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FORTHE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FORSCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

(JATALOGUE

FISHES

TN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

ALBERT GUNTHER,

M.A., M.D., PH.D.^ F.Z.S., ETC., KTC.

VOLUME SIXTH.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1866.

47-7

CATALOGUE

PHYSOSTOMI,

CONTADflNG THE FAMILIES

SALMONIDiE, PBRCOPSID^, GALAXIDvE, MORMYRID^,

GYMNARCHID^, ESOCID^, UMBRIDiE, SCOMBRESOCLD^,

CYPRmODONTlD^,

IN THE

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1866.

PRINTED 1!Y TAYIOE ANP PRAKCTS,
BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

Dr. GiJNTHEE observes, — " This volume contains the continuation of
the families of Physostomi. At the commencement of my account of
this order it was my intention to adopt it with the limits assigned to
it by Miiller, and to distinguish the Scombresoces as a distinct order,
viz. Malacopterygii pharyngognathi ; however, during the progress of
a detailed examination of these fishes so many points of affinity with
the Cyprinodontes became apparent, that I was reluctantly obliged
to deviate stiU more from Miiller's ordinal division

" The Salmonidae and the vast literature on this family offer so
many and so great difficulties to the Ichthyologist, that as much
patience and time are required for the investigation of a single
species as in other fishes for that of a whole family. The ordinary
method followed by naturalists in distinguishing and determining
species, is here utterly inadequate ; and I do not hesitate to asser^
that no one, however experienced in the study of other families of
fishes, will be able to find his way through this labyrinth of varia-
tions without long preliminary study, and without a good collection
for constant comparison. Sometimes forms are met with so pecu-
liarly and so constantly characterized, that no ichthyologist who has
seen them wiU deny them specific rank; but in numerous other
cases one is much tempted to ask whether we have not to deal with
a family which, being one of the most recent creation*, is composed
of forms not yet specifically differentiated.

" The small family Umhridce proves to be one of great interest.
Represented by two species, one in Central Europe, and the other in
North America, the close affinity of which is here recognized for the
first time, it forms one of the most striking instances against tJie
theory of the geographical continuity of identical forms.

* No fosail true Salmo is known at present ; the nearest fossil approaching to
it is a Malloius.

Vl PBEFACE.

" The CypHnodontidoe required a through reexamination and re-
arrangement. Their division into carnivorous and limnophagous
species will be found to be very natural.

" The number of species treated of in this volume amounts to 548,
a few of which are mentioned by name only. Cuwer & Valenciennes
described 270 species in the corresponding parts of the ' Histoire
NatureUe des Poissons.'

" Numerous and valuable additions to the National Collection have
been received since the publication of the last volume ; and I feel the
more pleasure in referring to them, as a great part have been given
to assist in the completion of the present volume : —

" 1. Fine examples of British Salmonidae have been presented by
His Grace the Duke of Roxburgh, His Grace the Duke of Argyle,
the Earl of Enniskillen, the Rev, Chancellor Augustus Morgan, Lord
Lovat, Capt. J. B. Dunbar, the Right Hon. Earl Cowper, Lord Ports-
mouth, W. Peel, Esq., of Taliaris, S. P. W. Ellis, Esq., F. Godman,
Esq., F.Z.S., G. Smith, Esq., J. Gould, Esq., F.R.S., J. H. Gumey,
Esq., T. Chamberlayne, Esq., R. Franklin, Esq., the late Sir J.
Richardson, A. Smee, Esq., F.R.S., Major Scott, of Knaith Hall,
J. H. Phillips, Esq., W. B. Tegetmeier, Esq., W. F. Ffennell, Esq.,
F. Allies, Esq. The kind assistance of these gentlemen and of Sir
Philip de M, G. Egerton, Bart., M.P., has enabled me to bring
together a very fine series of British Salmonoids, perhaps the most
complete collection ever made available for zoological purposes.

" 2. A Collection of Danish Salmonoids, presented by the Royal
Museum of Copenhagen.

" 3. A Collection of the Salmonoids of the Lake of Constance, pre-
sented by Prof. "W. von Rapp, of Tubingen.

" 4. A Collection of Norwegian Salmones, presented by Prof. N.
St. Maskelyne.

" 5. Specimens of Iceland Char, presented by G. G. Fowler, Esq.,
of Gunton Hall.

" 6. Specimens of Trout from the Atlas, presented by Dr. Schimper,
of Strasburg.

'* 7. Specimens of Dalmatian Trout, presented by G. Lenox Co-
nynghara, Esq.

"8. Specimens of the Great Lake-Trout of Geneva, presented by
M. G. Lunel, of the Geneva Museum.

PBEFACE. VU

" 9. A large Collection of the Freshwater Fishes of Sweden and
Lapland, made by the late Mr. Wheelwright.

*' 10. Several large Collections of the Fishes of Zanzibar, made and
presented by Lieut.-Col. Playfair, H.M. Consul at Zanzibar.

*' 11. The typical specimens of Scombresoces described by Dr. P.
Bleeker.

*' 12. Fnrther Collections of Marine and Freshwater Fishes from
Australia, sent by G. Krefft, Esq.

" 13. A large Collection of Marine and Freshwater Fishes from
Trinidad, purchased of Mr. Cutter.

" 14. Numerous examples of Cyprinodonts from Trinidad, pre-
sented by R. J. L. Guppy, Esq.

" 15. A further Collection of Marine and Freshwater Fishes from
the Pacific coast of Panama, presented by Capt. Dow, Corr. M. Zool.
See.

" 16. A Collection of the Fishes of the Island of Formosa, made
by R. Swinhoe, Esq., F.Z.S.

" 17. A further Collection of West African Freshwater Fishes,
purchased of Mr. Dalton.

" 18. A Collection of Marine Fishes fr'om the Cape de Verde
Islands, made and presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

" 19. A Collection of Marine and Freshwater Fishes made at Nice
by Dr. Deakin."

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Museum,
Dec. 1, 1865.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Orderly. PHYSOSTOMI

{c(Mtinued).

Fam. 7. Salmonid^.

First Group. Salmonina.

Page

1. Salmo, Artedi 2

Introductory remarks (p. 3).
First subgeneiic Group.
Salmones.

A. Species with a wide geographical

range.

1. salar, L 11, 356

2. trutta, Flem 22

3. cambricus, Donov 34

Hybrid between S. cam-
bricus and S. fario .... 47

4. fario, L 59

a. gaimardi 60

6. ausonii 64

B. Species with a limited geographi-

cal range.
I. Algeria.

5. macrostigma, Dum 76

II. Pyrenean Peninstda (p. 77).

III. Asia Minor (p. 77).

IV. Italy, and rivers falling into

the Adriatic.

6. dentex, Heck 78

7. genivittatus. Heck 78

8. obtusirostris, Heck 79

V. Tfie Alpine JRegion of Cen-
tral Europe (p. 79).

9. carpio. Heck 80

10. lemanus, Cuv 81

11. rappii, Gthr 82

12. lacustris, L 83

13. marsilii. Heck 84

VI. Hungary.

14. microlepis, Gthr 85

VII. France.

15. argenteus, C. et V. 86

16. baiUonii, C.etV. 87

VIII. Great Britain and Ireland.

17. brachypoma, Gthr 87

18. gallivensis, Gthr 88

19. orcadensis, Gthr 91

20. ferox, Jard. et Selb 92

21. stomachicus, Gthr 95

22. nigripinnis, Gthr 96

23. levenensis, Walk. 101

IX. Scandinavian Peninsula and

Finland (p. 104).

24. mistops, Gthr 105

25. bardinii Gthr 107

26. venernensis, Gthr 110

27. polyosteus, Gthr Ill

X. Russia and Tartary (p. 112).

28. pallasii, Gthr 112

29. labrax, Pall 113

30. autumnalis, Pall 113

31. spectabilis, C. et V. .... 114

32. lepecbini, L., Gm 114

XI. Lake Goukcha (p. 114).

XII. Hindoo Koosh (p. 115).
Xni. Northern Asia and North-
western America (p. 115).

33. purpuratus, Pall. 116

masoni, Suckl. 117

34. steUfitus, Girard 117

35. penshinensis, Pall. 117

36. tsuppitcb, Hich 118

37. gairdnerii, Hich 118

38. aurora, Girard 119

39. ^bbsii, Sxickley 119

40. irideus, Gibbons 119

41. kennerlyi, Suckley 120

42. warreni, Suckley 120

43. brevicauda, Suckley .... 120

44. bairdii, Suckley 121

45. parkii, Suckley 121

46. ricbardi, Suckley 121

47. truncatus, Suckley 122

XIV. Japan (p. 122).

X\'. Kivers of the eastern slope
of the Rocky Mountains.

48. lewi.sii, Girard 122

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

49. virginalis, Girard 123

50. namaycush, Penn 12.3

51. siscowet, Agass 124

symmetrica, Prescott. ... 124

XVl. Greetdand and Labrador
(p. 124).
62. immaculatus, Storey .... 125

Second subgeneric Group.

Salvklini.
I. Europe.

1. umhla, L 125

2. salvelinus, L 126

3. alpinus, L 127

4. nivalis, Gthr 130

5. kiUinensis, Gthr 130

6. willughbii, Gthr 131

7. perisii, Gthr 133

8. rutilus, Nilss 135

9. carbonariiis, Strom .... 136

10. grayi, Gthr 136

11. colii, Gthr 138

12. hucho, L 140

13. losses, Gi!Ar 140

II. Asia.

14. tluviatilis, Pall. 141

15. erythrinus, Georg 142

16. callaris. Pall 143

17. leucomsenis, Pali. 145

18. curilus. Pall 146

19. Iffivigatus, Pall. 147

tapdisma, C. et V. 147

arabatsch, C.etV. 147

nummifer, C.etV. 147

melampterus, C. etV. . . 147

erythrorhynchus, C. et V. 147

TIT, Westemparts of North Ame-
rica.

20. lordii, Gthr 148

21. campbelli, Suckleg 148

IV. Northern and Eastern parts

of North America.

22. heamii, Pick 148

23. alipes, Pick 140

24. nitidus, Pich 150

25. hoodii, Pich 150

26. fontinalis, Mitch 152

27. hudsonicus, Stickleg . . . 153

28. sebago, Girard 153

29. gloverii, Girard 153

30. oquassa, Girard 154

31. gracilis, C.etV. 154

2. OncorlnTiclius, Suckley .... 155

1. lycao'don, Pall. 155

2. proteus, Pall 157

3. paucidens, Rich 158

Page

4. qninnat, Rich. , ,. 158

5. scouleri, Rich 158

6. orientalis, Pali. 159

7. sanguinolentus, Pali. .... 160

8. lagocephalus, Pali. 161

Subatka of Pallas 162

canis, Suckley 162

gibber, Suckley 162

confluentus, Suckley .... 162
cooperi, Suckley 162

3. Brachymystax, Gthr 162

1. coregonoides, PaU 163

4. Luciotrutta, Gthr. 164

1. mackenzii. Rich 164

2. leucichthys, Giddenst. . . 164

5. Plecoglossus, Scldeg 165

1. altivelis, Schleg 165

6. Osmerus, Cuv 166

1. eperlanus, L 166

2. viridescens, Les 167

3. thaleicbtbys, Ayres . . . 168

7. Thaleicbtbys, Girard 168

1. pacificus. Rich 168

8. Hj-pomesus, Gill 169

1. olidus, PaU. 169

chinensis, Basil. 170

9. Mallotus, Cuv 170

1, villosus, Miill. . 170

10. Retropinna, Gill 171

1. richardsonii, Gill . . 171, 357

11. Coregonus, Artedi 172

1. oxyrb\Tichus, L 173

2. lloydii, Gthr 174

3. microstomus, Pall 175

4. quadrDateralis, Rich 176

5. labradoricus, JRich 176

6. nasus, PaU. 177

7. polcur. Pad. 178

8. lavaretus, L 178

9. lapponicus, Gthr 181

10. gracilis, Gthr. 182

11. widegreni, Maimgr 182

12. biemalis, Jur 183

13. muksun, PaU 184

14. conorhynchus, C. et V. . . 184

15. albiis, Les 184

16. richardsonii, Gthr 185

1 7. sapidissimus, Aq .- . 186

18. latior, Ag. ...'. 186

19. novse-Angliaj, Prescott . . 186
neohantoniensis, Presc. . . 186

20. williamsoni, Girard. .... 187

21. wartmaiini, Bl 187

22. clupeoides, Lac 188

23. maxillaris, Gthr 189

24. humilis, Gthr 190

25. megalops, Widegr 191

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XI

Page

26. nilssoni, Niks 192

27. albula, L 192

28. vimba, L 193

29. vandtisius, Jtich 194

30. pollan, Thomps 194

31. lucius, Niks 195

32. merkii, Gthr 195

33. omul, Pall 196

34. syrok, C.etV. 196

35. tugun, Pall. 197

36. rudolphianus, C. etV. . . 197

37. clupeiformis, Mitch 198

38. lucidus, Rich 198

39. harengus, Rich 199

40. tullibee, Rich 199

41. cyprinoides, Pall. 199

pallasii, C.etV. 172

,sp. — - 172

angusticeps, C. etV. .... 172

12. ThymaUus, Cuv 200

1. vulgaris, Niks 200, 357

2. gymnogaster, C.etV.. .. . 201

3. seliani, C.etV. 201

4. pallasii, C.etV. 201

5. tricolor, Cope 201

6. siguifer, Rich 202

ontariensis, C.etV. .... 200

mertensii, C.etV. 200

13. Argentina, Art 202

1. silus, Asean 202

2. spliyraena, L 208, 357

3. hebridica, Yarr 203

4. lioglossa, Cuv. et Val. .... 204

14. Microstoma, Ckiv 204

1. rotxmdatum, Risso 204

2. groenlandicum, Rnh 205

Second Group. Salangina.
16. Salanx, Cuv 205

1. chinensis, Osbeck 205

2. microdon, Rlkr 206

Fam. 8. Peecopsid.s:.

1. Percopsis, Agass 207

1. guttatus, Ag 207

nammondii, Gill 207

Fam, 9. Qaxaxid.s:.

1. Galaxias, Cuv 208

1. alepidotus, Forst 208

2. truttaceus, Cuv 209

3. olidus, Gthr 209

4. fasciatus, Gray 209

5. attenuatus, Jen 210

6. kretftii, Gthr 211

7. scriba, C.etV. 212

8. maculatus, Jen 212

Paae
9. alpinus, Jen 212

10. punctatus, Gthr 212

11. brevipinnis, Gthr 213

12. gracillimus, Canestr 213

Fam. 10. MoRMYKiD^.

1. Mormyrus, Gthr 214

1. caschive, Hasselq 215

rume, C.etV. 215

2. mucupe, Ptrs 215

3. oxyihjTichus, Geoff. .... 215

4. longirostris, Ptrs 216

5. geoffroyi, C.etV. 216

6. hasselquistii, C.etV. 217

7. macrophthalmu.«i, Gthr. . . 217

8. tamandua, Gthr 217

9. petei-sii, Gthr 218

10. cyprinoides, L 218

11. macrolepidotus, Ptrs 219

12. niger, Gthr. 219

13. brachyistius, GUI 219, 367

pictus, Heugl. 218

14. bane, Lac 220

15. discorhynchus, Ptrs 220

16. bovei, C.et.V. 221

17. isidori, C.etV. 221

IB. adspersus, Gthr 221

19. catostoma, Gthr. 222

jubUini, C.etV. 214

nacra, C.etV. 214

2. Hyperopisus, Gill 222

1. dorsalis, Geofr 222

2. occidentalis, Gthr 223

3. Mormyrops, Gthr 223

1. anguilloides, L 223

2. deliciosus, Leach 224

3. zambanenje, Ptrs 224

4. henryi. Gill. 224

Fam. 11. GYMNAIlCHID.iE.

1. Gymnarchiis, Cuv 225

1. mloticus Cuv 225

Fam. 12. Esocid.^.

1. Esox, Cuv 226

1. lucius, L 220

australis, C.etV. 228

2. estor, Les 228

3. depraudus, C.etV. 229

4. reticulatus, Les 229

5. niger, Les 229

6. ravenelii, ITolbr 230

7. cj-pho, Cope 230

vermiculatus, Les 226

lineatus, C.etV. 226

lugubrosus, C.etV. .... 226
phaleratus, Les 226

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

umbrosus, KiHl. 226

ohioensis, Kirtl 226

Fam. 13. Umbrid^.

1. Umbra, Kramer 231

1. crameri, Miiller 231

2. limi, Kirtl. 232, 357

Fam. 14 Scombeesocid^.

1. Belone, Cuv 234

a. Belone.

1. tracbura, C.etV. 235

2. incisa, C.etV. 235

3. depressa, Poey 235

4. lovii. Gthr 236

5. carinata, C. etV. 236

6. platura, Riipp 237

7. microps, Gthr 237

8. an^usticeps, Gthr 238

9. exiUs, Girard 238

10. melanotus, Blkr 238

11. scbismatorbvnchTis, Blkr. 239

12. cboram, Forsk 239, 357

13. annulate, C.etV. 240

14. melanostigma, C. et V. . . 241

15. caribbrea, C.etV. 241

16. gerania, C.etV. 241

17. cantrainii, Coccu 242

18. ferox, Gthr 242

19. robusta, Gthr 242

20. liuroides, Blkr 243

21. natalensis, Gthr 243

22. truncata, Les 244

23. subtnincata, Poey 245

24. caudimaculata, Cuv 245

25. strongylurus, Blkr 246

26. macrolepis. Blkr 246

27. urviUii, C.W F. 247

28. capensis, Gthr 247

29. notata, Poey 248

30. hians, C.etV. 248

maculata, Poey 248

31. latimanus, Poey 249

32. rapbidoma, Banz 249

33. melanocbir, Poey 249

34. anastomeUa, C.etV. 249

35. liurus, Blkr 250

36. kreiftii, Gthr 250

37. acus, Bisso 251

38. gracilis, Loioe 262

39. euxini, Gthr 252

40. cancila, B. H. 253

41. canciloides, Blkr 253

42. senegalensis, C. et V. . . . . 254

43. vTilgaris, Flem 254

44. cornidii, Gthr 255

ardeola, C.etV. 234

Page

galeata, C. c^ F. 234

cigonella, C.etV. 234

argalus, C.etV. 234

macrolepis, Blkr 234

esocina, Basil. 234

altipinna, Poey 234

undecim-radiata. Budge.. 234
b. Potamorrhaphis.

45. tseniata, Gthr 256

46. scolopacina, C. et V. .... 256

2. Scombresox, Lac 256

1. saurus, Walb 257

2. rondeletii, C.etV. 258

3. forsteri, C.etV. 258

4. sequirostrum, Les 258

5. saira, Brevoort 259

3. Hemirbampbus, Cuv 259

1. intermedius, Cant 260

2. balinensis, Blkr 261

3. regularis, Gthr 261

4. poeyi, Gthr 262

5. imifasciatus, Banz 262

picarti, C.etV. 263

6. gaimardi, Blkr 263

7. roberti, C.etV. 263

8. georgii, C.etV. 264

9. cantoris, Blkr 264

10. sajori, Schley 265

11. melanurus, C. et V. .... 265

12. sinensis, Gthr 265

13. calabaricus, Gthr 266

14. dussumierii, C.etV. .... 266

15. affinis, Gthr 267

16. laticeps, Gthr 267

17. quoyi, C.etV. 267

18. eclancberi, C.etV. 268

19. russelli, C.etV. 268

20. gemaerti, C.etV. 268

occipitalis. Gill 268

21. pleii, C.etV. 269

22. vittatus, Vol. 269

23. brasiliensis, L. 270

24. marginatus, Forsk 270

25. robustus, Gthr 270

26. commersonii, Cuv 271

27. fasciatus, Blkr 271

28. limbatus, C.etV. 272

29. phaiosoma, Blkr 272

30. pogonognatbus, Blkr. . . 273

31. aniblvurus, Blkr 273

32. bufFonis, C.etV. 273

33. dispar, C.etV. 274

34. bre^arostris, Gthr 274

35. fluviatilis, Blkr 275

36. bracbynotoptenis, Blkr. 275

37. sumati-anus, Blkr 275

38. lono:irostris, Cuv 276

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

39. macrorhynchus, C. et V. . 276

40. cuspidatus, C.etV. 276

marginatus, Les 259

reynaldi, C.etV. 259

xanthopterus, C. et V. . . 259

leucopterus, C. et J'. .... 259

lucens, C.etV. 259

erythrorinchus, Les 2o9

microstoma, Basil 259

japonicus, iBrevoo)-t .... 259

depauperatus,ia?/e^5ew«. 259

argenteus, Benn 259

ectuntio, B. H. 259

angulatus, B. H. 259

plumatiis, BlytJi 259

brevoortii, Gill 259

iBJamentosus, Poey 259

macrochirus, Poey 259

viviparus, Ptrs 259

4. AiThamphus, Gthr 276

1. sclerolepis, Gtlir 277

5. Exocoetua, Artedi 277

1. micropterus, C. et V..... 279

2. monocirrhus, Bich 279

3. georgianus, C. et V. 279

4. brevipiunis, C. et V. .... 280

5. rostratus, Gthr 280

6. brachypterus, Bich. . . 280, 357

7. mento, C. et V. 281

8. acutus, C. etV. 281

9. evolans, X 282

10. obtusirostris, Gthr 283

11. chilensis, Abbot 283

12. biUianus, Gosse 284

13. pinnatibarbatus, Be?in. . . 284

14. spilurus, Gthr 285

15. orbignianus, C. et V..... 285

16. solandri, C.etV. 286

pulchellus, Lowe 285

17. comatus, Mitch 28Q

18. fiu-catus, Mitch 286

19. nuttallii, Les 286

20. lineatus, C.etV. 287

21. speculiger. C.etV. 287

22. affinis, Gthr 288

roberti, M.etT. 288

23. katoptron, Blkr 289

24. robustus, Gthr 289

25. arcticeps, Gthr 289

26. nigricans, Benn 290

27. altipinnis, C.etV. 290

28. exiliens, Gm 291

29. pcecilopterus, C. et V. . . 291

30. callopterus, Gthr 292

31. spilopterus, C.etV. 292

32. volitans, L 293

33. rondeletii, C.etV. 293

Page

34. bahiensis, Banz 293

35. cyanopterus, C. et V.. . . . 294

36. rufipinnis, C.etV. 294

37. oxycephalus, Blkr 294

38. dovii, Gill 295

39. califomicus, Coop 295

40. brachysoma, Blkr 295

simus, a e< F. 296

neglectus, B/kr 296

41. oligolepis, Blkr '296

42. opisthopus, Blkr 297

43. brachycephalus, Gthr. . . 297

44. nigripinnis, C. et V. .... 298
cbloropterus, C. et V. . . 277
noveboracensis, Mitch. . . 277
melanm-us, C. et V. .... •277
gibbifrons, C. et V. .... 277
mesogaster, C. et V. .... 277

hexazona, Blkr 277

apus, C. etV. 277

unicolor, C. et V. 277

agoo, Schley 277

poUeni, Blkr 277

Fam. 15. CYPRINODONTIDiE.

First Group. C. CABNivoB.aa.

1. Cj-prinodon, Lacep 301

1. calaritanus, Bonelli .... 302

2. fasciatus, Val. 303

3. dispar. Riipp 303

4. cj'pris, Heck 304

5. sophise, Heck 304

6. punctatus, Heck 305

crystallodon. Heck 305

7. mento, Heck 305

8. variegatus, Lac 305

9. cai-pio, Gthr 306

10. parvus, Baird et Gir. . . 307

11. bovinus, Baird et Gir. . . 307
elegans, Baird et Gir. . . 301
gibbosus, Baird et Gir. . . 301
macularius, Baird et Gir. 301
califomiensis, Girard. . . . 301

eximius, Girard 301

fasciatus, Nardo 301

timidus, Gulia 301

macrogaster, Gidia .... 301

riverendi, Poey 301

multifasciata, Girard . . 301

2. Fitzroyia, Gthr 307

i. multidentata, Jen 307

3. Characodon, Gthr 308

1. laterali.s, Gthr 308

4. Tellia, Genais 308

1. apoda, Gervais 309

5. Limnurgus, Gthr 309

1. variegatus, Gthr 309

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

6. Lucania, Gthr k . 309

1. venusta, Girard 310

afSnis, Girard 309

7. Haplochilus, M'Cl 310

1. panchax, B. H. 311

2. latipes, Schleg 311

3. javanicus, Blkr 311

4. cyanophthalmus, Blyth . . 312

5. spilauchen, Dum 312

Apocheilichthys typus,

Blkr 312

6. infrafasciatus, Gthr. 313, 367
spilargyreia, Dum 313

7. sexfasciatus, Ptrs 313

8. homalonotus, Dum 314

9. playfaiiii, Gthr 314

9 a. fasciolatus, Gthr 358

10. pulchellus, Girard 314

11. aureus, C(ype 315

12. doviij Gt]ir 315

• 13. sciadicus, Cope 316

14. zonatus, C.etV. 316

15. luciae, Baird 316

10. chrysotus {Holbr. ?) 317

17. brasiliensis, Val 317

18. melanopleurus, Gosse . . 317

melastigmus, McCl 310

macclellandii, Blkr 310

cingulatus, C. et V. .... 310

8. Fundulus, C.etV. 318

1. heteroclitus, L 318

spilotus, Holbr 319

2. parnpinnis, Girard .... 319

3. labialis, Gthr 319

4. punctatus, Gthr 320

5. giiatemalensis, Gthr 321

6. pachycephalus, Gthr 321

7. catenatus, Storer 322

8. majalis, Walb 322

vemalis, C.etV. 323

9. similis, Baird et Gir 323

10. swampinus, Lac 323

11. multifasciatus, Les 324

12. pisculentus, Mitch 324

13. zebra, Girard 324

14. nigrofasciatus, Les 325

15. seminolis, Girard 325

16. hispanicus, C.etV. 326

17. orthonotus, Ptrs 326

virescens, Schleg 318

9. Rivulus, Poey 327

1. cylindraceus, Poey 327

2. urophthalmus, Gthr 327

3. micropus {Steind. ?) .... 327

10. Orestias, C.etV. 328

1. cuvieri, C et V. 328

2, pentlandii, C.etV. .... 329

Page

3. jussiei, C.etV. 329

4. owenii, C. etV. 330

5. miilleri, C.etV. 330

6. luteus, C.etV. 331

11. Jenynsia, Gthr 331

1. lineata, Jen 331

12. Pseudoxiphophorus, Blkr. 332

1. bimaculatus, Heck 332

2. reticiilatus, Trosch 333

13. Belonesox, Kner 333

1. belizanus, Kner 333

14. Gambusia, Poey 333

1. punctata, Poey 334

2. puncticulata, Poey 334

3. nolbrookii, Girard 334

4. humilis, Gthr. 335

5. nobilis, Baird et Gir 335

6. affinis, Baird et Gir 336

7. ^acilis. Heck 336

8. nicaraguensis, Gthr 336

speciosa, Girard 333

senilis, Crirard 333

gracilis, Trosch 333

15. Anableps, Artedi 337

1. tetrophthalmus, Bl. 337

2. dovii. Gill 338

3. microlepis, Mull, et Tr. . . 338
elongatus, C.etV. 337

Second Group,

C, LIMNOPHAGJE.

16. Pcecilia, Gthr 339

1. vittata, Guich 339

2. cubensis, Poey 340

3. mexicana, Steind. 340

4. thernialis, Steind. 341

modesta, Trosch 341

5. chisoyensis, Gthr 342

6. elongata, Gthr 342

7. petenensis, Gthr 342

8. sphenops, C.etV. 343

9. dovii, Gthr 344

10. vivipara, Schn 345

11. spilurus, Gthr 346

12. melanogaster, Gthr 345

13. dominicensis, C. etV. . . . 346

14. unimaculata, Val. 346

15. punctata, C.etV. 347

16. couchii, Girard 347

gillii, Kner et Steind. .... 339

fasciata, M. et T. 339

surinamensis, M. et T. . . 339

17. Mollienesia, Les 347

a. Mollienesia.

1. latipinna, Les 348

matamorensis, Girard . . 348

poeciloides, Girard .... 348

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. petenensis, Gthr 348

3. Formosa, Girard ; 349

/3. Xiphoj)horus.

1. hellerii, Heck 349

18. PlatypoecUus, Gthr 350

1. maculatus, Gthr 350

19. Girardinus, Poey 351

1. uninotatus, Poey 351

2. metallicus, Poey 351

3. versicolor, Gthr. . 352

4. reticulatus, Ptrs. 352

Page

5. guppii, Gthr 353

6. pleurospilus, Gthr 353

7. formosus, Girard 354

8. occidentalis, Baird et Gir. 354

9. sonoriensis, Girard 355

10. decemmaculatus, Jen. . . 355

Appendix.

Lebistes, De Fil. ... 355

poeciloides, De Fil. .... 356

CATALOGUE

OF

FISHES.

Subclass I. TELfiOSTEI.

{CONTINUED.)

Order IV. PHYSOSTOMI.

{CONTINUED.)

Fam. 7. SALMONID^.

Salmonidse, MiiU. Ahhandl. Acad. Wiss. Berl. 1844, p. 186,

Body covered with scales*, head naked; barbels
nont;. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the inter-
maxillaries mesially, and by the maxillaries laterally.
Belly rounded. A small adipose fin behind the dorsal.
Pyloric appendages generally numerous, rarely absent.
Air-bladder large, simple ; pseudobranchiee present.
The ova fall into- the cavity of the abdomen before
exclusion.

Fresh waters of the temperate arid arctic regions of the northern
hemisphere, many species periodically descending to "the sea. One
genus from New Zealand ; two genera pelagic.

* See Salanx, p. 205.
YOL. VI. B

2 aiLMONID^.

Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Dorsal Jin opposite or nearly opposite to ventrals: Saimontna.

Scales small ; dentition strong and complete ; maxillary long * ; caec. pyl. nume-
rous; anal rays 14 or less 1. Salmo, p. 2.

Scales small ; dentition strong and complete ; maxillary long ; caec. pyl. nume-
rous; anal ray* more than 14 2. Oncorhtnchus, p. 155.

Scales small ; teeth rather feeble : maxillary short and broad ; anal short.

3. Brachymystax, p. 162.

Scales of moderate size; dentition yery feeble, incomplete; maxillary long;
caec. pyl. numerous 4. Luciotectta, p. 164.

Teeth feeble, a part compressed, laminated 5. Plecoglossus, p. 165.

Scales of moderate size ; dentition complete, fang^Iike teeth on the Tomer and
tongue ; maxillary long ; caec. pyl. in small numter.

6. OSMERtJS, p. 166.

Scales small ; dentition incomplete, very feeble ; maxillary long ; caec. pyl. in
moderate number 7. Thaleichthys, p. 168.

Scales small ; dentition incomplete, very feeble ; maxillary thin and short.

8. Hypomesus, p. 169.

Scales very small ; dentition complete, feeble ; maxillary extending to below the
middle of the orbit ; caec. pyl. in small niunber. 9. Mallotus, p. 170.

Scales of moderate size ; dentition complete, feeble ; cleft of the mouth of mode-
rate width ; dorsal behind ventrals ; caec. pyl. none.

10. Eeteopinna, p. 171.

Scales of moderate size ; teeth minute, if present ; maxillary short and broad ;
dorsal short; caec. pyl. numerous 11. Cokegonus, p. 172.

Dorsal fin long, many-rayed 12. Thtmallus, p. 200.

Scales rather large ; jaws toothless, palate with small teeth ; maxillary very short,
not extending to orbit ; dorsal short ; caec, pyl. in moderate number.

13. Argentina, p. 202.

Scales large, very thin ; very small teeth in lower jaw and on vomer, no other
teeth. Cleit of mouth very small. Adipose fin rudimental. Caec. pyl. none.

14. Microstoma, p. 204.

B. Dorsal Jin placed far behind the ventrals : SalaiwuNa.
Body naked (?) 15. Salanx, p. 205.

First Group. SALMONINA.

1. SALMO.

Salmo, Artedi, Genera, p. 11.
Salmo, Fario et Salar, Ctiv. 8f Val.

Body covered with small scales. Cleft of the mouth mde, the
maxillary extending to below or beyond the eye. Dentition well
developed ; conical teeth in the jaw-bones, on the vomer and pala-
tines, and on the tongue, none on the pterygoid bones. Anal short,
with less than fourteen rays. Pyloric appendages numerous ; ova
large.

* In the adult, fish.

1. SALHO. '3

Young specimens with dark cross bands ; the form of the caudal
fin changes with the age and sexual development X)f the fish, imma-
ture individuals having it more deeply emarginate. In males the
lower jaw is more developed than in females, and sometimes curved
upwards into a hook.

Inbahitants of the fresh waters of the arctic and temperate parts
of the northern hemisphere, many species descending to the sea after
having deposited their spawn.

There is no other group of fishes which offers so many difficulties
to the Ichthyologist, with regard to the distinction of the species as
well as to certain points in their life-history, as this genus. More-
over by far the greater portion of the voluminous literatiu"e on these
fishes consists of descriptions giving trivial or general characters only,
frequently confounding two or three species, or representing as species
what are, in fact, merely variations of sex, age, <kc. ; so that the task
of giving an account of all the species noticed by authors has not
been an easy one, and their history (in its present form must form
one of the most unsatisfactory portions of Ichthyology.

The almost infixiite variations of these fishes are dependent oii
age, sex and sexilar development, food, and the properties of the
water. We shall subsequently see that at least some of the species
interbreed, and it is probable, although at present not confirmed by
direct observation, that such hybrids mix again with one of ^e
parent species, thereby producing an offspring more or less similar to
the pure breed. The coloration is, first of all, subject to variation ;
and consequently this character but rarely assists in distinguish-
ing a species, there being not one which would show in all stages
of development the same kind of coloration. The young of all the
species of this genus are barred ; and this is so «mstantly the case
that it may be used as a generic or even as a family character, not
being peculiar to Salmo alone, but aJ^o to Thymallus and probably
to Coregonus. The number of bars is not quite constant, but the mi-
gratory Trout have two (and even three) more than the River-Trout.
When the Sahnones haye passed this "Parr"-state,'the coloration
becomes mtich diversified. The males, especially during and imme-
diately after the spawning-time, are more intensely coloured and
variegated than the females, specimens which have not attained to
maturity retaining a brighter silvery coloiir, and being more similar
to the female fish. Food appears to have lees influence on the colo-
ration of the outer parts than on that of the fiesh : thus, the more
variegated specimens are frequently out of condition, whilst well-fed
individuals with pinkish flesh are of a more uniform though bright
coloration. Chemistry has not supplied us yet with an analysis of
the substance which gives the pink colour to the flesh of many Sal-
monoids ; but there is little doubt that it is identical with, and pro-
duced by, the red pigments of many Salt- and Fresh -water Crusta-
ceans which form a favourite food for these fishes. The water has
a marked influence on the colours: Trout with intense ocellated

b2

4 SALMOKID^.

spots are generally found in clear, rapid rivers and in small, open,
alpine pools : in the large lakes with pebbly bottom the fish are
bright- silvery, and the ocellated spots are mixed with, or replaced
by, X-shaped black spots ; in pools or parts of lakes with muddy or
peaty bottom the Trout are of a darker colour generally, and when
enclosed in caves or holes they may assume an almost uniform
blackish coloration. The brackish or salt water has the effect of
giving them a bright-silvery coat, without or with comparatively
few spots, none of which are ocellated. JN^ow some of the species
like S. fario inhabit all the different waters indicated, even brackish
water, and therefore we find an immense variation of colour in one
and the same species ; others are more restricted in their habitat,
like S. solar, S. ferox, (fee, and therefore their coloration may be
more precisely defined.

With regard to size the various species do not present an equal
amount of variation. Size appears to depend on the abundance of
food and the extent of the water. Thus, the Salmon and the dif-
ferent kinds of Great Lake -trout do not appear to vary considerably
in size, because they find the same conditions in all the localities
inhabited by them. A widely spread species, however, like /S^. fario,
when it inhabits a small mountain-pool with scanty food, never
exceeds a Aveight of eight ounces, while in a large lake or river where
it finds an abundance and variety of food it attains to a weight of
fourteen or sixteen pounds. Such large River -.trout are frequently
named and described as Salmon-trout, Bull-trout, &c.

