-
ninths of the total. Greyish-brown, indistinctly marbled with
darker ; caudal brown-dotted.

Shores of the East Indian Seas.

a-c. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
d, e. Adult: skins. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection
/, g-h. Adult. Madras.

2. Apocryptes dentatus.
Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 148.

D. 5 I 32. A. 31. Vert. 12/15.

Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is one •
fourteenth of the total length ; snout rounded, longer than the eye,
which is one-sixth of the length of the head. Gape horizontal,
with the jaws equal anteriorly, extending to behind the vertical
from the posterior margin of the eye. Teeth large, those of the
lower jaw horizontal ; a pair of canines near the symphysis. Cau-
dal fin lanceolate, its length being two-ninths of the total. Bi'ownish ;
caudal brown -dotted. {Val.)

Coasts of Pondichcny. Bengal.

3. Apocryptes bomeensis.

Bleeker, Borneo, ix. p. 421.

D. 5 I 28-30. A. 26-27.

Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is one-tenth
or one-twelfth of the total length ; snout obtuse, very convex,
shorter than the eye, which is one-fourth or one-fifth of the length
of the head. Gape nearly horizontal, reaching to below the poste-
rior part of the orbit. Teeth of moderate size, those of the lower
jaw horizontal ; a pair of large canines near the symphysis of the
mandibula. Caudal fin lanceolate, its length being nearly one-
fourth of the total. Greenish, dotted Avith black ; tail with angular
transverse streaks, the angles being directed forwards. The anterior
dorsal with a small spot anteriorly and with a large one posteriorly ;
the second dorsal and the caudal black-dotted. {Bleek.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing.

VOL. III.

82 GOBirD^.

4. Apocryptes bato.

Gobius bato, Biich. Ham. p. 40. pi. 37. fig. 10.

Apocryptes bato, Cuv. fy Val. xii. p. 143. pi. 349 ; Sleeker, Verhund.
Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Himlust. p. 103.

D. 5 I 21. A. 22.

Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is one-eighth of
the total length ; snout obtuse, rounded, equal in length to the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. Gape
horizontal, reaching to below the middle of the eye, with the upper
jaw a little longer than the lower. Teeth small ; a pair of small
canines at the symphysis of the lower jaw. Caudal fin lanceolate,
its length being two-ninths of the total. Greenish ; body and dor-
sal fins dotted with dark brown.

Mouth of the Ganges. River Hooghly (Calcutta).

5. Apocrjrptes serperaster.

Eichards. Ichthyol. China, p. 206.

D. 6 I 27. A. 27.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger postcriorlj\ The height
of the body is one-ninth or one-eleventh of the total length. Snout
obtuse, rounded, somewhat longer than the eye, with the upper jaw
rather longer than the lower ; gape of moderate width, the max-
illary extending to below the posterior margin of the eye. Teeth
small ; the front teeth of the upper jaw enlarged, those of the lower
horizontal ; a pair of small canines near the symphysis, another on
each side of the mandibula. Dorsal fins not continuous. Greenish-
olive ; caudal darker.

Chinese Seas.

Of. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — Type of the

species.
b, c. Adult. China. From the Haslar Collection.
d-e. Half-grown. Bengal. From the Collection of the East India

Company.
f-k, l-t, u-w, X. Adult and half- grown : not good state. From the

Haslar Collection.

6. Apocryptes rictuosus.

Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 151.

D. 6 1 25-27. A. 27.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-fourteenth of the total length, the length of tho
caudal fin one-third. Snout obtuse, somewhat longer than the eye ;
the lower jaw slightly prominent. Teeth small, those of the lower
jaw horizontal ; a pair of small canine teeth near the symphysis, and
another canine tooth on each side of the lower jaw. Gape wide, tho
maxillary extending beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Dorsal

4, APOCRYPTES. 83

fins continuous. The hindmost part of the dorsal fin and the caudal
brown-dotted.

Madras. Coast of Pondicherry.

a, b. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

7. Apocryptes macrolepis.
Bleeker, Borneo, iii. p. 66.

D. 6 I 29. A. 28.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-eleventh of the total length, the length of the
caudal fin one-fourth. Snout obtuse, as long as the eye, which
occupies the second fifth of the length of the head. The anterior
teeth of the upper jaw enlarged, those of the lower horizontal ; a
pair of large canines near the symphysis. The gape reaches to
below the posterior margin of the eye. Doi-sal fins continuoiLs at
the base. Green, clouded with brown ; dorsal fins black-spotted ;
caudal blackish, with the rays greenish, (Bleek.)

Rivers of Ban djer massing.

8. Apocryptes nexipinnis.
Cantor, Catal. p. 1 88.

D. 6 I 20. A. 26.

Scales rather small anteriorly, becoming large posteriorly. The
height of the body is one-eleventh of the total length, the length of
the caudal fin one-fifth. Snout rounded, longer than the eye, which
occupies the third seventh of the length of the head. Gape very
wide, the maxillary extending far beyond the vertical from the eye.
Teeth in the jaws horizontal ; the upper jaw ^vith a pair of strong
fangs anteriorly, the lower with a smaller canine tooth on each side.
Dorsal fijis continuous. Slate-coloured; dorsal and caudal fins
minutely dotted with brown.

Sea of Pinang.

a, 6. Skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection . — Tyi^es
of the species.

9. Apocryptes henlei.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob, p. 37.

D. 6 I 27. A. 28.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger posteriorly. The height
of the body is one-tenth or one-eleventh of the total length ; the
eye occupies the second fifth of the length of the head. The gape
reaches behind the eye. Anterior teeth of the upper jaw enlarged,
those of the lower horizontal ; two canines near the symphysis.
The length of the caudal is one-fourth of the total. Uniform
greenish. (Bleeh.)

Coasts of Ja^a and Madura.

g2

84 GOBIID^.

10. Apocryptes madurensis.

BUeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 35.
D. 6 I 23. A. 22. L. lat. 35 ?

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
diameter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head. Gape wide,
extending behind the eye ; teeth of the upper jaw vertical, conical,
twenty or thirty in number ; the lower jaw with about fifty hori-
zontal bilobate teeth, and with two canines near the symphysis.
Caudal lanceolate, two-ninths of the total length. Greenish : the
first dorsal with a black spot between the third and fourth spines.
(Bleeh.)

Coasts of Java and Madura.

11. Apocrjrptes glyphidodon.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 36.
D. 6 I 22. A. 22. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is one-ninth of the total length ; the eye
occupies the third sixth of the length of the head. Gape wide, ex-
tending behind the eye ; teeth of the upper jaw vertical, conical,
sixteen in number ; the lower jaw with about twenty-four hori-
zontal bilobate teeth, and with two canines near the symphysis.
The length of the caudal is two-ninths of the total. Greyish, with
five light-brown spots along the sides ; head and body minutely
dotted with black. {Bleek.)

Sea of Batavia.

12. Apocryptes brachypterus.
Bleeker, Java, iii. p. 401.

D. 5 I 8. A. 13. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length. Snout
depressed, shorter than the eye, which is one-fourth of the length
of the head. The upper jaw is shorter than the lower, the gape
being very oblique ; the maxillary reaches to below the anterior
part of the orbit. Teeth large, widely set ; a pair of canines near
the symphysis of the lower jaw. Caudal fin obtuse, its length
being nearly one-sixth of the total. Greenish, transparent ; anal
rays slightly dotted with black. (Bleek.)

Lake Grati (province of Pasuruan, Java)

5. EVORTHODUS.

Evorthodus, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 195.

Body elongate, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate size ; head
thick, short ; giU-openings of moderate width. Teeth in a single
series, with the crown emarginate, those of the lower jaw nearly
horizontal ; canines none. Two dorsals, the first with six spines.
Ventral fins united, not adherent to the belly.

Fresh water;)^ of Trinidad and of Surinam.

6. GOBIOSOJIA. 85

1. Evorthodus breviceps.
Gill, I. c,

D. 6 I ^. A. Jj. L. lat. 32.

The height of the body nearly equals the length of the head, and
is one-fifth or one-sixth of the total; the diameter of the eye is
one-third or one-fourth of the length of the head ; caudal rounded,
one-fifth of the total length. The rajs of the first dorsal filiform.
Light brown, with iiregular blackish blotches ; dorsal fins with
series of brown dots.

Erom a river in the Island of Trinidad. Surinam.

One specimen, from Surinam, is in the Ley den Museum.

6. GOBIOSOMA*.

Gobiosoma, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169.

Scales none. Body elongate, cyHndrical ; head not compressed.
Teeth small, villiform or cardifbrm. Two dorsal fins : the anterior
with six to eight (two) flexible spines, the posterior of greater extent
than the anterior. Anal similar to the soft dorsal in form and size,
terminating at some distance from the caudal. Ventral fins united
to a disk, which is not attached to the belly. Gill-opening vertical,
of moderate width, the gill-membrane being united to the isthmus.

1. Gobiosoma alepidotum.

Gobius alepidotus, Bl. Schn. p. 547 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes,

p. 160. pi 23. fig. 70.

boscii, Lacep. ii. p. 555. pi. 16. fig. 1 ; Cuv. 8f Vat. xii. p. 96.

viridipaUidus, Mitch. Tra7is. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 379.

pi. 1. fig. 8.
GoDiosoma alepidotum, Girard, I. c.

D.6|i. A.±.

Body slender, with the caudal fin pointed ; eyes very close together;
cleft of the mouth small. Greenish-broA\Ti, with seven or eight paler
transverse bars ; fins dark brown ; caudal with two or three curved
bars.

Coasts of North America between New York and Charleston.

2. Gobiosoma diadematum.

Gobius diadematus, Riq)j). Atl. Fische, p. 137, &iV. W.Fische, p. 138.
D. 6|13. A. 11.
Head rather depressed, rounded; body elongate; caudal fin
rounded; canine teeth none. Brownish-yellow, with an umber-
brown band from the crown of the head through the eye towards
the angle of the prajoperculum ; head with brown dots, back with

* 1. Gobiosoma molestum, Girard, I.e. — Coast of Texas. -

86 GOBIID^.

brown spots and streaks ; dorsal and anal fins with a brown band near
the margin. (Riipp.)
Suez.

3. Gobiosoma macrognathos.

Gobius macrognathos, Bleek. Act Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl vi., Japan, vL
p. 83. tab. 1. fig. 1.

A.

I>-6|^.

Body elongate, with the caudal fin rounded; head depressed,
pointed, its length being two-ninths of the total ; eyes of moderate
size, directed upwards ; cleft of the mouth wide, extending behind
the orbit, with the jaws equal in length. Violet-rose-coloured,
dotted with brown superiorly, the dots forming bands across the back.
Vertical fins with brown dots, ventrals black. {Bl.)

Rivers of Jeddo.

4. Gobiosoma ophicephalum.

Gobiu3 ophicephalus, Jenytis, Zodl. Beagle, Fishes, p. 97. pi. 19. fig. 3,
cop. by Gay, Hist. Cliil. Zool. ii. p. 291 (not Pall.).

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth ; head flattened, depressed, with promi-
nent, sniaM, wart-like dots ; teeth of the outer series enlarged ; dorsal
fins as high as the body ; caudal roimded. Pale lead-colour, coarsely
reticulated with brown. {Jen.)

Chonos Archipelago.

The following species appear to have more affinity to this genus
than to any other : —

5. Gobiosoma nilssonii.

Gobius nilssonii, Dub. ^ Kor. in Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1845, p. 53.

tab. 2. fig. 3 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 227.
linearis, Diib. ^ Kor. in Ofversigt of Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1845,

i. p. 111.

B. 5. D. 2 I 19-21. A. 20-22.

The height of the body is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total
length ; cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw prominent.
Caudal subtruncated. Transparent.

Specimens of this singular species, 18 lines in length, have been
discovered on the coast of Norway.

6. Gobiosoma stuvitzii.

Gobius stuvitzii, Diib. 8f Kor. I. c. p. 59. tab. 2. fig. 4 ; Nilss. I. c.
p. 229.

D. 5 I 12-13. A. 14-15.

The height of the body is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total

7. GOBIODON. 87

length. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw prominent ;
teeth minute. Caudal sabtruncated. Transparent.
Bergen.

This species has been compared with the Scottish Qohixis albus.
The remarkably strong teeth of the latter prove its distinctness,
even if G. stuvitzii be provided with deciduous scales, which might
have escaped observation.

7. GOBIODON*.
Gobiodon, (Kuhl 8f v. Hass.) Bleck. Boeroe, p. 407.

Body oblong, more or less compressed, naked ; head large, ele-
vated ; gill-openings of moderate width. Generally two canine
teeth near the symphysis of the lower jaw. Two dorsal fins united
at the base, the anterior with six spines. Ventral fins united.

Indian Seas.

1. Gobiodon citrinus.
Gobius citrinus, Riippell, N. W. Fisehe, p. 139. tab. 32. fig. 4.

Scales none. Body short and compressed. Canine teeth none.
Yellow : a blue, black-edged streak along the base of the dorsal and
anal fins ; four transverse streaks of the same colour — two descend-
ing from the eye, the third from the vertex to the opercles, and the
fourth in front of the pectoral fins. {Biipp.)

Red Sea.

2. GK)biodon rivnlatns.

Gobius rivulatus, Riippell, Atlas, Fisehe, p. 136, and iV. W. Fisehe,
p. 138.

D.6I11. K.\.

Scales none. Body elliptical, compressed. Dorsal fins subeon-
tinuous ; ventrals small. Canine teeth small. Green, reticulated
with red ; all the fins green. Brown (in spirits) ; head lighter, with
several whitish vertical lines ; fins brownish-black.

Island of Jubal (Red Sea).

a, 6. Fine specimens. Jubal. Collected and presented by Dr. E.
Riippell.

3. Gobiodon qninqne-strigatos.

Gobius quinque-strigatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 134 ; Bleek. in Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 29, Sf Solar, p. 82.

Scales none or inconspicuous; no tubercles on the forehead.

* 1. Gobius corjphaeaula, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 131. — Guam.

2. Gobius erythrophaios, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en
Gob. p. 29. — Gobiodon erjthrophaios, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 409 ^- Eaat
Indian Archipelago.

88 GOBIID^.

Body short, compressed, its height being one-third of the total
length ; head as high as long, with the anterior profile parabolic.
Ventrals short. Canine teeth. Yellow : head and thoracic region
with five vcnnilion transverse bands ; body with seven longitudinal
series of spots of the same colour.

Seas of Tongatabou, Solor, Booroo, Goram, and Sumbawa.

4. Gobiodou ceramensis.
Gobius ceramensis, Bleeker, Ceram, ii. p. 704.

D.eli. A.j.

Scales inconspicuous. The height of the body is contained tliree
times ' and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a third or four times and a half. The head is compressed,
as high as long ; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. Lower
jaw with small canine teeth. Dorsal fins much lower than the
body ; caudal rounded. Entirely black or brown, with black fins.

Seas of China, Wahai, Borneo, Amboyna, and of the Feejee
Islands.

a-b. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

c-d. Two specimens from Borneo, purchased of Mr. Frank as Go-

hiodon erythrophceus, appear to agree better with Oohiodon

ceramensis ; they are uniform brown, with black fins, without

any blue or black streaks.
e-g. Three others, from the Feejee Islands, procured during the

voyage of the ' Herald,' agree with the former.
h~i. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

5. Gobiodon histrio.

Gobius histrio, (KiM ^ v. Hass.) Cuv. 8f Vol. xii. p. 132. pi. 347 ;
Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl Lid. 1851, i. fig. 6.

Scales none or inconspicuous ; two or three small tubercles on the
forehead. Body short, compressed, its height being one-third of the
total length ; head higher than long, Avith the anterior profile para-
bolic. Ventrals very short. Canine teeth. Rose-coloured, with
irregular blue spots and streaks, vertical on the head, longitudinal
on the body. ( Vcd.)

Sunda Sea. Friendship Islands.

6. Gobiodon heterospilos.

Sleeker, Boeroe, p. 409.

D.O|i, A.i.

The height of the body is contained three times and three-
quarters in the total length, the length of the head four times and a

8. TRIiENOrHORICHTHYS. 80

half ; head as high as long ; large canine teeth near the symphysis
of the lower jaw. Yellowish rose-coloured ; head and caudal fin
black-spotted ; dorsal and anal fins minutely dotted with brown.
{BleeTc.)

Sea of Kajeli.

7. Gobiodon micropus.

D. 6 I 14. A. 12.

Head and body strongly compressed ; the height of the body is one-
third of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. The
upper profile of the head is strongly convex, becoming subvertical
anteriorly ; snout elevated, but very short ; cleft of the mouth nar-
row ; a pair of strong canine teeth near the symphysis of the lower
jaw. Eye rather small. Dorsal and anal fins rather elevated, but
much lower than the body ; the spines of the anterior dorsal increase
in length posteriorly, and the last is connected with the first ray by
a low membrane. Caudal convex. Ventral disk verj- sliort, not
quite one-half the length of the head, not adherent to the belly.
Uniform olive (in spirits) ; vertical fins black, the base of the dorsal
and anal being yellowish.

lines.

Total length 18

Length of the head 3|

Height of the body 6

China Seas.

a. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

8. TRI^NOPHORICHTHYS.

Triaenophorus, Gill in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1859, p. 17.
Trisenophorichthys, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. <S'o. Philad. 1859, p. 195.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate or
rather small size ; head oblong, broad, rather depressed, with the
cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, and with the jaws of equal
length ; both jaws with a series of erect, closely-set, tricuspid teeth.
Eyes of moderate size. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with six flex-
ible spines ; caudal quite free ; ventrals united, not adherent to the
belly. Gill-openings of moderate width. Pseudobranchiae ; a slit
behind the fourth gill.

Coast of China (Hongkong).

1. Trisenopliorichthys trigonocephalus.
GUI, I. c. p. 18.

D. 6 I 12-13. A. 12. L. lat. 55.

Sixteen to eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the
second dorsal fin and the anal. The height of the body is some-
what less than the length of the head, and one-fifth of the total.
The head is rather broader than high, its width being five-sevenths

90 GOBin)^.

of its length; it is flat above, and the width between the orbits
equals the diameter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of
the head. The snout is longer than the eye, obtuse, with the upper
profile straight and with the anterior rounded ; the cleft of the
mouth is very slightly oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; the
maxillary extends beyond the anterior margin of the orbit. Canine
teeth none ; teeth of the outer series closely set, tricuspid. Head
naked, nape scaly, scales ctenoid. Dorsal fins nearly equal in height,
lower than the body ; caudal obtusely rounded ; none of the pectoral
rays silk-like; the ventrals terminate at some distance from the
vent, and have the basal membrane very well developed. Uniform
reddish-olive (in spirits) ; the giU-membrane white-dotted ; pectoral
with a whitish cross-band near the base.
China.

a. Not good state. China.

h-e,f-h. China.

lines.

Total length 35

Height of the body 7

Length of the head 74

Greatest width of the head 5|

Diameter of the eye 1|

2. Trisenophorichthys barbatus.
D. 6 I 11. A. 11. L.lat. 35.

Two series of small barbels across the cheek, another along the
mandibula and the praeopercular margin. Twelve longitudinal
series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the
anal. The body is anteriorly depressed, its height being one-fifth
of the total length. The head is much depressed, and nearly as
broad as long ; its length is one-fourth of the total ; its upper sur-
face is flat, and the width of the interorbital space is much more
than the horizontal diameter of the small eye. The snout is rounded,
broad, obtuse, longer than the eye, with the jaws equal in length.
The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, and extends to the anterior
margin of the orbit. Both jaws are armed with a series of closely-
set tricuspid teeth, behind which is another series of smaller ones
for replacing those in front. Head and the foremost part of the
neck naked ; scales ciliated. Dorsal fins lower than the body, the
posterior higher than the anterior ; caudal convex ; none of the
pectoral loys silk-like. The pectorals do not quite extend to the
vertical from the vent, and the ventrals are still shorter. The latter
are no* attached to the belly, and have a very broad basal mem-
brane. Reddish-olive or brownish, with very large band-like brown
blotches, the anterior of which is below the first dorsal, extending
on ^hat fin ; another extends on the soft dorsal.

Probably from China.
<t, h-c, d. From the Haslar Collection.

9. BENTHOPHILUS. 91

lines.

Total length 33

Height of the body 6

Length of the head 8

Greatest width of the head 7

Diameter of tne eye 1

9. BENTHOPHILUS.

Benthophilus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77.

Body moderately elongate, tubercular ; scales none; head broad,
depressed. Gill-openings closed, except a small aperture superiorly.
Teeth smaU. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with three spines.
Ventral fins united. Branchiostegals four.

Caspian Sea.

1. Benthophilus macrocephalns.

fiobius macrocephalus, Pallus, Nov. Act. Petrop. i. p. 52. pi. 7.

figs. 4-6, and Zoogr. iii. p. 163; Cuv. Sr Val. xii. p. 126.
Benthophilus macrocephalus, ^tcAtc. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77, and BttU. Soc.

Nat. Mosc. 1838, ii. p. 139 ; Nardni. in Detnid. Vmj. Puss. Mcrid.

iii. p. 440, Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 2.
Hexacanthus macrocephalus, Nordm. mBtdl. Acad. St. Petersh. 1837.

D. 3 1|. A. 9.

Skin rough, tubercular. Head depressed, subcircular, as broad
as long, one-third of the total length. The cleft of the mouth wide,
not extending to the eye. Greyish, spotted with blackish.

Caspian Sea.

10. SICYDITTM.

Sicydium, Cuv. Sr Val. xii-. p. 167.

Sicydium et Sicyopterus, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860,
p. 101.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of rather small
size ; head oblong, with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal
and with the upper jaw prominent ; lips Very thick ; the lower lip
generally with a series of minute teeth. A series of numerous small
teeth in the upper jaw, implanted in the gum and moveable (fixed
in the last two species) ; the lower jaw with a series of conical
widely-set teeth. Eyes of moderate size. Two dorsal fins, the an-
terior with six (five) flexible spines ; caudal quite free ; ventral fins
united to a short semicircular disk, more or less adherent to the
belly. GiU-openings of moderate width ; branchiostegals four ; air-
bladder none. Pseudobranchiae, a sht behind the fourth gill,

A tropical genus, inhabiting fresh waters near the sea. One
species from the West Indies, the others from the East Indian
Islands, — the extreme points of their range being He de France,
Japan, and Hilo Hawaii.

92 GOBIIDJE.

a. Front teeth of the lower jaw not larger than the others.
1. Sicydium plumieri.

Gobius plumieri, Bl. v. p. 125. pi. 178. tig. 3 ; JBl. Schn. p. 69 ; Lacep.

ii. pp. 537, 562. pi. 15. fig. 2.
Sicydium plumieri, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 168.

B. 4. D. 6| ^. A. ^, L. lat. 85. Vert. 11/15.

Scales sometimes rather irregularly arranged. Some of the dorsal
spines produced into long ribands. Uniform brown, or yellowish-
olive marbled with brown. '

Rivers of the West Indies.

a. Adult. Barbadoes. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

h-d. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

e-h, i-l, m-n. Adult and half-grown. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
0. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,

Skeleton. — The general form of the skull has been noticed by
Valenciennes, but the skeleton from which he has taken his notes
appears to have been defective ; he says, " le maxillaire n'est aussi
qu'un leger filet." On the contrary, we find that that bone is very
stout and long, curved like a prolonged \, recei\nng the sabre-shaped
prgeorbital in its posterior concavity, and the intermaxillary in its
anterior. Both maxillary bones are rather remote from each other
in consequence of the great breadth of the snout, and each has a
flat process superiorly, bent towards that of the other side. The
posterior process of the intermaxillary is short and exceedingly
broad, so that the outlines of the entire bone form an elongate rect-
angular triangle. The mandibles are feeble, and the dentary has
nearly a transverse direction. The pubics form together a bony
capsule which is completely closed, and only open anteriorly ; each
pubic bone is separately articulated to the humerus of its side, as in
Gobius.

There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae, the latter
division being only a little longer than the former. Eibs moderately
developed, with long epipleiu'als. The neural si^ines of the abdominal
vertebroB are short, stout, and depressed.

|3. The two front teeth in the lower jaw enlarged.
2. Sicydium lagocephalum.

Gobius lagocephalus, Koelreider, Nov. Comm. Pdrop. ix. p. 428. p). 9.

figs. 3, 4 ; Pall. Sjncil. Zool. viii. p. 14. pi. 2. figs. 5-7.
Sicydiimi lagoceplialum, Cuv. i^- Val. xii. p. 174.

D.6|±. A.±

The scales on the neck and belly are as large as the others. The
breadth and height of the head are equal. The anterior dorsal is as
high as the body. Greyish-brown (in spirits), sometimes clouded

10. SICTDIUM. 93

with darker ; the second dorsal with four or five series of brown
dots ; anal with a blackish and white margin ; caudal blackish,
superiorly and iufcriorly white-edged.
Rivers of lie do France and Bourbon.

3. Sicydium laticeps.
Cuv. 8,- Val. xii. p. 177.

The scales on the neck and belly arc nearly as large as the others ;
the head is one-third broader than high. The third and fourth
dorsal spines elongate, filiform. Uniform blackish ; caudal with
whitish margins. ( Val.)

Bivers of Bourbon.

4. Sicydium stimpsoni.
Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18G0, p. 101.

D. 6 I 11. A. 11.

The head is as broad as high. The second dorsal spine filiform.
Purplish, with seven darker cross-bands ; caudal fin and base of the
dorsal and anal white-dotted. (Gill.)

Hi vers of Hilo Hawaii.

5. Sicydinm xanthumm.
Bleekcr, Sumatra, ii. p. 271.

D. 6 I ^. A. :!. L. lat. 50.

The scales on the neck and on the sides are nearly equal in size
to those on the tail. The anterior dorsal higher than the body.
Blackish : tail orange-coloured posteriorly ; dorsal and anal fins
brown ; caudal yellow, with a horseshoe-like black mark and with
the angles violet ; pectoral yellow-edged. The width of the eye
equals that of the interorbital space. {Bl.)

Rivers of West Sumatra and Bali.

6. Sicydium micrumm.

Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 341.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 55-60.

The length of the caudal fin is six times or six times and a half
in the total. The width of the interorbital space is much more than
that of the orbit. Scales on the neck, body and tail nearly equal in
size. The anterior dorsal fin is not higher than the body. Greenish
above, with about eight blackish cross-bars ; a blackish band along
the side, most distinct on the base of the caudal and on its middle
rays. Dorsal and anal fins immaculate, the latter with a blackish

94 GOBIID^..

intramarginal band ; caudal with a black horseshoe-like mark ; pec-
toral and ventral yellow.

Rivers of Amboyna and Bali.

a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

7. Sicydium macrostetholepis.
Sleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 271.

D. 6 I i A. 3^. L. lat. 50. Vert. 11/15.

The anterior lateral scales are larger than the posterior ones, and
than those on the occiput. The first dorsal higher than the body.
Blackish-green ; dorsal and anal fins brownish, with numerous small
black dots, the latter black-edged ; caudal with a horseshoe-like
black mark ; pectoral yellow-edged. The width of the eye is much
less than that of the interorbital space.

Rivers of West Sumatra and Aneiteum.

a, b. Fine specimens. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-
lection.
c. Adult : skeleton. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

Each pubic bone is composed of two lamellse, united at a right
angle. They do not form a capsule so completely closed as in
S. plumieri, but it is open superiorly and anteriorly.. There are
eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae, the latter division
being somewhat longer than the former,

8. Sicydinm parvei.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1853, i. p. 426.
D.6|^. A.3L. L. lat. 70.

The scales o.n the occiput and the anterior part of the body are
much smaller than those on the middle and on the tail. The first
dorsal fin higher than the body. Blackish : caudal yeUow, with a
broad violet band round the margin ; the other fins brownish.

Moluccas. Rivers of Garut (West Java).

a, h, c. Adult. Moluccas.

9. Sicydium cynocephalum.

Sicydium cynocephalum, Cuv. i>f Val. xii. p. 177. pi. .352; Blcek.Batjan,
ii. p. 201, and Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1859, p. 156.

lagocephalum, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blejin. en

Gob. p. 39 (not Val).

Gobius hasseltii, J?/eeA;. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 250, fig. 8.

D. 6|i. A.i L. lat. 70-80.

The scales on the neck and belly are much smaller than those on
the sides. The anterior dorsal fin generally higher than che body.
Dark green, with indistinct oblique brownish bands across the back ;

10. SICyDITTM. 95

a brown spot below the eye ; dorsal and anal fins orange-coloured ;
the second dorsal sometimes with brownish spots ; the anal with a
broad brown margin ; caudal olive, with the superior and inferior
edges yellow ; pectoral yellow-edged.

Kivers of the East Indian Archipelago.

Found in fresh, waters 3000 feet above the level of the sea.

10. Sicydium microceplialiun.
Sleeker, Java, ii. p. 437.

D. a|i. A.^. L. lat. 60.

The length of the head is contained six times and two-thirds or
six times and three-quarters in the total length. The scales on the
neck and thoracic region are much smaller than the others. The
first dorsal considerably higher than the bodj\ OHve, spotted \v\\h.
yellow ; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral violet, dotted with darker ;
caudal and pectoral with yellow, anal with brown margin. {Bl.)

Rivers of Banten (Java).

11. Sicydimn gymnaudien.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ill., Celebes, x. p. 11.
D. 5 ||. A. ^. L. lat. 40.

Head and anterior part of the trunk scaleless. The first dorsal
lower than the body ; caudal emarginate. Green, with eight black
cross-bands ; anal ^vith blackish dots at the base. [The bands are
sometimes indistinct or absent.] {Bl.)

Estuaries of Manado.

The following species differ in the stnicture of the dentition : —

12. Sicydimu zosterophormn.
Bleeker, Eali, p. 296.

D. 6 1|. A. |. L. lat. 32.

Labial teeth none ; a series of five or six unequal, widely-set,
conical teeth in both jaws on each side. The diameter of the eye
is contained three and a half times in the length of the head, and
equals the width of the interorbital space. The height of the body
is one-eighth of the total length. Head and neck scaleless. The
anterior dorsal is somewhat lower than the body ; caudal obtusely
rounded. Head violet, body greenish rose-coloured, encircled by
four brown rings : the first is the broadest, extending from the first
dorsal spine to the origin of the soft dorsal fin ; the second and third
are narrow, between the soft dorsal and the anal ; the fourth behind
the anal ; each scale between the rings with a brown crescent-
shaped spot; caudal yeUow anteriorly, black posteriorly. {Bl.)

Rivers of Boleling (North Bali).

96 GoniiD.i:.

13. Sicydiiun balinense.
Sleeker, Bali, p. 297.

D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 35.

Labial teeth none ; both jaws with a series of conical teeth,
twenty on each side of the uj^per jaw, and ten in the lower. The
diameter of the eye is contained three and a half times in the length
of the head, and equals the width of the interorbital space. The
height of the body is one-eighth of the total length. Head and the
anterior part of the neck scaleless. The anterior dorsal fin is half
as high as the body ; caudal obtusely rounded. Greenish rose-
coloured : a violet streak from the eye to the maxillary, a brown
band from the head to the tail ; back and sides clouded with
brownish ; most of the scales on the sides with a brown crescent-
shaped spot ; caudal violet posteriorly. (Bl.)

Rivers of Boleling (North Bali).

11. LENTIPES.

Sicyogaster, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18H0, p. 102 (not
Barnev.).

Body subcylindrical, naked ; head oblong, depressed, with the
cleft of the mouth horizontal ; eyes of moderate size. The lower lip
with a series of minute teeth. Both jaws Avith a single series of
teeth ; the anterior ones in the upper jaw tricuspid, those of the
lower widely-set. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with six flexible
spines ; caudal quite free ; ventral fins united to a short semicircular
disk, adherent to the belly. Gill-openings of moderate width.

Hi vers of Hilo Hawaii.

1. Lentipes ccncolor.
Gill, I. c.

D. fi I 11. A. 10.

Purplish.

Bivers of Hilo Hawaii.

12. PERIOPHTHALMUS*.

Periopbthahnus, Bl. Sclni. p. (io ; Cue. :<,■ Val. xii. p. 170.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of small or mode-
rate size ; head oblong, •with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal,
and with the upper jaw somewhat longer. Eyes very close together,
very prominent, wath the outer eyelid very well developed. Teeth
conical, in both jaws vertical. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with
flexible spines in variable number ; caudal with the lower margin
obliquely truncated. A great portion of the base of the pectoral fin

* \. Periophthalnius fuscatus, Blyth in Journ. As. Sor. Deny. 1859, p. 271. —
Andaman Islands.-

12. PERIOPHTHALMUS. Q"?

is enveloped in muscles, and scaly, and these extremities can be
used for locomotion on firm ground. Ventrals more or less united.
Gill-openings rather narrow ; branchiostegals five ; air-bladder ab-
sent, pseudobranchiae rudimentary ; a slit behind the fourth gill.

A tropical genus : inhabitants of the coasts and of fresh waters
near the sea. West Africa ; from the Red Sea and the Seychelles to
the Islands of the Western Pacific, and from the coasts of China
and Japan to those of North-west Australia.

These fishes are able to progress out of the water on humid places
and to hunt after their prey, which consists of terrestrial insects, &c.

1. Periophtlialinus koelreuteri.

Valent. iii. p. 391. fig. 140 ; Renard, i. 16. 65 ; Seha, iii. 29. 17 ; Koi-l-

reuter in m)v. Comm. Petrop, viii. p. 421.
? Gobius barbarus, L. Gm. i. p. 1201 ; Bl. Schn. p. 70.
Gobius koelreuteri, Pall. Spieil. viii. p. 8. tab. 2. fig. 1.
Periophthalmus koelreuteri, Bl. Schn. p. 65.

B. 5. D. 10-15 I 12. A. 11. L. lat. 90-100. Vert. 11/15.

The second dorsal fin with a black, generally white-edged longi-
tudinal band in its upper half. The first dorsal not, or sometimes,
in young individuals, only slightly, produced. About twenty teetli
in each jaw. Ventrals separated from each other in adult and im-
mature specimens.

Var. O. P. KOELKEUTEEI.

Syn. — Periophthalmus koelreuteri, Cuv. <§- Val. xii. p. 181; Riipp.
N. W. Fische, p. 140.

kalolo. Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 146 ; Bianconi, Spec.

Moss. p. 253.

Light olive-brown, with silvery and brown dots, the former pre-
valent on the head, the latter on the sides of the body. The first
dorsal blackish-violet, with a black band near, and parallel to, the
margin, which is white ; a few whitish spots posteriorly on the base.
The lower half of the second dorsal and the interior surface of the
ventrals white-dotted ; pectoral and caudal with brown dots.

From the Red Sea and the Seychelles to the coasts of Australia
and the Islands of the Western Pacific.

a. Three inches long. Ceylon. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintweit. — This specimen has the first dorsal spine pro-
duced beyond the membrane.
h-e. Three to four inches long. India. Presented by G. R. Water-
house, Esq. — The differences in the stnicture of the first dorsal
fin appear to be quite accidental in the individuals, and are to
be observed even in very young specimens. Two of the pre-
sent four have the first dorsal spine slightly produced beyond
the membrane, like specimen a ; in the third, the first dorsal
is rounded, as in adult specimens with twelve spines ; in tlie
fourth it is injured.
/. Adult. Philippine Islands.

VOL. ni. u

98 GOBIID^.

g. Young. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.
h-l. Two to three inches long. North Austrahan Expedition. Pre-
sented by Dr. J. E. Elsey. — None have a dorsal spine produced.
m. Young.

Var. /3. P. DIPT7S.

Syn. — Periophthalmus koelreuteri, Bleeh. Blenn. en Gob. p. 252.
dipus, Bleek. Banten, p. 320.

Light olive-brown, with the dark spots on the back (which occur
also in the other varieties) more distinct ; head with numerous, body
with scattered bluish dots. The spinous dorsal violet, brown in the
middle, white-spotted inferiorly.

Coasts of Java, West Sumatra, and Floris.

Var. y. P. AEGENTILINEATTTS.

• Syn. — Periophthalmus argentilineatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 191 ; Bkek.
Amboina '8f Ceram, p. 276.
? Periophthalmus kallopterus, Bleek. Ajnhoina, iv. p. 342.

Light olive-brown, with indistinct darker spots on the back ; head
with silvery specks ; silvery vertical streaks along the lower side of
the body and tail. The first dorsal blackish-violet, with a black
band near, and parallel to, the margin, which is transparent ; the re-
mainder of the fin sometimes entirely white-spotted. The lower half
of the soft dorsal and the interior surface of the ventrals white-
dotted ; pectoral and caudal with brown dots.

Irawaddy ; East Indian Archipelago ; Feejee Islands ; Waigiou.

The largest of the specimens is four inches and one-third long.

«. Half-grown : not good state. Java.

6. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c, d~e. HaK-grown and young. Borneo.

/, g-i. Half-grown. Feejee Islands.

Var. I. P. MODESTus,

Syn. — ? Apocryptes cantonensis, Osbeck, Reise nach China, p. 171.

Periophthalmus modestus, Cant. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix.

p. 29; RicJiarcU. Ichth. Chin. p. 208.
modestus, Schhg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 147. pi. 76. fig. 2 ;

Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 319 ; Bleeh. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-

Nederl. vi., Japan, vi. p. 82.

Light olive-brown ; head with silveiy, body with brown specks.
The first dorsal blackish, with a more or less distinct oblong black
spot near the margin ; the black band on the second dorsal generally
not white-edged ; the other fins, except the anal, brown-dotted ;
caudal and anal sometimes blackish, with light margins.

Coasts of China and Japan.

The largest specimen is three inches long.

a. Half-grown. Ningpo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h, c. Half-grown and young. Hong-kong. Presented by J. C.
Bowring, Esq.

12. PEEIOPHTHALMtIS, 99

d. Half-grown. Chusan. From the Collection of the East India

Company. — Type of Dr. Cantor's P. modestm.

e, f. Half-grown and young. China.

g. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

Var. €. P. PAPiLio.

Syn. — ^Periophthalmufl papilio, Bl. Schn. p. 63. tab. 14 ; Cut. l^- Vol.
xii. p. 190. pi. 863 (caudal fin bad).

Dark brown, sometimes with a few lighter spots on the sides of the
head ; all the fins violet-black : the first dorsal with the margin
deep black, and with a lighter band parallel to the margin ; the
second dorsal with a longitudinal band, darker than the ground-
colour and white-edged.

Coasts of Ceylon. West coast of Africa.

a, h. Adult. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

c-g. Adult and half-grown. Fernando Po. From Mr. Fraser's

Collection.
h. Adult. Sierra Leone. From the Collection ofthc Zoological Society.
i. Half-grown. Africa. Presented by "W . Raddon, Esq.
h. Adult : skeleton. Fernando Po. From Mr, Fraser's Collection.

The mzQ of the teeth varies considerably in this species, not only
according to age, but in specimens of the same size and from the
same locality, and even on both sides of the same individual.

Skeleton. — The skull has a very singular appearance from the form
of the orbital portion of the frontal bones, whjch are compressed into
a thin, narrow, arched lamella, and elevated above the level of the
crown. The crown is slightly convex, with a low longitudinal crest
along the middle, and with a sharp prominent orbital edge. The
maxillary bone is styliform and nearly straight : the intermaxillary
stout, not extending so far backwards as the maxillary ; its posterior
process is very long, rather longer than its dental portion. The
mandible is of moderate length ; its articular bone is nearly entirely
covered by the dentary, which emits a long process posteriorly, di-
rected upwards and united to the maxillary by membranaceous liga-
ments. The vomer is hammer-like, with the free edges sharp.
There is an oblong and thin praeorbital, and a smaller and stouter
postorbital. The bones forming the bottom of the tympanic cavitv
are only partly ossified, large portions between them being closed by
membranes. The tympanic bone is composed of two narrow lamellje,
the lower of which extends backwards to the angle of the prajoper-
culum, which has no horizontal portion, but teirninates at the angle
in a short hook-like process. Beneath the lower portion of the
tympanic, there is a narrow flexible bone, which must be considered
as an interoperculum. The suboperculum is nearly as large as the
operculum, exceedingly thin, its marginal portion being fringed ; the
branchiostegal next to it is similarly dilated and fringed. The base
of the brain-capsule is broad and slightly convex.

h2

100 GOBIIDiE.

The carpus is elongate. Each pubic bone is composed of two por-
tions : an upper, convex, lamclliform, bent over towards that of the
other side, and a lower for articulation with the humerus ; the
latter portion is conical and hollow, and attached to a broad carti-
lage intermediate between pubic and humerus.

There are twenty- six vertebra; ; the first interhaemal is fixed to
the haemal of the fourteenth vertebra. The ribs and all the processes
are feeble ; those of the last two vertebra; are lamelliform.

2. Periophthalmus chrysospilos.
Sleeker, Banka, ii. p. 728.

D. 10 1 ^. A. 13. L. Lit. 70.

The second dorsal fin with a black longitudinal band along the
middle. The first dorsal spine produced into a filament in the male.
About forty teeth in each jaw. Bluish, dotted ^vith yellow. The
spinous dorsal fin yellow inferiorly, black superiorly and anteriorly,
its margin being yellow. (Bl.)

Coast of Karang hadji (Banka).

3. Periophthalmus schlosseri.

Gobius schlosseri, Pall. Spicil. viii. pi. 1. fig, 1-4; L. Gm. i. p. 1201 .

Lac^p. ii. p. 573 ; SJiaw, Zool. iv. p. 246.
Periophthalmus schlosseri, Bl. Schn. p. 64 ; Cut\ Rbf/ne Atmn. ; Cuv.

^ Val. xii. p. 192 ; Bleeher, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn.

en Gob. p. 39 ; Cant. Catal. p. 191 ; Cuv, Bigne Anim. lU, Poiss.

pi. 81. fig. 1.
Gobius tredecim-radiatus, Bttch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 48.

septem-radiatiis, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 46.

novem-radiatus, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 47. pi. 2. fig. 14.

Periophthalmus tredecim-radiatus, Cui\ Sf Val. xii. p. 189.

septem-radiatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 196.

novem-radiatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 196.

freycineti, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 197 ; Quoy Sf Gaim. Votj. Freyc.

Poiss. p. 257.
? Periophthalmus bomeensis, Bleek. Bo7-n. i. p. 11.

D. 4-15 I i. A. ^. L. lat. 55.

A brownish or blackish band from the eye to the shoulder ; two-
thirds of the length of the pectoral fin scaly. Adult specimens with
a broad black longitudinal band on the second dorsal fin, and with
the ventrals nearly entirely united. Immature specimens with the
second dorsal nearly entirely blackish, and with the ventral fins
separated from each other.

East Indies.

Var. cr. P. FREYCINETI, Cuv. Sf Val., with four or five dorsal spines.
* Adult, with the ventral fins united.
a Philippine Islahds.

13. BOLEOPHTHALMUS. 101

** Immature, with the ventral fins separate.

b. c. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

Var. fi. P. SCHLOSSEEI, P. SEPTEMEADIATUS, p. N0VBMRADIATU8, with

seven to nine dorsal spines.

* Adult, with the ventrals united.

a, b. Singapore. Seven or eight dorsal spines.

c. Purchased of Mr. Frank. Seven dorsal spines.

d. Batavia. Eight dorsal spines.

e. Skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

** Immature, with the ventrals separate, and one of the
specimens with the second dorsal spine slightly produced.

f-i. Two to three inches long. India. Purchased.

Var. y. P. TREDECiMKAniATUS, wlth thirteen to fifteen dorsal spines.

* Adult: unknown.

** Immature, with the ventrals separate, and the second
dorsal spine much produced.

o, b. Three to four inches long. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Col-
lection.— Apparently taken with specimens b and c of Var. a.
c. Four inches long. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

The number of spines and the form of the anterior dorsal fin are
subject to great variation, as in Periophthahnus Jcoelreuteri. The
greatest differences may be observed in quite young specimens pro-
cured at the same time and from the same locality, and otherwise
agreeing with one another in every respect. Whether the produced
first dorsal spine, a character which nearly always coincides with a
great number of spines, is a peculiarity of one sex only, I do not
know, but it is very probable. Another peculiarity of this species
is, that the ventral fins are separated from each other during the
immature period of the fish, but are united in its adult state.

All these differences, partly accidental, partly dependent on the
state of development, have been misconstrued, and have given rise
to five specific denominations.

13. BOLEOPHTHALMUS*.

Boleophthalmus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 198.

Body subcylindrieal, covered with very small or rudimentary scales ;
nead oblong, with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, and
with the upper jaw somewhat longer. Eyes close together, very

* 1. Boleophthalmus dentatus, Cuv. 4f ^«^- ^i- P- 208. pi. 355. — Bombay.

2. campylostomus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 209. — Canfon.

3. laokus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 214. — Ma'acca.

102

GOBIID^.

prominent, with the outer eyelid well developed. Anterior teeth
much stronger than those on the sides, all in a single series ;
those on the side of the mandibula horizontal. Two dorsal fins : the
anterior short, with five flexible spines ; caudal with the lower mar-
gin more or less obliquely truncated. The basal portion of the pec-
toral fins is muscular and free in some of the species. Ventrals
separated from each other. GiU-openings rather narrow; branchio-
stegals five ; air-bladder absent ; pseudobranchise, a slit behind the
fourth gill.

A tropical genus : inhabitants of the coasts and of fresh waters
near the sea. East Indies, northwards to China and Japan.

These fishes approach in their habits to Periophthalmm, especially
those species which have muscular pectoral fins.

1. Boleophthalmus boddaertii.

Gobius boddserti, Pall. Spictl. viii. p. 11. pi. 2. figs, 4, 5; L. Gm. i.

p. 1201 ; Shatv, Zool iv. p. 238.
Eleotris boddserti, Bl. Schn. p. GG.
Gobius striatus, Bl. Schri. p. 71. tab. 16 (^lem. j.
Russell, i. p. 42. pi. 54.

Gobius plinianus, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gam/, p. 45. pi. 35. fig. 13.
Boleoplithalmus boddaerti, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 199 ; Bleek. Verhand.

Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. pp. 5, 40 ; Cant. Catal.

p. 192.
plinianus, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 205.

D. 5 U. A. ^. L. lat. 90.

I 24 25

Eleven longitudinal series of scales between the posterior parts of
the second dorsal and of the anal. Scales on the head and back im-
bricate, each with a small tubercle. Body with seven brown cross-
bands, descending obliquely forwards ; a band of brown spots along
the side of the head. The first dorsal with a few scattered bluish
specks, the second with four rather irregular longitudinal series of
ovate bluish-white spots; caudal brown, without lighter specks, with
two blackish longitudinal stripes.

Estuaries and coasts of the East Indies. It does not appear to
extend to China and Japan.

a-b. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

Cr-d. Adult and half-grown. Bay of Bengal. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.
e. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
/. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
(J. Adult. India. From the Collection of the East India Company.

2. Boleophthalmus pectinirostris.

Apocryptes chinensis, Oshcck, Amoen. Acad. iv. pi. 3. fig. 3, and Voy.

Chin. p. 200 (Iteise nach China, p. 170).
Gobius pectinirostris, L, Gm. i. p. 1200; Bl. Schn. p. 70; Lac6p. ii.

p. 542 ; Shatv, Zool. iv. p. 245.

I'A. hOr.EOPHTHALMUS. i03

Apocryptes pectinirostris, Cu y. Sr Val. xii. p. 150.

Boleopnthalmus pectinirostris. Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 208 ; Cant.

Catal. p. 193.
boddaertii, Richards. I. c. ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 148. pi. 76. fig. 3.

^'^\h- ^•^- Vert. 11/14.

Scales anteriorly exceedingly smaU, becoming somewhat larger
posteriorly ; seventeen longitudinal series of scales between the pos-
terior parts of the second dorsal fin and of the anal. Head and back
finely tubercular. Tail, below the second dorsal fin, with three
more or less indistinct brown cross-bands, descending obliquely for-
wards, and forming two dark spots on the base of the second dorsal ;
a band of brown spots along the side of the head. The first doi-sal
densely dotted with bluish, the second with four to six longitudinal
series of oblong spots ; caudal with ovate whitish spots between the
rays.

Coasts of Pinang, China, and Japan.

skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

bad state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

Amoy. Purchased.

From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

From the Haslar Collection.

skeleton. Ningpo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Skeleton. — The skull resembles in its general appearance that of
Peri<yphthalnius, the bony bridge between the orbits being likewise
compressed into a very narrow lamella which is elevated above the
level of the crown. The crown is flat, wdth a low longitudinal crest
along the middle, and slightly ascending towards the orbital margin.
The maxillary bone is styUform and straight; the intermaxillary
extends as far backwards as the maxillary, and has the posterior
process very short. The mandible is flattened, with the dentigerous
edge turned outwards. The head of the vomer has a slight promi-
nence on each side, and a notch between ; its posterior portion is
exceedingly narrow. There is a wide opening in the tympanic
cavity, between the two portions of which the tympanic is composed.
The prseoperculum has a short horizontal limb, below which is situ-
ated a very small interoperculum. The suboperculum is very large
and thin, like the marginal portion of the operculum. None of the
branchiostegals are dilated. The base of the brain-capsule is broad
and flat.

The carpus is rather elongate, but less than in Periophthahnus.
The pubic bones are small, triangular, concave ; a broad cartilage,
larger than the pubic bones, serves for their connexion with the hu-
meral arch.

There are eleven abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the
length of the former division of the vertebral column being to that
of the caudal as 1 : 1*15. Ribs, neural, haemal, intcrneural and in-
terhtemal spines feeble.

a.

Adult :

b.

Adult :

c.

Adult.

d.

Adult.

e.

Adult.

/.

Adult.

9-

Adult :

104 GOBIIDJi.

3. Boleophthalmus dussumieri.
Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 207. pi. 354.

Scales extremely small (?) ; head and back finely granular. The
length of the head is contained five times and a half in the total.
The two front teeth of the lower jaw strongly curved upwards.
Greyish -violet (in spirits) : head, pectoral, and anterior part of the
body brown-dotted ; the anterior dorsal blackish, with black dots,
the posterior with white spots irregularly arranged ; caudal blackish,
with whitish margins. (Val.)

Coast of Bombay.

4. Boleophthalmus sculptus.
D. 5 I 2.5. A. 22.

Head and anterior part of the body without imbricate scales, but
with flat round tubercles, which on the upper part of the head and on
the nape have a slight impression in the centre, whilst those on the
sides are quite flat, giving the appearance of mosaic-work. The scales
become more distinct on the tail, and there are eight longitudinal
series of them between the extremities of the dorsal and anal fins.
The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head four times and a half. Anterior teeth
of the upper jaw slightly enlarged, those of the lower very small and
horizontal. Base of the anterior dorsal of moderate length, its third
spine filiform. Caudal rhomboid, of moderate length ; anal much
lower than the opposite dorsal fin. More than one-half of the pec-
toral is enveloped in scales.

India.

a. Fifty lines long. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

A coloured figure of the actual specimen exists in the collection
of drawings of General Hardwicke, preserved in the British Museum.
Body greenish-olive, yellowish on the belly; six rather indistinct
darker bands descend obliquely from the back towards the belly ; the
anterior dorsal greyish, the other fins reddish. The specimen is not
in a very good state of preservation.

5. Boleophthalmus viridis.

Gobius viridis, Bmh. Hum. pp. 42, 45, 3G6. pi. 32. fig. 12.
Boleophthalmus viridis. Cm: ^ Val. xii. p. 213 ; Cant. Catal. p. 195.

histophorus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 210.

? Boleophthalmus siniciis, Cm: Sf Val. xii. p. 215.
? Boleophthalmus chinensis, Cm: 8/- Val. xii. p. 215.
Boleophthalmus aucupatoiins, Hkharch. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 148.
pi. 02. figs. 1, 2, and Ichth. Chin. p. 208.

(Size of scales microscopical. Anterior dorsal very short, but high.

14, ELEOTRIS. 105

Greenish : back with scattered black dots ; sometimes a series of
vertical bands along the lower half of the side ; base of the pectoral
dark-coloured ; caudal pointed, with transverse series of blackish
dots.

Coasts of the East Indies.

«. Adult : skin. Sea of Prnang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
b, c. Half-grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson. — Ty-pes
of B. aucupatorixis.

14. ELEOTRIS*.

Eleotris, pt., Gronov. Mus. Ichthyol. p. IG.

Eleotris, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Vol. xii. p. 21G.

Philypnus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xii. p. 255.

Bostnehthys, (Dimier.) Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 124.

Culius, lilcek. Boeroe, p. 411.

Butis, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.

Valenciennea, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.

Belobranchus, Bleek. Bali, p. 300.

Eleotriodes, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

Lembus, Gthr. Acanthapt. i. p. 505.

Body subcylindrical, scaly ; head oblong ; eyes of moderate size,
lateral, not prominent. Teeth small. Two dorsal fins : the anterior
with six, sometimes with seven or eight (five) spines. Pectorals with
the base not particularly muscular ; ventrals not united, with the
space between them narrow, and with one spine and five rays. Gill-
openings of moderate width ; branchiostegals five or six (four) ; air-
bladder large; pseudobranchiae, a slit behind the fourth gill. Anal
papilla distinct.

Freshwater fishes of the tropics, living at the bottom, some of the
species entering the sea. The most northern form occurs in Japan,
the most southern one in New Zealand.

Not one of the genera mentioned above has been founded on
such characters that it would comprise those species which show the
greatest natural affinity to one another. For instance, E. guavina,
belohrancha, sinensis, urophthahnus, and the other species with an
oceUus on the tail, are more closely allied to one another than to any

* 1. Eleotris acanthopomus, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 275. — West Sumatra.

2. radiata, ( Quoy ^- Gaim.) Cuv. 4" V^al. xii. p. 250. — New Zealand.

3. wolfRi, Bkek. Blenn. en Goh. p. 253. — Bandjermassing.

4. melanurus, Bleek. in Verharid. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 21. — Eastern Java.

6. viridis, Bleek. I. c. p. 22. — Madura.

6. prismatica, Bleek. I. c. p. 23. — Madura.

7. gymnopomuB, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 274. — West Sumatra.

8. Bomnolentus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169. —

Mouth of the Rio Grande del Norte.

9. flammans, Cant. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. is. p. 484. — Chusan.

10. trabeatus, Richarda. Ic. Pise. p. 5. pi. 2. fig. 2. — Pepuch Island.

11. • longipinnis Benn. in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 64. pi. 20. f. 3. — Loo-Choo.

12- Atherina danius, Buch. Ham Fish. Gang. p. 222. — Cestrous mininuis,

M'Clell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 151. pi. 4. fig. 2. — Ganges.

106 GOBIIDJ.,

of the other species ; nevertheless they have been referred to thi-ee
different genera, which would comprise species hke E. ophiocephalus,
gyrinus, &c. I prefer, therefore, to arrange them according to their
natural affinities, without creating unnecessary denominations.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Scales of moderate size, less than fifty in a longitudinal series.

I. Snout short, broad, flat, depressed, the form of the head approaching

that of Ophiocephalus : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.

1. E. ophiocephalus. 4. E. aporos. 8. E. mogiunda.

2. E. cantoris 5. E. hoedtii 9. E. maculata.

(porocephalus). (tolsoni;. 10. E. giaudisquama.

3. E. porocepualoides. 6. E. macrolepidota. 11. E. sima.

7. E. madagascariensis.

II. Suout of moderate length, the form of the head approaching that of

Gobius (giuris).

1. No black spot on the root of the pectoral : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
12. E. gobioides. 13. E. obscura. 15. E. hasseltii.

14. E. oxycephala.

2. A black spot on the root of the pectoral : Butis, Bleek.
16. E. butis. 17. E. amboinensis. 19. E. caperala.

18. E. melanostigma.

III. Head and body rather compressed, similar in form to a Cyprinoid :

Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
20. E. cyprinoides. 21. E. leuciscus. 23. E. cyanostigma.

22. E. tsenionotoptera.

B. Scales small, fifty and more in a longitudinal series.

I. Less than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fms.
1. None of the rays produced into a filament.

a. No ocellated spot on the base of the caudal,
a. None of the bones of the head armed.

aa. Vomerine teeth : Philypnus, Val.
24. E. dormitatrix. 25. E. lembus. 26. E. lateralis.

bb. Palate entirely smooth : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.

27. E. gyrinus. 30. E. gyrinoides. 32. E. guavina.

28. E. smaragdus. 31. E. marmorata. 33. E. canina.

29. E. fomasmi. 34. E. periophthalmus.

/3. A spine at the angle of the praeoperculum : Culhis, Bleek.
35. E. fusca 36. E. melanosoma.

(pseudacanthopoma).

y. Some of the branchiostegals terminating in a spine anteriorly :
Belobranchus, Bleek.
37. E. belobrancha. 38. E. tronioptera.

b. An ocellated spot on the base of the caudal fin.
a. Vomerine teeth : Bostrichthys, Gill.

39. E. sinensis.

14. ELEOTKJS. 107

/3. Palate entirely smooth: Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
40. E. urophthalmus. 41. E. urophthalmoides. 43. E. macrodou.
42. E. siamensis.

2. Some of the dorsal spines produced into filaments: Valenciermea,

Bleek., or Eleotriodes (part.), Bleek.
44. E. miiralis. 45. E. sexguttata. 46. E. strigata.

3. Some of the caudal rays produced into filaments: Eleotriodes

(part.), Bleek.

47. E. helsdingenii.

II. More than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fins : Eleotnodes
(part.), Bleek,

48. E. heteroptera. 49. E. microlepis.

A. Scales of moderate size, less than fifty in a longitudinal series.

I. Snout short, broad, flat, depressed, the form of the head approach-
ing that of Ophiocephalus : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.

1. Eleotris ophiocephalus.

Eleotris ophiocephalus, {Kuhl8f v. Hass.) Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 239; Bleek.

Verhand. Batav. Genoutsch. xxii., Blenn, en Gob. p. 22 ; CantoTf

Catal. p. 196.

porocephalus, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 237 (not Cant, or Bleek.).

margaritacea, Cuv. 4" V^l- xii. p. 240.

D. 6 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 34-36. Yert. 12/14.

Twelve series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal
fin and the anal. Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of
the snout ; scales on the upper surface of the head rather larger than
those on the body. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth. Head obtuse, flat, de-
pressed. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the
head, two-thirds of that of the snout, and four-ninths of the width
of the interorbital space. The cleft of the mouth extends to below
the middle of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Brownish : the
scales with a rather darker centre ; irregular series of pearl-coloured
spots along the lower part of the sides, sometimes disappearing in
preserved specimens ; vertical fins with whitish margins, the second
dorsal and the caudal with light spots.

Fresh waters of the Seychelles and New Ireland. Sea of Pinang.
East Indian Archipelago. Philippines.

a. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. —

Type of E. ophiocephalus, Cant.
\h. Adult : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Adult. Amboyna.

d. Half-grown. Amboyna.

e. Adult. Borneo.

/. Adult. Philippine Islands.

<j. Adult male : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

108 OOBIID^.

Skeleton. — The skull is very broad and depressed, the crown quite
^at, with a short and low occipital crest posteriorly ; the interorbital
space is broad. The maxillary bone is curved, sabre-shaped, rather
dilated towards its extremity. The intermaxillary has the posterior
processes short, and its extremity dilated ; it does not extend so far
backwards as the maxillary. The mandible is strongly bent, the
dentary bones forming a broad anterior portion. The vomer is broad
and flat ; infraorbital ring complete, but feeble. The bones forming
the tympanic groove are more ossified than in Gobius, the tympanic
bone having the same form as in the species of that genus, and leaving
the same large free space closed only by a membrane between its two
portions. The praeoperculum has a double free edge, enclosing a
muciferous channel; interoperculum small; suboperculum rather
large, subcrescentic ; none of the branchiostegals dilated. The
base of the brain-capsule is exceedingly broad and very slightly
convex.

Glossohyal broad and triangular ; urohyal more elongate.

The bones of the humeral arch are remarkably thin and feeble.

There are twelve abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae : in this
species the former portion of the vertebral column is longer than the
caudal, which is of rare occurrence in this order of fishes ; the ratio
is 1*16 : 1. The ribs are strong, suspended from long parapophyses ;
the neural, haemal, interhsemal and interneural spines are feeble.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1|

of the fifth vertebra 2i-

of the twelfth vertebra 2

of the sixteenth vertebra If

of the twenty-fifth vertebra 1^

of the abdominal portion 25

of the caudal portion 21|

2. Eleotris cantoris.

Eleotris porocephalus, Cant. Catal. p. 195 ; Bleek. Amboina, iv. p. 344
(not Cut: <S- Val).

D.6||.

A.|. L.lat. 36-37.

Twelve series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal
and the anal. Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of the
snout ; scales on the upper surface of the head smaller than those on
the side of the body, there being about twenty-two or twenty-three
transverse series between the snout and the first dorsal fin. The
height of the body is contained five times and a half or six times in
the total length, the length of the head three times and three-quarters
or four times. Head obtuse, flat, depressed. The diameter of the
eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head, two-thirds of
that of the snout, and about one-half of the width of the interorbital
space. The cleft of the mouth extends beyond the vertical from the
centre of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Brownish, marbled

14. ELEOTRIS. 109

with darker ; posterior dorsal and caudal brown-spotted ; anal trans-
parent.

Fresh waters of Pinang, Amboyna, Ceram, Celebes, and Nias.

a, b. Adult : skins. Pinang. — Types of Dr. Cantor's description.

This fish is readily distinguished from E.porocepluilus, Cuv. & Yal.,
by the considerably smaller scales of the neck. The latter is doubt-
less identical with E. ophiocejihalus, Kuhl & v. Hass.

3. Eleotris porocephaloides.
Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 511,

B. 6. D. 6 1 1. A. y. L. lat. 33.

Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of the snout. Scales
ctenoid. The height of the body is contained six times in the total
length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths. Head
obtuse, flat, depressed. [The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the length of the head, in an immature specimen.] The maxillary
reaches to below the posterior half of the eye. Teeth in N-illiforra
bands. Brownish, with some indistinct lighter transverse bands ;
the vertical fins black, with the margins red. {Bl.)

Rivers of Priaman.

4. Eleotris aporos.
Eleotris aporos, Bleek. Gilolo, p. 49.

D. 6 ||. A. ^g. L. lat. 32-38. Vert. 12/13.

Ten or eleven longitudinal series of scales between the origin of
the second dorsal and the anal. Head entirely scaly, except the
foremost part of the snout ; scales on the upper surface of the head
rather larger than those on the body. Scales minutely ciliated. The
height of the body is contained four times to five times and a half in
the total length, the length of the head four times. Head obtuse,
flat, depressed. The eye occupies the third seventh of the length of
the head, and its diameter is one- third of the width of the interorbital
space (in adult specimens). The maxillary extends to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands.
Brownish-olive (in spirits), with one or two rows of darker spots
along the side ; three oblique streaks from the eye to the opercles,
the upper leaving a spot on the base of the pectoral. Fins black-
ish ; the second dorsal and the anal with white margin.

Coasts of Gilolo and Temate. Fresh waters of the Feejee Islands.
Borneo ; Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank as E. poro-

cephalus.
h, c-d. Adult and half-grown. Fresh waters of Oualan.
e, f-g. Adult and half-grown. Feejee Islands.
h. A.dult. Wanderer Bay (fresli water). From the Museum ot

Economic Geology.

110

GOBIID^..

i. Twelve inches long: stuffed. Fresh waters of Aneiteum. From

Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
Jc. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
I. Adult male : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

A very fine variety or, perhaps, species is represented by a single
specimen : many of the lateral scales have a large sUvery spot ; three
or four series of silvery specks radiate from the eye towards the root
of the pectoral and the gill-opening. The vertical and ventral fins
with round white spots.

a. Fine specimen. Fresh waters of Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

Skeleton. — The skull is very similar in stnicture and form to that
of E. opMocephalus ; the crown is broad, rather convex, with a pair of
low, parallel, distant crests anteriorly, and with its posterior portion
elevated above the level of the interorbital space, which is exceed-
ingly broad and somewhat concave. The praeoperculum has a double
ridge on its ascending portion only, the margin of its horizontal
limb being simple. There are twelve abdominal and thirteen caudal
vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column
being to that of the caudal as 1*24 : 1.

lines.

.Length of the first vertebra 2^

of the fifth vertebra 2|

of the twelfth vertebra 2|

of the sixteenth vertebra 2

of the twenty-fourth vertebra 1|

of the abdominal portion ' 31

of the caudal portion 25

5. Eleotris hoedtii.
Bleek. Amhoina, v. p. 496.

D. 6 ||. A, i-. L. lat. 25.

Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of the snout ; scales
on the upper surface of the head not smaller than those on the body.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head four times and two-fifths. Head ob-
tuse, flat, depressed. The diameter of the eye is contained five times
and a half in the length of the head, and twice and a quarter in the
width of the interorbital space. The lower jaw is longer than the
upper, and the maxillary extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from
the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth in viUiform bands. Brown-
ish-green, with a darker longitudinal band; two brownish bands
from the eye towards the suboperculum ; fins brownish, caudal with
red margin ; the anterior dorsal with two or three deep-violet bands,
the posterior with ^'iolet spots. (5Z.)

Rivers of Amboyna, Booroo, Timor, and Nias.

Eleotrh tohoni (Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Ncderl. Ind. 1854,p.542),

14. ELEOTKIS. Ill

from fresh waters of Western Java, docs not appear to differ materially
from the above species.

6. Eleotris macrolepidota.

Sciaena macrolepidota, HI. taf. 298 ; Bl. Schn. p. 80.
Eleotris tmnifrons, Cuv. «§• Val. xii. p. 241.

D. 7||. A. i,. L. lat. 30.

The scales on the upper surface of the head are much smaller than
those on the body. Scales minutely ciliated. Interorbital space
swollen. The height of the body equals the length of the head and
of the caudal fin, and is nearly one-fourth of the total. The eye
occupies the second quarter of the length of the head, and its dia-
meter is nearly one-third of the wadth of the inierorbital space. The
maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. Teeth viUiform. Colours ?

East Indies.

The typical specimen is in the Berlin Museum.

7. Eleotris madagascariensis.
Cuv. 4- Val. xii. p. 240.

D. 6 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 40.
Teeth cardiform, those of the outer series stronger. Fins elongate.
Black: the second dorsal and the caudal with brownish dots. (Val.)
Madagascar.

«

8. Eleotris mogumda.

Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sr Terr. Fishes, p. 4. pi. 2. figs. 1, 2.
D. 8 I -i-. A. -^. L. lat. 48.

I 12-13 13

Prseoperculum without spine. Fifteen series of scales between
the origin of the posterior dorsal and the anal. The scales on the
upper surface of the head are not smaller than those on the sides.
Head scaly, except the snout. Scales minutely ciliated. The height
of the body is contained five times in the total length, the length of
the head three times and three-quarters. The horizontal diameter
of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the head, or one-half the width
of the interorbital space. Snout of moderate length, rather depressed,
with the lower jaw prominent ; the maxillarj- extends nearly to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth villiform, in
broad bands. A series of dark-brown spots along the middle of the
side ; three oblique, narrow brown stripes from the eye to the gill-
opening, the upper one reaching on the base of the pectoral fin.

Port Essington.

a, b. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection. — Types of the
species.

c. Port Essington. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.

d. Stuffed : bad state.

1 1 2 OOBIIDjE.

9. Eleotris macnlata.

Sciaena maculata, Bl. taf. 299. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 80.
Eleotris mugiloides, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 226.

latifrons, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 57. pi. 35. figs. 4, 5

(the humeral spot is omitted).

D. 7 1 g-^. A. ^. L. lat. 30-35. Vert. 13/15 (11/15 Val).

Nine or ten series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
and the anal. The scales on the upper surface of the head are of
moderate size, though smaller than those on the body, and extend
to the extremity of the snout, those on the side of the head to the
praeorbital. Scales minutely ciliated. The height of the body is
cont»med four times or four times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head three times and three-quarters. Head obtuse,
thick. The upper profile of the snout descending obliquely down-
wards in a nearly straight line. The eye occupies the third sixth of
the length of the head, and its diameter is not quite one-third of the
width of the interorbital space. The maxillary extends to the ver-
tical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth villiform, slightly
moveable, forming narrow bands. Caudal rather large, rounded, as
long as the head. Greenish-oUve, indistinctly clouded with darker ;
cheek with two or three indistinct longitudinal stripes ; a black spot
on the shoulder. The second dorsal and anal with series of dark
spots.

Fresh waters of the West Indies, (Martinique), Trinidad, Mexico,
Demerara, Siirinam, Guayaquil.

a. Adult : skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

b-g. Adult and half-grown : stufied. West Indies. From Br.

Pamell's Collection.
h. Adult : stuffed. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
i-o. Adult. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
p. Adult. Pacific. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B. —

Type of Eleotris latifrons, Richards.
q. Adult : skin.

r-s, t-w. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
X. Adult : skeleton. Guayaquil. From Mr. Eraser's Collection,

The following specimens, with shorter head and caudal fin, belong

perhaps, to a different species.

a. Adult. South (? Central) America. From M. Salle's Collection.
The length of the head equals that of the caudal, and is con-
tained four times and a half in the total. Anterior dorsal with
six spines.

6. Adult. Demerara, Presented by Sir A. Smith.

c. Adult. Purchased of M. Parzud^.

Skeleton. — ^The skull of this species is much more elevated than
in E. ophiocephalus and E. aporos, being as high as broad. The
crown of the head is convex on the middle, with a longitudinal im-
pression on each side ; the convex and the concave portions are not

14 ELEOTRIS. 1 1 3

separated by a crest ; there is only a low and feeble crest on the
occiput. The principal frontal bones have a transverse impression
between the posterior angles of the orbit, are moderately broad be-
tween the orbits, and again elevated and forming a convexity above
the ethmoid. The upper portion of the orbital incisuie is deep,
as broad as long. Bones of the jaws feeble. The praeoperculum
has a double ridge along the posterior margin, the lower margin
being simple. Operculum and suboperculum large, elongate. The
urohyal is slender, terminating in a long point posteriorly. The
pubic bones form a square lamella together, and each is joined to
the humenis of its side.

There are thirteen abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebne, the
former portion being a little longer than the caudal. The ribs and
the processes are moderately developed.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1 j

of the fifth vertebra 2

of the thirteenth vertebra 1|

of the nineteenth vertebra ll

of the twenty-sixth vertebra 14

of the abdominal portion 2l|

of the caudal portion 19^

10. Eleotris grandisquama.
Cuv. fy Val. xii. p. 229.

D. 6 I f A. i L. lat. 30.

The scales on the upper surface of the head are as large as those
on the body. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fourth. Head obtuse, thick, depressed.
The eye occupies the second fifth of the length of the head, and its
diameter is one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The
maxillary scarcely extends to the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Teeth viUiform. Brownish ; the second dorsal and the
anal with blackish spots. (Val.)

Tropical America ?

11. Eleotris sima.
Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 232.

D. 8 I 9. A. 10. L. lat. 32.

Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile subvertical ; the lower jaw
projects a little beyond the upper. Eye small. Dark greenish ; fins
with the rays brown-dotted. (Val.)

Fresh waters of Vera Cruz.

The species has been founded on specimens three inches long, and
appears to be distinguished by the number of the dorsal spines. A
specimen received from Paris as E. sima, is identical with E. maculata.

114 GOBIID^.

II. Snout of moderate length, the form of the head approaching that of
Gobius (giuris).

1. No black spot on the root of the pectoral : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
12. Eleotris gobioides.

Eleotris gobioides, Cnv. ^- Val. xii. p. 247 ; Richards. Voxj. 2reh. Sf
Tei-r. Fishes, p. 4. pi. 2. figs. 5, 6 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 98.
basalis, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 73.

D. 6 I ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 36. Vert. 13/15.

Prscoperciilura without spine. Ten or eleven series of scales be-
tween the origin of the second dorsal fin and the anal. The scales
on the nape of the neck are of moderate size, and do not extend over
the interorbital space ; those on the cheek minute. Scales not
ciliated. The height of the body is contained five times and a half
ir the total length, the length of the head three times and three-
auarters. The horizontal diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the
length of the head, or one-half of the width of the interorbital space.
Snout of moderate length, with the lower jaw prominent, and with
the cleft of the mouth obHque ; the maxillary extends somewhat
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth
vilhform, in broad bands. Blackish-brown, with the fins blackish ;
a white vertical band across the root of the pectoral fin, very distinct
in immature specimens, indistinct or absent in adult ones.

Coasts and fresh waters of New Zealand.

a-g. Adult and half-grown. Bay of Islands. From the Haslar

Collection.
h, i. Half- grown. River Thames (New Zealand). From Dr

Dieffenbach's Collection. — Types of E. hasalis.
Ic-o. Young. Lake Maiken (Antarctic Expedition).
p. Many adult, half-grown, and young specimens. All from New

Zealand.
q. Adult : skeleton. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.

The skeleton of this species differs only in some minor points from
those described. The crown of the head is broad, slightly convex,
without crests, except a very feeble one on the occipital. The frontals
are moderately broad between the orbits, and have the orbital edge
somewhat elevated. The infraorbital ring is indicated by a small
prseorbital and a rudimentary postorbital. The praeffontals do not
project much on the sides of the head. The bones of the jaws are
stout ; vomer hammer-shaped ; urohyal sub triangular.

There are thirteen abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae, both
portions being equal in length. Ribs rather strong, suspended from
long parapophyses, and with the epipleurals well developed. The
other processes of moderate length and strength.

lines

Length of the first vertebra 1|

-^ of the fifth vertebra l|

of the thirteenth vertebra l|

14. ELEOTRTS. 115

lines.

Length of the nineteenth vertebra 1|

of the twenty-seventh vertebra .... 1|

of the abdominal portion 23

of the caudal ]>ortion 23

13. Eleotris obscura.

Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 149. pi. 77. figs. 1-3.
D. 7 1|. A. i L. lat. 30-40.

PrsDoperculiim without spine. Twelve or thirteen series of scales
between the origins of the second dorsal and the anal fins. The
scales on the neck are of moderate size, gradually becoming smaller
anteriorly ; they do not extend on the snout. Scales not ciliated.
The height of the body is contained five times or five times and a half
in the total length, the length of the head three times and a quarter.
The eye occupies the third eighth of the length of the head, and its
vertical diameter is one-third of the width of the interorbital sjjace.
Head broad, depressed, with the snout of moderate length, and with
the low^er jaw prominent ; the maxillary extends bej'ond the vertical
from the centre of the eye. Teeth card-like, in broad bands. Brown
clouded with darker ; fins browTi- spotted.

Rivers of Nagasaki. China.

a, b. Adult. Japan.

c. Fine specimen. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Collection.

14. Eleotris oxycephala.

Eleotris oxycephala, Schleg. Fnxn. Japoit. Poiss. p. 150. pi. 77. figs. 4, 5.
cantherius, Richards. Ichth. CJiina, p. 209.

D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 48.

Pra)operculum with a spine directed downwards. Thirteen series
of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the anal.
The scales on the head are small and extend on to the snout ; those
on the cheeks are minute. Scales minutely ciliated. The height of
the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-
fourth. The eye occupies the third eighth of the length of the head,
and is one- third of the width of the interorbital space. Snout de-
pressed, of moderate length, with the lower jaw prominent ; the
maxillary does not quite extend to the vertical from the centre of
tlie eye ; teeth villiform, forming bands. Brownish, with scattered
darker dots and lighter stripes along the series of scales ; the lower
parts minutely dotted with brown, and the lower part of the head
with round Avhite spots ; fins -with serrated brown bands.

China and Japan.

a, h. Adult and half-grown. China.

c, iL Fine specimens. From the Haslar Collection.

116 QOBIID^.

15. Eleotris hasseltii.
Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 253 cum fig., and Boeroe, p. 412.
D. 6 I 4^. A. |. L. lat. 45.

Praeoperculum without spine. The height of the hody is contained
seven times and a half in the total length, the length of the head five
times. Eyes close together, their diameter being two-sevenths of
the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the
lower jaw somewhat longer than the upper ; the upper maxillary
extends nearly to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in
villiform bands, those in the outer series rather larger. Caudal
pointed ; its length is contained three times and three-quarters in the
total. Greenish rose-coloured, marbled with brown. (Bl.)

Coasts of Anjer (West Java) and of Kajeli (Boeroe).

2. A black spot on the root of the pectoral : Butts, Bleek.

16. Eleotris butis.

Cheilodiptems butis, Buck. Ham. pp. 57, 367 ; Gray 8f Hardw. III.

Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 93. f. 3.
Eleotris humeralis, Cut: 8f Vol. xii. p. 246 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav

Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. pp. 5, 22.

butis, Cant. Catal. p. 196.

? Eleotris melanopterus, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 706.

D. 6 ||. A. \. L. lat. 28. Yert. 12/14.

Praeoperculum without spine. Nine series of scales between the
origin of the second dorsal fin and the anal. The scales on the upper
surface of the head and on the cheeks are minute, extending over a
part of the snout. Scales not ciliated. The height of the body is
one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head two-sevenths.
Snout broad, depressed, produced ; the horizontal diameter of the
eye is one -sixth or one-seventh of the length of the head, and one-
half of the width of the interorbital space. Lower jaw prominent ;
the maxUlary does not extend to the vertical from the centre of the
eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Brownish, with lighter longitudinal
stripes, and sometimes with scattered brown dots ; a deep-black spot
on the lower half of the root of the pectoral rays. The second dorsal
with blackish spots, and with a more or less broad transparent mar-
gin ; caudal and anal uniform black, or blackish with darker spots.

East Indies.

d. Adult. China.

I. Adult. Philippine Islands.

c. Fine specimen. Borneo.

d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

e. /. Adult : skins Piaang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

g. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Probably

the type of the species.
h. Adult. India.
i. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

14. ELEOTHIS. 117

The skull of this species is distinguished by the extraordinary
width of the frontal bones between the orbits. The praDoperculum
has a double ridge along its whole margin.

17. Eleotris amboinensis.

Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 343.

D. 6 1 4-. A. 4-. L. lat. 28.

I 8 8

Praeoperculum -wdthout spine. Forehead scaly. The height of the
body is one- seventh of the total length, the length of the head one-
fourth. Snout broad, depressed, produced. The diameter of the eye
is one-fifth of the length of the head, and equals the width of the
interorbital space. The upper and hinder orbital edges are minutely
denticulated. The lower jaw is the longest, and the maxillary ex-
tends to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in villiform
bands, those of the outer series slightly enlarged. The upper pec-
toral rays silk-like. Brownish, with yeUow and brown spots
arranged in longitudinal series ; a brown band from the snout to the
operculum. The spinous dorsal blackish ; the soft dorsal yellow,
blackish on the base, and with the rays brown-dotted ; a large black
spot on the base of the pectoral ; anal and caudal with red margin
and brown-dotted rays. {Bl.)

Rivers of Amboyna, Celebes, and Booroo.

18. Eleotris melanostigma.

Sleeker, lerhand. Batav, Genootsck. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 23.

D. 6| \. A. i-. L. lat. 30.

I 7 7

Scales on the occiput small. Back elevated. The height of the
body is contained five times and three-fourths in the total length,
the length of the head three times and a half. Snout broad, de-
pressed, produced ; the eyes are distant from each other, and their
diameter is one-fifth of the length of the head. Teeth in ^oUiform
bands. Brownish, with numerous black dots, those on the cheeks
radiating from the eye ; anterior dorsal blackish, the other fins va-
riegated with brown ; base of the pectoral with black and yellow
spots. {Bl.)

Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Borneo.

19. Eleotris caperata.

Eleotris caperatus, Cant. Catal. p. 197.

koilomatodon, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 21.

D. 6 1|. A. |. L. lat. 30.

The upper edge of the orbit denticulated. Nine longitudinal
series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal and the anal.
The height of the body is contained foiir times and two-thirds or
five times in the total length, the length of the head four times;

118 GOBIID^.

the diameter of the eye is four times and a half in the hitter ; eyes
approximated. Teeth in villiform bands. Brown : fins blackish ; a
black, red-edged spot on the base of the pectoral fin.

Coasts of Java, Madura, and Celebes ; Sea of Pinang ; China.
a-b. Adult and half-grown : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.

Cantor's Collection. — Types of the species.
c, d. Adult and half- grown. China,

III. Head and body rather compressed, similar in form to a Cyprinoid :
Eleotris (part.), Bleek.

20. Eleotris cyprinoides.

Cuv. df Vol. xii. p. 248 ; Bleek. Sninatra, ii. p. 277.

D, 6 I -i-. A. ~. L. lat. 26-28.

Head entirely scaly. Body compressed, its height being nearly
equal to the length of the head, and one-fifth of the total ; the dia-
meter of the eye is rather more than one-fourth of the length of the
head, equal to the width of the interorbital space, and longer than
the snout. Snout pointed, with the lower jaw longest ; the max-
illary does not extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Scales finely cihated. Brownish-olive,
with a blackish longitudinal band from the upper part of the base of
the pectoral, below the lateral line to the caudal ; dorsal and caudal
fins with brown spots.

Rivers of Bourbon, of Benculen (Sumatra), and of Oualan.
a. Adult. Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

21. Eleotris leuciscus.
Bleeher, Sumatra, ii. p. 278.

D. 6 1 1. A. i. L. lat. 25.

Head entirely scaly. Body compressed, its height being contained
three times and three-quarters in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a half; the diameter of the eye is two-sevenths
of the length of the head, equal to the width of the interorbital space,
and longer than the snout. Snout pointed, with the lower jaw long-
est ; the maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Tved anteriorly, green
posteriorly ; the anterior dorsal fin black, with two yellow bands, the
posterior yellow- dotted ; pectorals with a double black and yellow
spot on the base ; the other fins red, black-edged. {Bl.^

Rivers of West Sumatra.

22. Eleotris tsenionotopterus.
Bleeker, Bali, p. 298.

B. 6. D. 6 I -i. A. ^. L. lat. 28.
Head and body compressed, entirely (?) scaly. The height of the

14. ELEOTRIS. 119

body is nearly eqiial to the length of the head, and one-fourth of the
total. The diameter of the eye is contained three times and two-
thirds in the total length, and rather more than the width of the
interorbital space and than the length of the snout. The upper jaw
is shorter than the lower, and the maxiUary does not extend to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in villiform
bands, those of the outer series being enlarged. Greenish ; a broad
brown band from the eye to the throat : dorsal fins black ; the an-
terior with two white spots, one above the other, the posterior with
three white bands, ascending obliquely forwards : anal rose-coloured,
broAvnish inferiorly. (Bl.)
Rivers of Bali.

23. Eleotris cyanostigma.

Eleotris cyanostigniu, Blcckcr, Kokoa, iv. p. 452.
PZleotriodes cyanostigma, lileek. Emim. Spec. p. 112.

D. 6 I J^. A. -i. L. lat. 25.

The third dorsal spine is produced into a filament. Head covered
with large scales, snout naked ; body compressed. The height of the
body is nearly equal to the length of tlic head, and one -fifth of the
total; the eyes are close together, one-third of the length of the
head, and longer than the snout. The jaws are equal ; the maxillary
extends to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands,
those of the outer series being enlarged ; a small canine touth on
each side of the lower jaw. Scales ctenoid. Greenish, with a lon-
gitudinal series of five or six brown spots ; each scale with a blue
dot. Vertical fins brownish-violet ; the second dorsal, anal, and
caudal with some blue spots. {Bl.)

Sea of Booroo and Kokos Island.

B. Scales small, fifty and more in a longitudinal series.
I. I^ess than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fins.
1. None of the rays produced into a filamont.
a. No ocellated spot on the base of the caudal.
a. None of the bones of the head armed.
aa. Vomerine teeth : Philijpniis, Val.

24. Eleotris dormitatrix.

Platycephalus donuitator, Bl. Schn. p. 00. tab. 12.
(lobioniorus donnitator, Laccp. ii. p. .000.
Eleotris dorniitatri.v, Cuv. Rkpie A))im.

Philypnus donnitator, Cur. Sc Val. xii. p. 25.5. pi. 358 ; Girard, U. S.
4'- 3Iex. Bound. Survei/, Ichthi/ol. p. 20. pi. 12. fig. 13 (young).

B. 6. D. 6 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 60-65. Vert. 12/14.

Vomerine teeth in a crescent-shaped band. Thirty-two series of
scales between the occiput and the anterior dorsal fin, twenty or
twenty-two between the origin of the posterior dorsal and the anal.

120 GOBiiD-a:.

The height of the body ia contained six times and two-thirds to
eight times in the total length, the length of the head three times
and three-quarters or three times and two-thirds. Snout produced,
depressed, with the lower jaw prominent ; the maxillary extends to
below the middle of the eye ; teeth cardiforra. The vertical diameter
of the eye is one-half the width of the interorbital space. Body
browTiish, marbled with darker ; head with two brown stripes be-
tween the eye and the upper jaw ; two indistinct oblong spots on the
base of the pectoral. Fins rose-coloured, with series of brown spots.
Fresh waters of the West Indian Islands and of Mexico.

fl. Adult : has been in chloride of zinc. Barbadoes. Purchased of

Mr. Cuming.
b~d. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Paruell's Collection.
e. Adult : sldn. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
/, g, h, i. Adult and half-grown. West Indies.
Jc. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
l-p. Fine specimens. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. — Rather

more slender than the specimens from the Islands.
q. Large specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
r. Seventeen inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
s, t. Adult and half-grown : bad state. From Captain Sir E.

Belcher's Collection.
u-w. Half-grown : stuffed.
X. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

Skeleton. — The crown of the head is flat, broader than long ; the
occipital crest is low, and does not extend beyond the occipital bone ;
another crest on each side of the occipital, and parallel to it, is higher,
and extends from the suprascapula to another crest which runs
transversely from the posterior angle of one orbit across the frontals
to the angle of the other. The oblong space between the two lateral
and the transverse crests is twice as long as broad. The transverse
frontal crest is continuous from one side of the head to the other,
and participates in the formation of a muciferous channel running
along the posterior margin of the orbit. The interorbital space is
broad. The anterior portion of the ethmoid is not covered by the
frontal bones. The praefrontal is well developed, and forms a
laterally projecting portion of the orbit. The maxillarj^ bone is
curved, sabre-shaped, and very slightly dilated at its extremity.
The intermaxillary is stout, -with the posterior processes short. The
articular bone and the posterior part of the dentarj' of the mandible
have a broad and thin lamella interiorly. The vomer is anchor-
shaped. The palatine bone, and stiU more the pterygoid, are narrow.
Tympanic groove with a veiy large free space behind the tympanic
bone. The infraorbital ring is indicated by a smaU pra;orbital and
a rudimentary poster hi tal. The prfcoperculum has a double ridge
posteriorly for a muciferous channel, its lower margin being simple ;
interoperculum small, operculum and subopcrculum of moderate size.
Glossohyal triangular ; urohyal elongate, subtriangular.

The humeral arch is partially lost in our skeleton. Valenciennes

14. ELEOTRIS. 121

says that it is similar in its structure to that in the Gobies, and that
neither radius nor ulna is notched. The carpal bones are in two
series, united, however, in very large specimens. The pubic bones
are flat and separated.

There are twelve abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce, the
former portion of the vertebral column being somewhat shorter
than the caudal. Eibs and processes rather feeble, much inclining
backwards.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 3

of the fifth vertebra 3|

of the twelfth vertebra 3|

of the sixteenth vertebra 3|

of the twenty-tliird vertebra 3

of the abdominal portion 43

of the caudal portion 45

25. Eleotris lembus.

Lembus maculatus, Gthr. Acantltopt. i. p. 506, and Proc. Zool. Soc.
1860, p. 236.

E. 6. D. 6 I J. A. 3^. L. lat. 57-60. Vert. 12/14.

Vomerine teeth in a crescent-shaped band. Twenty-six series of
scales between the occiput and the anterior dorsal fin, eighteen be-
tween the origin of the posterior dorsal and the anal, twenty-two
below the first dorsal spine. The height of the body is contained
five or six times in the total length, the length of the head three
times and a half. Snout produced, depressed, with the lower jaw
prominent ; the maxillary extends nearly to below the middle of the
eye ; teeth cardiform posteriorly. The vertical diameter of the eye
is one-half the width of the interorbital space Yellowish, irregu-
larly spotted with brown ; back with five dark cross-bai-s, appearing
in specimens preserved in spirits. A red spot and, above it, a black
one on the upper portion of the root of the pectoral ; three red
streaks radiating from the eye ; the vertical fins dotted Avith red and
yellow (the red colom's change into blackish after death).

Fresh Avaters of Ecuador. Esmeraldas.

a. Not good state. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's Collec-
tion.— Type of the species.

6, c. Fine specimens. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's Col-
lection.

d. Skeleton. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

This species is certainly different from E. dormiUitrix, having a
stouter habit, larger scales on the nape, &c. ; but the genus Lembus
is perfectly identical with Ph'dypnus of Valenciennes. The number
seven for the dorsal spines was given erroneously in my former de-
scription, drawn up from a specimen in an incomplete state of pre-
servation. The specific name must be altered, if Lembus maculatus
and Scicena maculata, Bl., are referred to the same genus.

122 GOBIIDiE.

The skeleton of this species is extremely similar to that of the
preceding : the transverse frontal crests, however, are not continuous,
or forming' a straight line ; both have an oblique direction, and are
convergent anteriorly towards the interorbital space ; they do not
meet.

26. Eleotris lateralis.

Philypnus lateralis, Gill, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 123.
D. 6 |i-. A. -i. L. lat. 55.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head three times and a third ; the eyes are at the
third sixth of the length of the head. The maxillary extends to the ver-
tical from the eye. Purplish-brown, with a black band along the side,
dividing about nine light vertical bands ; it is somewhat dilated at
the base of the caudal fin. Head with a dark vertical band from the
eye to the angle of the mouth, another from the inferior comer of
the orbit to the extremity of the operculum, and a third horizontal
one from the eye to the upper jaw. Pectoral with a black spot
superiorly at the axil, and with a blackish basal band edged Avith
whitish. Vertical fins spotted with white and black, sometimes
immaculate. (QUI.)

Cape St. Lucas (Lower California).

The chief difference between this and the preceding species appears
to be the black lateral band ; otherwise they are very closel v allied
to each other, and a comparison of actual specimens may show their
specific identity.

bb. Palate entirely smooth : Eleotiis (part.), Bleek.

27. Eleotris gjrrinus.

? Eleotris, sp., Grunov. Mus. Ichthyol. ii. p. 16. no. 168.
P Gobius pisonis, L. Gm. i. p. 1206.
? Gobius amorea, Artedi, TV alb. iii. p. 205.
? Eleotris pisonis, £1. Schn. p. 68.

Eleotris gyrinus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 220. pi. 356 ; Cuv. Regne Anim
III. Poiss. pi. 81. fig. 2.

D. 6 I -i. A. |. L. lat. 60. Vert. 11/15.

Scales rather small, those on the side of the head minute. The
height of the body is contained five times in the total length, the
length of the head three times and two-thirds. The eye is rather
small, one-half of the width of the interorbital space. Snout of
moderate length, with the lower jaw prominent; the maxillary
reaches to beyond the vertical from the centre of the eye. Teeth
\illiform, in bands. Brown : vertical fins with brown dots ; temple
with tAvo darker stripes.

Fresh waters of Martinique, fcan Domingo, Mexico, and Surinam.

a-b Adult and half-grown .< Prom the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

14. ELEOTIUS. 123

28. Eleotris smaragdus.

Ciiv. cV ^ "/• xii. p. 231 ; Guichen. Poks, in Ra7non dc la Saqra, Hist.
Cuba, p. 130.

Scales very small. The height of the bodj' is one-half the length
of the head, which is one-fifth of the total. The C3'e occupies the
second sixth of the length of the head, and its diameter is two-thirds
of the width of the interorhital space. Snout obtuse, with the lower
jaw prominent ; cleft of the mouth oblique, not extending to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth villiform.
Caudal pointed, one-fourth of the total length. Brown : dorsal fins
brown- spotted. (V((l.)

Fresh waters of Cuba.

29. Eleotris fomasini.
Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Moss. p. 270. tab. 8.

D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 58.

Praeoperculum without spine. Posterior parts of the head covered
with very small scales. The height of the body equals the length of
the pectoral fin, and is contained five times in the total length, the
length of the head three times and three-fourths, the length of the
caudal fin nearly five times. The width of the interorhital space is
twice the diameter of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. The
second dorsal is higher than the first. Greyish-brown. (Blanc.)

Mozambique.

30. Eleotris gyrinoides.
Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 272.

D. 6 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 62.

Praeoperculum without spine. Head covered with very small
scales. The height of the body is contained six times or five times
and three-quarters in the total length, the length of the head four
times. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the latter, and equal
to the wddth of the interorhital space. The upper jaw is shorter than
the lower, and the maxillary reaches to below the posterior half of
the eye. Teeth in viUiforra blinds. The length of the caudal fin is
contained five times and two-thirds in the total. Dark greenish,
with darker stripes along the series of scales ; fins yellow, variegated
with brown ; an irregular black, red-edged spot on the base of the
pectoral fin. (Bl.)

Rivers of Pi-iamaa and Celebes.

31. Eleotris marmorata.
Bkcker, Borneo, vi. p. 424.

"D. 6 U. A. |. L. lat. 70-75.

Praeoperculum without spine. Twenty-two series of scales be-
tween the origin of the i)osterior dorsal fin and the anal. The scales

124 GOBIIDJE,

in the head are minute, leaviug the snout and the lower part of the
cheek naked. Scales ciliated. The height of the body is contained
five times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
three times and a half. The eye occupies the third eighth of the
length of the head, and its horizontal diameter is one-half the width
of the interorbital space. Snout depressed, flat, of moderate length,
with the lower jaw prominent. Teeth in villiform bands. The
maxillary extends to below the middle of the eye. Yellowish,
largely marbled with brown ; brown stripes along the series of scales.
Caudal brown, with hghter spots.

Rivers of Siam, Bandjermassing (Borneo), and of Palembang
(Sumatra).

a. Fine specimen : three and a half inches long. Siam. From
M. Mouhot's Collection.

32. Eleotris guavlna.

Guavina, Parra, pi. 39. fig. 1.

Eleotris guavina, Cuv. &c Val. xii. p. 223.

I>-7|i^. A.ij. L.lat.llO.

Thirty series of scales between the origins of the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The scales on the upper surface of the head are small,
and advance nearly to the extremity of the snout, those on the sides
to below the middle of the orbit. Scales cycloid. The height of the
body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-
fourth. The eye occupies the third eighth of the length of the head,
and its diameter is one-third of the width of the interorbital space.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the centre of the eye ;
teeth villiform, in broad bands. The second dorsal fin reaches to
the caudal, if laid backwards. Blackish -brown ; fins black.

Fresh waters of Cuba, Martinique, Surinam, and Demerara.

a. Adult, South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

b. Adult. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.

33. Eleotris canina.

Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Oob. p. 20,

B. t). D. 6 I ^. A. |. L, lat. 70-80.
I y o

Two canine teeth in the upper jaw, and four in the lower. The
height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the
head one-fourth. The eyes occupy the second fifth of the length of
the head, and are distant from each other. Green. (-BZ.)

Western coast of Madura ; Java.

34. Eleotris periophthalmus.

Eleotris periophthalmus, Bleeker, Batavia, p. 477.
Eleotriodes periophthalmus, Bleeker, Goram, p. 212.

D. 6|^ A.^. L. lat. 78.

Head naked. The height of the body is otic-cightii of the total

14. ELEOTRIS. 125

length, the length of the head one-fifth ; head ohtnse, with the an-
terior profile very convex ; eyes close together, much longer than the
snout. Jaws nearly equal anteriorly ; the maxillary extends to the
vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. The teeth form bands,
those of the outer series being enlarged ; a canine tooth on each si do
of the lower jaw. Yellowish, with six broad cross-bars ; head with
red, purphsh-edged ocelli ; rays of the dorsal fins brown-dotted ;
anal with three blue longitudinal bands. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.

^. A .<?pine at the angle of the prseoperculum : Culius, Bleek

35. Eleotris fusca.

Poecilia fusca, £1. Schn. p. 4o3.

Cobitis pacifica, Forst. Descript. Amm. ed. Licht. p. 235.
Cheilodipterus culius, Buck. Ham. Fish. Ganges, p. 55. pi. 5. fig. IG.
Eleotris nigra, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 259. pi. 60. fig. 2 ;

Cuv. Sr Val. xii. p. 233 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv.,

Nalez. Ichth. Beng. p. 105. tab. 1. fig. 3.

mauritianus, Benn. Proc. Comiti. Zool. Sac. i. p. 166.

Culius niger, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 411.

D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 60-65. Vert. 11/14.

Praeoperculum with a spine directed downwards. Sixteen series
of scales between the origins of the second dorsal and the anal fins.
The scales on the upper surface of the head are small, and advance
to the space between the eyes ; those on the cheeks are minute.
Scales ciUated. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth. The eye occupies the
third seventh of the length of the head, and its vertical diameter is
one-third of the width of the interorbital space. Snout depressed,
short, with the lower jaw prominent ; the maxillary extends beyond
the vertical from the centre of the eye. Teeth vilhform, forming
bands ; those of the outer series enlarged, of rather unequal size.
Blackish -brown: the lateral scales sometimes with black centre, the
spots forming either more or less regular longitudinal series, or a
band along the middle of the side ; dorsal and caudal fins with di-
stinct, anal and pectoral fins with rather indistinct series of brown
dots.

From Madagascar and Mauritius to Polynesia.

a, b. Half-grown. Gange° Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq,

c. Half-grown. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von

Schlagintweit,

d. Half-grown. Bay of Bengal. From the Collection of the Zoolo-

gical Society.
(,f-g. Adult and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h, i.. Fine specimens. Aneiteum (fresh water). From Mr. Mac-

gillivray's Collection.
Jc-m, n. Adult and young. Oualan (fresh water). Voyage of the

' Herald.'

126 GOBirn.E.

0. Adult. Wanderer Bay (fresh water). From the Museum of

Economic Geology.
p, q, r. Half-grown. Ceylon.
s, t-u. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. —

? Types of E. mauritianus, Benn.
V, W-.V. Half-groAvn : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
y. Adult: stuffed.
z. Adult: skeleton. Aneiteum (fresh water). From Mr. Mac-

gillivray's Collection.

Eleotris pseudacanthopomus, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 276, is probably
identical with this species. Bleeker compares it with the following
species (E. melanosoma), and adds that it may be distinguished by the
operculum, which is entirely scaly, and by a small canine tooth in
the lower jaw. Elebtris hracliyurus (Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 20) has been referred to E. pseudacanihopomus
by Bleeker himself. See Enumer. Spec. p. 114.

Air-bladder lai-ge.

Skeleton. — The crown of the head is entirely smooth, only a trace
of an occipital crest being visible ; it is broad and somewhat convex
along the middle ; the interorbital space is of moderate width. The
intermaxillary is considerably shorter than the maxillary, and dilated
at its extremity ; its posterior processes are of moderate length.
The articulary and the posterior part of the dentary bone of the
mandible have a broad horizontal lamella interiorly. The margins
of the praeoperculum are simple ; there is a spine at the angle. The
pubic bones leave a free space between them, and are elongate, tri-
angular ; they do not extend to the humerus, to which they are joined
by a broad, flat cartilaginous lamella. Eleven abdominal and fourteen
caudal vertebrae.

36. Eleotris melanosoma.

Eleotris melanosoma, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 705.

Culius melanosoma, Bhek. Boeroe, p. 412.

? Culius macrocephalus, Bleek. Boeroe, ii. p. 70.

D. 6 I j. A. i-. L. lat. 52.

Praeoperculum with a spine directed downwards. The scales on
the iijiper surface of the head are small, extending over the fore-
head ; cheeks naked. The height of the body is one-sixth or one-
seventh of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The
diameter of the eye is contained four times and a half or five times
and a half in the length of the head, and three-fifths of the width of
the interorbital space. The upper jaw is shorter than the lower,
and extends backwards to below the middle of the eye. Teeth
vilhform, forming bands. Blackish-green ; fins variegated with
black. (Bl.)

Coasts of "Wahai (West Sumatra), Booroo, and Ceram.

a. Adult. Presented by C. Swanzz, Esq.

14, ELEOTRIS. 127

y. Some of the branchioategals terminating in a spine anteriorly :

Belobnuichus, Bleek.

37. Eleotris belobrancha.

Eleotris belobranch|, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 243 ; Blcck. Celebes, iv. p. 1G7.
Belobranchus quoyi, Bleek. Bah) p. 300.

B. 6. D. 6 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 70. Veit. 10/15.

Praeoperculum without spine ; two spines behind the angle of the
lower jaw, belonging to the first and second branchiostegals. Head
naked. Scales minutely ciliated. The height of the body is one-
seventh of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The
diameter of the eye is one-seventh or one-sixtU of the length of
the head, and two-thirds of, or equal to, the width of the inter-
orbital space. Snout very obtuse, with the jaws nearly equal ; the
maxillary extends to beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of
the orbit. Teeth villiform, those of the outer series rather stronger.
The iipper pectoral rays silk-like. Brownish, with darker stripes
along the series of scales ; fins red, ■nith brown dots on the rays ;
pectoral with a large brown spot on the base.

Fresh waters of Celebes, Batjan, and Coram.

a. Adult. Coram. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer.

38. Eleotris taenioptera.
Belobranchus taeniopterus, Bleek. Bali, p. 301.

B. 6. D. 6 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 65.

Praeoperculum without spine ; the first branchiostcgal anteriorly
ending in a spine. Head naked ; scales ctenoid. The height of the
body is contained six times and a half or seven times in the total
length, the length of the head four times and two-fifths or four times
and three-fourths. The diameter of the eye is two-sevenths of the
length of the head, and much more than the width of the interorbital
space. Snout obtuse, much shorter than the eye, with the jaws
nearly equal ; the maxillary extends to below the middle of the
eye. Teeth villiform, those of the outer series rather stronger. The
upper pectoral rays silk-like. Brownish, with lighter cross-bands ;
three or four brown streaks run from the eye towards the opercles ;
fins yellow : the spinous dorsal with two curved blackish bands,
parallel to the upper margin ; the soft dorsal with four or five, the
anal with three or four brown longitudinal bands ; caudal and pec-
toral with brown cross-bars. {Bl.)

Hi vers of Bali and Batjan.

6. An ocellated spot on the base of the caudal fin,
a. Vomerine teeth : Bostrichthys, Gill.

39. Eleotris sinensis.

14. fiff. 2.

Bo.strychus sinensis, Lacep. iii. p. 141. pi.
Gobius sinen.sis, Cvv. Sc Val. xii. p. 94.

128 GOBIID.E.

Pliilvpnus ocellicauda, TUchiwds. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, pp. 08, 149. pi. 5G.

figs. 15, 16.

sinensis, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 210.

ophicephalus, Bleek. in Verhand. Batuv. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn.

en Gob. p. 20.
Bostrichthys sinensis, Gill, Pt-oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1800, p. 125.

D. 6 I ^2- A- i- I- lat. 140. Vert. 12/15.

Scales on the head and neck rudimentaiy. A broad patch of teeth
on the vomer, forming one-half of an oval. The height of the body-
is contained six times and a half in the total length, the length of
the head four times and a third. Head broad, depressed, obtuse ;
eye small ; cleft of the mouth wide, extending behind the vertical
from the posterior margin of the eye. The anterior nostril produced
into a short barbel-like tube. Brown, marbled with darker ; a round
black, white- edged ocellus on the upper part of the root of the caudal.

China. Coasts of Java and Bintang. Fresh waters of Oualan.

a. Nine inches long. China. Presented by J. K. Reeves, Esq.
h. Half-grown. China.

c. Half-grown : bad state. Hongkong. From the Haslar Collection.

d. \dult. Fresh waters of Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

e. Half-grown. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

/. Haif-grown : skeleton. China. Presented by J. E,. Reeves, Esq.

Air-bladder large. Pseudobranchiaj, a slit behind the fourth gill.
Intestinal tract short, making a single circumvolution.

The vertebral column is composed of twelve abdominal and fifteen
caudal vertebrae, both portions being equal in length.

/3. Palate entirely smooth : Eleotris (^part.), Bleek.
40. Eleotris urophthalmus.
Bleeker, Borneo, iv. p. 202.

D. 7 I y. A. \. L. lat. 75.

llie height of the body is one-eighth or one-seventh of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth. Head broad, depressed,
obtuse. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the
head, or one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The cleft
of the mouth extends to below the orbit ; teeth in viUiform bands.
The length of the caudal fin is one-fifth of the total. Brownish ; a
black, red-edged ocellus on the upper part of the base of tlie caudal
fin. (Bl.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing.

41. Eleotris urophthalmoides.
Bleeker, ISumatra, ii. p. 273.

D. 6 I i-. A. |. L. lat. 60.
Scales on the head and nock very small. The height of the body

14. ELEOTRIS. 129

is contained six times and a quarter or seven times in the total
length, the length of the head three times and two-thirds or four
times and a quarter. Head broad, depressed. The diameter of the
eye is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total length, and one-half of
the width of the interorbital space. The maxillary reaches to below
the eye. Teeth in \alliform bands, those of the outer series enlarged.
The length of the caudal fin is one-fifth of the total. Brownish,
with darker longitudinal streaks ; a black, red-edged ocellus on the
upper part of the base of the caudal. (Bl.)
Kivers of Western Borneo and Sumatra.

42. Eleotris siamensis.
D. 6 I 10. A. 9. L. lat. 90.

Twenty-two longitudinal scries of scales between the origin of the
posterior dorsal and the anal, forty transverse ones between the
anterior dorsal and the snout. The height of the body is contained
six times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
four times. Head broad, depressed, with the snout obtuse ; the lower
jaw is prominent, and the maxillary extends to behind the vertical
from the centre of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Tlie diameter
of the eye is one-seventh of the length of the head, one-half of that
of the snout and of the width of the interorbital space. A small barbel
on each side of the upper jaw ; the head is covered with small scales ;
there are about ten between the posterior angle of the orbits ; the
snout is naked. Dorsal and anal fins much lower than the body :
one-half of the caudal is covered with thin scales ; its length is con-
tained five times and a half in the total. Brown ; the lower pai-ts
whitish, minutely punctulated with brown ; two oblique dark stripes
on the cheek, radiating from the eye. Dorsal fins variegated with
blackish, the other fins uniform blackish ; a black ocellus, edged with
whitish, on the upper part of the root of the caudal fin.

Siam.

a-c. Adult and half-grown. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

lines.

Total length 60

Height of the body 9

Length of the head 15

Diameter of the eye 2

Length of the caudal fin 11

43. Eleotris macrodon.

Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxv.,Ben(f. en Hind.p. 104. tab. 2. fig. I.
D. 6 I 10-11. A. 9. L. lat. 90-100.
Thirty-three longitudinal series of scales between the origin of
the posterior dorsal and the anal, sixty transverse ones between the
anterior dorsal and the snout. The height of the body is contained
four times and two-thirds or five times in the total length, the length
of the head four times and a fourth. Head broad, depressed, with

VOL. III. K

130 GOBIID^.

the snout obtuse ; the lower jaw is somewhat prominent, and the
maxillary extends to below the middle of the ej'e. Teeth of the
outer series enlarged. The diameter of the eye is one-ninth of the
length of the head, one-half of that of the snout, and one-third of
the width of the interorbital space. A small barbel on each side of
the upper jaw. The head is covered with minute scales, the snout
is naked. Dorsal and anal fins much lower than the body : the
greater portion of the caudal is scaly ; its length is about one-seventh
of the total. BrowTiish-olive (in spirits) ; dorsal and caudal fins
dotted with brown, the other fins uniform. A blackish (in life red-
dish-brown) ocellus, edged with whitish, on the upper part of the
base of the caudal.

"Rivers near Calcutta.
a, b-c. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

lines.

Total length 60

Height of the body 13

Length of the head 14

Diameter of the eye 1|

Length of the caudal fin 9

2. Somfi of the dorsal spines produced into filaments: Valenciennea, Bleek.,
or Eleotriodes (part.), Bleek.

44. Eleotris muralis.

Eleotris muralis, ( Qmo?/ (§• Gaim.) Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 253. pi. 357} Bleek.

Anihoina (^ Ceram, p. 276.
Valenciennea muralis, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.
Eleotriodes muralis, Bleek, Goram, p. 212.

B. 5. D. 6 I ^. A. 3^. L. lat. 80.

The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines produced into filaments.
The height of the body is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total length ;
the width of the interorbital space is one-half of the diameter of the
eye. Teeth in single series, of unequal size. Brownish : head and
body with red longitudinal bands ; back with some irregular dark
cross-bars. Fins yellow : the first dorsal with a black spot behind
the top of the third spine ; dorsal and anal fins with red longitudinal
bands ; caudal with red and brown spots.

East Indian Archipelago. Philippine Islands.

a. Adult. Philippine Islands.

h. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.

45. Eleotris sexguttata.

Eleotris sexguttata, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 254 ; Bleek. Blenn. en Gob.

p. 25.3, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii., Sumatra, p. 42.
Valenciennea sexguttata, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.
Eleotriodes sexguttata, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

B. 4-5. D. 6 1 j^. A. ^. L. lat. 7^80.

The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines are produced into fila-

14. KLEOTRIS. 131

ments. The height of the body is one-seventh or one-eightli of the
total length ; the width of the intororbital space is much less than
that of the orbit. Jaws equal anteriorlj- ; teeth in single series, of
unequal size. Greenish rose-colom-ed : sides of the head with blue,
darker-edged ocelli ; sometimes a violet spot before the anterior
dorsal fin. The anterior dorsal black at the top, the posterior Avith
six violet longitudinal stripes, the anal with two ; caudal with pearl-
coloured, violet-edged ocelli.

C<»sts of Ceylon. East Indian Archipelago.

46. Eleotris strigata.

Eleotris strigata, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 251 ; lileek. Act. Soc. Sc, Indo-

Nederl. i., Amboina, p. 48.
Valencieunea strigata. Bleak. Bocroe, p. 412.
Eleotriodes strigata, Bleck. Goram, p. 212.

B.5. D.6|i. A.^^

Scales very smalL The second and third dorsal spines produced
into filaments. The height of the body is contained six times in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half or four
times and three-fifths ; the width of the interorbital space is less
than that of the orbit. Jaws equal anteriorly ; teeth in single series,
of unequal size. Greenish rose-coloured, with four or five red lon-
gitudinal bands ; a pearl-coloured, black-edged band from the angle
of the mouth to the extremity of the operculum ; an oblique similar
band on the praeoperculum, and another on the suboi>erculum. The
anterior dorsal fiin with one, the posterior with three red longitudinal
bands.

Coasts of Java, Amboj-na, Celebes, Booroo, and Otaheite.

a. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. Some of the caudal rays produced into filaments :
Eleotriodes (part.), Bleek.

47. Eleotris helsdingenii.
Eleotriodes helsdingenii, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

D.6|l.

A. ^. L. lat. 130.

The two caudal rays, which are nearest to the three middle ones,
are produced into long filaments. Head naked. The height of the
body is one -seventh of the total length (without caudal filaments).
The width of the interorbital space is less, the length of the snout
more, than the diameter of the eye. The maxillary extends to below
the middle of the orbit. Teeth in the upper jaw in a single series,
of unequal size. The anterior dorsal fin is lower than the body.
Greenish rose-colom-ed, with two brown bands from the snout to the
caudal filaments. {Bl.)

Sea of Goram.

132 GOBIID.E.

II. More than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fins :
Eleotriodcs (part.), Bleek.

48. Eleotris heteroptera.

Eleotris heteropterus, Bleek. Borneo, ix. p. 422.
Eleotriodes heteropterus, Bleek. Goi-am, p. 212.

B.4. D.6|i A.1

Scales scarcely conspicuous. The height of the body is contained
eight times and a half in the total length, the length of the head five
times and a quarter. Cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the
upper jaw shortest ; the maxillary extends to below the anterior half
of the eye. Dorsal fins lower than the body ; caudal forked. Green-
ish rose-coloured ; a black spot along the middle of the caudal. (JBl.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing.

49. Eleotris microlepis.

Eleotris microlepis, Bleek. Banda, v. p. 102.
Eleotriodes microlepis, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

B.4. D.6|± A.±

Scales scarcely visible. The height of the body is one-eighth of
the total length, the length of the head one-sixth. Cleft of the
mouth very oblique, with the upper jaw shorter ; the maxillary ex-
tends to below the anterior half of the eye. Dorsal fins lower than
the body. Caudal slightly emarginate. Greenish rose-coloured:
sides of the head with blue spots ; a curved blue streak behind the
eye, another on the opercle ; caudal immaculate. (Bl.)

Coasts of Banda and Nias.

15. ASTERROPTERYX.

Asterropteryx, Riipp, AtL Fisch^, p. 138.

Head and body compressed, covered with largo • scales ; eyes of
moderate size, lateral, not prominent. Teeth in a single series. Two
dorsal fins, the anterior with six flexible spines. Ventrals not united,
with the space between them narrow, and with one spine and five
rays. Gill-openings of moderate width, not contigiious. Branchio-
stegals three (?) ; air-bladder none. Anal appendage absent.

Red Sea.

1. Asterropteryx semipunctatus.

B'upp. I. c. taf 34. fig. 4.

D. 6 I 12. A. |.

The middle spines of the anterior dorsal fin and the ventral elon-
gate. Yellowish-brown, each scale with a blue spot. {Riipp.)
Mfissaua.

10. AMBLYOPUS. 133

Second Group. AMBLYOPINA.

The two dorsal fiiia united into one. Vertebrae 11/17.

16. AMBLYOPUS*.

Gobioides, Lac^p. ii, p. 280 ; Cuv. ^- Val xii. p. 139.
Amblyopus, Cuv. 4'- Val. xii. p. 157.

Body elongate, naked, or with minute rudimentary scales ; head
oblong, quadiilateral, with the cleft of the mouth directed upwards,
and with the lower jaw prominent. Gill-openings of moderate
width. Eyes very small, more or less hidden. Teeth in a band,
the anterior ones being.very strong. One long dorsal fin, the five
anterior rays being simple, and separated from the soft portion by
an interspace ; a sixth simple ray between the anterior ones and
the soft portion ; dorsal and anal more or less continuous with the
caudal. Ventral fins united. I3ranchiostegals four. Air-bladder
absent, or very small ; gills four ; pseudobranchia^ none.

A tropical genus, confined to the coasts, estuaries, and fresh waters
of the East Indies, extending northwards to China and Jajxm ; one
species from the west coast of South America.

1. Amblyopus cseculns.

PGobius anguillaris, L. St/st. i. p. 450; £1. Schn. p. 71.

PCepola coecula, Bl. Schn. p. 241. tab. 54.

Amblyopus coeculus, Ciu\ ^ Val. xii. p. 165.

hermanniauus, Cantor, Catul. p. 190 (not Cuv. ^- Val.).

The length of the head is one-eighth of the total, or four-sevenths
of the distance between the root of the ventral and the vent. Pec-
toral short ; dorsal and anal fins scarcely united with the caudal,
and enveloped in a thick skin. The lower jaw with small barbels.
Body naked.

Estuaries and fresh waters of Bengal and China.

a. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. —

Type of Dr. Cantor's description.

b. Half- grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

c. d-f. Adult and half-grown. China.

g. Adult. Canton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h, i. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

* 1. Amblyopus roseus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 1G4. — Bombay.

2. eruptionis, Bleek. VerTiand. Batav. Gmoofsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob.

p. 38. — East Java ; ^Vjnboyna.

3. laccpedii, Schlcg. Faun. Jwpon. Poiss. p. 14G. pi. 73. fig. 2. — Japan.

4. rugosus, Richards. Ichfh. China, \). 207. — Cliina. Typical speci-
mens in tlie Cambridge Museum.

134 (iOBIID^-

2. Amblyopus gracilis.

Amblyopus gracilis, Ciiv. 8f Val. xii. p. 106.

gracilis, Sleeker, Verhand. Batai\ Genootsch. xxii., Blcnn. en Gob.

p. 38.

D. -A. A. 47-49.

47-49

The length of the head is contained ten times and a half or eleven
times and a half in the total length, or four-sevenths of the distance
between the root of the ventral and the vent. Pectoral veiy short ;
dorsal and anal fins more or less continuous with the caudal, and
enveloped in thick skin ; caudal rather short. The lower jaw with
small barbels. Body naked.

Coast of Pondicherry. Estuaries of Surabaya.

a. East Indies. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
6, c. From the Haslar Collection.

3. Amblyopus bracbygaster.

The length of the head is one-ninth of the total (without caudal
fin), and only a little less than the distance between the base of the
ventral and the vent. Body subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed
posteriorly, not very elongate, its greatest depth being one-fourteenth
of the total length (the caudal fin included). Teeth strong (about
sixteen in the upper jaw and six in the lower) ; skin of the chin
folded, and with short barbels. Eyes invisible. The vertical fins
are enveloped in thick skin ; the dorsal and anal are separated from
the caudal by a deep notch ; caudal rhomboid, of moderate length ;
pectoral short, not quite half the length of the ventral.

East Indies.

a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

6, c. Adult. East Indies. Presented by G. K. "Waterhouse, Esq.

inches, lines.

Total length 14 0

Height of the body 1 0

Length of the head 1 5

Distance between the base of the ventral

and the vent 1 7

Length of the caudal fin 1 1

Total length of the smallest specimen .... 6 0

The anterior series of strong teeth is separated from the band of villi-
form teeth by a narrow interspace covered by the mucous membrane.
The pharyngeal bones are provided with teeth so minute, that they
may be felt rather than seen ; the upper phaiyngeals are obtusely
ovate ; the two lower ones are separate from each other, and form
together a triangle. The setiform lamellae on the concave side of the
branchial arches are very short, and not toothed. There are four
gills ; a slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchiae none.

16. AMBLTOPUS. 135

4. Amblyopus hermannianus.

?? Taenioides hermannianus, Lac^. ii. p. 533. pi. 14. fig. 1.
PPCepola hermanniana, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 191.
Gobioides rubicundus, Buck. Ha7n,m. 37, 365. pi. 5. fig. 9.
Amblyopus hermannianus, Cui\ t^ Kal, xii. p. 159. pi. 350; Blcvker,
Verhand. Batav. Gcnootsch. xxv., Betigal en Hindost. p. 103.

maj'enna, Ciiv. Hf Val. xii. p. 163.

anguillaris, Richards. Ichthyol. China, p. 207.

Taenioides ccecula, Ckiv. Reane Anini III. Poiss. pi. 80. fig. 4.

D.3-^„. A. 36-38. Vert. 11/17.

The length of tho head is contained five times and a half to seven
times and a half in the total length (without caudal fin), or threo-
or four-fiftks of the distance between the root of tho ventral and
the vent. Pectoral of moderate length; caudal pointed ; dorsal and
anal fins continuous with the caudal, and not enveloped in thick
skin. Barbels none. Body with rudimentary scales, imbedded in
minute cryptae of the skin.

Brackish waters of Bengal, Hindostan, and China,

a. Adult. Ganges. From Mr. M'CleUand's Collection.

h. Half-grown. China. From the Collection of the East India

Company.
c, d, e. East Indies.

5. Ambiyopns taenia.
D.A A. 33.

Body elongate, compressed, naked, with rudiments of scales pos-
teriorly ; it is anteriorly higher than broad, its greatest depth being
one-fifteenth of the total length (without caudal). Head elongate,
subquadrangular ; it is contained eight and a htdf times in the total
length, without caudal, and twice in the distance between vent and
base of the ventral fin. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, with
eight long, widely -set teeth in each of the jaws ; eyes inconspicuous ;
barbels none. The vertical fins arc slightly contiguous with one
another, and not enveloped in a thick membrane. Caudal fin elon-
gate, pointed, its length being four times and two-fifths in the total.
Pectoral of moderate length, two-thirds of the length of tho head,
shorter than the ventral. Greenish-olive (in spirits) ; caudal
blackish.

East Indies.

a. East Indies. From the Collection of the East India Comijany.

inches, lines.

Total length 11 0

Length of the head 1 0

Height of the body 0 7

Length of the caudal fin 2 6

Distance between the base of the ventral

and the vent 2 0

136 GOBILD-^.

6. Amblyopus urolepis.
Sleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 581,

D.l. A. 34.

The length of the head is one-seventh of the total, the height of
the body one-ninth ; body anteriorly scarcely higher than broad.
Pectoral short ; dorsal and anal fins not enveloped in skin. Tail
posteriorly with conspicuous scales. Greenish.

Rivers of Palembang (Sumatra).

7. Amblyopus brachysoma.

Sleeker, Sumatra, iii, p. 510.

D.|. A, 28.

The length of the head is contained six times and a half in the
total, that of the pectoral nine times and one-third ; dorsal and anal
fins not enveloped in skin. Body with small scattered scales, be-
coming larger posteriorly. Rose-coloured.

Priaman.

8. Amblyopus broussonetii.

Gobioides broussonetii, LacSp. ii. p. 280; Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p, 139,

pi, 348 (bad) ; Cuv. mgne Anim. Ill Poiss. pi. 80. fig, 3,
Gobius oblongus, £1. Schn, p. 548,

T) ^ A '
^' IS- ^- II-

The height of the body is one-eleventh of the total length ; dorsal
fin not elevated ; caudal lanceolate. Brownish, with darker spots.
Coasts of Peru and Guayaquil.

a-b. Adult. Guayaquil.

c. Adult: skin. From Gronow's Collection.

In consequence of the bad state of preservation of the single spe-
cimen in the Paris Museum, Valenciennes has not recognized the
close affinity of this species with those from the East Indies ; and the
description given by the French naturalist, and still more the figure,
are incorrect in several respects. The dentition does not differ from
that of the Indian species, the teeth of the outer series being rather
smaller and more numerous. The eye, so distinctly represented by
Valenciennes, is small and indistinct. The situation of the six dorsal
spines is exactly the same as in the East Indian species, the sixth
being placed at some distance from the fifth and from the first ray
belonging to the soft portion. The vertical fins are contiguous, and
the dorsal and anal are separated from the caudal only by a slight
notch,

I have preserved the name of Amhlyopus for the whole genus
because it is generally used, and also because such names as Gohioides,
Tfenioides, &c., should always be avoided.

17. TEYPAUCHEN. 137

Third Group. TRYPAUCHENINA.

The two dorsal fins united into one. Vertebrae 10/24.

17. TEYPATJCHEN.

Trypauchen, Cuv. Sc Val. xii. p. 152,

Body elongate, covered with minute scales ; head rather com-
pressed. A deep cavity above the operculum, not communicating vnih.
the branchidl cavity. Teeth in a band, without canines. One dox-sal,
the spinous portion composed of six spines ; dorsal and anal con-
tinuous with the caudal. Ventral fins united.

East Indian Seas.

1. Trypauchen vagina,

Gobius vagina, Bl. Sclm. p. 7.3.

Gobioides ruber. Buck. Ham. pp. 38, 365.

Trypauchen vagina, Cue. Sf Val xii. p. 153. pi. 351 ; Richards. Ichth.

Chin. p. 206 ; Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn, en

Gob. pp. 5, 37 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 190.

B. 4. D. -^. A. 40-46. Vert. 10/24.

41—49

Reddish (during life) ; brownish (in spirits).
East Indian Seas.

a-c. Adult and half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

d, e. Half-grown. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

/. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

</. Half- grown. Coram. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer.

h-i, k-m. Adult and half-grown. Amoy. Purchased.

n-o,p. Adult. China.

q-u, v-x, y-z, a, /3. Half-grovm and young. East Indies.

2. Trypauchen microcephalus.
Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 62.
D. I-. A. -!-. L. lat. 65.

50 44

The length of the head is contained eight times and a half in the
total ; skin of the head with cells, giving it a reticulated appearance.
The ventral disk is deeply notched posteriorly, each half having
only four soft rays. Uniform rose-coloured. (JBl.)

Fresh waters of Sungi-duri (Borneo).

18. TRYPAUCHENICHTHYS.

Trypauchenichthys, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii.
p. 63.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with cycloid scales. A band
of small teeth in each jaw. Eyes very small, scarcely visible ; a deep
bhnd cavity above the operculum. One dorsal tin, with six feeble

138 GOBIID.E.

spines ; vertical fins contiguous. Ventral fins entirely disconnected,
with only four soft rays. Branchiostegals four,
Kivers of Borneo.

1. Trypauchenichthys typus.

Sleeker, I. c.

D-tAo- ^-ih^- L.lat. 50-56.

50-59 49-51

Ventral fin with the spine broad, and with the two inner raj's ru-
dimentary, situated a little before the pectoral. Kose-coloured. (Bl.)
Sungi-duri.

Fourth Group. CALLTONYMINA.

Ventral fins widely apart from each other. Vertebrae 11/16-8/13.

19. PLATYPTERA.

Platyptera, {Kuhl 8f v. Hass.) Cuv. iff Val. xii. p. 320.

Head rather depressed and broad ; body and tail subcylindrical, co-
vered with ciliated scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth narrow,
with the upper jaw protractile. Eyes of moderate size. Teeth very
small, palate smooth. Prasoperculum not armed. Two dorsal fins,
the anterior with seven flexible spines ; pectorals large ; ventrals
widely apart from each other. Gill-openings of moderate width ;
branchiostegals six ; gills four ; pseudobranchiae ; air-bladder none.

Fresh waters of Bantam and Celebes. Wanderer Bay.

1. Platyptera aspro.

Platyptera aspro, (v. Hass.') Cuv. Hf Val. xii. p. 321. pi. 360 ; Bleek.

Celeb, viii. p. 310.
Platypterus flavescens, Valenc. in Cuv. Regne Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 83.

fig. 1.

B. 6. D. 7||. A.|. V. 1/5. L. lat. 35. Vert. 11/16.

Brownish : dorsal fins with two or three series of blackish spots.

a. Adult. Wanderer Bay (fresh water). From the Museum of
Economic Geology.

20. CALLIONYMUS*.

Callionymus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 433.

Callionymus et Sj-nchiropus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,
p. 125.

Head and anterior part of the body depressed, the rest subcylin-
drical, naked. Head triangular, with the cleft of the mouth narrow,

* 1. Callionymus reticulatus, Ciiv.Sf Val. xii. p. 284. — Mediterranean.

2. fasciatus, Cuv. 4f Val. xii. p. 285 ; Guerin, Iconogr. Bt-gne Anim.

Poiss. pi. 40. fig. 2. — Mediterranean. 3.

20. CAILIONYMUS. 139

horizontal, and with the upper jaw very protractile. Eyes of mo-
derate size, more or less directed upwards. Teeth very small, palate
smooth. A strong spine at the angle of the praeopercidum. Two
dorsal fins, the anterior with three or four flexible spines ; ventrals
five-rayed, widely apart from each other. GiU-openings very nar-
row, generally reduced to a foramen on the upper side of the oper^
culum ; branchiostegals six ; air-bladder none ; pseudobranchiae,
a sUt behind the fourth gill.

Sea-fishes living on the bottom near the shore. Temperate seas of
the Old World ; Indian Ocean, from the coast of Mozambique to the
Islands of the Western Pacific.

These fishes exhibit sexual differences in the structure of the fins
and in the coloration.

The species may be divided into the following groups : —

a. GiU-opening a very small foramen on the upper surface of the
head. Lateral line single (p. 139).

(3. GiU-opening a very small foramen on the upper sm*face of the
head. Lateral line double (p. 149).

y. Gill-opening somewhat dilated, rather more on the side of the
head. No detached ventral ray. {Synchiropus, GiU.) (p. 149).

a. Species with a very small gill-opening on the upper surface of the
head. Lateral line single.

1. CaUionymus lyra.

The Dragonet. Fox. Skulpin.

Petiver, Gazophyl. tab. 22. fig. 2; Seha, iii. 30. 7 ; Strom, Sondm. i.

p. 278 ; Boriase, Hist. Curnw. p. 270. tab. 26. fig. 10 ; Duhamel,

Feches, ii. sect. 5. p. 116. pi. 10.
Cottus, sp., Gronov. Act. Upsal. 1740, p. 121. tab. 8.
CallionjTnus Ivra, L, Syst. Nat. i. p. 43.3, and Faun. Suec. p. 110; Bl.

ii. p. 71. tat!, 161 ; Bl. Schn. p. 39 ; Lacep. ii. p. 329. pi. 10. fig. 1 ;

Donov. Brit. Fishes, \. pi. 9 ; Retz. Faun. p. 313 ; Midi. Zool. Van.

p. 21. pi. 28; Couch, Trans. Linn. Sac. xiv. p. 71 ; Turt. Brit. Faun.

p. 88 ; Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 208 ; Fries, Vet. Acad. Handl. 1837,

p^ 39; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk.ja. 95. tab. 22 & 23; Parn.

!97, 3r& edit. ii. p.
cop. Fries och Ekstr.) ; Neill, Wem. 3Iem. i. p. 529 ; Ouv. Peytie
Anim. PI. Poiss. pi. 82. fig. 1 ; Nilss. Skatid. Fauna, Fisk. p. 212 ;
Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 78.
Callionvmus dracunculus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 433 ; Strom, Norske Selsk.
Nye Handl i. p. 149 ; Bl. ii. p. 84. taf. 162. fig^ 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 40 ;
Lac^p. ii. p. 335 ; Petz. Faun. p. 313 : Zool. Dan. i. p. 434 ; Turt
Brit. Faun. p. 89 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. t. 84 ; Johnst. Zool. Journ.
iii. p. 336 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xii. p. 274 ; Yarn Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit.

3. Cailionymus orientalis. Bl. Schn. p. 41. tab. 6 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 297. —
Tranquebar.

4. melanotopterns, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Ncderl. Ind. 1850, p. 31.

— Batavia.

Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 88 ; Cuv. Sf fal. xii, p. 266 ; Yarr. Brit.
Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 261, 2nd edit. i. p. 297, 3rd edit. ii. p. 310 (fig.

140 GOBIIDyE.

i. p. 302, 3rd edit. ii. p. 815; Parn. Fishes Fnth of Forth, p. 90;

Guichen. Exphr. Aly&r. Poiss. p. 79.
Corystion, sp., Klein, Pise. 3fiss. iv. p. 47. no. 10.
Uranoscopus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. nos. 204, 205, 206, and Mus. Ichth.

i. p. 21. no. 63.
Genimeoiis Dragonet, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 145. pi. 27, and edit.

1812, iii. p. 221. pi. 31.
Sordid Dragonet, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 224. pi. 32.
Uranoscopus lyra, U. dracunculus, U. micropterygius (male, female

and young male), Gronov. Stjst. ed. Gray, pp. 42, 43.

B. 6. D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 10. Vert. 8/13.

Praeopercular spine much shorter than the eye, flat, terminating
in three triangular processes, two of which are directed upwards ;
a fourth very small one at the base of the spine, pointing forwards.
A brown transverse spot below the last two dorsal rays.

Adult male. — The first dorsal spine exceedingly elongate ; anal
papilla prominent ; snout elongate. Yellowish, beautifully spotted
and banded with lilac ; the anterior doisal with several lilac spots,
the posterior with four lilac bands. (C It/rd, auct. exc. Neill, Fries,
at Nilss.)

Immature male. — The first dorsal spine more or less produced into
a filament ; anal papilla slightly prominent ; snout moderately ^on-
gate. Yellowish, with brownish, sometimes bluish spots ; the an-
terior dorsal anteriorly yellowish, posteriorly blackish, sometimes
spotted ; the posterior with an indistinct brownish longitudinal band.
(C. dracunciilus, part., auct.)

Female and young 7nale. — The first dorsal spine not or scarcely pro-
longed ; anal papilla very small, hidden ; snout not elongate. Yellow-
ish, with brownish spots ; the anterior dorsal anteriorly yellowish,
black posteriorly ; the posterior with an indistinct brownish longitu-
dinal band. (C^. dracunculus, part., auct. exc. Neill, Fries, et Nilss.)

German Ocean. Atlantic coasts of Europe. Mediterranean. (He
de France ?)

After the doubt that C. lyra and C. dracunculus are but males
and females of the same species had been raised by Gmelin and
Valenciennes, the proof of this being really the case has been given
by Neill and Fries ; and it is surprising that they arc still re-
presented as two different species in the most recent ichthyological
accounts. Yarrell himself did not examine the internal parts of
the species in question, but was chiefly guided in his opinion by an
observation made by the celebrated Dr. G. Johnston of Berwick,
who recorded, in the third volume of the ' Zoological Journal,' p. 336,
that he had found a Sordid Dragonet (C. dracunculus) with a milt,
or soft roe. By the examination of only a few specimens, this ob-
servation will be found to be correct; but the conclusion drawn
from it, that such a male specimen of the Sordid Dragonet is speci-
fically different from the Gemmeoiis Dragonet, is utterly false.
What has been called the Sordid Dragonet comprises, namely, not only
the females of the species, but also the immature males, which, in
the form of the head and of the fins, and in coloration, resemble the

20. CALLIOXYMUS. 141

females, exactly as is the case in Gallinaceous birds. The proof of
this is easily established : —

1. There has never been found a female or a young specimen
among the indi\dduals called C. lyra, L., or Gemmeous Dragonet,

2. A gradual development in the prolongation of the dorsal fin, of
the snout, and of the anal papilla, and a gradual change in the
colours are observed in the male individuals, and are always found in
accordance with the size, that is, with the age, of the individual,

3. All the females observed belong to the form which is called
C. dracunculus, L., or the Sordid Dragonet.

A difference in the habits of the Gemmeous and the Sordid
Dragonet, observed by Mr. Couch, has also been brought forward as
a proof of their specific distinctness : — " The Yellow Skulpin (Gem-
meous D.) prefers deeper water, whereas the other will often ap-
proach the margin of the tide." Such a difference in habit is to
be observed in almost all fishes, larger individuaLs not being found
in localities where smaller ones abound ; young fishes, besides, are
generally more active in their habits than old ones.

Callioni/miis lyra offers another instance of the great variation to
which many species of fishes are subjected by age or sex. In some
of them, as in the present species, one or sevei'al organs assume
greater proportions Avith age, in othex's the same organs appear much
more developed in youth (Xiphias gladius, Stromateus, Platax). In
some species this change is confined to one of the sexes only, whilst
in others it affects both.

The following specimens are in- the British Museum Collection : —

a. Adult male. England.

h-d. Adult female and half-grown. Mouth of the Thames, Mus.

Leach.
e,f-g. Half-grown males. Brighton,
h-i. Adult males, Falmouth,
k. Adult male. Pl;yTnouth, Mus, Leach.

I. Adult male : skin. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m. Adult male. Hythe. Presented by H. B. Mackcson, Esq.
n. Adult male, Sandgate, Presented by the Bev, G, Smith.
o-p. Half-grown males : skins. Biver Tawar, From Mr. Yarrell's

Collection.
q-r. Adult males, Lisbon, Presented by the Bev. B._T. Lowe.
s. Half-grown male, Adriatic. Purchased of Mr, Frank.
t. Half-grown male. He de France. Mus. Leach.
u. Adult female. He de France. Mus. Leach.
V, w, ic-y. AdvM males.
2-y, Adult males : skins,

d. Adult female : skin. From Mr, Yarrell's Collection.
€. Adult female. From the Haslar Collection,
^. Half-grown male.
T). Adult male : skin.

0, Half-grown male : skin. \ From Gronow's Collection,
i. Adult female : skin.

142 GOBIID^.

K. Adult male : skeleton : not good state. Purchased.

X. Adult male : skeleton. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

Skeleton. — The skeleton of CaUiomjmus resembles that of the
typical Gohiina with regard to the form of the cranium and the
thin osseous layers of the single bones, but shows several very re-
markable peculiarities : —

1, in the structure of the facial bones ;

2, in the arrangement of the opercular bones ;
3; in the structure of the humeral arch ;

4, in the three joints between occipital and first vertebra, situated
on the same horizontal line ;

5, in the small number of vertebrae.

The great protractility of the jaws is effected by the extreme pro-
longation of the processes of the intermaxillary bones ; they are
much longer than the body of the bones, moving in a broad shallow
gro(\ve formed by the ethmoid, nasal and prsefrontal bones, and ex-
tending backwards in a cavity of the interorbital space. They are
slightly curved, so that when the upper jaw is protracted, it assumes
a downward direction. The maxillary is shorter than the inter-
maxillary and scarcely dilated ; its extremity is received in a shallow
groove formed by a vertical ridge of the posterior portion of the
mandibula. The mandibles are long, slender, the symphysial angle
being rather acute. The praeorbital is thin, very long, extending
nearly to the end of the snout ; infraorbital bones none. The an-
terior part of the vomer projects into the mouth, and its body is
rather broad and flat, tapering posteriorly. The pterygoid bones are
very narrow, the pretympanic and mesotympanic very small, leaving
a very wide and free space below the large orbit. The hypotym-
panic is elongate, and has a very strong longitudinal crest ; it is as
long as the praeoperculum ; the latter has no ascending, only a hori-
zontal, limb, the former part being entirely replaced by the epitym-
panic ; immediately behind the epitympanic there is the narrow
operculum, which is much smaller than the suboperculum. The sub-
operculum is similar in form to an operculum, and occupies the space
in which, in other fishes, the latter bone is usually found ; it is very
thin, striated, and has the margin fringed. The interoperculum is
continuous with the suboperculum, forming a narrow, thin, elongate
lamella.

The hypotympanic and the praeoperculum are provided with a
bony keel or crest, which extends from the joint of the mandible to
the base of the praeopercular spine ; another bony keel runs down-
wards from the joint of the epitympanic to the same spot, meeting
the first keel at an acute angle. It is evident that these two keels
serve to support the praeopercular spine : this would have been far
less the case if they had met at a right angle ; but in the direction
in which they are placed, they answer fully the same purpose as
that peculiar process which is found on the cheek of the true Cottoids.
Branchiostegals filiform.

The crown of llie head is rather flat, about twice as broad as long.

20. CALLIONYMT78. 143

each parietal having a slight porous protuberance on the centre ; the
frontal bones form a very narrow bridge between the orbits, and
converge anteriorly to receive the processes of the intennaxillary.
A short and flat process on the occiput indicates the occipital crest.
The first vertebra is joined to the occiput by three ooncave grooves,
which are situated on the same level, whilst the lateral ones stand
above the central groove in the other Gobioid fishes.

The suprascapula is narrow, styliform, and directed outwards,
having quite a horizontal situation. In consequence of the depressed
and broad form of the trunk, the humerus is low, strongly bent in-
wards to meet its fellow, its lower horizontal portion being much
longer than the vertical. There are two processes arising from its
vertical portion ; they are horizontally directed backwards : the upper
serves for the attachment of the ulna, whilst the lower is shorter,
terminating in a free point, covering and supporting the pectoral
muscles. The radius is fixed to the humerus, inside of the latter pro-
cess. The longitudinal axes of the pubic bones are directed outwards
from within, and not from before towards behind, s in other fishes ;
the axes of both are in nearly the same transverse line : three pro-
cesses arise from the base of each of the bones, two of which are
flat and fixed to the humerus, whilst the third is tubiform and meets
its fellow of the other side.

There are eight abdominal and thirteen caudal vertebrse ; they
become gradually flatter and longer posteriorly, and the last is as
long as the first two together. The length of the abdominal portion
of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 2-5. The
neural spines of the first three vertebrae are extremely short, whilst
the first intemeural, which is situated above the second and third
vertebrae, is broad and lameUiform. The fourth and fifth vertebrae have
broad triangular neurals ; the lateral parts of the neural of the sixth
are very large and divergent, like those of the haemal of the eighth.
The neurals of the caudal vertebrae are depressed and very short,
with the lateral portions divergent. The intemeurals of the soft
dorsal fin are nearly entirely reduced to a small horizontal bone,
which is joined to the preceding and following ; a very feeble process
descends from each horizontal portion towards the neurals ; the
haemal and interhaeraal spines are. similar to the neurals and inter-
neurals. The last vertebra is as long as the preceding one, its pos-
terior portion being produced into a flat lamella, to which the
caudal rays are joined. Ribs feeble, without epipleurals.

lines.

Length of the abdominal portion 20

of the caudal portion 45

of the first vertebra 2|

of the second vertebra 2

of the fourth vertebra 2|

of the eighth vertebra 3

of the thirteenth vertebra 3|

of the twenty-first vertebra 4|

144 fiOBIID^E.

2, Callionymus maculatus.

Dracunculus, Rondel, x. cap. 12. p. 304; Aldror. ii. cap. 51. p. 262;

Willughby, p. 13G. tab. H. 6. fi^. 3 ; Ray, p. 79.
Qottus, sp. 5, Arfcdi, Genera, p. 49, and 8p. 4. Synon. p. 77.
Callionymue maculatus, (Rajln.) Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, fig. 2 male,

fig. 3 fem. ; Schagerstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1833, p. 133 ; Fries, ibid.

1837, p. 48; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 102. pi. 24; Nilss.

Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 216.

lyra, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 11.3, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 262.

dracimculu.s, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 17 ; Nardo, Prodr. Adr,

Ichth. sp. 46.
cithara, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 280.

D. 4 I 9. A. 8-9. C. 10.

Praeopercular spine much shorter than the eye, tapering behind
and terminating in three small processes, two of which are directed
upwards ; a fourth small one at the base of the spine, pointing for-
wards. Pearl-coloured spots on the side of the body.

Adxdt male. — Dorsal fins very elevated, with dark ocelli between
the rays.

Female. — Dorsal fins not elevated, with dark dots.

Mediterranean. Occasionally on the coast of Scandinavia.

Or-b. Adult males. Adriatic.

c. Adult males. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.

d. Female. South Europe. Presented by R. B. Webb, Esq.

3, Callionymus festivus.

Dracunculus, Rondel, i. lib. x. cap. 12. p. 304 ; Aldrov. ii. cap. 51.

p. 262; Jonst. Pise. i. p. 61. tab. 21. fig. 4; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 50;

Willughby, Ichthyol. iv. cap. 25. p. 136. tab. H. 6. fig. 3 ; Ray, Syn.

p. 79.
Cottus, sp., Artedi, Syn. p. 77. no. 4, and Genera, p. 49. no. 5.
Callionymus dracunculus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 104 ; Bonap. Faun.

Ital. Pesc. c. fig. male and female (not auct.).
festivus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. iii. p. 14G; Fichiv. Zool. Si)ec. iii.

p. 78; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 443. pi. 13. figs. 1-3 j

(not Bonap.).
pusillus, De la Roche, Ann. Mm. xiii, p. 330. pi. 25. fig. 16 ;

Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 264 (fem.).

admirabilis, Risso, I. c. pi. 6. fig. 11.

lacerta, Cuv. Regne A7mn. ; Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 286 ; Guichen.

Explor, Alger. Poiss. p. 79.

D. 4 I 7. A. 9. C. 10.

The praeopercular spine is tricuspid ; the anterior dorsal not ele-
vated.

Male. — Posterior dorsal veiy elevated, caudal much produced ; a
series of silvery vertical stripes, darker-edged, along the side of the
body.

Female. — None of the fins produced ; silvery dots on the sides,
edged with darker ; anal with the margin black.

Mediterranean.

20. CALLIONTMUS. 14r>

4. Callionymus belenus.

Belennus, Rondel. Pise. i. lib. vii. cap. 9. p. 214 ; Gcsncr, Aquat. ix.

p. 125.
Callionymus belenus, Risso,Eur. Merid. iii. p.2G3; Bonap. Faun.ItuL

Pesc. c. fig. male and fern. ; Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 294.
elegans, Lesueur, Nouv, Bull, Sc. Soc. Plulom. 1814, p. . pi. 1,

fig. \7. ^
ris.soi, Lesueur, Nouv. Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom, p. 70. tab, 16 ; Cur.

8f Val. xii. p. 293.

lyi'a, Nardo, Prodr. Adr. IchtJi. sp. 45.

sueurii, Cue. ^- Val. xii. p. 291.

D. 3 I 8. A. 8. C. 10.

The spine of the praeoperculum is slender, tricuspid ; the anterior
dorsal small, much lower than the posterior. Greenish ; anterior
dorsal black superiorly.

Male with the last doi^sal ray produced.

Mediterranean.

5. Callion3nnus curviconlis

Callionymus cui-vicornis, Cue. i^- Val. xii. p. 298.

japonicus, Cuv. 4" Val. xii. p. 299 (not Houtt.).

valenciennesii, ScJdeg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 153. pi. 78. fig. 3 ;

Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Japan, p. 45.
? Callionymus reevesii, fem., Richards. Voij. Sulph. Pishes, p. GO. pi. 30.

fig. 4, and Ichthyol. Chin. p. 210.
Callionymus punctatus, (Lanffsd.) Richards. Ichthyol. Cliin. p. 210.
? Callionymus richardsonii, Bleek. Japan, p. 414, and Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch. xxvi., Japan, p. 111.

D. 4 I 9. A. 8-9. C. 11.

Pra3opercular spine nearly as long as the orbit, cylindrical, curved
upwards, terminating in four hook-like processes, one of which is
directed backwards ; a fifth at the base of the spine, pointing for-
wards. Head of moderate size, its length being contained three
times and a fourth in the total (without caudal).

Adult male. — Dorsal fins elevated, the anterior with blackish spots;
caudal elongate.

Female. — Dorsal fins not elevated, the anterior dorsal with a large
black, white-edged spot posteriorly ; caudal of moderate Icngtli.

Bourbon. Coasts of China and Japan.

a-e, f-g, h. Adult and half-grown. China.
i-l. Adult : dried. From Chinese insect-boxes.
m. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection.

6. Callionymus huguenii.

Sleeker, Act, Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. v., Japan, v. p. 7. tab. 2, fig. 1.

D. 4 I 10. A. 10. C. 12.

Praeopercular spine not longer than the eye, terminating in three
large curved processes ; a fourth at the base of the spine, pointing
VOL, ni. L

146 GOBlIDiE.

forwards. The length of the head is contained three times and one-
third in the total (the caudal fin not included). The first dorsal fin
with filiform spines, the first being the longest ; the soft dorsal not
much higher than the body ; caudal fin pointed, as long as the head.
Greenish, clouded with darker and dotted with white ; head with blue
ocelli ; the anterior dorsal immaculate, the posterior with brownish
dots ; anal with a blackish margin ; caudal rays with brown spots
disposed in five or six transverse series.
Sea of Nagasaki.

Described by Dr. v. Bleeker from a single specimen, which appears
to be a male.

7. Callionymus lunatus.

Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 155. pi. 78. fig. 4.
D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 10.

Praeopercular spine ? The first dorsal spine produced into a long
filament ; a crescent-shaped black spot on the margin of the mem-
brane behind the fourth dorsal spine. (Schleg.)

Japan.

8. CallionyTnus hindsii.
Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 64. pi. 37. figs. 3, 4.

D. 3 I 9. A. 9. C. 12.

Praeopercular spine short, half as long as the eye, terminating in
three small hook-like processes, two of which are directed up-
wards ; a fourth at the base of the spine. Head very depressed.
Thfi anterior dorsal fin is elevated, with alternate milk-white and
black cross-bars.

Pacific.

a-h. c, d. Three to four inches long : bad state. Pacific. Pre-
sented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B. — Tj^s of the species.

9. CaUionymus sagitta.

Callionymus sagitta, Pall. Spidleg. viii. p. 29. tab. 4. figs. 4, 5; Cuv.

df Val. xii. p. 301 ; Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. 1850,

p. 31.
serrato-spinosus, Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool. (fem.).

D. 4 I 9-10. A. 9. C. 11.

Praeopercular spine stout, depressed, nearly as long as the diameter
of the eye, with four hook-like teeth, directed inwards ; a fifth at
the base of the spine, pointing forwards. Head large, very depressed,
its length being contained twice and two-thirds in the total (without
caudal fin). The anterior dorsal fin short and low. Brownish, with
numerous darker oceUi ; anterior dorsal blackish.

Bourbon. East Indies.

a. Half-grown. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h-d. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq., M.D.
e-g. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by G. R.Waterhouso, Esq.

20. CALUONYMUS. 147

10. Callionymus phaeton.

? CallionjTnus sagitta, Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 105.

? morrissonii, Hisso, Eur. Mcrid. iii. p. 205. fig. 12.

Callion^Tiius festivus, Botiap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig. nrnle and fern. ;
(not Pall).

D. 4 I 9. A. 8. C. 10.

The spine of the praeoperculiun is bicuspid. Reddish, variegated
with green.

Male. — The last dorsal ra)' and the two middle caudal rays pro-
duced into filaments.

Female. — None of the rays produced. (Bonap.)

Mediterranean.

11. Caffionymiis altivelis.

Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 155. pi. 79. fig. 1.
D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 10.
Foramen branchiale on the upper side of the neck*. Pineoper-
cular spine bifurcate. Dorsal fins elevated ; the origin of tlie
anterior is in the vertical from the gill-opening. Caudal long.
Uniform yellowish (in spirits).
Bay of Ohomura.

12. Callionymiis calauropomus.
Richards. Voy. Ereb. (^ Terr. Fishes, p. 10. pi. 7. figs, 4, 5.

D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 10.

Foramen branchiale on the upper side of the neck. Praeopercular
spine bifurcate. Dorsal fins not elevated ; the origin of the anterior
is in the vertical from the gill-opening. Caudal of moderate length.
Bronze-coloured (in spirits), clouded with darker ; anterior dorsal
blackish superiorly.

This is, perhaps, the female of C. altivelis.

North-west Austraha.

a. Type of the species. From the Haslar Collection.

13. Callionymus filamentosus.

Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 803. pi. .359; Bleek. Arnb. ^ Ccr. p. 278.
D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 14.
Prffiopercular spine straight, rather longer than the eye, serrated
superiorly, and with a process anteriorly, pointing forwards.

Male. — The first dorsal spine, the last ray of the dorsal and anal
fins, and the two middle caudal rays produced into long filaments ;
anal papilla weU developed.

Feinale. — None of the rays elongate ; anal papilla short.
Coasts of Celebes and Amboyna.

* Schlegel says that this species belongs to the division " a orifice branchial
recul6 en arriere et vers le bas ;" but by tlie figure quoted, and by tlie close afS-
nity of this species with the following, I am induced to believe tliat the gill-
cavity opens su[>eriorly. and not laterally.

148 GomiDiE.

14. Callionymus schaapii.
Bleeker, Banka, p. 455.

D. 4 I 10. A. ]0. C. 10.

The praeopcrcular spine is curved, and has six tooth-Hke processes,
and a seventh at its base.

Male. — Dorsal spines and the posterior dorsal rays elongate ;
caudal fin one-third of the length of the body. Olive, variegated
with brown ; doi'sal rays, posterior part of the base of the anal fin,
and anterior rays of the pectoral brown-dotted ; ventrals and anal
black-edged. {Bl.)

Female ?

Sea of Banka.

15. CaUionymus longecaudatus.

Callionymus japonicus, Hotitt. Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wet. Haarh xx.

p. 311 (not Vul).
longicaudatus, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poise, p. 151. pi. 78.

figs. 1 , 2, pi. 79. A. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc, Indo-Nederl. iii. , Japan,

p. 17 (Japanese variety).
reevesii, Richai-ds. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 60. pi. 36. figs. 1-3 (not

fig. 4), and Ichth. Chin. p. 2ll ; Bleek. Cfiram, iii, p. 244 (Chinese

variety) ; Bleek. Nalez. Ichth. Jap. p. 44.

variegatus, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 153 (fem.).

belcheri, Richards. Voy. Siilph. Fishes, p. 62. pi. 37. figs. 1 & 2.

D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 11.

Praeoperciilar spine straight, as long as the diameter of the eye,
finely serrated superiorly ; a strong spinous process at its base,
pointing forwards.

Male. — Spines of the anterior dorsal filiform, of moderate length.
Caudal exceedingly elongate, sometimes as long as the body : C.
longecavdatus, Schleg.

Female. — Spines of the anterior dorsal short ; caudal of moderate
length : C. variegatus, Schleg.

Coasts of China, Japan, Ceram, Amboyna, and Celebes.

a. Adult. China. From the Haslar CoUecnon.
h~i. Adult : dried. From Chinese insect-boxes.
Ic. Half-grown. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
I, m, n. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher,
C.B.

Some of the young specimens have the praeopcrcular spine a little
more coarsely denticulated and shgiitly bent outwards. These have
been called by Sir J. Richardson Callionymus helcJieri (Voy. Sulph.
Fishes, p. 62. pi. 37. figs. 1 & 2).

0. Four inches long : not good state. Pacific. Presented by Captain

Sir E. Belcher, C.B.— Tj-pe of C. belcheri.
p-q. Two to three inches long. China. Presented by Captain Sir

E. Belcher, C.B.
It appears, from the researches of Dr. Blceker, that specimens

20. CALLIONYMUS. 149

from China differ from those from Japan in having blackish spots
on the second dorsal and on the pectoral ; he retains the name of
C. reevesii for the former, and that of C. longecaudatiis for the
latter. As all the specimens in the British Museum are from
China, they should be named C. reevesii, although the spots have
nearly faded away in consequence of the long period of their pre-
servation.

16. Callionymus simplicicomis.

Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 303.

D. 4 I 8. A. 7.

Pra;opercular spine straight, very finely serrated. Brownish, with
small darker rings. (Val.)
Sea of Guam.

ft. A very small gill-opening dn the upper surface of the head.
Lateral line donhle.

17. CaUionymus goramensis.
Blecker, Goram, p. 214.

D. 4 I 9. A. 7. C. 10.

Two lateral lines on each side. Prajopercular spine with five or
six tooth-like processes, and Avith a seventh at its base. The first
dorsal spine and tho last ray of the dorsal and anal fins produced.
Fins dotted with blue ; anal with a brown longitudinal band ; the
lower half of the caudal Avith five or six transverse series of brown
spots. {Bl.)

Sea of Goram.

y. Oill-opening somewhat widened, rather more on the side of the
head. No detached ventral ray. (Synchiropus, Oill.)

18. Callionymus lineolatus.

Callionymus lineolatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 307.

lateralis, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 65. pi. 37. figs. 5 & 6,

D. 4 I 8. A. 7.

Foramen branchiale on tho side of the neck, covered by tho extre-
mity of the operculum, which is not produced. Praeopercular spine
straight, rather shorter than the eye, with two tooth-like processes
superiorly ; none at the base.

Male. — The anterior dorsal is elevated. Body brownish, marbled
with darker ; irregular pearl-coloured, dark-edged spots and lines
on the sides. The anterior dorsal blackish between the first and
second spines, the remainder of the fin with irregular pearl-coloured
spots and lines, edged with darker ; the posterior with five brown
bands, descending obliquely backwards, and with a few whitish dots
on the base ; caudal with two approximate broA\Ti cross-bars accom-

150 GoniiD.i:.

panied by whitish dots ; anal blackish, with three scries of violet
ocelli ; base of the pectoral and ventral white-spotted.

Female. — Anterior dorsal not elevated ; markings indistinct.

Bourbon. Pondicherry. Madras. (Pacific.)

a-h. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jcrdon, M.B.
c. Female. Pacific. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B. —
Type of C. lateralis.

19. Callionymus ocellatus.

Callionymus ocellatus, Pall. SpiciT. viii. p. 25. tab. 4. figs. 1-3 ; Walh.

Arte'di, p. 608; L. Gin. i. p. lo41 ; Bl. Schn. p. 40; Cuv. if Val. xii.

p. 308 ; Bleek. Amboina, vi. p. 422.
punctulatus, Lacep. ii. pp. 328, 340.

D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 10.

Gill-opening on the side of the neck, covered by the extremity of
the operculum, which is not produced. Prajopercular spine straight,
shorter than the eye, with two tooth-like processes superiorly ; none
at the base.

Male. — The anterior dorsal is elevated. Head and body with
numerous small blue ocelli ; the spinous dorsal rose-coloured, with
two curved brown, blue-edged cross-bands infcriorlj', and with four
brown spots superiorly, black in the centre and edged with blue ;
soft dorsal with two brown longitudinal streaks, edged with blue
and black. Caudal with a brown cross-bar on the base, and pos-
teriorly spotted with brown and dotted with blue. Anal brown, with
two blue longitudinal stripes.

Female ?

Western parts of the East Indian Archipelago.