The proportions of the various parts of the body to one another vary
exceedingly in one and the same species. First of all, we find in
young Salmonoids the same peculiarities which characterize a young
fish generally (short snout, large eyes, cylindrical body, &c.), or in
mature ones those indicating the development of the sexual organs
(prominent abdomen, great depth of the body). But in scarcely any
other group of fishes do we observe a similar change in the form of
the snout. In the mature male the intermaxillaries and the mandible
are produced in various degrees, and the latter is frequently more or
less bent upwards. Hence the males have- the snout much more
pointed and produced, and the entire head longer, than the females ;
with the intermaxillary bone the teeth with which it is armed are
also enlarged, sometimes to four times the size of those of the females.
And if this development of the front part of the head happens to be
going on while the individual is able to obtain only a scanty supply of
food, the usual proportions of the head and trunk are so altered that
the species is very difiieult to recognize. Barren male fish approach
the females in the proportions of the head and body, but hybrid fishes
do not differ in this respect from their parents. The abundance or
scarcity of food, and the disposition or indisposition of the Salmonoids
to feed, are other causes affecting the growth or falness of the
various parts of the body. In weU-fed fishes the head is propor-
tionally not only smaller, but also shorter, and vice versd.

The Jins vary to a certain degree. The variation in the number of
the rays is inconsiderable and of no value for specific distinction ; we

1. 8ALM0. 6

know of one example only (of S. cambricus) where the usual number
of the rays of the anal fin is increased by two, and we are still un-
certain in what light this variation ought to be considered. Although
some species appear to be distinguished by a conspicuously low dorsal
and anal fin, yet the proportion of the height of these fins to their
length is a rather uncertain character. In most of the species the fin-
rays arfe longer during the earlier stages of growth or development,
but in a few we have observed that mature individuals have had the
fins comparatively longer than immature ones. The caudal fin espe-
cially undergoes considerable changes with age, and dependently upon
the sexual development. Young specimens of all species have this fin
more or less deeply excised, so that ihe young of a species which has
the caudal emarginate throughout life is distinguished by a deeper
incision of the fin from the yoiing of a species which has it truncate
in the adult state. We shall subsequently see that the individuals
of a species do not all attain to maturity at the same age and at the
same size. Hr. Widegren first pointed out that mature individuals
generally have the caudal less deeply excised than immature ones of
the same age and size. It is therefore evident that the variations
in the form of the caudal are considerable and numerous, and that
it is a very fallacious chaf9,cter if due regard be not paid to the age
and sexual development of the fish. Further, species inhabiting
rapid streams as weU as still waters show considerable variations
in the form and length of all the fins ; those individuals which live
in rapid streams, being in almost constant motion and wearing off
the delicate extremities of the fins, have the fin-rays comparatively
shorter and stouter, and the fins of a more rounded form, parti-
cularly at the corners, than individuals inhabiting ponds or lakes
(see p. 149) ; moreover one and the same individual may pass a part
of its life in a lake, and enter a river at certain periods, thus changing
the form of its fins almost periodically.

Finally, to complete our enumeration of these variable characters,
we must mention that in old males, during and after the spawning-
season, the skin on the back becomes thickened and spongy, so that
the scales are quite invisible, being imbedded in the skin.

After this cursory review of variable characters, we pass on to
those which we have found to be constant in numbers of individuals,
and in which it is difficult to perceive signs of modification due to
external circumstances. Such characters, according to the views of
the zoologists of the present age, are sufficient for the definition of
species : at all events, in every description, they ought to be noticed,
and the confused and unsatisfactory state of our knowledge of Sal-
monoids is chiefly caused by authors having paid attention to the
more conspicuous, but unreliable characters, and but rarely noted
one of those which are eniunerated here : —

1. The form of the prceoperculum of the adult fish. The prseoper-
culum is composed of a vertical (posterior) and horizontal (lower)
part (limb), both meeting at a more or less rounded angle. The
development of the lower limb is a very constant character : in some
species (as in the Salmon) it is long, in others {S. ferox, S. brachif

6

SALMONID^.

poma) exceedingly short. The adjoined woodcuts will readily show
the difference : —

PrjBoperculum.

S. salar.

S. brackypoma.

In young specimens of all Salmonoids the prseoperculum has a very
short lower limb ; but whilst in some species it lengthens with age,
its development in a horizontal direction is arrested in others.

2. The tvidth and strength of the masclllary of the adult fish. To
show this character in two distinct species, we have given woodcuts
of the maxillaries of females (12 inches long) oiS. fario and S. leve-
nensis of the same size.

S. fario.

S. levenensis.

In young specimens of all Salmonoids the maxillary is compara-
tively shorter and broader, somewhat resembling that of a Coregonus ;
yet this bone offers a valuable character for the determination of the
young of some species ; for instance, in a yoxing S. cambricus it ex-
tends scarcely to below the centre of the eye, whilst in a S. fario of
the same size it reaches to, or even beyond this point.

3. The size of the teeth, those of the intermaxillaries excepted.

4. The arrangement and the permanence or deciduousness of the
vomerine teeth. In some species the vomer is normally armed with
a double or single series throughout life, although of course some of
the teeth are frequently accidentally lost ; in others these teeth dis-
appear gradually with age, the hinder ones first, so that finally the
anterior only remain. In order to ascertain the arrangement of the
teeth, it is necessary to remove the ^giva. Frequently the teeth
stand in a distinctly double or single series, or they are placed alter-
nately ; but frequent irregularities occur which render this character
vague, or even unsafe, so that some zoologists have rejected it entirely
as unreliable. However, when a greater number of individuals, really
belonging to the same species, are examined, a pretty safe conclusion
may be arrived at as regards the arrangement of these teeth.

1. SALMO. 7

5. The form of the caudal fin in specimens of a given size, age, and
sexual development.

6. A great development of the pectoral fins when constant in indi-
viduals from the same locality.

7. The size of the scales, as indicated by the number of transverse
rows above the lateral line, — one of the most constant characters.

8. The number of vertebrae. Considering the great number of
vertebrae in Salmonoids, the constancy of this character is traly sur-
prising. An excess or a diminution of the normal number by two,
is of rare occurrence, and generally to be explained by the fact that
one vertebra has been abnormally divided into two, two such ver-
tebrae being considerably smaller than the other? — or on the other
hand that two have merged into one, which is then unusually large,
and provided with two neural spines. We have seen one case only
where three vertebrae were united. The number of vertebrae can be
easily ascertained in specimens destined for preservation in spirits,
by an incision made along one side of the fish, a little above the
lateral line.

9. The number of pyloric appendages. There can be no doubt that
this character may materially assist in fixing a species. We shall
see that in some species it varies from 30 to 50 ; but in others, as
in the Salmon and Charr, it has been found very constant. If un-
expected variations occur, their cause may be found in a partial
confluence of the caeca, as we have observed that specimens of
S. leveiunsis (a species normally with from 70 to 90 caeca) had
those appendages of unusual width when the normal number was
diminished.

We have not thought it superfluous to enter into these details
(which wiU. be illustrated by instances in the following pages), in
order to show that it. is only by a close, long-continued study, and
constant comparison of specimens of various ages and from various
localities, that one is enabled to find a guide through this labyrinth
of confusing variations. But when we find that the very same cha-
racters by which we are enabled to distingiiish European species
occur again, though in an exaggerated form, in American Salmonoids
(which everybody will admit to be o^ distinct species), our faith in
them necessarily becomes strengthened ; and we no longer hesitate,
in accordance with acknowledged principles in zoology, to represent
as separate species those which are distinguished from their congeners
by a combination of two or more of those constant characters. It
has been asked us whether we believed that the forms recorded here
as species were derived from separate or common parents. It is not
the task of descriptive zoology to determine this question ; for the
present, the facts which should prove a gradual creation of the species,
and demonstrate the forefather of a recent form, are so obscure that
any view on the subject must still be g, matter of opinion. The ques-
tion whether the Trout enumerated below should be regarded as dis-
tinct species or not, is perfectly independent of such considerations
and no more to be affected by them than the question whether Salmo
and Coregonus are distinct genera. Whenever the zoologist observes

8 sAiMoyukm.

two forms distinguished by peculiarities of organization such as can-
not be conceived to be the effects of an external or internal cause,
disappearing with the disappearance of that cause, and which forms
have been propagated and are being propagated uniformly through
all the generations within the limits of our observation, and jftre yet
most probably to be propagated during the existence of mankind, he
is obliged to describe these two forms as distinct, and they will
commonly be called species.

We have mentioned above that many points in the life-history of
the Salmonoids still remain very obscure : —

1. Johnson, a correspondent of Willughby (Hist. Pise. p. 194), had
already expressed his belief that the different Salmonoids interbreed ;
and this \-iew has since been shared by many who have observed these
fishes in nature. Yet. no instance had been clearly made out, until
we were enabled, through the liberality of the Rev. Augustus Morgan,
to convince ourselves of the existence of a hybrid between the Sewin
(S. cambricus) and the River Trout {S. fario). These hybrids are so
numerous in the Rhymney and other rivers of South Wales, and so
variable in their characters, that the passage from one species to the
other may be demonstrated in an almost unbroken series; wbich
might induce some naturalists to regard both species as identical.
We have evidence sufficient, but of a less convincing character, of
hybridism between S. trutta and S. fario. In some rivers the con-
ditions appear to be more favourable to hybridism than in others, in
which hybrids are of comparatively rare occurrence. We have never
seen individuals which could with any certainty be regarded as
hybrids between the Salmon and some other species ; and although
there are not a few examples in the Collection of the British Museum
which indicate some affinity to the Salmon, they differ so much
among themselves that they are evidently of different origin, and
some of them may even eventually prove to be distinct species. The
hybrids are sexually as much developed as the pure breed, but nothing
whatever is known of their further propagation and progeny.

2. Siebold has shown that some individuals of every species are
not sexually developed, and that such individuals differ also exter-
nally from those normally developed. However, he appears to have
gone too far when he stated that this rotate of sterility extends over
the whole period of existence of such individuals, and that therefore
the external peculiarities also remain permanent throughout life.
Widegren has shown that this sterility is merely a temporary imma-
turity, and that a part of the individuals arrive at a full sexual
development at a later or much later period than others. To this
we may add that many Salmonoids cease to propagate their species
after a certain age, and that all so-called overgrown individuals (that
is, specimens much exceeding tlie usual size of the species) are barren.
Externally they retain the normal specific characters.

The Salmon offers a most remarkable instance of irregularity as
regards the age at which the individuals arrive at maturity. Shaw
has demonstrated, in the most conclusive manner, that those small
Salmonoids generally called Parr are the offspring of the Salmon,

1. 8ALM0. 9

and that many males, from 7 to 8 inches long, have their sexual
organs fully developed, and that their milt has all the impregnating
properties of the seminal fluid of a much older and larger fish. That
this Parr is not a distinct species — as has lately been again main-
tained by Couch — is further proved by the circumstance that these
sexually mature Parrs are absolutely identical in their zoological
characters with the immature Parrs which are undoubtedly young
Salmon, and that no Parr has ever been found with mature ova*.
But whether these Parr produce normal Salmon impregnating the
ova of female Salmon, or mingle with the River-Trout, or whether
they continue to grow, and propagate their species as true Salmon,
are questions which remain to be answered. We may only add that,
as far as we know, barren old Salmon must be extremely scarce ;
the only sterile example we know of is the specimen hh mentioned
on p. 15.

3. The question whether any of the migratory species can be re-
tained in fresh water, and finally accommodate themselves to a per-
manent sojourn therein, must be negatived for the present. Several
instances of successful experiments made for this purpose have been
brought forward ; but aU these accounts are open to serious douots,
inasmuch as they do not afford us sufficient proof that the young fish
introduced into ponds were really young migratory Salmonoids, or that
the fxill-grown specimens were identical with those introduced, and
not hybrids or non-migratory Trout of a somewhat altered appear-
ance in consequence of the change of their locality. We have seen
the experiment tried at two places in South Wales, by the Rev.
Augustus Morgan and by W. Peel, Esq., of Taliaris ; and in both
cases the Salmon and the pure Sewin died when not allowed to
return to the sea. However, the latter gentleman pointed out to me
that the hybrid fishes from the Sewin and the Trout survived the
experiment, and continue to grow in a pond perfectly shut up from
communication with the sea. In that locality neither these hybrids
nor the trout spawn.

4. Although the majority of the mature individuals of a migratory
species ascend a river at a certain fixed time before the commencor
ment of spawning, others enter the fresh water at a much earlier
period, either single or in small troops ; and many appear to return
to the sea before they reascend at the time of the regular immigra-
tion. It is not improbable that one and the same individual may
change the salt for fresh water several times in the year. However,
this is the case in certain rivers only — for instance, in those falling
into the Moray Firth; in others one immigration only is known

* Some advocates for the opinion of the specific distinctness of the Parr pre-
tend, indeed, to have found female Parrs. Those fish which were pointed out
to me as females, were invariably specimens which liad fed freelj on the ova of
their congeners, and their stomachs had been regarded as the ovary! Some
persons were even so anxious to convince me of the correctness of their opinion,
that they sent me specimens with ova in the abdominal cavity. On closer
examination, these fishes turned out to be immature male specimens, the ova
having been introduced by a cut into the abdomen said to have been made to
admit the spirit !

10 ' SALMONID^.

to occur. The cause of these irregular ascents previous to the
autumnal ascent is unknown. A part, at least, of the hybrid fishes
retain the migratory instinct ; but it is not known whether sterile
individuals accompany the others on their migrations.

5. It is said that the migratory species invariably return to the
river in which they were bred. Experiments have shown that this is
normally the case ; but a small proportion appear to stray so far away
from their native place as to be unable to find their way back. Thus,
several specimens of Sea-Trout, which have been caught "with Sewin
and Salmon in South Wales, differ so remarkably from any other
species known to oiirselves, that we cannot help thinking that they
are stray individuals of a kind of Trout (see also p. 86) and from a
locality unknown to us at present Further, almost every year Salmon
and Sea-Trout in the Grilse state make their appearance at the mouth
of the Thames (where the migratory Salmonoids have become extinct
for many years), ready to ascend and to restock this river as soon as its
poisoned water shall be sufficiently purified to allow them a passage.

6. There has been much dispute about the time required for
the growth of Salmonoids. The numerous and apparently contra-
dictory observations tend to show that there is a great amount of
variation even among individuals of the same origin living under the
same circumstances, some of them growing much more quickly than
others, and being ready to descend to the sea twelve months before
their brethren. The cause of this irregularity is not explained. On
the other hand, when we consider the fibrous condition of the Sal-
monoid skeleton, which is much less soHd, and more wanting in
calcareous substance, than that of the majority of Teleosteous fishes,
we shall be quite prepared to adopt the truth of the observation
that the young Salmonoids return to the fresh water after a few
months' sojourn in the sea, and after having feasted on nourishing
Crustaceans, Sand-eels, &c., with their former weight in ounces
increased to pounds.

After these preliminary remarks we proceed to the enumeration of
the species. "We shall see that it is impossible to give the distinctive
characters of a great proportion of the species, which are known from
antiquated or popular descriptions only. In these cases the locahty
will be the best guide for recognizing the species. However, we can
nearly always decide whether the fish is a Salmo proper, or whether
it belongs to the Charr-group. Therefore, after having divided,
with Nilsson, these fishes into those two groups, we arrange the
species of each geographically.

First Subgeneric Group. Salmones.

Truttse, Nil^cn, l*rodr. Ichth. Scand. pp. 2 and 7.
Salar et Fario, Cuv. 8f Val.

Teeth not only on the nead of the vomer, but also along its body ;
in a few species the posterior teeth are lost with age, and only a

1. SALMO. 11

more or less conspicuous ridge remains along the median line of the
bone, which becomes visible after removal of the membrane.

A. Species with a wide geographical range.

1. Salmo salar.

Salmo, Salvian. p. 100 ; Aldrov. iv. p. 483.

"We have had opportunity of comparing only British, French,
Danish, and Dutch Salmon ; and therefore we are obliged to rely on
the authors who have determined the Salmon of other faunas as the
S. salar, L. In not a few cases it is doubtful whether this determi-
nation is correct.

Synonymy of the Scandinavian Salmon.

Lax ; Lohi in Finland.

Salmo, no. 1, Artedi, Synon. p. 22 : and Spec. p. 43 ; Linn. Faun. Sttee.

p. 115.
Salmo, no. 2, Artedi, Species, p. 50 (^Laxunge) ; young.
Salmo salar, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 509 : Mull. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 48 ;

Ekstrom, Fische in den Schecren von Morkd, p. 186 ; Nilss. Skand.

Fisk. p. 370 ; Xroyer, Danm. Fisk. ii. p. 540 ; Wi-ight Sf Ekstrom,

Skand. Fisk. taf. 68 & 59 (excl. fig. b) ; Wideqren, CEfvers. Vet. Akad.

Fork. xix. p. 541, taf. 4. figs. 3, 4 (parr) [not 1864, taf. 14. fig. 1].
salmulus,- Fries, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837, p. 1. tab. 1 (young).

Iceland Salmon.

Salmo nobilis, Olafs. Island. Iteise, i. p. 83.

Salmo salar, Mohr, Island. Naturh. p. 74; Faber, Fische Islands, p. 156.

Russian Salmon.

Salmo nobilis, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii. p. 342.
salar, Nordm. Faun. Pont. p. 515.

German Salmon.

Lachs, Salm.

Sahno, Schonev.- p. 64 ; Gesner, De Aquat. p. 969,

Salmo salar, Block, i. p. 128, taf. 20 (fern.), and iii. p. 146, taf 98
(male) ; Siemssen, Fische Mecklenb. p. 51 ; Hartm. Helvet. tchthyol.
p. 87; Agass. Poiss. d'eau douce, pi. 1 (male), pi. la & IJ (fern.), pi. 2
(fern.) ; Giinth. Fische des Neckars, p. Ill ; Meckel Sf Kncr, Siisswas-
serjische,y. 273, c. fig. mediocri ; Siebold, Siisswasserjische, p. 292.

Skeleton : Rosenthal, Ichthyotom. Taf t. 6 ; Bruch, in Abhandl.
Senckenb. ntrf GeseUsch. 1862, iv. pp. 78-130 ; and Vergleichende
Osteologie des Rhein-Ijachses mit besonderer Beiiicksichtigung
der Myologie. Mainz, 1861. Fol. (with seven plates).

French Salmon.

Saumon, Beccard.

Salmo, Bellon. De Aquat. i. p. 277, c. fig. cap. mar. ; Rondel. De Pise.
Jluv. p. 167.

12 SAlMONrD^. _

Saumon, Duhamd, Peches, ii. p, 192, pi. 1. figs. 1 & 2.
Salmo salmo, Ciiv. ^- Val. xxi. p. 169, pi. 614 (half-grown).

hamatus, Cuv. Regne Amm. ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 212, pi. 615 ;

Heckel 8f Kner, SUsstvasserfische, p. ^76 (old male, B4card).

Galician Salmon.
Comide, Essayo de los peces de Gcdicia, p. 75.

British Salmon.

Parr, Pink, Smelt : young of first and second year. Grilse, Salmon-
peal : on first return from sea. Kelt : after spawning. Kipper : male
after spawning. Shedder, Baggit : female after spawning.

Salmo, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 189, tab. N. 2. figs. 1 & 2 (cop. Salvian.).
Salmon, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. p. 249, pi. 68, and edit. 1812, iii.

p. 382, pi. 69 ; Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 163, pi. 211 ; Russel, A.

The Salmon, Edinb., 1864, 8vo.
Salmo salar, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 103 ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 179 ;

Jardine, in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. \'iii. p. 46, and Brit. Salmon,

pis. 1, 2, «fc 8 (Grilse), and pi. 7 (male) ; Richards. Faun. Bar.

Amer. Fishes, p. 140, pi. 91. fig. 1 (head) ; Jenyns, Man. p. 421 ;

Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 1, 3rd edit. i. p. 155 (figures of

doubtful value) Parnell, Fishes of the Firth of Forth, p. 118, pi. 32.

figs. 1 & 2 (adult), pis. 30 & 31 (sraolts).
Salmo hucho, Couch in the Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the

Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 1859, p. 14.

gracilis. Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 216, pi. 216 (very bad*).

Salmulust, Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 63.

Samlet and PaiTt, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 303, pis. 59 & 66, and ed.

1812, iii. p. 404, pis. 70, 77 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 83 ;

Couch, Brit. Fish. iv. p. 245, pi. 221.
Salmo salmulus t, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 104 ; Jardine, Edinb. New

Phil. Journ. xviii.p. 56 ; Jen. Man. p. 426 ; Parn. Wern. Mem. vii.

p. 298, pi. 30, or Fish. Firth of FoHh, p. 138, pi. 30.
Development : Shaw, Experimental Observations on the Development

and Growth of Salmon-fry. In Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xiv.,

and in Edinb. New Philos. Joum. 1836, July, and 1838, January.

North Ameincan Salmon.

Salmon, Pennant, Arctic Zool. ii. p. 392.

Salmo salar, MitchiU, Fish, of New York, p. 434 ; Richards. Faun.

* The original specimen from which this figure was taken is fortunately pre-
served in the British Museum, to which it has been kindly given by Mr. Couch.
It is in a very good state of preservation. Without this, one might haCve been
easily induced to consider Mr. Couch's S. gracilis allied to those American
Salmonoids which have the anal fin prolonged. However, it is nothing but a
Salmon, in which neither is the head so small or of the peculiar appearance with
which it is represented by Mr. Couch, nor has the anal fin the nmnber of rays
increased. We need not add that neither the form of the head nor the number
of anal rays could be so changed by the process of preservation as to explain the
discrepancies between the original specimen and the figure given by Mr. Couch.

+ Under these names the young not only of the Salmon, but also of other
Salmonoids have been described.

1. SALMO. 13

Bor.-Amer. Fishes, p. 145 ; DeKay, Fish, of New York, p. 241, pi. 38.
fig. 122; Storer, Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, p. 192.

B. 11-12. D.14. A. 11. P. 14. V. 9. L.lat.l20. L. transv. =?ii?.

19 23

YeTt.59(60, Rosenthal). Csec.pyl. 53-77(m.),63-6S{Bichards.),
60-67 (Valenc.).

Attaining to a length of from four to five feet ; female mature at
a length of about fifteen inches.

Head rather low ; the operculum somewhat produced, its length
contained in its depth once and two-fifths in large examples, once and
one-fourth in halfgrown ones, and once and one-fifth in young ones.
The posterior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is
midway between the upper end of the gill-opening and the lower
anterior angle of the suboperculum. Pi-seoperculum with a distinct
lower limb, and with the angle rounded (see woodcut, p. 6). Snout
much produced in the male, and the lower jaw with a strongly
curved prominence during the spawning-season * ; maxillary as long
as, or shorter than the snout in specimens above 20 inches in length ;
it extends to below the posterior margin of the orbit, but only to
below the middle of the eye in the Parr-state ; it is slender and
rather feeble in mature examples, but stout and broad in young
ones. The head of the vomer subpentagonal, as long as broad,
toothless ; the body of this bone with a single series of small teeth,
which at an early age are gradually lost from behind towards the
front, so that half-grown and old examples have only a few (from
one to four) left. The caudal fin is deeply cleft in young examples,
in which the longest rays are more than twice as long as the middle
ones, and it remains forked or distinctly emarginate in specimens
of 28 inches in length ; it is truncate only in very large examples
during or after spawning. The hind part of the body is elongate,
and covered with relatively large scales, t7iei~e beiyig constantly eleven
or sometimes twelve in a transverse series running from behind the
adipose fin obliquely forwards to the lateral line.

Young with about eleven dusky cross bars ; halfgrown and old
specimens silvery, with small black spots in small number ; spawn-
ing males with numerous large black and red spots, some of the red
spots confluent into more or less extensive patches, especially on
the belly.

A migratory species, inhabiting temperate Europe to 43° N. lat.,
not found in the rivers falling into the Mediterranean, appears to
extend southwards to the Bay of Biscay. The same species is said
to inhabit northern Asia and America to 41° N. lat.

* In old males this hook is often one inch long or even longer, perforating the
upper jaw between the intermaxillaries. It is generally believed that this hook
is absorbed again after the Salmon has returned to the sea. However it is more
probable that the observation made by Steller, Pallas, Richardson, and others,
according to which old examples of Salmonoids of Kamtschatka and North-
western America perish after the efforts of propagation, also holds good with
regard to Em-opean Salmons of the age and condition indicated. A number of
such "kelted" Salmon are found dead in every Salmon -river ; and probably
those which reach the sea alive perish there.

14 salmonib^.

British Specimens.

a. Male, 46 inches long, in spirits. Elver Tay. Purchased. This

specimen weighed 46 pounds, and was caught in the month of

July, being in the most perfect condition.
h. Male, 43 inches long, stuffed. Old Collection. This specimen

was evidently captured after the breeding- season ; the hook of

the lower jaw has perforated the upper.

c. Male, 41 inches long, taken whilst in the highest condition, stuffed.

River Annan, Dumfriesshire. Presented by J. Gould, Esq;

d. Head of a large male fish, with deformed snout. Worcester.

e. Male, 37|- inches, in spirits. Fermanagh, Ireland. Presented by

the Earl of Enniskillen. Caught in the beginning of November,

showing the appearance of a specimen immediately after

spawning.
/. Female, 28 inches, stuffed. River Dart, South Devonshire.

Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence, R.N.
g. Male, 28| inches, skin. River Tamar, near Plymouth. Caught

in December ; caec. pylor. 51. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
h. Female, 28| inches, stuffed. Polperro. Type of Salmo gracilis,

Couch.
t. Fine female specimen, 25| inches. Rhymney, Monmouthshire.

Presented by the Rev. Chancellor Aug. Morgan.
Ic. Twenty-four inches and a half, skin. Firth of Forth. From

Mr. Parnell's Collection. Original of fig. 2, on tab. 32 of the

' Fish. Firth of Forth' (Norway Salmon).
l-q. Skins. Firth of Forth. From Mr. PameU's Collection.
r-z. Skins. British Islands. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
a. Male, llj inches, skin. Solway Firth. From Mr. Yarrell's

Collection. Caught June 8th. '•' The smallest Salmon Yarrell

has ever seen that had been to salt-water".

Smolts.
ft, y. Nine inches and a half and 7| inches, skins. River Eden.

From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
S. Eight inches, in spirits. Scotland. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
€. Many specimens, 5-7 inches long, in spirits. Tweed, May 1st.

Presented by his Grace the Duke of Roxburgh.
^. Many specimens, 5-6 inches, in spirits. Rhymney, April Ist

and 15th. Presented by the Rev. Chancellor Augustus Morgan.
tj. Five inches, in spirits. Tweed, May 12th.

Parr.

d-K. From 3 to 8 inches, in spirits. River Torridge, Devon. Pre-
sented by Dr. A. Giinther.

\-^. From 4 to 5 inches, in spirits. River Bovey, Devon.

o. Many specimens, from 6 to 7 inches, skins. R. Plym. From
Mr. Yarrell's Collection ; and Presented by Lieut. H. F.
Spence, R.N,

TT. Five inches and a half, skin- River Sark, Yorkshire. From Mr.
PameU's Collection.

1. SAIMO. 15

p. From 5^6|- inches, skins. River Swale. Yorkshire. From

Mr. Pamell's Collection.
a. Five inches and a half, skins. River Esk, Cumberland, From

Mr. Parnell's Collection (S. salmulus) ; caught in the month of

August.
T-^. From 6 to 7| inches, in spirits. River Kulder, Northumber-
land. Presented by his Grace the Duke of Northumberland.

Vernacular name. Rack-sliders ; males with the milt matured.
y^/. Many specimens, 5-6 inches, in spirits. Tweed. Presented by

his Grace the Duke of Roxburgh.
w. A great number of skins, from 4 to 7 inches long. River Tweed.

From Mr. Parnell's Collection.
aa. Five inches and a half, in spirits. Berwick, month of May.
hh. Two inches and three-quarters, in spirits. Firth of Forth,
cc. From 4| to 6 inches, skins. North Esk River, Forfarshire.

From Mr. Parnell's Collection ; partly as S. salmulus, partly as

S. salar.
dd. From 4 to 6 inches, in spirits. Scotland. Purchased of Mr.

Stevens.
ee. Four inches and a half, skin. From Mr. TarreLl's Collection,

" St. John's beck."
//. Fry, 1 inch long, without umbilical sac. Tweed, month of

May.

CoNinrENTAL Specimens.

gg. Male, 37 inches long, stuffed. Calais. Presented by Captain
Baker Bridge.

hh. Female, 36 inches long. Denmark. Presented by the Copen-
hagen Museum. This specimen is of great interest, as, although
apparently caught in the month of November, the ova are not
developed, and only of the size of a millet-seed ; it is a barren
individual, externally not differing from a normally developed
Salmon. It was caught in the sea, as its stomach contained a
half-digested herring. Caec. pyl. 77.

a. Head of &.n advJt specimen. River Nid near Arendal, Norway.
Presented by Prof. N. St. Maskelyne.

NOETH AmEEICAN SPECIMENS.

TcTc-nn. Dried heads of adult males and females.

OSTEOLOGT;

00-pp. Skulls of adult females. Rhine. From Dr. A. Giinther's

Collection.
qq. Skull of an adult male. Berlin.
rr. Skeleton of an adult male. River Severn. Presented by F.

Allies, Esq.

The diagnosis given above will contain nearly all the charactei:s
by which the European Salmon may be distinguished from the other

IG SALMONID^.

species known to us. The following descriptions will be of use for
comparison of specimens of a certain size and state of development.

Description of a Male Salmon from the Tweed, 46 inches long,

inches.

Total length 46

Greatest depth of the body 11|

Length of the head 10|

Girth of the biggest part of the body 28

Least depth of the tail 3^

Girth of the narrowest part of the tail 10

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye . . 4|

Length of the maxillary bone 3|-

Distance between the eye and the angle of the

prseoperculum 3^

Greatest width of the operculum 2i

Greatest depth of the operculum 3

Distance between the occiput and the origin of the

dorsal fin .^ 14

Distance between the end of the dorsal arid the root

of the caudal fin 15

Length of the base of the dorsal 4|-

Greatest height of the dorsal 4|

Length of the pectoral 5|

Distance between the root of the pectoral and the

root of the ventral 12|

Length of the ventral fin 4^

Distance between the root of the ventral and the

origin of the anal 10|

Length of the anal 3|-

Greatest depth of the anal 4|

Length of the longest caudal ray 6

The specimen is in the most perfect condition ; the scales are not
sunk into the skin, but perfectly and regularly imbricate, although
the greater portion of each of the dorsal scales is covered by the
basal membrane. The greatest depth of the body is below the
origin of the dorsal fin, and a Httle more than two-sevenths of the
total length (the caudal fin not included) ; the length of the head is
one-fourth of the same. The snout is produced, but its length is
somewhat less than that of the post-orbital portion of the head ;
the hook of the lower jaw is moderately developed, its cartilaginous
point being only one-third of an inch in length ; however, it pre-
vents the mouth from being shut, and the finger can easily pass
between the jaws when closed ; the maxillary bone is considerably
shorter than the snout, and extends scarcely beyond the vertical line
from the posterior margin of the orbit, the width of its broadest
part is less than the diameter of the eye. The dentition of the
jaws and of the palatine bones is almost perfect, the teeth of the
intermaxillary being rather stronger than those of the mandible,

1. SALMO. 17

which, again, are larger than the maxillary and palatine teeth : of
the vomerine teeth only two of the anterior ones are left.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is nearly equal to the
diameter of the latter: the interorbital space is very convex, the
orbit being far below the upper profile of the head ; its width equals
the length of the maxillary bone or the distance between the pupil
and the angle of the prajoperculum. The posterior margin of the
oi^erculum and suboperculum is subsemicircular ; when we fix three
points on this curved line, viz. the upper end of the gUl-opcning,
the junction of the operculum and suboperculum, and the lower end
of the suboperculum, and when we connect these three points by
two cords, the two straight lines are nearly equal.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput is
almost equal to its distance from the adipose fin. It is rather longer
than high, and composed of thirteen rays, the two anterior ones
being rudimentary and enveloped in skin, whilst the third is simple,
and nearly as long as the fourth, which is branched and the
longest ray of the fin. The anal fin is higher than long, and com-
posed of eleven rays, the two anterior ones being rudimentary and
hidden in thick skin, whilst both the third and fourth rays are
branched, and the longest : the last is split to its base. Pectoral
fin nearly as long as the head without snout ; ventral fin shorter,
its length being one half of the distance of its root from the vent ;
its outer ray is in the vertical from the middle of the dorsal fin.
Posterior margin of the caudal fin truncated.

There are 120 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line : the transverse series descending obliquely
backwards from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line con-
tains twenty-five scales, and there are twenty longitudinal scries of
scales between the lateral line and the base of the ventral.

The lateral and lower parts are uniform silvery. The back is
sparingly covered with black spots, which are limited to the mem-
brane between the scales, none of them being larger than a scale.
A single round black spot on the operculum. Fins immaculate.

Description of a Male Irish Salmon, caught in the month of November,
during the Spawnii '-season, 36g inches lonr/.

inohes.

Total length 36^

Greatest depth of the body 8^

Length of the head 9|

Girth of the biggest part of the body 19

Least depth of the tail 2^

Girth of the narrowest part of the tail 7

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye . . 4|

Length of the maxillary bone 3^

Distance between the eye and the angle of the

prseoperculum 3

VOL. VI. c

18 SALMONID^,

inches.

Greatest width of tlie operculum 2^

Greatest depth of the opercvilum ^ . . . 2f

Distance between the occiput and the origin of the

dorsal fin 10|

Distance between the end of the dorsal and the root

of the caudal fin 11

Length of the base of the dorsal 3f

Greatest height of the dorsal 3|^

Length of the pectoral 4^

Distance between the root of the pectoral and the

root of the ventral 9|

Length of the ventral fin 3|-

Distance between the root of the ventral and the

origin of the anal . 6^

Length of the anal fin 2

Greatest depth of the anal 3

Length of the longest caudal ray 4|-

The specimen is out of condition, and had evidently finished
the work of propagating its species. The skin over the whole of
the body, and especially on the back and along the root of the
fins, is much thickened and fungous, so that only the apex of the
scales remains visible. The greatest depth of the body is below the
origin of the dorsal fin, and one-fourth of the total length (the
caudal fin not included). The head is long, rather more than two-
sevenths of the total length, the snout being so much elongated that
the eye occupies exactly the middle of the distance between the end
of the snout and the operculum ; the hook of the lower jaw is so
much developed that the bony and cartilaginous part together form a
complete semicircle ; the cartilaginous part is one inch long : a deep
hollow in the upper jaw receives the hook ; however, the mouth
cannot be completely shut, and the finger can easily pass between
the jaws when closed. The maxillary bone is shorter than the
snout, and extends scarcely beyond the vertical from the posterior
margin of the orbit, the width of its broadest part is less than the
diameter of the eye.

The dentition of the jaws and of the palatine bones is almost per-
fect ; the teeth of the intermaxillary being stronger than those of
the mandible, which again are larger than the maxillary and pala-
tine teeth : the series of intermaxillaiy teeth does not extend across
the fore part of the snout, the intermaxillary bones themselves being
separated by a deep notch. Of the vomerine teeth three only of the
anterior ones are left, they form a triangle : most of the teeth of the
tongue are lost.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit equals the diameter of
the latter ; the interorbital space is very convex, the orbit being far
below the upper profile of the head ; its width is less than the length
of the maxillary bone, and equal to the distance between the eye
and the angle of the praeoperculum. The posterior margin of the

1. SALMO. 19

operculum and suboperculum is subsemicircular ; when we fix three
points on this curved line, viz. the upper end of the gill-opening,
the junction of the operculum and suboperculum, and the lower end
of the suboperculum, and when we connect these three points by
two cords, the two straight lines are equal.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput is a
little less than its distance from the adipose fin. It is nearly as long
as high, and composed of thii'teen rays, which are enveloped in a
thick callous skin. The anal fin is higher than long, and composed
of eleven rays, which have been more or less injured through the
exertions of the fish. Pectoral fin nearly as long as the head with-
out snout, considerably longer than the ventral, the length of which
is three-fiifths of the distance of its root from the vent. Posterior
margin of the caudal truncate.

There are 120 transverse series of scales ; the transverse series
descending obliquely backwards from the origin of the dorsal fin to
the lateral Hne contains twenty-six scales ; and there are twenty-two
longitudinal series between the lateral line and the base of the ven-
tral fin.

Upper parts blackish dark green ; sides more whitish ; beUy
reddish. The supraorbital region, the operculum, and the upper
parts of the body are marked with black spots, broadly edged with
pearl-colour ; some on the body are half as large as the eye, but
they are not very numerous. There arc a number of purple vermi-
ciilated lines between the black spots ; and similar markings, but of
a blood-red colour, occupy the base of the caudal and some parts of
the belly. The outer half of the caudal is greenish black.

Description of a Male specimen ccmglit in the Firth of Forth,
22 inches long.

inches

Total length 22

Greatest depth of the body 3|

Length of the head 4

Girth of the biggest part of the body 10

Least depth of the tail .' 1-|

Girth of the narrowcbt part of the tail 4^

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye . . 1^^

Length of the maxillary bone li

Distance between the eye and the angle of the prae-

operculum 1|

Greatest width of the operculum 1

Greatest depth of the operculum li-

Distance between the occiput and the origin of tho

dorsal fin Gi

Distance between the end of the dorsal and the root

of the caudal fin 7 L

Length of the base of the doi-sal 2^

c2

20 SALMONTD^.

inches.