20. Callionymus marraoratus.

Callionymus mamioratus, Peters in Wicr/m. Arch. 1855, p. 255.
perelegans, Bianc. Spec. Zool. Moss. p. 2G3, Pise. fig. 9.

B. 6. D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 13.

Foramen branchiale on the side of the neck, but above the root of
the pectoral. The operculum is not produced. Pracopercular spine
somewhat bent inwards and upwards, with two tooth-like processes
superiorly ; none at the base.

3Iale. — The anterior dorsal fin is elevated. Brownish, variegated
with darker and spotted with white ; a broad dark-brown cross-band
from the base of the first dorsal to that of the pectoral. Anterior
dorsal with numerous interrupted bluish transverse lines, the pos-
terior with series of small brown, white-edged spots ; pectoral and
caudal with transverse series.

Female. — The anterior dorsal fin is not elevated. Brownish-olive,
marbled with darker, reticulated with white ; lower part of the sides
with pearl-coloured dots and stripes. The anterior dorsal fin is
brown, with concentric, interrupted bluish lines ; the posterior

21. VULSTTS. 151

with six or seven dark-brown longitudinal lines, and with vcrmicu-
Jated white lines. A large semicircular brown spot on the base of
the pectoral fin ; anal white, with large bro'WTi spots ; caudal with
four or five cross-series of brown dots.
Mozambique.

a. Female. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

21. Callionymus opercularis.

Chv. 4- Val xii. p. 305.

B. 5. D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 11.

Foramen hranchiale on the side of the neck, covered by the ex-
tremity of the operculum, which is produced backwards. Pracoper-
cular spine straight, with about six tooth-like processes superiorly ;
none at the base. 'ITie diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the width
of the interorbital space. {Val.)

Mouth of the river Arian-Coupan.

a-c. Old Collection.

22. Callionymus opercularioides.
Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. NederL Ind. i. 1850, p. 32.
B. 6. D. 4 1 9. A. 9.

Foramen hranchiale on the side of the neck, covered by the ex-
tremity of the operculum, which is produced backwards. Praeoper-
cular spine straight, with four or five tooth -like processes superiorly ;
none at the base. The width of the interorbital space is one-half
the diameter of the eye. Blackish, with numerous black points ; the
anterior dorsal and ventral fins black ; the rays of the other fins
black-dotted. {Bl.)

Seas of Padang (West Sumatra) and of Batjan,

21. VULSUS.

Callionymus, sp., Cuv. ^ Val.

Dactylopus *, CHll in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 130.

Head and anterior part of the body not much depressed ; the rest
subcylindrical, naked. Cleft of the mouth narrow, horizontal, with
the iipper jaw protractile. Eyes of moderate size. Teeth very small,
palate smooth. A strong spine at the angle of the praeoperculum.
Two dorsal fins, the anterior with four flexible spines ; ventrals five-
rayed, widely apart from each other. The outer ventral ray is de-
tached from the fin. Gill-opening reduced to a small slit behind the
operculum ; four gills ; pseudobranchise ; six branchiostegaLs ; air-
bladder none.

Sea of Amboyna.

* Preoccupied.

152 GOBIlJDiE.

1. Vulsus dactylopus.

Callionymua dnciylopus, {Be7m.) Cuv. <^ Val. xii. p. .'510; Blcck. Am-

baina, ii. p. 550.
Dactylopus bennettii, Gill, I. c.

D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 10.

Praeopercular spine slightly curved upwards, as long as the orbit,
and denticulated superiorly and inferiorly. Dorsal spines produced
into long filaments. Brownish, marbled with darker, and with nu-
merous blue ocelli ; the anterior dorsal with a large black ocellus
between the third and fourth sjjines ; the posterior brownish, with
five or six interrupted brown longitudinal bands ; the upper half of
the caudal fin with five brown cross- bands, alternating with yellow
ones ; the lower half dotted with black, and with short blue, black-
edged lines.

Coasts of Amboyna and Celebes.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Col-

lection.

b. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Appendix.

LUCIOGOBIUS.

Luciogobius, Gill in Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 140,

Body elongate, naked ; head depressed, with the cleft of the mouth
nearly horizontal. Gill-openings small, vertical, in front of the base
of the pectorals. Eyes small. Teeth in a band, those of the outer
series being the strongest. One short dorsal fin, without distinct
spines, situated on the tail ; anal opposite the dorsal. Ventrals
small, united in a simple infundibuliform basin. Brancliiostegals
four.

Coast of Japan.
Gill, I. c.

1. Luciogobius guttatus.

D. 14. A. 13. V. 1/5.

The height of the body is one-twelfth or one-thirteenth of the
total length, the length of the head two -ninths. Eyes widely sepa-
rated ; the cleft of the mouth extends to below the eye. Brown,
dotted with black. (Oill.)

Coast of Japan.

It woiJd appear, from the description of the ventral fins of this
genus, that it will form the type of a separate family, intermediate
between the Gohiidce and Gobiesoces.

Bleeker refers to the Gobioids the following genus, which is marked
by such singular characters, that it will probably form the type of a

OXYMETOPON. 153

distinct family. It is distinguished from the Gobioidsby a consider-
ably wider gill-opening, and by the ventral fins, which have only
four soft rays. It would be rather hazardous, and of no advantage
to science, to found a separate family on it, as nothing whatever is
known of its internal structure, and as we have not had an oppor-
tunity of seeing the only specimen at present known to exist in
Collections.

OXYMETOPON.

Bleeker, Timor, vi. p. 12.

15ody elongate, strongly compressed ; head compressed into a keel
superiorly. Canine teeth ; palate smooth ; none of the bones of the
head armed. The inferior pharyngeal bones are armed with villiform
teeth, not united, but forming a triangle together. Scales ctenoid,
lateral line none Two dorsal fins, which are contiguous at the base :
the first is short, and composed of flexible spines ; the second is elon-
gate, like the anal. Ventral fins inserted behind the base of the
pectoral, composed of one spine and foui' soft rays. Branchiostegals
five. GiU-opcning \vide. An anal appendage.

Sea of Timor.

1. Oxymetopon typus.
Bleeker, I. c. p. 13.

D. 6|Jj. A.^. C. 30. P. 20-21. V. 1/4. L. lat. 105.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length ; its width is one-fourth of its depth. The length of
the head is nearly one-tenth of the total (the caudal fin not included).
The upper part of the head is compressed into a fleshy, scaly crest ;
its upper profile is very convex, concave before the eyes. The dia-
meter of the eye is contained thrice and a foiirth in the length of the
eye, and is equal to the width of the interorbital space. Snout very
short ; cleft of the mouth ery oblique ; maxillaiy extending to
below the anterior half of the eye ; lower jaw prominent. The
teeth of both jaws stand in several series, the outer of which con-
tains larger ones. The upper jaw anteriorly with four canine teeth
standing A\dthout the series ; the lower jaw with four canines on and
near the symphysis. The scales on the posterior part of the tail are
larger than the anterior ones. Caudal fin elongate, pointed, its length
being thrice and a third in the total length. Rose-coloured, with
two oblique blue streaks on the cheek ; dorsal fins with three or four
blue longitudinal lines ; anal fiji violet ; caudal with small bluish
ocelli. (Bl.)

Sea of Timor.

154 niscoBOLi.

Fam. 20. DISCOBOLI.

Discoboli, pt., Cuv. RhgneAnim. ; Miiller, Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 158.

Body thick or oblong, naked or tubercular. Teeth small. One or
two dorsal fins ; the anal similarly developed as the soft dorsal.
Ventrals with one spine and five rays, all being rudimentary, and
forming the bony centre of a round disk, which is surrounded by a
cutaneous margin. Gill-openings narrow, the gill-membranes being
attached to the isthmus ; three gilLs and a half; air-bladder none.
Pyloric appendages in great number.

Carnivorous fishes, living at the bottom of the shores of the north-
ern seas. They are enabled to attach themselves very firmly to rocks,
&c., by means of the ventral disk.

The family of Discoboli has hitherto comprised two very hetero-
geneous divisions of fishes. The present family is composed of those
only which are truly ucanthopterous, which have the ventral disk
formed only by the ventral fins, the skeleton but slightly osseous,
and numerous pyloric appendages. They difi'er, besides, from the
Gobiesocidm in a great many other points. They approach closely to
the Gobiidce, from which they are distinguished by the complete
transformation of the ventral fins into an adhesive organ, by the
numerous pyloric appendages, &c.

Synopsis of the Groups.
Two separate dorsal fins. Vertebrae 12/16 .... a. Cyclopterina.

One dorsal fin. Infraorbital joined to the prae-

operculura. Vertebrae 12/30 b. Liparidina.

First Group, CYCLOPTERINA.

Only one genus.

1. CYCLOPTERUS.

Cyclopterus, Artedi, Genera, p. Gl ; Cuv. Regne Anim.

Body thick, more or less elevated ; skin viscous, tubercular. Head
large, snout short. Two dorsal fins, the anterior, formed by flexible
spines. Ventral -fins composed of one spine and five rays, all united
into a more or less circular disk. A villiform band of teeth in the
jaws, palate smooth. Three gills and a half, pseudobranchiac ; bran-
chiostegals six. Gill-opening narrow, the gill-membranes being
united below the throat and firmly attached to the isthmus. Skeleton
but slightly ossoous. Pyloric appendages numerous.

Northern seas of both hemispheres.

1. CYcLoriERtrs. 155

1. Cyclopterus lumpus.

Lump-Sucker. Cock and Hen Paidle. See-hase.

Cyclopterus pibbosus, Willu()hhy, p. 209. tab. N. 10. fig. 2.

Lumpus anglorum, Ahlrov. iii. c. 68. p. 479 ; Jonst. i. tit. 1. cap. 3.

art. 3. punct. 12. p. 42. tab. 13. fig. 1 ; Wilhujhby, p. 208. tab. N. 11 ;

Ray, Syn. p. 77.
Lepus marinus, Sc/ioner. p. 41.
Cyclopterus, sp., Artedi, Gen. p. 02; Gronov. Mus. Ichthyol. i. p. 56;

Gouan, Hist. Pise. p. 223.
Cj'clopterus lumpus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 414, and Faun. Suec. p. 320 ;

Fabr. Faun. Grdnl. p. 1.31 ; 3Iohr, Isl<end. Naturh. p. 61 ; Bl. Fische

Deutsclil. ii. p. 103. pi. 90; Bl. Schn. p. 197; Lacep. ii. p. 52. pi. 3.

fig. 1 ; Milll Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 39 ; Bonov. Brit. Fishes, pi. 10 ;

Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115 ; Cm: Regne Anim. ; Faber, Fische Isl.

p. 49 ; Retz. Faun. p. 327 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Atner. Fislies,

p. 200 ; Fkstr. Fische Morko, p. 108 ; Nilss. Prodr. p. 01, and

Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 232 ; Fries, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1838, tab. 4.

.fig. 1 a, b, c ; Diiben Sf Koren, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, p. 116. tab. 3.

fig. 8; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii. p. 365, 3rd edit. ii. p. 343;

Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 380, and Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 220 ;

Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 39 ; Gaim. Voy. Isl. et Grdnl. Zool. Poiss.

pi. 8.
Rognkjfiekse, Strom, Sondm. i. p. 302.
Ilrognkelsi, Olafs. Isl. Reise, § 622 & § 681.
The Lump-sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 133. tab. 21 figs. 1, 2 ; edit.

1812, iii. p. 176. pi. 24.
Oncotion, nos. 1, 2 & 3, Klein, Miss. IHsc. iv. p. 49. tab. 14. fig. 5.
Ascan. Ic. tab. 34.

Cyclopterus pavoninus, Shatv, Nat. Misc. ix. p. 310 (young).
caenileus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^- Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 480.

pi. 2. fig. 7.
coronatus, Couch, Corn. Faun. p. 47 ; Thomps. Ann. 8^ Mag. Nat.

Hist. V. p. 9.
Gobius minutus, Miill. Zool. Dan. p. 38. tab. 154. B. figs. 1-3 (young).
Cyclopterus minutus. Pall. Spicil. Zool. vii. p. 12. tab. 3. figs. 7-9;

Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 262 ; Cuv. Regne Anim.
Lepadogaster minutus, Bl. Schn. p. 3.
Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. t. 19. fig. 1.

D. 4 I 11. A. 9. Vert 12/16.

The anterior dorsal fin distinct only in very young specimens, en-
veloped in tliick skin with age. GiU-opening a vertical cleft above
the pectoral. Body tubercular, wdth four series of larger rough tu-
bercles, one along the base of the anterior dorsal fin, the second from
above the eye, the fourth along the side of the belly.

Coasts of Northern Europe, Iceland, and Greenland, extending
southwards to the coasts of North Germany, Cornwall, and New
York.

a-e. Adult and half-grown : stuff'ed and skins. British coasts.

/. Young. Scotland.

(j-h. Very young. Falmouth. — Specimens one inch or less in length

have the skin smooth.
i-lc. Young. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
Z-n. Very young. Sukkertoppen. From Hr. Holboll's Collection.

156 DISCOBOLI.

0-t. Very young. Greenland. From Hr. Hollboll's Collection. —

Anterior dorsal fin with six distinct spines.
u, V. Half-grown and young.
w. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
cc. Half-grown : anatomical preparation. Scotland.
_?/. Adult: skeleton. Baltic. Prom Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.

The oesophagus is wide, and separated from the stomach only by a
slight external contraction, the folds of its mucosa passing unin-
terruptedly into those of the stomach ; the latter is a large, horseshoe-
like, bent sac, the cardiac portion of which is situated along the ver-
tebral line, whilst the pyloric is on the ventral side. The pylorus
is surrounded by two packets of about fifty appendages of moderate
length, some of which are bifurcate. The remainder of the intestinal
tractus makes several irregular circumvolutions, and is once and a
half as long as the whole fish. The rectum is much wider than the
small intestines, and separated from them by a prominent fold of the
mucosa. The liver is undivided, triangular, of moderate size, situ-
ated on the left side of the stomach. I am unable to detect a gall-
bladder*.

The form of the kidney is subject to some variation : in a Scotch
male specimen both halves are symmetrical, their upper ends are thick,
and they commence in a deep impression of the diaphragma. They
are separated from each other by a thick mass of the muscles of the
vertebral column, becoming thinner posteriorly, and are united into
one slender cord in the middle of the length of the abdomen. They
terminate in a single ureter, before reaching the extremity of the
abdomen.

In a male specimen from the Baltic, examined by myself in Berlin,
I found the kidney not symmetrical, the left upper portion having
been entirely separated from the remainder of the organ. The right
and left upper portions were obtusely pointed superiorly, the extre-
mities being imbedded in a capsule formed by the diaphragma.

The urine -bladder is rather large ; the testicles are entirely sepa-
rated. The external openings of the intestines and urogenital organs
are very close together, in a fold of the skin.

Skeleton. — The bones of Cydopterus are distinguished by the small
quantity of calcareous salts deposited in them : the latter form thin
lamellae in each of the bones, and the interspaces between these layers
are filled with a soft gelatinous substance which is soon dried up, so
that the bones of the skull shrink together to a shapeless massf. In a
fish with the bones ^o incompletely ossified and semimembranaceous,
it is often impossible to find the sutures between them. The crown
of the head is broad, and the interorbital space of scarcely less width.
The orbital edge of the frontal bones is prominent, forming a roof

* Stannius ( Vergl. Anat. Fische. p. 203) describes the gall-bladder as small
and roundish, and accuses Prof. Owen, who has denied its presence, of an error.
The specimen which I have examined is from the Scotch coast; that examined
by Prof. Owen is probably British also. It may be that individuals of the
same species of fishes vary in this respect.

t These skeletons, therefore, should be preserved in spirits.

1. CYCLOPTERTJS. 157

above the orbit ; it is completed by the prefrontal, which emits a
flat horizontal process joining the principal frontal. The anterior
portion of the infraorbital ring is weU developed, and appears to be
membranaceous posterioi-ly. The maxillary is not dilated ; the in-
termaxillary has the posterior processes of moderate length. The
humerus is long, and composed of two broad lamellae ; the pectoral
rays are joined to a long series of six carpal bones, the series ex-
tending nearly to the lower end of the humerus. Each pubic bone
has three processes : an anterior very broad one, for the attachment
to the humerus ; a second anterior slender one, for a symphysis with
its fellow ; and an upper one, of triangular shape, for the attachment
of the ventral muscles. Each pubic bone is concave inferiorly, and
the ventral spine and rays are fastened on the margin of the con-
cavity, each emitting a process inwards.

There are thirteen abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebra', the
length of the fonner portion of the vertebral column being to that of
the latter as 1 : 1'4. The haemal, neui-al, interhsemal and intcrneural
spines are of moderate length. The last vertebrte are considerably
shortened ; only the last abdominal and the first caudal vertebra;
have short and feeble ribs attached to their neural spines.

2. Cyclopterns spinosus.

Cyclopterus spinosus, 3fi(lL Prodr. p. ix ; Fabr. Faun. Grant, p. 1-34,
and in Nuturh. Sekk. Skr. Kjobimh. iv. p. 27. tab. 9. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 198. tab. 46 ; Ciiv. Reyne Anim. ; Faber, FlscJie Isl. p. 53 ;
Kroyer, Naturh. Tidskr. ii. 1847, p. 262 ; Gaim. Voy. Scand. Poiss.
pi. 4. fig. 2.

D. 6-7 I 11-12. A. 10-11.

The anterior dorsal fin very distinct, not enveloped in thick skin.
GiU-opening reduced to a narrow foramen, situated on the level of
the eye. Head and body covered with large conical plates, each with
a spine in the centre.

Coasts of Greenland, Iceland,, and Spitzbergen.

a. Fine specimen. Greenland.

The head and body form one suborbicular, slightly compressed
mass, highest below the anterior dorsal fin, and terminating in a
short and narrow tail. The plates with which the skin is covered
are studded wdth small tubercles, roundish, and conically elevated in
the centre. The cleft of the mouth is of moderate width, extending
backwards to the vertical from the margin of the orbit. Both jaws
are armed wdth a narrow band of minute teeth. The eye is situated
immediately below the upper profile, one-fourth of the length of the
head, and less than one-half of the Avidtli of the interorbital space.
The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is in the vertical from the gill-
opening, and the interspace beween the two dorsal fins is equal to the
length of the anterior. A series of large plates runs along the iipper
orbital edge to the side of the back ; two other series, formed by
smaller plates anteriorly and by larger ones posteriorly, run along

158 DISCOBOLI.

the middle of the interorbital space and along the base of the dorsal
fins. Other large plates occupy the side of the trunk ; the plates
below the eye and on the cheek are only one-fourth the size of those
on the body, and those on the tail are small.
Length of the specimen 6 inches.

3. Cycloptems orbis.

D. 7 I 9. A. 9.

The anterior dorsal fin is very distinct, and not enveloped in thick
skin. Gill-opening reduced to a narrow foramen, situated on the
level of the eye. Head and body covered with large, conical, tuber-
cular plates.

Esquimault Harbour (west coast of North America).

a. Presented by Lord John Russell.

This species is very similar to C. spinosus, from which it chiefly
differs in the number of the fin-rays. The head and body form one
orbicular mass, terminating posteriorly in the narrow and short tail.
The plates with which the skin is covered are very rough, tubercular,
conicaUy elevated in the centre. A series of large plates runs along
the upper orbital edge to the side of the back ; two series of smaller
ones run along the middle of the interorbital space and along the base
of the dorsal fins. Other large plates occupy the middle of the sides
and the lateral part of the belly ; the plates on the side of the head,
before the pectoral, are only half as large as those described, and
those on the tail are small. The mouth is transverse, not extending
on to the side of the head. The eye is about one-third of the length
of the head, and one-half the greatest width of the interorbital space.
The ventral disk is shorter than the head, subcircular, entire, and
surrounded by fifteen flat papillae. The caudal fin is of moderate
length, rounded, and composed of nine simple rays. Vent nearer to
the ventral disk than to the anal fin.

This description is taken from a single, apparently young speci-
men, 22 lines in length.

Second Group. LIPARIDINA.

Only one genus,

2. LIPARIS.

Liparis, Artedi, Syn. p. 117 ; Cuv. Regne Anim.
Body subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly, rather
elongate, enveloped in a more or less loose naked skin. Head broad,
obtuse ; snout rather short. The infraorbital bone styliform pos-
teriorly, extending backwards to the margin of the prajopcrculum*.

* This was first observed by Pallas, who says of Liparis callyodon, " A
maxilla superiore utrinque processus sub cute tenuis, osseus, quasi zygoma, per
discum operculorum."

2. LIPARIS. 159

One dorsal fin, with the rays feeble, flexible, the anterior ones being
un articulated. Ventral fins composed of one spine and five rays, all
united into a more or less circular disk. 'A. villiform band of teeth
in the jaws, palate smooth. Three gills and a half ; pseudobranchige
none or rudimentary ; branchiostegals six (five). Gill-opening nar-
row, the giU-membranes being united below the throat and firmly
attached to the isthmus. Skeleton rather firm. Number of the
pyloric appendages increased.

Northern seas of both hemispheres ; extending southwards to the
coasts of Belgium, England, and California.

1. Liparis vulgaris.

Sea SnaU, Willughby ; Petiver, Gazoph. tab. 51. fig. 5.

Liparis nostras, Willughby, App. p. 17. tab. H. 6. fig. 1 ; Ray, p. 74.

Cyclopterus liparis, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 414; ? Bl. taf. 123. figs. 3, 4;

Lacep. ii. p. 69.
Gobio, sp., Kolreuter, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ix. p. 439. tab. 9.fig,^. 5 & 6.
Cyclogaster, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 198; Act.Helvet.iv.T^. 2(35. n. 165.

tab. 13.
Gobioides smymensis, Lacep. ii. p. 579.
Liparis, sp., £1. Schn. p. 569.
Unctuous Lump-sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 135. pi. 21. figs. 2, 4 ;

Donor', Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 47.
Liparis vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 190 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd

edit. ii. p. 371, 3rd edit. ii. p. 349; Parn. Wern. Metn. vii. p. 383,

and Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 223.
barbatus, Ekstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1832, p. 168. tab. 5, and

Fische Scheer. 3Idrkd, p. 112. tab. 5; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 237.
Cyclogaster liparis, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 40.

■^Variety.

Cyclopterus lineatu^*, Lepechin in Nov. Comm. Petrop. xviii. p. 522.

tab. 5. figs. 2, 3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 198.

musculus, Lacep. iv. p. 683.

Liparis lineatus, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidskr. ii. 1847, p. 284 ; Gaim. Voy.

Scand. Poiss. pi. 13. tig. 2.

B. 6. D. 35-36. A. 27-28. C. 10. Cac. pyl. 16. Vert. 12/30.

Vertical fins contiguous ; the anal commences in the vertical from
the seventh dorsal ray ; pectoral margin with a notch, the lower
rays being produced ; ventral disk rather longer than broad, half as
long as the head.

a. Adult.

b. Adult : skin.

This species is not rare on the coasts of Northern Europe ; it
would appear, from the accounts of Kolreuter, that it occurs also in
the Me(Hterranean (Smyrna). This, however, is very doubtful, none
of the later authors having confirmed this observation. It extends
very far northwards, to 70° N. lat., to Spitzbergen and the shores of
the White Sea.

The body is thick and subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed pos-

IGO DISCOBOLI.

teriorly, enveloped in an unctuous, thin, loose skin ; its greatest
depth, on the middle of the abdomen, is about one-fifth of the total
length. The head is obtuse, with the nape of the neck slightly
swollen ; its length is one-fourth of the total. The snout is broad,
not depressed, and of moderate longitudinal extent. The cleft of the
mouth is hoiizontal, not extending to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye, with rather thick lips and with the upper jaw
rather longer than the lower. Both jaws are armed with a band of
vUliform teeth, which become somewhat card-Hke in very large indi-
viduals. Tongue very broad, thick, obtuse. The eye ia lateral,
but interfering with the upper profile of the head ; its diameter is
one-seventh of the length of the head, and one-half of the extent of
the snout and of the width of the interorbital space. The nostril is
situated close before the eye. The gill- openings are reduced to a
vertical slit, which extends downwards on thg upper part of the root
of the pectoral, the remainder of the giU-membranes being united
with the base of the pectorals and with the isthmus. There are
three gilLs and a half, but I cannot detect the slightest trace of pseudo-
branchiae.

The pectoral fins are very broad, extending downwards and for-
wards under the throat ; the twelve upper rays reach to the vertical
from the origin of the anal, the remainder gradually becomin^
shorter as far as the last but six, which again are considerably pro-
duced. The six rays which constitute the base of the ventral disk
may be easily distinguished ; the disk is surrounded by about thir-
teen soft and flat papilla). The dorsal fin commences above the
middle of the pectoral and is slightly connected with the caudal ;
it is highest on its middle, where the rays commence to be articu-
lated. The caudal is of moderate len^h and rounded ; its rays are
simple and articulated. The anal commences below the seventh
dorsal ray and is contiguous with the caudal. The vent is situated
in the middle between anal fin and ventral disk.

The coloration of this species is subject to great variations. Some
specimens are pale yellowish-brown, mottled and spotted with dark
brown. Others are reddish-grey, with broad, irregular black spots ;
fins reddish, with black dots arranged in transverse bands. Others,
again, are brownish, with irregular darker longitudinal streaks on the
head and body.

The specimen described and figured by Ekstrom appears to differ
in several respects. He gives the numbers of the fin-rays as — D. 32,
A. 32, C. 9. The nostril is said to be prolonged into two short tubes,
and to he situated midway between the eye and the upper Up. Nilsson
does not say anything about the nostril. Krtiyer describes a variety
with blue longitudinal streaks on the head and body — D. 34, A. 31.

The species attains to a size of more than 5 inches.

The stomach is a large ca\dty, with the cardiac and pyloric openings
close together ; it was filled with shrimps. The form of the kidneys
is the same as in Cydopterus lumpus : anteriorly separated by the
muscles of the vertebral columji, they are united in the middle of the
abdomen into a narrow cord, which again becomes thicker pos-

2. LIPARIS. 161

teriorly, terminating in the single ureter at the extremity of the
abdomen. The ureter is bent upwards, and widens into a urine-
bladder of moderate size.

2. Liparis fabricii.

Cyclopterus liparis, Fabr. Faun. Grotil. p. 135.

? Liparis communis, Sabine, App. Par ri/'s First Voy. p. 212; Richards.

Faun. Bur. Amer. Fishes, p. 2(53
? Liparis,- Reinh. in Vidensk. Schk. Naturv. Skr. vii. p. 116. n. 41.
? Liparis tunicata, Reinh. in Vidensk. Sehk. Naturv. Afh. 1835 & 1842.
Liparis fabricii, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidskr. ii. 1847, p. 274 ; Gaitn. Voy.

Scand. Poiss. pi. 13. tig. 2.

B. 5. D. 42. A. 33-35. C. 12.

Vertical fins contiguous ; the anal commences in the vertical from
the tenth dorsal ray ; pectoral margin with a notch, the lower rays
being produced ; ventral disk rather longer than broad, half as long
as the head.

Coasts of Greenland and Spitzbergen.

a-b. Fort Leopold. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Greenland. From Hr. HolboU's Collection.
d-e. Siikkertoppen. From Hr. HolboU's Collection.
f-g. Baffin's Bay. Presented by Captain E. Sabine.
h. Not good state.

This species is closely allied to Lipai'is vulgaris, from which it
differs in the following points, besides those mentioned : —

The width of the orbit is nearly one-third of that of the inter-
orbital space and of the extent of the snouts Nostril terminating in
a short wide tube, which is rather nearer to the orbit than to the
upper Up. The pseudobrsmchiae are present, but reduced to two very
smaU lameUae. Dirty yeUowish, irregularly mottled Avith brownish,
more distinctly on the fins than on the body.

The lai'gest of the specimens from which these notes are taken is
46 Unes long.

3. Liparis montagoi.

Cyclopterus montagiii, Donor. Brit. Fishes, iii. pi. G8; 3Iont. in Wern.
Mem. i. p. 91. pi. 6. fig. 1; Penn. Brit. Zool. (ed. 1812) iii. p. 183.
Gobius, Zool. Dan. iv. p. 16. tab. 134.

Liparis montagui, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii.
p. 374, Sxd edit. ii. p. 352 ; Gaitn. Voy. Scand. Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 1 ;
Niks. Skand. Faun. F'sk. p. 239.

gobius, Schayerstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1838, p. 248.

Cyclopterus montacuti, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 1 15.

liparoides, Nilss. Prodr. p. 62.

B. 6,. D. 26-30. A. 24. C. 14. Vert. 10/25.
Vertical fins not contiguous ; the anal commences in the vertical
from the seventh dorsal ray ; pectoral margin lightly notched, the
lower rays being somewhat produced ; ventral disk circular, not quite
half so long as the head.
a-c. Adult. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Co^, Esq.

162 MSCOBOLT.

d. Adult. Salcombe Bay (Devonshire). Museum Leach.

e. Adult. Mount Edgecombe (Devonshire). Museum Leach.
f-h. Adult and half-grown : not good state. Polperro. Presented

by J. Couch, Esq.
i, k-l. Adult. English coast.

Head broad, trunk thick, tail compressed : all enveloped in an
unctuous, thin, loose skin. The greatest depth of the body, on the
middle of the abdomen, is about one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth. The head is rather fiat siiperiorly,
the nape of the neck being but slightly prominent ; the snout is very
broad, not depressed, and of mbderate longitudinal extent ; the cleft
of the mouth is horizontal, not extending to the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye, with rather thick lips and with the upper
jaw somewhat longer than the lower. Both jaws are armed with a
broad band of villiform teeth. Tongue very broad, thick, obtuse.
The eye is small, lateral, but interfering with the upper profile of the
head ; its diameter is one-ninth of the length of the head, and less
than one-half of the length of the snout or of the width of the inter-
orbital space. The nostril is situated nearer to the eye than to the
upper lip. The gill-openings are reduced to a vertical slit, which
extends downwards on the upper part of the root of the pectoral,
the remainder of the gill-membranes being united with the base of
the pectorals and with the isthmus. Three gills and a half ; pseudo-
branchiae none.

The pectoral fins are very broad, extending downwards and for-
wards under the throat ; their extremity does not reach to the ver-
tical from the anal fin. The six lower raj's are somewhat longer
than the next preceding ones, producing a slight notch in the mar-
gin of the fin. The six rays which constitute the base of the ven-
tral disk may be easily distinguished ; the disk is surrounded by
tliii'teen soft and flat papillae, which may be compared to the sole of
the foot of the higher animals. The dorsal fin commences above the
middle of the pectoral ; it is low anteriorly, gradually becoming-
higher towards the caudal fin, from which it is separated by a short
interspace. Caudal of moderate length, truncated. The anal fin
commences below the seventh dorsal ray, and is lower than the
dorsal ; its last ray is fastened to the back of the tail by a membrane.

The colour is yellowish, the vertical fins being somewhat brighter,
with a blackish shade towards the margins.

This species attains to a size of 3 inches.

4. Liparis cally^don.

Cyclopterus callyodon, PalL Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. lii. p. 75.

B. 6. D. 33. A. 24. C. 15.

Dorsal and anal fins continued nearly to the base of the caudal.
Coast of Kamtschatka.

Pallas gives the following particulars of this species : —

The teeth have three distinct lobes ; a slender bone from the eye

2. LIPARIS. 163

to the pneopereulum. Gill-openings reduced to a lunate foramen on
each side of the back. Ventral disk small. The dorsal commences
a little behind the gill-opening. Brown-dotted; a silvery streak
from the upper jaw through the eye and opercles.

5. Liparis cyclopus.

D. 35. A. 30. C. 12.

Caudal fin entirely free from dorsal and anal; the latter com-
mences in the vertical from the seventh dorsal ray ; pectoral margin
with a notch, some of the lower rays being produced ; ventral disk
ovate, its length being less than one-half of that of the head.

a. Fine specimen. Esquimault Harbour. Presented by Lord John
RusseU.

This species agrees in nearly every respect with Liparis vulgaris,
from which it differs in the following points besides those men-
tioned : —

The greatest depth of the body is nearly one-sixth of the total,
the length of the head nearly one-fifth. The skin is tougher and
more firmly adherent to the body. The head is flat above, the nape
of the neck being scarcely prominent. The nostril is a short tube,
situated nearly midway between the eye and the upper lip. The
pectoral extends only to the vertical from the anal papilla, and the
dorsal fin commences yet more backwards. The teeth are small,
with three lobes. Infraorbital extending to the pneopereulum.

The colour is brownish-olive, with darker spots, more conspicuous
on the fins than on the body. Belly reddish.

The length of the specimen described is 45 lines.

The following species require further examination : —

6. Lipaiis gelatinosns.

Cyclopterua ^elatinosus, Pall. Spicil. vii. p. 19. tab. 3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 199.
Lipans gelatinosus, Cuv, H^gne Anim.

B. 7 ? D. plus quam 50. A. ca 45. C. 6. Case, pylor. 48.
Vert. 64.

Vertical fins contiguous. Ventral disk small, supported by a bi-
lamellated cartilage, which descends from the throat.

Pallas has given a description and figure from the MS. of SteUer
and from a specimen in the St. Petersburg Museum : —

Body oblong, compressed, thicker towards the head and thinner
towards the tail, semitransparent, exceedingly soft, like jeUy. Head
thick, somewhat depressed, flat on the vertex, and convex between
the orbits. Eyes directed upwards ; nostrils in the middle between
the margin of the mouth and the orbit, with a small tubular append-
age ; a series of pores along the upper lip towards the gill-opening.

m2

164 OTSCOBOLI.

Lips thick ; cleft of the mouth (lirccted ^p^vards, as in Urcmoseopna.
but with the lower jaw less prominent. The jaws, the palate, and
the pharj'nx arc rough with teeth. Four gills on each side ; seven
branchiostegals. The gill-opening is reduced to a slit above the
base of the pectorals. Pectorals large, very bi'oad, commencing at
the throat, the inferior part of their bases being parallel, ascending
to the gill-opening ; they are composed of about thirty rays, the in-
ferior of which are very short and not connected by a membrane.
"J'he dorsal and anal fins are contiguous with the caudal ; they com-
mence a little behind the middle of the body and are composed of
feeble rays. The jugular disk is situated between the pectorals, in
front of the vent ; it is very small, soft, supported by a bilamellated
cartilage which descends from the throat. The vent is between the
pectorals. Caudal small, six-rayed. Rose-coloured; the vertical
fins violet ; gill- cavity black.

Steller adds the following anatomical details : —

Ovarium orbicular, containing eggs of the size of a pea. Liver
Inrge, divided into four lobes, of a whitish colour ; gall-bladder ab-
sent. Spleen triangular, brown. The stomach is three times as
wide as the CESophagus ; forty-eight pyloric appendages, two inches
long, and as thick as the wing-feather of a pigeon, in a specimen
eighteen inches long. The remainder of the intestinal tract is about
as long as the fish. The urine-bladder is the size of a hazel-nut.
The kidneys are united into one cuneiform mass, commencing near the
gills and extending to the anterior portion of the ovarium ; the ureter
is single, very wide, flexuous, becoming narrower before its insertion
in the bladder. The nervi optici and olfactorii have one common
ganglion, from which, first, the former arise, emitting the latter from
the angle formed by the nerves and the ganglion (?). Skeleton very
slightly osseous.

Specimens (one of 18 inches long) were found by Steller in
Peter and Paul's Harbour.

7. Liparis pulchellus.

Liparis pulchellus, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 23.
Cyclogaster pulchellus, Girarcl in U. S. Pacif. It. It. Expvd. Pishes,
p. 132.

We are unable to give the specific differences of this fish, as it
is only known to us by. the description of Girard, who omits the
numbers of the fin-rays, stating, however, that the vertical fins are
imited. The following is an abstract of Girard's notes, taken from
a specimen four inches long : —

The head is contained about five times in the total length ; the
snout protrudes sHghtly beyond the upper jaw. The longitudinal
diameter of the eye enters about five times in the length of the head.
The mouth is not deeply cleft, since the maxillary extends but to a
vertical line dra^oi in advance of the pupil. The li])s arc flabby.
Teeth very small, disposed in transversely oblique series in each jaw.
Girard has found only four branchiostegals. Dorsal and anal fins

OXUDERCIDJE. 1(35

united to the caudal ; the former commences somewhat behind the
base of the pectoral. The origin of the anal is nearer the extremity
of the snout than that of the caudal fin. Ventral disk elliptical.
The pectorals are large, the lateral portion being quite elongate,
composed of more slender and crowded rays than the inferior por-
tion ; the external outline of these fins is falciform. The vent is
situated midway between ventral disk and anal fin. Skin flabbj'.
Numerous large mucous pores may be seen on the head, and consti-
tuting a lateral line on the anterior region of the body.

Light olive-bro-svn, with numerous waving longitudinal lines of
darker brown ; some small brown and white spots on the sides.

San Francisco.

8. Liparis mucosus,
Liparis mucosus, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 24.
Not having seen the Journal quoted, I am unable to say anything
about this fiish. Girard appears to bo somewhat doubtful as to its
specific distinctness from L. imkhellus.

Fam. 21. OXUDERCID^.

Head and body elongate, covered Avith small scales. Dorsal and
anal fins long, both with six spines, the soft portion being the more
developed. Ventral fins none.

Only one genus.

1. OXUDERCES.
Oxuderces, Valetic. in Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p. 181.
Head and body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with small scales.
Cleft of the mouth wide, anteriorly with canines in the upper jaw ;
teeth in the lower jaw in a single series, horizontal. Eyes of mode-
rate size, prominent. One long dorsal, %vith six'spinous rays ; anal
with six spines. Caudal quite free ; ventrah none. Gill-membranes
united below the throat, and not adherent to the isthmus.
China,

1. Oxuderces dentatns.

^^alenc. I. c. p. 182. pi. 8. tig. 3.

D.A. A. A

Eyes very close together ; the cleft of the mouth extends to boliinci
the eyes.
Macao.

166 BATKACniD^.

Fam. 22. BATRACHIDiE.

Pediculati, pt., Cuv. Regnc Anim.

Habitus cottoid ; skin naked or with small scales ; the system of
muciferous channels well developed. Teeth conical, small or of mo-
derate size. The spinalis dorsal very short, the soft and the anal lonr/.
Ventrals jugular, with two soft rays ; pectorals not pediculated.
Gill-opening a more or less vertical slit before the pectoral, rather
narrow. Gills three ; pseudobranchiae absent ; an air-bladder.

Carnivorous fishes, hving on the bottom of the coasts of the tro-
pical regions, several species advancing into the temperate seas.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Dorsal epines three 1. Batracuus.

Uorsal spines two ; canine teeth none 2. Thalassopiiryne.

Dorsal spines two ; canine teeth on the vomer 3. Porichthys.

1. BATRACHUS*.

Batrachus, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 42 ; Ouv. ^- Val. xii. p. 461.

Head broad, depressed ; body subcylindrical anteriorly and com-
pressed posteriorly ; skin naked, or covered with very small scales.
Canine teeth none. Gill-covers with several spines. The spinous
dorsal formed by three stout spines. Gill-opening narrow, not ex-
tending to the side of the isthmus. Gills three, pseudobranchiae
none, branchicfetegals six ; air-bladder more or less deeply divided
into two lateral parts. Pyloric appendages none. Vertebrae tt^^.

Coasts of nearly all the tropical and temperate regions.

The skeleton of the species of this genus is distingadshed —

1 , by the broad, depressed form of the skidl, the bones being well
ossified, leaving distinct sutures between them.

* 1. Cottus, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 46. no. 106, and Zoophyl. p. 79.
no. 269. — Batrachus gronorii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 482. — CallionymuB
niqui, Gron. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 45 (not synon.). — Tropical parts of the
Atlantic. — The typical specimen is not preserved in Q-ronow's Collection.

2. Batrachoides variegata, pt., Lesuetir, Journ.Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iii. 1823,

p. 398. — Batrachus variegatus, Cuv. ^-Val.s^. p. 484. — North America.

3. Pacamo, Marcgr. p. 148. — Batrachus cryptocentrus, Ciiv. ^ Val. xii.

p. 485. — Bahia.

4. Batrachus apiatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 477 ; Cuv. Eigne Anim. III. Poiss.

pi. 85. fig. 3.— Cape Seas.

Callionymus trigloides, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 358 (Batrachus
trigloides, Bl. Schn. p. 44), from Terra del Fuego, is probably a species
of Notothenia or Aphritis. A rough sketch of the fish is preserved in
the British Museum, but does not quite agree with the description.

Batrachus bispinis, {Bl. Schn.) Cuv. 4' i^'"^- xii. p. 484, is the fish de-
scribed as Harpagifer bispinis : cfr. vol. ii. p. 263.

1. BATRACHUS. 167

2, by a large epi tympanic bone (os temporale).

3, by a great number of caudal vertebrae, aU the single vertebrae
being short, stout, firmly joined to one another.

4, by the ribs of the first vertebra, which are strong, elongate,
and joined to the upper extremity of the humerus.

5, by a very short radius and ulna, and elongated carpal bones.

Batrachus tau with 12 -f- 22 vertebraj.

trispinosus with

didactyltis with

surinamensis with

Porichthys porosi^simus with .

12 + 17
12 + 17
12 + 27
11 + 31

* Species without, scales.

1. Batrachus tau.

Gadus tau, L. Syst. i. p. 440.

Lophius bufo, Mitch. Lit. Sf Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 463.
Batrachoides vemuUas, Lesueur, Mem. Mm. v. p. 157. pi. 17.
Batrachus variegatus, Storer, Pep. Massach. p. 74.

tau, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 478 j Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes,

p. 168. pi. 28. fig. 86.
celatus, Dekay, I. c. p. 170. pi. 50, fig. 161 (^young).

D. 3 I 26-28. A. 21-22. V. 1/2. Vert. 12/22.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the
total ; the width of the bony bridge between the orbits is more thar
that of the orbit. Snout broad, flat, depressed, about twice as long
as the eye. GUI-covers with three spines directed backwards, two
belonging to the operculum and one to the subopcrctilum. Vomer
and palatine bones with a single series of obtusely conical teeth •
similar teeth in the lower jaw, in two series anteriorly and in a single
one laterally. Snout surrounded by a wreath of fleshy tentacles ;
those above the orbit weU developed. The maxillary extends to
behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. A round
foramen in the middle of the axil, or somewhat above it.

Atlantic coasts of North and Central America.

a. Northern variety.

Brown, coarsely marbled with darker ; dorsal with nine, anal with
five oblique dark-brown bands, caudal with four cross-bands ; pec-
toral rather irregularly brown-spotted.

a. Adult. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

h, c-d. Adult and half-grown. North America.

e. Adult skeleton : female. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

/. Preparation of the internal parts of specimen e.

/3. Southern variety.

Brown, marbled with darker and dotted with whitish ; dorsal and
anal fins each with about nine narrow obUque brown bands, more

168 BATllACHID^.

yr less confluent, and having whitish spots between them. Caudal
and pectoral with many round white spots, arranged in transverse
scries.

(/. Fine specimen. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

Air-bladder cardiform, with the notch anteriorly.

Skeleton. — Valencicnnes's description of the skull of B. surina-
mensis agrees very well with that of the present species. The skeleton
differs from that of B. (lidmti/liis in the following points : —

The crown of the head is not much broader than long, and divided
into two parts by a very distinct longitudinal crest, rectangular to
the transverse ridge of the transvcr.^o mucifcrous channel. The latter
is divided into two portions, each ]):)rtiou being continuous with an
interorbital channel. The interorbital space is so narrow as to be
entirely occupied by the channels and their ridges. There is a pra)-
orbital present ; it is narrow, styliform, flexible, situated behind and
below the maxillary. The base of tlio craniima is very convex. Five
carpal bones distinctlj^ developed. The vertebral column is composed
of twelve abdominal and twenty-two caudal vertebra), the length of
the former portion being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-7. AU the
vertebrae are very short.

2. Batrachus grunuiens.

Knorhaen, Nieuh. Zee- en Lantrt p. 271 cum fig., cop. by Wil-

lughby, App. pi. 4. fig. 1.
Cottus gi'unnicns, var. B., L, 3fus. Ad. Fried, ii. p. 65 ; L. Gm. i.

p. 1209.
Cottus grumiiens, Bhch, taf. 179 ; Lacep. iii. p. 232 ; S/imv, Zool. iv.

p. 256.
Batrachus grunniens, Bl. Schn, p. 48 ; Bleek. Biouio, p. 487.
Batrachoides gangene, Buck, Ham. Fish. Gamj. p. o4. pi. 14. fig. 8.

D. 3 I 20. A. 16-18. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the
total ; the width of the bony bridge between the orbits is five times
and a half in the length of the head, and equals the diameter of the
eye, which is shorter than the snout. Gill-covers with four spines
directed backwards, two belonging to the operculum and two to the
suboperculum. Vomer and palatine bones with a single series of
short conical teeth. Snout broad, depressed, flat, surrounded by a
wreath of short tentacles ; tentacles above the orbit short, sometimes
entirely absent. The maxillary extends to below the posterior mar-
gin of the orbit. No foramen in the axil. Head, body, and vertical
fins broAvn, irregularly marbled with darker ; pectorals brown-dotted,
the dots confluent into rather irregular cross-streaks.

East Indian Seas.

a. xidult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
h. Adult. Ganges. Presented by G. 11. Watcrhouse, Esq. — Type
of BatracJioides (jayujenr, Uuch. Ham.

1. BATEACHUS. 169

c, d. Adiilt and half-grown. East Indies.

e. Young. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

Bloch distinctly describes and figures his Cottus gntnniens with
four spines on the gill-covers ; therefore the species with three spines,
to which Valenciennes gives this denomination, cannot bo the same.

3. Batrachus trispinosus.

Seba, iii. 28. 4.

Batrachus grunniens, Cuv. ^ Val xii. p. 466 ; Cant. Ccftal. p. 205 ;
(not BL).

D. 3 I 22. A. 18. V. 1/2. Vert. 12/17.
The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the
total ; the width of the bony bridge between the orbits is five times
and a half in the length of the head, and equals the diameter of the
eye, which is shorter than the snout. Gill-covers with three spines
directed backwards, two belonging to the operculum and oiip to the
suboperculum. Vomer and palatine bones with a single series of
short conical teeth. Snout broad, dci)ressed, flat, surrounded by a
wreath of short tentacles ; tentacles above the orbit verj' distinct.
The maxillary extends to below the posterior margin of the orbit.
A round foramen in the upper part of the axil. Greenish- or
brownish-olive, marbled with darker, the dark spots being dotted
and edged with black ; caudal, pectorals and ventrals with blackish
spots or narrow vertical bands.

Seas of Bombay, Singapore, and Pinang.

a. Adult: skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h. Half- grown. Singapore.

Air-bladder separated into two lateral divisions, unijted by a narrow
transverse channel.

4. Batrachus dussumieri.
Cuv. (§• Val. xii. p. 474. pi. 367.

D. 3 I 20. A. 16. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the
total. Gill-covers A\-ith three spines directed backwards, two be-
longing to the operculum and one to the suboperculum. The lower
jaw and the palate with narrow bands of viUiform teeth. Snout
broad, depressed, flat, surrounded by a wreath of very short tentacles ;
tentacle above the orbit veiy small. Brown, with three rather in-
distinct darker cross-bands ; fins immaculate. ( Val.)

Coast of Malabar.

Air-bladder similar to that in B. trisjoinosus.

5. Batrachus duhins.

White, Vol/. New South Wales, p. 205; Richards. Voij. Ereh. iy Ten:
Fishes, p. 16. pi. 10.

D. 3 1 18. A. 15. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the

170 BATBACHID^.

total ; the width of the bony bridge between the orbits is one-seventh
of the length of the head, and equals the diameter of the eye, which
is shorter than the snout. Gill-covers with three spines directed
backwards, two belonging to the operculum and one to the suboper-
culum. Vomer and palatine bones with a single series of short
conical teeth. Snout broad, depressed, flat, surrounded by a wreath
of short tentacles ; tentacles above the orbit veiy distinct. The
maxiUarj extends to below the posterior margin of the orbit. A
round foramen in the upper part of the axil. Brown, marbled with
darker ; some small, round, deep-black spots on the side of the
body ; dorsal with oblique brown bands, pectoral with many round
white spots.
Australia.

a, b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

6. Batrachus diemensis.

Batrachoides diemenais, Lesueur,J(mrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iii. 1823,

p. 402.
Batrachus quadrispinis, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 487.
f diemensis, Richards. A7in. Nat. Hist. x. p. 352, and Voi/. Enh. ^•

Terr. Fishes, p. 17. pi. 8. figs, 1, 2 ; Bh-ek. Timor, p. 168.

D. 3 I 20. A. 15-17. y. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and three-fourths
in the total ; the bony bridge between the orbits is narrow, its width
being one-eighth of the length of the head, and much less than that
of the orbit, which equals the length of the snout. GiU-covers with
foui' spines, two of which belong to the operculum and two to the
suboperculum ; one of the latter, however, becomes nearly obsolete
with age, and is always very small. Jaws, vomer, and palatine bones
with a band of villiform teeth. Snout short, obtuse, with its upper
profile parabolic ; it is surroiuided by a wreath of tentacles ; those
above the orbits well developed, ciliated. The maxUlary extends to
below the middle of the orbit. No foramen in the axil. The outer
ventral ray is much longer than the inner one, tapering, nearly as
long as the head. Brown, marbled with darker.

Coasts of Australia, Timor, Coram, and Banka.

fl. Adult. Australia. From Mr, Macgillivray's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.
f. Adult : skin. Port Essington,

** Scaly species,

7, Batrachus didactylus.

? Sea-toad, Barhot, Coll. Voij. v, p, 223, pi. 18,

Gadus tan, Bl. Fische Dentschl ii. p. 170, pi. 67. figs. 2 & 3.

liatraclius didactylus, Bl. Schn. p. 42.

tan, Bl. Schti. p. 44.

. borealis, Nilss. Prodr. p. 90, and Skand. Faun. iv. p. 254.

1. BATKACHUS. 171

Batrachus punctatua, ( Cuv.) Spijr, Pise. Bras. p. 133. pi. 74.

conspicillum, Cuv. i^- Val. xii. p. 495.

punctulatu3, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 497.

Darbatus, Cuv. <§• Val. xii. p. 498.

planifrons, Guich. Explor. Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 81.

algeriensis, Guich. I. c. pi. 5.

D. 3 1 20-21. A. 16-17. V. 1/2. Vert. 12/17.

Scaly. The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total. Eye
very small. Gill- covers with three spines directed backwards, one
from the suboperculum, the two others from the operculum. No
fold of the skin below the eye. A series of pointed conical teeth
on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the sides of the mandibula ;
the upper jaw and the front part of the lower with a band of cardi-
form teeth. Snout very broad, obtuse, flat and depressed, surrounded
by tentacles of variable length, those of the mandibula being much
larger than those of the maxiUary ; no tentacle above the eye.
Cleft of the mouth very wide. A foramen superiorly in the axil.
Brownish, lighter on the sides, dotted and spotted all over with
brown, the dots generally separated from one another by whitish
lines ; sometimes a greyish band between the eyes, and a pair of
more or less distinct round spots of the same colour on the nape.
Spots on the vertical fins larger.

Atlantic, from the coast of Portugal to Guinea j (occasionally in
the German Ocean.)

a. Very fine specimen : eighteen inches long. Lisbon. Presented

by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
b-c. Adult and half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by the Kev. R.

T. Lowe.
d-e. Adult and half-grown. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult : stuffed. Mediterranean.
g. Adult male : skeleton. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T.

Lowe.
h. Preparation of the internal parts of specimen g.

This fine species, mentioned by Valenciennes under three different
denominations, and by another French naturalist under two others,
is readily distinguished by the number of the fin-rays and the
numerous spots, separated from one another by a fine net of whitish
lines. It is the only European representative of the genus at pre-
sent known. The statement of its occurrence on the coast of Guinea
is founded on the authorities of Barbot and Schneider, and is scarcely
to be doubted ; but we have not so good an indication of its pre-
sence in the American parts of the Atlantic. Bloch does not say
whence he procured the specimens of liis Gadus tau ; and when
Schneider afterwards adds " Habitat in America," it is to be sup-
posed that he borrowed this locality from the tnie Linnean Gadus
tau, which is an American species, but quite different from that of
Bloch. Agassiz says that his specimen was from the Atlantic. Both
Agassiz and Guichenot have apparently coloured their figures from
specimens preserved in spirits for some time.

172 BATEACHIDiE.

I have examined the foramen which is found in the axil of thia
species, and also of several others. It leads into a closed spacious
cavity, the inside of which is coated with a mucous membrane having
many reticulated folds. It appears to belong to the system of muci-
ferous channels, which is exceedingly developed in the fishes of this
family.

The air-bladder is divided into two ovate lateral portions, com-
municating with each other by a narrow transverse tube ; the in-
ternal cavity is small, compared with the considerable size of the
organ ; this is due to the immense development of the muscle, fixed
to the side of each portion of the bladder.

The genitals of the male show the peculiarity of two accessory
glandular organs being attached to the lower end of each of the
vasa deferentia. The one is compressed, externally similar to a
detached portion of the testicle ; the other, situated more inferiorly,
is of elliptical shape and of a blackish-brown colour.

Skeleton. — The skull is distinguished by its depressed, broad,
rounded form, being similar in this respect to that of Coitus gohio or
Silurus glanis. The bones are well ossified, and the sutures gene-
rally very distinct. The crown of the skull is flat, twice as broad
as long, with the longitudinal crest scarcely visible, but emitting a
strong process joined to the neural spine of the first vertebra. The
posterior angles of the orbit are very prominent, and a transverse
muciferous channel, formed by two low ridges, runs from one angle
to the other. The orbital incisure is deep, sub-semicircular ; the
space between the orbits broad, flat ; a muciferous channel runs
along the orbital edge, and is bent inwards posteriorly to meet its
fellow from the other side (!/)• Praefrontal small, forming the
anterior angle of the orbit. The maxillary is long, slender, dilated
at the extremity ; the intermaxillary is much shorter, slightly di-
lated posteriorly, and with the posterior processes of moderate length.
The mandible is low, strong, and verj' long, strongly bent inwards
towards the symphysis ; its muciferous channels are Little developed.
The head of the vomer is very broad, flat, anteriorly with a denti-
gerous ridge ; palatine and pterygoid rather short and narrow. The
base of the cranium broad and quite flat. The epitympanic is large,
moveable, and so intercalated between the cranium, the operculum
and praeoperculum, that the two latter bones are rather remote from
the cranium. The praeoperculum is veiy solid, and larger than any
of the other opercular bones ; operculum reduced to three bony
radii, one of which is directed downwards ; the subopercxilum is a
thin subtriangular bone with a very strong ridge terminating in
a spine ; there are, besides, two much more feeble ridges above it.
Infraorbital bones none.

The suprascapula and scapula are united into a single, long,
sword-shaped bone ; coracoid rib-like : the radius and ulna are very
short, whilst the carpal bones are elongated ; there are five of them,
the lower being the largest, the upper rudimentary. A very pecu-
liar styliform bone (a pair of transformed ribs) extends from the

1. BATUACHtJS. 173

neural ajMne of the first vertebra to the upper end of the humerus ;
it is slighly moveable at both its extremities, and fixes the humerus
at a certain horizontal distance from the vertebral column.

Each pubic bone is formed of two pieces horizontally directed
inwards ; the anterior is broad, triangular, the posterior styliform
and tapering : the pubic bones arc very loosely attached to the
humerus.

There are twelve abdominal and seventeen caudal vertebra', the
length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that
of the caudal as 1 : 1-43. The vertebra; are stout, rather short, and,
especially the anterior ones, firmlj' wedged into one another ; their
neural spines are strong, reclining backwards ; the interneurals of
the spinous dorsal fin are firmly united to the neurals of the third,
fourth and fifth vertebra). The interneurals of the second dorsal,
the ha^mals and interhaemals, and the ribs are feeble.

8. Batrachus pacific!.
D. 3 I 25-26. A. 21-22. V. 1/2.

Scaly. The length of the head is nearly one-fourth of the total ;
the diameter of the eye is more than one-half of the width of the
bony bridge between the oi'bits, or one-ninth of the length of the
head. GiU-covers with four spines directed backwards, two at the
operculum and two at the suboperculum, the latter being more back-
wardly situated than the former. A very slight and short horizontal
fold of the skin behind the eye. Teeth on the vomer, the palatines,
and on the side of the lower jaw in a single series, obtusely conical ;
mandible anteriorly with a patch of villiform teeth, and ^v'ith tAvo
pairs of strong conical teeth in the outer series. Snout very broad,
obtuse, fiat and depressed, surrounded by a wreath of tentacles ; no
tentacle above the orbit. The maxillary extends far behind the ej'c.
Axil without foramen, but a\ ith a pocket-like excavation formed by a
fold of the skin ; a wide pore at the inner base of each pectoral ray.
Ventral fin not quite half so long as the head. Brownish-grey,
marbled with darker ; some indistinct blackish bands across the back.
Dorsal with about eight oblique, rather irregular blackish bands ;
caudal with some indistinct cross-bands ; anal with black margin
and with some spots posteriorly ; pectoral with blackish spots ; ven-
tral blackish.

Coast of Panama.

a, h. Adult and half-grown. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.

inclies. lines.

Total length 8 0

Length of the head 2 1

Width of the head 2 0

Diameter of the eye 0 2|

This species appeared to me to bo the representative of B. surma-

174 BATEACHID^.

mensis on the western coasts of America, until I received a specimen
of the true B. surinamensis from the same side of that continent ;
it must be specifically distinguished, as it differs in the dentition of
the lower jaw, in the number of the fin-rays, &c.

9. Batrachus surinamensis.

Batrachus surinamensis, Bl. Schn. p. 43. tab. 7 (^bad) ; Cuv. 8^ Vol. xii.

p. 488.
Batrachoides tau, Lacep. ii. p. 1. pi. 12. fig. 1.

D. 3 I 28-29. A. 25-26. V. 1/2. Vert. 12/27.

Scaly. The length of the head is two-sevenths or one-fourth of
the total. Eye very small. Gill-covers with four spines directed
backwards, two belonging to the operculum and two to the sub-
operculimi. A horizontal fold of the skin from below the eye
towards the upper portion of the praeoperculum, covering a series of
large pores. Teeth of the vomer and the palatines and those on
the side of the mandibula obtusely conical, in a single series ; the
anterior teeth of the latter form a villiform patch, but there are no
anterior canine-like teeth. Snout very broad, obtuse, flat and de-
pressed, with short tentacles ; no tentacle above the eye. Cleft of
the mouth very wide. No foramen in the axil. Light brown, mar-
bled with darker, and \vith four broad deep-brown cross-bars, one
of which is on the neck. Dorsal and anal fins with obUque irregular
brown streaks.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America. Pacific coast of Central
America.

a. Half- grown. West Indies.

6, c. Adalt : not good state. Deraerara. Presented by Sir R.

Schomburgk.
d-e. Half-grown : not good state. British Guiana. Presented by

Sir R. Schomburgk.
/. Half-grown. West coast of Central America. Collected by

Captain Daw. Presented by Dr.. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.
cj. Half-grown : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Bartlett.

The air-bladder is composed of two oblong lateral lobes, united
posteriorly.

2. THALASSOPHRYNE*.

Head broad, depressed ; body subcylindrical anteriorly and com-
pressed posteriorly ; skin naked. Canine teeth none. Operculum
with a single spine. The spinous dorsal formed by two spines of
moderate length. Gill-opening not very narrow, not extending
to the isthmus.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

* Greek denomination for Sea-toad.

3. PORICHTHYS. 175

1. Thalassophryne maculosa.

D. 2 I 19. A. 18. V. 1/2.

Brown, marbled with darker ; some, round black spots on the pec-
toral and the side of the body.

a. Puerto Cabello. Pm-chased of Mr. Brandt.

Descriptioyi of the specimen. — The general habitus is that of a Ba-
trachus. The head is somewhat longer than broad, its length being
contained three times and one -third in the total ; it is moderately
depressed. The snout is short, obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth
ascending obliquely upwards, and with the chin prominent. The
maxillary extends to the vertical from the posterior margin of the
orbit. The teeth are obtusely conical, standing in single series,
except anteriorly in the lower jaw, where they form two series, and
in the upper, where they are cartliform, in a narrow band. The eyes
are directed upwards and very small, their width being one-half of
that of the bony bridge between the orbits. Gill-covers with a single
spine ; it is long, slender, cylindrical, like one of the dorsal spines,
and has the operculum for its base. Gill-opening not very narrow ;
it extends from the upper base of the pectoral oblicpiely downwards
and forwards to the level of the inferior base of the pectoral. The
two dorsal spines are slender, pungent, about one-third of the length
of the head. Dorsal and anal tins terminate immediately before the
root of the caudal, the length of which is one-seventh of the total.
Pectoral obliquely rounded, extending to the origin of the anal ;
ventral rather short, not quite one-half the length of the head, ex-
tending to the base of the pectoral. Skin perfectly smootli, \nth
some very short tentacles on the lower jaw. Two short horizontal
rauciferous channels on the cheek and the lateral line are \ery
distinct ; they are not, as usually, composed of a series of distant
pores, but the pores are confluent, fonning one continuous groove of
a white colour. Other muciferous channels, as for instance along
the base of the anal, are composed of separate indistinct pores.

Colour brovm, marbled with darker ; pectoral fins and sides of
the body with some round black spots ; chin and ventrals brownish :
belly white.

• lines.

Total length 54

Length of the head 10

Width of the head 14

Depth of the head 10

Diameter of the eye 1

Length of the caudal fin 8

of the ventral fin 7

3. PORICHTHYS.

Batrachus, sp., Ctii: ^ Val. xii. p. 500.

Porichthys, Girard, Proc. A ad. Nut. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 141.

He^d broad, depressed ; body subcylindrical anteriorly and com-

176 BATRACniD^.

pressed posteriorly : skin naked, Avith many series of very distinct
pores. A canine tooth on each side of the vomer. Operciihim with
a single spine. The spinous dorsal formed by two verj^ small spines.
Gill-opening not narrow, extending downwards to the side of the
isthmus. Grills three, pseudobranchias none, branchiostegals six ;
air-bladder more or less deeply divided into two lateral parts.
Pyloric appendages none. (Vertebrae 11/31.)
Coasts of America.

1. Poriclithys porosissimus.

? Niqui, Marcgr. iv. p. 178 (fig. very bad).

Batrachus porosissimus, Cm: Sf Val. xii. p. 501 ; Jcnytts, Zool. Beagle,

Fishes, p. 99.

margaritatus, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 67. pi. 3S, figs. 2-4.

Porichthys notatus, Girard in Proc. yicad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854,

pp. 141, 161, and in U. S. R. R. Fxped. Fishes, p. 134 (pi. 25).

D. 2 I 35-36. A. 32-33. V. 1/2. Vert. 11/31.

The length of the head is contained four times and a half to four
times and one-third in the total length. Abdomen with four lon-
gitudinal series of pores between the middle of the pectoral fins ; the
two anterior series convergent anteriorly, forming an acute angle
behind the level of the middle of the ventral fins. A triangular
blackish spot below the eye ; vertical fins with blackish margins ;
dorsal sometimes with some small spots. Each pore shining silvery.

Coasts of Brazil and Surinam; "Western coasts of Tropical and
Temperate America.

a. Adult. South America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

6. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.

c. Fine specimen. Vancouver Islands. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.

The air-bladder is composed of two oblong lateral lobes, united
posteriorly.

This is a very singular, although not isolated, instance of the oc-
currence of the same species of fish on both sides of the continent of
America, the more so as on the Atlantic coasts it has hitherto been
found only between <rhe Tropics, whilst on the Pacific coast it ex-
tends far into the temperate region. I have had the opportunity of
examining Atlantic and Pacific specimens, and cannot discover any
differences between them. They are, externally, entirely identical,
even to the dark spot below the eye. The occurrence of this fish in
the Pacific was first noted by Jenyns, who described a specimen from
Bahia Blanca ; then by Sir John Richardson, who obtained a speci-
men in a bad state of preservation from the Gulf of Fonseca, and
described it as B. margaritatus ; and finally by Girard, who gave it
a third name.

Jenyns is not quite certain as to the identity of his specimen with
those from Brazil, as the description of Valenciennes seems to differ
in some very unimportant points. The short porous lines below the
eye are present in the Eastern specimens as well as in the Western,

3. poRicHTin-s. 177

and have been overlooked by Valenciennes. The presence of two teeth
on each side of the vomer is accidental in individuals which are
shedding their teeth. Finally, I ha\e found tliirtj'-two or thirty-
three anal rays in all the specimens, as is stated also Ijy Jcnyns,
and never twenty-seven, as alleged by Valenciennes. Sir J. Richard-
son's specimen was in a bad state of preservation, and appears to be
lost.

2. Porichthys porosus.

Batracliua porosus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p, 50G, pi. 3G8 ; Gay, Hist. Chile,
Zool. ii. p. 29G.

D. 2 1 34. A. 33. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total. Abdomen with two longitudinal series of somewhat in-
distinct pores, commencing at the chin and diverging behind the
ventral fins. Above brown, sides and belly silvciy ; pores not
shining silvery. Dorsal fin with four broad oblique black bands,
and always with a black spot between two bands. The posterior
half of the caudal blackish or with blackish spots. Anal with t^vo
blackish blotches i)osteriorly.

Coasts of Chile.

a, b. Fine specimens. Chile. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.

178 PEDICULAI'I.

Fam. 23. PEDICULATI.

Pediculati, Cuv. Rk/nc Aiiim. edit. 1817.

Pediculati, pt., Cue. Sf Val. Hist. Nat. Puiss. xii. p. 335.

Head and anterior part of the body very large, without scales.
Teeth in cardiform or villiform bands. The spinous dorsal either
composed of a few more or less isolated spines, or entirely absent.
Ventrals jugular, with four or five soft rays, absent in Ceratias ; the
carpal bones prolonged, forming a sort of arm, for the pectorals. Gill-
opening reduced to a small foramen, situated in or near the axil.
Gills two and a half, three, or three and a half ; pseudobranchiae
absent.

Carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas of the temperate and tro-
pical regions.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Head depressed. Six dorsal spines, three of which are

isolated, situated on the liead 1. Lopiiius.

Head compressed. Tliree dorsal spines, the two posterior
of wliich are connected by a membrane with each
other and with the soft dorsal 2. Brachioniciitiiys.

Head compressed. Three dorsal spines, the two anterior
of which are connected by a membrane, the third
being isolated 3. Saccarius.

Head compressed. Three isolated dorsal spines 4. Antennarius.

Head depressed. One dorsal spine (rostral tentacle).

Skin covered with minute spines 5. Ciiaunax.

Head depressed. One dorsal spine (rostral tentacle).

Skin with conical tubercles. Palate toothed 6. Maltiie.

Head depressed. Palate smooth 7. HALiEUTiEA.

Ventral fins none 8. Ceratias.

1. LOPHIUS.

Lophius, Artedi, Genera, p. 02.

Head exceedingly large, broad, and depressed ; cleft of the mouth
exceedingly wide ; jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth.
Body naked ; bones of the head with many spines. The three an-
terior dorsal spines isolated, situated on the head, modified into long-
tentacles, — the three following spines forming a continuous fin ; the
soft dorsal and anal short. Gills three. Pyloric appendages two,

8cas of the teniperate regions of Europe, North America, Asia, and
Africa.

]. LOl'HIUS. 171)

1 . Lophius piscatorius.

Tlie Sea-Devil. Fiahinp Fvog.

AXias ^drov, Aristot. Hist. Aiiim. ix. f. 37, ii. c. l-"^, v. cap. 5 & 14.

Btlrpaxos, 'Aktas, Aristot. ix. c. 37; JElian, vii. p. 280; Oppiiin, ii.

p. 33.
Rana, Ovid,\. p. 120; Plin. ix. c. 24, xxv. c. 10.
Rana marina, Bellon. p. 85 : Joust. Pise. i. iib. 1. tit. 1. cap. 3. art. '>.

punct. 9. p. 30. tab. 2. fit?. 8.
piscatrix. Rondel, i. lib. 12. cap. 20. p. 303; Sale. Hist. Aqnnt.

p. 129. fig. 47 ; Ges>u'r, Aqiiat. iv. p. 813; JVillughby, p. 85. tab. E. ] ;

Ray, Syn. p. 29 ; Schoner. p. 59 ; Aldror. iii. c. 04. p. 400.
Lophius, Arti'di, Genera, p. (53. ap. 1, Synon. p. 87 ; Gronor. Mus. i.

p. 57, and Zoophyl. p. 58.
Batrachiis, Klein, Mis-t. iii. p. 15. sp. 1 & 2.
Lophius piscatorius. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 402, and Faun. Suec. p. 108 ;

Mail. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 38 ; Retz. Faun. p. 308 ; Briinn. Pise.

3Iass. p. 7 ; Lacep. ii. p. 140, i. pi. 13. fig. 1 ; Bl. iii. p. 82. tab. 87;

Bl. Selm. p. 139 ; Donor. Brit. Fislw.s, v. pi. 101 ; Turton, Brit.

Faun. p. 115; Cur. Rryne Anini. ; Fletn. Brit. An. p. 214; Cur.

R^l/ne Anim. ; Low, Faun. Oread, p. 18;5 ; Mohr, Isl. Naturli. p. 01 ;

Faber, Fische Isl. p. 55 ; Shaw, Nat. Misc. xi. pi. 422 ; Bonap. Faun.

Ital. Pesc. c. fig. ; Car. i<f Val. xii. p. 344. pi. 302 ; Jen. Brit. Vert.

r. 389; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 253 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 209,

2nd edit. i. p. 305, 3rd edit. ii. p. 388 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fisk.

p. 245 ; Cui\ R^ffne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 84 ; Gronor!. Syst. ed. Gray,

p. 47 ; Nordni. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 444 ; Gaimard,

yoy. III. et Griinl, Zool. Poiss. pi. 19 ; Guichen. Explor. AlgSr. Poiss.

p. 80.
Fishing Frog, Borl. Cornw. p. 200. pi. 27. fig. 5 ; Perm. Brit. Zool. iii.

p. 105. pi. 18. edit. 1812, iii. p. 159. pi. 21.
Pontoppidan, Nat. Hist. Norw. ii. p. 244 ; Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 9

p. 294. pi. 18; Ascan..Ie. tab. 35, 30; Strom, Siindm. i. p. 271.
Batrachus piscatorius, Risso, lehth. Nice, p. 47, and Eur. Mei'id. iii.

p. 170. . '

Young.

Lophius eurypterus, Diib. en Kor. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1844,
p. 03. tab. 3. figs. 1-3 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 251.

piscatorius, Gilnth. Ann. &■ Maq. Nat. Hist. Alarch 1801, p. 190.

pi. 10. figs. C-E.

Synonyms established on deformed specimens.

Lophius fergusonis, Lac&p. i. pp. 303, 330 : Walb. Artedi, iii. p. 490,
founded on Ferguson, Phil. Trans, liii. p. 88. pi. 13.

Rana piscatrix, Leight. Nat. Hist. Lancashire, p. 180. pi. 0. fig. 5.

Ijophius co.mubiciis, Shaw, Zool. v. p. 381, founded on the figure given
by Borlase.

barbatus, Montinus, Act. Holm. iii. 1779, t. 4 ; Z. Gm. i. p. 1480.

Anatomy.

Nervous system : Camper in Mem. Sar. ctrang. Acad. Sci. 1774, vi.

p. , and iti Opuse. ed. Hcrbell, ii. part 2, pi. 1. fig. 1: Srarpu,

de AuditH et Olfaeto, p. 08. pi. 4. fig. 1.
Osteologv : Owen, Osteol. Catal. Cull. Surq. )>. ~'.) ; A(iass. Poiss. /'o.w.

v. pl.M.

180 PKDICUI.ATI.

( )n tlio other anatomical dotaila soo tlic ai'tiole in Ouv. i)- Val, I. c. and
in <>St(iu/ims, Vertjl, Anut. Fischc.

D. 3 I 3 I 11-12. A. 9-11. C. 8. Ctcc. pylor. 2.

Yert. 28-31 (igi).

Teeth arranged in two alternate scries ; two or three teeth on
each side of the vomer ; humeral spine mth three points ; the mouth
behind the hyoid bone colourless.

Coasts of Europe ; scarce beyond 60° N. lat. Cape Seas.

a. Adult: stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. rarncU's Collection.
h. Half-grown: skin. South Devonshire. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.

c. Half-grown. South Wales. Presented by J. Stokes, Esq.

d. Three feet long : stuffed. English Coast.

e. Half-grown : in spirits. British Coast.

f-k. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins and stuffed. British
Coast.

I, m. Very large specimens : skeletons.

II. Skull of a very large specimen.

2. Lophius setigerus.

Lophius setigerus, Wahl. Skrirt. af Natarh.'w. p. 214. tab. 3. figa. 5, (! ;

Cuv. 8,~ Vol. xii. p. 383; Sch/c;/'. Faun. Japan. Paiss. p. 158. pi. 80;

Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 203 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batac. Gettootsch.

XXV., Japan, p. 46.
viviparus, Bl. Schn. p. 142. tab. 32.

D. 3 I 3 I 8-9. A. 6-7. C. 8. Vert. 19.

Teeth arranged in two alternate scries in the ujipcr jaw, in thre(!
in tho lower ; two or three teeth* on each side of the vomer ; hu-
meral spine terminating in three points ; the mouth behind the hyoid
bone pm-plish-black, with white spots.

Coasts of China and Japan.

a. Half-grown. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

f>-c. Young : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

d-t. Half-grown and young : dried. From Chinese insect-boxes.

The small number of vertebrae proves tho distinctness of this
species from the European L. piscatorius. The anterior vertebra; are
very short, the middle and posterior ones nearly e(]ual in length.

3. Lophius budegassa.

Lophius budegassa, Spinola in Ann. Mm. 1807, p. 37G ; liisso, Fur.
Merid. iii. p. 170 ; Bunap. Faun. Itul. Pesc. c. ng.

piscatonvis, var. A., liisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 48.

parvipinnis, Cuv. Regne Anim.

piscatorius, var., Cza: ^ Val, xii. p. 372.

D. 3 I 3 I 9. A. 9. C. 8 Vert. 27-30.

Teeth arranged in two alternate series ; two or three teeth on

1. Lopnxus. 181

each side of the vomer ; humeral spine long, lanceolate, simple ; tlio
mouth behind the hyoid bone colourless.

Mediterranean.
a. Half-grown. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Spinola, llisso, Cuvier, and Bonaparte have endeavoured to distin-
guish a second Mediterranean species of iop/tiw5, which they have cha-
racterized either by its colour, or the number of its dorsal rays, or the
different length or shape of the first dorsal spine, — characters which
have been considered by Valenciennes as so variable, that he did not
adopt the species founded on them. The most important of these
characters is that used by Cuvier, namely the number of the dorsal
rays. In aU the immature specimens of L. piscatorius and of L. hu-
degassa which I have examined, the number of the dorsal rays of
the former was not less than eleven, and of the latter not more than
nine ; but this character becomes uncertain in large individuals, in
which one or two of the first rays appear to be lost with age. A
better character for the distinction of the two Mediterranean species,
and one which can be depended upon, is the form of the humeral
spine : the teeth with which it is provided, in L. inscatorius, never
being effaced, altkough they are more obtuse in old specimens than
in young ones.

The three preceding species can be characterized sufficiently to
admit them into the system. The following were established for
single individuals, which, coming from distant localities, showed
some slight differences from the European species : —

1. Lopliius americanus, Cuv & Val. xii. p. 380 ; Dekay, Xcw York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 162. pi. 28. fig. 87 (bad).

Lophhis piscatorius, Mitch. Lit. & Phil. Trans. New York, i.

p. 465 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 103 ; Storer,

Mass. Report, pp. 71, 404.
No differences of any importance have been pointed out, and this
species is probably identical with L. piscatorius. Valenciennes states
eight or nine as the number of the dorsal rays ; but the specimen
examined is stuffed, and in bad condition. Dekay, who professes to
have seen scivcral specimens, is unable to point out the specific cha-
racters ; the mmibers given by him (D. 3 | 3 | 12. A. 10) would
lead to the opinion that it is most nearly allied to L. piscatoritis.

2. Lophius vomerinus, Cuv. & Val. xii. p. 381, from the Cape, is
established upon a single specimen which had no teeth on the corners
of the vomer ; these may have been lost, the specimen being more
than two feet long. D. 3 | 3 | 10. A. 9. In other respects the
description agrees very well with the Cape specimen in the British
Museum.

3. Lophius upsicephalus, Smith, 111. Zool. South Africa, Pisces,
pi. 9. The figure is wretched, and taken from a specimen deformed
by stuffing. It has vomerine teeth, and we therefore refer to this
species a stuffed specimen from the Cape, forty-one inches long. I am
unable to ascertain Iht number of the dttfsal rays and the form of

182 PEDICULATI,

the humeral spine. The lateral teeth of the intermaxillary are
smaller and more numerous than in the European species, to which
otherwise it bears the strongest resemblance. Sir A. Smith states
seven or eigrht rays for the dorsal and anal fins.

2. BRACHIONICHTHYS*

Chironectes, pt., Cut: Refjne Aniw.

Brachionichthvs, Bleeker, NaUmrh. Tydsdtr. Nedirl. Ind. vii. 1854,
p. 121.

Head large, high, compressed ; cleft of the mouth directed for-
wards ; jaws with cardiform teeth ; palate smooth. Body smooth,
or covered with minute spines. Three slender dorsal spines, the two
posterior of which are connected by a membrane "with each other
and with the soft portion ; the anterior modified into a tentacle,
situated above the snout. The soft dorsal is longer than the anal.
Stomach of moderate siip ; pyloric appendages none. Air-bladder
absent.

Sea of Tasmania.

1. Brachionichthys hirsutus.

Lophius hirsutus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. p. 202. pi. 55. fig. 3.
Chironectes punctatus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iii. p. 434. pi. 18. fig. 2.

hirsxitus, Cuv. l^ Val. xii. p. 434.

Brachionichthys hirsutus, Blcek. I. c, 8c Visschen van Van Diemen's

Land, p. 22. fig. 2.
Skeleton : Cuv. I. c. fig. 5.

D. 1 I 2 I 19. A. 9. P. 7. V. 1/4. Vert. 12/10.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. Skin
rough. The anterior dorsal spine is free, terminating in a small
lobe ; the two others are joined into one fin, separate from the soft
dorsal. Brownish-grey, with brown dots ; a black spot on the second,
bird and fourth dorsal rays.
Van Diemen's Land.

2. Brachionichthys laevis.

Lophius laevis, Lacep. I. c. fig. 4.

Chu'onectes unipennis, Cuv. I. c. p. 435. pi. 18. fig. 3.

Isevis, Cuv. S,- Val. xii. p. 437.

D.^. A. 9. P. 7. V. 1/4.

10

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. Skin
nearly smooth, covered with minute spines. The dorsal spines are
connected with one another and with the soft dorsal by a membrane,
which, however, is notched between the first and second spines and
between the third and the soft dorsal. Keddish-brown.

Hah. ?

* Seba, i. 74. 3, Cuv. <f- Vnl. xii. p. 433, may belong to this genus.

4. ANTENNARIUS. 183

Chironectes politus, Richards. Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 133, and Voy,
Ereb. and Terr. Fishes, p. 16. pi. 9. fig. 2, is closely allied to, if not
identical with, this species. It is from Van Diemen's Land.

3. SACCARIUS.

Head very large, high, compressed ; cleft of the mouth vertical ;
jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth. Body covered with
minute spines. Three dorsal spines, the two anterior of which are
imited by a membrane ; the first slender, the third entirely separated
from the soft dorsal. The latter fin of moderate length, longer than
the anal. Gill-apparatus as in AntennarivjS. Stomach very wide.

Coast of New Zealand.

1. Saccarius lineatus.
D. 2 I 1 I 12. A. 7. C. 9. P. 10. V. 5.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length. Cleft of the mouth sub vertical, with bands of cardi-
form teeth in the jaws and on the palate. Skin very rough, covered
with small simple and forked spines ; series of small spiny tubercles
round the eye and along the lateral line ; some short cutaneous
fringes at the angle of the mouth. The dorsal spines are broadly
webbed posteriorly, the membrane between the two anterior ones
uniting them into one fin, although it is deeply notched. The first
spine is slender, rather longer than the second, enveloped in trans-
parent membrane, and only free at its extremity, which terminates
in a small tentacle ; the second is stout and, like the third, enveloped
in rough skin. The soft dorsal terminates at some distftfice from the
caudal fin, and its last ray does not extend to the root of the latter.
The ventrals are shorter than the maxillary bone. Ground-colour
olive-yellowish ; head and body with numerous brown stripes, obHque
on the head and trunk, vertical along the base of the dorsal and
anal fins, longitudinal on the taU. Vertical fins with two or three
series of black ocellated spots.
Sea of New Zealand.

inches, lines.

Total length 5 6

Height of the body 2 4

a. Bay of Islands. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

4. ANTENNARIUS*.

Chironectes, pt., Ouv. Eegne Anitn.
Antennarius, Comtners. ; Cuv. B^gne Anhn,

Head very large, high, compressed ; cleft of the mouth vertical
or subvertical; jaws and palate armed, with cardiform teeth. Body

* 1. Chironectes payoninus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 421. — Typical specimen at
Gottingen.
2. chlorostigma, (Ehrenh.) Cuv.<^- Vat. xii. p.-420. — Massuah. '6.

184 PEDICTTLATI.

naked, or covered with minute spines. The spinous dorsal is reduced to
three isolated spines, the anterior of which is modified into a tentacle,
situated above the snout. The soft dorsal of moderate length, longer
than the anal. No cleft behind the foui'th gill ; only one-half of the
anterior arcus branchialis is provided with lameDse. Pseudobranchiae
none. Stomach very wide ; pyloric appendages none. An air-bladder.
Seas between the tropics.

There is scarcely another genus of fishes which offers so much
difiicidty in the discrimination of the species as the present. First
we may state the fact, that most of the species of this genus are
inhabitants of the seas between the tropics, Uving on floating
sea-weed, and enabled, by filling the spacious stomach with air,
to sustain themselves on the surface of the water. They are
therefore found in the open sea as well as near the coasts, and
being bad swimmers, are driven with the ciirrents into which they
hapiien to fall. Thus it is a natural consequence that at least
some of the species should have a very wide geographical range,
not only over the Atlantic, but also over the Indian Ocean. This
circumstance has been entirely disregarded by several naturalists,
who have readily admitted the identity of the species in specimens
from the He de France, New Ireland, and the Sandwich Islands, but
have opposed the idea of the same identity of fishes from the Brazil
coast, the Cape, and the He de France : they have constantly separated
the Atlantic from the Indian specimens ; and the great variabihty
to which the species of this genus are subject gave them ample
opportunity of affixing some characters to the fictitious species.
This variability is so great, that scarcely two specimens will be found
which are exactly alike ; it extends not only to the coloration, but
to the spines and cuticular appendages, which are more developed
in age, to the length and flexibihty of the second and third dorsal
spines, and to the form of the tentacle above the snout, which, being
tender and delicate, is necessarily often injured, and probably
reproduced. Whenever I had an opportunity of examining speci-
mens agreeing with the descriptions given, I was enabled to refer
them to the typical form ttf which they are merely individual va-
rieties, or to decide whether they shoixld really form a distinct specific
group ; but when I had no such opportunity, it would have been too
hazardous to treat them as merely synonyms, and therefore I have
preferred to admit them into the list of species, although I have

3. Chironectes trisignatus, Bichards. Voy. Ercb. ^* Terr. Fishes, p. 15. pi. 9.

Gg.l.— Hah. - — -?

4. mentzelii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 417. — West Indies.

5. Marcgr. p. 150. — Chironectes furcipilis, Cuv. Mim. Mus. iii. p. 329. pi. 17.

fig. 1. — Cuv. cf- V(d. xii. p. 423.

6. Seba, i. 74. 6. — Lophius marmoratus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. v. t. 176, and Zool.

V. p. 386. pi. 165.— Pacific.

7. Chironectes bicoi-nis, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 84, and Trans. Zool.

Sor. iii. p. 10. — Madeira.

8. Antcnnarius dorchensis, Blcek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Nieuw-

O'uinea, p. 21. — New Guinea.

4. ANTENNARITJS. 185

not tho slightest doubt that more than one-half of them will prove
to be individual varieties.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Skin naked or not very rough. Ocellated spots none.
* White spots on the belly.

1. A. raarmoratus,
** No white spots on the belly.

2. A. barbatulus.

h. Anterior dorsal spine terminating in two spindle-liko tentacles.
3. A. histrio. 4. A. tigris.

c. Ground-colour light, densely marbled and variegated with darker ;

ocellated spots none. Skin rough. Anterior dorsal spine witli

flat tentacles.
I). A. hispidiis. G. A. pinniceps. 7. A. tridens.

[The following species appear to belong to this division : — ]
8. A. moluccensis. 9. A. coccineus. 10. A. lindgreeni.

d. Caudal fin with transpar»^,nt, black-edged ocelli.

11. A. urophtbalmus.

e. Colour nearly uniform black or brown ; anterior dorsal spine with

flat tentacles.

12. A. commersonii. 13. A. principis.

[The following species, perhaps, are merely varieties : — ]
14. A. hoiTidus. 15. A. melas.

/. Ocellated black spots on the vertical fins and more or less on the
body.

16. A. multiocellatus. 17. A. nummifer.

[Other species closely allied to this division are — ]
18. A. notophthalmus. 22. A. caudimaculatus. 25. A. polyophthalmus.
10. A. ocelliitus. 23. A. cliironectes. 26. A. pliyniatodes

20. A. biocellatus. 24. A. pardalis. (A. oligospilos).

21. A. tenebrosus. 27. A. leprosus.

ff. Head and anterior portion of the back immaculate, rose-coloured ;
the remainder reticulated with black.

28. A. bigibbus.
h. Dorsal with fifteen rays.

29. A. bougainvillii.

1. Antennarius mannoratns.

Seha, i. 74. 4 (verj' bad).

Cochinchina Lophius, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xxiii. pi. 1012 (deformed).

Skeleton : Cuv. 3Ihn. Mus. iii. pi. 18. fig. 4 (Chironectes lajvigatus).

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10. Vert. 9/9.

The anto«ior dorsal spine is short, terminating in a small Icnob
with a minute tcntadc attached to it ; sometimes it is very sliort, or
entirely absent. The last dorsal ray extends to, or slightly bcjond,

186 PEDICULATI.

the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. Head and body with cu-
taneous tentacles, those on the angle of the mouth and on the belly
being the most conspicuous ; each tentacle of the latter rooting in the
"centre of a round white spot. The second and third dorsal spines
fringed on the top. Ground-colour yellowish or reddish, largely
marbled with brown ; brown spots radiating from the eye ; most of
the spots edged with white. Hound white spots on the sides of the
body, and more crowded on the belly.
Seas between the Tropics.

Var. a. pkta.

? Guaperva sinensis, Linn^, Reise durch Westgothland, tab. 3. fig. 5

a & h. p. 160.
Lophiiis, Gronov. Zooj)hf/l. no. 208.
Balistes, Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 53. no. 116.
P Lophius histrio, var. h. pictus, Bl. Schn. p. 142.
Chironectes pictus, Cuv. Sf V(d. xii. p. 393. pi. 364.
arcticus, Diib. en Kor. Vii. Akad. Handl. 1844, p. 72. tab. 3.

figs. 4, 5 ; Ndss. Skand. Fmm. iv. p. 257.
Lophius histrio, Gronov. Syst. cd. Gray, p. 48 (not syn.^.

Skin entirely smooth. The third dorsal spine nearly one-half of
the height of the body. The broAvn spots on the body light chestnut-
brown, the white spots on the belly nearly as large as the eye ;
irregular brown longitudinal bands on the dorsal and anal fins, those
on the caudal transverse.

Young of this variety.
Lophius tumidus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 56 ; Osbeck, Reise nach China,

p. 400.
Chironectes tumidus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 397.

The third dorsal spine is nearly entirely enveloped in the skin.

Atlantic ; occasionally extratropical.
a-h. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
<^d. Young. Atlantic, betM'cen 22° and 25° N. lat. and 48° W. long.

From Mr. Rouse's Collection.
e-g. Young. (? Lake Chalco, near Mexico.) Presented by Robert

James, Esq.
h. Young. Open sea. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.
i, Ji; l-n, o,p, q-r, s-w. Adult, half-groAvn, and young,
.r. Half-gi'own : skin. From Gronow's CoUection,

Var. I3.

Skin minutely granulated. The length of the third dorsal spine
is rather less than one-half of the height of the body. The brown
spots on the body light chestnut-brown ; white spots numerous,
nearly as large as the eye ; the bands of the dorsal are irregular;
oblique, those on the caudal transverse, and those on the anal irre-
gular and longitudinal.

Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
a. Half-grown. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Fiank.

4. ANTENNARIUS. 187

b-c, d-e. Half- grow D and youiig. Indian Ocean.

/. Half- grown. Atlantic. Presented by Captain Sir E. Bfilcher, C.B.

g, h. Adult : not good state.

Var. y. ranina.

Lophius raninus, Tiles, Mem. Natur. Mosc. xi. pi. 16.

Chironectes Itevigatus, Cuv. Mem. Mns. iii. p. 423. pi. 16. fig. 1 ; Ciiv.

Sf Val. xii. p. 399 ; Storcr, Rep. Mass. p. 73 ; Bekay, New York

Fauna, Fishes, p. 165. pi. 27. fig. 83.
Antennarius nitidus, Beim. Zoul. Jotirn. iii. p. 375. tab. 9. fig. 2.
Chironectes pictiis, var. vittatus, Richards. Vuy. Ereh, 4' Terr. Fishes,

p. 15. pi. 9. figs. 3, 4.

Skin minutely granulated. The length of the third dorsal spine is
one-third of the height of the body. * The brown spots blackish-brown,
slightly edged with white ; white spots small, and not numerous ; ,
bands on the vertical fins broad and spot-like.

Atlantic, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Seas.

a, b, c, d, e. Half-grown and young. China. Presented by Captain

Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
/. Adult. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
g, h. Half-grown and young.

Var. Z. gibba.

Lophius gibbus, Mitch, in Phil. 8f Lit. Trans. Netv York, i. pi. 4. fig. 9,
and Am. Month. Mag. ii. p. 325 (from a discoloured specimen).

Chironectes gibbus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 164. pi. 24.
fig. 74.

Skin very distinctly granulated. The length of the third dorsal
spine is one-third or rather less than one-third of the height of the
body. The brown spots on the body dark greyish-brown, with
narrow white edges. White spots scattered, nearly as large as the
eye ; the bands on the dorsal oblique, on the caudal transverse, and
on the anal longitudinal : all with dots of a deeper brown.

Atlantic ; Australia.

a, b, c. Adult and young. West coast of Africa.

d. Adult. Australia. Presented by T. Baines, Esq.

e, /. Adult and half-grown : not good state.

Var. e. marmorata.

PBatrachus mollis, Klein, 3Iiss.. in. p. 16. tab. 3. fig. 4.

? Lophius histrio, var. marmoratus, £1. Schn. p. 142.

Lophius geogi'aphic'is, Quoy ^ Gaitn. Voy. XJran. i. p. 355. pi. 65.

fig. 3 (deformed).
•Chironectes marmoratus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 146, Poiss. pi. 16.

fig. 2 (bad) ; Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 402 ; Fatm. Japon. Poiss. p. 159.

pi. 81. fig. 1.

nesogallicua, Ciw. 8f Val. xii. p. 401 ; Bleeker, Solor, p. 84.

Antennarius nesogallicus, Guer.-Menev. Iconoyr. iii. pi. 41. fig. 2.
raninus. Cant. Catal. p. 202 ; Bleek, Ceram, ii. p. 707, and Act.

Soc. Sc. Lnih-Nederl. iii., Celebes, p. 12.

Skin very distinctly granular. The length of the third dorsal

188 PEDICTJLATI.

spine 18 less than one-third of the height of the body. The brown
spots are blackish-brown, with black dots ; black dots on the lower
parts of the body. White spots scattered, smaller than the eye. The
bands on the dorsal oblique, on the caudal transverse, and on the
anal longitudinal and irregular.

From the Eastern coasts of Africa through the East Indies to
Polynesia.

a. Adult. Madagascar. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Adult : skin. From the Collection of the East India Company.

Var. f .

Skin minutely granulated. The third dorsal spine one-third of the
height of the body. The white spots scattered and small. A .round
brown spot between the base of the eighth and tenth dorsal rays.

Atlantic.

a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

b. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.

2. Antennarius barbatulus.
Chironectesharh&iuluSjET/d.Si' Soul. Voy. Bonite, Poiss.Tp. 184. pl.G.f. 1.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.
The anterior dorsal spine is as long as, and placed at the base
of, the second, slightly swollen at its extremity ; the second and
third bear short cutaneous fringes on their anterior side. Skin
scarcely granular, with some tentacles on the lower side of the head.
The dorsal and anal fins are somewhat elevated, and their last rays
appear to extend beyond the root of the caudal, if laid backwards.
Rose-coloured, slightly marbled with yellowish. (Eyd. 6f Soul.)
Hah. ?

3. Antennarius histrio.

Lophius, Brown, Jamaica, p. 457. no. 1 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. no, 210.

Ciuaper\'a, Marafr. p. 150.

Lophius histrio, X. Syst. i. p. 493 ; Bl. taf. Ill ; Bl Schn. p. 142 (not

var.).

striatus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. v. pi. 175, and Zovl. v. p. 385.

Chironectes scaber, Cui\ Mem. Mm. iii. p. 425. pi. 16. tig. 2 ; Cuv. ^

Val. xii. p. 412; Cuv. JR(>yne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 85. tig. 1.

histrio, Poey, Mem. Cub. p. 217.

Lophius spectnun, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. i9.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 9-10.
The anterior dorsal spine is as long as the second, and provided
with two long and thick cutaneous flaps at its top. Tho third dorsal
spine is not continuoiis with the soft dorsal. The soft dorsal fin
terminates at some distance from the caudal, and its last ray does
not extend to the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. Dorsal sj)incs,
head, back, and sides of the body with more or less numerous cuta-
neous fringes, those of the dorsal ,s])incH sonKitimes forming a dense
cluster. Skin very rough, covered with small sjnnes. C round-colour

4. ANTENNARIUS. 189

yellomsh or reddish, with numorous brown spots, thoHO round the
eye forming radiating streaks. Dorsal and anal fins w'ith three scries
of round brown spots, the middle of v.'hich is formed by the largest
spots and the most constant. Sometimes uniform brown.
Caribbean Sea. (? Sea of Otaheitc.)

a. Adult : skin. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
6, c. Adult. (? Otaheite.) Cook's Voyage. — Types of Lophhis stri-

atvs, Shaw.
d, e. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
/, g. Adult : stuffed.

Var. a.

Chironectes principis, pt, Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 41G (the iirst figure
" d'un brun tres-fonc6," &c.).

Head and body brown, without distinct markings ; spots on the
dorsal and caudal fins distinct.

a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Var. /3.

Uniform brown.

a,h. Half-grown. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
c. Half-grown: discoloured.

4. Antennarius tigris.
Chironectes tigris, Poey, Mem. Cub. i. p. 217. lam. 17. fig. 2.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 11.

The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, terminating
in two long cutaneous flaps. The third dorsal spine is connected
with the soft dorsal by a broad membrane ; the latter terminates at
some distance fx'om the caudal, and its last ray docs not extend to
the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. Skin rough, covered with
small spines, without cutaneous fringes. Ground-colour yellow,
with numerous brown spots and streaks, the latter radiating from the
eye ; dorsal fin irregiilarly spotted, without a series of large round
brown spots. {Poey.)

Sea of Cuba.

5. Antennarius hispidus.

Koelreuter, Nov. Comm. Petrop, x. p. 337. tab. 8. fig. 1 ; Russell, pi. 19,

Lophius hispidus, Bl. Schn. p. 143.

Chironectes lophotes, Cuv. 3Iem. Mus. Hist. Nat. iii. p. 428. pi. 17. fig. 2.

hi'spidus, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 407.

Antennarius hispidus, Cant. Catal. p. 203 ; Bleek. Amhoina 8f Ceram,
p. 280.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, and terminates

190 • PEDICULATI.

in a lanceolate ciliated flap. A cntaiieous fold extends from the
third dorsal spine to the soft dorsal tin. The soft dorsal termi-
nates at some distance from the caudal fin, and its last ray does
not extend to the root of the latter. Body and head with a few
short fringes. Skin very rough, covered "with small si)ines. Ground-
colour yellow, with numerous brown spots and streaks, some of the
latter radiating from the eye, others extending on the dorsal fin,
which has no series of large round spots.
East Indian Seas,

a. Adult : stuffed. East Indies, From the Collection of the East
India Company,

6. Antennarius pinniceps.

Antennarius pinniceps, (Commerson) Cur. (Jj- Vnl. xii. p. 410; BIccJi.

Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedcrl. i., Amboiua, p. 49.
Lopliius histrio, Lavip. i. pp. 802, .320.

Antennarius tridens, Seldi'i/. Faun. Japun. Poiss. pi. 81. fi^'. 4.
Chironectes scaber, Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. 10. p. 219.

D, 3 I 12, A, 7. P. 10

The anterior dorsal spine is as long as the second, terminating in
three lanceolate flaps. The dorsal fin terminates at a considerable
distance from the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines
and with some small cutaneous fringes. Yellowish, irregularly
spotted and streaked with brown ; streaks radiating from the eye ;
a series of large round brown spots along the middle of the dorsal ;
dorsal and anal with round spots.

East Indian Seas,

Var, a, innniceiis.

Belly with large round spots.
He de France.

a. Adult. Indian Ocean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

Var, /3, Bleeleri.

Belly immacidate.
Sea of Amboyna.

Antennarius lacepedii, Bleek, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. p. 50,
frum Amboyna, is very similar to this species, having the round spots
on the dorsal fin and on the belly, but only two lobes at the ex-
tremity of the anterior dorsal spine.

One of the specimens figured by Schlegcl (Faun. Japon. Poiss.
pi, 81, fig, 4), under the name of Ch. tridens, appears to mc to
belong to this species, having a series of large round spots on tlu;
dorsal fin.

4. AXTEXNAUIU:*. 191

7. Aiitennarius tridens.

Chivoiioctes tridoiifi, Schler/. Faioi. Japan. Puisa. p. 159. pi. 81. fig.-?. 2,
3&5; Block. Vcrhand. Batar. Genootsch. xxv., Japan, p. 47.

D. 3 I 11-12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior doi-sal spine is longer than the second, and terminates
in three cutaneous flaps ; a fold of the skin extends from the third
dorsal spine to the soft dorsal. The soft dorsal fin terminates at
some distance from the caudal, and its last ray does not extend to the
caudal, if laid backwards. Skin very rough, covered Avith small
spines ; body without any fringes or tentacles. Ground-colour
yellowish ; head and body with more or less numerous brown spots,
those round the eye forming radiating streaks ; the spots are some-
times reduced to mere specks ; dorsal fin with small spots of irre-
gular shape, not forming a series.

Seas of China and Japan.

a. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Ileevcs, Escj.

8. Antennarius moluccensis.
Bleeko; Amhoina, vi. p. 424.

1). 3 I 12-13. A. 8. P. 11.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, with a short
ciliated fiap ; the second and third broadly webbed posteriorly.
Skin rough, without cutaneous fringes. Body and fins with irre-
gular oblong black spots ; a reticulated rosc-coloui'ed band from the
back to the pectoral ; a series of four rose-coloured spots along the
side of the body, reticulated vnth. black ; a similar spot on the back
of the tail and on the membrane behind the second dorsal spine ;
fins deep violet, or densely spotted towards the margin, and with the
tips of the rays yellowish. A rose-coloured cross-band on the base
of the caudal, reticulated with black ; several other black transverse
streaks on the remainder of the fin.

Seas of Amboyna and Goram.

a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

9. Antennarius coccineus.

Chironectes coccineus, Less. ^- Gam. Voy, Coq. Pom. p. 14.'{. pi. IG.
fig. 1; Citv. Sf Val xii. p. 430.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7.

The head and the snout are so short, that the cleft of the mouth
ascends in an oblique line, which is somewhat directed backwards.
The anterior dorsal spine is short, stiff, terminating in a small
simple tentacle situated between the eyes. Skin rough, covered
with small spines, without cutaneous fringes. The third dorsal
spine is nearly entirely hidden in the skin. Red, clouded with
blackish and greyish ; region abo\e the pectoral bluckish.

Mauritius.

192 PEDICtTLATI.

10. Antennarius lindgreeni.
Bkek. Natuurk, Tydschr. Nederl. hid. 1855, viii. p. 192.
D. 3 I 13. A. 7. P. 9.

The cleft of the mouth is subvertical, and ascends in an oblique
line which is slightly directed forwards ; the length of the maxillary
bone is contained five times and three-quarters in that of the body.
The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, terminating in
many broad and long flaps. The second spine is only one-half the
length of the third, which is shorter than the maxillary ; dorsal fin
more than twice as long as the anal ; the length of the caudal is one-
fourth of the total. Skin rough, covered with small spines and with
cutaneous fringes. Red, reticulated with black ; the outer halves of
the fins with black variegations ; caudal with eight or nine black
undulated cross-streaks. {Bl.)

Sea of Banka.

11. Antennarius urophthahnus.

Chironectes caudimaculatus, Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes,

p. 125. tab. 60. figs, 8, 9 (not Riipp.).
Antennarius urophthalmus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nede^i. Ind. ii.
p. 488, and xv. p. 237.

D. 3 1 13. A. 8. P. 9.
Interior dorsal spine rather short, terminating in a ciliated flap.
The third dorsal spine is connected by a membrane with the base of
the soft dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins extend to the root of the
caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines and with scattered
cutaneous fringes, two at the chin being the longest. Orange-
coloured, densely spotted and reticulated with black ; the membrane
between the caudal rays with transparent ocelli, edged with black.

Seas of Singapore, Riouw, and Australia.
a. Adult. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke.
h-c, d. Adult. Australia.
e. Adult. Stuifed.

12. Antennarius commersonii.

Lophiua commersonii, Lac6p. 1. p. 327.

Chironectes commersonii, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iii. p. 431. pi. 18. fig. 1 ;

Cuv. 4- Val. xii. p. 426.
Antennarius commersonii, Cant. Catal. p, 204.

D. 3 I 13-14. A. 7-8. P. 9-11.

Skin very rough, covered with small spines. The anterior dorsal
spine much longer than the second, terminating in a fringed lobe.
The dorsal fin terminates near the caudal, and its last ray extends
to the root of the caudal. Nearly uniform black or brovmish-black,
with some white spots ; pectoral and ventral fins white-edged.

Indian Ocean.

4. AKTENNARIUS. 193

Var. a. Commersonii,

A small white spot above the axil of the peetoraL P, 11.
He de France and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen : ten inches long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr.
Frank.

Var. /3. Cantoris.

On the back, above the lateral line and in front of the first arti-
culated ray, an oblique rose-coloured (in Hfe) spot, within which a
black ring ; at the root of the caudal, above and below, two similar
smaller spots, and one on the side between the pectoral and anal
nns ; on the posterior part of the caudal a broad submarginal rose-
coloured band, within which four somewhat undulating black lines,
edged with black. Between the third and ninth caudal rays a rose-
coloured cross-band, divided in the middle by a black line. The
other fins with a broad submarginal rose-coloured band, edged with
black. P. 9.

Sea of Singapore.

Var. y. Musei britannici.

Brownish-black; throat with indistinct undulating black lines.
Top of the third dorsal spine white ; a narrow and short white cross-
band before the first dorsal ray ; anal and dorsal fins with a narrow
white posterior margin ; caudal \\'ith two white cross-bars, one near
the root, the other across the posterior margin. P. 9.

ffab. ?

a. Fine specimen.

13. Antennarius principis.

Chironectes principis, pt., Cuv. 4' Val- xii. p. 416 (the second figure
with "tout le corps noir," &c.).

D. 3 ] 11. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is twice as long as the second, termi-
nating in a small slender lobe. The membrane behind the third
spine extends to the root of the soft dorsal fin. The latter terminates
at some distance from the caudal, and its last ray does not extend to
the base of the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines, with-
out cutaneous fringes. Black ; tips of the pectoral and ventral fins
and a small spot above the pectoral white.

Tropical parts of the "Western Atlantic.

a. Fine specimen. Para.

b. Half-grown : rather discoloured.

14. Antennarius horridus.

Bleeker, Solor, p. 83.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.
Anterior dorsal spine of moderate length, terminating in a simple

VOL. III. 0

194 PEDICULATT.

lobe. Skin rough, covered with small spines, without cutaneous
appendages. Blackish-brown, the lower parts and the fins brown ;
a yellow cross-band before the first dorsal ray, descending towards
the opercles and widening below ; a round yellowish spot above the
axil ; belly and vertical fins with large round black spots, edged with
reddish ; a yeUowish band across the back of the tail, and a spot of
the same colour on the upper angle of the caudal fin ; tips of the
pectoral and ventral rays yellowish. (BleeJc,)
East Indian Archipelago.

Closely allied to some of the varieties of A. commersonii^ but said
to have only twelve dorsal rays.

15. Antennarius melas.
Sleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amboina, p. 70.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7, P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, terminating in
two lobes. Skin rough, covered with small spines, without cuta-
neous fringes. Blackish-brown : belly brown ; dorsal and caudal
fins vsdth a few indistinct small black spots. Tips of the pectoral
and ventral rays yellow. (Bl.)

Sea of Amboyna.

16. Antennarius multiocellatas.

D. 3 I 11-12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spiae is longer than the second, terminating in
a fringed lobe. The dorsal fin terminates at some distance from the
caudal, and its last ray extends to, or very nearly to, the root of the
latter. Skin rough, covered with minute spines, with or without
cutaneous fringes. Bed or whitish, minutely dotted with \iolet, and
with several blackish ocelli : one on the base of the eighth and ninth
dorsal rays, another on the base of the fifth and sixth anal rays, and
three on the middle of the caudal fin, disposed in a triangle.

Var. «. muUiocellata.

Chironectes multiocellatus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 420 ; Poey, Mem. Ciib.
p. 220.
Red, with several smaU ocelli on the body, one behind the pec-
toral ; the violet dots chiefly conspicuous on the membranes of the
vertical fins. Cutaneous fringes none.

Caribbean Sea.
a. Fine specimen : thirty lines long. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
? b. Half-grown : discoloured. China Seas. Presented by Captain
Sir E. Belcher, C.B

Var. fl. Probably adult state.

Reddish, marbled with olive and brown, these variegations forming

4. ANTENXARIUS. 195

several rings and ocelli on the side of the body ; one above the pec-
toral, with a white dot and a small tentacle in the centre. Head
and body with many short cutaneous fringes.
Caribbean Sea.

a. Fine specimen : five inches long. Caribbean Sea. From the

Collection of the Zoological Society.
h. Half-grown : skin. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
<•. Adult : stuffed : bad state.

Var. y. leticosoma.

Lophiua pictus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 17G. fig. 1, and Zool. v. p. 386.

pi. 165.
Antennarius leucosoma, JBleek. Flotis, p. 328.

White, dotted all over with violet; a brown spot between the
second and third dorsal spines, including the top of the former ; an
irregular browTi band descends from the first dorsal ray towards
the pectoral, including an ocellus with white centre posteriorly ; an
irregular brown spot on the back of the tail, including the last dorsal
ray, and emitting a vertical streak across the root of the caudal. A
brown ocellus behind the middle of the side of the body ; three small
ones below the upper margin of the anterior part of the dorsal tin.
Cutaneous fringes none.

Seas of Amboyna and Floris.

o. Fine specimen : thirty lines long. Amboyna. Purchased of
Mr. Frank.

Shaw's figure agrees very well with the specimen in the British
Museum ; but he represents the ground-colour dark and the mark-
ings light.

Var. 2. leprosa.

Chironectes leprosus, Ei/doux (*»• Soulei/et, I'ot/. Boiiite, Zool. i. p. 187,
Poiss. pi. 5. fig. 3.

Ground-colour blackish-brown, irregularly marbled Avith greyish.
Cutaneous fringes none.
Sandwich Islands.

1 7. Antennarius nmnmifer.

Chironectes nummifer, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iii. p. 430. pi. 17. Hg. 4 ; Cm:

8f Val. xii. p. 425 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 141.
Antennarius nummifer, Bleck, Amboma, v. p. 497.

D. 3 1 12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is short, with cuneiform extremity.
Skin rough, covered with small spines ; cutaneous fringes not nu-
merous. Red, clouded with darker, Tvith scattered larger and smaller
blackish-violet spots, one below the posterior portion of the dorsal
fin being the largest. Belly densely s])ottod with brown. Ba.se uf

o 2

196 PEDICTJLATI.

the dorsal and anal fins, and the other fins nearly entirely, marbled
with brown.

East Indian Seas. Red Sea.

a. Adult. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

18. Antennarins notophthalmns.
Bleek. Natmirk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. v. .1853, p. 544.
D. 3 1 12. A. 7. P. 9.

Anterior dorsal spine of moderate length, with a ciliated tentacle
at its extremity. Skin rough, with short scattered tentacles. Olive-
violet : body, pectoral and ventral fins reticulated Avith black ; ver-
tical fins with irregular oblique black streaks ; dorsal with a large
black, yellow-edged ocellus between the base of the eighth and
eleventh rays ; another superiorly on the base of the caudal. Tips
of the fin-rays yeUow ; tentacles yellow, except those on the head,
which have a black extremity. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

19. Antennarius ocellatns.

Parra, p. 1. tab. 1.

Lophius histrio, var. oceUatus, Bl, Schn. p. 14.3.

Chironectes ocellatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 419 ; Poey, Mem. Cub. p. 219.

The anterior dorsal spine short, with the extremity cuneiform.
Skin rough. Whitish ; a black ocellus on the middle of the base of
the dorsal, another on the body, opposite the vent ; some other
scattered spots on the fins.

Caribbean Sea.

This species is founded solely on the authority of Parra, none of
the naturalists quoted having recognized it.

20. Antennarius biocellatns.

Chironectes biocellatus, Cut. Mem. Mus. iii. p. 427. pi. 17. fig. 3 (bad) ;
Cuv. iSf Val. xii. p. 417 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Jndo-Nederl. vi., Am-
hoina, xi. p. 4.

D. 3 1 12. A. 7.

The anterior dorsal spine is shorter than the second, terminating
in two short and slender flaps. Skin rough, with scattered short
cutaneous fringes. Brown : an irregiilar black band descends from
before the dorsal fin towards the pectoral, another from the second
dorsal spine to the angle of the mouth ; sides with some scattered
black spots. A black ocellus on the base of the dorsal fin between
the ninth and tenth rays, another near the back of the il and the
root of the caudal.

Atlantic. Amboyna.

Bleeker refers a specimen from Amboyna to this species, and de-
scribes the colours as follows : —

4. ANTENNAKIUS. 197

Red : cavity of the month yellow ; cutaneous appendages black ;
black streaks radiate from the eye, three being broader than the rest i
one ascends towards the neck, the second descends to the angle of
the mouth, and the third proceeds backwards towards the opercular
region. A blackish band, formed by confluent spots, commences
below the anterior dorsal rays and extends to the middle between
the Cye and the base of the pectoral fin. Sides with scattered round
black spots. Tail with a large round black spot superiorly ; the
becond dorsal spine and its membrane black ; the third and its mem-
brane edged with black. The soft dorsal with a black ocellus, edged
with rose-coloured and black, at the base between the eighth and
tenth rays.

a} . Antennarius tenebrosus.

Chironectes tenebrosus, Poei/, Mem. Cub. p. 219. lam. 17. fig. 1.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 11.

The anterior doi'sal spine is longer than the second, terminating
in a simple and slender tentacle. The soft dorsal fin terminates at
some distance from the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small
spines, without cutaneous fringes. Blackish-brown, marbled with
darker and light6r ; a series of three black, blue-edged ocelli on the
upper posterior part of the dorsal fin ; many pimilar Ocelli on the
caudal fin, irregularly disposed. (Poey.)

Sea of Cuba.

2'2. Antennarius caudimaculatus.
Chironectes caudiniaculatuo, liiipp. N. IV. Fische, p. 141. taf. 33. fig. 2.
D. 3 1 13. A. 7. P. 10.

Skin rough. Reddish-brown, densely spotted and dotted with
brown ; some spots above the vent, behind the pectoral and below
the dorsal, being conspicuously larger than the rest. The upper and
lower maigins of the caudal fin with a pair of ovate black spots.
Dorsal and anal fins with dark margins. {Eilpp.)

Red Sea.

23. Antennarius chironectes.

Lophius chironectes, Lacep. i. p. 321. pi. 14. fig. 2.

Chironectes variegatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 422.

Antennarius chironectes, (^Commers.) Bleek. Banda, iii. p. 104.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

Skin rough, covered with small spines ; cutaneous fringes none.
The anterior spine is of moderate length, with the extremity cunei-
form and ciliated. Reddish, cloilded with darker ; five or six black
ocelli on each side of the body, as many on the dorsal fin, one or
two of which are on its base, whilst the others are nearer the upper
margin and disposed in a longitudinal series ; caudal Anth about
sixteen ocelli, anal with seven. The ocelli on the base of the dorsal
and anal fins are the largest of all ; all the fins with yellow margin.

Seas of Banda Neira and Amboyna.

198 PEDICULAI'I.

24. Antennarius pardalis.

Chironectes pardalis, Cuv, Sf Val. xii. p. 420. pi. 363.

The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, terminating in
a small lobe. The soft dorsal fin terminates at some distance from
the caudal. Skin rough, without cutaneous tentacles. Red, with
many smaller and larger black ocelli, irregularly disposed ; the
largest below the middle of the base of the dorsal. {Vol.)

Coast of Gorea.

25. Antennarius polyophthalmus.
Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. 1852, p. 644.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, terminating in a
fringed lobe. Skin rough, covered with small spines, with a few short
cutaneous fringes. Yellowish, clouded with brownish. Eody and fins
with black, yellow- edged ocelli, more numerous on the belly than on
the back and the sides : one of the largest, with white centre, above the
pectoral, another above the anaL a third on the tail. The dorsal has
two series of ocelli, five forming the upper one ; caudal with more than
twenty ; anal Avith ten, the basal of which is the largest. {Bleek. )

Seas of Banda Neira and Goram.

26. Antennarius phymatodes.
Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Ainboina, p. 69.
D. 3 1 11. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, terminating in a
fringed lobe. Skin rough, covered with smaU spines ; a few short
tentacles at the lower lip, none on the body. Citron-yellow : an
oblique irregular red band descends from the anterior part of the
dorsal fin towards the opercles ; other red blotches on the throat,
behind the angle of the mouth and on the back of the tail. Body
and fins with numerous smaller and larger blackish- violet ocelli,
which are very small on the back, of unequal size on the head, larger
on the beUy, and nearly entirely absent on the middle of the side. The
larger ocelli on the fins are more or less arranged in series. (Bleek.)

Sea of Amboyna.

This species appears to be very nearly aUied to our second variety
of A. multiocellatus ; it has been founded on a single specimen.

A. oligospUos, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amboina, p. 71 ,
likewise founded on a single specimen, is certainly merely another
variety of this or of one of the other species.

27. Antennarius leprosus.

■\ntennariu8 leprosus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. u.,Ambo{na,T^. 68,

D. 3 I 12. A. 6. P. 10.
The anterior dorsal spine if> of moderate length, terminating in

4. ANTENNARITJS. 199

two lobes. Skin rough, covered with small spines, without cutaneous
fringes. Brown, with a broad red band running from the eye across
the opercles towards the anterior margin of the dorsal fin ; large
irregiilar red spots on the upper and lower parts ; body and fins with
numerous black, red-edged ocelli ; tips of the pectoral and ventral
rays rose-coloured ; a rose-coloured submarginal band on the dorsal
fin. (BI.)

Sea of Amboyna.

I am not convinced, as Dr. Bleeker seems to be, of the identity of
his specimen with that descrihed in the ' Voyage of the Bonite.'
The latter is evidently a variety of A. multiocellatus, as is proved by
the three ocelli disposed in a triangle on the caudal fin. If my
opinion should prove to be correct, the question wtU arise, whether
A. leprosus, Bleek., is a distinct species, or a variety of some other
one. As I have not an opportunity of deciding this, I prefer, at
present, not to alter the specific denomination.

28. Antennarius bigibbus.

Lopliius bigibbus, Lacep. i. p. 325.

Chn-onectes tuberosus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. iii. 1817, p. 432 ;

Cm: S)- Val. xii. p. 428.
Antennarius unicornis, Bvnn. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 374. pi. 9. fig. 1.
Chironectes reticulatus, Eyd. ^- Soul. Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p. 186. pi. 5.

fig. 2.
Anteimarius tuberosus, Bleek. Kokos, v. p. 463.

D. 3 j 12. A. 7. P. 11.

The anterior dorsal spine filiform, about twice as long as the
second ; the third nearly entirely enveloped in skin. Skin rough,
covered with minute spines, without cutaneous fringes. E«d : head
and anterior portion of the back immaculate, rose-coloured; body
and dorsal fin reticulated with blackish-brown ; pectoral, ventral,
anal and caudal fin>s vAih. a broad black band on the middle, and
with the posterior or inferior margins black.

From Mauritius and Madagascar to New Ireland and the Sandwich
Islands.

a-b. Adult and half-grown. Madagascar. From the Collection of
the Zoological Society. — Types of A. unicornis, Benn.

29. Antennarius bougainvillii.
Chironectes bougainvillii, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 431.
D. 3 I 15. A. 8.
The anterior dorsal spine is very short, somewhat swollen at the
extremity ; the second and third are nearly entirely hidden in the
skin. Dorsal and anal fins continued to the base of the caudal.
Skin naked, with some granulated lines on the head, and one along
the side of the body. Reddish. ( Val.)
Hah. ?

200 PEDIC0LATI,

5. CHAUNAX.

Chaunax, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. iii, p. 339.

Head very large, depressed ; cleft of the mouth wide, siibvertical ;
jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth. Skin covered with
minute spines. The spinous dorsal is reduced to a small tentacle
above the snout ; the soft dorsal of moderate length ; anal short.
Gill-opening behind the pectoral.

Sea of Madeira.

1. Chaunax pictus.

Lowe, I.e. pi. 61.

D. 1 i II. A. 5. P. 11. V. 4. C. 8.
Eostral tentacle short, pedicellate. Mucrferous channels very
distinct, visible externally as chain-like rows of pits. Bright orange
above, rosy on the sides ; fins and lips vermilion.

Sea of Madeira.
a. Sixteen inches long : stuffed. Camera de Lobos. From the

Collection of the Zoological Society. — Type of the species.
h. Fine specimen. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stnvens.

6. MALTHE.
Malthea, Ciiv. It'egne Anim.

Anterior portion of the body very broad and depressed ; forehead
(nasal bones) produced into a more or less prominent process, beneath
which is a tentacle retractile into a ea\'ity. Jaws and palate with
viUiform teeth. Skin with many conical protuberances. Only one soft
and very short dorsal fin ; anal equally short. Gill-opening superiorly
in the axil ; gills two and a half, the anterior arcus branchialis being
short and destitute of lamella; ; pseudobranchite none. Five branchio-
stegals. Air-bladder and pyloric appendages absent.

Inhabitants of the Atlantic coasts of Tropical and Northern
America, living on Mollusca.

1. Malthe vespertilio.

Guacucuja^ Marcgr. p. M3 ; Willughb. ii. E. fig. 3 ; Ray, Syn. p. 30.

Diablo, Parra, p. 5. lam. 4.

Guaperva, Brown, Hist. Nat. Jam. p. 457. pi. 48. fig. 3.

Seba, i. 74. 2.

Lopliius, sp. no. 2, Artedi, Syn. p. 88 ; Oronov. Zoophyl. no. 209, and

Mus. Ichthyol. i. p. 58. no. 129.
Sea- Bat, Echvardt, Glean, pi. 283.

Nicholson, Hist. Nat. St. Domingo, pp. 347, 348. pi. 7. fig. 3.
Lophius vespertilio, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 402; HI. tab. 110; Bl. Schn

p. 140; Lacep. i. pp. 302, 315 ; Gro?ioi\ Syst. ed. Gray, p. 48.
Batracluis, no. 9, Klein, Miss. Pise. iii. p. 17.
Chauve-souris de mer, Duham. iii. sect. 9. pi. IG. figs. 1, 2 (bad).
Lophius rostratus, Shaw, Zool. v. p. 383. pi. 163.
Malthea vespertilio, Cmi. Sf Val. xii. p. 440 ; Cut\ Regne Anim. III.

Poiss. pi. 85. fig. 2 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 167.

6. MALTHE. 201

Malthea longirostris, Cuv. &■ Val. xii. p. 450. pi. 865.

nasuta, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 452 (not M. cubifroiis, Richards.).

notata,(7Mr. Si Vol. xii. p. 453, cop. by Dekay, I. c, ; Castehi. Anim.

nouv. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 26. pi. 12. fig. 4.

angusta, Cuv. Sr Val. xii. p. 454.

? Maltliea truncata, Ctiv. 4" Val. xii. p. 454.

Malthea guacucuja, Custeln. I. c.

Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf, pi. 19. fig. 2 (Lophins histrio).

D. 4. A. 4. V. 1/5. Vert. 19.

The distance between the anterior angles of the orbit is much less
than that between the hinder ones. Forehead produced into a more
or less elongate subconical process ; the groove for the rostral ten-
tacle is higher than broad.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America, extending northwards to the
latitudes of Newfoundland.

The snout varies in length ; it is —

a, one-sixth of the total length : Malthea longirostris, C. & V.
a. Fine specimen. Para. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
h. Skeleton. Para. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.

/3, one-seventh.
c-f. Adult and half-growTi : stuffed.
5[. Half-grown : in spirits.

y, one-eighth.

h. Adult. Brazil.

i. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Tc-j[>. Adult and half-grown : stuffed.

h, one-ninth or one-tenth : Malthea vespertilio, C. & V.

q, r. Half-grown : stuffed.

s-x. AdvJt and half-grown: stuffed. — One of these specimens is
somewhat more spiny than the others, each of the conical tu-
bercles having a cluster of small spines at the top.

e, one- thirteenth : Malthea nasuta, C. & V.
y, z. Adult : stuffed. Caribbean Sea.

a. Young. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Snellgrove : Malthea
notata, C. <fe V.

^, one-eighteenth.
/3, y. Adult.

T], one-twentieth to one-twenty-fifth : Malthea angusta, C & V.
S. Adult: stuffed,
e, ^. Half-grown. Brazil.

Skeleton. — The bones are rather soft, light, striated — an incon-
siderable quantity of calcareous matter being deposited in them.
The cranial and facial portions of the skuU are not of great extent,
the breadth of the head being caused by the great development and

202 PEDICULATI.

prolongation of the opercles and of the humeral arch. The skull
proper is rather elevated and of moderate length ; the crown of the
head convex, with a longitudinal median groove, which is widened
anteriorly and posteriorly ; there is no trace of an occipital crest-
Having for examination a skeleton with the rostral process well
developed, I find the following structure of this part of the skull,
differing therein from the account given by Valenciennes : — The
principal frontal bones advance to before the orbit, their extremities
being united to the praefrohtaLs, which have a subvertical position,
forming the anterior portion of the orbit. The two principal frontal
bones and the two praefrontals coalesce at their extiemities into one
point, which in the short-snouted specimens forms a portion of the
front part of the snout ; they leave between them a tunnel-like
space, in which the rostral tentacle and the processes of the inter-
maxillaries move. Bony tubercles surround the point in which the
frontal bones meet, forming a swelling, in which is inserted the base
of the rostral process : we consider this process, which is a bone by
itself, as the united turhinal bones. The praeorbital and the other
suborbital bones are absent. The maxillary bone is not dilated ; it is
received in a shallow groove formed by a ridge on the posterior part
of the mandible. The intermaxillary is not much shorter than the
maxillary, and dilated posteriorly into a curved process ; its arti-
culary processes are long. The head of the vomer is broad, flat,
armed with a broad subquadrangular patch of villiform teeth ; a
smaller patch belonging to the palatine bone is contiguous with the
former. The hyoid bones are covered with a large patch of viUi-
form teeth, extending backwards to the lower pharyngeals.
The base of the cranium is rather compressed.
The preeoperculum does not extend forwards to the mandible.
The interoperculum is long, styUform, ascending obliquely backwards,
and swollen behind the praeoperculum into a broad knob, which cor-
responds to a notch of the suboperculum. The operculum is elongate,
branching oif posteriorly into two lobes. The suboperculum is the
largest of all the opercular pieces and composed of three parts : the
anterior meets the interoperculum, is narrow and swollen at its front
eJttremity ; the posterior is lanceolate, forming the hindmost portion
of the skull ; and, finally, the middle is rhomboidal, situated behind
the operculum, between the lobes of which it is received.

The structure of the humeral arch is very simple ; I can distin-
gixish only three bones: a furcula-like humerus, the branches of
M'hich are long and styliform, the upper being joined to the occiput,
without distinct scapula between ; secondly, a strong curved cora-
coid ; and thirdly, a slender bone below the coracoid joint, which is a
rudiment of a fore-arm. The carpus is reduced to two elongate
bones, with a free interspace between them, the inner being the larger.
The pubic bone is composed of tkree processes : the longest and
broadest for the base of the fin, the shortest for the union with the
other pubic bone, and a third slender one for the attachment to the
humerus.

There arc nineteen vertehrcc, eight of which iippear to belong to

7. HiXIEUT^A. 203

the abdominal portion ; they are compressed, the anterior and pos-
terior being rather elongate. The neural spines of the abdominal
vertebrae are confluent into a crest ; the neurals and hjcmals of tho
caudal vertebrae are compressed, short, inclining backwards. Kibs
none.

lines.

Length of the first eight vertebrae 24^

of the last eleven vertebi-^ 33^

— of tho first vertebra 14

-— — "^ — • of the second vertebra 2|

— of the third vertebra B^

of the fifth vertebra 4

of the eighth vertebra 2|

of .the fifteenth vertebra 2|

of the eighteenth vertebra 2i

— of the nineteenth vertebra 63

2. Malthe cubifrons.

Malthe cubifrons, Richards. Faun. lior. Amer. Finhes, p. 103. pi. 96,
cop. by Dekay, New York Fauna, F^hes, pi. 28. fig. 89 (as Malthea
nasuta).

D. 4. A. 4. C. 9. V. 1/5. P. 11.

The distance between the anterior angles of the orbit nearly equals
that between the posterior ; a small round butfon-Hke tubercle on
the torehead; the groove for the rostral tentacle is much broader
than high.

Coast of Labrador.

a. Type of the species. Labrador. From the Haslar Collection.

7. HALIETrT.ffiA.
Halieutsea, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 455.

Head exceedingly large, broad, depressed, its profile being nearly
circular ; cleft of the mouth wide, horizoijtal. Jaws with small
cardiform teeth ; palate smooth. Forehead with a transverse bony
bridge, beneath which is a tentacle retractile into a cavity. Body
and head covered with small spines. Only one soft and short dorsal
fin ; anal equally short. Gill-openings on the upper part of the
axil ; branchiostegals five ; gills two and a half, the anterior arcus
branchialis not having any laminae.

Seas of China and Japan.

1. Halieutaea stellata.

Lophius stellatus, Wahl, Skr. Naturh. Kjobcnh. iv. p. 214. tab. 3.
figs. .3, 4; Bl. Sch?i.-p. 142.

f&ujua, Lacdp. i. p. 318.

mui'icatiis, Shaw, Zoul. v. p. 382. pi. 162.

Tiles. Krusenst. Heist; taf. (31. figs. 3, 4.

204 PEDICULATI.

Halieutaea stellata, Cui\ 8f Val. xii. p. 45G. pi. 866; Faun. Japan.
Poiss. p. 160. pi. 72 ; Bleck. Amb. ^- Cer. p. 279.

B. 5. D. 4. A. 4. C. 9. P. 13. V. 1/5. Vert. 7/10.

Base of each spine with four or more radiating ridges. Uniform
rose-coloured.

Seas of China and Japan.

a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b-c. Half- grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

d. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

e. A great number of dried specimens. From Chinese insect-boxes.
/. Skeleton. Presented by Dr. Albert Giinther.

Skeleton. — From an examination of the skeleton, it becomes very
evident that Halieutcea is most closely allied to Malihe, both genera
representing each other in different regions. The general arrange-
ment of the bones is the same, except that they are somewhat more
ossified in Halieutcea — large portions of them, however, remaining
very thin and membranaceous. The cranial and facial portions of the
skiill are not of much extent, the great width of the head bemg
caused by the development of the opercles and of the humeral arch.
The skull proper is depressed and of moderate length. The crown of
the head is fiat, broad, subpentagonal, with two low ridges which
are convergent posteriorly. The orbital edges are much elevated, the
space between them being a deep groove, in which the bony portion
of the rostral tentacle (dorsal spine) is situated ; anteriorly the two
ridges are united, forming a bridge, below which the tentacle moves :
the whole of these orbital ridges are armed with erect spines.

The jaw-bones are feeble : the maxillary is not dilated, and ex-
tends as far backwards as the intermaxillary ; the intermaxillary
has long articulary processes, and another slender process arises from
the middle of its body ; the arch formed by the two mandibles is
nearly semicircular. Head of the vomer very broad and flat ; base
of the cranium rather convex.

• A series of strong bones forms the lateral margin of the head, and
extends from the forehead to the carpal bones. The whole of this
bony ring is covered with spines, either firmly adherent to the
bones or loosely attached to them ; it is formed by the praifrontal,
procorbital, interopcrculum, part of suboperculum, and, finally, by
two or three dermal bones intercalated between the suboperculum
and the carpus. This union of the interopcrculum with the prae-
orbital is very singular, and unicjue in this order of fishes. A little
before the suture between the inter- and suboperculum, the prae-
operculum is joined to the former ; it is the smallest of all the oper-
cular pieces, and its limbs meet at a somewhat acute angle. The
suboperculum is composed of two portions : the lower is thick, joined
to the interopcrculum, and forms the base for the upper portion,
which is large, subrhombic, lamelliform. The operculum is com-
posed of two styliform branches meeting at an acute angle, and
leaving between them a space filled up by a membianc ; the upper

8, CERATIAS. 205

branch is fixed to the superior end of the subopercular plate, the
lower to its inferior. Glosso- and uro-hyals absent ; branchiostegals
five, very Icng and filiform ; the outer one is di\-ided into two
branches, and may easily be taken for two.

The structure of the humeral arch and of the pubic bones is
entirely the same as in Mcdthe,

There are seventeen vertebrce, seven of which belong to the abdo-
minal portion, a^^d are much more elongate than those of the caudal
portion, except the last, which is the longest, and provided with a
prominent triangular lateral crest. The neural spines of the abdo-
minal vertebnc are confluent into a crest ; the neurals and hajmals
of the caudal vertebrae are short, compressed, inclining backwards.
Ribs none.

Unes.

Length of the first vertebra 1|

of the second vertebra 2|

of the fourth vertebra 3

of the sixth vertebra 24

of the seventh vertebra l|

of the twelfth vertebra li

of the sixteenth vertebra . , l|

of the seventeenth vertebra 4|

— of the abdominal portion ]6|

of the caudal portion 17

8. CERATIAS.
Ceratias, Kriyyei; Naturhist. Tidski: 1844, i. p. 639.

Head and body much compressed and elevated ; cleft of the mouth
rather wide, subvertical. Teeth of the jaws of moderate size, conical,
moveable ; palate toothless. Skin i^overed with numerous prickles.
The spinous dorsal fin is reduced to two long isolated spines, the one
on the middle of the head, the other on the back. The soft dorsal
and anal short. Ventrals none ; pectorals very short. Gill-opening
rather wide, below the pectoral ; branchiostegals six ; three gills,
the third xinited with the pharynx ; air-bladder none. Pyloric ap-
pendages two, small. Skeleton soft, fibrous.

Coast of Greenland.

1. Ceratias holbolli.
KroyeTf I. c. ; Oaimard, Voy. Scand. Poiss. pi. 9.

D. 1 I 1 1 4. A. 4. C. 8. P. 19.

Entirely black. Caudal fin veiy long, lanceolate ; the membrane
behind the dorsal and anal fins extends nearly to tne base of the
caudal.

Coast of Greenland.

206 HLKNNtll)^.

Fam. 24. BLENNIID.E.

Gobioidei, part., Cuv. Regne Anim.
Blennioidei, Miill Berl Abhandl. 1844, p. 201.
Blenniidse, Owen, Lect, on Comp. Anat. vert. i. p. 49.

Body elongate, low, more or less cylindrical, naked, or covered with
scales, which are generally small. The infraorbital ring does not arti-
culate with the praeoperculum. One, two, or three dorsal fins, occu-
pying nearly the whole of the back, — the spinous portion, if distinct,
being as much developed as the soft, or more ; sometimes the whole
fin composed of spines ; anal fin long ; ventrals jugular*, composed
of a few rays, and sometimes rudimentary or entirely absent. Air-
bladder generally absent; pyloric appendages none. Pseudobranchiae
present f.

Carnivorous fishes, living at the bottom of the shores of all regions ;
several inhabiting fresh waters.

Miiller has directed the attention of ichthyologists to the presence
or absence of pseudobranchise as an excellent character by which the
position of these fishes may be determined, in which otherwise it is not
evident whether they belong to the Blenniidae or to the Anacanthini.
This character, however, appears not to be sufficient, Dactyloscopus
and Patcecus forming exceptions, although the structure of their dorsal
fin proves that their natural place is with, or near, the Blennioids.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Ventrals Jugular, if present.

1 . Molar teeth.

Caudal separate 1. Anarrhichas, p. 208.

Caudal not separate 2. Anarriiichthys, p. 211.

2. Molar teeth none. Caudal distinct.
a. The spinous and Soft portions of the dorsal fin ol nearly equal extent.
Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immoveable
teeth, and sometimes with a small posterior canine
tooth. Gill-opening wide 3. Blennius, p. 211.

Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immoveable
teeth, and sometimes with a small posterior canine
tooth. Gill-opening reduced to a small opening
above the pectoral 4. Ciusmodes, p. 228.

Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immoveable
teeth and with a long posterior canine tooth. Gill-
opening reduced to a small opening above the pec-
tQjal ' 6. Petroscirtes, p. 229.

* Thoracic in Pseitdohlenmiis.

t Except in Dactyloscopus and Patacus.

BLENNIID^. 207

Jaws with a series of numerous small moveable teetli,

implanted in the gum 6. Salarias, p. 239.

Each jaw with four hook-like teeth near the symphysis. .. 7. Blennophis, p. 259.

The maxillary extending beyond thp gill-opening 8. Neoclinus, p. 259.

Ventrals none . . .> 9. Cebidichth ys, p. 260.

b. Dorsal fin or fins chiefly composed of spines, with a few posterior rays.

Awngle dorsal fin ; ventral fins. Jaws with a series of

small teeth ; palate smooth 10. Myxodes, p. 260.

A single dorsal fin. Teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and

the palatine bones. Snout elongate, depressed 11. Heterosticiius, p. 261.

A single dorsal fin. Jaws and palat« with a narrow band

or a single series of small teeth. Snout rather short. 12. Clinus, p. 26l.

Dorsal fin anteriorly with a detached three-spined por-
tion , 13. Cristiceps, p. 272.

Three dorsal fins, the two anterior of whfch are spinous. . . 15. Tripterygium, p. 276.

Ventrals none 17. Dictyosoma, p. 279.

c. Dorsal fin formed by spines only.

Two dorsal fins 14. AuCHenopterus, p. 275.

Ventral fins. Scales large 16. Dactyloscopus, p. 279.

Ventral fins scarcely before the pectorals. Lower jaw

with a short skiimy appendage 18. Qunblliciitiiys, p. 280.

Ventral fins distinctly jugidar; gill-membranea only

slightly united at the throat 19. STTcn.EUS, p. 280.

Ventral fijis composed of several rays, &stinctly jugular.
Scales small ; lateral line none. Anal spine none.

Gill-membranes united below the tliroat 20. Ble.nniops, p. 284.

Ventral fins none or rudimentary. Scales small ; lateral
line none. Anal spine none. Gill-membranes united

below the throat 21. Centronotus, p. 285

A large excavated spine before the anal fin 22. Apodiciitiiys, p. 290.

Ventral fins none; body naked or with rudimentary

scales; several lateral lines 23. Xipiiidion, p. 291.

Ventral fins none ; muciferous channels of the head well

developed; anterior dorsal spines feeble 24. Cryptacantiiodes, p. 291.

Ventral fins none ; anterior dorsal spines very strong ... 25. Pat.ecus, p. 292.

Ventral fins scarcely before the pectorals ; body naked... 26. Puolidiciithys, p. -291).

d. No distinct spines in the vertical tins.

Upper lip with a lateral flap » 27. Andamia. p. 294.

Ventral fins below the eyes 28. Gbnypterus, p. 294.

3. Molar teeth none. Caudal fin none.

Dorsal fin with a short depressed part on the tail, which

is formed by spines 29. Zoarces, p. 295.

Ventral fins none 30. NEMOPHre, p. 296.

B. Ventrals thoracic.

Two dorsal fins 31 . Pseudoblennius, p. 297.

208 RLENNTID^:.

1. ANARRHICHAS.

Anarrhichas, Artedi, Genera, p. 23.

Body elongate, with the scales rudimentary ; snont rather short ;
cleft of the mouth wide ; strong conical teeth in the jaws, those on
the sides with several pointed tubercles ; a biserial band of molars
on the palate. Dorsal fin long, with the spines flexible ; caudal sepa-
rate ; ventrals none. GUI-openings wide ; pseudobranchiae present ;
branchiostegals seven ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages absent.

Northern parts of the temperate seas of the northern hemisphere.

1. Anarrhichas lupus.

Anarrhichas (Scansor), Gesner, Nomend. Aquai. Animant. p. 116, and

Paralip. p. 4 ; Artedi, Gen. p. 23 ; Olmr. Gottorff. Kuhstkammer,

taf. 27. fig. 2 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 400, and Mus. Ichthyol. n. 44.
Lupus marinus, Schonev. p. 46. tab. 5 ; Jonston, tab. 47. fig. 2 ; Wil-

luffhby, p. 130. tab. H. 3. fig. 1 ; Ray, j^. 40.
Anarrhichas lupus, L. Syst. i. p. 430; Olavii Reise, i. p. 80; Hetz.

Faun. Suec. p. 315 ; Fahr. Faun. Gronl p. 138. n. 97 ; Mohr, Isl.

Natur. Hist. p. 63. n. 114 ; Andre, Phil. Tram. 1784, p. 274. tab. 11 ;

Brouss. Mem. Acad. Sc. 1785, p. 161. pi. 3 ; Milll. Prodr. Zool. Dan.

p. 40 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1142 ; Bl. Fische DeutscM. iii. p. 25. taf. 74 ;

Bl. Schn. p. 495 ; Laeep. ii. pp. 299, 300. pi. 9. fig. 2 ; Low, Faun.

Oread, p. 187 ; Cuv. B^gne Anim. ; Faher, Fische Isl. p. 70 ; Donov.

Brit. Fishes, i. p. 24 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 87 ; Flet)i. Brit. Anim.

p. 208 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 23. tab. 8. fig. 2 ; Richards.

Faun. Bor. Amer. p. 95 ; Jen. Man. p. 384 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes,

1st edit. i. p. 247, 2nd edit. i. p. 277, 3rd edit. ii. p. 384 ; Parn.

Wern. Mem. vii. p. 3-39; Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 473. pi. 341; Cuv.

Rigne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 79. fig. 2 ; Gaim. Voy. Isl. et Groenl.

Zool. Poiss. pi. 4 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 188 ; Gaitnard, Voy.

Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 12. fig. 2 ; Dekay, New York Fauna,

Fishes, p. 158. pi. 16. fig. 43 ; Miss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 208.
Latargus, Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 16.
Anarhichas non maculatus, Olafs. Isltpnd. Reise, § 683 a.
minor, Olafs. Islcend. Reise, § 683 b. tab. 42 ; Miill. Prodr. Zool.

Dan. p. 40 ; Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 139. n. 97 i ; Mohr, Isl. Natur.

Hist. p. 64. n. 115 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1143 ; Bl. Schn. p. 496.
Ascan. Icon. tab. 25.
Steenbider, Pontopp. Norg. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 243 (bad) ; Strom, Sondm.

i. p. 310.
Ravenous Wolf-fish, Penn.Brit. Zool. iii. p. 133. pi. 24, and edit. 1812,

iii. p. 201. pi. 27.
Anarrnicbas strigosus, L. Gm. i. p. 1144.
pantherinus, Zouiew, N. Act. Petrop. 1781, p. 271. tab. b ; X. Gm.

i. p. 1144 ; Bl. Schn. p. 495. tab. 92 ; Lacep. li. pp. 299, 309, 310.
Cat-fish, Sihbald, Scotia III. iii. p. 25. tab. 16.
Anarrhichas maculatus, Bl. Schn. p. 496.

karrak, Lacep. ii. pp. 299, 307.

leopardus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 92. tab. 51 (artificially

deformed) ; Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 493.
Skeleton : Owen, Osteolog. Catal. Fishes, p. 72.

D. 75. A. 46. Vert. 26/50.

Teeth of the jaws veiy strong ; the greatest height of the dorsal

1 . ANARTIHICHAS. 209

is about one-third of the greatest depth of the body. Body with
brown spots or cross-bars.

Temperate coasts of the northern parts of Europe and of North
America.

a. European variety : Back with brown cross-bars on the back, spot-
like in immature specimens.

a-c. Adult and half-grown : stuffed and skin. Frith of Forth.

d, e. Large specimens : stuffed. English coast.

/. Fine sjDecimen.

g, h. Fine specimens : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

{. Dried half of a head of a large specimen.

h. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

I. Skull : injured.

m. Adult : skeleton. English coast.

/3. American variety : Back and sides witli numerous round brown
spots (j4. pantherinus, maculatus, leopardvs).

n-p. Large specimens : stuffed and skins. Greenland.

Skeleton. — The skull of AnarrJiichas is similar in form to that of
a Blennius ; it is elevated, compressed, especially in its parietal and
sphenoidal portions ; aU the bones are very solid.

The intermaxillary is short and high, vertically situated, and joined
to the nasal by a broad articular surface ; the vortical portion of the
bone is armed with two large canine teeth, behind which are three
or four smaller ones ; the horizontal portion of the bone is small,
like a process, and bears a series of two or three small subconical
teeth, which are lost with ago. The maxillary is long, sword-shapefl,
slightly bent, and somewhat dilated at its posterior extremity. The
nasal bone (Owen) (ethmoid, Cu\-ier) forms a part of the upper surface
of the skull ; it has two large and slightly concave planes anteriorly
for the articulation with the intermaxillaries ; each of the planes is
provided with a small foramen, situated inwards from the centre, and
sometimes closed. The j^refrontal is very large and thick ; it forms
entirely the anterior portion of the orbit, and is joined by sutures to
the principal frontal bones, to the nasal and vomer ; it is pierced by
a wide round foramen near the nasal bone, thi'ough which the nervus
olfactorius passes. The vomer is extremely thick and solid, bearing
two series of large molars, ten or twelve in number ; thej' occupy the
whole of the inferior suiface of the bone ; the articular planes of the
nasal bone extend also on the anterior part of the vomer. The
palatine bone is rather short in its longitudinal diameter ; it has a
deep articular cavity for the junction with the prefrontal, and an
oblique process before that cavity ; two series of conical or molar-like
teeth occupy its inferior siu-face. The pteryyoid and entopteryyoid
are nearly straight, entirely bonv, and slightly dilated posteriorly.

The four tympanic bones can easily be distinguished, and do not
show any peculiarities ; they are joined together by an intermediate
cartilaginous substance. The pr(fopercnlnm is crescent-shaped, vor-

voL. in. 1'

210 BLKNNIID.E.

tically situated, rather broader superiorly than inferiorly ; it has no
prominent ridges ; several foramina lead from the posterior margin
into the interior of the bone. The operculum is triangular, thin,
fragile, irregularly striated ; it tenninates in a stout and erect process
superiorly. Sub- and interoperculum narrow. In the mandihuJa only
the dentary and articular bones can be distinguished ; both are very
stout, entirely bony, and do not leave a free space between them.
The anterior portion of the former is armed with two strong, some-
what diverging canines, behind which are two smaller ones ; the
lateral portion bears exceedingly strong molar teeth, disposed in two
series on the middle of the bone and in a single one posteriorly. The
entire upper and lower margins of the mandible are formed by the
dentary, and the inferior branch has a distinct mucifcrous channel,
into which run four or five foramina. The outer surface of the
mandible is convex, whilst there is a deep triangular cavity on the
internal surface.

We can distinguish three portions in the frontal bones : — The
interorbital portion is not quite three times as long as broad, flat
superiorly, but with many smaller and larger pores, a rather deep
groove between the orbits, and a pair of wide apertures at the an-
teiior extremity of the bones. The second (middle) portion is the
broadest, and distinguished by a large protuberance on each side, to
which the infraorbital ring is suspended. The posterior portion is
compressed to a sharp edge, which however does not project above
the level of the crown of the head. No bony ethmoid separates the
two orbits froiii each other. The infr-a orbital ring is complete, and
composed of five very irregularly-shaped boiies, the anterior of which
is the largest and the posterior the smallest.

The basisphenoid is extremely large and broad, and is compressed
into a sharp inferior edge. The alisjjhenoid is subquadrangular, with
several low ridge's radiating from the foramen, through which the
nerves pass. The postfrontal is vertically situated, and distinguished
by a sharp prominent crest above the articular caA^ty for the tym-
panic bones. The mastoid is immediately behind the postfrontal ;
it extends upwards to the crest -of the frontal bones, forms another
crest together with the parietal on each side of the occiput, and a
very deep conical cavity together with the parietal and paroccipital.
The parietal is one of the smaller bones of the head, and forms a part
of the posterior region of the skull, which is slightly impressed and
descends obliquely backwards.

The occipital bones are very distinctly separated from each other.
The interior of the basioccipital ajipears tcT be very porous. The
exoccipitals are, as usual, provided with a joint for the first ver-
tebra. The paroccipital is laterally produced into a large prominence ;
and the supraoccipital has a slight longitudinal crest.

The vertebral column is composed of twenty-six abdominal and
forty-nine or fifty caudal vertebra;, the length of the former portion
being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-7. The first vertebra is very com-
pressed, like a disk ; the neural and lucmal spines are well deve-
loped, and the latter of the first caudal vertebra form a complete ring.

2. ANAKRnicnxnYs. 211

2. Anarrhichas denticulatus.

Anan-liichas denticulatus, (Kruyir) Gaimcird, Voij. en Snt/id et Lapoii.
Zoul. Poiss. pi. 12. fig'. 1 (witliout descript.).

D. 80. A. 47

Teeth of the jaws and vomer comparatively feeble. Dorsal spines
very feeble ; the greatest depth of tlie {!< rs;il fin is on its jiosterior
part, where it is contained four times and a half in the greatest deptli
of the bod}'. Body imiform blackish-lirown.

Greenland.

a. Large specimen : stuffed. Greenland.

2. ANARRHICHTHYS.

Anarrhichthys, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. oS.

Body very elongated and ta^nioid, with the scales riidimentary ;
snout rather short, cleft of the mouth wide ; strong conical teeth in
the jaws, those on the sides being molars ; a biserial band of molars
on the palatine bones and on the vomer. Dorsal fin long, with the
spines flexible ; no separate caudal ; ventrals none. Gill-membranes
separated at the throat by an isthmus ; branchiostegals seven.

Coast of California.

1. Anarrhichthys ifciis.

Anarrhichas felis, Girarditi Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pltilad. 1854, p. 150.
Anarrhichthys ocelIatu>j, Ayres, I. e. p. 31.

felis, Girardin U. S. Pacif. R. JR.. Exped. Fishes, \i. 125 (pi. 25 a.

Hgs. 1-3).

Caudal fin lanceolate, (j^rey, with irregular darker spots and
ocelli.

Coast of California.

n. Skull : injured. California. Presented by J. H. Gumey, Esq.,M.r.
— The chief difference from Anarrhichas luinis consists in the
aiTangement of the mandibulary molars : they are extremely
strong, disposed in a single scries on the anterior half of the
jaw, and in a double one on the posterior ; the two hindmost
teeth, again, are single. The infraorbital ring is composed of six
bones ; there is no groove on the middle of the interorbital space,
and no crest on the supraoccipital. The angular bone of the
mandibula is more distinct than is observed in adult specimens
of Anarrhichas hipus, but this may vary in different indiv-iduals.

3. BLENNIUS*.

Blennius, Artedi, Genera, p. 20.

Blennius et Pholis, Ctii: 4- Val. xi. pp. 197, 268.

Body moderately elongate, naked ; snout short. A single dorsal,

* 1. Blennius ruber, Cuv.^' Val xi. p. 211. — Atlantic.

2. ina-qualis, 6'?<y. cf* Val. xi. p. 230 : Guichcn. Kxplor. Algir. Poirs. p. 7 1

pi. 4. fig. 3. — Mediterranean. 3

p 2

212 BLKNNIID^;.

without detached portion ; ventrals jugular, formed by a spine and
two rays. Cleft of the mouth narrow ; a single series of immove-
ahle teeth in the jaws, generally a curved tooth behind this series in
both jaws or in the lower. Tentacle above the orbit more or less
developed, sometimes absent. Gill-opening wide. Eranchiostegals
six ; pseudobranchiao present ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages
none.

Coasts of Europe. Freshwater lakes of Italy. Shores oi the At-
lantic. Red Sea. Sandwich Islands. Van Dieraen's Land.

1. Blennius gattorugine.

Gattorugine, Wtllughbtj, p. 132. tab. II. 2. fig. 2 ; Ray, p. 72 ; ?Penn.

Brit. Zool. ill. p. 181. pi. 35. n. 91.
Blennius, sp. n. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 26 ; ? Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. v. t». 32.

tab. 7. fig. 1.
? Blennius gattorugine, Bl. taf. 107. fig. 2 ; Bl. Sehn. p. 168.
Blennius gattorugine, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 27 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes,

iv. pi. 86 ; Lacep. ii. p. 468 ; 3fartens, Prise nach Venedig, ii. p. 418 ;

Pisso, Ichth. Niee, p. 127, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 230 : Ctw. <^ Val.

xi. p. 200 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2iid edit. i. p. 256 ; Guichen. Explor.

Alger. Poiss. p. 09 ; Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soe. iii. p. 9.
varus, Pall. Zoogr. Poss. iii. p. 170; Nor dm. in Demid. Voy.

Puss. Merid. iii. p. 402 (not Pisso).

2- 6- D- iSo- ^- 21-22. Vert. 12/27.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is four
times and a half to five times in the total. Snout obtuse, with the
upper profile abruptly descending. No curved tooth in the upper jaw,
and a very small one in the lower. Orbital tentacle well developed ;
the interorbital space is concave, and its width is less than the vertical
diameter of the eye ; a transverse groove behind the tentacles. The
dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the prceopercular margin
and has stiff spines, which are a little flexible at the top ; a shallow

3. Blennius frater, Asso. Introd. Oryctogr. Arrag. p. 95. tab. 6. fig. 2 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 171 ; Cuv.^ Val. xi. p. 252; Martens in Wiegm. Arch, xxiii.
p. 176.— River Po.

4. goreensis, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 255. — Coast of Gorea.

6. oceanicus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 265. — Atlantic.

6. multifilis, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169.— St.

Joseph's Island, Texas.

7. Pholis carolinus, Cuv. <Sf Val. xi. p. 276. — Carolina.

8. parvidens, Cuv. ^' Val. xi. p. 277. — Hab. ?

9. Blennius tenta<-ularis, 7?/&so, lehthyol. Nice, p. 130, and Eur. Merid. iii.

p. 230. — Mediterranean.

10. cornu cervi, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 231. — Mediterranean.

11. stellatus, Pisso, Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 233, and Ichihyol. Nice, p. 134.

— Mediterranean .

12. galerita, Risfo, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 132, and Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 235. —

Mediterranean (not aucf.).

13. lineatus; Liuichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 73. pi. 4. fig. 2. — Coast

of Algiers.

14. hcntzii, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p.363. — Charleston.

15. (?) aurosplendidus, Eichards. Ichthyol. China, p. 265. — Macao.

16 (?) fasciolatoceps, Richards. Ichthyol. China, p. 265. — Macao.

3. BLENNICS. 213

notch between the spinous and soft portions, the latter being con-
tinuous with the caudal. Light brown, with more or less regular
darker cross-bars, or irregularly spotted with dark brown, sometimes
uniform brown or blackish-brown ; a blackish spot between the third
and fourth dorsal spines.

Mediterranean. Atlantic coasts of Europe.

a-c. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

d. Nine inches and a half long : stuffed. Coast of Cornwall.

e. Adult ; skin. Torquay. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
/. Adult : skin. Brixham. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

g. Half-grown. South Devonshire. From the Leach Museum.
h. Fine specimen. Coast of Ireland. Presented by the Earl of

Enniskillen.
i. Adult. Dalmatia.
Jc. Adult. Mediterranean.
I. Half-grown : bad state.
m. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
n-q. Half-grown : skins and stuffed.
r. Adult female : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
s. Adult female : skeleton. Purchased.

Skeleton. — The bones are well ossified and very soKd ; the tympanic
groove is nearly entirely osseous. The skull is elevated ; the crown
of the head compressed into a short ridge bifurcating posteriorly,
so that its upper surface is formed by three planes, one posterior
and two lateral. The intermaxillaries and the mandibles are very
strong and broad, to afford a solid base for the teeth, which are rather
strong. The infraorbital ring i-? firm ; no sutures can be distinguished
between the single bones. Suprascapiila distinct ; humerus with a
transverse ridge terminating in a short prominence in its lower por-
tion. Coracoid long, well developed. I am unable to distinguish
either the radius or the ulna ; they appear to be united with the
humerus, without leaving sutures between them. Carpal bones four,
the lower of which is the longest and broadest.

There are twelve abdominal and twenty-seven caudal veriebvce, the
length of the former portion being to that of the latter as 1 : 1*7;
the vertebrae are compressed, as high as long ; neural and haemal
spines of moderate length and strength ; one intemeural and one
interhaemal correspond to one neural and haemal ; ribs feeble, long,
with slender epipleurals.

2. Blennius comntus.

Blennius, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 264.

comutus, L. Amoen. Acad. i. p. 316, and Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 61 ;

Bl. Schn. p. 169 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 95.
grandicomis, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 258.

D, ;|. A. 23.

The height of the body equale the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and two-thirds in the total. Snout obtuse, with

214 BLENNIIDJi

the upper profile abruptly descending. A curved tooth in the lower
jaw and a very small one in the upper. Orbital tentacle well de-
veloped. The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the prae-
opercular margin and has flexible spines ; a very distinct notch be-
tween the spinous and soft portions ; the latter not continuous with
the caudal. Uniform dark brown (in a preserved state).
South coast of Africa.

a. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

3. Blennius tasmanianus.
Richartls. Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 120.

D.||. A- 2 + 19.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times. Snout obtuse,
with the anterior profile abruptly descending. A curved tooth in each
of the jaws. Orbital tentacle well developed, posteriorly fringed ; a
small tentacle at the nostril. The width of the interorbital space is
less than the vertical diameter of the eye ; a transverse groove behind
the tentacles. The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the
praeopercular margin and has flexible spines ; a distinct notch- be-
tween the spinous and soft portions, the latteiHbeing separate from
the caudal. Brownish-grey dotted with brown ; head and vertical
fins blackish.

Coast of Van Diemen's Land.

a. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. From the Haslar Collection. —

Type of the species. The orbital tentacles shrunk.

b, c-i, Tc, l-p, q-x. Adult, half-grown, and young. Van Diemen's

Land.

4. Blennius semifasciatus.

Riippell, N. W. lische, p. 134.