Greatest height of the dorsal 2

Length of the pectoral 2|

Distance between the root of the pectoral and the root

of the ventral ■ 6

Length of the ventral fin 2^

Distance between the root of the ventral and the origin

of the anal 4

Length of the anal fin If

Greatest depth of the anal 2

Length of the longest candal ray , . . . 3^

Length of the middle caudal ray If

The depth of the body is contained five times and one-fourth in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times
and two-thirds. The head is longish, with the snout slightly pro-
duced and conical ; however, the snout is not so much elongate as
to equal in length the postorbital portion of the head, the eye being-
situated entirely in its anterior half. The bones of the jaws are
rather feeble, and especially the maxillary is rather thin in its upper
portion, and only slightly dilated behind; it extends scarcely to below
the posterior margin of the orbit, and is as long as the snout. (In a
female specimen of the same length the snout is conspicuously shorter
than in the male which we here describe, and the maxillary is de-
cidedly longer than the snout.) The lower jaw is bent upwards in
a slight hook, which does not prevent the mouth from being com-
pletely shut. The vomer is only anteriorly armed with two or three
teeth, the remainder being lost ; the posterior margin of the oper-
culum and suboperculum is subsemicircular, and the point of junc-
tion of the two bones is equally distant from the upper end of the
gill-opening and from the lower end of the suboperculum. Although
the angle of the pra}operculum is rounded, a horizontal limb can be
distinguished, as well as a vertical one.

Dorsal fin rather longer than high. Anal fin considerably higher
than long. The caudal fin is still deeply emarginate, the length of
the middle rays being not much less than one-half of the length of
the longest. Pectoral fin as long as the head without snout. Ventral
half as long as its distance from the vent.

There are 120 transverse series of scales; the transverse series
descending obliquely backwards from the origin of the dorsal fin to
the lateral line contains twenty-five scales, and there are nineteen
longitudinal series between the lateral line and the base of the ven-
tral fin.

Upper parts greenish, which colour gradually passes into the silvery
hue of the belly. There are some scattered X-shaped black spots on
the side of the back above the lateral line. The colour appears to sit
more in the membrane forming the pouches of the scales than in
the scales themselves. Dorsal, caudal, and extremity of the pectoral
blackish.

1. SALMO. 21

Description of a young Male Salmon (Parr) from the Knkler {a rocky

mountain-stream joining the liiver Tyne, in Northumberland)

vnth the testicles fully developed, 6|- inches long,

inches.

Total length 6 1

Greatest depth of the body l-X

Length of the head 1|-

Girth of the biggest part of the body 3i

Least depth of the tail yt.

Girth of the narrowest part of the tail \-\

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye . . |

Length of the maxillary bone -|JL

Distance between the eye and the angle of the praj-

operculum |.

Greatest width of the operculum |

Grcatest depth of the operculum i

Distance between the occiput and the origin of the

dorsal fin ll

Distance between the end of the dorsal and the root of

the caudal fin 2JL

Length of the base of the dorsal .' ^

Greatest height of the dorsal 1

Length of the pectoral li

Distance between the root of the pectoral and the root

of the ventral 1|

Length of the ventral fin 1

Distance between the root of the ventral and the origin

of the anal 1

Length of the anal ^

Greatest depth of the anal ^

Length of the longest caudal ray 1 J^

Length of the middle caudal ray ^

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and contained thrice and two-thirds in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head being one-fourth of it. The snout
is obtuse, not longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-
fourth of the length of the head ; the dentigcrous margin of the
intermaxillary bones is on the same level with the lower margin of
the orbit ; the lower jaw has no trace of a hook, is obtusely rounded
in front, and received within the upper jaw; the maxillary bone is
longer than the snout, dilated behind as in a river-trout, the width
of its broadest portion being one-half of the diameter of the eye ; it
extends backwards to below the middle of the orbit. The dentition
is perfect, and there is the same relative difference in the size of
the teeth as in adult specimens ; the teeth of the intermaxillary
bones form a curved, uninterrupted, transverse series ; those on the
vomer arc small, in a single series, extending further backwards
than the palatine teeth, the teeth being alternately bent towards the

22 SALMONID^.

right and left ; three or four small teeth form a very short transvei'se
series on the front part of the vomer.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is only one-third of the
diameter of the latter; the interorbital space is flattish, with an
obtusely prominent median longitudinal ridge, and its width equals
the diameter of the eye. The posterior margin of the operculum
and subopercnlum is angularly bent, the angle itself being rounded ;
the point of junction of these two bones is midway between the
upper end of the giU-opening and the lower end of the suboperculum.
The angle of the praeoperculum is more obtusely rounded than in
adult specimens.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput is
considerably more than its distance from the adipose fin ; it is higher
than long, and composed of fourteen rays, the three anterior ones
being rudimentary, the fourth simple, not quite as high as the fifth,
which is branched and nearly as long as the sixth, which forms the
highest point of the fin. The anal fin is higher than long, and com-
posed of eleven rays, the first being rudimentary, the secoud simple,
nearly as long as the third, which is branched, the fourth and fifth
being the longest rays of the fin. Caudal fin deeply forked, its middle
rays being not quite half as long as the lobes. The length of the
pectoral fin equals the distance of the end of the giU-cover from the
nostrils. Ventral fin much shorter, terminating at a short distance
from the vent ; the outer ventral ray is in the vertical from the
middle of the dorsal fin.

There are 120 transverse series of scales counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the transverse series descending obliquely
backwards from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line con-
tains twenty -two scales ; and there are twenty longitudinal series
of scales between the lateral line and the base of the ventral.

The upper parts are uniform brownish olive, each scale shining
silvery. Lower parts entirely silvery. There are eleven dusky
transverse bars on each side of the body, across the lateral line ; they
are rather wider than the interspaces. Back with scattered small
black spots, the number of which is very variable ; there is con-
stantly a round, deep-black spot, as large as the pupil, in front of
the middle of the operculum ; and another similar spot generally
occupies the posterior end of the suture between the operculum and
suboperculum. Dorsal fin with large, irregidar, black interradial
spots, and with a narrow whitish antero-superior edge. Caudal
uniform blackish. Posterior half of the pectoral blackish. Ventral
and anal whitish, the latter with a bright, yellowish white, antero-
inferior edge.

2. Salmo trutta.

Synonymy of Scandinavian specimens,
Laxoring, Orlax, Taj men.

? Sahiio no. 5, Artedi, Synoti. p. 24 ; uo. 3, Genera, p. 12, and Species,
p. 51. (Description very short and insufficient.)

1. SALMO. 23

Salmo no. 308, L. Faun. Suec. p. 110.
? ? Salmo trutta, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 509*.

Salmo trutta, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 406 ; Kroyer, Danm. Fisk.
ii. p. 582.

truttula, Nilss. Pfodr. p. 5.

eriox, Kroyer, Danm. Fisk. ii. p. 602,

Oerman specimens.

See-Forelle, Lachs-Forelle.

Trutta salmonata, Schonev. Ichthyol. p. 65.

Trutta no. 1, Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 16, tab, 1. fig. 1.

Salmo trutta, Block, Naturgesch. Fische Dcutsckl. i. p, 143, taf, 21
(this figure does not represent the Sea-trout ; it resembles much
more a variety of S. fario than the Sea-trout) ; Sclys-Longchamps,
Faune Beige, p. 221 ; Siehold, Siissivasserjische, p, 314,

Salmo goedenii, Block, p. 135, taf, 102 (young).

Russian specimens.
' Salmo spurius. Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii, p, 343,

British specimens.

Sea- trout ; Salmon-trout (Bull-trout f).

Grisle-state: Phinok, Herling, Hirliug; Lammasmen (^Edinburgh).

Trutta salmonata (The Scurf), Johnson, in Willughby, p. 193 ; Rajy,

Synops. p. 03.
White, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 264, and ed. 1812, iii. p. 396.
Salmo Cumberland, Lace]}, v. p. 090.
? Salmo albus, Walh. AH. Renuv. iii. p. 75 ; Bl. Schn. p. 409 ; Lacep.

V. p. 219 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 180 ; Jardine, in Fdinh. New Philos.

Journ. xviii. p. 50.
? Salmo phinok, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 103.
Salmon-trout, Richards. Faun. Nor. Amer. Fishes, p. 140, pi. 92. figs.

1 A & B (very good) ; Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 214 (pi. 215 ?).
? Herling, Jardine, in Froc. Berwicksh. Nat. Club, ii. p. 50.
Salmo trutta, Flem. Brit. An. p. 180 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 423 ;

Jardine, Salmon, pi. 11 (young), pi. 3 (half-grown) (not good),

pi. 10 (the central figure is probably taken from a diflerent species),

pi. 9 (adult) ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 77 ; 3rd edit. i.

* Although Limiteus meant to introduce the Swedish Orlax or Sorting into
the system with the name of Salmo trutta, the fish from which he took his dia-
gnosis is evidently very different from the migratory species commonly called
S. trutta ; it had ocellated spots, a double series of vomerine teeth, is more fre-
quent in Dalekarlia and Nordland, and attains to a length of-2 feet. This was
probably a non-migratoijy species.

t No distinct species is designated by this name ; at all events the name is
applied to different species at different localities, and by different persons. We
have received numerous examples of S. trutta under this denomination ; I have
also seen stuffed examples of " Bull-trout," each of them of a peculiar aspect, but
without any characters by wbicli the species could be determined. It would
appear that many examples somewhat differing in general aspect from 8. trutta
are named " Bull-troiit."

24

SALMONIDiE.

p. 250 (descr. part) ; Parnell, Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 133, pi. 34.

f. 11 ; Jar dine, in Edinh. Neio Phil. Journ. xviii. p. 49,
Salmo hucho (!), Flem. Brit. An. p. 179.
Salmo eriox, Parnell, Fish. Mrth of Forth, p. 128, pis. 32-34; Fleming,

Brit. Anim. p. 180.
[CoucKs Sea-trout, at least the figure (pi. 214), appears to have been

a variety of the common Trout, or a hybrid between Trout and

Sewin,]

Osteology.
Salmo eriox, Owen, Catal. Osteal. Ser. Coll. Surg. i. 1853, p. 16 (de-
tailed description of skeleton).

24-26
.36-84"

B. 11. D. 13. A. 11. P. 15. V. 9. L.lat. 120. L. transv.
Vert. 59-60. Csec. pyl. 49-61, rarely less.
Attaining to a length of about 3 feet ; female mature at a length
of from 10 to 12 inches.

Head rather short, compared with its depth; operculum short, its
length" being contained in its depth from once and three-fifths to
twice; like the other bones of the skull, it is thin, and in dried speci-
mens there are several concentric strice near to and parallel with its
hinder margin. The Jiind margin of the gUl-cover is obtusely rounded,

with the suboperculum scarcely pro-
jecting beyond the end of the opercle.
The posterior point of junction of oper-
culum and suboperculum is generally
nearer to the lower antei'ior angle of the
suboperculum, than to the upper end of
the gill-opening. Prajoperculum with
a distinct lower limb, with the angle
rounded, and with the hind margin
convex. Snout rather short, mode-
rately produced in full-grown males
[lower jaw hooked during the spawning-
season] ; maxillary longer than the
snout, extending to below the posterior
margin of the orbit in adult examples, and to behind the middle of
the eye in specimens 6 inches long (Parr-state); it is always rather
slender and feeble, and with longitudinal ridges in dried examples.
Head of the vomer triangular, as broad as long, toothless ; body of
this bone with a longitudinal ridge, armed with a single series of
teeth, some of which arc bent outwards ; the greater part of these
teeth are lost at various ages, so that sometimes only three or four are
left in specimens 12 inches long, whilst other much older examples
of 20 inches sometimes show six or eight ; generally only the two or
three anterior ones are found in examples of more than 20 inches in
length.

Fins short, especially pectoral and caudal.

The caudal fin is cleft in young examples, in which the longest
rays are not quite twice as long as the middle ones ; it is generally

1. SALMO. 25

square in specimens of from 18 to 20 inches; but rare examples occur,
of 25 inches in length, in which this fin continues to show a slight
emargination. Tail not elongate, covered with thin, short, rounded
scales, like the body ; there are foiirteen or fifteen scales in a trans-
verse series running from behind the adipose fin obliquely forwards
to the lateral Hne.

Young with nine or ten dusky cross bars, half-grown ones (Grilse-
state) with the top of the dorsal and pectoral, and with the hind
margin of the caudal black. Silvery, sometimes immaculate, generally
with more or less numerous X-like spots ; spots on the head and
dorsal fin round, and readily disappearing.

The interneural spine of the first long dorsal ray is attached to the
neural of the seventeenth vertebra.

A migratory species, occurring in the rivers falling into the Baltic
and German Ocean ; numerous in Scotland, but less widely distributed
in English and Irish rivers.

a. Head of a very large male specimen (10 inches long). Tweed.

Presented by Lord Kavensworth.

b. Male, 35 inches long. Tweed. Presented by His Grace the

Duke of Roxburgh. — Caught at the end of October ; ready for
spawning ; ca^c. pyl. 43.

c~cl. Females. Tweed. Presented by His Grace the Duke of Rox-
burgh.—One, 28 inches long, caught in the month of December,
during spawning ; csec. pylor. 46. The other, 24 inches long,
caught in the month of January, after spawning ; ca3C. pylor. 59.

e-f. Male and female, 18| and 20 inches long. Tweed. Presented
by His Grace the Duke of Roxburgh. " Sea-trout." Csec pyl.
58 and 60.

g-7i. Male and female, 20 and 21 inches long. Tweed. Presented
by His Grace the Duke of Roxburgh. " Bull-trout," Caee.
pyl. 45 in the male, and 59 in the female.

i. Female, ITincheslong. Tweed. Presentedby Mr. G.Smith. — This
specimen had been marked with copiDcr-wii'e in the right under
jaw in April 1864, when it was in the state called " Orange-fin,"
and was recaptured on its return from the sea, August 1865.

k-l. Females, 14 inches long. Tweed. Presented by His Grace
the Duke of Roxburgh. " Whitting." Caught at the end of April.
Caec. pyl. 49.

rti-7i. Twelve inches long. Tweed. Presented by Mr. G. Smith. —
" Black-tails." Caught at the end of October.

o-t. '■' Bull-trout-smolts," 7 inches long. Tweed. Presented by
His Grace the Duke of Roxburgh. — Caught at the end of April,
when running down to the sea.

Vr-as. " BuU-trout-Parr," locally called " Orange-fins," from 4 to 6
inches long. Tweed. Presented by His Grace the Duke of
Roxburgh; caught in April.

y. Male, stuffed; 38 inches long. Portinlik (Sutherlandshire). Pre-
sented by Sir Ph. Egerton. M.P.

26 SALMONID^.

z. Female, 18 inches long. " Montrose Trout." Caught in April.
a. Female, 20 inches long. Dhu Loch, Argyleshire. Presented by

His Grace the Duke of Argyle. " Bull-trout." Taken in the

beginning of September ; ova nearly fully developed ; csec.

pyl. 49.
(3. Male, 20 inches long. Purchased in the London market in April.

— Caec. pyl. 52.
y-d. Male' and female, 20 inches long. River Ouse. Presented by

Major H. Scott. — Taken in the month of October • nearly ready

to spawn ; male "with a long hook ; csec. pyl. 49.
e. Several specimens in the Grilse-state. Eiver Eden ; caught in

October. Purchased of Mr. Wright.— Csec. pyl. 49 ; Vert. 59.
^. Twenty-seven inches : skin, female. Firth of Forth. Type of

ParneU's " Sahnon-spotted Bull-trout," p. 131, pi. 32. fig. 4.—

Caec. pyl. 54.
»/. Twenty-five inches : skin, female. Firth of Forth. Type of

ParneU's "Few-spotted BuU-trout," p. 131, pi. 33. fig. 5.—

Caec. pyl. 55.

0. Twenty-seven inches ; skin, female. Firth of Forth. From Mr.

ParneU's CoUection.

1. Twenty-six inches and a quarter : skin, male. Firth of Forth.

Type of ParneU's " Largeheaded BuU-trout," p. 132, pi. 33.

fig. 7.— Cebc. pyl. 50.
K. Twenty-five inches : skin, female. Firth of Forth. Type of

ParneU's " Salmo trutta, Salmon-trout," p. 133, pi. 34. fig. 11.

— Caec pyl. 51.
A. Twenty-one inches and a half: skin, female. Firth of Forth.

Type of ParneU's " Norway BuU-trout," p. 133, pi. 34. fig. 10.

— CoBc. pyl. 52.
fu. TAventy-two inches : skin, female. Solway. From Mr. ParneU's

Collection.
y. Twenty-one inches : skin. Firth of Forth. One of the types of

ParneU's " Curved-spotted BuU-trout," p. 132, pi. 33. fig. 8.
^. Twenty-one inches and three-quarters : skin, female. Firth of

Forth. Tj^e of ParneU's " Crescent-taUed Bull-trout," p. 133,

pi. 34. fig. 9.— Cffic. pyl. 50.
o. Twenty-one inches and a quarter: skin. Solway. From Mr.

ParneU's CoUection.
TT-p. Twenty-one inches : skin. Firth of Forth. F'rom Mr. ParneU's

CoUection.
s. Nineteen inches : skin, female. Firth of Forth. Type of ParneU's

"Salmon BuU-trout," p. 133, pi. 33*.— Cjec. pyl. 54.
r. Seventeen inches and a half: skin. Eiver Annan. From Mr.

ParneU's Collection.
V. Four inches and three-quarters : skin. * South Esk, Forfarshire.

From Mr. ParneU's Collection.
<j». Four inches and a half: skin. Tweed. From Mr. ParneU's

CoUection.

1. SALMO. 27

»//. A great number of skins of specimens of all ages. Firth of Forth
and Solway. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

Fordwich Trout
w. Female, very fine specimen, 19 inches long. Fordwich. Pre-
sented by the Right Hon. Earl Cowper. — Caec. pyl. 50.

Irish Specimens.

aa. Sixteen inches : skin. Lough Neagh. From Mr. Parnell's Col-
lection.

hb. Fourteen inches and a half: skin, female. County of Down,
From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

Osteology.
cc, del. Skeletons of large specimens, male and female. Tweed. Pre-
sented by His Grace the Duke of Roxburgh.

Specimens supposed to be hybrids between Salmo trutta mid
Salmo gaimardi.

a. Male, 16 inches long. Lossie River, Moray Firth. Presented by

Capt. J. B. Dunbar. Caught in March. Caec. pyl. 38.

b. Female, 13 inches long. Lossie River, Moray Firth. Presented

by Capt. J. B. Dunbar. Caught March 8th. Csec. pyl. 38.
c-d. Females, 15 and 13 inches long. Lossie -River, Moray Firth.

Presented by Capt. J. B. Dunbar. Caught in April. Caec. pyl.

42. The smaller specimen is sterile.
e-g. Females, from 10 to 12 inches long. Lossie River, Moray

Firth. Presented by Capt. J. B. Dunbar. — Vert. 60 ; caec. pyl.

36-46. These specimens were caught on the 24th of March, at

which time specimens of this fish of the size indicated run up

the river, but for a short time only, and without spawning.
Ji~i. Many specimens, from 6 to 7 inches long. Lossie River, Moray

Firth. Presented by Capt. J. B. Dunbar. Caught in March

and April.

All the British specimens of Salmo trutta which I have examined
(with the exception of the Fordwich Trout) are from Scotland, and
all those obtained from the rivers of Wales and southern England
belong to Salmo cambricus (eriox). According to Parnell and
Yarrell, both these species would be found in Scotland as well as in
England ; but a careful examination of the typical specimens de-
scribed by those ichthyologists has shown me that the former ap-
plied the name of eriox to those specimens of S. trutta which had
the teeth on the vomer more completely preser\'ed, or which had
more numerous spots than others. But it is well known that no
distinction of species can be based upon such trivial grounds. How-
ever, a few of the specimens named ;S^. trutta by Parnell deviate so
much from the typical form, in having a stouter body or shorter fins
or a more perfect dentition on the vomer, that they might be taken
for a distinct species. But as they do not agree one with a^iother

28 SALMONID^,

in several characters, it appears to me to be much more probable
that they are hybrids between the Sea-Trout and the common
River-Trout.

Yarrell's- collection of these fishes was chiefly composed of English
and, Welsh specimens, and he promiscuously named a part S. trutta
and another S. eriox, generally applying the former name to females
(with a shorter head), and the latter to males (which have the head
more elongate). However, he was perfectly right in directing atten-
tion to the difference in the shape of the gUl-cover, which is very
characteristic for the two species, at least in most of the individuals.
But he was not aware that numerous variations occur, and that there
are specimens of 8. trutta and S. eriox {camhrims) which have the
gUl- covers of precisely the same shape.

In these cases only an examination of the internal parts of the
maxillary and mandible can decide to what species such individuals
ought to be referred, these bones being much stronger and more solid
in S. cambricus than in S. trutta. It is probable that the figure of S.
trutta given by YarreU on the first page of the description is taken
from a Scotch example which he procured in the " London market"
for his collection.

iS'ilsson's description agrees very weU with the British Salmo
trutta, except in one point, viz, in the length of the maxillary bone,
which, according to him, extends to behind the eye. This is the
case in very old males only.

Description of a Male Sea-Trout from the Tweed, cau(jht in the month
of November, apparenthj engaged in spawnim/.

inches.

Totallength 35

Greatest depth of the body 7f

Length c f the head 8

Least depth of the taU 3

Distance between end of snout and eye 3^

Diameter of the eye ^

Length of the maxillarj' bone 3^

Greatest width of opercidum 1^

Greatest depth of opercidum 2|

Distance between occiput and dorsal fin 11

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 12

Length of base of dorsal 3

Length of pectoral 4A

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 9^

Length of ventral fin 3^

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal 7

Length of anal 2^

Length of longest caudal ray 4

Length of middle caudal ray . . . , 2^

The great development of the jaw-bones, and of the hook of the

1. SALMO. 29

lower jaw especially, the thickened skin on the back, and the stato
of the sexual organs show that the specimen was engaged in, or
very close to the time of, spawning. The snout is so much pro-
duced that the posterior mai-gin of the eye occuijies the middle of
the length of the head, the upper profile of the head is somewliat
concave, the lower jaw terminates in a hook half an inch high and
received into a deep liole in the upper jaw. The maxillary is com-
paratively not very strong, not mucli extending behind the hiudei-
margin of the orliit. Two teeth are still on the front of the vomer.
Adipose fin long, broad, and extremely thick. Caudal fin truncated.
Scales on the back entirely covered by the skin. There are thirteen
scales in a series obliquely descending from behind the adipose fin to
the lateral line.

Silvery, with a light brownish-red tint aU over the body. Sides
with irregular black spots, each of the size of a scale.

Pyloric appendages forty-three.

Description of a Male Bull- Trout from the Tweed, cauglit in the movili
of January, durimj the spaivning-time.

inches.

Total length 20

Greatest depth of the body A\

Length of the head 4f

Girth of the biggest part of the body 9|

Least depth of the tail 1^

Distance between end of snout and eye If

Diameter of the eye ^

Length of the maxillary bone 1|

Distance between eye and angle of pracoperculum . . 1|

Greatest width of operculum |

Greatest depth of operculum \^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin. . . . G^^

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 7 J;

Length of base of dorsal 1^

Greatest height of dorsal 1^

Length of pectoral 21-

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 5

Length of ventral fin 1 1

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . 3^

Length of anal If

Greatest depth of anal \^

Length of longest caudal ray 21

Length of middle caudal ray 1-|

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal), being a
quarter of an inch shorter than the length of the head. The snout is
produced, pointed, and more than half the length of the postorbital
portion of the head, or four-fifths of that of the maxillary bone. Tlie

30 SALMONID^.

mandible has a slight hook, but the jaws can be brought into perfect
contact ; the maxillary bone is longer than the snout by one-half the
diameter of the eye : it is rather broad, two -thirds of the width of
the orbit, and extends considerably beyond the vertical from the
posterior margin of the orbit. The intermaxillary and mandibular
teeth are larger than those of the maxillary and palatine bones.
The body of the vomer has lost aU its teeth ; and only three remain,
forming the transverse series across the posterior part of the head of
this bone.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is equal to two-thirds
of the diameter of the latter.

The interorbital space is very convex, the eye being situated
below the upper profile of the head ; the width of this space is equal
to the length of the snout. Operculum and suboperculum are very
thin, and concentrically striated, the striae running parallel to the
outer margin.

The posterior margin of the praeoperculum is subvertical, slightly
rounded, the lower limb being distinctly horizontal ; the posterior
margin of the operculum is almost straight, oblique, forming a right
angle with the inferior limb ; the suboperculum is less than thrice
as long as broad. The distance from the angle of the operculum to
the lower anterior end of the suboperculum is three-quarters of that
from the upper end of the giU-opening to the first-named point.

The distance of the occiput from the origin of the dorsal fin, if
measured back from behind that fin, reaches almost two-thirds of
the space between the adipose and the root of the caudal fin. The
dorsal fin is as long as high, and consists of thirteen rays, the first
three being rudimentary and covered by the skin, the fourth and
fifth simple, the latter being as long as the following one, which is
branched and the longest in the fin ; the final ray is cleft throughout.

The anal fin is higher than long, and possesses eleven rays, of
which the first and second are rudimentaiy and covered by the skin,
the third simple, the fourth branched and the longest, and the last
ray cleft to its root.

Pectoral nearly as long as the postorbital portion of the head,
reaching nearly two-fifths of the distance of its root from that of the
ventral: ventral shorter, very shghtly exceeding one-half of the
distance of its root from the vent ; its outermost ray is vertically
opposite the ninth of the dorsal. Posterior margin of the caudal fin
scarcely emarginate.

There are 117 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the scries descending obliquely backwards
from the origin of the dorsal fin to that line has twentj'-six scales ;
that forwards from the hinder end of the adipose has fifteen scales.
There are twenty-two longitudinal series between the lateral line
and the root- of the ventral. The scales are very thin, without a
trace of keel, and with the hinder margin rounded.

Bright silvery, greenish on the back, and with a shght i)urple shade
on the side ; the upper half of the body is densely covered with irre-

1. SALMO. 31

gularly X-shaped black spots. Sides of the head and dorsal fin with
a few small round black spots. Caudal and inner side of pectoral and
ventral blackish.

Pyloric appendages forty-five.

Description of a Female Sea-Trout, from the Tiveed, obtained during
the spawning -time, in January.

inches.

Total length 27f

Greatest depth of the body 5^

Length of the head bh

Girth of the biggest part of the body 14

Least depth of the tail 2^

Girth of the narrowest part of the tail • • 5|

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye . . 1^

Diameter of the eye |

Length of the maxillary bone 2yL

Distance between eye and angle of pra^operculum . . 2^

Greatest width of operculum 1-|

Greatest depth of operculum 2

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 8|

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 9|

Length of base of dorsal 2^

Greatest height of dorsal 2^

Length of pectoral 2i

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 8^

Length of ventral fin ... 2|-

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 5|

Length of anal 2^

Greatest depth of anal 2|

Length of longest caudal ray 3

Length of middle caudal ray 1^

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and slightly exceeds the length of the head, being two-ninths of
the total length (without caudal).

The snout is moderately produced, conical, and is three-fifths of
the length of the postorbital portion of the head, or seven-eighths of
that of the maxillary bone. The mandible is without hook, and the
jaws can be brought into perfect contact. The maxillary bone is
longer than the snout by two-fifths of the diameter of the eye, and
extends beyond the posterior margin of the orbit : the width of its
broadest part is two-thirds of the diameter of the eye.

The teeth of the mandible are larger than those in the upper jaw ;
those of the intermaxillary bone are about equal to those of the pala-
tine series, and are larger than those of the maxillaries. Of the
vomerine teeth only two remain ; they are placed in a transverse
series between the head and body of the bone.

The interorbital space is very convex, the eye being situated con-

32 SALMONID^.

siderably below the upper profile of the head; the width of this
space is one-eighth of an inch shorter than the maxillary bone, and
about three-fifths of the postorbital portion of the head.

The posterior margin of the prajoperculum is slightly rounded and
subvertical ; the lower limb is distinct. The hinder margin of the
operculum is slightly rounded, and meets the lower limb at a right
angle. The distance from the upper end of the gill-opening to the
angle of the opercuhim is equal to that from the latter point to the
lower anterior angle of the suboperculum.

The distance of the occiput from the origin of the dorsal fin, if
measured back from behind that fin, reaches more than two-thirds
of the distance between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The
dorsal fin is longer than high, and possesses thirteen rays, of which
the first and second are rudimentary^ and covered by the skin, the
third simple and shorter than the following one, which is the first
branched ray and the longest of the fin: the last ray is cleft
thTOughout.

The anal fin is higher than long, and consists of twelve rays, the
first and second being rudimentary and covered by the skin, the third
simple and shorter than the fourth, which is branched and attains
the utmost height of the fin.

Pectoral shorter than the postorbital portion of the head by one-
fourth of an inch or half the diameter of the ej^: ventral very
slightly shorter, its length being about three-sevenths of the distance
of its root from the vent ; its outermost ray is vertically opposite the
ninth of the dorsal.

Posterior margin of the caudal fin slightly rounded.

There are 117 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the transverse series descending obliciuely
backwards from the origin of the dorsal to the lateral line contains
thirty scales ; that from the hinder end of the adipose to the lateral
line has fifteen scales.

Upper parts blackish ; sides silvery, with a purple shade ; belly
white ; numerous small irregular black spots on the upper half of
the body. Opercles and dorsal fin with small round black spots.
Caudal and adipose fin and the inner side of the pectoral and ventral
blackish.

Pyloric appendages forty -six.

Description of a Male Sea-trout from the Tweed, caught in the month
of January, during the spaivning-time.

inches.

Total length l^

Greatest depth of the body 3|

Length of the head 4

Girth of the biggest part of the body 8-J

Least depth of the tail 1|

Distance between end of snout and eye 1|

Diameter of the eye |

1. SALMO. 33

inches.

Length of the maxillary bone If

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . 14

Greatest width of operculum f

Greatest depth of operculum 1-^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 5|-

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 6X

Length of base of dorsal l|:

Greatest height of dorsal If

Length of pectoral 2-^

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 4|-

Length of ventral fin If

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 3^

Length of anal Ig

Greatest depth of anal If

Length of longest caudal ray 2^

Length of middle caudal ray If

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is contained four times and two-thirds in the total length
(without caudal) ; the length of the head four times and a quarter.
The snout is produced, pointed, and three-fifths of the length of the
postorbital part of the head, or five-sixths of that of the maxillary
bone ; the mandible has scarcely a trace of a tubercle at its extremity,
and the jaws can be brought into perfect contact. The maxillary
bone is longer than the snout by half the diameter of the eye, and is
not very strong, its greatest width being less than two-thirds of the
diameter of the eye ; and it extends considerably behind the vertical
from the posterior margin of the eye. The teeth of the intermax-
illary and mandibular series are stronger and larger than those of
the maxillary and palatine bones. All the teeth of the vomer are
lost, except three, which occupy the hinder part of the head of this
bone.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is somewhat less than
the diameter of the latter. The interorbital space is convex, the
eye being situated below the upper profile of the head • the width of
this space is equal to the length of the snout.

The praeoperculum has the posteiior margin scarcely rounded, and
the lower limb horizontal : operculum and suboperculum very thin,
concentrically striated, the striae running parallel to the gill-opening ;
the posterior margin of the operculum is very slightly rounded,
meeting the lower limb at a right angle ; suboperculum of moderate
width, two-fifths as broad as long. The distance from the angle of
the operculum to the lower anterior end of the suboixircidum is
three-fourths of that from the upper end of the gill-opening to the
first-named point.

The distance of the occiput from the origin of the dorsal fin, if
measured back from behind that fin, reaches three-fourths of the
space between the adipose and the root of the caudal fin. The dorsal
fin is longer than high, and possesses thirteen rays, of which the first
and second arc rudimentary, the third simple and much shorter than

OL. VI. ^

34 SALMONID.E.

the following ray, which is also simple ; the fifth is the first branched
ray, the terminal ray cleft throughout.

The anal fin is higher than long, and consists of eleven rays, of
which the two anterior ones are rudimentary, the third simple, the
fourth and fifth are branched and the longest rays of the fin, whilst
the final ray is cleft throughout. Pectoral as long as the postorbital
portion of the head, reaching two-fifths of the distance of its root
from that of the ventral ; ventral shorter than the pectoral, reaching
more than half the distance of its root from the vent ; its outermost
ray is vertically opposite the tenth of the dorsal fin.

Posterior margin of the caudal fin scarcely emarginate.

There are 117 transverse rows of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line; the series descending obliquely from the
origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line contains twenty-eight
scales; that from the hinder end of the adipose forward to the
lateral line has fourteen scales. There are twenty-two series be-
tween the lateral line and the root of the ventral.

Back and upper parts of the side dark purpHsh, with numerous
irregularly X-shaped black spots ; the remainder of the body silvery,
each scale being suiTounded by minute brown dots; sides of the
head and dorsal fin with a few small, round, black spots. Caudal
inner side of pectoral and ventral, blackish.

Pyloric appendages fifty-eight.

3. Salmo cambricns.

Sewin in Wales ; Bull Trout.

Salmulus, WiUughbxj, p. 192 (young).

??The Grey, WUlughhy, p. 193; Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 268.

?? Salmo No. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 12; Syncm. p. 23; L. Faun. Suec.

p. 116. no. 307. (Artedi composes this species of " The Grey " of

Willughby, and of the Swedish ''Gralax;" he has not examined

either of them, nor does he give a description.)
?? Salmo eriox, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 509, is the Swedish "Gralax."
Salmo eriox, part., YarreU, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 71 ; 3rd edit. i.

p. 234.
Salmo camhricus, Uanov. Brit. Fish. iv. pi. 91 (moderate figure of a

specimen in the Grilse state); Richards Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fish.

p. 141, pi. 91. fig. 2 (head).
Sewen, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 208, pi. 213.
Blue Poll (S. alhus), Couch, I. c. p. 219, pi. 216.

Peal, Salmon-Peal. Specimens sent to us under this name are
identical with the Sewin. The account of the habits of this sup-
posed species, given by Couch (Z. c. p. 200), is compiled from his
own observations and from those of other authors ; but there is no
evidence to show that they refer to one and the same fish. The
figure by which this account is illustrated (pi. 212), shows the dorsal
fin more advanced towards the head than we have ever seen in a
British Salmonoid.

1. SALMO.

35

B. 10-11. D. 14.
L. fcransv. ^.

A. 11-12. P. 16. V. 9. L. lat. 120-125.
Yert. 59. Case, pylor. 39-47, rarely more.

Attaining to a length of about 3 feet ; female mature at a length
of from 12 to 13 inches.

Head rather long, compared with its depth; operculum rather
short, its length being contained in its depth once and foui'-iifths in
large (32-in.) specimens, once and three-fifths in adult ones (22-in.),
once and two-fifths in specimens in the Grilse-state, and once and
one-fifth in specimens in the Parr-state ; like the other bones of the
skull, it is well ossified, and striae radiating from the base towards
the hinder edge are much more
conspicuous than concentric mar-
ginal striae. The hind margin of
the gill-cover is more or less pro-
duced, the suboperculum projecting
beyond the end of the opercle.
The posterior point of junction of
operculum and suboperculum is
much nearer to the lower end of the
suboperculum than to the upper
end of the gill-opening; and only
in very young examples are the dis-
tances between these points equal,
Prasoperculum with a distinct lower
limb, with the angle rounded, and
with the hind margin convex or undulated, subvertical. Snout
rather long, much produced in males, in which the lower jaw be-
comes hooked during the spawning-season. Maxillary strong, solid,
longer than the snout ; in specimens of the Grilse-state (about 12 in.
long) it already extends to the vertical from the hind margin of the
orbit, or even beyond it; and in larger ones, females as weU as
males, it constantly exceeds that line ; in examples 6 inches long
it reaches beyond the middle of the orbit. Head of the vomer tri-
angular, broader than long, toothless in adult examples, and armed
with a few teeth across its hinder margin in young ones ; body of
the bone with a sharp longitudinal ridge, in the sides of which the
teeth are inserted, forming a single series, and alternately poiating
towards the right and left; in pure (non-hybrid) specimens these
teeth are lost in the Grilse-state, so that only the two or three
anterior remain in specimens more than 12 or 13 inches long.

Fins of moderate length : the caudal fin is forked in specimens
6 inches long, in which the longest rays are not twice as long as the
middle ones ; it shows only a slight emargination in specimens in
the Grilse-state, and is perfectly truncate in adult examples, but
never rounded. Tail not elongate, covered with thin, short, rounded
scales, like the body ; there are fourteen scales in a transverse series
rmining from behind the adipose fin obliquely forwards to the lateral
line. Scales of young examples very deciduous.

This species loses the Parr-marks as soon as it is from 5 to 6 inches

d2

36 SALMONID^.

long ; it is then bright-silvery, greenish on the back, with a few small,
round, blaok spots on the head and sides. This coloration remains
nearly unaStered during the further growth of the fish, but the spots
are more irregular, indistinctly X-shaped, sometimes two or three
confluent.

A migratory species, occurring in rivers of Norway, Denmark,
England Wales and Ireland.

a, b, c. Male and females, from 22-27 inches long. River Rhymney,
Monmouthshire. Presented by the Rev. Augustus Morgan*.

d. Female, 20 inches long, belonging to the big-headed variety.

Rhymney. Presented by the Rev. Augustus Morgan.

e. Female, 15 inches long. Rhymney. Presented by the Rev.

Augustus Morgan. This specimen was kept for some time in
a freshwater pond, and has the body much emaciated, and the
fin-rays have grown to an unusual length.

/, g, h, i-o. Males and females, from 12-15 inches long. Rhymney.
Presented by the Rev. Augustus Morgan.

p. Female, 14 inches long. Towey, near Taliaris. Presented by
W. Peel, Esq. Caught in April.

q, r. Male and female, from 12 to 13 inches long. Rhymney. Pre-
sented by the Rev, Augustus Morgan. Caught in April, both
specimens having spawned.

s. Female, 11 inches long. Rhymney. Presented by the Rev.
Augustus Morgan. This specimen belongs to the smaU-headed
variety, and has thirteen anal rays.

t-x. Males and females, from 10 to 13 inches long. Rhymney.
Presented by the Rev. Augustus Morgan.

y-y. Six inches long. Rhymney. Presented by the Rev. Augustus
Morgan.

8, c, ij. Numerous specimens in smolt-dress, from 6 to 7 inches long.
Rhymney. Presented by the Rev. Augustus Morgan. Caught
on April 20, before the time for running down to the sea.-

^. Seven inches and a half long. Taliaris (South Wales). Presented
by W. Peel, Esq. This specimen had been kept in a freshwater
pond for more than a year.

6. Several young examples. River TJsk. Presented by J. Lloyd,
Esq., jun.

I. Twenty inches long : skin. Pembroke. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.

K. Male, 13 inches long : skin. Wales. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection. This specimen lived for twelve months in a fresh-
water pond.

\. Ten inches long. Wales. Presented by — Stokes, Esq.

fi. Seven inches and a half long. River Torridge. Presented by
Dr. A. Giinther.

V. Female, 19 inches long: skin. River Allan, Cornwall. From
Mr. YarreU's Collection. Weight 3| lbs. Caec. pyl. 45.

* Caec. pyl. 39 twice, 40 and 41 once, 44 twice, 4? and 54 once, in examples
from the Rhymney.

1, SALMO. 37

^. Female, 13 inches long : skin. River Allan. From Mr, Yarrell's
Collection. Caec. pyl. 47.

o. Female, 12| inches long : skin. Lone Pool, near Helston, Corn-
wall. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

IT, p. Males, 24 inches long : skins. River Taraar, South Devon.
From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. Caec. pyl. 35.

a, T, V. Male and females, 18 inches long: skins.' River Tamar,
From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. Caec. pyl. 43.

(p. Male, 13 inches long : skin. River Tamar. From Mr. Yarrell's
Collection. Caec. pyl. 47.

xp. Several skins of specimens from 7 to 15 inches long. River
Tamar, From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

w. Several half-grown and young specimens. River Tavy, near
Plymouth : skins. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

aa. Many young specimens, from 5 to 8 inches long : skins. River
Plym. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection,

bb. Female, 14 inches long: skin. Plymouth Sound. From Mr.
Yarrell's Collection. Caec. pyl. 38.

oc. Female, 13 inches long : skin. Caught in a net in Cawsand Bay,
near Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

(Id. Skins of several examples from 11 to 22 inches long. River
Erme, South Devon. From Mr. YarreU's Collection. Caec.
pyl, 33, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 43, 48, 52.

ee. Male, 14 inches long. River Avon. Presented by Mr. Teget-
meier. Caught in September. Caec, pyl, 39.

//. Skins of several examples from 9 to 20 inches long. River Avon.
From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. Caec. pyl. 41-42.

g(j. Female, 18 inches long : skin. River Yealm, South Devon,
From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. Caec. pyl. 34.

hh. Six inches and a half long : stuifed. River Yealm. Presented
by Lieut. H. F. Spence, R.N.

ii. Male, 18 inches long : skin. River Dart, South Devon. Pre-
sented by Lieut, H. F. Spence, R.N.

kh, II. Male and Female, 13 inches long: skins. River Dart.
From Mr. Yarrell's Collection. Local name, " Salmon-Peal."

mm, nn. Males, 32 and 25 inches long^ skins. England. From
Mr. YarreU's CoUection.

00. Female, 15 inches long : skin. This specimen was pui'chased
by Yarrell in the London market, and is the type of the figure
given in page 72 of the second volume of the second edition
of the ' British Fishes ; ' it is one of those specimens in which
the distinctive characters of the species are very little deve-
loped ; and it is quite possible that the specimen came from
Scotland, and belongs to Salmo trutta.

Irish specimens.

pp-ss. Males, from 15 to 29 inches long: skin. Lough Neagh.
From Mr. YarreU's Collection. Caec. pyl. 46.

38 SALMONID^.

Continental specimens.

ti, uu. Females, 20 and 13 inches long. Denmark. Presented by
the Copenhagen Museum. Caught in November ; ova mature.
Csec. pyl. 42 and 49.

vv, WW. Males, 17 and 14 inches long. Jutland. Presented by the
Copenhagen Museum. Caught in November ; sexual organs
not developed. Csec. pyl. 49. These specimens had freely fed
on marine Amphipodes and sea-fishes {Ammodytes). and there-
fore must have been caught in the sea.

XX, yy. Females, 8 and 10 inches long. Jutland. Presented by
the Copenhagen Museum. Caught in November ; sexual organs
not developed.

zz. Fine female specimen, 30 inches long. Sogne Fjord, Norway.
Presented by Prof. N. S. Maskelyne. •

Osteology.

aa. Adult male; skeleton. Ehymney. Presented by the Bev.
Augustus Morgan.

Description of an Adult Male specimen from the RTiymney, taken
during the spawning-time.

inches.

Total length 24

Greatest depth of the body 4|

Length of the head 5i

Girth of the biggest part of the body 10

Least depth of the taO 1|-

Girth of the narrowest part of the tail 4|

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye. . 1|

Length of the maxillary bone 2

Distance between eye and angle of prseoperculum ... 1|

Greatest width of operculum 1-i-

Greatest depth of ditto 1-|

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . . 6^

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 8|

Length of base of dorsal , 2|

Greatest height of dorsal 2f

Length of pectoral 2|-

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 5|

Length of ventral fin 2f

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 4|

Length of anal IX

Greatest depth of anal 2|

Length of longest caudal ray 3

Length of middle caudal ray 1|

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal fin,
and is contained five times in the total length (without caudal) ; the
length of the head is contained four times and a half in the same.

i

1. SALMO. 39

The snout is produced, pointed, and is contained once and one half in
the postorbital portion of the head ; the mandible has a small hook,
about one line in height, but the jaws can be almost perfectly closed ;
the maxillary bone is longer than the snout by about half the dia-
meter of the eye, and extends beyond the posterior margin of the
orbit; the width of its broadest part is less than the diameter of
the eye.

The dentition of the jaws and palate is perfect, the mandibular,
intermaxillary and palatine teeth being equal and larger than those
of the maxillary. Of the vomerine teeth only three remain, which
are situated behind the head of the vomer. The head of the vomer
is triangular, broader than long, and the body of the bone has a
slight transverse ridge where it joins the head.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is about two-thirds of
the diameter of the latter ; the interorbital space is very convex,
but somewhat flattened above, the orbit situated far below the upper
profile of the head ; the width of the interorbital space is three-
eighths of an inch shorter than the maxillary bone, and one quarter
of an inch shorter than the distance between the pupil and the angle
of the praeoperculum.

The praeoperculum has the posterior margin subvertical, slightly
undulated, the angle and lower margin rounded, the latter being
perfectly distinct. The greater part of the posterior margin of the
operculum is straight, and placed at a right angle to its lower margin,
the angle of the suboperculum being much rounded. A line taken
from the upper end of the gill-opening to the posteriox angle of the
operculum is one-half longer than one from that point to the lower
anterior angle of the suboperculum. Suboperculum very narrow,
more than thrice as long as deep.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
carried backwards from behind that fin. reaches a little beyond- the
adipose The dorsal fin is a little longer than high, and composed
of fourteen rays, the three anterior ones being rudimentary and
enveloped in skin, whilst the fourth is simple, much shorter than
the fifth and sixth, which are branched and the longest of the fin.
The last ray is cleft to the base.

The length of the anal fin is two-thirds of its height, and the fin is
composed of eleven rays, of which the first and second are rudimentaiy
and enveloped in the skin, the third simple, shorter than the fourth
and fifth, which are branched, equal, and the longest of the fin. The
last ray is cleft to the base.

Pectoral fin longer than the postorbital portion of the head by
one-half the diameter of the eye: ventral fin shorter, its length
being equal to somewhat more than half the distance of its root from
the vent ; its outer ray is in the vertical from the tenth of the
dorsal. Posterior margin of the caudal fin truncated.

There are 117 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the transverse series descending obliquely
backwards from the origin of the dorsal to the lateral line contains
twenty-seven or twenty-eight scales, and there are twenty longi-

40 SALMOWID^.

tudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the base of the
ventral. The transverse series descending forwards from behind
the adipose fin to the lateral line is composed of sixteen scales. All
the scales are obtusely rounded behind.

Back greenish-brown ; sides silvery ; belly dark brown ; scattered
black, X-shaped spots, irregularly distributed, and sometimes con-
fluent so as to form an irregular small blotch, occupying the sides
above and below the lateral line. Fins immaculate, with a blackish
tinge.

Description of an Adult Female specimen from the RTijjm.neij, talcen
with the male jish described.

inches.

Total length 22}

Greatest depth of the body : 4^

Length of the head 4|

Girth of the biggest part of the body 10^

Least depth of the tail If

Girth of the narrowest part of the tail 4i

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye . . If

Length of the maxillary bone Ij^

Distance between the eye and the angle of the pric-

operculum i^

Greatest width of the operculum 1

Greatest depth of the operculum If

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . Of

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal fin 7|

Length of base of dorsal 2 j

Greatest height of dorsal 2

Length of pectoral 2|

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 5|

Length of ventral fin 2f

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal. . 4|

Length of anal 1|^

Greatest depth of anal 2i

Length of the longest caudal ray '. 3i

Length of the middle caudal ray 1|

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal fin,
and is contained four times and two-thirds in the total length (the
caudal not included) ; the length of the head is a little less than one-
fourth of the same. The snout is moderately produced, conical, and
is contained once and three-quarters in the postorbital portion of the
head; the lower jaw is without a hook, and the mouth closes per-
fectly ; the maxillary is considerably longer than the snout, and ex-
tends far beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit ;
the width of its broadest part is less than the diameter of the eye.
The dentition of the jaws and palate is perfect, the teeth of the
mandible being rather stronger than those of the intermaxillury and
much longer than those of the maxillary und palatine bones : of tho

1. SALMO. 41

vomerine teeth only three remain. The head of the vomer is sub-
triangular, rather broader than long ; the body of this bone has a
slight transverse ridge where it joins the head, and is provided with
a sharp, prominent longitudinal ridge bearing the teeth. One of
the three teeth occupies the transverse ridge, the two others the
front part ^f the longitudinal one. The distance of the nostrils
irom the orbit is about two-thirds of the diameter of the latter ; the
interorbital space is very convex, the orbit being far below the upper
profile of the head; the width of the interorbital space is about
four-fifths the length of the maxillary bone, and two-thirds that of
the space between the pupil and the angle of the prscoperculum.
The posterior margin of the operculum is straight, but inclining
backwards considerably as it descends ; it is placed at right angles
to its lower margin, the angle of the suboperculum being much
rounded ; a line drawn from the upper end of the giU-opcning to
the point of junction of the operculum and subojierculum is somewhat
less than twice the length of one from that point to the lower end
of the suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
carried backwards from behind that fin, reaches to almost midway
between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal fin is
rather longer than high, and composed of fourteen rays, the tkree
anterior ones being rudimentary and enveloped in skin, whilst the
fourth is simple but much shorter than the fifth and sixth, which
are branched and the longest of the fin. The anal fin is higher
than long, and composed of eleven rays, of which the first and second
are rudimentary and enveloped in the skin, the third simple, while
the fourth and fifth are branched, equal in length, and the longest
of the fin ; the last ray is split to its base. Pectoral fin nearly as
long as the postorbital portion of the head : ventral fin shorter, its
length being one-half the distance of its root from the vent ; its outer
ray is in the vertical from the middle of the dorsal fin. Posterior
margin of the caudal fin truncated.

There are 125 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the transverse series descending obliquely
backwards from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line contains
twenty-seven or twenty-eight scales, and there are twenty longi-
tudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the base of the
ventral. The transverse series descending forward from behind the
adipose fin to the lateral line is composed of fourteen scales ; all the
scales are obtusely rounded behind.

Back greenish v sides and belly silveiy ; scattered black spots,
rather irregular in shape, and about twice as large as a scale, occupy
the sides above and below the lateral line. Operculum and basal
portion of the dorsal fin with small, round, black spots. The other
fins immaculate, with a blackish tinge.

42

SALMONID^.

Description of a Male specimen in the Orilse-state {after first return
from the sea), from the Uhymney.

inches.

Total length 14

Greatest depth of the body 2|-

Length of the head 2^

Girth of the biggest part of the body 6

Least depth of the tail 1^

Girth of narrowest part of the tail 2-|-

Distance between end of snout and eye f

Length of maxillary bone 1^

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum , . 1 jig

Greatest width of operculum |

Greatest depth of operculum 1

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal 3|-

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal ... 4|-

Length of base of dorsal \^

Greatest height of dorsal 1^

Length of pectoral If

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 3^

Length of ventral fin 1|

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal fin 2|

Length of anal fin \

Greatest depth of anal 1^

Length of longest caudal ray 2

Length of middle caudal ray -i

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is contained four times and three-fourths in the total length
(without caudal) ; the length of the head is contained four times and
one-third in the same. The snout is scarcely produced, conical, and
is one-half the length of the postorbital portion of the head ; the
mandible is without hook, and the jaws close perfectly ; the maxLllaiy
bone is longer than the snout by about one-half the diameter of the
eye, and extends shghtly beyond the posterior margin of the orbit, the
width of its broadest part being less than the diameter of the eye.
The mandibulary, intermaxillary, and palatine teeth are about equal
in size and larger than those of the maxillary. Of the vomerine teeth
very few remain even at this early age ; three of them are situated
behind the head of the vomer, and one in the middle of the length of
the longitudinal ridge.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is about two-thirds of
the diameter of the latter ; the interorbital space is convex and some-
what flattened above, the orbit being situated somewhat below the
upper profile of the head, the width of the interorbital space is one-
eighth of an inch shorter than the length of the maxillary bone, and
one-fourth of an inch shorter than the distance between the pupil
and the angle of the praeoperculum. The praeoperculum has the hinder
margin rounded, as also the angle and lower limb, which is less per-
fectly distinct than in the fuU-grown fish. The posterior margin of

1. SALMO. 43

the operculum is very slightly rounded, and placed at a right angle
to its lower margin ; the angle of the suboperculum is also rounded.
A line taken from the upper end of the gill-opening to the angle of
the operculum is one-eighth of an inch longer than one from that
point to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
carried back from behind that fin, reaches to a little less than half-
way between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal fin
is a little shorter than high, and composed of fourteen rays, the three
anterior ones being rudimentary and enveloped in the skin, whilst
the fourth is simple, shorter than the fifth and sixth, which are
branched and the longest of the fin ; the last ray is cleft to the base.

The length of the base of the anal fin is about two-thirds of its
height, and the fin is composed of eleven rays, of which the first and
second are rudimentary and enveloped in skin, the third simple and
much shorter than the fourth, which is also simple ; the fifth is the
first branched ray and the longest of the fin ; the last ray is cleft to
the base. The pectoral fin slightly exceeds in length the postorbital
portion of the head : ventral fin shorter, its length being rather more
than one-half of the distance of its root from the vent ; its outer ray
is in the vertical from the tenth of the dorsal. Posterior margin of
the caudal fin emarginate.

There are 130 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line on one side of the body, and 121 on the other ;
but it is to be noticed that the series are not quite as regular as is
usually the case ; the transverse series descending obliquely back-
wards from the origin of the dorsal to the lateral line contains twenty-
five scales, and there are twenty longitudinal series of scales between
the lateral line and the base of the ventral. The transverse series
descending from behind the adipose fin to the lateral line is composed
of fifteen scales. All the scales are rounded behind, but less obtusely
than in larger specimens.

Back greenish ; sides and belly silvery ; scattered black X-shaped
spots on the sides above the lateral line, and sparingly on the an-
terior part of the body below that line. Dorsal fin with two or three
series of black spots ; other fins immaculate, with a blackish tinge.
Operculum with a single rounded black spot.

Description of a Female specimen in the Grilse-state, with thirteen anal
r^ys ; caught in the Rhymney in the month of August.

inches.

Total length 11|

Greatest depth of the body 2\

Length of the head i . 2^

Girth of biggest part of the body 51^

Least depth of the tail 1

Girth of narrowest part of the tail 2^

Distance between end of snout and eye ^

Length of maxillary bone ^

44 SALMONIDyE.

inches.
Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . ^

Greatest width of operculum -j^^

Greatest depth of operculum |-

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 3

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 4

Length of base of dorsal 1^

Greatest height of dorsal 1|^

Length of pectoral 1^

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 2f

Length of ventral fin 1^

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 1^

Length of anal fin 1

Greatest depth of anal 1-A-

Length of longest caudal ray Ij

Length of middle caudal ray -f

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is contained four times and a half in the total length (with-
out caudal) ; the length of the head bears about the same proportion.
The snout is moderately produced, conical, and contained twice in
the postorbital length of the head ; the lower jaw is without hook,
the mouth closing perfectly ; the maxillary bone is longer than the
snout by about three-fourths the diameter of the eye, and does not
reach quite to the vertical from the hinder margin of the orbit ; the
width of its broadest part is about half the diameter of the eye.

The dentition of the jaws and palate is perfect, the mandibulary
teeth being slightly larger than those of the intermaxillary and
palatines, which are equal and, again, slightly exceed the maxillary
teeth. The body of the vomer is armed with six teeth, which form
a single series, and arc rather remote from one another, the last
being not far from the hinder extremity of the bone. The inter-
orbital space is convex, the orbit being slightly below the upper pro-
file of the head : the width of this space is one-eighth of an inch
shorter than the maxillaiy bone. The praeoperculum has the hinder
margin, angle, and lower limb I'ounded, the latter being very dis-
tinct ; the posterior margin of the operculum is very slightly
rounded, and placed nearly at right angles to its lower Hmb ; the
angle of the suboperculum is rounded. A line taken from the upper
end of the gill-opening to the angle of the operculum is equal to the
length of another line from the latter point to the lower end of the
suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput exceeds
by one quarter of an inch the distance of its posterior end from that
of the adipose, and equals somewhat more than two-thirds of its
distance from the root of the caudal fin. The dorsal fin is nearly as
long as high, and composed of fourteen rays, of which the first two
are rudimentary and enveloped in the skiii, the third simple and
about half as long as the fourth, which is also simple ; the fourth,
fifth, and sixth rays are nearly oqnal in height, the fifth being the
firtft branched ray. The last ray is cleft to the base.

1. SALMO. 45

The anal fin is one-third higher than long, and consists of thirteen
rays, the first two being rudimentary and covered by the skin ; the
third slightly shorter than the fourth and fifth, which are branched
rays and the longest of the fin ; the last ray is cleft to the base.
Pectoral longer than the postorbital length of the head by one-
fourth of that length : ventral shorter, its length being a little less
than two-thirds of the distance of its root from the vent ; its outer
ray is in the vertical from the eleventh of the dorsal. Posterior
margin of the caudal xlistinctly emarginate.

There are 120 transverse series of scales counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backwards
from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line contains twenty-
eight scales, and there are twenty-two longitudinal series between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral. The transverse series
descending forwards from behind the adipose fin contains fourteen
scales. All the scales are rounded behind.

Back brownish green, passing into silvery on the sides ; scattered
black spots of an irregular X-shape along the sides above the lateral
line, and a few similar ones on the anterior part of the body below
that line ; the operculum has one very distinct black spot in the
centre. Dorsal fin with three series of black spots ; the other fins
immaculate, and with a very slight greyish tinge.

Description of a young Male, in the Smolt-state (hefort going,
down to the sea), from the Rhyrnney.

inches.

Total length 6|

Greatest depth of the body l|

Length of the head 1^^

Girth of the biggest part of the body 3^

Least depth of the tail ^

Girth of narrowest part of the tail li

Distance between end of snout and eye |

Length of maxillary bone ^

Distance between eye and angle of prseoperculum , . . . i

Greatest width of operculum |^

Greatest depth of operculum \

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . , , , 1|

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 2^^

Length t)f base of dorsal f

Greatest height of dorsal ^f

Length of pectoral 1

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral . 1^

Length of ventral fin f

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal fin 1 ^^

Length of anal fin ^

Greatest depth of anal f

Length of longest caudal ray I-

Length of middle caudal ray -f-^

46 SALMONIDJE.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is contained four times and a half in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head four times and a quarter in the
same. The snout is obtuse, conical, and its length is contained
twice and a half in the postorbital length of the head ; the maxillary
bone is longer than the snout by two-thirds of the diameter of the
eye, and does not reach to the vertical from th6 hinder margin of
the eye ; the width of its broadest part is less than the diameter of
the eye.

The dentition of the jaws and palate is perfect, the mandibulary,
intermaxillary, and palatine teeth being equal and much larger than
those of the maxillary. The vomer has the head triangular, slightly
broader than long, and retains three teeth on its hinder margin :
there is also a series of teeth running along the longitudinal ridge,
these teeth being bent alternately to the right and left, but not dis-
posed in pairs.

The distance of the nostrils from the eye is about half the dia-
meter of the latter ; the interorbital space is very slightly convex,
the eye being situated close to the upper profile of the head ; the
width of this space is one-eighth of an inch shorter than the maxil-
lary bone, and equal to the distance between the pupil and the angle
of the praeoperculum ; the prseoperculum has the binder margin sub-
vertical, and the angle and lower limb rounded, the latter being per-
fectly distinct ; the posterior margin of the operculum is straight and
oblique, and placed at a right angle to its lower margin. A line
taken from the upper end of the giU-opening to the point of junction
of the operculum and suboperculum is about one-sixteenth of an
inch longer than a line from the latter point to the lower anterior
end of the suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if car
ried back from behind that fin, reaches to midway between the adipose
and the root of the caudal. The dorsal fin is a little higher than long,
and composed tff fourteen rays, of which the first three are rudimen-
tary and enveloped in the skin, the fourth simple, shorter than the
fifth, -^hich is the first branched ray and the longest of the fin.

The anal fin is more than one- third higher than long, and con-
sists of eleven rays, of which the first is rudimentary and covered by
the skin, the second simple and half as long as the third, which is
also simple ; the fourth is the first branched ray and the longest of
the fin ; the last ray is cleft to the base.

Pectoral longer than the length of the postorbital part of the head
by one-eighth of an inch : ventral shorter, its length being equal to
almost one -half of the distance of its root from the vent ; its outer
ray is on the vertical from the tenth of the dorsal fin. Caudal deeply
emarginate.

There are 122 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line : the series descending obliquely backwards
from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line contains about
twenty-seven scales ; that from the adipose fin forwards to the lateral
line contains fourteen scales ; and there are about twenty-four longi-

1. SALMO. 47

tuidinal series between the lateral line and the root of the ventral.
All the scales are ronnded behind, extremely delicate, .very deciduous,
and loaded with a silvery pigment.

Coloration silvery ; back with a greenish shade becoming darker on
the upper part of the head ; numerous distinct blackish spots of about
the size of two scales are scattered on the sides above the lateral line
and sparingly below it. Operculum with several black spots, no red
spots whatever. Dorsal with several rows of black spots.

Caudal and pectoral blackish ; ventral and anal perfectly white.

Hybrid between Sewin (S. cambricus) and River-Trout
(S. fario).

Hybrids between the Sewin and Trout are of no uncommon oc-
currence, and in several parts of South Wales they have received a
distinct name, Twh-y-dail, literally Fall of the Leaf, indicative of
the reddish shade of colour and of the dark-brown spots of the
male. Most of these specimens have retained the instinct of an
annual migration to the sea, and are full of milt or spawn in the
autumn ; and we have never had an opportunity of observing a
naturally sterile individual. But W. Peel, Esq., of Taliaris Park,
has stocked, for years, with young individuals of this form a fresh-
water pond which has no communication with the sea ; they live
for years, growing to a length of from 15 to 18 inches, but remain
sterile throughout their lifetime. Males are much more numerous .
than females.

These fishes, when young, generally more resemble the Trout, and
when adult the Sewin, They have much more similarity one to
another when young than after their first return from the sea. The
young, from 4 to 1 1 inches long, are distinguished by their short,
trout-like appearance, having at the same time the tail considerably
less deeply forked than the true Sewin of the same age. The vome-
rine teeth are numerous, but rather placed alternately than side by
side. The colours are constantly the same, the back and the sides
densely covered with small, angular, black spots, and a series of
round red spots along the lateral line ; none of the spots are ever
ocellated. We have never observed a specimen changing from this
variegated colour into the bright silvery of the young true Sewin
before going down to the sea for the first time. The dorsal and
anal have a bright yeUow antero-superior margin, the former with
numerous oval black spots ; pectoral, ventral, and anal light lemon-
coloured.

After their jirst return from the sea, these fishes are generally
rather inferior in size to the Sewin, and, although scarcely differing
from it in general form, they may be readily recognized by the
reddish hue of the coloration, by the caudal fin being less distinctly
emarginate, and by a more or less complete longitudinal series of
vomerine teeth, which is sometimes double ; generally, however, the
teeth are strongly bent towards the sides.

After the second return from the sea, they have assumed the

48 SALMONID.!;.

strikingly different appearance which has procured for them a dis-
tinct vernacular name, Twh-y-daiJ. They are comparatively shorter
than the Sewin, brownish red, or silvery with a reddish hue, and
sparingly spotted with black; the dentition of the males is exceed-
ingly strong, and the vomer is always armed. with some of the teeth
of the longitudinal series.

However, the specimens vary much, thereby indicating their
hybrid origin, and we shall give descriptions of several forms ob-
served.

These Welsh specimens are produced by the Sewin and that form
of the Uiver-Trout which is named S. fario ausonii.

A very valuable collection of Salraonoids which we received from
the Copenhagen Museum, contained several specimens which, being
intermediate between Salmo cambricus and S. fario gaimardi, and
extremely similar to the hybrid from Wales just described, are
evidently of a similar origin. Such hybrids may have been fre-
quently regarded and described as Salmo eriooc.

The number of vertebrae is 58 in Welsh, and 59 in Danish speci-
mens, atid that of the pyloric appendages 41, 44, 45 or 46.

* Specimens from So^'tJi Wales.

a. Male, 19| inches long. Ogmore Kiver, Glamorganshire. Pre-

sented by R. Franklin, Esq. The vernacular name of this form
is Twb-y-dail.

b, c. Males; 23 inches long : sldns. Glamorganshire. From Mr.

Yarrell's Collection.

d. e-f. Male and female, 1 6 and 19| inches long. Rhyraney. Pre-
sented by the Rev. Aug. Morgan.

g-lu Females, 14 and 10 inches long. Taliaris. Presented by
W. Peel, Esq. These specimens were kept in a freshwater
pond for more than a year, and are sterile.

?. Male, 13 inches long. RhjTuney. Presented by the Rev. Aug.
Morgan.

I: Male, 11 inches long. Towey, South Wales. Presented by Dr.
A. Giinther.

/. Male, 9 inches long, bred in a pond at Mackin. Rhymney. Pre-
sented by the Rev. Aug. Morgan. Caught May 18th.

m-u. From 6 to 8 inches long. Towey. Presented by Dr. A.
Giinther.

p. Many specimens, from 6 to 12 inches long, a part of which are
immature. River Usk. Presented by J. Lloyd, Esq. jun.

q. Several specimens, from 4 to G inches Tong. Rhymney. Pre-
sented by the Rev. Aug. Morgan.

r. Six inches and a half long. River near Goodwick, Pembroke-
shire. Presented by Hugh Ch. Owen, Esq. Caught in the
middle of March.

s. Seven inches long. River Cleddan, Pembrokeshire. Presented by
Hugh Ch. Owen, Esq. Caught in the middle of March.

] . SALMO. 49

** Specimens from Denmark.

t-^v. Two Females, 13-14 inches long, with mature ova; and one
Male, 12 inches long, with the testes fully developed. Caught
in November. Presented by the Copenhagen Museum. Csec.
pyl. 41 ; Vert. 59. These examples had been feeding freely
on small fish.

Description of a Male Hybrid specimen from the Ogmore, caught in the
month of August, ivitJi the testicles fully developed.

incties.

Total length 19|

Greatest depth of the body 3f

Length of the head 4|

Girth of biggest part of body 9^

Least depth of the tail 1|

Girth of narrowest part of the tail 4

Distance between end of snout and eye ly^y

Length of maxillary bone 1|

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum ... 1\

Greatest width of operculum ..." . |

Greatest depth of operculum I4

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 5|

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 6|

Length of base of dorsal . . , 2 1'^

Greatest height of dorsal 2|

Length of pectoral 2^

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 4|

Length of ventral fin 2^

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 3^

Length of anal fin 1|

Greatest depth of anal 2|

Length of longest caudal ray 2|

Length of middle caudal ray Ig

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin. and contained four times and three-fourths in the total length
(without caudal) ; the length of the head is contained foui^ times in
the same. The snout is much produced, elongate-pyramidal, and
its length is contained once and one-half in that of the postorbital
part of the head ; the lower jaw bears a hook about one-eighth of an
inch in height, which prevents the mouth from being closed. The
length of the maxillary bone exceeds that of the snout by one-half
the diameter of the eye, and extends slightly beyond the vertical
from the hinder margin of the orbit ; its greatest width is a little
more than half the diametei' of the eye.

The dentition of the jaws and palate is perfect, and the teeth of
the jaws are generally larger and fewer in number than in speci-
mens of the true Sewin. The mandibulary and intermaxillary teeth
are equal and much larger than those of the maxillary and palatine

VOL. VI. E

50 SAtMONIDiE.

bones. Of the vomerine teeth there remain three on the ridge of its
hinder margin, and there is a series of teeth running along the
longitudinal ridge, placed in pairs one behind the other, and bent
outwards alternately to the right and left. The head of the vomer
is triangular, and nearly as long as broad. The last tooth is situated
behind the middle of the length of the bone.

The distance of the nostrils from the eye is equal to three-fourths
the diameter of the latter ; the interorbital space is convex, the eye
being situated considerably below the upper profile of the head ; the
width of this space is three-eighths of an inch shorter than the
maxillary bone, and one-eighth of an inch shorter than the space
between the eye and the angle of the praeoperculum.

The praeoperculum has the lower half of its posterior margin di-
stinctly emarginate, the lower limb rounded and rather indistinct.
The operculum has its hinder margin rounded and the angle a right
one. A line taken from the upper end of the gill-opening to the
angle of the operculum exceeds in length another line from the
latter point to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum by some-
what less than one-third of that line.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
carried backwards from the hinder end of that fin, reaches to nearly
midway between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal
fin is rather higher than long, and composed of fourteen rays, of
which the first three are rudimentary and hidden in the skin, the
fourth being about half as high as the fifth ray, which is simple and
nearly equals the sixth in length, which is branched.

The anal fin is one half higher than long, and consists of twelve
rays, the first two of which are rudimentary and hidden in skin,
the third simple and as long as the fourth, which is the first branched
ray. The last ray is cleft to the base.

Pectoral longer by three-eighths of an inch than the length of
the postorbital part of the head. Ventral shorter than pectoral by
three-eighths of an inch, its length being equal to two-thirds of
the distance of its root from the vent : its outer ray is in the vertical
from the eleventh of the dorsal. Posterior margin of caudal fin
truncated.

There are about 123 transverse series of scales, counted imme-
diately above the lateral line, and twenty-three longitudinal series
between that line and the root of the ventral fin. The series de-
scending obliquely backwards from the origin of the dorsal contains
twenty-five scales • that from behind the adipose forward to the
lateral line fifteen. All the scales are obtusely rounded behind.

Back reddish brown, lighter on the sides and becoming silvery
white on the belly. Numerous black spots of a roundish or irre-
gular shape, and covering generally four scales, are scattered over
the sides of the body, rising upwards to the root of the dorsal fin,
but elsewhere confined to the lateral regions : two or three such
spots on the opercular bones. Fins immaculate, with a blackish
tinge deepening towards the extremity.

1. SALMO, 51

Description of a Female Hybrid specimen from the Rhymiuy, captured
in the month of October, with mature eggs.

inches.

Total length 11^

Greatest depth of the body 3|

Length of the head 4

Girth of biggest part of the body 9|

Least depth of tail 1|

Girth of narrowest part of tail 4

Distance between end of snout and eye l^-

Length of maxiUary bone l|-

Distance between eye and angle of prseoperculum . . 1|^

Greatest width of operculum ^

Greatest depth of operculum 1^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin ... . 5|

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 7

Length of base of dorsal 2^

Greatest height of dorsal 1-L^

Length of pectoral 2f

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 5^

Length of ventral fin 2

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 3|

Length of anal fin 1|

Greatest depth of anal 2|

Length of longest caudal ray 2|

Length of middle caudal ray If

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and contained four times and three-fourths in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-half in
the same. The snout is moderately produced, somewhat pointed,
and is nearly one-half the length of the postorbital part of the head.
The leng-th of the maxillary bone exceeds that of the snout by about
two-thirds of the diameter of the eye, and its greatest width is a httle
more than one-half of the same.

The mandibulary and intermaxUlary teeth are equal and larger
than those of the maxillary and palatine bones. The head of the
vomer is triangular, twice as broad as long ; those of the vomerine
teeth which remain are confined to the longitudinal ridge, where
they are placed in pairs one behind the other, one of each pair
being bent to the right, the other to the left. There are four of
these pairs, the last being not far distant from the posterior ex-
tremity of the bone.

The interorbital space is convex, the orbit being below the upper
profile of the head ; the width of this space is not much less than
the distance between the eye and the angle of the prceoperculum, and
one-fourth of an inch shorter than the maxillary bone. The pra3-
operculum has the hinder Hmb, angle, and lower margin rounded, the
inferior limb being distin-^.t. The hinder margin of the operculum is
almost straight, and forms a right angle with its lower limb. If a

K 2

52 SALMONID^.

line be taken from the upper end of the gill-opening to the opercular
angle, and another line from the latter point to the lower end of the
suboperculum, the latter line is three-fourths of the length of the
former.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput equals
three-fourths of the distance of the root of its last ray from the caudal.
The dorsal fin is longer than high, and possesses fourteen rays, of
which the two anterior ones are rudimentary and enveloped in the
skin ; the third also is covered by the skin and less than half the
height of the fourth, which is simple and about equal to the fifth in
height ; the latter is the first branched ray ; the last ray of the fin is
cleft to its base.

The length of the base of the anal is somewhat more than two-
thirds of the height of that fin ; there are twelve anal rays, the two
foremost being rudimentary and covered by the skin, the third simple
and not quite as long as the fourth, which is branched and, with the
fifth, the longest of the fin ; the last ray is cleft to the base.

The length of the pectoral fin is equal to that of the distance
between the hinder margin of the operculum and the pupU of the
eye. Ventral shorter, equal to rather more than half the distance of
its root from the vent ; its outer ray is in the vertical from the tenth
of the dorsal. Hinder margin of caudal truncated.

There are 124 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backwards
from the first dorsal ray contains twenty-eight scales ; that from
the adipose forwards to the lateral line has fifteen scales ; and there
are twenty-three longitudinal series between the lateral line and the
root of the ventral. All the scales are rounded posteriorly.

Back brownish green ; sides with a reddish tinge ; belly dirty
white ; numerous small X-shaped spots are regularly scattered over
the back and sides as far as the darker hue of the upper parts pre-
vails. The immediate neighbourhood of each spot is reddish. Several
round blackish -brown spots on the operculum. Dorsal fin with black
spots in several series. The other fins immaculate, with a blackish
tinge deepening towards the extremity.