D. 29. A. 20.

The anterior profile of the snout subvertical. Crest on the head
none ; a short fringed tentacle above the orbit, none at the nostril.
The lower jaw with a strong curved tooth, another smaller one in
the upper jaw. Dorsal fin not notched, and of equal height. Brown :
back with seven dark cross-bars, each formed by two streaks ;
whitish lines diverge from the eye downwards ; opercles and pectoral
fins dotted with whitish ; a blackish spot between the first and
second dorsal spines.

Massuah (Ked Sea).

5. Blennius cornifer.
Riippell, Atlas Fische, p. 112, and N. W. Fische, p. 133.
D. 32. A. 25.
The anterior profile of the head subvertical ; eyes rather large,

3. BLENNIUS. 215

with a long simple tentacle above ; some very fine tentacles on each
side of the nape ; crest none ; no curved tooth in the jaws. Dorsal
fin scarcely notched. Light brown : head, body, and anal fin dotted
with blue.

Djetta (Red Sea).

6. Blenuius capito.

acv. 8f Vol. xi. p. 260.

^■'^0- A. 22-23.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total leijgth, the length of the head four times and three-fourths.
Snout obtuse, with the upper profile abruptly descending. Jaws
without a curved tooth. Superciliary margin swollen, with a short
fringed tentacle posteriorly ; a transverse groove behind the ten-
tacles. The arched portion of the lateral line formed by two series
of pores. The dorsal and anal fins enveloped in thick skin ; the
dorsal begins above the middle of the operculum, is very slightly
notched, and not continuous with the caudal. Brown, varied with
lighter.

Cape Seas.

a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope.

b. Adult : stuifed. Cape of Good Hope. From Sir A. Smith's Col-

lection.

c. Adult: stuffed,

7. Blennius erythrocephalus.

Blennius erythrocephalus, Misso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 236. fig. 42.
Blennius rubriceps, Oicv. 8f Val. xi. p. 248.

D. f^. A. 22.

The first three rays of the dorsal fin are somewhat elevated and
remote from the others ; the soft portion continuous with the caudal.
A longitudinal crest on the head (in males), and a very small tentacle
above the orbit. The curved teeth in the jaws are well developed.
Brownish : the top of the dorsal and the upper part of the head red.

Mediterranean.

8. Blennius tentacularis.

Blennius tentacularis, Bri'mn. Pise. Mass. p. 26; Bl. Schn. p. 169;

LacSp. ii. p. 474 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 212. pi. 319; Guichen. Explor.

Alger. Poiss. p. 69.
auritus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 172; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ.

Merid. iii. p. 403. pi. 6. fig. 2.

minutus et ventrosus, Rathke, Fauna der Ki-yni, pp. 330, 331.

comutus, Lacep. ii. p. 473 ; Rvtso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 128.

punctulatus, Risso, Etir. Merid. iii. p. 231.

brea, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 129, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 233.

D. ''-'?. A. 22-24.

19-20

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head.

216 UrENNIID.E,

and five times and a half in the total. Snout obtuse, witli the upper
profile abruptly descending. A strong curved tooth in both the jaws.
Orbital tentacle well developed ; the interorbital space is scarcely-
concave, and its width is less than the vertical diameter of the eye ;
no transverse groove behind the tentacles. The dorsal fin commences
in the vertical from the praeopercular margin, and has flexible spines ;
no notch between the spinous and soft portions, the latter being
slightly continuous with the caudal, A black spot between the first
and third dorsal spines. Reddish-grey with brown spots, and gene-
rally with brown cross-bars on the back. Sometimes more uniform,
and only the head and the anterior part of the body dotted with
brown. Three angular brown bands on the throat, the angles pointing
backwards.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq., as Bhnnius

cornutus.
h-c. Adult. Dalmatia.
d, e-f. Adult.
f). Adult : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

9. Blennius filicornis.

Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 254 ; Casteln. Anim, nouv. ou tares de fAm^r. Sad,
Poiss. p. 25.

D.,-^. A. 23.

The height of the body is contained five times and one-fifth in
the total length, the length of the head fo\ir times and three-
fourths. Snout obtuse, with the upper profile very oblique. A
strong curved tooth in both jaws. Orbital tentacle of moderate
length, filiform, with several smaller ones at its base. The inter-
orbital space is flat, and its width is one-half of the vertical diameter
of the orbit ; no groove or crest on the neck. The dorsal fin com-
mences in the vertical from the prajopercular margin and has flexible
spines ; a slight notch between the spinous and soft portions, the
latter not being continuous with the caudal. Brown ; dorsal and
caudal spotted with darker.
»■ Coast of Brazil.

a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

10. Blennius smjrmensis.
Pholis smymeusis, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 275. pi. 325.
D. 35. A. 26.

Tentacles neither above the orbit nor at the nostril. The length
of the head equals its height, and is contained five times and one-
third in the total. Dorsal fin not emarginate ; the anal cominences
below the thirteenth dorsal ray. Eeddish-grey. ( Val.)

Coast of Smyrna

3. BLENNIUS. 217

11. Blennius ronxi.

Cocco, Lett. Pesci 3Iess. in Giorn. Sc. Lett. SfC. x. & xi. p. 11. tab. 9.
fig. 1 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, cum fig.

D. 34. A. 2Q.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a half in the entire length. The anterior
profile of the head is subvertical ; orbital and nasal tentacles small ;
canine teeth in both jaws ; dorsal fin not notched. A deep-black
band along the side of the body ; an oblong blackish spot between
the three anterior spines

Mediterranean.

One specimen in the Senckenberg Museum.

12. Blennius fucorum

Cuv.Sf Val. xi. p. 2(53. pi. 324 : Dekay, New Yoj^k Fauna, Fislies, p. 149.
pi. 22. fig. 66.

D. 1^. A. 18.

The length of the head is one-fifth of, the total ; its anterior pro-
file is subvertical. Orbital tentacle nearly as long as the head, fili-
form, bifid superiorly, with some fringes at the base. A ver^ strong
curved tooth in both jaws. The dorsal is slightly emarginate, and
not continuous with the caudal, lleddish- brown, dotted with black.
{Val.)

Atlantic,

Is this the species described by Quoy and Gaimard (Voy. Freyc.
Zool. p. 250) under the name of Blennius punctatus'i

13. Blennius gentilis.

Girurd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 149, and U. S. Pacif
R. R. Exped. Zool Fi.thes, p. 113 (pi. 25 a. tig. 4).

B. 5. D.{|. A. 19.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. A curved tooth in both jaws, that of the
upper being the smaller. Orbital tentacles slender ; occipital crest
none ; the dorsal commences almost at the occiput, and is very
slightly notched. YeUowish-brown, marbled with purple. (Gir.)

Monterey (California).

14. Blennius vulgaris.

Blennius vulgaris, PoUini, Viaggio al La§o di Garda, Verona, 1816,
viii. p. -20. fig. 1 ; Martens in Wiegm. Arch, xxiii. p. 172. tab. 9. fig. 3.

cagnota, Cm\ 8f\Val. xi. p. 249.

anticolus, Bonap .Faun. Ital. Pesci.

vulgaris, var. anticolus. Martens, I. c. p. 174.

D. j-ii^. A. (18) 19-20. Vert. 35-36.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,

218 BLENNIID^.

and one -fifth of the total'. Snout somewhat prominent. A curved
tooth in both jaws. Orbital tentacle very smaU ; the interorbital
space is rather flat, and its width is nearly equal to the vertical
diameter of the orbit ; a low fleshy crest on the head. The dorsal
fin commences in the vertical from the origin of the lateral line, is
scarcely notched, and not, or slightly, continuous -with the caudal.
Yellowish, spotted and dotted with black ; two oblique dark stripes
below the eye.

Lakes of Italy (Mediterranean).

a-b. Fine specimens. Dalmatia.

c. Adult. Lake Albano. Presented by Dr. E. v. Martens.

rf. Half- grown. Lake Bracciana, near Rome. Presented by W. C.

Trevelyan, Esq.
e. Many specimens. Lago di Nemi. Presented by Dr. E. v. Martens.
f-n. Adult and half-grown. Lago di Garda. Presented by Dr. A.

Giinther.
0. Many specimens. Lago di Garda. Presented by Dr. E. v. Martens.

The chief diff'erence between the specimens from the fresh waters
of Italy, and the Bl. cagnota, Valenc, from the coast of Toulon,
appears to consist in the number of the mandibulary teeth. Bl.
vulgaris has from fourteen to eighteen, Bl. cagnota from ten to
twelve. I should think this character of some importance if it
proved to be constant, because one of these fishes lives in fresh, the
other in salt water. The dorsal fin is generally not continuous with
the caudal, except in a slight degree in the specimens from Dal-
matia. I do not know whether the latter were taken on the coast or
in a freshwater lake.

15. Blennius-sanguinolentus.

VhoWa, Rondel, vi. c. 23. p. 206; Gesner, p. 714; Aldrov.^. 116;

Wilhighhy, pi. H. 6. fig. 4.
Blennius sauguinolentus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 168 ; Nordm. in Demid.

Voy. Russ. Merid. Poiss. p. 402. pi. 6. fig. 1.
pholis, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 232 ; Guichen. Explor. Alg^r.

Poiss. p. 70.
palmicornis, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 214. pi. 320 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle,

Fishes, p. 83 ; Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 83, & 1843, p. 86, and

Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 9.
parvicornis, Cuv. i^ Val. xi. p. 257.

B. 6. D. i?. A. (2-1- ) 21-22.

The height of the body is contained five times and a quarter in
the total length, the length of the head five times to five times and
three-quarters. Snout obtuse, with the upper profile very obUque.
The curved tooth in the upper jaw small, that in the lower of mo-
derate size. Orbital tentacle very small. The interorbital space is
flat, and its width is less than the vertical diameter of the eye ; no
groove or crest or fleshy protuberance on the neck. The dorsal fin
commences in the vertical from the praeopcrcular margin, and has

■ i. BLENNIUS. 219

flexible spints ; it is not, or slightly, notched, and continuous with

the caudal. Brown ; sometimes with several whitish spots on the side.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeira. North-west coasts of Africa.

a, b. Adult. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

c, d, e-f, g. Adult and half-grown. Madeira.

h, i-k. Adult. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.

1. Seven inches and a half long. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
m. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

16. Blennius sinensis.
D. if. A. (2 + ) 22.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a half in the total. Snout obtuse, mth the
upper profile very oblique. A curved tooth of moderate size in each
of the jaws, that of the upper being the smaller. Orbital tentacle
small, formed by four short filaments. The interorbital space equals
in width the diameter of the eye, and, like the crown of the head,
is covered with a fleshy protuberance. The dorsal fin commences in
the vertical from the praeopercular margin, and has the upper profile
nearly even ; the spines are flexible, and the length of one of the
longest is not quite two-thirds of that of the head ; the soft portion
is not, or very slightly, continuous with the caudal. The anal fin is
rather more than half as high as the soft dorsal. The pectoral does
not extend on to the vent. Uniform brown (in spirits) : the vertical
fins black ; the tips of the anal x'ays bluish -wliite.

China Sea.

a. Adult. China Sea. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

This species is the Chinese representative of the Mediterranean
Blennius sanr/uinolentus.

inches, lines.

Total length 6 1

Height of the body 1 1

Length of the head 1 1

of the first dorsal spine 0 8

— of the pectoral 1 0

of the ventral 0 8

17. Blennius pantherinus.

Cuv. S,- Val. xi. p. 262.

T) " A ^
^- 21- ^' 2l-

Orbital tentacles short and fringed ; the interorbital space very
concave ; head without crest. The length of the head is about one-
third of the total ; a curved tooth in both the jaws. Brown, marbled
■with darker ; throat with two blackish transverse bands. ( Val.)

Coast of Brazil.

220 BLENWIID^.

18. Blenmus sordidus.
Benn. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 34 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 256.

. Orbital tentacles fringed ; no curved tooth in the jaws ; the first
dorsal ray rather more free than the others. Reddish-brown, with
two or three dark blotches on the back ; dorsal anteriorly with a
deep-brown spot ; caudal with three vertical series of brown dots.

Sandwich Islands.
a. Adult. Sandwich Islands. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection. —
Tj'pe of the species.

19. Blennins varus.

Blennius sujefianus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 131 ; (not Lac^.).

varus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 237 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital, J^esct,

cum fig. ; (not Pall.).

D. 30. A. 21.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total; neck with a compressed fleshy crest;
orbital tentacle scarcely visible ; a curved tooth on each side of the
jaws. The dorsal begins in the vertical from the posterior extremity
of the operculum, is slightly emarginate, and extends on to the
caudal. Brownish -oUve, with dark bands across the back.

Mediterranean.
a. Adult. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. E. RUppell.

20. Blennius basiliscus.

? Forskal, p. 22 & p. xiv.

Blenolus basiliscus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 245.

B.6. B.^^. A. 27.

The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head five times and a half. Snout obtuse, with the upper
profile convex and abruptly descending. A very strong curved tooth
in the lower jaw, a more feeble one in the upper. Crown elevated in
a more or less prominent fleshy crest, beginning between the orbits ;
orbital tentacle scarcely visible. The dorsal fin commences above the
giU-opening, is not notched, and very slightly continuous with the
caudal. The length of the ventral is one-half of that of the head.
Greenish-olive, with black vertical bands, each being white- edged
and divided into two by another white vertical streak ; head with a
brownish-black, white-edged band through the eye ; no black spot
behind the eye ; throat with three brown angular bands, the angles
pointing backwards.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

b. Adult. Adriatic.

c. Adult : skin. Leghorn. From Mr. YaiTtU's Collection.

3. BLENNItJS 221

21. Blennius graphicus.

Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 234. fig. 44.

D. 38. A. 26.

Orbital tentacle long, with two appendages at the base. YeUowiah :
head and body with small blue streaks. {Risso.)
Mediterranean.

22. Blennius sphinx.

Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 226. pi. 321 ; Guichen. Explor. AUfer. Poiss. p. 70.
D.||. A. 20.

10

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is five
times and a half in the total. The snout is very obtuse, with the
anterior profile subvertical. The anterior portion of the dorsal is
elevated, and higher than the body ; a very distinct notch between
the soft and spinous dorsal. The lower jaw with two strong curved
teeth on each side ; the upper with only one, which is feeble. Or-
bital tentacles well developed, filiform. Yellowish-green, ^vith six
or seven brown, white-edged cross-bands ; the upper portion of the
spinous dorsal with five bluish longitudinal lines. A blue spot, edged
with red, behind the eye ; sides of the head with small white spots,
edged with black. Throat with three oblique brown bands.

Mediterranean.

23. Blennius pavo.

Galerita s. Alauda cristata. Rondel, vi. cap. 21. p. 204; Gesner, p. 17 ;

Aldrov. i. cap. 25. p. 114 ; Willughby, p. 134. tab. H. 6. fig. 7.
Alauda non cnstata, Rondel, vi. cap. 22. p. 205.
Blennius pavo, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 133, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 235 ;

Cuv. (^ Val. xi. p. 238. pi. 323 ; Guichen. Explor. Ak/er. Poiss. p. 73.
lepidus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. p. 171; Nordm. inDemid. Voy. Russ.

Merid. iii. p. 405. pi. 6. fig. 3.

^■.^.- A. 24-25. Vert.^^1-^.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. Snout obtuse, with the upper profile con-
vex and abruptly descending. A very strong curved tooth in the
lower jaw, a more feeble one in the upper. Crown of the male spe-
cimens elevated in a more or less prominent fleshy crest, beginning
between th« orbits; orbital tentacle very small. The dorsal fin
commences above the middle of the operculum, is not notched, and
continuous with the caudal. Brownish-green, with broad dark cross-
bars on the back ; the anterior part of the body with light-blui.sh
veHical stripes ; a dark-blue band from the crest on the head through
the eye to the throat, which is crossed by three angular brown bands ;
a black, white-edged spot behind the eye.

Mediterranean.

a, h. Fine specimens. Coast of Dalmatia.

c-d. Adult. Adriatic.

e-h. Young : skins. Livorno. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

222 BLKNNiyn.c.

24. Blennius ocellaris.

Scoi-pioides, Boiidel. vi. cap* 20. p. i'04 (bad) ; Gcsncr, p. 847 : Aldrov.

p. 110.
Blennius (Mesoro), Salv. Aq. p. 217 ; Bellov. p. 221 ; Gcsucr, p. L'iO ;

Aldrov. p. 203; Jonstoti, i. tit. 3. cap. 1. art. 15. tab. 19. fig. 5;

Wilhighhj, p. 131. tab. II. 3. fig. 2; Ray, p. 72.
Blennius, n. 1, Artnii, Gen. p. 26; Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. v. p. 31. ii. 1.
Blennius ocellaris, L. Si/st. i. p. 442; liriinn. Pise. Mass. p. 25; lil.

taf. 167. lig. 1 ; PL 'iSchn. p. 168 ; Risso, Ichth. Niee, p. 125, ajid

Par. Merid. iii. p. 229 ; Montag. Wern. Mem. ii. p. 443. pi. 22.

fig. 2; Martens, Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 418; Gar. tV Val. xi.

p. 220 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish.es, 2nd edit. i. p. 253 ; Gar. Rhpie Anim.

El. Puiss. pi. 77. fig. 1.

papilio, (L. Gin.) Guichen. Exj)lor. Alg6r. Poiss. p. 70.

lepus, Lacep. ii. p. 401.

Adonis pavouinus, Gronov. Sgst. ed. Gray, p. 93.

D.lIiH. A. 18. Vert.,-il-,.

The height of the body is nearly eqiial to the length of the head,
and four tiroes wd two-thirds in the total. Snout truncated, with
the anterior profile vertical. A strong curved tooth in both jaws.
Orbital tentacle well developed ; the interorbital space is concave, and
its width is much less than the vertical diameter of the eye. The
spinous dorsal elevated, rather higher than the body ; the soft not con-
tinuous with the caudal. A round black, white-edged spot on the sixth
and seventh dorsal spines ; body brownish, with darker cross-bars.

Mediterranean. Coasts of the Peninsula, France, and South
England.

a. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence, R.N.
h. Half-grown. Torcross (Devonshire). From the Leach Museum.

c. Half-grown. South Devonshire. From the Leach Museum.

d. Adult : skin. South Devonshire. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

e. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

/, g-l, m-q, r, s, t, u, v. Adult and lialf-grown.
• IV. Adult : skeleton.

Skeleton. — The general form and stnicture of the skull is 'he same
as in B. gattorugine, the different ridges being somewhat more pro-
minent : the interorbital space, which is flat in B. gattorvf/ine, is con-
cave ; the posterior portion of the infraorbital ring is bent outwards ;
lower jaw longer than broad. There are eleven abdominal and
twenty-one caudal vertebra;, the length of the former jjortion being
to that of the caudal as 1 : 1 -7.

25. Blennius galerita.

Blennius, n. 4, Artedi, Genu'O, p. 27 (not Si/non.) ; Klein, Pwc. 3fiss.

V. p. 32.
galerita, P. Sysf. i. p. 441 ; Bl. Schn. p. 109 ; Motdugu, Wern.

Mem. i. p. 98. pL 5. fig. 2.
montagui, Flem. BrU. Anim.^. 206; Cktv. ScVal \\. p. 234. pi. 322 ;

Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2ud edit. i. p. 249, 3rd edit. ii. p. 355 ; Gaiehen.

Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 72.

3. BLENNIUS. 223

Blennius artedii, Cui\ i^'- Val. xi. p. 231 ; Guichen. Exj^Ior. Algir. Poiss.

p. 72 ; Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 9.
ineequalis, Loioe in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 185.

D-iS-r A- 17-18.

Snout short, with the anterior profile straight and very oblique.
A strong curved tooth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Only
one tentacle between the eyes, above their posterior part ; a series
of very small tentacles behind. The dorsal commences in the ver-
tical from the extremity of the operculum ; the spinous and soft
portions of the dorsal fin separated by a distinct notch ; the latter
not continuous with the caudal. Brownish-grey, spotted Avith darker ;
back sometimes with blackish cross-bars ; a series of silvery spots
along the lower part of the sides.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeira. South coast of England.

a, b-d, e-l. Adult and half-grown. Falmouth.
m-p. Adult. South Devonshire. Museum Leach. Typical speci-
mens of Montagu's description."
q-r. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. H. Methuen.
s. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

There can be no doubt that this species is intended by Artedi's
diagnosis, ** Blennius crista capitis transversa, cutacea." Linne, when
he introduced his Bl. galerita into the system, not only quoted Artedi,
but used his very words, confounding it, however, with a Blennidid
fish described by Strom (Blenniops ascanii). Therefore the specific
denomination of galerita is applied with much more right to the
present species than to the fish described by Strom ; and the meaning
of the name itself denotes the pecuhar crest of this Blennius far
better than the orbital tentacles of the other.

26. Blennius cristatus.

Blennius, sp., Gronov. Zoophi/l. n. 203. tab. G. lig. 4 ; Klein, Pise. Miss.
v.p. 32. n. 3.

cristatus, L. Si/st. i. p. 441.

uuehifilis, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 253.

Adonis cristatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 95.

D. i?. A. 16.

15

The height of the body is nearly equal- to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile
abruptly descending ; small curved teeth in the jaws. A single
short orbital tentacle ; nape of the neck with a filamentous crest.
The dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the upper end of the prae-
operculura, is very slightly notched, and not continuous with the
caudal. Greyish or brownish, with darker bands across the back
and irregular spots on the tail.

Island of Ascension.

a. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection. — Type of the species.
The orbital tentacles, being dried, are imperceptible.

224 nLENNrin.B.

27. Blennius crinitus.
Cur. ^ Val. xi. p. 237 ; Guichen. Explor, Alger. Poiss, p. 72.
Tl _11_ A -L-

^' 14-15* ^" 16-18-

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile
abruptly descending. A leather small curved tooth in the lower jaw,
none in the upper. Superciliary margin with three or four very fine
and short filaments ; nape of the neck with a filamentous crest.
The dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the upper end of the prse-
operculum, is scarcely notched, and not continuous Avith the caudal ;
the pectoral does not extend to the anal fin. Greyish, spotted with
brown ; a black spot between the first and second dorsal spines.

Coast of Pemambucc.

a. Adult. Pemambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.

The specimen upon which Valenciennes established this species
was obtained at La Rochelle ; others have been found on the coast
of Algiers. The description given, however, agrees very well with
the South American fii^h in the British Museum.

28. Blennius emarginatus.
D.IH. A. (2-H)17.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and two-thirds in the total. Snout obtuse,
with the anterior profile very oblique. A small curved tooth in the
lower jaw, none in the upper. The interorbital space is concave,
and its width is less than the diameter of the eye. A fringed ten-
tacle at the nostril ; foui' or five short filaments above the posterior
angle of the orbit ; nape of the neck with a longitudinal series
of filaments. The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the
praeopercular margin, and is not continuous with the caudal ; it is
deeply notched between the spinous and soft portions, the fonner
being much the lower. The pectoral is longer than the ventral, and
extends on to the fifth anal ray. Colours ?

Hah. ?

a-e. Discoloured. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

lines.

Total length 33

Height of j:he body 7

29. Blennius macropteryx
Blennius macropteryx, Rdpp. in Mtis. Senck.

D. g. A. 20.

The pectoral extends on to, or beyond, the middle of the anal fin.
Dorsal fin notched, not reaching to the caudal. Colours ?
Messina.

3. BLENNIUS. 225

Three specimens, one inch long, and apparently immature, have
been discovered by Dr. Riippell at Messina and deposited in the
Senckenberg Museum.

30. Blennius bifiltun.
D.H. A. 22.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained five times and three-foxirths in the total. Snout very
obtuse, with the anterior profile abruptly descending. Jaws without
a curved tooth. Orbital tentacle none ; a pair of slender filaments
between the occiput aad the neck, one placed at the side of the other.
The dorsal fin commences above the operculum, is slightly notched,
and not continuous with the caudal. The pectoral is longer than
the ventral, and extends on to the vent. Brownish-grey (in spirits),
with eight darker cross-bands, the three anterior of which run round
the belly and are edged with silvery ; body with pearl-coloured dots ;
caudal fin with brown dots forming cross-streaks.

Hah. ?

a. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

lines.

Total length 23

Height of the body 4

31. Blennius lapolns.
Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, cum fig.

D. 29. A. 18.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is slightly produced. A curved
tooth on each side of the jaws. Orbital tentacle very small. The
dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the extremity of the operculum,
is very shghtly notched, and not continuous with the caudal.
Brownish-olive, spotted with blackish. {Bonap.)

Mediterranean.

32. Blennias fissicomis.
Cuv. ^ Vol. xi. p. 257 ; Quoy <^ Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 251.
D-i^- A. 18.
A strong curved tooth in the jaws. A small tentacle at the nostril.
Orbital tentacle of moderate length, filiform, with several smaller ones
at the base. Dorsal fin deeply notched. Brownish. (Val.)
? Rio de Janeiro.

33. Blennius aeqaipinnis.
D. J|. A. 16. V. 2.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained tour times and a half in the total. SnoJit obtuse, with
the anterior profile very oblique. A strong curvea tooth in the

VOL. in. Q

226 BLENNIIDJ':,

lower jaw, none in the upper. The intcrorbital space is concarc, and
its width less than the diameter of the eye. A small tentacle at the
nostril, and a bunch of short filaments above the postei-ior angle of the
orbit ; nape of the neck naked. Tlie dorsal fin commences above the
operculum, and is not continuous with the caudal ; it is deeply-
notched, and the anterior portion is rather lower than the posterior.
The pectoral reaches to the origin of the anal. Colour ?

West Africa.
a. Young. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection.

lines.

Total length 18

Height of the body 4

Length of the head 4

34. Blennius brevipinnis.
D. i|. A. 15-16.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and a half in the total. The snout is
obtuse, with the upper profile very oblique. Jaws without a curved
tooth. Orbital tentacle slender, fringed at the base. The dorsal fin
commences in the vertical from the operculum, is deei)ly notched,
and not continuous with the caudal. The pectoral is longer than the
ventral, and extends on to the vent. Greyish-brown (in spirits),
with a darker lateral band.

a. Sandwich Islands, From the Haslar Collection.
h. West coast of Central America. Collected by Captain Dow. Pre-
sented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

lines.

Total length •. 18 or 23

Height of the body 4 or 5

35. Blennius pholis.

? ^coXtr, Aristot. ix. cap. 37.

Pliolis, Rondel. \l cap. 23. p. 206 ; Aldrov. i. cap. 25. p. 116 ; Gesner,

p. 714 ; Jomtoti, i. tit. 2. cap. 2. art. 1. taf. 17. fig. 4 ; WUluyhhy,

p. 135. tab. II. 6. fig. 4; Ray, p. 74 ; Artedi, Synon. p. 116.
Blennius pholis, L. Syst. i. p. 443; Bl. Fische Dentschl. ii. p. 184. taf. 71.

fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 170 ; Lacep. ii. p. 489 ; Donov. Brit. Fkhes, iv.

pi. 79 ; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 73 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes,

1st edit. i. p. 230, 2nd edit. i. p. 200, 3rd edit. ii. p. 366; Coiich,T'rans.

Linn. Soc. xiv. pp. 74, 75 ; Martens, Rei'se nach Venediy, ii. p. 419.
Blennius, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 259, and Mus. Ichth. ii. p. 22. no. 175.
Smooth Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 182. pi. 36.
Pholis Isevis, Fleminy, Brit. Anim. p. 207 ; Oiw. ^ Val. xi. p. 269 ; Citv.

Rhjne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 77. fig. 2; Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 182.
Adonis pholis, Gronov. Syst. cd. Gray, p. 96.

D. J^. A. 18-19 (20). Vert. 12/26-13/25.

The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length

3. BLENNIUS. 227

of the head four times and two-thirds. The snout is slightly pro-
duced, once and a half the length of the diameter of the eye. A
ciirved tooth uf moderate size in both jaws. Orbital tentacle none ;
the interorbital space appears quite flat, if covered with the skin ;
nape of the neck with a fleshy protuberance. The dorsal fin begins
in the vertical from the extremity of the operculum, is very distinctly
notched, and not continuous with the caudal ; the spines are flexible.
Greenish-oHve, with irregular blackish spots ; a metallic spot on the
temple (during life).

Mediterranean. Atlantic coasts of Europe. Shores of the Ger-
man Ocean.

a. Adult : skin. Frith of Forth.

b. Young. Scotland.

c-g. Adult and half- grown. Wales. Presented by Mrs. Gray.
h-i, Jc-l. Adult and young. South Wales. Presented by J. Stokes,

Esq.
m. Half-grown. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
n. Large specimen. Falmouth. Pui-chased.
o,p, q, r-s. Many specimens. Falmouth. Purchased.
t-v. Adult and half-groAvn : stuflfed and skins. Plymouth.
w, X. Adult. South Devonshire. Museum Leach.
y, z. Adult and young. English coast.
a. Adult. Isle of Bourbon (?). Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
/}-y, ^-e, C—n, 0, t, *:. Adult and half-grown.
X-/J. Adult : skins.

V. Adult : female skeleton. Wales. Presented by !Mrs. Gray,
o. Adult: skeleton. Purchased.

Slceleton. — This species differs somewhat from B. gattorugine and
B. ocellaris in the form of its cranium, which is more elongate and
less compressed. The longitudinal portion of the crest extends nearly
the whole length of the crown of the head, the lateral portions being
short and nearly rectangular to the former. The interorbital space
is slightly concave, and half as wide as the orbit. Lower jaw longer
than broad. In the other points, the skeleton does not differ essen-
tially from that of B. gattorugine. There are thirteen abdominal and
twenty-five caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion being
to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-65.

36. Blennius trigloides.

Blennius trigloides, Ciw. ^- Fal. xi. p. 228 ; Gtiichen. Explor, Ahjdr.

Poiss. p. 71 ; Bottap. Faun. Ital. Pesri, cum fig.
Pholis laevis, Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 185, iii. p. 9, and Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 83.
trigloides, Lowe in Proc. Zool, Soc. 1843, p. 87.

D. llU. A. 18.

The height of the body is five times and a half in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. Snout with the an-

u'2

228 BLENNIIDiE.

terior profile very oblique, once and a half the diameter of the eye,
A curved tooth in both jaws. Orbital tentacle none ; a short fringed
tentacle at the anterior nostril ; the interorbital space concave ; neck
s-wollen (in adult specimens). The dorsal fin begins above the middle
of the operculum, is deeply notched, and not continuous with the
caudal ; the spines are flexible. Blackish -brown, with dark bands
across the back.

Mediterranean, Sea of Madeira.

a. Fine specimen, Madeira. Purchased of Mr, Stevens,

b. Half-grown. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens,

87. Bleimiuii geminatus.
Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 278 ; Ctw. df Val. xi. p. 265.
D.l?. A. 16.

15

The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of
the head four times and a half. Snout obtuse, with the upper profile
straight and very oblique. A curved tooth in the lower jaw, that of
the upper very small. Orbital tentacles long, each divided into three
from the base ; the interorbital space is very concave, and its width
is one-half the vertical diameter of the eye; a transverse groove
behind the tentacles. The dorsal fin begins immediately behind the
vertical from the praeopercular margin, is slightly emarginate, and
not continuous with the caudal ; its spines are stiff, not flexible at
the top. The lateral line descends abruptly behind the pectoral.
Brown, marbled with darker ; a round black spot between the first
and second dorsal spines.

Coast of South Carolina.

a. Adult.

38. Blennius punctatus.

Wood, I. c. p. 279; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 267.
D, 27, A. 18.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total. The profile
between the extremity of the snout and the origin of the dorsal forms
a quarter of a circle. Orbital tentacle long, bifid superiorly ; neck
with two small rough prominences. Head and body spotted with
black ; a blackish spot between the first and thii-d dorsal spines ;
caudal with five br6wn bands.

Coast of South Carolina.

4. CHASMODES.

Chasmodea, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 295.
Body oblong, naked ; cleft of the mouth rather wide. A single
dorsal fin ; ventrals jugular, composed of two or three rays. A single
series of immoveable teeth in the jaws (sometimes a small canine tooth

5. PETROSCIRTKS. 229

in the iijjper jaw, behind the series). Head sometimes "with tentacles.
Gill-opening closed beneath, and reduced to a small fissure above the
root of the pectoral. Branchiostcgals six.
Atlantic coasts of temperate North America.

1. Chasmodes boscianus.

IBlennius bosquianus, Lacep. ii. pi. 13. fig. 1.

pholis, Mitch. Phil. Sf Lit. Trans. Netc York, i. p. 374.

Chasmodes boscianus, Cttv. Sf Val. xi. p. 295. pi. 327 ; Dekmj, New
York Fauna, Fishes, p. 151. pi. 24. fig. 73.

B. 6. D. 29. A. 19. V. 2.

The mouth is cleft to below the posterior margin of the eye ; snout
slightly produced, with the upper profile oblique ; canine teeth none.
The dorsal is not emarginate, and continuous with the caudal. A
very small tentacle above the orbit. Greyish, marbled -^ath brown.

Atlantic coasts of North America.

2. Chasmodes quadrifasciatas.

Pholis quadrifasciatas. Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. iv. p. 282

pi. 17. fig. 1.
Chasmodes quadrifasciatus, Cue, 8f Val. xi. p. 298.

D. 27. A. 15.

The mouth is cleft to below the posterior margin of the orbit ;
snout slightly produced, with the upper profile oblique. A small
canine tooth in the upper jaw. Body with four or five brown cross-
bands ; a series of yellowish spots along the base of the anal tin.
( Wood.)

3. Chasmodes novem-lineatus.

Pholis novem-lineatus, Wood, Journ. Acad. Nut. Sc. Fhilad. iv. p. 280.
Chasmodes novem-lineatus, Ctiv. df Val. xi. p. 299.

D. 30. A. 20.

Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile subvertieal. The doi-sal
fin commences on the neck and extends on to the caiidal. Brown :
sides of the head dotted with dark blue ; a blacldsh spot between
the first and second dorsal rays. ( Wood.)

Port of Charleston.

5. PETROSCIRTES*.

Petroscirtes, Fiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 110, and N. W. Fische, p. 134.

Blennechis, Cur. ^- Val. xi. p. 279.

Aspidontus, (G. Cut:) Quoy ^ Gaim. Voij. Astrol. Zool. iii. p. 719.

Body moderately elongate, naked. Snout generally short or of

* 1. Blennechis dussumieri, Cuv. tj- Val. A. p. 282. — He de Boiu-bon.

2. Omobranchus fasciolatus, (Ehrcnh.). — Blennceliisfasciolalus, Ciiv. ij- V(d.

xi. p. 287.— Bed Sea.

3. rctroseirtes baiikicri. luchardb. J'cy. iSitlph. Fitlio, p. 130 pi. 41. figs. 8, 0.

— Hongkong.

230 BLENNIID^.

moderate, extent. A single dorsal fin (in one species with a semi-
detached portion) ; ventrals jugular, composed of two or three rays.
Cleft of the mouth narrow ; a single series of immoveable teeth in
the jaws ; a strong curved canine tooth behind this series ; that of
the lower jaw much stronger than that of the upper (in two species no
canine tooth). Head sometimes with tentacles. Gill-opening closed
beneath, and reduced to a small fissure above the root of the pectoral.
Branchiostegals six (seven); air-bladder and pseudobranchiae present;
pyloric appendages none.

Tropical parts of the Indian Ocean and Archipelago and of the
Pacific. (Two anomalous species from Chile.)

1 . Petroscirtes tapeinosoma.

Sleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Lido-Nederl. ii., Amhoina, p. 64.
D. 45. A. 30.

The height of the body is contained ten times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head nearly six times. Snout convex,
projecting far beyond the cleft of the mouth ; tentacles none. The
width of the interorbital space nearly equals the diameter of the eye.
Upper jaw without canines. The dorsal fin is not elevated, and
commences on the occiput. The upper haK of the body violet, the
lower white ; the margin of the upper colour forms a band, including
the superior part of the eye, and passing into a narrower stripe edged
with white on the caudal fin ; the middle of the sides is spotted with
black ; two bluish longitudinal streaks on the back ; fins yellow, the
dorsal and anal with a broad brown margin. {Bl.)

Seas of Amboyna and Celebes.

2. Petroscirtes rhinorhynchus.

Sleeker, Amboina i^ Ceram, p. 273.

D. 44. A. 32.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half to five times and two-thirds.
Snout conical, projecting beyond the cleft of the mouth ; tentacles
none. The ^vidth of the interorbital sjDace equals the diameter of
the eye. No canines in the upper jaw. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
beginning on the occiput and terminating at the root of the caudal.
Brownish, with two bluish longitudinal bands ; fins yellow, the dorsal
and anal edged with brown. {Bl.)

Coasts of Celebes, Amboyna, Ceram, and Ooram.

3. Petroscirtes amblyrhsmchus.

Bleekei; Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedcrl. ii., Amboina, p. 64.
D. 43. A. 31 .
The height of the body is one -eighth of the total length, the

5. PETROSCIRTES. 231

length of the head one-fifth. Snout obtuse, rounded, scarcely pro-
jecting beyond the cleft of the mouth ; tentacles none. The width
of the interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye. A small
straight canine tooth in the upper jaw. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
and commences on the occiput. Violet, with two bluish longitudinal
bands on each side ; fins yellow, the dorsal with seven, the anal with
five brownish blotches ; caudal with a large blackish spot at the
base. (Bl.)

Sea of Amboyna.

4. Petroscirtes taBniatns.
Aspidontus taeuiatus, Quoy 4* Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 719. pi. 19.

«?• 4;
Petroscirtes paradiseus, Blceker, Atuboina, v. p. 495.

B. 6. D. 39. A. 26.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. Snout produced ; tentacle none ; the width
of the interorbital space is more than the diameter of the eye. The
dorsal fin is not elevated, beginning before the gill-opening and
terminating at the root of the caudal. A black longitudinal band
from the snout through the eye to the caudal, becoming 'broader
posteriorly, and occupying the middle of the caudal fin.

Coasts of Amboyna, Goram, New Guinea, and Gufrm.

5. Petroscirtes filamentesus.

Blennechia filanientosus, Cuv. Sf Vul. xi. p. 280. pi. 326.
Petroskirtes rostratus, (^Solmidei-) Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedoi. ii.,
Amboiua, p. 62.

D. 3G-37. A. 26-28. V. 3.

The height of the body is one-seventh of the to tal^ length, the
length of the head one-fourth. The snout is somewhat elongate,
longer than the eye, and has the upper profile, nearly horizontal.
The anterior rays of the dorsal fin are elongate and filamentoiis ;'the
dorsal does nut extend on to the caudal. A blackish longitudinal band
from the snout through the eye along the side of the body ; vertical
fins blackish, the catidal with the upper and lower margins, the anal
with the lower one whitish.

Coasts of New Guinea and Amboyna.

6. Petroscirtes pimctatus.
Blennechis pimctatus, Cuv. 4" Val. xi. p. 286.

D. i^. A. 23.

22

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Snout sliort ; the
iipper canine tooth one-half the size of the lower. Tlie dorsal fin
extends on to the root of the caudal. Greyish, with tliiee hmgitii-
dinal series of small blackish s])ots, the uj)por along the base of the

232 BlENKIID^.

dorsal, the lower along the middle of the body. (During life white,
with the spots of a green colour.) ( Val.)
Bombay. Coast of Australia.

? a. From the Haslar Collection.

b, c. Half-grown. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

7. Petroscirtes dispar.

A collection of fishes made by Mr. Swinhoe in the Chinese island
of Amoy, and procured for the British Museum, contains, besides
other interesting species, two specimens of a Petroscirtes, one of which
is nearly twice the size of the other. Although the smaller one is a
little more compressed and elevated, and furnished ivith an occijntal
crest (the only instance known, at present, in this genus), I con-
sider both as belongiug to the same species ; they have the same
coloration, and nearly the same form and number of tlie fin-rays.
The examination of the sexual organs was not accompanied by a
decisive restdt : a single elongate empty sac, which I took for the
ovarium, was foimd in the larger specimen, whilst I could not detect
any sexual organs whatever in the smaller one. Thus it is merely
from analogy with Salarias that I describe them as sexual forms of
one and the same species.

Description of the larger (female) specimen : —

D. 35. A. 2d. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained six times and a fourth in the
total length, the length of the head seven times. Snout short, some-
what longer than the diameter of the eye, truncated anteriorly. The
canine teeth of the lower jaw are very large, three times the size of
those of the upper. No tentacle or crest ; interorbital space very
narrow. The dorsal fin commences above the root of the pectoral,
and the membrane by which the last ray is fixed to the back of the
taU extends on to the root of the caudal : the first twelve rays are
about half the height of the body, and not separated by a notch from
the following rays ; but the thirteenth ray is conspicuously longer
than the twelfth, and the middle of the fin is rather higher than the
body underneath. Caudal rounded. The anal fin is nearly equal in
height to the anterior portion of the dorsal. The inner ventral ray
is the longest, rather more than two-thirds the length of the head.
Brownish-grey (in spirits) : base of the dorsal and caudal fins yellow ;
the outer half of the dorsal and caudal and the entire anal grey.
Cheek with an indistinct ovate brownish spot.

lilies.

Total length 50

Height of the bod)^ 8

Length of the head 7

of the ventral fin 4

The smaller (male ?) specimen diff'crs from the other in the follow-
ing points : —

5. rETROSCIKTKS. 233

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times. Snout verj' short,
equal in length to the diameter of the eye. A high crescent-shaped
crest occupies the head from between the orbits to the origin of
the dorsal. The dorsal fin commences above the gill-opening, and
gradually increases in height from its origin to the fifth ray before
the last ; the height of the twelve anterior spines is rather more than
one-half the depth of the body. The ventral fin is nearly equal in
length to the head. The spinous portion of the dorsal fin with two
brown longitudinal lines, the soft with many oblique ones, ascending
backwards. Cheek with a very distinct ovate spot, extending on the
nape of the neck ; an indistinct dark vertical band through the eye,
and another before the gill-opening.

lines.

Total length 33

Height of the body 6

Length of the head 5|

of the ventral fin 5

a, b. Amoy (China).

8. Petroscirtes kaUosoma.
Bleeker, Biliton, iv. p. 227.

D. 32. A. 23.

The height of the body is contijined eight times in the total length
(without caudal filaments), the length of the head six times and
a half. Snout obtuse, convex ; tentacles none ; the width of the
interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye ; the canine
tooth of the lower jaw is much longer than that of the upper. The
dorsal fin is not elevated, and begins somewhat before the vertical
from the gill-opening ; the outer rays of the caudal produced into
filaments. Body with alternate curved violet and white cross-streaks,
the convexity pointing forwards ; the posterior portion of the dorsal
with brown longitudinal stripes and an oblong blackish-brown spot ;
anal brownish, edged with yellow, and with seven or eight oblique
blue stripes ; caudal rose-coloured. {Bl.)

Sea of Biliton.

9. Petroscirtes elongatus.
Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 249.

D. 32. A. 24. V. 2.

The height of the body is coutained six times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and
one-third. Snout Avith a veiy convex profile, scarcely as long as the
diameter of the eye. The width of the interorbital space is one-
third the diameter of the eye. The canine teeth of the lower jaw
twice the size of those of the upper. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
emarginate, and begins somewhat before the vertical from the root
of the pectoral. Caudal emarginate. Greenish : a white-edged

234 BLENNIID^.

oceiiated spot on the operculum ; dorsal and anal fins brown, with
white stripes, longitudinal on the former and oblique on the latter.
Male with an oceUated spot between the twenty-third and twenty-
fifth dorsal rays.
Mozambique.

a. Adult.

h. Adult. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

10. Petroscirtes variabilis.

Petroscirtes variabilis, Cantof, Catal. Malay. Fishes, p. 200.
cynodon, Peters in Wiepn, Arch. 1855, p. 246.

B. 6. D. 28-31. A. 17-21. Vert. 12/23.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The snout is somewhat produced, truncated
in front. The canine teeth of the lower jaw very large, those of the
upper sraaU. Orbital tentacle none. The width of the interorbital
space is more than the diameter of the eye, which is contained four
times in the length of the head. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
commences on a line with the posterior margin of the pra;operculum,
and terminates at a short distance from the root of the caudal. The
two inner rays of the ventral fin equal in length. Caudal fin some-
times with some of the upper and lower rays prolonged. Fi'om the
orbit to the caudal a longitudinal blackish band ; dorsal and anal
spotted and dotted with black ; caudal fin sometimes with a black
central spot ; dorsal fin dark along the base.

Coast of Mozambique. Sea of Pinang. Port Jackson.

a, b. Adult : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Tj-pes

of the species.
c-d. Adult males. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection, as

P. cynodon.
e. Half-grown. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Cuming. — This

specimen difters from the others in not having the base of the

dorsal fin dark -coloured, whilst the upper portion is blackish,

dotted with w^hite.

Air-bladder present.

11. Petroscirtes breviceps.
Blennechis breviceps, Cm\ i^ ral xi p. 283.

D. 30. A. 19.

The height of the body is contained foiir times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a (piarter.
Head broad, with the snout longer than the diameter of the eye.
The dorsal fin is not elevated, Itegins above the gill-opening, and
extends on to the caudal. A blackish band along the head and body ;
dorsal dotted with black ; caudal yellowish.

Bay of Bengal.

5. PETROSCIRTES. 235

12. Petroscirtes ancylodon.

nUppell, K W. Fische, p. 1. taf. 1. fig. 1.
D. 29. A. 19.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length. Snout of moderate extent ; a small tentacle above the
orbit. The dorsal fin is not elevated, commences before the gill-
opening, and does not extend on to the caudal. A very large canine
tooth in the lower jaw, a pair of small ones on each side of the upper.
Back with six irregidar brown cross-bars; the lower part of the
sides with several series of whitish spots ; the margin of the dorsal
with two longitudinal series of white dots ; caudal whitish, pectorals
yeUow.

Massaua (Red Sea).

13. Petroscirtes polyodon.

Blennechis polyodon, Meek. Ble7in. en Gob. p. 254.
B. 6. D. 30. A. 20. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained five times and three -cpiar tors
to six times in the total length, the length of the head four times
and jf half. Snout obtuse ; a small tentacle above the orbit ; the
Avidth of the interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye. The
dorsal fin is not elevated, begins before the gill-opening, and extends
on to the base of the caudal. A white band from tl:e snout below
the eye to the caudal fin ; sides of the head punctulated with black ;
the vertical fins brownish, dotted with rose-coloured and brown. (Bl.)

Seas of Java, Celebes, and Amboyna.

14. Petroscirtes cyprinoides.
Blennechis cyprinoides, Cuv. Sf Vol. xi. p. 286.
D. 30. A. 19-20.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a quarter. Head
broad, with the snout obtuse. The dorsal fin is not elevated, com-
mences on a line with the posterior margin of the prajoperculum, and
terminates somewhat before the caudal. A wliite band along the
middle of the side, above which are seven cross-bars, extending on to
the dorsal fin. Caudal yellowish.

East Indies

a. Between Bombay and Singapore.
6, c. From the Haslar Collection.

15. Petroscirtes solorensis.
Bleeker, Solor, p. 81.

B. 6. D. 30. A. 20.
The height of the body is C(mtaincd five times and a half to six

236 BLENNIID^.

times in the total length, the length of the head five times. Orbital
tentacle none ; the width of the inlerorbital space is less than the
diameter of the eye. The canine teeth of the upper jaw are much
smaller than those of the lower. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
begins somewhat before the vertical from the gill-opening, and ter-
minates at the root of the caudal. Body brownish-\dolet, belly
yellow ; two bluish longitudinal bands, the upper of which is inter-
rupted ; fins yellow, the vertical ones spotted with brown. (Bl.)
Sea of Lawajong (Solor).

Bleeker supposes that this species is allied to Blennechis gram-
mistes, Cuv. & Val. ; but it appears to me to be nearer to P. breviceps
and P. cyprinoides, whilst P. anema, Bleek., exhibits a remarkable
similarity to P. grammistes, a species established from a dried spe-
cimen.

16. Petroscirtes anema.
BleeJc. Amboina ^ Ceratn, p. 273,

D. 30. A. 16-18.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Snout obtuse ; no ten-
tacle above the orbit ; the width of the intcrorbital space is less than
the diameter of the eye. The upper canine teeth are much smaller
than the lower. On each side three black longitudinal bands, the
middle of which passes through the eye ; head punctulated Avith
blue ; fins yellow : the dorsal with a black band along the base, and
with a blackish spot between the third and tenth rays ; superiorly
with oblique blue stripes ; anal with a black band near the margin.

Seas of Amboyna, Banda, Batjan, and Booroo. China.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. — Anal with sixteen rays.
6. Half-grown. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
— Anal with eighteen rays.

17. Petroscirtes grammistes.
Blennechis grammistes, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 285.

D. 30.

Snout short, with the lower jaw longest ; eye large. The length
of the head is about one-fourth of the total. On each side three
black longitudinal bands, the middle of which passes through the eye ;
dorsal fin with a black band between a pair of Avhite ones ; caudal
and anal fins white, the former dotted with black. (Val.)

Sea of Java.

18. Petroscirtes temminckii.
Blcek. Banda, i. p. 243.

D. 31. A. 15.

Th« height of the body is contained five or six times in the total
length, tlie length of the head five times and a half. Snout obtuse,

■5. PETROSCTRTKS. 237

not tnmcated. The lower canines much longer than the upper. The
dorsal fin is not elevated, begins before the vctical from the gill-
opening, and terminates at the root of the caxidal. Above black,
beneath white ; two yellow bands from the head to the caudal ; the
posterior part of the belly and of the tail dotted with black ; anal
whitish, with black dots between the rays ; caudal yellowish, with
black dots on the rajs. (Bl.)

Seas of Banda, Goram, Celebes, Ternate, and Amboyna.

19. Petroscirtes bankanensis,

Petroscirtes bankanensis, Bleck. Banka, ii. p. 727.
amboinenis, Bleek. Amboina. iii. p. 114.

D. 28. A. 19.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and a third. The
upper profile of the snout convex ; a single small tentacle behind the
orbit on the temple ; the width of the interorbital space is more than
the diameter of the eye. The canine teeth of the upper jaw are
much smaller than those of the lower. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
begins somewhat before the vertical from the gill-opening, and ter-
minates at the root of the caudal. Body spotted with brown and
dotted with blue ; caudal yellow. (Bl.)

Coasts of Banka, Amboyna, and Nias.

20. Petroscirtes heyligeri.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nedet-l. Ind. 1858, xvi. p. 340.

D. 27. A. 18. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and one-third to four times and
three-quarters. The snout is obtuse ; the width of the interorbital
space is one-half the diameter of the eye. Tentacles none. The upper
jaw with a small canine tooth, the lower with one of moderate size.
The dorsal fin is not elevated, commences above the gill-opening, and
terminates at the base of the caudal. Yellowish, with about four-
teen black vertical bands, extending on the dorsal and anal fins. {Bl.)

River Mussi (Palembang).

21. Petroscirtes mitratus.

Petroscirtes mitratus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 111. taf. 28. fig.l; ?Blceker,

Banda, i. p. 244.
Blennechis mitratus, Cuv. (§• Val. xi. p. 293.
? Petroscirtes hypselopterus, Bleck. Amboina, vi. p. 423.

D. 25-26. A. 16-17.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The length of the
snout and the width of the interorbital space equal the diameter of

238 BLENKHD^.

the eye (in a specimen not full-grown). The anterior part of the
dorsal fin elevated ; caudal emarginate. A fringed tentacle above
the orbit ; small skinny flaps on the side of the head. Yellowish,
marbled with brown ; sometimes two or three occllated spots with
yellow centre along the back.

Red Sea. [Seas of Banda Neira and Amboyna.J

a. Eed Sea.

22. Petroscirtes barhatus.
Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 24S.

B. 6. D. 26. A. 18.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained three times and two-thirds in the length of the body (without
caudal). The length of the snout equals the diameter of the eye,
and is twice the width of the interorbital space. A branched ten-
tacle above the orbit, and a pair of simple ones at the chin. The
anterior portion of the dorsal elevated ; caudal pointed. Greenish,
with ferruginous spots; the vertical fins banded and spotted with
brown. (Pet.)

Mozambique.

The " Blennechis a dorsaie elevec " of Lienard (Dixieme Rapport
de la Societe Hist. Nat. Maur. p. 35) belongs either to this or to the
preceding species.

23. Petroscirtes thepassii.
Uleek. Ternate, p. 136.

B.7. D.28(A). A. 17.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. Snout rather acute ;
a small tentacle above the orbit. The three anterior dorsal rays are
sepai-ated from the others by a notch. Body and vertical fins
marbled with brownish. {M.)

Sea of Ternate.

The " Blennechis marbre " (Lienard, Dix. Rapp. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Maur. p. 36) shows the same peculiarity in the structure of the
dorsal fin, has the same number of rays, and appears to be closely
allied to the above species.

24. Petroscirtes anolis.
Blennechis anolius, Cuv. §• VaL xi. p. 288.
D. 29. A. 22.

Head elevated into a high crest ; snout somewhat elongate. Five
or six of the middle dorsal rays very elongate, filiform. Greenish,
with darker vertical lines ; head with some silvery streaks ; cheek
and base of the pectoral with a black spot ; fins yellowish ; dorsal
blackish anteriorly, with numerous fine oblique brown stripes. {Vol.)

Port Jackson.

6. SALARIAS. 239

25. Petroscirtes biocellatus.

Blennechis biocellatus, Ctiv. 6r Val. xi. p. 289 ; Gai/, Hist Chile, Zool.
ii. p. 263. lam. 6. fig. 3.

D.^. A. 19.

14

Body elevated anteriorly, its height before the dorsal being one-
fifth of the total length, and behind it one-thirteenth. Snout with
the anterior profile siibvertical. Canine teeth none. The int«r-
orbital space is slightly grooved, and its width one-third of the dia-
meter of the eye. A small forked tentacle above the orbit. The
dorsal fin is not elevated, scarcely notched, begins on the occiput, and
does not extend on to the caudal. Lateral line radimentary. During
life yellowish, marbled with black ; a black, yellow-edged spot below
the last rays of the dorsal, a similar but smaller one on the first three
rays ; throat with three brown bands. ( Val.)

Coast of Chile.

26. Petroscirtes fasciatus.

Blennechis fasciatus, Jenytis, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 84. pi. 17. fig. 1 ;
Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 265.

D. 13 I 16-18. A. 20-21. V. 2.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Snout with the anterior profile subvertical.
Canine teeth none. The interorbital space is wevy shghtly concave,
and its width one-half the diameter of the eye. Above each eye is a
short, slightly palmated filament, not exceeding in length the dia-
meter of the eye. The dorsal fin is not elevated, distinctly notched,
commences at the nape and extends nearly to the caudal, with which,
however, it is not connected. Yellowish, clouded with fuscous :
three spots darker than the rest, arranged longitudinally beneath the
posterior half of the dorsal, and having a subocellated appearance ;
the last the largest, and also the most distinct of the three. From
the median line there are eight or nine descending fasciae, alternating
with the same number of oblong lanceolate spots. A large black
spot on the first three rays of the dorsal fin, which is dotted with
brown. Throat with three angulated transverse dark fasciae.

Concepcion (Chile).

Blennechis ornatus, Jenyns, I. c. p. 85. pi. 17. fig. 2, cop. by Gay, I. c.
p. 266, from Coquimbo (Chile), is probably identical with this si)ecies.

6. SALARIAS*.

Salarias, Cuv. Rbgne Aniin. ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 301.

Body moderately elongate, naked ; snout short, with the cleft of
the mouth transverse ; a series of numerous small teeth in the jaws,

* 1. Salarias vermiculatoides, Bleek. Act. Sac. Sc. Indo-Nederl. in., Sumatra,
p. 40. — Sumatra and Java.

2. raaltenii, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 257. fig. 16. — Java;

3. kuhlii, Bleek. Blenn. tn Gob. p. 258. fig. 17.— Java. 4.

240 BLENNIID.E.

implanted in the gum and moveable ; generally a curved canine
tooth on each side of the lower jaw, behind the series of small teeth.
Palate smooth (in S. vomerinus teeth on the vomer). Dorsal fin
continuous, sometimes divided into two portions by a more or less
deep notch, without a detached anterior part ; ventrals jugular,
formed by a small hidden spine and two or three (four) rays. Ten-
tacle above the orbit more or less developed. Gill-opening Avide ;
pseudobranchiae ; branchiostegals six. Air-bladder and pyloric ap-
pendages absent.

Tropical seas of both hemispheres, extending northwards to Ma-
deira, southwards to Tasmania and Chile.

I arrange the numerous species of this genus in two groups — the
one having the dorsal fin without, the other with a distinct notch,
by which the fin is divided into two more or less equal portions ;
and each of these groups may be subdivided into species having a crest
on the head, and into others in which it is absent. We must bear in
mind, however, that the crest has been proved, in several species, to
be a peculiarity of the male sex ; and therefore it may be presumed
that, perhaps, several of the species referred, at present, to those
without a crest may prove to be known from female specimens only,
and to belong in reality to the crested ones.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Species with the dorsal fin not notched.

a. With a crest on the head, p. 241.

1. S. flavo-umbrinus. 2. S. oryx. 4. S. tridactylus

3. S. sexfilum. ( tetradactylus).

b. Without a crest on the head, p. 242.

5. S. iitlanticus. 9. S. fasciatus. 13. S. ceramensis.

6. S. nitidus. 10. S. fuscus. 14. S. fi-enatus.

7. S. amboinensis. 11. S. nigro-vittatus 15. S. sebae.

8. S. rivulatus. 12. S. cyclops. 16. S. castaueus.

4. Salarias biseriatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 316. — East Indies.

5. nigcr, {Ehrenh.), Cuv.^ Val. xi. p. 327.— Red^ea.

6. ruflcaudus, {Ehrenh.) Cuv. <f- Val. xi. p. 328. — Red Sea.

7. guttatus, Bleek. Sangi, p. 379 ; (not Cuv. ^- Val.). — Salarias dccus-

satus, Bleek. Biliton, iv. p. 230. — East Indian Archipelago.

8. kingii, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 334. — New Holland.

9. heteroptcrus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amboina, p. Gi). —

Amboyna.

10. Blcnnius cavernosus, Bl. Sckn. p 168. tab. 37. fig. 2. — Salarias cavernosus,

Cuv.^- Val. xi. p. 351.

11. Salarias olivaceus, Bli/tk in Jouvn. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, p. 271. — Anda-

man Islands.

12. epalzeorhynchus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tgdschr. Nederl. Ind. xix. p. 344.

— Java.

13. schultzei, Bleek.l.c. ^.Z^b. — Java. — Volume xix. of the journal

quoted not having reached this country, I know of the last two species
only from Dr. Bleeker's " Enumeratio spccierum."

6. SALABIAS. '241

n. Species with the dorsal fin distinctly notched.

a. Without a crest on the head, p. 247.

17. S. variolosus. 25. S. celebicus. 33. S. hendriksii.

18. S. viridis. 26. S. guttatus. 34. S. edentulus.

19. S. cuvieri. 27. S. mterruptus. 35. S. goesii.

20. S. textilia. 28. S. chrysospilos. 36. S. gequipinnis.

21. S. marmoratus. 29. S. gibbifrons. 37. S. diproctopteru?

22. S. arenatus. 30. S. periophthalmus. 38. S. nigricans.

23. S. vermiculatus. 31. S. dussumieri. 39. S. vomerinus.

24. S. rubro-punctatus. 32^ S. siimatranus.

b. With a crest on the head, p. 254.

40. S. lineatus. 44. S. meleagris. 48. S. cyanostigina.

41. S. quadi-icomis. 45. S. bellus. 49. S. hasseltii.

42. S. melanocephalus. 46. S. oortii. 50. S. unicolor.

43. S. fronto. 47. S. bilitonensis.

I. Species with the dorsal fin not notched.
a. With a crest on the head.

1. Salarias flavo-umbrinus.

Salarias flavo-umbrinus, Jiiipp. All. Fische, p. 113, and N. W. Fische.

p. 135. taf. 32. fig. 1.
dama, (Fkrmb.) Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 336.

D. 29. A. 18-19. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. A crest on the head ; a fringed tentacle above the
orbit and at the nostril. The dorsal fin is not notched, but the an-
terior half is considerably lower than the posterior ; it is slightly con-
tinuous \vith the base of the caudal fin. Canine teeth none. Brown,
irregularly spotted with yellow.

Ked Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea.

2. Salarias orjrx.
Salarias oryx, (Fhrenb.) Cuv. 4" Val. xi. p. 335.
Di?. A. 20. V. 8.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
sixth of the total. A crest on the head ; the orbital tentacle is
simple and well developed ; a very short one on each side of the
neck and at the nostril. Canine teeth none. The doi-sal fin is
scarcely emarginate, low, and slightly continuous with the caudal.
Olive : back with darker bands or spots ; dorsal with numei'ous ob-
lique brown streaks.

Red Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea. Presented by Major Macdonald.

3. Salarias sexfilum.
D. 30. A. 2-1-17. V. 2.
The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds in

VOL. III. K

242 BLENNIIDiE.

the total length, the length of the head six times and two-thirds.
A crest on the head ; a filiform tentacle at the nostril, above the orbit,
and on each side of the neck, that above the eye being the longest.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin becomes gradually somewhat
higher from the commencement to the posterior third of the soft
portion, where it is as high as the body beneath ; it is slightly con-
tinuous with the caudal. The pectoral extends nearly to the vent.
Colours ?
Hah. ?

a. Discoloured. From the Haslar Collection.

lines.

Total length 37

Height of the body 6|

Length of the head 5|

4. Salarias tridactylus.

Blennius tridactylus, Bl. Schn. p. 176.

amphibius, Walbaum, Artedi, iii. p. 187.

saliens, Lacep. ii. pp. 458, 479.

Salarias alticus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 337

Blennius gobioides, Forst. Descript. dnini. cur. Lichtenst. p. 283.

D.igJ. A. 26-27. V.1/3.

The height of the body is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total
length, the length of the head one-sixth. A crest on the head in
the male ; a very smaU simple tentacle above the orbit. The dorsal
fin is slightly emarginate, higher than the body in specimens with a
crest on the head, one-half lower in those without a crest ; it does not
extend on to the caudal ; the upper part of the rays free. Canine
teeth small. Bluish, irregularly dotted and sjjotted with whitish ;
vertical fins blackish ; dorsal with pale oblique streaks.

East Indian Archipelago.

Salarias tetradactylus (Bleek. Biliton, iv. p. 228) appears to be
closely allied to the above species.

b. No crest on the head.

5. Salarias atlanticus.

Punaru, Marcgr. p. 165.

Salarias atlanticus, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 321 ; Jetiyns, Zool, Beagle, Fishes,
p. 86 ; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 185 & iii. p. 9.

D. 33-34. A. 24. Vert. 12/22.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times. Anterior profile ob-
lique ; the lower canine teeth are exceedingly large, and can be
received in a cavity of the palate. Supraorbital tentacle well deve-
loped, slender ; five or six short tentacles at each nostrU, those on
the neck very short ; crest none. The dorsal fin is not notched ; it

6. SALARIAS. 24'.i

begins above the middle of the operculum and terminates at the root
of the caudal. Uniform brown, or witli dark vertical bands. A more
or less broad margin of the dorsal, and the upper and lower margins
of the caudal whitish ; sometimes a round black spot behind the eye.
Sea of Madeira, Caribbean Sea. West coast of Central America.

a, b, c. Fine specimens. Madeira.

d-e. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society-.

/, g-i. Adult and half- grown. Island of Cordova. Presented by
G. U. Skinner, Esq.

k. Young. "West coast of Central America. Collected by Captain Dow.
Presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc. — This specimen
diifers somewhat from the others in the number of the fin -rays :
D. ^, A. 2+22 ; it has, moreover, the cau'lal truncated. Other-
wise it is perfectly identical with the Atlantic specimens : it has
the whitish margins of the caudal, the black spot behind the
eye, &c.

I. Adult : skeleton. Madeira. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

The intestinal tract is more than three times as long as the entire body.
The structure of the skeleton is very similar to that of the Blcnnies ;
the jaw-bones, however, are still shorter, and the intermaxillary and
mandibulary are deenly concave anteriorly. There are twelve abdo-
minal and twenty-two caudal vertebr®. the former portion being only
half as long as the caudal.

6. Salarias nitidus.
D. 33. A. 2-1-22. V. 2.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is six
times and a half in the total. The forehead projects slightly beyond
the snout. A canine tooth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. A
slender simple tentacle above each orbit, a small one at the nostril,
none on the neck. The dorsal fin is not notched, commences above
the operculum and terminates immediately before the caudal ; it is
lower than the body, but somewhat higher than the anal. Yellow-
ish (in spirits), with eight brown cross-bands ; head and body with
pearl-coloured, purple-edged dots, those of the head iu small number
and round, those of the body numerous and oblong. Dorsal fin \vith
brown spots, continued from the bands of the body to the basal half
of the fin ; the marginal half with two series of white dots. Caudal
with four transverse series of white dots. Anal transparent, im-
maculate, or with a series of white dots along its base.

Chiaese Sea.

a-c. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
d. From the Haslar Collection.

lines.

Total length 23

Length of the head 3ri-

Height of the body :iX

k2 "

244 BLENNIID.E.

7. Salarias amboinensis.

Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. hido-Nederl. ii., Amhoina, p. 67.
D.||. A. 20. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained seven times and two-fifths in
the total length, the length of the head six times and two-thirds.
No crest on the head or tentacles on the neck ; a short fringed ten-
tacle above the orbit, and a simple one at the nostril. Canine teeth
none. The dorsal fin is slightly emarginate, and does not extend on
to the caudal ; the posterior portion is higher than the anterior and
than the anal fin, but much lower than the body. Violet, marbled
V. ith brownish and greenish ; fins yellow : the anterior part of the
dorsal marbled with violet, and with a blue spot between the first
and second spines ; the posterior part with three violet spots at the
base ; each anal ray with a brown spot. {Bl.)

Sea of Amboyna.

8. Salarias rivnlatus.
Rilpp. Ail Fische, p. 114.

D. 34. A. 20.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Anterior profile nearly
vertical ; canine teeth none. A simple and long tentacle above the
orbit and a small one at the nostril ; none on the neck. The dorsal
fin is slightly emarginate, commences in the vertical from the giU-
opening, and is continuous with the caudal ; the anterior portion is
lower than the posterior, but higher than the anal fin. light brown,
with irregular oblong yellowish spots, edged with darker ; fins
brownish, margin of the dorsal Hneolated with darker.

Red Sea.

9. Salarias fasciatus.

Blennius gattorugine, Fortik. Descr. Anim. p. 2.S.

fasciatus, Bl. ii. p. 111. taf, 162. fig. 1; Bl. Schn. p. 168.

Salarias quadripinnis, Rilpp. All. Fische, p. 112. taf 28. fig. 2 ; Cuv.

Sf Val. xi. p. 318 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenti. en

Gob. p. 19.

fasciatus. Cur. <5r Val. xi. p. 324.

— — priamensis, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 268.

^■£r,' A- 19-21.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head six times and a half. Anterior profile nearly
vertical ; canine teeth none. A pair of fringed tentacles above the
orbits, another on the nape of the neck ; crest none. The dorsal fin
is not notched, begins in the vertical from the extremity of the oper-
culum, and is continuous with the caudal fin. The anterior anal
rays are sometimes semidetached and elongate. Brown, irregularly
variegated, spotted and dotted with yellow and blue ; immature spe-
cimens with eight brown vertical bands. Throat and chest with

6. SALARIAS. 245

three yellowish cross-bands ; several whitish spots before the root of
the pectoral.

Red Sea. East Indian Ocean and Archipelago. Polynesia.

I have not the slightest doubt that the Blennius fasciatus of Bloch is
identical with this species. Specimen b, from the Philippine Islands,
which is shghtly discoloured, agrees even somewhat in coloration with
the figure given by Bloch, viz. in the spots before the pectoral, the
streaks along the sides of the back, the brown cross-bands, &c.

a. Adult. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult. Philippine Islands.

c. Half-groTVTi. New Holland.

d. Adiilt. Victoria Bank. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
e-f. Adult. Peejee Islands. Presented by the Lords of the Ad-
miralty.

g-Jc. Half-grown. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
? l-m. Adult : skins. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
n-o,p. Adult.

Variety : Back with several series of small round dots, each with
a light centre and a blue edge ; the lower part of the sides and the
belly with large whitish spots.

q. Adult. Red Sea.

The peritoneum is black. The intestines make several circumvo-
lutions, and are more than three times as long as the fish.

10. Salarias fuscus.

Salarias fuscus, Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 135. taf. 32. fig. 2.
? Salarias frontalis, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. S/- Val. xi. p. 328.
Salarias phaiosoma, Bleek. Batoe, p. 317.

D. 30. A. (2-h) 18.

The height of the body is contained three times and three-fifths
or four times in the total length ; the forehead projects beyond the
mouth. Canine teeth none. A verj^ small tentacle above the orbit.
The dorsal is not notched, and slightly continuous with the caudal
fin ; the first two anal spines small, the three next sometimes free
nearly from the base. Brown : pectoral and caudal fins yellow ; a
black spot at the base of the former.

Massaua (Red Sea). East Indian Archipelago.

a. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

11. Salarias nigro-vittatus.
RilppeU, N. W. Fische, p. 136.

D. 30*. A. 19.
The forehead is prominent beyond the mouth. Canine teeth or

* Riippell states twenty ; but this is a misprint, as I hare convinced myself by
examination of the typical specimen.

246 HLKNNIID.E.

tentacles none. The dorsal fin is not notched, even. Brown, with
a black longitudinal band.
Massaua (Red Sea).

12. Salarias cyclops.

Riippett, Atl Fische, p. 113. taf. 28. fig. 3, and N. TV. Fische, p. 134 ;
Cuv. Sf Val xi. p. 326.

D. 29. A. (2+) 20.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length. A short
fringed tentacle above the orbit, another simple and small one at the
nostril. Canine teeth in both the jaws. The dorsal fin is scarcely
notched, and extends on to the caudal. Brownish-yellow : prseoper-
culum dotted with black ; a brown ocellatod spot on the anterior
part of the dorsal .
Red Sea.

13. Salarias ceramensis.
Sleeker, Cerani, ii. p. 701.

D. 29-30. A. 18-19.
The height of the body is contained four times or four times and
a half in the total length, the length of the head five times or five
times and two-thirds. Anterior profile of the head vertical. A short
tentacle above the orbit, another broad, short and fringed one on each
side of the occiput. Canine teeth none. Dorsal fin not emarginate.
Brown : body and fins with black and blue dots.
Coasts of Celebes, Booroo, and Coram.

a. Fine specimen. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. ? Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

14. Salarias frenatus.
Cuv. Sf Val xi. p. 342.

D. ||. A. 18. V. 1/3.

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth. Crest on the head none ; a small fringed
tentacle above the posterior part of the orbit. The margin of the
dorsal fin is even, and the fin is lower anteriorly than posteriorly.
The anal fin is as high as the dorsal, and has the last ray free. Greyish :
four white lines, edged with bluish, proceed from the throat upwards
to the eye ; one or two similar lines between the eyes ; dorsal with
oblique alternate bluish and blackish stripes ; similar transverse stripes
on the caudal fin ; anal bluish, the tips of the rays blackish. ( Val.)

Coast of Malabar.

15. Salarias sebse.
?? Seba, iii. 30. 5.

? Salarias sebae, Cuv. 8,- Val. xi. p. 323.
Salarias sebie, lileek. Ternate, vii. p. 373.

D.||. A. (2 -I- ) 15-16.

The height of the body is contained four times and one-third in

6. SALABIAS. 247

the total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds
to four times and three-quarters. Nape of the neck with about
fifteen short, simple tentacles on each side ; a short fringed tentacle
above the orbit and at the nostril. A canine tooth in the lower jaw.
The dorsal fin is more or less emarginate, and extends on to the caudal;
the first ray is the longest, and sometimes much produced ; the anal
fin is much lower than the dorsal, and the anterior rays are the
shortest. Violet, reticulated with blackish ; dorsal and caudal brown,
red superiorly.

Seas of Ternate, Amboyna, and Goram.

a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

b. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

16. Salarias castaneus.
Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 324.

D.i|. A. 14.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length. A very small tentacle above the oi'bit. Canine teeth
in the lower jaw. The dorsal fin is slightly emarginate ; the first
dorsal ray detached, but not longer than the others. Uniform brown.
{Val.)

He de France.

B. Dorsal fin distinctly notched.
1. No crest on the head.

17. Salarias variolosus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 317.

D. 12 I 12. A. 14.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length. A series of filaments across the neck ; a fringed tentacle
abjve the orbit ; canine teeth small. Dorsal emarginate, extending on
to the caudal. Brown ; head punctulated with whitish. ( Fed.)

Sea of Guam.

18. Salarias viridis.
Cuv. <§• Val. xi. p. 344 ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 268.
D. 10 I 17. A. 19. V. 1/3.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length
(in the female four times), the length of the head five times. A long
fringed tentacle above the orbit, four flat and ciliated shoit append-
ages on the neck. Strong canine teeth in the lower jaw. The dorsal
fin is distinctly notched, half as high as the body and higher than
the anal. Uniform greyish (in spirits), with the fins blackish. (Green
in life.) (Vol.)

Valparaiso.

248

HLEXNiin.E.

19. Salarias cuvieri.

Salarias variolatus, Gw. Sf Val xi. p. 346. pi. 330 (not Salarias vario-
losus) ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 269.

D. 11 I 18. A. (2 + ) 20. V.^-L.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length,
the length of the head five times, and that of the caudal fin six times
and a third. A long, triangular, fringed tentacle above the orbit ; a
series of numerous ciliated tentacles on the neck. Lower jaw with
very small canines. The dorsal fin is distinctly notched, and the
rays of the anterior portion project beyond the membrane ; the
anal is lower than the dorsal. Brown (in spirits), dotted with
white ; fins blackish. The dots arc red during life. Sometimes
uniform brown.

Island of Juan Fernandez.

a, h. Large specimens, nine inches and a half long. Chile. From
Mr. Bridges' Collection.

20. Salarias textilis.
Salarias textilis, ( Qxioy df Gaimanl) Ctw. ^ Val. xi. p. 307.
D. 12 I 15. A. 16.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. A strong canine tooth in the lower jaw ; a short ten-
tacle, formed by five filaments, above the orbit ; a smaller one on the
neck and at the nostril. The dorsal is deeply notched : the anterior
portion is not quite on'S-third of the depth of the body ; the second
is twice as high, and does not extend on to the caudal. Greenish, with
twelve or fourteen brownish-violet cross-bands arranged in pairs, and
interrupted by three series of whitish dots ; the third series corre-
sponds to the lateral line. A square spot above the pectoral, darker
than the bands ; dorsal with oblique broAvn stripes, caudal with
vertical series of black dots.

Island of Ascension.

21. Salarias marmoratus,

Blennius marmoratus, Bennett, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 35.
Salarias marmoratus, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 305.

D. 12 I 15. A. 18.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. A strong canine tooth in the lower jaw; a tentacle
half as high as the head, and with some filaments at the base, above
the orbit ; a small fringed tentacle on the temple, a third one at the
nostril. The dorsal is deeply notched, and does not extend to the
root of the caudal, the space between the two fins being one-tenth
of the total length. Brownish, marbled with darker.

Ceylon. Sandwich Islands.

^5. SALAKIAS. 249

22..Salarias areuatus.

? Salarias striatus, ( Quoy ^- GuimA Ctiv. ^ Val. xi. p. 309.
Salarias arenatus, Bleeker, Cocos, iii. p. 173.

D. 12 I 15. A. 17.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a quarter. A short divided
tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril, a very small simple one on
each side of the neck. A small canine tooth in the lower jaw. The
dorsal fin is deeply notched, and terminates immediately before the
caudal; the posterior portion of the dorsal and the anal fin are
nearly equal in height, higher than the first dorsal and lower than
the body. Body yellowish-rose-coloured, marbled with purple and
dotted with violet ; a blackish spot above the scapulary region, a
blackish transverse band behind the eye ; fins yellow, the rays of the
dorsal and caudal dotted with brown.

Seas of Sumatra and of the Cocos Islands. (He de France ?)

a. Adult. From the CoUection of the College of Surgeons.

23. Salarias vermiculatus.

Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 301.

B. 6. D. 12 1 15. A. (2-h) 18.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The space between the eyes is slightly grooved,
and its width equals the diameter of the orbit. A strong canine
tooth in the lower jaw ; a tentacle with fringed extremity above the
orbit, another at the nostiil. The dorsal is deeply notched ; the
anterior portion commences on the neck, and is one-third the depth
of the bodj- ; the posterior terminates at the root of the caudal.
Grepsh : head, body, anal and base of the dorsal vermiculated with
brown. {Vol.)

Seychelles; Sunda Sea.

24. Salarias rabro-punctatus.

Cuv. 8^ Val. xi. p. 348 ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 271 ; Ictiol. Ail
lam. 2 bis, fig. 1 : Cux\ lU^gne Ani?n. III. Poiss. pi. 77. fig. 3.

D. 11 I 17. A. 20.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The forehead does not project beyond the mouth.
A very small tentacle on the neck, a longer fringed one above the
orbit. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and
does not extend on to the caudal. Brown, marbled with black and
dotted with reddish ; a black spot on the anterior part of the dorsal ;
throat .with two or three brownish cross-bands.

Island of Juan Fernandez.

a. Fine specimen. Chile. From Mr. Bridces' Collection. — This

250 BLENNIID^.

specimen belongs, perhaps, to a species different from that
described by Valenciennes ; it has a dark-brown longitudinal
band on the side, and no cross-bands on the throat ; numbers
of the fin-rays : D. J^. A. 19.

25. Salarias celebicus.

Bleeker, Celebes, v. p. 250.

D. 12 I 17. A. 18-19. V. 2.
The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Forehead prominent.
A small simple tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril . Canine teeth
none. Tlie dorsal is deeply notched, and not united vAih. the caudal ;
both portions are nearly of equal height, lower than the body, but
higher than the anal fin. Greenish, dotted with brown and blue. {Bl.)
Coasts of Batu, Celebes, Booroo, and Amboyna.

26. Salarias guttatus.

Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 308.

D. 12 I 17-18. A. 20.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
sixth of the total. A small simple tentacle above the orbit and on
each side of the neck. Canine teeth in the lower jaw. The dorsal
fin is one-half notched, and terminates immediately before the root
of the caudal. Eeddish-grey, above dotted with brown, sides spotted
with white ; root of the pectoral with some white spots ; fins white,
the rays brown-spotted. {Val.)

Sea of Vanicolo.

27. Salarias interruptus.
Bleeker, Boeroe, ii. p. 68.

D. 12 I 19. A. 21.

The height of the body is contained seven times or seven times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head six times. The
space between the orbits is rather concave ; the forehead does not
project beyond the mouth. A short simple tentacle above the orbit
and at the nostril. A canine tooth in the lower jaw. The dorsal fin
is deeply notched : the anterior portion is rather lower than the pos-
terior, and nearly equal in height to the anal fin ; the posterior is
somewhat lower than the body. Body with short brown longitu-
dinal streaks ; dorsal fin with three or four series of brown spots ;
caudal dotted with brown ; anal with a brown margin. (Bl.)

Sea of Kajeli (Bum).

28. Salarias chrysospilos.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. 8c. Indo-Ncderl ii., Amboina, p. 66.

D. 12 I 18. A. 19. V. 2.
The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,

6. SALARIAS. 251

the length of the head five times and three-fifths. No crest on the
head or tentacles on the neck ; a small slender tentacle above the
orbit and at the nostril. A strong canine tooth in the lower jaw.
The dorsal fin is rather deeply notched, both portions being nearly
equal in height, higher than the anal and lower than the body.
Violet-rose-coloured with golden spots ; fins yellow : the dorsal with
an indistinct oblique brownish stripe between the rays ; anal brown-
edged. (Bl.)

Sea of Amboyna.

29. Salarias gibbifrons.

Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Frcijc. Pom. p. 253 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 312 (?) ;
Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 256.

D. 12 I 19. A. 21.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and three-quarters ;
the forehead projects considerably beyond the mouth. A simple
tentacle, shorter than the eye, above the orbit, another at the nostril.
Canine teeth in the lower jaw. The dorsal is deeply notched ; the
posterior portion and the anal are higher than the anterior and than
the body. (Brownish ?) {Bl.)

Sea of Sumatra. (Sandwich Islands ?)

30. Salarias periophthalmus.

Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 311. pi. 328 (bad) ; Bleck. Sumatra, ii. p. 267.

D. 12 I 20. A. 21-22.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head six times and a quarter. The forehead
does not project beyond the mouth. A short simple tentacle above
the orbit ; another, which is fringed, at the nostril. Canine teeth in
the lower jaw. The dorsal fin is notched nearly to the base, and
does not extend on to the caudal ; the posterior portion is not qiiite so
high as the body, but higher than the anterior portion and than the
anal. Rose-coloured, with indistinct violet cross-bands, and with
two series of blue spots along the side ; head dotted -with red, and
with a red transverse band behind the eye. The basal half of the
dorsal fins violet, with darker oblique streaks, the upper half yellow,
dotted with red ; the basal half of the anal orange- coloured, the
lower black ; caudal red.

Sea of Ticopia. Eastern parts of the East Indian Archipelago.

31. Salarias dussumieri.

Cuv. <§• Val. xi. p. 310.

D. 12 I 20. A. 22.'

The height of the body is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total
length. A short fringed tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and extends on

252 BLENNIIDiE.

to the caudal. Brownish, indistinctly marbled with reddish-brown ;
the rays of the dorsal and caudal dotted wdth brown ; anal greyish,
with blackish margin. (In life green, with rose-coloured dots. Val.)
Coast of Malabar. Port Essington.

a. Half-grown : not good state. Port Essington, From the Haslar
Collection.

32. Salarias sumatranus.
Bleeker, Blenn. en Gob. p. 256.

D. 12 I 20. A. 22.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth. On each side of the occiput and above the
orbit a short simple tentacle ; another, which is bifid, at the nostril.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and continuous
with the caudal ; the posterior portion is lower than the body, but
higher than the anterior and than the anal fin. Greyish : the an-
terior dorsal with blackish longitudinal bands, the posterior with
numerous oblique yellow stripes, and superiorly with longitudinal
series of black dots ; caudal green ; anal with two or three series of
brown dots. (Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

38. Salarias hendriksii.
Bleeker, Biliton, iv. p. 233.

D. 13 I 20. A. 21.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and a quarter. The
space between the eyes is concave ; the forehead does not project
beyond the mouth. A short simple tentacle above the orbit ; another,
which is fringed, at the nostiil. A canine tooth in the lower jaw.
The dorsal fin is moderately emarginate, and does not extend on to
the caudal ; the posterior portion is lower than the body, but higher
than the anterior and than the anal. Violet -rose -coloured : body
with eight double darker cross-bars ; each space between two bars
with a violet spot. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins brown-spotted, the
anal with a brownish band near the margin. {Bl.)

Coast of Western Biliton.

34. Salarias edentulus.

Blennius edentulus, Bl. Schn. p. 172.

Salarias forsteri, Ctiv. Sf Val. xi. p. 315; Bleek. Bletin. en Gob. p. 255.

Blennius tiimcatus, Forst. Descript. Anim. ciir. Lichtenst. p. 231.

D. 12 I 21. A. 23.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the lenglli of the head six times. A simple and slender
tentacle above the orbit and another at the nostril ; the former is as

6. SALARIAS. 253

long as the diameter of the eye. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin
is deeply notched, not continuous with the caudal ; the anterior por-
tion is scarcely lower than the posterior, which is higher than the
anal fin. Greyish, with darker cross-bands : fins yellowish, the rays
of the dorsal dotted with brown ; anal with a brownish margin ; caudal
with two or three brown transverse bands.

Polynesia. Eastern parts of the East Indian Archipelago.

35. Salarias goesii.

Bleeker, Act. Sac. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., New Guinea, p. 19.
D. 14 I 19. A. 20.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the
length of the head one-sixth. A short slightly fringed tentacle
above the orbit, another simple one at the nostril. Lower jaw with-
out canine teeth. The dorsal fin is moderately notched, the soft
portion being higher than the spinous ; it is not continuous with
the caudal fin. Violet-rose-coloured with darker dote, which are
crowded together on the back, forming cross-bands. Dorsal irregu-
larly spotted with brown ; anal and ventrals immaculate ; caudal with
three transverse series of blackish spots ; pectoral with some small
black spots on the rays.

Coast of Doreh (New Guinea).

36. Salarias aequipinnis.
D. 1^. A. 25. V. 1/2.

The height of the body is nearly one-tenth of the total length, the
length of the head one-seventh. Canine teeth none. A very short
tentacle above the posterior portion of the orbit, none on the neck.
The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the base of the pec-
toral, is distinctly emarginate, and terminates before reaching the
caudal. In one of the specimens the second dorsal spine is pro-
duced into a filament as long as the head, the remainder of the fin
being rather lower than the soft portion, which is as high as the body.
Caudal rounded, one-sixth of the total length. The pectoral extends
nearly to the vent ; ventral short, with the outer spine thick, carti-
laginous. Dark olive (in spirits), spotted with darker, the spots
being arranged in about ten vertical bands. Dorsal fins and caudal
rays black. Anal immaculate, with a black marginal band, leaving
the free tips of the rays white.

Amboyna.

a, b. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

lines.

Total length 34

Height of the body 3|

Length of the head 5

Length of the caudal fin 6

254 BLENNIID^,

37. Salarias diproctopterus.
Sleeker, Boeroe, ii. p. 69.

D. 11-12 I 17. A.^.

The anal fin is divided by a notch into two portions. The height
of the body is contained seven times in the total length, the length
of the head six times and two-fifths. A short simple tentacle on
the neck, above the orbit, and at the nostril. No canines in the
lower jaw. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and extends on to the
caudal. Greenish, marbled with violet ; vertical fins dotted with
brown. (Bl.)

Sea of Kajeli (Burn).

38. Salarias nigricans.

Entomacrodus nigricans, Gillf Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. 1859, p. 108.
D. 11 I 15. A. 17. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained six or seven times in the total
length, the length of the head four times and a half. Head without
any tentacle. Dorsal fin notched to the base, free from the caudal.
Canine teeth of the lower jaw strong. Uniform blackish. (Gill.)

Coast of Bai'badoes.

39. Salarias vomerinus.

Cuv. Sf Val, xi. p. 349; Jenyns, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 88. pi. 17. fig. 3.
D. 12 I 15-16. A. 18-19. V. 4.

A series of teeth on the vomer . The height of the body is one-
sixth or one-seventh of the total length, the length of the head one-
sixth. A short fringed tentacle at the nostril, another behind the
eye, and a simple one on each side of the neck. Canine teeth of the
loM^er jaw strong. Greyish : body and caudal fin with darker cross-
bands ; the anterior dorsal edged with white, the posterior with
oblique whitish streaks ; tips of the rays of the anal black.

Coast of Bahia. Cape Verde Islands.

b. A crest on the head.
40. Salarias lineatus.

? Salarias lineatus, Cuv. S,- Val-xi. p. 314.

Salarias lineatus, Bleek. Verluind. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blemi. en
Gob. p. 18.

D. 12 I 23. A. 25.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
sixth of the -f |>tal. A low rounded crest on the crown of the head ;
a short bifid tentacle above the orbit ; canine teeth none. The dorsal
fin is deeply notched, and continuous with the caudal. Brownish
above, with five to seven brown longitudinal stripes oa the sides ;

6. SALARTAS. 255

fins brownish ; the dorsal with numerous oblique brown stripes ;
anal yellowish, edged with brown. (BL)
Coasts of Java.

41. Salarias quadricornis.
Cuv. ^ Val xi. p. 829. pi. 329 ; ? Jemj7is, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 87.
D. 13 I 22. A. (2 + ) 23-24.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a half or six times in the total length. A crest
on the head in the male sex ; a short simple tentacle on each side
of the neck and above the orbit ; that situated at the nostril is veiy
small and fringed. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply
notched, and continuous with the caudal ; the two portions are of
nearly equal height, lower than the body and higher than the anal.
Body generally with eight pairs of brown vertical bands, extending
on the dorsal ; dorsal with oblique stripes, anal with three (bluish)
longitudinal streaks. Sometimes grepsh. body and fins dotted with
brown ; or uniform brown.

Indian Ocean. Chinese Sea. (Keeling Islands ?)

a. Adult male.

h. Adult male. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

c. Half-grown male. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher,

C.B.

d, e, /. Adult males and female. Ceylon.

g. Adult female. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
h. Adult male. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

42. Salarias melanocephaliis.
Sleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 18. fig. 19.
D. 12 I 21. A. 24.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the
length of the head from five times and a half to five times and
two-thirds. A triangular rounded crest on the occiput ; a simple
tentacle above the orbit, equal in length to the diameter of the eye.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and continuous
with the caudal. Brown; head blackish. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

Perhaps a variety of Salnrias quadriconiis.

43. Salarias fronto.

D.iH. A. 2 + 20.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half to six
times and five-sixths in the total length, the length of the head six
times and three-quarters. The forehead projects beyond the mouth ;
the interorbital space is very slightly concave : a long rounded crest

256 BLENNIIDiK.

on the head ; a short tentacle at the nostril ; another simple one,
which is longer than the eye, above the orbit ; none on the neck.
The lower jaw with small canine teeth. The dorsal fin has a notch
of moderate depth, and is continuous with the caudal, the posterior
rays extending on to the middle of the length of the last-named fin ;
the anterior portion is lower than the posterior, which is as high as,
or higher than, the body beneath ; the anal rays are as long as those
of the soft dorsal. Colour of the body — ? Posterior part of the tail
and caudal dotted with white ; the soft dorsal with three brownish
longitudinal lines ; anal uniform brown, darker towards the margin.
Molucca Sea.

a. Java.

b. Moluccas.

lines.

Total length ..." 47

Length of the head 7

Height of the body 6

44. Salarias meleagris.
Cuv. Sr Vol. xi. p. 332.

D. 12 I 20. A. 22. Vert. ^^.

The height of the body is contained six times or six times and a
half in the total length, the length of the head five times and a half.
A crest on the head ; a fringed tentacle, half as high as the head,
above the orbit, another small one at the nostril. Canine teeth none.
The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and extends on to the caudal ; the
posterior portion is lower than the body, and rather higher than the
anterior. Greyish, with pairs of indistinct brownish vertical bands
and with round white dots ; the dorsal with oblique stripes ; anal
blackish, white-spotted.

Van Diemen's Land. New Holland.

The length of the intestinal tract is twice that of the body.
a-b. Adult and half-grown. New Holland.

45. Salarias bellus.
D. 12 I 20-21. A. 22-24.
The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, and one-fifth of the total. The forehead docs not project
beyond the mouth. A crest on the head ; a simple tentacle, shorter
than the eye, above the orbit ; another small and fringed one at the
nostril ; none on the neck. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is
notched nearly to its base : both portions arc nearly equal in height,
lower than the body and higher than the anal ; the soft portion is
slightly continuous with the caudal. Brownish (in spirits) : body
with bluish-white dots, more conspicuous on the posterior parts of

6. S.VLARIAS. 257

the tail ; the soft doi-sal and the caudal with bluish- white lines,
ascending obliquely backwai-ds on the former fin, longitudinal and
situated between the rays on the latter. Anal fin black, with three
rather irregular series of bluish dots placed between the rays.
Chinese Sea.

a, h, c-e. Adult and half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Captain

Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
/, g-h. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

inches. lincB.

Total length 5 10

Height of the body 1 2

Length of the head 1 1

46. Salarias oortii

Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 257. fig. 15, and Act. Soc.
Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii., Sutnatra, p. 39.

D. 12 I 19-21. A. 23-24.

The height of the body is contained seven times to seven times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head six to seven
times. The interorbital space is concave ; the forehead does not
project beyond the mouth ; a rounded crest on the crown of the
head ; a short fringed tentacle above the orbit and at the nostriL
The lower jaw with small canine teeth, which are scarcely visible in
young specimens. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and continuous
with the caudal ; the posterior portion is as high as the body, and
higher than the anterior and than the anal. Rose-coloured, -with
violet cross-bands arranged in pairs, and broader than the inter-
spaces between ; the anterior dorsal violet, with several undulated
whitish longitudinal stripes ; the posterior dorsal violet, yellow along
the middle, with oblique bluish stripes inferiorly, and reticulated
with blue superiorly ; the anal fin rose-coloured at the base, and
violet on the marginal half. Caudal yellow, brownish at the base
and margins, the latter reticulated with blue.

Coasts of Western Sumatra and of the Moluccas.

a. Adult. Sumatra.

b. Half-grown. Java.

c. Half-grown. Moluccas.

Dr. V. Bleeker's description of the species, as given above, agrees
very weU with the specimens in the British Museum ; thej'^ have,
however, the body higher, its depth being one -sixth of the total
length.

47. Salarias bilitonensis.
Blecker, BlUton, iv. p. 231.

r>. 12 I 20. A. (2-1- ) 20-21.
The height of the body is contained eight times to eight times and

VOL. III. s

258 BLENNIID^.

a half in the total length, the length of the head six times and two-
thirds to six times and a half. The space between the orbits is con-
cave ; forehead not prominent. A crest on the head ; a simple ten-
tacle above the orbit and a fringed one at the nostril ; a canine tooth
in the lower jaw. The dorsal fin is emarginate, and extends on to
the caudal ; the posterior portion is as high as the body, and higher
than the anterior and than the anal. Greenish-rose-coloured: a
bluish transverse streak below and another behind the eye ; oper-
culum with a blue spot ; body with eight or nine brownish cross-
bars, and with about ten longitudinal streaks of the same colour ;
the spinous dorsal with brown, blue-edged spots ; the lower half of
the soft dorsal with oblique brown streaks, the upper reticulated with
violet and blue ; anal fin with violet margin and numerous bluish
dots.

Coast of "Western Biliton,

a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

48. Salarias cyanostigma.
Bkeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Goh. p. 18. fig. 18.
B. 6. D. 12 I 22. A. 24.
The height of the body is contained eight times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and a half. A trian-
gular rounded crest on the occiput; a simple tentacle above the
orbit, longer than the eye. A canine tooth in the lower jaw. The
dorsal is notched to the base, and not continuous with the caudal.
Greenish, with five or six brown cross-bands and blue dots on the
sides ; fins brownish. {Bl.)
East Indian Archipelago.

49. Salarias hasseltii.
Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 257. fig. 14, and viii. p. 174.
D. 12 I 23. A. 24-25.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half to
eight times in the total length, the length of the head five times
and two-thirds to six times and three-quarters. Male with a rounded
crest on the crown of the head ; a fringed tentacle, shorter than the
eye, above the orbit and at the nostril. Canine teeth none. The
dorsal is deeply notched, and continuous with the caudal ; the two
portions are nearly equal in height, lower than the body and higher
than the anal. Violet-rose-coloured, with foiu' or five lighter longi-
tudinal stripes and inconspicuous violet cross-bands ; dorsal fin
brownish, the lower half with obhque bluish stripes, the margin with
a blue, brown and yellow longitudinal band ; the anal and caudal
are yellow in the female, brownish in the male.

Seas of Java, Sumatra, and the Cocos Islands. Feejee Islands.

a, b. Fine specimens. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the * Herald.'

S. NEOCLTNUS. 259

50. Salarias unicolor.
RiippeU, N. W. Ftsche, p. 136.

D. 12 1 17. A. 18-19.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. The forehead does not project beyond the mouth. A
crest on the head ; a long fringed teritacle above the orbit, another
short one at the nostril. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is dee])ly
notched, not cotitinuous with the caudal, and the anterior portion is
lower than the posterior. Uniform brown.

Massaua (Red Sea).

7. BLENNOPHIS,

Blennophis, Valenc. in Webb ^ Berthel. lies Canar, Poiss, p. GO.
Ophioblennius, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pkilad. 1860, p. 103.

The body is moderately elongate, naked ; snout of modei'ate ex-
tent ; each jaw with four hook-like teeth near the S3niii)hysis. One
dorsal, emarginate ; ventrals jugular, formed by two rays. Pseudo-
branchiae present.

Canaiy Islands.

1. Blennophis webbii.
Valeric. I. c. p. 61. pi. 20. fig. 3.

D-iSl- A- 20-22.
Caudal emarginate.
Canary Islands.

o. Adult.

8. NEOCLINUS.

Neoclinus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 114. audiV-or.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Pkilad. 1859, p. 56.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales ; cleft of tlic
mouth wide, the maxillary bone being vei-y much developed, extend-
ing beyond the giU-opening, as in Opistho(jnathu.<i . Jaws with a band
of small teeth ; teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal
fin long, continuous, formed by spines and simple rays: ventrals
jugular, composed of a small spine, hidden in the skin, and of three
rays. GiU-opening wide ; air-bladder none.

Coast of California.

1. Neoclinus blanchardi.
Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 114.
B. 6. D. 41. A. 31. V. 1/3.

The maxillary extends to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal
fin. Two filiform tentacles on the upper posterior region of the
orbit ; a fringed tentacle at the nostril. Reddish-brown, with dark
cross-bands ; an ocellated spot between the first and second dorsal
rays, another between the seventh and eighth. (GIr.)

San Diego, California.

s 2

260 BLENNIID^.

2. Neoclinus satiricus.
Girard, Pt^oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 57.
B. 6. D. 42. A. 29. V. 1/3.
Head without tentacles. Uniform brownish. ((??>.)
Bay of Monterey, California.

9. CEBIDICHTHYS.

Cebidichthys, At/res, Proc. 'Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 59.

Body very elongate, covered with minute scales ; lateral line di-
stinct ; snout obtuse ; jaws with conical teeth ; villiform teeth on the
vomer and the palatine bones. One dorsal fin, with an anterior
spinous and a posterior soft portion, both formed by many rays ;
caiidal distinct ; ventrals none. Branchiostegals six ; gill-opening of
moderate width, with the gill-membranes united below the throat.

Western coasts of North America.

1. Cebidichthys violaceus.

Apodichthys violaceus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,p. 150.
Cebidichthys crista-galli, Ayres, I. c. pi. 1, figs. 1-3.

violaceus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 121 (pi. 25 b.

figs. 4, 5).

B. 6. D. ^. A. 42.

42

Crown of the head with a longitudinal crest ; the maxillary reaches
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. Uniform
brownish-violet : a dark streak from the occiput to the eye ; two
others across the cheek.

Western coasts of North America.

Gii'ard thinks it possible that this fish is specifically, or at least
generically, identical with Blennius alectrolophus, PaDas.

10. MYXODES.

Myxodes, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 397.

Body somewhat elongate, covered with small scales ; snout of
moderate extent ; jaws with a single series of teeth, without canines^;
no teeth on the palate. Dorsal fin long, continuous, formed by many
spines and a few soft rays. Yentrals jugiilar, composed of a small
spine, hidden in the skin, and of three rays. Gill-opening wide ;
eix branchiostegals ; pyloric appendages absent.

Coast of Chile,

1. Mjrxodes viridis.

Myxodes viridis, Cuv. iff Val. xi. p. 398; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii.

p. 283, Atlas Ictiol. lam. 10. fig. 1.
? Myxodes ocellatus, Cxiv. i<f Val. xi. p. 400. pi. 335 ; Gay, I. c. p. 285.

B. 6. D. ^. A. I-. V. 3.

O 24

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-

11, HETEB08TICHUS. 261

sixth of the total. Dorsal fin continuous, with the three anterior
spines rather remote from the others, which they equal in length.
Scales very small. Brownish-green, with some whitish spots on the
body and on che vertical fins.
Coast of Chile.

2. Myzodes cristatas.
Cuv. ^ Vol. xi. p. 401 ; Gay, I. c. p. 286.
D.f. A.|. V.3.

The three anterior dorsal spines longer than the others. Greyish,
spotted with black ; dorsal fin with eight blackish spots. ( Vol.)
Coast of Chile.

11. HETEROSTICHUS.

Heterostichus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 143, and
U. S. Padf. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 36*.

Body somewhat elongate, covered with small scales, compressed ;
snout rather produced, with the lower jaw longest. Canine teeth
in the jaws, villiform teeth on the vomer and the palatines. Dorsal
fin long, continuous, the spines being much more numerous than the
rays. Ventrals jugular, composed of a short spine and three rays.
Six branchiostegals.

Coast of California.

1. Heterostichus rostratus.
Girard, I. c. pi. 13.

D.27. A. i^.

• 13 34

Snout very much depressed and concave ; the first five dorsal spines
are separated by a notch from the rest of the fin.
San Diego.

12. CLINUSt.

Clinus, sp., Otw. R^gne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 352.

Cirrhibarbis, Cuv. (^ Val. xi. p. 406.

Labrosomus, Gobioclinus, Blennioclinus, Auchenionchus, Malaco-

ctenus, Calliclinus, et Ophthalmolophus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.

Philad. 1860, p. 102.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales ; snout rather
short ; a narrow band or sometimes a single series of small teeth in
the jaws and on the palate. Dorsal fin long, formed by many spines

* Before we had an opportunity of seeing the figure of this fish, we placed it
Bs an appendix to the Trachinid<s (toI. ii. p. 264), to which family it had been
referred by Girard. That figure, which is stated to be " very accurate," represents
the ventral fins thoracic, whilst, according to the text, they are " situated much
iu advance of the insertion of the pectorals."

t 1 . Clinus peruvianus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 383. — Peru.

2. elegans, Cuv. Sf Vol. xi. p. 388. pi. 333 ; Gay, Hist Chile, Zool. ii.

p. 279.— Valparaiso. 3

262 BLEXNIlD.t,

ami a lew rays, without a detached anterior portion ; anal spines
two ; ventrals jugular, composed of a small spine, hidden in the
skin, and of two or three rays. Tentacle above the orbit more or
less developed. Gill-opening wide ; pseudobranchiae ; branchioste-
gals six ; aii'-bladdcr and pyloric appendages absent.

Seas of the temperate regions ; Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

The viviparous natiire of these fishes was known long before the
time of Cuvier, Bloch having verified it in Clinus siijjerciliosus (Bl.
Schn. p. 170).

I. Clinus nucliipiimis.

Clinus nuchipiunis, Qiint/ c^'- Gaini. Voy. Ura,iic, Zool. p. 255.

pectinifer, Cur, 4- Val. xi. p. ''74 ; Castehi. Atmn. nouc. cue raicSf

Poiss. p. 2G.

capiUatiw, Cur. ^ Val. xi. p. 377.

Lcpisoma cirrhosum, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 41. pi. 30.

Hr^ 04.
Labrosomus pectinifer, Gill, I. c. pp. 21 & 105.
eapillatus, Gill, I. c. p. 107.

I>. '1±9, A. I,. V. 1/3. Vert. 12/22.

The height of the body is contained three trmes and two-thirds or
four times in the total length, and equals the length of the head.
The snout is of moderate extent, rounded, with the lower jaw some-
what the longer. The vomerine teeth form an angular band ; the band
on the palatine bones rather short. The interorbital space is rather
Hat, and its width is less than, or equal to, the diameter of the orbit,
.\ small fringed tentacle at the nostril ; that above the orbit is short,
but broad, formed by many hair-like filaments (in old specimens very
small"). On each side of the neck a long series of hair-like fila-
ments. Scales rather small, more or less irregularly arranged.
The dorsal fin is continuous, and has the soft portion nearly twice
as high as the spinous; spines of moderate strength. Dorsal not
united with the caudal. Brown or brownish, with more or less
distinct darker vertical bands ; generally a black, sometimes white-
edged spot on the operculum. Fins and cheeks sometimes dotted
with brown.

Oeast of Gorea. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a. Half-grown. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
6. Adult: skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

3. Clinus canariensis, Valenc. in WcbbSf Berth. lies Cancir. Poiss. p. 60. pi. 17.

fig^ 3. — Canary Islands. This species, very insufficiently described, is
probably provided with tentacles, although the figure does not show
any.

4. fasciatus, Casteln. Anim. nouv. on rares. Poiss. p. 26. pi. 12. fig. 2. —

Rio dc Janeiro. Very insufficiently described, and probably also pro-
vided with tentacles.

r>. — — fornandezianus, Guichcn. in Gay, Hist. Chile. Zool. ii. p. 282. — Island
of Juan Fernandez.

12. CLiNus. 263

c. Ten inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

d, e. Adult and half-grown.

/. Adult male : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

The intestinal tract is not quite so long as the body. The liver is
large, not divided into lobes, and occupies the middle of the abdo-
minal cavity.

Skeleton. — The skeleton resembles much that of the Blennies in
the most essential points. The single parts are weU ossified and
solid. The crown of the head is much less compressed than in Ble7i-
nius, the frontal bones not having any crest. The occipital surface is
gently inclined backwards, with a very slight central and lateral crest.
The interorbital space is narrow, flat, rugose, its width being nearly
one-third of that of the orbit ; nasal bones rather long, soHd, forming
together an X-like figure. Jaw-bones strong, but not so broad as in
Blennins ; the maxiUary is much longer than the intermaxillary, and
dilated at its extremity. Infraorbital ring strong, without sutures
between the single bones of which it is originally composed. Bottom
of the tympanic groove entirely osseous. Praeoperculum crescent-
shaped, operculum triangular ; suboperculimi with a notch to receive
the lower angle of the operculum ; interoperculum narrow. The
coracoid has a very peculiar form, both its extremities being dUated
into broad lamellae, whilst the middle is thin and styliform. Radius
and ulna considerably shorter than the lower pair of the four carpal
bones. The pubic bones form together a short tube, which is fixed
behind the humeral symphysis.

There are twelve abdominal and twenty-two caudal vertebrce, the
latter portion being twice as long as the abdominal ; the vertebrae
are compressed, rather higher than long ; the processes and ribs of
moderate length and strength, the latter with long epipleurals.

2. Clinus xanti
Labrosomus xanti, CHU, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 107.
D.if. A. A V.3.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
which is one-fourth of the total. Vomerine and palatine teeth.
Superciliary tentacle miiltifid ; one or two transverse rows of fila-
ments across the nape. The dorsal commences behind the vertical
from the praeoperculum, and the spines gi-adually increase in height
towards the middle of the spinous portion, and thence slightly do-
crease towards the soft portion, which is nearly twice as high as the
last spine. Brown, with about ten darker cross-bars ; h«ad with
blackish dots ; two oblique bands proceed from the orbit to the prae-
operculum. Dorsal with a blackish basal spot between the first and
thii'd spines. (Gill.)

Cerro Blanco (Mexico).

2C>4: DLENNIID-K

3. Clinus herminieri.

Bleimius herminieii, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. iv. 1825,

p. 361.
Clinus lierminieri, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 380.
Labrosomus herminieri, Gill, I. c. p. 108.

D. }f. A. 20. V. 3.

Palatine and vomerine teeth. Superciliary tentacle formed by fine
filaments; others on the neck; dorsal fin with an elongate black
spot anteriorly. (ie«.)

St. Bartholomew's Island (West Indies).

4. Clinus delalandii.

Clinus delalandii, Ctw. 4* Val. xi. p. 378.

Malacoetenus delalandii, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. 1860, p. 103.

I^-iS-r A.-. V.3.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head foxir times ; the snout is some-
what produced. Teeth in the jaws* and on the vomer in a single
series ; palatine teeth none. A slender forked tentacle above the
orbit ; on each side of the neck a series of very fine tentacles. The
dorsal fin is concave after the third and after the nineteenth spine,
and is not continuous with the caudal ; spices rather stout. Scales
rather small. Greyish, marbled and dotted with black ; sometimes
with dark vertical bands, extending on the dorsal fin.

Coasts of Braiiil and Nicaragua. Pacific coast of Central America.

a-c. Fine specimens. Island of Cordova. Presented by G. U. Skinner,

Esq.
d. Adult. Pacific coast of Central America. Collected by Captain

Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Selater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

5. Clinus brachycephalus.

Clinus brachycephalus, Cuv. i^ Val. xi. p. 371.
Blennioclinus brachycephalus, Grill, I. c. p. 103.

D.??. A. A v.1/2.

The length of the head is contained five times and a half in the
total. Snout short, convex ; aspect blennioid. Orbital tentacle none.
Teeth viUiform. The dorsal fin has no separate anterior division,
and is low, the soft part being higher than the spinous. Greyish-
brown, with two series of alternate broad cross-bands which are
composed of white dots ; there are seven or eight in each series, the
upper ones extending on the dorsal ; sides of the head with white
dots ; eight or ten bluish spots along the annl fin. {Vol.)

Cape of Good Hope.

* Valenciennes mentions a band of villiform teeth behind the anterior series ;
but it is not to be found in our specimens.

12. cLiNus. 265

6, Clinus genignttatus.

Clinus geniguttatus, Cuv. df Val. xi. p. 38G ; Gay, Hist. CJiile, ZjuI. ii.

D. 276.
Calliclinus geniguttatus, Gill, I, c. p. 10.3.

-^•n- ^-JI" ^^"' ^T-

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times. The snout is of
moderate extent, rounded, with the lower jaw somewhat projecting
beyond the upper. The vomerine and palatine teeth form rather
narrow bands. A short broad fringed tentacle on each side of the
neck, above the orbit, and at the nostril ; sometimes another single
one in front of the dorsal fin. Scales small. The dorsal fin is con-
tinuous, and does not extend on to the caudal ; the soft portion is
considerably higher than the spinous. Spines of moderate strength.
Brownish (in spirits) ; back with five blackish cross-bands, extend-
ing on the dorsal fin ; cheeks, pectoral, and the lower part of the
sides dotted with dark brown. Sometimes uniform brownish, fins
blackish.

Coast of Chile.

a, b-c. Fine specimens. Valparaiso. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.
d. Adult : skeleton. Valparaiso. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.

The bones of the skeleton are somewhat less solid than in CI. nu-
chipinnis : the crown of the head is convex, rugose, ^athout a crest ;
the interorbital space is veiy naiTow, its width being about one-fifth
of that of the orbit. The length of the abdominal portion of the
vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1*84.

7. Clinus variolosus.

Clinus variolosus, Cuv. 8,- Val. xi. p. 381. pi. 332 ; Cuv. R^qne Anim.

HI. Poiss. pi. 78. fig. 1 ; Ga\j, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 273."
Auchenionchus variolosus, Gill, I. c. p. 103.

D.Hi. A.^. V.3.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one -fourth. Vertex very convex ; lips thick and fleshy.
A broad band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw, and a narrow one
in the lower ; the teeth of the outer series are enlarged ; the vomer
and each of the palatine bones are armed with a broad disk of teeth.
A short fringed tentacle posteriorly above the orbit ; that on the neck
very short, like a papilla. Scales small. The dorsal fin is continuous,
and does not extend on to the caudal ; the soft portion is higher than
the spinous. Yellowish, dotted with brownish-black, the dots being
accumulated at the base of the dorsal and forming four large spots ;
the inside of the mouth and the tongue Avith black dots ; anal with
large spots.

Valparaiso.

This species, like C. genicfuttaius, attains to the size of ten inches ;
it is called ' Trambayo.'

266 BLENNIIDiK.

8. Clinus guttulatus.
Cuv. 4" Val. xi. p. 387 J Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 278. lam. 5 bis, fig. 4,

' 12 • 21

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. Snout somewhat
produced. A small fringed tentacle above the orbit ; those at the
nostril and on the neck very small, scarcely perceptible. The dorsal
fin is continuous. Uniform brown (in spirits) ; back, vertical fins
and pectorals dotted with red (during life).

Valparaiso.

9. Clinus microcirrhis.
Cuv. 8f Val, xi. p. 384 ; Oay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 275.
D.g. A.|. Y.3.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The upper surface of the head covered with
warts. Narrow bands of teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The dorsal fiji is continuous and enveloped in moveable skin. Ten-
tacles above the orbit none ; those at the nostril and on the neck
minute. Brownish, marbled with darker.

Valparaiso.

10. Clinus crinitus.

Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 90. pi. 18. fig. 1 ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool.
ii. p. 280.

B. 6. D. ?5. A. ^. V. 3.

11 24-

The height of the body is one-fifth of thp total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. A triangular patch of teeth on the vomer,
and a smaller one on each palatine bone. Eight short bristles above
the orbit ; a short fi-inged tentacle on -each side of the neck, another
at the nostril. Dorsal fin continuous, with the soft portion rather
higher than the spinous. Blackish-brown, indistinctly spotted with
black. (Jen.)

Coquimbo (Chile).

11. Clinus macrocephalus.
D. H?. A. ^. C. 13. P. 13. V. 1/3.

12 24 /

Tlie height of the body is contained seven times and a haK in the
total length, the length of the head .five times. The head is de-
pressed, rather short, nearly as broad as long ; crown of th.j head
broad and flat ; interorbital space concave, narroM^cr than the orbit.
Snout very short, obtuse, rounded ; the maxillaiy does not extend to
behind the posterior margin of the orbit ; lips thick. The teeth in
the jaws form a band "with an outer series of stronger ones ; vomer-
ine teeth in a narrow band ; palatine teeth none. No orbital ten-
tacles ; those at the nostril and on the neck very small. Gill-openings

12. cLiNUs. 267

wide, the gill-membranes being united at the throat. Head naked ;
scales on tlic body not very small, cycloid. The dorsal fin commences
at the occiput, and terminates near the base of the caudal : the
spines are lloxible, and much lower than the soft rays ; the three
anterior ones are rather more remote from one another than the
following : none of the rays of this or of the other fins are branched.
Caudal rounded. The anal is higher posteriorly than anteriorly,
about as high as the spinous dorsal. Pectoral rounded, with the
middle rayc longest, shorter than the head. Ventrals jugular, half as
long as the pectoral, with the spine and the outer ray enveloped in a
common thick membrane. Dark greyish-olive : head and fins black-
ish ; head, base of the pectoral, anterior part of the body, and dorsal,
dotted with white.

Pacific coast of Central America.

a. Fine specimen. From Captain Dow's Collection ; presented by
Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

lines.

Total length 61

Height of the body 8

Length of the head 12

Greatest width of the head 11

Depth of the head 7^

Length of the caudal fin 10

of the pectoral fin 10^

12. Clinus latipinnis.

CJlinus latipinnis, Cttc. &,• Val. xi. p. .394.
Ophthabnolophus latipinnis, Gill, I. c. p. 104.

V.-. A. 5g. \.J.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. A short fringed tentacle above the orbit. The
dorsal fin extends on to the caudal, is continuous, and has the soft
portion higher than the spinous. Brown, sometimes with indistinct
dark cross-bars ; rays of the caudal and pectoral fins dotted with
brown. (Val.)

Cape of Good Hope.

13. Clinus gobio.

Clinus gobio, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 395.
Gobioclinus gobio, GUI, I. c. p. 103.

B. 6. D. ^. A. ■^. V. 2. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 10.

Head large and broad, its length being contained three times and
a half in the total ; the height of the bodj' is four times and a half
in it. Eye large, two-fifths of the length of the head ; the mdth
of the interorbital space is one-half of the diameter of the eye. Ten-
tacle above the orbit very small, sometimes absent. Snout short,
with the anterior profile subvcrtical. Vomerine and palatine teeth.

268 BLENNIID^.

Scales of moderate size ; the lateral line disappears above the ex-
tremity of the pectoral fin. Reddish-grey, marbled with brown. ( Val.)
Caribbean Sea.

Probably the type of a separate genus.

14. Clinns superciliosns.

Seba, iii. p. 90. tab. 80. figs. 3, 4 ; ? iii. 30. 8.

Blennius superciliosus, L. Syst. i. p. 442; Bl. taf. 168; Bl. Schn.

p. 170 ; Lacep. ii. pp. 468, 470.
r' Blennius mustelaris, L. Mus, Ad. Fried, p. 69. pi. 31. fig. 3, and

Syst. i. p. 443.
?? Blennius cinereus, L. Mtis. Ad. Fried, p. 69.
Blennius, sp., Ch-onov. Mtis. Ichth. ii. p. 21. no. 172. tab. 5. fig. 5, and

Zoophyl. no. 258.
? Blennius, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 261.
Blennius capensis, (Forster) Bl. Schn. p. 175 : Forst. Descript. Anim.

cur. Licht. p. 408.
? Blennius spadiceus, Bl. Schn. p. 172.
Blennius punctulatus, Lacep. ii. pp. 460, 506. pi. 12. fig. 3.

mustela, Lacep. ii. pp. 459, 484, 486.

Clinus superciliosus, Cuv. <^ Val. xi. p. 360. pi. 331.
Blennius mycterizans, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 97.
? Blennius ignobilis, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 98.
Blennius musteUaris, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 98.

D-'-gr- A- 2-4- ^-1/2. Vert. 18/31.
The height of the body is contained four times and a half or five
times in the total length, the length of the head four times. The
snout is rather short. A short fringed tentacle above the orbit.
Scales exceedingly small, those of the anterior portion of the lateral
line larger. The three anterior dorsal spines are generally stronger
and longer than the others and somewhat remote from them, although
the connecting membrane is not notched. The soft portion is more
elevated than the spinous, and not imited with the caudal. Greyish,
brownish, or yellowish ; uniform or with darker spots and blotches ;
sometimes an oceUated spot on the operculum, and a black one on
the anterior part of the dorsal. ( Val.)

a. Large specimen : bad state : has been in chloride of zinc. Cape of

Good Hope. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h-g. Adult: stuffed. Cape of Good Hope.
h-l. Adult : skins. From Gronow's Collection.

For want of fresh specimens I am unable to sift the synonymy,
which appears to refer to very different species. Valenciennes, who
has examined a great many specimens, thinks that the species is
subject to considerable variations, and that the different specific
denominations partly relate to them, and are partly derived from
specimens badly preserA-ed or figured. Gronovius, however, in his last
work (to which Valenciennes has not had access), says, at the end of
the descriptions of his three species, " Ah incuutis facile ires h.<x
species ccnfundi queunt ; " and his B. i{/nob{lh may bjp identical with

12. CLiNus. 269

the Clinus acuminatus of Valenciennes. Three specimens from
Gronow's Collection have the anterior dorsal rays elevated : whether
the fourth is the type of B. ignohilis is not certain.

15. Clinus acmninatus.
Cuv. 8f Val xi. p. 370.

D.f. A.|. V.1/2.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. The snout is sub-
conical, and equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; the inter-
orbital space is narrow and convex. A very short tentacle above the
posterior part of the orbit. Scales exceedingly small, those of the
anterior portion of the lateral line larger. The anterior dorsal spines
nearly equidistant from one another and shorter than the succeeding ;
the soft portion is a little more elevated than the spinous, and not
united with the caudal. Brown : two oblique band-like dark spots
from the eye to the angle of the praeoperculum.

Cape of Good Hope.

a. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

16. Clinus capensis.
Cirrhibarbis capensis, Cuv. ^- VaL xi. p. 406. pi. 337.

B. 6. D. f . A. ^. V. 3.

Chin with eight barbels ; a pair of branched tentacles above the
snout, and a small single one above the orbit. Dorsal fin Avithout a
detached portion and with the soft rays not branched. Teeth on the
vomer, none on the palatine bones ; scales very small.

Cape of Good Hope.

o. Adult : stuffed.

17. Clinus cottoides.

Cuv. ^ Vol. xi. p. 367.

D.?Hii\ A.|. V.1/2. Vert. 16/30.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, and equals the length of the head. The snout is short
and rounded, with the jaws equal in length. Palatine teeth none,
those of the vomer in a curved band. The width of the interorbital
space is equal to, or somewhat less than, the diameter of the eye.
A broad fringed tentacle, shorter than the eye, above the orbit ; a
transverse groove behind the orbits. Scales exceedingly small ; those
of the lateral line larger, square. The dorsal fin continuous, an-
teriorly low, posteriorly becoming gradually higher ; spines stout,
the two or three anterior equal in length to the diameter of the eye.
Dorsal not united with the caudal. Yellowish-brown, marbled with
darker ; sometimes six brown vertical bands, extending on the dorsal

270 BLENNIID^.

and anal fins. Chin and the lower part of the opercles witli wliitish
spots.

Cape of Good Hope.
a, h. Adult. Cape.

18. Clinus heterodon.
Cuv. 8f Val xi. p. 394.

-pj 30 A- 2
JJ. -g . A. -.

The height of the hody is contained four times and a half in the
total length. Teeth of the jaws in a single series, except in the
middle, where they form a group. Tentacles none. The dorsal ex-
tends on to the base of the caudal, is continuous, and has the soft
portion higher than the spinous. Brown. ( Val.)

Cape of Good Hope.

19. Clinus uematopterus.

B.f. A.|. V.2.

The nine anterior dorsal spines terminate in a lobe which? is coin-
posed of filaments.
Sea of China,

a. Sea of China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

Descrijotion of the specimen. — The height of the body is contained
five times in the total length, the length of the head four times
and a fourth. The snout is somewhat shorter than the diameter
of the eye, which is contained three times and a half in the length
of the head. The jaws are equal in length anteriorly, and the
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The
jaws and the vomer are armed with viLliform teeth, the palatine
bones are smooth. The interorbital space is flat, and its width is
one-half the horizontal diameter of the eye. Nostril and the super-
ciliary margin with a fringed tentacle of moderate length ; none on
the neck. There are series of very distinct pores along the usual
course of the system of muciferous channels. Pseudobranchiae ; a
very small foramen behind the fourth gill, at its inferior portion.
The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the occiput : the four
anterior spines increase somewhat in length, the remainder being
nearly of equal height, except the six posterior, which again become
gradually a little longer ; the two anterior soft rays exceed the last
spine somewhat in length ; the last ray is fixed to the back of the
tail by a membrane, which is not continued on the caudal fin. The
nine anterior dorsal spines are provided with a skinny lobe com-
posed of filaments, and fixed posteriorly to the top of the spine.
The caudal fin is subtruncated, and composed of thirteen simple
rays. The anal fin commences in the vertical from the sixteenth
dorsal spine, and is much lower than the dorsal ; the rays are simple.
The pectoral is rounded, and extends to the origin of the anal. The
ventral is composed of one small spine, which is hidden, and two
rays, the interior of which is the longer ; it is inserted on the throat,

12. CLiNus. 271

and does not reach to the vent. The anal papilla is distinct. The
scales are exceedingly small, imbedded in the skin, and hardly visible ;
the lateral line makes a strong curve downwards behind the pectoral,
and then runs straight along the middle of the side. The colour is
now uniform yellowish.

lines.

Total length 36

Height of the body 7

Length of the head 8^

Diameter of the eye 2|

Length of the last dorsal spine 4

20. Clinus dorsalis.
Sleeker, Cape of Good Hope, p. 24.

B. 6. D. i5. A. I-, V. 3.

1 £j

The height of .the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and two-fifths. Snout nearly as long-
as the orbit. A short simple tentacle above the orbit and a small
one at the nostril. Scales rudimentary. Dorsal fin without anterior
division ; its last ray is scarcely connected with the base of the caudal
fin. Uniform yeUow. {Bl.)

Cape of Good Hope.

21. Clinus auguillaris.
Cuv. fy Val. xi. p. 390. pi. 334.

B. 6. D.f. A.|. V. 1/3. Vert. 19/39.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the
length of thb head one-sixth. The snout is of moderate extent. A
short fringed tentacle above the orbit and a very small one at th,e
nostril. Scales exceedingly small. The dorsal fin is continuous -with
the caudal, without separate division, but the four anterior spines are
somewhat remote from each other. Brownish, marbled with darker.

Cape of Good Hope.

a. Adult : stufied.

22. Clinus despiciUatns.

? Clinus perspiciUatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 372.

Clinus despicillatus, Richards. Zool. Journ. 1839, p. 90, and Trans. Zool.
Soc. iii. p. 128. tab. 6. fig. 2.

D.3|f. A.|. V.1/3.

The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds
in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half.
The snout is rather short, subcorneal, with the jaws equal. Palatine
teeth none ; those of the vomer form an angular band, narrowest in
the middle. The interorbital space is convex, and its width is equal
to the vertical diameter of the eye ; a small branched tentacle above
the orbit. Scales exceedingly small. The three anterior dorsal spines

272 BLENNIID^.

are remote from, but connected by a membrane with, the others ; they
are not elevated, the height of the dorsal being one-third of that of
the body ; spines rather slender. Dorsal slightly contiguous with the
caudal. Greyish-brown (sometimes with a round black, yeUow-edged
spot on each side of the neck : CI. perspicillatm) ; six brown cross-
bars on the back ; a pair of brown spots at the root of the caudal.
Port Western and Port Arthur.

a. Adult : somewhat discoloured. Port Arthur. From the Haslar
Collection. — Type of Clinus despicillatus.

13. CRISTICEPS*.

Clinus, sp., Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 352.
Cristiceps, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 402.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small or rudimentary scales.
Snout rather 8hort,_with the cleft of the mouth of moderate width.
A band of small teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the vomer. Two sepa-
rate dorsals : the anterior short, formed by three spines ; the posterior
long, most of the rays being unarticulated. Ventrals jugular, com-
posed of one spine and two or three rays. Head generally with ten-
tacles. Gill-opening wide ; bf anchiostegals six. Pyloric appendages
none . — Viviparous.

Mediterranean. South coast of Java. Coasts and rivers of Au-
stralia and Tasmania.

Cuvier has founded a separate genus for an Australian fish, Cristiceps
australis, on account of its anterior dorsal fin being a little more
remote from the posterior than in the Mediterranean species, and
because he did not see the scales ; these, however, are present, as in
the species of the genus Clinus, although they are very small and
rudimentary. The species of Clinus and Cristiceps form one natural
genus ; but if they be divided, it is far better to take as the distin-
guishing character the structure of the dorsal fin. In one of the
groups \Clinus) the dorsal is continuous, whilst in the other (^Cristi-
ceps') the three anterior spines are detached, forming an entirely
separate fin.

1. Cristiceps axgentatus.

Blennius argentatus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 140.

audifredi, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 139.

Clinus argentatus, Risso, Eur. MSrid. iii. p. 238.

testudinarius, Risso, Eur. M&rid. iii. p. 239.

virescens, Risso, Eur. Mend. iii. p. 239.

audifredi, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 240.

mutabilis, Cocco, Giom. Sc. Lett, e Arti Sicil. Avril 1833, xlii.

p. 9. tab. 42. fig. 2.
argentatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 354 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss.

p. 74.

B.6. D.3|M A.^. V.1/2.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
* 1. Clinus Dubuifl, (Casieln.) Bleek. Cape of Good Hope, p. 23.

13. CRISTICEPS. 273

the length of the head five times and a third. The snout is of mo-
derate extent, subconical, with the lower jaw somewhat prominent.
Palatine teeth none. The width of the interorbital space is less
than the diameter of the eye ; a small simple tentacle above the
orbit. Scales exceedingly small. A short detached dorsal fin on
the nape of the neck ; the spines by which it is formed are slender,
and rather longer than those of the remaining fin ; the latter not
emarginate, united with the base of the caudal. Brown or yellowish,
more or less spotted and marbled with darker ; generally a series of
whitish or yellowish spots along the sides.

Mediterranean. Cape of Uood Hope. Coast of Australia.

CI. European and African specimens, with nineteen or twenty soft
rays in the anal fin.

a, b. Adult. Coast of Dalmatia.

c. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

d. Adult. Sicily. Presented by "W. Swainson, Esq.
e-g. Adult. Cape of Good Hope.

fi. Australian specimens, with twenty-three soft rays in the
amal fin*.

h. Ad\ilt. Port Jackson. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
i-m. Adult and half-grown : dried. Ereycinet's Harbour. "Voyage

of the ' Herald.'
? n-o. Adult : not good state. Dredged in from two to four fathoms

on sandy ground. Gages Road, Swan River. Presented by the

Earl of Derby.

2. Cristiceps xanthosoma.
Clinus xanthosoma, Sleeker, Java, iv. p. 340.

B. 6. D. 3 I f . A. ^. V. 3.

The height of the body is five times and a quarter to five times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head five times to
five times and a quarter. The snout is subconical, shorter than the
eye, with the jaws equal in front. Vomerine and palatine teeth.
The width of the interorbital space is one-half the diameter of the
eye ; a small fringed tentacle above the orbit, another at the nostril.
Scales rudimentary. A short detached dorsal fiin on the nape of the
neck ; it is higher than the spinous portion of the second fin ; the
soft portion united with the caudal. Uniform yellow. (Bleek.)

Sea of Karangbollong (South Java).

3. Cristiceps nasutus.

D. 3 I f . A. ^. V. 1/3. P. 13. C. 9.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the

* Those who consider this variety as a separate species may call it Cristiceps
antinectes.

VOL. m. T

274 BLENNIin^,

total length, the length of the head four times and a naif. The
snout is subconical, somewhat longer than the eye, with the jaws
equal anteriorly. The width of the interorbital space is much less
than the vertical diameter of the eye. A long fringed tentacle at
the nostril, that above the orbit being rather shorter. Scales mi-
nute. The detached dorsal fin is situated on the nape of the neck,
above the operculum ; the last dorsal ray is fixed by a membrane to
the back of the tail, but is free from the caudal fin. Uniform yellow-
ish (in spirits).
New South Wales.

a. Young? New South "Wales. Presented by J. B. Bennett, Esq.

lines.

Total length 22

Height of the body 4

Length of the head 5

4. Cristiceps roseus.
B. 6. D. 3 I ^. A. 2-5^. V. 1/3. P. 12. C. 9. Vert. 14/2S.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-fifths. The snout is sub-
conical, equal in length to the eye, with the lower jaw prominent.
Teeth on the vomer, none on the palate. The width of the inter-
orbital space is much less than the vertical diameter of the eye. A
fringed tentacle at the nostril ; that above the orbit well developed,
with obtuse fringes. Scales rudimentary. The detached dorsal fin
situated on the nape of the neck, above the operculum ; it is some-
what higher than the fin behind : the last dorsal ray is fixed by a
membrane to the base of the caudal ; the anal is quite free from it :
the inner ventral ray is not half so long as the middle one. Yellow-
ish (in spirits) ; head, body, and the first dorsal marbled with rose-
colour. The second dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins vrith rose-coloured
cross-bars.

Coasts of Australia and New Guinea.

a. Dried. Freycinet's Harbour. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
b-d. New Guinea and Islands. Presented by Mrs. Stanley.

lines.

Total length 44

Height of the body 9

Length of the head 10

Another specimen, fifty lines long, uniform, or with the colours
faded, dmers in having the first dorsal situated above the praeoper-
cular margin. Perhaps it belongs to a different species. The lower
jaw does not project beyond the upper.

a. Adult. Dredged in from two to tour fathoms, on sandy ground.
Gages Road, Swan River. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

14. AUCHENOPTERUS. 275

5. Cristiceps australis.
Cuv. <§- Val. xi. p. 402. pi. Sm.

D.3|?g?. A.^-^. V.1/3. Vert. 15/31.

The anterior dorsal commences above the posterior margin of the
orbit, and is much higher than the posterior ; both are widely sepa-
rated from each other. A simple tentacle above the orbit, and a
pair of bifurcate ones above the snout.

Rivers of Tasmania. Swan River. Bvnoe.

a-b. Half-grown. Bredged in from two to four fathoms, on sand.

Gages Road, Swan River. Presented by the Earl of Derby,
e. Half-grown. Swan River ; the same locality. Presented by the

Earl of Derby.

d. Young. Australia.

e. Young. Bjnoe.

f. g, h-1. Adult and half-grown.

14. AUCHENOPTERUS.

Body moderately elongate, with the scales small or of moderate
size ; snout rather short, with the cleft of the mouth of moderate
w^dth. A band of small teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the vomer.
Two separate dorsals, composed of spines only : the anterior short,
fonned by three spines. Ventrals jugular, composed of three rays.
Head with tentacles ; gill-opening wide.

Pacific coast of Central America. Mediterranean.

1. Auchenopterus monophthalmus.
D. 3|27. A.^. Y. 3. L. lat. 38.

A fimbriated superciliary tentacle ; a small one at the nostril and
on each side of the nape, both multifid. A black ocellus, edged with
white, on the posterior quarter of the dorsal fin.

a-c. Pacific coast of Central America. Collected by Captain Dow ;
presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Bescnption. — This fish is very similar to Cristiceps argentatns in
general habit, but may readily be distinguished by the dorsal fin,
which is entii'ely composed of spines. Head and body oblong and
compressed ; the length of the former is one-fourth of the total, the
height of the latter one-sixth. The cleft of the mouth is of mode-
rate width, with the lower jaw slightly prominent, and \vith the
maxillary extending beyond the vertical from the centre of the orbit.
The teeth in the outer series are stronger than those in the narrow
band behind ; vomerine teeth apparently in a single series ; palatine
teeth none. The orbital tentacle is shorter than the eye, "with three
or four cilia ; the nasal and nuchal tentacles are still shorter. The
pectoral is nearly as long as the head, rounded, with the middle rays

t2

27<J HLENNIID-S.

longest ; ventral slender, somewhat shorter than the pectoral, with
the outer ray longest. The first dorsal fin commences in the ver-
tical from the prseopercular margin ; the two anterior spines are a
little higher than the second dorsal, and flexible ; the membrane
behind the third spine extends backwards to the base of the second fin.
All the spines of the second fin are stift' and pungent, of nearly equal
length, the anterior ones being a little the shorter ; the membrane
of the last spine terminates immediately before the base of the caudal,
leaving that fin quite free. Caudal rounded, one-seventh of the total
length. The anal commences below the seventh spine of the pos-
terior dorsal, and terminates before the caudal ; it has two spines
anteriorly. The scales are of moderate size ; the lateral line runs
closely along the dorsal profile, is bent downwards behind the pec-
toral, and proceeds along the middle of the tail to the caudal.

Brownish, irregularly marbled ^^'ith darker ; anterior dorsal black-
ish ; a black ocellus, edged vnth white, on the nineteenth and
twentieth spines of the posterior dorsal.

Total length two inches.

The following species appears to belong to this genus :-^

2. Auchenopterus veranyi.

Clinus veranyi, Filippi e Verany, Mem. della R. Accad. delle Sc. di
Torino, ser. 2. tom. xviii., st»/jra alcuni Pesci, f^c, separate copy,
p. 9. tig. 3.

D. 3 I 27. A. 22.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and is contained four times and a half in the total. A tentacle above
the orbit. The three antorior dorsal spines form an entirely separate
fin : the remainder and the anal are united with the caudal. Scales
very small. {F. Sf V.)

GuK of Cagliari.

15. TRIPTERYGIUM.

Tripterygion, Rtsso, Eur. Mcrid. iii. p. 241.

Body not very elongate, covered with rather small scales or with
scales of moderate size. Snout of moderate extent. Jaws with a band
of villiform teeth ; teeth on the palate. Three dorsal fins, the two
anterior of which are spinous, the middle one being the longest.
Ventrals jugiilar, with two soft rays. Bx-anchiostegals six. Pseudo-
branchiie present.

Mechterranean. Fresh waters and coasts of New Zealand. One
species from Biliton.

1. Tripterygium nasus.

Blennius tripterono'tus, liisso,Ichthyol.Nice, p. 135. pi. 6. fig. 14 (bad).
Tripterygion nasus, Ri<isn, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 241 ; Citv. Sf Val xi.

p. 400. pi. 338 ; Lowe, Trans. Zuol. Soc. iii. p. 9 ; Guichen. Explor.

Alg^r. Poiss. p. 75.

15. XHIPTEHTGITTM. 277

Tripterygium molanocephalum, Cocco, Act. Acad. Genu. 1829, fasc. 1.
pi. 4.

B. 5or6? D. 3 I 17 I 12. A. 24. V. 2. L. lat. 40.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. The Avidth of the
interorbital space is one-half the diameter of the eye. Teeth oh
the vomer. The fii-st doisal commences in the vertical from the-
base of the ventral fins, and is not elevated ; the anterior spines of
the second sometimes elongate and filiform. Body with brownish
vertical bands ; head and the basal half of the ventrals black, some-
times only spotted with black.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeira.

a, b. Adult and half-grown. Mediterranean. Presented by the

Rev. W. Hannah.

2. Tripterygium melanurum.

Guichen. Explor, Alger. Poiss. p. 75. pi. 4. fig. 4.

D. 3 I 17 I 12. A. 24. V. 2.

Reddish, marbled with brown. The first dorsal black, the two
others with oblique red lines ; tail with a large black, yellow -edged
spot. {Guichen.)

Coast of Algiers.

3. Tripterygium varium.

Blennius varius, (Forstea-) Bl. Schn. p. 178 ; Furst. Descript. Anim.

cur. Lichtenst. p. 127.
Tripterygium varmm, Cue. 8f Veil. xi. p. 414.

B. G. D. 5 I 24 1 14. A. 2G. V. 2.

Transverse streaks across the opercles and breast ; body dotted
\vith brown ; the first dorsal with a black spot ; the second with a
series of white spots along the base. (Forst.)

Coast of the Southern Island of New Zealand.

4. Tripterygium nigiipinne.

Tripterygion nigripinne, Ouv. Sf Vul. xi. p. 413. pi. 339.
capito, Jenyiis, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 94. pi. 19. fig. 1.

D. 5-6 I 18-19 j 13-14. A. 26. V. 2.

A short denticulated tentacle above each orbit ; teeth on the vomer
and the palatine bones. BroAvnish. marbled with darker ; the first
dorsal black, the others greyish.

Bay of Islands (New Zealand).

rt. A great number of specimens from New Zealand.

b. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by Dr. A. Sinclair. — This speci-

men differs from the others in having the dorsal fin lower, and
formed by five spines. It agrees perfectly, however, in all
other points with the other specimens, and is certainly only an
individual varictv.

278 BLENNIIDiK.

5. Tripterygium forsteri.

Blcimiiis tripiunis, (Forster) Bl. Schn. p. 174; Fuist. Descript. Aiuin.

cur. Lichtoist. p. 125.
Tripterygiiun forsteri, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 415.

B. 6. D. 3 1 16 I 15. A. 24. V. 2.

A fringed tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril. Brown,
spotted with reddish ; a semicircular blackish-blue, golden-edged
spot at the base of the pectoral. (Forster.)

New Zealand ?

tj. Tripterygium medium.
D. 4 (5) I 15-16 I 12-13. A. 20-21. V. 2.

Similar in form to T. nigrlpinne. Snout short, somewhat longer
than the eye, with the upper profile very oblique ; the upper maxil-
lary extends a little beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. The front teeth vare somewhat enlarged; teeth on the
vomer and the palatine bones. The interorbital space is flat, its
width being less -than that of the orbit ; orbital tentacles none. The
first dorsal is lower than the second, and the second lower than the
third. Scales rather small ; the lateral line does not extend on to
th'j tail. Specimens in spirits brownish ; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral
fins dotted with brown. .

New Zealand.
a-g. Adult. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.

Two other specimens scarcely differ from those described, but they
have twenty-three anal rays. Snout rather short, longer than the
eye, with the upper profile oblique ; the upper maxillary does not
extend to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The front teeth
are somewhat enlarged ; teeth on the vomer and the palatine boucs.
The interorbital space is flat, its width being a little less than that
of the orbit ; orbital tentacle none, a small one at the nostril. The
first dorsal is continuous with, and lower than, the second, and the
second is lower than the third. Scales rather small ; the lateral Hne
ceases on the anterior portion of the tail. Brownish, marbled with
blackish ; the upper portions of the dorsal fins blackish ; caudal
variegated with blackish.

New Zealand.
h. Fine specimen. New Zealand. Presented by Captain Stokes.
i. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.

7. Tripterygium fenestratum.

Blennius fenestratus, (Forster) Bl Schn. p. 173 ; Forst. Dcscript.

Anim. cur. Lichteiist. p. 124.
Tripterygium fenestratum, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 416.

B. 6. D. 4 I 10 I 13. A.. 24. V. 2.
A simple truncated tentacle above the orbit ; another small one,
fringed, at the nostril. Brown: fins with transparent spots. (Forst.)
Mouths of the rivers in Now Zealand.

16. DACTYLOSCOPUS. 279

8. Tripterygium trigloides.

Bleeker, BUiton, iv. p. 234.

B. 6. D. 3 I 13 I 10. A. 10. V. 2. L. lat. 50-55.

The upper jaw projects beyond the lower. Greenish, marbled with
brown and dotted with whitish. (Bl.)
Sea of Western Biliton.

16. DACTYLOSCOPUS.

Dactyloscopiis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 132.

Body elongate, covered with large scales ; lateral line straight,
along the middle ; head broad, depressed, "W'ith the eyes directed
upwards and ^dth the cleft of the mouth subvertical ; operculum
fringed. Small teeth in the jaws, palate smooth. One dorsal, formed
by spines only ; caudal separated ; ventrals jugular, with three rays.
Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchia; none ; giU-openings wide.

Caribbean Sea.

This genus has been referred by Gill to the Uranoscopina, from
which, howev^er, it differs in several cardinal characters. The struc-
ture of the dorsal and ventral fins is that of a Blennioid. The absence
of pseuclobranchice is veiy peculiar ; but in this respect it differs equally
from the Uranoscopina and Blenniidie.

1. DactyloscQpus tridigitatus.
Gill, I. c.

D. 37. A. 30. V. 3. L. lat. 44. L. tran^v. 9. Vert. 13/32.

A smaU tentacle at the nostril The anterior dorsal spines small,
flexible, nearly free ; the posterior stiff. Reddish-white, marbled
with brownish.

Caribbean Sea (Barbadoes).

a-d. Fine specimens. Caribbean Sea.

17. DICTYOSOMA.
Dictyosoma, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 139.
Body elongate, covered with very small scales, and with a net of
lateral lines ; snout of moderate extent ; small teeth in the jaws, none
on the palate. Dorsal fin long, with a few posterior soft rays ; anal
with two spines ; caudal distinct ; ventrals none. Branchiostegals six.
Japanese Sea.

1. Dictyosoma temminckii.

Dictyosoma, Schleg. I. c. pi. 73. fig. 3.

temminckii, ^feeA;. Vcrhand. Batnv. Genootsch. xx\., Japan, ip. 42.

B.6. D.f. A. A
Brownish.
Bav of Simabara.

280 BLENNIID^.

18. GUNELLICHTHYS.

Gunellichtliys, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Imh-Nederl. iii., Celebes, ix. p. 9.

Body elongate, covered with rudimentary scales ; snout rather
obtuse ; lower jaw with a short skinny appendage: Jaws with teeth
of imequal size ; palate smooth. Dorsal fin long, formed by flexible
spines; caudal distinct. Ventrals two-rayed, scarcely before the
pectorals. GUI-openings not continued on to the throat ; branohio-
stegals six.

Coast of Celebes.

1. Gunellichthys pleurotaBnia.
Bleeker, I. c. p. 10.

B. 6. D. 59. A. 34. V. 2.

The height of the body is about one-fifteenth of the total length.
Eose-coloured, with a brown, white-edged streak from the snout,
through the eye, to the middle of the caudal fin. {Bl.)

Sea of Manado.

19. STICH.EUS*.

Gunellua, sp., Ctiv. 8f Vol.

Lumpenus et Stichseus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. i 1837, p. 377.

Ctenodon et Lumpenus, Nilss. SIcand. Faun iv. p. 190.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral line more
or less distinct ; sometimes several lateral lines. Snout short, or of
moderate extent ; very small teeth in the jaws and, generally, on the
palate. Dorsal fin long, formed by spines only. Ventrals jugular,
with two or three rays ; caudal distinct. Gill-openings rather wide,
the gill-membranes being only slightly united at the throat ; pseudo-
branchiae present ; branchiostegals six : air-bladder and pyloric ap-
pendages absent.

Seas near the Arctic Circle, southwards to the coasts of Japan and
Scandinavia.

1. Stichaeus lumpenus.

Blennius lumpenus, Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 151, and Sch-ift. Natnrhist.

Gesellsch. Copenh. ii. p. 87, cop. by Richards.Faun.Bor. Amcr. Fishes,

p. 90.
Clinus lumpenus, Reinh. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Nature, off 3IatJiem.

Afhandl. vii. 1838, p. 194.
Gunellus fabricii, Ciiv. ^ Val. xi. p. 431.
Lumpenus fabricii, Kroyer, Naturhist. Itdskr. i. p. 377 ; Gaimard,

Voy. en Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 1.

D. 63. A. 41. V. 3.

The height of the body is one-fourteenth of the total length. The

* 1. Pholis subbifurcatus, Storer, Bep. Massach. p. 63, and Delcay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 160, appears to belong to this genus.— Massachusetts
Bay.

19. sTiCH^tJs. 281

upper jaw scarcely longer than the lower ; ventrals veiy slender,
composedof three rays; caudal distinct. Palatine teeth. Light brown,
clouded with darker.
Coast of Greenland.

2. StichaeTis medius.

Clinus medius, Reinh. Datiske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturv. oq Mathem.

Afhmidl. vii. 183$, pp. 114, 121, 194.
Lumpenus medius, Kroyer, I. c.

D. 60. A. 43. V. 1/2.

The heigljt of the body is one-tenth or one-eleventh of the total
length. The upper jaw shghtly overlapping the lower. Ventrals
slender, one-third the length of the head ; the lower pectoral rays
shorter than the middle ones ; dorsal and anal fins slightly continuous
with the caudal. Vomerine and palatine teeth none. Brown.

Greenland.

The diagnosis is taken from a specimen in the Leyden Museum.

3. Stichaeus maculatus.

Clinus maculatus, Fries in Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837, p. 51, and

Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 108. pi. 25. fig. 2.
Ctenodon maculatus, Nilss. SJcand. Faun. iv. p. 190.

D. 59-61. A. 36. V. 1/2. Csec. pylor. 3.

The height of the body is one-tenth or one-eleventh of the total
length. The upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower. Ventrals
slender, one-half as long as the head ; the lower pectoral ra} s longer
than the middle ones ; caudal free from dorsal and anal. Palatine
and vomerine teeth. Light brown, clouded with darker.

Coast of Bohustens (Sweden).

The diagnosis is taken from a specimen in the Senckenberg Museum.

4. Stichsens islaudicus.

Tang-brosme 4, St)-dm, Sdtidtn. i. p. 315.

Blennius capita Ifevi, Mulir, Isl. Naturh. p. 85. tab. 4.

islandicus, Walb. Art. Renov. iii. tab. 3. fig. 6.

lampetrasfonuis, Wulb. I. c. p. 184 j Kroy. Natiirhist. Tidskr. i.

1837, p. 32 (Clinus mohrii).
Centronotus islandicus, Bl. Schn. p. 157.

lumpenus, Nilss. Prodr. p. 104.

Blennius gi-acilis, Stuvitz in Nye Magaz. for Naturv. i. p. 406. pi. 3.

Gunellus islandicus, Cut: 8f Vul. xi. p. 433.

Clinus nebulosus, Fries, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837, p. 55.

Lumpenus gracilis, Reinh. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturv. og Maihem.

Af handl. y\\. 1838, p. 194.
nebulosus, Nilss. SJcand. Faun. Fisk. iv. p. 195.

D. 69-72. A. 48-50. -V. 1/3.
Neither vomerine nor palatine teeth. The height of the body is

282 BLKNNIIB.E.

one-fourteenth or one-sixteenth of the total length. Ventral rays
indistinct. Mai'bled with brown.
Coasts of Scandinavia and Iceland.

Faber (Fische Islands, p. 79) considers this species as identical
with Blennius himpenus of Fabricius, but he does not appear to have
known it from autopsy.

5. Stichaeus aculeatus.

Clinus aculeatus, Rcinh. Datiske Vidensk. Selsk. Nalitrv. oq Muthem.

Af}mndl. vii. 1838, pp. 114, 122, 194.
Lumpenus aculeatus, Kroner, Nuturhist. Tidskr. i. p. 377 ; Gaiimtrd,

Voy. en Scaiid. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 2.

B. 6. D. 72. A. 46. V. 1/2.

The upper jaw overlapping the lower ; vomerine and palatine teeth.
Ventrals slender, one-half the leyigth of the head ; pectorals as long
as, or not much shorter than, the head ; caudal free from dorsal and
anal, rounded. A series of darker spots along the base of the dorsal
fin.

Coast of Greenland.

a, b. Adult. Greenland.

6. Stichaeus anguillaris.

Blennius anguillaris, Pall. Zoot/r. Pass. iii. p. 176.

Gunellus anguillaris. Cut. ^ Val. xi. p. 434.

Leptogunellus anguillaris, Atjres in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1855,

p. 26.
Lumpenus anguillaris, Girard in U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 123

(pi. 25 b. figs. 1-3).

B. 6. D. 68. A. ^. V. 1/3. Ctec. pylor. 6. Vert. 28/51.

Vomer smooth ; palatine teeth. The upper jaw overlapping the
lower; snout somewhat longer than the eye. The length of the pec-
toral fin is one-tenth of the total ; the ventral one-half the length
of the pectoral ; caudal free from dorsal and anal. Body with inter-
rupted blackish longitudinal streaks.

Coast of Kamtschatka ; Aleutian Islands ; Western coasts of North
America.

Pseudobranchiae. The liver is elongate, bilobed, the left lobe being
the longest. Tlie stomach is strongly curved, and its pyloric portion
provided with six appendages of moderate length, namely, four on
one, and two on the other side. The intestinal tract makes a single
short curve, and is not quite one-half the length of the fish.

a-c. Adult and half- grown. New Orcas Islands, Gulf of Georgia.

Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
<(. Adult: skeleton. New Orcas Islands. Presented l)y the Lords

of the Admiralty.

Skchtna. —The skektcm diflcrs in scv(-nil jnniit.s from that of the

19. sTicH^us. 283

typical Blennioids : the bones are less ossified, and rather thin ; the
skull is slightly compressed, and somewhat elongate ; crown of the
head smooth, flat, without crest ; interorbital space very narrow ; the
infraorbital ring is either absent or lost in our skeleton ; the bottom
of the tympanic groove is osseous, but thin. Posterior limb of the
praeoperculum very short ; operculum elongate, triangular. Ulna and
radius broad, much larger than the carpal bones. There are twenty-
eight abdominal and fifty-one caudal vertebrae, the latter portion
being twice as long as the abdominal ; the vertebra; are slightly com-
pressed, rather longer than high ; processes and ribs veiy feeble.

7. Stichaeus punctatus.

Blennius punctatus, Fabr. Faun. Griinl. p. 153, and Naturhist. Sehk,

Skrift. ii. part 2. pi. 10. fig. 3.
Clinus punctatus, Richards Faun. Bor. Antcr. Fishes, p. 88.
Gunellus punctatus, Citi: Sf Val. xi. p. 428.
Sticha;us punctatus, Kroi/er, Xafurhisf. Tidskr. -i. p. 377 ; Guimard,

Vol/. CH Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 20. Hg. 2.

B. 6. D. 49. A. ^. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and one-fourth. Snout subconical,
with the cleft of the mouth horizontal ; the width ol' the interorbital
space is one-haLf the diameter of the eye, which is very projecting.
Vomerine and palatine teeth. The ventral fin is lialf as long as the
pectoral, which nearly equals the length of the head. Dorsal spines
of moderate length, stifi"; caudal distinct. Dorsal with a series of
five round black, posteriorly white -edged spots; the lower part of
the head with five brown cross-bands ; a brown streak from the
snout, running through the eye.

Coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland.

a. Fine specimen. Greenland.

8. Stichaeus unimaculatus.

Clinus unimaculatus, Rcinh. Danske Vidensk. Sclsk. Naturv. oy Ma-

them. Afhandl. 1835, pp. 9-11.
Cliirus prfecisus, Krnycr, Katurhist. Tidskr. 1837, p. 25.
Stichiieus unimaculatus, Rcinh. I. c. 1837, p. 109 ; Kroi/er, I. c. pp. 375,

377 ; Guimard, Voy. en Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 20. fig. 1.

D. 49. A. 34. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds. Snout
subconical, with the cleft of the mouth slightly oblique ; vomerine
and palatine teeth. Three lateral lines on each side. The ventral
is half as long as the pectoral, which is much shorter than the head.
The dorsal fin terminates just at the root of the caudal. An ovate
black, white-edged spot between the sixth and tenth dorsal spines.

Coast of Greenland.

n Fine specimen. (Jrecnland.

284 BLENNIID^.

9. Stichseus hexagrammus.

Schlegel, Faun. Jupon. Poiss. p. 136. pi. 73. fig. 1.
B. 6. D. 40. A. 29. V. 3.
The height of the body is contaiiied six times and a haK in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. Snout
conical, with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal. Three lateral
lines on each side. The ventrals are shorter than the pectorals.
Dorsal continuous with the caudal. Brownish : two oblique streaks
behind the eye ; pectoral dotted with brown. (>Schleg.)
Bay of Simabara (Japan).

20. BLENNIOPS.

Blennius, sp., auet.

Blenniops, Nilss. Sk'and. Faun. iv. p. 184.

Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral
line none. Snout short ; small teeth in the jaws, none on the palate.
Dorsal fin long, formed by spines only. Ventrals very distinct, com-
posed of one spine and several rays, distinctly jugular. Caudal di-
stinct. Gill- openings of moderate width, with the gill-membranes
connected with each other ; pseudobranchiae present ; branchiostegals
six ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages none.

British and Scandinavian coasts.

1. Blenniops ascanii.

Blennius, sp., Strom, Sondm. i. p. 322 (not syn.).

Brosme toupee, Ascan. Ic. tab. 19.

Blennius galerita, part., L. Si/st. i. p. 441*.

. galerita, Peji7i. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 276. pi. 35 ; Fkm. Brit. Anim.

p. 207 ; NUss. Prodr. Ichth. Scand. p. 102 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 92 ;

(not L.).
ascanii, Walbaum, Art. Renov. iii. p. 173 ; Reinhardt, 3Iaanedsk.

f. Liter. 1833, p. 259 ; Kroger, Naturhist. Tidskr. i. 1837, p. 372.
Centronotus brot^^me; Bl. Schn. p. 167.
Blennius coquiUad, Lacep. ii. p. 477.

pennantii, Jenyns, Catal. Brit. Vert. Anim. p. 24.

palmicornis, Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 2-33 j Jenyns,

Man. p. 380; (not Cuv.).
yarrellii, Cuv. df Val. xi. p. 218 j Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit.

i. p. 263, and 3rd edit. ii. p. 37 If.
Gunelkis stroemii, Cuv. ?f Val. xi. p. 444.
Blenniops galerita, Nilss. Skand. Faim. iv. p. 185.

B. 6. D. 50-51. A. 36-39. V. 1/3.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-seventh of the total. Snout short, with the cleft of the
mouth very oblique. A short tentacle at the nostril ; two pairs of

* See Blennitts galerita, p. -222.

t Yarrell, although in possession of very fine specimens, omitted to mention
the scales covering the entire body of the fish, and ))laced the species in a scalcless
genus ; in (jonsequence of wliich, Valenciennes created the nominal species of

J{'.?/ar>r/ti/.

21. CENXBONOTUS. 285

fringed tentacles above the orbits, the posterior of which is about
three or four times the length of the anterior, and as long as the
head is high. Neck with many very small skinny flaps. Ventral
fins small ; the two anterior dorsal spines sometimes elongate, and
provided with skinny appendages at the top. Reddish-brown, with
several cross-bands on the back.
British and Scandinavian coasts.

a. Adult. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
b-e, f, g, h. Adult.

21. CENTRONOTUS*.

Centi'onotus, £1. Schn. p. 165.

Gunellus, sp., Ouv. Hee/ne Anim. ; Cuv. 4* Val. xi. p. 418.

Gunellus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. 1837, i. p. 376.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral line none ;
snout short ; very small teeth in the jaws, and sometimes on the
palate. Dorsal fiii long, formed by spines only. Yentrals none, or,
if present, rudimentary and jugular ; caudal distinct (except in 0.
roseus). Gill-openings of moderate width ; gill-membranes con-
nected with each other ; pseudobranchiae present ; branchiostegals
five ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages absent.

Northern Seas, southwards to the coasts of France, New York,
California, and Japan.

1. Centronotus gunellus.

Gunellus comubiensium or Butter-fish, WUlughby, p. 115. cap. ix.

tab. G. 8. fig. 3 ; Ray, p. 144 ; Petiver, Gazoph. tab. 51. fig. 4.
Blennius, sp., Artedi, Genera, p. 27. n. 5.
Tang-Brosme 3, Strom, Siindm. i. p. 315, and Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr.