Description of a Male Hybrid specimen from the Rhymney, captured
in the month of October, with the sexual organs normally developed
{probably after second return from the sea).

inches.

Total length 13

Greatest depth of the body 2|

Length of the head 2f

Girth of biggest part of body 6g

Least depth of the tail ly^^

Girth of narrowest part of tail 2f

Distance between end of snout and eye ^

Length of maxillary bone 1^

Distance between eye and angle of pra^operculum . . -|
Greatest width of operculum ^

1. SALMO. 53

inches.

Greatest depth of operculum 1

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal tin . . 3f

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . 4-j^

Length of base of dorsal If

Greatest height of dorsal l^g

Length of pectoral If

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 8A

Length of ventral fin If

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 2f

Length of anal fin 1

Greatest depth of'anal If

Length of longest caudal ray 1|4

Length of middle caudal ray f

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the doi'sal
fin, and is very little less than one-fourth of the entire length (with-
out caudal) ; the length of the head bears about the same projiortion.
The snout is moderately produced, conical, and is a httle more than
half the length of the postorbital portion of the head ; the lower jaw
has no hook, and the mouth closes perfectly ; the length of the max-
illary bone exceeds that of the snout by nearly two-thirds of the dia-
meter of the eye, its greatest width being equal to about one-half
of the same.

The maxillary and palatine teeth are considerably smaller than
those of the intermaxillary and mandible. The head of the vomer is
triangular and broader than long. Of the vomerine teeth there re-
main three situated on the ridge of the hinder margin of the head of
that bone, and three pairs on the longitudinal ridge, one of each pair
being bent to the right, the other to the left ; there is also a single
conical tooth at some distance behind the last of these pairs.

The praeoperculum has the whole hinder margin rounded, the lower
limb not very distinct, and a shallow notch above the angle. The
hinder margin of the operculum is almost straight, oblique, and forms
a right angle with its lower limb. A line from the upper end of the
gill-opening to the opercular angle exceeds in length another line
from the latter point to the lower anterior end of the suboperculum
by one-fourth of the latter line.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
carried back from behind that fin, reaches halfway between the adi-
pose and the root of the caudal.

The dorsal fin is a little longer than high, and consists of fourteen
rays, of which the first three are rudimentary and enveloped in the
skin, the fourth simple, considerably shorter than the fifth, which is
also simple and nearly equals the sixth in height, the latter being
the first branched ray and the longest of the fin ; the last ray is cleft
to the base.

The length of the base of the anal fin is one-third of the height
of that fin, which consists of eleven rays, the two anterior ones being-
rudimentary and enveloped in skin, the third simple and equal to
the fourth, which is branched ; the last ray is cleft to the base.

54 SAIMONID^.

The length of the pectoral fin slightly exceeds that of the space
between the orbit and the angle of the operculum. "Ventral shorter
than pectoral, a little more than half the length of the distance of
its root from the vent ; its outennost ray is vertically opposite the
eleventh of the dorsal fin. Caudal ray emarginate.

There are 120 transverse series of scales counting immediately
above the lateral line ; the series descending from the first dorsal
ray backwards to the lateral line contains twenty-eight scales ; that
from the adipose forward to the lateral Mne contains sixteen scales,
and there are twenty-four longitudinal series between the lateral line
and the root of the ventral. All the scales are rounded behind.

Back greenish brown ; sides reddish, shining silvery ; belly silvery ;
numerous X-shaped black spots are scattered on the regions above
the lateral line ; the operculum bears two or three dark-brovm spots ;
the dorsal has two or three series of black spots ; the other fins im-
maculate ; the pectoral white, with the outermost ray black along its
outer margin, and the extremity of the fin broadly tinged with
blackish ; caudal and anal blackish.

Description of a Female Hybrid specimen from the Bhyrtmey
{probably after second return from the sea).

inches.

Total length 15^

Greatest depth of the body 2|

Length of the head 3

Girth of biggest part of body 7^

Least depth of the tail 1|

Girth of narrowest part of tail 34

Distance between end of snout and eye ^

Length of maxillary bone li

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . 1

Greatest width of operculimi -I

Greatest depth of operculuni ^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 4|

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal fin 5|

Length of base of dorsal 1-|

Greatest height of dorsal ; If

Length of pectoral 2

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 3f

Length of ventral fin 1|

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 2f

Length of anal fin 1|

Greatest depth of anal 1|

Length of longest caudal ray 2^

Length of middle caudal ray ] ^

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is a little more than one-fifth of the total length (caudal not
included) ; the length of the head is contained about four times and
a half in the same. The snout is scarcely produced, conical, and is

1. SALMO. 55

contained twice and one-fifth in the postorbital length of the head ;
the maxillary is longer than the snout by somewhat more than ono-
half the diameter of the eye, and extends about one-eighth of an inch
behind the vertical from the hinder margin of the orbit, the width
of its broadest part is one-half less than the diameter of the eye.

The dentition of the jaws and palate is perfect, the teeth of the
mandible being larger than those of the intermaxillary, which, again,
exceed slightly those of the maxillary and palatine bones, which
are about equal. The vomer has the head triangular, toothless ; a
series of teeth run along the middle of its body, they are arranged
in pairs at some distance from each other, the teeth of each pair being
placed one behind the other and not side by side, one being bent
towards the right, the other to the left ; there are four such pairs.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is about two-thirds of
the diameter of the latter ; the interorbital space is convex, the orbit
being far below the upper profile of the head, the width of this space
is one-eighth of an inch less than the length of the maxillary bone,
and a little more than four-fifths of the leygth of the space between
the pupil and the angle of the praeoperculum. The pra3operculum
has the posterior margin, angle, and lower limb much rounded, the
lattei being scarcely developed. The posterior margin of the ojier-
culum is nearly straight and placed at right angles to the lower
margin ; the hinder margin of the suboperculum is rounded, its angle
very obtuse. A line taken from the upper end of the gill-opening
to the angle of the operculum is longer than a line from the latter
point to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
carried back from behind that fin, reaches to the hinder third of the
distance between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal
fin is rather longer than high, and composed of fifteen rays, the three
anterior ones being rudimentary and enveloped in the skin ; the
fourth ray is simple, and about half the length of the fifth, which is
also simple ; the fifth and sixth rays are equal, and the longest of
the fin, the sixth being the first branched ray. The last ray is cleft
CO the base. The anal fin is one-fourth higher than long, and corn-
Posed of twelve rays, the first three being rudimentary and enveloped
]Ai skin„ the fourth simple, nearly as long as the fifth, which is
branched and the longest of the fin ; the last ray is split to the base.

Pectoral longer than the postorbital part of the head ; ventral
shorter, its length being a little more than half of the distance of
its root from the vent, its outer ray is in the vertical from the tenth
of the dorsal. Posterior margin of caudal veiy slightly undulated.

There are about 130 transv<^'rse series of scales, counted immedi-
ately above the lateral line ; the transverse series descencUng obliquely
backwards from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line con-
tains twenty-seven scales, and there are twenty-three or twenty-four
longitadinal series between the lateral line and the root of the ventral.
The transverse series descending forwards from behind the adipose
fin contains fourteen scales : all the scales are obtusely rounded
behind.

56 SALMONII)^.

Back greenish ; sides and belly brownish, with a silvery lustre.
Scattered black spots, of the size of three or four scales, occupy the
sides above the lateral line and sparingly below it; two or three
such spots are also found on the operculum. Dorsal with black
spots ; the other fins immaculate, with a blackish tinge.

Description of a Young Male, caught in the month of August in the

Towey.

inches.

Total length 10^

Greatest depth of the body 2f

Length of the head 2^

Girth of biggest part of body Si-
Least depth of the tail i|

Girth of narrowest part of tail 2\

Distance between end of snout and eye |

Diameter of the eye J^

Length of maxillary bone 1

Distance between eye and angle of prseopereulum . . -J-l

Greatest width of operculum |

Greatest depth of operculum |

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal 2|

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal fin 3|

Length of base of dorsal 1^

Greatest height of dorsal 1|

Length of pectoral 1|

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 2|

Length of ventral fin 1|

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal fin 1|

Length of anal fin ^

Greatest depth of anal fin ". . If

Length of longest caudal ray 1|

Length of middle caudal ray , \^

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is a little more than one-fourth of the total length (with-
out caudal) ; the length of the head is somewhat less than one-fourth
of the length of the body. The snout is moderately produced, coni-
cal ; and its length is rather more than half that of the postorbital
part of the head. The length of the maxillary bone exceeds that of
the snout by three-fourths the diameter of the eye, its greatest width
being equal to one-half of the same.

The dentition of the jaws and palate is perfect; the teeth of the
maxillary and intermaxillary are smaller than those of the mandible
and palatine bones. The vomerine teeth are strong, and form a com-
plete series from one extremity of the bone to the other, some of
them being bent outwards. The interorbital space is somewhat
flattened, the eye being immediately below the upper profile of the
head. The width of this space is two-sevenths of the length of the
headj and two-thirds of the length of the maxillary bone.

1. SALMO, 57

The praeoperculum has the hinder margin almost straight and
vertical, the angle rounded, and the lower limb distinct. The hinder
margin of the operculum is also nearly straight, obHque, and placed
at a rather obtuse angle to its lower margin, A line from the upper
end of the gill-opening to the angle of the operculum is longer than a
line from that point to the lower anterior end of the subopercidum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput is a
little more than half an inch shorter than that of the hinder end of
that fin from the caudal. The dorsal fin is higher than long, and is
composed of fourteen rays, of which the first three are rudimentary
and enveloped in the skin, the fourth simple and slightly shorter
than the fifth, which is the first branched ray ; the last ray is cleft
to its base. The length of the base of the anal fin is rather more
than two-thirds of its height. The anal fin has t\^elve rays, the
first three of which are rudimentaiy and enveloped in skin, the fourth
being simple and nearly as high as the fifth, which is the first
branched and the longest ray of the fin ; the last ray is cleft to the
base. The length of the pectoral fin exceeds that of the space between
the orbit and the angle of the operculum by about one-fourth of the
length of that space. Ventral shorter, reaching about two -thirds of
the distance of its root from the rent ; its outermost ray is vertically
opposite the ninth of the dorsal fin. Caudal slightly emarginate.

There are 120 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the series extending obliquely backwards from
the first dorsal ray to the lateral line contains twenty-seven scales ;
that from the hinder end of the adipose forward to the lateral line has
fourteen scales, and there are twenty-four longitudinal series between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral. All the scales are
rounded behind.

Back brownish green ; sides and belly silvery ; numerous roundish
reticulated black spots, of about the size of four scales, scattered on
the upper parts of the body; several large ones on the operculum;
round spots of a bright orange-colour run along the lateral line, a
few being scattered below it. Dorsal thickly spotted with large,
elliptic, black spots, and with a black and yellow supero-anterior
margin. Pectorals and ventrals yellow, with blackish margins.
Caudal and anal dusky, the latter with a black and yellow anterior
margin.

Description of a Young Female from the Toivey, cauglit in the month

of August.

inches.

Total length 71

Greatest depth of the body 1|

Length of the head 1^

Girth of biggest part of body 4^

Least depth of the tail |

Girth of narrowest part of tail 1|.

Distance between end of snout and eye f

Diameter of the eye i

58 SAIMONID^.

inches.

Length of maxillary bone f

Distance between eye and angle of praDoperculum .... ^

Greatest width of operculum f

Greatest depth of operculum a

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin ... , 1|

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 2|

Length of base of dorsal |

Greatest height of dorsal 1

Length of pectoral 1^

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral. . 2

Length of ventral fin |

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 1|

Length of anal fin ^

Greatest depth of anal f

Length of longest caudal ray 1|-

Length of middle caudal ray -^

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is one-fourth of the entire length (without caudal); the length
of the head is somewhat less. The snout is rather obtuse, and its
length is about half that of the postorbital portion of the head. The
length of the m^xUlary bone exceeds that of the snout by two-thirds
the diameter of the eye, its greatest width being about half of the
same.

The dentition is perfect, the teeth of the intermaxillary and
mandible being larger than those of the maxillary and palatine
bones. Vomerine teeth strong, forming a single series, the teeth
being bent alternately towards the right and left.

The interorbital space is much flattened above, and the eye is
situated immediately below the upper profile of the head : the width
of this space is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head, and
three-fifths of that of the maxillary bone.

The praeoperculum has the posterior margin slightly convex and
almost vertical, the angle rounded and the lower limb rather feebly
developed; the hinder margin of the operculum is straight and
oblique, forming a right angle with its lower limb. A line from the
upper end of the gill-opening to the opercular angle is only one-
sixteenth of an inch longer than another hne from that point to the
lower anterior angle of the suboperculum.

The distance of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if carried back from
behind that fin, reaches only one-eighth of an inch beyond the adipose.
The dersal fin is higher than long, and consists of fourteen rays, of
which the first three are rudimentary and covered by the skin, the
fourth simple and nearly as long as the fifth ; the last ray is cleft
to "the base. The anal fin is higher than long, and composed of
twelve rays, of which the first three are rudimentary and covered by
the skin, the fourth simple, the fifth and sixth the longest of the
fin, and the last cleft to its base. The pectoral fin is much longer
than the space between the orbit and the opercular angle. Ventral
shorter than pectoral, reaching about two-thirds of the distance of

1. SALMO. 59

its root from the vent ; its innermost ray is vertically opposite the
eleventh of the dorsal tin. Caudal strongly emarginate.

There are 124 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; that descending obliquely backwards from
the origin of the dorsal fin consists of twenty-seven scales ; that
from the hinder end of the adipose forwards to the lateral line has
thirteen scales ; and there are twenty-four longitudinal series be-
tween the lateral line and the root of the ventral. All the scales are
rounded behind.

Back brownish green, fading into silvery on the beUy; thickly
scattered over with black X-shaped or reticulated spots, each abo\jt
the size of four scales. A series of bright orange-coloured spots runs
along the lateral line, and a few are scattered on the lower part of
the sid'^8 ; the black spots are distinct and numerous on the opercular
bones, and very numerous and in many series on the dorsal fin ;
other fins immaculate and pale-coloured ; dorsal with a black and
yellow supero- anterior margin ; pectoral and ventral yellow • anal
with a black and yellow antero-inferior margin.

4. Salmo fario.

Among the numerous variations of the River-Trout, two forms
deserve particular attention : one, with fifty-seven or fifty-eight
vertebrae, is found in Central Europe and the southern parts of
England ; the other, with fifty-nine or sixty vertebrae, inhabits the
northern parts of Europe, certain parts of Scandinavia, Scotland,
and Iceland, In Cumberland, some of the rivers (Caldew, Eden)
are inhabited by the southern form, whUst the northern one is found
in the River Liddel. However, the latter extends as far southwards
as Shropshire, where both forms are met with. Both are subject to
the same amount of variation ; but the northern form appears to re-
main within smaller dimensions. The coincidence of the difierence in
the number of vertebrae with the geographical distribution appears to
be remarkable enough to distinguish the two forms ; but whether they
be regarded as species or varieties is a matter of minor importance.

If we keep them separate, the question arises for which the name
of Salmo fario should be retained. Linnaeus, even if he had been
aware of the difference between the northern and southern forms,
would scarcely have distinguished them by different names. He
formed the name for Scandinavian and German River-Trout, refer-
ring especially to the Sahnonoid described by Artedi, who attributes
to it sixty vertebrae. Artedi also describes the caudal fin as emar-
ginate, having probably taken his description from a young example.
Thus the name of Salmo fario ought to be retained for the northern
form ; however, in a case like the present, when the boundary line
between species and variety is so obscure, I think it more convenient
to adopt a nomenclature indicative of the uncertainty existing.

The synonymy also is often very uncertain, and the following
synopsis of synonyms probably contains several references to de-
scriptions taken from species distinct from S. fario.

60 SALMONID^.

a. Salmo fario gaimardi.

Synonymy for Scandinavia ti specimens.

Back-Forell, Backro.

Salmo no. 3, Artedi, Synon. p. 23 ; no. 5, Genera, p. 12 ; and no. 4,

Sjiecies, p. 51.
Salmo no. 309, L. Faun, Suec. p. 117.

Salmo fario, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 509 ; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 415.
[? Kroyer, Damn. Fisk. ii. p. 025 ; a trout is described which appears

to difter from S. fario in several respects, especially in the greater

number of pyloric appendages, which amount to 54.]
Salmo punctatus, Ntlsson, I. c. p. 417.

? Trutta trutta, var. Malmgren, Findlund's Fisk-Fauna, p. 03.
Salmo trutta, var. Widegren, Of vers. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1802, p. 500,

taf. 4. fig. 1 (young), taf. 7. figs. 1 & 2 (half-grown), taf. 8 (adult) ;

ibid. 1804, taf. 8 (young), and taf. 13 (adult).

Iceland specimens.

Salmo trutta, Gaimard, Voy. Isl. 8f Groenl. Atl. Poiss. pi. 15. fig. A

(the spots incorrectly dra%vn).
gaimardi, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 341.

Scotch specimens.

Salmo fairo, Jardine, Edin. New Philos. Journ. xviii. p. 51 (several
northern varieties are indicated in this paper, but no characters of
systematic importance are given); Brit. Salmon, pis. 5 & 12; Parnell,
Wern. Mem. vii. p. 304, pi. 30 ; or Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 144,
pi. 30 (not good, maxillary too feeble).

D. 13-14. A. 11-12. P.M. V. 9. L. lat. 120. L. transv. 27/30.
Cffic. pyl. 33-46. Vert. 59-60.

Largest specimen observed, 15 inches ; female mature at a length
of 7 or 8 inches.

Head weU proportioned in its shape, and rather small when com-
pared with the body , body rather short and compressed. The pos-
terior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is nearly
midway between the upper end of the gill-opening and the lower
anterior angle of the suboperculum. Praioperculum nearly crescent-
shaped, without or with a very indistinct lower limb. Snout of
moderate length, obtusely conical. Maxillary much longer than the
snout, broad and stout ; in male specimens, 9 inches long, it extends
to or nearly to the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit. Teeth
of moderate size. The head of the vomer is triangular, small, broader
than long ; vomerine teeth in a double series, sometimes disposed in
a zigzag line, persistent throughout life. Fins well developed. The
caudal fin of specimens of 9 inches in length is truncate or scarcely
emarginate, the middle caudal rays being more than half as long as
the outer ones. The hind part of the body is short, and rather high ;
there are about fifteen scales in a transverse series from behind the
adipose fin obliquely forwards to the lateral line.

Sides with numerous round or X-shaped black markings ; the
upper surface and sides of the head, the dorsal, adipose, and caudal

1. SALMO. 61

fins generally with crowded round black spots ; dorsal, anal, and
ventral with a black and white outer edge.

Iceland ; North Britain ; Ireland ; Scandinavia.

a-d. Fine specimens, two sterile, 11 inches long, and two males

9 inches long. Iceland. Presented by G. G. Fowler, Esq.

Vert. 60 ; caec. pyl. 43-46.
e, f-g, h-i. Adult and half-grown. Eidfjord River (Hardanger

Fjord). Presented by Prof. N. St. Maskeljne. Vert. 59-60.
1c. Adult. River above the Voring Foss, Norway. Presented by

Prof. N. St. Maskelyne.
7—w. Male, 17 inches long, with a small mandibulary hook, and

female, 9|^ inches long, with mature ova. Jutland. Presented

by the Copenhagen Museum. Caught in November; caec.

pyl. 41 ; vert. 60.
n-o. Adult. Lakes near Dunskey, Port Patrick. Presented by

Dr. P. L. Sclater. (October.)
p-q, r-s. From 11 to 13 inclies long. River Tweed. Presented by

Mr. G. Smith. (September 29th.)
t-w. From 5 to 9 inches long. River Tweed. Presented by His

Grace the Duke of Roxburgh.
X, y. Male and female, 13 and 10 inches long. Lossie River, Moray

Firth. Presented by Captain J. B. Dunbar.
z-l. From 4 to 10 inches long. River Dee, near Abergeldie Castlo.

Presented by Th. Giinther, M.D. Vert. 60 ; caec. pyl. 44.
e-^". Skins. North Esk, Forfarshire. From Mr. ParneU's Collection.
i-K. Skins. South Esk, Forfarshire. From Mr. ParneU's Collection.
X. Niunerous examples; skins. River Forth. From Mr. ParneU's

Collection.
fi. Skin. River Esk, Edinburgh. From Mr. ParneU's Collection.
V. Numerous examples ; skins. River Clyde, taken above and below

the falls. From Mr. ParneU's CoUection.

[The Trout of the Clyde forms a very weU marked variety,. distin-

tinguished by a short body, very short snout, broad maxiUary, strong

vomerine teeth, smaU anal fin, and numerous fine X-shaped markings

on the body ; the spots on the dorsal fin are smaU, ovate, numerous.]

I. Numerous examples ; skins. River Annan. From Mr. ParneU's

Collection.
o. Skin. Solway. From Mr. ParneU's CoUection.
IT, p, s, -.-. Adult and young. Scotland ? Purchased of Mr. Stevens,

Vert. 59 ; caec. pyl. 35.
v-\p. Adidt. River Liddel, Cumberland. Purchased of Mr. Wright.

Vert. 59.
oi-aa. Half-grown. River Esk, Cumberland. Purchased of Mr.

Wright.
bb-ct. Adult. River Heather, a tributary of the Lyne. Purchased

of Mr. Wright. Vert. 59.
dd. Male, 15 inches long. Shi-opshire, near WeUington. Presented

by T. C. Eyton, Esq. Vert. 60 ; caec. pyl. 33.

62 SALMONID^,

ee, ff. Many specimens. Rivers Owenbrean and Sacrapagh, Ferma-
nagh. Presented by the Eaii of Enniskillen.

gg. Many specimens. Mountain-lake near Gal way Bay. Presented
by F. Godman- Esq.

Specimens illv^trating the growth of this species.

Ml. A series of specimens from the Tweed and Esk. from 1 to 3 inches
long.

Deformed specimens.

ii. Upper part of the snout shortened. Old Collection.

Jck. Upper part of the snout shortened. Loch Uoy, Invernesshire.

Presented by H. C. PenneU, Esq.
II. Vertebral column forming an undulating curve. Old Collection.

Description of a Male specimen from the Dee {Aberdeen), caught in
the month of September {testicles fully developed).

inches.

Total length lOf

Greatest depth of the body If

Length of the head 2f

Girth of the biggest part of the body 4J

Least depth of the tail ^

Girth of narrowest part of taU 2\

Distance between end of snout and eye f

"Diameter of the eye ^^

Length of the maxillary bone 1

Distance between eye and angle of prgeoperculum . . |

Greatest width of operculum g

Gi oatest depth of operculum |

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 3

Distance between end of dorsa^ and root of caudal . . 3f

Length of base of dorsal 1

Greatest height of dorsal If

Length of pectoral . . .' If

Distp.nce between root of pectoral and root of ventral 2f

Length of ventral fin lA-

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . 1|

Length of anal fin |

Greatest depth of anal li

Length of longest caudal ray 1|

Length of shortest caudal ray • . . |

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is one-fifth of the total length (caudal not included) ; the
length of the head is contained three times and three-quarters in
that of the body. The snout is moderately produced, pointed, and
half the length of the postorbital portion of the head.

The length of the maxillary bone is ecjual to that of the snout

1. SALMO. 63

together with the diameter of the eye, its greatest width being about
one-half of the same. The lower jaw is slightly bent upwards, and
is without hook.

The teeth of the mandible, intermaxillary, and palatine bones are
larger than those of the maxillary ; the vomerine teeth are disposed
in an almost completely double series. The interorbital space is flat,
with a rather elevated median ridge, the eye being placed somewhat
below the upper profile ; the width of this space is equal to one-half
the length of the postorbital part of the head, or two-thirds of that of
the maxillary bone.

The posterior margin of the praeoperculum is convex, the lower
limb being rather indistinct ; the posterior margin of the operculum
is straight, and forms a right angle with the lower limb. A line from
the upper end of the gill-opening to the angle of the operculum is a
little longer than a line from that point to the lower anterior end of
the suboperculum. The suboperculum is nearly thrice as long as
broad. The distance of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if measured
back from behind that fin, reaches to midway between the adipose
and the root of the caudal fin. The dorsal fin is a little higher than
long, and consists of thirteen rays, the first three being rudimentary,
the fourth simple, and the fifth and sixth branched, and the longest
of the fin.

The anal fin is not quite twice as high as long, and consists of
eleven rays, the two first being rudimentary, the third simple, the
fourth the first branched ray, and the sixth the longest of the fin.

The pectoral fin is one-fourth of an inch longer than the post-
orbital portion of the head, or than one-half of its distance from the
ventral ; the ventral fin is much shorter, and reaches two-thirds of
the distance from its root to the vent ; its outermost ray is in the
vertical from the tenth of the dorsal. Caudal nearly truncated, with
the lower lobe rounded.

There are 124 transverse series of scales, counted immediately above
the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backwards from the
origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line has twenty-six scales ; that
from the hinder end of the adipose forwards to the lateral line has
sixteen scales ; there are twenty-two longitudinal series between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral. Scales rounded, without
median ridge.

Back and sides greenish brown, belly brownish white ; numerous
reticulated black spots about the size of four scak s are scattered along
the sides above and below the lateral line. A series of orange-
coloured spots runs along the lateral line, and others are scattered
below it. Opercular bones with many large, round, black spots.
Dorsal with densely crowded, oval, black spots in several series, and
with a black and yellow supero- anterior margin ; anal dusky, with
a broad black and yellow margin anteriorly ; pectorals and ventrals
with a blackish tinge, the latter with an outer black and yellow
margin ; caudal blackish.

Pyloric appendages forty-four.

04 SAT.MONID^.

b. Salmo fario ausonii.

Synomfmy of German specimens.

Forelle.

Trutta fluviatilis, Gesner, p. 1203.

Salmo no. 367, Gronov. Zooj)hyl. p. 120 ; no. 370, p. 121 (young).

Trutta no. 9, Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 19, tab. 1. fig. 3.

Salmo fario, Block, i. p. 148, taf. 22, & p. 157, taf. 23; Schrank,

Faun. Boic. i. p. 320 ; Meidinger, pi. 20 ; Agasi> Poiss. cCeau douce,

pi. 3-5 ; Gunth. Fische des Neckars, p. 113.
Salmo alpinus, Block, iii. p. 158, taf. 104.

saxatilis, Sckrank, Faun. Boic. i, p. 320.

Salar ausonii, Heckel, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss, Wien, 1852, viii. p. 354,

taf. 8 ; Heckel i^ Kner, Siisswasserf. p. 248.
Trutta fario, Siebold, Siisswasserf. p. 319.
Anatomy : Agass, & Vogt,^ Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Neuchatel, iii. ; Kner,

Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1851, vi. p. 243, & 1852, \iii. p. 204.

RtLSsian specimens.
Salmo fario. Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 348.

British specimens.

The Common River-Trout.

Trutta fluviatilis, Willugkhy, p. 199 (p. 193, two varieties are men-
tioned by Jobnson, but in very indistinct terms).

Trout, Borlase, Cornwall, p. 203, t. 2(5. f. 1 ; Pamant, Brit. Zool. iii.
p. 260, pi. 59, & edit. 1812, iii. p. 399, pi. 70.

Salmo fario, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 103 ; Donov. Brit. Fish. iv. pi. 85 ;
Flein. Brit. Anim. p. 181 ; Rickards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Pise. p.
144, pi. 92. fig. 3 A & B ; Jemjns, Man. p. 424 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish.
2nd edit. ii. p. 85, & 3rd edit, i. p. 261.

Salmo comubiensis, TF'aZ6. Artedi, iii. p. 05; Bl. Schn. p. 421.

French specimens.

Salar Gallorum Trutta, Bellm. p. 280.

Trutta fluviatilis. Rondel, ii. p. 169.

Salmo fario, Selys-Longckamps, Faune Beige, p. 221.

Salar ausonii, Cxiv. Sf Val. xxi. p. 319, pi. 618.

D. 13 (-14). A. 10-11. P. 13. V. 9. L. lat. 120. L. transv.
26/30. Cffic. pyl. 38-47 (-51). Vert. 57*, 58.

Attaining to a length of thirty inches ; female mature at a length
of eight inches.

Head well proportioned in its shape ; body rather stout. The
posterior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is mid-
way between the upper end of the gill-opening and the lower anterior
angle of the suboperculum. Proeoperculum with a not very indistinct
but very obHque lower limb. Snout rather produced in the male ;
the lower jaw having a hook in front in very old examples only.
"Nfaxillary much longer than the snoiit, v^ry strong and dilated (see
p. 6) ; it extends to below the hinder margin of the oi'bit already
in specimens of eight or nine inches in length. Dentition strong.
The head of the vomer is triangular, much broader than long, with
* Fifty-six, if the last rudimentary c.iudal verlebra be not counted.

1 . 8AT.M0. 85

a transverse series of teeth across its base ; body of the vomer with
a double series of strong teeth, the teeth being placed either oppo-
site to each othe? or alternately ; this seiies of teeth is persistent
throughout life. Fins comparatively short and rounded : the length
)f the pectoral is one-half, or rather less than one-half, of the distance
of its base from that of the ^■entral ; in specimens under 10 inches
it is somewhat longer. The caudal fin is emarginate in young ex-
amples, but has become truncate in specimens of eight inches in
length, in which the length of the middle caudal raj^s is only two-
thirds of that of the outer ones. The hind part of the body is short
and rather high ; there are about sixteen scales in a transverse
series descending from behind the adipose fin obliquely backwards to
the lateral line.

Body, head and dorsal fin generally with numerous red and black
spots ; a part of the latter have generally a light edge ; these black
spots are either round or more irregular in shape, composed of
X-shaped marks. Anterior margin of the dorsal and anal, and the
outer one of the ventrals, generally yellowish.

A non-migratory species, inhabiting numerous fresh waters of
Central Europe, Sweden and England ; rivers of the Maritime Alps.

a. Fine specimen. Scar River, Caldew. Purchased of Mr. Wright.
h, c-f. Fine specimens. River Caldew, Cumberland. Purchased of

Mr. Wright. Vert. 58.
g-i. Fine specimens. River Eden. Purchased of Mr. Wright,

• V'ert. 58.
Jc-l, Fine specimens. River Fething, tributary of the Eden. I'ur-

chased of Mr. Wright.
m-p. Fine specimens. River DerwenL Purchased of Mr. Wright.

Vert. 58.
q-r. Eight inches long. Troutbeck River, Westmoreland. Pur-
chased of Mr. Wright.
s-u. Seven inches long. Dalcbeck River. Purchased of Mr. Wright.
v-x. Fine specimens*. Port Sodrick, Isle of Man. Purchased of

Mr. Wright.
2/-/J. Fine specimens. Kirk St. Anne, Isle of Man, Purchased of

Mr. Wright. Vert. 58.
y-d. Fine specimens. Island of Islay. Presented by W. J.

Ffennell, Esq. This variety resembles closely the Gwyniad of

the Ewenny.
c, n-0. Sterile specimens, 14 inches long. River Ewenny (tributary

of the Ogmore), Glamorganshire. Presented by the Rev. E. P.

Nicholl. Caught in May. " Gwj^niad."
f. Sterile female fish, 15 inches long. River TJsk, near Brecon.

Presented by J. Lloyd, Esq., Jun. Vert. 58.
I. Many male, female, and sterile specimens, from 7 to 13 inches

long. River TJsk, near Brecon. Presented by J. Lloyd, Esq.,

Jun. Vert. 58. Csec. pyl. 40-45.
K, X-^. Seven inches long, and young. Goodwick, near Haverford-
west. Presented by Hugh C. Owen, Esq.

VOL.' VI. F

66 SALMONID^.

o, TT, p-s. From 7 to y inches long. Rhymney. Presented by the

Rev. A. Morgan. Vert. 58.
r. Male, 19 inches long (overgrown). Tributary of the Severn near'
Wellington, Shropshire. Presented by T. C. Eyton, Esq.
Vert. 58. C^ec. pyl. 38.
V. Female, 19 inches long (barren). River Chess, Buckinghamshire.

Presented by P. Gould, Esq. Vert. 58. Caec. pyl. 41.
(j). Many specimens. River Glaven, near Hanworth. Presented by

J. H. Gurney, Esq.
I^w, aa-dd. Adiilt and young. River Itchen (Hampshire). Pre-
sented by T. Chamberlayne, Esq.
ee. Male, 15| inches long. Hurstbourne Park, Hampshire. Pre-
sented by Lord Portsmouth. Caec. pyl. 47. Vert. 57.
ff. Sterile male fish, 14 inches long. Hurstbourne Park. Pre-
sented by Lord Portsmouth. Vert. 57.
gg. Male, 29 inches long (overgrown and barren). Cobham, near

Maidenhead. Presented by F. Gould, Esq.
hh. Male, 26 inches long (overgrown and barren). River Colne.

Presented by F. Gould, Esq.
n. Male, 27 inches long, stuffed. Thames, near Hampton Court.
Tck-qq. Fine specimens, from 10 to 14 inches long. River Wandle.
Presented by Alfred Smce, Esq., M.D. These specimens were
obtained whilst engaged in spawning, on the 7th of March.
Male, 14 inches long : 39 caec. pyl., and 58 vertebrae.
Female, 13 inches long : 41 caec. pyl., and 57 vertebrae.
Male, 11 inches long : 41 caec. pyl.
Female, 12 inches long : 42 caec. pyl. and 58 vertebrae.
Female, 10 inches long : 47 caec. pyl.
Male, 9| inches long : 49 caec. pyl., and 57 vertebrae.
Male, 12 inches long : 51 caec. pyl.

It must be remarked that Dr. Smee has introduced into this river
numerous Trout artificially bred from ova which were received from
various sources.

rr. Skin. Poole, Hants. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

ss. Skin. "VVareham, Dorset. From Mr, YarreU's Collection.

tt. Skin. River Dart, South Devon. From Mr. YarreU's CoUection.

?Mt. Young. River Torridge, Devon. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

vv. Many skins fi-om the River Plym, not in good state. From the

CoUections of Mr. Yarrell and of Lieut. H. F. Spence, R.N.
xviv. Skin. River Erme. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence. Caec.

pyl. 44.
MX. Skin. Penzance. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
yy-zz. Sterile specimens, 9 inches long. London Market. Vert. 58.
aa. Male, sterile, 15 inches long. River Gotha (Sweden). From

Mr.. Lloyd's CoUection. Vert. 58 ; caec. pyl. 48.
/3/5. Male, 11 inches long. Harzgerode, Harz. Presented by Hr.

R. Blasius. Vert. 56.
yy-S^. From 6 to 8 inches long. Mulde River, near Brestewitz.

Presented by Hr. R. Blasius. Vert. 56.

1. SALMO. 07

€€-r]ri. Male and female, 14 and 15 inches long. Brenz, tributary
of the Upper Danube. From the Stuttgart Museum. Vert. 57.

6d. Female, 8 inches long. Erms tributary of the Neekar. From
the Stuttgart Museum. Vert. 57.

^^. Seven inches long. Frankstadt in Miihren. From Mr. Jeitteles's
CoUection. Vert. 58.

u*. Female, 15 inches long. Lake of Constance. Presented by
Prof. V. Siebold.

icK. Adult female. Col de Tende (Maritime Alps). From Dr. Deakin's
Collection. Vert. 57 ; csec. pyl. 47.

XX-/i/i. Young. San Martino, river Var. From Dr. Deakin's Collec-
tion.

Deformed examples.

vv. Nine inches long. Bankeud River. Purchased of Mr. Wright.
iX. Eight inches long. Caldbeck River, Purchased of Mr. .Wright.

In both those examples the caudal portion of the vertebral

column is curved in the shape of an S.

Description of a large male Thames- Trout caught in the

month of May. inches.

Total length 28^

Greatest depth of the body 6^

Length of the head 1\

Girth of biggest part of the body 10

Least depth of the tail '2\

Distance between end of snout and eye 3

Diameter of the eye ^

Length of the maxillary bone 3y^

Distance bet-ween eye and angle of praeoperculum . . 2|

Greatest width of opercidum 1|

Greatest depth of operculum 2f

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . . 9
Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 9i

Length of base of dorsal 2^

Greatest height of dorsal 3y^^

Length of pectoral 4

* This specimen is one to which some interest is attached ; it has been sent to
us by Prof. v. Siebold with the name of" Trutta lacustris, fem., with the sexual
organs developed," and is said to be from the Lake of Constance. It is, in my
opinion, nothing but a Salmo fario, a species not mentioned by Eapp or Siebold
aa an inhabitant of that lake ; it differs scarcely from other specimens obtained
in Southern Germany ; and, to remove every doubt of its being 8. jario, and not
the lake-species as believed by Siebold, I may further mention that it has 57
vertebrae, and not 60 i the number of its pyloric appendages is 43, a number
more frequently found in S.fario than in the other lake-species.