Nya Saml. i. p. 148.
Blennius guneUus, L. Syst. i. p. 443, and J^awn. Suec. p. 114. no. 318;

Bl. Fische DeuiscM. ii. p. 186. taf. 71. fi^. 1 ; LacSp. ii. p. 503 ;

Donov. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 27 ; Turton, Brtt. Faufia, p. 93 ; Jenyns,

Man. p. 383 ; Miill. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 43 ; Faher, Fische Islands,

p. 76 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 91 ; Retz. Faun. Suec.

p. 324 ; (not Fabr.).

* 1. Ophidiuni mucronatum, Mitch, in Lit. ^ Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 361.
pi. 1. fig. 1. — Gunellus mucronatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 427 ; Dekay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 153. pi. 12. fig. 36.— New York.— This fish
appears to be extremely similar to C. gunellus.

2. Blennius tonia, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 178. — Gunellus taenia,

Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 439.— Kuriles.

3. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 178. — Gunellus ruberrimus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi.

p. 440. — Kiuiles.

4. Blennius polyactocephalus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 179 — Gimellus

polyactoceplialus, Cuv. rf" Val. xi. p. 448. — Kamtschatka.

5. Gunellus crassispina, Schkg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 139. — Japan.

6. macrocephalus, Girard, Bost. Journ. 1850, vi. p. 263. — Massachusetts

7. Clinus affinis, Reinh. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvid. og Mathem. Af

handl. 1838, vii. pp. 114, 123. — Gunellus affinis, Kroyer, Naturhist.
Tidskr. i. 1837, p. 376.— Greenland.

286 BLENNIID^..

Pholis, sp., Grotiov. Zoophyl. n. 267, and Mus. Ichthyol. i. n. 77. p. 33.
Blennius europaeus, Ohiv. Reise, i. p. 81, and Beskr. over Skayen, p. 165.

tab. 3. fig. 1.

maculis X., Olafs. Reise, § 680. tab. 10. fi^s. 12, 13.

murfenoides, Sujef in Act. Petropol. 1779, ii. p. 195. tab. 0. fig. 1 ;

L. Gm. p. 1184 (young).
Centronotus gunellus, Bl, Schn. p. 167 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skarid. Fisk.

p. 105. tab. 25. fig. 1.

mur*noides, BL Schn. p. 166.

Spotted Blennv, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 183. pi. 35, and (edit. 1812)

iii. p. 282. pi. 39.
? Pui-ple Blenny, Low, Faun. Orcnd. p. 203 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii.

p. 235 (variety ?).
Gunellus vulgaris, Flein. Brit. Anim. p. 207 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 419 ;

Nihs. Skaml Faun. iv. p. 200.
MurjBnoides guttata, Yarr, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 269, and 3rd edit. ii.

p. 376 ; Pa)')i. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 75.
Pholis gunellus, Groiiov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 99.
Gunellus ingens, Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1850, vi. p. 261. pi. 8.

fig. 1

B. 5. D. 76 -81. A. -2- . V. 1/1. Vert. 84-86.

The height ot ttie body is contained nine times or nine times and
a half in the total length, the length of the head eight times and a
half. Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique ; the
width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye.
Pectoral not quite half so long as the head ; ventral very small, com-
posed of one spine and one ray ; dorsal spines short, stiff ; caudal
distinct. A series of from ten to thirteen round black, white-edged
spots along the base of the dorsal fin. Head and caudal sometimes
minutely dotted with black.

Northern coasts of Europe, southwards to the coasts of France.
Coasts of Iceland and Greenland.

a Fine specimen. Frith of Forth.
h. Adult. Frith of Forth.

c. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

d. Half-grown. Berwick-on-Tweed. Presented by Dr. G.Johnston -

e. Adult. South Wales. Presented by J. Stokes, Esq.
f-(f. Adult. South Devon. Museum Leach.

h. Half-grown. Falmouth. Purchased.

i-k. Adult : skin and stuffed. PljTnouth.

1-p. Adult : skins. English coast. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

q, r-t, Vr-v. Adult. British coast. From the Haslar Collection.

w, X, y, Z-/3. Adult, half-gro-WTi, and young.

y. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

Z. Adult : skeleton. Presented by Dr. G. Johnston.

e. Half-grown : skeleton. Purchased.

^. Intestines of specimen I.

It would appear from Storer's description that the specimens
found on the American side of the North Atlantic have the body
deeper than those fiom Europe, its depth being about one-seventh
of the total length. The figure, however, given by the same author

21. CENTRONOTUS. 287

represents a fish perfectly identical with the European, even with
regard to the depth of the body, which, in the specimen figured, is
nearly one-ninth of the total.

Skeleton. — The skull is compressed and rather short ; its crown
rounded on the sides and perfectly smooth ; the interorbital space
very narrow ; infraorbital ring rudimentary. The vertebrae are com-
pressed, short, higher than long ; the lower processes of all the
abdominal vertebrae are united and form a hfemal canal.

2. Centronotus fasciatus.

Blenniiis gunellus, Fabric. Faioi. Gronl. p. 149 ; (not L.).

Centronotus fasciatus, Bl. Sc/in. p. 1G5. pi. 37. fig. 1.

Gunellus fasciatus, Ciii\ k^~ Val. xi. p. 441 ; Reinh. Danske Vidensk.

Selsk. Naturrid. og Mathem. Afh. vii. 1838, p. 122.
gi'oenlandicuR, Reinh. I. c. ; Citv. 8f Val. xi. p. 442. pt. 340 ;

Kroyer, Natttrhist. Tidskr. 1837, p. 372.
muraenoides, (!) Valenc. in Cuv. R^gne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 78

fig. 2.

B. 5. D. 88-89. A. ^^. V. 1/1.

The height of the body is eight times to ten times and a half
in the total length, the length of the head ten times and a half.
Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique. The width
of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye. The
length of the pectoral is equal to, or rather less than, one-half the
length of the head ; ventral verj- small, composed of one spine and
one ray; dorsal spines verj^ short and stiff; caudal distinct. Grepsh-
or brownish-grey, marbled with darker, anteriorly with several rather
irregular cross-bands, descending to the abdomen ; back with a series
of ten or twelve subtriangular light-coloured spots along the base of
the dorsal, each spot including some brown specks. A yelloA^'ish or
whitish, brown-edged vertical band behind the eye ; a brownish band
from below the eye to the throat.

Coasts of Greenland.

a. Fine specimen. Greenland.

b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

3. Centronotus nebulosus.

Gunellus nebulosus, Sclilcg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 138.

ornatus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii.. 1854, p. 149,

and U. S. Pacif. R. R. Expcd. Fishes, p. 116. pi. 256. figs. 6, 6.
Centronotus subftenatus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1859, p. 146.

D. 74-80. A. |. V. 1/1.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained about eleven times in the total. Snout short, with the cleft
of the mouth oblique. The width of the interorbital space is rather
less than the diameter of the eye. The length of the pectoral is
nearly one-half of that of the head ; ventral very small, composed of

288 BLENNTIDJE.

one spine and one ray ; dorsal spines short and stiff; caudal distinct.
Reddish-brown, marbled with darker ; a series of more or less
distinct dark spots along the base of the dorsal and anal*fins ; a more
or less distinct band between the eyes, and a vertical band beneath
the eye.

Sea of Japan. Coast of California. Gulf of Georgia. Vancouver
Island.

a. Adult : sldn in spirits. Japan.

b-c. Half-grown. New Orcas Islands (Gulf of Georgia). Presented

by the Lords of the Admiralty.
d-f. Young. Vancouver Island. Collected by Lieut.-Col. Hawkins.

4. Centronotus apus.

Blennius gunellus, Pall. Zoogr. liosso-Asiat. iii. p. 173.

Ophidium ocellatum, 3Iem. Acad. Sc. St. Peter sh. iii. 1811, p. 237. tab. 8.

%. 2.
Gunellus apos, Cuv. 8f Vol. xi. p. 426.

D. 80. A. 50.

Similar to Centronotus- gunellus. Ventral none; caudal distinct.
Six black ocellated spots along the dorsal fin.
Coast of Kamtschatka.

5. Centronotus gunellifonnis.

Astemopteryx gunelliformis, Riippell m Mus. Senckenb.
Gimellus gTonlandicus ? pinnis ventralibus carens, Rilpp. Verzeichn.
Senckenb. Samml. Fische, p. 16.

D. 81. A.^.

41

Ventrals none. The height of the body is contained eight times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head nine times and
a half. Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth obhque. The width
of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye. The
length of the pectoral is about one-third of that of the head ; dorsal
spines short and stiff; caudal distinct. ' Reddish-brown; with ten
brown cross-bands, most distinct on the base of the dorsal and anal
fins ; light blotches along the dorsal fin, each between two of the
brown cross-bands, and each Math a brown spot in the centre. A
light, brown-edged vertical band below the eye.

Greenland ?

The typical specimen is in the Senckenberg Museum.

6. Centronotus dolichogaster.

Blennius dolichogaster, Pall. Zooyr. Rosso- Asiat. iii. p. 175.
Gunellus dolichogaster, Cuv. Sf Vol. xi. p. 436.

D. 9.3. A.

2

50'

Snout very short, with the cleft of the mouth oblique; a pair of

21. CENTKONOTITS. 289

small bony warts at the place of the ventrals ; caudal distinct, but
united with the dorsal and anal fins. Brownish-olive, marbled with
yellowish.

Coast of Kamtschatka. Aleutian Islands.

Typical specimen in the Berlin Museum.

7. Centronotus alectrolophus.

Blennius alectrolophus, PaU. Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. p. 174.
Gunellus alectrolophus, Cut\ ^ Val. xi. p. 447.

D. 63. A. 44.

Ventral fins none. Crown of the head with a longitudinal crest ;
jaws equal in length. Caudal distinct ; pectoral fins very small.
Brownish : dorsal fin with oblique streaks ; anal and caudal with
waving lines.

Island of Talek (Gulf of Penshin).

8. Centronotus crista galli
D. 54. A. 37.

Ventral fins none. Crown of the 'head with a longitudinal crest ;
jaws equal in length. Caudal not continuous with the other vertical
fins ; pectorals rather small. Brownish-olive, marbled with darker ;
sometimes a series of whitish spots along the base of the dorsal fin ;
cheek with an oblique brownish, darker-edged band.

Coast of Vancouver Island. Gulf of Georgia.

a, h. Vancouver Island. From Lieut. -Colonel Hawkins's Collection.
c, d. Fraser's Eiver. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.

Description.— The body is elongate, compressed, its greatest depth
being one-eighth of the total length. The head is higher than broad,
and its length is contained six times and a half in the total length.
The snout is of moderate extent, with the jaws equal anteriorly ;
the cleft of the mouth is oblique, the maxillary reaching to behind
the middle of the eye ; the diameter of the eye is one-seventh of the
length of the head, and shorter than the snout ; nostril with a very
small tentacle ; a membranaceoiis crest extends from the end of the
snout to the nape of the neck. Series of very distinct pores run
round the eye, along the edge of the praeoperculum, and along the
upper margin of the operculum. The dorsal and anal fins ai*e nearly
half as high as the body, and terminate immediately at the root of
the caudal fin ; caudal rounded, rather small ; pectoral half as long
as the head.

The scales are very small, scarcely visible ; lateral line none.

lines.

Total length 45

Height of the body 5^

Length of the head 7

Diameter of the eye 1

VOL. m. xj

290 BLENNIID^.

9. (Centronotus) roseus.

Blennius roseus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 177.
Gunellus roseus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 438.

D. 100. A. 90. y. 1. Vert. 96.

Body tapering posteriorly, the caudal being confounded with the
dorsal and anal fins. Ventrals very small. Snout short, with the
lower jaw longest. Palatine teeth. Purple rose-coloured. (Pall.)

Kuriles.

22. APODICHTHYS.

Apodichthys, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 150.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral line none.
Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth oblique. Small teeth in the
jaws and on the vomer. Dorsal fin long, formed by spines only, and,
like the anal, continuous with the caudal ; a very large, excavated,
pen-Hke spine in front of the anal fin, hidden in a pouch ; ventrals
none. Gill-membranes united under the throat; pseudobranchisEi
small ; air-bladder none ; branchiostegals four ; pyloric appendages
absent.

West coasts of North America.

1 . Apodichthys flavidus.

Apodichthys flavidus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1854,
p. 150, and in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 117.

virescens, Ayres in P-oc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1855, p. 55, and

Girard, I. c. p. 118.

B. 4. D. 86-90. A. 1 | 37-43.

The upper maxillaiy extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit. Yellowish or greenish-olive,
sometimes indistinctly marbled with darker, and with a series of
whitish spots along the middle of the side ; a series of black spots
along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; a black streak from the
occiput through the eye to the angle of the mouth.

West coasts of North America.

a. Fine female specimen. Gulf of Georgia. Presented by the Lords
of the Admiralty.

The intestinal tract is wide and spiral ; there are no pyloric ap-
pendages ; liver and spleen large. The ovarium is situated on the
left side, simple, and, in the present state of development, is a large
sac with a glandular internal surface ; its external opening is situated
at the base of a small papilla, immediately behind the vent ; a furrow
leads from the opening to the groove of the spine before the anal fin,
which is evidently connected in some way with the generative
organs. The urinary bladder is situated on the right side, and has
externally the appearance of a coccum ; its aperture is at the tip of
the papilla.

24. CRYPTACANTHODES. 291

23. XIPHIDION.
Xiphidion, Cfirard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 119.

Body very elongate, naked, or covered with rudimentary scales,
with several lateral lines, each emitting lateral branches. Snout
short ; small teeth in the jaws, with canines ; palate smooth. One
dorsal, formed by spines only ; ca;udal distinct ; ventrals none. Six
branchiostegals ; gill-opening of moderate width, with the gill-
membranes united below the throat ; pseudobranchioe present.

Coast of California.

1. Xiphidion mucosiuu.
Girard, I. c.

D. 65. A. 48.

The maxUlary reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin
of the orbit. Three lateral lines extend from the head to the base
of the caudal ; they are equidistant, the upper and the lower being
nearer to the dorsal and ventral outlines than to the middle one ;
the fourth duct runs from the base of the pectoral to the vent, and is
connected with its fellow by a common branch extending from below
the pectorals towards the throat. Olive, clouded with blackish-
brown ; two streaks on the cheek.

Coast of California.

a~c. Adult and half-grown. Monterey. — Scales rudimentary, but
conspicuous. Girard was uncertain about the presence of scales,
having had specimens in an imperfect state of preservation.

24. CRYPTACANTHODES.

Cryptacanthodes, <Storer, Report Finh. Massach. p. 28.

Body very elongate, naked, with a siiigle lateral line. Head ob-
long, subquadrangular, with the raueiferous channels well developed.
Eye rather small. Conical teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and on
the palatine bones. One dorsal, formed by spines only ; caudal
distinct, but contiguous with dorsal and anal ; ventrals none. Six
branchiostegals ; gill-opening of moderate width, with the gill-mem-
branes joined to the isthmus ; four gills, pseudobrancbiee.

Coast of Massachusetts,

1. <Jryptacanthode8 maculatns.
Storer, I. c. ; Dekay, Neiv York Fauna, Fishes, p. 63. pi. 18. fig. 50.
D. 75-77. A. 47-50.

Teeth in the jaws cardiform ; those on the vomer and the palatine
bones rather strong, in a single seiies. Reddish-brown, spotted with
darker.

Coast of Massachusetts.

a, h. Adult. Boston, Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.

292 BLENNITDJ.

25. PATJECUS.

Richards. Ann. Sr Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiv. p. 280, and Ichthyol.
Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. p. 20.

Body oblong, anteriorly elevated; the upper profile of the short
snout parabolic ; minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, palatine
bones smooth. Dorsal fin long, anteriorly with some of the spines
strong, posteriorly continuous with the caudal ; ventrals none. Gill-
openings wide ; pseudobranchiae none ; branchiostegals six. No cleft
behind the fourth gOl.

Coasts of Australia.

1. Fataecns fronto.

Richards. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiv. p. 280, and Ichthyol.
Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. p. 20. pi. 13.

B. 6. D. 30. A. 16. P. 8. Vert. 17?/18.

The pectoral fin is considerably longer than the head. Uniform
brown.

West Australia.

a. Adult: stuffed. "West Australia. Presented by Captain Sir G.
Grey. — Type of the species.

2. Patsecus maculatus.

D. 31. A. 12. P. 8.

The pectoral fin is shorter than the head. Olive, black-spotted.
North Australia.

a. Fine specimen. Freemantle. Purchased of Dr. Bowerbank.

Description of the specimen. — This species agrees with P. fronto in
the general habit ; its body is compressed, highest above the oper-
culum, tapering posteriorly ; the upper and anterior profile of the
head forms a quarter of a circle. The height of the body equals the
length of the head, and is one-third of the total length ; the eye is
very small, situated nearer to the end of the snout than to that of
the operculum, and more remote from the lower profile than from
the upper. The cleft of the mouth is of moderate width, slightly
oblique, and with the jaws nearly equal in length. The teeth are
minute, forming bands ; there is a small patch of teeth on the vomer.
There is a very small tubercle midway between the eye and the end
of the snout, but there is no nasal opening. The branchial aperture
is obliquely situated ; it is very wide, extending on to the symphysis
of the lower jaw ; no slit behind the fourth giU. The doi-sal fin is
perfectly continuous, extending from the snout to the middle of the
caudal fin ; the first spine is very short, the second is the strongest,
enveloped in a thick membrane (both are situated before the vertical
from the eye) ; the second and the third are the longest, one-half
the height of the body ; the following become gradually somewhat

26. PHOLiDicnxHYs. 293

shorter ; the last twelve rays are rather more flexible than the pre-
ceding, and increase again slightly in length. The base of the fin is
scarcely to be dLstinguished from the back, as it is enveloped in the
thick integument of the body. The caudal, like the other fins, is
composed of simple rays, and very short, its length being contained
eight times and a half in the total. The anal commences near the
vent, is rather low, arid not continuous with the caudal. The
pectoral is shorter than the head, inserted immediately above the
lower profile, and slightly rolinded, the tips of the rays somewhat
projecting beyond the membrane.

There is no trace of scales whatever ; a lateral line proceeds from
the angle of the operculum to the base of the last dorsal ray,
running near, and parallel to, the upper profile. A series of flat
warts foUows a part of its course ; other smaller warts are scattered
over the lower part of. the side and the interoperculum. Olive : head
and body dotted and spotted with black ; a series of large round
spots along the lower half of the dorsal fin, another of small dots
along the upper half ; the outer half of the caudal and anal fins and
the whole of the pectorals black.

lines.

Total length 38

Height of the body 13^

Length of the head 13

Diameter of the eye 0^

Length of the second and third dorsal spines . . 6|

of the caudal 4|

of the pectoral 10

26. PHOLIDICHTHYS.

Pholidichthys, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 406.

Body elongate, tapering, naked ; snout obtuse ; no membranaceous
appendages or filaments. Jaws with teeth of unequal size ; palate
smooth. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united, but distinct, the former
formed by flexible spines. Ventrals two-rayed, scarcely before the
pectorals. Branchiostegals six.

Sea of Boeroe.

1. Pholidichthys leucotaenia.

Sleeker, Boeroe, p. 406.

D. ea. A. 55. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained nine times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and four-fifths ; head
nearly twice as long as high ; snout obtuse, shorter than the eye,
which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Jaws nearly equal,
the upper extending to below the posterior half of the eye. Blackish-
violet, with a bluish-white longitudinal band. (BleeJc.)

Sea of KajeH (Boeroe).

294 RLEXNIIDiE.

We have not had an opportunity of seeing specimens of the
following genus, which is characterized by Mr. IJlyth, as follows : —

27. ANDAMIA.
Andamia, Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, p. 270.
" Form elongated, with large expanded pectorals and caudal, and
a long serrated anal. The ventraLs short, even with the pectorals,
and consisting each of an outer simple ray and an inner divided ray,
which are separated nearly to the base. Head depressed, with rather
small eyes, placed vertically and distantly apart ; the mouth opening
downwards, and furnished with a remarkable labial apparatus : in
front it is covered by a thin overflapping upper lip, which is connected
laterally by a plicature with a fold or flap of membrane under-
neath, at a short distance from the mouth behind it : minute marginal
teeth in both jaws, which are perceptible to the touch as a slight
asperity. Dorsal fin extending the whole length of the back, be-
coming higher on its posterior half; its spinous and soft rays not
easily distinguishable ; and the second and third rays are a little
elongated in the males, at least of the species described, which also
has a small palmated appendage over each eye."

1, Andamia expansa.

Blyth, I. c. p. 271.

"D. 36. A. 26. P. 14. Q. 11.

" Colour dark plumbeous above, with slight pale-mottled trans-
verse bands on the sides ; the gill-covers studded with minute dusky
specks ; dorsal fin dusky ; the ventral surface and anal fin whitish,
with a dark spot on each ray of the latter ; membrane of the caudal
colourless, with conspicuous black rays, the rays extending beyond
the membrane ; the caudal having a rounded form, and being almost
continuous below with the anal fin. In a yoimg individual the
dorsal fin is pale, with the exception of the first two rays, which are
black. In adults, the pectorals and posterior half of the dorsal are
marked (more or less distinctly) like the caudal black rays, on
colourless membrane ; ventrals pale. Length 3|- in."

Andaman Islands.

28. GENYPTERUS.
Genypterus, PhUippi in Wiegm. Arch. 1857, p. 268.
Body elongate, covered with very small scales • conical teeth in
the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal and anal fins
long, confluent with the caudal, without spines. Ventrals two-rayed,
situated below the eye. Gill-openings wide ; branchiostegals six.
Coast of Chile.

1. Grenyptems chilensis.

Conger chilensis, Guich. in Gay, Hist. Chil. ii. p. 339 (Genypterus
nigricans, Phil.) (Congrio).

Lii)s thick. Black; sides and anal fin with white spots.

29. zoABCEs. 295

29. ZOARCES*.
Zoarces, Cuv. Regiie Atiim. ; Cub. <^ Val. xi. p. 450.

i3ody elongate, with the scales rudimentary ; snout of moderate
extent ; conical teeth in the jaws, palate smooth. Dorsal fin long,
with a depression on the tail, which is formed by a series of spines
much shorter than the rays ; no other spines, cither in the dorsal
or in any of the other fins ; dorsal and anal fijis running round the
extremity of the tail, without a distinct caudal fin. Ventrals short,
formed by three or four rays. GiU-openings wide ; pseudobranchiae
present ; branchiostegals six ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages
absent.

Temperate seas of Northern Europe and America. The Eiiropean
species viviparous.

1. Zoarces vivipams.

Mustela vivipara et marina, Schonev. pp. 49, 60. tab. 4. fig. 2 ; Jonston,

tab. 46. fig. 8 ; Willughbij, p. 122. tab, II. 3. fig. 5 ; Ray, p. 69.
Lumpen, Willughby, p. 120. tab. II. 1.

Gufler, Ealpout, Sibhald, Scot. Tllustr. ill. p. 25. pi. 19. fig. 3.
Blennius, sp, 7, Artedi, Synon. p. 45.
Blennius viviparus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 443, and Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 69.

pi. 32 ; Kon. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1748, p. 37. t. 2, and Faun. Suec.

p. 113 ; i?/. iii. 2. p. 262. tab. 72; Bl. Schn. p. 170; MiiU. Zool. Dan.

11. p. 23. pi. 67 ; Walb. Art. Ren. iii. p. 185 ; Retz. Fau7i. Suec. p. 325 ;

Sie7nsen, Fische Mecklenb. p. 26 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 34 : Tur-

ton, Brit, Faun. p. 93; Low, Faun. Oread, p. 204; Shaw, Zool. iv.

p. 182.
Enchelyopus, sp., Klein, Miss. iv. p. 57. n. 12. tab. 15. fig. 1 ; Gronov.

Zoophyl. n. 265, and 3fus. Ichth. i. p. 65.
Viviparous Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 184. pi. 37, and edit. 1812,

iii. p. 283. pi. 41.
Blennius ovoviviparus, Lacep. ii. p. 496.
GuneUus viviparus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 207.
Zoarces viviparus, Cuv. Regne Anini. ; Jenyns, Man. p. 384 ; Yarrell,

Brit. Fishes, Ist edit. i. p. 243, 2ud edit. i. p. 273, 3rd edit. ii.

p. 380; Nilss. Prodr. p. 105 ; Ctw. ^ Val. xi. p. 454; Parn. Wem.

Mem. vii. p. 237.
Zoarcseus viviparus, Ekstrom, Fische Morko, ed. Creplin, p. 241 ; Fries

och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 36. taf. 8. fig. 1 ; Miss. Skand. Faun. iv.

p. 203.
Enchelyopus viviparus, Gronov, Syst, ed. Gray, p. 100.

B. 6. D. 78 I 10 I 20-21. A. 84-85. V. 3.

The height of the body is about one -ninth of the total length.

* 1. Enchelyopus, sp., Chonov. Zooph. n. 266. p. 77. — Blennius americanus, Bl.
Schn. p. 171. — Zoarces gronovii, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 469. — Enchelyopus
americanus, Gronov. St/st. ed. Gray, p. 101. — Coast of America. — This
fish belongs probably to another genus.
2. Blennius polaris, Sabine, Suppl, to Parry's First Voy, p. 222 ; Ross, App.
to Parry's Polar Voy. p. 2(X), and App. to the Narrat. of a Second Voy.
p. 52. n. 8. — Zoarces polaris, Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 94.
Arctic coasts of North America. — This fish is not a Zoarces.

296 BLENNIID^.

Erownish-grey, irregiilarly marbled with reddish-brown ; a series of
dark spots along the base -of the dorsal fin.

German Ocean. Baltic, southwards to the British Channel.

a. Adult : stuiFed. Enghsh coast.

h. Adult female with young. Greenwich. Presented by "W. Yarrell,
Esq.

c. Adult. London market.

d, e. Adult : stufi'ed. Frith of Forth.

/, g, h~k, l-m. Adults, half-grown, and young. Frith of Forth.
n. Fine specimen. Baltic Presented by Prince Max of Neuwied.
o-p. Adui]t: skins.

q-r. Adult and half-grovi ii : skins. From Gronow's Collection.
s. Yoimg.

2. Zoarces aj^uillaris.

Blennius anguillaris, Peck, Mem. Amer. Acad, ii, pt. 2. p. 46. fig. 3.
labrosus, Mitch. Lit. ^ Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 375. pi. 1.

fig. 7.
Zoarces labrosus, Cuv. »§• Vol. xi. p. 466. pi. 342 ; Cuv. R^ane Anim.

HI. Poiss. pi. 79. fig. ].
anguillaris, Stor-er, Report Fishes Massachuss. p. 66 ; Dekay, New

York Fauna, Fishes, p. 155. pi. 16. fig. 45.

Variety.
Blennius ciliatus, Mitch. I. c. p. 374. pi. 1. fig. 6.
Zoarces .finibriatus, Cmv. ^ Vol. xi, p. 468; Dekay, I c. p. 156. pi. 16.
fig. 44.

D. 92-97 I 21-16 | 12-22 (or 125-135). A. 103-110. V. 4.

Brownish, marbled with darker ; an oblique blackish st) jak from
the eye to the angle of the prseoperculum.

Atlantic coasts of the northern parts of the United States.

a. Large specimen. Boston. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq.

30. NEMOPHIS.

Nemopbis, Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p, 168,

Tail exceedingly elongate, conipressed ; body naked ; snout of
moderate extent, mouth very small. Both jaws with canine teeth;
those of the lower jaw exceedingly long, moving in a channel of the
upper jaw. Dorsal and anal fins exceedingly long, without a- distinct
spinous portion, surrounding the extremity of the tail ; caudal and
ventral fins absent. Gill-opening reduced to a small foramen on the
side of the neck.

ffab. ?

1. NemopMs lessonii.

a, I. c.

The dorsal fln commences behind the eye, which is rather large.
Silvery ; dorsal and anal fins blackish.

The typical specimens, nine Par. inches long, are in the Museum

ACANJHOCIINID^. 207

of the Jardin des Plantcs. The position of this singular fish cannot
be exactly determined, the description given being very insufficient.
Dr. Kaup calls it a new genus of riband-shaped fishes, with which,
however, it has nothing in common except the elongate form, so far
as we can learn from his description.

31. PSEUDOBLENNIUS.

Pseudoblennius, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Potss. p. 313.

Body slightly elongate, naked ; snout somewhat produced, with
the cleft of the mouth wide ; a band of cardiform teeth in the jaws,
none on the palate. Two separate dorsal fins, the rays of the second
and of the anal not branched ; caudal distinct ; ventral with two soft
rays, thoracic. Branchiostegals six.

Sea of Japan.

1. Fseudoblennins percoides.

Pseudoblennius, Schleg. I. c.

Pseudoclinus, Schleg. I. c, pi. 79 A. figs. 2, 3.

B. 6. D. 10 I 18. A. 16.

A tentacle above the orbit. Brownish, marbled with darker : fin-
rays dotted with brown.
Bay of Oomura.

Fam. 25. ACANTHOCLINID.E.

Body elongate, low, compressed, covered with small scales. One
dorsal fin, occupying nearly the whole of the back, by far the greater
part being jcomposed of spines ; anal Jin long, with the number of the
spines exceeding that of the rays ; ventrals jugular, composed of a few
rays. Dentition complete. Four gUls, pseudobranchise. Air-bladder
none ; pyloric appendages none. Vertebra? 12/18.

Coasts of New Zealand. Carnivorous fishes.

Only one genus.

1. ACANl'HOCLINUS.

Acanthoclinus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with very small scales. Cleft
of the mouth lateral, of moderate width ; bands of small teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. Dorsal
and anal fins long, the greater portion of both being composed of
spines ; soft rays in small number. Caudal roimded. Ventrals
jugular, composed of one spine and three rays. Several lateral lines.

298 ACA^rrHOCMNIDJE.

Six branchiostegals ; the gill-membranes united below the throat ;
four gills ; pseudobranchiae. Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages
none ; intestines short.

Carnivorous fishes, from the coasts of New Zealand.

1. Acanthoclinus littoreuii.

Blennius littoreus, Forst. Descr. Am'm. ed. Licht. p. 127.

quadridactylus, Bl. Schn. p. 177.

Clinus littoreus, Cuv. (^ Val. xi. p. 389.

Acanthoclinus fuscus, Jen. Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 92. pi. 18. fig. 2.

B. 6. D.f. A. ^». V. 1/3.

Reddish-brown, brown, or blackish ; a dark-brown spot on the
operculum. Immature specimens with two oblique blackish streaks
from the eye to the operculum, and with whitish dots on the body.
A lateral line along the base of the dorsal fin, another along the
middle of the body, a third from below the pectoral along the base of
the anal ; a fourth pair along the middle of tlie belly.

Coasts of New Zeaiand.

a. A great number of adult, half-grown, and young specimens. Bay

of Islands.
h. Adult male: skeleton. New Zealand. From Dr. Sinclair's

Collection.

Forster's description agrees so well with this species, that we can
scarcely doubt that, owing to some inadvertence, he has given the
numbers of the fin-rays incoiTeetly ; and this is the more probable
as in his original figure the number of the dorsal and anal spines is
nearly correct. He has figured a young individual, in which the
lateral stripes of the head are visible.

Stomach elongate, without caecal portion ; pyloric appendages none ;
intestine short, with an upper and lower curve. The Hver is situated
on the right side of the stomach; the gaU-bladder is elongate, situated
behind the liver, towards the extremity of the abdomen. Air-bladder
absent.

Skeleton. — The skeleton does not show any peculiarity. The bones
are well ossified. Skull rather compressed ; crown of the head
smooth, convex, with a small crest posteriorly ; interorbital space
very narrow ; infi'aorbital bones well developed, forming a ring,
which is nearly of the same width throughout ; intermaxillary much
shorter than the maxillary, with the posterior processes of moderate
length ; maxillary very dilated posteriorly ; praeoperculum rounded,
both its limbs having the same length ; operculum regularly tri-
angular. Pubic bones narrow, rather elongate, firmly united, with-
out interspace between them. Twelve abdominal and eighteen
caudal vertebrtc, the length of the former portion of the vertebral
column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1 -26. Haemal, neural, inter-
lia^mal and interncural spines, and the ribs of moderate strength and
length.

COMEPHORID^. 299

Fam. 26. COMEPHORID.E.

Gobioidei, part., Cuv.

Body elongate, naked ; eye lateral. Teeth small. Two dorsal
fins, the anterior of which is much less developed than the second,
which equals the anal fin. Ventrals none. No prominent papilla
near the vent. Gill-opening wide ; six branchiostegals, four gills ;
air-bladder and pyloric appendages none. Skeleton very soft ; oper-
cular pieces not distinct; number of the vertebrae in the single
species kno^Ti at present 8/35.

Lake Baikal.

The only genus known approaches, in several characters, the family
of ScomhridcE, and among these especially the group of Scomhrina ;
but the habit of this fish, the locaUty in which it is found, and, above
all, the structure of the skeleton appear to indicate it as the type of
a separate family.

1. COMEPHORUS.

Comephorus, Lacep. ii. p. 312 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 327.

Body elongate, naked ; head large, with the snout produced, broad
and depressed, and with the cleft of the mouth very wide. Eye of
moderate size. Teeth minute, in the jaws, on the vomer and the
palatine bones. Kays of the second dorsal fin and of the anal simple,
and not articulated. Pectorals very long ; caudal emarginate.

Lake Baikal.

1. Comephorus baikalensis.

Callionymus baikalensis, Pall. Reise, iii. p. 2^0, and App. p. 707 ; Nov.

Act. Petropol. i. p. 349. pi. 9. fig. 1.
Comephoinis baikalensis, Lacep. ii. p. 313 , Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 829.

pi. 361 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 82. fig. 2.

D. 8 ] 28. A. 34. Vert. 8/35.
Pectoral longer than the head. Uniform greenish.
Lake Baikal.

300 T HACHTPTEUl VM .

Fam. 27. TRACHYPTERIDJE.

Taenioidel, part., Cuv., M'dll., Owen.
Gymnetridse, Gray, Syn. Bnt. Mm. 1842, p. 149.

Body elongate, strongly compressed, naked ; eye lateral ; cleft of
the mouth small, with the dentition feeble. One dorsal fin, occupying
the whole length of the back, with a detached anterior portion, and
composed of flexible rays which are neither articulated nor branched.
Anal absent ; caudal not in the longitudinal axis of the fish, or ru-
dimentary ; v6ntrals thoracic. Gill-opening wide ; branchiostegals
six ; gills four ; pseudobranchiae well developed, situated in a pouch
formed by a fold of the mucous membrane {Trachypterus). Pyloric
appendages in exceedingly large number. Vertebrae in large number.
Bones soft ; muscles Kttle coherent.

Deep-sea fishes, found at present on the shores of the Atlantic
and Mediterranean ; one species in the East Indies, another on the
west coast of South America, a third from New Zealand. Probably
they have a much wider range ; but their being so rarely thrown on
shore and their speedy decomposition have prevented naturalists from
observing them. It is very difficult to obtain specimens, and nearly
impossible to find perfect ones. Nothing is Imown of their deve-
lopment, and of the changes they undergo with age. Only a few
specimens have been carefuUy examined ; and in several species I shall
be obliged to restrict myself to an abstract from the original accounts.

Synopsis of the Oenera.

Ventralfl fins well developed 1. Teachyptebus, p. 300.

Tail produced into an exceedingly long filament ... 2. Sttlophorus, p. 306.
Each ventral fin reduced to a long filament 3. Regalecus, p. 307.

1. TRACHYPTEEUS.

Taenia, part., Artedi, Synon. p. 114.

Trachypterus, Gouan, Hist. Poiss. pp. 104, 153 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. x. p. 313.

Ventral fins well developed, composed of several more or less
branched rays.

Coasts of Europe. West coast of South America.

1. Trachypterus spinolsB.

Trachypterus spinolae, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 328. pi. 296.

D. 7 I 137-139 (-160). A. 0. C. 7/5. P. 11. V. 1/4.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth ; a series of two or three blackish
blotches on the side of the body.

1. TRACHYPTEErS. 301

The upper profile descends rapidly from above the eye to the snout.
The anterior seven dorsal rays are separated from the remainder of
the fin by a deep notch, and are very elevated. Seven of the caudal
rays are inserted on the upper part of the extremity of the tail,
forming a separate caudal lobe, obliquely directed upwards ; the other
rays are short, pointing backwards. There is a small spine on the
part of the tail which is opposite to the caudaJ lobe. Pectorals very
short ; ventral rays elongate, exceedingly frail. Silvery : two or
three blackish spots on the upper part of the back.

Typical specimens 2 to 3 inches long.

Nice.

A specimen in the British Museum, five inches long, and said to
be from the Atlantic Ocean, I consider as belonging to this species.
Its greatest depth is at the nape of the neck, and is contained three
times and a half in the total length (without caudal fin). The
number of the dorsal rays, besides the anterior ones, which are de-*
tached, is 160, that is, twenty more than in Valenciennes' specimen ;
but I do not think that, in fishes in which the rays are so exceed-
ingly numerous, their number is as constant, within the Umita of one
species, as in fishes with fewer dorsal rays.

2. Trachjrpterus cristatus.

Tracbypterus cristatus, Bonelli, Mem. Accad. Torino^ xxiv. p. 485. pi. 9.
bonellir, Cuv. 8f Vol. x. p. 331.

D. 6 I 114. A. 0.

The lower profile of the trunk is much more prominent than that
of the tail, which is comparatively narrow and slender. The upper
portion of the caudal fin forms an erect lobe ; lateral line spiny.
Silvery : fins red ; two blackish spots on the dorsal crest, and five on
the posterior half of the dorsal fin.

Gulf of Spezzia.

The typical specimen, which has much the appearance of a deformed
fish, is in the Museum at Genoa. Risso, however, appears to de-
scribe a similar, if not the same, fish, under the name of Gymnetrus
mullerianus (Wiegm. Arch. 1840, p. 13). He says, " La plus grande
hauteur aux pectorales est presque la moitie de la longueur du corps
depuis les ouies jusqu'^ I'anus, s'amincit ensuite tout-i-coup en se
r^trecissant jusqu'a Textremite caudale."

3. Trachyptems gnyphnms.

Lotce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18.50, p. 248.

B. 6. D. 5 I 166. P. 10-11. V. 1/5. C. 8/5.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. Lateral line without spines. A series of three black-
ish blotches along the side of the body.
Madeira.

Description. — " Intermediate between T. tcenia and T. iris, approach-

302 TBACHTPTERIDJ5.

ing perhaps nearest to the latter, but differing in its deeper shape, its
depth being two-elevenths of the total length, and in the backwarder
position of the third dark side-spot. The ventral fins are short, only-
equalling one-twelfth of the body, without the caudal fin, and the
first four produced rays of the first dorsal are equal in length to the ven-
tral fins. The lateral line ends as in Cuvier and Valenciennes' figure
(t. 297) of T. iris, but is quite unarmed. The ventral line is serru-
late ; and the whole surface, particularly towards the ventral line is
finely shagreened or granulate, the granulaticms becoming stronger
towards the ventral Une, as in tne same figure. In shape and pro-
portions it agrees better with T. tcenia, but differs in several important
particulars from Cuvier and Valenciennes' description of that fish.
The only individual examined occurred in June 1845, and has been
added by me to the Collection of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
It was scarcely quite dead when I first saw it, and was in the most
perfect state of preservation. Another Trachypterus had occurred in
Juno 1844, and was probably the same species ; but the example was
unfortunately thrown away by the person to whom it had been mis-
sent, without my seeing it. It was said to have been about three feet
long. The whole body is pure bright silver, appearing as if frosted,
from the fine granulations of the surface. The fins are of a delicate
scarlet or vermilion, the lower point or angle of the caudal being
tipped, and the hinder end of the dorsal edged with black. On the
sides are three blackish oval or elliptic spots. This example was
twenty-five inches long, exclusive of the caudal fin, which resembles
a bat's or griffon's wing, and is erected in a fan-like manner ; the
lower lobe or portion being suppressed or undeveloped, and only
indicated by the presence of five short spinules or abortive rays."
(Lowe.)

4. Trachypterns taenia.

Falx Venetorum, Bellon. Aqtiat. p. 137 ; Aldrov. Pise. p. 370.

Taenia altera, Rondel, p. 327 ; Artedi, Synon. p. 115 (nos. 2 & 4).

Cepola trachyptera, L. Gm. i. p. 1187.

Trachyptenis taenia, Bl. Schn. p. 480.

Gymnetrus lacepedii, JRisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 146. pi. 5. figf. 17.

Trachypterus falx, Qiv. ^ Vol. x. p. 333.

B. 6. D. 8 1 162-168. A. 0. C. 8/6. P. 11. V. 1/7.

The greatest depth of the body is near, or at, the occiput, and is
contained five times and a quarter in the total length (without cau-
dal) . Lateral line spiny. A series of three blackish blotches along
the side of the back, and sometimes one or two paler ones on the
side of the abdomen.

Seas of Messina, Nice, and Algiers.

The greatest height of the body is at or near the occiput, and con-
tained five times and a quarter in the total length (without caudal).
Muzzle truncated ; cleft of the mouth vertical ; the upper jaw very
protractile. Six or eight small teeth in each of the jaws, three or
four on the vomer ; palatines with some asperities. The eye occu-

1. TRACHTPTERUS. 303

pies the middle third of the length of the head, near to the upper
profile. Interoperculum nearly as large as the operculum ; the gill-
opening extends to the vertical from the eye. Pectorals very short ;
ventrals about as long as the body is high. The anterior six dorsal
rays are elevated ; the others have a rough surface, and there is a
small spiny tubercle at the base of each of them. Eight of the caudal
rays are inserted on the upper part of the extremity of the tail,
forming a separate caudal lobe, obliquely directed upwards ; the
enter rays of this lobe are longer and stronger than the intermediate
ones, and have their surface rough ; the other caudal raj^s are short,
pointing backwards. Lateral line with a series of small bony shields,
each of which is armed with a spine; a double series of small
tubercles along the cutting edge of the abdomen. The lateral line
gradually descends towards the lower profile, which it reaches at the
extremity of the tail, where it becomes confluent with the lateral line
of the other side ; there is a spiae at the point of the junction of the
two lateral lines, with a process directed forwards, and another di-
rected backwards. The vent is situated a httle before the middle of
the length. Silvery, with three blackish spots on the back, and
sometimes with one or two paler ones on the side of the abdomen.
Fins rose-coloured.

Typical specimens nine to twenty inches long.

A specimen in the Collection of the College of Surgeons, nine
inches long, and named Trachypterus cristatus, probably belongs to
this species. It is without any spots, and has 150 rays in the dorsal
fin.

5. Trachjrptenis altivelis.
Kner in Wien. Sitzungsber. 1859, xxxiv. p. 437. taf. 1.

B. 6. D. 7 I 190. A. 0. C. 6/4-6. P. 11. V. 7.

The greatest height of the body is above the ventral fins, equal to
the length of the head, and one-seventh of the total. Form of the
head as in T. tcenia. Eight teeth in the upper, and six in the lower
jaw. The anterior dorsal rays elevated ; the longest of the second
dorsal fin are not much lower than the body ; dorsal rays rough, and
there is a small spine at the base of each of them. Form of the
caudal fin and tubercles of the skin as in T. tcenia. Silvery, with
three large round black spots below the dorsal fin ; a fourth near
the abdominal edge, a little behind the first on the back.

Valparaiso.

The typical specimen is in the Vienna Museum.

6. Trachypterus iris.

Taenia falcata, {Imperato) Aldrov. iii. c. 30. p. 371.

prima, Emdel. xi. cap. 17. p. 326 ; Bay, p. 39 ; Artedi, Sijnon.

p. 114.
Ichthyopolis romanis Cepole dicta, Willughhy, p. 116.
Cepola iris, Walb. Artedt, iii. p. 617.
Epidesmus maculatus, Ranzani, Opusc. Scient. iVItal. ii. p. 133.

304

TRACHYPTEEID^.

Regalecua maculatus, Nardo, Giorn. di Fis. dec. ii. torn. vii. p. 116.

pi 1. fig. 1.
Trachypterus iris, Cuv. 8f Vol. x. p. 341. pi. 297.

B. 6. D. 6 I 170. A. 0. C. 8/6. P. 11. V. 1/7.

The greatest height of the body is at or near the occiput, and one-
ninth or one-tenth of the total length. Dorsal rays rough. In every
other respect similar to T. tcenia.

Coasts of Messina and Corsica.

Typical specimens two to three feet long.

7. Trachypterus liopterus.

.'' Bogmarus aristotelis, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 297.
Trachypterus leiopterus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 342.

D. 6 I 170-174. A. 0. C. 8/6. V. 1/7. Vert. 90-91.

The height of the body is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total
length. Dorsal rays without any asperities. Two spots only on
the back, the anterior of which is situated in the first sixth of the
total length, the posterior in the second. In every other respect
similar to T. tuinia.

Coasts of Naples, Nice, and Toulon.

Typical specimens forty to forty-five inches long. One of the
specimens examined was a female.

Pyloric appendages innumerable ; air-bladder none.

a. Fifty-eight inches long : stuffed. Mediterranean.

8. Trachypterus riippellii.
D. 6 I 135. A. 0. C. 8. V. ? P. 10.

The height of the body is contained eight times and a half in the
total length. Dorsal rays smooth ; lateral Hne spiny ; a black spot
on the anterior half of the body.

The form of the head is nearly the same as in T. tamia. The
greatest depth of the body is somewhat before the middle of the total
length, and is contained eight times and a half in it. Four pointed
teeth, iQclined backwards, on each side of the upper and lower jaws :
the vomer forms a projecting protuberance within the cavity of the
mouth, and is armed anteriorly with two teeth pointing backwards,
one of which is considerably larger than the other. Similar teeth on
the upper and lower pharyngeal bones, the latter being narrow and
having only a single series of teeth. Palatine bones entirely smooth.
The dorsal spines are perfectly smooth, those in the middle being not
quite one-half the depth of the body. The caudal fin is composed
of eight rays, the outer ones being the strongest : the fin is so joined
to the last vertebra that motion in any direction is possible* : there

* It is a true caudal fin, the longitudinal axis of which is identical with that
of the laat vertebra ; I cannot therefore agree with Kner, who is inclined to con-
sider this fin ae a terminal dorsal fin (Wien. Sitzungsber. 1859, xxxiv. p. 439).

1. TEACH yPTEKUS. 305

are no other rudiinentaiy rays below it. Lateral line armed, and
running as in T. taenia, but terminating in a series of about five
imbricate spines on the lower part of the extremity of the tail. The
edge of the beUy without any tubercles or papillae. The vent is
situated before the middle of the total length. Silvery: a very
distinct black spot at the commencement of the second fifth of the
total length ; there is a second, very indistinct spot, which, if pre-
sent at all, appears to be situated after the commencement of the
second fifth of the length.
Mediterranean.

A specimen from the Mediterranean, fifty-one inches long, and
comparatively in a good state of preservation, has been presented to
the British Museum by Dr,yE. Riippell as Bognuerus aristoteli^, llisso.
The dorsal crest and the pectoral and ventral fins are mutilated, as is
usual in those fishes. The following are the measurements : —

inches.

Total length C without caudal fin) 51

Caudal fin 5|

Height of the body 6

Length of one of the middle dorsal rays 2|

Distance of the snout from the vent 24

Distance of the snout from the anterior dorsal

spot 10

Distance of the snout from the posterior dorsal

spot 22

9. Trachyptems arcticus.
The I eal-fish.

VogD.eri or Vaagmar, OAz/s. Islmid. Meise, § 684. tab. 43.
Gymaogaster arcticus, Briinn. Nye Saml. Damk. Videmk. Selsk. Skr.

iii. p. 408. tab. B. tigs. 1-5; Faber, FischeJsl. p. 06; Nilss. Prodr.

p. 107 ; WaU). Artedi, iii. pi. 3 (cop. from Br'dnnich).
Bogmarus islandicus, Bl. Schn. p. 518. tab. 101.
Gymnetrus arcticus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Fletn. Maq. Nat. Hist. iv.

p. 215. fig. 34 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 372.
Trachypterus bogmarus, Ciiv. 8r Val. x. p. 346 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 1st

edit. i.p. 191, 2nd edit. i. p. 210, 3rd edit. ii. p. 282; Barker, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1851, pp. 116, 119; Gaimard,Voy. Isl. etGronl. Zool.Poiss.

pi. 12.
vogmarus, Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. vii. D. p. 71, cum fig. ;

Liljeborq, Of vers, af Vet. Akad. Fork. 1849, p. 33 ; Diinuid in Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 116.
Vogmarus islandicus, Reid, Ann. &■ Maq. Nat. Hist. iii. 1849, p. 456.

pi. 16.
Trachypterus arcticus. Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 162.

B. 6. D. 172 (160 Nilss.). A. 0. C. 8/? P. 10-11. V. 6.

The greatest depth of the body is at its middle, and contained five
times and a half in the total length ; dorsal rays smooth ; lateral
line spiny ; a series of two blackish blotches on the side of the body.

Seas of Iceland, of the Orkneys (Sanda), and of northern Norway.

VOL. III. X

306 rRACRYPTKRlD-*;.

The greatest height of the body is at its central part, where it is
contained five times and a half in its length, while the height at the
nuchal region is nearly one-seventh of the total, or equal to the length
of the head. Muzzle truncated, cleft of the mouth subvertioal ; the
upper jaw ver}' protractile. The maxillary teeth are thin, conical,
and pointed, nearly recumbent, Avith the apex turned towards the
pharynx : two on each side of the upper jaw, three or four on each
side of the lower ; one or two single pointed teeth on the vomer, none
on the palatine bones. The superior pharyngeal bones are studded with
pointed curved teeth. \The wferior pharjpu/eaJs are wanting alto-
gether.'] The eye is situated near the frontal profile, and its diameter
is two-sevenths of the length of the head. InteroperciTlum nearly
as large as the operculum. The short pectoral fin is situated nearer
to the ventral margin than to the lateral line. The anterior five dorsal
rays are somewhat detached from the others, and appear to be pro-
duced ; the rays are quite smooth, slender, flexible, without the
slightest trace of transverse joints; iLoy are dilated inferiorly into
a saddle-shaped shield, with a short curved point in the centre ; a
number of small sharp bodies appear along the root of the fin. The
vertically-raised caudal fin contains eight rays, the outer ones of
which are longer than the six middle ones ; the tw^o central rays
are studded wdth minute spines. There are several rudimentary
rays at the extremity of the tail. Firm papillary warts along the
abdominal margin. The lateral line is anned as in T. tcenia, and is
confluent with that of the other side beneath the end of the tail ; a
stronger spine indicates the point of junction. The vent is situated
somewhat behind the middle of the length. Silvery, with two blackish
spots ; fins reddish ; the anterior spot is situated at the commence-
ment of the second fourth part of the whole length of the fish, the
posterior being near the middle.

The above characters have been taken from the excellent accounts
of Professors Reinhardt and Nilsson. The specimens show a length
of from two feet and a half to six. One stuffed specimen is in the
Collectk)n of the British Museum, but it is not in a good state of
preservation.

rt. Five feet ten inches long, one foot high. Dorsal spines 162.
Purchased.

2. STYLOPHORUS.

Stylephorus, Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc. i. p. 90.
Ventral fins none. I'ail terminating in an exceedingly long cord-
like appendage.
Gulf of Mexico.

1. Stylephorus chordatus.

Shaio in Tratis. Linn. Soc. i. p. 90. pi. 0, and Zool iv. p. 87, and Nat.
Misc. viii. pi. 274; Blainv. Journ. PJn/s. Ixxxvii. p. 00. pi. 1. fig. 1;
Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 381.

B. 4. D. 110. C. 6 P. 13.

'I'he h(>ight of the body is one-fifteenth of the total length (with-

3. KKGALKCrs. 307

out caudal appendage), the length of the head one-sixth. The snout
is produced, subcylindrical ; the mouth small and toothless. The
maxillary bones are small, short, and hidden behind the intermaxil-
laries ; the mandibles are long, extending far behind the eye. Eyes
large, close together, directed forwards towards the snout. The sub-
orbital is very large, covering nearly the whole of the check, and
extending backwards behind the eye. Opercles small. Gill-openings
veiy wide ; gills four. The vent is situated before the middle of the
total length. The pectorals are pointed, directed upwards, about half
as long as the head ; the doi-sal extends from the head nearly to the
end of the tail. The caudal is directed upwards, and has its rajs
connected by a rather firm membrane : the tail tei-minates 13 a
narrow band-like appendage about twice as long as the body. The
colour is uniform silvery.

The single specimen known is in the collection of the College of
Surgeons ; it is eleven inches long, the appendage being twenty-two
inches. It was taken in the sea between Cuba and Martinique.

3. REGALECUS.

Regalecu.i, linhin. Ni't Oaml. iii. p. 414.
Gymnetrus. Bl. Schn. p. 481 ; Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 352.

Each ventral fin reduced to a long filament, dilated at the ex-
tremitj' ; caudal fin rudimentary or absent.

Seas of Europe ; Atlantic ; Vizagapatam ; New Zealand*.

* Our knowledge of the occurrence of tliis genus in the seas of 'New Zealand
rests on the following notice, which appeared in a New Zealand newspaper. The
parts of the specimen captured, which were presen'ed, have been transmitted to
the British Museum, but have not yet arrived :

" Nelson. October 2G, 1800.

" The following few notes relative to the singular fish which on Wednesday
last ran ashore near the entrance of the hai'bour may not be uninteresting;
they are compiled partly from informal ion given to me by persons who saw the
fish, and partly from my own observation of such of the remains as I was able to
see. The head was very small, not more than ten inches in length, resembling
in shape that of the Mohild. From the lower lip depended a large number of
rigid slender barbules, about sixteen inclics long and of a brilliant red colour. The
eye was as large as that of a bullock, protruding considerably, and very bright. The
jaws apjiearcd to be entire'y destitute of teeth. Unfortunately the head had been
so much damaged (by being beaten with stones) before I saw any part of it, that
I am unable to give any more detailed description of it. TiK> body, from the
head tu the extremity of the tail, measured fifteen feet ten inches ; at the back of
the head it was about ten inches deep, which gradually increased to fourteen
inches three feet further on. It retained the same depth for about ten feet, and
then tajicred gradually to the extremity of the tail, which was pointed, and, as
my inl'ormant stated, destitute of fin. The whole body of tlie fish was extremely
flat, varying from two to four inches in its whole length, attaining its greatest
thickness, (four inches') about the middle of its length, along the course of the
spi)ie.

'■ From behind the head ran along unbroken dorsal fin, two inches wide there,
gradually increasing in width to four inches in the middle of the fish, and then
tapering to one incli near the extremity of the tail, where it terminated. This fin
was supported, at intervals of about three-quarters of an inch, hv slender spinou's

* X 2

308 TKACHYPTERID.E.

1. Regalecus gladius.

Spada maiina, Imperato, p. 587.

Cepola gladius, Walh. AH. iii. p. 617.

Gjinnetrus longeradiatus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 296.

gladius, Cut. 8,- Val x. p. 352. pi. 298.

B. 6. D. 340. A. 0. C. ? P. 14. V. 1.

The length of the head equals the height of the body, which is
contained five times and two-thirds in the -distance of the vent
from the snout, or one-nineteenth of the total length. The snout is
truncated, the cleft of the mouth vertical, and the upper jaw very
protractile. The eye is one-fourth of the length of the head,
and situated in the anterior and upper half of the head. Head
longer than high. A. series of minute teeth in each of the jaws.
The single ventral ray is very long, terminating in a broad lobe ,
there is another cutaneous tiap on the second third of its length.
The anterior twelve dorsal rays are produced, the first five forming
a separate division above the eye ; the seven following terminate
in cutaneous lobes. Skin covered with small smooth tubercles', the
Interal line nius along the lower third of the body. Silvery, with
greyish spots.

Typical specimens eight to ten feet long.

Nice.

Pyloric appendages innumerable. Air-bladder none.

Oymnetrus capoisis (Cuv. & Val. x. p. 376), from the Cape of Good
Hope, does not appear to be specifically distinct from B. gladius.

Head, extremity of the tail, portions of the intestines, and one of
the dorsal spines from the specimen captured at the Bermudas,

rays, projecting about three-quarters of an inch beyond the margin of the fin.
There were no other fins ; but from the back of the liead rose several rigid cir-
cular spines, about eighteen inches long, three-quarters of an inch in diameter at
the base, tapering to a point, curving slightly backwards, hollow, and bristling
along their whole surface with small spines directed upwards. These long spines
appear to have been very brittle, as they broke off short when the fish struck the
rock. The person who saw the fish run ashore described these spines as pre-
senting the appearance of three small masts to a boat, through the whole length
of the fish, disposed in pairs, as follows — one pair just below the back, and the
other pairs immediately above ; and below the spinal process ran six air cham-
bers, about a third of an inch in diameter, apparently intended to keep the body
of the fish in an upright position whilst bwimming. The spine was a mere
cartilage, filled with a glairy fluid ; there being no bones in the fish, except those
of the head, the dorsal spines, and the rays of the fin.

" The general coloiu- of the body was very light grey, inclining to lavender on
the back nnd towards the dorsal fin, at which latter point that colour became
nearly positive. The whole of the body was covered with very minute soft scales,
easily removed by fricrtion with the hand, and of a brilliant silvery colour. Those
parts of the head which I was able to save were of a bluish-grey. The fin was
pinkish near the body, but the edge and the spinous rays were bright red. The
spines were grey.

"Tl'.e fish was full of spawn, the eggs perfectly round and transparent, and
about the size of pearl-barley. The flesh was white, firm, and is described as
"ood eating. It appears to be known to the natives, but under what name I am
not aware. " W. T. L. Travers."

3. HEGAIiECUS. 309

and presented by J. M. Jones, Esq. It probably belongs to this
species ; the spine is thirty-one inches long. See Proc. Zool. Soc.
1860, p. 185*.

2. Begalecus telum.
Gymnetrus telum, Ouv. 8f Val x. p. 361. pi. 299.
D. 398. A. 0. C? V. 1.
The height of the body is one-twenty- fourth of the total length.
Eye situated in the anterior third of the head.
In every other respect similar to R. gladius.
Typical specimen six feet eight inches long.
Coast of Nice.

3. Regalecus banksii.

The Ribbon-fish. The Oar-fish.

? Gymnetrus hawkenii, Bl. xii. p. 88. taf. 425 ; Luc^. ill. p. 380.
? GjTnnetrus hawkinsii, Bl. Schn. p. 481 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 372.
Gymnetrus hawkenii, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 197 ; Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc.

xiv. p. 77 ; Yan: Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 221, 3rd edit. ii. p. 302.
banksii, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 365; Hancock, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist.

1849, iv. p. 1. pis. 1 & 2 (excellent description, cop. in Yarr. Brit.

Fishes, 3rd edit. ii. p. 293).
Regalecus glesne, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 80, and Ann. (5|- Mug.

Nat. Hist. 1849, v. p. 501.

B. 6t. U. ^^,. A. 0. CO. P. 11. V. 1.

The length of the head is one-sixteenth of the total, the height of
the body one- thirteenth. The snout is truncated, the cleft of the
mouth vertical, and the upper jaw veiy protractile. Teeth none.
The eye is one-sixth of the length of the head, and situated in the
anterior and upper half of the head. Head longer than high. Ven-
tral ray fringed with a membrane. The anterior twelve or fifteen
spines form an elevated crest. Four longitudinal flattened ridges
extend from the head to the tail immediately above the lateral Une,
which cuts them off very obliquely in front. The surface of the skin
of the body is studded with very numerous tubercles of bone ; the
largest and most elevated lie upon the ridges. On the ventral lidge
are numerous irregular and prominent tubercles, slightly hooked
backwards. The lateral line is marked by elongate flat scales, and
runs along the lower third of the body. SUvery, with irregular,
slightly waving, subvertical dusky-black lines and spots on the an-
terior part of the body.

British Seas.

a. Eleven feet long (tail mutilated ; restored length twelve feet) :
stuffed. Redcar. (See Gray in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 52.)

* This account, from the pen of an author not accustomed to ichthjological
descriptions, ascribes a swimming-bladder, filled with oilj matter, to this fish,
&e. ! It adds, howcA'er, to its history the new fact of its occurrence at the
Bermudas.

t I suppose that Hancock, who denies the presence of a suboperculum, but
gives the immber seven for the branchiostegals, the uppermost being a broadish
plate marked by radiating lines, has taken the former for a branchiostcgal.

310 TKArHYPTERin.K.

The above characters have been taken, from the elaborate account;
given by Hancock ; he has also examined the internal parts of the
female-specimen which came under his observation, and foimd a very
remarkable form of the stomach. This organ is prolonged into an
exceedingly long caecal portion, which, like the air-bladder of tlic
LahyrintMci, O^hlocejjhalidce, and of many Carangoid fishes, extends
far backwards between the muscles of the tail, ending at a short
distance from the caudal end of the fish.

Dr. Gray has traced the history of the British specimens, with their
synonjTny, to the earliest notices ; but whilst he has proved beyond
a doubt that the existence of a Ribbon-fish ^\-ith biradiate veutrals
rests only on the fimey of some artist, I should not think myself
justified in doubting the statements of such trustworthy authors as
Ascanius and Briinnich, who give the numbers of the dorsal spines as
so different from those of B. hanksii, that the fishes examined by
them are certainly not identical with the latter.

Whether the Indian fish named by Bloch G. hawkenii is entirely
the production of imperfect notices and figures sent to him from
England, or whether a similar species (but not with biradiate ven-
trals) occui'S in the East Indie-i (Goa) and stiU remains to be recog-
nized, is a question which cannot at present be decided.

liegalecus hanksii has been found only on the English shores,
although it has probably a wider range. The following specimens
appear to belong to this species : —

Size.
Date. Locality. feet.

a. Jan. 22, 1759 Whitby 11^

h*Feh. 23, 1788 Newlyn 8|-8f

Feb. 1791 Newlyn 8|

1796 (liiissell) . CornwaU.

Feb. 1798 Cornwall 8|

c. Mar. 27, 1794 Newcastle 10

d. Mar. 18, 1796 (Banks) . Filey 13

e. 1800 Fern Islands 18

/. 1800 Fern Islands 14

g. Mar. 1844 Crovie near Macduff 12

h. ?1845 Yorkshire ? 24

i. Mar. 26, 1849 (Hancock) Cullercoats (Northumberland) 121

Jc. 1850 Redcar 12

Z. Sept. 17, 1852 Cromarty.

4. Regalecus glesne.

The Sild-Kimg (King of the Herringsi).

Ophidium glesne, Ascan. Nye Saml. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. iii. p. 419.

Regalecus glesne. Ascan. Ic. ii. tab. 11 ; Laccp. ii. pp. 214, 215.

* Dr. Gray has shown that those (lifferent statements refer to one and tlie same
specimen, tlie dates having been altered in co])ying or misprinting. The ditl'er-
cncos in size can be easily accounted for: the tail of the specimen being nuililated,
several of the writers were desirous to give the length restored.

3. EEGALECUS. 311

Regalecus remipes, Briinn. Nye Sand. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. iii. p. 414. taf. B.

figs. 4, 5, cop. Walk. Artedi, iii. p. 647. tab. 3. fig. 4.
Gvninetrus remipes, 5/. Schn. p. 482. tab. 88, cop. Yarr. Brit. Fishes,

■2nd edit. i. p. 223, 3id edit. ii. p. 301.

ascanii, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 197.

glesne, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 300.

Regalecus glesue, part., Grmf, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 81.
Gymnetrus grillii, part., Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 169.

D. 8 I 126 (Ascan.), 8 | 160 (Briinn.) . P. 14. A. 1.

Ventral filament verj' long, terminating in a cutaneous lobe. Skin,
with soft warts, arranged in three or four longitudinal bands.

Lindroth saj-s that the fish is silveiy, with blacki.sh transverse
stripes ; but, perhaps, the species he saw was different from that seen
by iiscanius.

It appears very doubtful whether the dorsal fin really was con-
tiguous with a caudal.

Sea off Bergen.

5. Regalecus grillii.

The Sild-Kung.

Gymnetrus grillii, Lindr. Vet.Akad. Handl. 1798, p. 291. tab. 8; Bl

Schn. p. 482 ; Ndss. Prodr. p. 105 ; Cuv. i^- Val. x. p. 370 ; Nilss.

Skand. Faun. Fi.'ik. p. 109.
glesne, part., (^rai/, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 81.

D. 406. P. 12. V. 1.

The height of the body is one-fifteenth of the total length, the
length of the head one-eighteenth. Jaws toothless. Ventral fila-
ment terminating in a cutaneous lobe. Skin covered with soft warts,
arranged in four longitudinal bands.

Sea oflf Hitteren, near Trondhjem. ? Sea off Alnmouth.

The typical specimen, considerably mutilated, is in the Zoological
Museum at Stockholm.

This species also is said to have had the dorsal contiguous with the
caudal fin.

Hancock mentions a fish, caught in January or February 1845,
near Alnmouth, which, from the me;isurements given, would appear
to belong to this species. It was 16 feet long and 11 inches deep.

6. Regalecus russellii.

Russell, i. pi. 40.

Gymnetrus russellii, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 195. pi. 28 ; Ouv. Sf Val. x. p. 377.

D. 4-5 I 320. C — ? P. 11. V. 1.

The height of the body is one-twentieth of the total length. Teeth
none. Caudal rays distinct.
Sea off Vizagapatam.

It is merely in consequence of a misinteipretation of the text and
figure given by KusscU, that Shaw describes the ventrals ot this fish
fis biradiate.

312 LOPHOTID^.

Fam. 28. LOPHOTIDiE.

Taenioidei, part., Cuvier.

Body elongate, strongly compressed, naked ; eye lateral ; cleft Of
the mouth nari'ow, with the dentition feeble. Vent situated near
the extremity of the tail. One dorsal fin, occupying the whole length
of the back, composed of flexible rays which do not show either arti-
culated joints or branches. Anal short ; caudal in the longitudinal
axis of the fish ; vcntrals thoracic. Gill-opening wide ; branchio-
stegals six ; gills four ; pseudobranchise. Muscles coherent.

Although the fishes of this family are of very rare occurrence in the
Mediterranean and in the sea of Japan (the only localities in which
they have been hitherto found), we do not think that they inhabit
as great depths as the Trachypteridce, their bony and soft parts being
of a much firmer consistence and well coherent. They appear to
feed on other maiine animals.

1. LOPHOTES.

Lophotes, Cfiorna, Mem. Accad. Torino, ix. 1803, p. 19 ; Cuv, RegneAn.

Head elevated into a very high crest, at the anterior extremity of
which the dorsal fin commences. The vent is situated near the ex-
tremity of the tail ; a small anal fin behind it ; ventrals and caudal
small, the former thoracic. Mouth not protractile, subverticah
Teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and on the palate. Air-bladder
present.

Mediterranean. Sea of Japan.

1. Lophotes cepedianus.

Giorna, Mem. Accad. Torino, 1803, ix. p. 19. pi. 11. fig. 1 ; Cuv. Ann.
Mus. XX. p. 393. pi. 17; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 405. pi. 301.

B. 6. D. 230. A. ^. C. 17. P. 15. V. 1/5.

The first dorsal spine compressed, exceedingly strong, and elongate.
Silvery, fins rose-coloured.
Mediterranean.

a. Fifty-eight inches long : stuffed. Old Collection.

b. Three feet long. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

This species, or one most closely allied to it, occurs in the Seas of
Japan. It has been named Lophotes capellei, Schleg. Faun. Jap. Poiss.
p. 132. pi. 71. The characters by which it is distinguished fiom the
Mediterranean species appear to be the more doubtful as the de-
scription is taken from a figure.

TEtTTHIDlD^. 313

Fam. 29. TEUTHIDIDtE.

Teuthyes, part., Cuv. Regne Ani7n. ; MiiU. Bed. Abhandl. 1844, p. 201.

Body compressed and oblong, covered with very small scales.
Lateral line continuous ; tail not armed. Eye lateral, of moderate
size. A single series of trenchant incisors in the jaws ; palate smooth.
One dorsal fin, the spinous portion being the more developed ; anal
with seven spines. Ventral fins thoracic. Pseudobranchise well
developed.

Hei'bivorous fishes, inhabiting the tropical seas of the East Indian
region and the Western parts of the Pacific.

The fishes of this family have some affinity to the Sparidce and
Acronurklxe, from which they differ in the structure of the fins.
Only one genus.

1. TEUTHIS*.

Tenthis, gp., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 507.

Sigamis, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 25.

Centrogaster, Houttuyn, Act. ISoc. Harlem, xx. p. 833.

Amphacauthus, Bl. Schn. p. 200 ; Ciiv. 8f Val. x. p. 115.

Teuthis, Cant. Catal. p. 207.

Teeth small, denticulated, in a single series. The ventral fins with
an outer and an inner spine, and with three soft rays between ;
formula of the fins, D. 1^, A. "I^. Scales minute, cycloid. Branchioste-
gals five ; pseudobranchiai well developed ; air-bladder large, forked
anteriorly and posteriorly. Intestinal tract with several circumvolu-
tions ; .five or six pyloric appendages.

Herbivorous fishes, from the Indian Seas and the Western Pacific.

The peculiarities of the slceleton of the fishes of this genus have
been pointed out by Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and Cuvier. We have before
us that of T. virgata. The skull is short, compressed and elevated.
The crown of the head is convex, the surface of the bones sho\ving
deep striae and series of pores, and a very distinct longitudinal suture
between the two frontal bones. There is a short subtriangular occi-
pital crest on the top of the skull, the posterior part of the skull
being rather smooth. The frontals are not much narrower between

* 1. Rvssell, pi. 103. — Amphacanthus russelii, Cuv. 4" Val. x. p. 123. — Vizaga-
patam.

2. Amphacanthu8 firmamentum, Cuv. df Val. x. p. 142. — Samarang.

3. abhortani, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 143. — lie de Frarfce.

4. mertensii, Cxiv. J- Val. x. p. 150. — Hab. ?

5. rostratus, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 168. — Red Sea.

6. guamensis, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 163. — Guam.

7. olivaceus, Guv. ^ Val. x. p. 163. — He de France.

8. kopsii, Bleek. Riouw, p. 483. — East Indian Archipelago.

9. chrysospilos, Bleek. Singapore, p. 66. — Singapore.

10. melanospilos, Bleek. Java, ii. p. 431. — Batavia.

314 TEUXHIDIDJi.

the orbits than posteriorly. The prsefrontals form a promineni edge
of the orbit, which is minutely denticulated. Turbinals large, united
on the median line ; jirteorbital broad, the other four infraorbitals
narrow. The maxiUary and intermaxillary are firmly and immovcably
joined together ; the motions of the upper jaw are very limited, the
intermaxillary having scarcely a posterior process. The lower jaw
is short and broad, like the upper, similar to the bill of a parrot.
The bones of the tympanic cavity are well ossified. The limbs of
the praeoperculum meet at a rather obtuse angle, the posterior being
not twice as long as the inferior : operculum narrow, elevated, with
vertical striye ; it does not extend downwards to the angle of the
praeoperculum, where it is replaced by the suboperculum : the sub-
operculum is situated along the lower limb of the praeoperculum, and
has a singular flap-like process at its lower margin. The pharj^ngeal
teeth are extremely feeble ; the two lower bones form together a
triangular piece, on which very tine teeth are disposed in transverse
series ; the two bones, however, are separate and moveable.

The radius has a rather considerable extent, but it leaves a wide
ovate free space behind the humerus ; caqjal bones small. The
second piece of the coracoid is exceecUngly long, and extends along
the whole of the side of the abdomen, where it is joined to a spinous
process of the first intcrhajmal : the abdominal cavity of these fishes
is sun'ounded by a complete ring of bones. The pubic bones are
slender, long, firmly attached to each other, without leaving a free
space between them ; they are fastened by a long process, which
passes the symphysis of the radii and extends on to that of the
humeri.

The vertebral column of all the species of Teuthis appears to be
composed of ten abdominal and thirteen ca^idal vertebrcc, the length
of both portions being nearly equal. The vertebrae are somewhat
elongate, not compressed. All the apophyses are strong, and those
of the anterior caudal vertebrae rather long ; most of them are di-
lated into broad transparent lamellae posteriorly. The intemeural
and interhaemal of each dorsal and anal spine have a separate neural
or haemal to itself, whilst the soft rays always have two interneurals
and interhaemals attached to one neural or haemal. The first inter-
neural and interhaemal are strong, armed anteriorly with a spine
directed forwards ; the whole of their structure is similar to that in
Scatophagus (see vol. ii. p. 59). Each intemeural is expanded su-
periorly into an oblong and slightly concave plate, which has ante-
riorly a notch on each side, and posteriorly a short process. The
two articulatory processes of the dorsal spine belonging to the
intemeural are fitted into these notches, whilst the posterior process
of the i)late is received intt) a groove of the spine following, thereby
allowing the erection of the latter only to the vertical line. The ribs
are feeble, without epipleurals.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra ]

of the second vertebra I5

of the third vertebra 2|

1 . TKUTHIS. 31 0

lilies.

Length of the sixth vertebra 2^

of the tenth vertebra 2^

of the sixteenth vertebra 2

of the twenty- second vertebra Ig

of the abdominal portion l'2|

of the enudal portion 23|

Si/nopsls of the Species.

A. Ground-colour darker than the markings, which are in the foini dl"

whitish or bluish spots or vcrmiculated hues.

I. The height of the body is more than a third of the total U;uglii.

1. T. javus. 3. T. concateuata. (i. T. labyrinthodes.

2. T. canaliculata. 4. T. coralHna. 7. T. sutor.

5. T. venniculata.

II. The height of the body is one-third or less than one-tliird of thfe

total leugth.

8. T, mavgaritifera. 10. T. dorsalis. 12. T. albopunctata.

9. T. tumifrons. 11. T. oramin. 13. T. striolata.

B. Grouud-colour blue, with golden dots.

14. T. hexagonata.

C. Ground-colour lighter than the markings, which are in tiie form of

brown spots or vermiculated streaks.
15. T. guttata. 10. T. stellata. 17. T. iiotosticta.

D. Coloration uniform or irregularly marbled, the outlines of the mark-

ings being not dehned.
18. T. fuscescens. 19. T. lurida. 21. T. argentea.

20. T. nebulosa.

E. Markings darker than the gi-ound-colom", chieHy in the fonn of lon-

gitudinal streaks.

22. T. marmorata. 23. T. lineata.

F. Very distinct transverse streaks.

24. T. sigana. 26. T. doliata. 28. T. virgata.

25. T. tetrazona. 27. T. puella. 29. T. vulpiua.

1 . Teuthis javus.

Teuthis javus, L. Syst. i. p. 507 ; L. (hn. i. p. 1302 ; Cant. Catal. p. 207.

Ilepatus, Gronov. Zooph. p. 113. no. 352. tab. 8. lig. 4.

Russell, ii. pi. 102.

Amphacanthus javus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 118 ; Bleek. Verhatul. Batav.

Genootsch. xxiii.. Tenth, p. 9; Schley. Sf Mull. Verhand. Nat. Gesch.

Overz. Bczitt. p. 10.
russeUii, Bleek. 2\ypogr. Butav.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length ; the length
of the free portion of the tail is contained twice and three-fifths in

316 TEUTHIDIDiE.

that of the head. Ground-colour dark : the whitish spots are round
on the back, oblong on the middle of the side, and confluent and
forming longitudinal streaks on the belly ; the spots and streaks are
smaller and narrower than the intei-spaces of the groimd-colour.
Head without Streaks ; vertical fins immaculate.
East Indian ^eas. Hobson Bay (Australia).

a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. E. F. Kelaart.

b-d. Adult and half-grown: skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
e. Young. Singapore.

/. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
g. Adult : skin. Hobson Bay. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
h, i-Jc. Adult and half-grown : not good state.

2. Teuthis canaliculata.

P Chaetodon canaliculatus, Mungo Park, Trans. Linn, Soc. iii. p. 33 ;

Lacep. iv. p. 473 ; Bl. Schn. p. 209.
Amphacanthus canaliculatus, Bkek. Sumatra, i. p. 580.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds to twice
and three-fourths in the total length. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Back brownish ; forehead and snout with transverse blue streaks ;
back and sides with numerous blue dots. (BleeJc.)

Sumatra.

3. Teuthis coucatenata.

Amphacanthus concatenatus, Cuv. ^ Val. x; p. 127 ; Bleek. Act. Soc.

Sc, Indo-Nederl. \., Amboina, p. 46.
Teuthis concatenata, Cant. Gated, p. 208.
Skeleton: Geoff. St.-Hil. Philos. Anat. i. p. 471. pi. 9. fig. 107.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate. Back and sides with yellowish or reddish
roundish spots, larger than, or as large as, the interspaces of the dark
ground-colour ; the spots become smaller towards the abdomen ;
head with several oblique bluish lines ; the soft dorsal and anal fins
with obscure dots along the rays. — Caec. pylor. 5 (6). Vert. 10/13.

East Indian Seas.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Colleotion.
c-d. Adult and young. Singapore.

4. Teuthis corallina.

Amphacanthus corallinus, Ctiv. ^ Val. x. p. 139 ; Midi. S,- Schleff. Verh.
Ooerz. Bezitt. Vissch. p. 10. pi. 2. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Ge-
nootsch. xxiii., I'eidh. p. 11.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length. Caudal fin deeply emarginate. Orange-coloured, with
small sky-blue dots on the body and on the base of the caudal and

1. TEUTHIS. 317

anal fins ; the dots are very small, much smaller than the interspaces
between them, but larger and more crowded on the head and the
thorax.

Seychelles ; Molucca Sea.

a. Adult. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

5. Teuthis vermiculata.

Amphacanthus vermicvdatus, (Kuhl (^ v. Hass.) Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 126 ;
Miill. 8f Schleg. Verh. Overz. Bez. Vissch. p. 11. pi. 3. fig. 2 ; Bleek.
Verhand. Baiav. Genootsch. xxiii., Teuth. p. 11.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length. Brown, with vermiculated bluish lines ©n the head
and on the whole body, except on the belly ; caudal dotted all over
with brovra.

From He do France to the coasts of New Guinea.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

c. Half-grown. Old Collection.

6. Teuthis labyrinthodes.

Amphacanthus labyrinthodes, Bleek. Batuv. p. 471.
The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length. Caudal
fin emarginate. Red, with numerous undulated and reticulated,
transverse and longitudinal, short blue lines ; vertical fins immacu-
late. {BL)

Sea of Batavia.

7. Teuthis suior.
Amphacanthus sutor, Cuv. df Val. x. p. 148.

The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length.
Brown, minutely dotted all over with whitish. ( Val.)
Seychelles ; coast of Malabar.

8. Teuthis margaritifera.

Amphacanthus margaritiferus, Cuv. A- Val. x. p. 146 : Bleek. Java, iv.
p. 334.

The height of the body is contained three times or three times and
a third in the total length. Caudal fim emarginate. Ground-colour
brownish-olive, dotted aU over with white ; no brown spot on the
shoulder.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Seventeen inches lone : stuffed. — A. ^.

9. Teuthis tumifrous.
Amphacanthus tumifrons, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 159.
The height of the body is contained thrice and a half in the total

318

TFFTHIDTr)*.

length. Caudal fin cniarginate. 8nout rather broad, convex. Brown,
dotted all over with whitish, the dots being verj' small and extend-
ing on the dorsal and anal fins. ( Val.)
Sharks Bay ("W. Australia).

10. Teuthis dorsalis.

Aniphacanthus dorsalis, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 143 ; Miell. <^- Schleq. Verh.

Nat. Gesch. Vissch. pp. ]0, 13. pi. 2. fig. 1.
Teuthis dorsalis, Cant. Catal. p. 1.09.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate. Ground-colour brownish-olive, with scattered
small roundish whitish spots on the back and the sides, which are
much smaller than the interspaces between ; no brown spot on the
shoulder.

Coasts of Pinang and Java.

a, b. Adult and half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collectipn.
c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

11. Teuthis oramin.
Amphacanthus guttatus, var. oramin, Bl. Schn. p. 207. tab. 48.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal
fin deeply emarginate. Back with roundish whitish spots, which
become oblong on the sides, and are much smaller than the inter-
spaces between them ; caudal with black cross-bands. (Schn.)

Tranquebar.

This is a veij ^oubtful species, which appears to be similar to
T. dorsalis. The black cross-bands on the caudal fin, porhaj^s, have
been added by Bloch.

Professor Peters has iuformed, us that the dried typical specimen
mentioned by Schneider appears to have been lost.

12. Teuthis albopunctata.

Amphacanthus albopunctatus, ScltU'i/. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 128.

margaritiferus, Richarch. Ichth. Chin. p. 243 (not Cuv. Sf Val. ).

fuscescens, Riclianls. Ichth. Cliin. p. 243 (not 'Auct.).

dorsalis, Bleek. Vcrhand. Batnv.Genootsch. xxiii., Teuth. p. 9, and

Java, iv. p. 332; (not Cuv. ^ Val).
Teuthis brevirostris, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 142.

The height of the body is contained three times and a half in the
total length. Caudal fin emarginate. Ground-colour brownish-
olive, with scattered small roundish whitish spots on the back and
the sides, which are much smaller than the interspaces between. A
dark-brown blotch on the shoulder, less distinct in large specimens.

East Indian Archipelago. Japanese and Chinese Seas.

a-<j. Half-grown and young. Amoy.

1. TEUTHIS. JU9

h-l, m, n, 0. Adult, half-growTi, and young. China.

p, q. Adult: skins. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

r. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

s, t. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

u, V. Half-grown : stuffed.

w. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

X. Half-grown : skeleton : bad state. Amoy.

The stomach is rather small, angularly bent ; there are five pyloric
appendages ; the intestine is twice and a half as long as the entire
fish, and makes several circumvolutions. The openings for the uro-
genital organs are separated from, and situated behind, the vent.
A large portion of the abdominal cavity is between the muscles of
the tail, and supported by the first interha?mal spine, which is bent
forwards ; the ovaria or testicles, and, between them, the elongate
urinary bladder, lie immediately in the concaA-ity of that sjjinc. The
air-bladder is simple, slightly forked anteriorly and posteriorly, with
the membranes thick, and fiiTnly attached to the dorsal side of the
abdominal ca\'ity ; it receives the base of the interha^mal spine in
its posterior notch : the ureters are bent downwards round the left
lobe of the air-bladder, nm for some distance on the left-hand side
of the interhaemal spine, and finally, having entered the abdominal
cavity, pass into the urinary bladder.

Vertebra 10/13.

13. Teuthis striolata.

The height of the body is one-third, or less than one- third, of the
total length. Back and sides brownish-red, with numerous vermi-
culated blue lines ; belly bluish ; the soft portions of the fins imma-
culate.

New Hebrides.

a, h. Stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

Description. — -This species is similar to T. vcrmiculata, but con-
siderably more elongate ; the soft portion of the cheek, betweeti
orbit, praeopercular limbs, and snout, is not high(>r than the orbit,
and nearly twice as long as high. The length of the head is nearly
one-fifth of the total, that of the caudal fin one-sixth. There arc
twelve teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Anterior
edge of the orbit scarcely denticulated. D. 13/10. A. 7/9. C. 17.
P. 18. V. 1/3/1. The spines of the fins are of moderate length and
strength. Caudal fin truncated when stretched out. The spinous
portions of the fins are brown, each spine having som;: blue spots ;
the membranes of the soft portions arc transparent, immaculate ;
the rays of the dorsal and anal show some indistinct brownish dots ,
base of the pectoral dark-coloured.

lines.

Total length 68

Height of the body 21

Length of the head 14

320 TEXTTHIDIDJE.

lines.

Length of the sixth dorsal spine 8

of the third anal spine 7 J

of the caudal fin 11

of the outer ventral spine Sg

The specimens are weU preserved, and the form of their body does
not appear to have been altered by stuffing.

14. Teuthis hexagonata.

Amphacanthus hcAagonatus, Bleek. Kokos, p. 41.

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length.
Caudal fin deeply notched. Blue, with hexagonal golden dots stand-
ing densely together, covering the head, body, and the vertical fins.

Java, Sumbawa, Kokos, and Feejee Islands.

a. Adult. Eeejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

15. Teuthis guttata.

Chaetodon guttatus, Block, tab. 196.

Amphacanthus guttatus, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 136; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.
Genootsch. xxiii., Teufli. p. 10.

The height of the body is two-fifths or one- third of the total
length. Caudal fiiLemarginate. Reddish : head clouded with red-
dish-grey ; body, caudal, and base of the dorsal and anal fins densely
spotted with reddish -brown.

East Indian Archipelago.

16. Teuthis stellata.

Scarus stellatus, Forsk. p. 26. no. 10.

Amphacanthus stellatus^/. Schn. p. 209; Bilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 129.

punctatus, Bilpp. Atl. Fische, p. 46. pi. 11. fig. 2 (not 5/. Schn.').

nuchalis, Ctiv. 8f Val. x. p. 140.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal
fin forked. Greyish, covered all over with small brown spots, which
are larger than the interspaces between them; a greenish-yellow
spot in front of the dorsal fin.

Red Sea. Coast of Ceylon.

»•, h. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
c. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection,

17. Teuthis notosticta.

Amphacanthus notostictus, Richards. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, xi.
p. 172.

The height of the body is rath,er more than one-third of the total
length. Caudal fin subtruncated. Light brownish-olive (in a dried

1. TEUTHIS. ;i21

state) : body with brown spots, which are smaller than the interspaces
between, and confluent on the back into short, naiTow. vermiculated
sti'eaks.

Port Essington.

a. Adult : skin. Coral Bay. — Type of the species.

18. Teuthis fuscescens.

Centi'ogaster fuscescens, Houtt, Act. Soc. Harlem, xx. p. 333 ; Lac6p.

iii. p. 307.
Amphacanthus fuscescens, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 156 ; Schlep. Faun. Japon.

Poiss. p. 127. pi. 68. fig. 1 J Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootach. xxvi.,

Japan, p. 106.
? Amphacanthus aurantiacus, Schleg. I. c, p. 128 (variety F).

The height of the body is contained three times and a half in the
total length. Caudal fin scarcely emarginate. Uniform brownish.
Coast of Nagasaki.

19. Teuthis lurida.

Amphacanthus luridus, (Ultreiib.) Ritpp. All. FischCf p. 45; Ciiv. <5* Val.
X. p. 150.

The height of the body is one -third of the total length. Caudal
fin subtruncated ; the fourth dorsal spine equals the distance of the
snout from the posterior margin of the orbit. Blackish-brown, irre-
gularly marbled with lighter.

Red Sea.

a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. RUppeU's Collection.

20, Teuthis nebulosa.

? Amphacanthus punctatus, Bl. Schn. p. 210 ; Cuv. Hf Val. x. p. 146 ;

Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 286.
Amphacanthus nebulosus, Quoy i^- Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 369 ;

d«;. .4- Val. X. p. 164 ; Schleg. 4r Mull. I. c. p. 12.

maculosus, Quoy <^- Gahn. I. c. p. 370.

gymnopareius, Richards. Ann. cif Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 174.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal fin
deeply emarginate. Dorsal spines slender ; the length of the fourth is
less than the distance of the snout from the posterior margin of the
orbit. Brown, irregularly marbled with darker.

Coasts of Australia and of the islands north of it. — A drawing in
the possession of Sir J. E. Tennent appears to indicate the occurrence
of this species in the Sea of Ceylon.

a-d. Half-grown. Sydney. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
e. Adult : skin. Coral Bay (Port Essington). — Type of A. gymno-
pareius.
f-k. Adult and half-grown : skins. Australia.
l-m, n-q. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Adillt: stuffed.

The original drawing of Forster agrees well with our specimens of

VOL, III. Y

322 TEtTTHIDID^.

T. nebulosa : the body is represented as purplish-brown, and there
are round yellowish spots on the head and the base of the pectoral
fin ; these spots are wanting in the specimens mentioned, and may
have been effaced by the action of the spirit. Forster, however, de-
scribes the fish as provided with " punctis gilvis numerosissimis,"
Whether these dots are omitted in the drawing, or whether the de-
scription is incorrect, we are unable to say without actual specimens
from New Caledonia, where Forster obtained the species. In the
former case the species will be distinct from T. nebulosa, in the latter
it will probably prove to be identical with it.

21. Teuthis argentea.

Amphacanthus argenteua, Quoy ^- Gahn. Voy. JJran. Zool. p. 368.
pi. 62. fig. 3 ; Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 161.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; caudal
emarginate. Silvery : back brownish.
Marianes Islands.

«. Stuffed : not good state. Old Collection.

22. Teuthis marmorata.

Amphacanthus marmoratus, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy, Uran. Zool. p. 367.

pi: 62. fig. 1 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p.'l24.
scaroides, Bleek. Sumatra, li. p. 262.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Bluish,
with violet streaks, which are broader than the interspaces between
them, and longitudinal on the sides, whilst they are more vermicu-
lated and reticulated on the back.

Marianes Islands. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Young. Borneo.

23. Teuthis lineata.
Amphacanthus lineatus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 130. pi. 286.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length. Brownish
(in spirits), with nine or ten brown longitudinal streaks anastomosing
with one another; a yellowish spot below the soft dorsal, dotted
with black arid edged with red. Caudal and anal fins, and the hinder
part of the tail, with brown spots. Head with some oblique bluish
lines. {Vol.)

Vanicolo and New Guinea.

24. Teuthis sigana.

Scarus siganus, Forsk. p. 25.

rivulatiis, Forsk. I. c.

Amphacanthus siganus, Riipp. Atl Fisclie, p. 44. taf. 11. fig. 1, and
N. W. Fische, p. 129 ; ^Cuv. Hr Vat. x. p. 152.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal

1. TEUTHIS. 328

fin emarginate. Greenish, with several irregular yello\rish longitu-
dinal lines, and with brownish cross-bands extending on the dorsal
fin. (Riipjj)
led Sea.

Ri'ppell says that the pyloric appendages are absent in this species.

25. Teuthis tetrazona.
.\mphacanthus tetrazona, Bleek. Celchea, vii. p. 441.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the
total length. Caudal ftn slightly emarginate. Yellow, with four pairs
of undulated brownish bands across the back. {Bl.)

Coast of Manado.

26. Teuthis doliata.

Siganus doliatus, Cuv. R^gne Anim. ; Giierin, Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 35.

fig. 1.
Amphacanthus doliatus, Cuo. 8f Val. x. p. 132 ; Cuv. R^gtie Anim. HI.

Poiss. pi. 71. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Ternate, h. p. 605.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length. Orange-coloured, with about thirty vertical bluish lines,
the last of which are bent, and run longitudinally along the hindtn-
part of the tail ; those above the pectoral are oblique, and those on
the operculum reticulated. — Cffic. pylor. 6.

Coasts of Booroo, Temato, Vanicolo, and Timor.

27. Teuthis puella.

Amphacanthua puellus, Schhy. lii/dr. tot de Dierk. 1852, p. 39. fig. 2.
Amphacanthus cyanotsenia, Bleek. Temate, ii. p. 60(3.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a fifth in the total
length. Orange-coloui-ed : the anterior portion of the sides with
about six undulated blue transverse streaks, the posterior with blue
longitudinal streaks, which are united with the hindmost transverse
streak ; a broad brown band from the neck through the eye to the
the lower jaw.

East Indian Archipelago.

28. Teuthis virgata.

Amphacanthus virgatus, Cm\ 8f Val. x. p. 133 ; Mull. Sf Schleg. Verh.
Orerz. Bez. Vissch. p. 14. pi. 3. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Verh. Bafav. Genootseh.
xxiii., Teuth. p. 11.

The height of the body is two-fifths or three-sevenths of the total
length. Body light brownish-yellow, forehead and neck with bluish
tx'ansverse stripes ; an oblique deep-brown, blue-edged band descends
from the fourth and sixth dorsal spines to the root of the pectoral ;
a second similar band from the origin of the dorsal to the orbit ;
the space between the two bands is yellow ; scattered blue dots on

324 TEXTTHIDID^.

the upper parts of the body ; some oblique bluish streaks on the
snout. — Caec. pylor. 4.

Coasts of Java and of the Philippine Islands. China.

a. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Fine specimen. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

c. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

e. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

For description of the skeleton see p. 313.

29. Teuthis vulpina-

Valent. iii. p. 354. fi^. 2.3, and p. 387. fig. 124* ; Rennrd, i. 4. 29.

Amphacantnus viilpmus, Schleg. 8f Mull. BescJir. Zeevissch. in Verh.
N^at. Gesch. Nederl. over-z. Bezttt. Vissch. p. 12, and Bydrag, tot de
Dierkunde, v. 1852, p. 38. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Ternate, p. 135.

Teuthis tubvilosa, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 142.

Snout long, produced. The height of the body is contained twice
and three-fourths in the total length. Yellow : head and anterior
part of the body grey ; a broad black band from the origin of the
dorsal fin through the eye to the mouth ; thorax black.

Coasts of Celebes, Ternate, Amboyna, and New Guinea.

a. Adult. Celebes. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

* None of Valent^Ti's figures agree exactly with our specimens ; there are,
perhaps, several allied species or varieties.

AC]U)NUU1D.E. "A2^

Fam. 30. ACRONURID^.

Teuthyes, part., Cuv. Ref/ne Anim. ; Miill. Berl. Abhnndl. 1844, p. 201.
Acantliuroidei, BleeJc. Eimm. Spec. p. xxii.

Body compres.sed, oblong or elevated, covered with minute scales.
Lateral line continuous ; tail generally armed with one or more bony
plates or spines, which are more developed with age, and frequently
absent in very young indi\'iduals. Eye lateral, of moderate size.
Mouth small ; a single series of more or less compressed, sometimes
denticulated, sometimes tapering incisors in each jaw ; palate smooth.
One dorsal fin, the spinous portion being the less developed ; anal
with two or three spines ; ventral fins thoracic. Pseudobranchiae well
developed ; air-bladder present, forked posteriorly. Intestines with
more or less numerous circumvolutions. Vertebrae ^J ^g.

Seas between the tropics. Herbivorous fishes.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Ventral fin generally with five soft rays ; a single jnove-

able spine on each side of the tail; scales minute. 1. Acanthurus, p. 325.

A single moveable spine on each side of the tail ; scales

none ; skin with vertical strite 2. Acronurus, p. 345.

Ventral fin with five soft rays ; a series of several

keeled, bony laminai on each side of the tail 3. Prioxurus, p. 347.

Ventral fin with three soft rays ; caudal lamin.-B im-
moveable, generally two, rarely one or three 4. Naseus, p. 347.

Caudal spine none (in an adult state) 5. Keris, p. 355.

1. ACANTHURUS*.
Acanthurus, Bl. Schn. p. 211.

A single series of lobate incisors, which are sometimes moveable,
in the jaws. A moveable spine in a groove on each side of the tail.
Ventral fins composed of a spine and generally of five rays. One
dorsal fin, the spinous portion of which is less developed than the
soft ; anal spines three. Scales minute, ctenoid, sometimes spiny.
Branchiostegals five ; pseudobranchiae well developed ; air-bladder
large, forked posteriorly. Intestinal tract with several circumvolu-
tions ; five to seven pyloric appendages. Vertebrae ^-^.

Herbivorous fishes from the tropical seas.

* 1. Acanthurus flavo-guttatus, Kiffl. in Mus. Send. i. p. 195. tab. 13. fig. 5. —
A. Ketlitzii, Cicv. ^- Fal. x. p. 222. — Caroline Islands. The typical speci-
men is in the St. Petersburg Museum.

2. bahianus, Castiin. Anim. ?iouv. Amer. Sud. Poiss. p. 24. pi. 11. fig. 1. —

Baliia.

3. brevis, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 207. — Cuba.

4. tractus, Poey, Mem.. Cub. ii. p. 208. — Cuba.

326 ACRONURIDJi.

Sytiopsis of the Species

I. With nine or eight (seven) dorsal spines, with broad fixed incisors, and
with five soft ventral rays.

A. With black cross-bands on the head and body.

1. A. triostegus

(pentazona).

B. With two white cross-bands on the anterior part of the body.

2. A. guttatus.

C. Coloration of the body nearly uniform, without conspicuous mark-

ings.

* Ground-colour brown ; sometimes a whitish ring round the base

of the caudal fin.

3. A. chirurgus. 5. A. nigro-fuscuw. 7. A. nigi-os.

4. A. matoides G. A. bipunctatus. 8. A. doreensis.

(lamarrii).

* Uniform yellow.

9. A. chiysosoma.

* Some blue or red dots anteriorly.

10. A. rubropimctatus. 11. A. mai^inatus.

D. Body with bluish longitudinal bands or lines, or with dots disposed

in longitudinal series.

12. A. lineatus. 15. A. undulatus. 18. A. bleekeri.

13. A. striatus. 16. A. dussumieri. 19. A. cseruleus.

14. A. sohal. 17. A. grammoptihis. 20. A. lineolatus,

E. A yelloAv or black marking on the shoulder or superiorly on the

gill-opening.

21. A. olivaceus. 23. A. tennentii. 24. A. gahm.

22. A. pyroferus. 25. A. nunmiifer.

F. A whitish ring round the mouth or romid the lower jaw.

26. A. glaucopareius. 28. A. fuscus. 29. A. leucostemou.

27. A. celebicus. 30. A. achilles.

G. Tail with a black triangle.

31. A. triangulus.
H. A blue spot below the dorsal fin.

32. A. fraterculus.

II. The soft portion of the ventral fin not fully developed.

33. A. hepatus.

III. Teeth setiform, moveable, dilated only at the cxtremitj-.

34. A. strigosuR. 35. A. ctenodon.

IV. With only five to three dorsal spines.

36. A. rhombeus. 39. A. gemmatiis. 42. A. de.^jardinii.

37. A. goramensis. 40. A. velifer. 43. A. riippellii.

38. A. }«inthurus. 41. A. hypselopterus. 44. A. suillus.

1. ACANTHURUS. 327

I. With nine or eight (seven) dorsal spines, with hroadjixea mcisors, and

tvithjive soft ventral rays.

A. With black cross-bands on the head and body.

1. Acanthurus triostegus.

Seba, iii. 25. 4 ; Russell, i. pi. 86.

Chaetodon triostegus, L. Syst. i. p. 463.

Acanthurus triostegus, S/. Schn. p. 215 ; Cuv. 8( Val. x. p. 197 ; Bkek.

Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxui., Tenth, p. 13 ; Jenyns, Voy, Beagle,

Fishes, p. 75.
llarpurus fasciatus, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 216.
Acanthurus zebra, Lacep. iv. p. 546. pi. 6. fig. 3.
Chaetodon zebra, Laclrp. iii. pi. 25. fig. 3.

eouagga, Lacep. iv. p. 727.

Acanthui-us hu'udo, Benn. Ceyl. Fishes, p. 11. pi. 11.

Teuthis australis. Gray in King's Survey of the Coasts ofAustr.ii. p. 435.

Acanthurus subai-matus, Benn. Whaling Voy. ii. p. 278.

D.^. A.|. V.1/5. Vert. 9/13.

The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal fin
not included). The upper jaw with seven lobate incisors on each
side ; caudal spine small, without posterior projecting process. The
upper profile of the snout is concave. Caudal fin subtruncated.
Reddish-violet, with five blackish-brown transverse bands, the an-
terior of Avhich passes through the orbit ; another streak of the same
colour along the median line of the snout ; two brown spots, one
above the other, on the end of the tail.

From Mauritius to Polynesia and New Zealand.
a-(J, e. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half-grown : bad state. Celebes. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g, h. Adult : bad state. Malayan Archipelago. Presented by Sir

J. Richardson:
i. Adult : skin : bad state. Sandwich Islands.
k. Fine specimen. 'Anoiteura. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.
I. Adult. West coast of Australia, From Captain King's Collection.

— Type of Teuthis australis, Gray.
m, n, 0, p, q. Adult and half-grown.
r. Adult: stuffed,
s. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Skeleton. — The skull has a very peculiar physiognomy, from the
shortness of its cranial portion and the elongation of its front part,
in which, however, the jaw-bones do not participate. In general
form it is somewhat compressed, elevated, triangular. The crown
of the head is very short and convex, with the occipital crest
moderately developed ; the interorbital space is broad and flat. The
frontal bones and the prseorbital are prolonged, the bones situated
before them being very short. Turbinals well developed, united on
the median line. The jaws are formed as in Teuthis : the maxillary
ana intermaxillary are firmly and immoveably joined together, and
the latter has its posterior processes extremely short. The lower jaw
is broad and very short. Palatines very short ; all the bones of the
tympanic cavity are well ossified, and of rather large size; the epitym-

328 AOHONURID-f.

panic especially is well developed, occupying the whole of the ante-
rior side of the prfeoperculum. The prseorbital is very elongate ; the
other bones of the infraorbital ring are firmly united together, and
the posterior ones are in immediate contact with the inner ridge of
the pra^operculum, as in Chcntodon. The angle formed by the limbs
of the prsRopercuIum is veiy obtuse ; the lower limb has only half
the length of the posterior : operculum rather narrow and elevated,
not extending downwards to the angle of the prseoperculum, where
it is replaced by the suboperculum : interoperculum small.

The bones of the humeral arch are rather strong : the suprascapuia
is fii-mly united with the skull ; scapula long, broader in its inferior
half than in its superior ; coracoid very long and strong, straight.
The cavity for the pectoral muscles, which is formed b}^ the humerus
and the bones of the fore-arm, is very broad and rather deep ; its
bottom is nearly entirely osseous, the ulna having a small foramen,
the radius a larger and a smaller one. The pubic bones are very
long, slightly bent, and firmly attached to each other, leaving scarcely
any free space between them.

There are nine abdominal and thirteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : l'G6. The vertebrae are somewhat elongate, not com-
pressed. All the apophyses are strong, and those of the anterior
caudal vertebrae rather long. The nem'als and interneurals of the
abdominal vertebrae are so dilated into lamellae posteriorly, that the
whole forms one continuous osseous plane, without free spaces be-
tween the single bones. The first interneural is exceedingly strong
and compressed ; it is dilated superiorly, the dilated portion ending
in a spine anteriorly, behind which is a deep incisure to receive the
base of the first dorsal spine. The second interneural is firmly
attached to the first. The interneurals of the following dorsal spines
are dilated superiorly into a slightly concave plate, as in TenfJils, and
one always corresponds to a single neural, whilst each neural and
haemal of the caudal vertebrae alwajs support two interneurals and
intcrhaemals of the soft rays. The first interhacmal is similar in
structure to the first interneui'al, but much longer, and its dilated
portion has no spine anteriorly. Ribs well, developed, with epi-
pleurals.

lines.
Length of tlie first vertebra 01-

of the second vertebi'a 1 j

'I

of the third vertebra 1\

— of the fourth vertebra . 2-^

of the tenth vertebra 2|

of the twentieth vertebra 2

of the abdominal portion 19

of the caudal portion 31 ^

of the eleventh neural spine 11

— of the first htcmal spine 14

— of the first interneural spine 7

— of the first intcihacmal spine 19

1. ACANTHURUS. 329

Dr. V. Bleeker describes another species, which is probably an in-
dividual variety of^. triostegus ; the single specimen which occurred
was 29 millimetres long.

Acanthurus pentazona, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii..
Tenth, p. 13, and Java, i. p. 107.

D. ^. A. i-.

20 20

The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal
fin included). Caudal spine small. The upper profile of the snout
is convex ; caudal fin truncated. YelloVish, with five blackish
transverse bands, the anterior of which passes through the eye.

Sea of Batavia.

B. With two white cross-bands on the anterior part of the body.

2. Acanthurus guttatus.

Harpurus guttatiis, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 218.
Acanthurus guttatus, Bl. Schn. p. 215 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 195.
Chaetodon stellatus, L. Gm. i. p. 1269.

D-i^s- A.^. V.1/5.

Scales very small, smooth. The height of the body is two-thirds
of the total length (the caudal fin not included;. The upper jaw
with six truncated and deeply lobate incisors on each side. Caudal
spine terminating posteriorly in a projecting process. The upper
profile of the snout is subvortical and vciy slightly concave. Caudal
fin subtruncated. Brownish, with two whitish cross-bands : one
from the nape of the neck over the operculum, the other from the
fifth and six dorsal spines to the belly. Posterior half of the body,
dorsal and anal fins with nunierous round white spots.

Otaheiti. New Hebrides. Mauritius.

a. Adult : bleached. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection. — Type

of the species.
6. Adult : stufibd. Aneiteura. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

c. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

d. Adult : stuffed. Mauritius.

C. Coloration of the body nearly uniform^ without conspicuous markiiigs.

* (rronnd-colour brown ; sometimes a whitish ring round the base of the

caudal ^n.

3. Acanthurus chirurgus.

Acarauna, Marcgr. p. 144.

Barbero, Parra, lam. 21. fig. 2.

Ilepatus, Gronov. Zoiqjhyl. no. 353.

Chsetodon nigricans, Bl. iii. p. 82. t. 203 ; (not L.).

chirurgus, Bl. t. 208.

Acanthm-us nigricans, pt., Bl. Schn. p. 211.

chirurgus, Bl. Schn. p. 214; Cuv. 4* Val. x. p. 168 ; Guichen. in

Bamon de la Sagra, Cuba, Poiss. p. 120 ; Custeln. Anini. nouv. Am&r.

Sud, Poiss. p. 24.

330 ACRONURIDJJ.

Acanthurus phlebotomus, C^iv. ^ Val. x. p. 176. pi. 287 ; Casteln. I. c.

p. 25 ; Deliay, Neiv York Fauna, Fishes, p. 139. pi. 78. fig. 234.
Acronunis Cuscus, Gronov. Syst. eel. Gray, p. 191.

!>•» ^'d^.' V-V5. C^c.pylor.5.

The height of the body is one-half or rather less than one-half
the total length (the caudal fin not included). The distance of the
nostiil from the edge of the upper jaw is two-thirds of the length of
the head. The upper jaw with seven or eight lobate incisors on
each side. Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards.
The upper profile of the snout straight. Brownish : operculum with
black margin ; sometimes a whitish band across the end of the tail,
which, if present, occupies more of the scaly portion of the tail than
of the caudal fin. Other markings are rather inconstant : indistinct
darker transverse streaks ; undulated longitudinal lines in immature
specimens ; blackish longitudinal streaks on the dorsal and anal fins ;
a narrow whitish posterior edge of the caudal fin.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America and Africa,

a-o. Adults, half-grown, and young : skins. Caribbean Sea. From

Dr. Parnell's and Mi'. Scrivener's Collections.
p-s. Half-grown and young. "West Indies. Purchased of Mr.

Scrivener.
t. Adult. Puerto CabeUo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
u. Half-grown : stufi'ed. Bahia.
V. Nineteen inches long : stufi'ed.
w, X. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
y. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

4. Acanthurus matoides.

Acanthurus nigricans, pt., Bl. Schn. p. 211.

? Acanthurus fuliginosus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 149. pi. 27. fig. 2.

? Acanthurus rasi, Cuv. t^ Val. x. p. 203.

Acanthurus matoides, Cuv. S( Val. x. p. 204; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch. xxiii., Tenth, p. 12.
annularis, Cuv. 8,- Val. x. p. 209 (immatiu'e specimens with a

whitish caudal ring).
blochii, Cuv. i^ Val. x. p. 209 (immature specimens without a

whitish caudal ring).
? Acanthurus xanthoptems, Cuv. i^ Val. x. p. 215; Cuv. Rhqne Anim.

III. Puiss. pi. 71. fig. 2.
Acanthurus xanthopterus, Cant. Catal. p. 209. pi. 4.
Skeleton : Ayass. Poiss. Foss. iv. p. 206. tab. F. (A. xanthopterus).

D..7?iB- A.,-^,. V.1/5. Vert. 9/13.

The height of the body is one-half or somewhat more than one-
half the total length (the caudal fin not included). The distance of
the nostril from the edge of the uj)per jaw is two-thirds of the length
of the head. The upper jaw with seven or eight lobate incisors on
each side. Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing back-
wards. The upper profile of the snout is nearly straight in immature

1. ACANTHURUS. 331

specimens, convex in adult ones. Brown : generally with a whitish
band across the root of the caudal fin, which, if present, occupies
more space on the fin than on the scaly portion of the tail ; it dis-
appears entirely in old individuals. Dorsal and anal fins with dark-
blue longitudinal streaks.

East Indian Seas. Polynesia.

a-h, G. Half-grown and young. A.mboyna. Purchasedof Mr. Frank.

d. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

e. Young. Feejee Islands.

/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

g, h. Adult : skins. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

The earlier ichthyologists have confounded this species with the
A. chirurgus from the Atlantic, in consequence of the close affinity
existing between them. This affinity is so great, that we are mxich
inclined to consider them as mere varieties. Yet we have not seen
a specimen of the Atlantic form which has the profile of the snout
so convex as it may be seen in old Indian fishes. Valenciennes has
entirely overlooked the changes in the form of the caudal fin and of
the snout, and of colour, to which this species is subject with age,
and has invented specific names for every stage of developtnent.

Acanthurus lamarrn, Cuv. & Yal. x. p. 236, also appears to be very
closely allied to A. matoides, but is said to have only twenty-three
soft rays in the anal fin.

5. Acanthurus nigro-fuscus.

Chaetodon nigrofuscus, Forsk. p. 64.

Mata, Russelly i. p. 04. pi. 82.

? Chaetodon elongatus, Laccp. iv. p. 471. pi. 6. fig. 2.

Acanthurus nigricans. Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 57.

? Acanthurus mata, Cuv. 4" Val. x. p. 202.

? nigro-fuscus, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 214.

? elongatus, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 20G.

^-dv- ^-.l^a- V.1/5. Vert. 9/14.

The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal
fin not included). The distance of the nostril from the edge of the
upper jaw is rather less than one-half the length of the head.
The upper jaw with eight or nine lobate incisors on each side.
Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards. The
upper profile of the snout nearly straight. Uniform blackish-brown.

Red Sea. Ceylon. Coast of Coromandcl. Amboyna.

a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kclaart's Collection. ^

b, c. Half-grown and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

0. Acanthurus bipunctatus.

D. ^. A. -.
The greatest depth of the body is between the ventral and anal

332 ACRONUEID^.

spines, and one-half the total length (the caudal fin not included).
The profile between the origin of the dorsal fin and the nostril is
convex, that of the snout rather concave. There are five broad
incisors on each side of the upper jaw, and six in the lower ; th.0
latter are truncated, and denticulated only at the cutting margin.
Dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly in adult, pointed in young
specimens. Caudal emarginate (forked in young specimens). Uni-
form blackish oi brown ; a black spot posteriorly in the axil of the
dorsal and anal fins.

Sea of China. Feejee Islands.

a. Six inches and a half long. China.

6. Thirty-eight lines long. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

7. Acanthurus nigros.
? Acanthurus nigroris, Cuv. S,- Val. x. p. 208.
D -5- A -^

25-27" ■ 23-25*

The height of the body is one-half or more than one-half of the
total length (the caudal fin not included). The profile between the
origin of the dorsal fin and the nostril is convex, that of the snout
very slightly concave. There are six incisors on each side of the
upper jaw, and seven in the lower ; all are serrated only at the cut-
ting margin. Uniform brown : vertical fins and lips black ; a black
spot posteriorly in the axil of the dorsal and anal fins.

(? Sandwich Islands.) New Hebrides.

a-c. Adult, half-grown, and young : stuffed. Aneiteum. From
Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

8. Acanthurus doreensis.
Cuv. 8f Val. X. p. 220.

Profile of the snout concave. Brown : the posterior half of the
pectoral is yellowish ; caudal with a whitish edge. ( Val.)
Dorey Harbour (New Guinea).

* Uniform yellow.
9. Acanthurus chrysosoma.
Bleeker, Boeroe, ii. p. (57.

The height of the body is rather more than one-third of the total
length (the caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is shghtly
concave ; six lobate incisors on each side oi tho upper jaw. Uni-
form yellow ; vertical fins slightly edged with brown. {Bl.)

Sea of Kajeli.

1. ACANTHURUS. 333

* Sotne blue or red dots anteriorly.

10. Acanthurus rubropunctatus.
Rlipp. All. Fische, p. 59.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length (the
caudal fin not included) ; anterior profile of the snout subvertical,
slightly concave. Blackish-brown ; head and thorax dotted with
red. {Riipp.)

Northern parts of the Red Sea.

11. Acanthurus marginatns.

Acanthurus guttatus, Kittl. in 3fus. Senck. i. p. 194. taf. 13. fig. 4: (not

Bl. Schn.).
marginatus, Cuv. ^- Val. i. p. 221.

T) ^ A i..

^- 26- ^- 23

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included). The snout is somewhat produced, Avdth the upper
profile concave. Reddish-brown : head and anterior half of the
body with scattered ^^ine dots ; vertical fins blackish, dorsal and anal
fins blue-edged.

Island of Luganor.

D. Body with bluish lonyitudinul bands or lines, or with dots disposed in
longitudinal series,

12. Acanthurus lineatus.

Valent. iii. p. 360. fig. 47, p. 424. fig. 257; Renard, i. 7. 54, i. 13. 80 ;

Seba, iii. 25. 1 (? 20. 37).
Chsetodon, no. 1, Artedi, Spec. p. 80.

lineatus, L. Syst. Nat. 13th edit. i. p. 1246.

Acanthurus lineatus, Bl. Schn. p. 214. tab. 49; Lacep. iv. pp. 547, 549 ;

Cuv. Sf Val. X. p. 223 ; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 263.
vittatus, Benn. Fish. Ceyl. p. 2. pi. 2.

D.|. A.i. Vert. 9/13.

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included) ; anterior profile of the snout subvertical, slightly con-
vex ; upper jaw with six lobate incisors on each side. Ground-
colour of the back and sides yellow, of the belly whitish. Nine
slightly oblique blue lines run from the head to the back and the
root of the caudal fin ; each of them has a brown band on each
side, which is as broad as the stripes of the yellow ground-colour.
Two similar curved blue, brown-edged stripes from the eye round the
cheek to the base of the pectoral. Caudal brown, whitish posteriorly,
both colours being separated by a cm-ved blue line ; two or three
vertical lines at the base of the fin.

East Indian Archipelago ; Western parts of Polynesia,

a. Adult. Malay Archipelago. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

334 ACRONTJIUD.E.

h, c, d: Adult and young. Amboyna. Purchased ofMr. Frank.

e. Foung. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.

f. Adult: skeleton. Malay Archipelago. From the Haslar Col-

lection.

The skeleton differs very slightly from that of A. triostegus ; the
apophyses of the vertebrae axe rather more feeble, and three or even
four of the posterior interneurals and interhaemals correspond to one
neural or haemal. The last two caudal vertebrae have a prominent
ridge, which serves as the base for the external caudal spine.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 04

• of the second vertebra 1 1

of the foui'th vertebra 1|

of the tenth vertebra 2|

• of the sixteenth vertebra 3

of the twentieth vertebra 2|

of the twenty-first vertebra 1,^

of the abdominal portion 16

of the caudal portion 33

of the twelfth neural spine lOi

of the first haemal spine 15

of the first intemeural spine 7

of the first interhtemal spine 12|

13. Acantlmrus striatus.

Quay 8f Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 373, Poiss. pi. 03. fig. 3 (bad) ; Ciit\
8f Val. X. p. 229.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Profile of the snout not concave. Brown, with
eleven or twelve straight bluish longitudinal streaks.

Marianes.

The specimens described are only 2| inches long. The following
appears to belong to this species : —

a. 1| inches long. Borneo.

14. Acanthurus sohal.

Chaetodon sohal, Forsk. p. G3.

Acanthurus sohal, Bl. Sclm. p. 215; Rdpp. Atl. Fische, p. 5G. taf. 10.
fig. 1 ; Cuv. 6f Val. x. p. 227.

carinatus, Bl. Schn. p. 210.

Aspisurus sohar, Lacep. iv. pp. -556, 557.

^'k ^-dr,- C^c.pylor. 5. Vert. 9/14.

The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). The anterior profile of the snout is
convex. Greyish-violet, with about fourteen bluish longitudinal

1. ACANTHURrS. 335

streaks along the side, separated by black interspaces ; vertical fills
black, edged with blue.

Northern parts of the Red Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea. From Dr. RiippeU's Collection.

15. Acanthurus undulatus.
Cuv. fy Val. X. p. 205.

^' 26* '^- 24-

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin included). Profile of the snout nearly straight.
Light brown, with twelve or thirteen undulated whitish lines, as-
cending posteriorly ; dorsal and anal fins brownish. ( Val.)

Indian Ocean.

16. Acanthurus dussumieri.
Cuv. ^ Val X. p. 201.

■^•26- ^'^i-

The height of the body is rather less than one-half of the total
length ; the anterior profile of the snout is slightly convex ; the length
of the head is contained twice and two-thirds in its height. Caudal
fin slightly cmarginate. Dark brown, with very numerous, fine,
rather irregular bluish longitudinal Unes, and with some spots of tlie
same colour on the thorax and the caudal fin ; base of the dorsal fin
with bluish and reddish longitudinal streaks ; a rose-coloured band
between the eyes. {Val.)

Mauritius.

17. Acanthurus grammoptilus.
Richards, in Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, xi. p. 176.
D -?- A ^

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (the
caudal fin not included). The profile of the snout is rather convex.
Nine lobate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Brown (in a dried
state), with very numerous undulated and irregular bluish longitu-
dinal lines ; a whitish band across the basal portion of the caudal fin ;
posterior half of the pectoral yellowish ;. dorsal fin with five dark
longitudinal lines ; anal wdth a light line, along and within the mar-
gin ; dorsal and anal fins with a black spot posteriorly in the axil.

Port Essing-ton.

n,h. Skins. Types of the species.

18. Acanthurus bleekeri.
Acanthurus mata, BUek. Java, ii. p. 432 ; (not Cuv. (§• Val.).

25 23

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length (the

336 ACBONTTRrD.!;.

caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is somewhat convex.
Nine lobatc teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Bro^vnish-red,
with more than thirty blue longitudinal lines ; cheek with seven or
eight blue longitudinal bands, the upper of which are united with
those of the other side of the head ; dorsal and anal fins violet, with
five or seven orange- coloured bands, and with a black spot posteriorly
in the axil ; caudal brown, darker towards the margin. {BheJc.)
East Indian Archipelago.

19. Acanthurus caemleus.

Seba, iii. 25. 2.

Turdus rbomboidalis, Catosb. ii. pi. 10. tig. 1.

Chfetodon nigrescent, Artcdi, Spec. p. 90.

nigricans, L. S)/st. Nat. i. p. 402.

Acanthurus ca3ruleus, £/. ScJin. p. 214 ; Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 179 ; Gtn-

chen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Cuba, Poiss. p. 121; Castcln. Anim.

nouv, oil rares de VAnier. Sud, Poiss. p. 25. pi. 12. fig. 2.

D. ^^. A. ^. V. 1/5. C«c. pjlor. 5. Vert. 8/13.

The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (caudal
not included). The upper jaw ■with six lobate incisors on each side.
Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards. The
upper profile of the snout concave. Caudal fin more or less emar-
ginate. Brownish, with bluish longitudinal lines, undulated on the
body, straight and rather oblique on the dorsal and anal fins.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a-f. Adult : skins. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. Parnell's Colleotion
g-h. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
ir-k. Adult: stuffed. Bahia.

20. Acanthurus lineolaius.
Cuv. Sf Val. X. p. 207 ; Bleek. Banda, iii. p. 101.

D.i-. A.^.

25 24

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length (the
caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is convex. Six lo-
bate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Caudal fin sub truncated,
with the angles produced, its length being contained thrice and a
third in the total length. Brown, dotted -svith blue, the dots being
disposed in longitudinal series : dorsal and anal fins with black mar-
gins, and with a black spot posteriorly in tne axil ; caudal black- and
yellow-edged.

Coasts of Banda and Amboyna.

E. A yellow or black marking on the shoulder or superiorly on the gill-
opening.

21.. Acanthurus olivaceus.

Valent iii. p. 409. iig. 199 ; Renard, ii. 12. 55.

Acanthurus olivaceus, Bl. Schn. p. 213 ; Kittlitz in Mtcs. Senckenb. i.
p. 192. tab. 12. fig. 1.

1. ACANTHUKUS. 337

riarpurus paroticus, Furst. Dcscr. Anim. ed. Llcht. p. 183.
Acautliurus eparai, Lcsn. Voi/. Cuq. Zoul. ii. p. 147, Poiss. pi. 27. fig. 1.
liumoralis, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 231 ; Blcek. Celeb, iii. p. 702; Fi/d.

c^ Sfntl. Vol/. Bonite, Zool. i. ]i. KJO ; Jein/ns, Voy. Bcii'cjlv, Fislivs,

p. 76.

D. ~- A. ^. Cicc. pylor. 0.

The height of the body is one-half or rather less than one-half of
the total leng-th (the caudal fin not included). The anterior profile
of the snout more or less convex. There are eight lobate incisors on
each side of the upper jaw. Caudal spine ^^^th a process posteriorly,
pointing backwards, lirownish-olivc : an elongate orange -coloured,
black-edged spot on the trunk, extending from the operculum to
beyond the end of the pectoral fin. Caudal fin with a white pos-
terior margin, and, in immature individuals, Avith a whitish band
across the base ; dorsal and anal fins with an orange-coloured line
along the base.

Polynesia. Celebes. Amboyna. Goram.

a. Adult. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection. — Type of the

species.
h. Half-grown. Fcejce Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

22. Acanthurus pyroferus.

Acantlnu-us pyroferus, iT/V^/. /// Mks. ScnclotJ). i. p. 193. taf. 12. fig. 2.
annigcr, Ciiv. i^- Val. x. p. 234.

D-4- A. A

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included). Snout rather produced, with the upper profile con-
cave. Dark brown : shoulder witlx an oblong vertical yellow spot,
edged with black ; caudal with a broad yellow posterior margin.
{KM.)

Coast of Ulea.

The typical specimen is in the St. Petersburg Museum.

23. Acanthurus tennentii.
D.|. A.^. V.1/5.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) . The anterior profile of the snout is nearly straight.
There are six lobate incisors on each side of the upper jaw, and eight
on each side of the lower. The dorsal spines are moderately stout,
increasing in length posteriorly, the hindmost being one-third of the
depth of the body. Dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly ; caudal
slightly emarginate. Scales minute. The caudal spine of moderate
length and strength, with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards.
Brown (in a dried state) : a roundish black ring on the shoulder,
apparently with light centre ; caudal with a broad white margin.

Sea of Ceylon.
a. Skin. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

338 .vcEONURiD.i:.

lines.

Total length 60

Height of the body 23

Length of the head 13

of the caudal fin 11

of the last dorsal spine 8

24. Acanthurus gahin.

Chsetodon gahhm, Forsk. p. 64.

Acanthurus gahm, Cuv. Sf Veil. x. p. 219; Hiipp. All. Fisclie, p. f)8,

and N. W. Fische, p. 1.31 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ncderl. iii.,

Celebes, p. 8.

D ^ A ^

The height of the body is one-third or rather less than one-third
of the total length (the caudal fin included), the length of the head
one-sixth ; there are sixteen or twenty teeth in each of the jaws,
denticulated on the free half. The profile of the snout is convex.
The height of the dorsal and anal fins is about one-third of that of
the body ; the length of the pectoral is one-fifth of the total, that of
the ventral one-sixth ; caudal with the middle somewhat convex,
and with the lobes much produced, the latter being two-sevenths of
the total length. Brown : a whitish spot before the orbit ; the
suprascapular region orange-coloured, with a black streak from the
opercle to above the middle of the pectoral fin ; another black band
from the caudal spine to above the middle of the anal. ' A white band
across the base of the caudal, which has a white margin, and another
blackish band within the margin. Pectoral whitish at the base,
brownish on the middle, and yellowish at the margin.

Red Sea, Mauritius. Celebes.

25, Acanthurus nummifer.

Acanthurus bariene, ies.s. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 150.
nummifer, Cuv. ^ Val. x, p. 234.

T) 9 A ^

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length (the
caudal fin not included) ; the upper profile of the head arched, and
prominent beyond the mouth, which is entirely situated at the lower
side of the head. Head covered entirely with scales, which are much
smaller than those on the body ; mouth and shoulder naked ; sixteen
to twenty crenulated teeth in each of the jaws; ventral fins produced
into a point ; the first spine of the dorsal fin is entirely hidden below
the skin. Dark brown, with a round bluish-black spot superiorly
at the gill-opening; sheath of tlie caudal spine black. A light-
blue line along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; the margin of
the dorsal with two or three violet linos ; anal blue-edged. ( Val.)

Waigiou.

The typical specimen is one foot long.

1. ACANTHURUS. 339

F. A whitish rijig round the mouth or round the lotcerjaw.
26. Acanthurus glaucopareius.

Valent. iii. p. 4G6. fig. 383, p. 470. fig. 410; Renard, i. 9. 63 ; Ruysch,

Tlieatr. p. 23. tab. 12. tig. 10, & p. 40. pi. 20. tig. 14 ; Sehn, iii. 25. 3.

Harpurus nigricans, Forst. Descr. Anim. cur. Licht. p. 214 (Bl. Schn.

p. 212).
Acanthui'us aliala, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 150.

glaucopareius, Cur. i<j- Val. x. p. 190 j Kittlitz in Mus. Senckcnb.

i. p. 192. tab. 13. fig. 3 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ncderi i., Am-
boma, p. 47.

^■lo- ^-k "^-VS. Caec.pylor. 5.

Scales very small, smooth. The height of the body is contained
once and two-thirds in the total length (the caudal fin not included).
The upper jaw with five truncated and lobatc teeth on each side.
Caudal spine terminating posteiiorly in a projecting process. The
upper profile of the snout is subvertical, very slightly concave.
Caudal fin emarginate. Blackish-violet : a white subcrescentic spot
below tne orbit ; a white ring cncii-cling the mouth ; a whitish line
running along the base of the dorsal and anal fins, and widening
posteriorly ; caudal fine light violet, with a yellowish cross-band.

PoljTiesia. Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Adult. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection. — Typo of the species.

27. Acanthurus celebicus.

Blecker, Celebes, iii. p. 7(51.

T) ±±. A ^
■^•26-25- ^•^•

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length (the
caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is concave. Eight
lobate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Caudal and ventral lobes
pointed. Brown : mouth with a white ring and with black lips ;
fins dark brown ; caudal blackish, with a white margin. {Bl.)

Seas of Macassar and of Ternate.

28. Acanthurus fuscus.
Steindachner in Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wioi, 1861, p. 176. taf. 6.

The height of the body is rather more than one -half of the total
length, without caudal, or one-third with the caudal. The profile of
the snout is concave. Seven lobate teeth on each side of the upper
jaw. Caudal and ventral lobes produced into filaments. Brown :
mouth with a white ring and with black lips ; vertical and ventral
fins black ; the caudal blackish towards the margin.

Ambo}Tia.

This fish is probably identical Avith A. celebicus, Block., the .speci-
men in the Vienna Museum being apparently an adult fish, with the
appendages of the fins fully developed.

7. 2

34U ACROXURID.E.

29. Acanthurus leucosternon.

Acantluu'us leucosternon, Benn. Proc. Zoal. Soc. 1832, p. 183 ; Blcek.

Batoe, iii. p. 237.
delisianus, Cuv. i^- Val. x. p. 193; Guer. Iconoqr. Poiss. pi. 35. fig. 2.

I>-i^- A.,-^. V.1/5. ■

Scales very small, smooth. The height of the body is contained
once and four-fifths in the total length (the caudal fin not included).
The upper jaw with five truncated and lobate teeth on each side.
Caudal spine terminating posteriorly in a projecting process. The
upper profile of the snout is sub vertical and slightly concave. Caudal
fin eraarginate. Blue : head black ; chest, and a ring encircling the
lower part of the mouth, white ; dorsal fin yellow ; caudal with two
black crescents, one across the base, the other along the margin,
both united by the upper and lower black edges of the fin.

Mauritius. Ceylon. Batoe.
a. Fine specimen. Ceylon. From Mr. Sibbald's Collection. — Type
of the species.

30. Acanthurus achilles.
Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 383 ; ? Oav. l<f Val. x. p. 218.

^■h A-i- ^-1/5. Vert. 9/13.

A large rhombic, naked, yellowish patch on the tail, including the
caudal spine. Anterior profile of the snout subvertical, nearly
straight. Four truncate and lobate teeth on each side of the upper
jaw. Brown : patch on the tail yellowish ; a narrow bluish line
along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; a l^luish ring across the
chin, from one angle of the mouth to the other ; subopercular mar-
gin and outer half of the ventrals bluish. Caudal fin with the base
deep brown, lighter across the middle ; a narrow brown crescent
between the light centre of the fin and the broad white margin.

Sea of China.
rt-6, c, d, e, f. Fine specimens. China.
rj. Adult : skeleton. China. From the Haslar Collection.

Valenciennes gives as the formula of the fins, D- ^, ^'iz' ^^^^ ^®
examined only a single dry specimen.

The skeleton difiers so little from that of A. triostegus, that it wiU
be sufficient merely to give the measurements of some of its parts.

lines.

Length of the fiirst vertebra 0|

of the second vertebra 1

of the tenth vertebra 2

of the twentieth vertebra Ig

of the twenty-first vertebra 0|

of the abdominal portion 14

of the caudal portion 24

of the twelfth neural 9

of the first hsemal 12

of the first interneural 63

of the first interhcemal 15

1. ACANTHURUS, 34 I

G. Tail with a black tri(tn(jlo.

31. Acanthiirus triangulus.

Cuv. 8f VuL X. p. 189.

Tail with a black trianj?lc, whilst its borders are yellow, which
colour extends over the whole upper part of the back nearly to the
eye. One-half of the pectoral black ; operculum with a yellow band.

This species is described by Valenciennes from an old drawing of
Vlaming, and has not been recognized.

11. A blue spot below the dorsal Jin.

32. Acanthurus fraterculus.

Henard, ii. no. 47 ; Valeitt. no. 413.
Acanthurus fraterculus, Cuv. Hf Val. x. p. 20G.

Body oblong, anterior profile convex. Caudal fin emarginato ;
the dorsal and anal fins are low anteriorly, elevated and pointed
posteriorly. Brown, with throe oblique blue and red bands on the
side of the head, two of which descend to the eye, and the third to
the mouth ; a blue spot below the middle of the dorsal fin ; base of
the caudal spine black.

East Indies.

This species, figured by Renard, has not been recognized.

II. The soft portion of the ventral Jin not f idly developed.
33. Acanthurus hepatus.

Valent. iii. p. 473. fig. 404. & p. 472. fig. 402 ; Seba, iii. 33. 3.
Teuthis hepatus, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 507 ; L. Gm. Si/.st. Nat. i. p. 1302.
Acantliurus hepatus, £1. Schn. p. 211 ; Cm: ^- Val. x. p. 183. pi. 288 j

Bleek. Floris, p. 325.
theuthis, Zacep. iv. pp. 549, 553.

D-i^. A.^. V.1/3. Vert. 8/14.

Scales minute, rough ; cheek with small, bony, star-like plates.
The height of the body is one-half or two-fifths of the total length
(caudal not included). The upper jaw with five or six lobate
incisors on each side. Caudal spine without a prominent process
posteriorly. The upper profile of the snout ra.ther convex. Bluish-
grey, with a large black mark nearly entirely covering the back,
commencing with a narrow band above the orbit, including a large
oval grey spot on the middle of the side, and terminating on the tail
in two black bands running along the iipper and lower edges of the
tail and of the caudal fin ; the space between these two bands is
yeUow, triangular, the point of the triangle being in front of the
caudal spine. Base of the dorsal and anal fins grey ; pectoral black-
ish, with a crescent-shaped yellow spot at the free margin.

From Maui'itius to New Guinea.
a,h. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. rurchased of Mr. Frank.

342 ACRONTTKID-S!.

III. Teeth setiform, moveable, dilated only at the extremity.

34. Acanthums strigosus.

Bennett, Zool. Journ. fixsc. xiii. p. 41 ; Cut: ^ Val. x. p. 243.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length (the
caudal fin not included). Anterior profile of the snout nearly
straight. Teeth setiform, with the extremity dilated and laterally
serrated. Brown, with numerous bluish longitudinal lines.

Sandwich Islands. New Guinea.

a, b-c. Adult. Sandwich Islands. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society. — Types of the species.

35. Acanthums ctenodon.

Acantliurus ctenodon, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 241. pi. 289.

strigosus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. iv. p. 264, & vi.

p. 102.

T) -^ A -?-

29-30' ■ 26-27*

The height of the body is nearly one-haK of the total length (the
caudal fin not included). Anterior profile of the snout nearly straight.
Teeth setiform, with the extremity slightly dilated and laterally
serrated. Uniform brown (in spirits).

Ceylon. East Indian Archipelago. New Guinea. New Hebrides.
Caroline Islands.

a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.
h, c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. Half-grown. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

e. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

IV. TFith only Jive to three dorsal spines.

36. Acanthums rhombeus.

Acanthurus flavescens, Betut. Zool. Jaarn. iv. 1828, p. 40.

rhombeus, Kittl. in 3Ius. Senckeiib. i. p. 19G. tab. 13. fig. 6. *

scopas, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 245. pi. 290 ; Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr.

Nederl. hid. 1851, p. 348 ; Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Cuba,

Poiss. p. 122.
altivelis, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 249.

D.A. A.|. V.1/5.

The body is as high as long (head and caudal fin not included).
Snout very produced ; six lobate teeth on each side of the upper
jaw. Scales minute, rough ; tail with numerous small prickles
before the caudal spine. Dorsal and anal fins more or less elevated.
Brownish -black ; the membranaceous sheath of the caudal spine
white ; head and anterior part of the body generally with • miniite

1. ACANTHURUS. 343

whitish dots and fine undulated lines ; sometimes a short whitish
longitudinal band above the pectoral.

From Mauritius to the western parts of Polynesia, jCoast of
Cuba.

a, h. Fine specimens. Ceram.

c. Adult : stuffed. Sand'sach Islands.

d. Half-grown : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-

lection.

e. f, g-h. Adult and half-grown.

It is a very remarkable fact, that, according to Guichenot, this
species is found also in the Caribbean Sea.

37. Acanthurus goramensis.
Blecker, Goram, p. 308.

D.f,- A. I,.
The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Snout very produced ; six lobatc incisors on each
side of the upper jaw. Scales minute, rough. Dorsal and anal fins
elevated. Brownish-violet: head and thorax lighter, with minute
blue dots ; body with about sixteen blue transverse streaks, and with
a greyish band, descending obliquely from the suprascapula towards
the side ; vertical fins brownish-\'iolct. {Bl.)
Sea of Goram.

Closely allied to A. rhomheiis.

38. Acanthurus xanthurus.
Blyth in KeJaarVs Prodr. Fmm. Ceylan. Append, p. 50.

^-i' A. If.

Wholly black, with golden-yellow tail. {Blyth.)
Coast of Ceylon.

39. Acanthurus gemmatus.
Ctiv. 4- Val. X. p. 255.

The height of the body is contained twice and a fifth in the total
length (caudal fin included). The eye is scarcely above the middle
of the height of the head. Caudal truncated ; dorsal and anal spines
rather strong, the anterior very short. Dorsal and anal fins mode-
rately elevated, half as high as the body. Scales scarcely perceptible.
Seven lobate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Dark browTi,
covered all over with white spots, which are disposed in longitudinal
series on the body; caudal immaculate. {Val.)

Mauritius.

344 ACUONUHiD,*;.

40. Acanthurus velifer.

Acantlmrus velifer, Bloch, ix. p. 106. taf. 427. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 215 ;

Lacep. iv. pp. 547, 553 (not Val, Riipp., or JSleek. Cocos, iv. p. 451) j

Black. Batoc, p. 315.
blochii, Benn. in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 207.

^- 28- ^- ¥i-

The height of the body is more than one -half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Yellowish-
red, Avith ten brown cross -bands reaching from the back to the
belly, the two anterior and the last being much broader than the
others : the first from the neck through the eye ; the second touching
the operculum and running to the anus ; those on the body arc
divided by one or two bluish streaks into two or three parallel
portions. Dorsal and anal fins "saolet, the former with seven or
eight blue bands which are interrupted anteriorly, forming spots ;
anal fin with tliree or four similar bands ; caudal fin colourless,
posteriorly with a darker margin.

Sea of Batoe.

a. Stuffed : sixteen inches long and fourteen high. Fecjee Islands.
Voyage of H.M.S. Herald. — The colours of this specimen having
faded, we are not certain whether it belongs to this species.

41. Acanthurus hypselopterus.
Bievk. Florls, p. 327.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the
caudal fin included). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Elackish-
violet ; snoat dotted "with blue. Body -with six yellow cross-bands,
edged ■ndth blue : the first across the pra)operculum ; the second
from the neck, across the operculum. Dorsal and anal fins violet ;
caudal with the base yellow. {Bl.)

Sea of Larantuka.

42. Acanthurus desjardinii.
Bcnn. Proc. Zoul. Soc. 18.1.5, p. 127.

D. A. A. i.

29 2a

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not inchided). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Body
with dark-brown cross-bands, extending to the belly, and with
bluish transverse streaks. Snout and thorax with bluish dots. The
first cross-band from the neck through the eye to the interoperculum,
separated from the second by a greyish interspace ; the second from
the origin of the dorsal to the root of the pectoral ; the others partly
lined, partly divided by the bluish streaks, which are continued on
the dorsal and anal fins, forming there arched bands ; both fins

2. ACKONTJEUS. 345

with round bluish spots anteriorly ; caudal fin entirely dotted with
bluish.
Mauritius.

a. Fine specimen. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Type of the species.

43. Acanthuras riippellii.

Acanthurus velifer, part., Cue. ^ Val. x. p. 251.

velifer, RUpp. Atl. Fische, p. 58. taf. 15. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Cocos, iv.

p. 451.
riippeUii, Bcnn. in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 207 ; Bleek. Batoe,

p. 31G.

D. ±. A. -2-. Yert. 9/13. Cajc. pylor. 7.

29 22-23 ' ^•'

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin jflot included). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Bluish-grey, with
six dark-brown cross-bands, which extend onl)' to the middle of the
side : the first from the neck through the eye to the interoperculum,
dotted with yellow, like the whole head and the thorax ; there are
seventeen to twenty yellow transverse lines on and between the
brown cross-bands, running parallel to them ; the lower half of the
belly with round yellowish spots. Dorsal and anal fins dark violet,
with yellow bands A\-hich are interrupted anteiiorly, forming spots ;
seven bands on the dorsal and four on the anal fin. Caudal with
yellow spots on the basal half, violet towards the margin, which is
blue.

From the Eastern coasts of Africa to New Guinea.

a. Stufi'ed. Ued Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.

44. Acanthurus suillus.

Renard, i. 14. fig. 82.

Acanthui-us suillus, Cuv. <$• Val. x. p. 254.

This fish is known only from an old Dutch drawing, badly copied
by Kenard, and considered by Valenciennes as allied to A. velifer on
account of its elevated dorsal and anal fins. It is represented as
light greyish-brown, minutely dotted and spotted with black. Fins
grey, with a reddish line along the base of the dorsal and anal fins.

Mauritius.

2. ACEONURUS*.

Acauthums, sp., Cw\ 8f Val. x. p. 237.

A single series of lobate incisors in the jaws. A moveable spine
in a groove on each side of the tail. Ventral fins composed of one spine
and several soft rays. One dorsal fin, the spinous portion of which
is of less extent than the soft. Anal spines three. Scales none ; skin

. * This name is taken from Gronow, who intended to apply it to the fishes of
this family. A doubtful species is —

1. Acanthui'us melas. Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 241. -Ceylon.

346 ACRONUEID^.

with vertical striiB. A broad silvery band across the opercles and
the thorax. Branchiostegals five.

Small herbivorous fishes from the tropical seas.

1. Acronurus orbicularis.

Acanthurus orbicularis, {Quoy 8f Gaim.) Cui\ 8f Val. x. p. 237.

B.5. D.|. A.|.

The height of the body is four-fifths of the length (the caudal fin not
included). Yellowish, with some blackish blotches ; fins yellowish.
Island of Guam.

2. Acronurus melanurus.

Acanthiu'us melanurus. Cur. 8f Val. x. p. 240; Bleek. Amb. ^ Cer. p. 271.
D ^ A 1

rhe height of the body is three-fifths of the length (the caudal fin
not included). The second dorsal spine is longer and stronger than
the follnwing.v The cleft of the mouth is situated at some distance
below the level of the. orbit. Body brownish ; vertical fins blackish.

East Indian Seas.

a. Borneo. Presented by Vice- Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

3. Acronurus brevispinis.

D. -f-. A. |. V. 1/2.

The height of the body is contained once and four-fifths in the
length (the caudal fin not included). The first dorsal spine is very
short ; the second stouter, but shorter than the following. The cleft of
the mouth is situated somewhat above the middle of the arch formed
by the upper and lower profiles of the snout, immediately below the
level of the orbit. Reddish- white, with the usual silver)^ cross-band.

Hah. ?

a. Fifteen lines long. — None of the soft dorsal and anal rays can be
disting-uished, and are probably lost. There appear to be only
two soft anal rays. The crests on the upper side of the head
are serrated.

4. Acronurus argenteus.

Acanthurus argenteus, Qkoi/ &; Gnhit. Joy. Urnn. Zool. p. 372. pi. 63.
fig. 2 ; Cuv. c^ Val. x. p. 239.

D. ^. A. -.

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included). Nearly uniform dull yellowish.
Sandwich Islands. Marianes. Ascension Island.

a. Adult. Ascension. Voyage of H. M.S. C'hanticlecr.

3. PEIONURUS. 347

3. PRIONURUS.

Prionurus, Lac6p. Ann, Mus. iv. p. 205

A single series of compressed denticulated incisors in each jaw.
Tail with a series of several keeled, bony lamina;. Ventral fins com-
posed of one spine and five rays. One dorsal fin, the spinous por-
tion of wJiich is less developed than the soft and composed of eight
or nine spines ; anal spines three. Scales minute. Branchiostegals
five ; air-bladder large, forked posteriorly. Intestinal tract with
several circumvolutions ; pyloric appendages five.

Herbivorous fishes from the coast of Japan and the Galapagos
Islands.

1. Prionurus microlepidotus.

Lacep. Ann. Mas. iv. p. 205 ; Cm: i^- Vul. x. p. 295. pi. 292.
D. |. A. If. V. 1/5. C«c. pylor. 5.

Snout moderately produced, with the upper profile straight. A
series of six lamina) on each side of the tail ; a pair of small ones
above, and another below that series. Uniform brownish.

Hab. ?

2. Prionurus scalprum.

Acanthurus scalprum, Langsd.

Prionurus scalprum, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 298; Scldog. Faun. Japan. Poiss.

p. 129. pi. 70.
Naseus scalprum, Blcek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Japan, vi. p. 79.

Snout produced, with the upper profile very slightly concave. A
series of four or five laminae on each side of the tail. Nine incisors
on each side of the upper jaw. Uniform blackish.

Sea of Japan.

a,h. Adult: stuff'ed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. Prionurus laticlavius.
Valenc. in Voi/. Venus, Poiss. p. 335. pi. 7. fig. 2.
B.^. A.l.

2« 25

Snout produced, with the upper profile very concave. A series of
three lamina? on each side of the tail. Eight incisors on each side
of the upper jaw. Yellowish : brown along the sides. ( Val.)

Galapagos Islands.

4. NASEUS*.
I^aaeus, Commerson.
Monoceros, JSl. Schn. p. 180.

* 1. Naseus punctulatus, Cuv.^ Val. x. p. 289. — Hab. ?

2. unicolor. Lienard {Dix. Bnpp. Soc. Hisf. Nat. Maur. p. ;>8) gives

the following insufRcicnt dcseriptiou : " Deux lances a la queue. Bleu

348 ACRONURIDJE.

Naso, Lac6p. iii. p. 106.

Aspisurus, (Lacep.) Rdpp. Atl. Fischc, p. GO.

Naseus, Axiiiurus, et Priodon, Cut: ^ Vat. x. pp. 257, 299, 302.

A single series of slightly compressed incisors, which are some-
times denticulated, in the jaws. Tail with two (rarely one or three)
bony plates, which are very distinct and sharply keeled in adult,
indistinct or entirely absent in immature and young specimens.
Head sometimes with a bony horn- or crest-hke prominence. Ven-
tral fins composed of one spine and three rays. One dorsal fin, the
spinous portion of which is much less developed than the soft, and com-
posed of foiir to six spines ; anal spines two. Scales minute, rough,
forming a sort of shagreen covering. Branchiostegals four or five ;
pseudobranchiae well developed ; air-bladder large, forked posteriorly.
Intestinal tract with many circumvolutions ; five to eight pyloric
appendages.

Herbivorous fishes inhabiting the tropical seas from the eastern
coasts of Africa to Poljoiesia.

* Forehead with a more or less elongate conical horn-like protuberance
in adidt specimens.

1. Naseus unicornis.

Monoceros piscis, Willughby, p. 150. t. O. 4.

minor, JVilluyhh;/, p. 21G.

Chaetodon, sp., Hassdq. Iter Pal(Pst. p. 332. no. 71.

imicomis, Forsk. p. G3, and Icon. tab. 23 ; L. Gm. i. p. 12G8.

Monoceros raii, Bl. Schn. p. 181.

biacideatus, Bl. Schn. p. 180. tab. 42.

Naso fronticomis, Lacep. iii. pp. 105, lOG. pi. 7. fig. 2.

Acanthurus imicornis, Shmv, Zool. iv. p. 374. pi. 50.

Aspiruriis unicorais, JRiipp. Atl. Fischc, p. GO.

Naseus fronticornis, (Commers.) Cur. Sf Vol. x. p. 259,- Faun. Japan .
Poiss. p. 129. pi. 69 ; Richank. Ichth. Chin. p. 244 ; Bleek. Batoc,
iii. p. 238 : Cuv. Rcr/ne Anitn. III. Roiss. pi. 72. fig. 2.

longicornis, Cuv. in Gucr. Iconocp: Pviss. pi. 35. fig. 3.

Harpurus monoceros, Ford. Dcscripf. Anim. cd. Licht. p. 219.

Acronunis a?gyptius, Gronov. Si/.sf. cd. Gray, p. 191. f

coniiger, Gronov. Syst. cd. Gray, p. 192.

^-W^s- ^-^h^y Ca^c. pylor. 7-8. Vert. 9/12.
Forehead produced into a horn-like protuberance, longer or
shorter according to ago, horizontal, and on a level Avith the upper
half of the orbit. Snout produced beyond the tip of the horn (some-
times the horn is a little longer) ; the length of its upper profile,
taken from the base of the horn, is more than twice the distance of

noiratre sur le dos, moins foncee sur le ventre et presque noire aux
nageoires. Sa caudale est si legerement echancree qu'elle semble carree.

D. — , A. — ." — Mauritius.

30' 30

t Gronow gave this denomination to the fish described by Hasselquist, not
having been aware tliat the Swedish traveller mentions the horn of the forehead
in his deseription only in the passage which is headed '' Bravchife."

4. NASEus. 349

the orbit from the first dorsal spine. Teeth slightly compressed,
tapering, of moderate size, not serrated. The height of the body is
two-fifths or two-sevenths of the total length (the caudal fin not in-
cluded). Two spiniferoiis plates on each side of the tad. The length
of the fifth dorsal spine is rather more than, or equal to, its distance
from the fii'st. Brownish-grey ; dorsal and anal fins with longitu-
dinal blue stripes.

From the Red Sea to the coasts of Japan and to Polynesia.

a. Skin : twenty-two inches long ; horn three inches. Ceylon. From

Dr. Kelaart's Collection.
h. Skin : twenty inches long ; horn two inches. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.

c. Stuffed : eighteen inches long ; horn fifteen lines. Old Collection.

d. Skin : eighteen inches long ; horn eighteen lines. Frankland

Island. D.^,A.f„.

e. Stuffed : fifteen inches long ; horn ten lines.

/. Skin : thu'teen inches long ; horn six lines. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.
(J. Stuffed : eleven inches long ; horn three lines. Red Sea. From

Dr. Iiui)peU's Collection.
h. Stuffed : ten inches and a half long ; horn three lines. Aneiteum.

From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

2. Naseus brachycentron.
Cuv. fy Veil. X, p. 275.

Forehead produced into a horn-like protuberance, the axis of which
passes tlirough the orbit. Snout produced. Two spiniferous plates
on each side of the tail. Dorsnl spines very strong, but only half as
long as in N. unicot-nis. Uniform grey (in a dried state). ( Val.)

AVaigiou.

3. Naseus tripeltes.

Umard, i. pi. 4. fig. 23 ; Valcnt. fig. 518.
Naseus tripeltes, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 276.

Forehead produced into a horizontal horn. Three bony carinated
plates on each side of the tail.
Malayan Archipelago.

This species is known only from the old Dutch drawings, and has
not yet been recognized.

4. Naseus brevirostris.
JRcnard, i. 24. 130.
Naseus brevirostris, Ckii\, ^ Vol. x. p. 277. pi. 291 ; Bleek. Celebes, iv.

p. 165, and Celebes, \'iii. p. 306.
hoedtii, Bleek. Amboina, iv. p. 339.

D.l. A. A Vert. 9/13.

Forehead produced into a hom-Iike protuberance, longer or shorter

350 ACE0NtrRID.12.

according to age, the horn being horizontal, with its axis passing
through the centre of the eye. The horn, in young specimens, soon
reaches beyond the snout, which is verj^ short ; the anterior profile of
the snout is subvertical, and its Icngthy^taken from the base of the
horn, is about equal to the diameter of the orbit. Teeth exceedingly-
small, finely serrated. The height of the body is one-third, or rather
more than one-third of the total length (the caudal fin included).
The length of the fifth dorsal spine equals its distance from the
origin of the fin. Greyish-brown, with numerous short blue trans-
verse lines posteriorly ; caudal light -coloured on its posterior half,
its margin being green.

From Mamitius to Pol}Ticsia.

This species has not yet been found in the Ilcd Sea. The speci-
mens determined by Dr. lliippell as N. hrevirostris (N. W. Fische,
p. 130) are immature specimens of N. fronticornis (as he himself
supjjoses), but entirely different from the present si)ecies.

a. Stuffed : thirteen inches long ; horn fifteen lines, Ceylon. From
Dr. Sibbald's Collection.

h. Eleven inches long ; horn one inch. Malayan Archipelago. Pre-
sented by Sir J. Richardsen.

c. Eight inches long ; horn four lines. Macassar.

d. Eight inches long ; horn three lines. Amboj-na. Purchased of

Mr. Frank.

e. Seven inches and a half long ; hom three lines : stuffed. Port

llcsolution (Tana). From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
/. Six inches and a half long ; horn one line. Aneiteum. From

Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
f/. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

The skeleUni has a great similarity to that of Acanthurus. The
form of the skull would be nearly the same but for the horn -like
protuberance on the forehead. The crown of the head is short and
convex, and there is a short triangular crest on the anterior portion
of the supraoccipital. The hinder side of the occiput has a vertical
groove above the foramen occipitale and a pair of short protuber-
ances, which are present also in Acanthurus. The principal frontals
are convex, smooth, porous, not much narrower between the orbits
than behind them. The prefrontals arc not prominent, forming the
front margin of the orbit. The borders of the principal frontals and
of the pra)frontals being very distinct, I conclude tliat the horn is
formed only by the turbinal bones, which, as we have seen above,
arc well developed also in Acanthurus. The same bones form the
rostral process in Malthe (see p. 202). The bones of the jaws are
as short as in Acnnihurus, but less strong and thick, the teeth being
much smaller than in tliat genus ; thu maxillary and intermaxillary
are firmly and immovcably joined together, and the latter has its
posterior processes extremely short. The lower jaw is elevated,
rather thin. Palatines short ; the bones of the tympanic cavity
well ossified ; the epitympanic especially is well developed, and oc-

4. NASEUS 351

cupies the whole of the anterior side of the pracopcrciiliim. The
praeorbital is thin and very elongate, and does not enter the orbit,
except by a cartilaginous process ; the remainder of the infraorbital
ring is very narrow and, posteriori}-, in immediate contact with the
epitympanic. The limbs of the pra^operculum meet at a very obtuse
angle, and the posterior is twice as long as the inferior. Operculum
rather narrow and elevated, not extending downwards to the angle
of the praooperculum, where it is replaced by the suboperculum ; the
latter is not much smaller than the operculum. Interoperculum very
small.

The bones of the humeral arch are rather strong : suprascapula
small, firmly united with the skull ; scapula long, sword-shaped ;
coracoid very long and strong, straight, with a longitudinal ridge on
its inner side. The cavity for the pectoral muscles is deep, but not
so broad as in Acanthurus ; its bottom is thin and transparent, though
nearly entirely osseous, the ulna having a small foramen, the radius
a larger and a smaller one. Cai-pal bones very small. The piibic
bones are ver}- long, slightly bent, and firmly attached to each other ;
each is formed by a narrow vertical lamella terminating in a siyii-
form process anteriorly.

There are nine abdominal and thirteen caudal vertebral, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 2-3. The vertebras are slightly compressed ; the anterior
short, the middle and the caudal ones rather long. The apophyses are
of moderate length and strength, and dilated posteriorly into a more
or less broad lamella ; the lamella) of tlie neurals and interneurals of
the abdominal vertebrae are broad enough to form together one con-
tinuous osseous plane, without free spaces between the single bones.
The first interneural is strong, bent forwards, so that its upper extre-
mity overlaps the occipital region of the skull ; it is provided supe-
riorly with a subglobular cavity, in which a round bony tubercle (a
rudimentary first dorsal spine) moves ; this interneural does not ter-
minate in a spine directed forwards, as in Acanthurus. The second
interneural is firmly attached to the first ; the interneurals of the
following dorsal spines are dilated superiorly into a slightly concave
and oblong plate, and one always corresponds to a single neural,
whilst each neural and haemal of the caudal vertebra? always sup-
port two or three interneurals and intcrha^mals of the soft rays.
The first haemal and interha^mal form one strong bone, much bent
forwards, and slightly dilated at its inferior extremity ; the five fol-
lowing interhaemals are fixed to it. Ribs moderately developed, with
epipleurals.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 0^

of the second vertebra 1

of the third vertebra 1^

of the fourth vertebra 2g

of the tenth vertebra 4

of the fourteenth vertebra 4^

of the eighteenth vertebra 5

352 ACRONURID^.

lines.

Length of the nineteenth vertebra 3|

of the twenty-first vertebra 21

of the abdominal portion 22

of the caudal portion 50

of the eleventh neural spine 8

"Width of the curve of the haemal bone 26

5. Naseus olivaceus.

Chfetodon olivaceus, Solander, MS. Brit. Mns. with figure.
Naseus olivaceus, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 288.

D -^ A ^

' 30-28' ■ 28-29*

Forehead with a more or less projecting protuberance opposite to
the upper half of the orbit. The snout is moderately produced, with
the upper profile rather concave ; the length of that profile is about
twice the distance of the orbit from the dorsal fin. Teeth very slightly
compressed, tapering at the extremity, about thirteen on each side of
the upper jaw. The height of the body is one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). The length of the fifth dorsal spine
equals its distance from the first. Caudal plates rather small.
Greyish-olive : base of the caudal plates blue ; dorsal fin ^v^th two
series of whitish dots ; anal with two longitudinal lines along the
middle.

Otaheiti. Philippine Islands.

a. Four inches long. Otaheiti. — Type of the species. D. ^, A. ^.

Scarcely any frontal protuberance.
6. Slx inches and a half long. Philippine Islands. From Mr.

Cuming's Collection. — D. ^, A. ^. Frontal protuberance just

conspicuous.
c. Stufied : ten inches long. — D. ^, A. ^. Frontal protuberance

two lines long.

6. Naseus annulatus.

Priodon annulatus, Quoyl^ Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 377 (young).

Naseus marginatus, Cui\ 8f Val. x. p. 280 (adult).