Thus it appears that S. fario inhabits the Lake of Constance ; probably it
has often been confoimded with SalTno rappii (S. f ruff a, Rapp); and this may
account for a number of divergent statements as regards the number of pylorjc
ca^ca, their habits, etc. ; thus we suppose that the sjjecimen, the pyloric appendages
of which have been examined by Kner (Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1852, viii.
p. 208), belongs to this variety of S.fario rather than to S. Inrnxfris; likewise
the specimen the vomerine tcetli of which have been figured bv Heckcl (ibid.
p. 353. taf. 7. figs. 4, 5).

68 SALMONID^.

inches.

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 6^

Length of ventral fin 3yg-

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 4^

Length of anal 2^

Greatest depth of anal 3^

Length of longest caudal ray 3^

Length of middle caudal ray 2f

The body of this specimen is short and extremely stout ; the head
and jaws strongly developed, but less so than in the specimen from
Shropshire.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is not quite one quarter of the total length (without caudal) ;
that of the head is three-tenths of the same. Snout much produced,
pointed, equal in length to four-fifths of the length of the postorbital
portion of the head, or five-sixths of the maxUlary bone ; the lower
jaw has a terminal hook, much developed, and half an inch in height,
received into a deep depression in the extremity of the upper jaw :
the jaws do not meet laterally, and the external teeth of the upper
jaw are nowhere in contact with those of the mandible. The maxil-
lary bone is longer than the snout by half the diameter of the eye ;
it extends far beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the
orbit, and its greatest width is two-thirds of the diameter of the eye.

Dentition very perfect ; teeth strong ; those of the mandible and
intermaxillary being larger and stronger than those of the maxillary
and palatine bones ; the vomerine teeth do not reach far backwards
on the palate ; but those v.^hich remain are disposed in a double
series. The interorbital space is convex, being equal to two-thirds
of the length of the postorbital part of the head., jr five-sevenths of
that of the maxillary bone : the eye is small, and placed slightly
below the upper profile of the head.

The praeoperculum has its posterior margin subvertical, somewhat
rounded, and the lower limb very indistinct ; the hinder margin of
the operculum is straight, and the angle which it forms with the
lower hmb is an obtuse one. The suboperculum is broad, little
more than twice as long as broad. The distance between the upper
end of the gill-opening and the angle of the operculum is more than
that between the latter point and the lower anterior end of the
suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
measuied back from behind that fin, reaches two-thirds of the dis-
tance between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal
fin is higher than long, and consists of fourteen rays, of which the
anterior four are rudimentary and covered by the skin, the fifth
simple and nearly as long as the sixth, which is branched and the
longest of the fin : the terminal ray is cleft to ifs base.

The anal fin is much higher than long ; it consists of eleven rays,
of which the first and second are rudimentary and covered by the
skin, the third simple and much shorter than the fourth, which is
the first branched ray ; the last ray is cleft throughout.

Pectoral rather longer than tlip postorbital part of the head, and

1. SALMO. 69

reaching rather more than half of the distance between its root and
that of the ventral fin : ventral shorter, reaching about three -fourths
of the distance between its root and the vent ; its outermost ray is
vertically opposite to the tenth of the dorsal fin. All the fins except
the dorsal show signs of some check having affected their growth,
causing irregularity in the outer rays. Posterior margin of caudal
convex.

There are 120 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the series descending obUqucly backwards
from the origin of the dorsal fin to that line contains 29 scales, that
forwards from behind the adipose has 15 scales. There are 23 lon-
gitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin.

The skin of the back is very thick, enveloping the scales of that
region.

Sides of the body and head and the dorsal fin with numerous,
small, round, black spots.

The testicles of this specimen are reduced to a thin band, as is the
case in sterile fish. .

Description of a male specimen from Hampshire, caught in the
month of January [testicles fully developed).

inches.

Total length 16

Greatest depth of the body 3j'

Length of the head 3^

Girth of biggest part of body 8"

Least depth of the tail 1-|

Girth of narrowest part of tail 3-1-

Distance between end of snout and eye 1\

Diameter of the eye |^

Length of maxUlary bone 1^

Distance between eye and angle of prseoperculum . . 1-j^

Greatest width of operculum |

Greatest depth of operculum 1^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 4f

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 4|

Length of base of dorsal If

Greatest height of dorsal 2|-

Length of pectoral 2\

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral. 4^

Length of ventral fin 1-L|

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . 2^

Length of anal fin l|

Greatest depth of anal 1^

Length of longest caudal ray 2^

Length of middle caudal ray li

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is contained four times and one-fourth in the total length,
not including the caudal fin. The length of the head is rather more

70 SALMONID^.

than one-fourth of that of the body. The snout is somewhat produced,
rather pointed, and more than half the length of the postorbital part
of the head. The length of the maxillary bone exceeds that of the
snout by three-fourths of the diameter of the eye, its greatest width
being more than half of the same. The lower jaw is slightly bent
upwards, -with a trace of a hook, and the contact of the upper and
lower jaws is imperfect. The teeth are strong, those of the mandible
and palatine bones being the strongest, the teeth on the vomer are
arranged in a double series, which, however, is much deranged in con-
sequence of about one-half of the teeth being in process of changing ;
four teeth stand in a transverse series on the hinder part of the head
of the vomer.

The interorbital space is but slightly convex, and the eye is situ-
ated a little below the upper profile of the head ; the width of this
space is two-sevenths of the length of the head, and two-thirds of
that of the maxillary bone. The maxillary extends slightly beyond
the vertical from the hinder margin of the orbit.

The prseoperculum has its hinder margin irregularly convex, and
considerably inclined backwards, scarcely any angle, and the lower
limb very indistinct. The hinder margin of the operculum is slightly
convex, very obhque, and forms a rather obtuse angle with the lower
margin, which is distinctly roimded. A line from the upper end of
the gill-opening to the angle of the operculum is equal to another
line from that point to the lower anterior end of the suboperculum.
Suboperculum twice as long as high.

The dorsal fin is equally distant from the occiput and the root of
the caudal ; it is higher than long, and composed of thirteen rays,
the first two being rudimentary, and covered by the skin, the third
simple and a little shorter than the fourth, which is branched ; the
last is cleft to the base.

The anal fin is about two-thirds as long as high, and consists of
twelve rays, the two anterior ones being rudimentary and covered
by the skin, the third simple and half as long as the fourth, which
i.^ also simple, and nearly as long as the next ; the last ray cleft to
the root.

The pectoral fin is one -eighth of an inch longer than the post-
orbital part of the head. Its outer rays, towards their extremities,
show signs of some check having affected their growth. It is roimded,
and its length is less than one-half of its distance from the ventral
fin. The ventral fin is shorter than the pectoral, and reaches to
three-fourths of the distance of its root from the vent ; its outermost
ray is vertically opposite 1 o the tenth of the dorsal. Caudal truncated,
short, with the lobes rather obtuse.

There are 127 transverse rows of scales, counted immediately above
the lateral line : the series descending obliquely backwards from the
origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line has thirty-one scales ; that
from the hinder end of the adipose backwards to the lateral line has
sixteen scales : there are twenty-seven longitudinal series between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. All the scales arc
rounded behind, without median ridge.

1. SALMO. 71

Back greenish-brown, fading to brownish-white on the sides ; belly
blackish ; irregular black spots of about the size of two or three scales
are scattered on the sides ; a series of bright purple-coloured spots
runs along the lateral line, a few being scattered on the lower part
of the side ; there are several distinct black spots on the opereiduni,
and several series of elliptical ones on the dorsal fin and caudal fin ;
the other fins are immaculate, the anal blackish, the pectorals and
ventrals yellowish, tinged and margined with blackish.

The state of the sexual organs shows that th-^ specimen was en-
gaged in propagating its species at the time of iapture.

Description of a male overgrown Trout, taken in a small rivulet in
Shropshire in the month of April ; testicles very small, hand-like.

inches.

Total length 20

Greatest depth of the body 3|

Length of the head 5|

Girth of the biggest part of the body 9^

Least depth of the tail 11

Distance between end of snout and eye 2

Diameter of the eye |-

Length of the maxillary bono • 2|-

Distance between eye and angle of prscoperculum . . 2

Greatest width of operculum 1-1

Greatest depth of operculum 1|^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 5^

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 5j'i^

Length of base of dorsal 2

Greatest height of dorsal 2\

Length of pectoral 2f

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 5

Length of ventral fin 2,\

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 3^

Length of anal If

Greatest depth of anal 2i

Length of longest caudal ray 2\

Length of middle caudal ray 1|

The specimen is in a very lean condition, with the head of enor-
mous dimensions; the jaws exceedingly large and strong; and the
maxiUary bone strongly undulated, reaching far beyond the hinder
margin of the orbit. Although the sexual organs are very feebly deve-
loped, the skin on the back is extremely thick, covering the scales.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is two-ninths of the total length (caudal not included) ; the
length of the head is one-third of the same. Ihe snout is much
produced and pointed, and two-thirds the length of the postorbital
part of the head, or nearly three-fourths that of the maxillary bone.
The lower jaw projects considerably beyond the upper, being bent
upwards at the extremity, but no part of it is received between the

72 SALMONID.E.

intermaxillary bones. The maxillary bone is longer than the snout
by four-fifths of the diameter of the eye.

The dentition is quite perfect ; the teeth remarkably strong : those
on the longitudinal part of the vomer reach very far back on the
palate: those of the mandible and intermaxillary are about equal
and larger than those of the maxillary and palatine bones.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is about one-third of
the diameter of the latter. The interorbital space is flattened ; the
position of the eye slightly below the upper profile of the head : the
width of this space is less than the length of the snout, and more
than half that of the postorbital part of the head.

The prgeoperculum has no lower limb, being obtusely rounded
below ; the posterior margin of the operculum is slightly undulated,
and very oblique ; the angle at which it meets the lower limb being
a right one. The distance between the upper end of the gill-openiug
and the angle of the operculum is greater than that between the
latter point and the lower anterior end of the suboperculum.

The dorsal fin is equally distant from the occiput and the root of the
caudal. It is one-eighth of an inch higher than long, and possesses
fourteen rays, of which the first three are rudimentary and covered
by the skin, the fourth simple and not much shorter than the next,
which is branched and reaches the utmost height of the fin ; the
final ray is cleft throughout.

The anal fin is higher than long, its length being about two-thirds
of its height. It consists of twelve rays.

Pectoral fin almost e(iual in length to the postorbital part of the
head, reaching about half the distance of its root from that of the
ventral ; the latter fin is shorter, and reaches more than midway
towards the vent ; its outermost ray is vertically opposite to the ninth
of the dorsal. The posterior margin of the caudal fin is convex.

There are 120 transvei'se series of scales, counted immediately above
the lateral line : the series descending obliquely backwards from the
origin of the dorsal fin to that line has twenty-three or twenty -four
scales ; that from behind the adipose forward to the lateral line has
fifteen scales ; there are twenty-three longitudinal series between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral.

Head and upper parts dark brown ; sides and belly greyish brown ;
sides with orange-coloured and red round spots in moderate number.
Fins blackish.

Vertebrae 58. Cseca pylorica 38.

Descri/ption of a Male specimen from the Brenz, a tributary of the
Upper Danube, caught after the spawning-time.

inches.

Total length 14i

Greatest depth of the body 2|-

Length of the head 3f

Girth of biggest part of body 61-

Least depth of the tail ; . . . l-l-

Girth of narrowest part of tail 3^

1. SALMO. 73

inches.

Distance between end of snout and eye 1

Diameter of the eye i

Length of the maxillary bone 1a

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . li

Greatest width of operculum 1

Greatest depth of operculum li

Distance betw een occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 4

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 4^

Length of base of dorsal 1 1

Greatest height of dorsal 1a

Length of pectoral li

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 3f

Length of ventral fin li

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 2f

Length of anal fin i

Greatest depth of anal li.

Length of longest caudal ray 1|-

Length of middle caudal ray li

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is contained four times and a half in the total length (with-
out caudal) ; the length of the head is contained three times and a
half in the same. The snout is considerably produced, obtusely
conical at the extremity, and more than half as long as the postor-
bita] portion of the head ; the length of the maxillary bone is equal
to that of the snout together -with, the entire diameter of the eye, its
greatest width being rather more than half that diameter. The
lower jaw is veiy slightly bent upwards, having a very faint trace
of a hook ; when the mouth is closed the maxillary does not come into
perfect contact with the mandible.

The teeth are strong and conical, those of the mandible, inter-
maxillary, and palatine bones being stronger and larger than those
of the maxillary. The head of the vomer is triangular, much
broader than long, and bears four teeth on the ridge of its hinder
margin ; the remainder of the teeth are arranged along the median
longitudinal ridge in a double, or rather zigzag, series, one of each
pair being in advance of the other.

The interorbital space is but slightly convex, the eye being situ-
ated not far beneath the upper profile of the head ; the width of this
space is equal to the length of the snout, or two-thirds of that of the
maxiUary bone. The maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the
hinder margin of the orbit.

The hinder margin of the praeoperculum is slightly convex, in-
clining backwards, with the angle and lower limb rounded, the latter
not very distinct. The posterior margin of the operculum is almost
straight, rounded off towards the angle, which is an obtuse one.
The distance from the upper end of the gill-opening to the angle of
the operculum is equal to that from the latter point to the lower
anterior end of the suboperculum. Suboperculum more than twice
as long as high.

74 SALMONID^,

The distance from the dorsal fin to the occiput, if measured back
from behind that fin, reaches midway between the adipose and the
root of tuo caudal fin. The dorsal fin is higher than long, and con-
sists of fourteen rays, the first four being rudimentary, the fifth
simple and as long as the sixth, which is branched, the terminal ray
cleft to the root.

The anal fin is two-thirds as long as high, and consists of ten rays,
the first two of which are rudimentary, the third simple and as long
as the fourth, the last ray cleft throughout.

The pectoral fin is one-fourth of an inch shorter than the postor-
bital portion of the head ; its length is one-half of its distance from
the ventral fin.

The ventral fin is shorter than the pectoral, reaching more than
midway between its root and the vent ; its outermost ray is opposite
to the tenth of the dorsal fin. Caudal truncated.

There are 120 transverse series of scales, counted immediately above
the lateral line ; the series descending backwards from the origin of
the dorsal fin to the lateral line has twenty-six scales ; that from the
hinder end of the adipose forwards to the lateral line has sixteen
scales : there are twenty-two longitudinal series between the lateral
line and the ventral fin. All the scales rounded, without median
ridge ; those on the back are enveloped in a rather thick skin.

Back greenish brown, becoming more silvery on the sides ; belly
brownish ; sides with numerous reticulated black spots, between
which red ones are interspersed ; opercular bones with a few black
spots. Dorsal fin with several series of large oval black spots ; anal
and caudal blackish ; pectorals and ventrals pale-coloured, with
blackish tinge. Dorsal, anal, and ventral fins with a very narrow
whitish outer edge.

Pyloric appendages forty-seven.

Description of a Female specimen from the Brenz, caught after the
spawning -time.

inches.

Total length 13i

Greatest depth of the body 2f

Length of the head 2f

Girth of biggest part of body Si-
Least depth of the tail \\

Girth of narrowest part of tail 2f

Distance between end of snout and eye |

Diameter of the eye i

Length of maxiUaiy bone 1\

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . 1

Greatest width of operculum f

Greatest depth of operculum ^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 3f

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 4 l

Length of base of dorsal If

Greatest height of dorsal , li

1. SALMO. 75

inches.

Length of pectoral '. If

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 3^^

Length of ventral fin 1^

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 2^

Length of anal fin 1^

Greatest depth of anal • If

Length of longest caudal ray If

Length of middle caudal ray 1^;^

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is one-fifth of the total length (without caudal) ; the length
of the head is one-fourth of the same. The snout is slightly pro-
duced, rather obtuse, and about half the length of the postorbital
portion of the head. The length of the maxillary bone exceeds that
of the snout by three-fourths of the diameter of the eye, its greatest
width being half the same. The lower jaw is straight, without book,
and the mouth closes perfectly.

The dentition is perfect; the teeth of the maxillary bones are
smaller than those of the intermaxillary, palatines, and mandible.
The teeth on the vomer are disposed in an almost completely double
series. The interorbital space is rather flattened, the eye being
placed very slightly below the upper profile of the head ; the width
of this space is one-half the length of the postorbital portion of the
head, and more than two-thirds of that of the maxillary bone. The
maxillary bone extends slightly beyond the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye.

The hinder margin of the praoperculum is sHghtly convex, the
lower one not very distinct. The hinder margin of the operculum is
almost straight, very oblique, and forms a right angle with the lower
limb. The distance from the upper end of the gill-opening to the
opercular angle is equal to that from the latter point to the lower
anterior end of the suboperculum. Suboperculum rather more than
twice as long as high.

The distance of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if measured back
from behind that fin, reaches to midway between the adipose and
the root of the caudal. The length of the dorsal fin is nearly equal
to its height. It consists of fourteen rays, the first three of which
are i-udimentary and covered by skin, the fourth simple and much
shorter than the next, which is branched > the last ray cleft to the
root.

The ana fin is higher than long, and composed of eleven rays, the
first three being covered by skin, the fourth simple and not much
shorter than the fifth ; the last ray cleft throughout. The pectoral
fin is a quarter of an inch longer than the postorbital portion of the
head, reaching about half of the distance of its root from the ventral.
The ventral fin is shorter ; its length is more than half of the distance
of its root from the vent : its outermost ray is vertically opposite to
the tenth of the dorsal fin. Caudal truncated.

There are 117 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backward

76 SALMONID^.

from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line has twenty-eight
scales; that from the hinder end of the adipose forwards to the
lateral line has fifteen scales; there are twenty-one longitudinal
series between the lateral line and the root of the ventral. Scales
rounded, without median ridge.

Coloration the same as in the male specimen.

Pyloric appendages forty- one.

B. Species with a limited geographical range.
I. Algeria.

5. Salmo macrostigma.

Salar macrosti^a, Dumeril, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, no. 9. pi. 10.
Salmo lapasseti, Zill, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1858, i. p. 126.

D. 13-14. A. 11. V. 9. P. 13. L. lat. 122. L. transv. 27/34.
Ccec. pyl. 28-31. Vert. 57.
This Trout is very closely allied to S. fario, and distinguished by
the small number of pyloric appendages. It has a somewhat less
broad and strong maxillary bone, not extending beyond the vertical
from the hind margin of the orbit in specimens 6 or 7 inches long ;
a short prseoperculum with scarcely any lower limb ; and the vome-
rine teeth arranged in a zigzag series. The length of the pectoral is
more than one-half of the distance between its root and that of the
ventral, the trunk being comparatively short. Body with ocellated
spots, the Parr-marks being still very distinct La specimens of the
size indicated, which do not appear to be adult*. Dorsal and anal
fins with a black and white anterior margin.

This is the southernmost species of the Salmonoids of the Old
World ; it resembles much the young state of the more developed
northern species S. fario. From the Oued-el-Abaich, Algeria.

a-c. From 6 to 7 inches long. Algeria. Presented by Dr. Schimper.

Description of a Female specimen seven inches long ; ovaries
developed ; ova minute.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, equal to the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total length
(caudal not included). Snout short, obtuse, but more than half the
length of the postorbital portion of the head.

The length of the maxillary bone is somewhat less than that of
the snout together with the diameter of the eye, its greatest width
being two -filths of the latter. Teeth of moderate strength ; those
of the vomer are arranged in a zigzag series, but the points are so
much bent towards the right and left as to give the appearance of a
double series. The interorbital space is flat, with a slight median
ridge, the eye being placed somewhat below the upper profile; the

* M. Dumeril considers these Parr-marks a specific character; they are com-
mon to all Salmonoids of a certain age.

1. SALMO. 77

width of this space is more than one-half of the length of the post-
orbital part of the head.

The posterior margin of the praeoperculum is slightly convex, the
lower limb being very indistinct ; the posterior margin of the oper-
culum is straight, and forms a right angle with the lower. A line
from the upper end of the gill-opening to the angle of the operculum
equals a line from that point to the lower anterior end of the sub-
operculum. The suboperculum is twice as long as broad.

The distance of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if measured back
from behind that fin, reaches nearly to the root of the caudal fin.
The dorsal fin is a little higher than long, and consists of fourteen
rays, the first three being rudimentary, the fourth simple, and the
fifth and sixth branched and the longest of the fin.

The anal fin is two-thirds as long as high, and consists of eleven
rays, the first two being rudimentary, the third simple, the fourth
the first branched ray, and the fifth the longest of the fin.

The pectoral fin is somewhat shorter than the length of the head
(without snout), and longer than one-half of its distance from the
ventral. The ventral fin is much shorter, and reaches two-thirds of
the distance from its root to the vent ; its outermost ray is in the
vertical from the ninth of the dorsal ; appendage in its axil very
short. Caudal fin somewhat emarginate, its middle rays being two-
thirds the length of the outer ones *.

There are 122 transverse series of scales, counted immediately above
the lateral line ; the Series descending obliquely backwards from the
origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line has twenty-seven scales ;
that from the hinder end of the adipose forwards to the lateral line
has fifteen scales ; there are twenty-four longitudinal series between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral. Scales rounded, thin.

II. Pyrenean Peninsula.

The Salmonoids of the Pyrenean peninsula have not yet been
properly examined or described. Cornicle (Ensayo de una historia de
los peces de la costa de Galicia, 1788, 16mo) appears to be the only
author who has written about them ; but his account does not contain
anything by which the different species might be characterized.
Besides the Salmon which we have mentioned above, he mentions —

1. The Lirio, very similar to the Salmon from the river Tambre
(p. 81).

2. The Reo, a migratory Trout, representmg S. trutta or S. cam-
hricus, common in all the rivers of Galicia (p. 82).

3. The Trucha, a Eiver-Trout, generally known in the whole of
Spain (p. 84).

III. Asia Minor.

Our evidence of a species of Salmo inhabiting Asia Minor is based
upon young specimens obtained on the summit of Mount Olympus.
They are evidently the young of a non-migratory Trout with a double

* This fin is more deeply emarginate in examples less advanced in their sexual
development than the specimen described.

78 SALMONID^.

series of teeth on the vomer, and have been mentioned before by Sir

J. Richardson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 372.

a, b-c. Young. Mount Olympus. Presented by H. Poole, Esq.

IV, Italy and rivers falling into the Adriatic.
6. Salmo deutex.

The Great Dalmatian Trout. Pastrova.

Salar dentex, Hechel, in Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1864, viii. p. 371,
taf. 10 ; Heck. 8c Kner, Siisswasserf. p. 256, fig. 142.

D. 12-13. A. 12. P. 13. V. 9. L. lat. 118-126. L. transv. 24/35.

Head of moderate size when compared with the body, rather low.
The posterior point of junction of operculum and subopercidum is
midway between the upper end of the gill-opening and the lower
anterior angle of the suboperculum. Prseoperculum with the lower
limb very indistinct, subcrescentic. Snout more or less produced,
according to age and sex. Maxillary as broad and strong as in
S.fario; in old individuals it is extremely strong and solid, and
bent downwards ; it extends to below the hind margin of the orbit
in specimens 12 inches long, and much beyond it in old ones. Teeth
strong, especially those of the intermaxillary ; vomerine teeth in a
double longitudinal series, persistent through life. Fins moderately
developed ; the caudal fin is very slightly emarginate in specimens
12 inches long, and becomes convex in old examples. There are
thirteen or fourteen scales in a transverse series descending from
behind the adipose fin forwards to the lateral line.

Brownish (darker or lighter), silvery towards the sides, and brown
on the belly; body with very numerous and very small irregular
black dots ; head with numerous round spots and undulated mark-
ings ; red spots are intermixed between the black ones. Base of the
dorsal with black spots.

A non-migratory species from the rivers of Dalmatia,

a. Forty inches long: skin. River Narenta. Presented by L.

Conyngham, Esq.

b. Forty-four inches long : stuffed. River Narenta. Presented by

L. Conyngham, Esq.
This species appears to be nearly allied to S. lemanus and to
S. ferox, unless a more detailed examination reveals other more
important differences. Perhaps no other European Salmonoid has
the jaws so powerfully developed as this species ; the character of
the large intermaxillary teeth, from which the name " dentex " w-as
derived, is not so prominent in old age as in young.

7. Salmo genivittatus.

Salar genivittatus, Heck. Ȥ- Kner, S'dssivasserf. p. 260, fig. 144.
D. 11. L. lat. 120. L. transv. 20/2.
Known from a single example only, 18 inches long.
Head of moderate size, eye small, its diameter being one-half of

1. SALMO. 79

the length of the snout, and one-fifth of its distance from the end of
the operculum. Maxillary strong, broad, extending far behind the
eye. Teeth strong ; vomerine teeth in a single series anteriorly, and
in a double one posteriorly. Praeoperculum rounded. The distance
between the end of the snout and the occiput is one-half of that
between occiput and origin of dorsal fin, the origin of the dorsal fin
being midway between snout and end of adipose fin. The free por-
tion of the tail is long and slender. Fins moderately developed ;
caudal subtruncated. Sides of the head with large, oblong, blackish-
brown spots, some confluent into bands. Body and fins immaculate.
{H. Sf K.)

River Sala, a tributary of the Isonzo.

8. Salmo obtnsirostris.

River-Trout of Dalmatia (and of Italy). Trotta.
Trotta, Suhimii, fol. 97, c. fig. fol. 96, cop. by Willughby, tab. N. 3.
? Salmo marmoratus, Cuv. Rbgne Anim.

Salar obtusirostris, Meckel, in Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wicn, 1852, viii.
p. 367, taf. 9 ; Heck. ^ Ener, Silsswasserf. p. 253, fig. 139.

D.14. A. 11-12. P. 13. Y. 9. L. lat. 101-103. L.transv. 20/21.

Head rather short, with the snout very convex and obtuse, body
stout. Prseoperculum with the lower Hmb distinct. Maxillary very
broad and short, in specimens 15 inches long not extending to the
hind margin of the eye. Dentition rather feeble : the vomerine
teeth form a double series, and are persistent throughout hfe. The
length of the pectoral is more than one-half of its distance from the
ventral ; caudal slightly emarginate in specimens of the length indi-
cated. Coloration similar to that of S. fario. (Heckel.)

A non-migratory species from the Dalmatian rivers, and the Tiber ;
rarely much exceeding a foot in length.

V. The Alpine region of Central Europe.

The great lakes of the Alpine region of Central Europe are inha-
bited by Trout which do not descend to the sea, but sojourn in those
fresh waters after having ascended their affluents and deposited their
spawn. Their specific distinction has been a matter of great difii-
culty ; and previous authors have evidently frequently confounded
the species, attributing characters to one originally taken from
another. Heckel, Kner, and Rapp had prepared the way to a better
understanding of these fishes, when Siebold finding that a number of
mdividuals are not sexually developed, and that this condition of the
sexual organs is accompanied by certain external peculiarities, ex-
pressed it as his opinion that all these fishes were of but a single
species. However, when we consider that, if this were trae, the
number of the pyloric appendages must be assumed to vary from 40
to 100, that of the vertebraB from 57 to 61, that the form of the prae-
operculum also must be subject to extraordinary variation, we hesi-
tate before we adopt so bold an opinion. Variation to such a degree
is not confirmed by the examination of Salmonoids of other countries.

80 SALMONID-E.

nor is it found among individuals of Alpine Lake-Trout from the
same locality*. As regards the sterility of these fishes,- Siebold has
evidently gone too far in regarding really distinctive characters as
peculiarities dependent on the conc^ition of the sexual organs. We
shall see subsequently that females of a species declared by Siebold
to be merely a sterile form, are sexually fully developed (p. 84) ;
and on the other hand that a female of a species regarded by him as
the sexually developed form, is sterile (p. 82) ; besides, Widegren
has shown that sterility is not always permanent, but generally a
temporary immaturity. According to the present state of our know-
ledge, we believe the following species may be considered to be well
established : —

1. S. carpio from the Lake of Garda. Vomerine ceetn in a single
series, all pointing backwards. Caec. pyl. 40-50.

2. S. lemanus from the Lake of Geneva. Head and body covered
with very small spots. Vert. (57) 58-59. Cyec. pyl. 45-52.

3 S. rappii from the Lake of Constance. Body stout ; caudal
truncate. Vert. 59-60. Caec. pyl. 48-54.

4. *S'. lacustris from the lake of Constance and other lakes of Upper
Austria. Body slender ; caudal more or less emarginote. Vert.
60-61. Cific. pyl. 60-74.

5. S. ??i«rs«7/« from the lakes of Uiiper Austria. Body stout: max-
illary naiTOw. Vert. ? Caec. pyl. 90-100.

9. Salmo carpio.

The Trout of the Lake of Garda. Carpione.
Carpione, Salvimi. fol. 99. pi. 25 (fig. bona).

Carpio, Bellon. p. 27G; Rondel, ii. p. 158 (fig. mala) ; Gesncr, p. 184 ;
Aldrov. p. 655 (fig. copied on p. 653 as Trutta Benaci lacus) j Wil-
liKjhby, p. 197.
Salmo, Artedi, Synmi. p. 24. no. 4 ; and Gen. p. 13. no. 7.
Salmo carpio, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 510 (part.).
? Salmo pimctatus, Cuv. Regne Anim.

Fario carpio, Meckel, in Sttzf/sber. A lad. Wiss. Wicn, 1852, viii. p. 361.
taf. 10. tigs. 9, 10 (vomei-ine teeth) ; Kner, ibid. p. 215 (pylor. ap-
pend.).
D. 13. A. 12. L. lat. 123. Caec. pyl. between 40 & 50.
Snout of moderate length ; in specimens fourteen inches long the
maxillaiy extends to the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit.
The vomerine teeth (about sixteen in number) form a single series,
and are not alternately bent towards the right and left, but the points
of all form a straight line, all being equally curved backwards. Cau-

* Heckel and Kner refer the Trout from the Lake of Constance, described by
Rapp as S. trutta, to their Fario nwrsiglii from the Upper Austrian lakes, and
express their sui-prise that Rapp counted forty-eight pyloric appendages only,
whilst they always found more than eighty. In a foot-note (p. 270) they even
insinuate that Rapp took his statement from specimens of the S. lemanus.
Against this I may observe that I myself witnessed Rapp's examinations of these
fishes and that the pyloric appendages were most carefully and repeatedly counted
in several specimens obtained directly from the Lake of Constance ; moreover
each of the three examples in the British Museum has exactly fifty-four casca.

1. SALMO. 81

dal fin distinctly emarginate. • Silvery, with a few scattered small
black spots on the trunk, those on the head being larger and more
numerous ; fins immaculate.

This is a non-migratory species from the Lago di Garda ; and
although it was known in the sixteenth century, the knowledge of
its characters and habits is very incomplete, Heckel being the only
recent naturalist who has given an account of some specimens in the
Vienna Museum.

10. Salmo lemanus.

The Trout of the Lake of Geneva.
Umbla altera, Rondelet. ii. p. 160.
Salmo lemanus, Cuv. likgiu Anim,
La truite, Jurine, in Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Genive, iii. 1. 1825,

p. 158, pi. 4.
Salmo trutta, Agass. Pmss. cCeau douce, pi. 8 (female).
Fario lemanus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxi. p. 300, pi. 617 (male).

D.13. A. 12. P. 14. V. 9. L. lat. 115-128. L. transv. 26-28/36.
Ckc. pyl. 45-52. Vert. 57 (once), 58-59.

Head well proportioned in its shape, of moderate size ; body rather
stout. The posterior point of junction of operculum and suboper-
culum is nearer to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum
than to the upper end of the gill-opening. Praeoperculum with a
distinct lower limb ; operculum rather broad and high. Snout of
moderate length, rather produced in the male sex, in which a man-
dibular hook is developed in the spawning-season. MaxiUary longer
than the snout, and at least as strong and broad as in S. fario ; in
specimens twelve inches long it extends somewhat behind the vertical
from the hind margin of the orbit. Teeth moderately strong ; those
on the vomer in a single series, alternately bent towards the right
and left, persistent throughout life. Pectoral fin rounded, its length
being less, and in young individuals more than, one-half of its dis-
tance from the ventral. The caudal becomes tnmcate with age ; in
specimens of from 12 to 15 inches in length, it is emarginate, the
middle rays being half as long as the outer ones. The hind part of
the body of moderate depth ; there are thirteen or fourteen scales in
a transverse series descending *rom behind tbo adipose fin forwards
to the lateral line.

Back greenish, sides and belly silvery, numerous very small X-
shaped black spots on the sides. Opercles and dorsal fin with numer-
ous black dots. The other fins greenish.

A non-migratory species from the Lake of Geneva and Lago
Maggiore.

n-h. From 7-15 inches long. Lake of Geneva. Presented by the
Museum of Natural History of Geneva. — None of these speci-
mens are sexually developed : they were caught in the month
of August.

i. Female, sexual organs not developed : 12 inches long. From
Prof. Agassiz's Collection.

82 SALMONIDiE.

Tc. Skin, 10 inches long. Lago ilaggiore. Presented by T. C.
Eyton, Esq.
Agassiz and Siebold confound this species with the Salmo lacnstris
from the Lake of Constance, Avhich has a different number of vertebrae
and pyloric appendages, ^. lemanus is more nearly allied to S. fario
and S. raiypii than tc/S*. lacustris. The figures given by Agassiz
and by Valenciennes convey a very good idea of the characters of
this fish.

11. Salmo rappii.

Griind-Forelle of the Lake of Constance.
Sefahrin, etc., Mangolt, Fischhuch, p. 15.
Salmo iUanca, Wartmann, Schrift. Berl. Gesellsch. ntrf, Fretmd. iv.

1783, p. 55 ; cop. by Bloch, iii. p. 180 {S. lactistris).
trutta, Schrank, Ntrhist. Briefe, i. p. 312, and Faun- botca, i.

p. 319 ; Hartmann, Beschreib. Bodensee s, pp. 146, 147.

lacustris, Hartmann, Helvet, Ichthyol. p. 101.

Salmo trutta, Agass. Poiss. d'eau douee, pi. 6, 7, 7".

Fario trutta, Rapp, Fische des Bodensee s, p. 29, taf. 4 (fig. optima).

Trutta lacustris, part., Siebold, Siissivasscrfische, p. 301.

B.ll. D.13. A. 12. P. 13. y. 10. L.lat.l20. L. transv. 27/35.
C»c. pyl. 48-54. Yert. 59-60.

Attaining to a length of 36 inches.

Head somewhat depressed, proportionate in size, nearly two-ninths
of the total length (without caudal) ; body stout. Praeoperculum
crescenl^shaped, with a very distinct lower limb ; posterior opercular
margin obtusely rounded, the operculum being short. Snout pro-
duced in very large males only, generally rather obtuse ; male with
a short mandi])ulary hook. Maxillary strong, dilated in its hinder
portion, extending beyond the orbit in adult examples. Teeth strong ;
vomerine teeth in a single series, but frequently irregularly placed,
persistent throughout Hfe. Fins well developed ; caudal truncate in
mature examples. There are about sixteen scales in a transverse
series descending from behind the adipose fin forwards to the lateral
line.

Sides with a reddish hue, and with numerous X-shaped brownish
spots. Opercles with roundish spots.

Lake of Constance.

a. Male, 24 inches long. Presented by Professor "W. von Eapp.
Obtained in the month of December, after spawning ; mandi-
bulary hook slightly developed. Caec. pyl. 54.

h. Female, 17 inches long. Presented by Prof. W. von Eapp. Ob-
tained at the same time ; ovaries not developed, ova minute.
Csec. pyl. 54.

e. Male, 32 inches long : skeleton. Presented by Prof. "W. von Rapp.
Obtained with the former specimens ; mandibulary hook well
developed.

d. Intestines of specimen o. CaDC. pyl. 54.

1. SALMO. 83

12. Salmo lacustris.
The Schweb-Forelle of the Lake of Constance.

We retain the specific denomination of " lacustris " for this species,
although neither Artedi nor Linne had an exact knowledge of it,
evidently confounding different fishes, one of which is the lacustiine
species of Swiss lakes mentioned by Gesner and Willughby.

Trutta magna vel lacustris, Gesner, p. 1200 (fig. et pars descript.).

Trutta seu Fario lacustris, Gesner, p. 1210 (part.).

Schwabforine, Gesner, p. 1203.

Trutta lacustris, WiU. p. 198 (synon. part., fig. copied from Gesner).

Salmo no. 9, Artedi, Synon. p. 25 ; and no. 4, Gen. p. 12. Diagnosis

copied from Willughby. (" Sulco longitudinali in ventre " is a

character which may be seen in many specimens of all Salmonoids

some time after death).
Salmo lacustris, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 510.