Priodon annularis, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 302, t)l. 294 (young) ; Bleek.

Atnbflina, ii. p. 558.
Naseus annulatus, Bleek. Celeb, viii. p. 304.

D. IS^, A. -^. Ca3c. pylor, 5.

28-29 28-29 !•'

Forehead with a more or less projecting protuberance, situated
below the level of the centre of the orbits. The snout is moderately
produced. Teeth very small, with a very fine sorrature on the apical
half. The length of the fifth spine is nearly equal to its distance
from the first. Caudal plates very small, scarcely keeled, and in
young individuals absent. Brown: anal with one or two bluish
longitudinal bands ; dorsal and anal with a narrow, caudal with a

4. NASEus. 353

rather broad, white edge. Yoiing specimens with a white ring round
the tail.

East Indian Archipelago. Polynesia.

a-c. Six to ten inches long : stuffed : protuberance just conspicuous.
Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

*• A convex and compressed liump above the snout in adnlt specimens.

7. Naseus tuberosus.

Renard, i. fig. 79 ; Valcnt. iii. p. .386. fig. 119, & p. 499. fig. 478.

Naso tuberosus, Lacep. iii. p. 111. pi. 7. fig. 3.

Acanthurus uasus, Shaw, Zool. v. p. 876. pi. 51.

Naseus tuber, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 290.

? Naseus tonganus, (Quo;/ &• Gaim.) Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 292.

Naseus vlammgii, Cuv. i)' Val. x. p. 293 ; BJeck. Batav. p. 472.

T) 5-6 A 2

27-30" 27-28'

The anterior profile of the snout is convex, in mature specimens
very prominent, like a crest. Teeth slightly compressed, small,
tapering, about twenty on each side of the upper jaw. Brown, with
black (blue) dots or short vertical Unes ; fins blackish, the vertical
with white margins.

From Mauritius to Pol}Tiesia.

a. Twenty-two inches long : stuffed. Ceylon. From Dr. Sibbald's
Collection. — Caudal spines very strong ; crest very convex.

h. Young. Coram. From Madame Ida Pfeiffers Collection. —
Caudal spines none ; profile of the snout slightly convex.

c, d. Adult and young: stuped. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgilli-
vray's Collection.

€. Fine specimen.

/. Half- grown : stuffed. Old Collection.

g, h. Adult : skins. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Young specimens have the dorsal spines much more slender and
longer than adult ones. The form of the caudal fin is subject to
great variation, as in many fishes of this and other families, some
individuals ha\-ing it nearly truncated behind, whilst in others the
lobes are produced into long filaments. N. tonganus is founded on
a specimen which is said to have been immaculate. N. tuberosus is
a species, in which the height of the body, the profile of the snout,
the length and number of the dorsal spines, the size of the caudal
spiniferous laminae, the form of the caudal fin, and, as it appears, the
colours, are variable, and chiefly dependent on age.

*** Head without honi or hump in mature specimens.

8. Naseus lituratus.

Valent. iii. p. 371. fig. 77; Itemtrd, i. 23, 128.

Harpui'us lituratus, Forst. Descr. Anim. eel. Licht. p. 218.

Acanthurus lituratus, Bl. Sclin. p. 216.

harpurus, Shair, Zool. iv. p. 381.

Aspisurus elegans, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 61. taf. 16. fig. 2.

VOL. Ill 2 A

354 ACRONTJRIDvE.

? Aspisums carolinarura, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy, Urmu Zool. p. 375. pi. G3.

fig. 1.
Prionuriis eoume, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 151.
Naseus lituratus, Ctiv. ^ Val. x. p. 282 ; BleeJc. Celeb, iii. p. 763.
? Naseua carolinarum, Cur. Sf Val. x. p. 287.
Aspisurus lituratus, Miipp. N. W. Fische, p. 130.

D-i^. ^'^v C«c.pylor.8. Vert. 9/13.

Forehead without horn. Snout rather produced. Teeth com-
pressed, of moderate size, thirteen or fifteen on each side of the upper
jaw. Dorsal spines strong and stout, the length of the fifth being
less than its distance from the first. Brown : end of the tail white ;
a green streak commences at the eye and nostril, and descends in a
curve to the angle of the mouth. Back with a blue line along the
base of the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin black, with a broad whitish margin,
and with a white band running near and along the edge of the black
coloiir. Caudal with a green and white margin posteriorly ; anal
with a narrow black and white margin.

From the Red Sea to Polynesia.

a-c. Adult. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection. — Types of the

species.
d-e. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Mac-

gillivray's Collection.
/. Fine specimen. Malayan Archipelago. Presented by Sir J.

Richardson.
g. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. RUppeU's Collection.
h. Fine specimen. From the "Haslar Collection.
i. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

The skeleton does not differ essentially from that of N. hrevirostris.
The teeth being somewhat stronger in this species, the bones of the
jaws are rather thicker and stouter. The principal frontal bones do
not extend forwards beyond the level of the orbit ; the praefrontals
occupy, as usual, the front part of the orbit ; the turbinal bones
are weU ossified, and situated immediately behind the maxillary :
the space on each side of the upper surface of the snout, between the
principal frontal, praeorbital and turbinal, is occupied by a long bone,
which may be considered as the separate anterior portion of the prin-
cipal frontal ; a narrow strip of the ethmoid intervenes between
these two peculiar bones, but as it does not extend so far backwards
as they do, an oblong free space remains, leading into the interior of
the cavity of the skull.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 04

of the second vertebra l|

of the third vertebra 1|

of the fourth vertebra 2|

of the tenth vertebra 3

of the fourteenth vertebra 3|

of the seventeenth vertebra 3|

of the nineteenth vertebra 3

of the twenty-first vertebra 2

5. KERis. 355

lines.

Length of the abdominal portion 20

— ' of the caudal portion 38

of the eleventh neural 8

Width of the curve of the haemal bone 25

9. Naseus nexauiintliiis. ^
Priodon hexacanthus, Bleek. Amboinu, vi. p. 421.

28 29

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the upper
profile of the snout nearly straight. Teeth denticulated at the extre-
mity, sixteen to twenty on each side of the jaws. Tail with two
small laminae on each side, which are not keeled. Brown : dorsal fin
with three, anal with two blue longitudinal stripes. {Bleek.)

Amboyna. Batu.

10. Naseus tapeinosoma.
Priodon tapeinosoma, Bleek. A?nboina, v. p. 494.

29* 28

The height of the body is contained thrice and a third in the total
length ; the upper profile of the snout nearly straight. Teeth den-
ticulated at the extremity, about twenty on each side of the upper
jaw. Tail on each side with two small laminae, which are not keeled.
Crown : vertical fins edged with yellow ; anal with two dark-brown
longitudinal streaks. (Bleek.)

Amboyna.

11. Naseus thynnoides.

Axinurus thynnoides, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 299. pi. 293 ; Cuv. Reqne Anim.

lU. Poiss. pi. 74. fig. 3.
Naseus thynnoides, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amboina, p. 61.

D.,3-15,. A.,-^^. Caocpylor.a

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length (the
caudal fin not included). Only one trenchant lamina on eacli side of
the tail. Teeth very small, tapering, not serrated. The upper pro-
file of the snout convex. Greyish : dorsal and anal fins with oblique
dark lines.

Seas of New Guinea and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of^Mr. Frank.

5. KERIS.
Keris, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 304.

A single series of smnU teeth in the jaws. Tail without bony
laminae, in an adult state. Ventral fins composed of one spine and
three (five) rays. One dorsal fiji, the spinous portion of which is
less developed than the soft, and composed of six spines ; anal spines
two. Branchiostegals four.

East Indian Archipelago.

2 a2

35G ACRONUBID^.

The doubts raised by Dr. v. Bleeker against the validity of this genus
appear to be very just ; we prefer, however, to admit it into the
system, until further evidence is gained from a re-examination of
the typical specimen, as well as from its comparison with the spe-
cies discovered by Dr. v. Bleeker. If the bony laminae oti the tail
were absent in adult individuals, if the ventral fin had five soft rays,
as Yalenciennes says, and if the system of coloration were similar to
that of Acronuriis, the genus would really be different from JSfaseus ;
but none of these characters have been confirmed by the Dutch
ichthyologist.

1. Keris anginosus.

P Keris ani^inosus. Cm: Sf- Vul. x. p. .j04. pi. 295.
Priodou anginosus, Bleek. Anihoina, v. p. 402.

The height of the body is somewhat more than one-half of the
total length. The anterior profile of the snout rather concave. Teeth
minutely denticulated, about eleven on each side. Abdomen very
prominent ; root of the ventrals anterior to that of the pectorals.
Tail without lamina). Orange-coloured : li])s brown ; a brown band
from the neck throiigh the eye ; body with brownish spots arranged
in six or seven transverse bands ; dorsal and anal fins with two or
three series of brownish spots.

Amboyna. Coram. Kokos Islands. Celebes.

The diagnosis is taken from Blocker's description. It does not
appear to be fully proved that the specimens which served for
Valenciennes and Bleeker's descriptions are specifically identical.
These scruples are increased by a comparison of the figure and de-
scription given by the French naturalist, as they do not agree with
each other. When we consult the figure, it would ajjpear as if the
fish in the Pans Collection were similar to the species of Acronurus,
having the broad silvery band across the thorax, and the skin trans-
versely striated ; yet Valenciennes describes the skin as " couverte
de petites granulations carrees, oblongues, fines, et placees comma do
la mosaique."

2. Keris amboinensis.
Bleehe); Amhoina ^ Ceram, p. 272.

B-4. D.|. A.|^. V.1/3.

The height of the body is one-half or rather less tlian one-half of
the total length. Teeth very small, conical. Abdomen very pro-
minent ; root of the ventrals situated before th(; jjcetorals. Brown :
the spinous portion of the dorsal fin brown, the soft and the anal
with three or four longitudinal series of small blackish-brown spots ;
caudal fin yellow, brown at the base.

East Indian Archipelago.
a. Forty-two linos long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

This is probably the young of a species of Naaeus, closely allied to,
or perhaps identical with, N. finnalatas.

HOPLEGNATHID^. 'S^'l

Fam. 31. HOPLEGNATHID.E

Hoplegnathoidei, Sleeker, Vet-hand. AJcad. Wetemch. Aitisterd. i. 1854,
Japan, p. 6.

Body compressed and elevated, covered with very small ctenoid
scales. Lateral line continuous. The bones of the Jaws have a sharp
trenchant dentigerous edge, as in Scams, — the teeth, if at all conspi-
cuous, being continuous with the substance of the bones, forming a
more or less distinct serrature of the edges ; no teeth on the palate ;
the lower pharyngeal bones not united. The spinous portion of the
dorsal fin is rather more developed than the soft, the spines being
strong ; anal with three spines, similarly developed as the soft dorsal ;
ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays.

Australian, Japanese, and Chinese Seas.

Only one genus.

1. HOPLEGNATHUS.

Oplognnthus, Richards. Proc. Zoul. Soc. 1840, p. 27.
Scaradou, Schley. Faun. Japun. I'uiss. p. 89.

The spinous dorsal with twelve spines ; the soft dorsal and anal
rather elevated ; vertical fins somewhat scaly on the basal portions.

1. Hoplegnathus conwa3rii.

Oplognathus conwaii, Ricliards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 27.
Hoplegnathus conwayii, Richards. Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 144. pi. 7.
fig. 1.

12 12

The length of the fifth and sixth dorsal spines is three times and
a third in the length of the head.
Australia ?

2. Hoplegnathus fasciatus.

Krusenstern, Reise, tab. 52. fig. 2.

Scaradon fasciatus, Tet)im. Sf Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 89. pi. 46

figs. 1, 2.
Hoplegnathus fasciatus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 247 ; Bletk. 1. c. p. 6.

U. ^. A. y^.

Brownish, irregularly maculated with darker. Young with seven
blackish bands.
Japan.

a. Half-grown : stuffed. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

358

HOPLEGNAXHID^.

3. Hoplegnathus punctatus.

Scaradon punctatus, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun, Japon. Poiss. p. 91.
Hoplegnathus punctatus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 247.
maculosus, Richards. I. c.

Df^

Body and the basal parts of the vertical fins with very distinct,
rounded, larger and smaller dark-brown spots, which sometimes have
a light centre.

Seas of China and Japan.

a. Half-grown : skin. China. Purchased of Mr. "Warwick.

We have now arrived at a series of families in which the charac-
ters of the Acanthopterygian fishes are not purely preserved, but
blended with others, by which a more or less close affinity to one of
the following orders is indicated. Several of these famUies approach
the Acanthopterous Pharyngognaths of Miiller by the stnicture of
their teeth and of their fins, or by the interrupted lateral Hne.
Others are truly Malacopterygians with regard to the structure of
their dorsal fin ; whilst the position or the structure of the ventrals
does not allow of a separation from the present order. Finally, the
Mastacembelidce are Eels with a spinous dorsal fin ; and the Not-
acanthi are so aberrant a form, that they appear to be as distinct from
Acanthopterygians and Malacopterygians as those two orders are
from each other.

We begin with those families which show some affinity to the
Pharyngognaths.

MALACANTHID^. 359

Fam. 32. MALACANTHID^.

Labroidei, part., Cuv. R^ffne Anim.

Scisenoidei, part., Miill. Berl. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 167.

Bodj^ elongate, covered with very small scales ; head labroid (with
thick Ups, and with a posterior intermaxillary canine tooth). Dorsal
and anal fins very long, the former with a few unarticiilated rays
anteriorly ; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five rays. No
prominent anal papilla. Gill-opening wide, with the gill -membranes
united below the throat ; gills four, a slit behind the fourth ; pseudo-
branchiaj ; branchiostegals five or six ; air-bladder simple ; pyloric
appendages none. Vertebrae 10/14.

Seas between the tropics.

Only one genus.

1. MALACANTHUS.

Malacanthus, Cuv. Ri-gne Anim, ; Cuv. ^' Val. xiii. p. 316.

Body elongate, slightly compressed ; cleft of the mouth horizontal,
with the jaws equal ; eye lateral. Scales vei7 small, minutely
ciliated. One continuous dorsal, with the first four or six rays not
articulated ; dorsal and anal verj' long ; the lower pectoral rays
branched. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, wath canines and an
outer series of stronger teeth, and with a canine at the posterior ex-
tremity of the intermaxillary ; no teeth on the palate. Operculum
with a spine, prteoperculum entire.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America ; Mauritius ; Western Pacific.

1. Malacanthus plumieri.

Parra, p. 22. pi. 13. f. 1.

Coryphaena plumieri, Block, taf. 175 (very bad).

Sparus oblongus, Bl. Schn. p. 283.

Malacanthus pliunieri, Cuv. <^ Val. xiii. p. 319. pi. 380; Casteln. Anim.

nouv. du rares de FAmer. Slid, Poiss. p. 29.
trachinus, Valenc. in Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 90. fig. 3.

B. 6. D. |- A. 51-53. Vert. 10/14.

The height of the body is contained eight times and a half in the
total length ; the lobes of the caudal elongate, and sometimes pro-
duced into a filament.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a. Adult. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

6. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

c, dy e. Adult and half-grown : skins and stuffed. Jamaica. From

Dr. Parnell's Collection.
f. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.

360 MALACANXniD.E.

y. Adult : skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
h. Adult female : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Ovaria of specimen h.

Valenciennes had already pointed out that the abdominal cavity-
extends into the tail, that is, into the portion behind the anus and
behind the origin of the anal fin. He examined a male specimen :
and to this I may add, that the ovaria are perfectly separated from
each other, and that each of them is divided into two lobes by a very
deep anterior notch.

SJceleton. — The maxillar)' is much broader in its upper half than
in its lower, and not longer than the intermaxillary ; the latter is
armed ■with a series of strong teeth : the three or four anterior ones
arc the strongest and curved ; the lateral, twenty in number, are
slightly bent inwards ; and the posterior, again, is stronger and curved
forwards : there is a band of villiform teeth interiorly to the series
described, and broadest anteriorly. The mandibula also has an outer
series of stronger teeth ; four of them, situated on the middle of the
side, are the strongest and curved backwards, Avhilst ten smaller
ones, occupjang the posterior part of the bone, are bent forwards :
there is a broad patch of villiform teeth on the anterior part of the
jaw. The vomer and the palatines arc flat and smooth. The
pra3opcrculum has no ridge or muciferous channel ; its limbs are
of equal length, and meet at an obtuse angle, which, however, is
rounded. Tiie operculum is armed with a strong, flat spine ; sub-
and interoperculum narrow, the latter rather elongate. The tur-
binal bone and the praeorbital are long ; the remainder of the infra-
orbital ring is very narrow and feeble, but provided interiorly mth
a broad concave plate, to support the eyeball from beneath. The
upper part of the skull is rather flat, and the bones forming the
brain-capsule are thin, semitransjiarent. There are some sb'ght
ridges posteriorly, the most feeble of which is the occipital crest ;
the ridges to which the suprascapula is attached are much stronger.
The coracoid is exceedingly broad, formed by tAVO bones.

The length of the vertebral column is not caused by an increased
number of the vertebrae, but by the single vertebra? being con-
siderably elongate. The abdominal portion is formed by ten, the
caudal by fourteen vertebrae, and the length of the former is to that
of the latter as 1:1-5. The first vertebra is much compressed in its
longitudinal diameter. The ribs are slender, and provided Avith
cpipleural spines. The haemal canal, below the first two caudal
vertebrae, is extremely wide, the haemal spines forming a complete
arch. The anal fin is continued anteriorly considerably below the
abdominal cavity ; and there are no haemals corresponding to the
rays by which this part of the fin is formed.

2. Malacanthus latovittatus.

Jjabrus lato-vittatus, Lacep. iii. p. 527. pi. 28. fig. 2.
Tpenianotu* lato-vittatus, Lnc^p. iv. p. 304 (not pi. 3. fig. 2>.

1. MALACANTHUS. 361

Malacantlius lato-vittatus, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. iii. p. 701.

pi. 20. fig. 3 (var.).
tseniatus, Cuv. (§• Val. xiii. p. 327. pi. 381 ; Bleek. Natmcrk.

Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 218.

B. 5. D. ^. A. i-. L. lat. 125.

40 40

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length ; caudal
subtruncated. A broad black lateral band.
Mauritius ; New Guinea.

a. Adult: stuffed. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

3. Malacanthus hoedtii.

Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., New Guinea, p. 18.

D. 5 I 53. A. 50.

Operculum with a very strong and flat spine. Scales very small.
Caudal fin with two parallel and horizontal black bands.
Louisiade Archipelago ; New Guinea ; Mauritius.

a. Stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.'
6. Stuffed. Mauritius. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.

Description. — The body is elongate and slightly compressed, its
height, above the ventral fins, being one-ninth of the total length.
The length of the head (the opercular spine included) is one-fifth of
the total ; the space between the orbits is flat and rather broad, its
width being one-fourth of the length of tlie head. The extent of
the snout is moderate, nearly equal to the width of the head between
the orbits. The cleft of the mouth is oblique, with the jaws equal
anteriorly ; the upper maxillary reaches beyond the anterior margin
of the eye. The upper surface of the head and the snout are^cale-
less. The eye is rather large, 4|- in the length of the head, and
situated high up the sides. The nostrils are near the upper anterior
angle of the orbit. The limbs of the proeoperculum are equal in
length, and meet at a rather obtuse angle. The cheeks and opercles
are covered with very small scales ; the operculum is small, but
armed with a veiy strong and flat spine, which extends beyond the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin.

The dorsal fin begins at a distance from the occiput which equals
that between the occiput and the extremity of the snout. The. five
anterior unarticulated rays or spines are very feeble, and increase in
length posteriorly, as the anterior rays do. The middle two-fourths
of the fin are the highest, their height being one-third of the length
of the head. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins equals
the depth of the tail below the extremity of the dorsal. The caudal
is subtruncated and rather short, its length being 8f in the total.
The anal fin begins below the thirteenth ray of the dorsal (the spines
included), and ends opposite the dorsal. The anterior rays are not
so short as in the dorsal fin, but, in the middle, both fins are equal in
height. The pectoral is slightly rounded, the middle rays being the

362 NANDID-S:.

longest, and extends to, or somewhat beyond, the anal. The ventrals
thoracic and very short, with one spine and five soft rays.

The colour (in a dried state) is a yellowish -oHve, bluish-rose-
coloured on the back (during life) ; the caudal has two deep-black
parallel and horizontal bands.

Both the jaws are armed with a vilHform band of teeth and with
an outer series of stronger conical teeth ; there is a recurved tooth
at the posterior extremity of the intermaxillary bone. Palate without
any teeth.

inches, lines. '

Total length 9 6

Height of the body 1 1

Length of the head 1 11

Width of the head between the orbits .... 0 5|

Diameter of the eye 0 5

Height of the dorsal 0 8

Length of the caudal 1 0

Fam. 33. NANDID^.

Pseudochromides, pt., et Msenoidei, pt., M'dller Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichth.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with scales. Lateral line in-
terrupted. Dorsal fin formed by a spinous portion and by a soft, the
latter being the less developed ; anal fiji with three spines, and with
its soft portion similar to the soft dorsal. Ventral fins thoracic, with
one spine and five or four soft rays. Dentition more or less com-
plete, generally feeble. Five or six branchiostegals ; gills four, or
three and a half; pseudobranchiae present in the marine, absent
or hidden in the freshwater genera. An air-bladder. No super-
branchial organ.

Carnivorous fishes.

Synopsis of the Groups and Genera.
First Group : Plesiopina.

Pseudobranchiae present. Ventral rays four.
From the lied Sea to the Pacific.

The first ventral ray bifid and elongate 1 . PLESiors, p. 363.

None of the ventral rays elongate 2. TRACiiiNor.% p. 366.

1. PLESiops. 3*33

Second Group : Nandina.

Pseudobranchiae none. Ventral rays five. Palatine and vomerine
teeth. (Nandoidei, Bleek.)

Freshwater fishes of the East Indies.

None of the bones of the head are serrated 3. Badis, p. 367.

The praeoperculum only is serrated 4. Nandus, p. 367.

Prsgoperculum and pr;corbital serrated 5. Catopra, p. 368.

Third Group : Achamina.

Pseudobranchiae hidden. Ventral rays five. No teeth on the palate.
Freshwater fishes from Tropical America.

Bones of the head not armed 6. Acharnes, p. 369.

First Group. PLESIOPINA.

1. PLESIOPS.

Plesiops, Out: Reym Anim. ; Midi. ^ Trosch. Hor. Ichtlujol. iii. p. 22.
Pharopteryx, Rilpp. Atl. Fische, p. 15.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
lateral Line interrupted. Mouth moderately pi-otractile. Eleven or
twelve spines in the dorsal fin, three in the anal ; V. 1/4. The first
ventral ray is elongate, bifid. Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and the palatine bones. None of the bones of the head serrated.
Six branchiostegals ; four gills, pseudobranchia; ; an air-bladder.
Pyloric appendages none.

Carnivorous fishes from the Red Sea and the East Indian Archi-
pelago.

1 . Plesiops nigricans.

Pharopter}'x nigricans, iZwjjp. Atl. Fische, p. 15. taf. 4. fig. 2, and N. W.
Fische, p. 5.

D.f. A.|. V.1/4.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-
sevenths of the total. The maxillary extends behind the orbit.
Uniform greenish-black ; bluish dots on the opercles, fins, and on the
lower part of the sides.

Red Sea.

This and the two following species are, according to Dr. v. Bleeker,
perhaps only varieties of one, with which opinion I fully concur.

2. Plesiops cseruleo-lineatus.

Plesiops caeruleo-lineatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 5. taf. 2. fig. 5;

Bleek. Amboina, iii. p. 116.
melas, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch, xxii., Bali, p. 9.

B. 6. D. '^. A. ^' V. 1/4. L. lat. 23.

The height of the body is contained four or five times in the total

364 NANDID^.

length, the length of the head three times and three-quarters. Snout
convex. The upper maxillary extends behind the vertical from the
posterior margin of the orbit. Black, each scale with a blue spot ;
an oblique blue longitudinal line on the dorsal and anal fins ; caudal
sometimes with a red band, parallel to the margins of the fin.
Red Sea. East Indian Archipelago. Coast of Australia.

a. Half-grown. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

3. Plesiops corallicola.

Plesiops corallicola, {K. df v. H.) Bleek. Suviatra, ii. p. 280.
B. 6. D. ^. A. i. V. 1/4. L. lat. 26-29. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Snout convex. The upper maxillary ex-
tends behind the orbit. Brownish, each scale with a bluish dot ; a
blue spot on the operculum. Fins blackish-violet : a blue longitu-
dinal line on the spinous dorsal ; the soft dorsal and the anal with
blue lines between the rays, each line running in the direction of
the rays ; caudal fin with short blue transverse streaks between
the rays.

East Indian Archipelago. Feejee and Tonga Islands.

a. Adult : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h-c. Adult and young. Araboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d-f. Adult and half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the * Herald.'

g-h. Young. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar Collection.

i. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

Tc. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

4. Plesiops oxycephalus.

JBlcehcr, Batoe, p. 320.

B. 6. D. '-J. A. |. V. 1/4. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is contained three times and two-thirds to
three times and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the
head three times and a half. Snout pointed. The maxillary extends
scarcely behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit.
Greenish-violet ; scales with a bhiish spot : dorsal fin Avith an oblique
blue longitudinal hne ; the membrane between the anal rays with
blue streaks ; caudal with a yellow margin, and Avith a horseshoe-
like yellow cross-band in the middle. {Bl.)

Seas of Batoe and Ambojoia.

5. Plesiops bleekeri.
D. -. A. K P. 18. V. 1/4. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/19.
Body Avith four black cross-bands.

Habitat

■?

a. From ^ho Haslar Collection.

1. PLES10P8. 365

Description of the specimen. — Body oblong, compressed, its height
being (me-third of the total length (without caudal); the length of
the head is p, little more than the heiglit of the body : snout "with the
cleft of the mouth very oblique, and with the ja\vs equal anteriorly ;
it is as long as the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the
length of the head. The width of the intcrorbital space is less than
that of the orbit. The maxillary extends a little behind the vertical
from the centre of the eye, and has its posterior portion considerably
dilated, and rather broader than the pneorbital. The teeth arc
villiform, standing in broad bands in the jaws, on the vomer, the
palatine bones, and on the tongue ; the vomerine band is angular.
The lower pharyngeals are moveable, but united by a ligament into a
subtriangular plate, covered witli obtusely conical teetli. Uranchio-
stegals five. The base of the vertical fins is scaly. The doi-sal spines
increase in length posteriorly, the length of the twelfth Ijcing less
than one-half of that of the head ; the membrane behind the spines
is notched, and emits a short lobe. The third, fourth and fifth doi-sal
rays are prolonged into a long lobe, which extends nearly to the end
of the caudal ; the sixth, seventh and eighth anal spines are pro-
longed into a similar lobe. Caudal rounded, very elongate, nearly
one-fourth of the total. Pectoral with the seventh and eighth rays
longest, shorter than the head. The first ventral ray bifid, much
longer than the head, and extending beyond the origin of the anal.
Scales ctenoid : they are small on the cheek, where they form thir-
teen transverse series between the angle of the mouth and the pos-
terior pra)opercular limb ; the o2)erculuin is covered with tlw lai-gest
scales, which form there only three transveree series ; nape of the
neck with small scales.

The ground-colour of the body is now whitish, each scale having a
dark spot at its l^ase ; the body is crossed by four black bands, broader
than the ground-colom* between, and becoming paler towards the
belly : the anterior descends from the origin of the dorsal fin, the
posterior from its end. The head is dark brow^n, with some indi-
stinct black vertical streaks ; pectorals yellow, the other fins black.

inches, lines.

Total length 9 4

Height of the body 2 3

Length of the head 2 5

Diameter of the eye 0 7

Length of the twelfth dorsal spine 1 0|

of the caudal fin 2 G

of the pectoral fin 2 1

of the ventral fin 3 0

The locality in which this splendid species w'as found is unknown ;
I conclude, however, from its general appearance that it belonged
originally to a Collection made at the Norfolk Islands,

366

2. TRACHINOPS.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with rather small, not ciliated
scales. Mouth not protractile. Dorsal and anal fins long, the
former with fourteen, the latter \\ath three spines. Ventral com-
posed of one spine and four rays, which are not elongate. Teeth in
the j^ws, on the vomer and the palatine bones ; none of the bones of
the head serrated. Five branchiostegals ; giUs three and a half,
pseudobranchise ; the gill-membranes are not united below the throat.

Carnivorous fishes from the coasts of Australia.

1. Trachinops taeniatus.

D.ii. A.± L.lat.62.

Back brownish-black, with a white band running on each side of
the base of the dorsal fin.

a. Adult. Australia.

b, c. Young. New South Wales. Presented by J. B. Bennett, Esq.

Description. — The head and body are;, compressed ; the latter is not
much lower posteriorly than anteriorly. Us greatest depth being one-
sixth of the total length (the caudal fin not included). The length of
the head is one-fifth of the distance between snout ahd base of the
caudal. The interorbital space is convex, and its width is less than
that of the orbit, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The
snout is obtuse and shorter than the eye ; the cleft of the mouth is
oblique, rather wide, the maxillary extending beyond the centre of
the eye. The lower jaw is somewhat longer than the upper. The
teeth are small, cardiform, in narrow bands ; each jaw has two or
three larger ones anteriorly on each side. Gill-opening wide, the gill-
membranes not being united or attached to the isthmus; opercles scaly.

The pectoral fin is considerably shorter than the head : the ventral
is still shorter, and inserted immediately below its root ; its spine is
very distinct and pungent. The dorsal fin is continuous, anteriorly
low, gradually becoming higher posteriorly, but always lower than
the body ; it commences above the root of the pectoral and terminates
at some distance from the caudal ; its spines are stiif. The anal is
similar in form to the soft dorsal ; the first spine is the shortest, the
third the longest. The caudal is pointed, and its middle rays are pro-
duced into a filament as long as the fin itself. Young specimens have
the caudal simply rounded.

The lateral line luns immediately below the base of the dorsal
fin, and is interrupted below its end ; the posterior portion runs
along the middle of the tail.

The upper half of the fish, the dorsal and anal fins are brownish-
black, the lower whitish ; a white band, commencing above the
orbit, runs along the upper part of the back and passes on the base
of the soft portion of the dorsal fin ; the black colour of the side of
the back is continued as a band over the middle of the caudal fin and
its filaments, leaving the upper and lower parts of the fin whitish.

Total length forty-two lines.

4. NANDtrs. 367

Second Group. NANDINA.
3. BADIS.

Badis, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hindost.
p. 106,

Body compressed, oblong, covered with ciliated scales, of moderate
size; lateral line inteiTupted. Mouth very protractile. One dorsal,
with fourteen to seventeen spines, the spinous portion being much
longer than the soft; anal with three spines, and with the soft por-
tion similar to the soft dorsal. Small teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones ; none on the tongue.
None of the bones of the head serrated. Six branchiostegals.

Fresh waters of Bengal.

1. Badis buchanani.

Labrus badis, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 70, 368. tab. 25. fig. 23.
Badis buchanani, Bleek. I. c. tab. 2. fig. 3.

Greenish, with darker transverse streaks.
Ganges and tributaries.

a. Young. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

2. Badis dario.
Labrus dario, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 72.
iJ. g. A. -.

Silvery with black transverse bands, or entii-ely blackish. (Lateral
line none ?) {Buch.)

Ponds and rivers of the northern parts of Bengal and Behar.

4. NANDUS.

Nandus, Cuv. ^ Vat. viii. p. 481 ; Bleek. Blitong, p. 91.
Bedula, Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool.

Body compressed, rather short; mouth very protractile. One
dorsal, with thirteen or fourteen spines. Villiform teeth in the jaws,
on the vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue.
Praeoperculum serrated; operculum with one spine; praeorbital
entire. Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiie none (in the species
examined). Air-bladder simple and large. Pyloric appendages none.

Fresh waters of the Indian region.

1. Nandus marmoratus.

Coius nandus, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 96. pi. 30. fig. 32.
Nandus marmoratus, Cuv. !^ Val. viii. p. 482. pi. 207 ; Cant. Catal.

368 NANDID^.

p. 17 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav, Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hindost.
p. 107.
Bedula hamiltonii, Gray, HI. Ind. Zool, pi. . fig. 3.

D. J|. A.y. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/17. Vert. 24.

The upper maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye. Brownish-green, marbled with darker.
Eresh waters of Bengal and of some of the islands.

a. Large specimen : stuffed. India. Presented by the Zoological

Society.

b. Half-grown. Moluccas. From Mr. Frank's Collection.

c. Hall-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

d. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

e. Young : not good state. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse,

Esq.

2. Nandus nebulosus.

? Bedula nebulosa, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. . fig:. 2.
Nandus nebulosus, Bleek. Blitony, p. 92.

D. i^. A. |. L. lat. 30.

The iipper maxUlary does not reach to the vertical from the pos-
terior margin of the eye. Brown, with lighter transverse bands. {Bl.)
Eivers of Blitong, Banka, and Borneo.

5. CATOPRA.

Catopra, Bleeker, Borneo, iii. p. 65.

Body compressed, rather short ; mouth protractile. . One dorsal,
vnth thirteen or fourteen spines. VUUform teeth in the jaws, on
the vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue.
Praeoperculum and pra^orbital serrated ; operculum with two flat
points. Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranohiae ?

Fresh waters of the islands of the East Indian Archipelago.

1. Catopra fasciata.

Bleeker, Borneo, iii. p. 65.

D. ^. A. -2-. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 13.

10 8

The height of the body is twice and three-quarters in the total
length. Snout convex, shorter than the diameter of the eye. Den-
ticulations of the prseorbital very distinct. Green, with twelve narrow
blackish cross-bands. {Bl.)

Rivers of Borneo, Sumatra, and Banka.

2. Catopra nandoidep.
Bleeker, Nattmrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, pp. 01 fe 172.
D. i^. A. 4. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 16.
The height of the body is twice and a half in the total length.

0. ACHAllKES. 3GS*

Snout equal in length to the diameter of the eye, not convex. I)cn-
ticulations of the prseorbital very distinct. Uniform gTcenish- olive.
(Bl.)

Rivers of Java and Sumatra.

3. Catopra grootii.
Bleeker, Blitong, p. 90.

D. j|. A. |-. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body is twice and three-quarters in the total
length. Snout convex, equal in length to the diameter of the oyo.
Denticulations of the prteorbital scarcely visible. Uniform greenish-
olive. {Bl.)

Rivers of Blitong and Banka.

Third Group. ACHARNINA.

0. ACHARNES.

Acharnes, Mull, i^- Trosch. in Schomh. llcis. Brit. Guyana, iii, p. G22,
and Hur. Ichthijol. iii. p. 27.

Body C(tmpressed, oblong, covered with small scales, ^louth
protractile. Bands of small teeth in the jaws ; none on the palate.
Bones of the head n,ot armed. The dorsal fin is notched, its spinous
portion being of rather greater extent than the soft, and composed
of sixteen spines ; the anal fin with three spines, and -with the soft
portion similar to the soft dorsal fin ; ventrals thoracic, composed of
one spine and five rays. Lateral line interrupted. Five branchio-
stegals ; pseudobranchiae hidden, four gills ; an air-bladder.

Fresh waters of British Guiana.

1. Acharnes speciosus.
Miill. Sf Trosch. I. c, and Hur. Ichthyol. iii. taf. 5. fig. .'}.
D. % A. ^. L. lat. 95.

10 11

Brownish, with a black stripe along the middle of the caudal fin,
(i¥. 4- T.)

Mouth of the Essequibo.

VOL. III.

370 POLYCENTRID.fi.

Fam. 34. POLYCENTRID^.

Body compressed, elevated, covered with scales. Lateral line none.
Dorsal and anal ftns long, both with numerous spines, the spinous
portion being the more developed. Ventrals thoracic, composed of
one spine and five rays. Teeth feeble. Gills thre^ or four ; pseudo-
branchiae hidden ; no superbranchial organ.

Carnivorous fishes from the fresh waters of Tropical America.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Mandible without barbel 1. Polycentrus.

Mandible with a barbel , 2. Monocirrhus.

1. POLYCENTRUS.

Polycentrus, MilU. ^" Trosch. in Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guyana, iii. p. 622,
and Horce Ichthyol. iii. p. 25 ; Gill, Atin. Lye. New York, 1 858, p. 371.

Body compressed, elevated, covered with ciliated scales of mode-
rate size. Mouth very protractile. Small teeth in the jaws and on
the palate. Prseorbital and praeoperculum serrated; barbel none.
Dorsal and anal fins with numerous spines ; ventrals thoracic, com-
posed of one spine and five rays. Lateral line none. Six branchio-
stegals ; the gill-membranes not united ; gills four ; pseudobranchioc
hidden.

Fresh waters of Tropical America.

In deference to the opinion of the authors of the Hcrm IchtJiyolo-
gicce, we formerly placed this genus in our family of Pristipomatklce
(vol, i. p. 396). Gil] has indicated for it a separate subfamily of
Scicenidce, which he calls Polycentrince. It is evident, however, that
this genus, together with other American fishes, forms a separate
division, intermediate between the true Acanthopterjgians and the
Pharyngognaths, and allied to the Nandidce and Lahi/rinthici.

1. Polycentrus schomburgkii.

3fiHl. ^ Trosch. I. c, and Ilor. Icldhyol. iii. taf. 5. (ig. 2.
D. ±^. A. i^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 14.

8-7 7

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length, the length
of the head one-third ; the diameter of the eye equals the width of
the interorbital space, and is one-fourth of the length of the head (in
adult specimens) ; the raaxillaiy extends beyond the vertical from
the middle of the eye. Prtcoperculum with seven series of scales.
The first ventral ray produced. Brownish-olive, irregularly spotted

2. MONOOIRRHCJS. 371

with brown, and with scattered silvery spots ; an oblique brown
streak from the eye to the angle of the prajopcrcuium. The spinous
portions of the vertical lins and the vcntrals dark brown, the soft
portions and the pectorals whitish. A small patch of teeth on each
side of the vomer, and a narrow band on the pnlatinc bones.
Essequibo.

a. Pine specimen, three inches and a half long. Presented by Sir
E.. Schomburgk.

Miiller and Troschel examined a young specimen of this species :
hence the discrepancies between our description and theirs.

2. Polycentrus tricolor.
Gill, I. c. p. 373.

Light brown, longitudinally striped Avith darker; head and vorti-
cal fins with black dots. {Gill.)
Trinidad.

Gill does not make mention of palatine teeth in this species.

2. MONOCIRRHUS.

Monocirrhus, HecUel, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 1840, p. 439.

The body is compressed, elevated, covered with rough scales ; the
mouth is very protractile. Villiform teeth in the jaws ; none on the
vomer. The lower lip prolonged into a fleshy barbel. Prajorbital
and praeoperculum not serrated. Lateral line none. One dorsal, with
seventeen spines, the anal with thirteen ; none of the rays branched ;
ventrals thoracic, composed of one spine and tive rays. Six branchio-
stegals ; the gill- membranes not united. Three gills ; pseudo-
branchiae hidden.

Fresh waters of Brazil.

1. Monocirrhus poly acanthus.

Heclivl, I. c.
D. )1, A. 1^. V. 1/5. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 25-26.

Head pointed. Light brown, with three black streaks on the side
of the head, radiating from the eye ; a dark band from the gill-
opening along the lower half of the tail.

Ponds near the Rio Negro. Tributaries of the Amazon.

a. River Cupai, 800 miles from the sea. From Mr. Eates's Collection.

2 It 2

'■ij- I.UIVKINTIIK I.

Fam. 35. LABYRINTHICI.

Labvriiithici, part., Cur. lih/tic Anim. ; Midi. IJcrL AhiKuidl. 1844,

p." 201.
Labyrintliilirauchii, part.. ()irci>, Lcct. Cotiip. Aiiaf. i. p. 40.
OspiironK'noidui, Block. Union. Spec. p. xviii.

Boihj coi»i)resi>e(l , ohlnng or elevated, covered ^vith scales of mode-
rate size ; liead more or less eomprcssed, covered with scales, which
arc not difForent from those of i\\v body. Lateral line absent or more or
less distinctly interrupted. Teeth small. G'ill-openinf/ rather narrow,
the gill -membranes of both sides joined below the isthmus and scaly ;
four gills ; pseudobranchinc none, or rudimentary. A svperhranchial
organ, composed of thin laniina', situated in a cavity above the gills,
and based upon the third or iipi)er portion of the first bianchial arch.
Number of the dorsal and anal spines variable ; ventrals thoracic.

Fresh waters of the East Indies and of South Africa.

The fishes of this family are capable of living for some time out of
the water, or buried in exsiccated mud ; they appear to retain or
to collect a small quantity of water in the cavity in which the super-
branchial organ is situated. They live on small animals us well as
on vegetable substances ; and several of the species are capable of
being domesticated, and then of being acclimatized in other countries.
The species which have: been domesticated arc subject to great varia-
tions, and I strongly suspect that Macropns is merely such a domestic
variety.

Synopsis of the Genera.
* Teeth on tlie palate.

Vomerine and palatine tcetli ; operclcs not ser-
rated 1. SprRonRANCiius, p. .37'5.

Vomerine and palatine teeth ; opereles serrated. 2. CTENoro.MA, p. 373.

Vomerine teeth ; palatine teeth none 3. Anakas, p. 374.

** Moveable teeth on the lips.

Mouth very small, transverse 4. Helostoma, p. 377.

*** Teeth fixed in the jaws ; none on the pahite.

Ventrals well developed ; thirteen to twenty

dorsal or anal spines ; caudal rounded .''). 1'oi,yacantiiu.s, p. 378.

Caudal forked 0. Mackopus, p. 381.

First ventral ray filiform, with three or four
small ones in its axil ; two to thirteen dorsal,
seven to fourteen anal spines 7. Osphrome.nus, p. 382.

Only one filiform ventral ray 8. TKicnoOASTEK, p. 387.

Ventral fins well developed ; dorsal fin short,
witli a few spines or without any pungent
sinnc .'. '.'. liETTA, p. 388.

2. CTEN'OPOMA. 'A7'A

1. SPIROBRANCHUS.

Spirobranchus, Ciiv. S,- Val vii. p. 392.

Body compressed, oblong ; none of the bones of the head siTrated ;
cleft of the mouth extending below the orbit. Small teeth in tlie
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal spines twelve
or thirteen, anal spines seven. Yentral fins well developed. None
of the fins elongate. Lateral line interi'ui)ted. Air-bladder none.
Pyloric appendages two ; intestines of moderate length.

Fresh waters of the Cape of Good Hope.

1. Spirobranchus capensis.
Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 392. pi. 200; Cuv. Rii/itc Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 75. fig. 1.
B. 4. D. '-g?. A. |. L. hit. 30. L. transv. 10.

BroAvnish, with three oblique blackish streaks running from the
orbit towards the praeoperculum.
Cape of Good Hope.

a. Half-groAvn.

h-c. Adult: stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. Prcscntedby Sir A. Smitli.

2. CTENOPOMA.
Ctenopoma, Peters in Miill. Arch. 1840, p. 481.
Body compressed, oblong ; operculum, inter- and sub-operculum
serrated ; cleft of the mouth extending to below the orbit. Small
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal
spines seventeen, anal spines ten. Ventral fins composed of one spine
and five rays. Lateral line interrupted. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric
appendage one.

Fresh waters of Quellimane.

1. Ctenopoma multispine.

Ctenopoma multispinis, Peters, I. c. iiib. 10. fig. lO-lo.
? Anabas scandens, Bimtconi, Spec. Zool. Mas. p. 270.
Spirobranchus smithii, Bianconi, I. c. p. 279. tab. 10.

B. 6. D. ^. A. J. V. 1/5. Caic. pylor. I.

Greenish, spotted with darker.
Pools near Quellimane.

o. Fine specnroen. From Professor Peters's Collection.

Bianconi states that there are only six soft rays in the anal fin,
which is probably an error. We can scarcely bcheve that Annbas
scandens occurs in Mozam])ique : Bianconi's specimens having been
purchased, some Indian fishes may have been mixed with them ; or,
which is more probable, the same specimens which Bianconi formerly
called A. scandens, he may afterwards have determined as Sj^iro-
hranchns smWiii, — the last error with regard to generic denomina-
tion being greater than the first. T may here also mention that
Megalepis Alessandrini. of the same author is Upeneoides vitt((ta.'i, in
Avhich the brtrbcls have been overlooked !

374 LABYRINTHICr.

3. ANABAS*.

Anabas, Cuv. Regne Anim.

Body compressed, oblong ; preeorbital and opercles serrated ; cleft
of the mouth extending to, or below, the orbit. Small teeth in the
jaws, on the head of the vomer and on its posterior portion ; none
on the palatine bones. Dorsal spines mimerous (sixteen to nineteen) ;
anal spines in moderate number (nine to eleven) ; ventral fins com-
posed of one spine and five rays : none of the fins elongate. Lateral
line inten-upted. Branchial arches with toothed tubercles. Air-
bladder bifid posteriorly, each lateral portion extending nearly to the
end of the tail. Pyloric appendages in small number. Intestine of
moderate length.

Freshwater fishes of Tropical India : said to be able to ascend trees.

It is extremely difficult to distinguish the difi'erent species of this
genus.

1. The most reliable of the character is the difference in the
number of the scales of the lateral line, which, small as it is, is
found constant in all the individuals of the same species. Therefore
Anabas oligolepis, Bleek., from Borneo, or the Ceylonese Anabas, if it
be a species distinct from the former, is different from A. scandens.

2. Much more questionable are the characters taken from the
form of the body. Not only is the body more elevated in yoimg
individuals than in adult ones, but also in those which had a full
supply of food at the time they were caught ; there are specimens
in the British MuSeum which by their lean appearance show that
they had fasted for some time, and these have the body elongated,
like Bleeker's A. macrocephalus, although they certainly belong to
the true A. sbandens.

3. The degree in which the delicate laminae composing the super-
branchial organ are developed is dependent on age. It is not im-
probable that this organ, in its highest perfection, is somewhat more
developed in one species than in the other ; biit young individuals
always show it less complicated than half-gTown ones of the same
species, and these, again, less than old onesf. I have arrived at this
conclusion after the examination of more than twenty individuals :
having, however, a complete series only of A. scandens, I restrict
myself to a description of the development of this organ in that
species.

The superbranchial organ is formed by several exceedingly thin
bony laminae, similar in form to the auricle, and concentrically situ-
ated one above the other, so that the innermost is the largest. Now,
in specimens from one inch and a half to two inches and a half long,
there are only two such laminae, a third being indicated by a small
protuberance at the central base of the second or outer lamina. In
specimens of from three to four inches in length, the third lamina is
developed, covering one-half of the second. The edges of all the

* 1. Anabas variegatus, Bleek. Celebes, i. p. 220. — North Celebes.
t The same is the case in Osphromenxis olfax, and probably in all the fishes of
this family.

3. ANABA8. 375

laminae are straight, not valanced*. In specimens of from four to
five inches, a fourth lamina makes its appearance in the basal centre
of the third lamina. The other lamina) continue to grow in their
circumference, and their edges now become undulated and slightly
valanced. Cuvier and Valenciennes have examined still larger speci-
mens ; the figure given by them was taken from a specimen six or
seven inches long, and shows the superbranchial organ composed of
six laminfe. The connexion of this organ with the gUl-apparatus
has been examined and fully described by Peters t.

It may be supposed that, as in other fishes, the difierence in the
size of individuals does not always coincide with a corresponding
difference in age ; and if, for instance, there should occur specimens
four inches in length with the superbranchial organ as complicated
as it is generally foimd to be in the larger ones, it would not form
an objection to the facts stated.

1. Anabas scandens.

Willuffhby, App. p. 4. tab. 4. tig. 4.

Perca scandens, Daldorff, Trans. Linn. Soc. ill. p. 62.

Anthias testudineus, Bl. t. 322.

Amphiprion testudineus et scansov, BL Schn. pp. 204, 570.

Lutjanus testudo et scandens, Lacep. iv. pp. 235, 239.

Sparus testudineus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 471.

Cfijiis cobojius, Buck. Ham. pp. 98, 370. pi. 13. fig. 33 ; Taylor in

Breicster''s Edinb. Journ. Sc. 1831, v. pp. 34, 36.
Anabas testudineus, Cut: Recpie Anim.
scandens, Cur. i^- Val. vii. p. 333. pis. 193 & 205 ; Cant. Ann. Nat.

Hist. ix. 1842, p. 28, and Catal p. 82 ; Cuv. myne Anim. HI.

Puiss. p. 74. fig. 1 ; Richards. Ichth. CJiina, p. 250 ; Jerdon in Madr.

Journ. XV. p. 144 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxiii, p. 8 (part.),

and Java, iv. p. 329.

spinosus, Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 89. fig. 1.

trifoliatus, Kai(p in Wiegjn. Arch. 1860, p. 124. taf. 6. fig. A.

D. ig. A. i^'. L. lat. 30-31. L. transv." 15-16.
Ccec. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/16.

The height of the body is contained three times or three times and
three-fourths in the total length, the length of the head three times
and a half or four times. The prseorbital and the opercles are
denticulated, the teeth of the angle of the operculum and sub-
operculum being more or less produced. Greyish-olive : immature
specimens with two brown streaks on the side of the head, and with
a black spot at the base of the caudal fin. Two spines of the oper-
culum form a notch, the membrane of which is black.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

a, h. Adult : stuff'ed. Calcutta. From the Collection of the East

India Company.
c-d, e-ni. Young. Ganges. Presented by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.

* This is A. trifoliatits of Kaup, founded on the comparison ui cwo specimens
with Cuvier's figure (Wiegm. Ai'ch. 1860, p. 124).
t Miill. Arch. 1853, p. 427.

376 LABYBINTHirr.

n. Adiilt : stuffed. Mud-fields, River Gogia. Purchased of Captain

Boys.
o-q. Adult and half-grown: skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
r. Young. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
s-u. Adult and half-grown. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker,
V. Half-grown. 8iam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.
IV. Half-grown. Java. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
X. Half-grown. Philippine Islands.
y. Half-grown : stuffed. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
z, a, /d-y. Adult, half-grown, and yoimg.

2. Anabas macrocephalus.

Anabas scandens, Bleck. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii., Doolh. K. p. 8 (part.).
macrocephalus, Bleek. Java, ii. p. 430.

D.'l=^. A.-^. L.lat. 30-31. L. transv. 15.

* 10— o 10— y

The height of the body is contained four times or four times and a
third in the total length, the length of the head three times and a
half to three times and three-fourths. The praeorbital and the
opercles are denticulated ; the teeth of the angle of the operculum
and suboperculum being produced, spine-like. Greenish -olive, with
a brown streak from the maxillary to the praeoperculum, and with
another to the interoperculum. Immature specimens with darker
cross-bands, and with a black spot at the base of the caudal fin.
Two spines of the operculum form a notch, the membrane of which
is black.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bintang, and Phihppine Islands.

a. Adult. Philippine Islands.

h-c. Half-groAvn. From the Haslar Collection.

This species appears to have the margins of the laminae of the
superbranchial organ rather more valanced than A. scandens.

3. Anabas oligolepis.

? Anabas oligolepis, Bleekrr, Borneo, viii. p. 161.

D. i-^«. A. ^ . L. lat. 27. L. transv. 15.

8 9

The height of the body is contained three times and a third to
three times and a half in the total length, the length of the head
three times and three-fourths to four times. The prajorbital and the
opercles ai'e denticulated ; the prceoperculum is entire ; the teeth at
the angle of the operculum and suboperculum are elongate. Greenish,
with two brown streaks running from the orbit to the opercles ; a
blackish sfKit at the root of tlie caudal.

? Bandjermassing. Ceylon. China,

a, b-c. Adult and half-gi-own. Point de Gallc. Presented by Sir

A. Smith.
(I. Many fine specimens. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

4. HELOSTOMA. 377

e-f. Adult. Ceylon, From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagin-

tweit.
g-li. Half-grown. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
i. Adult, From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

The Ceylonese Anahas has two scales more in a transverse line
running from the first anal spine obliquely upwards and forwards,
than A. oVujolepis, Bleck,, from Borneo, and therefore it is, for the
present, doubtful whether both are identical or not. They agree in
other respects, especially in the number of the scales of the lateral
line. The largest specimen examined is four inches long ; and on
comparison with specimens of A. scanclens of the same size, I find the
same number of laminae, but the first or inner lamina has its lower
lobe considerably less developed. There is no young individual in
the Collection.

4. Anabas microcephalTis.

Bleelc. in Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Ambotna, p. 58.

D. ^. A. ii. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 14-15.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half to four times and three-
fifths. The maxillary extends only to below the anterior margin of
the orbit. The praeorbital and the opercles are denticulated; the
teeth of the angle of the operculum and subopercxilum being pro-
duced. Greenish-oUve. (BI.)

Amboyna.

4. HELOSTOMA.
Ilelostoma, (K. 8rv. H.) Cuv. 4- Val vii. p. 341.

Body compressed, rather elevated ; operculum without spines or
sorrature ; cleft of the mouth very small, transverse, not extending
to the orbit ; eye on the same level with the angle of the mouth.
Minute moveable teeth on the lips ; none on the palate. Dorsal and
anal spines numerous (15-17); ventral fins composed of one spine
and five rays ; none of the fins elongate. Lateral line interrupted.
Branchial arches without toothed tubercles, lined with a soft vas-
cular membrane. Air-bladder simple ; pseudobranchise none (glan-
dular). Pyloric appendages in small number ; intestine with many
circumvolutions, long.

Fresh waters of Java.

1. Helostoma temminckii

ilelostoma temminckii, {K. &• r. H.) Cia: ^- Val. vii. p. 342. pi. 194;
Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Labyr. p. 9.

tambakkaii, Blcek. Topogr. Batav.

oligacanthum, Bhek. Topogr. Batav.

D, ^5. A, ^g. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 8/16. C«c. pylor. 2.

Vert. 14/16.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the

;i78 LABYRINTBICI.

totnl length, the length of the head thrice and two-thirds. Inter-
aiid subopcrciilum minntely denticulated. Greyish, with darker lines
along the series of scales.
Java, Siimatra, Borneo.

a. Fine specimen.

According to Dr. v. Blecker's ol)servation, the number of the dorsal
and anal spines appears to be subject to considerable variations.

5. POLYACANTHUS.

Polyacanthus, {K. 8,- v. II.) Cm: ^ Val vii. p. 353.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spines or scrrature ;
cleft of tlie mouth small, more or less oblique, not extending beyond
the vertical from the orbit, and little protractile. Small fixed teeth in
the jaws, none on the palate. Dorsal and anal spines numerous (13-
20) ; ventral fins composed of one spine and five well-developed rays ;
the soft dorsal and anal, the caudal and the ventral more or less elon-
gate in mature specimens. Caudal rounded. Lateral line interrupted
or absent. Branchial arches with toothed tubercles. Ak-bladder
simple; pseudobranchia) none (glandular). Pyloric appendages in
small number ; intestine "\AT.th many circumvolutions.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. Polyacanthus hasselti.

Polyacanthus hasselti, Cuv. .ij- VuLVxi. p. 353. pis. 195, 205; Cuv.HPffne
Anuii.IlLPoias. pi. 72. tig. 1; Bleck.Verhaml. Batai: Genootsch. xxiii.
p. 9.

kulilii, lilcch. Topoijr. Batnv.

B. 4. D. i^JP. A. m. L. lat. 31-32. L. transv. 7/13.

Ca3c. pylor. 2. Vert. 11/16.

The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length (the
caudal fin not included), the length of the head two-sevenths.
Lateral line interrupted. Pra^orbital not serrated. The first soft ray
of the ventral fin is produced into two filaments of moderate length.
Coloration uniform.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

a. Fine specimen.

2. Polyacanthus einthovenii.

Bleckcr, BvDieo, v. p. 423.

B. 6. D. 1^. A. If. L. lat. 32.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths.
Lateral line interrupted. Green, Avith black vertical stripes ; a
round black spot on the middle of the base of the soft dorsal fin ;
caudal membrane dotted with black. {Bl.)

Bivers of Sambas (West. Borneo). Sumatra,

5. POLYACANXHUS.

379

3. Polyacanthus helfrichii.

Sleeker, Borneo, viii. p. 162.

D. li±9. A. ig-J- L-lat. 32.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included), the length of the head two-sevenths. Lateral line
subinterrupted. Praeorbital not serrated. The first soft ray of. the
ventral fin is produced into two filaments. Coloration uniform. (Bl.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing.

4. Polyacanthus opercularis.

Lahrus opercularis, L. Amoen. Acad. iv. p. 428 ; Bl. Schn. p. 245.
Chaetodon chinensis, Bl. taf. 218. fig. 1 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 461, 496 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 2;M.
Polyacanthus chinensis, Cut. ^Fal. vii. p. 357; Richards. Ichth. Chin.

p. 250.
Macropodus ocellatus. Cant. Ann. i^- 3faff. Nat. Hist. ix. 1842, p. 484.
Polyacanthus (?) opercularis, Ttichirds. I. c,
Polyacanthus (?) paludosus, Bichards. I. c.

D. 1±±7 A. JI4" L. lat. 30. L. transv. 11-12.

8-7 11-12

The depth of the body is contained twice and a half or twice and
two-thirds in the total length (the caudal fin not included), the
length of the head three times. Lateral line none. A round black
spot on the extremity of the operculum.

China. Chusan.

Var. a. Body and tail uniformly coloured, or with an oblong
blackish spot above the anal fin. The soft portions of the vertical
fins dotted with greyish (in spirits).

a-b, c. Fine specimens. Hongkong. Presented by Sir J. Bo wring.
d, e. Adult. Chusan. Presented by the East India Company. —
Types of M. ocellatiis, Cant.

Var. j3. Reddish, with irregular silvery transverse streaks.
f-7i. Fine specimens. Hongkong. Presented by Sir J. Bowring.

Var. y. Greyish or reddish, with brown transverse bands.
i. Many specimens. China.

There cannot be the slightest doubt that a specimen of this species
has served for the wretched sketch to which Sir J. Richardson has
given the denomination of P. poludosus. The typical specimen
was evidently in a bad state of preservation, and the artist has
been more careful in representing the marldngs of the fish than the
fin-rays, &c.

5. Polyacanthus signatus.
B. 6. D. ^^ A. '^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 4/9. Vert. 10/16.
The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total

380 LABYRINTIIICI.

length (the caudal fin not included), the length of the head twice
and three-fourths. Lateral line interrupted. PrtEorbital serrated.
Reddish-olive (in spirits) : a round blackish spot on the middle of
the base of the soft dorsal ; an oblong blackish blotch parallel to,
and below, the posterior portion of the lateral line.
Ceylon.

a-h, c, d, e-h, i-k. Adults, half-grown, and young. Ceylon. Pur-
chased of Mr. Cuming.
Z. Adult : skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Description. — The head and body are oblong, strongly compressed,
the greittcst depth being two-fifths of the distance of the snout from
the base of the caudal fin. The lower profile of the head ascends in
nearly as oblique a line as that in which the ujjper one descends.
The cleft of the mouth is rather small, oblicpic, the maxillary ex-
tending to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orl)it ; the
maxillary is nearly entirely hidden below the pra^orbital when the
mouth is closed. A narrow band of small cardiform teeth in both
jaws, those in front being somewhat enlarged. The lower edge of the
praeorbital is minutely serrated. The interorbital space is slightly
convex, its "width in adult specimens, being nearly equal to the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head, and
less than the extent of the snout. Opercles without serrature ; there
are, however, some very indistinct denticulations at the angle of the
praeopcrculum. The spinous dorsal fin commences in the vertical from
the fourth scale of the lateral Line ; the posterior spines are longer
than the anterior ones ; the soft dorsal is pointed, the fourth ray
being produced into a long filament. This and the other fins are
much less produced in young specimens. Caudal elongate, termi-
nating in an obtuse point. The anal fin commences below the fifth
dorsal spine ; the spines increase in length posteriorly ; the sixth
soft ray is the longest, and produced into a filament, like the dorsal
fin. Pectoral rounded, of moderate length, much shorter than the
head. The first ventral ray terminating in two long filaments.

Scales ctenoid. The lateral line is interrupted below the middle
of the dorsal fin. Colours as described above.

Total length five inches.

The accessory organ of the gills is contained in a membranaceous
sac, transparent, semi -cartilaginous, composed of three lamellse
which diverge from a common centre.

The portion of the tail which is covered by the black blotch is
transparent when the fish is held against the light, the air-bladder
extending nearly to the caudal fin.

Skeleton. — The crown of the head is convex, with three crests of
moderate height ; the interorbital space is rather flat, and somewhat
narrower than the orbit ; there is a narrow groove between the
turbinal bones, in which the processes of the intcnuaxillary move.
The extremity of tlie maxilkiry is slightly dilated ; proeorbital longer
than wide, the other infraorbitals very narrow ; bottom of the
tympanic cavity entirely osseous. The limbs of the pra^operculum

6. MACROPUS. 381

are ncarlj' of e(|ual length and meet at a rij^lit angle ; the lower is
slightly curved. 'J'herc are ten alidoininal and sixteen caudal vertebra',
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to
that of the caudal as 1 : 1-4. The vertebra) are compressed, as high
as long ; neurals, hajmals, and the intcrneurals and interha^mals of
the spinous portions of the fins of moderate length and strength ;
the haemals arc longer than the neurals ; the first interhcemal and
haemal form together a strong curved bone, as 'n Osjihromemis ; the
five folloA\ing interhasmals are received between the two bones men-
tioned. Ribs well develojied, with cpiplem-als.

(5. Poly acanthus cupanus.

Cur. 4'- Val. vii. p. .'557.

i5rownish-grey, with a small blat;k spot on each side of the root of
the caudal fin. Caudal rays dotted with black. (Cuv.)
liiver Aruin-Coupang (Pondicherry).

7. Poly acanthus deissneri.

Osphromenus deissneri, B/cckcr, Aafi/iirk. Tydschr. Nedcrl. LuL xviii.
1859, p. 37G.

D. i^. A. '-. L. lat. 30.

6 8

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fifths in the
total length (the caudal fin not included), the length of the head
thrice and one-fifth. ProGorbital indistinctly denticulated. The
upper profile of the snout is oblique, straight. Lateral line incon-
spicuous, llose-coloured : a black band along the dorsal and ventral
lines ; two black longitudinal bands on each side ; the lower part of
the side of the head black-spotted ; dorsal, anal, and venti'al fins
reticulated with black. (Bl.)

Kivers of Batm-ussak (Island of Bawean).

6. MACROPUS.
Macropodus, Laa'p. iii. p. 417.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spine or serrature ;
cleft of the mouth rather small, not extending beyond the vei'tical
from the orbit. Small fixed teeth in the jaws, none on the palate.
Dorsal and Snal spines numei'ous (13-18) ; ventral fins composed
of one.spine and five rays, which arc well developed ; the soft dorsal
and anal, the caudal and ventral elongate. Caudal forked. Lateral
line absent. Branchial arches M'ith toothed tubercles. Air-bladder ?
Pyloric appendages in small number ; intestine of moderate length.

Fresh waters of China and Cochinchina.

This may prove to be a domestic variety of a species of Pohj-
acanthvs.

382 LABYRTNTIIICI.

1. Macropus viridi-auratus.

Maci'opodus viridi-auratus, Lacep. iii. p. 417. pi. IG. fig. 1; Ciiv. ^" Vol.

vii. p. 373; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Pom. pi. 74. fig. 2.
veuustus, Cuv. <§• Val. vii. p. 375. pi. 197.

B. 4. D. -i|-. A. 1^^*. Ctec. pylor. 2. Yert. 9/18.

Minute denticulations at the praeorbital and at the angle of the
prseoperculum. Body with some obscure cross-bands,
China. Cochinchina.

7. OSPHKOMENUS.

Osphronemus, (Commet's.) Lacep. iii. p. 117; Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 377.
Trichopus, Lacep. iii. p. 129 ; Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 388.

Body compressed, more or less elevated ; operculum without spine
or serrature ; cleft of the mouth small, oblique, protractile. Small
fixed teeth in the jaws, none on .the palate. Dorsal spines in small
or moderate number (2-13), anal spines in moderate or great number
(7-14) ; ventral fins with the outer ray very long, filiform, the o^ther
three or four being small and rudimentary (except in 0. striatus).
Lateral line not interrupted or absent. Air-bladder present ; pyloric
appendages two.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. Osphromenus olfax.

Osphronemus gourami, Lavcp. iii. p. 117. pi. 3. fig. 2.
Trichopodus mentum, Lac6p. iii. p. 125. pi. 3. fig. 3.
Tricliopus goramy. Share, Zonl. iv. p. 388. pi. 55.

satyrus, Sliaiv, Zool. iv. p. 391. pi. 35.

Osphronemus olfax, (Commcrs.) Jlardiv. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 309. pi. 36.

suppl. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 377 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 251 ; Bleek.

Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxiii. p. 10 ; Catit. Catal. p. 88.
gourtmi, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 377. pi. 198 (half-gTown); Ciiv. Rbgno

Anim. Id. Poiss. pi. 73. fig. 1 (young).

satyrj.s, Bleek. Topogr. Batav. (adult).

Superbranchial organ: Cuv. df Val. pi. 200 (adult); Peters in Mull.

Arch. 1853, taf. 13. fig. A. (immature).

11-13 A 9-12

12* ■ 19^21'

CfEC. pylor. 2. Vert. 12/18-19.

The height of the body is contained twice in the total length (the
caudal fin not included), the length of the head twice and a half in
young specimens, or thrice and a quarter in adult ones. Praeorbital
denticulated. The upper profile of the snout is concave. Adult spe-
cimens uniformly coloured ; young ones with seven or nine oblique
blackish bands ; a black spot at the root of the pectorals, and another

B. 6. D.;i4|. A. ,^' L.lat. 30-33. L. transv. 5/13.

'* The formula of these fins is given by Valenciennes twice (p. •{73) as it is
stated above, and once (p. 374) as follows: D. — . A. '-Ir.

7. OSPHROMENUS. 38:')

in the peuixltimatc lateral band, a little in front of tlic end rtf tlu'
anal fin.

Fresh waters of Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Borneo. Naturalized
in Pinang Malacca, Mauritius, and Cayenne.

a-c. Aault and half-grown : skiub. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.

d. Young. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

e, f. Half-grown and young : skins. East Indies.
g. Half-grown. East Indies.

h-m. Half-grown and young. Mauritius. From the Collection of

the Zoological Society.
n, o-p, q. Half-grown and young.
r. Half-grown : skeleton. Purchased.

Skeleton. — The upper surface of the skull, the intcroi'bital spac(>
included, is rather broad and convex ; occipital crest elevated, lateral
crests moderately developed ; there is a broad and deep groove ex-
tending on between the orbits, in which the processes of the inter-
maxillary move ; the turbinal bones are elongate, and situated on
each side of that groove. The posterior processes of the intermax-
illary are longer than the descending branches of the bone, or than
the maxiUary, which is very slightly dilated at its extremity ; pra^-
orbital triangular, infraorbital ring very narrow. The bottom of the
tympanic cavity is entirely osseoiis. The limbs of the prajoperculum
are of equal length, and meet at a right angle, the edge of the lower
Kmb being .slightly curved ; operculum higher than long. Coracoid
straight, long ; there is a wide cleft between ulna and humerus ;
carpal bones short ; pubic bones narrow, slender, firmly attached to
each other, each being composed of three lanieUai.

There are nineteen abdominal and twenty-eight caudal vertebra',
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that
of the caudal as 1 : 1'5. The vertebriE are short, slightly compressed,
elevated. The haemals and interha^mals are considerably long(>r than
the neurals and interneurals. There are seven spurioiis intcrneurals
between the occiput and the dorsal fin ; one interhasmal and inter-
neural always correspond to a ha;mal and neural. The first haemal is
very long and strong : the first interhaemal is cirrvcd, and fixed to the
middle of the haemal, so that a space remains between the lower end
of the haemal and the upper of the intcrha>mal ; this space is fiUed
up by five interhaemals intercalated between the two bones : the
second haemal is firmly united with the first: the last haemal is
continuous "with the fan-like expansion of the last vertebrn. Ribs
moderately developed.

line!?.
Length of the fifth, twelfth, and twenty-sixth

vertebi'ae Ig

of the abdominal portion 18.4

of the caudal portion 28

of the first ho-mal spine 19

384 LABYRINTHICI.

2. Ospliromenus tncuypterus.

Sparus, Koelreuter, Nov. Comni. Pctrop. ix. p. 452. pi. 9. fipf. 1.
Labrus trichopterus, Pall. Spicil. viii. p. 45 ; L. Gm. p. 1286 ; Block,

tab. 295. lig. 2.
Trichogaster trichopterus, Bl. Schn. p. 165.
Trichopus trichopterus, Lacep. iii. p. 129 ; Cue. 8f Val. vii. p. 388.

pi. 199 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. p. 10 ; Cantor,

Catal. p. 89. pi. 2. fig. 5 (head).

pallasii, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 392.

leerii, Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 577.

D. ^^. A. J-5=i-;. L. lat. 44-46. L. transv. 20-25. CiBc. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is two-fifths or one-third of the total
length (without caudal).

Var. a. Tcoelreuteri (Cuv. & Val. pi. 199).

A round black spot on the middle of the side, another on the root
of the caudal fin ; head and body with more or less regular brown
cross-bands. The depth of the body is two-fifths of the total length
(the caudal not included).

Java.
a, b, c-e. Adult and half-grown.
/. Adult : discoloured.

Var. ft. cantoris (Cant. Catal.).

The two black spots are united by a longitudinal zigzag band
running from the mouth through the eye to the caudal fin ; caudal
white-spotted. The height of the body is two-fifths or three-sevenths
of the total length (the caudal not included).

Pinang. Malayan Peninsula.
g. Adult : skin, Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

Var. y. leerii (Bleek. J. c).

A black band runs from the mouth through the eye to the caudal
fin ; vertical fins with white, brown-edged oceUi ; (in preserved spe-
cimens the ocelli are less distinct than the brown edges). The height
of the body is contained thrice and three-fifths in the total length
(the caudal included).

Pinang. Sumatra and Borneo.
h. Adult. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

We have not had an opportunity of examining Ctenops nobilis,
M'ClcU.Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. v. p. 281. pi. 21. fig. 1. Cantor says, ''A
second species of Trichopodus has been discovered by Mr. Campbell,
Superintendent of Darjeeling, in the rivers at the Sikkim passes, on
the northern frontier of Bengal. An incorrect and defective descrip-
tion and figure have been published by Mr.M'Clelland, who, imagining
that the fish belonged to the family of Chcetodontidce, and the genus to
be ncAV, denominated it Ctenops nobilis."

7. osi'iiuojrr.Ni's. 385

3. Osphromenus siamensis.

D.|. A.ii^iJ. L. lat. -L2. L. transv. 12/16.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included).

Fresh waters of Siam.

a-e. Fine specimens. From M. Mouhot's C'oUection.

Description. — When we take the origin of the dorsal fin as the
highest point of the upper profile, and the base of the last dorsal
spine as the lowest of the abdomen, the depth between these two
points is one-half of the total length (the caudal not included). The
length of the head is three times and two-thirds in the same length.
The snout is broader than long, equal to the diameter of the eye,
which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The interorbital
space is convex, wider than the oi'bit. Mouth very small, rather
protractile ; praeorbital with its extremity truncated and serrated ;
angle of the pra)operculum serrated ; there arc two or three series of
scales between the eye and the angle of the pra^operculum. The
dorsal fin commences nearer to the root of the caudal than to the
end of the snout ; it has six strong spines, which increase in length
posteriorly, the last being longer than one-half the length of the
head. Caudal emarginate ; the anal is nearly entirely scaly, and
terminates immediately before the caudal. The longest ventral ray
extends beyond the extremity of the caudal, and has three or four
rudimentary rays in its axil.

The colour is greenish on the back, silvery on the sides and on the
belly. A black spot on the middle of the body in the vertical from
the origin of the dorsal, below the lateral line ; a second on the middle
of the root of the caudal. The soft dorsal and caudal with brown
dots ; anal yellowish, with lighter spots, and sometimes with brown-
ish dots.

This description is taken from specimens v hich are from three to
four inches long.

4. Osphromenus microlepis.

D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. (50. J., transv. 12 22.

The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal fin
not included).

Fresh waters of Cambojia.

a. Fine specimen. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is one-half
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-
sevenths ; the profile of the nape is convex, that of the head rather con-
cave. The .snout is somewhat depressed, broader than long, with the
lower jaw prominent ; the interorbital «pace is convex, nearlj- t^ice
as wide as the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the length
of the head, and less than that of tlie snout. Pra?orbital triangular,

VOL. III. 2 (

386 LABYRINTHICI.

with the lower margin serrated ; there are five series of scales be-
tween the orbit and the angle of the prseoijerculum. The entire
lower margin of the praeoperculum and a part of the sub- and inter-
operculum are serrated. The dorsal fin commences on the middle of
the distance between the snout and the root of the caudal ; its
spines are moderately strong, the length of the third being more than
one-half of that of the head. Caudal emarginate : more than one-
half of the anal fin is scaly ; it terminates immediately before the
caudal. The longest ventral ray extends beyond the extremity of
the caudal, and has three rudimentary rays in its axil. Immaculate :
back greenish, sides and belly silvery ; the soft dorsal and caudal
with brownish dots.
Total length six inches.

5. Osphromenus striatus.

POsphronemus vittatus, (KuhlSfv. Hass.) Om\ Sf Val. vii. p. 387.
Trichopus striatus, Bleek. Verhand. Batuv. Genootsch. xxiii., Labr. p. 11,
and Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Iml. 1850, i. p. 106.

D. I^i. A. ±|. L. lat. 28-30. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
third of the total (the caudal not included).

Var. a.

Body with two brown longitudinal bands. — Java.

Var. /3.

Body with four black longitudinal bands. — Borneo.

Var. y.

Three blackish bands on each side, the upper with a round spot. —
Fresh waters of Siam,

a-h. Fine specimens. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

Description. — Head longer than high ; snout of moderate length,
longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length
of the head ; cleft of the mouth rather small, with the lower jaw
slightly prominent ; both jaws with a band of villiform teeth ; the
interorbital space is slightly convex, and as wide as the orbit. Prse-
orbital and angle of the praeoperculum serrated. There are three
series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum.
The distance of the first dorsal spine from the root of the caudal is
only one-half, of its distance from the snout ; the spines are rather
feeble, the length of the third being one-third of that of the head.
The soft dorsal is much produced, like the caudal and the posterior
part of the anal. Caudal rounded, not forked, one-third of the total
length. Base of the anal scaly. The spine of the ventral is rather
strong, and its outer ray is produced into a long filament ; the other
rays are well developed.

There are three blackish longitudinal bands on each side : the

8. TEICHOGASTEE. 387

upper runs from the upper margin of the orbit to the upper part of
the root of the caudal ; it is dilated into a round black spot behind
the shoulder, and there is another smaller spot on its extremity ; the
second runs from the snout through the eye to the caudal ; and linally,
the third from the angle of the mouth, across the cheek, through the
lower part of the base of the pectoral to the root of the last caudal
rays, where it terminates in a round black spot. The membrano
of the vertical fins is dotted all over with bls^ck.

This must be a beautiful species during life. It is intermediate
between Osphromenus and those species for which the genus Betta
has been created ; it also approaches Macropus in the fin-rays, which
are much prolonged.

lines.

Total length 27

Length of the head 6

Height of the body G

Length of the caudal 9

8. TRICHOGASTER*.

Trichogaster, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 164.
Colisa, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 359.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spine or serrature ;
cleft of the mouth small, oblique, little protractile. Small fixed teeth
in the jaws, none on the jialate. Dorsal and anal spines numerous
(14-18) ; ventral fins reduced to a single longfiUform ray. Lateral
line interrupted or absent. Branchial arches with toothed tubercles.
Air-bladder divided into two portions posteriorly, situated on both
sides of the caudal vertebra;. Pyloric appendages in small number ;
intestine with many circumvolutions.

Fresh waters of Bengal and Hindostan.

1 . Trichogaster fasciatus.

Trichogaster fasciatus, Bl. Schn. p. 164. tab. 36.
Trichopodus colisa, Btich. Hatn.Fish. Gang. pp. 117, 372. pi. 15. fig. 40;
Taj/lor in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Sc. 18.31, v. pp. 34, 37.

bejeus. Buck. Ham. I. c. pp. 118, 372.

cotra, Buck. Ham. I. c. pp. 1 19, 372.

lalius, Buck. Ham. I. c. pp. 120, 372.

Colisa vulgaris, Cuv. Sf Vol. vii. p. 362. pis. 196, 205.

bejeus, Cuv. Sf Vol. vii. p. 365.

cotra, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 366.

lalius, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 366.

ponticeriaua, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 370.

* 1. Trichopodus sola, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 120. — Colisa sota, Cuv. tf-
Val. vii. p. 3G7. — Ganges.

2. chuna, Buck. Ham. I. c. p. 121. — Colisa chuna, Cuv. cf Fa/, vii. p. 368.

— Ganges.

2c2

388 LABYRINTHICr.

Polyacanthus faseiatus, Cuv. c^ Val. vii. p. 3G9.

Colisa vulgaris, Blcuh. Verhand. Batcw. Gen. xxv., Benq. en Hindost.
p. 94.

l).i±±7 (23-28). A. Jg-J (29-33), L. lat. 30-31. L. transv. 5/10.

Ca3c. pylor. 2. Vert. 8/17.

Praeorbital serrated ; caudal fin subtruncated. Body with about
twelve oblique dark cross-bands ; dorsal and caudal fins with reddish,
yellowish, or blackish spots ; immature specimens with a black spot
Oil the root of the caudal fin.

Bengal and Hindostan.

a-h, c-d, e, f-7i.,i-J,/m-t, u. Adult, half-grown, and young. East

Indies,
v. Adult : very bad state. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs.

V. Schlagintweit.
?('. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From Mr. Blj-th's Collection.
a\ y. Adult : stuffed. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

2. Trichogaster unicolor.

Colisa unicolor, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 3G8.

0 12

Praeorbital not denticulated. Caudal fin rounded. Coloration
uniform. {Cuv.)

E.stuaries near Calcutta.

9. BETTA.

Betta, Bleek. Vet-hand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Labj/rinth. p. 12, and
Midden- en Oost-Java, p. 14.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spine or serrature.
Small fixed teeth in the jaws, none on the palate. Dorsal fin short,
on the middle of the back, without any pungent spine ; anal fin
long. Ventral fin with five soft rays, the outer one being produced.
Lateral line interrupted or absent. Air-bladder and pyloric append-
ages none {B. pugnax).

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. Betta trifasciata.

Bleek. 1. c.

B. 6. D. |. A. ^. L. lat. 26.

Lateral line inconspicuous. Three black bands from the opercu-
lum to the caudal fin. (BL)

Ambarawa (Central Java), 1500 feet above the sea. Sumatra.
Banka. Biliton .

!). BETTA. 38U

2. Betta pugnax.

Macropodus pugnax, Cant. Catal. g. 84. pi. 2. figs. 1-4.
Betta anabatoides, Bleek. Borneo, li. p. 2G9.
Pla Kat of the Siamese.

B, 6. D. 9-10. A. 27-28. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 10.
Ciec. pylor. 0. Vert. 10/18.

Lateral line inconspicuous. Body with blackish cross-bars and
silvery longitudinal streaks ; two or three black bands on the side of
the head, the upper one running through the eye.

Var. Head and body Avith two black longitudinal bands, one
running from the muzzle thr-ough the eye to the root of the caudal fin.

Dried specimens unitbrm brownish.

Pinang. Malayan Peninsula. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

h-c. Adult : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Types

of the species.
d. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

Dr. Cantor, who first described this species, says that the fighting
propensities are greatest in the variety mentioned, which appears to
have been produced during a long period of domestication. Dr. von
Bleeker has observed that peculiarity also in specimens from other
parts of the East Indian Archipelago. All the species of this family
appear to be capable of being domesticated, and some of them deserve
particular attention on account of the dazzhng beauty of their colours
or the flavour of their flesh.

390 LuciocKrHALin.B.

Fam. 36. LUCIOCEPHALID^.

Lucioceplialoidei, Bleelc^Ewumer. Spec. p. xxx, and Natuurk. Tydschr.
Nederl. Ind. xx. 1860, p. 395.

Body elongate, covered with scales of moderate size. Lateral line
present. Teeth small. Gill-opening ivide ; pseudobranchia) none ;
a superhranchial organ, enclosed in a cavity behind the eye, and formed
by two branchial arches, ivMch are dilated into a membrane.

One short dorsal fin ; dorsal and anal spines none ; ventrals thoracic,
eomposcd of one spine and five rays. Air-bladder none. Intestines
very short.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. LUCIOCEPHALUS.

Luciocephalus, Bleek. Borneo, ii. p, 273.

Body elongate, subcylindricai anteriorly and compressed poste-
riorly ; intermaxillaries much protractile. Teeth in the jaws sm6U,
fi^sed ; the descending and ascending branches of the intennaxillary
toothed ; teeth on the vomer minute. One short dorsal without
spines, opposite to the soft anal ; the anal is separated into two
portions by a deep notch. Ventral fins thoracic, with one spine and
five rays. -Caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid ; lateral line present.
Pseudobranchia} none ; gill-opening wide, cleft to below the eye ;
air-bladder none. Intestines very short ; pyloric appendages none.

Fresh waters of the East Indian Archipelago.

1. Luciocephalus pulcher.

Diplopterus pulcher, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. tab. . fig. 1.
Luciocephalus pulcher, Bleek. Borneo, ii. p. 274, and Blitong, p. 99.

B. 5. D.-^. A. ;glg 1 13-12. L. lat. 36.

A broad black, inferiorly white-edged band runs from the snout
through the eye to the caudal fin. Caudal black, with the rays red.
Large individuals -wdth round blackish «pots on the body and on the
fins.

Kivers of Banka, Biliton, and Borneo.

For the knowledge of the internal structure of this. very singular
fish .we are indebted to Dr. v. Bleekor, who also discovered the super-
branchial organ.

^thkrinidj:. 391

We commence the series of families which more or less approach
the Malacopterygians Avith the Atherinidce and MugilidcB ; they are
true Acanthopteiygians with regard to the structui'e of the fins, but
their ventrals have an abdominal position. The structure of their
skeleton affords an excellent character whereby to separate these two
groups from each other.

Fam. 37. ATHERINID^.

Body more or less elongate, subcyUndrical, covered with scales of
moderate size ; lateral line indistinct. Cleft of the mouth of moderate
tvidth, with the dentition feeble. Eye lateral, well developed. Gill-
opening wide ; four gills; pseudobranchiae; five or six branchiostegals.
Two dorsal fins ; the spines of the first feeble ; the second of moderate
length ; anal like the soft dorsal, or rather longer. Ventral Jins ab-
dominal, with one spine and five rays. Vertebrce very numei-ous in
the caudal and abdominal portions.

Carnivorous fishes inhabiting the seas of the temperate and tropical
regions ; several species entering or living in fresh water.

Synopsis of the Oenera.

First Group : Atherinina. Teeth very small ; scales cycloid. The
first dorsal entirely separated from the second. An air-bladder.
Pyloric appendages none.

Snout more or less obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth
straight, oblique, extending to or beyond the
anterior margin of the eye 1. Atherina, p. 392.

Snout more or less produced, with the cleft of the
mouth generally not extending to the orbit ; the
lateral margins of the upper jaw are curved ... 2. Athbrinichthy8,p.402

Second Group : Tetrai^onurina. Teeth not very small, compressed ;
scales keeled and striated. The first dorsal continued on to the
second. Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages numerous.

Only one genus 3. Tetragonueus, p. 407.

First Group. ATHERININA.

Teeth very small ; scales cycloid , The first dorsal entirely
separated from the second. An air-bladder. Pyloric appendages
none.

392 ATHERINID^.

1. ATHERINA*

Atheriiia, Artedi, Sjpion. p. 116.
Atherliiu, part., Cue. IV.'ipte Anim.

I^od)' subeyliiidrical or slightly compressed ; snout more or less
obtuse, ■with the cleft of the mouth straight, oblique, extending to or
beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth minute, those on the
2)alate sometimes indistinct. Scales cycloid, of moderate size. Ven-
trals situated at some distance behind the pectoral. Air-bladder
present, Pyloric appendages none. A silvery band along the side.

Seas of neai'ly all the temperate and tropical reeions ; several
species entering fresh waters.

1. Atherina presbyter.

'Ihe Sand Smelt. Le Pretre ou Roser^ (France).

Dnhainel, Peches, ii. sect. 6. pi. 4. figs. 1-4, 7 ; Osbeck, Nov. Act. Nat.

Cur. iv. p. 103. no. 22.
Atherine, Penn. Brit. Zuol. iii. p. 287. pi. 65, & edit. 18l2, iii. p. 4-34.

pi. 76 ; ? Gronov. Zooiihyl. no. 399, and Mus. Ichthyol. p. 23. no. 66

(mutilated ?).
Atherina hepsetus, Dnnov. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 87 ; Flem. Brit. Anim.

p. 217; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 105 (notX.); ? Grmiov. Syst. eil. Gray,

p. 190.
presbvter, Citv. Reqne Anim. ; Jen. Man. p. 377 ; Yarr. Brit.

Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 214, 2nd edit. i. p. 229, 3rd edit. ii. p. 170

(fig. bad); Pant. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 2.30, and Fishes Frith of Forth,

p. 70 ; Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 439. pi. 305 ; Lowe, Trans. Zooi. Sac. ii.

p. 184 ; Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 66 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III.

Poiss. pi. 70. fig. 3.

D. 7_8 1 ^. A. j^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 11. Vert. 50.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is above the middle of the
ventral fins. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fifth. The diameter of the eye is two-
sevenths of the length of the head, and equal to the extent of the
snout and the width of the interorbital space. Snout moderately

* 1. Atherina rissoi, Cuv. ^ Val.x. p. 435. — Nice.

2. sarda, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 435.- -Sardinia.

3. Carolina, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 445.- — Carolina.

4. waigiensis, part., Quoy ^- Gaim. Voy. Uran. Poiss. p. 33.5. — A. cylin-

drica, Cuv. Hf Val. x. p. 453.^Waigiou. Amboyna.

6. — — temminckii, Sleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 506. — East Indian Archipelago.
(3. argyrot.Tniata, lilecJc. Journ. Ind. Archipel. iii. 1849, Celebes, p. 72. —

Bali, Celebes.

7. bimaiiensis, Bleek. Journ. Ind. Archipel. ii. 1848, Sumbnwa, p. 037.

— Simibawa.— I have not seen the Journal containing the descriptions

of the last two species.

8, tcEniata, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 135 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 459. —

Atlantic.

9. punctata, Benn. in Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 184. — Mauritius.

(D. 5/11. A. IG.)

10. presbyter, var., Eichia. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 72. — Atherina raspin,

Eiehw. Ball. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838, p. 136.— Caspian Sea.

1. ATHERINA. 393

produced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends
to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth distinct in the jaws
and on the vomer. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins
is equal to, or rather more than, the length of the head. The silvery,
streak occupies the fifth series of scales and the adjoining halves of
the fourth and sixth.

British Channel and coasts. Madeira. Coast of Algiers.

a-h. Adult. Falmouth. Purchased.

c. Adult. Fifeshire. From the Mus. Leach.

d, e-g, h-k. Adult and half- grown.

I. Fine specimen. (New Zealand ? ?) Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

2, Atherina pontica.

Atherina presbj-ter, var., Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 72.

pontica, Eichw. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838, p. 137, and Faun.

Casp.-Caucas. p. 206. pi. 33. figs. 3, 4 ; Noribn. m Demid. Vorj. Russ,
Merid. iii. p. 398 ; Kessler, Bidl. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, ii. p. 218.

P. 7-9 1 12-13. A. 15-16. L. lat. 46-48. L. transv. 9.

The root of the vcntraj. fins falls vertically before the origin of the
dorsal. The height of the body is contained seven times in the total
length, the length of the head six times and a half. The depth of
the extremity of the tail is much less than the diameter of the. eye,
which is considerably longer than the snout. Forehead and snout
black.

Black Sea.

3. Atherina hepsetiis.

Sauclet (France) ; Chucleto (Spain) ; Lattarina (Rome) ; Anguela

(Venice) ; Coroneda (Sicily) ; Athemo (Greece).
'Adtpiva, Artstot. vi. c. 17, ix. c. 2 ; Oppian, i. v. 108 ; Athen. vii. 285.
''A(f>va, Athcn. I. c.

'E^riTos, Athen. vii. 293, 301, viii. 356.
Atherina, Rondel, i. lib. 7. c. 2. p. 216 ; Gem. Aquat. iv. p. 72 ; Aldrov.

ii. c. 30. p. 217 ; WiUughhy, iv. c. 12. p. 210 ; Ray, Syn. p. 79. sp. 3 ;

Jonst. i. art. 18. p. 52. tab. 19. fig. 13; Artedi, Synon. p. 116. sp. 1.
TiRvaronus, Bellon. i. p. 237.
Sauclet, Dtiham. Pechcs, ii. sect. 6. pi. 4. fig. 3.
Atherina hepsetiis, L. Syst. i. p. 519 ; Hasselq. Iter Palest, p. 382 ;

Lacep. V. p. 66 ; Bl. tab. 393. fig. 3 (very bad) ; Bl. Schn. p. 110.

tab. 29. fig. 2 (very bad); Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 337, and Eur. Mirid.

iii. p. 469 ; Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 423. pi. 302. fig. 1 ; Botiap. Faun. Ital.

Pesc. ; Nordm. in Detnid. Voy. Runs. MSrid. iii. p. 399 ; Guichen. Exp,

Alger. Poiss. p. 66 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, ii." p. 217.

hepsetus, var. 1, De la Roche, Ann. Mu-s. xiii. p. 357.

? Atherina minuta, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 340 ; Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 437

(young).
? Atherina mannorata, i2mo, /. c.p. 339; Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 437 (young).

p. 8-9 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 11. Vert. 55^6.

The anterior dorsal fin is between the base of the ventral and the
vent Thp height of the ^ody is one-seventh of the total length,
the lengtli of'thc head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye eciuals the

394

ATHERINin.i:.

lengtli of the snout, is two-sevenths of the length of the head, and
rather more than the width of the interorbital space. Snout pro-
duced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends
to below the anterior margin of the eye. No conspicuous teeth.
The silvery streak occupies the fifth series of scales (from the base
of the first dorsal) and the adjoining halves of the fourth and sixth.
Mediterranean. Black Sea. Canaries,

a-c. Adult. Dalmatia.

4. Atherina lacustris.
Lattarina.

Atherina lacustris, JBonap. Faun, Ital, Pesc. ; Martens m Wicpn. Arch.
xxiii. p. 167. taf. 9. figs. 1, 2.

D. (5) 6-8 I y^j. A. ^,,3'^^^^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10-11.
Vert. 43-44.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is above the middle of the
ventral. The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths
of the length of the head, and longer than the snout, the extent of
which equals the width of the interorbital space. Snout moderately
produced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends
to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth distinct in the jaws,
none on the vomer. The silvery streak appears to occupy the fifth
series of scales and the adjoining halves of the fourth and sixth.

Lakes of Albano and Nemi.

Martens has given a most accurate and detailed description of this
species, and has shown some remarkable variations in the number of
its fin-rays, which, if observed in single individuals, might have led
to the distinction of several species. When, however, he states that
the number of the transverse series of scales varies between forty-
six and sixty, we suppose that the low numbers are only to be ob-
served exceptionally in specimens in which the scales are disarranged
in some way or other. The elongated body of this species and the
number of its longitudinal series of scales clearly indicate that the
number for the lateral line is the same as in A. hepsetus and A.
hoyeri. If, however, the low numbers should occur as frequently as
the high ones, it becomes a question whether the lakes above-named
are not inhabited by two species, one with larger, the other with
smaller scales. The former might bo A. vwchon.

5. Atherima boyeri.

Joel (France) ; Cabasuda (Ivica ).

Hepsetus, Rondel, i. lib. vii. c. 10. p. 215 ; Gesncr, Aquat. iv. p. 71.

Lavaronus, Gesner, I. c. p. 73 ; Aldrov. ii. cap. 37. p. 218 ; Jonst. Pise.

i. art. 19. p. 52.
Auguella, Willughh. iv. c. 2. p. 209 ; Ray, Syn. p. 79.
Atherina hepsetus, var. 3, De In Roche in Ann. Mns. xiii. p. 357.

1. ATHERINA. 395

Atherina boyeri, Hmo, Ichth. Nice, p. 333. pi. 10. fig. 38, and Eur.
3Icnd. in. p. 470; Cm: S,- Vol. x. p. 432. pi. 303 (half-grown):
Bonap. Fawi. Hal. Pesc. ; Gidchen. Exp. AlySr. Poiss. p. 66.

D. 6-8 j^. A. j^^. L. lat. 55-60. L. transv. 11. Vert. |.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is above the middle of the
ventral. The height of the body is contained six times in the total
length, the length of the head five times and a half. The diameter
of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and more than that
of the snout, which equals the -width of the interorbital space: Snout
moderately produced,, with the cleft of the moxith very oblique ; the
maxillary extends to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth
distinct in the jaws and on the vomer. The silvery streak occupies
the fifth series of scales and the adjoining halves of the fourth and
sixth.

Mediterranean and the adjoining parts of the Atlantic. (Accord-
ing to Couch, occasionally on the coast of Cornwall.)

a-f, g-i. Adult. Lisbon.

Tc, I. Adult : not good state. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R.

T. Lowe.
m-o. Large specimens. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection.
p. Fine specimen. Mogadore. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
q, r. Adult : not good state.
s. Adult female : skeleton, Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T.

Lowe.
t. Ovarium of specimen s. It is single, and contains eggs in different

states of development.

The abdominal and caudal portions of the vertelral column are of
nearly equal length ; the lower apophyses of the anterior caudal
vertebrae are cui-ved, bent outwards, forming a wide canal for the
hind part of the air-bladder.

6. Atherina martinica.
Cm. 4" Val. X. p. 459.

The spinous dorsal fin is opposite to the commencement of the
anal. Scales with the margin crenulated. Otherwise similar to
A. hepsetus. ( Val.)

Martinique.

7. Atherina breviceps.

Cuv. <§* Val. X. p. 445 ; Bleek. Cape of Good Hope, p. 20.

D. 7 1 3^. A. 1^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head six times and a half ; the diameter of the eye
is two-sevenths of the length of the head, and equal to the extent of

396 ATHERINID^.

the snout and to the width of the interorbital «pace. Snout mode-
rately produced, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique ; the max-
illary extends slightly beyond the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Teeth distinct on the vomer and in the jaws. The
silvery streak occupies the fifth series of scales and the angles of the
scales of the series adjoining.
Cape of Good Hope.

a. Adult. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

8. Atherina parvipinnis.
Cuv. ^ Vol. X. p. 446.

The spinous dorsal is rather small. The height of the body is
one-fifth of the total length. Snout of moderate extent, equal to the
diameter of the eye. ( Val.)

Cape of Good Hope.

9. Atherina mocho.

Mocho or Mochon (Ivica).

Atherina hepsetus, var. 3 (mochon), De la Roche, Ann. Mas. xiii.

p. 358.
mochon, C^v. 8f Val. x. p. 434. pi. 304 (not good) ; Bonap. Faun.

Ital. Pesc. (fig. not good) ; Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 66.

D. 7-8 1 -^. A. -V.. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 8. Vert. ?^.

I 11 14—15 Zo

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is a little behind the middle
of the ventral. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is
one-third of the length of the head, a little more than the extent of
the snout, and much more than the width of the interorbital space.
Snout moderately produced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ;
the maxillary extends to below the antericfr margin of the eye. Teeth
distinct in the jaws and on the vomer. The silvery streak occupies
the adjoining halves of the fourth and fifth series of scales.

Mediterranean.

a, h. Adult. Dalmatia.

o-gr. Adidt. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. Ruppell.

It is nearly impossible to determine this species from the accounts
given by Valenciennes and iBonaparte, and the figures illustrating
them are veiy indifferent and inaccuiate in several points. Valen-
ciennes states fifteen anal rays in the text, and seventeen in the
j^ormula of the fins, which latter has been copied by Bonaparte. The
fig^e given by the former represents fifteen anal rays, but much too
small an eye ; that given by the latter does not afford any idea as to
the number of the anal rays. The principal character of this species
are the scales, which are considerably larger than in the other Euro-
pean .species.

1. ATHEBINA. 397

10. Atherina hepsetoides.
Richards, in Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 178.
D. 9 I -i. A. i-. P. 15. Vert. 48.

I 1 1 14

The anterior dorsal fin is between the base of the ventral and the
vent. The height of the body is one- eighth of the total length, the
length of the head nearly one-sixth ; the diameter of the eye is one-
third of the latter, and a little more than the length of the snout.
Cleft of the mouth oblique ; teeth minute. (Richards.)

Port Arthur (Van Diemen's Land).

Sir J. Richardson has examined the skeleton of this species, and
it appears from his description that the canal for the air-bladder is
continued on to the twenty-third vertebra; " at the twenty-fourth
vertebra the change from lateral to inferior spinous processes is
complete."

11. Atherina presbyteroides.

Richards. Ann. 8r Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 179.

D. 9 1 10-11. A. 3^. P. 11. Vert. 46.

The first dorsal fin stands wholly anterior to the anus, commencing
just perceptibly behind the ventrals. The height of the body equals
the length of the head, and is one-fifth of the total. The diameter
of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and more than that
of the snout. Teeth distinct. There are two series of scales above
the silvery band. (Richards.)

Port Arthur (Van Diemen's Land).

12. Atherina forskalii.

? Atherina hepsetus, Forsk. p. 69.

Atherina forsKalii, Rupp. N. W. Fische, p. 132. taf. 36. fig. 1 ; Cant.
Catal. p. 103.

D. 5-6 I -i.. A. -i- . L. lat. 40. L. transv. 7.

I 9—10 13-14

The origin of the spinous dorsal fin is immediately behind the
vertical from the vent, consequently the dorsal is much nearer to the
anal than to the root of the ventral ; its distance from the posterior
margin of the operculum is not much more than one length of the
head. The height of the body is contained six times in the total
length, the length of the head four times and a third ; the diameter
of the eye is two-fifths of the latter, equal to the width of the inter-
orbital space, and much longer than the snout. Snout rather short,
with the jaws equal in length, and with the cleft of the mouth
oblique ; the maxQlary extends beyond the vertical from the orbital
margin. Teeth distinct in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The silvery streak occupies the third and the adjoining half
of the fourth series of scales. Scales with the margin entire.

Red Sea. Sea of Pinang.
a-e. Adidt. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. RUppell.

398 ATHKRixrrt.^:.

13. Atherina bleekeri

Atherina japouica, Bhck. Verhand. Batav. Geiiontsch. xxv., Japan,
p. 40. fig. 2 (not Houtt.).

D. 5 I ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 45-48. L. transv. 7.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is behind the vertical from
the extremity of the ventrals, and rather nearer to the origin of
the anal than to the root of the ventrals. Scales obtusely denti-
culated. The height of the body is contained six times and a half
in the total length, the length of the head five times and a half ; the
diameter of the eye is contained twice and two-thirds in the length
of the head, equal to the width of the interorbital space, and much
longer than the snout. Snout short, slightly pointed, with the upper
jaw overlapping the lower ; cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary
extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
Teeth inconspicuous in the jaws, rather more distinct on the vomer.
The silvery streak occupies the third and the adjoining half of the
fourth series of scales.

Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a, b, c-f. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. lieeves, Esq.

14. Atherina afra.

Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 244.

B, 6. D. 6 I ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 6.

The spinous dorsal fin is opposite to the vent, above the middle,
between the ventral and anal fins ; its distance from the posterior
margin of the operculum is one-half more than the length of the
head. The length of the head is contained four times and one- third
in the total length (without caudal) ; the diameter of tne eye is equal
to the width of the interorbital space, one-third of the length of the
head, and longer than the snout. Cleft of the mouth oblique. Teeth
distinct in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Scales of
the upper parts blackish, with bluish-white dots. {Pet.)

Coast of Mozambique.

15. Atherina valenciennesii.
Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 507.

D. 5-6 I ^. A. -^. L. lat. 40.

The anterior dorsal is nearer to the anal than to the ventral fins.
The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the liead five times and a half. The diameter of the
eye is nearly twice as long as the snout, about equal to the width of
the interorbital space, and contained twice and a half or twice and
two-thirds in the length of the head. The maxillary extends to
below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in the jaws, more
distinct on the vomer and the palatine boues. Scales obtusely den-
ticulated. Caudal brown-edged. {Bl.)

Seas of Padang, Batavia, and Singapore.

1. ATHERIXA. 399

16, Atherina pingius.

Atherina pinguis, Lacep. v. p. 372. pi. 11. tig. 1 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. viii., Sumatra, viH. p. 24.

afRnis, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 16G.

pectoralis, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 447.

D. 6 1 3^. A. ^^. L. lat. 42-45. L. transv. 7. Vert. 20/23.

The origin of the spinous dorsal fin is at some distance behind the
vertical from the vent, consequently the dorsal is much nearer to
the anal than to the root of the ventral ; its distance from the pf^s-
terior margin of the operculum is equal to one length of the head
and one-third. The height of the body is contained five times and
two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times and
two-thirds. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the length of
the head, equal to the width of the interorbital space, and much
longer than the snout. Snout obtuse, short, with the cleft of the
mouth very oblique, and the upper jaw overlapping the lower ; the
maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin ol
the eye. Teeth distinct in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The silvery streak occupies the third seriee of scales and the
adjoining quarter of the fourth. The membrane in which the dorsal
scales are rooted is minutely dotted with white ; a blackish blotch
on the posterior extremity of the pectoral ; iris with a blackish spot
superiorly.

Eastern coasts of Africa. Bombay. Coasts of Australia and of
the islands north of it.

a. Fine specimen. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E, Gray.

6. Fine specimen. Aneiteum, From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

c-d, e. Adult, Sydney.

f-g, h. Adult. South Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection;.

i-Jc, 1-0, p. Adult and half-grown. Australia.

q, r. Adult. Australia.

s. Adult : skeleton. Sydney. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

Forster has described a species of Atherina from New Caledonia
under the name of A. lacunosa, which is probably identical with the
above species (Desoript. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 298 ; Bl. Schn. p. 112).
The sketch preserved in the British Museum is a rough pencil-
drawing, and does not indicate any specific character ; some streaks
on the pectoral fin, which are blacker than the rest of the drawing,
seem to be intended for a peculiar marking of that fin. "When, there-
fore, Valenciennes (x, p. 454) applies Forster's denomination to speci-
mens without a distinct blackish spot on the pectoral fin, it is quite
arbitrary. Thej' are, at all events, very closely allied to A, pinguis,
and may prove to be a mere variety of it, in which case Forster's
name wiU have the priority.

The abdominal and caudal portions of the vertebral column are
nearly of equal length ; the apophyses of the anterior caudal vertebrae
do not form a canal for the air-bladder, as in A. hoyeri and other
species.

400 ATHEKINID^.

17. Atherina lacunosa.

Atherina waigiensis (pai;t.), Quoy Sf Gaim. Vuy. Uran. Zoul. p. ;J34.

laciinosa, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 504 (probably not Forst. or

Valenc.).

D. 6 ||- A. ^^. L. lat. 44.

The spinous dorsal fin is nearer to the anal fin than to the ventrals.
The height of the body is two-thirteenths of the total length, the
length of the head two-ninths. Snout much shorter than the eye,
the maxillary extending to below the pupil ; teeth in the jaws less
distinct than on the vomer and the palatine bones. Margin of the
scales denticulated. No black spot on the pectoral fin. {BleeJr.)

East Indian Archipelago. Waigiou.

18. Atherina duodecimalis.

? Atherina duodecimalis, Cm: <&• Val. x. p. 458.
Atherina duodecimalis, Bleek. Miouw, p. 485.

D.SJi.. A. ^. L. lat. 35.

The spinous dorsal fin occupies the middle between the ventral and
anal. The height of the body is contained five times and a half in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a quarter.
The width of the head is four-sevenths of its length. The diameter
of the eye is nearly one-half of the length of the head, twice the
extent of the snout, and more than the width of the interorbital
space. Cleft of the mouth very oblique ; the ihaxillary extends below
the anterior half of the eye. The length of the pectoral fin is con-
tained five times and a half in the total. No black dots along the
side of the body. {Bl.)

Ea^it Indian Archipelago. (Ceylon ?)

19. Atherina stipes.

Mail. 8f Trosch. in Schomh. Hist. Barbad. p. 671.

D. 5 I -. A. ^2- L- lat. 37. L. transv. 6.

Similar to A. hoyeri in form ; the diameter of the eye is nearly
equal to the width of the interorbital space, and twice or more than
twice the extent of the snout ; the maxillary extends beyond the
vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The distance of the
end of the snout from the root of the ventral is two-thirds of that
from the dorsal. Theru is a sharp undulated edge forming the upper
margin of the orbit. Teeth numerous and distinct in both jaws and
on the palate. Two series of small black dots along the side of the

tail.

Sea of Barbadocs.

The typical specimens are in the Berlin Museum.

a. Not good state. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

1. AXnEBTlfA. 401

20. Atherina endrachtensis.
Quoi/ 8f Gaim. Voy, Uran. Zool. p. 334 ; Cur. ^- Val. x. p. 460.
D. 5 1 1. A. ^, L, traasv. 7. Vert. 36.

The height of the body is about one-sixth of the total length ; the
width of the head between the eyes is two-thirds of its length ;
snout half as long as the eye ; pectoral long, its length being some-
what less than one-fourth of the total. A series of black dots along
the middle of the silvery band ; two other scries along tlie side of
the back and a single one on the belly. ( Val.)

South-west coast of New Holland. New Guinea.

21. Atherina brachyptera.
Bleeker, Banda, i. p. 243.

D. 5 1|. A. -i-. L. lat. 38.

I o 9

The spinous dorsal fin is above the middle between the anal and
the ventrals. The height of the body is one-eighth, the length of the
head one-fifth of the total length ; the diameter of the eye is con-
tained twice and one-third in the length of the head. Cleft of the
mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends to below the anterior margin
oftheejre. {Bl.)

Sea of Banda Neira.

22. Atherina microstoma.

D. 6 1 ^. A. ^. P. 12. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 8.

The whole of the spinous dorsal is above the ventral fin. The
height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head five times ; the diameter of the eye is
one-third of the length of the head, equal to the width of the inter-
orbital space, and more than the extent of the snout, which is short
and slightly pointed. The cleft of the mouth is very oblique, with
the jaws equal anteriorly ; the mouth is rather small, the maxillaiy
not extending to the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth conspicuous
in the jaws and on the vomer. The silvery band occupies the ad-
joining halves of the fourth and fifth series of scales ; there are two
or three rows of dots running from its origin to the base of the caudal.

Van Diemen's Land.

a-c. Adult. Three inches and a half long. Presented by Dr. Robertson.

This species agrees with tlie true Atherince in the stnicture of the
mouth, but is distinguished by the shortness of the maxillary.

23. Atherina pauciradiata.

D. 5-6 I -g-. A. y. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 6.
The spinous doi-sal fin is above the posterior half of the ventral

vol. III. 2 D

402 ATHEBINID-E.

fin. Tho height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is contained
three times and two-thirds in the latter, equal to the extent of the
snout, but much less than the width of the interorbital space.
Mouth very protractile, oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; the
maxillary extends to below the anterior margin of tho eye. Minute
teeth in tho jaws. The silvery band is narrow, occupying tho central
half of the third series of scales.
North-west coast of Australia.

a, h. Thirty lines long. From the Haslar Collection.

2. ATHERINICHTHYS*.

Atherina, sp., Cuv. Jl^gtie Anun.

Atherinoides et Atherinichthys, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.

XXV. 1853, Jajmn, p. 40.
Basilichthys, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 198.
Atlierinopsis,' Girard, I. c. p. 134.

Body subcylindrical or slightly compressed ; snout more or less
produced, with the cleft of the mouth not extending to the orbit
(except in B. nigrans), the lateral margins of the upper jaw being
curved. Teeth very small, palate toothless (cfr. A. vomerina, Val.).
Scales cycloid, of moderate or small size. Ventrals situated at some
distance behind the pectoral. Air-bladder present ; pyloric append-
ages none, A silvery (black) band along the side.

Coasts and fresh waters of America and Tasmania. Hivers of
Australia.

1. Atherinichthys jacksoniana.

Atherina jacksoniana, QuoyS)- Gaim. Vui/. Uran. Zool. p. 333 ; Ouv. Sf
Val. X. p. 4G1.

D,8|^, A.^L.

The spinous dorsal is above the interspace between the ventrals
and tho anal. Tho height of tho body is one-ninth of tho total
length.

Port Jackson, Van Diemen's Land.

2. Atherinichthys laticlavia.
Pesce Rey.
Atherina rogia, Humboldt, Obscrv. Zool. ii. p. 187 ; Cuv. Sr Val, x.

p. 474.
laticlavia, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 473 ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 252.

lam. 4. fig. 1.

D. 7 1 i^,- A. ^g. L. lat. 80-8G. L. transv. 16,

Ten longitudinal series of scales on the tail behind the anal fin.
The anterior dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the vertical from the
vent than to that from the root of the ventral. The height of the

* 1. Atherina lesaonii, Ciiv. ^ Val. x. p. 471. — St. Catlicrine.

2. ATHEKINICDTHTS. 403

body is contained six times to seven times and three-fourths in the
total length, the length of the head six times. The diameter of the
eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of tho head, less than the
width of the interorbital space, and not quite one-half of the extent
of the snout ; in very large specimens the eye is stiU smaller. The
silvery streak occupies the sixth, seventh, eighth, and the adjoining
half of the ninth series of scales.
Coast of Chile. Falkland Islands.

a-b. Fine specimens. Salt water, Valparaiso. From Mr. Bridges'

Collection.
c, d. One foot long. Falkland Islands.
e. Sixteen inches long ; has been in chloride of zinc. Port Louis.

From the Haslar Collection.
/, g, h. Many specimens in a bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Eighteen inches long : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

3. Atherinichthys microlepidota.

Atherina microlepidota, Jemjns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 78. pi. 16. fi^. 1 ;

Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 253.
Basilichthys microlepidotus, Girard, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philud.

1854, p. 198, and U. S. Naval Astron. Exped. South Hcmisph. ii.

p. 238. pi. 30. figs. 6-9.

D. 6 ] 11. A. 17. L. transv. 18-20.

Fifteen longitudinal scries of scales on the tail, behind the anal.
The spinous dorsal commences above, or immediately behind, the
extremity of the ventral fin, and is nearer to the vertical from the
anal than to 'that from the base of the ventral. The height of the
body is one-fifth or one-sixth of the total length (in adult specimens),
the length of the head two-elevenths.

Coast of Chile. Mapocho (tributary of tho Rio de Maypu).

4. Atherinichthys nigricans.

Atherina nigricans, Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 77. pi. 42.
figs. 13-18.

^' "^ I i^- ^- h' ^' ^^^- ^^-^^' ^- transv. 17.

The spinous dorsal fin commences somewhat behind the vertical
from the base of the ventral. The height of the body is contained
eight times and a half in the total length, the length of the head six
times. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the
head, and nearly one-half of the width of the interorbital space,
which is less than the extent of the snout. The silvery streak occu-
pies three series of scales.

Falkland Islands.

o. Type of the species : five inches long.

It is very doubtful whether the black ground-colour is natural, or
has been produced by the fluid in which the fish was preserved.

2d2

404

ATHERTNTD.E.

5. Atherinichthys alburnus.
^•'^\w ^' ii- ^- lat- 105. L. transv. 20.

Similar to B. laticlavia. The base of the ventral fins falls verti-
cally below the origin of the anterior dorsal fin. The height of
the body is contained eight times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head six times. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth
or one-fifth of the length of the head, less than the width of the
interorbital space, and not quite one-half of the extent of the snout.
The silvery streak occupies four series of scales.

Seven inches long.

Magellan's Strait.

a-d. Adult and half-grown : bad state. Magellan's Strait. Presented
by the Lords of the Admiralty.

6. Atherinichtliys huinboldti.

Atherina humboldtiana, Cuv. 8y Val. x. p. 479. pi. 306.
vomerina, Cuv. <§• Val. x. p. 481.

I^'^lrii- A-:-5^o- L.lat.50.

The anterior dorsal fin is opposite to the end of the ventrals. The
height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the
head one- fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter,
and one-half of the extent of the snout, which nearly equals the width
of the interorbital space. ( Val.)

Mexico.

The typical specimen is in the Berlin Museum.

7. Atherinichthys bonariensis.
Atherina bonariensis, Cuv. <5" Val. x. p. 469.

D. 5 I -J-. A, ~. L. transv. 12. Vert. 50.

I 9-11 10-19

The anterior dorsal is opposite to the vent, somewhat in front of
the commencement of the anal ; the posterior is above the hinder
half of the latter. The height of the body is contained six and a
half times in the total length, the length of the head four and a half
times ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter. ( Val.)

Buenos Ayres.

Atherina lichtensteinii, Cuv. & Val. x. p. 476, is probably merely
a very large specimen of this species. The typical specimen is from
Montevideo, nineteen inches long, and preserved in the Berlin Mu-
seum.

8. Atherinichthys brasiliensis.

Atherina brasiliensis, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Uran. Poiss. p. 332 ; Cuv,

^ Val. X. p. 467.
macropnthalma, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 136. pi. 47. fig. 1.

D. 4-51' A. -V„. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 8.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is opposite to that of the anal.
The height of the body is contained five times and a third in the

2, AinKRINICHTHYS. 405

total length, and nearly equal to the length of the head. The dia-
meter of the eye is one-fourth of the latter, two-thirds of the length
'f +he snout, and rather more than one-half of the width of the in-
. )rorbital space ; in yoimg individuals it is much larger, equal to the
width of the spac6 between the orbits. The silverj" streak occupies
the adjoining halves of the third and fourth series of scales. The
lower caudal lobe is longer than the upper.
Coasts of Brazil and Mexico.

a. Fine specimen. Eio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
h. Fine specimen. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.
c. Half-grown.

9. Atherinichthys incisa.

Atherina iucisa, Jenyns, Zool. Beayk, Fishes, p. 79. pi 16. fig. 2.

^•5-6|«-:^. A.-,-^.. Ltransv. 12.

The spinous dorsal fin is opposite to the space between the extre-
mity of the ventral and the origin of the anal. Each scale with one
or two deep incisions posteriorly. The height of the body is one-ninth
of the total length, the length of the head one-sixth. (Jen.)

39° S. lat., 61° W. long.

10. Atherinichthys argentinensis.

Atherina argentinensis, Ouv. 4' Val. x. p. 360; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle,
Fishes, p. 77.

D. 5 I -^. A. -^. L. transv. 10.

1 o-y ly

The anterior dorsal fin is opposite to the vent. Depth of the body
exactly one-ninth of the total length, measuring this last to the end
of the middle caudal raj-s ; the length of the head is five and a half
times in the same, measuring this hist to the end of the caudal lobes.
Scales truncated behind, with a single smaU notch on the middle of
the margin. Pectorals exactly the length of the head. Breadth of
the silvery band one-fifth of the greatest depth of the body. (Jen.)

Montevideo. Maldonado.

11. Atherinichthys gracilis.
D. 4 I -i-. A. ^. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 9.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is opposite to the vent, exactly
in the middle of the distance between the end of the snout and the
base of the caudal. The distance between the origins of the two
dorsal fins is somewhat more than one-half of that between the origin
of the posterior and the caudal. The height of the body is contained
nine times in the total length, the length of the head five times and
a half. The silvery band is naiTow, and occupies a portion of the
fourth series of scales. Scales with the margin entire. Caudal lobes
equal in length ; caudal somewhat longer than the pectoral, and rather
shorter than the head.

Hah. ?

Thirty-one lines long. Probably young.

406 ATHEEINLDiE.

12. Atherinichthys menidia.

8ilver-fish.

Atherina menidia, L. Sxjst. i. p. 519 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 462 ; Dekay,

New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 142. pi. 74. fig. 236.
viridescens, Mitch, Lit. Sf Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 447.

D. 5 I i-. A. ^. Vert. 44.

The spinoTis dorsal is above the commencement, the soft abave the
middle of the anal fin. The height of the body is contained seven
times in the total length, the length of the head five times and a half;
the length of the pectoral equals the height of the body.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

13. Atherinichthys notata.

Small Silver-side.

Atherina menidia, Lac^p. v. p. 376 ; Cnot L.\

notata, 31{tch. Lit. ^Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 446. pi. 4. fig. 6 ;

Dekay, Netc York Fauna, Fishes, p. 141. pi. 28. fig. 88.
boscii, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 465 ; Storer, Massach. Report, p. 62.

D. 5 I i.. A. i. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 9.

The spinous dorsal fin is above the commencement, the soft a Ijttle
behind the middle of the anal fin. The height of the body is one-
sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth ; the length
of the pectoral fin equals the height of the body. The silvery streal
occupies the fourth and the adjoining part of the fifth series of scales.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

Perhaps identical with A. menidia,

a. Adult.

14. Atherinichtliys califoniiensis.
The Smelt.

Atherinopsis califomiensis, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii.
1854, pp. 134, 141, 151, and in Jmirn. Bost. Sac. Nat. Hist. vi. 1857,
pi. 24. figa. 1-4, and in U. S. Padf. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 103.
r.1. 22 c.
Atnerina storeri, (Ayres) Girard in Pr^c. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856,
p. 136.

B. 6. D. 7 I 13. A. ^. L. transv. 13.

'I%e origin of the spinous dorsal is opposite to the end of the ven-
trals. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length,
the length of the head one-sixth. The diameter of the eye is con-
tained four and a half times in the length of the head. (Oir.)

Coast of California.

15. Atherinichthys nigrans.
Atherina nigrans, Richards. Ann. Sr May. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 180,
D. 5 1 3^. A.^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 10.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length

3. XETEAGONtTEUS. 407

of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye equals the extent of
the snout (in mature specimens), and is nearly one-fourth oi the
length of the head. The first dorsal spine pungent, the others fili-
form ; the last dorsal rays produced, reaching to the hase of the
caudal. The ventrals end in a thread-like tip which overlaps the
commencement of the anal. The first dorsal and the anal commence
in nearly the same vertical. An even black stripe replaces the usual
silvery band, and is continued forwards over the giU-cover, upper
half of the eye, and sides of the snout ; it occupies the fifth series of
scales and the adjoining parts of the fourth and sixth.
Freshwater streams of Port Essington.

a. Three inches long : ekin. King's River, near Victoria. — Type of

the species.

b. Adult : skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
c-e. Twenty-one lines long : skins. Severn River (New South

Wales). — I am not quite sure whether these specimens really
belong to A. nigrans. The form is nearly the same, but they
have a very indistinct blackish band on the tail.
/. Adult: skin. Australia.

Second Group. TETRAGONURINA.

Teeth not very small, compressed ; scales keeled and striated. The
first dorsal continued on to the second. Air-bladder none. Pyloric
appendages numerous.

3. TETRAGONURUS.

Tetragonurus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 347.

Body subcylindrical, somewhat elongate ; snout of moderate length,
obtuse ; lower jaw elevated, with a convex dental margin. Teeth in
single series, compressed, triangular, rather small ; teeth on the
palate. Scales rather small, with deep stria), those of every single
transveree series coherent. Ventrals abdominal, but inserted below
the middle of the pectoral. Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages
numerous.

Mediterranean, and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

This genus has been annexed to very different families : first lo the
MugilidcB by Cuvier, then to the Scombridce by Lowe, and fiaally to
the NotacantJdni by Miiller. The attempt of the latter is certainly
the most unfortunate, and I doubt whether Miiller has known the
fish, except from Valenciennes' description. Even when the artificial
group called by Miiller Notacanthini is divided into natural families,
Tetragonurus has no affinity whatever either to Notacanthtts or to
Mastacembelus. ^Tien Mr. Lowe places this fish among the Scom-
beroids of Cuvier, he implies, in the words by which he modifies his
view, that he means that portion of them which I have called Tri-
chiuridce. But in Tetragonurus the ventral fins are truly abdominal,

408 ATHEEINID^.

not fixed to the humeral arch, which is never the case in the Trichi-
uridce with developed ventral fins ; the Trichiuridce, moreover, have no
true scales. I think, therefore, that Cuvier was right in placing this
fish near those Acanthopterygians which have abdominal ventral fins ;
but it is much more closely allied to Atherina than to Mugil, not
having eithier the mouth, or the pharyngeal apparatus, or the peculiar
structure of the stomach, or the ostcological peculiarities of the latter.
On the other hand, Tetragonurus agrees with Atherina in the struc-
ture of the gUls and of the fins, in the large number of vertebrae,
and in the natiu-e of its food, whilst the differences between the two
genera are such as to admit of their separation into two groups of the
same family.

1. Tetragonurris cuvieri.

Courpata (Nice).

Mugil niger, Rondel, xv. cap. 6. p. 423; Gesner, Aquat lib. iv. p. 653;

Willughby, p. 276, tab. R. 4. fig. 4.
Corvus niloticua, Akh-ov. De Pise. lib. v. c. 25. p. 610.
Tetragonurus cuvieri, Risso, Ichthyul. Nice, p. 347. pi. 10. fig. 37 (bad),

and Mir. Merid. iii. p. 382 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 172. pi. 318 ; Cuv.

RhgneAnivi. III. Pom.pl. 76. fig. 2; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss.

p. 68; Mettenhcimer in Abhandl. Senck, Gesellsch. p. 215. tab. 17-19.

B. 5. D. 15-21 1 ,-^. A. 10-12. L. lat. 118-120.
L. transv. 30. Vert. 36/22.

a. Fine specimen. Sicily,

b. Adult : stuffed, Mediterranean. Presented by "W. Yarrell, Esq.

Mr. Lowe, who obtained the species in the sea of Madeira, points
out several differences between his specimen and the description of
Valenciennes, which appear to him of sufficient importance to di-
stinguish a second species, Tetragonurtis atlantmis (Proc. Zool. Soc.
1839, p. 79, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 5, Pish. Mad. p. 130). Although
I do not share this opinion, it will always be valuable, in so scarce a
fish as T. cuvieri, to note peculiarities of the single individuals which
are preserved in our collections.

The specimen which is preserved in spirits in the British Museum
is 12| inches long. The height of the body, behind the pectorals,
is contained seven times and a half in the total length ; the tail,
between the vertical fins, is rather deeper than thick ; the two keels
on each side of the caudal strongly prominent. The length of the
head is six times and a quarter in the total (the caudal fin included).
The eye is at least as high as broad, one-sixth of the length of the
head, and two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space. The
teeth in both jaws are curved backwards, triangular and compressed,
those of the upper jaw less than of the lower ; there are twenty-
eight on each intermaxiUary and thirty-three on each mandibulary.

The spinous dorsal fin in both specimens is continued on to the
soft portion, and composed of twenty-one spines in the stuffed one
(as in Cuvier's figure), and of eighteen in the other, llisso and
Valenciennes found fifteen. Each of these spines is slender, as long
as tlie eye, with a membrane posteriorly, which docs not extend to

mughid^. 409

the next following spine. The spines can be received in a narrow
groove. The caudal is deeply forked ; the length of one of its longest
rays is one-ninth of the total. Each scale is deeply striated, with
five or six keels, each keel terminating in a minute point. The
scales of every transverse series are entirely coherent, whilst the
whole series can easily be separated from the adjoining. Colour
uniform brown.

Fam. 38. MUGILID^.

Mugiloidei, Bleek. Enum. iS^ic. p. xxiv.

Cody more or less oblong and compressed, covered with cycloid
scales of moderate size ; lateral line none. Cleft of the mouth luir-
row or of moderate width, ivithout or iv'dh feeble teeth. Eye lateral,
weU developed. GiU-opening Avide ; four gills ; pseudobranchiae ;
five or six branchiostegals. Two short dorsal fins, the anterior with
four stiff spines ; anal a little longer than the doisal opposite.
Ventral fins with one spine and five rays, abdominal, suspended from
the elongate coracoid bone. Number of vertebrce twenty -four.

Fresh waters and coasts of aU the temperate and tropical regions.
Feeding on soft organic substances or very small animals.

Synopsis of the Genera
No true teeth in the jaws I. MuaiL, p. 409.

Small teeth, at least in the upper jaw ; lower lip with

the margin rounded 2. Aqonostoma, p. 461.

A single series of small teeth in the upper jaw ; the
lower jaw with a sharp front margin 3. Mrirs, p. 466.

1. MUGIL*.

Mugil, Artedi, Genera, p. 32.

Mouth more or less transverse, with the lateral cleft short ; no
time teeth in the jaws ; anterior margin of the mandible sharp,
sometimes ciliated. A division of the stomach extremely muscidar.

Migi'atory fishes of all the temperate and tropical regions, passing
a part of the year in the sea ; feeding on organic substances which
are mixed with the mud or sand.

It is very difficult to distinguish the single species of this genus
from one another j fortunately the single characters appear to vary

* 1. Mugil plumieri, J5/. t. 396 ; Cuv.Sf Val.xi.^.^; 1 Gay, Hist. Chilr, Zool.
ii. p. 261. — Sphyra?na plumieri, Bl. Schn. p. 110. — Atlantic coasts of
Tropical America. — This species appears to be closely allied to M.
cephalus. Valenciennes oniit« to give the number of the anal rays. 2.

410 MraiLiDiE.

very little in the individuals of one and the same species ; tlic most
important arc the number of the soft rays of the anal fin and of the
scales, the more or less developed eyelids, the position and length
of the fins, the form of the lips, of the cleft of the mouth, and of the
maxillary bone, and finally the form of the body.

When we find one or more of these characters omitted in the de-
scription of a species, it is nearly impossible to recognize it again and
to distinguish it from the other allied forms ; hence the great num-
ber of doubtful sjiecies in the foot-note. In speaking of a lateral line
in my descriptions of these fishes, I apply this term only for conveni-
ence' sake, meaning that series of scales which runs from the ujiper
angle of the operculiim, above the pointed axillary scale, to the root
of the caudal fin. I have found that the form of the cleft of the
mouth oflfers an excellent specific character, measuring its breadth be-
tween the two angles of the mouth, and calling its depth the vertical
draAvn from the extremity of the symphysis of the mandibles on the
transverse line joining the two angles of the mouth.

The anatomy of Mugil shows several remarkable peculiarities.
The following details are taken from M. septenirionalis.

Pharijru/eal apparatus. — The fishes of this genus feed on organic
substances which are mixed up with the sand or mud ; a consider-
able indigestible portion of the latter is swallowed ; and in order to
prevent larger bodies from passing into the stomach, or substances

2. Mugil albula, L. Syst. i. p. 520, from Cafcsb. South Carol, ii. pi. 5 ; Mitch.
Lit. 4- Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 447 ; Cuv. cf Val. xi. p. 94 ; Dekay,
New York Famia, Fishes, p. 14G. — Atlantic coasts of the United States. —
This species, if really cbfferent, has never been completely described.

3. breviceps, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. lOG. — Gorea.

4. boi'bonicus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 113. — Bourbon.

5. cylindricus, Cuv. <f- Val. xi. p. 132; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 2GG. — Sea

of Batavia and Sumatra.

G. cascasia, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 217, 380 ; Guv. ij- Val. xi. p. 145.

Rivers of North Bengal.

7. carinatus, {Ehretib.) Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 148. — Red Sea. Indian

Ocean.

8. schcli, Forsk. p. 73 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 152.— Red Sea.

9. tado, Forsk. p. 74 ; Cuv. &( Val. xi. p. 153. — Red Sea.

10. buclianani, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Beng. en Hindost.

p. 99. — Rivera near Calcutta.

1 1 . valencien nesii, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. bid. 1858, xvi. p. 277

East Indian ^Vrchipelago.

12. Bontah, Bui^s. ii. p. G4. pi. 180.

13. Peddaraki, Uuss. ii. pi. 182.— Mugil pedaraki, Cuv. cj- Val. xi. p. 137. —

Coast of Coromandel.

14. Mugil acutus, C\iv. ^ Val. xi. p. 140. — Australia.

15. melancranua, Richards. Ichth. China, p. 248. — Hah. —— ?

16. ventricoaus, Richards. Ichth. China, p. 249. — China.

17. chaptalii, Eijd. 8f Soul. Voy. Bnnite, Zool. i. p. 171. pi. 4. fig. 1 (bad).

Sandwich Islands.

18. lauvergnii, Kyd. Sf Soul. I. c. p. 174. pi. 4. fig. 3 (bad).— China.

19. grandisquamis, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 103. — Gambia.

20. parniatus, Cant. Catal. p. 94. — Pinang.

21 berlandieri, Girard in U. S. if Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 20.

pi. 10, figs. 1-4 (bad).

1. MUGIL. 411

from passing through the gill-openings, these fishes have the organs
of the pharynx modified into a filteriiig apparatus. These fishes take
in a quantity of sand or mud, and after having worked it for some
time between the phar}Tigcal bones, they eject the roughest and
indigestible portion of it. The upper pharyngeals have a rather
irregiilar form ; they are slightly arched, the convexity being di-
rected towards the pharjmgeal cavity, tapering anteriorly and broad
posteriorly. They are coated with a thick soft membrane, which
reaches far beyond the margin of the bone, at least on its interior
posterior portion ; this membrane is studded aU over with minute
horny ciha. The pharyngeal bone rests upon a large fatty mass,
giving it a considerable degree of elasticity. There is a very large
venous sinus between the anterior jjortion of the pharyngeal and the
basal portion of the branchial arches. Another mass of fat, of ellip-
tical form, occupies the middle of the roof of the pharjTix, between
the two pharyngeal bones.

Each branchial arch is provided on each side, in its whole length,
with a series of closely-set lamella) (rakers), which arc laterally bent
do-WTiwards, each series closely fitting to the series of the adjoining
arch ; they constitute together a sieve admirably adapted to permit
a transit for the water, retaining at the same time every other sub-
stance in the cavity of the pharynx.

The lower pharyngeal bones are elongate, crescent-shaped, and
broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Their inner surface is concave,
corresponding to the convexity of the upper pharyngeals, and pro-
vided with a single series of lamcllaj, similar to those of the branchial
arches, but reaching across the bone from one margin to the other.

Internal parts. — The lower portion of the oesophagus is pro\ided
with numerous long thread-like papUlae, and continued into the
oblong-ovoid membranaceous caecal portion of the stomach, the
mucosa of which forms several longitudinal folds. The second
portion of the stomach reminds one of the stomach of birds ; it
communicates laterally with the other portion, is globular, and
surrounded by an exceedingly strong muscle. This muscle is not
divided into two, as in birds, but of equal thickness in the whole
circumference of the stomach, all the muscular fasciculi being cir-
cularly arranged. The internal cavity of this stomach is rather
small, and coated with a tough epithelium, longitudinal folds running
from the entrance-opening to the pyloric, which is situated opposite
to the other. Where the epithelium ceases, there commences the
mucous membrane of the intestine with a low circular valve, thus
forming a sort of pylorus. There are five rather short pyloric ap-
pendages. The intestines make a great number of circumvolutions ;
they are seven feet long in a specimen thirteen inches in length.
The peritoneal folds are filled with innumerable small lobes of fat,
enveloping and covering the intestinal tract. The peritoneum, is
black. The liver is of moderate size, its greater portion being situ-
ated on the left side ; gall-bladder large, free, and not imbedded in
the substance of the liver. The ovaries are large and long, con-
taining an exceedingly large number of apparently nearly mature

412

MUGILID^.

eggs (month of February), arranged in a great many laminoe. They
have a separate opening immediately behind the vent.

The air-bladder is large, simple, -with its membranes thin ; por-
tions of the abdominal muscles project into the lateral anterior part
of its cavity.

Skeleton. — The form of the skiill is obtusely conical ; the bones
are well ossified, with the sutures between them conspicuous. The
upper surface of the head is broad and convex, with scarcely any
channels for the muciferous system. The hind part of the occipital
region is produced backwards, and deeply depressed below the level
of the crown ; it is provided with a high crest, the upper margin of
which is not elevated above the level of the frontal bones : there are
two pairs of lateral ridges ; the outer is very irregular, curved in a
5 -like line, its anterior convexity being above the orbit ; the inter-
mediate crest is transformed into a horizontal flexible and shghtly
dilated process of the paroccipital, extending backwards or between
the two branches of the suprascapula and to each side of the verte-
bral column. The lateral portions of the crown are impressed, each
impression being divided into an anterior and posterior portion by the
outer crest. There are two deep lateral incisions on each side behind
the upper angle of the orbit, separated from each other by a long pro-
cess of the postfrontal pointing outwards ; the posterior is formed by
a prominent portion of the epitympanic and by the postfrontal, and
filled up by muscles, whilst the anterior receives the hindmost infra-
orbital bone. Ethmoid broad, cartilaginous. Praefrontal rather small,
smaller than the turbinal ; turbinal bones broad, widely separate
from each other ; praeorbital subquadrangular, the other infraorbitals
feeble and veiy narrow. The maxillary is subcyHndrical, not dilated
at its extremity, slightly cv>-like curved : the intermaxillary has a
broad short triangular posterior process, and is somewhat dilated at
its extremity ; its anterior margin is provided with a series of seti-
form bony fringes. The articulary of the mandible is vertically
elevated, whilst the dentary is flattened into a horizontal broad lamella
with a sharp anterior margin ; the bony fibres of which it is com-
posed are more coherent than in the upper jaw. Vomer anchor-
shaped ; palatine feeble and very narrow. The form of the opercles
may be seen externally, and we only mention that the prffioperculum
is provided with a rudimentary muciferous channel.

The suprascapula is composed of two processes, one being nearly
thrice as long as the other ; the scapula is very short ; cavity for the
pectoral muscles deep, not very broad ; xilna with a rather small
ovate foramen ; a wide slit between radius and humerus ; carpal bones
exceedingly short ; coracoid well developed.

Pubic bones elongate, flat ; they are not in immediate connexion
with the humeral arch, but suspended from the coracoids by a liga-
ment which is fixed near the root of the fins.

There are eleven abdominal and thirteen caudal vertehrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1-05. The vertebrae are slightly compressed, of mode-

1. MtroiL. 413

rate length ; the abdominal vertebrae have strong and broad parapo-
jAyses, from which the slender ribs are suspended. The neural spines
of the first seven vertebra; are short, and dilated into more or less
confluent lamella; ; the first interneural is spatulate, with a ridge on
each side, and attached to the seventh vertebra. The other neural
and haemal-spines are slender and rather short ; two or three inter-
neiirals of the second dorsal and two or three interhaemals correspond
to one neural or haemal ; the first two intemeurals of the second
dorsal fin are behind the apophysis of the thirteenth vertebra.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 4

of the sixth and twelfth vertebrae .... 5

of the twenty -thii'd vertebra Sg

; of the abdominal portion 5G

of the caudal portion 69

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Orbit with the adipose eyelid well developed, covering at least a third
of the iris postenorly. Upper lip not very thick.

A. Anal fin with eight soft rays.

a. L. lat. 40-45.

a. The maxillary is entirely hidden, or only a narrow lateral stripe
of it is visible.

• Mandibulary angle obtuse ; pectoral above the middle of the

body 1. M. cephalus.

• Mandibulary angle obtuse ; pectoral on the middle of the

body 2. M. lineatus.

• The mandibulary angle is a right one ; the height of the body

is one-fourth of the total length. 3. M. constantia;.

• The mandibulaiy angle is a right one ; the heiglit of the

body is one-fifth of the total length ; the anterior dorsal
spine is on the middle, between snout and base of the cau-
dal fin 4. M. cephalotus.

• The mandibulary angle is a right one ; the height of the body

is one-fifth of the total length ; the anterior dorsal spine i!»
nearer to the snout than to the base of the tail.

5. M. rammelsbergii.

• The mandibulary angle is acute . 6. M. dobula.

/3. The extremity of the maxillary is not hidden by the prajor-
bital 7. M. haeraatochilus.

(y. The upper lip is obliquely truncated below the snout.

8. M. pcrusii.)

b. L. lat. 32-35 9. M. liza.

e. L, lat. 30 10. M. subviridifl.

414 MTIGILli).E.

B. Anal fin with nine soft rays.

a. L. lat. 2G-28.

a. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length.

11. M. nepalensis.

/3. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length.

12. M. argenteus.

b. L. lat. 30-32. The height of the body is more than one-fifth of

the total length ; extremity of the maxillary visible ; the origin
of the second dorsal fin is above the middle of the anal.

13. M. sundanensis.

c. L. lat. 33-35.

a. The extremity of the maxillary is visible.

* The upper profile is curved; the pectoral fin is longer than

the head, the length of the snout not included, and extends
to, or beyond, the origin of the dorsal fin.

14. M. strongylocephalus.

* The upper profile is curved ; the height of the body is more

than one-fifth of the total length ; the pectoral does not ex-
tend to the dorsal 15. M. parsia.

* The upper profile is curved ; the height of the body is rather

less than one-fifth of tlie total length ; the pectoral is shorter
than the head, the length of the snout not included.

16. M. belanak.

* The upper profile is straight ; the interorbital space entirely

flat 17. M. planiceps.

/y. The maxillary is entirely hidden.

* Pectoral as long as the entire head. 18. M. longimanus.

* Pectoral somewhat shorter than the head and extending to the

dorsal ; snout as long as the eye. 19. M. kelaartii.

* Pectoral as long as the head, the extent of the snout not in-

cluded ; snout shorter than the eye ; the height of the body
is one-fifth, or less tliim one-fifth, of the total length.

20. M. engeli.

* Pectoral as long as the head, the length of the snout not in-

cluded ; the height of the body is more than one-fifth of the

total length 21. M. cantoris.

(/. L. lat. 36-38

a. The maxillary is entirely hidden, or only a narrow lateriil stripe
of it is visible.

* The mandibulary angle is a right one.

22. M. brasiliensis.

* The mandibulary angle is obtuse . 23. M. robustus.
/3. The extremity of the maxillary is visible.

* Pectoral much shorter than the head.

24. M. afRnis.

* Pectoral nearly as long as the head.

25. M. ophuysenii.
e. L. lat. 40-43.

a. Dorsal and anal fins not scaly . . 26. M. cunnesiu?
/3. Dorsal and anal fins scaly. ... 27. M. speigleri.

1. MUGIL. 415

II. Adipose eyelid not developed. Upper lip not particularly tliick.

A. Anal fin with eight soft rays,

a. L. lat, 26-27 28. M. waigiensis.

b. L. lat. 40.

a. Caudal edged with black .... 29. M. suppositus.
^. Caudal without a black edge.

* The height of the body is rather less tlian one-fiflli of tlio total

length 30. M. octo-radiatus.

* The height of the body is one-fourth of tlie total length.

31. M. curtu3.

B. Anal fin with nine soft rays.

a. L. lat. 45^6.

a. Snout broad and depressed ; mandibular)' angle obttiso ; the free
space at the chin is elongate, cuneiform, obtusely rounded an-
teriorly ; the width of the interorbital space is contained twice
and two-thirds in the length of the head.

32. M. capito.

/3. Snout moderately broad ; the width of the interorbital space is
nearly one-third of the length of the head ; the height of the
body is contained four times and a half in the total length.

33. M. richardsonii.

y. The snout is broad ; the width of the interorbital space is two-
fifths of the lengtli of the head . 35. M. auratus.

fi. Snout somewhat t<apering anteriorly ; the width of tlic interor-
bital space is one-third of the length of the liead; tiie lieight
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total
length . ' 30. M. sali<ns.

(. Snout rather produced, as long as the interorbital space is broad,
the width of tlie latter being contained ^wice and tliree-fourths
in the length of liead ; height of the body more tlian one-
fifth of the length of body . . . 37. M. multilineatus.

(f. The nasal bones cover the upper lip.

38. M. cr3'ptochilu8.)

h. L. lat. 42-43 39. M. axillaris.

c. L. lat. 38-39.

a. INIaxillary entirely hidden .... 40. M. cseruleomaculatus.
^. Extremity of the maxillary visible . 41. M. bleekeri.

d. L. lat. 32-35.

a. Maxillary entirely hidden. ... 42. M. ceylonensis.
fi. Extremity of the maxillary visible.

• One-third of the anal is before the soft dorsal fin ; the first

"dorsal spine stands exactly on the middle between the base
of caudal and the end of snout. 43. M. smithii.

• One-third of the anal is before the soft dorsal fin ; the first

dorsal spine is nearer to the base of the caudal fin than to
the end of the snout .... 44. M. troschelii.

• Nearly the entire anal fin is before the soft dorsal fin.

45. M. bonieensis.

416 MTrOILIDiK.

e. L. lat. 28-30.

a. Maxillary hidden 46. M. ceramensis.

/3. Extremity of the maxillary visible . 49. M. compressua.
/. L. lat. 23-26.

a. Maxillary hidden 47. M. oligolepis.

/3. Extremity of the maxillary visible.

• L. transv. 8 48. M. hj^selopterus.

• L. transv. 10 60. M. melinopterus.

C. Anal fin with ten soft rays.

1. Maxillary hidden 51. M. decemradiatus.

h. The extremity of the maxillary is visible.

a. No pointed scale in the axil . . . 52. M. peronii.

j3. A pointed scale in the axil ... 34. M. petherici.

D. Anal fin with eleven soft rays ... 53. M. falcipinnis.

III. The upper lip is very thick.

A. Eye with an adipose membrane . . . 54. M. broussonetii.

B. Anal fin with eleven soft rays .... 55. M. labeo.

C. Anal fin with nine or ten soft rays ; eye without adipose membrane.
a. Cleft of the mouth broader than deep.

a. Upper lip with a transverse fold. . 56. M. labiosus.
0. The upper lip alone is fringed or papillary.

• Upper lip with three series of short, broad papillae ; the pec-

toral extends to the thirteenth scale of the lateral line.

57. M. chelo.

• Upper lip with two series of short and broad papillae ; the pec-

toral extends to the tenth scale of the lateral line.

58. M. septentrionalia.

• Upper lip with peven series of small, very distinct papillae.

Body with black streaks ... 59. M. nigrostrigatus.

• Upper lip vtdth obtuse, indistinct papillae. Body not black-

striped 60. M. heterochilua.

y. Both lips are fringed or papillary.

• A. -2.. The maxillary is entirely hidden ; the height of the

body is contained four times and a third in the total length.

61. M. crenilabis.

• A. -|-. The height of the body is contained five times and a

fourth in the total length ; praeorbital not notched.

62. M. macrochilus.

• A. -?-. Extremity ofmaxillary not covered by the praeorbital,

which has a distinct notch . . 63. M. riippellii.

• A. ^ 64. M. cirrhostoma.

6. Cleft of the mouth deeper than broad. 65. M. proboscideus.

IV. Snout flat, roimded, with the upper part projecting beyond the

mouth 66, M. corsula.

1. MITGIL. 417

1. Mugil cephalns.

Cefalo (Rome) ; Cievolo (Venice) ; Carida (Nice) ; Boiiri, Bouria

(Eg3T)t, Tunis).
Kt(f)a\os, Arist. Hist. Anim. v. c. 11, vi. c. 17, viii. c. 2 & 19.
Cephalus, Ronclel. ix. c. 5. p. 2G0 ; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 549.
Cestreus, sp. 1, Klein, Hist. Pise. 3Iiss. y. p. 23.
Mulet-Cftbot, Duharnel, Peches, iii. sect. 6. cap. 2. p. 146.
Mugil tang, Bl. taf. 395 (very bad) ; Bl Schn. p. 115. tab. 33. fig. 1,

fi'om Block.
cephalus, Ckiv. Rhgne Anim. ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 343, and Eur.

Mirid. iii. p. 388 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. (anal fin incorrect) ;

Cm. ^ Vat xi. p. 19. pi. .307 ; Lowe, Proc. Zool Soc. 184.3, p. 8G ;

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 3Icrid. iii. p. 395 ; Guichen. Explor.

Alger, Poiss. p. 67.
cephalus, var. A, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 358. tab. 20.

fig. 4.
On Mugil cephalus. Block, cfr. Trosch. in Wiegm. Arck. 1840, p. 278.

D. 4 1 -i-. A. |. L. lat. 42. L. tranav, 14-15. Caec. pylor. 2.
Vert. 12/12.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. The head is very
slightly convex superiorly, and the width of the interorbital space is
contained twice and one-third in the length of the head. The upper
lip is not thick. The angle made by the two mandibulary bones is
an obtuse one. The cleft of the mouth is not quite half as deep as
broad (between the angles of the mouth). The maxillary is entirely
covered by the prajorbital. Eyes hidden behind a broad adipose
membrane ; nostrils rather distant from each other, the posterior
being in the middle between the anterior and the orbit. The space
at the chin between the mandibles is broadly lanceolate. . The ver-
tical fins are not scaly ; the first two dorsal spines are half as long
as the head : the pectoral extends to about the eighth scale of the
lateral line* ; its base is above the middle of the body ; the ventral
is inserted midway between the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Dark,
shining stripes alon^ the series of scales.

Mediterranean. Coast of Madeira. Nile. Freshwater lakes of
Tunis. West coast of Africa.

a. Half-grown. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

2. Mugil lineatns.

Mugil lineatus, (^Mitch.) Cuv. Sf Vol. xi. p. 96 ; Dekay, Netc York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 144. pi. 15. fig. 42 (bad).

D. 4 I -i-. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head five times and one-third.

* In speaking of a lateral line in the fishes of this genus, I mean by it that
longitudinal series of scales which commences next above the pointed axillarj
scale.

VOL. III. 2 E

418

MTJGILrD.^.

The snout is not very broad and moderately depressed, with the
lower profile ascending in the same curve in which the upper one
descends. The interorbital space is slightly convex, its width being
twice and a half in the length of the head. Eye with an adipose
membrane. The nostrils are at some distance from each other, the
posterior being in the middle between the anterior and the orbit.
Lips thin ; a narrow strip of the maxillarj' is not covered by the
praeorbital. The space at the chin, between the mandibularies, is
rather broad and short, obtusely rounded anteriorly ; the angle made
by the anterior margins of the mandibles is obtuse. The length of
the two anterior dorsal spines is somewhat more than one-half the
length of the head. There are twenty-four scales between the snout
and the spinous dorsal ; the ninth, the twelfth, and the twenty-fifth
scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral
fin and to the origin of the two dorsals. The root of the pectoral is
on the middle of the depth of the body, and that of the ventral rather
nearer to the origin of the dorsal than to the base of the pectoral.
Dark stripes along the series of scales.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.

a. Half-grown : has been in chloride of zinc.
Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

North America.

3. Mugil constantiae.

Cuv. 8f Vol. xi. p. 107 ; Smith, III. Zool. South Africa, Fishes, pi. 28.
fig. 1.

D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth. The head is very slightly convex
superiorly, and the width of the inter-
orbital space is not quite one-half
the length of the head. The upper lip
is not thick. The angle made by the
two mandibulary bones is a right one.
The cleft of the mouth is half as deep
as it is broad ; the maxillary is entirely
hidden below the praeorbital. Eyes
with an adipose membrane ; nostrils
rather distant from each other, the pos-
terior being in the middle between the
anterior and the orbit. The space at the
chin between the mandibles is broadly
lanceolate. Vertical fins not scaly. The
first two dorsal spines are longer than
one-half of the head. The ninth, the
eleventh or twelfth, the twenty-third or twenty-fourth scales of the
lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral and to the
origin of the two dorsal fins. The root of the pectoral is above, the
middle of the body, and the ventral is inserted nearer to the vertical

M. constantiae.

1. MTTGIL.

419

from the dorsal fin than to the base of the pectoral. Shining stripes
along the series of scales.

Fresh waters of the Cape of Good Hope.

a. Twenty-one inches long : stnifed. Cape. From Sir A. Smith's

Collection.

b. Half-grown. Cape. — ^The upper lip of this specimen is slightly

villose, as is shown in the woodcut.

c. d. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Cape.

e. Young. Cape. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

/. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the East India Company.

4. Mugil cephalotus.

?Renard, i. pi. 2. fig. 10; Vaktit. p. 458. no. 356.

Mugil our, Forsk. p. xiv. no. 109. var. y; Rupp. N. W. Fische,

p. 131.
cephalotus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 110 (not synon.) ; Cant. Ann. Sf

Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1842, p. 484 (not Catal. Mai. Fishes); ? Eyd. i^

Sotd. Voy. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 175. pi. 4. fig. 4 (^bad).
japonicus, Schley. Faun. Japnn. Poiss. p. 134. pi. 72. fig. 1 (bad) ;

Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 247; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.

XXV., Japan, p. 41.
macrolepidbtus, Richards, Ichth. Chin. p. 249 (not auct.).

D. 4

L. lat. 38-40. L. transv. 14-15.

8 • ^^' (7) 8*

The height of the body is nearly equal io the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is moderately broad, the width
of the interorbital space being con-
tained twice and a half to twice and
four-fifths in the length of the head.
Eye with a broad adipose membrane.
The nostrils are at some distance
from each other, the posterior being
in the middle between the anterior
and the orbit. Lips thin ; the prae-
orbital covers entirely the maxillary.
The cleft of the mouth is not twice
as broad as it is deep. The space
at the chin, between the mandibu-
laries, is broadly lanceolate ; the
angle made by the anterior margins
of the mandibles is a right one. The
length of the anterior dorsal spines
is rather more than one-half of
that of the head ; they occupy the
middle of the distance between
snout and root of the caudal.

There are twenty-one scales between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin ; the eighth, the tenth or eleventh, the twenty-second or
twenty-third scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of
the pectoral fin and to the origin of the two dorsals. The root of the

2e2

M. cephalotus.

420 MXTGILIDJE.

pectoral is above the middle of the body, and that of the ventral
midway between base of the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Shining
stripes along the scries of scales.

Red Sea. Coast of Pondicherry. Chinese and Japanese Seas.

a. Adult. Amoy.

h, c, d, e. Adult and half-grown. China.

/. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson as M. macrolepi-

dotus.
g. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. K. Reeves, Esq.
h. Half-grown, Chusan. Presented by the East India Compauj .
i, h, I, m. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
«. Half-grown : skeleton. Chusan. Px'osented by the East India

Company.

The woodcut is taken from specimen a.

5. Mugil rammelsbergii.

Mugil rammelsbergii, Tschudi, Faun. Pcruan. lehthyol. p. 20.

liza, Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 256. lam. 4 h. fig. 2 (not

g-ood).

D. 4 ||. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is moderately broad, the width
of the interorbital space being two-fifths of the length of the head.
Eye with a broad adipose membrane. Th-e nostrils are at some
distance from each other, the posterior being somewhat nearer to the
orbit than to the anterior. Lips thin ; the praDorbital covers entirely
the maxillary. The cleft of the mouth is not twice as broad as it is
deep. The space at the chin, between the mandibularies, is broadly
lanceolate. The angle made by the anterior xaargins of the mandi-
bles is a right one. The length of the anterior dorsal spines is
rather less than one-half the length of the head ; they stand some-
what iicaror to the end of the snout than to the base of the taU.
There are twenty-one scales between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin ; the ninth, the twelfth, and the twenty-fifth scales of the
lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral fin and to the
origin of the two dorsals. The root of the pectoral is above the
middle of the body, and that of the ventral midway between base
of the pectoral and spinous dorsal.

Months of May andOctober on the coast of the island of S. Lorenzo
(Tschudi). Coast of Chile.

a. Half-grown. Chile. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. — ' Muohuto.'

6. Mugil dobula.
I). 4 1|. A. |. L. lat. 40-42. L. transv. 14.

Eyes with a broad adipose membrane ; the maxillary is nearly
entirely hidden by the prieorbital ; the angle made by the anterioi

1. MUGIL,

421

margins of the mandibiilary bones is acute. The pectoral does not
extend on to the spinous dorsal.
Australia. Aneiteum.

a~b. Adult : skins. Perth Water, Western Australia.
c-e. Adult: stuffed. Australia.

/. Nine inches long. Aiistralia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
g. Six inches long. Australia. From Mr. Macgillif ray's Collection.
h, i. Fine specimens. From the Haslar Collection.
k. Half-grown: stuffed. Fresh waters of Aneiteum. From Mr.
Macgillivray's Collection.

Description. — The height of the body equals the length of the
head, and is one-fifth of the total. The young specimen has the
body somewhat more slender. The
least depth of the tail is two-fifths of
the length of the head. The lower pro-
file of the head is rather more convex
than the upper ; the greatest depth of
the head, above the posterior margin of
the operculum, is three-quarters of its
length; the intt^rorbital space is slightly
convex, and contained twice and a third
in the length of the head. The snout
is broad, moderately depressed, and
longer than the eye ; lips thin ; the
maxillary is a little longer than the
intermaxillary, and becomes just visible
behind the angle of the mouth ; the
prajorbital is not emarginate, and mi-
nutely denticulated at its anterior edge ^ dobula.
and at its extremity, which is obliquely

truncated. The cleft of the mouth is one-fourth broader than it is
deep ; the margins of the mandibulary bones form an acute angle
anteriorly ; the space at the chin, between the mandibles and inter-
opercles, is elongate-lanceolate. Both lips are provided with a series
of minute cilia. There is a deep cavitj' in front of the vomer. The
nostrils are distant from each other, and the posterior is somewhat
nearer to the orbit than to the anterior. The eye is surrounded by
a broad adipose membrane nearly entirely covering the iris. There
are three series of somewhat deciduous scales between the eye and
the pra^opercular margin ; the angle of the prseoperculum is rather
produced posteriorly ; there are three pores on its inferior margin
and two on its posterior.

The pectoral fin is inserted somewhat above the middle of the body,
and extends to the tenth scale of the lateral line ; it is shorter than
the head (the snout not included) ; the root of the ventral is mid-
way between base of the pectoral and dorsal. There are twenty-two
or twenty-four scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The
origin of the latter corresponds to the twelftii scale of the lateral
line, and is exactly irf the middle between snout and base of the

422 MUGILIT)^.

caiidal ; the length of the first sjiinc is one-half, or a little more
than one-half, of that of the head. The distance hetween the origins
of the two dorsal fins is nearly equal to the length of the head. The
soft dorsal is considerahly higher than long, as high as the spinous,
and has the upper edge slightly emarginate ; a few scales cover the
anterior rays. Caudal forked. The anal commences a little before
the opposite dorsal fin, is higher than long, rather higher, and not
more scaly, than the dorsal. Pointed scales of moderate length in
the axil of the first dorsal, of the pectoral, and of the ventral.
Colour greenish shining golden ; fins minutely dotted with blackish.

7. Mugil hsematochilus.

Mugil hsDmatoclieihis, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 135. pi. 72. fig. 2;

Block. Verhand. Batav. Gcnootsch. xxvi., Jajxin, p. 107.
xanthurus, Richards. Ichthyol. Chin. p. 248.

D. 4 1 4-. A. I. L. lat. 42.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half to five
times and three-quarters in the total length, the length of the head
five times. Eye with a broad adipose membrane anteriorly and
posteriorly ; the prajorbital is slightly emarginate, and does not cover
the extremity of the maxiUary. The upper lip is rather broad.
The spinous dorsal fin. is rather higher than the soft, which, like the
anal, is scaly ; the anal commences somewhat before the opposite
dorsal fin, and is nearly as high as l<ing. The pectorals are shorter
than the head, the length of the snout not included.

Coasts of Japan and China.

a. Half-grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. 11. Eeeves, Esq.

Sir J. Eichardson (Z. c. p. 249) also mentions a M. hcematocheilus,
referring this name to one of Reeves's drawings. On comparing the
L.tter, it becomes at once evident that a species very diff'erent from
M. hamatochilus has been represented — a species which appears to
have eleven anal rays. The figure named by Sir J. Eichardson
M. xanthvrus is evidently the M. hcematocheilus of the ' Fauna Ja-
ponica,' and it is not improbable that the stufied specimen mentioned
is the original of that figure. We would observe, however, that the
drawings of Mugil on which Sir J. Eichardson has founded several
species may be true representations of the natural coloration (a
character of very little importance in this genus), but that none of
them show the natural form of the mouth of a Mugil, and that the
numocrs of the fin-rays and scales cannot be depended upon.