Salmo schifiermiilleri, Block, Fischc Deutschl. iii. p. 157, taf. 103.
Maiferche, Schrank, Naturalist. Briefe, i. p. 4.
Silberlachs (S. schifiermiilleri), Schrank, Faun, boica, i. p. 323.
Schweeb-Forelle, Hartm. Beschreih. Bodensee's, p. 147.
See-Forelle, Hartm. Helvet. Ichthyol. p. 111.
? Salmo trutta, Meidinger, Icones, tab. 21.
Salmo lacustris, Agass. Poiss. d'eau douce, pis. 14, 15, 15*.
Salar schifiermiilleri, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 344 ; Ileckel, in Sitzgsber.

Acad. Wiss. Wien. 1852, viii. pi. 7. figs. 1-3 ; Kner, ibid. 1851, vi.

p. 244, and 1852, viii. p. 210 j Heck. &■ Kner, Siisswasser/ische,

p. 261, fig. 145.
Mai-ForeUe, Heckel, in Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien. 1852, viii. p. 349.
Fario lacustris, i^w^jp, Fische des Bodensee's, p. 27, tab. 3 (fig. o])tima).
Salar lacustris, Heck. 8f Kner, S'dssioasserjische, p. 205, fig. 147.
Trutta lacustris (sterile), Siebold, Siisswasserjische, p. 302.

D. 13. A. 11. P. 13. V. 9. L. lat. 120. L. trans. 26/30.
Case. pyl. 60-74. Vert. 60-61.

Largest specimen observed 30 inches ; female mature at a length
of 1 8 inches.

Head compressed, low, rather small when compared with the
body ; body slender. The posterior point of junction of operculum
and suboperculum is nearer to the lower anterior angle of the sub-
operciilum, than to the upper end of the gill-opening. Lower limb
of the praeoperculum rather distinct, forming a very obtuse angle
with the hinder one. Snout produced, conical ; male with an obtuse
and short mandibulary hook. Maxillary much longer than the snout,
strong and dilated in its hinder portion ; in specimens 14 inches
long it extends to below the hinder margin of tlic orbit, and beyond
the latter in larger examples. Teeth strong ; the head of the vomer
is triangular, broader than long; the teeth of the body of the vomer
form a single or sometimes a zigzag series, and arc persistent through-
out life. Fins well developed; the pectoral is pointed, its length
being one-half, or more than one-half, of the distance of its root from
that of the ventral. Caudal always with the lobes angular, emar-
ginate, appearing truncate in old examples only Avhen stretclied to
the utmost extent ; in specimens 18 inches long the middle caudal

G 2

84 SALMONID^.

rays are nearly half as long as the outer ones. There are fifteen
scales in a transverse series descending from behind the adipose fin
forwards to the lateral line.

Bright silvery, greenish on the back ; more or less numerous X-
shaped black spots on the sides ; smallish roimd spots on the gill-
covers and the dorsal fin ; the other fins blackish towards the ex-
tremity.

Lake of Constance and lakes of Upper Austria.

a. Fine female specimen, 18 inches long. Lake of Constance. From
the Stuttgart Museum. Ovaries and ova fully developed*.

b-c. Fine sterile specimens, 23 to 18 inches long. Lake of Constance.
Presented by Prof. W. von Rapp.

d. Fine sterile specimen, 19 inches long. Lake of Constance. From

the Stuttgart Museum.

e. Sterile female specimen, 14 inches long. Lake of Constance.

Presented by Prof. v. Siebold.
/. Skeleton. Lake of Constance. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.

13. Salmo marsiliL

Lax, Marsil. Danub. Pannon.-Mys. iv. p. 10, tab. 22.
Lachs-Forelle, Heckel, in Sitzgsher. Acad. Wiss. TFVen, 1862, viii. p. 348.
Fario marsiglii, Heckel^ I. c. taf. 7. figs. 6-8 ; Kner, ibid. 1851, vi.

p. 244, and 1852, viii. p. 215; Heckel 8f KneTy Susswasserfische,

p. 267, fig. 149 (not good).
Trutta lacustris, part., Siebold, Siisswasserfische, p. 301.

B. 10-11. D. 13. A. 11. L. lat. 120. Csec. pyL 90-100.

Attaining to a length of 36 inches and more. Head of proportionate
size ; body stout. Prseoperculvun crescent-shaped, with a very indi-
stinct lower limb ; posterior opercular margin rather angular ; the
posterior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is midway
between the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum and the upper
end of the gill-Opening. Snout moderately produced ; maxiUary
rather narrow, moderately dilated behind, extending to behind the
orbit in adult examples. Teeth strong ; vomerine teeth in a single
series, alternately bent towards the right and left, and frequently
somewhat irregularly placed. Fins weU developed ; caudal sub-
truncate or sHghtly emarginate in adult examples.

Sides with numerous brownish spots, roundish on the opercles and
on the trunk, more X-shaped towards the tail.

Mountain-lakes of Upper Austria.

* Prof. V. Eapp informs me, that he also has found the abdominal cavity fuU
of ova as large as hemp-seed, in a specimen weighing four pounds and obtained
in December.

I. SALMO. 85

VI. Hungary.
14. Salmo microlepis.

? Trutta fluviatilis,ifcfarsi7. Damib. Pann.-Mys. Pise. p. 77, tab. 26. fig. 1.

D. i3-14. A. 11. P. 14. V. 9. L. lat. 135-140. L. trans. 29/30.
Caec. pyl. 72. Vert. 60-61.

Although we have only young specimens of this species, its cha-
racters are so well marked that no doubt can be entertained of its
being distinct from the other European non-migratory species. In
comparing specimena with the following diagnosis, the size of the
examples from which it is taken must be borne in mind.

Attaining to a length of — ? inches ; female mature at a length of
8 inches.

Head rather short, body somewhat slender. The posterior point
of junction of operculum and suboperculum is midway between the
lower anterior angle of the suboperculum and the upper end of the
gill-opening. Lower limb of the praeoperculum distinct, forming an
obtuse angle with the hinder one. Snout short : maxillary stout and
broad ; in specimens 8| inches long it does not extend to the vertical
from the hind margin of the eye. Teeth moderately strong, those
of the vomer in a zigzag line, rarely two side by side. Pectoral^ fin
rather obtuse, its length being more than one-half of the distance of
its root from that of the ventral fin. Caudal fin emarginate, the
length of its middle rays being contained once and three quarters in
that of the outer ones. There are fifteen or sixteen scales in an
oblique series, descending from behind the adipose fin backwards to
the lateral line.

Greenish or brownish, shining silvery, with round, sometimes
reticulated black spots on the sides ; more or less numerous red or
orange-coloured spots are scattered between them. One of the spe-
cimens shows twelve Parr-marks ; none of the fins have a yeUow or
black margin.

A non-migratory species from Hungary.

a. Eight inches and two-thirds long : female, with distinct ovarxeo.
Hungary. From Hr. Jeitteles's Collection.

h. Eight inches and a half long : male, with the testicles fully deve-
loped. Pohorella. From Hr. Jeitteles's Collection,

c. Seven inches and three quarters long : female, with the ova nearly
fuUy developed. Hungary, From Hr, Jeitteles's Collection,

Heckel and Kner (Siisswasserf. p. 258) describe a non-migratory
Trout from Teschen (Austrian Silesia) under the name of Salav
spectahilis. The vicinity of the habitat of this species to that of
S. microlepis induced me to compare these fishes ; but I have not
been able to find evidence of their specific identity. The original
description of >S. spectahilis, given by Valenciennes, does not agree
with our specimens, nor can I understand, from a comparison of
Valenciennes's and Heckel's descriptions, the reason why the latter
has identified the Teschen Trout with S. spectahilis. Nothing is
mentioned of a comparison of specimens of both species having taken

86 SALMONID^.

place ; and the two would appear to agree in one point only, viz. that
the scales are more conspicuous than usual ! As regards the question
whether S. spectahilis (Heckel) might possibly be identical with S.
microlepis, I do not think that we should be justified in entertaining
this idea, as S. microlepis has small and rather inconspicuous scales,
which must be larger in ;S. spectahilis (Heckel), viz. " 120 and more."
The figure representing S. spectahilis is of little use; it does not agree
with the descrip'tion, and shows several evident inaccuracies.

VII. France.

15. Salmo argenteus.

Fario argenteus, Cuv. §• Val. xxi. p. 294, pi. 616 (female), (not synon.).
B. 11. D.14 A. 11. P. 15. V. 10. L.lat. 123. L. transv. 26/30-
C£ec. pyl. 61-67.

Attaining to a length of 2| feet.

Head elongate, broad, depressed, its length being one-fourth of the
tota llength (without caudal) in a female specimen 26 inches long;
operculum rather long, rectangular behind, its length being contained
once and two-fifths in its depth ; radiating striae are conspicuous
especially along its lower margin ; the suboperculum is narrow, and
projects beyond the opercle. The posterior point of junction of oper-
culum and suboperculum is nearer to the lower anterior angle of the
suboperculum than to the upper end of the gill-opening. Prseoper-
fculum with the lower limb well developed, with the angle but slightly
roimded, and with the hind margin undulated. Snout brbad, of
moderate length ; jaw-bones strongly developed, even in females.
The maxillary is broad and strong, and extends to behind the orbit
in a female of the size indicated. Teeth of moderate strength. Head
of the vomer broader than long, with a transverse series of five or six
strong teeth on its hind margin ; body of this bone with a longitu-
dinal ridge, armed with a single series of teeth (there are three or
four teeth in the specimen described).

Fins well developed ; caudal truncate in specimens above 20 inches
in length. Tail rather slender, covered with thin scales cngular
behind and not smaller than those of the body ; there are twelve or
thirteen scales in a transverse series running from behind the adipose
fin obliquely forwards to the lateral line.

Silvery, dark on the back ; opercles with more or less numerous
round black spots ; sides with X-shaped spots.

A migratory species of the Atlantic rivers of France ; occasionally
on the coast of England.

a. Female, 26 inches long. River Rhymney, Monmouthshire. Pre-
sented by the Rev. Augiistus Morgan. (Has been kept for a
short time in a freshwater pond.)

1. SALMO.

87

IG. Salmo bailloni.
Salar bailloni, Cm. 8f Val. xxi. p. 342.

B. 9. D. 13. A. 10. C. 23. P. 12. V. 9.

Vomerine teeth in a double series. The length of the head is com-
prised four times and a half in the total length. Forehead broad ; the
two jaws equal ; suout rather pointed ; teeth fine and closely set on the
jaws, the palatines, and the vomer ; these last, in two series, are much
smaller than any of those in our common Trout. The back is leaden-
coloured, with violet reflections, and covered with rather large, pur-
plish spots. There ilre some small brown spots on the dorsal. The
pectorals and anal are yellowish. The ventral is white. The caudal,
somewhat forked, is grey, without spots. The entire fish is shining
silvery. (Valenc)

The specimens were caught in the Somme, and are believed to be
of a migratory species coming from more northern seas. It ought to
be compared with Salmo cnmbricus ; the description is so insufficient
that, without reexamination of the typical specimens, no opinion can
be given as to their affinities.

VIII. Great Britain and Ireland.
17. Salmo brachypoma.

Salmo criox, Panicll, Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 128, dcscript. pars, and
pi. 32. fig. 3 (bad).

]). 13. A. 10-11. P. 14. V. 9. L. lat. 118-128. L. transv. 27/30
Cgec. pyl. 45-47. Vert. 59.
Head comparatively small, its length being contained four times
and two-thirds in the total (without caudal), four times in old males.
Body rather more elongdte than in 8. fario. The posterior point of
junction of operculum and subopereulum is nearer to the lower an-
terior angle of the subopereulum than to the upper end of the gill-

8. hrachypoma.
Prajoperculum of
specimen a, re-
duced.

a. hrach/poma, specimen d, nat. size.

OO SALMONID^.

opening. The praeoperculum is so short in the longitudinal axis of
the hody that it has scarcely a trace of a lower limb. Snout
moderately produced in old males, very short and obtuse in young
specimens ; the lower jaw with a distinct hook in old males. Max-
illary longer than the snout, narrower and less strong than in. S. fario ;
in specimens 1 4 inches long it extends nearly to the vertical from
the hind margin of the orbit, and at no age does it reach much beyond
it. Teeth rather strong : those of the vomer disposed in a double
series, but in a zigzag line ; most of them are lost in specimens
17 inches long, only a few of the anterior remaining. Fins small,
short, and rounded, the length of the pectoral of mature examples
being less than one-half of its distance from the ventral. The caudal
fin is truncate in specimens 10 inches long, but does not become
convex at any age. The hind part of the body is of moderate depth ;
there are about fifteen scales in a transverse series descending from
behind the adipose fin to the lateral line.

Sides of the body with more or less numerous X-shaped or ocel-
lated black spots, some red spots along and below the lateral line ;
dorsal with round black spots. Dorsal, anal, and ventral fins with a
white and black outer margin in young examples.

A migratory species from the rivers Forth, Tweed, and Ouse.

a. Male, stuffed : 30 inches long. Firth of Forth. From Mr. Par-

nell's Collection.

b. Male, skin, type of the figure, pi. 32. fig. 3 : 13| inches long.

River Tweed. From Mr. Pamell's Collection.

c-d. Skins, 8 and 10 inches long. Tributary of Forth. From Mr.
Pamell's Collection.

e. Skin, 27^ inches long. Great Britain. From Mr. YarreU's Col-
lection.

f-g. Male and female, 17 and 18 inches long. River Ouse. Pre-
sented by J. H. Phillips, Esq. Caught Sept, 18th.

This is one of the best-marked species of Salmo ; its remarkably
-short head, and the extremely short praeoperculum render it one of
the easiest of determination. It is evidently nearly allied to the
non- migratory species. Pamell named three of our specimens S. fario,
and a larger one S. eriox.

18. Salmo fralUvensis.

Gralway Sea-Trout.
B. 11. D. 13. A, 11-12. P. 15. V. 9. L, lat, 125.
L. trans. 25/38. Vert. 59. Ceec.pyl.44,
Head rather small, very convex above, with the snout of moderate
length, but terminating in an acute point. Eyes rather small. Oper-
culum of moderate width and depth ; suboperculum narrow ; prae-
operculiim with a distinct lower lunb. The posterior point of junc-
tion of operculum and suboperculum is much nearer to the lower
anterior angle of the suboperculum than to the upper end of the
gill-opening. Maxillary very narrow and feeble, extending a little
beyond the hind margin of the orbit in females 18 inches long, and

1. SALMO.

89

nearly to the hind margin in young examples 7 or 8 inches long.
Dentition feeble : the vomerine teeth form a single series, and most
of them appear to be persistent to mature age ; they are alternately
bent towards the right and left in young examples : teeth on the
tongue very small. Fins moderately developed ; pectoral somewhat
pointed : caudal fin truncate in mature examples, with the angles
pointed ; forked in young specimens, in which the length of the
middle rays is two-fifths of that of the outer ones. Tail not elon-
gate, covered with rounded scales, which are a little larger than
those of the trunk. There are fourteen scales in a transverse series
running from behind the adipose fin obliquely forwards to the lateral
line.

S. gallivensis, Bpecimen b, ^ths nat. size.

Young, with about nine Parr-marks, with ocellated black and red
spots, and with white borders to the anal, dorsal, and ventral fins as
in S. fario. Mature females, caught in August, very dark-coloured,
with silvery lustre on the lower parts only ; sides with rather nume-
rous black X-shaped spots ; opercles with black spots. Fins black :
dorsal with a few small, obscure spots ; caudal with an indistinct
black posterior margin.

A migratory species from Galway, well characterized by the acutely
pointed, but not elongate snout, broad, convex head, small eye, feeble
teeth, feeble maxillary and mandible, and by extremely thin and
short pyloric appendages, the longest of which is 1 inch long, and
not thicker than the quill of a pigeon. We received at the same time
and from the same locality, through the kindness of Mr. Godraan,
some young individuals ; but the greater part of thpm appear to be
hybrids, probably between this species and S. gaimardi.

90 SALMONTD.Ti:.

a-b. Fine female specimens, 18 inches long. Ballinahinch Fishery.
Presented by F. Godman, Es(]. — Caught in August ; ovaries
with the ova fixed and developed to the size of hemp-seed.

c-d. Seven and eight inches long. Ballinahinch Fishery. Presented
by F. Godman, Esq.

e-h. ? Hybrids with S. gaimardi, from 6 to 10 inches long. Ballina-
hinch Fishery. Presented by F. Godman, Esq.

Description of specimen a.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and scarcely exceeds the length of the head, which is contained
four times and a third in the total length (without caudal).

The snout is produced, conical, compressed towards its point, its
length being contained once and three-fourths in the length of the
postorbital portion of the head. The maxillary bone is longer than
the snout by three-fifths of the diameter of the eye, and extends a
little beyond the posterior margin of the orbit : the width of its
broadest part is scarcely more than one-half of the diameter of the
eye*.

The teeth of the mandible arc larger than those in the upper jaw ;
those of the intermaxillary bone are about equal to those of the pala-
tine series, and are larger than those of the maxillaries. Of the
vomerine teeth only three or four remain; they are placed in a
single longitudinal series, and are very small. Also the lingual teeth
are small not larger than those of the mandible.

The interorbital space is very convex, the eye being situated con-
siderably below the upper profile of the head ; the width of this
space is one-eighth of an inch shorter than the maxillary bone, and
ebual to about three-fifths of the postorbital portion of the head.

The posterior margin of the praeoperculum is shghtly rounded and
subvertical ; the lower limb is distinct. The hinder margin of the
operculum meets the lower at a right angle. The distance from the
upper end of the gill-opening to the angle of the operculimi is con-
spicuously more than that from the latter point to the lower anterior
angle of the suboperculum.

The distance of the occiput from the origin of the dorsal fin, if
measured back from behind that fin, reaches nearly to the middle
of the distance between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The
dorsal fin is a little higher than long, and possesses thirteen rays, of
which the first and second are nidimentary and covered by the skin,
the third simple and shorter than the following one, which is the
first branched and, with the fifth, the longest in the fin ; the final
ray is cleft throughout.

The anal fin is much higher than long, and possesses eleven rays,
of which the first and second are rudimentary and covered by the
skin, the third simple, the fourth branched and the longest, and the
last ray cleft to its root.

* If the width of the bone itself is taken ; wliilst it appears biv)adcr when
covered by tlie skin, as in the figure.

1. SALMO. 91

Pectoral as long as the head without snout, reaching to the middle
of the distance of its root from that of the ventral. Yentral much
shorter, equal to one-half of the distance of its root from the anal ;
its outermost ray is vertically opposite the ninth of the dorsal.
Posterior margin of the caudal fin truncate.

There are 125 transverse series of scales, counted immediately ahove
the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backwards from the
origin of the dorsal fin to that line has twenty-five scales ; that for-
wards from the hinder end of the adipose has fourteen scales. There
are twenty-two longitudinal series between the lateral Hue and the
root of the ventral. The scales are 'very thin, with the hinder margin
irregularly roimded.

Blackish above and on the sides, each scale with a silvery lustre
on its hind margin. Lower parts silvery. Sides with numerous
black X-shaped spots; opercles with round black spots. Fins as
described above.

19. Salmo orcadensis.

D. 13. A. 11, P. 14. V. 9. L. lat. 115. L. transv. 25/30.
C»c. pyl. 50. Vert. 56-57.

This species is very similar to S. nigripinnis, but distinguished
from it by a broader and stronger maxillary, larger scales on the
tail, and a greater number of pyloric appendages.

Head well proportioned in its shape, and rather short when com-
pared with the body ; body rather slender. The posterior point of
junction of operculum and suboperculum is nearer to the lower ante^-
rior angle of the suboperculum than to the upper end of the gill-
opening. Praeoperculum mth the lower limb very indistinct. Snout
short, conical. Maxillary as broad and strong as in S. fario ; in
specimens 9 inches long it does not extend to below the posterior
margin of the orbit. Teeth moderately strong; those of the vomer
form a single series, and are persistent. Fins weU developed ; pec-
toral somewhat rounded, its length being more than one-half of its
distance from the ventral. The caudal fin is distinctly emarginate
in specimens 9 inches long, but nearly perfectly truncate in speci-
mens 12 inches in length ; it has the lobes pointed. Scales on the
hinder half of the tail considerably larger than on the sides of the
trunk ; there are about thirteen in a transverse series descending
from behind the adipose fin obliquely forwards to the lateral line.

Sides with more or less numerous black reticulated spots, between
which a few red ones are interspersed. Dorsal with black spots.

Probably a non-migratory species from Loch Stennis, in the
Orkney Islands.

a-h. Twelve and nine inches long, males. Loch Stennis. From the
Haslar Collection.

Sir J. Richardson mentions this trout in the Faun. Bor.-Amer.
Fish. p. 142, referring it to the " Frith-Trout " ; but this appears
to have the maxillaries feebler, and the scales smaller.

92

SALMONID^,

20. Salmo ferox.

The Great Lake Trout.

Salmo lacustris, Berkenhout, Syn. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. 1795, i. p. 79.

ferox, Jardine <§- SeJby, Edinh, New Philos. Jmirn. 1835, x\nii.

p. 55 ; Jardine, Salmon, pi. 4 (gill-covers badly drawn) ; Yarrell,
Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 110, 3rd edit. i. p. 288; Richards. Faun.
Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 144.

Salar ferox, Cuv. ^ Vol. xxi. p. 338.

D.13. A. 10-11. P. 16. V.9. L.lat. 125. L. transv. 26/30.
.Caec. pyl. 44-49. Vert. 58-59.

Largest specimen observed, 31 inches ; female mature at a length
of 14 inches.

Head weU proportioned in its shape, and of moderate size when
compared with the body, but large in mature males ; body stout ;
hinder part of the tail rather short. The posterior point of junction
of operculum and suboperculum is nearer to the lower anterior angle
of the suboperculum than to the upper end of the gill-opening. Prce-
operculum crescent-shaped, the hinder
and lower margins passing into each
other without forming an angle. Snout
conical, much produced in the male
sex, in which, during the spawning-
season, a mandibulary hook is deve-
loped. Maxillary much longer than
the snout, generally curved, solid, but
rather narrow; in specimens 18 inches
long it extends to the vertical from the
hind margin of the eye, and much be-
yond it in adult males. Teeth strong :
the head of the vomer small, triangular,
broader than long, toothless ; the body
of this bone armed with a double or zig-
zag series of teeth, the teeth being
alternately placed, forming nearly a
single series behind ; they are per-
sistent throughout life. Fins rather
short, and obtuse ; the length of the
pectoral is one-half or rather less than
one-half of the distance of its base
from that of the ventral. The caudal

fin is perfectly truncate in specimens 18 inches long, and in old
individuals rather convex. There are from thirteen to sixteen
scales in a transverse series descending from behind the adipose
fin forwards to the lateral line.

Upper parts deep purplish brown, sides of the head and body with
more or less numerous round deep-black spots, which have a pale or
blood-red margin during the spawning-season. Dorsal fin with
smaller black spots ; extremities of the fins blackish, without light
margin. Other specimens are bright silvery on the sides, with
numerous reticulated black spots.

Praeoperculum.

1. SALMO. 93

A non- migratory species inhabiting the large lochs of the north
of Scotland, and several lakes of the north of England, "Wales, and
Ireland.

The young specimen from Ireland, figured by Yarrell, is probably
a Salmo trutta, at all events not a S. ferox ; he confounded with it
also the large species of Lake Wenem, in Sweden.

a^. Skins, from 18 to 30 uiche"S long. Loch Shin, Sutherland.
Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

e. Fine male specimen, 21 inches long. Sutherlandshire. Presented
by W. Peel, Esq. Caught in June. Csec. pyl. 45.

f-m. From 8 to 19 inches long. Derwentwater, Cumberland. Pvir-
chased of Mr. "Wright. Caught in June. Csec. pyl. 43.

n. Fine male specimen, 20 inches long. Lake of Llanberris. Pre-
sented by S. P. W. Ellis, Esq. Caught in the month of Novem-
ber. Caec. pyl. 46..

o,p. Skins, 25 and 31 inches long. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

J. Fine male specimen, 31 inches long. Lough Melvin, Ireland.
Presented by the Earl of EnniskiQen. Caught in October.
Caec. pyl. 49.

r. Skeleton : half-grown male. Derwentwater. Purchased of Mr.
Wright.

Description of an adult male specimen from the Lake of Llanberris,
taken during spawning-time, at the beginning of November.

inches.

Totallength 21

Greatest depth of the body 4f

Length of the head 5|

Girth of the biggest part of the body 11

Least depth of the tail . . If

Girth of the narrowest part of the tail 4i

Distance between end of snout and eye li

Diameter of the eye f

Length of the maxiUary bone 2f

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . 1^

Greatest width of operculum 1^

Greatest depth of operculum If

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 5-|-
Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal fin 6|-

Length of base of dorsal 2

Greatest height of dorsal 1-J-

Length of pectoral 2f

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 5^

Length of ventral fin 2f

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 3-|

Length of anal fin If

Greatest depth of anal 2^

Length of longest caudal ray 2|.

Length of middle caudal ray 1 1

94 SALMONID^.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is little less than one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal) ; the length of the head is almost two-sevenths of the
same.

The snout is much produced, pointed, and one-third the length of
the head, or about five-sixths of the maxillary bone; the lower jaw
has a terminal hook one-fourth of an inch in height, and the contact
of the jaws laterally is interrupted. The maxillary bone exceeds
the length of the snout by two-thirds of the diameter of the eye, it
extends far beyond the hinder margin of the orbit, and its greatest
width is equal to nearly two-thirds of the diameter of the eye.

Teeth strong, those of the intermaxillary and mandible larger than
those of the maxillary and palatine bones. The vomerine teeth ex-
tend far back on the palate, and are arranged in a double series, the
teeth of each pair being generally placed side by side.

The interorbital space is convex, about half the length of the
postorbital part of the head, or two-thirds that of the maxillary
bone. The eye is situated somewhat below the upper profile of the
head.

The praeoperculum has the hinder margin rounded, the lower limb
being very indistinct and extremely short ; the hinder margin of the
operculum is also rounded ; its point of junction with the inferior limb
is a right angle. The suboperculum is broad, about half as broad as
long. The distance from the upper end of the gUl-opening to the
angle of the operculum is greater than that from the latter point to
the lower anterior end of the suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
measured back from behind that fin, reaches considerably more than
halfway between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal
fin is higher than long, and consists of thirteen rays, of which the
fii'st and second are rudimentary, the third simple and shorter than
the following one, which is branched and the longest of the fin ; the
final ray is cleft throughout.

The anal fin is higher than long, and consists of twelve rays, the
first two being rudimentary, the third simple, and the fourth branched
and the longest of the fin ; the last ray is cleft to its base.

The pectoral fin is shorter than the postoi'bital part of the head,
and does not reach halfway towards the root of the ventral. The
ventral fin is shorter, and reaches more than halfway towards the
vent ; its outermost ray is vertically opposite the ninth of the dorsal.
Posterior margin of the caudal truncate.

There are 128 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backwards
from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral line has thirty scales ;
that from behind the adipose .forwards to the lateral line has fifteen
scales ; there are about 24 longitudinal series between the lateral
line and the ventral fin. The skin is very thick, enveloping com-
pletely the scales on the back and on the belly.

Upper parts dark greenish brown ; sides lighter ; lower itarts
whitish, with large blackish patches ; sides of the head and body with

1. SALMO. 95

irregularly rounded black spots in moderate number, and with a few
black ocelli, each with a red centre. Dorsal fin with small black
spots ; the other fins blackish.

21. Salmo stomachicus.

The Gillaroo.

Barrington, Philos. Trans. 1774, vol. G4. p. 116 ; Watson, ibid. p. 121 ;

Hunter, Ibid. p. 210 ; Oioen, Cat. Phys. Ser. Coll. Surg. i. p. 141 ;

Thompsoti, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv. p. 154 ; Soioerby, Brit. Miscell.

t. Gl ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 3rd edit. i. p. 283 ; Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl.

iv. p. 240, pi. 219.

D. 15. A. 12-13. P. 13. V. 9. L. lat. 125. L. transv. 28/33.
Caec. pyl. 44. Vert. 59-60.

Head well proportioned in its shape, and rather small when com-
pared with the body ; body rather compressed and deep. The pos-
terior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is nearer to
the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum than to the upper end
of the gill-opening ; prseoperculum with a rather distinct, but very
oblique lower limb. Snout rather obtuse. Maxillary much longer
than the snout, strong and much dilated ; in specimens 6 inches long
it reaches beyond the centre of the orbit, and in others, 14 inches
long, it docs not quite extend to the vertical from the hind margin
of the orbit. Teeth small ; vomer with a very small tiiangular head,
and with the teeth of its body disjioscd in a double series, and per-
sistent throughout life. Fins well developed, not rounded ; the
pectoral is pointed, its length being more than one-half of its distance
from the root of the ventrals. The caudal fin has always the lobes
pointed, is emarginate, and appears truncate only when stretched to
the utmost extent. In specimens 14 inches long the middle caudal
rays are a little more than half as long as the outer ones. The hinder
part of the tail is much compressed and rather deep. There are from
twelve to thirteen scales in a transverse series descending from behind
the adipose fin to the lateral line.

Back and sides with numerous reticulated black spots, between
which red ones are interspersed on and below the lateral line.
Dorsal with ovate black spots ; dorsal, anal, and caudal with a whitish
margin.

The membranes of the stomach are conspicuously thicker in this
species than in its congeners ; but more so in adult examples than
in yoimg ones. It feeds exactly on the same shells (Limncmis, An-
cylus) which are frequently found in other species without this pe-
culiarity of the stomach.

Lakes of Ireland.

a, h, c. Many examples from 6 to 14 inches long : not in good state.
Lough Melvin. Presented by the Earl of EnniskiUen.

The foUovnng specimens from Lough Earne probably belong to a
distinct species ; but our materials are, at present, not sufiicient to
introduce it under a new name. The smaller examples were received
without intestines ; so that we cannot decide whether the great

96

SALMONID-a:.

number of pyloric appendages (57) found in the large example is

constant in this Trout.

a. Female, 29 inches long. Lough Earne. Presented by the Earl
of EnniskUlen. Caught in the beginning of November; ova
nearly matiu-e, but stiU attached to the ovary ; Case. pyl. 57.

h-f. From 15 to 18 inches long : not in good state. Lough Earne.
Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

22. Salmo nigripiimis.

Specimen a, nat. size.

D. 14. A. 12. P. 13. V. 9. L. lat. 120-125. L. transv. 30/28.
C«c. pyl. (36, Ireland -) 40-42. Yert. '57-58 (-59, Ireland).

Largest specimen observed 16 inches ; female mature at a length
of 7 inches.

Head well proportioned in its shape, and small when compared
with the body ; body less stout than in S. fario. The posterior point
of junction of operculum and subcperculum is nearer to the lower
anterior angle of the suboperculura than to the upper end of the
gill-opening. Praeoperculum generally with an indistinct lower
limb. Snout short, conical, not jauch produced in the male sex, in
which a mandibular hook has never been observed. Maxillary much
longer than the snout, but much narrower and more feeble than in
S. fario ; in specimens 8 inches long it does not extend to below the
hind margin of the orbit, and at no age does it reach much beyond
it. Teeth moderately strong. The head of the vomer is triangular,
broader than long, with a transverse series of teeth across its base ;
the Leeth of the body of the vomer form a single ^^eries, and only
now and then two teeth stand opposite to each other : these teeth
are persistent throughout life. Fins weU developed, not rounded ;
the pectoral is pointed, and its kagth is nearly always more than
one-half of the distance of its base from that of the ventral. The
caudal fin has always the lobes pointed, is emarginate, and appears
truncate only when stretched to the utmost extent. In specimens

1. 8ALM0. 97

8 inches long the middle caudal rays are half as long as the outer
ones, and in old examples once and three-quarters. The hind part
of the hody is short and rather high. There are about fifteen scales
in a transverse series descending from behind the adipose fin ob-
liquely forwards to the lateral line.

Upper parts dark, with a greenish or reddish hue ; scales on the
sides with dark margins and base, silvery in the middle. Sides with
round, sometimes oceUated, sometimes reticulated black spots ; some-
times a series of red spots along the lateral Une. Dorsal with black
spots ; vertical fins and outer halves of paired fins black.

A non-migratory species inhabiting mountain -pools of Wales, also
Lough Melvin, Ireland ; readily distinguished from /S^. fario by its
feeble maxillary, uniserial vomerine teeth, long and black pectorals,
and more or less emarginate caudal fin.

a-f. Males and females, from 7 to 12 inches long. Llyn Ueguilin,

Merionethshire. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther ; caught in the

month of August.
y-i. Mature male and females, from 7* to 8 inches long. Llyn Gadr,

Cader Idris. Presented by Dr. A Gunther; caught in the

month of August.
k-l. Steiile specimens, probably from the Towey, from which river

they had been transferred to a freshwater-pond. Presented by

W. Peel, Esq.
m. Many specimens. Lough Melvin. Presented by the Earl of

Enniskillen. Caiight in October ; Caec. pyl. 36, 36, 41. Vert.

58, 59, 59.

A deformed example of this species has been figured and described
as the "Hog-backed Trout of Plinlimmon" (Cambr. Quart. Mag.
1833, July, p. 391). A simi'arly deformed specimen has been ex-
amined by Cobbold (Edinb. New Philos. Journ. vol. ii, 1855, pi. 6).

Description of a Female specimen from Llyn Begnilin, caught in the
month of August; ova cunsiderahly enlarged.

inches.

Total length llf

Greatest depth of the body 2^

Length of the head 2-^

Girth of biggest jiart of body 6^

Least depth of the tail 1

Girth of narrowest jiart of tail 2-|-

Distance between end of snout and eye ^

Diameter of the eye -f

Length of the maxillary bone 1

Distance between eye and angle of prseoperculum . . i

Greatest width of operculum .' -^

Greatest depth of operculum . . .■ f

Distance between Qcciput and origin of dorsal fin . . . 3-i-

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 3|

Length of base of dorsal 1^ *

VOL. VI. H

98 SALMONID^.

inches^

Greatest height of dorsal li

Length of pectoral 1-|-

Distanoe between root of pectora^ and root of ventral 3

Length of ventral fin -. 1^

Distance between root of ventral and origin ot anal . . 2^

Length of anal fin 1

Greatest depth of anal . . 1^

Length of longest caudal ray 1^

Length of shortest caudal ray -J

The greatest depth of the body is below the ongin of the dorsal
fin, and is one-fourth of the total length (without candal), the
length of the head being two-ninths of the same.

The snout is rather short, conical, and less than half the length
of the postorbital portion of the head ; the length of the maxillary
bone is equal to that of the snout together with the entire diameter
of the eye, its greatest width is one -half of that diameter, the eye
being sraaU in this species as compared with its congeners ; the jaws
are very feeble.

Dentition rather feeble, the intermaxillary and palatine teeth
being equal in size and much smaller than those of the mandible ;
the vomerine teeth form a single or partly zigzag series.

The interorbital space is rather convex, with an elevated median
ridge, and the eye but slightly below the upper profile of the head ;
the width of this space is equal to half the length of the postorbital
region of the head, or about three-fifths of that of the maxillary
bone.

The posterior margin of the prseoperculum is convex, tne angle
rounded, and the lower limb indistinct ; the posterior margin of the
operculum is straight, oblique, and forms a right angle with the
lower limb ; the distance from the upper end of the gill-opening to
the angle of the operculum exceeds that from the latter point to the
lower anterior end of the suboperculiun : suboperculum more than,
twice as long as broad.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
measured back from behind that fin, reaches to one-third of the
distance between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal
fin is as long as high, and is composed of fourteen rays, the first
three of which are rudimentary, the fourth simple and shorter than
the fifth, which is branched and the longest ray of the fin ; the last
ray is cleft to its root.

The anal fin is four-fifths as long as high, and possesses twelve
rays, the first and second being rudimentary, the third simple and
somewhat shorter than the following, which is branched ; the fifth
is the longest of the fin, and the terminal ray is cleft throughout.

The pectoral fin is three-eighths of an inch longer than the post-
orbital portion of the head, and rather more than one-half of the
distance of its root from that of the ventral fin : the latter fin is
more than one-half as long as the distance of its root from the vent ;
its outer ray is in the vertical from the tenth of the dorsal fin.

1. 8ALM0. 99

The caudal is very slightly emarginate, and has the lobes pointed.

There are 121 transverse rows of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backwards
from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateial line has 30 scales ;
that from the hinder end of the adipose to the lateral line has 16
scales ; there are 22 longitudinal series between the lateral line
and the ventral fin. All the scales are rounded and without median
ridge.

Greenish brown, each scale with a silvery centre, which is smallest
in the scales on the back, and largest in those on the side ; belly
with a greyish hue ; a few rounded, reticulated black spots on the
sides, and a series of red ones along the lateral line. Operculum
with a large silvery blotch. AU the fins dark-coloured ; the dorsal
with rounded black spots of moderate size.