8. Mugil perusii.
Cuv. (})• Val. xi. p. 116.

This species appears to be very distinct. We extract the following
characters from the scanty description given by Valenciennes : —

D-4|i: A.|.

The height of the body is contained four tiuif>s and a half in the

1. MUGIL. 423

total length. Eyes with an adipose membrane ; head less broad
than in M. cephahis ; forehead convex. The upper lip is thick,
without teeth or cilia, and appears to be obhquely truncated below
the snout (" parait comme coupce obliqueraent sous le museau "). The
pectoral is shorter than the head, and has a very long and pointed
scale in its axil ; the second dorsal and the anal are scaly. Caudal
emarginate. Pectoral blackish.
Vanicolo.

9. Mugil liza.

? Harder, Marcffr. p. 166.

? Paraii, 3Iarc(/r. p. 181.

Queriman, Hayicock in Land. Quart. Joitrn. Sc. 1830, p. 125.

Mugil liza, Ciw. Sr Vul. xi, p. 83 ; Jenyns, Zool. B<a(jle, Fishes, p. 80.

D. 4||. A. |. L.lat. 32-35. L. transv. 13. C^ec. pylor. 2.

The height of tlic body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The eye is hidden behind an adipose mem-
brane. The maxillary is entirely covered by the praiorbital. The
second dorsal and the anal fins are scaleless.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a-h. Adult : stuffed and skin. West Indies.

c. Adult : stuffed. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

10. Mugil subviridis.
Cuv. (^ Val. xi. p. 115.

D. 4 I y. A. \. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 11.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and a third. Adipose
eyeKds well developed. The least deptli of the tail is contained once
and two-thirds in the length of the head. The intcrorbital space is
flat, and its width is contained twice and a fourth in the length of
the head. Snout broad, obtuse, depressed, as
long as the eye ; its anterior margin is formed
by the upper Lip, which is moderately thick.
The angle made by the anterior margins of the
mandibulary bones is very obtuse, and the cleft
of the mouth is at least thrice as broad as it is
deep. The free space at the chin, between the
two mandibles, is rather short, cuneiform. The
maxillary is bent downwards behind and below
the angle of the mouth, where its extremity is
visible ; the praeorbital is angularly bent, with the v, • -ri-

extremity subtruncated and denticulated. There
are eighteen scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal fin. The
pectoral is shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included,
and extends to the seventh scale of the lateral line ; it is inserted
above the middle of the depth of the body, and has no elongate

4!:A MTTGILlDiE.

pointed scale in its axil. The eleventh and the twentieth scales of
the lateral line correspond to the orif^in of the dorsal fins ; the soft
dorsal and the anal fins are scaly ; nearly the whole of the anterior
half of the latter is before the origin of the opposite dorsal fin.
Caudal emarginate. Greenish shining golden.
Coast of Malabar. Madras,

a. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

I'l. Mugil nepalensis.
D. 4 I J-. A. -5-. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 11.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half; the latter equals the
length of the caudal fin. An adipose membrane covers a portion of
the iris anteriorly and posteriorly. The upper profile, from the dorsal
to the forehead, is nearly straight. The interorbital space is flat, and
its width is three-sevenths of the length of the head. The upper lip
is moderately thick, and forms the front margin of the snout. The
anterior margins of the two mandibulary bones form an obtuse angle,
and the cleft of the mouth is very much broader than deep. The
praeorbital is scaly, angularly bent, and has its extremity obliquely
truncated and indistinctly denticulated. The extremity of the
maxillary is conspicuous behind and below the mouth. Theie are
sixteen series of scales between the spinous dorsal and the snout.
The pectoral extends to the seventh scale of the lateral line, and is
a nttle shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included ;
it has no elongate scale in its axil. The anterior dorsal commences
above the tenth scale of the lateral line, a httle nearer to the snout
than to the base of the caudal fin ; its anterior spines are stout, nearly
equal in length, and scarcely more than haK the length of the head ;
there is an elongate j^omted scale at its base. The soft dorsal and
the anal are enveloped in scales, and lower than the spinous dorsal ;
the former commences above the nineteenth scale, or above the an-
terior third of the anal fin. Caudal slightly emarginate.

Fresh waters of Nepal.

a. Eight inches long : skin. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.

12. Mugil argenteus.

Mugil argenteus, Quoij ^ Gaitn. Voij. Uran. Poiss. p. 338. pi. 59. fig. 3

(very bad).
ferrandi, Cuv. ^ Vol xi. p. 142.

D. 4 I -1-. A. i-. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 10.

I 8 9

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-thirds, the caudal fin
nearly five times. An adipose membrane covers onu-half of the iris
anteriorly and posteriorly. The upper profile is strongly arched.
The interorbital space is flat, and its width is two-llfths of the length

1. MUGIL. 425

of the head. The snout is rather broad, snorter than the eye, the
upper lip being moderately thick, tnincated, and forming its front
margin. The anterior margins of the tAVo mandibulary bones form
an obtuse angle, and the cleft of the mouth is thrice as broad as it is
deep. TTie free space at the chin, between the mandibles, is narrow,
elongate, lanceolate ; the maxillary is entirely hidden ; the prse-
orbital with a notch anteriorly, and with the extremity truncated.
There are eighteen scales between the snout and the doi'sal. The
pectoral is as long as the head, the length of the snout not included,
and extends to the ninth scale of the lateral line ; it is inserted
somewhat above the middle of the depth of the body, and has no
elongate scale in its axil. The spinous dorsal commences nearer to
the tail than to the extremity of the snout, above the tenth scale of
the lateral line. The second dorsal commences above the twentieth
scale, or above the middle of the anal fin ; both fins are scaleless.
Dorsal and anal fins are of equal height, much lower than the tail
between them. Caudal emarginate, black-edged.
Port Jackson. South Austraha.

a. South Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection.

13. Mugil sundanensis.

Mugil sundanensis, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 2Go ; Atl. Muyil. tab. 1. fig. 1 ;

Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedcrl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 45.
brachysoma, Bleek. Java, iii. p. 399.

D. 4 I 4-. A. 4. L. lat. bO-32.
1 " y

The height of the body is contained four times and a sixth or four
times and two-fifths in the total length, the length of the head five
times ; the least depth of the tail is more than one-half the length
of the head. The adipose eyelid is well developed. Snout convex,
as long as the eye. The praeorbital has a very distinct notch ante-
riorly, and docs not cover the end of the maxillary ; upper Hp rather
thick. Pectoral shorter than the head ; the anterior half of the anal
fin falls before the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; caudal
emarginate, black-edged. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

14. Mugil strongylocephalus.

Michards. Ichth, China, p. 249.

D. 4 I J. A. f. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 11.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head five times ; the least depth
of the taU is one-haK or rather less than one-half the length of the
head. Eye with a broad adipose membrane anteriorly and posteriorly.
The interorbital space is very convex, and its width is two-fifths of
the length of the head. The snout is obtusely conical, shorter than
the eye, with the upper lip moderately thick, and situated obliquely

426

MUGILID^.

below the front edge of the snout. The maxillary is bent down-
wards behind the angle of the mouth, a narrow portion of its ex-
tremity remaining visible when the
mouth is closed; praiorbital slightly
emarginate anteriorly. The angle
made bj the anterior margins of the
mandibulary bones is nearly a right
one ; the cleft of the mouth is more
than twice as broad as it is deep ; the
mandibles cover nearly entirely the
chin, leaving between them only a
very short lanceolate free space. There
are eighteen scales between the snout
and the spinous dorsal ; the tenth or
eleventh and the twenty-first scales
of the lateral line correspond to the
origin of the dorsal fins. The pectoral
is longer than the head, the length of
the snout not included, and extends
to, or slightly "beyond, the origin of
the dorsal ; it is inserted somewhat
above the middle of the depth of the
body, and has a long pointed scale in
its axil. The anterior third of the
anal fin falls before the commencement
of the opposite dorsal fin ; both are scaly : caudal emarginate.
Chinese Sea.

(I. Type of the species. Hongkong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b-c, d, e, f-h, i, Jc. Half-grown and young. China.

I am well aware of several difierences between Sir J. Eichardson's
and my descriptions, and observe that both are taken from one and
the same typical specimen.

M. strongyloceQJjalus.

15. Magil parsia.

Mugil parsia, JBuch. Ham. Fish. Gauff. p. 215. pi. "17. fig. 71 ; Cuv. ^
Val. xi. p. 144 ; (not Bleek.).

D.4U.

A.

L. lat. 35. L. transv. 12.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the first
dorsal, and contained four times and a half in the total length, or
once and four-fifths in the distance of the snout from the ^Jorsal ;
the length of the head is one-fifth of the total. The Least depth
of the tail is a little more than one-half the length of "the head.
Snout short, broad, depressed, with the anterior margin acute, the
upper lip being quite at its lower surface. The interorbital space is
slightly convex, its width being contained twice and three-fourths
in the length of the head. Lips thin ; the maxillary is bent down-
wards behind the angle of the mouth, its extremity not being covered

1. MTTGIL.

427

parsia.

by the praeorbital. The anterior margins of the mandibulary bones
form a rather obtuse angle ; the cleft of the mouth is more than
twice as broad as it is deep ; the space at the
chin, between the manaibularies, is short,
lanceolate. Eye with a very distinct poste-
rior adipose membrane, which extends nearly
to the pupil. There are twenty-one scales
between the snout and the dorsal fin; the
ninth, the eleventh, the twenty-second or
twenty-third scales of the lateral line corre-
spond to the extremity of the pectoral and to
the origin of the two dorsal fins. The root of
the pectoral is on the middle of the depth of
the body, that of the ventral midway be-
tween base of the pectoral and dorsal. The
soft dorsal and anal scaly ; the origin of the dorsal is in the vertical
from the third soft anal ray.
llivers of Bengal.

a, h. Types of the species. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

c. Bad state. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von

Schlagintweit.

d. Bad state. Karrachi. From the Collection of Messis. von

Bchlagintweit.

I have ascertained by dissection that the number of the soft anal
rays is nine, and not eight as stated by Buchanan Hamilton. AU
thje specimens of this species in the Collection of the British Museum
are from four to five inches long. The species, perhaps, does not
attain to a much larger size. The woodcut represents the head of
one of the tyjjical specimens magnified twice the natural size.

The fish called M. j^orsia by Bleeker has from forty to forty-five
transverse series of scales, and therefore cannot be identical with
our type.

16. Mugil belanak.

Mugil bontah, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xiii. p. 336, and
xvi. p. 278 ; Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl, vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 49 ; (not
Busscll^.

belanak, Bleeker, Java, iv. p. 337.

D. 4

^•l-

L. lat. 33-35. L. transv. 11.

The body is cylindrical anteriorly, and its height is contained five
times and a quarter in the total length, and nearly equal to the length
of the head. A posterior adipose membrane covers one-half of the
iris. The upper profile is curved ; the snout slightly convex, and not
shorter than the eye. The praeorbital has a deep notch anteriorly,
and does not cover the extremity of the maxiUary. The upper lip
is rather thick. Dorsal and anal fins equal in height ; pectoral
shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included ; caudal
as long as the head, emarginate, brown-edged. {Bl.)

Coasts and rivers of the East Indian Archipelago.

428 MUGILID.E.

17. Mugil planiceps.

Mu<>-il planiceps, Cuv. 8f Veil. xi. p. 122; Bleek. Verhand. Batac.

Genootsch. xxv., Beiu/al. en Ilindust. p. 101, tab. 1. fi";. 5.
? Mu<ril dussumieri, Cue. i^ Val. xi. p. 147.
Mupfil cephalotus, Cant. Catal. p. 95.
dussunneri, Bleek. Java, iv, p. 339 (not Journ. Ind. ArcJiipel. ii.,

Ichth. Sumhawa, p. 637).

D. 4 U. A. ^. L. lat. 33-35. L. transv. 11. Cajc. pylor. 5.

The greatest depth of the body is nearly equal to the length of
the head, and one-fifth of the total ; the depth of the body below the
origin of the spinous dorsal is contained twice and a third in the
distance of the snout from the dorsal fin. The least depth of the
tail is a little more than one- half of the length of the head. Snout
much dejjressed, broad, and not very short. The interorbital space
is quite flat, its width being contained twice and a third or t^vice
and a half in the length of the head. Lips thin ; the maxillarj' is
bent downwards behind the angle of the mouth, its extremity not
being covered by the prteorbital. The space at the chin, between
the mandibulary bones, is cuneiform. Eye with a narrow adipose
membrane, which does not extend on to the pupil. There are
twenty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The
eighth, the tenth or eleventh, the twenty-second or twenty-third
scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pec-
toral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins. The soft vertical fins
scaly ; the origin of the dorsal is in the vertical from the third soft
anal ray.

Coasts of Ceylon, Bengal, Hindostan, and Cliina.

a. Fine specimen. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

h-i. Adult and half-grown: stuffed. Calcutta. — {M. macrops,

Blyth,)
k-o. Adult and young : skins. Sea of Pinang, Types of Dr. Cantor's

M. cephalotus.
p. Half-grown : stuffed. China. From the Collection of the East

India Company.
q Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection.

18. Mugil longimanus.

Mugil cunnesius, Block. Banka, p. 454; Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. viii.,
Sumatra, ix. p. 8 ; (not Cuv. Sf Val. or Cant.).

D. 4 I -i-. A. |. L, lat, 35.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds
or five times in the total length, the length of the head five times
or five times and a fourth. The width of the interorbital space is
about one-half of the length of the head. Eye with an adipose
membrane anteriorly and posteriorly. Snout very convex, with
the upper lip rather thick. The maxillaiy is entirely hidden
when the mouth is closed. The two dorsal fins and the anal are

1. MUGIL. 429

nearly equal in height ; pectoral about as long as the head ; caudal
truncated.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

19. Mugil kelaartii.
D, 4 I i.. A. |. L. lat. 32-33. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Eye with a broad
anterior and posterior adipose membrane. Snout as long as the
orbit. The upper lip is rather thin, situated obliquely at the lower
side of the snout. The pectoral fin extends to, or slightly beyond,
the origin of the spinous dorsal, and is somewhat shorter than the
head. The anterior third of the anal fin is before the soft dorsal.
Maxillary entirely hidden.

Cejdon. Philippine Islands.

a. Four and a half inches long. Point de Galle. Presented by Sir

A. Smith.
6. Four and a half inches long. Philippine Islands.

Description. — The body is compressed, its greatest depth being
contained four times and a half in the total length ; the least depth
of the tail is one-half of the length of the head. The upper profile
does not descend in so strong a curve as that in which the lower
ascends. The interorbital space is convex, its width being two-
fifths of the length of the head. The snout is as long as the eye,
convex, with a somewhat sharp edge ; the upper lip is entirely at
its lower side. The angle made by the anterior margins of the man-
dibles is a right one, and the cleft of the mouth is a little more than
twice as broad as it is deep ; the free space at the chin, between the
mandibles, is short, narrow, lanceolate. The maxillary is entirely
hidden ; the praeorbital has a slight notch anteriorly and a rounded
denticulated extremity. The nostrils are at some distance from each
other, the posterior being in the middle between anterior and orbit.
Eyelids very broad, covering the greater part of the iris.

The pectoral extends to the eleventh scale of the lateral Hne, to,
or slightly beyond, the origin of the spinous dorsal, and is a little
shorter than the whole head ; it is inserted somewhat above the
middle of the depth of the body, and has a long pointed scale in its
axil. There are nineteen series of scales between the snout and the
spinous dorsal fin. The latter commences in the middle of the
distance between snout and base of the caudal, or in the vertical
from the eleventh scale of the lateral line. The anterior dorsal
spines are rather strong, three-fifths the length of the head. The
second dorsal commences in the vertical from the fourth soft anal
ray, or from the twenty-second scale ; it is scaly, higher than long,
nearly as high as the spinous dorsal, but lower than the anal.
Caudal scaly, emarginate. Anal scaly, as long as the dorsal is high.

Greenish, shining silvery.

430 MUGII.ID.E.

20. Mugil engeli.

Bleeher iq Natuurk. Tijihchr. Ncdcrl. Ind. xvi. p. 277, and in Act. Sue.
Sc. Indo-Nederl. vii., Sumatra, viii. p. 78.

D. 4 I i.. A. |. L. lat. 33-34. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body is contained five times or five times and
two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a half to four times and three-fourths. The diameter of the eye is
one-third or rather less than one-third of the length of the head,
and contained once and a fourth in the width of the interorbital space.
Eye with a broad anterior and posterior adipose membrane, Praj-
orbital scaly, shghtly emarginate, indistinctly denticulated. Snout
obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. The maxillary is entirely
hidden; upper hp thin. There are ^eighteen scales between the
snout and the anterior dorsal fin ; an elongate scale in the axil. The
least depth of the tail is two-fifths of the length of the head. The
spinous dorsal fin is a little higher than the soft ; spines rather
slender, the first being the longest and strongest, as long as the
portion of the head behind the orbit ; it is somewhat nearer to the
base of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout ; the soft dorsal
is much higher than long ; the length of the pectoral equals the
length of the head, the extent of the snout not included. The
anterior half of the anal is before the vertical from the origin of the
soft dorsal fin ; the anal is scarcely higher than long, a little higher
and much longer than the soft dorsal. Caudal fin slightly emarginate,
two-ninths of the total length. Coloration uniform. (Bl.)

Coasts of Java, Sumatra, and Bali.

21. Mugil cantoris.

Bleeker in Verhand. lialav. Genootsch. xxv., Beng. Sf Hmdost. p. 100.
tab, 1. fig. 4.

D-4|^- A.^. L. lat. 33.

The height of the body is contained four times and one-third to
four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
four times and a half to five times and a half. Interorbital space and
snout convex ; eye with an anterior and posterior adipose membrane ;
its diameter is contained thrice and one-third to thrice and two-thirds
in the length of the head ; the upper labial teeth are visible by the
naked eye ; a very shallow groove before the vomer ; snout shorter
than the eye, not projecting beyond the mouth. The praeorbital has
a very distinct notch anteriorly, and covers entirely the maxillaiy ;
upper lip thin. The dorsal fins are nearly equal in height, the
posterior much higher than long ; the length of the pectoral equals
that of the head, the snout not included ; the anal is scaly, com-
mences before the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, is higher
than long, and much longer than the soft dorsal fin ; the scale in the
axil is not much elongate. Caudal emarginate. {Bl.)

Eiver Hooghly (Calcutta).

The specimens were from 08 to 130 millimetres long.

1. MXJGIL.

431

22. Mugil brasiliensis.

? Curema, Marcgr. p. 181 ; Pison. p. 70.

Mugil brasiliensis, Affass. in Sjnx, Pise. Bras. p. 234. tab. 72 (not good)
? Mugil incilis, Hancock in Loud. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1830, p. 127.
Mugil eurema, Ciiv. ^- Val. xi. p. 87 ; Gatf, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 259
? Mugil petrosus, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 89 ; Gay, I. c. p. 260.

D. 4 1 -i-. A. ^. L. lat. 3G-38. L. transv. 12-13. Vert. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half to four
times and four-fifths in the total length, the length of the head five
times. The snout is moderately
broad, not convex, with the lower
profile ascending in the same de-
gree as the upper descends ; the
interorbital space is slightly con-
vex, its width being contained
twice and a third in the length of
the head. Upper lip rather thick.
The angle made by the two man-
dibulary bones is a right one ; the
praeorbital tapers posteriorly, has
the anterior margin finely serrated,
and covers the maxillary, so that
only a very narrow portion of it is
visible on the side of the snout.
Eyes hidden anteriorly and poste-
riorly by a broad adipose mem-
brane; nostrils rather distant from
each other, the posterior situated
on the middle between the orbit and the extremity of the snout.
The space at the chin, between the mandibles and the interopercula,
is elongate, cimeiform. The second dorsal and the anal are enveloped
in small scales. There are twenty-one scales between the snout and
the anterior dorsal. The first iyfo dorsal spines are more than half
as long as the head. The ninth or tenth, the eleventh or twelfth,
and the twenty-third scale of the lateral line correspond to the
extremity of the pectoral fin and to the origin of the two dorsal fins.
The root of the pectoral is above the middle of the body, and the
ventral is inserted midway between pectoral and spinous dorsal;
pectoral shorter than the head ; caudal deeply emarginate. Shining
stripes along the sei-ies of scales ; often a blackish spot superiorly at
the base of the pectoral. The soft dorsal and the caudal with blackish
margins.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a-c. Half-grown. Playa Vicente (Vera Cruz). From M. Salle's
Collection.

d. Half-grown : bad state. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

e. Fine specimen. St. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Jamaica. From Dr.

M. brasi icnsis.

f-q-

Adult, half-grown, and young: skins.
Pamell's Collection.

432 MUGILID^,

r-s. Young. St. Vincent's. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
t, u. Half-grown and young : not good state, British Guiana. Pre-
sented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
v-w, x-y, z, a. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
/3. Adult. Surinam.

y. Young. Caripe, Para. Presented by J. R. G. Smith, Esq.
S. Adult. South iVmerica. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
e. Adult : skeleton. South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

The skeleton does not differ materially from that of M. septentrio-
nalis. The setiform fringes of the intermaxillary are very short.

23. Mugil robustus.
D. 4 U. A. ^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. Eye with a narrow adipose membrane anteriorly
and posteriorly. The upper lip is rather thin, forming the front edge
of the snout. The pectoral is a little shorter than the head, the
length of the snout not included, and extends to the ninth scale of
the lateral line. Maxillary entirely hidden.

Coast of Madagascar.

a. Seven inches long. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

Description of the specimen. — The specimen is very thick, not much
compressed, subcylindrical ; its greatest depth is below the anterior
dorsal fin, where it equals the length of the head, and is one-fifth of
the total. The upper and lower profiles converge in a gentle curve,
meeting at the snout, which is somewhat convex. The least depth
of the tail is two-fifths of the length of the head. The interorbital
space is very slightly convex, and its width is contained twice and a
third in the length of the head. The snout is obtuse, as long as the
eye, with the front margin occupied by the upper lip. The angle
made by the margins of the two mandibles is obtuse, and the cleft of
the mouth is thrice as broad as it is deep. The mandibles leave no
free space, or a very narrow one, between them. The maxillaiT is
entirely hidden in a deep groove between the praeorbital and the
intermaxillary; the pra^orbital has a slight notch anteriorly, and the
extremity truncated and minutely denticulated. The nostrils are at
some distance from each other, the posterior being in the middle,
between anterior and orbit. The eyelids are narrow, but very di-
stinct ; they cover about a third of the iris anteriorly and posteriorly.
The pectoral extends to the ninth scale of the lateral line, and is a
little shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included ;
its insertion is rather above the middle of the depth of the body.
There are twenty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal.
The latter commences in the middle of the distance between snout
and the base of the caudal, or in the vertical from the twelfth scale
of the lateral lino. The anterior dorsal spines are not veiy strong,
and half as long as the head. The second dorsal commences in the

1. MUGIL. 433

vertical from the second soft anal ray, or from the twenty-fourth
scale ; it is higher than long, as high as the spinous dorsal ; series
of small scales cover a part of the membrane between the rays. The
caudal is deeply emarginate, the lobes being rather pointed. The
anal is a little higher than the dorsal, and not quite as long as high ;
it is scarcely more scaly than the fin opposite.

Colour light greenish, with shining golden bands ; a blackish spot
superiorly, in the axil of the pectoral fin.

24. Mugil aflanis.
D. 4 1 -1-. A. -5-. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is contained five times and a third in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Adipose eyelid weU
developed anteriorly and posteriorly. The upper lip is rather broad,
situated at the lower side of the snout. The extremity of the
maxillary is visible behind and below the angle of the mouth. The
pectoral does not extend to the origin of the dorsal, and its length
equals the distance of the opercular margin from the pupil.

Coast of Amoy (China).

a. Fine specimen. Amoy. Purchased.

Description of the specimen. — This species is allied to M. pnrsia,
strong yhceplialus, and others, from which it may be readily di-
stinguished either by the short pectoral fin or the elongate form
of the body. The height of the latter is rather
less than one-fifth of the total length. The
upper profile is very slightly convex, and forms
with the lower the margin of the snout, which
is rather sharj). The interorbital space is
slightly convex, and its \vidth is contained
twice and thi'ee-fourths in the length of the
head. The snout is as long as the eye, mode-
rately broad, somewhat pointed, with the
upper lip situated obliquely at its lower side.
The angle made by the front margins of the
mandibulary bones is obtuse, and the cleft of
the mouth is more than twice as broad as it is M. affinis.

deep ; the free space at the chin between the

mandibles is short, cimeiform. The maxillary is bent downwards
behind the angle of the mouth, where its extremity is visible. The
prajorbital is emarginate, and distinctly denticulated anteriorly and
posteriorly. The pectoral is inserted above the middle of the depth
of the body, and has a very short and obtuse scale in its axil ; it is
much shorter than the head, and extends to the eighth scale of the
lateral line. The insertion of the ventral falls midway between the
base of the pectoral and the vertical from the dorsal. There are
twenty-four scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal fin.
The latter commences a little nearer to the snout than to the base of
the caudal, above the tenth scale of the lateral line ; its anterior

VOL. III. 2 F

434 MXJGILID^.

spines are stout, and their length is more than one-half of that of
the head. The soft dorsal commences above the twenty-fourth scale,
or above the fii'st soft ray of the anal ; it is not scaly, higher than
long, as high as the spinous dorsal. Caudal eraarginate, short, its
length being a little more than one-sixth of the total. Anal fin as
high as, but rather longer than, the fin opposite. The least depth of
the tail is one-half of the length of the head.
Colour greenish, shining silveiy.

25. Mugil ophuysenii

Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ncderl. Ind. xvi. p. 270, and in Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. \'ii., Sumatra, viii. p. 82.

D. 4 ||. A. I-. L. lat. 38-39. L. transv. 12-13.

The height of the body is contained five times and a fourth in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The diameter of the
eye is contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of the head, and
once and a half or once and a third in the width of the interorbital
space ; eye with a broad adipose membrane. The praeorbital is scaly,
with a slight notch, and denticulated inferiorly and posteriorly;
snout rather sharp, shorter than the eye ; the maxillarj'^ reaches be-
yond the pnieorbital, and its extremity is %'isible ; upper lip thin ; a
large groove before the vomer. There are nineteen scales between
the snout and the first dorsal ; a long pointed scale in the axil. The
least depth of the tail is a little less than one-half of the length of
the head. Dorsal fins nearly equal in height : spines rather slender,
the fii'st being scarcely longer than the part of the head behind the
eye ; it is nearer to the extremity of the snoiit than to the base of
the caudal fin : the soft dorsal is higher than long, scaly below ; its
origin is above the middle of the anal fin. The anal is scaly, scarcely
higher than long, much longer, but only a little higher, than the soft
dorsal. Caudal emarginate, two-ninths of the total length. Pec-
toral nearly as long as the head. Coloration uniform ; a small black
spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral. {Bl.)

Coast of Sumatra.

26. Mugil cunnesius.

Kunnesee, Russell, ii. p. 65. pi. 181.

Mugil cunnesius, Cuv. (^ Val. xi. p. 114 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 131 ;
Cant. Catal. p. 100 ; (not Blceh.).

D. 4 ||. A. |-. L. lat. 42-43. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is nearly etpial to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is short and obtuse ; the inter-
orbital space very slightly convex, its width being two-fifths of the
length of the head. Lips thin ; the prajorbital has the anterior
margin nearly straight, neither toothed nor notched ; it does not
entirely cover the maxillary, the extremity of which is visible behind
the angle of the mouth. Eye with an adipose membrane. There are
twenty-two scales between the spinous dorsal fin and the snout. The

1. MtJGIL. 435

length of the anterior dorsal spines exceeds somewhat one-half of that
of the head. The twelfth scale of the lateral line corresponds to the
extremity of the pectoral and to the origin of the anterior dorsal, the
twenty-fifth to the origin of the posterior, and to the third soft ray
of the anal fin ; the vertical fins without scales ■; caudal slightly
emarginate. The pectoral is inserted above the middle of the depth
of the body, the ventral a little nearer to the root of the pectoral
than to the dorsal. The least depth of the tail is less than one-half
of the length of the head. Dorsal and caudal fins with indistinct
blackish margins ; sometimes a black spot superiorly at the base of
the pectoral.

Red Sea. East Indian Seas.

a-c. Half-grown and young: skins. Malayan Peninsula. From

Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Types of his description.
d. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

27. Mugil speigleri.

Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ncderl. Ind. xvi. p. 279, and Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 58.

D. 4 1 -i. A. I- L. lat. 40-42.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is contained thrice
and two-fifths in the length of the head, and once and two-fifths in
the width of the interorbital space. Eye with a broad adipose mem-
brane anteriorly and posteriorly ; pra^orbital scaly, scarcely emar-
ginate or denticidated ; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye ;
the maxillary extends beyond the prasorbital and is visible ; upper
lip rather thin ; a shallow groove before the vomer. There are about
twenty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal fin ; an
elongate scale in the axil. The least depth of the tail is one-half of
the length of the head. The doi-sal fins are nearly equal in height ;
the spines are rather slender, the first being longer than the part of
the head behind the orbit, and situated much nearer to the end of
the snout than to the base of the caudal. The soft dorsal is nearly
entirely scaly, and scarcely higher than long. The anal fin is scaly,
scarcely higher, but longer, than the soft dorsal fin ; its anterior third
is situated before the origin of the soft dorsal. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate, its length being contained four times and two-thirds in
the total. Pectoral as long as, or longer than, the head. Coloration
uniform ; dorsal and caudal fins minutely dotted with brown ; a
blaclcish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral. {Bl.)

Coasts of Java, Borneo, and Halmaheira.

28. Mugil waigiensis.

Mugil waigiensis, Quoif SfGaim. Voy. Freyc. Poiss. p. 3.37. pi. 59. fig. 2 ;
Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.Ind. xvi. p. 276 ; Atl. Muyil. tab. 2.
fig. 2 J Act. Soc. iSc. Indo-Nederl. vii., Borneo, xiii. p. 43.

2f2

436

JIUGILID.ii.

Mugil macrolepidotus, Biipp. All. Fische, p. 140. taf. 35. fig. 2 ; Ctw.

Sf Veil. xi. p. 134 ; Cant. Catal. p. 95 ; (not Rich.),
melanochir, {Kuhl ^- v. Hass.) Ciw. Sf Val. xi. p, 143 (young) ;

Blcek. Borneo, vi. p. 423.

D. 4 I -i-. A. |: L. lat. 26-27. L. transv. 9. C«c. pylor. 10.
Vert. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and a fourth to
four times and thi^ee-fourths in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a half. Head broad,
flat above, the width of the interorbital
space being one-half of the length of the
head. Snout short, broad, depressed, ob-
tuse. Lips thin ; the angle made by the
anterior margins of the mandibulary
bones is very obtuse. The free space
at the chin, between the mandibles, is
broadly lanceolate. The inferior extre-
mity of the maxillary is visible below the
angle of the mouth. Eye without adipose
membrane. There are sixteen series of
scales between the spinous dorsal fin and -.^^ ...

the snout. The pectoral extends to the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

The eighth and seventeenth scales of the lateral line correspond to
the origins of the two dorsal fins. The soft dorsal and the anal short
and elevated, scaly; caudal very slightly emarginate. Pectorals
blackish, entirely black in immature specimens.

From the lied Sea through the Indian Ocean and Archipelago to
the coasts of Australia and to Polj^nesia.

a. Adult : stuflfed. Red Sea. From Dr. RUppell's Collection.
h-f. Half-groAvn and young. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. Riippell.
g. Young: skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h. Young. East Indian Archipelago. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
I, Young. North-western Australia. PresentedbySir J. Richardson.
Ic. Half-grown. South Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection.
I. Adult : skeleton.

Mugil rossli (Bleek. Kokos, p. 45), known from a single specimen,
and descTibed as having a more slender body than M. waigiensis, its
height being nearly one-sixth of the total length, is, perhaps, not
specifically different from the above species.

Skeleton. — This sjiecies differs from M. septentrionalis and M. hra-
siliensis in the form of its skull, which is much broader,, flatter, and
smoother. Each principal frontal bone is not much longer than
broad. The turbinal bones are very broad, subquadrangular, close
together, and forming a long suture with the frontals. Part of the
ethmoid ossified. The crests in the occipital region are feeble. The
abdominal and caudal portions of the vertebral column are equal in
length.

1. MUGIL. 437

29. Mugil suppositus.
Mugil borbonicus, Cant. Catal. p. 101 ; (not Cuv. Sf Vol., not Blcch.).
D. 4 I _!. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 14.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times ; the head is rather
short and high, the vpidth of the interorbital space being two-fifths
of its length. The snout short and convex ; the cleft of the mouth is
transverse, the anterior margins of the mandibulary bones forming
a very obtuse angle. The inferior extremity of the maxillarj- pro-
jects a little beyond the praeorbital, behind the angle of the mouth ;
the space at the chin between the mandibulary bones appears to be
narrow. Lips thin ; eye mthout adipose membrane. There are
twenty-one scales between the spinous dorsal fin and the snout. The
length I of the anterior dorsal spines is one-haK of that of the head ;
the pectoral is shorter than the head, and inserted above the middle
of the depth of the body, the ventral midway between the root of the
pectoral and anterior dorsal. The tenth, the twelfth and the twenty-
fourth scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of the
pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins : the anal com-
mences a little in advance of the opposite dorsal fin ; both are scaly :
caudal emarginate. The least depth of the tail is equal to, or rather
less than, one-half of the length of the head. Dorsal fins with a
narrow anterior, caudal Avith a broad posterior black margin. A
black spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Pinang River.
a. Stuffed. Type of the species. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

The circumstance of having Cantor's t^'pical specimen has induced
me to give a full description of it, by which it will be evident that
it is specifically different from M. borbonicus of Valenciennes as well
as of Bleeker, having a naked eye Avithout adipose membrane, and
eight anal rays. Cantor states nine anal rays ; but he has taken the
last, which is split to its base, for two

30. Mugil octo-radiatus.
D. 4 I i.. A. |. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 14.

The height of the body is contained five times and a third in the
total length. The outermost extremity of the maxillary is visible
behind the angle of the mouth. The free space at the chin, between
the mandibles, is narrow, elongate, extending to between the inter-
opercula. The pectoral does not reach to the vertical from the ori-
gin of the dorsal fin.

English coasts.

a. Thirteen inches long. England. Presented by Mr, Gerrard.

b. Thirteen inches long: skin. London market. From Mr.

Yarrell's Collection as Miu/iJ capito.

Description. — ^The height of the body is contained five times

438 MTTGILID^.

and a third in the total length, the length of the head five times
and a fifth. The head is moderately high and broad, and has
the snout somewhat produced, as in M. auratus. The interorbital
space is convex, its width being contained
twice and a third in the length of the head.
The upper lip is membranaceous, not thick,
visible from above. The angle made by
the anterior margins of the mandibles is
somewhat more than a right one, and the
cleft of the mouth is nearly half as deep as it
is broad. The outermost extremity of the
maxillary is visible between the angle of the
mouth and the anterior angle of the prae-
orbital; the latter is obliquely truncated,
so that its front angle is very obtuse, whilst
the posterior one is acute ; its lower margin ^ octo-radiatus.

is denticulated. The free space at the chin,

between the mandibles, is narrow, elongate, extending on to between
the interopercles. The nostrils are close together, situated midway
between the end of the snout and the orbit. Adipose eyelid none*
There are twenty- five scales between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin ; the latter commences a little nearer to the snout than
to the base of the caudal, vertically above the fourteenth scale of
the lateral line ; its two anterior dorsal spines are of nearly equal
length, and one-half of that of the head ; pointed scales extend along
the whole length of its base. The soft dorsal fin is nearly as high
as the former, and commences above the twenty-eighth scale of the
lateral line, or above the second soft ray of the anal. The caudal is
deeply forked, the length of a lobe being equal to that of the head.
Anal fin as high as the spinous dorsal. The pectoral is inserted
somewhat above the middle of the depth of the body, and extends to
the twelfth scale of the lateral line, its length being equal to the
distance of the posterior nostiil from the end of the operculum ; there
is no pointed scale in its axil. The ventral is inserted midway
between pectoral and dorsal fin.

Back greenish ; sides and belly silsery, with darker stripes along
the series of scales.

This species cannot be the M. curtus of Yarrell, which is said
to be distinguished by its very short body, and which, perhaps, has
nine anal rays. It is most closely allied to 31. auratus, which, how-
ever, always has nine anal rays, and differs in several other points,
chiefly in the configuration of the lower jaw- The anal fin of our
specimen is quite perfect, showing the last ray divided nearly to its
base, both portions being joined to the same interhsemal spine. There
can bo no doubt that this is a very distinct species, from the British
coast, although apparently scarce.

Since the first description of this species (in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1861, May), I have found a second specimen, which agrees
with the first in every point. It is from Yarrell's collection, who
took it for Mugil capito.

1. MUGIL.

439

31, Wjigjl curtus.

Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 210, 2nd edit. i. p. 245, 3rd edit. ii. p. 186;
Cuv. (^ Vol. xi. p. 70. pi. 311.

We have not been able to find the typical specimen in the collec-
tion left by Yarrell ; it is said to have been two inches long, and to
have been caught in Poole Harbour with the young of the common Grey
Mullet. The depth of its body was equal to the length of the head and
one-fourth of the total, and the soft anal rays were eight in number.

Valenciennes beUeved that he recognized a species thus charac-
terized in another single specimen eight inches in length caught in
the Baie de la Somme. But it is very suspicious that he does not
give a full description of it, as he has of the other European species.
He merely confii-ms YaiTeU's statement of the proportions of the
body ; and although he gives also the same niunber of anal rays in
the formula of the fins, the figure shows nine. It is, therefore, im-
possible to form a correct idea as to the validity of the characters /of
this species.

32. Mngil capito.

The Grey Mullet. Cefalo calamita (Rome) ; Caustello (Venice) ;

Boiui (Egv-pt).
Mugil, Artedi, Genera, p. 32, Species, p. 71 ; Gronoi\ Zoophyl. no. 397.
Meuille blanc, Duhatn. Peches, ii. sect. G. p. 147. pi. 11. fig. 3.
Mugil capito, Cuv. R^gne Atmn. ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. ; Cuv. 8f

Val. xi. p. 36. pi. 308 ; Jen. Vert. An. p. 374 ; Parn. Wern. Mem.

vii. p. 225. t. 28, cop. from Cuv. ^ Val, and Fishes Frith of Fmth,

p. 65, cop. from Jenyns ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 200, 2nd edit. i.

p. 234, 3rd edit. ii. p. 175 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 176 j Guichen.

Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 67.

cephalus, var. A, Itisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 344.

ramada, liisso, Fur. Merid. iii. p. 390.

cephakis, Donov. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 15; NeiU, Wern. Mem. i.

p. 544 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 106 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 217; Gronov.

Syst. ed. Gray, p. 162.
britamiicus, Hancock, Lond. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1830, p. 129.

D. 4 ||. A. |-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 14. Caic. pylor. 6-7.
Vert. 12/12.

The height of the body is contained five
times or five times and one-third in the
total length, the length of the head four
times and a half. The snout is broad and
depressed ; the interorbital space slightly
convex, its width being contained twice
and a half or twice and two-thirds in the
length of the head. The angle made by
the two mandibulary bones is rather ob-
tuse ; the prseorbital has an obtuse longi-
tudinal ridge, and does not" entirely cover
the maxillary bone. Eyes without adipose
membrane : nostrils close together ; they are less distant from each
other than the posterior is from the eye. The lips are not covered by

M. capito.

440 MTTGILID^.

the nasal bones. The space at the chin, between the mandibularies
and the interopercula, is rather broad, elongate, ciineiform. There are
twenty-eight or thirty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal.
The two anterior dorsal spines are nearly half as long as the head.
The eighth or ninth, the twfelfth or thirteenth, and the twenty-fourth
or twenty-fifth scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity
of the pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins. The root of
the pectoral is above the middle of the body ; the ventral is inserted
midway between the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Dark stripes along
the series of scales ; generally a blackish spot superiorly at the base
of the pectoral.

Coasts of Europe. Nile. Freshwater lakes of Tunis. Cape of
Good Hope.

a. Young : stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
b~c. Fine specimens. British coast.
d-f. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. English coast.
g, h-l. Half-gi'own and young : not good state. English coast.

Presented by Mr. YarreU as M. cephalus.
m. Young. Devonshire. Museum Leach.
n, 0. Adult. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
p. Adult. Dalmatia.

q. Young. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. Riippell.
r-u, v-z. Adidt and half-grown. Nile (Cairo). Collected by Mr.

Petheriek, H.Mc Consul at Chartum.
a. Half- grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Medical

Officers R.A.
ft. Young : skin. From Gronow's Collection,
y. Adult: skeleton. England. Purchased.

Valenciennes, relying upon the authority of Ehrenberg and upon
the specimens collected by him, states that, besides the true M. mpito,
another species is found in the Nile closelj resembling it, but distin-
gmshed by the position of the dorsal fins. " The distance between
the commencement of the first dorsal and that of the second is less
than in the other species [of Europe], for in the latter it is equal to
the distance between the commencement of the second dorsal and
that of the caudal, whilst in the Dvhahra it is one-fourth less.
Otherwise the species agrees with M. capito." He calls this species
M. duhalira (xi. p. 60). Having examined our European and African
specimens of M. capito with regard to the position of their dorsal fins,
I found that they are intermediate between M. capito and M. dubahra.
The future must show whether the Dubahra has other characters by
which it may be distinguished from M. capito.

The sJceleton does not differ from that of M. septentrionalis.

33. Mugil richardsonii.
Srnith, Blustr. Zool South Afr. Pkc. pi. 29. fig. 1.

D. 4 ||. A. -i. L. lat. 46. L. trans v. 16.
The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the

1. MXJGIL. 441

total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds. The
snout is moderately broad, the width of the interorbital space being
nearly one-third of the length of the head. Eye without adipose
membrane. The nostrils are close together, much nearer to each
other than to the orbit. Lips not thick ; the pra3orbital does not
entirely cover the maxiUary. There are thirty scales between the
anterior dorsal fin and the snout. The two anterior dorsal spines
are one-half the length of the head. The sixteenth scale of the
lateral Hne corresponds to the origin of the anterior dorsal fin.
Cape Seas.

a. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. Type of the species. Presented by

Sir A. Smith.
b-d. Half-grown : skins. Cape Seas.

34. Mugil petherici.
D. 4 ||-. A. ^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 14.

Adipose eyelid not developed ; upper lip rather thin. Extremity
of the maxillary visible ; a pointed scale in the axil of the pectoral ;
caudal fin deeply forked.

Nile, at Cairo.

a. Ten and a half inches long. Collected by Mr. Petherick, H.M.
Consui-at Chartum.

Description of the specimen. — This species is similar to M. capita
or M. dubuhra, Cuv. & A^al., from which, however, it may be readily
distinguished by the number of the fin-rays and by several other
minor characters. The height of the body is contained five times
and a third in the total length, the length of the head five times.
The snout is broad and depressed, much longer than the eye ; the
interorbital space slightly convex, its width being two-fifths of the
length of the head. The upper lip has a series of minute cilia. The
angle at the symphysis of the mandibles is obtuse, and the cleft of
the mouth is twice and a half as broad as it is deep. The prae-
orbital has no longitudinal ridge, a shallow anterior notch, the ex-
tremity rounded, and the margins serrated. Eyes with the adipose
membrane rudimentary, just touching the iris. Nostrils close to-
gether ; they are less distant from each other than the posterior is
from the eye. The space at the chin, between the mandibles and
the interopercula, is rather broad, elongate, cuneiform. There are
thirty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The length
of the anterior dorsal spine is somewhat more than one-half of the
length of the head. The origin of the spinous dorsal is halfway
between the snout and the root of the caudal. The twelfth, the
fifteenth, and the twenty- seventh scales of the lateral hue correspond
to the extremity of the pectoral and to the origins of the two dorsal
fins. The soft dorsal and anal are scaly at the base, and the former
commences in the vertical from the fourth soft ray of the anal fin.
The caudal fin is deeply forked, the length of one of its lobes being
somewhat less than one-fifth of the total. The root of the pectoral

442

MUGILID^.

is on the middle of the depth of the body ; its length equals the di-
stance of its base from the eye ; it has a pointed scale in its axil, but
it is not very long. The least depth of the tail is less than one-haK
the length of the head.

Silvery, shining golden, with darker stripes along the series of the
scales ; a blackish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

35. Mugil auratus.

Daurin (Nice) ; Lotregano (Venice).

Mugil auratus, Risso, Jtchth. Nice, p. 344, and Uur. Merid. iii. p. 390 ;

Cuv. Itigne Anim. ; Bmiap. Faun. Ital. Peso. ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 43.

pi. 308 ; Lotve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 86 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.

Rms. Merid. iii. p. 395 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 67 ; Cuv.

JR^gne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 76. fig. 1 ; Lotce, Fish. 3Iud. p. 16i3.

chelo, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 184; (not and.).

niadeirensis, Loive, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 82, & 1843, p. 86,

and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 8.

D. 4 I 9. A. J. L. lat. 42-45. L. tranav. 14. Caec. pylor. 8.
Vert. 11/13.
The height of the body is contained five times and one-fourth to
five times and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the
head five times. The snout is broad and
depressed ; the interorbital space slightly
convex, its width being two-fifths of the
length of the head. The upper lip does
not show anything particular, and is not
covered by the nasal bones. The angle
made by the two mandibularies is rather
obtuse, and the cleft of the mouth is more
than twice as broad as it is deep ; the prae-
orbital has a longitudinal ridge covered
with skin, and only the o'ltermost ex-
tremity of the maxillary bone projects be-
yond its margin. Eyes with a rudiment-
ary adipose membrane : nostrils close together ; they are less di-
stant from each other than the posterior is from the eye. A short
lanceolate portion of the chin is not covered by the mandibularies.
There are twenty-five scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal.
The two anterior dorsal spines are nearly one-half of the length of
the head. No pointed scale in the axil of the pectoral. The
tliirtcenth, the foiu-teenth, and the twenty-sixth scales of the lateral
line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral and to the origin of
the two dorsal fins. The root of the pectoral is above the middle of
the body ; the ventral is inserted midway between the pectoral and
spinous dorsal. Dark stripes along the series of scales.
Mediterranean. Canary Islands. British coast.

a. Twelve inches long. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T.

Lowe.
()-c. Fine specimens. England.

auratus.

1. MUGIL. 443

36. Mugil saliens.

Filzetta (Tuscany) ; Cefalo musino (Rome) ; Flaveton (Nice) ; Ver-

zellata (Venice) ; Bouri (Nile).
Mu^ saliens, JRisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 345, and Etir. Merid. iii. p. 391 ;

Ctiv. (^ Val. xi. p. 47. pi. 309 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. ; Nordm.

in Dernid. Voy. Russ. 3l6rid. iii. p. 895 ; Guichen. Explor. Alyer.

Poiss. p. G7.
Bouri, Sonnini, Voy. Eg. ii. p. 29fi. pi. 23. fig. 2.

D. 4 ||. A. J. L. lat. 45. L, transv. 15. Csec. pylor. 8.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a half in the total. The snout is moderately
broad, somewhat tapering anteriorly ; the width of the interorbital
space is one-third of the length of the head. The angle made by the
two mandibulary bones is a right one ; the praeorbital does not
entirely cover the maxillary. Eyes without adipose membrane;
nostrils close together, the posterior being in the middle between the
anterior and the orbit. Lips not very thick, not covered by the nasal
bones. The space at the chin, between the mandibularies and the
interopercula, is elongate, tapering anteriorly. The two anterior
dorsal spines are half as long as the head ; the pectoral terminates at
some distance from the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and its
root is somewhat above the middle of the body. Dark shining streaks
along the series of scales.

Mediterranean. Nile.

a. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Valenciennes mentions another fish, from the Cape of Good Hope,
very similar to M. saliens, and calls it Miu)il capensis (xi. p. 108),
Smith has recognized and figured this fish in Hlustr. Zool. South
Africa, Pise, pi, 30. fig, 1. Both naturalists, however, have given so
scanty a description, that it is impossible to point out the character-
istic differences between M. saliens and caj^ensis. There is a stuffed
specimen of the latter in the British Museimi, but (as is frequently
the case with stuffed fishes of this genus) the form of the head is so
greatly altered that no description can be taken from it.

a. Adult: stuffed. Cape. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.

b. Half- grown : very bad state. Cape, From the Haslar Collection.

Mxujil euronohis, Smith, HI. Zool. South Afr. pi. 29. fig. 2, is entirely
identical with M. capeiisis.

c. Adult : stuffed. Cape. From Sir A. Smith's Collection. — Type

of Jf« euronotus.

37. Mugil multilineatus.

Smith, Illustr. Zool. South Afr. Pise. pi. 30, fig. 2.

D. 4 I -i-. A. i-. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and three-quarters in the total. The snout is

444 MTJGILID^.

rather produced, obtusely pointed, its length being nearly equal to
the width of the interorbital space, which is contained twice and
three-fourths in the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is
subsemicircular ; the praeorbital has an obtuse longitudinal ridge, and
does not entirely cover the maxillary bone. Eyes without adipose
membrane ; nostrils close together, somewhat nearer to the orbit
than to the extremity of the snout. Lips not thick, not covered by
the nasal bones. There is a lanceolate space at the chin which is
not covered by the mandibulary bones. Twenty-seven or twenty-
eight scales between the spinous dorsal and the end of the snout.
The two anterior dorsal spines are half as long as the head. The
fifteenth and the twenty-ninth scales of the lateral line correspond
to the origins of the two dorsal fins. The root of the pectoral fin
is on the middle of the body. Dark lines along the series of scales.
Coasts and rivers of the Cape.

o. Type of the species : stuffed. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.

38. Mugil cryptochilus.
Cuv. (§• Val. xi. p. 61.

D. 4 1|. A. |. L. lat. 45.

The nasal bones are advanced, so as to cover the upper lip when
the mouth is closed. The pra^orbital does not entirely cover the
maxillary. The length of the head is one-fifth of the total, or thrice
the diameter of the eye. Eye vsdthout adipose membrane. Pectoral
long, falciform, with the lanceolate scale in the axil short ; scale at
the base of the spinous dorsal long, extending beyond the posterior
spine. Caudal deeply forked, with the upper lobe longest. ( Val.)

The single specimen observed is eight inches long.

Nile.

39. Mugil axillaris.

PMugil axillaris, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 131.

Mugil axillaris, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl Lid. iv. 1853, p. 266,

and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. viii., Sumatra, ix. p. 3.
parsia, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. 1852, p. 166.

D. 4 I i.. A. -2- L- lat. 42-43. L. transv. 13-14.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half to five
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half to six times and a fifth ; the diameter of the eye is
one-thii'd or one-fourth, the width of the interorbital space one-half
of the length of the head. Adipose eyelid not developed ; the prse-
orbital is scarcely emarginate and indistinctly denticulated ; snout
shorter than the orbit ; upper lip rather fleshy ; maxillary hidden.
There are twenty-one scales between the snout and the origin of
the spinous dorsal ; an elongate scale in the axil. Dorsal fins nearly
equal in height : the spines are rather slender, and the length of the
first equals the length of the head behind the orbit ; it stands on the

1, mugh. 445

middle "between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin.
The soft dorsal fin is nearly entii-ely scaly : anal scaly, higher and
longer than the soft dorsal ; it commences scarcely before the dorsal :
caudal emarginate, its length being rather less than one-fourth of the
total. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Coloration uniform ;
axil with a blackish spot. (Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago. (? New Guinea, Mauritius.)

40. Mugil caeitdeo-maculatus.

? Mugil cseruleo-maciilatus, Lacep. v. pp. 385, 889 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi.

p. 128.
Mugil cajruleo-maculatus, Bleek. Riouw,"^. 484, and^ic^. Soc. Sc. Indo-

Nederl. viii., Sumatra, ix. p. 5.

D. 4 1|. A. ^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body is contained four times and a quarter to
four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the
head five times to five times and two-thirds. Snout not depressed,
convex ; the upper lip is thick, without fleshy fringes. The prae-
orbital is not emarginate, scarcely denticulated, and covers entirely
the maxiUary. Eye without adipose membrane. The pectoral is
longer than the head ; the length of the anterior dorsal spines is less
than one-half of that of the head. The second dorsal and the anal
are scaly, and commence nearly in the same vertical ; caudal forked.
A blackish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Coasts of Mauritius. East Indian Archipelago.

41. Mugil bleekeri.

Mugil borbonicus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xviii. 1859,
p. 375 (not Cant., not Cuv. i^- Val.),

D. 4 1 1- A. |. L. lat. 38-39. L. transv. 13-14.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-fifths in
the total length, the length of the head four times and three-fourths
or five times. Snout somewhat pointed, shorter than the eye ; the
width of the interorbital space is contained twice and one-third in
the length of the head. Lips thin : the praeorbital is slightly emar-
ginate anteriorly, with the denticulation more distinct posteriorly than
inferiorly ; it covers the maxillary, except its hindmost extremity.
Eye without developed adipose membrane. There are about twenty
scales between the spinous dorsal and the snout. The length of the
anterior dorsal spines is ono-half of that of the head : the pectoral is
nearly as long as the head: the anal commences in, or scarcely
before, the vertical from the origin of the opposite dorsal fin ; both
are scaly : caudal emarginate. The least depth of the tail is some-
what more than one-half the length of the head. A black spot
superiorly at the base of the pectoral, {Bl.)
Rivers of Banka.

This species differs from M. borbonicus, Cuv. & Val., in not having

446

MUGILID^.

a developed adipose eyelid, and from M. borbonmis, Cant., or M. sup-
positus, m., in the number of the anal rays ; it appears to be very
nearly allied to M. axillaris, Bleek.

n.4:

42. Mugil ceylonensis.

A. ^. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 12.

Eyes without adipose merTibrane. Upper lip thin, truncated, fonn-
ing the front margin of the snout ; the mandibles nearly entirely
cover the chin, without leaving a distinct free space between them.
Maxillaiy entirely hidden. The pectoral extends beyond the origin
of the spinous dorsal fin, and is nearly as long as the head. Vertical
fins scaly.

Ceylon .

a. Five inches long. Ceylon. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintweit.

b-d. Young. Ceylon. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagint-
weit.

Description. — The height of the body equals the length of the
head, and is contained four times and two-thirds in the total length,
the length of the caudal fin four times and
a fifth ; the least depth of the tail is one-
half the length of the head. The upper
profile descends in a curve from the dorsal
fin to the snout. The interorbital space is
slightly convex, and its rndth is a little less
than one-half of the length of the head.
Snout obtuse, truncated, broad, rather
shorter than the eye ; its front margin is
formed by the upper lip, which is thin and
truncated. The anterior margins of the
lower lips form an obtuse angle, and the cleft
of the mouth is thrice as broad as it is deep.
The mandibles neai'ly entirely cover the

chin, leaving scarcely any free space between them. The maxillarj' is
entirely hidden. The pracorbital has a slight notch anteriorly, and
its extremity rounded and toothed. The nostiils are close together,
and the posterior is nearly in the middle between anterior and orbit.
No adipose eyelid. The pectoral is inserted above the middle of the
depth of the body, and has a short pointed scale in its axil ; it is
nearly as long as the head, and extends to the ninth scale of the
lateral line, or somewhat beyond the vertical from the dorsal fin. The
ventral is inserted midway between base of the pectoral and spinous
dorsal. The latter commences above the eighth scale, and somewhat
nearer to the base of the caudal than to the snout ; the length of
its anterior spine is more than half the length of the head. The
soft dorsal commences above the nineteenth scale, or above the first
sott anal ray ; it is scaly, twice as high as long, much higher than

v_ /

M. ceylonensis.

1. MUGIL. 447

the spinous dorsal, and nearly as high as the tail underneath. Caudal
long, forked. The anal is scaly, as high as, and longer than, the fin
opposite.

Greenish, shining silvery ; a blackish spot superiorly in the axil
of the pectoral.

43. Mugil smithii.

Mugil macrolepis. Smith, HI. Zool. S. Afr. Pise. pi. 28. fig. 2 (not
Ritpp. or Bleek.).

D. 4 I 4-. A. 4. L. lat. 33-34. L. transv. 11-12.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and two-thirds in the total. The least depth of
the tail is not quite one-half of the length of the head. Eye with a
very narrow adipose membrane posteriorly. The profile between the
spinous dorsal and the snout is nearly straight, obliquely descending ;
the interorbital space flattened, its -width
being contained twice and a third in the
length of the head. Snout broad, obtuse, de-
pressed, with the upper lip rather thin ; the
angle made by the anterior margins of the
mandibulary bones is rather obtuse ; the cleft
of the mouth is more than twice as broad as
it is deep. The mandibles leave an elongate
lanceolate space between them. The extre-
mity of the maxillary is conspicuous behind
the angle of the mouth ; the praeorbital has a _^ .

slight notch anteriorly, and the extremity ' ^™^ ^'

tnmcated and denticulated. Nostrils close together, the posterior
being nearer to the anterior than to the orbit. There are twenty
scales between the spinous dorsal and the snout. The pectoral is
inserted somewhat above the middle of the depth of the body, and
has a very short, pointed scale in its axil ; it is shorter than the
head, the length of the snout not included, and extends to the ninth
scale of the lateral line. The eleventh and the twenty-third scales
of the lateral Kne correspond to the origin of the dorsal fins. The
posterior dorsal and the anal are scaly, and the anterior third of the
latter faUs before the origin of the former ; caudal emarginate. The
first dorsal spine stands exactly in the middle between the snout and
the base of the caudal fin.

Elvers and freshwater lakes of the Cape.

a. Adult: stuifed. From Sir A. Smith's Collection. — Type of the

species.
6. Half-grown. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

Our description has not been taken from the typical specimen,
which has suffered considerably from stuffing. We would take this
opportunity of observing, that all the figures of Mugil in the work
above quoted have been executed from stuifed specimens, by which

448 MUGrLIDiE.

their scientific value is much lessened ; and that, in the descriptions,
very little notice has been taken of those characters by which alone
the different species can be distinguished.

44. Mugil troschelii.

Blceker, Natuurk, Tydschr. Ncileii. Ind. xvi. p. 277, and Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. vi., Sumatra, viii. p. 80.

D. 4 I i.. A. I-. L. lat. 31-32. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total ; the head is three-fourths as high as long ; the
diameter of the eye is contained thrice and a third in the length of
the head, and is two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space.
Eyelids not developed. The upper profile of the head and nape is
convex. Prjeorbital scaly, slightly emarginate and indistinctly den-
ticulated ; snout shorter than the eye ; the maxillary extends beyond
the praeorbital, and its extremity is uncovered ; upper lip thin ; no
groove before the vomer. There are eighteen or nineteen scales
between the snout and the dorsal fin ; the scale in the axil is short.
The least depth of the tail is one-half of the length of the head.
The spinous dorsal fin is higher than the soft ; the spines are strong,
the fii-st being the longest and strongest, longer than the part of the
head behind the orbit ; it is nearer to the base of the caudal than to
the end of the snout. The soft dorsal fin is entirely scaly, twice as
high as long : the anal fin is entirely scaly, a little nigher and much
longer than the soft dorsal ; its anterior third is before the origin of
the soft dorsal : caudal fin emarginate, its length being contained
four times and three-fifths in the total. Pectoral shorter than the
head. Coloration uniform.

Coasts of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Ceylon.

a. Half-gTown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half-grown. Point de Galle. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

c. Adult. Ceylon. Preseitted by the Medical Officers K.A.

45. Mugil bomeensis.

Mugil borneenpis, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. 1851,

p. 201, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indv-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 55.
adustus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. v. 1853, p. 503.

D. 4 I i.. A. J. L. lat. 34-35. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third to four
times and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the head
five times to five times and two-fifths ; the diameter of the eye is
contained four times in the length of the head, and once and three-
quarters in the interorbital space. Adipose eyelid not developed ;
prteorbital slightly emarginate anteriorly, truncated and denticulated
posteriorly. The snout is nearly as long as the eye, somewhat shorter
in immature specimens ; the extremity only of the maxillary is visible ;

1. JJUGIL. 449

upper lip thin ; no groove before the vomer. There are twenty-one ov
twenty-tAvo scales between the .snout an<t the lirst donsal fin ; a slioi-t
pointed scale in the axil. The least depth of" the tail is one-half, oi
leather more than one-half, of the length of the liead. The dorsal fins
are nearly- e(iual in heiglit ; the spines are strong : the first is the
strongest, and longer thaji the part of the head behind the orbit ; it
is much nearer to the base of the caudal fin than to the extremity
of the snout. The soft dorsal fin is nearly entirely scaly, much
higher than long: the anal fin is scaly,, and nearly wholly situ-
ated before the soft dorsal ; it is scarcely higher, but much longer,
than the soft dorsal : caudal fin emarginate, one-fifth of tlic total
length. Pectoral much longer than the pail of the head behind th.e
m-bit. Coloration unifonn, fins blackish towai'ds the margin ; iinal
generally with a whitish margin. (Bl.)
East Indian Archipelago.

40. Mugil ceramensis.

Bleelier, Cvram, ii. p. COO, nud^ie/. Sue. Sc. Imh-Xcilerl. vi., Bor/wo,
xiii. p. 48.

D. 4 U. A. 4. L. lat. 29-30. L. transv. 9-10.

The height of the body is contained four times and a fourth to four
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times
and two-thirds; The greatest dej)th of the head is two-third?; of its
length. Eyes without adipose membrane. JSnout much shorter than
the eye ; prajorbital slightly notched anteriorly ; niaxillaiy entirel}-
hidden ; upper lip thin. Pectorals shorter than the head ; the second
dorsal and anal scaly, the latter being situated nearly entirely before
the former ; caudal emarginate. {BI.)

East Indian Archipelago.

47. Mugil oligolepis.

? Mujjil amarulus, Qtv. ^- Val. xi. p. 13:}.

Mugil dussumiori, Blvvk. Contr. Ichth. Sionh. in Jouru. Iiid. Archlp.

ii. p. 037 ; (not Nafimrk. Tijdschr. Kcdcrl. Lul. xiii. p. 330 ; not Cue.

S>- VhI).

macrolopis, Blcck. Borneo, vi. p. 422 ; (not Riipp. or Smith).

oW^ole-^i^, Bleek. Nidmirk. Tijdseh: Nvdcrl. Ltd. 1858, xvi. p. 275,

and Act. Soe. Se. Ltdo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 40.

D. 4 i JL. A. 4- L. lat. 20. L. transv. 10-11.

I 8 9

The height of the body is one-fourth, the length of the head one-
fifth of the total length ; the head is not much longer than high.
Eye not covered by an adipose membrane. Snout depressed, not
convex, shorter than the ej-e ; the maxillary is hidden Avhen the
mouth is closed ; the upper lip rather thick ; pra^orbital moderately
emarginate, denticulated. Pectorals nearly as long as the head;
caudal slightly emarginate. {Bl.)

Coast and rivers of Borneo and Sumbawa.
VOL. III. 2 0

450

MXTGILTD^.

D. 4 U.

48. TttugD hypselopterus.

A.|. L.lat. 23-26, L. transv.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total ; head much longer than high. Eye without adipose
membrane. The extremity of the maxillary is conspicuous behind
and below the angle of the mouth. Fins rather elongate ; the second
dorsal is as high as the body below.

liTiger.

a. Six inches long. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

Description of the spebimen. — ^The body is subcylTndrieal anteriorly,
compressed posteriorly ; its greatest depth, below the anterior dorsal,
equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The head is rather elon-
gate, its height being two-thirds of its length.
The interorbital space is somewhat convex,
its width being two-fifths of the length of the
head. The snout is of moderate breadth,
somewhat pointed, and rather longer than
the eye. The angle made by the front mar-
gins of the mandibulary bones is nearly a
right one, the cleft of the mouth being rather
more ^an twice as broad as it is deep. The
free space at the chin, between the two man-
dibles, is short, lanceolate. The maxillary is
bent downwards below and behind the angle
of the mouth, where its extremity is visible ;
the praeorbital is angularly bent, and has a rounded, denticulated ex-
tremity. The upper lip is moderately broad. The nostrils are close
together, and the posterior is nearer to the anterior than to the orbit.
The pectoral fin is inserted above the middle of the depth of the
body, and has no elongate pointed scale in its axil ; it extends to the
seventh scale of the lateral line, and its length equals the distance
of the opercular margin from the nostril. The base of the ventral
is somewhat nearer to that of the pectoral than to the vertical from
the dorsal. There are seventeen scales between the snout and the
spinous dorsal fin. The latter commences a little nearer to the caudal
fin than to the snout, above the eighth scale of the lateral line ; the
length of its anterior spine is more than one-half of that of the head,
and if laid backwards, it extends nearly to the origin of the soft
dorsal. The soft dorsal fin is twice as high as it is long, its height
being three-fourths of the length of the head ; it has some scales
anteriorly, and if laid backwards, it extends nearly to the base of the
caudal. Larger specimens than that from which I take the description
may have these fins more remote from one another. The caudal is
deeply emarginate, and its length is not quite one-fourth of the total.
The anterior third of the anal falls before the origin of the dorsal
opposite ; it is as high as, and longer than, the last fin mentioned.

Colour greenish, shining golden ; top of the dorsal fins blackish.

M. hypselopterus.

1. MFGIL. 4")!

49. Mugil compressus.

D. 4 1 4-- A. ^. L. lat. 2^. L. transv. 1 ( ».

Adipose eyelid none ; upper lip rather thin. The greatest depth
of the body is below the spinous dorsal, where it is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length. The extremity of the max-
illary is conspicuous behind and below the angle of the mouth. The
two anterior dorsal spines of nearly equal length and strength.

New South Wales.

a. One foot long. Presented by the Medical Officers R. A. — Two
other specimens are in the Fort Pitt Collection.

Description of the specimen. — The head is rather elongate and de-
pressed, its length being one-fifth of the total, and its depth three-
fifths of its length. The body is strongly compressed, especially on its
posterior portion ; the least depth of the free portion of the tail is one-
half of the length of the head. The interorbital space is very slightly
convex, and its width is two-fifths of the length of the head. 8nout
broad, obtuse, rather longer than the eye. The angle made by the front
margins of the mandibulary bones is obtuse, the depth of the cleft of
the mouth being two-fifths of its ^vidth. The free space at the chin,
between the two mandibles, is short, lanceolate, as in M. Jn/psehpterus,
only rather narrower. The teeth of the upper lip are raiiuite, scarcely
visible ; lower labial teeth none. The maxillaiy is bent downwards
below and behind tlie angle of the mouth, wliere its extremity is
visible ; the praiorbital is scaly, with a shallow notch anterior])', and
with its margins very distinctly serrated ; its extremity is obliquely
truncated, so that the anterior angle is pointed and the posterior ob-
tuse. The nostrils are close together, and the posterior is nearer to
the anterior than to the orbit. A deep groove before the vomer.

The pectoral fin is inserted a little above the middle of the dejjth
of the body, and has no elongate pointed scale in its axil ; it extends
to the ninth scale of the lateral line, and its length equals the distance
of the opercular margin from the front nostril. The base of the
ventral is somewhat nearer to that of the pectoral than to the ver-
tical from the dorsal ; it is comparatively large, its length being ecpial
to the distance of the opercular margin from the front edge of Uw.
orbit ; its spine is strong ; the pointed scale in its axil short. There
are eighteen series of scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal
fin ; the latter commences somewhat nearer to the caudal fin than
to the snout, above the eighth scale of the lateral line ; the length
of its two anterior dorsal spines is two-thirds of that of the head,
but they do not extend to the origin of the soft dorsal, if laid back-
wards. The soft dorsal and anal fins are scaly anteriorlj ; the former
commences above the sixteenth scale of the lateral Line, or above the
fifth soft ray of the anal fin. The anal fin is higher than the spinous
dorsal, and much higher than long. The caudal is deeply emar-
glnate, with the lobes equal in length, not quite one-fourth of the
total. The scales are large, semielliptical, with a short longitudinal
groove in the centre, and with several others on the basal portion.

2 0 2

4o2 BiUGir.in.E.

50, Mugil melinopterus.
Ckv. ^- Val. xi, p. 14G. pi. 814.

D. 4 U. A. ^. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 10.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times and one-third.
Head much longer than high ; the upper anterior profile is curved.
Intcrorhital space flat, broad, its width being nearly one-half of the
length of the head. Snout broad, obtuse, depressed, as long as the
eye. The upper lip is moderately thick, forming the front margin of
the snout. The cleft of the mouth is not quite three times as broad
as it is deep ; the free space at the chin, between the mandibles, is
short, narrow, lanceolate ; the angle made by the front margins of
the mandibles is obtuse. The prseorbitul is scaly, angularly bent,
and has the exti'cmity truncated and serrated ; extremity of the
maxillary visible behind and below the angle of the mouth. Eye
without adipose membrane. The spinous dorsal commences nearer
to the base of the caudal fin than to the snout, above the ninth
scale of the lateral line ; its first spine is considerably stronger and
longer than the second, its length being two-thirds of that of the
head. The soft dorsal is lower than the spinous, and than the tail
below, and commences above the sixteenth scale, or above the middle
of the anal fin. Caudal slightly cmavginate. The anal is nearly as
high as the spinous dorsal, and scaly at the base, like the soft dorsal.
The pectoral is inserted a httle above the middle of the depth of the
body, and has no pointed scale in its axil ; it is shorter than the
head, the length of the snout not included.

Vanicolo. Tonga Islands.

a, h-c. Half-grown and young. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar
Collection.

51. Mugil decem-radiatus.
Mugil parsia, Blcek. Tunor, p. 1G(3 ; (not Buck. Ham.).
D. 4|-1. A.:^. L. lat. 40-45.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and a half or five times in the total length.
Eye withoiit adipose membrane ; the snout convex, obtuse, shorter
than the eye ; lips thin ; the maxillary is entirely hidden when the
mouth is closed. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral with a black spot
superiorly at the base. (Bl.)

Coasts of Batavia and Timor.

52. Mugil peronii.
Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 138.

D. 4 1 1. A. ^. Ca}c. pylor. 2.
The upper profile is straight ; snout longer tlian tlu' eye ; the

1. MVGIL. 47)3

maxillary is not entirely hidden by the prajorbital ; no pointed scale
in the axil of the pectoral fin. ( Val.)
North-west coast of New Holland.

53. Mugil falcipinnis.
Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 105.

D. 4 1 -I-. A. ^. Cjec. pylor. 17.

Eyes without adipose membrane. The proeorbital is not obliquely
truncated and covers entirely the maxillary bone. No large scale in
the axil of the pectoral. Root of the pectoral above the middle of
the body ; anal emarginate. ( Val.)

i^negal.

54. Mugil broussonetii.
Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 117.

D.4|f A.f

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is onc-
fifth of the total. Eyes with an adipose membrane ; maxillary
hidden. The upper lip is thick, produced posteriorly into a jjronu-
nence wliich is received between the two nasal bones. Pectoral
shorter than the head ; the soft doi-sal and anal scaly ; caudal emar-
ginate. {Vul.)

South Sea.

55. Mugil labeo.

Sabounie (Nice).

Mugil labeo, Cuv. Reqne Anim. ; Bonup. Faun. Ital. Peso. ; Cuv. ^
Val. xi. p. 55. pi. 310.

provensalis, var. A, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 346.

provenf alis, Risso, Eur. Mcrid. iii. p. 391.

D. 4 1 1. A. ^. Cffic. pylor. 7.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The snout is broad,
moderately depressed; the interorbital space slightly convex, its width
being nearly one-half of the length of the head. The upper lip is
very thick, the lower slightly notched before the symphysis ; the
angle made by the two mandibulary bones is very obtuse ; the praj-
orbital does not entirely cover the maxillary bone. Eyes without
adipose -membrane ; nostrils close together, and less distant from
each other than the posterior is from the eye. The chin is entirely
covered by the mandibularies, or they leave between them only an
exceedingly narrow strip uncovered. The length of the two an-
terior dorsal spines is contained twice and a half in that of the head.
The pectoral terminates at some distance from the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal, and its root is above the middle of the body.
Dark shining stripes along the scries of scales.

Mediterranean.

154

MUGILID.E.

50. Mug^l labiosus.

Ctiv. iSj- Vul. xi. p. 125 ; Bleek. Ihnor, ii. p, 213, iiiid Act. Sue. Si: Lu/u-
Nederl. viii., Sumatra, ix. p. G.

1 A 3

D. 4

7- ^'^•^- L-lat.3<i.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. Upper lip verj' thick, especially on the sides, and
with a fold, but without fringes. The width of the interorbital space
is two-fifths of the length of the head. The snout ])r()jucts beyond
the mouth ; the prajorbital is strongly cmarginate anteriorly, and
does not entirely cover the maxillary. The lower jaw has a very
distinct notch at tlie symphysis, but scarcely any trace of a tubercle.
The pectoral is a little longer than the head ; tlic posterior dorsal
and the anal fins arc scaly ; caudal emarginatc. A small blackish
spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Ked tSea. Coasts of Timor and Sumatra.

57. Mugil chelo.

Lisa (Ivica) ; Buosega (Venice); Cefalo piutra (Rome); Scioriim

(Florence); Tainha da Moda (Madeira).
Chf'lon, Rondel. Pise. i. lib. ix. c. 5. p. 2G(3; Gesiier, Aquat. iv. p. 552;

Willughhy, iv. c. 4 ; Ray, Syn. p. 84.
Mulet Chaluc, Duham. Pcches, in. sect. 0. c. 2, p. 147.
Mugil cliclo, Cui\ Rhjne Anini.; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc, Cuv. Sf- Val.

xi. p. 50. pi. 309 ; Jen. Man. p. 375 ; Guichen. Exphr. Alyer. Puiss.

p. 07 ; Nurdm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 3Ierid. iii. p. 395.

provensalis, Risso, Tchth. Nice, p. 340; (not Eur. 3Ih-id.).

labrosus, Risso, Fait. M6rid. iii. p. 389.

cephalus, var. B, De la Roche. Ann. Mas. xiii. p. 358. tab. 21.

fig- 7.
corrugatus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. li. p. 184, and Fisft. Madctr.

p. 155.
D. 4/9. ' A. |-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 15-16. Csdc. pylor. 7.
Vert. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds or
five times in the total length, the length of the head five times and a
half. The snout is broad and depressed ;
the interorbital space slightly convex, its
width being nearly one-half of the length
of the head. The upper lip is veiy thick,
with three series of short broad papillao
on its inferior half. The angle made by
the two mandibular)' bones is obtuse ; the
praiorbital has an indistinct longitudinal
ridge, and does not entirely cover the
maxiUary bone ; its extremity is rounded, -
the anterior angle being not much wider
than the posterior. Eyes without adi-
pose membrane : nostrils close together ; they are less distant from
each other than the posterior is from the eye. The chin is entirely

M. chclo.

1. MUGIL. 455

covered by the mandibularies, or they leave between them only a
very narrow strip uncovered. There are twenty-eight scales between
the snout and the spinous dorsal. The two anterior dorsal spines
exceed one-half of the length of the head. The thirteenth, the
fourteenth or fifteenth, and the twenty-sixth or twenty-seventh
scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral
and to the origin of the two dorsal fins ; the origin of the spinous
dorsal is nearer to the caudal tlian to the snout. The root of the
pectoral is somewhat above the middle of the body ; the ventral is
inserted midway between the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Dark
stripes along the series of scales.

Mediterranean. Madeira. Canary Islands.

a. Adult. Lanzarote.. Presented by the llev. R. T. Lowe.

h~c. Young. Mediterranean. From Mr. Pethcrick's Collection. —

Young individuals of this and the following species have the

labial papilkc very little developed.

58. Mugil septentrionalis.

Mugil cephalus, Schaf/crstr. Vet. Akad. JIandl. 1829, p. 90. tab. 3. fig. 1.

capito, Niks. Prodr. p. (59.

cliclo, Yarr. Brit. Fi.she.s, i. p. 207, 2nd edit. i. p. 241, 3rd edit. ii.

p. 182 (not the figure which iias been copied from Bunaparte and
belongs to the true chelo); Thomps. Nat. Hist. Ircl. iii. p. 100;
ram. Went. Mem. vii. p. 228, or Fishes Frith of Forth, ^.J\S (pi. 28
is a copy from Cuv. ^ Val., and represents M. chela) ; Ndas. Fa/in.
Skand. iv. p. 177.

D. 4 1|. A. ^j. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 16. Ca;c. pylor. 5.
Ycrt. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half to four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head five
times or five times and a half. The
upper lip is thick, with two series of
short and obtuse papilla) on its inferior
third. The extremity of the maxillary
is visible behind and below the angle of
the mouth. The pra3orbital is very ob-
li(piely truncated, so that its posterior
angle is pointed, whilst the anterior is
very obtuse and rounded. Mandibles
very broad, nearly entirely covering the M. septcatrionalis.

chin. The tenth, the fifteenth, and

the twenty-seventh scales of the lateral line correspond to the ex-
tremity of the pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins ; the
origin of the spinous dorsal is exactly on the middle between the
snout and the base of the caudal. Dark stripes along the series of
scales.

British and Scandinavian coasts.

(t. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

456 MUOILIDJE.

h-d, e. Adult, half-gTown, and young. England. Purchased.

/, Half- grown: skin. London market. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.

g. Preparation of the pharyi>geal apparatus and of the intestines of
male and female. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

h, i. Adult : skeletons. England.

Description. — The height of the body is contained four times and
a half to four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length
of the head five times to five times and a half. The head is some-
what elevated and short, the snout being obtuse. The interorbital
space is convex, and its width is one-half of the length of the head.
The upjx;r lip is thick, but .thinner than in M. chelo ; its inferior
third has a whitish colour, and is provided with two series of short
and fiat papillae. The wangle made by the anterior margins of the
mandibles is obtuse, and the cleft of the mouth is at least thrice
as broad as it is deep. A long portion of the maxillary is visible
behind and below the angle of the mouth. The proeorbital is
much more obliquely truncated than in M. cJielo, its hinder angle
being pointed, whilst the anterior is very obtuse and more or less
rounded ; the edge between the two angles is minutely serrated.
The mandibles are very broad, and nearly entirely cover the chin ;
but a very narrow strij) of the chin always appears to remain un-
covered even in very old individuals. The nostrils are close together,
situated nearer to the orbits than to the end of the snout. Adipose
eyelid none. There are twenty-six scales between the snout and the
spinous dorsal fin ; the latter commences exactly on the middle be-
tween the snout and the base of the caudal fin, the tail of this
species being somewhat longer than in M. chelo ; the two anterior
dorsal spines are rather stout, of equal length, and one-half as long-
as the head ; pointed scales extend along the whole length of its base.
The soft dorsal fin is higher than the spinous, and commences above
the twenty- seventh scale of the lateral line, or above the first soil
ray of the anal. The caudal fin is forked, the length of each lobo
being equal to, or rather more than, that of the head. Anal as high
as the fin opposite. The pectoral is inserted somewhat above the
middle of the depth of the body, and has no pointed scale in its axil ;
it is considerably shorter than in M. chelo, extending only to the
tenth scale of the lateral hne, whilst the origin of the spinous dorsal
corresponds to the fifteenth ; its length is nearly equal to the di-
stance of the posterior nostril from the end of the operculum. The
ventral is inserted midway between pectoral and dorsal fins.

Back greenish, lighter on the sides and silvery below ; dark green-
ish stripes along the series of scales.

Length of the largest specimen twenty-three inches.

On the anatomy, see p. 410.

This species is closely allied to M. chelo, with which it has hitherto
been confounded ; but it may be readily distinguished by its shorter
pectoral fin, its thinner upper lip, the different form of the pnoorbital,
and its longer tail. It has two pyloric appendages less.

1. MUGIL.

457

D. 4

59. Hugil nigro-strigatus.

A. -. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 13-14.

The upper lip is excessively thick, without transverse fold, and
with about seven series of smaU flat papilla? on its inferior half; the
lower Up has a broad membranaceous margin, notched in the middle,
but not ciliated. Body with about eleven brownish-black longitu-
dinal streaks.

Hah. ?

Borneo. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E.
Vincent's. Presented by the Lords of the

a. Seven inches long,

Belcher, K.C.B.
h. Six inches long. St

Admiralty.

Description. — The height of the body is contained foiir times and
two- thirds in the total length, the length of the head five times.
The interorbital space is slightly
convex, its width being twice
and a fourth in the length of the
head. The snout is as long as,
or somewhat longer than, the
eye. The chin is nearly entin^ly
covered by the mandibles. The
pneorbital is truncated, not
notched, and does not cover the
extremity of the maxillary. The
pectoral is inserted nearly in the
middle of the depth of the body,
and is without a pointed scale in
its axil; it is not quite so long as the head, and extends to the
fourteenth scale of the lateral line. There are twenty-seven scales
between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The latter commences
midway between snout and base of the caudal, above the sixteenth
scale of the lateral line, the soft doreal above the twenty-sixth, or
above the third soft anal ray. The soft dorsal is not scaly, much
higher than long, and as high as the anal. Caudal emarginate.
Anal longer than the dorsal.

The black stripes are produced by a series of spots, one always be-
longing to the cuticular fold, covering the base of a scale.

I am incKned to think the statement of one of the specimens coming
from Borneo to be incorrect, and that the species is a native of the
coast of St. Vincent's, "West Indies.

M. nigro-strigatus.

GO. Mugil heterochilus.

Meeker, Jiafjan, ii. p. 198, and Act iSoc. Sc. Indo-Nedetd. vi., Celebes,
xiii. p. 57.

D. 4

A.

L. lat. 40. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body equals the length of the hf^ad, and is one-
fifth of the total. Eyes without adipose membrane. Snout obtuse,

458 MUGILID^.

not projectirg beyond the mouth, shorter than the eye. The upper
lip is very thick, with obtuse indistinct papillae inferiorly ; the lower
without fringes, notched at the symphysis. The praeorbital is scarcely
emarginate anteriorly, and does not entirely cover the maxillary.
The pectorals are nearly as long as the head ; the soft dorsal and the
anal are scaly; the latter commences before the dorsal. Caudal
deeply emarginate. A black spot sometimes superiorly at the base
of the pectoral. (Bl.)

Coasts and rivers of Batjan, Celebes, Ceram, and Java.

61. Mugil crenilabis.

Mugil crenilabis, Forsh. Dcscr. Anim. p. 73 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xi. p. 123 ;

(not Jiiipp.).
fasciatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 125.

D.4|l. A.i-.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The upper lip is very
tliick, with small fleshy fringes ; the lower notched before the sym-
physis and also fringed. The maxillary is entirely hidden by the
praeorbital ; praeorbital not notched anteriorly. Eyes without adi-
pose membi'ane. The second dorsal and the anal are scaly ; caudal
forked.

lied Sea.

62. Mugil macrochilus.

Mugil, sp., Jeni/iis, Zool. Beacfle, Fishes, p. 81.
Mugil macroclieilos, Bleck. Kokos, p. 43.

D. 4 I f . A. -5-. L. lat. 41-42.

The height of the body is contained five times and one-fourth in
the total length, the length of the head five times and two-fifths ;
the width of the interorbital space is one-half of the latter. The
snout is obtuse, projecting beyond the mouth, and as long as the eye.
Both lips are fringed ; the upper is very thick, its fringes standing in
a single series, obtuse and denticulated. The praeorbital has no notch
anteriorly, and the maxillary is nearly entirely hidden when the
mouth is closed. Eyes vdthout adipose membrane. The pectoral is
nearly as long as the head ; the second dorsal and the anal are scaly,
and both commence in nearly the same vertical. Caudal forked ; a
blackish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral. {Bl.)

Coasts of Kokos Island and of Java.

63. Mugil riippellii.

Mugil crenilabris, Rilpp. N. W. Fischc, p. 132; (not Cuv. Sf Val).

D. 4 I -. A. -. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 14.

I 8 9

The height of tlie body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The snout is broad,

1. jiUGiL. 459

short, obtuse, not depressed ; the interorbital space slightly convex,
its width being contained twice and a (luartcr in the length of tlie
head. The upper lip is very thick, and, like the lower, fringed ; the
two mandibulary bones do not leave a free space between them : the
prajorbital has a very distinct notch anteriorly ; its extremity is trun-
cated, and does not cover that of the maxillary. Eyes Avithout adi-
pose membrane. There are twenty-one scales between the snout
and the spinous dorsal. The length of the anterior dorsal spines is
one-half of that of the head. The eleventh, the twelfth, and the
twenty-fourth scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity
of the pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins. Caudal
forked ; the second dorsal and the anal scaly.

Red Sea.
(t. Stuffed. One of Dr. RiippcH's typical specimens.

6 1. Mugil cirrhostoma.

Mugil cirrhostoma, {Forsk.) lil. Schn. p. 121 ; Cuv. i^ Val. xi. p. Vll .
pi. 312.

1). 4 I i.. A. -J. L. lat. 30-35.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fourtlis
in the total length, the length of the head nearly six times. Lips
very thick, the upper with nine or ten, the lower with two scries of
shoi't fleshy fringes. The praiorbital is not notched anteriorly, and
scarcely denticulated. Pectoral as long as the head ; the second dorsal
and anal scaly ; the caudal forked. ( F«7.)

New Ireland.

65. Mugil proboscideus.
D. 4 1 -i-. A. ^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 14.

The front part of the upper lip is extremely thick, conically pro-
duced ; the lower parts of both lips with a band of soft pavement-
like papilla), arranged in oblique seiies. Cleft of the mouth deeper
than broad.

Coasts of Nicaragua. Pacific coast of Central America.

a. Forty-five lines long. Island of Cordova. Presented by G. U.

Skinner, Esq.
h-m. Yoxmg. Island of Cordova. Presented by G. U. Skinner, Esq.
a. Four inches long. West coast of Central America. Collected by

Captain Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Description. — This species is naturally more closely allied to A(jo-
nostoma plicatih than to Mvrjil, but differs from it in having no
teeth at all in the jaws, except that in specimen n. the band of
papilla? passes into a series of fine moveable teeth anteriorly in the
upper jaw. The head and especially the body and tail are com-
pressed ; the greatest depth of the body nearly equals the length of
the head, and is contained four times and a half in the total length.

460

MUGILID^.

The upper anterior profile is nearly straight, obliquely descending.
The interorbital space is convex, one-half of the length of the head,
and.scaly, whilst the parts before the orbits are naked. The anterior
portion of the upper lip is extremely thick, conically protruding, and
nearly as long as the remainder of the snout. A narrow band of
soft papillae occupies the lower parts of the lips anteriorly and
laterally ; the papillse are arranged in oblique scries, having a pave-
ment-like appearance. The lower jaws are rather narrow, and the

^g^

M. proboscideus.

cleft of the mouth is much longer than broad. The maxillary is
entirely hidden by the praeorbital, which has the extremity truncated
and minutely serrated. The eye is much shorter than the snout, and
in the present specimen, which apparently is a young one, one-fourth
of the length of the head. There are twenty-three scales between
the snout and the spinous dorsal fin. The latter commences somewhat
nearer to the base of the caudal than to the end of the snout : the
soft dorsal and the anal have series of small scales between the rays ;
the fortner is higher than the spinous dorsal, and commences above
the middle of the anal fin. Caudal emarginate ; the anal is rather
higher -than long, as high as the soft dorsal. The pectoral is inserted
above the middle of the depth of the body, and its length is four-fifths
of that of the head.

Silvery, upper parts greenish ; dark stripes along the series of
scales.

66. Mugil corsula.

Buck Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 221, 381. tab. 9. fig. 97; Cuv. 8f Vol. xi.
p. 119; Bleek. Vei'hand. Batae. Getiootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hindost.
p. 101 ; Bgd. <^ Sotd. Voy. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 172. pi. 4. fig. 2.

D. 4 ||. A. |-. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 15. Caic. pylor. 2.

The snout is flat, rounded, prominent, with the upper part pro-
jecting beyond the mouth, which is entirely at the lower side of the
head. Head flat superiorly, elongate, triangular; the eyes are rather
small and somewhat directed upwards, and the space between them
is nearly one-sixth of the longtli of the head ; nostrils on the side of
the snout, below the cunthus rostralis. The height of the body is

2. AGONOSTOSIA. 401

contained six times in the total length, the length of the head five
times and a half. Dorsal si)incs somewhat feeble, the antonor ones
being nearly one-third of the length of the head ; the origin of the
second dorsal fin is above the middle of the anal.
Ganges and tributaries.

a. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. Purchased of Mr. Bartlett.

2. AGONOSTOMA.

Agonostomus, Benn. Proc. Comvi. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. IGG.
Cestraeus, Cuv. (^- Val. xi. p. 156.
Dajaus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 164.
Nestis, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. prl66.

Cleft of the month extending on the sides of the WJout, beyond, to,
or nearly to the orbit. Small teeth at least in joup of the jaws, and
sometimes on the palate. The lower lip with the margin rounded,
not shai-p. Stomach not particularly muscular;

Fresh waters of the West Indies, Central America, New Zealand,
Australia, Celebes, Mauritius, and the Comora Islands.

1. Agonostoma plicatile.
Cestraeus plicatilis, Cuv. (Jj- Val. xi. p. 157. pi. 315.
D. 4 I -g-. A. |-. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 13. Cicc. pylor. 2.

Small teeth in the upper jaw ; no other teeth. The height of the
body is contained four times and a third in the total length. Eye
without adipose membrane. Upper lip very thick, with numerous
small papillae ; the lower with transverse lamella).

Fresh waters of Celebes and of Aneiteum.

a. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection. —
This specimen diff'ers from that described by Valenciennes in
having the prffiorbital slightly serrated, and a blackish blotch on
the top of the second dorsal fin. It belongs, perhaps, to a
different species.

2. Agonostoma oxyrhynchTun.

Cestraeus oxyrhjnichus, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 162; Bleek. Celeb, viii. p. 307,
ftnd Act. Soc. Sc. Inclo-Nederl. \\\i., Sumatra, ix. p. 9.

D. 4 U. A. ^. L. lat. 45. Ctec. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is contained five times and a fourth or five
times and a half in the total length. Eye without developed adipose
membrane. Lips thick ; the upper without papilloe, the lower with
inconspicuous transverse lamella). A small patch of teeth on each
side of the vomer ; those of the upper jaw small, none in the lower.

Fresh waters of Celebes, Batjan, and Sumatra.

4G2

MTTCiTLIT).>;.

3. Agonostoma telfaivii.

Agonostomus telfixirii, licnti. Pror. C'onwi. ZooL Soc. i. ]8."!0, ]>, lt)(>.
Nestis cyprinoidus, Cnv. ^- Vol. xi. p. 107. pi. .'517.

D. 4 I 4. A. |. L. lat. 45. L. transv. i;3.

Villiforra teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the pterygoid liones,
none on tlie palatines. The height of the body is one-tiftli of the
total length, the length of the head nearly one-sixth. The front
part of the upper hj) is rather thick, not protruding; snout as loug
as the orbit. The anterior dorsal commences somewhat nearer to
the snout than to the bnsc of the caudal. Upper parts dark-coloured ;
a silvery band along tlie side.

Mauritius. Comoro Islands,
a~c. Young. Anjuan. From Prof. Peters 's Collection.
(K Half-grown. Mauritius. From Mr. CJcrrard's Collection. — Typo
of the species.

4. Agonostoma dobuloides.

Nestis dobuloides, Car. ■^- VaL xi. p. 171.
D. 4 1 1. A. ^.

I H- 9

Very small teeth in the upper jaw and on the vomer, none in the
lower and on the palatine bones. Upper li]) thick. ( VaJ.)
Mauritius.

5. Agonostoma microps.
D. 4 ||. A. 4. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 12.

Broad bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on tlie vomer, tlie ])ala-
tinc and pterj-goid bones. The height of the body is contained iivc;
times in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
half; the latter is more than the distance between the origins of tin'
two dorsal fins; snout nuicli l<mger than the eye. Upjjcr lip Uiick,
protruding anteriorly. The maxillary extends to, or l)eyond, th(!
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The interorbital space
is convex. The anterior dorsal commences midway between the
snout and the base of the caudal fin.

Probably West Indies.

Twelve inches long.

a, h. Adult and half-groA^•n. From the Collection of the; Zoological
Society.

Descrtjitioii. — The body is moderately com])ressed, its greatest
de])tli being one-fifth of the total length ; its upper anterior profile
is very sliglitly convex, ob]i(]uely descending ; the lengtli of (he hend
is contained four times and a half in the total. The interorbital
space is convex, its width being nearly one-third of the length of
the head. The snout is conical, twice as h)ng as the eye, the dia-
m(iter of which is one-sixth of tlie length of the head. The u])])er li])
is thick, especially its front part, Mhich projects bej-ond the lower
jaw. The cleft of the mouth is s]iglitlyobli(pie.aiul of modernte width.

2. AGONOSTOMA. 463

the maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of the eye ;
it is not entirely hidden when the mouth is closed, but a narrow
stiip of its cutaneous covering remains visible. The prasorbital
reaches downwards to the lower level of the orbit, and is not denti-
culated. There are nineteen scales between the spinous dorsal and
the crown of the head ; those on the crown are covered with skin,
and the interorbital space is entirely naked. The spinous dorsal fin
commences midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin,
above the tenth scale of the lateral line ; its anterior spines are stout,
their length being a little less than one-half of that of the head.
The soft dorsal is a little higher than the spinous, not scaly, and
commences above the twenty-fourth scale, or above the fourth soft
anal ray. Caudal cmarginate. The anal fin is somewhat higher
than the dorsal opposite, and has its anterior spine very short. The
pectoral is inserted on the middle of the depth of the body, and is as
long as the head, the length of the snout not included ; it extends
to the ninth scale.

Back greyish-green, each scale with a brown margin ; a silveiy
band from above the pectoral to the base of the caudal ; lower parts
silvciy.

6. Agonostoma nasutum.
D. 4 1|. A. ^. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 12.

Eather narrow bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and palatine bones. The height of the body equals the length of
the head, and is one-fifth of the total. Upper lip thick. The max-
illary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The
interorbital space is convex. The anterior dorsal commences nearer
to the end of the snout than to the base of the caudal fin.

Rivers of Guatemala.

a. Eight and a half inches long. River of San Geronimo. From
Mr. Owen's Collection.

Descnption of the specimen. — The body is moderately compressed,
rather thick behind the head, its greatest depth being equal to the
length of the head, and one-fifth of the total ; its upper anterior profile
is slightlyconvex above the opercles. The interorbital space is convex,
and its width is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the
head. The snout is obtusely conical, the diameter of the eye being
two-thirds of its extent, or one-fifth of the length of the entire head.
The upper lip is thick, especially its front part, which extends to the
upper surface of the head and projects beyond the lower jaw. The
cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique, of moderate width, the
maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of the eye ; the
maxillary is entirely hidden when the mouth is closed. Prfcorbital
without denticulation. Narrow bands of villiform teeth in the jaws,
on the vomer and on the palatine bones. There are nineteen scales
between the spinous dorsal and the snout, the scales extending to
the level of the anterior margin of the orbits. Tlic spinous dorsal
commences nearer to the end of the snout than to the base of the

4G4 MUGILID.E.

caudal fin, above the tenth scale of the lateral line; its anterior spines
are rather strong, their length being a little more than one-half of
that of the head. The soft dorsal is a little higher than the spinous,
not scaly, and commences above the twenty-fourth scale, or above the
fourth soft anal ray. Caudal tin emarginate. The anal fin is Some-
what higher than the dorsal opposite, having feeble spines, the an-
terior being quite rudimentary. The pectoral is inserted above the
middle of the depth of the body, and equal in length to the distance
of the nostril from the posterior margin of the operculum ; it extends
nearly to the tenth scale.

Back greyish-green, each scale with a brown margin ; a silvery band
from the base of the pectoral to the caudal fin ; lower parts silvery ;
Dase of the pectoral blackish.

This species is so closely allied to Agonosfoma telfalrii from the
Mauritius, that it requires a minute examination to distinguish them.
The snout of the American species is comparatively shorter and the
spinous dorsal fin is situated more forwards.

The fish was discovered by Mr. Owen, who, in company with
Messrs. Salvin and Godman, is at present engaged in investigating
the natural productions of Guatemala.

7. Agonostoma monticola.

Mugil monticola, {Bancroft) Griff. Anim. Kim/d. Fishes, p. 3G7. pi. 30.
Dajaus monticola, Cziv. 8f Val. xi. p. 164. pi. 316.
Mugil irretitus, Gosse, Nat. S(>j. Jamaica, p. 84.

D. 4 1 i.. A. J. L. lat. 40-42. L. transv. 12.

Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained four times and a third to four
times and a half in the total length. Upper lip thin. The maxillary
extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The
interorbital space is convex. The anterior dorsal commences some-
what nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin.

Fresh waters of the West Indies and of Mexico.
«. Adult. Barbadoes. Purchased of Mr, Cuming.
b-e. Half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. rarnell's Collection.
f. Young, Bluefields, Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection, and

type of his Mugil irretitus.
g-Ji. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
i. Half-gro^vn. Mexico. Froni M. Salle's Collection.
k-n. Adult.

8. Agonostoma percoides.

D. 4 I ±. A. -. L. lat. 40-42. L. transv. 13.

Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained four times and a third to four
times and a half in the total length. Upper lip thin. The max-
illary extends beyond the vortical from the anterior mnrgiii of the
eye. The interorbital space is flat. The anterior dorsal commences
midway between the snout and tlie base of the caudal fin.

2. AGONOSTOMA. 465

Fresh waters of San Domingo and probably of Jamaica. Nine
inches long.

a. Adult female. kSan Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

b-e. Adult and half- grown: sjiins. Jamaica? From Dr. Parn ell's

Collection.
/. Adult. West Indies. Presented by the Medical Officers, 11. A.,

at Fort Pitt.

♦

Description. — This species is nearly allied to A. monticola, from
which it may be readily distinguished by the cliaracters mentioned ;
it is necessary, however, to give a more detailed description, as
probably more spcsies will be discovered. The body is moderately
compressed, with the upper anterior profile considerably arched ; its
greatest depth is below the origin of the spinous dorsal, where it
is contained four times and a third or four times and a half in the
total length. The length of the head is nearly equal to the height
of the body, or contained three times and two-thirds in the total
length, the caudal fin not included. The interorbital space is quite
flat, its width being rather more than that of the orbit, which cciuals
the extent of the snout, and is one-fourth of the length of the head.
The snout is compressed, with thin lips, and with the cleft ot the
mouth horizontal • the maxillary extends beyond the vertical from
the anterior margin of the eye. The nostrils are close together, the
anterior being on the middle between the end of the snout and the
orbit. There are four series of scales between the orbit and the angle
of the praeoperculum, sixteen between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin. The latter commeHces midway between the snout and
the base of the caudal, above the tenth scale of the lateral line ; the
length of its anterior spine is more than one-half of that of the head.
The soft dorsal is as high as the spinous, and commences above the
twenty-second scale, or above the third soft ray of the anal. Caudal
deeply emarginate ; anal higher than the dorsal opposite. The pec-
toral is inserted above the middle of the depth of the body, and ex-
tends to the ninth scale of the lateral line ; it is as long as the head,
the length of the snout not included ; the ventral is somewhat shorter
than the pectoral.

Nearly uniform greenish (in spirits) ; blackish blotches between
the dorsal spines.

Length of a mature female six inches ; the species, however, at-
tains to a larger oize.

9. Agonostoma forsten.

Mugil albula, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 145.

forsten, Bl. Schn. p. 120 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 141 ; Michanh. Voy.

Ereb. <^ Terr. Fishes, p. 77. pi. 44. figs. 20-26 (young).
Dajaus diemensis, Richards. Proc. Zoul. Soa. 1840, p. 25, and Trans.

Zool. Soc. iii. p. 123, and Voy. Ereb. ^' Terr. Fishes, p. 37. pi. 26.

tigs. 1-4 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 82.

D. 4 U. A. ^. L. lat. 55. Ctec. pylor. 3.

I 10 12 ^ •'

Narrow bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, on the

VOL. HI. 2 H

466 MUGILID.E.

palatine and pterygoid bones. The heiglit of the body is contained
five times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and two-thirds. Intcrorbital space flat, its width being two-
sevenths of the length of tlie head. Snout produced, rather longer
than the eye ; lips thin. Pra^orbital with the -margins serrated ; the
maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. The anterior dorsal spines rather slender, their length being
one-half of that of the head ; they occupy the middle of the distance
between snout and base of the caudal. Caudal rather deeply emar-
ginate.

Coasts and fresh waters of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand.

a-hy c, d. Adult, half-grown, and young : bad state. From the Ilaslar
Collection. — Probably the typical specimens of Dajaus (dojioisis.
e. Adult : bad state. Port Arthur. Presented by Sir J. llichardson.
/. Adidt : skin. lTo])son's ]5ay. Port Pliillip.
(J. Many young and half-grown specimens. New Zealand.

The original figure of Forster agrees so well with the specimens
from the localities mentioned, that tlicre is no occasion to distinguish
a Dajmis diemensis from Forster's species.

3. MYXUS.

(PMugil, sp., C>ir. ^ Vul. xi. p. ]49.)
Cleft of the mouth extending on to tlie sides of the snout, but not
to the orbit. Small teeth in a single series in the upper jaw, and
somntimea in the lower and on the palate. Upper lip not particu-
larly thick ; anterior margin of the mandible sharp.

1. Myxus elongatus.
D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 13.

A single scries of fine teeth in the upper jaw, none in the lower ;
vomer with a narrow cross-band of teeth ; sometimes a very small
patch anteriorly on the palatine bones. Lips thin. Pra^orbital
serrated anteriorly and inferiorly. The anterior dorsal spine slender,
its length being rather more than one-half of that of the head.

• Coasts of Australia.
a. Skin : eleven inches long. lIol)son'8 Pay. Presented by tlie

Earl of Derby.
I. Skin : eleven inches long, i'ort Jackson. Purchased of ^Mr.
Gould.

Although I have only two slcins of this specica, its characters are
so marked that it Avill l)o readily recognized even from the incom-
plete description wliich I am enabled to give. The body appears to
be more elongate than in the otlier s])ecies, its dei)tli being about
one-sixth of the total length. The head is long, about one-fifth of
the total length, and flat above, the width of the interoi-bital sjjace
being contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the head.

3. MYXus. 467

Snout broad, approaching in form that of a true 3Ligil, with the
lower lip somewhat sharp. The pra^orbital has a slight notch an-
teriorly, and has the margins serrated. The maxillary does not ex-
tend to below the orbit. The anterior dorsal has slendei\spines, and
commences a little nearer to the base of the caudal than to the snout ;
tho posterior dorsal commences behind the, anal. Caudal deeply
emarginate ; vertical fins not scaly. A black spot superiorly in the
axil of the pectoral fin.

2. Myxus harengus.

D. 4 ||. A. ^. L. lat. 38.

A single series of small fixed -teeth in the upper jaw, none in the
lower or on the vomer; lips thin. Pra}orbital serrated anteriorly
and inferiorly. Anterior dorsal spines of moderate strength, half as
long as tho head.

I'acific coast of Central America.

a-h. Twenty-two lines long. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented
by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Head and body compressed, the greatest depth being about one-
fifth of the total. The cleft of the mouth is rather broader than deep,
and does not extend to the anterior margin of the orbit. Sides and
belly bright silvery, back green.

The two following species, perhaps, belong to this genus : —

3. MyxvLB curvidens-
Mugil curvidens, Cuv. ^- Vul xi. p. 149. pi. 313.

D.4||. A.|.

Teeth in both the jaws rather strong, in a single series, those of
the lower having the points directed downwards, like the intermax-
illary teeth. Eyes without adipose membrane ; the maxillary is
entirely hidden by the prajorbital ; vertical fins not scaly ; no elongate
scales in the axils of the fins. Base of the pectoral blackish. (Val.)

Island of Ascension. Bahia.

4. Myxus ciliilabis.
Mugil ciliilabie, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 151.

D.4||. A.f

This species is thus described by Valenciennes : — It has tho teeth
smaller and finer than M. curvidens, to which it is closely allied ;
they are less recurved downwards, but form a series of cilia which
have a different arrangement from that in the other species of Mugil.
The back is more straight, the body more x'ounded, the head shorter,
and the scales smaller than in M. curvidens.

Lima.

2 H L>

468 OPniOCEPHALID-E.

Fam. 39. OPHIOCEPHALIDiE.

Labyrinthici, part., Cuv. Rhgne Anini. ; 3IiUl. Berl. Ahhandl. 1844,

t). 201.
Labyrinthibrancliii, part., Oweti, Led. Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Ophiocephaloidei, Bleak, Enum. Spec. p. xxiv.

Body elongate, anteriorly suhcylindrical, covered with scales of
moderate size ; head depressed, covered with shield-Mke scales sii-
periorly ; lateral line "with an abrupt curve, or subinterrupted. Cleft
of the mouth lateral, wide ; teeth in the jaws and on the palate.
Eye lateral. GiU-opening wide, the gill-membranes of both sides
joined below the isthmus ; four gills ; pseudobranchiae none. A
cavity accessory to the gill-cavity, for the purpose of retaining water
in it, a superbranchial organ not being developed. An air-bladder.
One long dorsal and anal Jin, ivithout spiiies ; ventral fins absent or
thoracic, and composed of six rays, the outer of which is not branched.
Vertebra) in considerable number (52-61) ; the caudal vertebrte are
provided with ribs, the abdominal cavity being continued to below
the caudal portion.

FresliAvater fishes of the East Indies : able to live and move withoiit
the water for a short time. Feeding on small animals.

Every ichthyologist wiU acknowledge the necessity of separating
these fishes from the Lahyrinthici, their entire external and internal
structure being -wadely different. The only character by which their
position in this Order appears to be justified is the insertion and the
sti'ucture of the ventral fins ; they are composed of six rays, the
outer of which is not even a true spine, but articulated towards its
extremity.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Ventral fins present 1. Ophiockphalus, p. 4(i8.

Ventral fins none 2. Channa, p. 483.

1. OPHIOCEPHALUS*.

Ophicoplialus, Block, Atisl. Ftschc, \\n. p. 137.

Ventral fins present. Pyloric appendages two. Fine teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones, sometimes intermixed
with larger ones.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

* 1. Sowara, Ruf,s. pi. 163. — Ophicephalus sowara, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 426. —
Vizagapatanii
2. Bostrichoidcs ocellatus, Lacep. iii. pp. 144, 145, ii. pi. 14. fig. 3. — Ophi-
cephalus ocellatus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 434. — China. 3.

1. OPHIOCEPHALUS. 469

Si/nopsis of the Sjiecies.

I. Shields on the upper surface of the head of moderate or large size.

No ocellated spot iu the adult state.

A. 29-37 dorsal rays.

1. 0. puuctatus. 2. O. aifinis. 4. O. kelaartii.

8. O. gachua.

B. 38-45 dorsal rays.
«. L. la 50-58.

* Larger teeth none.

5. 0. rhodotaDnia.

* Larger teeth in the lower jaw only.

0. (). niystax. 8. 0. melanopterus. 9. O, cyanospilos.

7. O. melanosoma. 10. O. striatus.

* Larger teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the palatine

bones.

11. O. polylepis.

b. L. lat. 60-70.
12. 0. bankanenais. 13. O. lucius. 15. 0. obscurus.

14. O. siamensis.

C. 50-53 dorsal rays.

16. O. barca. 17. 0. nigricans. 18. 0. grandinosus.

II. A black ocellus on the caudal fin.

19. O. marulius. 20. O. pseudoniandius. 22. 0. pleurophthalmua.

21. O. niaridioides.

III. Shields on the upper surface of the head small.

23. 0. argus. 24. 0. maculatus. 25. O. micropeltes

(stevensii).

1. Ophiocephalus pimctatus.

Ophicephalus punctatus, Bl. taf. 358; JBl. Schn. p. 237; Cuv. Sf Val. y\\.

p. 404 ; Bleck. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hin-

clost. p. 95.

karrouvei, Lac^. iii. p. 552.

latus, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. C3, 637. tab. 34. fig. 18.

indicus, McClell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 583.

D. 29-31. A. 20-22. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/9.

Three or four large teeth on each side of the lower jaw. The

3. Ophicephalus miliaris, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 4.39. — China.

4. iris, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 439. — China.

5. jovis, liichards. Ichth. Chin. p. 252. — China.

6. theophrasti, Val. in Jacq. Voy. Ind. Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 1.

7. leucopunctatus, Sy/ces in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 352. tab. 60. fig. 3.

— Dekkan.

riiilypiioides surakartensis, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 19, is, according to
a communication from Dr. v. Blceker, the young of some sj^ecies of
Ophiocephalus.

470 OPfllOCEPHALID^.

height of the body is containcrl six times in the total length, the
length of the head three times and two-thiixls, and that of the caiidal
fin five times and a half ; the width of the head is three-fifths of its
length. The ■\vidth of the interorbital space is more than the extent
of the snout, and contained four times and a half in the length of
the head. The maxillary does not quite extend to the vertical from
the posterior margin of the eye. There are five series of scales be-
tween the eye and the angle of the praeoperculum. The pectoral
extends to the origin of the anal fin, and its length is somewhat more
than one-half of that of the head. The length of the ventral is
nearly three-fourths of that of the pectoral, Body and tail: with
two series of alternate transverse blackish spots ; a blackish streak
from the eye to the scapula : these markings become indistinct Avith
age. The lower half of the body with scattered black dots. Fins
black or blackish ; the dorsal and anal -with longitudinal series of
black spots.

Fresh waters of the East Indian Continent and of Ceylon.

a. Adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

b. Adult : stuffed. Loodianah. From Mr. (irifiith's Collection.

c. Half-grown : skin. Doiu-ra, Loodianah. Named OpMoceplialus

indicus.

d. Adult : stuffed. Scharunpore. From Mr. Griffith's Collection, as

0])h'ioceph(dus indicus, Griff'.
e-g, h-i. Adult, half-gi'own, and young. East Indies. Presented

by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Types of Ophiocephalus lata, B. H.
Jc, l-m, n, 0, 2^, q, r-s, t. Adult, half-grown, and yoimg. Ceylon.
M. Adiilt. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

2. Ophiocephalus affinis.

D. 30. A. 22. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 4/8.

Several teeth in the lower jaw larger than the rest ; those of the
vomer cardiform, in a narrow band ; a single scries on the palatine
bones. The height of the body is contained five times and three-
fifths in the total length, the length of the head three times and
three-fifths. The length of the caudal fin equals the height of the
body. The width of the head is three-fifths of its length ; the width
of the interorbital space is more than the extent of the snout, and
contained foiu' times and a quarter in the length of the head. The
maxillary extends nearly to the vertical from the posterior margin
of the orbit. There are five series of scales between the eye and the
angle of the praeoperculum. The pectoral extends to the origin of
the anal fin, and its length is more than one-half of that of the head ;
the length of the ventral is three-quarters of that of the pectoral.
Body with dark cross-bands, which become irregular and more nii-
merous below the lateral line, where they are edged with silvery ;
an indistinct dark streak fr-om the eye to the scapula, edged with
silvery. Lower parts without black dots. Dorsal fin anteriorly with
two, posteriorly with three, anal with four blackish longitudinal

I. opiiiocEPnALUs. 471

lines ; caudal with transverse series of brown spots ; pectorals im-
maculate ; vcntraLs white.
Hah. ?

a. Fine specimen, sixty-two lines long. Perhaps from the Mauritius.

From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6. Adult. From the Collection of the East India Company.

This species is closely allied to 0. punctatiis, but has a different
coloration.

3. Ophioceplialus gachua.

Ophict'plialus gachua, Buck. Ham. Gang. Fishes, p. G8. pi. 21. Hg. 21 ;

Tdi/lor ill IJrcicsfcr's Ediiih. Joiirn. 8c. 1831, v. pp. 34, 3G.
anraiitiacus, Biich. Ham. I. c. p. 09. pi. 23. fig. 22 ; Cuv. ^- Val. vii.

p. 4 15 (P variety).
Kora-moUa, liasseU, ii. p. 49.
Ophicephnlus linibatus, Cm: S^- Val. vii. pi. 201.
niarginatus, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 411 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. G(n. xxiii.,

Labi/r. p. 14 ; Jacq. Voi/. Lid. Puiss. pi. 13. fig. 2.

cora-mota, Cia\ d^- Val. vii. p. 414.

fiiscus, Cuv. i.y Val. vii. p. 414.

montanus, 3IacClell. Cafe. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 583.

D. 34-37. A. 21-23. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 3/7.

No large teeth in the jaws, several on the vomer shghtly enlarged.
The height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the
length of the head four times and a half, the length of the caudal
six times and two-thirds. The width of the interorbital space is
much more than the length of the snout, and two-sevenths of that
of the head. The maxillaiy extends to the vertical from the poste-
rior margin of the eye. There are four series of scales between the
eye and the angle of the pra3operculum. The pectoral does not ox-
tend to the origin of the anal fin, and its length is two-thirds of that
of the head. The length of the ventral is less than one-half of that
of the pectoral. lh-f)wnish (in spirits), with indistinct cross-bars on
the l)ack. Dorsal and anal with a very naiTow, caudal with a broader
whitish margin ; pectoral with several transverse series of brown
dots, more distinct on the basal portion of the fin than towards the
extremity.

Fresh waters of the East Indian Continent and Archipelago.

a-h. Fine specimens. East Indies. Presented by G. K. Waterhouse,

Escp — Types of the species,
f. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by Dr. Horsficld.
d~e. Adult and half-grown. Dukhun. From the Collection of the

East India Comi)any.
/. Adult: stuffed. Afghanistan. From the Collection of the East

India Company as Ophioceplialus montanus, Griff.

0. aumntiacus, Buch. Ham., may prove to be a distinct species.
Althoiigh the author says that it agrees in every respect with 0. ga-
chua except in colour, yet the figure represents a fish with consider-
ably larger scales. The typical specimen is not preserved in the CoUec-
1 ion presented by Mr. Waterhouse ; and, in fact, the drawing is taken

472 OI'mOCKPHALID^li.

from the Hardwicke Collection. The colour is yellowi.sh, with a
rosy shade on the back and an oblong rosy blotch on the giU-covers.

Var. basalis.

A white transverse streak across the base of the pectoral ; several
others behind, alternately blackish and whitish. •

g-h. Adult and young. From the Collection of the East India
Company.

This species lias a black ocellus edged with white on the hindmost
part of the dorsal fin when young.

i. Young. East Indies. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

4. OpMocephalus kelaartii.

D. 31-35. A. 22. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 4/8.

Several teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer are somewhat
larger than the others. The maxillary extends to the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit. The length of the caudal fin is
one-fifth of the total.

Ceylon.

a, b, c-l. Fine specimens. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Description. — This species is allied to 0. gachua, differing from it
by its longer caudal fin. The height of the body is contained seven
times in the total length, the length of the head four times. The
width of the interorbital space is much more than the length of the
snout, and two-sevenths of the length of the head. The cleft of the
mouth is of moderate width, the maxillary extending to the vertical
from the posterior margin of the orbit.

The teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones stand in a single
series, and several of the former and of the lower are somewhat
larger than the rest. The scales on the upper surface of the head
are large, plate-like ; there are five series of scales between the eye
and the angle of the praeoperculum. The pectoral extends to the
origin of the anal fin, and its length equals the distance of the eye
from the end of the operculum, and is more than twice the length of
the ventral fin. Caudal somewhat pointed. Greenish -olive (in spirits),
with very indistinct small darker spots ; vertical fins wdth a whitish
margin ; pectorals dotted all over with greyish; ventral fins colourless.

Length sixty-six lines.

5. OpMocephalus rhodotssnia.
Bleeker, Borneo, v. p. 425.

D. 41. A. 24. L. lat. 50.

No large teeth. The height of the body is one-eighth or one-
ninth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth, the
length of the caudal two-ninths. The maxillary extends to below
the eye. The pectorals are much longer than the ventrals. Black-

1. 0PHI0CEPHALU3. 473

ish-brown, \vith a red band running from the eye to the caudal ;
fins blackish ; dorsal with yellowish streaks posteriorly ; ventrals
greenish. (BleeJc.)

Kivers of Sambas (Borneo).

This species is founded upon a single, apparently young specimen.

6. Ophiocephalus mystax.

Sleeker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 1853, v, p. 188.
D. 38-39. A. 22. L. lat. 50.

Several larger teeth in the lower jaw. The height of the body is
contained eight times in the total length, the length of the head four
times to four times and a fourth, the length of the caudal five times
and a third. The maxillary extends to behind the orbit. The length
of the pectoral is two-thirds of that of the head, the length of the
ventral two-fifths. BroTVTiish-green : head with yellow spots infe-
riorly ; a brown streak from the jaw to the interoperculum. Fins
brownish : anal with red margin ; ventrals yellow. {Bl.)

Rivers of Banka.

7. Ophiocephalus melanosoma.

Ophicephalus melasoma, Bleeker, Borneo, v. p. 424, and Natuurk.
Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. v. 1853, p. 189.

D. 40-42. A. 25-26. L. lat. 54-55. X. transv. 4/11.

Several larger teeth in the lower jaw. The height of the body
is contained eight times and a half or nine times in the total length,
the length of the head four times or four times and a fourth, the
length of the caudal five times and two-thirds. There are nine series
of scales between the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum. The
maxillary extends behind the orbit. The pectorals are two-thirds of
the length of the head, the ventrals two-thirds of that of the pectoral.
Blackish -brown, fins black ; the lower parts of the head, the beUy,
the ventrals, and the base of the anal whitish, with dark-brown spote.

Borneo. Banka. Nias.

a. Fine specimen : seventeen inches long. Borneo.
h. Adult : stuffed. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

8. Ophiocephaliis melanopterus.
Bleeker, Borneo, vs.. p. 420.

D. 45. A. 30. L. lat. 55.

Several larger teeth on each side of the lower jaw. The height of
the body is contained seven times in the total length, the length of
the head five times, the length of the caudal fin five times and a half.
The maxillary extends behind the orbit. Ventrals half as long as
pectorals. Violet-oUve, fins darker ; the posterior half of the dorsal
and the entire anal with oblique blue stripes ; the basal half of the
caudal blue-dotted. {BleeJc.)

Kiver Kapuas (Borneo).

474

ornrocKPnAi.iD.K.

it. Ophiocephalus cyanospilos.

Bleckcr, Suvtatra, ii. p. 25(j.

D. 42. A. 25. L. lat. 55.

Several large teeth in the lower jaAV. The height uf tlie bod}- i.s
eontained eight times in the total length, the l-ngth of the liead
three times and three-fourths, the length of the eaudal tin five times
and a half. The maxillary extends to the vertical from the posterior
margin of the orbit. The length of the ventral is two- thirds of that
of the pectoral. Greenish-brown, the lower parts clouded wHli
darker and dotted with blue ; fins blackish, vcntrals white. {BL}

llivers of Telok betong (Sumatra).

lU. OpMocepnalus striatus.

()j)hiocep]ialus striatus, BL tab. •')."/■• ; Bl. iSc/ui. p. L'oH ; S/uiw, 7aiuI. iv.

p. 5.'J0 ; Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 417. pis. 202 ^V 20(5 ; Jcrdoii, Miulr. Jouni.

XV. p. 14(5 J Cant. Catal. p. 92 ; (Juv. libipie Aii/iii. III. Puiss. pi. 75.

lig. 2 ; Blcek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii., Lahi/r. p. l-">.
Opliiccplialiis wralil, Laiip. iii. p. 502; Bitch. Hum. ]ip. (!0, 31)7. pi. 31.

fi<i\ 17 ; 3[(tcL'ldl. Calc. Joitrn. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 575.
Bussrll, pi. 102.

0])liiccplialus chona, Bach. Ham. pp. 02, 307.
'■i Upliicephalus planiceps, Cue. <y Val. -\ ii. p. 424.

1). 40-45. A. 20-27. L. lat. 57. L. transv. ^. Vert. 53-55.

Several large teeth on the sido of the lower jaw, those of the
palatine bones cardiform. The height of the body is coJitaincd nearly
seven times in the total length, the length of the head three times
and three- fourths, the length of the caudal fin six times ; the width
of tho interorbital space is rather more than the extent of the snout,
and two-ninths of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth large,
tho maxillary extending behind the orbit. There are eight or tcrl
series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the pncoperculum.
The pectoral does not extend to the origin of the anal fin, and its length
is one-half of that of the head ; the length of the ventral is three-
fourths of that of the pectoral. Ihownish-grey (in spirits) on tho
back and the sides, emitting vertical processes tov.'ards the belly,
which is white. Dorsal and aiial fins sonu^times with ol)li(pie dark
streaks ; frequently some white dots on a black ground on the hind-
most part of these fins.

Fresh watci's of the East Indies.

a. Large specimen : stuffed. Loodiiiriah. From ^Ir. Griffith's Col-
lection.

h, c-f. /idult and young. Ganges. Presented by (J. K. AVatcrhousc,
Esq,

</. Many half- grown and young specimens. Bengal. From the
Collection of tho East India Company,

h-k. Adult and half-grown : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection.

/. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

1. orniocEPHALrs. 475

m, n, 0-2^. Adult aud half-grown. Ceylon.
q-r. Young-. Siam. From M. Mouliot's Collection.
s-t. Adult. Java.

u. Young, riiilippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
v-y. Adult : stuffed. East Indies.

1 z. Adult. China. Presented by the East India Company. — The
body is rather more elevated than in tlie southern specimens,

11. Opiiioceplialus polylepis.
BlcekeVy Sumatra, i. p. 578.

D. 40. A. 30. L. lat. 58.

Large teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. The
height of the body is contained seven times in the total length, tlie
length of the head three times and two-thirds, the length of the
caudal tin six times. There are about sixteen scales in a longitudinal
series between the eve and the gill-opening. The maxillary does
not extend to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. The
pectorals are half as long as the head, but much longer than the
ventral. Greenish, the lower part of the sides with about twelve
oblique blackish bands ; tins greenish ; dorsal and anal with two
black longitudinal bands or with two series of black spots ; the other
tins variegated with blackish. (Bleeh.)

Rivers of Solok (West Sumatra).

12, Ophiocephalus bankanensis.

lileeker, Natwurk. I'ijdschr. Nvdvrl Ind. iii. p. 72G, and v. p. 187,

D, 40. A, 29-30. L. lat. 00-65.

Several large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The height of the body is contained seven times and a third
to eight times in the total length, the length of the head four times
to four times and a cjuarter, the length of the caudal five times and
a half to six times and a half. The maxillary extends behind, and in
immature specimens to, the vertical from the posterior margin of the
eye. The length of the pectoral is contained once and three-fourths
to Oiicc and five-sixths in that of the head, tlie length of the ventral
twice and a half to twice and three-fourths. Greenish, clouded ^\'ith
darker ; immature specimens with a light wa\4ng band along the
side. Head and lower part of the side with black dots ; opercle with
a large brownish spot ; vertical fins violet, black-dotted ; pectorals
brownish, Avith the rays yeUoAV-dotted ; liinder half of the ventrals
brownishi, {lil.)

Rivers of Banka and Borneo.

13. Ophiocephalus luciiis.

Ophicephalus lucius, (Kahl i^- v. JIass.) Ctiv. Sf- Val. vii. p. 41G; Bleek.
Verhand. Batuv. Geiioolsch. xxiii., Lahijr. p. 13.

D. 30-40, A. 28-29. L. lat, 65,

Several large teeth in the lower jaw and on the palate. The

476 opniocEPnALiD.E.

height of the body is one-sixth or onc-sevonth of tlie total length,
the length of the head two-sevcntha. The upper profile of the
snout concave ; head with large scales superiorly. The cleft of the
mouth extends to below the eye. J3rownish above, dotted with
black ; lighter inferiorly, with about twelve black transverse bands ;
an interrupted blackish longitudinal band from the operculum to the
caudal fin. Two oblique black streaks on the side of the head.
Vertical fins brownish, with black spots ; pectorals variegated with
black.

East Indian Archipelago.

14. Ophiccephalus siamensis.

D. 42. A. 27. L. lat. 05. L. transv. 5/11.

Large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained six times and four-fifths in the
total length, the length of the head three times and two-fifths, the
length of the caudal six times. The width of the interorbital space
is more than the extent of the snout, and two-ninths of the length
of the head. Cleft of the mouth wide, the maxiUary not extending
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye (in old speci-
mens it probably reaches to below that margin). There arc eleven
series of scales between the eye and the angle of the pra;operculum ;
scales on the upper surface of the head of moderate size. The pec-
toral extends to the origin of the anal fin, and its length is less than
one-half of that of the head ; the ventral is not much shorter than
the pectoral. Greenish-olive, with darker streaks along the scries of
scales ; a light longitudinal band from the eye to the midtUe of the
caudal fin ; two series of alternate darker blotches, one above the
light band, the other below ; side of the head with three oblicjue
brown bands ; dorsal and anal fins with oblique blaeldsh stripes ;
caudal with blackish spots ; the lower side of the head blaeldsh, with
white spots.

Siam.

a. Fine specimen : young, forty-four lines long. Siam. From M.
Mouhot's Collection.

15. Ophiocephalus obscurus.

D. 42. A. 2G. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/14.

Several largo teeth in the lower jaw ; those on the vomer and the
palatine bones cardiforra, in narrow bands. Th-e maxillary extends
behind the orbit. Blackish ; a series of large round black blotches
along the side.

JIah. ?

a-h. Presented by C. Swanzz, Esq.

Descrijition. — The height of the body is nearly one-eighth of the
total length; the length of the head nearly one-fourth ; the width of

1. orniocEPHALus. 477

the interorbital space is more than the extent of the snout, and one-
fourth of the length of the head. The cleft of tlie mouth is ^\•ide,
the maxillary extending behind the orbit. The scales on the upper
surface of the head arc of moderate size, those on the neck small; there
are thirteen series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the
pra;operculum. The pectoral does not extend on to the origin of the
anal, and its length is one-half of that of the head ; the length of
the ventral is three-quarters of that of the pectoral. Caudal rounded,
its length being six times and a third in the total. Blackish, lighter
below, with dark streaks along the series of scales ; a series of black
blotches along the side ; head with two indistinct oblique dark stripes
on the side ; vertical fins blackish, the dorsal with obli(iuc black
spots along its base. Pectoral and ventral variegated -svith blackish.
Chin black, with white spots.
Length seventy-seven lines.

IG. OpMocephalus barca.

Buck. Ham. Fishes of the Ganycs, p. 07. pi. 35. fig. 20, cop. in Cuv. ^•
Val. vii. p. 436.

D. 50-52. A. 35-36. L. lat. 62. L. transv. 5/11.

A row of large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the
palatine bones. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth, that of the caudal one-
fifth. The width of the interorbital space is much more than the
extent of the snout, and two-sevenths of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth large, the maxillary extending behind the orbit.
There are nine series of scales between the orbit and the angle of
the praioperculum. The pectoral does not quite extend to the ongin
of the anal fin, its length being more than one-half of that of the
head ; the length of the ventral is two-fifths of that of the pectoral.
Dark violet (in spirits), dotted aU over with black ; the dorsal and
anal fins with numerous short cross-stripes on the membrane between
the rays ; pectoral black-dotted, ventral violet.

Fresh waters of Bengal.

a. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schla-
gintweit.

17. OpMocephalus nigricans.
Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 431.

D. 50. A. 34.

Large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The height of the body is one-ninth of the total length,
the length of the head two-ninths. Cleft of the mouth large.
Brownish-black, with some indistinct darker cross-bands on the
back ; dorsal and caudal black, pectoral and anal with numerous
transparent dots ; ventrals gi'eyish. ( Val.)

East Indies.

478 opniocKniALioai.

18, Ophiocephaliis grandinosus.

Ophicophalus pTanJinosus, Cur. c^ I'al. vii. p. 4"1J. pi. 20.'>.
puticola, Richards. Ichth. CJiin. p. 252.

D. 53. A. 35.

Large tcctli on each side of the lower jaw. The height ol tlie body
is onc-oighth of the total length. Cleft of the mouth wide. Yon-
trals well developed. Brown, with indistinct darker cross-bands ;
vertical fins blackish, with white dots ; similar dots on the sides of
the body, {lal.)

Fresh waters of China. River ^Maisscur.

19. Ophiocep.ialus marulius.

Bitch. Ham. Fishes of the Gaiujis, p. (»•"). pi. 17. fig. 19; Cin\ 8f Val.
vii. p. 4-j2 ; Taijlor in Brewster's Ediuh. Jown. Sc. 1881, v. p. 3(>.

D. 49-55. A. 31-3G. L. lat. 60. L. transv. ^g^.

Several large teeth on the side of the lower jaw. The height of
the body is one-seventh of the total length, the length of the head
one-fourth, that of the caudal fin one-sixth. The width of the inter-
orbital space is more than the extent of the snout, and one-fourth of
the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth large, the maxillary
extending behind the orbit. There are ten series of scales between
the orbit and the angle of the proeopercidum. The pectoral docs not
quite extend to the origin of the anal fin, its length being rather more
than one-half of that of the head ; the length of the ventral is two-
thirds of that of the pectoral. Brownish-olive (in spirits), with four
or five dark blotches below the lateral line ; a black ocellus edged
with white superiorly on the base of the caudal fin ; vertical fins
irregularly spotted with white. Young individuals with a white
band, ruiuaing from the orbit to the upper part of the caudal fin,
teiTninating in the ocellus mentioned. In very young specimens, the
white band terminates in a white spot without black in the centre.

Fresh Avaters of Bengal, Hindostan, and Ceylon.

a. Adult: stuffed. Loodianah. From the Collection of the East

India Company.
h-c, d-h, i-lc, I. Young. Bengal.

m-n. Fine specimen. Ceylon, Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
0-^. Adult: stuffed. From the Collection of the East India Company.

I observe that all the young, banded specimens have the largest
number of dorsal rays (54-55), whilst the old ones without light
band have only 49 or 50. This may be an accidental circumstance,
which, however, deserves further investigation.

20. Ophiocephalus pseudomarulius.
D. 48. A. 33. L. lat. 04. L. transv, 6/14.
Several largo teeth on the side of the lower jaw. The height of

1. opniocEPHALtis. 479

the body is contained fivo times and funr-fiftbs in the total k'ngtli,
the length of the head three times and fonr-fifths. The width of
the interorbital space is more than the extent of the snout, and one-
fourth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth large, the
maxillary extending behind the orbit. There arc ten series of scales
between the orbit and the angle of the pra^operculum. The pec-
toral does not quite extend to the origin of the anal fin, its length
being one-half of that of the head ; the length of the ventral is
neai-ly three-fourths of that of the jjectoral. A blach, white-edged
ocellus superiorly on the basal portion of the caudal fin. Ko dark
blotches are visible on the side of the single dried specimen.
East Indian continent.

a. Nine inches long : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

This species is allied to 0. mantllus, from which it may be readily
distinguished by six longitudinal series of scales between the lateral
line and the anterior portion of the dorsal fin.

21. Ophiocephalus marulioides.

Blether, Bornrn, v. p. 424.

I). 45. A. 30. L. lat. 55.

Several larger teeth in the lower jaw. The heiglit of tlie })ody is
contained seven times and a half in the total lengtli, the length of
the head four times, the length of the caudal fin nearly five times.
The maxillary extends scarcely behind the orbit. The jjcctoi-als are
much longer than the vcntrals. Blackish green, ventrals whitisli ;
a black ocellus edged with red superiorly on the base of the caudal
fin. {Blcel:)

Rivers of Sambas (Borneo).

22. Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus.

Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus, Blcrk. Nitfino-k. Tijihrhr. Ncdcrl. Ltd.

i. p. 270, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ncdcrl. iii., Sumatra, \i. Ji7.
ui'ophthalnuis, Blcvk. Samutra, i. p. r>78.

1). 40 42. A. 2y-;30. L. lat. 55-57.

Large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and on the palatine
bones ; two smaller ones on each side of the upper jaw. The heiglit of
the body is contained five or six times in the total length, the length
of the head three times and a half to nearly four times, the length
of the caudal fin five times and three-fifths. The maxillary extends
to, or somewhat behind, the vertical from the ])osterior margin of
the orbit. The length of the ventral is four-fifths of that of the
pectoral. Olive, with five black ocelli edged with Avhitish along
the sides, the last on the middle of the base of the caudal fin ; head
with two oblique brownish bands running from the eye to the inter-
opcrculum ; inferior parts of tlic sides spotted with brown, each spot

480 OPniOCEPHALTD^.

with, small ocelli ; dorsal and anal fins witli small violet ocelli at
the base.

Rivers of Bandjermassing (Borneo) and of Palemhang (Sumatra).

a. Fine specimen. Borneo.

23. OpMocephalus argus.

Cant. Ann. 8f 3faff. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 484.

D. 49-50. A. 33. L. lat. 62. L. transv. ^.

17

A row of large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the pa-
latine bones. The height of the body is contained six times in the
total length, the length of the head thi-ee times and a half, the length
of the caudal six times and a half. In young specimens the body is
somewhat lower. The width of the interorbital space is nearly
equal to the extent of the snout, and one-sixth of the length of the
head. Cleft of the mouth very large, the maxillary extending behind
the orbit. Shields on the upper surface of the head small. There
are thirteen series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the
praeoperculum. The pectoral does not extend to the origin of the
anal fin, its length being two-fifths of that of the head ; the length
of the ventral fin is two-thirds of that of the pectoral. Greyish-oUve
(in spirits), with two series of large round brown spots edged with
silvery. Similar ocellated spots on the upper surface of the head ;
a brown band edged with silvery from the eye to the humeral region ;
another, which is interrupted, from the eye to the base of the pectoral.

Fresh waters of China and Chusan.

a, h, c. Adult, half- grown, and young. Chusan. From the Collec-
tion of the East India Company. — T^'pes of the species.
d-e, f, g, h-i, Jc-n. Adult, half-grown, and young. China.

24. OpMocephalus maculatus.

Bostrychus maculatvLS, Lacep. iii. pp. 140, 143.
Ophicephalus maculatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. vii. p. 437; Richards. Ichth.
Chtfi. p. 251.

D. 44-45. A. 28-29. L. lat. 56. L. transv. ^. Vert. 52.

14

A row of large teeth in the lower jaw and on the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head three times and three-quarters, the length of
the caudal six times and a half. The width of the interorbital space
is equal to the extent of the snout, and nearly one-sixth of the
length of the head. Cleft of the mouth very large, the maxiUary
extending behind the orbit. Scales on the upper surface of the head
small. There are twelve scries of scales between the orbit and the
angle of the praeoperculum. The pectoral does not extend on to the"
origin of the anal fin, its length being two-fifths of that of the head ;
the length of the ventral fin is two-thii'ds of that of the pectoral.

1. OPHIOCEPHALtrS. 481

Greyish-olive (in spirits), with two series of large round brown spots
incompletel}^ edged with silvery. Irregular spots on the upper sur-
face of the head ; a brown band from the eye, continued into the
upper series of spots ; another, which is interrupted, from the eye to
the base of the pectoral.
Fresh waters of China.

This species is closely allied to 0. argus, but may be readily distin-
guished by the larger scales and smaller number of fin-rays.

a, h. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — One of these
specimens has the body lower than the others, its depth being
one-eighth of the total length.

e, d, e-f. Adult, half-grown, and young. China.

g. Adult: skeleton.

h. Intestines of specimen g.

The stomach is an oblong caecal cavity ; there are two pyloric ap-
pendages, the length of each being two-fifths of that of the intestines ;
the latter make an inferior and superior curve, and are half as long
as the fish. The liver has two notches, the left lobe being somewhat
prolonged downwards. Gall-bladder free. The air-bladder is simple,
exceedingly long, extending on between the muscles of the tail to
the end of the anal fin.

Skeleton. — The skuU has some resemblance to that of a Mugil ; its
upper surface is flat and smooth, the interorbital space broad ; there
is no occipital crest, and scarcely any on the sides. The principal
frontal bones extend on to the anterior part of the orbit, where they
are continued by the turbinal bones, which are well ossified and form
oblique sutures with the frontals. The postfrontals are narrow,
situated at the side of the principal frontals, and form a ridge pro-
jecting over the tympanic groove. Praefrontals small ; a narrow
portion of the ethmoid is visible between the turbinal bones. The
bones of the jaws are strong, elongate ; the maxillary slightly di-
lated posteriorly ; processes of the inteiTnaxUlaries short. The head
of the vomer is semicii'cular ; palatines long ; infraorbital ring com-
plete, of moderate width ; tympanic groove very large, with the bones
well ossified ; the limbs of the pra^operculum meet at a right angle,
and are of equal lei^gch. The epitympanic has a broad vertical
lamella interiorly, which forms a part of the cavity accessory to the
gill-cavity ; the upper and lower pharyngeals are covered with cardi-
form teeth, and do not show anj" peculiarity in their form.

The system of muciferous channels is well developed, and received
into the interior of the bones ; very distinct pores indicate their
course. One of the channels commences on the turbinal bone, and
is divided into two portions, one of which runs along the infra-
orbital ring, the other along the frontals ; a transverse branch imites
the frontal portion with that of the other side. The infraorbital and
frontal portions are confluent into one branch behind the orbit, running
along the postfrontal and parietal to the upper end of the praeoper-
culum. The second channel commences at the symphysis of the

VOL. III. 2 I

482 OI'UIOCI, I'll ALT U.K.

lower jaw, passes tlie tympanic, and running along the prccopercular
limbs meets the first cliannel. The united stem of botli passes over
the suprascapula into the muciferous system of the trunk, after having
emitted a short branch towards the supraoccipital.

The scapula is longer than the suprascapula ; ulna Avith a small
ovate foramen ; the radius does not extend downwards to the sym-
physis of the humeri, and is quite flat, so that the cavity for the
pectoral muscles is very shallow ; there is a broad slit between radius
and humerus ; carpal bones very small ; the upper portion of the
coracoid broad, the lower short, tliin, and narrow. The pubic bones
are elongate, triangular, and suspended from the symphysis of the
humeri.

The vertebral column is composed of fifty-two short vertel)raD. We
cannot distinguish a caudal portion, as the abdominal cavity is con-
tinued on to nearly the end of the tail. Nearly all the vei'tebrte have
ribs suspended fi-om long parapoi)hyses, and the interhtcmnls are not
in immediate connexion with the skeleton ; neurals sti'ongly inclined
backwards, rather feeble ; one interncural always corresponds to one
neural,

25. Ophiocephaliis micropeltes.

Ophicephalns micropeltes, (Kiilil i^-r. ILiss.) Cur. Sf Val. vii. p. 427;

Bleak. Vrrhiuid. Jitdar. (Jnitxifsch. xxiii., Jj<ih[irintli. p. 12.
serpentiuus, Cuv.^- Val. vii. p. 42U; G'riff'. A/iim. Kiiu/d. x, pi. 52.

fig. 3.

D. 44. A. 27. L. lat. 95. L. transv. G/15. Vert. 53.

A scries of large teeth in the lower jaw and on the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained six times in the total Icngtli, the
length of the head nearly four times. The width of the intcrorbital
space is much more tlian the extent of the snniit, and contained three
times and three-fourths in the length of the head. Cleft of the
mouth large, extending behind the orbit. The scales on the ujipe?
surface of the head are small, and there arc about seventeen series
of scales between the orbit and the angle of the prteoperculum. Tlu;
ventral is not much shorter than the i)ectoral. IJack and sides brown :
two series of alternate round light spots along the side ; the spots
are sometimes confluent, forming a zigzag band. Yoiduj bi-own, with
lighter longitudinal stripes.

Fresh waters of Siam and of the East Indian Archipelago.

a. Eighteen inches long : stuffc'd. 8iam. From the Collection of

the East India Com])any. — Type of 0. scrpenthius.
h. Adidt : skeleton. Purchased.

Dr. V. Blocker distinguishes another species from tlio ]iresent one,
w^hich he calls 0. atevensli (Borneo, vii. p. 444) and which is said to
have tlie body rather more elongate, its dei)th ])eing one-seventh of
the total length. Tlu>re a])pears also to be a difl'erencc in the colo-
ration of the dorsal fin, wliich he d(>sc]'ibes as having a broad brown
longitvulinal band in 0. micropeUa^. A\'liilst it is violet in 0. t^lcviush
with several broad oblique ligliter ban<ls.

2. CHANNA. 483

2. CHANNA.
Channa, Gronov. Zonphyl. p. 135.

Ventral fins none. Pyloric appendages none. Fine teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones, intermixed with larger
ones in the lower jaw.

Fresh waters of Ceylon.

This genus, known to Gronow and Schneider, has not been recog-
nized by recent authors. The tj-jDical specimen is not preserved in
Gronow's Collection.

1 . Clianna orientalis.

Channa, sp., Grotw7\ Zoonhijl. p. 1.35. tab. 9. fig. 1.
Channa orientalis, Bl. Srhn. p. 490. tab. 90. fig. 2.
indica, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gnvj, p. 100.

D. 34. A. 22. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 3/8.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a third, the length of the
caudal five times. The interorbital space is very slightly convex,
and its width is contained thrice and two-fifths in the length of the
head. Snout rather obtuse ; cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary
extending behind the orbit. Several teeth in the lower jaw larger
than the rest ; those of the vomer and the i)alatine bones in a single;
series. The length of the pectoral equals the distance of the end of
the operculum from the orbit. Dark greenish-olive, indistinctly
spotted with blackish. Fins with blackish si^ots.

Ceylon,

«, h, c-e, f-h. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ceylon. Purchased
of Mr. Cuming.

The accessory respiratoiy organ is vciy little complicated : it is a
cavity, the opening of which is partly closed by a fold of the mucous
membrane of the upper pharjnigeal bone, by another of the upper
portion of the first branchial arch, and finally by a lamelliform pro-
cess of the cpitympanic.

2i 2

4S4 XRicnoxoTiu.i;.

Fam. 40. TRICHONOTID^.

Gobioidei, part., Cuvier.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with cycloid scales of mo-
derate size. Eyes directed upwards. Teeth in \illiforni bands.
The infraorbital ring does not articulate with the pra^opcrcnlum.
One long dorsal fin, with articulated, not branched rays, and without
a distinct spinous portion ; anal long ; ventrals jugular, with on*;
spine and five rays. Gill-opening very wide, seven branchiostegals ;
pseudobranchiae. No prominent papilla near the anus. Air-bladder
and pyloric appendages absent. Caudal vertebrae much more nu-
merous than those of the abdominal portion.

Carnivorous fishes, living near the shores of the Ea.*it Indian
Archipelago and of New Zealand.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Palatine teeth 1. Triciionotus.

Palatine teeth none 2. IIemerocoetes.

The afiinities of these fishes arc very obscure, and one may well
doubt whether they are Acantho- or Malacopter^gians, the two or
three unarticulated dorsal rays of Trichonotus scarcely entitling them
to a place among the Acanthopterygians. The structure of the ven-
tral fin (1/5) induces me to leave them in this Order ; but, then, it
appears to be the better course to consider them as a separate family.

1. TRICHONOTUS.

Trichonotus, Bl. Schn. p. 179 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 315.

Head depressed, pointed, trunk subcylindiical, tail compressed ;
cleft of the mouth wide, nearly horizontal, with the lower jaw longest ;
eyes of moderate size, directed upwards. Scales of moderate size,
cycloid ; lateral line continuous. One dorsal ; ventrals jugular, with
one spine and five rays. Gill-opening very wide, with the gill-mem-
branes scarcely united below the throat ; seven branchiostcgals.
ViUiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
Air-bladder and pyloric appendages none.

Coasts of Celebes and Ceram.

1. Trichonotus setigerus.

Trichonotus setigerus, Bl. Schn. p. 179. taf. 89; Cuv. Sf VaL xii.

p. yiG; Bleek. Celeb, v. p. 201.
polyophthalmus, Bleek. Ceram. in. p. 243 (fern.).

B. 7. D. 47-48. A. 37-38. L. lat. 57.

Vomerine teeth in an angular band. The space between the eyes

2. UEJIKROCOETKS. 485

very narrow. Two or four of the anterior dorsal rays produced,
more or less filiform. Greenish, with ten large brown blotches on
the back ; head and body with numerous red, black-edged ocelli.
Coasts of Celebes and Ceram.

2. HEMEROCOETES.

Ilemeroccetes, Cuv. 8f Vul xii. p. 311.

Head depressed, pointed, trunk subcylindrical, tail slightly com-
pressed ; cleft of the mouth wide, nearly horizontal, with the upper
jaw longest; eyes rather large, directed upwards. Scales of mode-
rate size, cycloid ; lateral line continuous. One dorsal ; all the rays
articulated, and not branched ; ventrals jugular, with one spine and
five rays. Gill-opening very wide, -with the gill- membranes scarcely
united below the throat ; seven branchiostegals ; pscudobranchia?.
Villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer, and on the separated
lower pharj-ngeal bones ; none on the palatines. Air-bladder and
\ yloric f^ppendages none.

Coasts of New Zealand.

1. Hemerocoetes acanthorhynchus.

C'allionymus acanthurliyiichus, Forst. Descr. Anim. cur. Licht. p. 1 17.

monopterygius, Bl. Schn. p. 41.

Hemerocoetes acanthorhvnchus, Cuv. 8( Val. xii. p. 311 ; liichards.

App. to Dicffcnbach's New Zeal. p. 212, and Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish.

p. 123. pi. 54. figa. 7-12.

D. 39-41. A. 36-37. L. lat. 47. Vert. 10/37.

Vomerine teeth in two lateral groups. The maxillary bone ter-
minating anteriorly in a spine ; the space between the eyes very
narrow. Uniform reddish-olive.

Coasts of New Zealand.

«. Fine specimen. New Zealand. Presented by Prof. R. Owen.

b. Adult. Cook's Straits. Presented by Sir E. Home, Bart

c. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by His Excellency Sir G. Grey.

Cr.l'OLlli.K.

Fam. 41. CEPOLID.E.

Tieuioidei, part., Cttviev, Miillci; Owen.
Cepoloidei, Bleek. Entim. Spec. p. xxvi.

Body very elongate, compressed, band-like, covered ■with small
cycloid scales ; eye lateral. Teeth of moderate size. The infra-
orbital bones do not articulate with the praeoperculum. One dorsal,
which, like the anal fin, is very long, and composed of soft rays.
Ventrals thoracic, composed of one spine and five rays. No ])r()-
minent papilla near the vent. Gill-opening -wide, with the gill-
membranes scarcely united below the throat ; branchiostegals six,
pseudobranchiaj and an air-bladder pi'escnt ; pyloric appendage.-5 in
small number. Caudal vertebrae exceedingl)^ numerous.

Temperate seas of Western Europe and of Eastern Asia ; one spe-
cies extending to the East Indies.

Only one genus.

1. CEPOLA*.

Cepola, L. Syst. Nut. i. p. 445 ; Ciiv. Reyne Anim.

Body very elongate, compressed, covered with very small scales.
Head obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth rather wide and oblique.
Eyes lateral, large. Dorsal and anal fins vciy long, composed of soft
rays, more or less contiguous with the caudal ; ventral fins thoracic,
composed of one spine and five rays. Teeth moderate; palate smooth.
Oill-openings wide, with the gill-membranes scarcely united below
the throat ; gills four; pscudobranchitc present ; branchiostegals six ;
air-bladder large. Pyloric appendages in small number.

Mediterranean. British coasts. Seas of China and Japan ; one
species extending southwards to Pinang.

1. Cepola rubescens.

The Band- fish.

Sei-pens rubescens, lioitdcl. xiv. cap. 8. p. 410; Gcsncr, p. F()3;

Wmnyhhy, p. 118.
I\I yrus alter, Aldrov. iii. c. 28. p. 3G7 ; Junst. tab. 5. fig. 5.
T;enia rubra, Willuyhhy, p. 117; Itayy Syn. p. 71.
T;enia, no. 3, Artcdi, Synon. p. 115.
Cepola rubescens, L. Syst. Nut. i. p. 445 ; HI. Sckn. p. 241 ; Montug.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. p. 291. pi. 17; Walh. Artcdi, iii. p. 117; Briinn,

Jchth. Mass. p. 28; 7^mo, Ichfh. Nice, p. 158, and IJ/ir. Mcrid. iii.

n. 294; Donor. Brit. Fishes, v. pi. 105; Turfon, Brit. Faun. p. 04;

Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 195, 2iid edit. i. p. 224, .'inf edit.

ii. p. 305 ; Coach, Trans. Linti. Soc. xiv. p. 70 ; Car. t^ Val. x. p. 388.

pi. .'300 ; Guichen. Fxj). yllyer. Poiss. p. 05.

* 1. Cepola striata, lit. l^chv. p. 242. -Tranqviebar.

1. CEPOLA. 487

Cepola tfenia, L. Stjst. Nat. i. p. 445 ; Bl. v. p. 103. pi. 170 ; lil. Schn.

p. 241 ; Lacep. ii. p. 526; Walb. Artedi, lii. p. 117; Risso, Ichth.

Nice, p. 153.

serpentiformis, Lac^p. ii. p. 529.

longicauda, Swaitis. Lardn. Cycl. Fishes, ii. p. 399.

B. 6. D. 67-69. A. 60. C. 11. Vert. 15/54. C^c. pylor. 8.

The length of the head is one-tenth of the total (without caudal).
Praeoperculum without spines. The anal fin commences in the
vertical from the ninth dorsal ray ; vertical fins sHghtly contigUQus.
Dorsal and anal rays articulated and branched. Scales extremely
small. Reddish : a black spot hidden between the intermaxillary
nnd maxillary.

Mediterranean. British coasts.

a, h. Adult. English coast.

c. Half-grown. South Devonshire. Presented by G. Montagu, Esq.

d. Adult. Kingsbridge. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

e. Adult : skin. Teignmouth. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
f-Ii. Adult and half-grown : skins. Great Britain.
?'. Hulf-grown. Elba. Presented by W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.
Jc. Adult. Baj^ of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq., as Cepola

longlcaiula, Sw.
I. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
m, n, 0, J), q. Adult : in spirits.
r. Adult: skeleton. Scotland, Presented by Dr. Johnston.

Skeleton. — The skull is not distinguished by any striking pecu-
liarity ; it is shoi't and compressed, all the single bones being well
ossified. The crown of the head is slightly convex, smooth, with a
feeble occipital crest posteriori)' ; interorbital space ^vith a longitu-
dinal groove and with a pair of v,nde pores anteriorly ; turbinal bones
concave, spoon-like. Maxillary elongate, triangular, much dilated
posteriorly ; intermaxillary with short posterior processes. The in-
fraorbital ring is throvighout of nearly equal Avidth, rather narrow
and firm. Bottom of the tympanic groove osseous. The limbs of
the praeoperculum are provided -wdth a very distinct muciferous
channel, and of nearly ecjual length ; they meet at an obtuse angle.
Operculum with an internal longitudinal ridge terminatin"g in a short
spine. The cavity for the pectoral mxiscles is rather small. Fifteen
abdominal and fifty-four caudal vertebra? ; vertebra? compressed ;
apophyses and ribs feeble.

lines.

Length of the sixteenth vertebra 2

of the fiftieth vertebra 2

of the abdominal portion 25 g

of the caudal portion 114

488 cei'olidj:.

'2. Cepola schlegelii.

Cepolu kriisensteniii, Tmnn. ^- Schl((j. Faun. Japon. I'uiss. -^X. 81. fig. 1,

(not descr.).
schlegelii, lilcrU. Japan, p. 412, and Vcrhand. Batav. Genoot>"'h.

xxvi., Japan, p. 110.

I), plus quam 70. A. plus quam (JO.

The length of the head is one-tenth of the total (without caudal
fin). Pra;operculum without spines. Vertical fins contiguous. Scales
extremely small (L. lat. plus quam 300). Hose -coloured : a black
spot hidden between the intermaxillaiy and maxillary. (BL)

Coast of Japan.

3. Cepola abhreviata.

Cut'. ^- Val. X. p. 403; Caitt.,Catal. p. 178 Bkek. Act. Soc. Sc. Inilo-
Ncdcrl. in., Sumatra, p. 38.

D. 72-74. A. 74. C. 13. Ciec. pylor. 8.

The length of the head is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total
(without caudal fin). The lower praeopercular margin with five
rather strong teeth. Scales very small, but distinct. The anal
I'ommences oppo.site the eighth dorsal ray ; vertical fins contiguous.
Dorsal and anal rays not branched, and indistinctly articulated.
Ivcddish : caudal rays black.

Molucca Sea. Sea of Pinang. China.

a. Not good state.

h, c. Adult and half-grown: skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.

4. Cepola knisenstemii.

Cepola krusenstemii, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 130 (part., not
fig.): Bhek. Verhand. Batav. Oenootsch. xxv., Nalez. Ichth. Jap. p. 39,
(not Spiott.) ; Kafuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 1854, vi. p. 411;
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi., Japan, p. 108 ; Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-
Nederl. iii., Japan, tab. 2. fig. 1.

himgta, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 277.

B. 6. D. 79-89. A. 76-82. C. 14. L. lat. 150-lGO.

The length of the head is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total
(without caudal fin). The lower praeopercular margin with four or
five spinous teeth. Vertical fins contiguous ; dorsal and anal raya
not branched, and indistinctly articulated. Red : anal fin with a
brown margin.

Sea of Nagasaki.

a. Adult. Japan.

5. Cepola mesoprion

Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi., Japan, p. 109.
B. 6. D. plus quam 90. A. plus quam 90.
The length of the head is one-eleventh or one-twelfth of the total

(iOBIKSOCID.i'.. 489

(without caudal fin). The h)wer prjpopercular nunf;in with seven or
eight large spinous teeth. Scales extremely small (L. lat. plus quam
300). Vertical fins contiguous. Rose-coloured. (Bl.)
Sea of Nagasaki.

6. Cepola marginata.

Krusenstem's Reise, taf. 60. fig. 1.
Cepola marginata, Cuv. ^- Vnl. x. p. 402.

Eed, minutely dotted with black ; a small oblong black spot on
the anterior part of the dorsal fin.
Sea of Japan.

7. Cepola limbata.

Knisoistern s Reise, taf. GO. fig. 2.
Cepola limbata, Cuv. i^ Val. x. p. 402.

Reddish , with rod spots posteriorly. An ovate black spot on the
anterior part of the doi*Bal fki.
Sea of Japan.

Fam. 42. GOBIESOCID./E.

Discoboli, part., Cuv. Rkgne Anim, ; 3IiHl<'r, Bid. Ahlutndl. 1844,

p. 158.
frobiida?, part., Otven, Led. Comp. Anat. i. p. 40.
(lobiesocioidei, part., Bleek. Enum. Spec, p. xxvi.

Body rather elongate, anteriorly depressed, naked. Teeth conical
or compressed. A single dorsal fin on the tail, mthout spinous por-
tion ; anal short ;• ventrals widely apart from each other, with one
spine hidden in the skin and four (five) rays. A large adhesive
apparatus between them, the posterior portion of which is suspended
on the coracoid bones, which are partly free, in the axil of the pectoral
fins. Three gills or three and a half. Air-bladder absent. Intestinal
tract short, wide, without pyloric appendages. Skeleton firm ; ver-
tebra ^-^^*

Carnivorous fishes. Most of the species live in the seas of the
temperate regions of both hemispheres ; two are known to inhabit
seas between the tropics.

The stnictui'e of the adhesive apparatus, by which these fishes so
greatly differ from the true Discoboli, is described under /Sicyases
sanrfuineus. For anatomical details see the single species, and espe-
cially Gobicso.v cephahis.

490 GOUlESOCIDiE.

Si/nojysis of the Genera.
* Tlic posterior divhion of the adhesive disk without free anterior margin.

Three gills and a half ; gill-membranes attached

to the istliniua 1. CiioHisocmsMUS, p. 41.10.

Three gills; gill-membranes free. Both jaws

witli a single series of incisors 2. Sicyases, p. 494.

Three gills; gill-membranes free. None of the

jaws with incisors 3. (Jotvli.s, p. 497.

Three gills; gill-membranes free. Several series

of teeth in the upper jaw, and incisors at

least in the lower 4. Gobieso.v, p. 499.

** The posterior portion of the adhesive disk with a free anterior margin.

Tliree gills ; gill-membranes free. Incisors in

both jaws 5. Du'LocREris, p. 506.

Tliree gills ; gill-membranes free. Very small

viUiform teeth in both jaws G. Crepidog aster, p. 507.

Three gills and a half; gill-membranes free.

Very small teeth in both jaws 7. TRACHEiiOCins.MUS, p. 509.

Three gills and a half ; gill-mem'branes attached

to the isthmus. Very small teeth in both

jaws. Dorsal and anal fins with the rays

well developed 8. Lepadogaster, p. 510.

Three gills and a half. Dorsal and anal fins

without distinct roys 9. Leptopterygius, p. 515.

1. CHORISOCHISMUS.

Gobiesox, sp., Cni\ lihgne Anim.

Gobiesox, MilH. ^- I'rusch. Hur. IchtJn/ol. iii. p. 17 (not Laccp.).

Chorisocliismii.s, Bn's. de Burnev. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 209.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin tougli,
naked. Dorsal fin short, situated on the tail ; ventrals widely apart
from each other, composed of a rudimentary spine and four (five)
rays ; posterior portion of the adhesive disk without free anterior
margin. Jaws with a series of large conical teeth in front, and
with broad bands of small ones behind tliis series. Gills tliree
and a half; pseudobranchiai ; branchiostegals five ; gill-membranes
attached to the isthmus.

Cape Seas.

1. Chorisochismus dentex.

C}'cloptenas dentex. Pall. Sincil. vii. p. 6. tab. 1 ; Lacdp. ii. p. G4.

T ifpadoga.gter dentex, Bl. Sc/m. p. 2.

(Jobiesox dentex, Ciiv. licgne AnIm. ; Milll. ^- Troxch. I. c.

gjTinus, Valenc. in Cuv. lityne Anim. III. I'oiss. pi. 108. fig. 1

(very bad).

nudus, Br is. de Barncv. I. c. p. 1 45.

Chorisochismus nudus, Bris. de Barnev. I. c. p. 209.

D. 10. A. 7. C. 10. V. 1/5*.

Base of the pectoral without a vertical cutaneous fold ; tho

* See, on the structure of the ventral fins, p. 493.

1. cuoiasociiisMUs. 4!) I

coracoid does not extend to tlie nppcr margin of the pectoral.
Kcd.

a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half- grown. Table Bay. Presented by J. L. Statham, Escj.

c. Ten inches long.

d-e. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Cape Seas.

/. Adult male : skeleton.

y. Preparation of the internal parts.

The head and the anterior "part of the body are very broad and
moderately depressed ; the skin is tough, naked and smooth. The
head is not quite so broad as long, with the lateral profiles con-
vergent towards the snout, which is obtuse. The nape of the neck
is slightly convex, the Tipper surface of the head quite flat, its
])rofile gently sloping downwards to the snout in a straight line.
The greatest width of the interorbital space is not quite one-half of
that of the head, or twice the horizontal diameter of the eye. The
cleft of the mouth is horizontal, cm-ved, extending to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The intermaxillaiy is slightly
protractile, and armed with an outer series of six conical teeth on
each side, the inner of which is very strong and curved ; the others
gradually diminish in size, and the hindmost is very small. There
is a triangular patch of short cardiform teeth behind the series de-
scribed, and, again, a singlo tooth in the middle of this patch is some-
what larger than the rest. There is a velum across the toothless
palate. The lower jaw is of moderate length, with a broad band of
short cardiform teeth and with an outer series of larger ones ; those
standing in front, ten in number, arc much larger tlian the lateral
ones, although much smaller than those in the upper jaAV. The lips
are thick, and the lower is provided with short fringes on its middle.
The eye is situated immediately below the upper profile of the head ;
it is of moderate size, its horizontal diameter being one-sixth of the
length of the head, and two-thirds of the extent of the snout. Two
nostrils, close together, opposite to the upper angle of the orbit ;
their margins are slightly raised. The lower angle of the opercular
apparatus terminates posteriorly in an acute point, enveloped in skin
and directed backwards. The gill-openings are rather narrow, the
gill-membranes being united with the isthmus. There are three
gills and a half; the pseudobranchia> are formed by a series of short
lamelloc.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is con-
tai)ied twice and a half in its chstance from the suout ; the first ray
is much shorter than the others, and ajiparenily without joints.
Caudal subtruncated, of moderate length. The origin of the anal
falls vertically below the middle of the dorsal ; it terminates nearly
opposite the extremity of the latter fin. The pectoral is short and
broad, with the posterior margin roimded and Avith the base smooth ;
it is slightly connected with the ventral inferiorly.

Tlie structure of the adhesive apparatus is the same as in Sin/ases

4'J2 GOBIESOCID.E.

sanguineus ; it is as broad as long, and its length is one-fourth of the
entire length of the fish.

This species is uniform reddish rose-coloured, and attains to a size
of ten inches.

' The internal organs are very similar to those of Gobiesox cephalus as
to structure and situation, differing however in the following points.

The liver is divided into a right and left half, joined only by a
narrow bridge, as in the other species, but it is the right half which
is bilobed. The omentum is reduced to a narrow fold between the
hver and intestinal tract, several strips of fat being deposited in it.
The kidneys commence in the uppermost part of the abdominal
cavity, being rather voluminous ; they become thin in the middle, and
both halves are united posteriorly.

There is a very singular formation in the orbita. Lacrymal organs
have never been found in the class of fishes, yet the organ which I have
observed is very similar to a saccus lacryinalis. It is a round, blind,
white sac of the size of a pea, situated below the antezior corner of
the orbit, between the maxUlaiy bone and the muscles of the cheek,
communicating by a rather wide foramen with the orbital cavity.
The membrane by which it is formed is contiguous with that coating
the orbital cavity. It must be mentioned that the integuments of
the head are stretched over the eye without becoming much thinner,
and without making any orbital fold.

Skeleton. — The bones are well ossified, solid, and strong ; the ci'own
of the head is very broad, but short, without prominent ridges. The
principal frontal bones are much depressed between the orbits,
forming a broad quadrangular groove in which the intermaxillaries
move. The prefrontal occupies its usual place. The intermaxillary
has a long and comparatively slender posterior process ; its denti-
gerous portion is short, thick, trihedi'al : its strong anterior teeth are
replaced at certain periods by others which are developed in the
anterior and exterior portion of the bone ; they are not replaced by
teeth growing from the inside of the jaws. The maxillary is stout,
slightly dilated at its extremity, and provided with an exterior
longitudinal ridge. The mandibula is rather depressed and of mode-
rate length: there is a narrow open slit between the dentary and
articulary ; the latter portion has an impression in which the ex-
tremity of the maxillary is received. The vomer is broad and smooth,
gradually passing into the basis cranii, which is nearly flat, without
any ridges. The palatine is reduced to a small styliform bone, and
the pterygoid is quite rudimentary, half the size of the palatine.
Entopterygoid absent. Turbinal bones tubiform and slightly curved.
Of the infraorbital bones only the prajorbital is present ; it is di-
rected forwards and downwards, and dilated at its extremity. The
tympanic is a strong bone, with a sharp longitudinal ridge, continued
into that of the prajoperculum ; meso- and pre-tympanic small, the
latter being received into a deep notch of the tympanic ; there is a
Avide free space between the mesotympanic and the pncoperculura.
The epitympanic is large, with a strong oblique crest. The pracoper-

1. cnoKisocHisMrs. -ii);j

ciilum is the largest piece of the opercular apparatus ; its i tei-ior
limb IS entirely covered by the tympanic, and its angular portion is
much produced backwards and provided with a strong ridge ; inter-
operculum feeble, situated at the inner side of the prajoperculum ;
suboperculum composed of three processes, the posterior of which
terminates in a hook-like spine. The basal portion of the operculum is
solid ; the margin thin, cartilaginous. Glossohyal rudimentarj' ; bones
of the branchial arches thin and rather feeble ; basibranchials absent ;
pharjTigeaLs separated, and armed with coarse cardiform teeth.

The suprascapula and the scapula are simple styliform bones ; the
vertical portion of the humerus is as long as the horizontal ; the ulna
and radius are shorter than, and very similar to, the carpal bones.
The coracoid is well developed, and, as usual, composed of two pieces,
the upper of which is not suspended from the humerus, but fixed
by a ligament to the hinder margin of the cai-pal bones ; it is a
broad lamella dilated posteriorly into the cartilage, which is externally
visible ; the lower piece is narrower, and fixed to the extremity of the
pubic bone of its side. The pubic bones are united by suture, and
form together a heart-shaped disk, the point of which is produced
backwards. The anterior portion of the disk is concave, with a bony
longitudinal biidge and a feeble transverse ridge. The disk is fixed
to the humeral bones by the convex portions of its anterior margin,
whilst the convex portions of the lateral margins serve as base for
the ventral fins*. The latter are composed of one spine, which is
transformed to a broad thin and curved plate hidden below the skin,
and apparently of four rays ; but on closer examination we find that
the hidden ray has a longitudinal groove anteriorly, in which another
thinner ray lies concealed ; this ray is quite free, and not joined to
the pubic bone. We are not aware of another example of a similar
stnicture in fishes.

The vertehral column is composed of fourteen abdominal and seven-
teen caudal vertebrae, the abdominal portion being rather longer than
the caudal. The first vertebra is thrice as broad as long, with its
three conical depressions veiy distinct and situated in the same hori-
zontal line ; the other vertebra) become more and more compressed
posteriorly. The nciu-al and hccmal spines are of moderate length
and strength, slightly inclining backwards. The zygapophyses of the
abdominal vertebra) are more developed than is usual in this Order,
whilst the parapophyscs are entirely absentf. The ribs, which are
rather broad and horizontally directed outwards, are joined into the
lateral concavity of the vertebra), immediately below the zygapo-
physes. The epipleurals are not much less developed than the ril s
from the extremities of wliich they are suspended and directed back-
wards. We might also consider the ribs as long and detached par-
apophyscs, and the epipleurals as the ribs proper. The interneurals
and interha)mals are very feeble.

* Tlic structure of tlie ventral disk has not yet been correctly described.
Stannius, for instance (p. 91), denies the presence of the coracoid. The ventral
fins have been taken for a detached ))ortion of the pectorals, &c.

t Stannius, /. c. p. 34 {Cntylis)

494 GoniKsocin.E.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra. 1^

Width of the first vertebra 5

Length of the second vertebra 2

of the seventh vertebra 21

of the fifteenth vertebra 2

of the twenty-seventh vertebra 1^

of the abdominal portion 271

of the caudal portion 25|

2. SICYASES.

Sicyases, 3IuU. 8f Trosch. Wiefjm. Arch. 1843, p. 298.
Tomicodoii, pt., Barncv. Rev. ZooL 184(3, p. 144.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin leatherj'.
Dorsal fin short, situated on the tail ; ventrals widely apart from each
other, composed of a rudimentary spine and four (five) rays; posterior
portion of the adhesive disk witliout free anterior margin. Jaws
with a single series of teeth, the anterior of which are compressed
and cutting. Gills three ; pseudobranchia; rudimentary ; brancliio-
stegals five ; gill-membranes united under the throat, and aot attached
to the isthmus.

Coast of Chile. Puerto Cabello.

1. Sicyases sanguineus.

Sicyases sanguineus, Midi, (ij- Trosch. Wief/in. Arch. 1843, p. 298, and

Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 19. taf. 3. fig. 1.
Gobiesox brevirostris, Guichen. in Gaij, I. c. p. 335. lam. 9. fig. 1.

B. 5. D. 10. A. 7. C. 8.
Red.
Coasts of Chile.

a, b. Fine specimens. Valparaiso.

c. Large specimen : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

The head and the anterior part of the body are very broad and
much depressed ; the skin is naked, thick, leathery, rugose, with
vertical folds on the side of the body. The head is as broad as long,
with the lateral profiles convergent towards the snout, Avhich is
obtuse. The upper surface of the head is quite flat, and the width
of the interorbital space is one-half of the greatest width of the head.
The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved, not extending to below
the eye : the lips arc thick ; the lower is divided into three portions
by two deep grooves; each of the lateral portions has a broad thin
appendage hanging downwards. The intermaxillary is very little
protractile, and armed with eight or ten teeth, vertically implanted,
the two outer on each side being small and conigal, whilst the others
are flat and cutting. There is a broad velum on the toothless palate.

2. SICYASES. 405

The lower jaw is short, anteriorly with four horizontal cutting teeth,
laterally with three small conical ones. The eye is rather small,
situated immediately below the upper profile of the head. Two
nostrils, close together, opposite to the upper angle of the orbit ;
the anterior has a short fringed tentacle. The lower angle of the
opercular apparatus (suboperculum) terminates posteriorly in an
acute point, enveloped in skin and directed backwards. The gill-
openings arc somewhat narrow, in consequence of the small degree
of expansibility of the gill-covers ; but the gill-membranes have the
margin quite free, being united together at the throat, and not
attached to the isthmus. There are only three gills ; the pseudo-
branchioe are quite rudimentary.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is one-
half of its distance from the snout ; its first ray is much shorter than
the others and unarticulated ; but it can with as little reason be con-
sidered as a rudiment of a spinous portion as the same ray in. Cypri-
noid and other Malacopterous fishes. - The caudal fin is truncated
and of moderate length. The anal fin is shorter than the dorsal,
and situated more backwards, its origin falling in the vertical from
the eighth dorsal ray. The pectoral fin is broad and short, with tlie
posterior margin convex and with a large cutaneous fold antcriorlj-
on its base ; inferiorly it is verj* slightly connected with the ventral.

The adhesive apparatus has only an external similarity to the
organ observed in Cyclopterus and Liparis ; its structure is typieulbj
different from it. Whilst in those genera the ventral fins occupy the
centre of the disk, forming its base, these fins are here wideiy apart
from each other, as in CaUioiojmus, forming only a portion of the
periphery of the disk, which is completed by a cartilaginous exi)an-
sion of the coracoid bones. I here attempt to give the following de-
tailed description orfts structiu'c.

The whole disk is exceedingly large, subcircular, longer than
broad, its length being one-third of the whole length of the fish.
The central portion is formed merely by skin, which is separated
from the pelvic or pubic bones by several layers of muscles. The
peripheric portion is divided into an anterior and posterior part, by
a deep notch behind the veritrals. The anterior peripheric portion
is formed by the four ventral rays, the membrane between them, and
a broad fringe which extends anteriorly from one ventral to the
other ; this fringe is a fold of the skin, containing on each side tlie
rudimentary ventral spine, but no cartilage. The posterior peri-
pheric portion is suspended on each side on the coracoid, the upper
bone of which is exceedingly broad, becoming a free, moveable plate
behind the pectoral. A. broad cartilage is firmly attached to it.
The lower bone of the coracoid is of a triangular foim, and supports
a very broad fold of the skin, extending from one side to the other,
and containing a cartilage which nins through the whole of that
fold. Fine processes of the cartilage are continued into the soft
striated margin in which the disk terminates posteriorly. The sur-
face of the disk is coated with thick epidermis, like the sole of the
foot of higher animals. The epidermis is divided into many poly-

496 GOBIESOCID.E.

gonal plates ; there are no such plates between the roots of the
ventral fms.

The intestines are not in a good state of preservation. The intes-
tinal tract appears to be nearly straight, wide, interiorly with a great
many transverse folds : I did not observe any different divisions or
pyloric appendages. The kidneys are small, elongate, situated in the
posterior part of the abdominal cavity ; urine-bladder rather small.
The ovaria are entirely separated. The vent and the porus urogeni-
talis are very close together, immediately behind the margin of the
adhesive disk. The specimen, being a female, has no anal papilla.

Skeleton. — The skull agrees with that of Chorisochismvs in all the
essential points, but differs considerably in the form of the single
bones. Its upper surface from the occiput to the anterior angles of
the orbits is exceedingly broad and quite smooth. The principal
frontal bones are as broad as long,without concavity between the orbits ;
and the processes of the intermaxillaries, the posterior extremities
of which are also dilated and depressed, move over the smooth surface
of the frontals. The prsefrontal occupies its usual position. The
intennaxillary has its lateral branch quite rudimentary, whilst its
anterior, dentigerous portion is swollen, and provided exteriorly with
a groove above each incisor, in which the replacing teeth are deve-
loped ; its posterior processes are very long, flattened, moving below
the turbinal bones, which are very broad and meet anteriorly on
the middle. The maxiUary is stout, of irregular form, dilated at its
middle, so that its broad diameter is placed vertically to the longitu-
dinal axis of the skull. The mandibula is very short, broad and
depressed ; on the inferior side of the bone are grooves in which the
replacing teeth are developed : the articulary portion has a lunate
notch, in which the extremity of the maxillary is received. The
vomer is exceedingly broad and smooth, with the anterior margin
somewhat prominent, forming a very obtuse angle. Palatine bone
smaU, trihedral ; pterygoid rudimentary ; procorbital small. Tym-
panic large, with a very strong, sharp longitudinal ridge, which is
continued into that of the pra:!opcrculum ; meso- and pre-tympanic
small, the latter being received into a notch of the tympanic ; there
is a smaU ovate slit between mesotympanic and pra;operculum. Epi-
tympanic rather large. The prajoperculinn is long, but low, with a
strong ridge along its lower margin, the front part of which is covered
by the tympanic, whilst the posterior portion is much produced back-
wards ; interoperculum very feeble, situated at the inner .side of the
tympanic and anterior portion of the pra^operculum. The operculum
is as large as the praeoperculum and more than twice as long as
broad. The suboperculum is claw-shaped, and receives the lower
extremity of the operculum in a notch. Glossoliyal rudimentary ;
bones of the branchial arches thin and feeble ; basibranchials absent * ;
pharyngeals small, separate, and armed with small cardiform teeth.

The structure of the humeral arch and of tlie pubic does not differ
from that of Chorisochismus.

* Staniiius, Zool. Fisclie, p. 87.

3 coTYLis. 497

The vertebral column is composed of fourteen abdominal and
twenty-two caudal vertebrae, the abdominal portion being somewhat
the shorter. The neural spines of the abdominal vertebra) are
somewhat stronger and shorter than in Chorisochisnms ; otherwise
there is no essential difference between the skeletons of the two
genera.

lines.

Length of tlic fii'st vertebra 2

Width of the first vertebra 4|

Length of the second vertebra 2

of the seventh vertebra 2^

of the fifteenth vertebra If

of the twenty-seventh vertebra 1|

of the abdominal portion 29

of the caudal portion 32

2. Sicyases fasciatus.
Petn-fi in Monatuher. Bcrl. Acad. 1859, p. 412.
r>. 7. A. 7.
Head and borly with alternate dark-green and yellowdsh cross-
bands. Tlie commencement of the dorsal is before that of the anal,
and its distance from the caudal ecjuals the length of its base. {Pet.)
Puerto Cabello. (50 mm. long.)

3. Sicyases chilensis.

Tomicodon chilensis. Bar net: Per. ZooL 184G, p. 144.
Gobiesox chilensis, Guichen. in Ga;/s Chil. ZooL ii. p. 334.

D. 7. A. G.

Both jaws with incisors, those in the upper somewhat bent (jut-
wards, those in the lower subhorizontal ; one or several canine-likc
teeth posteriorly on each side of tlie jaws. Head longer than broad.
Subopercular spine very short. Dorsal and anal fins exactly opposite
each other (Burnev.)

Valparaiso.

3. COTYLIS.

Cotylis, pt., 3fiin. c^- Trosch. in<f/m. Arch. 1843, p. 297, and Hor.
Ichthyol. iii. p. 17.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin tough.
Dorsal fin short, situated on the tail. Posterior portion of the ad-
hesive disk without free anterior margin. Teeth of the upper jaw
small, not cutting, in several series; no incisors in the lower jaw.
Gills three ; bianchiostegals six ; gill-membranes united under the
throat, and not attached to the isthmus.

Red Sea. Indian Ocean.

In the greater portion of the species of the genus Cotylis, Midi. &
Trosch., the teeth of the lower jaw are not conical and cardiform,

VOL, III. 2 K

498 G0BTE80C1DJE.

but compressed, although narrower than in Sicyases ; those species,
therefore, agree better vvith Gobiesox, hacc-p., m. O. Jimbriata has
not been examined by myself, and, therefore, I am not justified in
removing it from Cotylis.

1. Cotylis fimbriata.

Cotylis fimbriata, Mvll. <^ Trosch. I. c. p. 18

B. 6. D. 11. A. 8-9. V. 1/4.

The upper and lower jaws with numerous small fringes. Teeth
of the anterior series conical, and nearly equal in size ; several other
small ones behind these, in both jaws.

Eed Sea. Indian Ocean.

Typical specimens in the Berlin Museum. Form of the head and
body as in Oohiesox nudiis. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth
of the width of the interorbital space. The anterior nostril with a
small tentacle. The point in which the opercular apparatus termi-
nates is not moveable. Lateral line none. The dorsal is little
longer than the anal.

I subjoin to this genus, for the present, the following species,
known only from Steller's and Pallas's descriptions :-—

a, Cyclojoteiits ventricosus, PaU.

Cyclopterus ventricosus, Pall. Spicil. vii. p. 15. t. 2 ; Cut: Bigne Anitn-
Lepadogaster ventricosus, Jil. Schn, p. 3.

B. 4? D. 10. A. 8vel9.

Pallas drew up his description from the MS. left by Steller and a
dried specimen preserved in the St. Petersburg Museum.

The body is smooth and soft, somewhat flat superiorly and very
thick, whilst the tail is suddenly narrowed behind the vent. The
head is flat and obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth directed upwards,
and with the lower jaw longest, if the mouth is open. Jaws with
minute, rather obtuse, unequal teeth, the interior ones being the
largest in the lower jaw. Nostrils douUe, above the eyes. Eyes
directed upwards, but on the side of the head. The gill-opening is
reduced to a foramen, above the pectoral, covered by a cutaneous
production of the gill-cover. Branchiostegals about four. Pectorals
large, extending to below the throat, with eighteen or twenty rays.
The ventral disk is said to be ovate, entire, with six distinct rays on
each side, surrounded by a very broad cutaneous margin. The
dorsal fin is very near the caudal, — the sixth of the rays, which are
of black colour, being the longest. The anal is situated opposite the
dorsal, at a considerable distance from the vent ; the rays are
simple, or very indistinctly bifid ; the fifth is the longest. The anal
papilla is nearer to the anal fin than to the ventral disk. Caudal
ten-rayed, subtnmcated, the rays being branched.

Steller describes the kidneys as commencing near the skull ; double
anteriorly, tbey are united into one mass posteriorly. Two ureters

4. GODIESOX. 4!)!>

lead into two exceedingly large urine-bladders, which arc contracted
posteriorly and pass into a, cloaca. When the fish is compressed, the
urine spouts forth with great force.

The fish examined was more than a foot in length, bu<- is said
to attain to a much greater size. It was taken on the coast of
Kamtschatka.

h. Cyclopterus stelleri, Pall.

Cyclopterus stelleri, Pall, Zoofjr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 73.

Pallas gives the following particulars from the MS, of SteUcr. . It
is, probably, the type of a distinct genus : —

Body ovate, smooth ; a single series of osseous tubercles along the
middle of the back to the origin of the dorsal fin. Teeth small, un-
equal. Eranchiostegals six. GiU-opening reduced to a round fora-
men. The dorsal fin commences on the middle of the back and ex-
tends nearly to the origin of the caudal fin. " Pinna) postbranchiales
[coracoids?] pectoraUbus aliquanto altiores ; pinna) pcctorales aceta-
bulum utrinque ambiunt." The anal terminates in the vertical from
the extremity of the dorsal fin.

Peter and Paul's Harbour.

4. GOBIESOX.

Gobiesox, Lac(^. ii. p. 595.

Cotylis, pt., Mull. 8f Trosch. I. c.

Gobiesox, Tomicodon, pt., et Sicyogaster, Bris. de Barnev. I. c.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin tough.
Snout very obtuse. Dorsal fin short, situated on the tail. Posterior
portion of the adhesive disk without free anterior margin. Distinct
incisors in the lower jaw; those of the upper jaw are in several
series, and the anterior ones sometimes compressed. Gills three ;
pseudobranchia) rudimentarj'- ; giU-membranes united under the
throat and not attached to the isthmus.

Caribbean Sea. Western coasts of South America.

1. Gobiesox cephalus.

Gobiesox cephalus, iac<?p. ii. p. 595 ; Bris. deBaniev. I. r. pp. 145, 210.

testar, Lacep. ii. pi. 19. fig. 1.

Lepadogaster testar, Bl. Schn. pp. 4 & 545.

Cotylis stannii, 3fiUl. ^- Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 18. taf. 3. fig. 3.

GolJiesox tudes, Richards. Vorj. Sulph. Fishes, p. 103. pi. 47. fig. 1.

D. 9-10. A. 6. C. 12. P. 19-20.

A vertical fold of the skin at the base of the pectoral ; the cora-
coid is so high as to reach to the upper margin of the pectoral. A
band of short conical teeth in the upper jaw ; a single series in the
lower, the anterior ones being slightly compressed incisors, and small
like the lateral teeth, which are conical.

Caribbean Sea..

a-e, f. Adult, half-grown, and young. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.

2k2

500 GOBIESOCIDiE.

y-h. One inch long. St. Domingo. From M. Salle's Collection.

i. Half -grown. Voyage of H. M.S. Herald.

Tc. Adult male : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
I. Preparation of the internal parts.

The head and the anterior part of the body are very broad and
much depressed ; the skin is tough, naked, and smooth. The head
is nearly as broad as long, with its profile semi-elliptical, the snout
being very obtuse and rounded. The upper surface of the head is
quite flat, gently sloping downwards in a straight line from the nape
to the snout. The greatest width of the interorbital space is one-
half of that of the head, or four times the diameter of the eye. The
cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved, wide, extending to below
the centre of the eye ; the lips arc thick, the lower being divided
into five portions by four vertical grooves, the central portion being
the smallest, the lateral ones the largest and hanging downwards.
The upper jaw is slightly protractile, and there is a broad velum
behind the teeth in both jaws. The eye is small, situated immedi-
ately below the upper profile of the head. Two nostrils, close to-
gether, opposite the upper angle of the orbit, their margins being
slightly raised. The lower angle of the opercular apparatus termi-
nates posteriorly in an obtuse moveable point enveloped in skin
and directed backwards. The gill-openings are somewhat narrow in
consequence of the small degree of expansibility of the gill-covers ;
but the giU-membranes have the margin quite free, being united
together under the tlu'oat, and not attached to the isthmus. There
are only tkree gills ; the pseudobranchiaj are (piite rudimentary, in-
dicated by two or three short lamella).

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is
nearly one-third of its distance from the snout ; its first ray is
much shorter than the others, and apparently without articulations.
The caudal rounded and of moderate length ; the anal is only half
as long as the dorsal, commencing below its middle and termi-
nating in the same vertical. The pectoral is broad and short, its
lower half being longer than the upper ; it is slightly connected with
the ventral.

The adhesive apparatus is the same as in Sinjases sanguineus ; it
is as broad as long, its length being contained three times and a half
in the total. The vent and the porus urogenitalis are close together,
situated midway between the margin of the ventral disk and the
anal. The anal papilla is small.

The colour is broA\ai (in spirits), whitish inferiorly. The species
attains to a length of seven inches.

The internal parts are better preserved than I have found them in
Sicyases sanguineus, and show some very remarkable peculiarities.
The whole of the intestinal tract is very short and nearly straight ;
this deficiency in extent of the surface for absorption, however, is
made up by the broad and numerous folds of the mucosa. The
single divisions of tlie intestinal tract arc indicated externally by

4. GOBIESOX. 501

slight contractions, internally by broad and prominent circular folds .
The oesophagus has longitudinal and very elevated folds, some of
wliich are continued into the stomach ; the latter is short, globular,
and separated from the small intestine by a thick valvula j^ylori.
Pyloric appendages none. The numerous folds of the small intestine
are longitudinal, or obHque, and short, whilst those of the rectum are
transverse. A valvula, not so thick as that on the pylorus, at the
commencement of the rectum.

The liver is large, situated on both sides of the stomach, both
halves being united by a very narrow bridge over the cardia ; the
left half is bilobed. The gall-bladder is rather large, pear-shaped,
and not attached to the liver. A very remarkable circumstance is
the presence of a broad, well-developed omentum, in which fat is de-
posited as in mammals. I am not aware that it has been observed
in other osseous fishes, except in a rudimentary state in very young
specimens.

The kidneys are very slender and thin, situated along the whole
length of the abdomen on both sides of the vertebrae ; the ureters
lead into the hindmost extremity of the urine-bladder, which is
elongate, cuneiform. Testicles separated from each other.

SJceleton. — The form of the skull is intermediate between that of
CJiorisochlsmits and Sicyases ; its crown is broad, with some sKght
ridges, and with a single posterior and a pair of lateral impressions.
The principal frontal bones are somewhat concave anteriorly to
receive the posterior intermaxillary processes ; the latter are very
long, flattened, and move below the turbinal bones, which are much
develoj)ed, crescent-shaped, and meeting with their convexities on
the middle. The intermaxillaries are flattened, with the lateral
branches weU developed. The maxillary is strong, of moderate
length, and very irregularly shaped. The mandibula is low, of mo-
derate length, without an open sHt between the articulary and den-
tary bones. Vomer broad and smooth, with the anterior margin
concave ; palatine styliform. The base of the skull is very broad,
flat, and smooth. Tympanic and opercular bones as in Chorisochis-
raus ; structure of the humeral arch and of the pubic as in Choriso-
chismus and Sicyases.

Both the abdominal and the caudal portions of the vertebral column
are composed of thirteen vertebra), the length of the former being to
that of the latter as 1 : 0-G6. There are no other essential differences
from the skeletons of the genera mentioned.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 2^

Width of the first vertebra 4^

Length of the second vertebra 2|

of the seventh vertebra , 2|

of the fifteenth vertebra 1 1

of the twenty-fifth vertebra 1 3

of the abdominal portion 28|

of the caudal portion 19

502 GOBIESOClDiE.

2. Gobiesox macrophthalmus.
D. 8. A. 6. C. 12. P. 22.

A short vertical fold of the skin at the lower part of the base of
the pectoral ; the coracoid is below the level of the upper margin of
the pectoral. A very narrow band of short conical teeth in the
upper jaw; a single series in the lower, the anterior one? being
incisors, and small Uke the lateral teeth, which are conical.

Hah. ?

a-6. Two inches long. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

The head and the anterior part of the body are very broad and
much depressed ; the head is as broad as long, with its profile semi-
eUiptical, the snout being obtuse and rounded. The crown of the
head is quite flat, the upper profile sloping downwards in a gently
curved line from the forehead to the snout ; the width of the inter-
orbital space equals the diameter of the eye, which is two-ninths of
the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved,
of moderate width, extending behind the anterior margin of the eye.
The lower angle of the opercular apparatus terminates in a slender
acute spine. There are four short incisors on each side of the lower
jaw ; they are separated from the conical lateral teeth by a larger
canine-like tooth. Gill-apparatus as in the preceding species.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is two-
fifths of its distance from the snout ; caudal rounded ; the anal com-
mences below the third dorsal ray and extends a little more back-
wards than the dorsal.

Colour uniform reddish.

3. Gobiesox nigripinnis.

Cotylis nigripinnis, Peters in Berl. Monatsber. 1859, p. 412.
D. 11. A. 6. P. 22.
" Nostrils, mouth, teeth, opercular spine, and fin-rays as in Cotylis
stannii[^Oohiesox cepTicdus], but dorsal fin longer. Light brown above
(minutely dotted with black, if viewed by a magnifier) ; vertical fins
black." {Peters.)
Puerto Cabello.

4. Gobiesox nudus.

? Cyclopterus nudus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, tab. 27.

Cvclopterus double-^pine, Lacep. ii. p. 61.

Lepadogaster nudus, Bl. Schn. p. 2.

Cotylis nuda, 311111. ^ Tronch. I. c. taf. 3. fig. 2 ; (not Chorisochismus

nudus, Barnev. I. c. p. 209).
Sicyogaster marmoratus, Barnev. I. c. p. 144 (without synon.).

B. 6. D. 12. A. 7. V. 1/4. P. 20.

A vertical fold of the skin at the base of the pectoral ; the cora-
coid is distinctly below tht level of the upper margin of the pectoral.
Teeth of the upper jaw cardiform; the lower jaw with very narrow,

4. GOBIESOX. 503

but compressed incisors, which are as short as the other teeth.
Brownish, with scattered dark spots ; a black blotch anteriorly on
the dorsal fin.
West Indies.

a. Adult. West Indies. Museum Gxulding.

6. Ten lines long. Island of Cordova. Presented by G. U. Skinner,
Esq.

This species is so similar to O. cephalus that only the following
remarks appear to be necessary. The lateral profile of the head is
nearly semicircular ; the head is much depressed, as long as broad,
its length being- two- sevenths of the total. The width of the inter-
orbital space is somewhat less than one-haK the greatest width of
the head, or three times the diameter of the eye. The cleft of the
mouth extends beyond the anterior margin of the eye. The distance
of the origin of the dorsal from the caudal is more than one-haK of
its distance from the snout.

There is some confusion in the synonymy of this species. It is
scarcely possible to make out which species was examined by
Linne and named Gyclopterus nvdus. Eloch and, after him, Miiller
and Troschcl refer it to the present species, whilst Brisout de Bar-
neville considers it identical with the Cycloptenis dentex of Pallas ;
hence the Berlin naturalists were wrong in introducing Chorisochis-
mus nudus, Barnev., into the synonymy of their CotijUs nudus. We,
of course, follow the eldest authority after Linnd — Bloch. Brisout de
Barneville, to whom the researches of Miiller and Troschcl were un-
known, fell into the error of confounding the Blochian species with
Gohiesox marmoratus, Jenyns, from Chile. The latter differs in. the
length of the incisors of the mandibula.

The statement of MiiUer and Troschel that G. nudus is found in
the East Indies is founded on Bloch, who, however, is never to bo
trusted with regard to localities. There can be no doubt that the
specimens in the British Museum are specifically identical with that
in the Berlin Museum, and it is equally certain that the former were
collected in the West Indies. Thus the instances of the occurrence
of Gobiesocidce in the East Indies are reduced to the isolated species
of Cotylis Jimhriata.

G. nudus does not appear to exceed a length of three inches.

5. Gobiesox poecilophthalmus.

Gobiesox pcecilophthahnos, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, p. 141. pi. 27.

fig. 2.
Cotylis poecilophthalma. Mull. 8f Trosch, I. c. p. 19.
Tomicodon pcecilophthalmos, Barnev, I, c. p. 144.

B. 6. D. 7. A. 7.
Anterior teetli in both jaws incisor-like ; smaller teeth behind the
incisors in the upper jaw.

Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island).

" General form same as that of G. marmoratus, including the pro-

504 GOBIESOCIB.i:.

portion of head to body. Snout equally rounded. Teeth on the
whole similar, but the upper ones in front, as well as the lower,
incisor-like. Eyes rather larger, closer together, less than a diameter
apart*. Differs esseijtially from the G. marmoratus in the form of
the opercular spine, which is much sharper as well as somewhat
longer and slenderer ; also in ha\dng no spine concealed in the bran-
chial membrane : the lower part of the opercular membrane, just
above the spine, is fringed with a few thread-like filaments. The
number of branchial rays is the same.

'* The dorsal and anal are both shorter, and appear to have only
seven rays each : the anal roaches a little nearer the caudal.

"Everywhere of a uniform very pale brown or brownish white,
without any markings whatever. The eyes were probably very
brilhant in the living fish, the irides still showing traces of what
seems to have been blue and golden-pink." (Jen.)

Length of the single specimen observed one inch ten lines.

6. Gobiesox marmoratus.

Gobiesox marmoratus, Jen. Voy. Bmc/le, Fishes, p. 140. pi. 27. fig. 1 ;

Guich. in Gay, Chile, Zonl. ii. p. 336.
Cotylis marmorata, Mi'ill. 8f Trosch. I. c. p. 19.
Sicyogaster marmoratus, Barnev. I. c. p. 144.

B. 6. D. 13. A. 11.

Teeth strong and somewhat crowded in front, in the upper jaw
bluntly conical, with minute ones behind ; six subhorizontal incisors
anteriorly in the lower jaw, longer than the other teeth. Eyes
rather more than a diameter apart.

Coasts of Chile.

The following description is taken from the ' Zoology of the Voyage
of the Beagle ' : —

"Head very large, broad and much depressed, with the snout
rounded nearly in exact semicircle. Body compressed behind and
suddenly tapering behind the pectorals. The length and breadth of
the head are equal, each being one-third of the entire length, ex-
cluding caudal. Gape reaching nearly to beneath the anteiior angle
of the eye. Teeth strong, and somewhat crowded in front ; in the
upper jaw bluntly conical or slightly curved, but of irregular size,
with minuter ones behind ; very small at the sides of the jaw, and
apparently here but in a single row. Below, the six middle teeth
are incisor-Hke and project forwards ; on each side of these are two
or three similar to those in front above, then follow some minuter
ones at the sides. Eyes rather more than a diameter apart. Gill-
opening wide, the membrane free all round, with six rays, Opercle
terminating behind in a l)lunt point ; there is also a kind of double
spine concealed in the thickness of the branchial membrane, m front
of the ordinary branchial rays, the extreme end of one portion of
which projects a little beyond the margin.

* Probably smayor in larger specimens.

4. GOBIESOX. 505

" The dorsal commences a little beyond the middle of the entire
length, and leaves a space between it and the caudal ; the rays
nearly equal, except the first, which is short. The anal begins under
the fourth or fifth d(jrsal ray, and extends a trifle furtlier than that
fin. Caudal slightly rounded.

" Back and sides hght brown, reticulated with black ; the reticu-
lations have a tendency to form three or four broad fasciae across the
back. Under-parts yellowish."

Length of the specimens observed two and a half inches.

7. Gobiesox maeandricus.

Lepadogaster reticulatus, Girunl in JProc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,

p. loo.
majandricus, Girard in U. S. Pucif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 130.

D. 14. A. 13. C. 12. V. 1/4.

A vertical fold of the skin at the base of the pectoral ; the coracoid
is so high as to reach nearly to the upper margin of the pectoral. A
band of short conical teeth in the upper jaw, those of the outer series
being somewhat enlarged ; a series of teeth in the low(,'r jaw. the six
anterior of which are compressed, cutting, subhorizontal, longer than
the others ; several small teeth behind the incisors. The diameter
of the eye is one-third of the width of the interorbital space.

Coasts of California.

a-d. Fine specimens. Monterey.

The general habit of tliis species is the same as in G. ceplialtts.
The head is as broad as long, with its profile nearly semicircular, the
snout being very obtuse and rounded. The upper surface of the
head is quite flat, gently sloping downwards from the nape to the
snout in a straight line. The greatest width of the interorbital space
is contained twice and a half in the length of the head, or equal
to three times the diameter of the ej^e. The cleft of the mouth is
horizontal, curved, of moderate width, extending to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The lips are thick, the lower
being divided into three portions by vertical grooves ; the lateral
portions are broad, hanging downwards. The eye is rather small,
one-seventh of the length of the head : two nostrils opposite the
upper angle of the orbit ; the anterior with a small bilobed tentacle.
The lower angle of the opercular apparatus terminates posteriorly in
an obtuse moveable point enveloped in skin and directed backwards.
The gill-openings, gills, and pseudobrancliiaj are the same as in G.
cepludus.

The dorsal fin commences above the vent, and the distance of its
origin from the caudal is rather more than one-half of its distance
from the snout. Caudal rounded, of moderate length. The anal
commences vertically below the fourth doi'sal ray and terminates
opposite the end of the dorsal. The pectoral is broad, of moderate
length, with its margin rounded and Avith a broad cutaneous flap
at its base : inferioi'ly it is slightly connected with the ventral,

506 GOBIESOCID^.

which, as usual, is composed of one spine, hidden in the skin, and
of four rays*. The adhesive apparatus is the same as in Slcyases
sanguineus ; it is longer than broad, its length being contained three
times and a half in the entire length of the fish. The vent and
the poinis urogenitalis are close together, situated midway between
the margin of the ventral disk and the anal. The anal papilla is
small.

The colour is brownish-olive, irregularly mottled with darker or
reticulated with black. The largest specimen observed is four
inches long. Girard found a small specimen of a Patella in its
stomach.

This species may prove to be identical with 0. miarmoratus.

5. DIPLOCREPIS.

Anterior part of the body moderately broad and depressed ; skin
tough ; snout somewhat poiated. Dorsal fin situated on the tail.
Posterior portion of the adhesive disk with the anterior margin free.
Both jaws with incisors, and other smaller teeth behind. GiUs three ;
pseudobranchiae rudimentary ; gill-membranes united under the
throat, and not attached to the isthmus.

Coasts of New Zealand.

1. Diplocrepis puniceus.

Lepidogaster puniceus, Richards. Voy. JEreb. ^ Terr. Fishes, p. 71.
pi. 43. figs. 1-7.

D. 11. A. 5. C. 11. V. 1/4.

The posterior portion of the ventral disk has a free anterior margin,
Eose- coloured, dotted with red on the sides.
Coasts of New Zealand.

a-b. Fine specimens. New Zealand. Presented by Captain Stokes,
c. Type of the species. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition.

The head and the anterior part of the body are less broad and less
depressed than in the other species of this famUy ; the skin is tough,
naked, with raised vertical folds on the sides. The head is not quite
80 broad as long, with the lateral profiles slightly curved and conver-
gent, so as to make the snout somewhat pointed. The nape and the
upper surface of the head are somewhat convex, the profile descending
in a gentle curve from the occiput to the eye. The width of the in-
terorbital space equals the diameter of the eye, which is of moderate
she, and contained four times and a half in the length of the head.
The snout is longer than the eye, with the. upper jaw slightly over-
lapping the lower. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, cui-ved,
situated on the lower side of the snout, narrow, extending ito the

* The description given by Girard of the ventral disk ia erroneous. Tliis
autlior lakes tlie ventral fins for the lower portion of the pectorals; and some
portion of the disk, " which he could not make out clearly," for the ventrals.

6. CREPIDOGASTEE. 507

vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The lips are rather
thick, and the lateral portion of the lower lip hanging downwards.
The upper jaw has ten, the lower eight small incisors, the lateral
teeth being conical ; small cardiform teeth stand behind the incisors
in both jaws. Two nostrils, close together, are situated opposite the
angle of the orbit, in a straight line with its upper margin ; the
anterior is provided with a short tentacle on its posterior edge. The
lower angle of the opercular apparatus terminates posteriorly in an
acute point, overlapped by a skinny appendage and directed back-
wards. The gill-openings, giUs, and pseudobranchiae are as in
Oohiesox cephalus.

The dorsal fin commences somewhat behind the vertical from the
vent, and the distance of its origin from the caudal is rather less
than one-half of its distance from the snout. Caudal rounded, of
moderate length. The anal is very short, and commences vertically
below the ninth dorsal ray. The pectoral fin is broad, of moderate
length, with the posterior margin rounded, and with a thick fold on
the lower part of its base ; the fold ascends only to the middle of the
base of the fin. The coracoid is so elevated as nearly to reach the
upper margin of the pectoral*.

The structure of the adhesive apparatus is essentially the same as
in Sicyases sanguineus, with some peculiar modifications, however,
of the posterior portion. This portion forms a complete disk by
itself, having a free anterior margin. The striated part of the hinder
half of the periphery is composed of three lamellaj ; the anterior is
the shortest, the middle is composed of small broad fringes, the pos-
terior is the longest and striated. The hardened epidermis forms a
beautiful mosaic-work of very small polygonal plates.

The vent is situated immediately behind the margin of the ventral
disk, and at a great distance from the anal.

The upper parts are beautifully rose-coloured, with dark-red dots
on the sides. The largest of the specimens is four inches long.

6. CBilFIDOGASTEB.

Anterior part of the body depressed ; snout produced, much
depressed. Dorsal fin situated on the tail. Posterior portion of
the adhesive disk with the anterior margin free. Villiform teeth in
both jaws, without incisors. Gills three; pseudobranchise none'or
rudimentary ; gill-membranes united under the throat, and not
attached to the isthmus.

Coasts of Australia and Van Diemen's Land.

1. Crepidogaster tasmaniensis.
B. 5. D. 10. A. 9.
Caudal fin quite free from dorsal and anal. The coracoid extends

* Sir J. Richardson erroneously takes the ventral fins for lower pectoral rays,
and the coracoid bones for the ventral Cns.

508 GOBIESOCIDJE.

upwards somewhat beyond the middle of the base of the pectoral.
Snout produced, somewhat pointed, much narrower than the head.
Van Diemen's Land.

a. Presented by 11. Gunn, Esq.

This species has entirely the habit of a Lepadogaster. The
length of the head is one-third of the total, and its greatest width is
rather more than one-half of its own length. It is suddenly narrowed
before the eyes and produced into a pointed. snout, the length of which
is one-third of that of the head. The least width of the interorbital
space is more than the horizontal diameter of the eye. The jaws are
nearly equal in length anteriorly and armed with \illiform teeth,
which form a broad patch in front and a single series on the side.
The cleft of the mouth extends to below the anterior half of the orbit.
The nostrils are situated before the upper angle of the orbit and
provided with very small tentacles. I cannot detect the slightest
trace of a fourth gill. Pectoral and caudal fins of moderate length,
rounded. The ventrals are composed of one spine, hidden iu the
skin, and four rays, the outer of which is attached to the pectoral by
a broad membrane. The disk between the ventrals is somewhat
broader than long, that between the coracoids subcircular. The vent
is situated at a great distance from the margin of the adhesive disk,
near the origin of the anal fin, which commences immediately behind
the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

The colours have now disappeared ; they were probably a iini-

form red.

lines.

Total length 26

Length of the head 9

2. Crepidogaster spatula.
D. 6. A. 7.

Dorsal and anal fins terminating at some distance from the caudal.
The coracoid extends upwards to the middle of the base of the pec-
toral fin. Snout very broad and long, much depressed, scarcely
narrower than the posterior part of the head.

Mouth of the Swan liiver.

a. Dredged in three fathoms, sand. Gages Eoad. Presented by the
Earl of Derby.

This species is at once distinguished by its very broad, long snout,
which is exceedingly depressed. The posterior part of the head also
is much depressed, flat, and scarcely broader than the snout. Tho
body is elongate, subcylindrical to the origin of the dorsal fin, and
compressed posteriorly. The distance of the vent from the anal is
only half of that from the adhesive apparatus.

lines.

Total length 21

Length of the head 5^

7. TEACHELOCHISMUS. 509

lines.
Distance of the origin of tlic dorsal from the

snout 13

Distance of the origin of the dorsal from the

caudal 5

7. TEACHELOCHISMUS.
Trachelochismus, Bris. de Barnev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 212.

Anterior part of the body broad and depressed; skin tough,
naked. Snout depressed, produced as in Lepadogaster. Posterior
portion of the adhesive apparatus suspended at the coracoid bones,
with the anterior margin free. Jaws with a patch of small teeth in
front and with a series on the sides. Incisors none. GUOLs three
and a half; pseudobranchia? rudimentary; branchiostegals five ; gill-
membranes extending from one side to the other, not attached to
the isthmus.

Coasts of New Zealand and of the Feejee Islands.

» 1. Trachelochismus pinnulatus.

Cyclopterus pinnulatus, Forst. Descript. A/ii'di. cd. Lichtcnst. p. 301.

littoreus, Forst. I. c. p. 114; Bl. Schn. p. 199.

Lepadoga-ster pinnulatus, Bl. Schti. p. 2.

Gobiesox littoreus, Cuv. Ri'gne Anim.

Trachelochismus pinnidatus, Barnev. Rev. Zool. 184G, p. 212.

D. 8. A. 7.

Caudal free from dorsal and anal fins ; nostrils with short ten-
tacles. Snout, if viewed from above, triangidar, broader than long.
Carmine-red, with waving purplish and yello\vish cross-streaks on
the occiput ; body and fins with yellowish spots.

Coasts of New Zealand.

a. Fine specimen. New Zealand. Presented by Captain Stokes.
6, c. Adult.

The body is broad and depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly,
covered with a tough and naked skin. The length of the head is
one-third of the total, and its greatest mdth is two-thirds of its
length ; its upper surface is flat, gently sloping doAATiwards to the
snout ; the interorbital space is very broad, its \\idth being twice
the horizontal diameter of the eye. The snout is much depressed,
broader than long, and nearly twice as long as the eye. The cleft
of the mouth extends to below the anterior part of the orbit ; the
jaws are equal in length anteriorly, with broad hps, the upper and
lower lip being dilated into a flap on each side. Both nostrils are
pro\dded "nith short tentacles; that of the posterior, however, is
minute. The lower angle of the gill-covei-s is produced posteriorly
into a short cutaneous flap. The peculiar characters of the giU-
apparatus and of the adhesive disk have been stated in the generic
diagnosis. The ventrals, composed, as usual, of four rays and one

510 GOBTESOCID^.

spine hidden in the skin, are connected with the pectoral by a broad
membrane ; 'the disk between them is much broader than long. The
coracoids extend upwards beyond the middle of the base of the
pectoral, and the disk between them is subcircular. The dorsal and
anal fins are opposite each other, terminating at some distance from
the caudal ; the former commences behind the vertical from the vent,
and the latter a little more backwards. The caudal is of moderate
length and rounded.

Carmine-red, with large yellowish spots on the body and fins ;
waving purplish and yellowish streaks cross the occiput.

Length of the specimen described 30 lines.

Forster's description of Cyclopteii'us littoreus agrees very well with
the specimens described, except the dorsal fin, which, he says, is
four-rayed. This, however, is doubtless an error in writing.

I refer, for the present, a single specimen, thirteen lines long, from
the Fcejee Islands, to this species, as it would be hazardous to esta-
blish a second species on characters taken from an apparently imma-
ture individual. It is uniform deep purple.

a. Island of Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

8. LEPADOGASTER*.

Lepadogaster, Oouan, Hist. Pise. p. 177 ; Cuv. R^yne Atiim, ; Mull. Sf
Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 20.

Anterior part of the body broad and depressed. Snout much
depressed, more or less prominent. Posterior portion of the adhesive
disk suspended at the coracoid bones, and with the anterior margin
free. Dorsal and anal fins with the rays well developed. Jaws
with a patch of small teeth in front, and with one series on the sides ;
incisors none. GUIs throe ?.nd a half; pseudobranchise rudimentary ;
branchiostegals five ; gill-membranes attached to the isthmus.

Mediterranean, northwards to the coasts of Scandinavia.

1. Lepadogaster gonanii.

Lepadogaster gouanii, Bris. de Barnev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 280.
Small Suck-fish, Borlasc, Cornw. p. 269. pi. 25. figs. 28, 29.
Le Barbier ou Porte-Ecuello, Gouan, Hist. Pise. tab. 1. figs. 6, 7.
Jura-Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 120. pi. 22 ; edit. 1812, iii. p. 181.

pi. 25 ; Couch, Linn. IVans. xiv. p. 87.
Lepadogaster rostratus, Bl. Schn. p. 1.
gouanii, Laeep. i. pi. 23. figs. 8, 4, ii. p. 7.3 ; CSiv. Pi'fpie Anim. ;

Risso, lehth. Nice, p. 72, and E^tr. Merid. iii. p. 271 ; Costa, Faun.

Napol. Pesc. p. 2. tab. 23. figs. 1-3 ; Cuv. Rctjne Anim. III. Poiss.

pi. 108. fig. 2.
Cyclopterus spatula, Lacep. ii. p. 68.

* 1. Lepadogaster brownii, Risso, Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 272. — Nice.

2. rafinesqui, Costa, Fauna del regno diNapoU; Mull, df Troseh. I. c-

Mediterranean.

3. latirostris, Costa, I. c. ; Mull. 8r Trosch. I. c. — Mediterranean.

8. LEPADOQASTER. 511

Cyclopterua ocellatus, Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi, 76.

lepadogaster, Walb. Artedi, vii, p. 490.

comubicus, Shaw, Zool, v. p. 397.

Lepadogaster ciliatus, Risso, Journ. Phys. xci. p. 248.

balbis, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p, 73. pi. 4. fig. 9, and Eur. Merid, iii.

p. 274 (D. 22, A. 11) ; Cuv. Rhgne Anim.
biciliatus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 272 ; Nordm. in Demid, Voy,

Russ. Merid. iii. p. 537. pi. 15. figs. 4-6.
comubiensis, Flem. Brit. Ani?n. p. 189 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd

edit. ii. p. 359, 3rd edit. ii. p. 335.

zebrinus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. vii. 1839, p. 88.

■webbianus, Valenc. in Webb Sc Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 86.

Skeleton: — Rosenth, Ichthyot. Taf. tab. 20. fig. 11 (Lepadogaster

balbis).

B. 5. D. 17-18. A. 9-11. V. 1/4. Yert. 14/20.

Vertical fins continuoiis. Anterior nostril with a tentacle ; head
broad and convex behind the eyes ; snout depressed, produced like
the bill of a duck.

Mediterranean. Black Sea. Northwards to the British coasts.

a. Adult. South Devonshire. Museum Leach.

h-d, e. Adult. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Cocks, Esq.

/. Adult. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

g-k, I, m. Adult. British specimens.

n-q. Adult. Lundy Island. Presented by S. P. "Woodward, Esq.

r. Many specimens. Madeira.

s. Adult. Mediterranean. Presented by the Rev. W. Hannah.

t. Adult. South Europe. Presented by P. B. "Webb, Esq.

The body is broad and depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly,
covered with a tough naked skin ; there are several vertical folds on
the side of the body. The head is large, its length being contained
twice and a half in the total ; its breadth on its posterior portion
is considerable, being nearly two-thirds of its length; its- upper
surface is flat, gently sloping downwards to the snout ; it suddenly
becomes narrower before the eyes and is produced into a long and
depressed snout, the length of which is one-third of that of the head.
The least width ©f the interorbital space is somewhat more than the
horizontal diameter of the eye, which is one-eighth of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is straight and extends to below
the centre of the eye ; its posterior angle is situated on the lower
side of the head ; the upper jaw projects a Kttle beyond the lower ;
both jaws ar'> prmed with a series of teeth, which widens to a small
patch of very small teeth anteriorly ; the tongue is long, narrow,
and free. The nostrils are close together, situated opposite the
upper angle of the orbit ; the anterior is provided with a tentacle,
which is sometimes as long as the eye. The gtU-opening is narrow,
situated before the pectoral fin, the gill-membranes being attachea
to the side of the neck and to the isthmus. The branchiostegals,
five in number, are very thin ; three gills and a half ; the pseudo-
branchiae are rudimentary, composed of two or three laminae only.

The pectorals are of moderate length and rounded ; there is a small

512 fiOBIESOCID.^.

fold of the skin inferiorly at their base ; they are connected by a
broad membrane with the ventral fin, which is composed of four rays
find a rudimentary spine hidden in the skin.

The stinieture of the adhesive apparatus is typically the same as
in Sicijases, Gohiesox, &c., and widely different from that of Cydo-
pterus and Lijiaris. It consists of two parts, the one being in con-
nexion ■wdth the ventral fins, the other with the coracoid bones.
Both parts are separated from each other, the coracoid portion ha^"ing
a fi'ee anterior margin as in Diplocrepis puniceus. The portion be-
tween the venti'cil fins, which are widely apart from each other, is
broader than long, anteriorly with a free cutaneous margin, which,
like the ventral rays, is coated over with small polygonal plates of
callous epidermis. The disk between the coracoid bones, also, is
broader than long, naked and smooth in the middle, callous round its
periphery, and posteriorly \\\i\\ a striated slightly fringed margin.
The coracoid is composed of two broad bones^ the upper expanding
into a broad free cartilage, which does not extend to the upper mar-
gin of the pectoral fin.

The dorsal fin commences before the vertical from the vent, and
the distance of its origin from the caudal is less than one-half of its
distance from the snout ; it is connected with the caudal by a broad
membrane, like the anal fin. The caxidal fin is rounded and of mode-
rate length. The anal commences in the vertical from the sixth
dorsal ray. Vent and urogenital openings situated immediately be-
fore the anal, and at a great distance from the ventral disk.

This species varies exceedingly in its coloration. In some the
colour is a purplish- or carmine-red ; most of these specimens have
two dai'ker cross-bands between the posterior portion of the orbits,
edged with whitish, and produced into an angle posteriorly. Others
have two round dark-red spots on the side of the nape of the neck
(i/. hcdbis, llisso). Again, in others the ground-colour is blackish-
brown, hind parts of the sides with 6bli(]ue blue stripes ; neck with
divergent cross-streaks, and with a pair of pear-shaped spots of the
same colour (L. zebrinus, Lowe). Others are green, "odth brown or
blue spots and markings on the head and bodj- (L. hicUiatus, Risso,
Nordm.). Finally, some are green with brown dots, but without
blue markings (L. f/ouanii, Risso).

This species attains to a length of three inches.

As in all true Gohiesocidce, the intestinal tract is short, straight, and
wide, without pyloric appendages. The mine-bladder is pear-shaped,
of moderate size, terminating in a long urethra.

The sl-eletoii does not difier essentially from that of the other
Gohiesockkn. The crown of the head is flat and smooth ; the frontal
bones have a slight longitudinal groove for the posteiior processes of
the intermaxillaries ; the fi'ont part of the latter is dilated, and both
form a slightly concave plate similar to the bill of a duck ; their de-
scending branches are quite rudimentary. The maxillaiy is long,
stylifbrm, slightly curve<l ; mandibula very long and low. The tur-
binal bones are narrow tubes, situated on the sides of the inter-
maxillary processes ; infraorbital bones none. There arc fourteen

8. LEPADOGASTEK. 51 IJ

abdominal and twenty caudal vertehnv, the length of the former por-
tion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 0-7.
The structure of the humeral arch ' .le ribs, &c., aie the same as in
the other Gobiesocidm.

2. Lepadogaster candollii.

Lepadogaster candollii, Hisso, Iclith. Nice, p. 76, aud Eur. Merid. iii.

p. 275 ; Cut. R'egne Anim. ; Bris. de Baruev. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 281.
Lepadogaster chupasangue.

olivaceus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 75, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 274.

jussieui, Risso, Eur. Mevid. iii. p. 273.

cephalus, Thomps. Ann. Sf 3Iag. Nat. Hist. iii. j). 34, and Nat.

Hist. Irel. iii. p. 214 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 3rd edit. li. p. 341.

D. 14-16. A. 8-11. V. 1/4.

Caudal fin free from dorsal and anal. Anterior nostiil ■ndth an
exceedingly small tentacle. Head broad and flat behind the eyes ;
snout broad, depressed, of moderate length.

Mediterranean, northwards to the British coasts.

a, h, c. Adult and half-growii. Mediten-anean.

d. Half-grown. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Cocks, Esq.

This species has a comparatively smaller head than L. gouanii,
and its snout is not so narrow at its base, and less distinct from the
head. The length of the head is one-third of the total, and its
greatest width two-thirds of its length ; its entire upper surface is
quite flat, the posterior portion being very depressed, and nearly on
the same level with the snout. The snout is as broad at its base as
it is long, and its length is one-third of that of the head. The width
of the interorbital space is at least tNvice the diameter of the eye,
which is one-sixth of the length of the head ; but in immature speci-
mens the eye is much larger, and equals the width of the interorbital
space. The cleft of the mouth is straight, and extends to below the
anterior portion of the orbit, its posterior angle being situated on the
lower side of the head. The jaws are nearly equal in length, and
armed with a small patch of teeth anteriorly and with a single series
laterally. The tongue is long, narrow, and free. The nostrils are
small, close together, situated opposite the upper angle of the orbit ;
the anterior has a very small tentacle. The branchial apparatus is
the same as in L. gouanii, except that the lower angle of the gill-covers
is not produced posteriorly, but truncated. The pectoral and ventral
fins are connected with each other by a broad membrane. The cora-
coids are rather small, extending upwards to half the height of the
pectoral : the disk between them is subquadrangular, narrower
anteriorly than posteriorly. The dorsal fin commcuces before the
vertical from the vent, and the distance of its origin from the cnudal
is more than one-half of its distance from the snout ; it terminates
immediately before the caudal. The caudal fin is rounded and of
moderate length. The anal commences in the vertical fi-om the fifth
dorsal ray and extends as far backwards as the dorsal. Tho vent is

VOL. III. 2 L

514 GOBiESocin^.

situated immediately before the anal, at a great distance- from the
ventral disk. The skin is tough, and laid in vertical folds on the side
of the body. Colour uniform red.

This species attains to a length of four inches.

3. Lepadogaster wildenovii.

Lepadogaster wildenovii, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 75. pi. 14. fig. 10,
and Eur. Mind. iii. p. 276 ; Cuv. R'egne Anim.

D. 18. A. 14.

Vertical fins united. Nostril without tentacle. Snout short, broad,
and rounded.
Coast of Nice.

Risso gives the following description : —

Body rounded anteriorly, depressed towards the tail, greenish,
minutely dotted with red and spotted with blue. Muzzle short,
rounded, as broad as the head ; mouth wide, with the jaws equal
and armed with a single series of small widely-set teeth (?). Dorsal
fin low, anal slightly elevated, pectorals large. The female is violet
at the season of propagation.

4. Lepadogaster bimaculatus.

Cvclopterus bimaculatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 397. pi. 22. fig. 1 ;
'edit. 1812, iii. p. 181. pi. 25 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 78 ; WaW.

Artedi, iii. p. 490; Bl. Schn. p. 199; Turt. Brit. Fauna, p. 115;

Mont. Linn. Trafis. vii. p. 293 ; Lacep. ii. p. 67.
Gobiesox bimaculatus, Cuv. Beyne Anim.
Lepadogaster bimaculatus, Flem. Brit. An.jp. 190 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes,

2nd edit. ii. p. 363, 3rd edit. ii. p. 339 ; JJiiben en Koren, Vet. Akad.
- Handl. 1844, p. 109. tab. 3. fig. 7 ; Barnev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 282 ;

Niks. Skatid. Faun. Fisk. p. 24 1.

ocellatus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 74.

reticulatus, Risso, Ichth. Nice,^ p. 77, and Eur. Mend. iii. p. 277.

mirbeli, Risso, Journ. Rhys. xci. p. 249, and F^r. M4rid. iii. p. 277.

desfontainii, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 275. fig. 39 (bad).

lineatus, Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 110. pi. 6. fig. 3.

maciilatus, Guichen. I. c. fig. 4.

punctatus, Guichen. I. c. fig. 5.

D. 5-7. A. 4-6.

The dorsal and anal fins terminate at some distance from the caudal.
Anterior nostril with a minute tentacle. Head broad, depressed,
with the snout broader than long.

Mediterranean. British coasts, northwards to the coasts of Scan-
dinavia.

a. Many fine specimens. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Cocks, Esq.
h-c. Adult. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
d. Adult. South Europe. Presented by 11. B. Webb, Esq.
e-f, g-h. Adult.

This species is easily distinguished by the short dorsal and anal

9. LEPTOPTERYGIUS. 515

fins and by its comparatively short snout. The length of the he^M
is one-fourth of the total, and its greatest width is nearly two-thirds
of its length ; it is flat' superiorly, and the width of the interorbital
space is nearly twice the diameter of the eye : in immature speci-
mens, however, the eye is comparatively larger. The snout, if
viewed from above, is triangular, and rather broader than long. The
cleft of the mouth extends to below the anterior margin of the eye.
The disk between the coracoids is subcircular, and the coracoids
themselves are low, extending upwards co the middle of the base of
the pectoral. The dorsal and anal fins are opposite each other, and
commence at some distance behind the vent. The distance of the
origin of the former from the caudal is about one-third of its distance
from the snout. The caudal is of moderate length and rounded.
Light carmine-red ; sometimes with a round dark-purplish white-
edged spot on each side of the belly behind the pectoral.

This species attains to a length of two inches.

It appears to vary in coloration as much as L. gouanxi, and Brisout
de Barneville considers the three fishes described by Guichenot
as mere varieties of L. himacidatus. L. maculatus is represented
as brownish, with three large reddish spots on the back ; L. pnnc-
tatus is green, with reddish dots, and with three brown longitudinal
stripes on the snout ; L. lineatus is green, with a pearl-coloured lon-
gitudinal band from the eye to the caudal, emitting five cross-bars
towards the back.

9. LEPTOPTERYGIUS.

Leptopterygius, Trosch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1860, p. 205.

Anterior part of the body rather depressed ; snout obtuse, rounded,
depressed. Posterior portion of the adhesive disk suspended at j;ho
coracoid bones, and with the anterior margin free. Dorsal and anal
fins reduced to a narrow fold, in which the rays are either rudi-
mentary or entirely absent. Jaws with cardiform teeth. Gills three
and a half ; branchiostegals four ; gill-membranes attached to the
isthmus.

Mediterranean.

1. Leptopterygius piger.

Lepadogaster piger, Nardo in Isk, xx. pp. 478, 483 ; Bris. de Burner.

Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 282.
Gouania piger, Bonap.
Leptopterygius coccoi, Trosch. I. c. p. 207. taf. 7.

Dorsal and anal fins rudimentary, very low, contiguous with the
caudal. Snout short, veiy obtuse ; nasal tentacles short, the anterior
longer than the posterior. Posterior ventral disk of moderate size,
subovate, scarcely narrower than the body. Eyes small. Yellowish
or brownish (in spirits), sometimes with cross-bands formed of
brown dots.

Coasts of Nice, Genoa, and Messina,

2l 2

516 I'SYrHKoi.uriD.K.

Fam. 43. PSYCIIROLUTID^.

Body rather elongate, naked ; head large. Teeth small. A single
dorsal fin on the tail, without spinous portion ; anal similarly de-
veloped as the dorsal ; ventrals close together, thoracic, composed of
a few rays. Three gills and a half ; pseudobranchise well developed.
Gill-opening of moderate widtli, the gill-membranes attached to the
isthmus.

West coast of Nortli America.

The new fish for which I have created this family exhibits several
characters indicating its natural aftlnity to the Discoboli and Gobi-
esoces, Avhich are Acanthopterj-gians as this Order is understood at
present. It is imp ssible, however, to refer it to one of these or of
the other families without giving up the chief characters on which
they are founded. It agrees —

1, with the Bhnniidfr in the structure of the ventral fins, but is
distinguished by the position of these fins and by the total absence
of the spinous dorsal ;

2, with the Discoboli, and especially with Lipnris,'m. the structure
of tlie infraorbital bone, in the integuments of the body, etc., but
diftcrs from them in the dorsal and ventral fins ;

3, with the Gobiesoces in the structure of the doreal fin, but having
no adhesive apparatus.

4, It differs from the Batrcuhid'jp and Pedicnlati in thedoi"sal and
ventral fins, in the gill-apparatus, ttc.

1. PSYCHROLUTES.

Characters the same as of the family.

1. Psyclirolutes paradoxus.
B. 7. D. 9. A. 9. C. 12. V. 2.
Brownish-grey, with large deep-brown blotches ; caudal and pec-
toral fins dotted' and spotted with black.

a. Gulf of Georgia (Vancouver Islands). Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.

Description of the specimen. — This fish resembles in its general
habit somewhat the genus Liparis. Its head is large, not quite so
high as broad, its length being two-sevenths of the total. The snout
is obtuse, although considerably longer than the eye, rounded, with
the upper profile steeper than the lower. The cleft of the mouth is
obUque, of moderate width, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; a narrow
band of minute teeth in the jaws ; the palate appears to be smooth.
The maxillary, which is widened at its posterior extremity, extends
to below the middle of the eye. The nostril is situated very near to

1. PSYCHROLUXES. 517

the extremity of the snout, and provided with a very short tentacle.
The eye is immediately below the upper profile ; its diameter is about
one-seventh of the length of the head, one-half of that of the snout,
and nearly one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The
infraorbital emits a slender process across the cheek, which, however,
does not reach to the praeopercular margin. None of the opercles
are armed : the operculum alone is produced into a flexible, short pos-
terior process ; the gill-opening commences above that process, and
is not continuous with that of the other side, the gill-membrane
being attached to the isthmus. The branchiostegals are exceedingly
slender, seven in number.

The body is subcyhndrical anteriorly and compressed posteriorly ;
its greatest depth, behind the head, is one-fifth of the total length ;
the skin is perfectly smooth and rather loose. The pectoi'al is
pointed, the upper rays being the longest and extending nearly to
the dorsal ; the ventrals rather short, close together, situated below
the middle of the base of the pectoral, and composed of two rays, the
inner of which is bifid. Dorsal and anal fins opposite each other,
situated far backwards on the tail, terminating at some distance
from the caudal, and nearly entirely enveloped in skin. Caudal
slightly rounded, of moderate length. The vent is situated about
midway between the root of the ventral and the origin of the anal.

The upper parts are brownish-grey, minutely dotted with black,
and with two very large deep-brown blotches of irregular size. The
caudal and pectoral fins are dotted and spotted with black.

linei.

Total length 21

Length of the head 6

Height of the body 4

518 CKNTRISCID.E.

Fam. 44. CENTRISCIDiE.

Bouches en flute, part., Cuv. Rbgne Anim.

Fistiilaridge, part., Miill. Berl. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 201 ; Owen, Lett.

Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Amphisileoidei et Centriscoidei, Bleek. Enum. pp. xv & xxiii.

Form of the body compressed, oblong or elevated ; the anterior bones
of the skull are much produced, and form a long tube terminating in
a narrow month. Teeth none. Body either covered with a cxiirass or
with non-confluent ossifications ; scales none, or small. Two dorsal
fins : the spinous short, and with one of the spines strong ; the soft
and the anal of moderate extent: ventral fins small, without. spine,
or rudimentary, abdominal. Branchiostegals three or four; air-
bladder large, four gills and pseudobranchiae. Pyloric appendages
none ; intestinal tract rather short. Vertebrae in small number,

Mediterranean and north-eastern shores of the Atlantic. Eastern
coasts of Africa. Coasts of China, Japan, and Australia.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Bod> scaly or covered with prickles 1 . Ckntriscus, p. 518.

Body without any scales, with a bony cuirass... 2. Amphisile, p. 624.

1. CENTRISCUS.

Centriscus, sp., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 415.
Cpntriscus, Cuv. Regne Anim.

Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with small rough
scales ; lateral line none ; some bony strips on the side of the back
and on the margin of the thorax and abdomen ; the former, in one
species, are confluent and foim a shield. Teeth none. Two dorsal
fins, the first with one of the spines very strong. Ventral fins small,
abdominal, composed of five soft rays. Four branchiostegals ; gill-
opening wide, four gills and pseudobranchiae ; air-bladder large ;
pyloric appendages none.

From the coast of England to the west coast of Africa ; Mediter-
ranean. Seas of Japan and Australia. (Amboyna?)

This genus shows a remarkable similai-ity to Zeus and Cyttus with
regard to its geographical distribution.

1. Centriscus scolopaz.

The Trumpet-fish. The Bellows-fish.

Soolopax, Jiondel. De Pise. xv. cap. 5. p. 422; Aldrov. in. c. 13. p. 298 ;

Jonst. i. tit. 1. cap. 1. art. 4. tab. 1. fig. 9.
Tnimpet-fiyh, WiUughhy, p. IGO. tab. 1. 2o. fig. 2; Roy, Syn. p. &U;

Couch in Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 89.

1. CENTRISCPS. 519

Centriscus scolopax, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 415; Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 8;

Bl. i. p. 55. taf. 123. tig. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 112 ; Lar^p. ii. pp. 86, 95,

i. pi. 19. fig. 3 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iii. pi. 63 ; Turton, Brit. Faun.

p. 117 ; Shatc, Nat. Misc. xiv. pi. 584, and Zool. v. p. 459. pi. 181 ;

Fleni. Brit. Anim. p. 220 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Jenyns, Man. p. 400 ;

Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 302, 2nd edit. i. p. 346, 3rd edit. ii. p. 190;

Guerin, Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 45. fig. 2 ; Martens, Reise nach Venedig, ii.

p. 436 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray. p. 138.
Solenostomus, no., 1, Klein, Miss. Pise. iv. p. 24.
Silurus corniitus, Forsk. p. 66.
Centriscus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 395.
Macrorhamphosus comutus, Lacep. v. pp. 136, 137.
Snipe-nosed Ti-umpet-fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. edit. 1812, iii. p. 190.
Solenostomus scolopax, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 80.
Skeleton : Rosenthal, lehthyot. Taf. tab 10. figs. 11, 12 ; (incorrect :

copied hy Yarrell).

B. 4. D. 5|]2. A. 20. P. 16. V. 5. 0.6 + 4 + 5 + 7.
Vert. 8/16.

The height of the body is contained once and three -fourths to twice
and one third in the distance of the operculum from the base of the
caudal. The second dorsal spine is very strong, and serrated pos-
teriorly, its length being contained once and two-thii'ds to twice and
two-thirds in the distance of the opercle from the caudal.

This species appears to be peculiar to the 3klediterranean and to
the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic ; it extends northwards to the
south coast of England.

a-b. Fine specimens. Adriatic.

c. Adult.

d-g. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

h-n. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

0, p, q, r. Adult and half-grown : stuffed.

Description. — The length of the head equals its distance from the
caudal fin ; it is produced into a long compressed tube, terminating
in a very small mouth ; it is rather elevated posteriorly, and strongly
compressed like the body. The cleft of the mouth is sUghtl)^ ob-
lique, with the extremity of the lower jaw somewhat prominent.
The jaw-bones are very short, the intermaxillary feeble and styli-
form, the maxillary broad and tnungular. There are no teeth
whatever.

The eye is large, equal in width to the extent of the part of the
head behind it ; the skin of the head passes over it as in all fishes,
and that part which covers the posterior half of the iris is provided
with small ctenoid scales ; the margins of the orbit are minutely
crenulated ; the interorbital space is smooth, slightly convex, and
equal in width to one-half of the diameter of the eye. The nostiils
are close together, situated one before the other, on the side of the
head, at a small distance froni the orbit. The praeoperculum has
the posterior margin obliquely descending forward, pai-tly continent
with the orbit, and minutely denticulated ; its angle is somewhat
produ<;cd backwards ; the whole space between ])ricoperculura, orbit

520 CENTEISCID-E,

and nostrils is scaly. The interoperciilum is extremely narrow and
elongate. Operculum higher than long, obtusely rounded ; suboper-
culum subcrescentic. Four slender branchiostegals. The gill-opening
extends to below the eye, the gUl-membranes being attached to the
urohyal : the giossohyal is long, feeble, gradually lost in the mem-
brane which forms the bottom of the rostral tube. Four gills, Avith
a narrow slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchiae well developed.

The body is strongly compressed and more or less elevated ; its
greatest depth is between the ventral and dorsal fins, where it is
contained once and three-fourths to twice and one-third in the
distance of the operculum from the caudal fin. Its upper profile
gradually ascends towards the spinous dorsal, is nearly horizontal
between the origins of the two dorsal fins, descending abruptly along
the base of the second dorsal, and shelving towards the caudal. The
lower profile is a slight, regular curve. The whole body is covered
with small scales, which are striated, each stria terminating in a
comparatively strong spine.

Several bony strips are visible on the side of the back : one arises
from the side of the nape and proceeds towards the first dorsal spine,
where it meets its fellow of the other side. Another strip com-
mences from the scapulary region and represents a sort of lateral
line ; it is composed of three bones, each bone having a horizontal
atid an oblique portion, which cross each other. The margins of the
thorax and of the abdomen are covered with several bony plates
which have a cutting longitudinal ridge along the middle.

The pectoral fins have a short and oblique base, and are inserted
below the middle of the depth of the body : they equal in length the
distance of the anterior margin of the orbit from the posterior of the
operculum, and extend to above the middle of the ventral fins ; the
rays of which they are composed are simple. The ventral fins
stand as close together as in a Gobioid, and are received in one
common groove on the belly ; they are very short, apparently without
spine, and composed of five rays, the middle of which are spht nearly
to the base.

The first dorsal fin commences in the middle of the distance be-
tween the occiput and the caudal fin ; it is composed of five spines,
the first of which is very short, moveable, the three posterior being
much longer than the first, though rather feeble ; they are connected
with the second spine by a strong membrane. The second spine is
exceedingly strong and long, compressed, striated, grooved poste-
riorly, and strongly serrated ; it cannot be erected in a vertical line,
but always remains obliquely pointing upwards and backwards ; its
length appears to vary in different individuals : —

a specimen

78

lines Ion

g it is

13^ Hnes long.

>> j>

57

>>

16

>> >'

50

,,

13

tt >»

46i

)i

8i „

}> )>

44

'>

12

» i>

8

)>

H ,.

1. CENTBISCUS. 521

The soft dorsal fin is higher than long, with the rajs simple, the
middle ones being the longest ; its distance from the caudal equals
the length of its base. The anal fin commences immediately behind
the vent, vertically below the fourth dorsal spine, and extends a little
more backwards than the soft dorsal ; it is, Hke that fin, composed of
simple rays, but much lower. The caudal fin is shorter than the
pectoral, slightly emarginate posteriorly, and composed of nine rather
compressed and undivided rays, the others on the upper and lower
sides of its base being rudimentary.

The colour of the specimens is rose or reddish-olive on the back,
and silvery on the sides and on the beUy.

The vertebral column is composed of eight abdominal and sixteen
caudal vertebrae ; the former are distinguished by their strength and
large size, a peculiarity which is in intimate connexion with the cir-
cumstance that they form the base of other strongly developed bones ;
their parapophyses are strong, rather long, and those of the first foiir
vertebrae have their extremities united. The bony strips, which are
visible externally, and which we have mentioned in the description
of the outward characters, are the modified ribs with their epipleurals.
The neural spines of the three anterior vertebrae are strong, espe-
cially that of the third, which corresponds to the interneural of the
second dorsal spine. This interneural is situated behind the third
neural, and ends in three articular processes which receive two others
of the dorsal spine between them.

Another pecuUaiity is the great breadth of the radius, this bone
forming with its fellow a suture which is as long as the bone is high ;
there is an oval free space between the radius and the humerus.
The coracoid is very strong, straight, sabre-shaped, extending back-
wards to the pubic bones, which, however, are not fixed to it and
quite small. The bony plates forming the cutting margin of the
abdomen and thorax are dermal productions, and do not belong to
the skeleton.

2. Centriscus gracilis.

Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 86, and Trans. Zool. Sac. iii. p. 12.

B.4. D. 4-5 I 11. A. 18-19. P. 16. V. 5. C. 6-1-4 + 5 + 6.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths to three
times in the distance of the operculum from the base of the caudal
fin. The second dorsal spine is rather strong, not (or very indi-
stinctly) denticulated posteriorly, its length being one-fourth or two-
ninths of the distance of the opercle from the caudal.

Sea of Madeira. West coast of Africa. Coasts of Japan and
China.

a-c. Half-grown. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. ? Mediterranean. P«rchased of Mr. Jamrach.
«. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. H. H. Methuen.
/, g. Fine specimens. Sierra Leone-
h, i. Fine specimens. Japan.

522 CENTRISCID.E.

h-n. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Vice -Admiral Sir E.

Belcher, C.B.
0. Adult.
p, q. Adult : stuffed.

Description. — This species does not differ in any essential point
from C. scolopax, so that we can dispense with a lengthened descrip-
tion ; it will be readily distinguished by its body, which is more
elongate than in the other species, by its much shorter spine, and,
finally, by conspicuously smaller scales, which advance nearly to the
middle of the length of the rostral tube.

The length of the head is somewhat less than its distance from the
caudal fin ; the skin which covers the iris is scaly nearly in its entire
circuit ; the margins of the orbit are smooth. The upper and lf)wer
profiles of the body are very little convex. The spinous dorsal fin
commences much nearer to the occiput than to the base of the caudal
fin ; the length of its second dorsal spine varies a little in different
individuals : —

In a specimen 00 lines long (Japan) it is 6i lines long.

„ „ 57 ,, (?Mediterranean) „ 7

52 „ (Japan) „ 51

„ ,, 41 „ (Sierra Leone) . . ,, 5^
„ ,, 39 ,, (Sierra Leone) . . ,, 5^
„ „ 41 „ (Madeira) „ ^

>» >> "" >> >j 4^

„ „ 23 „ (Mediterranean) „ 3^^

„ ,, 18 „ (Mediterranean) „ 2i

„ ,> 17 „ (China) „ 2|

The distance of the soft dorsal fin from the caudal is more than
the length of its base. The anal commences immediately behind
the vent, or behind the vertical from the fourth dorsal spine. Caudal
emarginate. Back reddish or greenish, sides and belly silvery.

These characters will sufficiently prove the distinctness of this
species from C. scolopax. Its occun'ence in the Atlantic and in
the Japanese seas is a new proof of the similarity of a part of the
fauna of the latter to that of Southern Europe. The specimens from
both seas are so similar, that we consider them as one and the
same species ; as, however, there exists a trifling difference in the
length of the dorsal spine, it being a little shorter in the Japanese
specimens, this character will be taken advantage of to separate
them specifically. We propose, to those who are inclined to do so,
the name of Centriscus japonicus.

3. Centriscus humerosus.

Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f- Terr. Fishes, p. 50. pi. 34. figs. 5, 6.

D. 7 I 15. A. 17. C. 4-1-4-1-5 + 5.

The height of the body is somewhat less than the distance of the
operculum from the base of the caudal. The second dorsal spine is

1. CENTKI8CUS. 523

exceedingly strong and long, its length being a little more than one-
half the distance of the opercle from the caudal.
Australian Seas.

a. Adult : stuffed. Australia. — Type of the species.

Description. — The length of the head is somewhat less than its
distance from the caudal fin ; it is rather elevated posteriorly and
compressed into a sharp ridge above. The eye is large, equal in
width to the extent of the part of the head behind it ; the skin
which covers the iris is scaly ; margin of the orbit smooth. The
nostrils are close together, situated one before the other, on the side
of the head, at a small distance from the orbit. The limbs of the
praeoperculum meet at a right angle ; the posterior descends obHquely
forward, is partly confluent with the orbit, and very indistinctly den-
ticulated. The scales advance very far on the rostral tube.

The body is strongly compressed and much elevated ; its greatest
depth is above the ventrals, whore it is somewhat less than the di-
stance of the operculum from the caudal fin. Its upper profile makes
a hump on the neck, and then ascends gradually to the base of the
second dorsal spine, where it descends abruptly in a nearly vertical
line to the free portion of the tail. The lower profile is semicircular
between the throat and the end of the anal fin. The whole body is
covered with very small scales, each of which terminates in a spine
posteriorly. There are two series of bony plates on the side of the
back, each series being composed of four plates which have a centre
with horizontal and vertical stripes radiating from it; the lower
series commences in the scapulary region, the upper runs in a
parallel line above it. The margin of the thorax is cuirassed with
three series of similar plates, that of the belly with a single series ;
the edge of the thorax and that of the belly are sharp.

The pectoral fins have a short and oblique base, and are inserted
on the middle of the depth of the body ; they are rather longer than
the distance of the anterior margin of the orbit from the posterior of
the operculum, and extend to above the middle of the ventral fins.
Ventral fins very small. The distance of the very small first dorsal
spine from the caudal fin is two-thirds of that from the occiput ; the
second spine is exceedingly strong and long, compressed, striated,
and strongly denticulated posteriorly ; the other spines behind it are
short. The soft dorsal fin is higher than long, and its distance from
the base of the caudal is more than the extent of its base. . The anal
fin commences immediately behind the vent in the vertical from the
last dorsal spine, and extends a little more backwards than the soft
dorsal ; it is, like that fin, composed of simple rays, but much lower.
(The caudal fin is mutilated.)

inches, lines.

Total length 5 G

Length of the head 2 3

of the snout (from the orbit) .... 1 7

Height of the body 2 1

Length of the second dorsal spine 1 4

624 CENTKISCID^.

4. Centriscus velitaris.

Centriscus velitaris, Pall. Spicil. Zool. viii. p. 36. pi. 4. fig. 8j Bl. Schn.
p. 113.

sumpit, Lac6p. ii. p. 93.

Amphisile velitaris, Cuv. Rcgne Anim.

We extract the following notes from Pallas's description : —

" D. 2 I 12 (?). A. 25.

" Pisciculus bipollicaris, plano-compressus, oblongo-lanceolatiis,
ventre in aciem compresso, ante pinnes ventrales triquetro-carinato ;
totus quasi setnlis recumbentibus et adnatis hispidus. Dorsum an-
ticum duriusculum, scuto rhombico ad aculeum dorsalem terminato,
et quasi loricato lineoKs obliqiiis, circiter quatemis. Spina in medio
dorso recumbens, minus quam aculeus nuchae in Balistis, mobilis ;
subulata acutissima, subtus canaliculata, aciebus serrulatis. Sub
eaque spina parvula, in fossulam dorsalem reponenda, priori et dorso
ad basin membraniila adnexa. Pinna dorsi pone spinae apicem exilis,
radiorum circiter duodecim. Pinnae pectorales paiva3 tenerae, radi-
orum circiter tredecim ; pinnae ventrales in medio corporis ad imam
ventris carinam, fossulae recondendae, tri- vel quadri-radiatae. Pinna
ani lata, -vdginti quinque radiorum. Anus proxime ad pinnam, ad
secundam tertiam partem longitudinis totius corporis. Aculeus
minutus ante anum recumbens. Cauda teretiusciUa ; pinna sub-
bifurca, radiorum perfectonim duodecim. Color totius argentatus,
in dorso griseo-flavescens.

pollices. lineiE.

Longitudo t»ta • 2 5

rostri usque ad orbitse marginem 0 6|

totius capitis 0 11|

ad ortum spinae 1 5

ad pinnas ventrales 1 3

ad anum 1 6|

Distantia pinnae dorsalis et ani a pinna caudae 0 4

Latitude pinnae ani 0 5

summa corporis vertiealis 0 5|

" Est He levis armaturae miles, queni Ichthyologico exercitui
Amboyna pariter misit."

We very much doubt whether this fish came from the East Indian
Archipelago, as asserted by Pallas ; it has not yet been recog-
nized ; it appears to have more affinities towards Centrlsnis than to
Amphisile, having the skin covered with prickles, a moveable and
serrated dorsal spine on the back, a groove on the belly for the re-
ception of the ventral fins, (tc.

2. AMPHISILE.

Amphisile, sp., Klein, 3/w.s. Pi.sc. iv. p. 28.
Amplii.sile, Chv. Regnc Anlni.

Body elongate, strongly compressed, provided with a dorsal cuirass

2. AMPHisiLE. 525

which is formed by portions of the skeleton ; the longitudinal axis
of the tail is not in the same line with that of the trunk. Scales
none. Teeth none. Two dorsal fins situated on the hindmost
part of the back ; ventral fins rudimentary, abdominal. Three or
four branchiostegals ; gill-opening of moderate width, four gills and
pseud obranchiae ; air-bladder large ; pyloric appendages none.
From the eastern coasts of Africa to the seas of China.

1. Amphisile scutata.

Valent Amh. iiiVp. 420. figs. 243 & 254; Seha, iii. p. 107. tab. 34. fig. 5;

Ruysch. Coll. Amh. tab. 3. no. 7.
Centriscus scutatus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 415; Bl. i. p. 57. taf. 123. fig. 2 ;

Bl. Schn. p. 1 13 ; Ln^-cp. ii. p. 88, i. pi. 19. fig. 2 ; Shau\ Zool. v.

p. 458. pi. 181.
Centriscus, sp., Gronor. Zoophyl. no. 396. tab. 7. fig. 3.
Amphisile scutata, Ciiv. Bigne Anim. ; Gu^r. Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 45. fig. 3.
Centriscus scutatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 138.

B. 3. D. 3 I 10-12. A. 12. C. 10. P. 10. V. 3. Vert;. 6/14.

The dorsal cuirass tenninates in a long spine, to which no separate
dorsal spine is joined ; the distance of the posterior mdrgin of the
operculum from the pectoral fin is twice its distance from the eye.
Body immaculate.

East Indian and Cninese Seas.

a. Adult. Singapore.

6. Adult. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

c-i. Adult: dried. China.

k. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection.

Description. — The body of this singular fish is so thin, that it has
the appearance as if it had been artificially compressed between two
sheets of paper ; the diameter at its thickest part is scarcely more
than the M'idth of the orbit. It is rather elongate, tapering into tbe
long compressed rostral tube anteriorly and terminating in a long
spine posteriorly. The greater portion of the body is transparent,
especially the rostral tube, the place occupied by the air-bladder, and
the broad membranaceous margin of the lower parts. The whole head
and back are cuirawsed with smooth bony plates, whilst the abdomen
is covered with a very tough skin ; and only the small portion of the
tail which projects below the end of tbe dorsal plates is naked, soft,
moveable, and the only organ of locomotion in these fishes.

The head is so joined to the trunk by a transvei-se suture between
the occiput and the first dorsal plate, that only a limited vertical and
horizontal motion is possible. The mouth is extremely small and
toothless. The eye is of moderate size, the length of its diameter
being one-half of the extent of the head behind it. The crown of
the head is much compressed, minutely striated and crenulated, and
with a longitudinal groove extending to between the orbits ; the
width of the interorbital space is rather less than that of the orbit.
The fostral tube is compressed into a cutting edge superiorly. The
nostrils are minute openings, very close together, situated one' before

526 CENTRISCIDJB.

the other, on the side of the heaa and at a small distance from the
orbit. The operpulum is ovate, nearly twice as long as high ; the
suboperculum broad anteriorly, curved and tapering posteriorly ; the
prse- and inter- operculum are united into one bone, the inferior por-
tion of which is extremely thin, transparent and flexible, forming a
broad membranaceous margin at the throat, which is continued by
that of the belly.

Branchiostegals three, extremely feeble ; four gills, pseudobranchise
well developed ; gill-opening of moderate width.

The back of the fish is cuirassed by a bony sheath, which extends
downwards nearly to the middle of the side, has a shallow notch
before and above the pectoral fin, and tapers behind into a point
projecting beyond the end of the tail. It is composed of five median
paij-s of narrow bones, six lateral ones of a lamelliform shape, and,
finally, of a single long dagger- shaped bone which terminates the
cub'ass. The sutures of all these bones are deeply serrated, except
the longitudinal suture along the vertebral Hne, which is simple. The
long moveable spine in which the cuirass terminates is evidently an
interneural, since, in the second species, the first spine of the dorsal
fin is joined to it ; it is situated in quite a horizontal direction, in
the same line as the upper profile of the body.

The humerus also contributes to the bony covering of the body :
a long horizontal portion of it extends from the opcxculimi to the
base of the pectoral fin ; it fits into the shallow notch of the dorsal
cuirass mentioned, and is of a lanceolate shape, tapering into a point
posteriorly.

The inferior half of the side of the trunk is covered by a trans-
parent tough covering, which passes into a broad cutting fringe
inferiorly ; this fringe extends the whole length of the abdomen,
and the whole covering is supported by the coracoid and by seven
or eight ribs.

The vertical fins are crowded together on the short and elevated
tail : this part is covered with soft skin, moveable, propelling the
body through the water by its lateral motion ; its length, from the
point where it is free to the base of the caudal fin, is less than the
depth of the body. As the cuirass has a horizontal direction, the
taU is, as it were, obliquely pressed downwards. Three slender
dorsal spines are situated below, and nearly parallel to, the inter-
neural ; they are connected with the interneural and with one another
by a tough membrane. The second or soft dorsal fin is immediately
behind the first, and composed of ten or twelve simple rays, the
posterior of which are quite rudimentary and point obliquely down-
wards. The caudal fin is obtusely rounded, directed downwards, and
has also simple rays ; the anal fin has not an unusual position, and
terminates, like the dorsal, closely before the caudal. The pectoral
is obliquely truncated, inserted upon the middle of the depth of the
body, at a considerable distance from the head, as stated above. The
ventral fins are rudimentary, apparently composed of three rays ;
they are inserted upon the cutting edge of the membranaceous fringe
of the abdomen, below the third rib, at a chstance from the root of

2. AMPHISII.E. 527

the pectoral fin which equals that between the operciihim and tlie
pectoral ; a mdimentary pubic bone is visible within the fringe*.

The vent is situated very far backwards, immediately before the
anal fin ; its distance from the base of the caudal is less than that
between opercle and pectoral.

The colour of preserved spcimens is uniform whitish.

Anatomy. — The first organ which makes its appearance after the
removal of the lateral portion of the cuirass is the air-bladder: its
position and its extent are easily ascertained by holding the fish
against the light, when an oblong oval spot will be \asible which is
more transparent than the rest ; it commences on the same level
with the root of the pectoral and extends backwards to the fourth
rib. The oesophagus passes gradually into the stomach, which is
situated below the air-bladder ; it does not appear to be much wider
than the intestine following ; the latter makes a single complete
circumvolution and then proceeds to the vent. Ovaria and testicles
are situated behind the air-bladder.

The structure of the vertebral column is extremely singular, and
perhaps unique among the Acanthopterygians. The abdominal
portion is more than four times as long as the caudal ; nevertheless
it is composed of only six vertebrae, whilst the latter consists of
fourteen. These abdominal vertebrae are extremely slender, the
third alone being nearly as long as the whole caudal portion ; they
have a slight ridge superiorly and inferiorly and on each side ; the
whole portion lies in the uppermost concavitj- of the doi-sal cuirass.
The caudal vertebrae are extremely short, and the strength of their
neural and haemal spines is in proportion to their size.

I am of opinion that the dorsal ciiirass is not a dermal production,
but formed by modified parts of the endoskcleton ; its composition,
the number and position of its single parts, and, finally, the first
dorsal spine, which in A. punctulata is so singularly attached to it,
favour this opinion. The plates which occupy the vertebral line
would correspond to the neural spines, and the lateral plates on
which the ribs are suspended, to the parapophyses. Amphisile may
be considered as a Chelonian form among fishes.

2. Amphisile punctulata.

Amphisile, sp., Klein, Miss. Piac. iv. p. 28. tab. 6. fig. 6.
? Centriscus scutatus, Forsk. Descript. Anim. p. xvii.
Amphisile punctulata, Bianconi, Spec. Zuol. Mos. fasc. x. 1854, p. 221.
tab. 1. fig. 2.

brevispinis, Peters in Wiegm. Arch, 1855, p. 259.

pimctata, Kiier in Sitzgsbe'r. Wien. Acad. 1860, xxxix. p. 534. fig. 2.

B. 4. D. 3 t 10. A. 13. C. 11. P. 12. V. 4.

The first dorsal spine is joined to, and not quite half as long as,
its intemeural ; the distance of the posterior margin of the oper-
culum from the root of the pectoral equals its distance from the

* According to JCner, the ventral fins are united and the middle rays are pp
longed in the male sex.

528 CENTBISCIDiE.

anterior margin of the orbit. Head and body with several series of
well-defined, round, deep-black dots.
Ked Sea. Coast of Mozambique.

a, b. Dried. Red Sea. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

This is a very distinct species, which differs from A. scutata in the
following points besides those mentioned : —

1. The interorbital space is convex, striated, without longitudinal
groove.

2. The operculum is sub emicircular, not quite twice as long as
high, with a small prominence at its inferior convex margin.

3. The horizontal portion of the- humerus which is, visible exter-
nally is of moderate length, rather broad on its middle, and obliquely
truncated behind ; the coracoid, which is situated immediately below,
has its basal portion not styliform, as in A. scutata, but it is broad
like the humerus above.

4. There are ten or eleven ribs.

5. The distance of the ventral from the pectoral equals that of the
latter from the eye.

6. A series of black dots commences on the rostral tube and runs
along the edge of the cuirass ; a second short series is composed of
some dots disposed on the ribs ; a third series along the margin of
the belly ; a fourth along the side of the back ; and, finally, there are
some other dots on the vertebral line.

3. AmpMsile strigata.
P Amphisile scutata, Bleek. Banda, i. p. 245.

D. 3 I 10. A. 12. C. 10. P. 12. V. 4.
The distance of the posterior margin of the operculum from the
root of the pectoral is somewhat less than its distance from the an-
terior margin of the orbit. A black streak runs from the snout
through the eye and base of the pectoral, along the lower edge of
the dorsal cuirass ; it is double between the eye and gill-opening,
and undulated along the side.

Java; ? Banda.
a. Five and a half inches long. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

This species appears to be more closely allied to A. punctulata than
to A. scutata, having the thoracic region as short as the former, or
even shorter. It \sn\l be readily recognized by this character and
by the black longitudinal band. The extremity of the snout and the
first dorsal spine are broken off; but the latter appears to have been
joined to the dorsal cuirass, as m A. punctulata. The species differs
from A. scutata^arifX agrees with A. pxmctulata in all the points which
have been named in the description of the latter species, except that
the vent"al fins are somewhat nearer to the pectoral. The body, how-
ever, is considerably more elongate than in A. pimctulata. Whilst
the third and fourth lateral shields of the cuirass are not much longer
than deep in A. punctulata, the third shield is much longer than deep
in the present species, and the fourth is twice as long as deep.

1. FISTTTLABIA. i)29

Fam. 45. FISTULARIDJi.

Bouches en flute, part., Cuv. Rigne Anim.

Fistularidae, part., Mull. Berl. Abhand' 1844, p. 201 ; Owen, Led.

Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Aulostomatoidei et Fistularoidei, Bleek. Enum. pp. xxiii & xxvi.

Fishes of greatly elongated form ; the anterior bones of the skull
are much produced, and form a long tube terminating in a narrow
mouth. Teeth small. Parts of the skeleton and dermal productions
form external mails ; scales none, or small. The spinous dorsal fin is
either formed by feeble isolated spines or entirely absent ; the soft
dorsal and anal of moderate length ; ventral fins abdominal, composed
of six rays, without spine ; they arc separate from the pubic bones,
which remain attached to the humeral arch. Branchiostegals five ;
air-bladder large ; four gills ; pseudobranchiae. Pyloric appendages
in small number ; intestinal tract short. Vertebrae very numerous.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic and of the Indian Ocean,

Synopsis of the Genera.

Body scaleless 1 . Fistularia, p. 529.

Body with small scaleSk 2. Aulostoma, p. 535.

1. FISTULARIA.

Fistidaria, sp., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 515.
Solenostomiis, sp., Klein 8f Groitor.
Fistularia, Lacep. v. p. 349.
Cannorhynehus, Cant. Catal. p. 211.

Body scaleless. Caudal fin forked, with the two middle rays pro-
duced into a filament ; no free dorsal spines. Teeth small.
Tx'opical parts of the Atlantic and of the Indian Ocean.

1. Fistulana tabaccaria,

Parra, p. 63. tab. 30. fig. 1 ; Marcgr. p. 148 ; Catesbif, Carol, ii. p. 17.

tab. 17. fig. 2.
Fistularia tabaccaria, L. Mm. Ad. Fried, i. p. 80. tab. 20. fig. 2, and

S>/.st. Nat. i. p. 515; Bl. viii. p. 126. tab. 387. fig. 1; Bl. Schti. p. 114;

Cui\ Begtic Anim. ; Guerin, Iconogr. Poi,ss. pi. 45. fig. 1.
Solenostomus, Gronov. Mus. i. p. ll. no. 31, and Zoophgl. p. 119.

no. 865 ; Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 25. nos. 4 & 5 ; Brotcn, Jamaica,

p. 441. no. 1.
Fistularia petimba, Laeep. v. pp. 349, 350.
Flagellaria fistularia, Gronov. byst. ed. Gray, p. 146.
. Aulastoma mai-cgTavii, Casteln. Anim. nouv, ou rares de FAtn^r. Sud,

Poiss. p. 30. pi. 9. fig. 3.

D. 16. A. 16. P. 15. V. 6. -C.3 + C I 2 I 6 + 3.
Vert. 4 + 49 I 33.

The outer edge of the tube is smooth, or so indistinctly serrated as
VOL. iir. 2 M

;">'H> FISTULAIUI'.K.

t'j be scarcely Aisible. Greenish-olive, with lilue spots and stripes
along the upper parts of the head and body.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic. AVestcrn coast of Central America.

a. Adult : bad state. Uahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

h. Adult : stuffed. liio Janeiro. Presented by A. Pry, Esq.

c. Adult, ^^'est Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.

(I. Adult : bad state. Prom the Ilaslar Collection.

.'. Half-grown : bad state. "NVestci-n coast of Central America.

Collected by Captain Dow ; presented bj^ Dr. P. L. Sclater,

Seer. Zool. Soc.
/. A very young specimen, caught near St. Thomas's Island (Gulf of

Guinea) by the Zoologist of the Congo Expedition, proves the

occurrence of the genus on the African side of the Atlantic.

The si)Ccimen is very small, and probably belongs to this species.

Desa-iption. — I'hc head is produced into a long depressed tube,
terminating in a mouth of moderate Avidth. The length of the head
is one-third of the total (the caiulal filament not mcluded). The
cleft of the mouth is horizontal, extending nearly as far backwards
as the maxillary. The lower jaw is prominent, and terminates in a
fleshy knot ; upper lip very distinct, separated from the intermax-
illary by a deep groove. The intermaxillary is styliforra. half as long
as the maxillary, and not protractile ; the maxillarj is rather elon-
gate, and somewhat dilated JDosteriorly ; the mandible has two deep
longitudinal furrows on its outer surface. The membrane which
unites the jaw-bones is very wide and lax, allowing of great dilata-
tion of the mouth ; and in a specimen in which the tube apparently
is not thicker thaji the little-finger of a man, tube and mouth can be
so expanded that the thumb can easily pass. The jaws and palatine
bones are armed Avith a series of small teeth ; the vomerine series is
very short.

The ujiper surface of the head is covered with a very thin skin.
The middle portion of the tube is more elevated than the lateral ones,
and formed ])y ridges which jirc contiuciit on the middle of the eth-
moid bone, and more divergent posteriorly than anteriorly , the lateral
edge of the tube is very indistinctly serrated, or rather erenulated.
The eye is elongate, ovate, much longer than high ; its horizontal
diameter is one-half the length of the portion of the head behind
the orbit ; it is protected by prominent angles of the frontal bones
anteriorly and posteriorly ; the bony bridge between the orbits is
concave and narrow, its Avidth being less than the vertical diameter
of the orbit. CroAvn of the head flat, Avith a bundle of longitudinal
stria; on each side. The nostrils are close together, one before the
other, in front of the anterior angle of the orbit and on the upper
sui'face of the head. The operculum is tAA'ice as long as high, stri-
ated, and obtusely rounded behind ; the suboperculum occupio!? a
triangular space between the operculum and prai^operculum, and is
carried backAvards along the inferior .margin of the opercle. I'rrc-
operculuni Avith numerous erenulated stria>, and Avith its posterior
portion very short and occupying a nearly horizontal situati**n ; the

1. FTSTULARIA. 531

intcropcrculum is exceedingly long and narrow, hidden below tln^
iira;operculuni and tympanic. Tlic gill-opening is wide, closed above
the operculum ; the gill- membranes are only slightly united at the
base of the urohyal. Five slender branchiostegals : the first (nearest
to the subopercle) is divided into two branches, so that one might
easily take it for two branchiostegals ; they arc, however, united at
the base. Four gills, with a wide slit behind the fourth ; pscudo-
branchiiB weU-dcvcloped. The arcus branchiales have no internal
rakers; the lower pharj-ngcals are very narrow, provided with a
long series of villiform teeth ; a sciies of three elongate patches of
similar teeth on each side of the roof of the pharynx. The glosso-
hyal is exceedingly elongate, half as long as the tube.

The bony shields which protect the anterior portion of the trunk,
and arc situated immediately below the skin, will be better describ(>d
with the skeleton. This portion of the trunk has the muscles much
less developed than the posterior ; the shields are the following: —

1. A narrow strip along the median line.

2. A pair of broader ones occupying the sides of the back.

3. A narrow one on the side.

4. The pubic bones on the belly.

The ventral fins are situated on the muscular portion of the trunk,
and a strip of bony, necdlc-liko ossifications, imbedded in the skin,
runs from each fin to the pubic shield, being continued posteriorly
along the Avhole length of the side of the abdomen nearly to the
caudal fin. The body is much depressed, broader than high, and
gradually tapcnng posteriorly ; it is naked ; the lateral line is marked
by pores and by small, narrow, bony shields, which are sunk in the
skin anteriorly, and become broader and more ])rojecting on the t;dl,
where they form a sort of scrrature. The lateral line commences in
the scapulary region, is curved towards the median line of the back.
running along the Avhole length of the dorsal shield, and then bent
downwards, proceeding along the middle of the*sidc. The vent is
situated immediately before the anal fin.

The pectoral fin has an obliciuely curved base and a rounded mar-
gin ; it is scarcely longer than the bony orbit, and all its rays are
simple ; there is a small foramen posteriorly in its axil. The ven-
tral fin is much shorter than the pectoral, and composed of six soft
rays, the outer being the longest, simple, and articidated towards its
extremity. Both fins are widely apart from each other, and theii-
distance from the pectoral is one-third of that from the caudal.
The doisal fin is much higher than long, and composed of sim])ie and
iinarticidated compressed rays, the sixth of which is the longest ;
the posterior rays decrease rapidly in length ; the fin is opposite to the
anal, and its distance from the caudal fin is one-fourth of that from
the occiput. Anal fin veiy similar to the dorsal. The caudal fin is
deeply forked ; its two middle rays are produced into one exceedingly
long filament ; sometimes they arc disconnected from each other,
forming two filaments ; the upper and lower rays are simply forked.

The coloiu' of the upper parts is reddish-brown, variegated with
numerous blue spots on the sides and on tlic back.

2m 2

532 FISTULARID-E.

SJceleton. — The crown of the head is flat, striated, with a large
oblique groove behind each orbit. The principal frontal bones are
rather narrow between the orbits, widened anteriorly and posteriorly,
and forming projecting corners before and behind the orbit ; they do
not extend very far forwards, and form only the basal portion of the
rostral tube. The greater part of the upper surface of the snout is
formed by the ethmoid, whilst the vomer occupies the anterior fourth
or fifth. The prsefrontal is situated in front of the orbit, elongate
and triangular. There is a deep and long groove on the side of the
snout for the muscles of the jaws ; its bottom is entirely ossified, and
formed by the tympanic, praeoperculum, entopterygoid, pre- and
meso-tympanic, these bones being exceedingly long. The entoptery-
goid and pretympanic are situated immediately below the ethmoid,
and provided with a crenulated ridge which is externally visible.
The bones which in other fishes constitute the bottom of the tym-
panic cavity below the orbit, are carried forwards before the orbit
in Fistularia ; the epitympanic appears to be absent. The inter-
maxillary is only half as long as the maxiUary, and has very short
posterior piocesses ; maxillaiy dilated posteriorly ; mandibula with
a deep longitudinal exterior groove. Tmbinal bone very small ;
'infraorbitals none.

The process on which the humeral arch is suspended is very
long, reaching as far backwards as the operculum ; suprascapula and
scapula short, simple ; the humerus emits a process backwards for
the coracoid, another downwards for the radius or ulna, and finally
a third for its symphysis. There are three bones participating in
the symphyseal junction of the humeral arch : the urohyal, which is
very elongate, the humeral and the pubic bones. Radius and ulna
reduced to a single subcircular bone ; there are four narrow, longish
carpal bones.

The shields which protect the anterior portion of the trunk are
the following : —

1. A narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the
skull ; they are, in fact, confluent neural spines, belonging to the
anterior portion of the vertebral column, which we shall presently
describe.

2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields are peculiar bones —
separated processes of the occipital bone — similar to those we have
observed in Mugil, where, however, they are not separated from
the occipital, and arise more outwards than in Fistularia. These
shields are the' longest, provided inferiorly with a ridge, which is
prolonged and extends far backwards between the muscles of the
back. This ridge is flexible, and does not interfere with the lateral
movements of the fish ; it appears to serve as a base for the attach-
ment of muscular fibres.

3. The narrow shield on the side is the coracoid, and conjposed of
two bones, the posterior of which is somewhat dilated and fixed to
the lateral dorsal shields.

4. The ventral shields are the pubic bones ; their posterior half is
broadest, porous inferiorly ; they are narrower before the middle,

1. FISHJLARIA. 53-5

lea\'ing a free lanceolate space between them, and arc again a little
widened anteriorl}-, where they join the humerus and nrohyal.

The anterior portion of the vertebral column shows the same pecu-
liarity as in Dactijloptertis : it is a long compressed tube, evidently
composed of four elongate vertebrae, which are not joined, but
perfectly anchylosed ; each of them has a pair of small foramina
for blood-vessels. The nciiral spines and parapophySv.s of this tubi-
form portion are confluent into thin lamina?, the lateral of which
are wing-Uke, expanded in their anterior half. There are, besides,
forty-nine abdominal and thirty-three caudal vertebrae ; each ver-
tebra has five deep imjiressions, and those of the abdominal portion
and a part of the caudal have long parapophyses. The neural spines
are short, the interneurals long, .horizontally situated, so that they
form together one continuous bony strip ; the baemals are much di-
vergent at the base, leaving space for a "vvide channel. Ribs none.

Indies, lines.
Length of the tubiform portion of the vertebral column 4 4

of the abdominal portion 9 8

of the caudal portion 5 6

Total length 11) 6

2. Fistularia serrata.

Pike Fish Oonger, Daynpier, Voij. Neiv Holl. in Coll. Toy. iii. pi. facing

p. 184.
Fistularia tabaccaria, Wliite, Voy. Bot Bay, p. 296. fig. 2.

tabaccaria, var., Bl. viii. p. 130. taf. 387. figs. 2,3; Bl. Schn. p. 114.

Russell, ii. p. 58. pi. 173.

Fistularia immaculata, Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 247;

Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 320; Bleek. Amb. i^- Cer. p. 281, and Verhand.

Acad. Wetensch. Amstcrd. i., Japan, p. 11.

serrata, Cuv. Rvgne Anim. (after BlocJi).

commersonii, Riipp. N. IV. Fische, p. 142 ; Peters in Wieam. Arch.

1855, p. 258.
Cannorh}Tichus immaculatus, Cant. Catal. p. 211.
Skeleton ; Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. ix. figs. 8-12 (Fistularia tabacaria).

B. 7. D. 13-15. A. 14-15. V. 6. C. 2-|-6 | 2 | O-f-2.
Vert. 47/34 {Rilpp.), 47/29 (Bosenth.).

The outer edge of the tube is very distinctly serrated. Brownish-
grey, silvery beneath ; sometimes some bluish spots on the back or
on the sides.

From the coast of Mozambique to the Seas of Cliina and New
Holland. — The head of this species is very distinctly figured by Bloch,
and on this figure Cuvier has founded the species F. serrata.

a. Half-grown : bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

b. Half-grown. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke.

c. Half-grown. Singapore.

d. Half-grown: stuffed. SeaofPinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection,
e-/. Half-grown and young. Araboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

534 FISTTTLARID^E.

g-h, i, k, I. Adult, half-grown, and young. China.
TO. Adult : stuffed : bad state. East Indies.
n, o,p, q, 1, s-u. Adult, half-grown, and young.
V, w, X. Adult and half-grown : stuffed.

Description. — The tube into which the head is produced is ex-
ceedingly long, the part of the head situated behind the orbit being-
contained six times and a half in its length ; it is as high as broad
near its base, and somewhat compressed in its anterior portion ; a
vertical cut across its midflle would be hexagonal. The length of
the entire head is contained twice and two-thirds in the total length
(the caudal filament not included). The form of the mouth and the
teeth are the same as in F. tahaccaria, except that the lower jaw is
somewhat more prominent, and the teeth on the vomer appear to be
quite rudimentary, if present at all.

The upper surface of the head is covered with a very thin skin ;
the middle portion of the tube is much more elevated than the lateidl
ones, at least on the basal half of the tube, and formed by crenulated
ridges, the outer of which arise from the anterior angle of the orbit,
first convergent, and then keeping a parallel direction The lateral
edge of the tube is very distinctly serrated, and provided with rather
prominent spines posteriorly. The eye is elongate, ovate, much
longer than high ; its horizontal diameter is one-half of its distance
from the base of the pectoral fin ; it is protected by prominent angles
of the fi'ontal bones anteriorly and posteriorly ; the bony bridge
between the orbits is concave and narrow, its width being less than
the vertical diameter of the eye. Crown of the head rather convex,
with slight crenulated striae. The nostrils are close together, one
before the other, in front of the anterior angle of the orbit, on the
side of the head. The operculum is not quite twice so long as high,
and covered with a thick membrane, which is prolonged beyond the
margin of the bone and fixed to the base- of the pectoral fin . The
form and situation of the sub- and prse-operculum are nearly the
same as in F. tahaccaria. The gUl-opening is wide, but does not
extend upwards beyond the base of the pectoral. Six slender
branchiostegals. The anterior part of the trunk is shielded by the
same number of bony lamellae as in F. tahaccaria. The air-bladder
is situated immediately between the lateral lamellae, and the body is
here transparent. The pubic shields cover the whole anterior portion
of the abdomen, except a small ovate spot between the pectoral fins.

The body is much depressed, nearly twice as broad as high ; it
is naked, without the dermal ossifications found in F. tahaccaria.
The lateral line is marked by pores and small, narrow, bony shields,
which are sunk in the skin anteriorly, becoming broader on the tail,
and armed with a compressed spine directed backwards. The spines
form together a kind of serrature. The course of the lateral line is
the same as in F. tahaccaria.

The base of the pectoral fin is obliquely curved ; the fin is some-
what longer than the orbit and rounded ; there is a small foramen
posteriorly ui its axil. The ventral fin is much shorter than the

2. AULOSTOMA. 535

pectoral and composed oi sijs. soft rays ; both tins are widely apart
from each uther, and theii' distance fiom the pectoral is two-sevenths
of that from the caudal. The form and position of the vertical fins
is the same as in F. tabaccaria. There is a series of feeble spines
imbedded in the skin along the median line of the back and of the
abdomen : these spines do not belong to the endoskeleton ; for if the
skin is removed, these spines foUow, and are easily detached from its
outer surface. They are evidently rudiments of the spinous portion
at least of the dorsal fin, which, in Aulostoma, is more developed,
the spines being free.

Greyish, silvery along the lower part of the head ; sometimes a
seiiee of blue spots along the side or the back.

The greater portion of the case formed by the bony shields behind
the head is fiUed by the air-bladder, the membrane of which is thin,
coating the interior surface of the upper and lateral shields, and
fijmly attached posteriorly to the muscular mass which commences
behind those shields. A portion of the stomach and the liver also
are enclosed in that anterior portion of the abdominal cavity. The
stomach is elongate, subcylindrical, and passes gradually into the
intestine, which is' short and straight to the vent. I observe only one
short pyloric appendage, enveloped by a portion of the pancreas,
which is situated along the whole posterior side of the stomach and
encircles its pyloric portion. The spleen is elongate, ovate. The
abdominal cavity is extremely narrow from the point where the
muscular mass of the vertebral column commences. The kidneys
are thick and very long, extending along the whole abdominal cavity
upwards to the air-bladder.

A comparison of this species with Gasterosteus spinacJda will
show the close relation of the Fistularidce and Oasterosteidce.

2. AULOSTOMA.

Fistularia, sp., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 515.
Solenostomus, sp., Klein Sf Gronov.
Aulostoma, Lacep. v. p. 357.
Polypterichthys, Bleek. Ternate, ii. p. 608.

Body covered with small scales. Caudal fin rhombic, Avithout
filiform rays ; a series of isolated feeble dorsal spines. Teeth rudi-
mentary.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic and of the Indian Ocean.

The Atlantic and Indian species of this genus are so closely allied
to each other that they were confounded by Linne and the following
ichthyologists. MiiUer and Troschel were the first to distinguish the
Atlantic species by a separate name. These fishes have always been
described as toothless, in consequence of which Dr. v. Bleeker, who
saw the patches of rudimentary teeth, describes the Indian form as
new, creating a genus, Polypterichthys, for it.

The species of Aulostoma show the same peculiar structure of the
anterior portion of the vertebral column as Fistidai-ia. These two
genera belong to one and the same natural family.

536 FISTULARII)^.

1. Aulostoma coloratum.

Purra, j). 65. lam. 30. fig. 2.

Fistularia chinensis, part., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 515.

Solenostomus, Gronuv. Zoophyl. p. 119. no. 366.

Aulostomus chinensis, part., Lacej). v. p. 357.

Aulostoma colorntum, Midi. 8f Trosch. in Schornb. Hist. Barbad. p. 673.

maculatum, Valenc. in Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 92. fig. 2.

Solenostomus chinensis, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 147.

D. 9-10 1 23-24. A. 24-26. V. 6. P. 15. C. 3 + 15 + 3.
Caec. pyl. 2.

The anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins with a black
cross-band, parallel to, and somewhat remote from, the base of the
fins. Yentral fins immaculate.

Caribbean Sea.

a, h-c. Adnlt and half-grown, Cuba. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
d-l. Adult and half-grown : stuff'od and skins. Caribbean Sea.
m, n, 0, p-q. Adult, half-grown, and young.
r. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

Description. — The head of this singular fish is produced into along
compressed tube, terminating in a . mouth which is comparatively
small. The length of the head is somewhat less than one-third of
the total. The cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique when closed,
with the extremity of the lower jaw somewhat prominent and com-
pressed into a sort of keel. A small barbel hangs doAvn from the
symphysis. The intermaxillary is feeble, styliform, not protractile,
whilst the maxillary is broad, lamelliform, and triangular. The
upper jaw is united to the lower by a broad membrane, which renders
the cleft of the mouth much narrower than one would expect from
the extent of the jaw-bones.

Although Cuvier and the following authors have denied the pre-
sence of teeth, patches of minute ones are distinctly visible ; they
become more conspicuous if the head is allowed to dry. The inter-
maxillaiy is perfectly tootliless ; the mandible has a short and narrow
band on the edge near the symphysis, and a broad rough patch on its
inner sm^face ; there is a similar patch on the palatine bones, whilst
the vomer is provided with a long, very narrow band of minute teeth.
The inner concave part of the branchial arches and the upper and
lower pharyngeal bones have patches of villiform teeth.

The diameter of the eye is one-half or two-fifths of the extent of
the part of the head behind it ; the space between the orbits is flat
or a little concave, with a slight ridge on each side, both converging
anteriorly and soon meeting in a point. The eye does not appear to
be comparatively smaller in adult specimens than in young ones, as
is the case in most Teleostei. The nostrils are close together, one
before the other, in front of the orbit and on the side of the head.
The operculum is subquadrangular, longer than high ; the suboper-
culum occupies a triangular space between the operculum and prae-
operculum, and is carried backwards along the inferior margin of the

2. AULOSTOMA. 537

opercle. Four slender branchiostegals. Tlie gill-opeuing extends
to below the eye, the gill-membranes being attached to the front
end of the iirohyal ; the glossohyal is very long and slender. Four
gills, with a narrow slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchifv well
developed.

A long narrow bony shield, half as long as the snout, is joined to
the occiput and extends along the neck. The body is compressed,
highest between the origin of the dorsal and anal fins, whilst the tail
behind these fins is veiy low ; its greatest depth is one-fifth of the
length of the head, and the least depth of the tail is only one-third
of the depth between the vertical fins. It is covered with small
ctenoid scales, which have the free margin strongly ciliated ; there
are about thirty-five in a vertical line below the anterior dorsal
spines.

The pectoral fins have a broad, slightly oblique base and arc
rounded ; they are shorter than the part of the head behind the orbit.
The ventrals are one-third nearer to the anal than to the base of the
pectoral ; they are shorter than the pectorals, and have the rays of
nearly equal length, the outer ray being simple, but articulated.
The spinous dorsal fin is generally composed of nine or ten slender
spines ; they are feeble, about as long as the orbit, and remote from
one another ; each has a broad niembranc behind, and can be received
in a slight groove ; if laid backwards they scarcely touch one an-
other. The soft dorsal and the anal are opposite to each other ; thn
length of the base of the former is nearly equal to its distance from
the caudal, and a little less than the length of the base of the anal ;
the anterior rays are short ; the fourth is the longest, forming the
highest part of the fin : the anal is similar in shape to the dorsal.
Caudal rhombic, TN-ith the two middle rays longest.

Ground-colour brownish -olive (in spirits), with one or two series
of brown (blue) dots along each side of the back ; another rather
irregular series of round brown spots from the pra^opcrculum along
each side of the belly to the anal fin. Three or four silvery lines
along each side of the abdomen, intcrnipted on the head, where they
are replaced by irregodar oblique streaks ; a brown streak along the
posterior margin of the maxillary ; each nostril with a brown spot.
The seven anterior dorsal and anal rays are crossed by a black streak
parallel to, and rather remote from, the base of the fins ; caudal fin
with two round black spots, one above the other, the lower being
sometimes absent.

The stomach is spacious, elongate, with thin membranes, which
become thicker towards the pjdorus ; it passes without curvatiu'e or
dilatation into the intestine, which is extremely short, quite straight,
without curve or circumvolution, and rather wider at its commence-
ment than posteriorly ; two pyloric appendages of moderate size
on each side of the pyloric portion of the stomach. Aii'-bladder
large.

From the shortness and simple structiu'C of the intestinal tract, the
inference might have been di-awn that this fish is carnivorous ; and
the stomach, indeed, contained the remains of small fish.

538 FISTULARID-E.

2. Aulostoma chiiiense.

Vakni. Ind Amb. iii. p. 448. fig. 323, p. 502. fig. 494 ; Renard, Poiss.

3foL i. pi. 3. fig. 18 ; ? Petiver, Gazophjl tab. 68. fig. 1.
Fistularia chinensis, part., L. St/sf. Nat. i. p. 515.
Aiilostomus cbinensis, part., Lucep. v. p. 357.
Aulostoma chineiise, Schley. Faim. Japon. Poiss. p. 320; Richards.

Ichth. Chin. p. 247 ; Peters in Wierpn. Arch. 1855, p. 258.
Polj'ptericbthys valentini, Bleek. Ternate, ii. p. G08.

D. 8-12 I 24-27. A. 27-28. V. G.

The base of the soft dorsal and anal fms is black ; sometimes an-
other short black streak above, across the anterior rays. Ventral fin
w^ith a round black spot at the base. Sometimes nearly uniform,
without markings.

From the coast of Mozambique to the Western Pacific.

This species is so closely allied to Aid. coloratum, that a detailed
description would agree with that given of the other species in
nearly every respect. The crown of the head is more rugose, and
the three single plates of which the nuchal shield is composed are
more distinct. The pectoral is somewhat shorter, equal in length
to the ventral fin, the outer ray of which is sometimes branched
as well as articulated. The tail behind the vertical tins is a little
more slender, equal in length to the base of the soft dorsal fin.
Some individuals show the markings more distinctly than others.

Var. a.

Body with lighter longitudinal streaks and wdth indistinct darker
cross-bands. Maxillary band, ventral and two caudal spots, basal
band of the dorsal and anal fins, and a spot above the dorsal band,
very distinct and of a deep-black colour.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b, c. Adult and half-grown.

Var. ft.

Body uniform ; maxillary band indistinct ; ventral and one supe-
rior caudal spot deep black : basal band of the dorsal and anal fins
rather short.

d. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Var. y.

Body uniform ;. maxillary band pale ; ventral spots and anal band
absent. Only one spot on the caudal fin superiorly ; traces of the
basal band of the dorsal fin scarcely visible.

e. Eighteen inches long: stuff'ed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Maogil-

livray's Collection. — Another specimen from the same Collection,
which has not been purchased for the British Museum, belonged
to var. ft.

1. UlIYNCJIOISDELLA. o39

Fam. 46. MASTACEMBELID.E.

Acanthopterous Eels.

Scomberoidei, pt., Cut: ^- Vol. viii. p. 441.

Notacanthi, pt , Midi. Berl Ahhatull. 1844, p. 201 ; Owi-n, Lcct. Comp.

Anot. Vert. i. p. 49.
Rhyncliobdelloidei, Bleek. Etium. Spec. p. xxiii.

Body elongate, eel-like, covered with veiy small scales. Mandibula
long, only slightly moveable. Dorsal fin very long, the anterior por-
tion composed of numerous free spines ; anal fin Avith spines ante-
riorly. Ventral fins none. The humeral arch is not suspended from
the skull. Gill-opening reduced to a slit at the inferior part of the
side of the head. Gills four, pseudobranchioe none ; an air-bladder.
Branchiostegals six. Pyloric appendages two.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

The structure of the mouth (not of the bones of the upper jaw) and of
the gill- apparatus, the separation of the humeral arch from the skull,
the absence of ventral fins, the anatomy of the internal parts, and the
whole habit, afford ample proof that these fishes are eels, in which a
part of the dorsal fiji is spinous. There is not one Scomberoid fish
to which they have any afl[inity, Avhich has been clearly shoAvn by
Miiller ; but he fell into much the same error as Corner did, when he
united these fishes with Notacanthus, a genus which has no affinity
whatever to the present family. Dr. v. Eleeker groups them together
with Aulostoma and Notacanthus in one order. It is impossible to refer
Aulostoma and Fistularia to two different families, F. serrata having
dorsal spines; but they are rudimentaiy, and hidden in the skin.
See p. 535.

SynojJsis of the Genera.

Snout with an appendage, concave and trans-
versely striated inferiorly 1. RpVNCHOBDELLA, p. 539.

Snout with an appendage, which is not trans-
versely striated 2. Mastacembelus, p. 540.

1. RHYNCHOBDELLA.

Mastacembelus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 133.
Rhynchobdella, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 478.
Rhynchobdella, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 444.

Body elongate, eel-like, covered with very small scales; head
elongate, pointed anteriorly, the upper jaw terminating in a long
moveable appendage, which is concave and transversely striated in-
feriorly. Cleft of the mouth narrow, with the lower jaw very little
moveable. Minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer. Pra^oper-
culum not armed.

Fresh watei's of the East Indies.

540 .MASTACEMBKLID.-E.

1. Rhynchobdella aculeata.

Pentophtlialmus, Wilhujlib. App. tcab. 10. 428.
Mastacembelus, sp., Gro)inr. Zooplnjl. p. 133.
Eucheh'opus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 58. n. 18.
Opliidiiuii aculeatum, Bl. tab. 159. f. 2.
Rhvnchobdella orientalis, Bl. Schn. p. 478.

aral, Bl. Schn. p. 479. taf. 89.

Macrognathiis aculeatus, Lacep. ii. p. 284 ; Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang.

p. 29.
Ophidium rostratum, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 73.
Macrognatliiis ocellatus, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 29.
Rhyncbobdella aral, Ciiv. ^- Val. viii. pi. 239.
ocellata, Ciiv. Sf Val. viii. p. 445 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch.

xxiii., Nofac. p. 5.
Mastacembelus pentophtlialmus, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 172.

D. (13) 18-20 I 52-54. A. 3 | 52. Vert. 32/40.
Csec. pylor. 2.

Vertical fins not contiguous ; a series of two to eight black, white -
edged ocelli along the base of the soft dorsal fin.
Fresh waters of the East Indies.

a. Adult : dried. Calcutta. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.

h. Adidt. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schla-

gintweit.
c. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. E, J. Boileau, Esq.
d-f. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Sir W. Hooker.
g. Fine specimen. Ceram. From the Collection of Madame Ida

Pfeiff"er.
h, i. Adult. Moluccas.
k-m. Adult. Borneo.

n-p, q-r, s, t. Adult and half-grown. East Indies.
u. WuiG inches long. — Type of Ophidium rostratum, Shaw.

Var. siamensis : D. 13 | o5. A. 3 ] 58. Five black ocelli along
the base of the dorsal fin ; a pair of confluent ocelli at the base of
the caudal. Dorsal spines very feeble. — Having only one specimen,
we do not feel that we should be justified in describing it as a sepa-
rate species.
a. Fine specimen. Pachebore. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

2. MASTACEMBELUS.

Mastacembelus, sp., Gronov. Zoophijl. p. 133 (not Klein).
Mastaceiiibelus, Cuv. 8c Val. viii. p. 452.

Body elongate, eel-like, covered Avith very small scales ; head
elongate, the upper jaw terminating in a long moveable appendage,
which ifj not transversely striated inferiorly. Cleft of the mouth
rather narrow, with the lower jaw very little moveable. Minute
teeth in the jaws. Praeoperculum with spinous teeth at the angle
(except in M. maculatus).

Fresh waters of the East Indies, extending westwards to Syria.

2. MASTACEMBELUS. 541

1. Mastacembelus pancalus.

Maci'OgTiathus pancalus. Bitch. Iliini. Fish. Ganrj. p. 30. pi. 22. tig. 7.
Mastacembelus paucalus, Cuv. ^- Val. viii. p. 455 ; Bleek. f^erhniul.

Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Beng. en Ilindust. p. 98.
? Mastacembelus punctatus, Cuv. 8)- Val. viii. p. 463.

D. 25-26 1 35-40. A. 36-40.

The cleft of the mouth extends scarcclj' to the vertical from the
nostril. • Vertical fins not contiguous. Body brown, with small,
round, lighter dots ; vertical fins wliitish, dotted with black.

Fresh waters of Bengal.

fl-c, d. Half-gro^vn. Ganges. Presented by G. 11. Watorhouse,

Esq. — Types of the species.
e. Half-grown. Ganges. From Mr. MacClelland's Collection.
/, g, h. Half-grown. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von

Schlagintweit.
i-k, l-p, q. Adult, half-grown, and young. Bengal.

2. Mastacembelus zebrinus.
Bh/th in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, p. 281.

Twenty-eight or twenty-nine dorsal spines. Tail detached from
the dorsal and anal fins. Pale brown, deeper along the back, and
marked throughout (more distinctly in the young) with dusky trans-
verse stripes, alternating with fainter stripes more or less regular,
which latter are often double or more or less divided, and are set off
by the narrow pale interspaces. Dorsal and caudal fins minutely
striated ; the anal with broad stripes, as on the sides. (BI.)

Maulmein.

3. Mastacembelus aleppensis.

Simak-el-inglese, Ingely, Btts-fell, Naf. Hist. Al<'ppo,u.2nd edit. (liOnd.

1794), p. 208. pi. G.
Mastaceuibelus, sp., Grunov. ZoophijI. no. 402. tab. Sa. figs. 1. 2.
Ophidium simak, Walh. Artedi, iii. p. 159.

mastacembelus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 71.

Rhynchobdella lialeppensis, Bl. Schn. p. 480.
Mastacembelus aleppensis, Cur. ^- Val. viii. p. 454.

syriacus, Gronov. Sifst. e<I. Graij, p. 172.

? Macrognathus caudatus, MacClell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 580.

D. 32-34 (35) | 80. A. 3 | 80.

The maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. Vertical fins continuous, sometimes a notch between
them. Above blackish, vsiriegated with dark-yeUow spots ; ycllo^vi.sh
below ; anal fin yellow near its commencement, the rest, like the
dorsal and caudal, being spotted with black.

River Kowik. ? Afghanistan.

a, h, c. Tj^pes of the species: bleached. Aleppo. From A. Russell's
Collection.

d. A fourth specimen, with thirty-five dorsal spines, and of a unifonn
brownish -black colour, is not specifically different from the t}^i-
cal individuals ; it was received from the East India Company.

542 M.\STACEMI5JCTJD.T<:.

4, Mastacembelus unicolor.

Mastacombelu3 unicolor, (Ku/d C)- v. Ilass.) Cur. Sr Veil. viii. p. 4.J-? ;
Bleek. Verhand. Jiatav. Genootsch. xxiii., Notac. p. 5.

D. 33-34 I 80-84. A. 3 | 75-81 .

The vertical fins are distinct from one another and only continuous
at the base. Brownish above, yellowish below ; sides with large ob-
long light-coloured spots ; vertical fins brownish, edged with yelloAV ;
pectorals with two brown cross-bands.

Java.

5. Mastacembelus erythrotaenia.

Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Notac. p. 6, and Borneo, I. p. 10.
D. 34-37 I 70-75. A. 3 j 71.
The maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. Vertical fins continuous. Black or brown, with
four more or less irregular red longitudinal bands, the second of
which commences at the angle of the mouth ; vertical and pectoral
fins black, with red margin.
Rivers of Borneo.

a. Adult. Borneo. Named M. (/iganteris.
h. Adult. Borneo. Named M. pictus.

6. Mastacembelus argus.

D. 32 I 60. A. 3 I 56.

Prajoperculum with two or three spines. The maxillary does not
extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Ver-
tical fins continuous. Brownish-black, with white bands and round
white spots : a band from the occiput, along the middle of the back,
passing into the white margin of the vertical tins ; a second band
above tlie eye, interrupted and lost on the side of the back ; a third
from the angle of the mouth, passing into a series of spots, which is
continued to the caudal ; another series of spots along the side of the
belly ; the soft dorsal with a series of six spots. Pectoral black at
the base and near the margin.

Fresh waters of Siam.

a. Fine specimen. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

The appendage of the snout is trilobed, and shorter than the cleft
of the mouth. No notch is visible between the vertical fins.

inches, lines.

Total length 9 0

Length of the head (with appendage) .... 1 9
Length of the tail (from vent) 3 0

7. Mastacembelus armatus.

Macrognathus armatus, Lacep. ii. p. 280 ; Buck. Ham. Fish. (lanq.

pp. 28, mi. pi. .37. fig. 6.
Rhynchobdella polyac.intha, Bl. Sehn. p. 479.
Mastacembelus armatus, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 45(>. pi. 240; ? Si/kes in

2. mast.vci;mbklus. o4'.i

Trans. Zool. Soe. ii. p. 350. tab. GO. fig. 2; Blcch. JWIinurf. Bdlar.

Gotootsch. XXV., Hind, en Ben;/, p. 97.
Mastacembelus ponticeriamis, Cur. ^ Val. viii. p. 460.
niarmoratus, Cuv. df Val. viii. p. 4G1 ; Jacqu. Vorj. Iiul. Fois>>.

pi. 14. fig. 2.
INIacrognatlius imdiilatus, MacCleU. CaJc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 398.

pi. 22. fig. 1.

hamiltonii, MacClell. I. c. p. 393.

? Mastacembeliis venosus, Val. in Jacqu. Voy. Inch Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 1.

D. 35-39 I 79-87. A. 3 | 79-87. Caec. pylor. 2. Vert. 39/53

The maxillary extends to the vertical from the nostril. Vertical
tins continuous. Brownish -olive : a bro.vn band from the snout
through the eye, forming irregular zigzags along the side, and emit-
ting cross-bars to the dorsal and anal fins,

Var. Head with two rather irregular longitudinal brown bands.
A series of very distinct brown spots along the base of the dorsal and
anal fins ; sides of the body with brown reticulated bands.

Fresh waters of Ceylon, Bengal, and Chusan.

a. Var. ahnata.
a. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.
h-d. Half-groAvn. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.
e-f, (j. /Vdult. East Indies.

/3. Var. jjonticenana.

h-i, Ic, I. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ceylon. Piu'chased of Mr.
Cuming.

m. Young. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. {Mastacem-
helus hodfjsonii, Kaup).

n. Adult : stiiffed. East Indies. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.

0. Adult : skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased of !Mr. Cuming.

y. A verj^ old female does not show any markings, but is uniform
browTi.
p. Very fine specimen : sixteen inches long. Ceylon. Purchased

of Mr. Cuming.
q. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From the Collection of the East India

Company.

8. Mastacembelus maculatns.

Rliyncliobdella maciilata, JRcinw.

Mastacembelus maciilatus, Cui: >$• Val. viii. p. 401; Rk/ne Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 55. fig. 1 ; Bleeker, Blitong, p. 93.

D. 20-30 I 00-70. A. 3 | 59-69.

PrKopcrculum without spines. Vertical fins continuous. Brown,
clouded with darker; vertical fins with a yellow margin, do: i. 1 with
a series of blackish spots along the base.

Fresh waters of Blitong, Java, and Sumatra.

54-4 NOTACAM'III.

Fam. 47. NOTACANTHI.

Notacantlii, pt., 3IiiI/er, Bed. Ahhandl. 1844, p. IGo.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; snout proti'uding
beyond the mouth. Eyes lateral, of moderate size. Dentition feeble.
Dorsal fin short, composed of short free spines, a soft portion being
either entirely absent or quite rudimentary ; anal very long, an-
teriorly with many spines ; ventrals abdominal, composed of more
than five soft and of several unarticulated rays.

Seas of the arctic and temperate regions of both hemispheres.

The fishes of this family have the spinous portion of the dorsal
fin of the Acanthopterygians, and the structure and situation of the
ventral fins of the Malacopterj-gians. When their anatomy and the
structure of their gills and pharyngeal bones are better known, they
will, no doubt, form a distinct Order. Cuvier and Valenciennes
ranged them with the Scorabcroids I Miillcr formed a separate family
for them and for Mastacembehis.

All these fishes have been hitherto referred to one genus ; but the
species which we shall mention as the last, is probably the type of a
second genus, for which the name proposed by Fabricius might be
used.

1. NOT ACANTHUS.

Notficanthus, Block, Ausl. Fischc, xii. p. 114.
Campylodon, Fabric. VuJemk. Sclsk. Sk>: Kjobaih. iv. p. 22.

Characters the same as of the family.
Vrctic Seas. Mediterranean. Australian Seas.

1 . Notacanthus nasus.

Notacantbus nasus, Bl. xii. p. 114. taf. 431 ; Bl. Schn. p. 390; Cttv. ^•
Val. viii. p. 4(>7. pi. 241 ; Car. Bh/tw Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 55. fig. 2 ;
Gawuird, Voy. en Isl. cl aii Gronl. Zool. Poiss. pi. 1 1.
Cainpylndon, Fabric. Vidrnsl;. Srlsl: SI,r.KJobcnh.h.]\ 22. pi. 10. fig. 1.
Canipylodou fabvicii, Rrinli. T'idciisk. Schk. naturvid. o;i matlu-m. Af-
haa'dl. yii. 1838, p. 120.
B. 8. D. 9-10. A. 13-14 I no. C. 8. P. 17. V. 3/8. L. lat. 400.
The first dorsal spine is oppo.site to the ventral fin.
Greenland.

The typical specimen of Bloch is in the Berlin IMuseum, that of
Fabricius in Copenhagen. The differences in the descriptions of
Fabricius and Valenciennes, as pointed out by Prof, llcinhardt, do
not appear to have originated in a specific difference of the two
specimens.

1. NOTACANTHtrs. o45

2. Notacanthus bonapartii.

Bisso in Wiefpn. Arch. 1840, p. 376. pi. 10 (description and figure in-
correct); FiHppie Verany in Mernor. Accad. Sc. Torin.ser. 2. t. xviii.
p. 4 (3ep. copy).

D. 9. A. 15 I 1^0.

The ventrals are completely united, so as to form but one fin.
Palatine teeth in a double series. Tail tapering. Anal fin black.
■ Mediterranean.

3. Notacanthus mediterraneus.

Filippi e Verany in Mcmor. Accad. Sc. Torin. ser. 2. t. xviii. p. 1 (sep.
copy).

D. 6 I 1. A. 12 I 132. V. 4/8.

Scales extremely small. The ventrals are completely united, so as
to form but one fin. A small ray in the axil of the last doi"sal spine.
Palatine teeth in a single scries. Uniform silvery.

Mediterranean.

4. Notacanthus sexspinis.

Richards. Voy Erch. cS'- Terr. Fishes, p. 54. pi. -32. figs. 4^11.
D. 6 I 1. A. 14 I ? P. 13-14. V. 2/7.

The ventrals are completely united to each other, so as to form
but one fin, its base being before the vertical from the first dorsal
spine. A small, forked, jointed ray stands in the axil of the last
dorsal spine.

King George's Sound. Australia.

.5. Notacanthus rissoanus.

Filippi e Verany in 3femor. Accad. Sc. Torin. ser. 2. t. xviii. p. 6 (sep.
copy).

Nasal portion produced into a proboscis. Thirty or more spinous
finlets on the back. (Fil. 6f Ver.)
Mediterranean.

VOL. III. 2 X

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 4, note.

6. Gobius rcticulatus, Eichw., is, according to Kessler, identical with G.

ophioccphalus, Pall.
9. Gobius cephalarges, Pall., has been described by Kessler, Bnll. Soc. Naf.

Mosc. 18r)9, ii. p. 237. — It is not quite evident how this fish differs from

G. Steven ii ; its head appears to be somewhat longer — one-foiirth of the

total length.
14. Gobius quadricapillus, Pall., is different from the fish described by Nord-

mann under the same name ; the latter is identical witli G. jozo.

Page 5, note.
41. Bostrychus sinensis, &c., is to be erased.

Page 6, note.

45. Gobionellus hastatus, Girard, has been figured in U. S. ^ Mcx. Bound.
Surv. Fi.'^kef^, p. 25. pi. 12. figs. 7-8; but the figure does not agree with
the description, representing six dorsal spines, and not seven as stated
in the text.

50. Gobius lyricus, Girard, is described at p. 550.

51. Gobius wiirdemanni, Girard; another insufficient description may be

found in U. S. <§' Mex. Bound. Surv. Fi.^kes, p. 25.

52. Gobius catulus, Girard, U. S. cf Mex. Bound. Stirv. Fishes, p. 26. pi. 12.

figs. 9, 10.— This fish appears to be closely allied to G. soporator.

53. Gobius gulosus, Girard, U. S. cf" Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 26.

Pago 9. Insert instead of Gobius ratan : —

2. Gobius marmoratus.

Gobius marmoratus, PaU. Znof/r. iii. p. IGl ; Rathke, Fauna der Krym,
p. 327; Nordm. in Dcmid. To?/. Russ. Mcrid. iii. p. 435, Poiss. pi. 12.
fig. 3 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 252.

semilunaris, Kessler, Beitr. Ichthjol. sikl-ivestl. Russl. p. 14.

D. 6 I (16—) 18 (-20). A. (14—) 17-18*. L. lat. 44-47.

Head higher than broad, its length being contained four times and
a third in the total; snout of moderate extent, with the jaws of
equal length. The vent is one- third nearer to the end of the snout
than to the extremity of the caudal. The cleft of the mouth does
not quite extend to below the anterior margin of tho eye. Two

* f3ee pp. 51 , .550.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 547

longish tubes above the upper lip, opposite the nostrils. The upper
portion of the operculum scaly ; eight or nine scales in a transverse
series on the end of the tail. Olive, with .subquadrangular brownish
spots ; a pair of whitish spots on the base of the caudal fin, and a
single one below the eye. All the fins, except the ventrals, with
series of brown dots, those on the second dorsal and on the anal
having an oblique direction.

Coasts of the Black Sea, entering rivers.

Page 9. Gobius ratan.

Prof. Kessler has given a more detailed description of this s])ecies,
from which it appears that it has more than fifty scales in the lateral
line, and therefore must be transferred to division B. See p. 551.

Page 9. Gobius syrman.

The figure given by Nordmann represents the scales too large.
According to the examination of Prof. Kessler, it has 61-65 in the
lateral line, and it must therefore be transferred to division B.
See p. 551.

Page 10. Gobius melanio.

This proves to be identical with G, paganellus, p. 52.

Page 11. Gobius niger.
v. Adult. Alexandria. From Mr. Petherick's Collection.

Page 12. Gobius jozo.
Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius jozo, var. pontica, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 255.

quadricapillus, Nordm. in Demid. Foy. Suss. Merid. iii. p. 433,

Poiss pi. 13. fig. 3.

Page 17. Add the following species : —
22 a. Gobius leopardinus.

Noi-dm. in Dcmid. Voy. JRuss. 3fcrid. iii. p. 436, Poiss. pi. 13, fig. 4 ;
Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 258.

D. 6 I -i-. A. |. L. lat. 44.

Body elongate, roundish ; head broader than high, its length being
not quite one-fourth of the total. Diameter of the eye one-fourth
of the length of the head. Nape of the neck naked, with minute
warts. Lower jaw rather longer than the upper. Tho second dorsal
and the anal decrease in height posteriorly. Ventral long, one-fourth
of the total length, covering the vent. Yellowish-grey with oblong
brown spots along the lateral Line ; a large blackish spot on the
lower jaw, another at the base of Ihe pectoral. AU the fins with
series of brown dots. (Kessl.)

Crimea

2n 2

648 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 24. Add a new species : —

35 a. Gobius macrostoma.

Gobiopsia macrostomus, Steindachner in Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1861,
xlii. p. 291. fig. 6.

D. 6 1 11. A. 10. L. lat. 33.

Cleft of the mouth very wide, extending behind the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit ; eye small, one-seventh of the
length of the head. The height of the body is contained seven times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head three times
and two-thirds to three times and three-fourths. Head depressed,
broader than high ; the width of the interorbital space is nearly equal
to that of the orbit. The teeth of the outer series are the strongest.
The soft dorsal is higher than the spinous or than the body. Caudal
rounded. Vertical fins with dark streaks. (Steind.)

Bombay.

This species is allied to Qohius giuris and viridipunctatus.

Page 26. Add the following species : —
38 a. Gobius coalitus.
Benn. Proceed. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 166.
D. 6 U. A. 4-. L. lat. 40.

Thirteen longitudinal series of scales between the origins of the
second dorsal and anal. The height of the body is contained five
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times
and a fourth. Head rather broader than high, its height being more
than one-half of the length of the head. Snout somewhat longer
than the eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the length of the
head, and equal to the width of the interorbital space, which is flat.
Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly, and with
the maxillary scarcely extending beyond the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in broad villiform bands, those
of the outer series being somewhat larger. Head naked ; scales on
the nape and on the anterior part of the back small, becoming larger
and ctenoid posteriorly. The distance of the first dorsal fin from the
eye is more than that of the snout from the praeoperculum. The
fourth dorsal Spine is the longest, shorter than the posterior soft
rays, which are higher than the tail underneath and extend beyond
the base of the caudal. Caudal rounded. The upper pectoral rays
silk -like ; the ventral does not extend on to the vent. Greenish-
olive, iri'egularly marbled with darker ; series of pearl- coloured spots
run along the rows of scales. The second dorsal and the caudal with
series of whitish dots.

Mauritius.

a. Fifty-seven hnes long. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Type of the species.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. ' 549

Page 26. Gobius soporator.

Gobius catulus, Girard, U. 8. & Mex. Bouud. Surv. Fishes, p. 26.
pi. 12, figs. 9, 10, appears to be closely allied to this species.
The first and second dorsal spines are the longest.

Specimen 7. is from the coast of Sicily, and from Mr. GeiTard's
Collection.

Page 27. Add the following species : —
39 a. Gobius knerii.
iSteindachncr in Sltzgsher. Acad, Wiss. Wien. 1861, xlii. p. 287. fig. 1.
D. 6 I 10. A. 9. L. lat. 36.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head two-ninths. Snout obtuse, sliorter than the eye, the
diameter of which is one-third of the length of the head, or twice
the width of the intcrorbital space. Cleft of the mouth oblique, ex-
tending to below the anterior half of the orbit, with the lower jaw
rather prominent. Teeth of the outer scries largest. Scales on the
anterior part of the back mxich smaller than those on the body.
Dorsal fins not very close together, as high as the body ; the first
dorsal spine is the longest : the ventral fin terminates at some distance
from the vent. No warty stripes on the head ; cheeks naked Body
with narrow, darker vertical streaks ; a brown spot at the base of
the caudal ; dorsal fins with brownish longitudinal lines ; the other
fins transparent, immaculate. (SteinJ.)

Coast of the Island of Lessina (Dalmatia).

Page 35. Gobius notacauthus.

This species js described and figured by Steindachner in Sitzgsber.
Wien. Acad. 1861, vol. xlii. p. 290. fig. 2. Steindachner has found
a small prominence above the angle of the praeoperculum, which re-
minds one of a similar peculiarity in Gobius oplopomus; he calls the
species Oplopomus notacanthus.

Page 43. Add a new species : —

80 a. Gobius paradoxus.
D. 6 I 11. A. 9. L. lat. 14.
The head and the trunk are entirely naked to between the second
dorsal and the anal, the remainder is covered bv ctenoid scales of
moderate size ; there are nine or ten of them in one of the anterior
transverse series. The height of the body is contained five times and
two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
quarter. Head nearly as broad as high, its width being rather more
than one-half of its length. Eyes rather close together, of moderate
size. Snout obtuse, rounded, as long as the eye ; cleft of the mouth
slightly oblique, with the jaws equal in length, and with |he max-
illary extending to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in viUiform
bands ; there are two curved canine teeth on each side of the lower

550 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

jaw. The first dorsal spine is elongate, filiform, sometimes extending
to the base of the caudal ; caudal rounded, shorter than the head ;
none of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral terminates at a great
distance from the vent. Elackish (in spirits), caudal and ventral fins
black ; the dorsal filament whitish.
Western coast of Central America.

a-b. Seventeen lines long. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented
by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Page 44. Gobius macrostoma.

During the printing of this Catalogue, I received that part of
vol. xlii. of the Sitzungshe richte of the Vienna Academy in which
Herr Steindachner has desci'ibed a Gohlopsls macrostomus. As I
cannot acknowledge Gohiojysis as a well-founded genus, but refer this
species to Goh'ms, I am obliged to alter the name of the new species
described at p. 44, Herr Steindachner's description being of an earlier
date. I therefore propose to call it Gohius microjihtlialmus.

Page 46. Add another species : —
87rt. Gobius lyricus.

Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sr. Philad. 1858, p. 1G9, and U. S. <^ Mex.
Bmmd. Surv. Fishes, p. 25. pi. 12. figs. 4, 5 (incorrect).

D. 6 I 12. A. 12.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is one-sixth of
the total length, the length of the head two-elevenths, that of the
caudal one-fourth. Snout olituse, with the anterior profile rounded ;
cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, with the jaws subequal ante-
riorly, and with the maxillary extending to below the pupil of the
eye. The middle rays of the first dorsal filiform : the ventral ex-
tends to the vent. Reddish-brown, with dark cross-bai-s. (Girard.)

Brazos Santiago (Texas).

Page 51. Gobius marmoratus.

Kessler's investigations have rendered necessary considerable alter-
ations in our former account of the Gobies of the Elack Sea, for
which we relied chiefly on Nordmann. Thus, for instance, we were
induced, by the figure quoted, to suppose that this fish belongs to
the division of small -scaled species ; but Kesslcr says that it has 44—47
scales in the lateral line. We can scarcely believe, however, that all
the specimens examined by the different authors really belong to the
same species when we look at the number of the fin-rays ; these are —

D. 18. A. — according to Pallas.

D. 18-20. A. 18 „ Nordmann.

D. lG-19. A. 14-17 „ Kessler.

Page 50. Gobius capito.
o . Adult. Alexandria. From Mr. Pet herick's Collection.

ADDENDA ET COREIGENDA. 551

Page 51. Insert instead of Gobius mannoratus -. —

98. Gobius ratan.

Nordm. in Demid. Voi/. Russ. Mcrid. iii. p. 416, Poiss. pi. 11. fig. 2;
Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 239.

D. 6 I 17 (18). A. 14-15. L. lat. 55-58.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is two-ninths of
the length of the head ; eyes close together ; cleft cf the mouth
extending to below the anterior margin of the eye; lips thin
and narrow ; the upper half of the operculum scaly. The soft
dorsal is highest behind the middle ; the ventral docs not extend
on to the vent, which is one-fourth nearer to the end of the
snout than to that of the caudal fin. Brownish-black, irregularly
spotted with lighter ; the first dorsal yellow at the top, ihe second
with black bauds.

Shores of Odessa. Bug.

Page 51. Add another species : —

98 a. Gobius syrman.

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 419. pi. 12. fig. 1 (in-
correct) ; Kessler, Bidl. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 238.

D. 6 I 19-20. A. 15-lG. L. lat. 01-65.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; head a little broader than high ; cleft of the
mouth extending nearly to below the anterior margin of the Qye ;
lips fleshy, broad ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-fifth of the
length of the head ; the upper third of the operculum scaly ; anus a
little nearer to the end of the snout than to the end of the caudal ;
eleven or twelve longitudinal series of scales on the posterior portion
of the tail. Yellowish-brown, irregularly broAvn-spotted ; fins black-
ish, uniform or with more or less distinct spots. (Kessl.)

Odessa. EJrym.

Page 51. Gobius batrachocephalus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 323 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859,
2. p. 232.

The crown of the head is scaleless.

Page 52. Add another species : —

100 a. Gobius fluviatilis.

Gobius fluviatilis, Pallas, Zooc/r. iii. p. 102 ; Nordm. in De^nid. Voy.
Ttuss. Merid. iii. p. 429 ; Steindachner, Sitzungsher. Wien. Acad. xlii.

552 ADDENDA ET CORKIGENDA.

18G1, p. 288. taf. 1. fig. 3 ; Kcsslct; lieitr. Ichthi/ul. sikhvestl. Russl.
p. 7, aud Nachtr. p. 7, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Muse. 1859, 2. p. 247.
Gobius lacteus, Kordm. I. c. p. 430. pi. 10. fig. 3.

D. 0 I 16-18. A. 15-lG. L. lat 60-65.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth ; head a little broader than high. The dia-
meter of the eye is contained five times and a half in the length of the
head, and more than the width of the interorbital space ; snout longer
than the eye, with the lower jaw longest, and with the maxillary
extending to below the front margin of the eye. Nape of the neck
scaly; there arc twenty-six scales between the forehead and the
spinous dorsal. The spinous dorsal lower than the body ; anterior
dorsal rays longer than the posterior. Brownish, upper parts irre-
gularly spotted with darker ; dorsal and caudal fins with series of
brown dots ; a brown spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Rivers of Southern Russia. River Casoli near Brussa.

This Goby, which we have placed among the doubtful species
(p. 4), has lately been fully described and figured by Steindachner
(who also refers G. sordklus, Benn., to its synonymy) and by Kessler ;
the latter distinguishes a dark-coloured variety Anth the dorsal fins
yellow- and with the caudal white-edged ; and a light variety {G.
lacteus, Nordm.).

Gobius stevenii (p. 52) differs in having a wider mouth, the maxil-
lary extending to behind the middle of the orbit, and also in the
form of the soft dorsal fin, which has the posterior rays longest.

Page 52. Gobius lacteus

is a variety of G.Jluvlatilis, according to Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
1859, 2. p. 247.

Page 52. Insert instead of Gobius lacteus : —
101. Gobius gynmotrachelus.

Kessler, Naehtrcir/e znr Iclithyol. (hs sihhcestl. Russl. p. 12, and Bull.
Soc. Nut. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 233.

I>-6|t6^;. A.,-^^. L. lat. 60-70.

Head only a little broader than high ; crown of the head and nape
of the neck naked ; cleft of the mouth extending nearly to below the
anterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw not much prominent. Yel-
lowish-grey, with brown transverse bands obliquely descending for-
wards ; lateral line with blackish spots ; pectoral, dorsal, and caudal
fins with dark bands, (Kessler.)

Dnj ester, Dnjeper, and Bug.

Page 52. Gobius platyrostris.

"We gave the diagnosis of this species from the account of Nord-
mann ; it appears, however, from the examination of Prof. Kessler,

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 553

that two species have been confounded under the name platyrostris,
and that the fish figured by Nordmann is specifically different from
that of Pallas : —

102. Gobius platyrostris.

Pall. Zoor/r. iii. p. 154 ; Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 325 ; ? Nordm.
in Demid. Voy. Riiss. Merid. iii. p. 410 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 235.

^•^\^r ^•ri^4- L.lat. 72-74.
Head large, depressed, one-fourth of the total length ; lower jaw
rather longer than the upper ; lips fleshy, very broad, the upper lip
especially dilated ; tjie length of the ventral fin is rather less than
one-seventh of the total. Crown of the head scaly. Brownish-
grey, spotted with darker ; fins (except ventral) dark grey, lighter
at the base, with blackish streaks.

102 a. Gobius kessleri.

Gobius platyrostris, Nordm. l. c. pi. 24. fig. 1 ; Kessler, zur Ichthyol.

siidl. Itussl. p. 11 ; (not Pall.).
platycepnalus, Kessler, Nachtrdge zur Ichthyol. siidwestl. Mussl.

p. 10, and Bidl. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1869, 2. p, 234 ; (not Richards, or

Patcvs I

D-6|t6^. A.^,. L.lat. 05-75.

Head large, depressed, its length being contained twice and three-
fourths in the total length ; lower jaw prominent ; crown of the head
and upper portion of the operculum scaly ; the length of the ventral
fin is contained five times and a half in the total. Brownish-grey,
with dark-brown spots ; fins (except ventrals) with dark bands.

Dnjester, Dnjeper, and Bug.

102 h. Gobius trautvetteri.
Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 244.

D. G 1 17-19. A. 13-15. L. lat. 03-68.
Body tapering posteriorly ; head scarcely broader than high, its
length being one-fourth of the total. Cleft of the mouth extending
to below the anterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw projecting beyond
the upper ; lips rather narrow ; nape of the neck and the upper por-
tion of the operculum scaly. The second dorsal is highest behind the
middle ; length of the caudal one-fifth of the total. Nine or ten longi-
tudinal series of scales on the hind part of the taU, Brownish, with
whitish dots and a lateral series of five or six brown spots. (Kessl.)
Bug. Odessa.

Page 52. Gobius paganellus.
Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius melanio. Pall. Zooyr. iii. p. 157 ; Rathhe, Fauna der Krym,
p. 327 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 412, Poiss. pi. 11.
fig. 1 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 250.

554 ADDENDA ET COREIGENDA.

Page 53. Gobius melanostoma.

Add to the synonymy : —

Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 325 ; Kessler, Nachtr. zur Ichthyol. siid-
westl. Russl. p. 7, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 249. '

Page 54, Gobius ophiocephalus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius ophiocephalus, Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 324 ; Kessler,
Nachtr aqe zur Ichthi/ol. des sikhcestl. Russl. p. 11, and Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 243.

reticulatus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77.

Page 55. Gobius capito.

This is O. exanihematosus of Nordmann and Kessler (Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 241); but it is uncertain whether the de-
scription given by Pallas under that denomination has been taken
from specimens of the same species.

Page 58. Gobius minutus.
Erase from the synonymy Gobius leopardinus, Nordm.

Page 60. Gobius banana.

v'. Fine specimen. West Indies. Presented by the Medical Officers,
K.A., at Fort Pitt.

Page 64. Gobius grammepomus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius litturatus, (Heckcl) Steindachner in Sitzunysber. Wien. Acad.
1861, xlii. p. 289. figs. 4, 5.

The only diiFerence from G. grammepomvs is that in the specimen
in the Vienna Museum the upper part of the operculum is scaly.
The specimen was from the Philippine Islands.

Page 75. Add a new species : —

141 a. Gobius seminudus.

, D. 6 I 15. , A. 10.

Head and anterior portion of the trunk naked ; sides with exceed-
ingly small scales, becoming somewhat larger posteriorly. The
height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the
head one-fourth. Head with the cheeks swollen, depressed, broader
than high, its width being two-thirds of its length. Eyes close to-
gether, directed upwards, of moderate size ; snout obtuse, as long as

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 555

the eye; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the jaws equal
anteriorly, and with the maxillary extending to below the middle of
the eye. Teeth in villiform bands, the anterior of the lower jaw
slightly enlarged ; there are two small curved canine teeth on each
side of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins rather low, the hind part of the
spinous dorsal being scarcely lower than the anterior ; caudal roimd-
ed, as long as the pectoral ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like ;
ventral rather short, terminating at a great distance from the vent.
Blackish, fins and sides of the head dotted with black ; ventrals
black.

West coast of Central America.

a-h. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater,
Seer. Zool. !Soc.

The largest of the specimens examined is two inches long. The
species has such peculiar characters that it will be readily recognized.
It has no natural affinity to the other small-scaled Gobies, which
generally have an elongate form.

Page 79. Add a new species : —
2. Euctenogobius sagittula.

D. 6 I 13. A. 14. L. hit. 58.
Twenty longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal fin and the
anus, twelve between the anterior portion of the second dorsal and
the anal. The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length,
the length of the head five times and two-thirds. The head is as
high as broad, its width being somewhat more than one-half of its
length. Eyes veiy close together. Snout obtuse, shorter than the
eye, the diameter of which is one-fourth of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the jaws e(iual anteriorly,
and with the maxillary not extending to below the centre of the eye.
Head naked ; scales on the nape and behind the axU verj- small, be-
coming larger posteriorly. The second dorsal spine is the longest,
somewhat lower than the body underneath, but higher than the soft
dorsal ; • caudal rather elongate and pointed, two-ninths of the total
length. Pectoral shorter than the head ; the ventral terminates at a
great distance from the vent. Light greenish-olive, with a seiies of
four brown spots along the middle of the tail ; sides of the head
with some irregular blackish-violet blotches ; dorsal, caudal, and pec-
toral fins dotted with black, ventral and anal immaculate.
Western coast of Central America.

a. Thirty-one lines long. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented by
Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

This species has another series of very small teeth, within the
maxillary front series ; these internal teeth do not appear to be fully
developed, but destined to replace those in function. The teeth of
the lower jaw form a very narrow band anteriorly, and stand in a
single series posteriorly.

556 ADDENDA ET COERIGENDA.

Page 80. Latmnculus albus.
The number of the fin-rays varies a little : —

All the specimens, the longest of which is 21 lines in length, have
lost the scales ; there were 25 in a longitudinal series, if the series
correspond to the divisions of the muscles.

Qobius pellucidus of Nardo and Kessler is probably identical with
L. albus ; the only difference which I can make out, by a comparison
of Kessler's description with the Scotch specimens, is in the relative
size of the eye, which is rather larger in G. pellucidus. Kessler's
specimens were 17 lines long.

2. Latrunculus pellucidus.

PAphya cobitis, Rondel, p. 210.

GoDius pellucidus, Nai-do, Giorn. Fis. Pavia, iii. 1824, Osservaz. etc. p. 7.

Gobius pellucidus, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 260.

I>-Hn^3-/-il^- L.lat. 24-25.

The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head
(in L. albus one-fifth), equal tc (in L. albus less than) the extent of
the snout, and more than the width of the interorbital space.
Transparent.

Adriatic ; Black Sea.

Page 85. The characters of Gobiosoma molestum are the following : —
1 a. Gobiosoma molestum.

Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169, and U. S. ^ Mex.
Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 27. pi. 12. fig. 14.

D. 7 I 12. A. 12.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total. Jaws equal
anteriorly. The maxillary does not extend to below the centre of
the eye. Ventrals short. Dusky-brown, fins with blackish streaks.
(Girard.)

Indianola, Texas.

Page 91. Benthophilus macrocephalus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Benthophilus macrocephalus, Eichw. Fauna Casp.-Caucas. p. 210.
tab. 3. figs. 3 a-c ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, ii. p. 266.

Kessler has found that the number of the fin-rays is subject to
some variation : —

D. 3-4 1 ^. A. -i-.

I 6-9 7-9

Nordmann and Eichwald appear to have described the gill- open-
ings of too smaU a width ; according to Kessler, they are narrower
than in Gobius.

ADDENDA ET COKKIGENDA. 557

Page 97. Periophtlialinus koelreuteri.

Var. K0ELBET7TEKI.

a'-b'. Young. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Var. PAPiLio.

%'. Thirty lines long. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Officers

of the Ai-my Medical Department at Fort Pitt.
Tc'-V. Half-grown. Grand Popoa. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

Page 105.

Erase 8. Eleotris somnolentus, Girard, from the list of doubtful
species.

Page 113. Add another species : —

9 a. Eleotris somnolenta.
Eleotris sumnulentus, GtVarrf, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. PMlad. 1858, p. 169,
and U. S. 8f Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 28. pi. 12. figs. 1-3.

^- '^ I T- ^- ^- ^- ^^^- 3^-3^-

Nine series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal and
the anal. The scales on the upper surface of the head are rather
small and extend to the extremity of the snout, those on the side oi
the head to the praeorbital. Scales minutely cihated. The height
of the body is contained four times and a fifth in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half to four times and two-
thirds. Head obtuse, thick. The upper profile of the snout descend-
ing obliquely downwards in a nearly straight line. The diameter of
the eye is one-seventh of the length of the head and one-third of the
width of the interorbital space. The maxillaiy extends nearly to
the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth moveable,
vUUform. Caudal rounded, a Httle shorter than the head. Greenish-
olive ; cheek with two indistinct darker streaks ; a black spot on the
shoulder. The second dorsal and anal with series of dark spots.

Fresh waters of Central America and Demerara.

The three specimens " with shorter head and caudal fin " (p. 112)
belong to this species ; three others have since been received.
d, e-f. Adult and half-grown. Cordova.

Page 115. Add a new species : —

13 a. Eleotris potamopMla.

D. 6 1 4-. A. ^. L. lat. 42.

Praeoperculum without spine. Fourteen series of scales between
the origins of the second dorsal and the anal fins. The scales on
the neck are of moderate size, becoming gradually smaller anteriorly,
twenty-three between spinous dorsal and snout (the small anterior
ones included) ; they do not extend on the snout. Scales on the oper-
culum smaller than those on the body ; those on the cheek very small
and numerous. Scales cUiated. The height of the body is con-

558 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

tained six times and a half in the total length, the length of the head
three times and a thiixl. The eye occupies the third eighth of the
length of the head, and its vertical diameter is one-half of the width
of the interorbital space. Head rather broad and depressed, with
the snout of moderate length, and with the lower jaw prominent.
The maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the centre of the
eye. Teeth card-like, in broad bands. GiU-membranes not attached
to the isthmus. Vertical fins lower than the body ; caudal rounded,
eqmil in length to the pectorals, which are three-fifths of the length
of the head. Reddish, irregularly marbled with brownish and black-
ish ; brown spots on all the fins ; the spinous dorsal black ; a pair
of brown spots on the base of the pectoral, visible interiorly and ex-
teriorly.

Yan-tse-kiang.
a. Sixty-eight lines long. Obtained 230 miles from the mouth of
the river. Presented by the Ofiicers of the Army Medical De-
partment at Fort Pitt.
6. Fine specimen. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Collection. — I
fonnerly referred this specimen to E. obscura, to which the
present species is very closely alHcd ; the latter, however, may
be readily distinguished by the pair of brown spots at the root
of the pectoral fin.

Page 116. Eleotris butis.
k. Adult. Canton. From Mr. Garrard's Collection.

Page 119. Eleotris dormitatrix.

Add to the synonymy : —

Philypnus donnitator, Girard in Report of U. S. S^- Mcx. Bound. Surv.
Fishes, p. 29. pi. 12. fig. 13.

Page 122. Eleotris gyrinus.

Add to the sj-nonymy : —

Girard hi Report of U. S. i5|- 3Icx. Bonnd. Surv. Fishes, p. 28. pi. 12.
figs. 11, 12.

v->-«. Half-grown and young. Caribbean Sea. Presented by the
Ofiicers of the Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 125. Eleotris fusca.

r'. Adult. Canton (?). From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

Page 145. Callionymus curvicomis.
n. Adult male. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

Page 148. Callionymus longecaudatus.
q. Adult. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

ADDENDA EX CORRIGENDA. 559

Page 164. Liparis pulchellus.

Having seen the first part of the first volume of the Proceed. Calif.
Acad. Nat. Hist., I am enabled to add the formula of the fins in this
species : Dr. Ayres, however, says that the vertical fins are so united
that it is not easy to enumerate the rays : —

D. 47. A. 40. C. 11.

Girard has given an incorrect, or at least unintelligible description
of the pectoral fins ; according to Dr. AjTes's account, they have the
8£tme form as in L. vulgaris. The gill-opening is small, equal in
width to the diameter of the eye ; teeth tricuspid.

Page 165. LipariS mucosus.

It is evident from the short description given by Dr. Ayres that
this species is very distinct from L. pulchellus ; but the characters
by which it differs from L. callyodon, Pall., have not been pointed
out by its discoverer : —

" The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (the caudal
excluded) ; snout rounded anteriorly, not truncated ; longitudinal
diameter of the eye nearly one-sixth of the length of the head. The
dorsal and anal fins both arise at about the same points as in L. pul-
chellus ; they are not continuous ivith the caudal, but terminate at its
base, leaving that fin separate and distinct, with a rounded extremity.
The dorsal is emarginate a short distance from its origin, giving in
a degree the appearance of an anterior dorsal. Plain greenish -oUve,
lighter beneath.

" In the branchial aperture, form of the operculum, teeth, nostrils,
pectoral and ventral fins, in the loose attachment of the skin, this
species agrees well with L. pulchellus." {Ayres.^

San Francisco.

Page 166.
Erase Batrachus apiatus from the list of doubtful species.

Page 168. Add the following species : —

1 a. Batrachus apiatus.
Cuv. (§- Val. xii. p. 477 ; Cuv. Rhgne Anim. Bl. Poiss. pi. 85. fig. 3.
D. 3 I 19. A. 16. V. 1 I 2.

The skin on the crown of the head, on the cheek and on the chin
is provided with reticulated folds ; a series of pores runs along the
side, and a vertical fold of the skin desc>ends from each pore. The
length of the head is two-sevenths of the total ; the width of the
bony bridge between the orbits is contained five times and a half in
the length of the head, and equals the extent of the snout, which is
longer than the eye. GUI-covers with Four spines directed back-
wards, two belonging to the operculum and two to the suboperculum.
Vomer and palatine bones with a series of conical teeth. Snout

560 ADDENDA ET CORRIGEKDA.

broad, depressed, flat, with a few very short tentacles at the angle
of the mouth ; orbital tentacles none. The maxillary extends to
below the posterior margin of the orbit. No foramen in the axil.
Yellowish, -wath large irregular blackish-brown cross-bands ; fins
with spots of the same colour.
Cape of Good Hope.

a. Adult. Cape Sea. Presented by the Officers of the Army Medical
Department at Fort Pitt.

Pages 178 and 182. BRACHIONICHTHYS.
In the diagnosis read : — " and sometimes with the soft dorsal."

Page 182. Brachionichthys Mrsutus.
a. Fine specimen. Tasmania. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

Page 199. Antennarius bigibbus.

c. Adult. Presented by the Officers of the Army Medical Depart-
ment at Fort Pitt.

Page 203. Halieutaea stellata.

Add to the synonymy : —
Bleek. Verhand. Acad. Wetensch. Amsterd. i., Japan, p. 10.
Dr. V. Bleeker has dissected this fish : — air-bladder and pyloric
appendages absent ; intestinal tract much longer than the fish, con-
taining remainders of shells.

Page 207. Add to the Synopsis of the Genera : —
Ventral fins. Scales large. Barbel none .. . 16. Dacttloscopus, p. 279.

Ventral fins. Scales large. A short cora-

' barbel 16ff. Myxodaoni's, p. 563.

Ventral fins none. Scales small ; lateral line
none. Anal spine none. Gill-membranes
separated by an isthmus 21 «. Anoplarchus, p. 564.

Page 212.

6. Blennius multifilis, Oirard, is to be erased from the list of
doubtful species.

Page 215. Blennius tentacularis.

Add to the sj-nonymy : —

Blennius auritus, Kessler, Btdl. Sac. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 227.

Kessler has obsei-ved that the number of teeth varies according to
the size of the specimens.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 561

Page 2r6. Add auother species : —
9 a. Blennius melanio.

Kessler, Bull. Sac. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2, p. 230.
D. i^. A. 24-25.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head a little more than one-fifth. Anterior profile of the snont
rather abrupt ; two strong curved teeth on each side of the lower
jaw, none in the upper. Orbital tentacle short, simple, filiform.
Uniform brownish-grey ; a series of blackish spots along the margins
of the dorsal and anal. (Kessler.)

Bay of Sebasto])ol. — Twelve to eighteen lines long.

Page 21 7. Blennius vulgaris.

Add to the synonymy : —
? Ichthyoooris varu8, Genais in Rev. Zool. 1859, p. 347.

Page 218. Blennius sanguinolentus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Blennius sanguinolentus, Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 34 ; Kessler,
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 227.

Kessler has made a very in^portant observation in this species,
viz. that the number of teeth increases with age ; he found 38—40
in specimens six inches long, 26-28 in specimens two inches and a
half, 22-24 in others one inch and a half.

Page 221. Blennius pavo.

Add to the synonymy : —

Blennius lepidus, Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 34 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mose. 1859, 2. p. 226.

Page 222. Blennius galerita.

Add to the synonymy : —
Blennius montagui, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Muse. 1859, 2. p. 229.
This species was not previously known from the Black Sea.

Page 224. Blennius crinitus.

This species appears to have a very wide geographical range, a
second specimen being from the Cape of Good Hope.

6. Adult. Cape Seas. Presented by the Officers of the Army Medical
Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 225. Blennius bifilum.
b-c. Thirty-four lines long. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the
OflScers of the Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.
VOL. in. 2 0

0(i2 ADDKND.V KT COUKICKNDA .

Page 22;"). Add aiiotlier ,si)Ocies : —
32a. Blennius nuiltifilis.

Oirard, Pror. Acad. Nat. Sc. rhiJod. \}<'>X, p. 1G9, and U. S. Sf Mix.
Bound. Surv. FisJics, p. 27. pi. 12. fig. G.

14 ]S

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-
ninths of the total. Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile abruptly
dcseending. Orbital tentacle long, with some cirrhi at the base ; a
curved t(Joth in both jaws ; the spinoiis portion of the dorsal is fon-
tinuous Avith, but lower than, the soft. Brownish, with darker spot.s
on the back, dorsal and caiulal fins. (Gh-ard.)

St. Joseph's Island (Texas).

Page 228. Add another species : —
3Ga. Blennius biifo.
Pholis bufo, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Sdc. 184-'!, p. H7.
D.-i^. A. 20-21.

18-19

Allied to B. tri(/Iuides, and similar in habit to B. SKnijuiaoJcntKn.
No curved tooth in the upper jaw. Orlntal tentacle none ; the inter-
orbital space only slightly concave, lilackish-brown, variegated witli
lighter and darker, or light-bro\\nish spotted with black. Pectoral
with transverse series of black spots.

Discovered by the llev. II. T. Lowe at Madeira, in localities where
a slight run of fresh water enters the sea ; the species grows to a
length of 11-12 inclies.

Pago 248. Salarias marmoratus.

a. Type of the species. Sandwich Islands. From Mr. fJcrjard's
Collection. — The space between the base of the last dorsal ray
and the caudal fin is one-tenth, not of the total length of the
fish, but of the length of the dorsal fin.

Page 251. Salarias dussumieri.

h. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented ])y the Officers of the
Army Medical I)ei)artment at Fort Pitt.

Page 200. Clinus acuminatus.
h. A(hilt. Cape Seas. Presented by the Officers of the Army
Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 273. Cristiceps argentatus.

Var. Cristiceps antlnecies.
h'. Fine spticimen. Freemantle. Presented b}' Dr. Powerbank.

Page 27."). Cristiceps australis.
c. AduU. Freemantle. Presented by Dr. Powerbank.

ADDENDA ET COKEIGENDA. 563

Page 279. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus.

Mr. Gill has favoured me with a further account of specimens ex-
amined by him ; he distinguishes, now, two West Indian and one
Californian species. The two former appear to me to be very closely
alHed, and identical with the specimens in the British Museum,
although they all show slight differences from one another. Mr.
Gill distinguishes —

a. D. tridiriitatiis, from Barbadoes, Cuba, and Key West, with the

formula: D. 40. A. ;i4. L. lat. 45.

b. D. poeyi, from Cuba, with the formula : D. 42. A. 34. L. lat. 48.

The species from California is : —

2. Dactyloscopus pectoralis.
Dactyloscopus poctoralis, (jUI.

D. 34. A. 28. L. lat. 40.

Light brownish-yellow, with dark spots arranged in lines, forming
the outlines of about six dorsal quadrangular areas, from the angles
of which other lines proceed downwards and converge towartls those
departing from the angles of the adjoining areas. A transverse blotch
posteriorly between the orbits. Four rays diverge in pairs from each
orbit ; two dark spots on the crown ; behind and below the orbit is
a whitish area, with a dark spot before and behind ; upper angle of
the operculum whitish, bordered in front by a dark line or spot.

Caudal and pectoral tins much longer than in the West Indian
species. (Gill.)

Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Page 279. Add a new genus : —

Ida. MYXOD AGNUS.

Myxodagnus, Gill.

Head rather elongate and acutely conical ; eyes large, elliptical,
very closely approximated ; frontal bones extremely narrow. Lower
jaw much projecting, with a short compressed flap or barbel in front
of the symphysis. Dorsal fin behind the vertical of the anus. In
other respects similar to Dacti/loscopus, but with the membranaceous
fold between the limbs of the lower jaw much reduced.

For the knowledge of this genus also I am indebted to the kind-
ness of Professor Gill, who has sent me an abstract of the lengthened
description which he will shortly publish in the Proceedings of the
Academy of Nat. Sc. Phil ad. ; unfortunately it was received when
the printing of this volume was nearly completed.

1. Myxodagnus opercularis.
Gill, MS.

I). 36. A. 38. L. lat. 51.

The length of the head is one-sixth of the total, or four times tlie

2 o 2

i5'J4 ADDKNDA i; r CUHItlCiKNDA.

(lianiftcr of tho eye. Liglit yellowish-brown ; a iiKirpjaritiiceous spot
behind and beneath tlie eye, anotlier on tlie operculum. ((////.)
('ape [St. Lucas, Lower California.

Page 279. Dictyosoma temminckii.

Van der Hoevon {Ifandh. d. Dierlc. ii. p. 347) has pioposed the
name of 1). hiirtjeri for this fish, witli which name it is described by
Dr. V. Bleeker in Verliand. Acad. Wdoi^ch. Am^terd. \., Jttp(tn,\). 'd.

<t. Half-grown. Japan.

Page 281 . Add another species : —
"la. Stichaeus nubilus.

LuiiipcHiis nubilus, L'/r/idids. Last Arct. J'oi/. Fisfifs, p. l-'J. pi. '2H.
D. V,:i. A. 43. V. 1/4.

Vomerine and palatine teeth none. The height of the body is
one-eleventh of the total length. The ujjpcr jaw slightly overlap-
ping the lower. Ventrals slender, about one-third the length of the
head, composed of a short s])ine and two jointed rays, visible enough,
with two others, very slender and shorter, looking like a single ray,
fissured to the base. The lower ])ectoral rays shorter than the
middle ones ; vertical fins not continuous. Light-coloured, mai-bled
with darker. (Richavds.^

Wellington Sound.

Page 2x'>. Centronotus gimellus.
Add to the synonymy : —
Blennius gumllus, Pal/. Zoot/r. iii. p. 173.

Page 287. Centronotus fasciatus.
Add to the synonymy : —
(iunelhis fasciatus, liiclianh. Last Arcf. J'oi/. Fishrs, p. 11. pi. 27.

Page 289. Centronotus crista galli.

Pi'ofessor Gill has sent me a notice of a Blennioid fish which 1
consider identical with V. crista galli, although, in his description,
he does not mention the longitudinal crest on the head. As the sheet
containing my description is -printed, I regret that I am not able to
adopt the specific dtinomination proposed in his letter. Put he very
truly observes that the gill-openings are se])arated by an isthmus, the
membranes not being connected with each other as in Centronotus.
The species,_ therefore, Avould belong to a dift'erent genus, named by-
Mr. Gill Anoplarclms, the other characters of which are the same as
those of Centronotus. The name of the- species will be Anoplarchus
crista gaJh'.

I^ige 373. Spirobranchus capensis.
</-/. Adult. iXear Cape Town. Presented by the Karl of Derby.
I/. Adult: stuffed.

addi;ni>a i:r (.ukkjgkxda. f)t)i}

Page 373. Add a new species : —

2. Ctenopoma microlepidotum.

D.||. A. ^. L. lat. 34. L. tiausv. 0/11.

Operculum with a semicircular notch postei-iorly ; three or four
s])inous teeth at each of the two corners of the notch ; edge of the
suboperculum very indistinctly denticulated. A brown streak from
the eye to the angle of the praiopcrculum.

Fresh waters of the Cape of Good Hope.

a. Six inches and a half long. Presented by the Officers of the
Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Description. — This splendid species will be readily distinguished
by its small scales on the back, and by the armature of the opercles,
which is much less developed than in Ct. muUispine. The height of
the body is two-sevenths of the total length (the caudal fin not in-
cluded), the length of the head one-third. The interorbital space is
flat, its width being equal to the extent of the snout, or to one-fourth
of the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is somewhat less.
Snout obtusely conical, with the lower jaw prominent, and with the
maxillary not extending to below the middle of the eye. Pnijoper-
cular margin entire, with the angle rounded ; the operculum termi-
nates in two processes, each of which is pro\-ided with three or four
spinous teeth, and which leave a semicircular notch between them ;
the notch is filled by a membrane of blackish colour ; the serrature
of the suboperculum is very indistinct ; iuteroperculuni smooth. Six
branchiostegals ; the gill-membranes are united, not attached to the
isthmus ; the portion covering the isthmus is scaly. The head is
covered with scales, except the snout : the scales on its upper surface
are irreg-ular, those on the cheek rather snudl, there being about eight
series between the orbit and the pra?opercular margin ; four trans-
verse series of scales on the operculum, one along the sub- and inter-
operculum. Large pores indicate the course of the muciferous
channels on the head.

The teeth in the jaws form a vUlitbrm band, those of the outer
series being enlarged ; bands of vomerine and palatine teeth narrow.

The spinous portions of the vertical fins are low, whilst the middle
of the soft dorsal and anal fins is prolonged into a filament, extending
beyond the base of the caudal. The caudal fin is subtruiicated. its
length being contained four times and two-thirds in the total ; each
caudal ray is produced l)eyond the connecting membrane into a short
filament. Pectoral rounded, much longer than the ventral, which is
composed of one spine and five rays.

Scales ciliated ; the lateral line is interrupted above the origin of
the anal, its two portions being nearly equal in length.

The superbranchial organ is a large round cavity on each side of
the occipital region, closed inferiorly by a membrane ; a broad, simple,
thin bony lamella occupies the concavity of the upper portion of the
first branchial arch. Four gills ; a slit behind the fourth,

One or two other specimens ot this fish are preserved in tlie Mu-

666 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

seum at Fort Pitt. In consequence of the discovery of a second
species of Ctenopoma, a part of the diagnosis of that genus must be
modified, as follows : some of the opercular pieces serrated ; dorsal
spines sixteen to seventeen ; anal spines eight to t-en.

Page 378. Helostoma temmincMi.
b-c. Adult. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

Page 380. Polyacanthus signatus.
m. Half-grown. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

Page 382. Osphromenus olfax.
Goramy, Hardw. in Zos^l. Journ, iv. p. 309.
Important paper on the habits and the viviparous nature of this
fish.

Page 483. Channa orientalis.
i. Young. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Page 499. Gobiesox cephalus.

a . Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by the Ofiicers of the
Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 528. Amphisile strigata.
h. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Page 545. Notacantliiia sexspinis.
a. Adult. Type of the species.

Page 90. Omitted by inadvertence.

8rt. TRIDENTIGER.

Tridentiger, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858, December.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate size ;
head depressed, flat, Avith the snout obtuse ; cleft of the mouth sub-
horizontal, with the jaws nearly equal anteriorly. Eyes of moderate
size. Teeth in both jaws in a double scries, those of the outer series
tricuspid. Two dorsal fins, the anterior Avith six flexible spines ;
caudal quite free ; vcntrals united, short, adherent to the beUy.

Fresh waters of Japan.

1. Tridentiger obscurus.

Sicydium obscurum, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 145. pi. 70. fig. 1.
Tridentiger obscurus, dlill, I. c.

D. r; I 11. A. 10-11.

Anterior dorsal spines produced. Brown.
Japan.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbreviata (Cepola), 4f<8.
abhortani (Aniphacan-

thus), 313.
AcantlioclinidaE, 297.
Acantboclinus, 297.
Acanthogobius, 4.
aoanthopomus (Eleotris),

10.').
afanlhorhjnclius (Callio-

nymus), 485.
acantliorhynchus (Heme-

rocoetcs), 48.5.
Acanlliuroidei, 325.
Acantliurus, 325, 345.
Acarauua, 329.
AcharncP, 3<J9.
Acliariiina, 3G9.
acliillcs ( Aeantlmrus),340.
Acromirida'. .■>25.
Acronurus, 345.
aculcala (Rlivnchobdella),

540.
aculoatum (Opliidiuiii),

54<).
aculeatus (Clinus), 2S2.
aculcatus (Lumi)cnus),

282.
acaleatus(Macrognat]iu'*),

540.
aculeatus (Stiehivus). 282.
acuminatus (Clinus), 209,

5(;2.
acutipinuis (Gobius), 44,

49.
acutus (Mugil), 410.
adiiiirabilis (C'allioiiy-

mus), l-)4.
adu.stus (Mugil), 448.
trgvptius (Acroiiurus),

348.
tfneo-fuscus (Gobius), 01.
a;quipinnis (Blennius),

225.
a'qui])innis(Salaria.-i). 253.
aflinis (Atlicrina), 399.
affinis (( liinis), 285.
afTiriis (CJobins). 4.
afliuis ((iunollus). 285.
alliuis (IMngil), '133.

aflinis (Opliiocephalus),

470.
afra (Atherina), 398.
Agonostoma, 401.
Agonostonius, 401.
Alauda cristata, 221.
albomaculatus (Gobius),

09.
albopunctata (Tcuthis),

318.
albopunctatus (Ampha-

ranlluis), 318.
albopunctatus (Gobius),

25.
albula (Mugil), 410, 405.
alburnus (.Uherinich-

fbvs), 404.
albus (Gobius), 80.
albus (Latrunculus), 80,

550.
alectrolophus (Centrono-

tus), 289.
alcctrolopiius (GuncUus),

289.
alepidotuni (Gobiosoma),

alopidotus (Gobius), 8,5.
alei)])eiisis (Mastaconibe-

lus). 541.
a1('p]H'nsis (Rliyncho-

bdella), .541.
algeriensis (Batrachus),

171.
aliak (Acantliurus). .3.39.
alliens (8alarias), 212.
allivelis (Acantluu*us),

342.
altivelis (Callionymus),

147.
altivelis (Tracliyptcrus),

.303.
amarulus (Mugil), 449.
Anililyoitiiia. 13.3.
Aiiibl_v()]ms, 1.3.">.
aiiiblyrliviK-lius (Petro-

scirtesV 23t».
aniboinen.sis ( Eleotris),

117.
niiibdineiisis (Keris), 35(>.

amboinensis(Petroscii'te8),

237.
amboinensis (Salarias),

244.
americanus (Blennius),

295.
americanus (Enchely-

opus), 295.
americanus (Lopliius),181
amiciensis (Gobius), 35.
amorea (Gobius), 122.
Amphacantlius, 313.
amphibius (lllennius),242
Ampbisile, 524.
Anabas, 374.
anabatoides (Eetta), 389
Anarrliidias, 208.
Anarrliieiitliy.", 211.
ancvlodon (Petroscirtcs),

235.
Andamia, 294.
anenia (Petroscirtcs), 236.
anginosus (Keris), 356.
anginosus (Priodon), 356.
Aiigiulla. .394.
anguillaris (Amblyopus),

135.
anguillaris(Bleunius),282,

290.
anguillaris (Clinus), 271.
anguillaris (Gobius), 74,

1.3.3.
anguillaris (Gunellus),

282.
anguillaris (Leptogunel-

lus), 282.
anguillaris (Lumpcnus),

282.
anguillaris (Sticliaeus),

282.
anguillaris (Zoarces), 296.
angusta (IMallliea), 201.
anjercnsis (Gobius), 6.
anniilaiis (Acantliurus),

3.".0.
annularis (Clianogobius),

05.
aiimilari.s (Gobius), 0.5.
annularis (Priodon). 352.

568

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

annulatus (Naseus), 3C>'2.
annulatus (Priodon), 352.
anolis (Petroscirtes), 238.
anolius (Blennechis), 238.
Anoplarchus, 564.
Antennarius, 183.
anticolus (Blenniiis), 217.
antinectes (Cristiceps),

273, 562.
Aphya, 58.
aphya (Gobius), 58.
apiatus (Batrachus), 559.
Apocryptes, 80.
Apodichthys, 200.
apogonius (Gobius), 28.
aporos (Eleotris), 109.
apo8 (Gunellus), 288.
apus (Cenfronotus), 288.
arabicus (Gobius), 74.
aral (Ehyiicliobdella),540.
arcticus (Chironecte8),186.
arcticus (Gymnetru3),305.
arcticus (Gymnogaster),

305.
arcticus (Trachypterus),

305.
arenarras (Gobius), 59.
arcnatus (Salarias), 249.
argentatus (Blennius),272.
argentatus (Clinus), 272.
argentatus (Cristicejis),

272, 562.
argentea (Teuthis), 322.
argenteus (Acanthurus),

346.
argenteus (Acronm-us),

346.
argent«u8 (Amphacan-

thus), 322.
argenteus (Mugil), 424.
argentilineatus (Periopli-

thalmus), 98.
argentinensis (Atherina),

405.
argentinensis (Atherinich-

thys), 405.
argus (Mastacembelus),

542.
argus (Ophiocephalus),

480.
argyrotijeniata (Atherina),

392.
aristotelis (Bogmarusj,

304.
armatus (Macrognatlius),

542.
armatus (Mastacembelus),

542.
armiger(AcanthHrus),337.
artedii (Blennius), 223.
OBcanii (Blenniops), 284.

ascanii (Blennius), 284.

ascanii (Gvmnetrus), 311.

Aspidontus. 229, 231.

Aspisurus, 348.

aspro (Platyptera), 138.

Asterropteryx, 132.

Atherina, 392, 402.

Atherinichthys, 402.

Atherinidae, 391.

Atherinina, 391.

Atherinoides, 402.

atherinoides (Gobius), 18.

Atherinopsis, 402.

atlantic-us (Salarias), 242.

Auchenionchus, 261.

Auchenopterus, 275.

audifredi, 272.

Aulostoma, 535.

Aulostomatoidei, 529.

aurantiacus (Amphacan-
thus), 321.

aurantiacus (Ophiocepha-
lus), 471.

auratus (Eleotris), 11.

auratus (Gobius), 11.

auratus (Mugil), 442.

auritus (Blennius), 215,
560.

aurosplendidus (Blen-
nius), 212.

australis (Cristiceps), 275,
562.

australis (Teuthis), 327.

axillaris (Mugil), 444.

AxinuruB, 348.

bacalaus (Gobius), 50.

Badis, 367.

badis (Labrus), 367

badius (Euctenogobius),
79.

bahianus (Acanthurus),
325.

baikalensis ( Callion vmus)
299.

baikalen8is(Comephorus),
299.

balbi8(Lepadogaster),51 1 .

balinense (Sicydium), 96.

Balistes, 186.

baliuroides (Gobius), 42.

baliurus (Gobius), 18.

banana (Gobius), 59, 554

Band-fish, 486.

bankanensis (Ophioce-
phalus), 475.

bankanensis (Petroscir-
tes), 237.

bankieri (Petroscirtes),
229.

banksii (Gymnctrus), 309.

banksii (Regalecus), 309.
barbarus (Gobius), 97.
barbatulus (Antennarius),

188.
barbatulus (Chironectes),

188.
barbatus (Liparis), 159.
barbatus (Lophius), 179.
barbatus (Petroscirtes),

238.
barbatus (Triajnophorich-

thys), 90.
Barbero, 329.
barca (Ophiocephalus),

477.
bariene (Acanthurus),338.
basalis (Eleotris), 114.
basalis (Ophiocephalus),

472.
Basilichthys, 402.
basiliscus (Blennius), 220.
bato (Apocryptes), 82.
bato (Gobius), 82.
BatracliidiT?, 166.
batrachocephalus (Gk)-

bius), 51, 551.
Batrachoides, 166.
Batrachus, 166, 175, 179.
Bedula, 367.
bejeus. 387.
beianak (Mugil), 427.
belclieri (Callionymus),

148.
Belennus, 145.
belenu3 (Callionymus)

145.
Bellows-fish, 518.
bellus (Salarias), 256.
bclobrancha (Eleotris),

127.
Belobranchus, 105, 127.
belosso (Gobius), 50.
belosso ( Oxy urichthy8),50.
bennettii (Dactylopus),

152.
Benthophilus, 91.
berlandieri (Mugil), 410.
Betta, 388.
biaculeatus (Monoceros),

348.
biciliatus (Lepadogaster),

511.
bicolor (Gobius), 11, 52.
bicornis (Chironectes),

184.
bifilum (Blennius), 225,

.561.
bipibbus (Antennarius),

199, .560.
bigibbus (Lophius), 199.
bilitoncnsis(Salarias),257.

ALPHABETICAL INDKX.

569

bimaciUatua (Cyclopte-

rus), 514.
bimaculatus (Gobiesox),

514.
bimaculatus (Gobi us), 74.
bimaculatus (Lepadogas-

ter), 514.
bimanensis (Atherina),

392.
biocellatus (Antcnnarius),

196.
biocellatus (Blennechis),

239.
biocellatus (Chironectes),

19G.
biocellatus (Gobius), 20.
biocellatus (Petroscirtes),

239.
bipunctatus (Acanthurus),

331.
bipunctatus (Gobius), 76.
biscriatus (Salaries), 240.
bishopi (Gobius), 27.
bispinis (Batrachus), 166.
bitelatus (Gobius), 35.
blanchardii (Neoclinus),

259.
bleekeri (Acanthur\is),

335.
bleekeri (Atherina), 398.
bleekeri (Mugil), 445.
bleekeri (Plesiops), 364.
Blennechis, 229.
BlenniidiC, 206.
Blennioclinus, 261.
Blenniops, 284.
Blennius, 211, 284.
Blennophis, 259.
Blenny (Purp'e), 280.
Blenny (Smooth), 220.
Blenny (Spotted), 286.
blochii (Acanthurus), 330,

344.
blokzcyli (Gobius), 5.
boddaertii (Boleophthal-

mus), 102, 103.
bodditrtii (Eleotris), 102.
boddaerti^ (Gobius), 102.
bogmarus (Trachypterus),

305.
Boleophthalmus, 101.
bonapartii (Notacanthus),

545.
bonariensis (Atherina\

404.
bonariensis (Atherinich-

thys), 404.
bonelhi (Trachypterus),

301.
Bontah, 410.
bontah (Mugil), ,127

bontii (Gobius), 41.
Bouchcs en flute, 529.
borbonicus (Mugil), 410,

437, 445.
borealis (Batrachus), 170.
bomeensia (Apocryptes),

81.
borneensis (Gobius), 33.
borneensis (Mugil), 448.
borneensis (Periophthal-

raus), 100.
boscianus (Chasmodes),

229.
boscii (Atherina), 406.
boscii (Gobius), 85.
bosquianus (Blennius),

229.
Bostrichthys, 105, 127.
bothriocephalus (Gobius),

10,
bougainrillii (Antenna-

rius), 199.
bougainrillii (Chironec-
tes), 199.
Bouri, 417, 443.
Bouria, 417.
boyeri (Atherina), 394.
Brachionichthys, 182,

660.
brachycentron (Ntneus),

349.
brachycepha'us (Blennio-
clinus), 264.
brachycephalus (Clinus),

264.
brachygaster (Amblyo-

pus), 134.
brachyptera (Atheiina),

401
brachypterus (Apocryp-
tes), 80, 84.
brachysoma (Amblyopus),

136.
brachysoma (Mugil), 425.
brasiliensis (Atherina),

404.
brasiliensis (Atherinich-

thys), 404.
brasiliensis (Gobius), 6.
brasiliensis (Mugil), 431.
brea (Blennius), 215.
breviceps (Atherina), 395.
breviceps (Blennechis),

234.
breviceps (Evorthodus),

85.
breviceps (Gobius), 6.
breviceps (Mugil), 410.
breviceps (Petroscirtes),

234.
brevifilis (Gobius), 4.

brevipinnis (Blennius),

226.
brevirostris (Gobiesox),

494.
brevirostris (Gobius), 41.
brevirostris (Naseus), 349.
brevirostris (Teuthis), 318.
brevis (Acanthurus), 325.
brevispinis (Acronurus),

346.
brevispinis (Amphisile),

527.
britannicus (Gobius), 11.
britannicus (Mugil), 439.
brosme (Centronotu8),284
brou88onetii( Amblyopus),

136.
broussonetii (Gobioides),

136.
broussonetii (Mugil), 435,
brownii (Ijepadogaster),

510.
brunneus (Gobius), 65.
buccatus (Gobius), 14.
buchanani (Badis), 367.
buchanani (Mugil), 410.
budegassa, 180.
bufo (Blennius), 562.
bufo (Lophius), 167.
i3ufo (Phohs), 562.
Buhotte, 58.
Buosega, 454.
biirgeri (Dictyosoma),664.
Butis, 105.

butis (Cheilodipterus),! 16
butis (Eleotris), 116, 558.
bynoensis (Gobius), 70.

Cabot (Mnlet-), 417.

caeculus (Amblyopus)^
133.

citruleo-lineatus (Plesi-
ops), 363.

ca;ruIeo-maculatu8 (Mu-
gil). 445.

ca^ruleo-punctatus (Go-
bius), 70.

ca?ruleu8 (Acanttiurus),
336.

cajruleus (Cyclopterusl
155.

ca'ruleus (Gobius), 5, 6.

cagnota (Blennius), 217.

calauropomus (Calliony-
mus), 147.

californiensis (Atherinich-
thys), 406.

californiensis (Atherino-
psis), 400.

Calliclinus, 261 .

t'allionymina, 138.

570

ALl'llAUKTlCAL INDEX.

Callionymus, 138, l.")l.
callyodon (C'ycloptcrus),

102.
callyodon (Liparis), 162.
Campylodon, 544.
campy lost oimis (BoIco]jh-

tlia'lmus), 101.
canaliculata (Teuthis),31G
canaliculrttus (Ampliacan-

thus), 310.
canaliculatus (Cha;todon),

310.
canai'iensis (C'linus), 202.
caiidoUii (Lepadogaster),

f)13.
canina (Elcotris), 124.
caiiiiioides ((iobius). 30.
caiiinus (tlo')ius), -'58.
C'aunorliynclius, .'')2'.*.
cantlicrius (Elcotris), 115.
cantonensi:) (Apocryptcs),

<).S.
cantoris (Antcnnarius),

103.
cantoris (Elootris), 107.
cantoris (Mugil), 430.
cantoris (Osplu-omenus),

384.
cajjoUci, 312.
capensis (I'lcnnius), 208.
capcnsis (Cirrhibarbis),

209.
capensis (C'linus). 200.
capensis (Gymnetrus),308
capensis (JVIugil), 443.
capensis (Spirobranelius),

373, 504.
caperata (Eleotris), 117.
capillatus (C'linus), 202.
capillatus (Labrosomus),

202.
capistratus (Gobius), 30.
capilo (lUcnnius), 21.5.
capito (G(jbius), i>i'>, 5.')4.
capito (Mugil), 430, 455.
capito (Triplerygion ),277.
C'arida, 417.
carinatus (Acnntliurus),

334.
carinatus (Mugil), 410.
Carolina (Atherina), 302.
carolinaruni (Aspisurus),

354.
carolinarum (Xaseus),354.
carolinus (I'liolis). 212.
caseasia (JMugilj, 410.
cas))ia (Atherina), 302.
caspius (Gobius), 4.
castancus (Salarias), 247-
catebus (Gobius), 21.
Cat-fish. 208.

Catopra, 30S.

eatulus (Gobuis), 0, 540.

caudatus (Macrognathus),

541.
caudimaoulatus (Antcn-
narius), 107.
caudimaculatus (Chiro-

ncctcs), 102, 107.
cauercnsis (Gobius), 41.
Caustello, 4.")0.
cavernosus (Blennius),240
cavernosus (Salarias), 240.
Cebidiclithvs, 200.
Cefalo, 417.
C'elalo pietra, 4.j4.
eclat us (Batracluis), 107.
celcbieus (Acanlhurus),

.';3'.t.
celebieus (Gobi us), 21.
celebicus (.Salarias), 250.
Ccnlriscida', 518.
Ccntriscus, 5bS.
Cenlrogaster, 31.3.
C'entroiiotus, 28.").
eepedianus (Gymnetrus),

7w.
eojicdianus (Loplioles),

312.
ccphalarges (Gobius), 4,

.540.
cephalotus (Mugil), 410,

428.
ceplialus (Gobiesox), 400,

500.
cephalus (Lejiadogaster),

513.
cephalus (Mugil), 417,430,

4.54, 455.
Ccpola, 480.
C'epolidae, 480.
ecramensis (( 'obiodon),R8
ccraniensis (Gobius), 88.
eeramensis (Miigil), 440.
ceramensis (Salarias), 240.
Coratias, 205.
cervicornu(Blennius),212
Cestraais, 401.
ceylonensis (IMugil), 440.
Gh.Tnogobius, 4.
Cha'turiehthys, 3.
changua (A])oeryptes), 81.
changua (Gobius), 80.
Channa, 48.'].
cliaptalii (MuKil), 410.
Cliasniodes, 228.
Chaunax, 200.
C'hauvc-souris demcr, 200
ehelo (Mugil), 442, 4.54,

4.55.
chena (Ophioeeplialus),

474. "

ehilensis (Conger), 294.
chilensis(Genypteru8),204
chilensis (Gobiesox), 497.
eliilensis (Sieyases), 407.
chilensis (Toinicodon),497
cliiio (Gobius), 4.
cliiloensis (Gobius), 5.
cliinense (Aulostonia),

538.
cliinense (Ophidium), 78.
ehinensis (Apoervptes),

102.
ehinensis (Aulostomus),

53(i, 538.
cliinensis (Cli.Ttodon),379.
ehinensis (Fistularia;,530.
cliinensis (Gobius). 37.
ehinensis (Polyaeanthus),

370.
chiiu-usis (Solenostonuis),

."t.;o.

Cliironectes, 182, 183.

chironeetes (^bitcnnarius\
107.

ehironcctes (Lo]phius),107

chiriivgus (Acantluu'us),
.■(21 1.

cliii'ur;'us (Chirtodon),
."2;i.

ehlorostigma (Cliironec-
tes), 183.

ehlorostigma (Gobius), 5.

chlorostigmatoides (Gobi-
us). 30.

ehordatus (Stylophorus),
30(5.

Chorisochismus, 400.

chrvsosoma (Aeantluirus),
332.

chrysospilos (Anipliacan-
tlms), 313.

chrysospilos ( IVriopli-
thainius), 1(K).

chrysospilos (Salarias),
250.

chuna, 387.

eliupasanguo (Lepado-
gaster), 313.

Cievolo, 417.

eiliatus (Blennius), 29t5.

eiliatus (Lepadogaster).
511.

eiliilabis (Myxus), 407.

cinereus (Blennius), 2()8.

Cin-hibarbis, 201.

eirrhostoina (.Mugil). 450.

eirrhosum (Lepisoina),
202.

cidiara (Call ion yin us).
14-1.

citrinus (Gobiodoiil. f^T

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

571

citrinus (Gobius), 87.
Clinus, 2G1, 272.
coalitus (Clobius), 548.
cobitis (Gobius), 6.
cobojius (Cojiis), 375.
coccineus (Antennarius),

191.
coucineus (Chironectes),

1V>1.
coccoi (Leptopterygiufl),

51.5.
Cochinchina Lophius,185
cocosensis (Gobius), 230.
coecula (Ccpola), 133.
ccECula (T;tnioides), 135.
coeculus ( Amblyopus),133.
Colisa, 387.

colisa (Trichopodus), 387.
colonianus (Gobius), 5U.
coloratuin (Aulostoma);

536.
Comephoridye, 299.
Comepliorus, 299.
conimersonii (Ahtenna-

rius), 192.
conimersonii (Chironec-
tes), 192.
commersonii (Fistalaria),

533.
commersonii (Gobius), 6.
commersonii (Lophius),

192.
communis (Liparis), IGl.
compressus (Mugil), 451.
concatenata (Teuthis),

316.
concatenatus (Amphacan-

thuB, 316.
concolor (Lentipes), 96.
conspicillum (Batrachus),

171.
constanties (Mugil), 418.
constructor (Gobius), 4.
conwayii (Hoplognathus),

357.
coquillad (Blennius), 284.
coraUicola (Plesiops), 364.
corallina (Teuthis), 316.
corallinus (Amphaean-

thuS), 316.
corp-mota (Ophiocepha-

lu8),471.
cornifer (Blennius), 214.
corniger (Acronurus), 348.
cornubicus (Cyclopterus),

511.
cornubicus (Lophius), 1 79.
cornubiensis (Lepadogas-

ter), 511.
cornutus (Blennius), 213,

215.

cornutus (Macrorhampho-

sus), 519.
cornutus (iSilnrus), 519.
coronatus (Cyclopterus),

155.
corrugatus (Mugil), 454.
corsula (Mugil), 460.
coryphfenuhi (Gobius), 87.
Corystion, 140.
cotra, 387.

cottoides (Clinus), 269.
Cotylis, 497, 499.
couagga (C'h;ftydon), 327.
C'ourpata, 408.
crassilabris (Gobius), 63.
crassisjiina (Gunellu9),285
crenilabris (Mugii), 458.
Crcpidogastcr, 507.
criniger (Gobius), 29.
crinitus (Blennius), 224,

561.
crinitus (Clinus), 266.
crista galli (Anoplarchus),

564.
crista galli (Cebidichthys),

260.
crista galli (Centronotus),

289, 564.
crista galli (Gobius), 8.
cristatus (Adonis), 223.
cristatus (Blennius), 223.
cristatus (Myxodes), 2(51.
cristatus (Trachypterus),

301.
Crist iceps, 272.
cruentatus (Gobius), 54.
Cryptaeantliodcs, 291.
cryptoccntru8(Batrachus),

166.
cryptocentrus (Gobius),71
crvptochilus (Mugil), 444.
Ctenodon, 280.
ctenodon (Acanthurus),

342.
Ctenogobius, 4.
Ctenopoma, 373, 565.
Ctfnops, .'»84.
cubifrons (Malthe), 203.
Culius, 105, 125.
culius (Cheilodipterus),

125.
cunnesius (Mugil), 428,

434.
cupanus (Polyacanthus),

381.
Curema. 431.
curtus (Mugil), 439.
curvicornis(Callionymus),

145, 558.
curvidens (Mugil), 467.
curvidens (Myxus), 467.

cuvieri (Salarias), 248.
cuvieri (Tetragomu-us),

408.
cyanoclavis (Gobius), 40.
cyanomos (Gobius), 39.
cyanospilos (Ophiocepha-

lus), 474.
cyanostigma( Eleotriodes),

119.
cyanostigma(Eleotris),l 19
cyanostigma(Salarias),258
cyanota»nia (Amphacan-

thus), 323.
cyanotivnia (Gobius), 71.
Cyclogaster, 159.
Cyclops (Salarias), 246.
Cyclopterus, 154.
cyclopterus (Gobius), 14.
cyclopus (Liparis). I(i3.
cylindricus (Mugil), 410.
cynoccphaluni(Sicydium),

94.
cynodon (Petroscirtes),

234.
cjprinoidos (Blennecliis),

235.
cyprinoidos(Eleotris),118.
cyprinoides (Gobius), 8.
cyprinoides (Nestis), 462.
cyprinoides (Petroscirtes),
'235.

Dactylopus, 151.
dactvlopus (Callionymus),

1^2.
dactylopus (Vulsus), 152.
Dactyloscopus. 279, 560.
Dajaus, 461.
dama (Salarias), 241.
danius (Atheriua), 105.
dario (Badcs), 367.
dario (Labrus), 367.
Daurin, 442.
Deal-fish, 305.
decem-radiatus (Mugil),

452.
decussatus (Gobius), 69.
decussatus (Salarias), 240
deissneri (Osphromenus),

381.
deissneri (Polyacanthus),

381.
dclalandii (Clinus), 264.
delalandii(Malaeoctenus)

264.
delisianus (Acanthurus),

340.
dentatus ( Apocryptes), 81 .
dentatus (Boleophthal-

mus), 101.
dentatus (Oxuderce6),165.

572

ALfllAbKIfCAL INDKX.

dentex (Chorisocbismua),

41)0.
dentex (Cyclopterus), 490.
dentex (Gobiesox), 41)0.
dentex( Lepadogaster ),490
denticulatus (Anarrhi-

chas), 211.
desfontainii (Lepadogas-

ter), 514.
desjardinii (Acanthurus),

344.
despicillatus (Clinu8),271.
Diablo, 200.
diademat um (Gobiosoma),

85.
diadematus (Gobius), 85.
Dictyosoma, 270.
didactylus (Batraclius),

i7o:

diemensis (Batrachus),

169.
diemensis (Uajaus), 465.
Diplocrepis, 506.
diproctopterus (Salarias),

254.
dipus (Perioplithalmus),

98.
Discoboli, 1.54, 489.
dispar (Petroscirtes), 231 .
dobula (Miigil), 420.
dobuloides (A/i;onosloma),

462.
dobuloides (Nestis), 462.
doliata (Teuthis), 323.
doliatus (Amphacanthus),

323.
doliatus (Siganus), 323.
dolichogaster (Blennius),

288.
dolichogaster (Centrono-

tus), 288.
dolichogaster (Gunellus),

288.
doreensis (Acanthurus),

332.
dorehensis (Antennarius),

184.
dormitator (Gobiomorus),

119.
dormitator (Philypnus),

119, 558.
dormitator (Platycepha-

lus), 119.
dormitatrix(Eleotris), 119,

558.
dorsalis (Amphacanthus),

318.
dorsalis (Clinus), 271.
dorsalis (Teuthis), 318.
double-6pine (Cyclopte-

rus), 502.

Dracuneulus, 144.
dracuuculus (Calliony-

mus), l:'9, 144.
Dragonet (Gemmeous^,

140.
Dragonet (Sordid), 140.
dubius (Batrachus), 169.
dubius (C'linus), 272.
duodecimalis (Atherina),

400.
dussnmieri (Acanthurus),

335.
dussumicri (Batrachus),

169.
dussumieri (Blennechis),

229.
dussumicri (Boleophthal-

inus), 104.
dussumieri (Mugil), 428,

449.
dussumicri (Salarias), 251,

562.

Ealpout, 295.
echinocephalus (Gobius),

34.
edentulus (Blennius). 2.52.
edentulus (Salarias), 252.
ehrenbergii (Gobius), 19.
eiiitliovenii (Polyacau-

thus), 378.
ekstromii (Gobius), 57.
elegans (Aspisurus), 35.3.
elegans (Callionvmus),

145.
elegans (Clinus), 261.
elegans (Gobius), 18.
Eleotriodes, 10.5, 130, 131.
eleotrioides (Gobius), 4.
Eleotris, 105.
elcotris (Gobius), 37.
elongatus (Acantiiiu"us),

331.
elongatus (Chsetodon),

331.
elongatus (Myxus), 466.
elongatus (Petroscirtes),

233.
emarginatus (Blennius),

224.
Enchelyopus, 295, 540.
endrachtensis (Atherina),

401.
engeli (Mugil), 430.
eoume (Prionurus), 354.
epalzeorliynchus (Sala-
rias), 240.
eparai (Acanthurus), 337.
ephippiatus (Gobius), 4.
eruptionis (Amblyopus).

133.

erythrocephalus (Blenni-
us). 215.

crvthrophaios( Gobiodon ),
87.

crythrophaios (Gobius),
87.

erythrotocnia (Mastacem-
belus), 542.

Euctenogobius, 79.

euronotus (Mugil). 44.3.

europajus (Blennius), 286.

eurypterus (Lophius),179.

Evorthodus, 84.

exanthematosus (Gobius),
55, 5.54.

expansa (Andamia), 294.

fabricii (Campylodon),

544.
fabricii (Gunellus), 280.
fabricii (Liparis), 161.
fabricii (Lumpenus), 280.
falcipinnis (Mugil), 4.53.
falx (Trachypterus), 302.
fasciata (C'atoi)ra), 368.
fasciato-piuiclatus (Go-
bius), 22.
fasciatus (Blennechis),

239.
fasL-iatus (Blennius), 24-1.
fasciatus (Callionymus),

1.38.
fasciatus (CenlroMotus\

287, 564.
fasciatus (Clinus), 262.
fasciatus(Ctenogobiu8),;i4.
fasciatus (Gobius), 34.
fasciatus (Gunellus), 287,

564.
fasciatus (Hai-purus), 327.
fasciatus (Iloplognathus),

357.
fasciatus (Mugil), 4.58.
fasciatus (Petroscirtes),

239.
fasciatus (Polyacanthus),

388.
fasciatus (Sa'arias), 244.
fasciatus (Scaradon), 357.
fasciatus (Sicyascs), 497.
fasciatus (Trichogaster),

387.
fasciolatoceps CBlennius),

212.
fasciolatus (Blenneohis),

229.
faujas (Lophius), 203.
fclis (Anarrhiciias), 211.
fclis(Anarrhichthys),211.
fcnestratum (Triplery-

gium), 27^^.

AI.rUAItKTlCAI. INDKX.

573

f'ciicslratus (lflt.'uiiiu-<),

UTS.
fer^iisonis (Lophiiis). I 7'.).
I'i'rnaiulL'ziMiuis K 'linus),

ferraiidi (Arii^jil'i. 4l.'4.
fcstiviis (( 'alliuti villus) ,

]U, 147.
filaiiicntosus (IJlcinieclii-i),

L'.-iO.
filameiitosus> (C'al'ioiiv-

inus). 147.
filainontosus (IV'tiosrir-

tes), 2:{(».
Clicornis (niciiiiiiis). 2n').
lilifer (Gobiiin), ~'-'.
filosiis (Ctobiiis), '!'<.
b'ilzutta, 44.'{.
fiiubriata (Cotylis), 4'.>S.
fiiubriatus (Zoaivcs), '29(5.
firiiiameiitum, .'{l.'J.
Fisliiiif^-Frog, 197.
fissicoriiid (l{Iennius),2'2.").
Fistulai-ia, ;y2'.».
Fistularida\ r)18, :»20.
ristularis (Fiagel'aria).

.•)29.
namiiians (Elootris), !().').
flavescons (.Vcautlmriis),

.'542.
flavpsci'iis (Plalvptonis),

i;58.
Flaveton, 44.'?.
flavidus (.\podichtlivs),

2<.)U.
llavimajius (Acanthogo-

bius), 76.
(laviuianus (Gobius), 7<'>.
flavo-guttafus (.Yc-antbu-

^us), 32r).
flavo-umbrinus (Salarias),

241.
(lavus (Gobius), 13.
fliiTiatilis ((Jobiiis), 15,

051.
fontanesii (Gobius), 74.
fornasini (Eleotris), 123.
fbrskalii (Atherina), 397.
forsteri (Agonostoma),

4Go.
forsteri (Mugil), 40.').
forsteri (Salarias), 252.
forsteri (Tripterygium),

278.
frater (Blennius), 212.
fraterculus (Acanthurus),

341.
frenatus (Gobius), 39.
t'renalus (Salarias). 240.
frevciut^ti ( Pfriophtlial-

iiuis). lOO.

frontalis (Salarias), 245.
front ieornis (Nasous^,."}48.
froiiticoriii-i (Naso). .'US.
frouto (Pat:icus). 292.
frotito (Salarias). 255.
fucoruiu ( lUoimius). 217.
fuliginosus (.Vcantliurus),

r,:',o.

fuMginosus ((iol)ius), 4.
l'ui\i))i';is (LliiroiU'ctcs),

1S4.
fusi'a (Klc(.tris\ 125. .55S.
fusca (I'avilia), 125.
fuscaUis ^ll'erioplitlial-

inus), 90.
fuscescens (.Ampliacaii-

tluis). 318,321.
fusoesi'cns (C'cntrogastcr),

321.
fusccsocns (Touthis), 321.
flist'us (Acauihoi'liinis),

298.
fuscus (Aoaulburus), 3.39.
fusi'us (Acroiiurus), 3.30.
fuscus (Gobius), 20.
fusous (Opliiocepbalus),

471.
fusfus (Salarias), 245.
fusiforniis (Gobius), 22.

gachiia (Opliiooeplialus).

471.
galilun (Cluotodon), 338.
gahiu (Acantburus), 338.
Gakrila. 221.
galcrila (Hlcuniopst), 284.
gali'rita ( Hiciuiius), 212,

222, 2S4. .".(■> I.
gangene (Batraclioidcs),

1()8.
gaslrospilus (Gobius), 43.
gattorugiue (Blenuius),

212, 244.
gelatinosus (Cyclopterus),

i(;;{.

gelatinosus (Liparis), 103.
geniinatus(Bl('nniu9).228.
gemmatus (Acantburus),

343.
gcniguttatue (Calliclinus),

•J05.
genigultatus (Clinu9),2<V».
geniporus (Gobius), 55.>
genivittatus (Gobius), 13.
gentilis (Blennius), 217.
Geiiypterus, 294.
gfograpliicus (Lopbius),

187.
gibbifrons (Salarias), 251.
gibbosus (Cvclopterus).

155.

gibbus (Chironectcs).
187.

gibbus (Lopbius), 187.

giuris (Gobius), 21. 31.

gladius (t'ejiola), .30^.

gladius(G_vinnctrus), .308.

gladius (Kcgalocus), 308.

glauco])an'ius (Acantbu-
rus), .•'..•'.9.

glesuc. 3(19, .".lO .".11.

gk'snc (0])lii(iiunn, .310.

glesne (Ecgalccus), 311.

glvpbidodon (Apocrvp-
'tes), S4.

Gobicsocida'. 489.

(Jobiosox, 490, 499.

Gobiida-. 1.

Gobiiua. .">.

Gobio. I.V.I.

gobio (Clinus), 207.

goliio (Gobioclinus). 207.

Gobioclinus, 2t>l.

Gobiodon, 87.

Gobioidcs. 1.3.3.

gobioides (Blennius), 242.

gobioides (Eleotris), 114.

Gobionellus, 3.

Gobiosonia, 85.

Gobius, .3.

gubius ( Liparis), 101

Goby, Black U.

Goby, Spotted, 58.

goesii (Salarias), 25.3.

goldiunnni (Gobius). 5.

goramcnsis ( Acantburus),
.".43.

goranicnsis(Callionymu3),
149.

Goramy, 382, 500.

goreensis (Blennius), 212.

(rouania, .515.

gouanii (Lcpadogaster),
510.

gourami (Osphrouemus),

gozo (Gobius), 11.
gracilis (Arablyopus), 134.
gracilis (Atherinichthys),

405.
gracilis (Blennius), 281.
gracilis (Centriscus), 521.
gracilis (Gobius), 54, 59,

78.
gracilis(Lepidogobius),78
gracilis (Lumpenus), 281.
gramniepoinus (Gobius),

64, 554.
grajnmistes (Blennecbis),

230.
grnnimistes (Petroscirtes).

230

574

ALPHABETICAL INDKX.

grammoptilus (Acanthu

rus), lioo.
grandicornis (Blennius),

213.
grandinosus (Gobius), 38.
grandinosus (Ophiocepha-

Ins), 478.
grandisquama (Eleotris),

113.
grandisquamis (Mugil),

410.
graphicus (B'.ennius), 221 .
grillii (Gymnetrus), 311.
grillii (Rcgalccus), 311.
groenlandiciis (Gunellus),

287. 288.
gronovii (Bafraohus), 1G6.
gronovii (Zoarces), 2U5.
grootii (Catopra), 3G9.
grunniens (Batrachus),

1('.8, I()9.
grunniens (Cottus), 1G8.
gryphurus(Trachypteru3),

301.
Guacucuja, 200.
guacucu)a(Malthea), 201.
guamensia (Aniphacan-

thus), 313.
guamensis (Gobius), 5.
Guaperva, 188, 200.
Guaperva sinensis, 186.
guavina (Eleotris), 124.
GufPer, 295.

gulosus (Gobius), 6, 54(5.
Gunellichthys, 280.
gunelliformis (Centrono-

tus), 288.
Gunellus, 280, 285.
gunellus (Blennius), 285.

287, 288, 504.
gunellus (Centronotus),

285, 286, 564.
gunellus (Pholis), 286.
guttata(Muranoides),286.
guttata (Teutliis), 320.
guttatus (Acanthurus),

329, 333.
guttatus (Amphacanthus),

318,320.
guttatus (Cha-todon), 32t).
guttatus (Gobius), 3.
guttatus (Harpurus), 329.
guttatus (Luciogobius),

152.
guttatus (Salarias), 240,

250.
guttulatus (Clinus), 266.
gutum (Gobius), 6.
gymnaucben (Gobius), 43.
gymnaucken (Sicydium),

95.

Gymnetrida;, 300.
Gymnetrus, 307.
gymnocepbalus (Gobius),

' 75.
gvmnopareius (Ampha-

' canthus), 321.
gymnopomus (Eleotris),

105.
gymnopomus (Gobiu8),65.
gymnotrachelus (Gobius),

5.52.
gyrinoides (Eleotris), 123.
gyrinus (Eleotris), 122,

5.58.
gyrinus (Gobiesox), 490.

hrrmatocliilus (Mugil),

422.
Halieutffa, 203.
lianiiltonii (Betula). 368.
hamiltonii (Macrogna-

thus), .543.
Harder, 423.
harengus (Myxus), 467.
Harpurus, 327.
liarpurus (Acanthurus),

353.
hasscltii (Eleotris), 116.
hasseltii (Gobius), 94.
hasseltii (Polyacantluis),

378.
liasseltii (Salarias), 258.
hasta (Gobius), 78.
hastatus (Gobionellus), 6,

546.
hawkenii (Gymnetrus),

309.
helfrichii (Polyacantluis),

379.
Helostoma, 377.
helsdingenii (Elootris),

131.
Ilemerocoetes, 485.
hemigymnopomus (Go-
bius), 20.
hendricksii (Salarias), 2.52.
henlei (Apocryptes), 83.
hentzii (Blennius), 212.
Hepatus, 315, 329.
hepatu8(Acanthurus),341 .
hepatus (Teuthis), .341.
hypsctoides (Atherina),

397.
hypsetus (Atherina), 39L,

393, 394, 396, 397.
hermanniana (C'cpola),

1.35.
hermannianus (Amblyo-

pus), 133, 13,5.
hermannianus (T^ni-

oides), 135.

herminicri (Blennius),

264.
herminieri (Clinus), 264.
herniinieri (L^brosomus),

264.
heteroehilus (Mugil), 457.
heterodon (Clinus), 270.
heteroptera(Elcotris),132.
heteropterus(Eleotriodes),

132.
heteropterus (Salarias),

240.
heterospilos (Gobiodon),

88.
Heterostichus, 26 1 .
hesacanthus (Naseus),355.
hexaoanthus (Priodon),

355.
hexagonata (Teuthis), 320.
hexagonatus (Amphacan-
thus), 320.
hcxagrammus (Sticha?us\

284.
hexanema (Chreturich-

thys), 77.
hexanema (Gobius), 77.
hevligeri (Pctroscirtes),

237.
hindsii (Callionymus).

146.
hirsutus (Braohionich-

thys), 182, 560.
hirsutus (Chironectes),

182.
hirsutus (Lophius), 182.
hirudo (Acantluu-us), 327.
hispidus (Antennarius),

189.
hispidus (Chironectes),

189.
liispidus (Lophius), 189.
histrio (Antennarius), 188.
histrio (Chironectes), 188.
histrio (Gobiodon), 88.
histrio (Gobius), 88.
histrio (Lophius), 186,

187, 188, 190, 196.201.
hoedtii (Eleotris), 110.
hocdtii (Malacanthus),361
hoedtii (Nascus), .349.
hoevenii (Gobius), 32.
holbaili (Ceratias), 205.
Hoplcgnathidio, 3.57.
Iloplegnathus, 357.
horridus (Antennarius),

193.
Hrognkelsi, 155.
huguenii (Callionymus),

14.5.
humboldti (Atherinich-

thys), 404.

ALT'IIAIJKTIfAL IXDKX.

lunnboldliana (Atheriim),

404.
hunicra'-is (Arutitliiirus),

;?;{7.

liiimovalis (Eloolris), IIG.
luiiiierosus (Ccntriscus),

r)22.

Imngta (Ccpola). 4SS.
liypseloptorus (Acanthu-

rus), 'M-i.
liypsoloptcrus (■\Iugil),

' 4r)0.

liypselo]>tonis (Pctros -ir-
tes), 2.j7.

Ichthvocoris. .Ml I.
ignobilis (lilcimius). 2n8.
iiiiinaculata (P'isUilaria),

imraaciilatus (Cannorliyn-

Cllll.s), f)."}.').

iii.Tqualis (Blonnius), 21 1,

223.
incilis, 4.'51.
incisa (Atlioriiia), 40,"*.
itu'isa fAtliorinii-lilliys),

40.'). '
indiea (Cliamia). 4S.'{.
iiidifas (( )pliioccplialu3),

40".), 470.
Ingely, 541.
ingons (Guncllus), 280.
in(erruptu8(Salarias),2r)0
i 11 tcrstii ictus (Gobiiis), 21.
iris (C'epola),. •!().'{.
iris (O))liiopoplialus), 409.
iris (Trachyptorus). 303.
irrciitiis (Mugil), 4(j4.
islandicus(Blcnniiis),281.
islaiidicus (Bogmarus"),

305.
islandicus (Centronotus),

281.
islandicus (Gunelhis), 281.
islandicus (Stichanis), 28 1 .
islandicus (Vogmarus),

305.

jacksoi.iana (Allicrina),

4(»2.
jacksoniana (Atherinich-

tliys), 402.
jantliinopterus(Gobius),4.
japoniea (Athorina). 308.
japonicus (Callionymus),

145, 148.
japonicus (I\rugil), 41 'J.
javanicus (Gobius). 33.
joviis (.'Vniphacanthus),

31.5.
javiis (Teut'riis'i. 315.

jovis (Ophioceplialus),

4C)0.
jozo (Gobius), 12, 547.
Jura-sucker, 510.
JLissicui ( Lcpadogaster),

513.

kallopterus (Perioplitlial-

nuis), 08.
kallosoma • (Petroscirtcs),

2.;3.

kalolo (Pcriophtlialnius),

07
kaiTak(Aiiarrliichas).208.
karrouvei (Ophioccjiha-

lus), 4r,o.'
kclaartii (Mugil), 420.
kelaartii (Ophioceplialus),

472.
Keris, 355.

kcsslcri (Gobius), 553.
kttlitzii (Acimtliurus).

325.
King of (lie norring.s 310.
kingii i^Salarias), 24<>.
kiicrii (Gobius), 540.
Knorliacn, IG8.
kniittcli (Gobius), 73.
koelrinitori (Gobius), 07.
koclrcuicri (Poriophtlial-

imis), 07, 557.
koiloHiatodou (IC'eotris),

117.
kokius, 21, 31.
koku, 21.
kopsii (Ampliacantlius),

313.
kora (Gobius), 21.
Kora-niotta, 471 .
Korah-uiotta, 21.
kruscnstcrnii (Ccpola),

488.
kulilii (Gobius), 4.
kuhlii (Polyacanthus),378
kulilii (Salarias), 230.
Kunnesec, 434.
kurpah (Gobius), 21.

labco (Mugil). 4.53.
labiosu.-< (Mugil), 4.54.
Labrosomu.', 2G1.
labrosus (I?leiniius), 200.
labrosus (Mugil), 4.54.
labrosus (Zoarces), 200.
Labyrinthibranchii, 372,

4<;8.

Labyrinthici, 372, 408.
labyrinthodcs (Amjiha-

c"anUiu>), 317.
labvrintliodcs (Teulhis),

317.

laccpedii (.\mblvopus),

13.1.
laccpedii (Autcnuarius),

100.
laccpedii (Gyninetrus),

302.
lacerta (Callionymus), 144
lacteus (Gobius), 552.
lacunosa (Athorina), 300,

400.'
lacustris (Atherlna), 304.
lavigalus (Chironcctes),

185, 187.
Isevis (Brachionichthys),

182.
hfvis (Chironcctes), 182.
la'vis (Loi)hius), |S2.
livvis (Pholis), 220, 227.
lagocephalits (Gobius), 02.
lagocepiialum (Sicydiuni),

02, 04.
lalius (Colisa), 387.
laliiis (Trichogaster), 387.
laniarrii (Acanlliurus),3.3l
lani])etr:vforinis (Blciini-

us), 281.
lanceolata (Elcotris), 80.
lanceolatus (Apocryplc.s),

80,81.
lanceolatus (Gobius), 50.
laiieco atus (Kegalccus),

78.
laokus (Bolcophllialnuis),

101.
T.atargus, 208.
lateralis (Callionymus),

140.
lateralis (Elcotris), 122.
lateraHs(Phiiypnus), 122.
laticeps (Sicydium), 03.
laticlavia (Atherina), 402.
laticlavia(Atlieriniclithys),

402.
laticlavius (Prionurus),

347.
latipinnis (Clinus), 207.
lati]>iunis (Ophthalmolo-

phus), 207.
latirosti'is (Lcpadogaster),

510.
latovittatus (Labrus), 300.
latovittatus(Malaeanthus),

300.
latovittatus (Ta^nianotus),

300.
Latrunculus, 80.
Lattarina, 304.
latus (Ophioceplialus), 400
lauvergnii (Mugil), 410.
Lavaronus, 303, 304.
leerii ('rrichopus), 384.

576

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

leiopteruB (Trachypterus),

304.
Lembus, 105.
lembus (Eleotris), 121.
lentiginosus (Gobius), 20.
Lentipee, 96.
leopardinus (Gobius),547.
leopardus (Anarrhichas),

208.
Lepadogaster, 510.
lepadogaster (Cyclopte-

rus), 611.
Lepidogobius, 4.
Iepidu8 (Blennius), 221,

661.
lepidus (Gobius), 78.
leprosus (Antennarius),

198.
lepn)8U8 (Chironectes),

195.
Leptoptervgius, 515.
lepuB (Blennius), 222.
Lepus marinus, 155.
letfsonii (Atherina), 402.
lessouii (Nemophis), 296.
lesueurii (Gobius), 12
leuciscus (Eleotris), 118.
leucopunctatus (Ophioce-

pbalus), 469.
leucosoma (Antennarius),

195.
leuoostemon (Acanthu-

rus), 340.
leucotfenia (Pholidich-

thys), 293.
limbata (Cepola), 489.
limbatuB (Gobius), 3.
limbatu8(Ophiocephalus),

471.
lindgreeni (Antennarius),

192.
linearis (Gobius), 86.
lineata (Teuthis), 322.
lineatus (Acanthurus),

333.
lineatus (Amphacanthus),

322.
lineatus (Blennius), 212.
lineatus (Chtetodon), 333.
lineatus (Cyclopterus),159
lineatus (Gobius), 15.
lineatus (Lepadogaster),

514.
lineatus (Liparis), 159.
lineatus (Mugil), 417.
lineatus (Saccarius), 183.
lineatus (Salarias), 254.
lineolatus (Acanthurus),

33G.
lineolatus (Callionymus),

149.

liopterus (Trachypterus),

304.
Liparidina, 1,')8.
Liparis, 158.

liparis (Cycloptcrus), 159.
liparoides (Cycloptcrus),

161.
littoreus (Acanthoclinus),

298.
littoreus (Blennius), 298.
littoreus (Clinus), 298.
littoreus (Cyclopterus),

509.
littoreus (Gobiesox), 509.
litturatus (Gobius), 554.
lituratus (Acanthurus),

353. •
lituratus (Aspisurus), 354.
lituratus (Harpurus), 353.
lituratus (Naseus), 353.
Lisa, 454.

liza (Mugil), 420, 423.
longecaudatus (Calliony-
mus), 148, 558.
longeradiatus (Gobius), 12
longeradiatus (Gynine-

trus), 308.
longicauda (Cepola), 487.
longicornis (^Naseus), 348.
longimanus (Mugil), 428.
longipinnis ( Eleotris), 1 05.
longirostris (Malthea),201
Lophius, 178.
Lophot«s, 312.
lophotes (Cliironectes),

189.
Lophotidae, 312.
lota (Gobius), 54.
Lotregano, 442.
Luciocephalidae, 390.
Luciocephalus, 390.
Luciogobius, 152.
lucius (Ophiocephalus),

475.
lugens ((Jobius), 4.
Lumpen, 295.
Lumpenus, 280.
lumpenus (Blennius), 280.
lumpenus (Centronotus),

281.
lumpenus (Clinus), 280.
lumpenus (Stichacus), 280.
Lump- nicker, 155.
Lump- sucker (Unctuous),

159.
Lumpus, 155.
lumpus (Cyclopterus), 155
lunatus (Callionymus),

146.
lupulus (Blennius), 225.
Jupus (Anarrhichas), 208.

Lupus marinus, 208.
lurida (Teuthis), .321.
luridus (Amphacanthus),

321.
lyra (Callionymus), 139,

144, 14.5.
lyra (Uranoscopus), 140.
lyricus (Gobius), 550.

macrocephalus (Anabas),

376.
macrocephalus (Bentho-

philus), 91, 556.
macrocephalus (Clinus),

266.
macrocephalus (Culius),

126.
macrocephalus (Gobius),

91.
macrocophalus(Gunellus),

285.
macrocephalus (Hexacan-

thus), 91.
macrochilus (Mugil), 458.
macrodon (Eleotris), 129.
macrognathos (Gobioso-

ma), 86.
macrognathos (Gobius),

86.
Macrognathus, 540.
macrolepidota (Eleotris),

111
macrolepidota (Scijcna),

111.
macrolepidotus (Mugil),

419, 436.
macrolepis (Apocryptes),

83.
macrolepis (Mugil), 447,

449.
macrophthalma (Athe-
rina), 404.
macrophthalmus (Gobi-
esox), 502.
Macropodus, 381.
macrops (Mugil), 428.
macropterus (Gobius), 4.
macroptcryx (Blennius),

224.
Macropus, 381.
macrostetholepis (Sicy-

diura), 94.
macrostoma (Gobiu8),548.
macrostomus (Gobiopsis),

548.
macrurus (Gobius), 48.
maculata (Eleotris), 112.
maculata (Rhynchobdel-

la), .'>43.
maculatum (Aulostoma),

536.

vLPHABKTICAL INDKX.

57:

maeulatus (Anarrhichas).

208.
maeulatus (Bostrycluis),

480.
maeulatus (Callionyraus)

144.
maeulatus (Clinus), 281.
maeulatus (Cryptacan-

thodes), 291.
maeulatus (Ctenodon),

281.
maeulatus (Epidesmus),

303.
maeulatus (Lembus), 121.
macidatus(Lcpadogastei').

614.
maeulatus (Mastacem-

belus), 543.
maeulatus (Ophiocepha-

lus), 480.
maeulatus (Pata;cus), 292.
maeulatus (Regalecus),

304.
maeulatus (Stichaeus) ,28 1 .
maculosa (Thalasso-

phryne), 175.
maculosus (Amphaean-

thus), 321.
maculosus (Iloplogna-

thus), 358.
raadagascariensis (Eleo-

tris), 111.
madeirensis (Mugil), 442.
madercnsis (Gobius), 57.
madurcnsis (^Apocryptes),

m:randricu3 (Gobicsox),

505.
mreandricus (Lepadogas-

ter), 505.
Malacanthida;, 359.
Malacanthus, 359.
Malacoctenus, 261.
Malthe, 200.
Maltliea, 200.
maregravii (Aulastoma),

529.
margaritacea (Eleotris\

107.
mai'garitatus (Batraehus),

170.
margaritifera (Teuthis),

317.
margaritiferus (Ampha-

canthus), 317. 318.
margariturus (Gobius),

47.
marginata (Cepola), 489.
marginatus (Acanthurus),

333.
marginatus (Naseus), 3.52.

VOL. 111.

marginatus (Ophioeeplia-

lus), 471.
marmorata (Atherina),

393.
marmorata (Cotylis), 304.
marmorata (Eleotris), 123.
marmorata (Teuthis), 322.
marmoratus (Amphaeau-

thus), 322.
marmoratus (Anteiuia-

rius), 185.
marmoratus (Blennius),

248.
marmoratus (Calliony-

mus), 150.
marmoratus (Chironee-

tcs), 187.
marmoratus (Gx)bie8ox),

304.
marmoratus(Gobius),546,

550.
marmoratus (Lophius),

1.S4.
marmoratus (Mastacem-

bolus), 543.
marmoratus (Nandus),

307.
marmoratus (Salarias),

248, 5G2.
marmoratus (Sicyogaster),

502, .504.
Marsio, 58.

martensii (Gobius), 15.
martinica (Atlierina), 395.
martiuieus (Gobius), GO.
marulioides (Ophioceplia-

lus), 479.
marulius (Ophioeepha-

lus), 478.
Mastacembelid.T, 539.
Mastacembelus, 539, 540.
mastaeembelus (Ophi-

dium), 541.
mata (Acanthmais), 331,

335.
matoides (Acanthurus),

330.
mauritianus (Eleotris),

125.
mayenna (Amblyopus),

135.
mcditerraneus (Notacan-

thus), 545.
medium (Triptcrygium),

278.
mcdius (Clinus), 281.
medius (Lurapenus), 281.
medius (Stiehanis), 281.
melancranus (Mugil),410.
mclanio (Blennius), 561.
mclanio (Gobius). 5.53.

melanoeephalum (Tripte-

rygimn), 277.
melanocephalus (Gobius),

64.
melanocephalus(Salarias) ,

255.
melanoeliir (Mugil), 4.jG.
meianopterus (Eleotris),

116.
raelanopterus (Ophioee-

phalus), 473.
melanopus (Gobius), 6.
melanosoma (( 'idius),12G.
melanosoma (lileotris;,

126.
melanosoma (Gobius), -i2.
melanosoma (Ophioec-

phalu?), 473.
melanospilos (Amphacan-

thus), 313.
melanostigma (Eleotris),

117.
melanostigma (Gobius), 5.
melanostoma (Gobius), 53,

554.
melanotopterus (Calliony-

mus), 139.
me'anurum (Triptei-ygi

um), 277. '
melanurus (Aeantluu-us),

346.
mclaniu-us (Acronurus).

34()
melanurus (Eleotris), 105.
melanurus (Gobius), 3.">.
melas (Acanthurus), 345.
melas (/Intcnnarius), 194.
melas (Plesiops), 363.
melasoma, 473.
mcleagris (Salarias), 2.'^)6.
mclinopterus (Mugil), 452
menidia (Atlierina), 406.
menidia (Atherinichthys),

406.
mentum (Triehopodus),

382.
mentzelii (Chironeetes),

184.
mertensii (Amphaeaii-

tluis), 313.
mertensii (Gobius), 5.
mesoprion (Cepola), 488.
Meuille blane, 439.
mexieanus (Gobius), 61.
microeephalum (Siey-

dium), 95.
mierocephalus (Anabas),

377.
mierocephalus (Trypau-

ehen), 137.
mieroeirrhis (Clinus\ 266
2 I-

578

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

microlepidota (Atherin-

ichthys), 403.
microlepidotuiii (Cteno-

ponia), 565.
microlepidotus (Basilieh-

thys), 403.
microlepidotus (Prionu-

ru8), 347.
microlepis (Eleotriodes),

132.
microlepis (Eleotris), 132.
microlepis (Gobius), 49.
microlepis (Osplirome-

nus), 385.
microlepis (Oxym-ich-

tliys), 49.
micropeltes (Ophiocepha-

lus), 482.
microphthalmus ( Gobi us) ,

650.
mierops (Agonostoma),

462.
micropus (Gobiodon), 89.
micropterygius (Urauo-

scopus), 140.
microstoma (Atherina),

401.
micrurum (Sicydium), 93.
miliaris (Ophiocephalus),

409.
minor (Anarrhichas), 208.
minuta (Atherina), 393.
minuta (Eleotris), 58.
minutus (Blennius), 215.
minutus (Cyclopterus),

155.
jninutus (Gobius), 57, 58,

76, 156, 554.
minutua (Lepadogaster),

155.
mirbeli (Lepadogaster),

514.
mitratus (Blennechis),

237.
mitratu8(Petroscirtes),237
mocho (Atherina), 396.
modestuB (Gobius), 5.
modestus (Perioi^hthal-

mus), 98.
mogumda (Eleotris), 111.
molestimi (Gobiosoma),

556.
mollis (Batrachus), 187.
molucconsis (Antenna-

rius), 191.
Monoccros, 348.
monoceros (Harpurus).

348.
Monocirrhus, 371.
monophthalmus (Auche-
noptcrus), 275.

monopterygius (Calliony-

nms), 485.
montacuti (Cyclopterus),

161.
montagui (Blennius), 222,

501.
montagui (Cyclopterus),

161.
montagui (Liparis), 101.
montanus (Opliiocepha-

lus), 471.
monticola (Agonostoma),

464.
monticola (Dajaus), 464.
monticola (Mugil), 404.
morrissonii (Calhony-

mus), 147.
mucosum (Xipliidion),

291.
mucosus (Liparis), 165,

559.
mucronatum (Ophidium),

285.
mucronatus (Gunellus),

285.
Mugil, 409.
Mugilida-, 409.
Mugiloidei, 4()9.
miillerianus (Gymnetrus).

301.
Mullet, 439.

multifilis (Blennius), 562.
midtilineatus (Mugil),

443.
multiocellatus (Antenna-

rius), 194.
multiocellatus (Chironec-

tes), 194.
multispine (Ctenopoma),

373.
muTivnoides (Blennius),

286.
mursenoides (Centrono-

tus), 286.
mursenoides (Gunellus),

287.
muralis (Eleotriodes),

130.
muralis (Eleotris), 130.
muralis (Valenciennea),

130.
muricatus (Lophius), 203.
musculus (Cyclopterus),

159.
Musci britannici, 193.
mustela (Blennius), 268.
mustolaris (Blennius), 268
mutabilis (Clinus), 272.
mycterizans (Blennius),

268.
mystacinus (Gobius), 48.

mystax (Ophiocephalus),

473.
Myxodagnus, 563.
Myxodes, 260.
Myxus, 406.

Nandid.T, 362.
Nandina, 307.
nandoides (Catopra), 368.
Nandus, 367.
nandus (Coins), 367.
Naseus, 347.
Naso, 348.

nasus (Acanthmnis), 353.
nasus (Notacantluis), 544.
nasus (Tripterygion), 276.
nasuta (Malthea), 201.
nasutum (Agonostoma),

463.
nasutus (Cristiceps), 273.
nebulo-punctatus (Go-
bius), 25, 26.
nebulosa (Bedula), 368.
nebulosa (Teutliis), 321.
nebulosus (Amphacan-

thus), 321.
nebulosus (Centronotus),

287.
nebulosus (CHniis), 281.
nebulosus (Gobius), 12,

29.
nebulosus (Gimellus),287.
nebulosus (Lumpenus),

281.
nebulosus (Nandus), 368.
nematopterus (Clinus),

270.
Nemophis, 296.
Neocliuus, 659.
nepalensis (Mugil), 424.
nesogallicus (Antenna-

rius), 187.
nesogal! icus( Chironectes),

187.
Nestis, 461.

newberrii (Gobius), 77.
newberrii (Lepidogobius),

77.
nexipinnis (Apocryptee),

83.
niger (Culius), 125.
niger (Gobius), 6, 11, 57,

76, 547.
niger (Mugil), 408.
niger (Salarias), 240.
nigra (Eleotris), 125.
nigi-ans (Atherina), 406.
nigrans (Atherinichthys),

406.
riigrescens (Chaetodon),
336.

AM'II ADKlICAr, ini)j:.\,

579

nigri (Ciobius*), '27.
nigrifaiis (Acantluunis),

;32'.l, :VMX :m.
nigricans (Afhorina), 4().'>.
nigricans (Atherinicb-

thys), 4();j.
nigricans(Ch3ctodon),329,

.•«G.
nigricans(Entomacrodus),

254.
nigi-icans (Gcnypterus),

294.
nigricans (Ilarpiirus), 339.
nigricans (Opliiocepha-

lus), 477.
nigricans (Pharopteryx)

3(53.
nigricans (Plesiop.s), 303.
nigricans (Salarias), 254.
iiigripinnc (Triptcry-

giuiu), 277.
iilgripinnis (Gobiesox),

r)02.
uigripinnis (Gobius), f).
nigro-fuscus (.Vcanthu-

rus), 3:{|.
nigro-fiiscus (Cliivtodon),

33 J.
iiigroris. 3-'>2.
nigros (.\cantliuru.s), 332.
nigro-sh-igatus (Mugil),

457.
nigro-viltatus (Salarias),

245.
nilssonii (Gobiosonia), 8(5.
iiilssonii (Gobius), 8(5.
Niqui, 17<>.

in'qui (Callionymus), 1(5(5.
nitidns (.Antcnnarius),

187.
nitidus (Salarias), 243.
niveatus (Gobius), 71.
nobilis (Ctcnops), 384.
Notacanlhi, 53'.>, 544.
Notacantlius, 544.
notacanthus (Gobius), 35,

541).
notata (Atlicrina), 400.
notata (Atherinichtbys).

4(X5.
notata (Multbea). 201.
notatus (Poriclitbys), 170.
notopbtbalmus (Anten-

narius), 19(5.
notosticta (Teulhis), 320.
notostictus (Anipbacan-

tbus), 320.
noTcm-lincatus (Cbasnio-

des), 2-29.
novem-linentus (Pholis),
"29

novcin-radiatus (Gobius).

100.
iiox (Gobius), 28.
nubilus (Lunipenus), 5()4.
nubiius (Slicliaus), 5(54.
nucliaUs(Auip]iacantbu6),

320.
nucliifilis (Blcnnius), 223.
nuchipinnis (Clinus),

202.
nuda (Cotylis), 502.
nudiceps (Gobius), 13.
nudus (Cboiusocbisnuis),

490.
nudus (Cyclopterus), 502.
nudus (Gobiesox), 490,

502.
nudus (Lci^adogastcr),

502.
nuuimifer (Acanthurus).

338.
numniifer (Antcnnarius),

195.
nuiuuiilcr (( 'liironectes),

195.

Oar-fisb, 309.
oblongus (Gobius), 130.
oblongus (Sparus), 359.
obsciu-a (Elcotris), 115.
obscuruni (Sicyd.), 500.
obscurus (Gobius), 17.
obscui us (Opbioc), 47(5.
obscurus (Trident.), 5(5(5.
ocean icus (Blcnnius), 212
ocellaris (Blcnnius), 222.
ocellaris ((lobius), (54.
occllata (Rliyncbobdella),

540.
occllatuni(0))]iidiuni),288
oceUatus (.Anan-liicbtliys),

211.
oceUatus (iVntennarius),

19(5.
oceUatus (Bostricboides),

408.
oceUatus (Callionymus),

150.
oceUatus (Cliironcctes),

190.
oceUatus (Cyclopterus),

511.
oceUatus (Lepadogastcr),

514.
oceUatus (Macrognatbus),

540.
oceUatus (Macropodusj,

379.
oceUatus (Myxodes), 200.
ocellatus(Opbiocephalus).

■408

oceliicauda (Pbilypnus),

oeloradiatus (Mugil), 437.
olfax (Ospln-.), 382, .5(50.
oligacantbuui (Ilelosto-

ma), 377.
oHgolepis (Anabas), 370.
oligolepis (Gobius), 14.
oligolepis (Mugil), 449.
oligospilos (Ajitennarius),

198.
olivaceus (Acautburus),

33G.
olivaceus (Ampbacan-

tbus), 313.
olivaceus (Cbaetodon),

352.
olivaceus (Gobius), 4.
olivaceus (Lepadogastor).

olivaceus (Naseus), 352.
oHvaccus (Salarias), 240.
ouunaturus (Gobius), 77.
Oniobrancbus, 229.
Oncytion, 155.
oortii (Salarias), 257.
opcrcularioides, 151.
opercularis (Calliony-

nuis), 151.
opercularis (Lal)rus), 379.
oijercularis (Mj'xodag-

nus), 5(53.
opercularis (_Polvacan-

tbus), 379.
opbicepbalum (Gobioso-

ma), 80.
opbicepbalus(Gobius),80.
Opbiobleiniius, 259.
Opbiocepbalida", 408.
Opliiocei)lialoidei, 4(38.
Oi)liioce])balus, 4(J8.
opbioccpbalus (Elcotris),

107.
opbioccpbalus (Gobius),

54, 554.
Opbtlialniolopbua, 2(51.
opbtlialnioneuia (Gobius),

48.
opbtbalnioncnm (Oxyur-

icbtbyB^. 48.
opbthalmoporus(Gobuis),

17.
opbtbalmpta;nia(Gobius),

37.
opbuy.senii (Mugil), 434.
Oplognatbus, 3.57.
Oplopomus, 549.
oplopomus (Gobiusj, 15.
oraniin (Teutbis), .318.
orbiculariE (Acajithurus),

;;4f>.

580

ALI'TIABETICAL IVDF.X.

orbicularis (Acrouurus),

;Ui;.

orbis (CvclopteriK), 158.
orient alls (Callioimniis),

13;;.

orieiUalis (Channa), 483,

riCiC).
orient alls (Rhjnchobdel-

la), .-)4(».
ornatus (Blennecliis), 239.
ornatiis (Gobius), 21.
ornatus (Gunellus), 287.
orjx (Salarias), 241.
Osphromciioidei, 372.
Osphroiiicuus, 382.
urn- (:^[iigil). 419.
ovoviviparus (Blcnnius),

29.3.
Oxuderces, IG").
Oxudercid;e, 165.
oxveephala (Eleotris),115.
oxvcephalus (Plesiops),

304.
Osymetopoii, 153.
osyplenis (Gobius), 34.
oxjrhy ncl lum (Agonosto-

ma), 4()1.
oxvrliynchus (CVstnius),

4G1.
Oxjurichthys, 3, 48, 49

pacifica (Cobitis), 125.
pacifiei (Batraclms), 173.
padaugcn&is (Gobius), 25.
paganellus (Gobius), 52,

i)o, 553.
pallasii (Triohopus), 384.
pallidiis (Gobius), 5.
paliniconiis (Ulenuius),

218,284.
paludosus (Polyacanthus),

.•;79.

pauealus, .541 .
l)aiiizz,'v (Gobius), 10.
panthcrinus (Anarrlii-

chas), 208.
i-)antlierinus (Blcnnius),

219.
papilio (Blennius), 222.
papilio ((lobiiis), 5.
pa])ilio (Pcriophthalmus),

99.
papuensis (Gobius), 49.
paradiseu" (Petroscirtcs),

230.
paradoxus (Hobius), 549.
])aradoxus (Psychrolutes),

51 G.
Parati, 423.

pnrdalis( Aulcininrius), 198
(larflali.^(C'hii-oncctes), 198

parmatus (Mugil), 410.
parsia (Mugil), 42G, 444,

4.52.
parotitis liar purus), 337
parvei (Si^ydium), 94.
pai-vieornis (Blcnnius),

2 IS.
parvidens (Pholis), 212.
parvipinnis (Atherina),

39G.
parvipinnis (Lophius),

180.
pasuruensis (Gobius), 32.
I'ativpus, 292.
patella (Gobius), G.
pauciradiata (Atlierina),

401.
paro (Blennius), 221,

5G1.
pavoninoides (Gobius), 5.
jjavoninus (Adonis), 222.
pavojiinus (C'liironectes),

183.
pavoninus (C'yclopterus),

15.5.
pavoninus (Gobius), 70.
pcctinifer (C'linus), 2G2.
pectinifer (Labrosomus),

2G2.
pectinirostris (Boleoph-

thalmus), lt)2.
pectinirostris (Gobius),

102.
pcctoralis (Atherina), 399.
pectoralis(Daetyloscopus),

5{;3.
pedaraki, 410.
Peddaraki, 410.
Pcdieulati, IGG, 178.
pellucidus (Gobius), .55G.
pellucidus (Latrunculus).

550.
pennantii (Blennius), 284
pcntazona (Acanthurus),

329.
Pcntophthalmus, 540.
pentophtlialmus (Masta-

ccmbelus), 540.
pcrcoides (Agonostoma),

404.
percoidcs (Pseudoblcn-

nius), 297.
perelcgans (Callionymus),

150.
pcriophthalmoides (Go-
bius), 21.
Periophthalmus, 90.
pcrioplilbalmus (Eleotri-

odos), 124.
pcriophthaliuus(Elcotris),
121.

perioplithalnuis(8alarias),

251.
peronii (Mugil), 452.
personatus (Gobius), 64.
perspicillatus (Clinus),

271.
pcru^ii (Mugil), 422.
peruvianus (Clinus), 201.
Pesce Rcy, 402.
petherici'(Mugil), 441.
petiniba, 529.
pctrophilus (Gobius), 75.
Pctroscirtes, 229.
petrosus (Mugil), 431.
pdaumii (Gobius), 45.
phaeton (Callionymus),

147.
phaiomelas (Gobius), 42.
phaiosonia (Gobius), 21.
phaiosoma (Salarias), 245.
phaiospilosoma (Gobius),

31.
plial.ena (Gobius), 07.
Pliaropteryx, 303.
Philypnoides, 409.
Philypnus, 105, 119.
phlehotonius (Acanthu-
rus), 3:iO.
Pliolidiclitliys, 293.
Pliolis, 211, "220.
pholis (Adonis), 220.
pholis (Blcnnius).22(\ 229
phymatodcs (Antcnnari-

us), 11)8.
pietus (Chaunax), 200.
pictus (Chironectes), 18(>,

187.
pictus (Lophius), 1 95.
piger (Gouania), 515.
piger (Lepadogastcr), 515.
piger (Leptoptervgius),

515.
Pike-fi.sh, 533.
pinguis (Atherina). 399.
pinniceps (Antennarius),

190.
pii 1 nu' atus (Cyclopterus) ,

50!).
pinnvdatus (Lcpadogas-

ter), 509.
pinnulatus (Tracbclochis-

nius), 5t)9.
piscatorius (Batrachus),

179.
piscatorius ( Lophius) , 1 78,

180,181.
pisonis (Eleotris), 122.
pisonis (Gobius), 122.
planiceps (xMugil), 428.
|)laniceps (Ophiocepha

lus). 471.

\ i.ni vnKTTCAL ixm^.x.

581

planifroiis (Balracluisj,

171.
pliitvc 'plialus (Gobius\ ;">,

2i,.V);i

)ilat_vnoUis (Gobius), G6.
Plat_v]itora, l^.'^.
plalyi'oslvis (C.obius), 533.
]^lesiopina. 3()3.

riosioiis, 3(;3.

pleuroplithabims (Opliio-

copbalus), -!7'.t.
pleuro.stigma (( lo'ii\is).43.
p'ourota'iiia (Guui'llich-

tliys), L'SO.
plical ilc ( Agonostoma),

4(i!.
plicatilis (Ccslrrcus), 401.
pliniamis (Bolcoplithal-

imis), 102.
pliniaiius (Gobius), 102.
phmiicri (Corvplucna),

3;V.».
plu!ni(Ti (Gobius), 02.
pliuniori (Malacaiilluis),

3:)0.
plumicri (Mugil), 400.
])luinicri (Siovdium). 02.
plumicri (Sphyni'na), 400.
J'ocanio, lG(i.
pupcilophthalmus (Cotv-

lis). r)03.
poeciiophthnlmus (Gobi-

esox), 503.
l?CP^i'o)')htlialmus (Toitii-

coflon), r)03.
poecilo.souia (Gobius), 4.
U()r_vi(Daclylosropus),r)G3
pol.iris (B'ennius), 2[)r>.
polaris (Zoavoes). 203.
polilus (Chiroucctes), 183.
];()lvacautha (Rlijncho-

bdclla), r)42. "
I'olyaiMuthus, 378.
);o!;\ acanthus (Monocir-

r'lus), 371.
polyactocophalus (Blcu-

liius), 285.
polvaeloccplialus (Gunel-

liis), 285.
rolycentridK', 370.
Polycenti-us, 370.
polycyuodon (Gobius), 30.
pnlylepis(Ophioccphalus),

475.
polyucma (Chnctnvich-

thys), 40.
polyucma (Gobius), 46.
pohodon (Eleuncchis),

235.
polyodon (Pe(roscirtcs).

235.

P'.)lyopi\thahuus (Autcn-

liariu*), lOS.
polvoplitli iluuis(Gubius),

73.
polyophtliahuus (Tricho-

liotus). 484.
rolyptcrichthys, 535.
poutica (Atlicriua), 303.
poulicei-ianu (t'olisa),387.
pouticcriauus (Mastacem-

bclus). 543.
rorichtliys, 175.
poroccplialoidcs. 109.
porocc])!ialu3 (Elect ri.'<),

107. 108.
poro^issiiuus (Batrachus),

170.
porosissimus(roriclitli'-s).

170.
poro.«us (Batracluis), 177.
poro.<iis(roriclithys). 177.
potaiuophila (Eleotris),

557.
pr.vcisus (Cliii'us). 283.
pi'csbvtcv (Atlicriua), 301,

3o;{.

prcsbytcroides (Atherina),

307.
priameusis(Salarias), 244.
principis (Anteuuarius),

103.
principis (Cliironectcs),

180. 103.
rriodon, 348.
Priouurus, 347.
prisniatica (f^lcotris), 105.
]iroboscidcus ( Mugil), 450.
proyensalis (Mugil), 453,

454.
Pseudoblennius, 207.
Pscudochrojnidcs, 302.
Pscudoclinus, 207.
pseudouiarulitis (Opluo-

ccjihalus), 478.
l\ychrolutc«, 510.
Psychrolutida'', 510.
pu'clla (Teullii.*). 323.
puellus (Aniphacantlius),

323.
pugnax (Betta), 380.
puguax (Macropodus),

380.
pulehellus (Cyclogaster),

164.
pulehellus (Liparis), 164,

550.
pulcher (Diplopterus),

300.
pulcher (Luciocephalus),

300.
Punaru, 242.

punctata (Anjphisilc),527.
punctata (Atherina). 002.
panctatiis (Amjihacan-

thus), 320, 321.
punctatus (Batrachus"),

171.
punctatus (Blennechis),

230.
punctatus(Blennius), 217,

228, 233.
punctatus (Callionymus),
■ 145.
punctatus (Chironectcs).

182.
punctatus (Clinus). 283.
punctatus (Guncllus\ 283.
puuctatus(IIoplognathus)

358.
punctatus (Lepadogaster),

514.
punctat>is (^lastaccnibe-

lus), 541.
punctatus (Ophioccpha-

lus), 400.
punctatus (Pctroscirtes),

23(\
punctatus (8caradou),35S.
punctatus (Stichanis), 283.
punctillatus (Gobius). 25.
punclulata- (Amphisile),

527.
punctulatus (Batrachus),

171.
punctulatus (Blennius),

215, 208.
punctulatus (Calliony-

nuxs). 150.
punctulatus (Xaseus),347.
ptuiiceus (Dijilocrcjiis),

500.
puniccus (Lcpad.), 500.
puutang (Gobius\ 10.
puntangoidos (Gobius), 19.
pusillus (Callionymus),

144.
puticola (Ophiocephalus),

478.
pyroferus (Acantluu'us),
'337.

quadricapillus, 4, 547.
quadricornis (Salarias),

255.
quadriclactylus(Bleunius),

208.
quadrifasciatus (C'hasmo-

des), 220.
quadrifasciatus (Pholis),

220.
qua<lrimaculatu8(Gobius),

58.

582

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

quadripinnis (Salarias),
244.

quadriporu3 (Gobius), 4.

quadrispinis (Batrachus),
170.

quagga (Gobius), IG.

Qiieriman, 423.

qumque-ocellatus (Go-
bius), G9.

qiiinque-strigatub (Gobi-
odon), 87.

quinque-strigatus (Go-
bius), 87.

quoyi (Belobranchu9),127

raaltenii (Salarias), 230.
radiata (Eleotris), 105.
rafipesqui (Lepaclogaster),

510.
ramada, 439.
rammelsbergii (Mugjl),

420.
Rana marina, 179.
Rana piscatrix, 179.
raninus (Antennarius),

187.
raninus (Lopliius), 187.
rasi (Acantluu'us), 330.
ratan (Gobius), 547, ojl.
reevesii (Callionymus),

145, 148.
Eegalecus, 307.
regia (Athcrina), 402.
reicbii (Gobius), 30.
remipes (Gymnetru8),31 1 .
rcmipes (Regalecus), 311.
reticulatus f Callionymus),

138.
reticulatus (^Ohironecte8\

199.
reticulatus (Gobius), 4, 16,

554.
reticulatus (Lepadogas-

ter), 505, 514.
Rliinogobius, 4.
rbinorhynchus (Petro-

scirtes), 230.
rbodoptcrus (Gobius), IG.
rliodotannia (0})luocc2)ba-

lus), 472.
rhombeus (Acanthurus),

342.
rhomboidalis (Turdus),

336.
Rliynchobdella, 539.
Khynchobdclloidei, 539.
Ribbon-ilsh, 309.
richardsonii (Calliony-
mus), 145.
rieliardsonii (Gobius), 4.
richardsonii (Mugil),440.

rictuosus (Apocr> ptes),82.
ripilepis (Gobius), 5.
rissoanus (Notacanthus),

545.
riseoi (Atherina), 392.
rissoi (Callionymus), 145.
rividatus (Gobiodon), 87.
rivulatus (Gobius), 87.
rivulatus (Salarias), 244.
rivulatus (Scarus), 322.
robustus (Mugil), 432.
Rognkja'kse, 155.
roseus (Amblyopus), 133.
roseus (Bleimius), 290.
roseus (CentronoUis), 290.
roseus (Cristiceps), 274.
roseus (GunpUus), 290.
rossii (Mugil), 436.
rostratum (Ophidium),

540.
rostratus (Amphacan-

thus), 313.
rostratus (Ileterostichus),

261.
rostratus (Lepadogaster),

510.
rostratus (Lophius), 200.
rostratus (Petroscirtes),

230.
rouxi (Blennius), 217.
ruber (Blennius), 211.
ruber (Gobioidcs), 137.
ruberrimus (Gimellus),

285.
rubescens (Cepola), 486.
rubicundus (Gobioidcs),

135.
rubriceps (Blennius), 215.
rubro-punctatus (Acan-
thurus), 333.
rubro-punctatus (Sala-
rias), 249.
rubro-taniatus (Gobius), 6
ruficaudus (Salarias), 240.
rugosus (Amblyopus), 133.
riippellii (Acanthurus),

345.
riippellii (Mugil), 458.
riipf)ellii (Trachypterus),

3t)4.
russellii (Amphacanthus),

313, 315.
russellii (Gobius), 21.
rus.sellii \^Gymuetrus),

311.
russellii (Regalecus), 311.
russus (Gobius), 72.
ruthensparri (Gobius), 76.

Sabounie, 453.
Saccarius, 183.

sadanundio (Gobius), 29.
sagitta (Callionymus),

146, 147.
sagittula (Euctenogobius),

555.
Salarias, 239.
ealiens (Blennius), 242.
saliens (Mugil), 443.
Sand Smelt, 392.
sanguineus (Sicyases), 494
sanguinolentus(Blenniu9),

218, .561.
sarda (Atherina), 392.
satiricus (IS'eoclinus), 260.
satyrus (Osphronenms),

382.
Batyrus (Trichopus), 382.
Sauclct, 393.
scaber (Chironcctes), 188,

190.
scalprum (Acanthm'us),

347.
scalprum (Naseus), 347.
scalprum (Prioiuu-us),

347.
scandcns (Anabas), 375.
scandens (Lutjanus), 375.
scandens (Perea), 375.
Bcansor (Amphiprion).

375.
Scaradon, 3.57.
Bcaroides (Amjjhacan-

thus), 322.
schaapii (Callionymus),

148.
Bcheli (Mugil), 410.
schlcgelii (Cepola), 488.
schlogelii (Gobius), 46.
schlosscri (Gobius), 100.
schlosseri (Perioplithal-

mus), KX).
schomburgkii (Polycen-

trus), 370.
schultzei (Salarias), 240.
Sci:ciioidci, 359.
Sciorina, 4.!')4.
Scolopax, 518.
scolopax (Centriscus),518.
scolopax (Solenostomus),

519.
Scomberoidci, .539.
scopas (.Icantburus), 342.
Scorpioides, 222.
scutata (Ampliisile), 525,

528.
sculatus (Centriscus), 525.
Sea-Uat, 200.
Sea-Devil, 179.
Sea-Snail, 159.
Sea-Toad, 170.
sebte (Salarias), 246.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

583

semicinctus (Gobius), 68.
somidoliatus (Gobius), 151.
semifasciatus (Blenuius),

214.
semilunaris (Gobius), 10,

54G.
seminudus (Gobius), 554.
semipunctatus (Asterro-

pterjx). 132.
septem-racliatus (Perioph-

thalmus), KXJ.
septentrionalis (Mugil),

405.
serpentiforinis (Cepola),

487.
serpentinus (Ophiocepha-

lus), 482.
serperaster (Apocryptes),

82.
serrata (Fistiilaria), 533.
sorrato-spinosus (Callio-

nymus), 14(5.
setigerus (Lophius), ISO.
setigerus (Trichonotus),

484.
setosus (Gobius), 44.
sexfilum (Malarias), 241.
sexguttata (Eleotriodes),

130.
sexguttata (Eleotris), 130.
sexguttata (Valencienuea),

130.
soxspinis (Notacanthue),

545, 5GG.
PKimensis (Eleotris), 129.
siamensis (Ophioeepha-

lus), 470.
siamensis (Ospliromenus),

385.
Sicyases, 494.
Sicydiuin, 91.
Sieyogaster, 96, 499.
Sicyopterus, 91.
riigana (Teuthis), 322.
Siganus, 313.
siganus (AmphacanthMs),

322.
siganus (Scarus), 322.
signatus (Gobius), 45.
signatus (Polyacantiius),

379, 566.
Sikl-kung, 310, 311.
sima (I]leotri3), 113.
simak (Ophidium), 541.
Simak-el-inglese, 541.
similis (Rliinogobius), 5.
simplicinornis (Calliony-

inus), 149.
sinensis (Blcnnius), 219.
sinensis (Bo9trychus),127.
sinensis (Eleotris), 127.

sinensis (Gobius), 127.
sinensis (Philypnus), 128.
Skulpin, 139.
smaragdus (Eleotris), 123.
smaragdus (Gobius), 5.
emithii (Mugil), 447.
smvrnensis (Blennius),

216.
smyrnensis (Qobioides),

159.
smyrnensis (Pholis), 216.
solial (AcQuthurus), 334.
pohal (Chaetodon), 334.
soliar (Aspisurus), 334.
Solenostomus, 519, 529,

535.
solorensis (Petroscirtes),

235.
somnolenta (Eleotris), 557
soporator (Gobius), 26,

549.
sordidns (Blennius), 220.
sordidus fGobius), 53.
sota, 387.
eowara (Opliiocephalus),

4<)8.
Spada marina, 308.
spadiceus (Blennius), 268.
spatula (Crepidogaster),

508.
spatula (Cyclopterus),

510.
speciosus (Achames), 369.
spectabilis (Gobius), 45.
spectnun (Lophius). 188.
epeigleri (Mugil), 435.
sphinx (Bleimius). 221.
spliinx (Gobius), 67.
spilurus (Gobius), 14.
spinolae (Trachypterus).

300.
spinosus (Anabas), 375.
spinosua (Cyclopterus),

157.
Spirobranchus, 373.
stamineus (Gobius). 5.
stannii (Cotylis), 499.
Stcenbider, 208.
stellata (Halieutsea), 203.

560.
stellata (Teuthis), 320!
stellatus (.Ajnphacanthus),

320.
stellatus (Blennius), 212.
stellatus (Chajtodon), 329.
stellatus (Lophius), 203.
stellatus (Scarus), 320.
stelleri (Cyclopterus). 499.
Btethophthalmus( Gobi us ) ,

70.
stevenii (Gobius), 52, 552.

BtcTensii (Ophiocepha! us),

482.
Stichseus, 280.
stigmatias (Chseturich-

tliys), 78.
stigmatias (Gobius), 78.
stigmothonus (Gobius), 76
stimpsoni (Sicydium), 93.
stipes (Athcrina), 400.
storeri (Atherina), 400.
striata (Cepola), 48G.
striatus (Acanthurus),334.
striatus (Gobius), 102.
striatus (Lophius), 188.
striatus (Ophiocephalus),

474.
striatus (Ospliromenus),

386.
striatus (Salaries), 249.
striatus (Trichopus), 386.
etrigata (Amphisile), 528,

5<K).
strigata (Eleotriodes). 131 .
strigata (Eleotris), 131.
etrigata (Yulenc.), 131.
etrigosu9(Aeanthuru8),.342
strigosus (Aiiarrhichas),

208.
striolata (Teuthis), 319.
stroemii (Gunellus\ 284.
strongyloccphalus (Mu-

gil), 425
stuvitzii (Gobiosoma), 86.
stuvitzii (Gobius), 86.
Stylephorus, 308.
pubarmatus (Acanthurus),

327.
subbifurcatus (Pholis),

280.
subfrenatu8(Centronotu8),

287.
sublitus (Gobius), 24.
subviridis (Mugil), 423.
Suck-fish, 510.
sueurii (Callionymus),

145.
suillus (Acanthurus), 345.
sujefianus (Blennius), 220.
sulcatus (Gobius), 10.
sumatranus (Gobius), 31.
sumatranus (Salarias),252
sumnulentus, 557.
sumpit, 524.

sundanensis (Mugil), 425.
superciliosus (Blennius),

268.
superciliosus (Clinus),268
Buppositus (Mugil), 437.
surakartensis, 469.
suriiiaraensis (Batrachus),

174.

584

Al.rn.VI!ETIC.VL INDF-X.

sutop (Araphacanthus),

317.
sutor (Teuthis), 317.
Sjnchiropus, 13S.
syriacus (Mastacembelus),

541.
sjrman, 547, 551.

tabaccaria (Fistularia),

529, 533.
tade (Mugil), 410.
T^rnia, 300.

taenia (Amblyopus), 135.
tfenia (IJlennius), 285.
taenia (Cepola), 487.
ttenia (Gunellus), 285.
tonia (Trachypterus),.302.
tL'iiiata (Atherina), 392.
tseiiiatus (Aspidoiitus),231
tacniatus (Malacanthus),

3(Jl.
taeniatus (Petroscirtes),

230.
teniatus (Traehinops),

366.
Ta^nioidei, 300, 312, 486.
tienionotopterus (Eleo-

tris), 118.
tajnioptera (Eleotris), 127.
taeniopterus (Belobran-

chus), 127.
Taiasica, 0.
tajasica (Gobius), 59.
tambakkan (Helostoma),

377.
tambujon (Gobius), 32.
tang (Mugil), 417.
Tang-brosme, 281, 285.
tapeinosoraa (Naseus),355
tapeinosoma (Petroscir-
tes), 230.
tapeinosoma (Priodon),

355.
tasmanianus (Blennius) ,

214.
tasmaniensis (Crepido-

gast«r), 507.
tau (Batrachoides), 174.
tau ^Batrachus), 167, 170.
tau (Gadus), 1G7, 170.
telfairii (Agonostoma),

462.
telum (Gymnetrus), 309,
telum (Rcgalocus), 309.
teinminckii (Atherina),

392.
temininckii (Dictyosoma),

279, 564.
temminckii (Gobius), 47.
temminckii (Helostoma),

377, 566.

temminckii (Petroscirtes),

236.
tenebrosus (Antcnnarius),

197.
tenebrosus (Chironectes),

197.
tennentii (Acanthmnis),

337.
tcntacularis (Blennius),

212, 21."., 560.
tentacidaris (Gobius), 48.
tentaculai'is (Oxyurich-

tliys), 48.
testar (Gobiesox), 499.
testar (Lepadogaster),499.
testudinarius (Clinus),

272.
testudincus (.\mpliipri-

on), 375.
tcstudineus ( Anabas), 375.
testudincus ( Anthias),375.
testudincus (Sparus), 375.
testudo (Luljanus), 375.
tetradactylus (Salarias),

242.
Tetragonurina, 407.
Tetragonurus, 407.
tetrazona (Amphacan-

thus), 323.
tetrazona (Teutliis), 32.3.
Teuthididas, 313.
Teuthis, 313.
Teuthyes, 313, 325.
textilis (Salarias), 248.
Thalassophrync, 1 74.
theophrasti (Ophiocepha

lus), 469.
thepassii (Petroscirtes),

238.
tlieuthis (Acanthurus),

311.
thynnoides (Axinurus),

355.
thynnoides (Naseus), 355.
tigris (Antennarius), 189.
tigris (Cliironectes), 189.
tolsoni (Eleotris), 110.
Tomicodon, 494, 499.
tonganus (Naseus), 353.
trabeatus (Eleotris), 105.
Trachelochismus, 509.
Traehinops, 366.
trachinus (Malacanthus),

359.
trachyptera (Cepola). 302.
Trachypteridx, 300.
Trachypterus, .300.
tractus (Acanthurus), 325.
transandeanus (Gobius),

62.
trautvetteri (Gobius), 553.

tredeciui-radiMvus (Go-
bius), 100.
tredecim-radintus (Peri-

oph(lialniiis\ 100.
Trisenophoriehtliys, 89.
TriaMiojiliorus. 8',).
triangulus (Acanthurus),

341.
Triehoga^tcr, 387.
Triclionotid;e, 384.
Triclionotus, 4S4.
trichoptcru8(Labrus),384.
trichoptcrua (Osplironie-

nus), 384.
trichoptcrus (Tricliogas-

ter), 3^4.
trichoptcrus (Trichopus),

384.
Trichopus, 382.
tricolor(Polyccntrus),37 1 .
tridactyius (Blenn.), 242.
tridactylus (Salaria.s), 242.
tridens(Antennarius), 190,

191.
tridens(ChironcctC9), 191
Tridentiger, 566.
tridigitatus (Dacty)osco-

pus), 279, 563.
trifasciata (Bella), 388.
trifoliatus (Anabas), 375.
trigloid€6(Batrachus), 166.
trigloides (Blennius), 227.
trigloides (Callionymus),

166.
trigloides (Pholis), 227.
trigloides (Triptcrvgium),

279.
trigonoccphalus (TriaMio-

phorichthys), 89.
triostegus (Acanthurus),

327.
triostegus (Ch.Ttodon),327
tripeltes (Naseu;*), 349.
tripinnis (Hlennius), 278.
triptcronotus (Blciniius),

276.
Trii>terygium, 276.
trisignatus (Cliironectes),

184.
trispinosus (Batrachus),

169.
troschelii (Mugil), 448.
Trumpet-fish, 518.
truncata (Malthca), 201.
truncatus (BlCnnius), 252.
Trypauchcn, 137.
Trypauchenichthys, 137.
Trypanchenina, 137.
tuber (Naseus), 353.
(uberosus (Antennarius),

199

A LPII A BKTU: A L INDEX.

585

tubcrosus (Chironcctes),

lUU.
tuberosus (Naseus), 353.
tubcros'.is (Naso), 353.
tubulosi (Tcnthis), 324.
tudes (Gobiosox), 499.
tuinidus (Cliironectes),

i.si;.

tviniidiis (Lophius), 18(5.
tuiiiit'roiia (Anipliacaii-

thiis), 317.
tuniifrons (Elootris), 111.
tuiiiifroiis (Ti'uthis), 317.
tunicata (Liparis), 1(51.
tylanliahaiit'iisis [Go-

bius), 4.
typus (Oxymctopon), 153.
lyjms (Trypaucheuk'h-

lliys), 138.

undulatus (Acantburus),

335.
unduiatus (Macrogiia-

tbiw), 543.
uiiifolo)^ (Coiisa), 388.
uiiicolor (Gobius), 37.
unic'olor(JMa3tac;enibcliis),

542.
imicolor (Naseus), 347.
unico'.or (Salarias), 259.
unicolor (Trichogaster),

388.
unicornis (Acantliurus),

348.
unicornis (/Vntennarius),

199.
unicornis ( Aspisurus), 348
unicornis (Ch.itodoii), 348
utiicornis (Naseus), 348.
uniinaculat'.is(t'linus).283
uniniaculaUis (Sticlia;us),

283
luiipcnnis (Cliironectes),

182.
unipunctatus (Gobius) 58.
upsiccphalus (Lophius),

181.
Uranoscopus, 140.
urolcpis (Aiiiblyopu9),I3G
urophthahnoides (Eleo-

tris), 128.
uropbtbalmus (Antenna-

rius), 192,
ai'ophthalmus (Eleotris),

128.
urophthalnins (Ophiocc-

phalus), 479.

Vaagmiir, 305.
vagina (Gobius), 137.
vagina (Trypauchen), 137

VOL. III.

Valencicnnea, 105, 130.
valenciennesii (Allicrina),

398.
valenciennesii (Calliony-

mus), 145.
valenciennesii (Mugil),

410.
valcntini' (Polypterich-

thys). 538.
variabilis (I'etroscirtes),

234.
variegata (Batrachoides),

lOG.
variegatus (Anabas), 374.
varicgatus (Batrachus),

IGG. 1G7.
variegatus (CaUionymus),

148.
variegatus (Cbironccles),

197.
variolatus (Salarias), 248.
variolosus (Auchcnion-

chus), 2G5.
variolosus (C'linus), 2G5.
variolosus (Salarias), 247.
varium (Tri))terygium),

277.
van'us (Blennius), 277.
varus (Blcnnius), 212, 220
vclil'er (Acantliurus), 344,

345.
velitaris (Centriscus), 524.
venenatus (Gobius), 38.
vcnosus (Mastaccmbelus),

543.
ventralis (Gobius), 21.
ventricosus (Cyclopterusj,

498.
ventricosus (Lepadogas-

ter), 498.
ventricosus (Mugil), 410.
ventrosus (Blcnnius), 215.
venustus (Macropodus),

382.
veranyi (Clinns), 276.
vermiculata (Teuthis),317
verniicidatoides(Salarias),

239.
vermiculatus (Amphacan-

thus), 317.
v-crnuculatus (Salarias),

249.
vcrnullas (Batrachoides),

IG7.
Vcrzellata, 443.
vespertilio (Lophius), 200.
vespertilio (Malthe), 200.
violaccua (Gebidichthys),

260.
violaceus (Apodichthvs),

260.

virescens (Apodiebthys),

290.
\arescens (Clinus), 272.
virescens (Gobius), 4.
virgata (Teuthis), 323.
virgatus (Amphacanthus),

323.
virgo (Gobius), 79.
viridescens (Atherina),

406.
viridi-auratus (Macropo-

dus), 381.
viridi-pallidus (Gobius),

85.
viridi-punctatus (Gobius^

24.
viridis (Eleotris), 105.
viridis (Myxodes), 260.
viridis (Salarias), 247.
vittalus (Acanthurus), 333
vittalus (Osphrouicnus),

38G.
viviparus (Blcnnius), 295
vivii)arus (Enchelyopus)

295.
viviparus (Gunellus), 295.
viviparus (Lophius), 180.
vivi})arus (Zoarccs), 205.
vlamingii (Naseusj, 353.
vogniarus (Trachypterus),

305.
Vogmeri 305.
voigtii (Gobius), 72.
vomcrina (Atherina), 404.
vouierinus (Lophius), 181.
vonierinus (.'■■alarias), 254.
vulgaris (Blennius), 217,

561.
vulgaris (Coiisa), 387.
vulgaris (Gunellus), 286.
vulgaris (Liparis), 159.
vulpina (^Teuthis), 324.
vulpinu8( Amphacant bus) ,

324.
Vulsus, 151.

waigiensis (Atherina), 392,

4<J0.
waigiensis (Mugil), 435.
webbianu8(Lepadoga8ter),

511.
webbii (Blennophis), 259.
wildenovii (Lepadogas-

ter), 514.
wolffii (Eleotris), 105.
Wolf-fish (Ravenous),

208.
wrahl (Ophiocephalus),

474.
wurdenianni (Gobius), 6

546.

20

Tk^B

ALPnAIiETICAL INDEX.

xanlhopterua (Acantlm-

rus), :y.i').
xanthosonia (Clinus), 273.
xanthosoina (Cristicepa),

273.
xanthosoma (Gobiodon),

42.
xanthosoma (Gobius), 42.
xrtiitliota'nift (Gobius), 72.

saiithozonn (Gobius), DG.
xanthui-uin (Sicydiuiu),

{Y.i.
xantliurus (Acanthurus),

343.
xanthurus (Mugil), 422.
xanti, 2G3.
Xiphidiou, 291.

yarrellii (Blennius), 284.

zebra (Aoaiithurutt), 327.
zebra (Cha'todoii), 327.
zebriiuis (Lcpadogaster),

611.
zebrinus(Mastacembelua),

541.
Zoarccs. 2'.(5.
zosteropliorum (Sicy-

diimi), 'Ji).

END OF THE THIKU VOLUME.

rHINTEI) BY TAYLOU AND FKANCIS,
It Ell LION COUHT, FLEET STKEET.

CATALOGUE

FISHES

BRITISH M U S E U M.

UY

DR. ALBERT (iiJNTHKR.

FJRST ORDER.
ACANTHOPTERYGll.

L 0 N 0 O N :

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1859—1801.

CATALOGUES

OF

THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION

IN

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

I. VERTEBRATA.

List of Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,F.L.S. &c. 1B1.3.
2s. Gd.

Catalogue of the Mammalia-. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Cetacea. i2mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates.
Part 2. Seals. 12mo, 1850. Is. 6d., with Woodcuts.
Part 3. Hoofed Quadrupeds. Section I. (Un<^ulata furci«
peda). 12mo. 1852, with Plates of Genera, 12s.
This work contains the description of the genera and si)ecies,
and iigures of the chief characters of the genera.

List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaiil, presented by B. IL
Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gr.vy
and G. R. Gray. 12mo. IS46. 2s.

Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By Dr. J .
E. Gray, F.R.S., and G; R. Gray. F.L.S. 8vo, 1858. Is. (id.
With Figures.

List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
12mo, 1855. 4s.

List of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S. &c.

Port 1. Raptorial. Edition 1, 1844; edition 2, 1848. 3s.
Part 2. Passeres. Section L Fissirostres. 1848. 2s.
Part 3. Gallina;, Grallaj and Anseres. 1844. 2s. (Out of

print.)
Part 3. Section I. Ramphastida;. 1865. 6d.
Part 4. Columba;. 1856. Is. 9d.

List of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 12rao. 1850.4s.
List of the Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c.
12mo. 1852. 2s. Gd.

Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.

Parti. Testudinata. 4to. 1855. i^l : lOs. With Iigures
of all the new species, and of the skulls of tlie
different genera.

Catalogue of Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c.
Part 1. Tortoises,Crocodilesaud Amphisbacniaus. 1844. Is.
Part 2. Lizards. 1845. 3s. Gd.

Part 3. Snakes (Crotalida;, Viperidec, HydrideeandBoidse).
l2mo. 1845. 2$. 6d.

Catalogue of Colubrinc Snakes, and Ajipondix to Part I, V>y
Dr. Albert Gunther. 12mo, 1^58, 45.

Catalogue of Amphibia, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

Part 2. Batrachia Gradicntia. 12mo, 1850. 2s. 6(1 With
Plates of the Skulls and Teeth.

Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. A. Gunther.

Part 2. Batraehia Gradientia. Svo. lSr)S. Gs. With Plates.

Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.B.S.,F.L.S.,V.P.Z.S.
Part 1. Cartilaginous Fish, 12mo, 1851. .3s, With two
Plates,

These Catalogues of Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fish, contain
the characters of all the genera and species at jn-esent known ;
the latter are illustrated with figures of the genera,

('atalogue of Fish, collected and described by L, T. Gronow.
12mo, 1854. 3s, 6d.

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup, 12mo,
I85(i, 2s, With Plates,

Catalogue of Fish, By Dr. J, J. Kaup. 8vo. With many Plates,
Part 1. Apodes, &c, 185C. 10s

List of British Fish ; with Synonyraa. Bv A, White, F.L.S, &c,
12mo, 1851. 3s.

List of Osteological Specimens, By Dr, J, E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
and G, R. Gray, V.L.S, 12mo. 1847. 2s.

II. ANNULOSA.

Catalogue of Lcpidoptera. By G, B. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Part 1. Papilionida;, with coloured figures of the new spe-
cies. 4to. 1852. £\ : 5s.

List of Lejiidoptcrous Insects,

Parti. Piipdionidffi,&c. 12rao. 2iuledit. 1856. ByG.R.

Gray, F.L.S,
Part 2, Ervcinida^, &c, 12mo. 1847. 9(1. By E. Double-
day, F.L.S.
Part .3. Appendix to Papihonidjc, Erycinidir, &c. 1848. 9d.

List of Le])idopterous Insects, with dcscri])tions of new species.
By Francis Walker, F.L.S.

Part 1. Lepidojjtera Iletcrocera. 12mo. 18.54. 4s.

Part 2. 1854. 4s. 6d. Part 9. 185(;. 4s.

Part a. 1855. 3s. Part 10. IS.'v. Ss. 6(L

Part 4. 1855. 3s. Part 11. 185/. 3.?. (]d.

Pau5. 18.55. 4s. Part 12. 1857, 3s, Cul.

Part G. 1855. 3s. Gd. Part 13. 185M. 3s. Cul.

Part 7. 1856. 4s. Gd. Part 14. 1858. 4s. Gd.

Part 8. 1856. 3s. Gd. Part 15, 1858, 4s, Gd.

List of British Lcpi(loi)teri\ ; with Synonymn. By J. F. Stk-
i'liExs, F.L.S., and II. T. Stainton, M.E.S.

Part 1. ]2nu). Eil. 2. 185(5. 25. Part .'i. 18.53. dd.

Part 2. 1S52. 2i-. Part 4. 1S54. 35.

List of Ilymenoptcroiis Insects. Bv F. Walkeu,F.L.S.
Part'l. ClialcidichK. 12ino. \9^W. \s. Gd.
Part 2. Additions to Cliakulida:. IS 18. 2.?.

Catalo<;^ixc of Ilymcnoptcrous Insects. By V. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 1. Andrenida-, cHcc. 12m(). 1H53. (is., Avith Plates.
Part 2. Apidic. 1854. (\s., with Plates.
Part 3. Mntdlidfc and Ponii)ilidaj. 1855. ().s'.,Avith Plates.
Part 4. Crabronida;, &c. 185(5. ()s., with Plates.
Part 5. Vespidse. 1857- CiS., with Plates.
Part (). Formicida:. 1858. Gs., with Plates.

(Catalogue of British Ilymcnoptcra. By F. Smith, ]\I.E.S.

Part 1. Apidffi. 12nio. 1855. fi.v.
Catalogue of British Formicida;, Sphegida;, and Vcspida-. V>\

F. Smith, V.P.E.S.
Catalogue of British Ichneumnnida;. Bv Thomas Dicsvicinks.

M.E.S. 12mo. 185("). l.v. !'(/.
List of British Aculeate Ilymenoptcra ; with Synonyma, and tin-
description of some new species. ByF. S.mith. 18;)1. '2s.
Catalogue of Dipterous Insects. By F. Wa i.keu, F.L.S.
Parti. 12ino. 1848. Part 4. 184!>. (i.s.

[is. Gd. Part 5. Sup])lement I. 1851. l.v. i>i'.

Part 2. ]84i). 3s. Gd. P.art (i. Supi)lement 11. 1854. ."i.v.
Part 3. 184!>. 3s. Part 7. SupplcnuntlII.l855..'U-.(ir/.

Catalogue of Iloniopterous Insects. By F. Wai.kkh. F.L.S.
With Plates.

Parti. 12mo. 185U. 3s. Gd. Part 4. 1852. 4s.
Part 2. 1850. 5s. Su])plement. 1858. 4.v.,

Part 3. 1851. 3s. 6d. with Plates.

(Catalogue of Ncuropterous Insects. By F. Wat.kkr, F.L.S.
Parti. 12ino. 1852. 2s. Gd. Part 3. 185.;. \s. Gd.
Part 2. 1853. 3s. Gd. Part 4. 1853. 1.9.

(Catalogue of Ncuropterous Insects. By Dr. IIacen.

Part 1. Termitina. 12mo. 1858. Gd.
Catalogue of Ilispida). By J. S. Baly, M.E.S. 8vo. 18.58. Gs.

"Witii Plates.
Catalogue of Ilemipterous Insects. Bv W. S.Dallas, F.L.S. &o.
With Plates, Part 1 . 12nio. 1851. 7s. Part 2. 1852. 4s.

The Catalogues of Hymcivipfcrous, Dipferovs, Homopterdus
and Hemijifvroas Insects contani the description of the species in
the IMuseum which appeared to be uiulescribed.
Catalogue of British Bnuhida;, Curculionidaj, &c. By John

Walton, F.L.S. 12nio. 1856.

Ciitaloj^uc of Cassididfc. By Professor Boukman. 12mo.

1S5(). 3s.

Cat.'^l()^•uc of C'olooptcvous Insects of jltulcii'ii. By T. V. Wol-
LASTox, r.L.S. b^vo. 1837. 3a-.

NomouclatufC of Colooi)teroas Insects (uith clmvactcrs of new
s])ecies).

Part I. Cctoniailic. 12mo. 1817. Is. By A. Wihtk,

r.L.S.
Part 2. Ilvtlrocantlmri. 1817. l5. 'Ad. By A. White,

i'.L.S.
Part ;i. Hiii)restulic. ISlK. Is. By A. White, F.L.y.
Parti. Cleridu;. 181!). la. bd. By A. Wiiitr, P.L.S.
Part 5. Cucujidic. 18r;l. Ikl. By P. Smith, M.E.S.
Part r;. Passaliikc. 1852. Hd. By F. Smi.th, M.E.S.
Pint 7. Lon'i:icornia. By A. White, F.L.S. With Plates,

Parti. 18.5:L 2s. 6d. Part 2. 1855. 3s. 6d.
Part S. Cassididte. By A. "White. 185(>. 3*.

ListofMyriapoda. By G.Newport, F.Il.S. &c. 12mo. 1H41. 4d.

Catalogue of Mvriapoda. I>y G. Newport, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Chilopoda. 12mo. 185fi. \s. 9d.

List of British Ano])lura, or Pi.rasitic Insects ; with Synonynia.

By II. Denny. 12mo. Is.
List of Crustacea; with Synonyma. By A. White. 1847. 2*.

List of Britisli Crustacea ; with Synoiiyuia. By A.White, F.L.S.

12nio. 1850. 2.9. Gd.
Catalogue of Entozoa ; with Plates. By W. Bairu, M.D., F.L.S.

12uio. 1853. 2s.
Catalogue of British Worms. By G. Johnston, M.D. 8vo.

■^Vith Plates.

III. MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Collection of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.Il S.

&-C. 8yo. Part 1. 1856. 5s,
Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Ike.
Parti. Cephalopoda Antepedia. 12mo. 18-19 is.
Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. Is.
Catalogue of Bivalve ]Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Parti. Placuniadio and Anoniiadie. 12ino. 1850. 4d.
Part 2. BraehiopodaAncylopoda. 1853. .'^s. Figuresof genera.
Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera, and
the descriptions of all the recent species at ])resent known.
Catalogue of Phaneropncumona or Opcrciilated Terrestrnil Mol-
lusca. By Dr. Louis PfeiI'I'-er and Dr. J. E.Gray. 18">2. 5s.

Catalogue of Couchifera. By I\I. Deshayes.
Part 1. Venerida;, &c. 12100. 1853. 3s.
Part 2. Pctricolidfc. Gd.

5

List of British Mollusca and S'.icUs; with Synonyma. By
Dr. J. E. Gkay, F.R.S.

Parti. Acephala aud Brachioix)da. 12ino. 1851. 3s. GJ.

Catalogue of Pulmouata. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffek and Dr.
J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

Part 1. 12mo. 1855. 2s. Gd.

Catalogue of Auricnlido;, Ike. By Dr. J. E. Ghay, F R.S. 12mo.

1857. Is. OJ.
List of thfl Shells of tlic Canaries, described by M. D'Okbigny.
12mo. 1854. Is.

List of the Shells of Cuba, described by M. D'Ordigny. 12mo.
1854. Is.

List of the Shells of South America, described by M. D'Or-
digny. 12mo. 1854. 2^.

List of the MoUusca and Sliells collected and described by
MM. Eydoux and Souleyet. 12mo. 1855. Hd.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells. By P. P. Car-
penter. 12mo. 1857. 85.

List of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Volutidcc. 12mo. 1858. Gd.

Nomenclature of Mollusca. By Dr. W. Baird, F.L.S. &c.
Part 1. Cyclophorida:. 12mo. 1851. Is. Gd.

IV. RADIATA.

Catalogue of Marine Polvzoa. By G. Bubk, F.R.S,

Part 1. Chilostoma.' 12mo. 1852. 17s. With Plates.
Pait 2. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1854. 15s. With Plates.

List of British Radiata; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s.

List of British Sponges ; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. \0d.

Catalogue of the Recent Echinida. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

Part 1. Echiuida iiTCgularia. 12mo. 3s. Gd., with Plates.

V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

List of the British Animals ; with Synonyma and references to
figures.

Part 1. Radiata. By Ur. J. E. Gray. 1818. 4s.
Part 2. Sponges. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. lOd.
Part 3. Birds. By G. R. Gray. 1850. 4s.
Part 4. Crustacea. By A. White. 1850. 2s. Gd.
Part 5. Lepidoptcra. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. Ed. 2.
185G. 1«. 9d.

Part 6. Ilymenoptcra. By F. Smith. 1851. 2.<f.

Piut 7. Molluscji Acepl)fila and Brachiopoda, By Dr. J. E.

Gray. 1S51. 3s. 6d.
Part R. Fish. By A. White. 1S51. 3s.
Part !^. Eegs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray. 1852.

' 2s. Gd.
Part 10. Lcpidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens.

1H52. 25.
Part 11. Ano])hu'a or Parasitic Insects. By II. Denny. Is.
Part 12. Lcpidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens.

1852. Od.

Part 13. Nomenclature of Ilymenoptcra. By F. Smith.

1853. Is. 4d.

Part 14. Nomenclatm-e of Ncuro})tera. By A. White.

1853. 6d.
Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptcra. By A. White. 1853. Is.
Part 16. Lcpidoptera (completed). By II. T. Stainton,

M.E.S. 1854. 3s.

Catalogue of British Ilymenoptcra (Bees). By F. Smith. 1855.
(is., witl Plates.

Catalo<rue of British Ichneuraonidaj. By Thomas Desvignes,

M.i:.S. 12mo. 1856. Is. '.)d.
Cataloj^ue of British Bruchida;, Curculionidsc, &c. By John

AValton, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856.

N.B, — These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary's Ofticc
in the British Museum j or through any Bookseller.

VI. Books illustrating ok descriding parts of
THE Zoological Collections.

Tlio Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. Wood,
M.A., F.L.S. &c. New edition. 12mo. 1855.

Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of M.ajor-
Gcneral Thomas Ilardwicke. By Ur. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835.

Zoology of the Voyage of II. M.S. Beagle. Edited by Charles

1)ar\vin, F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844.
Zoology of the Voyage of Il.M.SS. Ei-cbus and Terror. Edited

by ^-^ir .Toiix IIic.iiardhon, M.D., F.R.S. &c.j and Dr. J. E.

Gray, F.H.S. 4to. 1844-1845.

British Museum — Historical and Descriptive. 12rao. 1855.

xVatural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. Dallas,
F.L.S. &c. "Post Svo. 1855.

Zoological Miscellany. By W. E. Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.
3 vols.

SpicilcgiaZoologicu. ByDr. J. E.Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 182!^-1830,

Zoological Miscellany. T.y Dr. J. E. Gray,F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Knowsloy Mcnugcrio. Tnrt 2. Iloofcd Animals. By Dr. J. E.

GnAY, F.R.S. Folio 1850,
A jNIonograph of the Macropodida;. By John Gould, F.R.S.

Folio. 18-11-1844,
Mammals of Australia. By John Gould, F.B.S. Folio. 1845.
ropukr History of Mammalia. By A. Vv'iiite, F.L.S.
Popular History of Birds. By A. White, F.L.S.
Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. ^""stratcd by plates
by D. W. Mitchell, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844-184!).
The Birds of Jamaica, By P. II. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo, 1847.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica, By P. II, Gosse, F,R.S.

8vo. 1841).
Monogr.iph of Ramphastida?. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio.
Birds of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1848.
Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan, By

Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1846.
Fauna Boreali- Americana. The Fish. By Sir John Richard-
son, M.U., F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. With Plates.
Synopsis Rcptilinm. Part 1. Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray,

'F.R.S, 8vo. 1831.
Ilhistrations of British Entomology. By James F. Stephens,

F.L.S. lOyols. 8w. 1827-1835.
A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens,

F.L.S. 8vo. 182L».
The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F. Strpiiens,

F.L.S. 8vo. 182!) & 1833.
A Manual of British Colcoptcra. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S.

12mo. 18.3!).
Insccta Britannic.i. Diptera. By F. Walkp-R. F.L.S, 8vo.

1851-1856.
Monographia Ch.alciditum. By F.Walker, F.L.S, 8vo. 1839.
Entomology of Australia. Parti, Phasmidac. By G.R.Gray,

F.L.S, 4to.
Synopsis of species of Phasmida;. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo.

18.35.
Genera of Diurnal Lopidoptero. By Edavard DounLKDAY,

F.L.S., and J. O.WKST^vooD, F.L.S. Illustrated by W. C.

Ilewitson. 4to. 2 vols. 184G-1850,
Monoo-raphia Anoplurorum Britannia;, or British species of

Parasitic Insects. By Henry Denny. F.L.S, 8vo, A\ ith

Plates.

Fiuina Borcnli-Amenonna. Tlic Insects. By W. Kiucy, F.R.S.
'Ito. 1837. With Coloured Plates.

Insocta Madercnsia. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.,F.L.S.
4to. 1854. With Plates.

Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britauuim. By W, E. Leacii,
M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821.

A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripcdia. ByCiiARLES Darwix,
F.R.S. Hvo. 2 vols. 1854.

Natural History of the British Entomostracfl. By W. Baird,
M.D., F.L.S. &c. Rvo. 1850.

Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the use of Students. By
Maria Emma Gray. 5 vols. 8vo. 1850-1857.

A Synopsis of the Molhisca of Grriat Britain. By W. E. Leacii,
M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1852.

Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica. By C. B. Adams.

8vo, 1851.

Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of tlie North- cast Atlantic
and neighbouring Seas. By R. MacAndukw, F.R.S. 8vo.
1850.

Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By John Phillips,
F.R.S. 4to. 1836.

A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. By Searles V. Wood,
F.G.S. 4to. 1850.

A History of British Starfishes. By Edavaud Fordes, F.R.S.

Bvo.
A History of the British Zoophytes. By George Johnston,

M.D. 8vo. 1838.— Ed. 2. 8vo. 1847.

A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes. By George
Johnston, jM.D. 8vo. 1842.

A S3'nopsis of the British Diatomacea;. By W. Smith, F.L.S.
8vo. 2 vols. 1854-185G. The Plates by T. West.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Scries 1 and 2.

Ti-nnsactions of the Entomological Society.

Januarv 1859.

SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS

OF

THE FAMILIES

ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES.

The following Synopsis has been prepared for the purpose, first,
of showing my views on the natural affinities of these fishes, and,
secondly, of facilitating their determination. Technical characters,
therefore, have been combined with the natural, so far as this ap-
peared to be required for the second purpose. Those species which
do not fall within the limits of these characters, forming exceptions
to the general plan of structure of their relations, are named in foot-
notes.

A soft dorsal and an anal fin. Vent remote from the extremity
of the tail, behind the ventral fins, if they are present.

First division : Acanth. perciformes.

Body more or less compressed, elevated or oblong, not elongate.
No prominent anal papilla ; no superbranchial organ. Dorsal fin or
fins occupying the greater portion of the back ; spinous dorsal well
developed, generally with stiff spines, of moderate extent, rather

IV

longer than, or as long as the soft' ; the soft anal similar to the
soft dorsal, of moderate extent or rather short ''. Ventrals thoracic,
always present, with one spine and with five or four rays well
developed.

T. Ventral 1/5, rarely 1/4 ; no bony stay for the prseoperculum*. A
lateral line.

A. Lateral line uninterrupted' ; neither trenchant teeth nor mo-

lars ; no barbels at the throat. Lower pectoral rays branched.

a. Teeth on the palate*; vertical fins not scaly.

3. Peecid^, i. p. 51.

b. Palate toothless' ; body oblong, or, if elevated, with the ver-

tical fins scaleless .... 5. Pristipomatid^, i. p. 272.

c. Vertical fins scaly ; body elevated, or, if oblong, with seti-

form teeth in the jaws or villiforra bands on the palate.
8. Squamipinnes, ii. p. 1.

B. Lateral line interrupted . .33. Nandid^, iii. p. 362.

C. A pair of moveable barbels at the throat.

6. MuLLiD^, i. p. 397.

D. Either series of trenchant teeth in the jaws or molars on the

sides 7. Sparid^, i.,p. 412.

E. Teeth of the jaws confluent into a cutting lamella.

31. HopLOGNATHiD^, iii. p. 357.

F. Lower pectoral rays not branched ; neither trenciiaftt teeth nor

molars in the jaws 9. Cirrhitid^, ii. p. 70.

II. A bony stay for the angle of the prffioperculum, which is armed,

the bone arising from the infraorbital ring.

106. SC0EP.SNINA, ii. p. 88.

III. Lateral line none ; a long spinous anal fin.

34. PoLYCENXRiD.ai, iii. p. 370.

fV. Ventral with an outer and inner spine (l/4/i;.

29. Tevtbjdidm, iii. p. 313.

* I propose this name for the bone which in the true Cataphracti, Cuv.,
reaxjhes from the orbit to the angle of the pricoperculum, and serves to support
the spine with which the angle is armed.

' Rhypticus (i. p. 171), Centrarchus sparoides (i. p. 257), Hyperoglyphe
(i. p. 337).

'^ Ilaplodactylus (i. p. 434), some species of Chilodactylus (ii. p. 78) ; long in
Latris (ii. p. 86).

3 Ambassis intcrrupta, burucnsis (i. p. 226).

* Prionodes (i. p. 90). " Some species of Therapon (i. p. 274).

Second division : Acanth. beryciformes.

Body compressed, oblong or elevated ; head with large muciferous
cavities, covered with thin skin only. Ventral fins thoracic, with
one spine and more than five soft rays, in Monocentris with only two.

One family only 2. BEKXcroiE, i. p. 8.

Third division : Acanth. kurtiformes.

One dorsal fin only, much shorter than the anal, which is long
No superbranchial organ.

One family only 256. Xxtbtid-^'', ii. p. 508.

Fourth division : Acanth. polynemiformes.

Two rather short dorsal fins, somewhat remote from each other ;
free filaments- at the humeral arch below the pectorals ; head with
the muciferous svstem weU developed (aspect sciaenoid).

One family only 13. Polynemid^, ii. p. 319.

Fifth division : Acanth. sciemiformes.

The soft dorsal is more, generally much more, developed than the
spinous, or than the anal. No pectoral filaments; head with the
muciferous system well developed.

One family only 12. PciiENiD^, ii. p. 265.

Sixth division : Acanth. xiphiiformes.
The upper jaw is produced into a long cuneiform weapon.
One family only 18. XiPHiin^, ii. p. 511.

Seventh division : Acanth. trichiuriformes.

Body elongate, compressed or band-like ; cleft of the mouth wide,
with several strong teeth in the jaws or on the palate. The spinous
and soft portions of the dorsal fin and the anal are of nearly equal
extent, long, many-rayed, sometimes terminating in finlets : caudal
fin forked, if present.

One family only 15. Trichiukid-e, ii. p. 342.

•" This familj formerlv formed a group of the Carangidre (Kurlina).

Eighth division : Acanth. cotto-scombriformes' .

Spines developed in one of the fins at least. Dorsal fins either
continuous or close together : the spinous dorsal, if present, always
short, sometimes modified into tentacles or into a suctorial disk ; soft
dorsal always long, if the spinous is absent" ; anal similarly de-
veloped as the soft dorsal, and both generally much longer than the
spinous''', sometimes terminating in finlcts. Ventrals thoracic or
jugular, if present, never modified into an adhesive apparatus. No
prominent anal papilla.

I. One dorsal fin, with several pungent spines anteriorly ; one or

more bony spines on each side of the tail ; teeth compressed
truncated or lobate, closely set in a single senes.

30. Ac]iONURiD.E, iii. p. 325.

II. Structure of the skeleton firm ; no bony stay for tho prseopor-

culum ; teeth conical or triangular, if present.

A. The spinous portion of the dorsal present, sometinacs rudi-

mentary. Body compressed, oblong or eleVated. Vertebras
10/14" 17. Caiungid^, ii. p. 417.

B. Body elevated, with two distinct divisions of the dorsal fin.

Vertebra; |^^' IGc. Cyttina, ii. p. 354.

C. Dorsal fin without a distinct spinous portion ; head and body

compressed. Vertebra) j-^i^.

a. Toothed processes extend into the oesophagus.

16c?. Steomateina, ii. p. 355.

6. No teeth in the oesophagus.

IGe. CoEYPHiENrNA, ii. p. 355.

D. Two dorsal fins : sometimes finlets ; caudal forked. Scales

cycloid, of moderate size. VcrtcbroD yjip. "

16b. NoMEiNA, ii. p. 354.

E. Two dorsal fins : either finlets, or the spinous dorsal composed

of free spines or modified into a suctorial disk,, or the ventrals
jugular and composed of four rays. Scales none, or very
small 16a. Scombrina, ii. p. 354.

F. Body more or less elongate. A spinous dorsal or portion of

the dorsal generally distinct, its spines being connected by a

The true Cottoids gradually pass into the Scombroids proper.
8 Aspidophoroides (ii. p. 216). ^ Some species of Agonus (ii. p. 211).

10 Sometimes one or two more or less than twenty four.
" Platystethus appears to belong rather to the Carangida' (ii. p. 391).

membrane ; finlets none ; caudal not forked ; vcntrals com-
posed of one spine and five soft ravs. Pyloric appendages
none, or in small or moderate number.

a. Vertebra) '"°;!°''^ 11. TnAcniNiD.Ti, ii. p. 225.

h. Vertebrcc 10/14 32. Malacantiiidj:, iii. p. 359.

G. The spinous dorsal present, composed of a few pungent spines ;
vcntrals jugular, 1/2 . . . .22. Batrachid-e, iii. p. 106.

H. The spinous dorsal advanced on the head, and more or less
modified into tentacles . .23. Pediculati, iii. p. 178.

III. A bony stay for the angle of the prajoperculum, which is armed
the bone arising from the infraorbital ring.

A. Body naked or covered with ordinary scales, or incompletely

cuirassed with single series of plate-like scales.

10 c. CoTTiN.v,, ii. p. 89.

B. Body completely cuirassed by bony keeled plates or scales.

10 d. CATArnRACTi, ii. p. 90.

IV. Skeleton soft 26. CoMEpnoRiDiE, iii. p. 299.

Ninth divisiou : Acanth. gobii formes. ■

The spinous dorsal, or spinous portion of the dorsal, is always pre-
sent'^, short, either composed of flexible spines or much less developed
than the soft ; the soft dorsal and anal of equal extent. Vcntrals
thoracic or jugular, if present, composed of one spine and five, rarely
four, soft rays. A prominent anal papUla''.

I. Anal spines 0-2 ; ventral fins.

A. Vcntrals entirely modified into a perfect disk adherent to the

belly 20. Discoboli, iii. p. 154.

B. Vcntrals with the rays always distinct, sometimes united into

one fin 19. GoBiiDiE, iii. p. 1.

II. Anal spines six ; ventral fins none.

21. OxuDEiiciD.E, iii. p. 165.

Tenth divisiou : Acanth. blenniiformes .

Body low, subcylindrical or compressed, elongate, rarely oblong as
in Patterns. Dorsal fin very long : the spinous portion of the doi>>al, if
distinct, is very long, as well developed as the soft, or much more" ;

'^ Luciogobius (iii. p. 15^). '3 AslciToptcr^x (iii. p. 132).

" Zoarces (iii. p. 296).

Vlll

sometimes the wliole composed of spines only ; anal more or less
long ; caudal subtruncated or rounded, if present ; ventrals thoracic or
jugular, if present.

I. Body band-like ; no bony stay for the praeoperculum ; ventrals

tlioracic, 1/5 41. CEPOLiDiE, iii. p. 486.

II. Ventrals jugular, 1/5 40. TRiCHONOXiDiE, iii. p. 484.

III. A bony stay for the angle of the pra;operculum, the bone arising
from the infraorbital ring . . 10 n. Heterolepidina, ii. p. 88.

IV. Ventrals J4igular^" , composed of a few rays, if present ; a pro-
minent anal papilla; anal spines none, or in very small
number 24. BLEiryiiDiE, iii. p. 206.

Anal spines numerous 25. Acanxhoclinid^, iii. p. 297.

VI. Ventrals none.; no prominent anal papilla ; body eel-like ; nu-
merous free dorsal spines ..46, MAsxACEMBELmiE, iii, p 339.

Eleventh division : Acanth. mugiliformes.

Two dorsal fins more or less remote from each other ; the anterior
either short, like the posterior, or composed of feeble spines ; ventral
fins well developed, 1/5, abdominal.

I. Dentition strong ; vertebrae 24.

14. Sphyejsnu)^, ii. p. 334.

II. Vertebrae ^^ ) dentition feeble or of moderate strength.

37. AiHERiNiD^, iii. p. 391.

11^ Dentition feeble ; vertebrae 24.

38. MuGtUD^, iii. p. 409.

Twelfth division : Acanth. y aster osteiformes.

The spinous dorsal is composed of isolated spines, if present ; the
ventrals have an abdominal position in consequence of the prolonga-
tion of the pubic bones, which are attached to the himieral arch,

I. Ventral joined to the pubic bone, with a spine and with a few

rudimentary rays 1. Gasierosxeidje, i. p. 1.

II. Ventral remote from the pubic bone, with six soft rays.

45. FisxTJLARiDiE, iii. p. 529,

'^ Pseudoblemiius (iii. p. 297) ; ? Andainia (iii. p. 294).

Thirteenth division : Acanth. centrisciformcs.

Two dorsal fins, the spinous short, the soft and the anal of mode-
rate extent. Ventral fins truly abdominal, imperfectly developed.

One family only 44. Centriscid^, iii. p. 518.

Fourteenth division : Acanth. gobiesociformes.

No spinous dorsal ; the soft and the anal short, or of moderate
length, situated on the tail ; ventral fins subjugular, —-, with an
adhesive apparatus between them or entirely absent. Body naked.

I. An adhesive apparatus between the ventrals.

42. GouiEsocLD^, iii. p. 489.

II. Ventrals none 43. PsYcnROLUiiDj;, iii. p. 516.

Fifteenth division : Acanth. channiformes.

Body elongate, covered with scales of moderate size ; no spine in
any of the tins; dorsal and anal long. No superbranchial organ,
only a bony prominence on the interior surface of the epitympanic
bone.

One family only 39. OpniocEPnALiD^, iii. p. 468.

Sixteenth division : Acanth. labyrinthibranchii.

Body compressed, oblong or elevated, with scales of moderate size.
A superbranchial organ -in a cavity accessory to that of the gills, for
the purpose of retaining water.

I. Dorsal or anal spines piesent, sometimes in great numb'^r.

35. LABiRiNimci, iii. p. 372.

11; Neither dorsal nor anal spines.

36. LuciocEPHALn).a:, iii. p. 390.

II.
Dorsal and anal fins developed. Vent in front of the ventrals.
Only one family 4. Aphbedoderidje, ii. p. 271.

III.

Body riband-shaped, with the vent near its extremity ; a short
anal behind the vent ; dorsal as long as the body.

Only one family 28. LopnoTiD.a;, iii. p. 312.

IV.

Anal absent ; caudal rudimentary, or not in the longitudinal axis
of the fish. Skeleton soft.

Only one family, with feeble dentition.

27. Tbacdtpterii)^, iii. p. 300.

V.

A soft dorsal is absent or quite rudimentary ; ventrals abdominal,
composed of several unarticulated and articulated rays.

Only one family 47. NoTACANxni, iii. p. 544.

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