Description of a Male specimen from Llyn Oadr, caught in the month
of August (testicles well developed).

inches.

Total length 8

Greatest depth of the body 1|^

Length of the head 1|^

Girth of biggest part of the body 4

Least depth of the tail -S-

Girth of narrowest part of taU 2

Distance between end of snout and eye j -I

Diameter of the eye not quite |-

Length of the maxillary bone |

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . |-

Greatest width of operculum f

Greatest depth of operculum -^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 1|-

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caudal . . 2|

Length of base of dorsal -J

Greatest height of dorsal 1^

Length of pectoral . If

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 2

Length of ventral fin li

Distance between root of vcnitral and 02"igin of anal. . 1|^

Length of anal fin f

Greatest depth of anal fin 1

Length of longest caudal ray 1-|-

Length of shortest caudal ray f

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, nearly equal to the length of the head, and contained four times
and one-third in the total length (without caudal) .

The snout is rather short and obtuse, its length is equal to that of
the diameter of the eye, and rather less than half of that of the post-
orbital portion of the head ; the length of the maxillary bone is
equal to that of the snout together with the diameter of the eye ; its

H 2

100 SALMOKID^.

greatest width being less than one-half of the latter. The lower
jaw is without any trace of a hook, and the mouth closes perfectly.

Teeth of moderate strength ; those on the vomer are in a single,
and partly zigzag, series.

The interorbital space is flattened, with the median ridge not much
elevated; the eye is immediately below the upper profile of the
head : the width of this space is less than the distance from the eye
to the angle of the praeoperculum, or three-fifths of the length of the
maxiUary bone.

The posterior margin of the prseoperculum is rounded, the lower
limb being very indistinct: posterior margin of the operculum
straight, meeting the lower at a right angle. The distance from
the upper end of the gUl-opening to the angle of the operculum is
greater than that from the latter point to the lower anterior end of
the suboperculum. Suhoperculum thrice as long as broad.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput is
equal to that from the root of the last ray of that fin to the hinder
end of the adipose*. The dorsal fin is higher than long, and pos-
sesses fourteen rays, the three first of which are rudimentary, the
fourth simple, the fifth branched and the longest of the fin, and the
last one cleft to its base.

The anal fin is two-thirds as long as high, and consists of twelve
rays, the first two of which are rudimentary, and the third simple ;
the fifth is the longest ray, and the terminal ray is cleft throughout.

The pectoral fin is long, reaching more than midway between its
root and that of the ventral fin ; the latter fin is equal in length to
three-fourths of the distance of its root from the vent : its outer ray
is vertically opposite the eleventh of the dorsal fin. Caudal emar-
ginate, with the lobes pointed.

-There are 122 transverse series of scales, counted immediately above
the lateral line ; the series descending obliquely backwards from the
origin of the dorsal fin to that line has 28 scales ; the series descend-
ing obliquely forwards from the hinder end of the adipose to the
lateral line has 16 scales ; there are 23 longitudinal series between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin.

Back blackish, with silvery lustre ; sides and beUy greyish, each
scale with the centre silvery : numerous black ocelli, of a smaller
and larger size, and surrounded by a whitish rim, occupy the sides,
particularly of the triink. Operculum with a silvery blotch, and
with two or three black spots. Dorsal, ventral, and anal fins with
a black and white outer margin ; the first with two or three series of
ovate deep-black spots of moderate size. Caudal and posterior third
of pector^ blackish.

* This peculiarity of the forward position of the dorsal fin is found again in
a second (female) example from the same locality ; however, that this is not a
specific character is evident from a third (male) specimen, also from Llyn Gadr,
in which the distance of the dorsal from the occiput is considerably more than
its distance from the adipose fin.

1. SALMO. 101

23, Salmo levenensis.

Salmo levenensis, Walker, Wern. Mejn. i. p. 541 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish.

2nd edit. ii. p. 117 ; 3rd edit. i. p. 257.
Loch Leven Trout, Richards, Faun. Bor.-Amcr. Pise. p. 143.
csecifer, Parnell, Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 146, pi. 30 (}^oung, not

good).

D. 13. A. 11. P. 14. V. 9. L. lat. 118. L. trans. 28/26.
Csec. pyl. normaUy 60-80. Vert. 59.

Largest specimen observed, 2i mcties; female mature at a length
of inches.

Head weU proportioned in its shape, and ratlier small when com-
pared with the body; body much less stout than in S. fario. The
posterior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is nearer
to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum than to the uppei
end of the gill-opening. Pra;operculum generally with a very in-
distinct lower limb. Snout of moderate length, conical, not much
produced in the male sex, in which a mandibular hook has never
been observed. Maxillary much longer than the snout, but much
narrower and more feeble than in S. fario (see p. 6) ; in specimens
13 inches long it extends to below the hinder margin of the orbit,
and at no age does it reach much beyond it. Teeth moderately
strong ; the head of the vomer is triangular, a little broader than long,
with a transverse series of two or three teeth across its base ; the teeth
of the body of the vomer form a single series, and are persistent
throughout life. Fins well developed, not rounded ; the pectoral is
pointed, and in specimens of more than 12 inches in length its length
is less than one-half of the distance between its base and that of the
ventral. The caudal fin always has the lobes pointed, is emarginate,
and appears truncate only when stretched to the utmost extent. In
specimens 13 inches long the middle caudal rays are not quite half
as long as the outer ones, and in older ones they are half as long.
The hind part of the body is rather slender. There are from thirteen
to fourteen scales in a transverse series descending from behind the
adipose fin forwards to the lateral line.

Upper parts brownish or greenish olive ; sides of the head with
round black spots ; sides of the body with more or less numerous X-
shaped, sometimes rounded brown spots. Dorsal and adipose fins
with numerous small brown spots ; extremity of pectoral light
blackish ; dorsal and anal without black or yellow margin.

A nonmigratory species, inhabiting Loch Leven and other lakes of
southern Scotland and of the north of England.

tv-cl. Skins: from 14 to 18 inches long. Loch Leven. From Mr.
Pamell's Collection.

e, f. Thirteen inches long. Loch Leven. Presented by Sir J. Eich-
ardson.

g-n. Femalttb, from 12 to 18 inches long. Purchased, said to be
from Loch 1j( ven. Caught in April. Caec. pyl. 65, 63, 60, 54,
54, 53, 49 ; Yert. 58-59. These specimens have the pyloric
appendages fewer in number than is generally stated ; yet these

102 SALMONID-E.

c8Bca are so wide — so much wider than in S. fario, that the re-
duction of their number has evidently been caused by a con-
fluence of several cceca into one.

o-v. Skins^ from 9 to 19 inches long. Loch Scone, Perthshire.
From Mr. ParneU's Collection. Caught in the month of July.

w~[i. Skins, from 8 to 19 inches long. River Forth. From Mr.
ParneU's Collection.

y. Skin, 12 inches long. Branch of Loch Lomond. From Mr. Par-
neU's Collection. Caught in the month of September.

I. Skin, 21 inches long. Loch Lomond. From Mr. YarreU's Col-
lection. This is probably the specimen which served for the
woodcut heading YarreU's description of Salmo levenensis.

e. Skin, 15^ inches long. From Mr. YarreU's CoUection.
'(. Stuffed, 20 inches long. Lake "Windermere. Presented by Sir
J. Richardson.

T). Nine inches long. From the CoUection of the Zool. Soc. Csec.
pyl. 78.

e. Skin, 11 inches long. Lake Windermere From Mr, YarreU's
CoUection.

i-K. Seven inches long. Windermere. Purchased of Mr. Wright.
Caec. pyl. 65.

X-^. Seven inches long. Rothay River, Westmoreland. Purchased
of Mr. Wright. Caec. pyl. 71.

Description of a Male specimen.

inches.

Total length 13|

Greatest depth of the body 2|-

Length of the head 2|-

Girth of biggest part of the body 6

Least depth of the taU 1^

Girth of the narrowest part of the taU 2f

Distance between end of snout and eye ■§■

Diameter of the eye ^

Length of the maxiUary bone Ij

Distance between eye and angle of praeoperculum . . 1

Greatest width of operculum f

Greatest depth of operculum ^

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . . 3|-

Distance between end of dorsal and root of caud'al . . 5

Leagth of base of dorsal 1 A^

Greatest height of dorsal 1|

Length of pectoral 1|

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral 3|-

Length of ventral fin If

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . . 21

Length of anal fin ^

Greatest depth of anal \\

Length of longest caudal ray If

Length of middle caudal ray 1

1. SALMO. 103

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin, and is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal), being
about equal to the length of the head. The snout is moderately-
produced, conical, and rather less than one-fourth the length of the
head, or more than half that of the maxillary bone. The lower jaw
is without a trace of a hook, and the mouth closes perfectly. The
maxUlaiy bone is longer than the snout by almost the entire dia-
meter of the eye ; it extends slightly beyond the ;->osterior margin of
the orbit, and its greatest width is equal to one-half of the diameter
of the eye.

The teeth of the intermaxUlary and mandible are larger tnan those
of the maxillary and palatine bones. Of the vomerine teeth, there
remain but two on the posterior ridge of the head of that bone, the
rest being arranged in a partially zigzag, partially single series.

The interorbital space is slightly convex, its width being equal to
three-fifths of the length of the postorbital part of the head, or four-
fifths of that of the maxillary bone. The prseoperculum has the hinder
margin slightly undulated, the angle rounded, and the inferior limb
oblique but distinct. The angle of the operculum is an obtuse one,
and its distance from the upper end of the giU-opening exceeds that
from the lower anterior end of the suboperculum. Suboperculum
narrow, thrice as long as broad.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
measured back from behind that fin, reaches to one-fourth of that
between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal fin is
higher than long, and consists of thirteen rays, of which the first
three arc rudimentary and covered by the skin, the fourth simple,
the fifth the first branched ray, and the last ray cleft to its base.

The anal fin ig much higher than long, and consists of twelve rays,
the first three of which are rudimentary, the fourth being simple,
and the last ray cleft to its base.

The pectoral fin is longer than the postorbital portion of the head,-
reaching almost midway towards the root of the ventral. The latter
fin is a little shorter than the pectoral, and reaches rather more than
halfway in the direction of the anal fin, its outermost ray being
vertically opposite the ninth of the dorsal fin. Posterior margin of
the caudal emarginate.

There are 117 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; the scries descending obliquely backwards
from the origin of the dorsal fin has twenty-seven scales, that from
behind the adipose forwards to the lateral line has fifteen. There
are twenty-two longitudinal series between the lateral line and the
ventral fin. Scales rounded ; in dried specimens a slight median ridge
becomes distinct on each scale.

Bright silvery, with a reddish or greenish hue on the Dact ; sides
with numerous large broad X-shaped black spots; operculum with
several round black spots. Dorsal fin spotted, the other fins imma-
culate, of uniform coloration.

104 SALMONID^.

IX. Scandinavian Peninsvla and Finland.

We may infer, from the geographical situation and the climate of
the Scandinavian peninsula "with its innumerahle rivers and lakes,
that it is inhabited by a still greater number of species than Great
Britain ; and indeed the limited number of examples which we
have received from those countries give sufficient evidence that this is
reaUy the case. However, our knowledge of them is very scanty,
the Scandinavian authors not having gone into those details of ex-
amination which are necessary for the distinction and determination
of the species.

NiLssoN describes the following species ; —

1. Salmo salar.

2. Salmo eriox : this description is taken from old examples either
of one of the species confounded under the name of /S. ocla, or of
S. trutta.

3. Salmo ocla is evidently a compound of several species : migra-
tory Trout ascending from the sea are identified with Lake-Trout,
of which the Wenerns lax (S. venernensis) is one. As the characters
are very indefinite, we cannot decide whether the name of S. ocla
should be preserved to one of the species described by us, and we
must leave it to Scandinavian naturalists to fix this name to that
species of which " Okla " may be a vernacular term.

4. Salmo laciistris is perhaps our S. liardinii.

5. Salmo trutta may be identical with our S. trutta.

6. Salmo ferox, perhaps identical with the British S. ferox, but
neither the form of the pra3operculum nor the number of pyloric
appendages are noticed.

7. Salmo fario.

For completeness' sake we must mention that H. Widegren, in a
paper published in * Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fdrhandl.' 1863, has
attempted to show that the Eiver-Trout, Lacustrine Trout (S. lacus-
tris, S. ferox, S. microps, <fec.), and the Sea- or Salmon-Trout, are
all one and the same species, which assumes a different appearance
according to the locality inhabited by the several individuals. He
names this species Salmo trutta ; so that Scandinavia and the re-
mainder of Europe would be, in fact, inhabited by two species only,
viz. this ;S^. trutta and S. salar.

In this he is partly opposed by Malmgeen in his " Kritisk Ofversigt
af Finlands Fisk-Fauna," Helsingfors, 1863, translated into German
in * Wiegm. Arch.' 1864, p. 259, of which paper we have given a
critical review in the ' Record of Zoolog. Literat.' 1864, p. 178. This
authoi; adopts Widegren's view as to the existence of only two species
in Scandinavia, but he considers it improper to refer the various
"varieties" to one species without taking due notice of them. In
fact, whav has been called a species is represented as a variety by
this author, who; at the same time, does not hesitate to use binomial
nomenclature for these " varieties." He has not given any service-
able description by which the knowledge of the fishes of that country
would be enlarged. He mentions a lacustrine form from Lake Ladoga,

1. 8ALM0.

105

which he regards as a desceridant of S. salar, naming it Trutta
relicta. This is probably a distinct species ; but the author has
omitted to point out its characters, except one, viz. that the ova of
Trutta relicta are considerably smaller than those of the Salmon.

After these preliminary remarks, we proceed "^o give descriptions
of those of the Scandinavian species which we were enabled to di-
stinguish among the specimens in the British Museum Collection, and
which, for the present, we must consider to be peculiar to that
peninsula. Others, common to other parts of Europe, have been
mentioned above. There is no doubt that more forms will be found
in that country ; and we have several examples which we cannot
refer to any of the known species, but the description of which must
be deferred imtil the specific characters can be better defined by the
examination of a greater number of examples.

24. Salmo misto^

Female, 17 inches long. Nat. size.

B. 11-12. D.14. A. 12. P. 14. V. 9. L.lat.118. L. transv. 26/34.
Vert. 59-60. C^c. pyl. 43-52.

Head small, convex above, with the snout of moderate length, and
much pointed. Operculum and suboperculum of moderate width and
depth ; praeoperculum with the lower limb rounded. Eye extremely
small*. The posterior point of junction of operculum and sUboper-

* Its diameter is 6 lines in a specimen 17 inches long, 5 lines in one of 16 inches,
and 4^ lines in one of 12 inches.

106 SALMONID^.

culum is nearer to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculnm than
to the upper end of the gill-opening. Maxillary very ijarrow and
feeble*, extending somewhat beyond the hind margin of the orbit in
females 17 inches long, and to the hind margin in young examples
of 9 inches in length. Dentition feeble ; the vomerine teeth form
a single series, and are gradually lost with age. Fins moderately
develoijcd ; pectoral rather obtuse: caudal fin' truncate in mature
examples (from 12 inches in length), with the lobes acutely pointed ;
in younger examples of 9 inches in length, the middle rays are rather
more than half as long as the outer ones. Tail rather broad, covered
with rounded scales, which are a Uttle larger than those of the trunk.
There are fifteen scales in a transverse series running from behind
the adipose fin obliquely forwards to the lateral line.

Silvery, "wdth scattered, black, X-shaped spots. No parr-marks in
a specimen of 9 inches in length,

A migratory species, from the Eidfjord lliver in Norway, re-
markable for the small size of the eye, and closely allied to S. galli-
vensis.

a-c. Females, from 12 to 17 inches long. Presented by Professor

N. S. Maskelyne. Caught in August.
d. Nine inches long. Presented by Professor N. S. Maskelyne.

Description of a Female 17 inches long. Ova semimature.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal
fin and is contained thrice and two-thirds in the total length (caudal
not included) ; the length of the head is two-ninths of the same.
The snoiit is slightly produced, mnch pointed, and one-half of the
length of the postorbital portion of the head. The maxillary is longer
than the snout by somewhat more than one-half the diameter of the
eye, and extends about one-eighth of an inch behind the vertical
from the hinder margin of the orbit ; the width of its broadest part
is one-half of the diameter of the eye (after the skin has been re-
moved from the bone). The dentition of the jaws and palate is
feeble, the teeth of the tongue and mandible being larger than those
of the intermaxillary, which, again, exceed slightly those of the max-
illary and palatine bones, which are about equal. The vomer has
the head of an iiTcgular shape, the anterior margin being deeply
notched ; it is toothless ; the longitudinal series is formed by three
small teeth, the ridge of the body of the bone being very low.

The distance of the nostrils from the orbit is about three-fourths
of the diameter of the latter ; the interorbital space is very convex,
the orbit being far below the upper profile of the head ; the width of
this space is one-fourth of an inch less than the length of the max-
illary bone, and two-thirds of the length of the space between the
pupil and the angle of the pra^operculum. The prseoperculum has
the posterior margin, angle, and lower limb rounded, the latter being
well developed. The posterior margin of the operculum is curved,
and forms a somewhat obtuse angle with the lower margin. A line
* This is especially striking when the bone is divested of the covering skin.

1. SALMO. 107

taken from the upper end of the gill- opening to the angle of the
operculum is longer than a line from the latter point to the lower
anterior angle of the suboperculum.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the occiput, if
measured behind that fin, reaches to the hinder third of the dis-
tance between the adipose and the root of the caudal. The dorsal
fin is as long as high, and composed of fourteen rays, the three
anterior ones being rudimentary and enveloped in the skin ; the
fourth ray is simple, and nearly as long as the fifth and sixth rays,
which are equal and the longest of the fin, the fifth being the first
branched ray ; the last ray is cleft to the base. The anal fin is
one-fourth higher than long, and composed of twelve rays, the
first three being rudimentary and enveloped in the skin, the
fourth simple, nearly as long as the fifth, which is branched and
the longest of the fin ; the last ray is split to the base. Pectoral
longer than the postorbital portion of the head. Ventral shorter,
its length being a little more than half the distance of its root
from the anal ; its outer ray is in the vertical from the tenth of
the dorsal. Posterior margin of caudal truncate, with the lubes
acutely pointed.

There are about 120 transverse series of scales, counted immedi-
ately above the lateral Hue ; the transverse series descending ob-
liquely backwards from the origin of the dorsal fin to the lateral
line contains twenty-six scales, and there are twenty-two or twenty-
three longitudinal series between the lateral line and the root of the
ventral. The transverse series descending forwards from behind
the adipose fin contains fifteen scales : all the scales are very thin,
irregularly rounded behind.

Bright silvery, greenish on the baek ; sides with a few black
X-shaped spots. Gill-cover and upper side of the head with round
black spots. Dorsal fin with a few black specks ; the other fins
immaculate.

25. Salmo liardinii.

Deijetbrs-Lax.

? Salmo lacustris, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fish. p. 404.

Salmo salar, var. lacustris, Hardin, in Of vers. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl.

1862, (1861) p. 382.

Silfver-lax, Lloyd, Scand. Advent, i. p. 116.

PVetterns Silfver-lax, Widegren, in Of vers. Vetetisk. Akad. Forhandl.

1863, (1862) taf. 6. fig. 1.

D. 15. A. 12. P. 14. V. 9-10. L. lat. 122. L. transv. 22/30.
The depth- of the head at the occiput equals the length of its post-
orbital portion ; operculum rather higher than long ; the posterior
point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is a little nearer to
the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum than to the upper end
of the gill-opening. Pra^operculum with a very distinct inferior
limb, which is more than half as long as the posterior. Snout rather
pointed ; maxillary longer than the snout, strong, extfuding to below
the posterior margin of the orbit (-in specimens 23 inches long). The

108 SALMONID.^E.

head of the vomer is toothless, subpejitagonal, longitudinallj'- elon-
gate ; the body of this bone -with a sharp longitudinal ridge, which
bears some erect teeth in a single series. Caiidal fin deeply emar-
ginate in a specimen 23 inches long, the length of one of the middle
rays is two-fifths of that of the longest. There are thirteen scales
in a transverse series running from behind the adipose tin obKquely
forwards to the lateral line.

Sides and belly bright silvery, back greenish ; some scattered black
spots on the head, body, and dorsal fin.

Lake Wenern (Sweden).

There can be no doubt that this is a very distinct species ; the
shape of the vomer and the forked caudal fin indicate its affinity to
S. salar, but this species has considerably larger scales on the tail ;
moreover S. hardinii never enters the sea, being found in the Lake
Wenern, into which no marine fish can ascend in consequence of
intervening cataracts. A fanciful idea has been started, that it is a
Salmon with some of the characters laodified in consequence of its
compulsory residence in a freshwater lake. We cannot see how such
a change in the life of a fish has the effect of diminishing the size of
the scales. Besides, we have no evidence whatever that a migratory
species has ever been changed into a non-migratory one ; and persons
who bring forward instances of such changes having taken place in
the course of a few years, must first prove that they have correctly
determined the species of the specimens experimented upon.

The question whether this fish be not a sterile form of some other
species is settled by the observations made by Magister Hardin, who
has watched it successively for many years ascending the rivers from
the lake for the purpose of spawning.

It is very doubtful whether this species was known to Artedi and
Linnaeus, and whether it ever will be possible to ascertain the Scan-
dinavian species to which the latter might have applied the name of
S. lacustris ; if he reaUy fixed this name upon a fish known to him
from autopsy, he at all events confounded it with the species of
Central Europe described by Oesner and his copyists as Trutta la-
custris. And as the specific denomination of lacustris has always
been retained for the latter, it appears much safer to give a new
name to the Wenern fish than to that of Central Europe. The spe-
cimen described by Nilsson as Salmo lacustris? agrees very well
with that examined by myself.

a. Female in spirits. Lake Wenern. Purchased of Mr. Wheel-
wright.

Description of this specimen.

inches.

Total length 23

Greatest depth of the body 5

Length of head 4|

Girth of the biggest part of the body 12

Least depth of the tail 1 1

1. SALMO. 109

inches.

Girth of narrowest part of tail 4|

Distance between the end of the snout and the eye . , If

Length of the maxiUary bone li

Distance between the eye and the angle of the prae-

opercnlum If

Greatest width of the operculum 1^

Greatest depth of the operculum If

Distance between occiput and origin of dorsal fin . , 6i-
Distance between the end of dorsal and root of caudal

fin 6|

Length of base of the dorsal 24

Greatest height of the dorsal 2f

Length of the pectoral 3|

Distance between root of pectoral and root of ventral Si-
Length of the ventral fin 2i

Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal . 4^

Length of the anal fin 1|.

Greatest depth of the anal 2i

Length of the longest caudal ray 3f

Length of the middle caudal ray iX

This specimen is a female, 23 inches long, with the ova perfectly
developed, although the sexual organ is comparatively small.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal fin,
and nearly one-fourth of the total (without caudal); the tail is rather
slender, its least depth being about one-third of the height of the body.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal); its
depth at the occiput equals the length of its postorbital portion ; the
snout is conical, rather jjointed, not quite twice as long as the eye, the
diameter of which is contained six times and one-third in the length
of the head. The maxiUary bone is longer than the snout, rather strong
in its basal portion, the width of its dilated portion being three-fifths
of that of the orbit ; it extends backwards to the vertical from the
posterior margin of the eye. Lower jaw moderately developed, with a
very inconspicuous knob in front. Dentition perfect ; the intermax-
illary teeth are the strongest, as strong as those on the tongue, of
which there are four pairs ; the head of the vomer is toothless, of sub-
pentagonal shape, lomjitudinally elongate, ivith the two lateral margins
longest; the body of the vomer is provided ivith a sharp lomjitiidinal
ridge, which bears some erect teeth, there being three on its anterior
portion, and one in the middle of its length.

The interorbital space is convex, with the median longitudinal ridge
distinct, the eye being far below the upper profile of the head. The
posterior margin of the operculum and suboperculum is irregularly
semicircular, the posterior part of the curvature being considerably
more curved than the lower; the posterior point of junction of
operculum and suboperculum is a little nearer to the lower anterior
angle of the suboperculum than to the upper end of the gill-opening ;
operculum rather higher than mde ; the prceopercidum has a very
distinct inferior limb, which is more than half as long as the poste-

110 SALMONID^.

rior, the two forming a rounded angle ; the posterior prseopercular
edge descends obliquely backwards.

The distance of the doi'sal fin from the occiput is somewhat less
than its distance from the caudal fin. It is somewhat longer than
high, and composed of fifteen rays, the two anterior of which are
rudimentary, the third half as long as the fourth, which, together
with the fifth (first branched ray) forms the highest point of the fin :
the last ray is split to the base. The adipose fin is exactly above
the end of the anal. Anal higher than long, composed of twelve
rays, the two anterior of which are rudimentary, whilst the third,
with the fourth (which is the first branched ray), forms the highest
point of the fin ; the length of the base of the anal is contained once
and one-third in its distance from the caudal fin. Notwithstanding
the age of the individual, the caudal fin is still deeply emarginate, the
length of one of the middle rays being two-fifths of that of the longest.
The length of the pectoral equals that of the head without shout,
but is much more than that of the ventral, which exceeds one-half
of the distance of its root from the anal fin.

There are 122 transverse series of scales, counted immediately
above the lateral line ; twenty-eight scales compose the transverse
series descending obliquely backwards from the origin of the dorsal
towards the lateral Hne ; there are twenty-two longitudinal series
between the lateral line and the root of the ventral. The transverse
line descending obliquely forward from the axil of the adipose fin to the
lateral line is composed of thirteen scales. All the scales overlap each
other, scarcely a trace of the skinny pouches being visible, which cir-
cumstance gives a peculiarly bright aspect to the fish.

The entire fish of the brightest sUvery colour, the back being
slightly shaded with greenish ; irregularly scattered black spots, some
of which are as large as one scale, others of the size of three or four
scales, occupy the parts above the lateral line. Several round, deep-
black spots on the crown of the head and on the opercles, the lateral
spots having a light centre : a few black spots on the base of the
dorsal. Caudal, inner side of the pectoral, and ventral blackish.

26. Salmo venernensis.

Var-lax.

? Salmo, Artedi, Synon. p. 23, no. 3 ; Genera, p. 12, no. 5 ; Sjwcies,

p. 51, no. 4.
Wenerns-lax, Lloyd, Scand. Advent, i. p. 11.3.
Salmo miciops, Hardin, Of vers. Vetensh. Akad. Fdrhdndl. 1861 (1862),

p. 383.

B.ll. D. 14. A. 11. P. 14- 15. V.9. L.lat. 120.
L. transv. 28/34. Vert. 59-t)0. C»c. pyl. 59-62.

Attaining to a length of more tnan 3 feet j female mature at a
length of

Head rather high, compared with its length ; eye small, its dia-
meter being one-fourth, or rather less than one-fourth, of the length
of the postorbital part of the head, in specimens from 12 to 24 inches

1. S4.LM0. Ill

long. Suboperciilum elevated,, twice as long as deep. The posterior
point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is midway between
the upper end of the gill-opening and the lower anterior angle of the
suboperculum. Praeoperculum wdth a distinct lower limb, and with
the hind margin slightly emarginate above the angle. Snout of
moderate length, produced in full-grown males, which have the
lower jaw hooked during the spawning-season ; maxillary longer
than the snout, rather strong and broad, not reaching the posterior
margin of the .eye in examples 12 inches in length, and extending
somewhat behind it in mature ones (from a length of 22 inches).
Head of the vomer triangular, broader than long, with a transverse
series of teeth across its hinder margin ; body of this bone with a
sharp longitudinal ridge, bearing a single series of teeth, the poste-
rior of which are lost before the specimens attain a length of 18
inches ; these teeth form a zigzag series in young examples. Fins
not short. The caudal fin is slightly emarginate in specimens up to
a length of 22 inches, in which the middle rays are only half as long
as the outer, longest one. Tail covered with rounded scales ; there
are fourteen in a transverse seri<>s running from behind the adipose
fin obliquely forwards to the lateral line.

Silvery ; back with a brownish or greenish shade ; sides with more
or less numerous small, angular, sometimes X-like black sj)ots ;
dorsal fin and opercles with a few rounded black spots.

Sweden (Lake Wenern) ; non- migratory.

This species is distinguished from S. trutta by a stronger maxillary,
smaller eye, more deeply emarginate caudal fin, higher body, <fec.

a-c. Males, 36 inches long : stuffed, lliver Gotha, near the Lake
Wenern. From Mr. L. Lloyd's Collection.

d. Female, 22 inches long. Lake Wenern. Purchased of Mr.

Wheelwright. — Csec. pyl. 59 ; Vert. 59.

e. Twelve inches long, not in good state. Lake Wenern. Purchased

of Mr. Wheelwright.
f-g. Nine inches long. River Gotha. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection.
— Cffic. pyl. 61 and 62 ; Vert. 60 in both.

27. Salmo polyosteus.

B. 10. D. 13. A. 11. P.M. V. 9. L.lat. 128.

L. transv. ^^ Vert. 61-62. Ctec. pyl. 40.

ca. 30 -i *'

Head rather high, compared with its length ; eye of moderate size,
its diameter being rather more than one-fourth of the length of the
postorbital portion of the head in specimens 16 or 17 inches long.
Suboperculum rather narrow, nearly thrice as long as broad ; the
posterior point of junction of opercle and subopercle is midway
between the upper end of the gill-opening and the lower anterioi
angle of the suboperculum. Prtcoperculum subcrescentic, with the
lower limb very indistinci. Snout of moderate length. !^Laxillary
longer than the snout, broad, its greatest width being two-thirds of
the diameter of the eye ; it reaches to somewhat behind the vertical

112 SALMOiriD^.

from the posterior margin of the orbit in a male 17 inches long, ana
just below it in a female 16 inches long. Body of the vomer with
teeth arranged in pairs, one tooth of every pair standing somewhat
behind the other. Fins moderately developed, the length of the
pectoral being one-half or less than one-half of its distance from the
ventral. Caudal fin truncated, with the lobes rounded, the middle
rays being more than half as long as the outer ones. Tail covered
with thin, rounded scales ; there are fifteen in an oblique series run-
ning forwards from behind the adipose fin to the lateral line.

Sides bright silvery, with small, irregular blackish spots ; opercles
with a few rounded blackish spots.

Lapland. This species is most probably non-migratory, as we
may infer from its dentition, praeoperculum, and caudal fin.

a. Male, 17 inches long : not in good state. From Mr. Wheelwright's
Collection.

h. Female, 16 inches long: not in good state. From Mr. "Wheel-
wright's Collection.

a-h. From 11 to 15 inches long: not in good state. From Mr.
Wheelwright's Collection.

X. Russia- and Tartary.

Pallas (Zoogr. Ross. -As. iii.) describes, beside the Salmon,
Common River-Trout, 8. auhannalis, and a species from the Neva
and Terek, which he identifies with S. eriox, L., but names S.
spurius (p. 343), two other species, both from the Crimea. The first
is named S. trutta; but it is more than doubtful whether he has cor-
rectly determined it. As we have no specimens to decide this point,
we are not entitled to propose a change in the specific denomination.

28. Salmo trutta (pallasii).
Salmo trutta, Pall. Zoogr. JRoss.-As. iii. p. 347 (not synon.).
Pallas gives the following description : —

B. 11. D. 11. A. 9. P. 12. V. 9.

Length nearly 27 inches. Upper jaw the longer, obtuse ; the
teeth of its outer margin larger ; smaller ones in double series on
the palate and along the middle of the palate ; " duo item majores
in apice," and smaller ones in two series on the tongue. In the lower
jaw there is 'a simple series of teeth, all those in front being the
largest. Caudal even, truncated, brown, somewhat fleshy. Colour
on the belly silvery, here and there with a black or red spot in the
vicinity of the lateral spots. Numerous black spots on the back,
towards the sides some ocelli with red centre, some red spots inter-
spersed among the black ones ; opercles of the gills with somewhat
large black spots.

It is taken not unfrequently on the southern shore of the Crimea,
and in the mountain-torrents when it enters them in summer, having
been sometimes brought to me at Soldaja in the month of July. When
it ascends the torrents it is regarded by the natives of the Crimea as

1. SALMO. 113

an omen of coming war, on account of its blood-red spots. This fish
(which is one of the finest of its kind) has never to my knowledge
been seen in the waters of Russia or Siberia.

29. Sabno labrax.
Salmo labrax, Pall, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 346.
Pallas describes it as follows : —

D. 10. A. 9.

About an ell in length. Snout conical, with the jaws equal and
armed with sharp teeth, tongue with stronger teeth. Body similar
in appearance to that of S.fario, silvery white, without spots, beco-
ming dusky on the back. Pectoral tins bluish ; dorsal with black
spots in irregular series, especially at the base ; caudal truncated,
with the angles pointed.

It is often kiUed with spears at the entrance of the harbour of
Sebastopol, whence it frequently ascends into the river Bijukosen,
and is occasionally taken about Cherson and at Otschakof, in the
shallows and shoals, with spears or nets. It is good eating, the
flesh becoming red in cooking.

30. Salmo autumnalis.

Salmo autumnalis, Pall. Zooqr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 355 ; Cuv, <§r Val. xxi.
p. 258.

B. 11. D. 13. A. 12. P. 15.

Size a little exceeding that of S. eryihrceus, about two feet and a
half ; appearance similar. Head blackish, convex, beneath white :
snout conical, obtuse, but less so than in S, eri/thrtpus, with the
lower jaw frequently slightly bent upwards. Teeth slightly curved ;
larger ones in the lower jaw, which is somewhat the longer ; middle-
sized ones on the superior arch of the palate and the tongue ; minute
ones on the margin of the maxillary. Body low, compressed, in
the female more ventricose, Avith small scales. Lateral line qiiite
straight, slightly ascending, the branchial sinus beaded. Coloration
above the line brownish, with a few dots near together of a whitish
colour ; below the lateral line greyish, with yellowish small quincunx-
shaped spots ; colour of the belly white, here and there becoming
reddish, as though suffused with blood. Dorsal fin brown ; adi])ose
narrower at the base. Pectoral fins reddish. Ventrals bright red,
with external margin white; accessory scale conspicuous, awl-shaped.
Anal fin brownish red, with anterior margin white. Caudal brown,
semibifid (as in S. scliiffermulleri), robust, with the lobes pointed.
Total length 1 foot 6 inches. 3 lines; length of the head 3 inches
7 lines, of the tail 2 inches 5 lines; distance of dorsal fin from snout
7 inches 9 lines, of anal fin almost 1 fool, of adipose 1 foot 1 inch
2 lines.

In the month of October these fish ascend into the river Neva in
.shoals full of miH and spawni, and fall into the nets in large num-
bers. Scent very strong, offensive to Salmon, as also to Coregoni.

VOL. VI. I

114 SALM0NID.5;.

The fish for which Pallas intended the name of S. autumnalis, is
perfectly unknown ; it is evidently a migratory Trout, or perhaps a
young Salmon. The specimen labelled S. axitumnaHs in the Berlin
Museum, is a Charr from Kamtschatka (p. 144).

31. Sabuo spectabilis.

Salar spectabilis, Cuv. <§• Val. xxi. p. 340. [On Salar spectabilis
{Heck. 8f Kner), see p. 85].

Valenciennes gives the following description of this species with-
out distinctly naming the locahty where it was obtained : —

Vomerine teeth in a double series. It is distinguishable from
all our Trouts by its fusiform and more regularly elliptical body.
Its head is about one-fifth of the total length. The cleft of the
mouth is moderate, a little less than one-third of the length of the
head. The muzzle is pointed. The two jaws are equal. The
praeoperculum is regularly rounded. The eye is small ; its diameter
is contained six times and a half in the length of the head. The
fins are small. The scales are more apparent, or, rather, less hidden
by the mucosity of the skin.

There are 130 longitudinal series. The colour is steel-blue on
the back, fading into sUvery on the sides. The under surface of the
belly and throat is dull-green. The sides and cheeks are scattered
over with black spots. The largest of three specimens is 16 inches
in length.

32. Salmo lepechlni.

Pal'jaB, Lepechin, Reise Russ. Reich, iii. p. 229, taf. 14. fig. 2.
Salmo lepechini, L., Gm. i. p. 1374 ; Cuv. ^ Vcd. xxi. p. 342.

This fish is said to be found in the torrents of the Russian pro-
vince Olonezk. The figure given by Lepechin is probably taken
from a skin, and does not assist us in defining this species, if, indeed,
it be distinct. The skin in the Berlin Museum from Pallas's Col-
lection, named S. lepechini, and mentioned by Valenciennes, is inde-
terminable.

XI. Trout from the lake Goukcha, near Erivan, Armenia.

Pallas (Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 346) mentions a trout of that lake
from notes made by Giildenstadt ; he erroneously considers it to be
identical with S. hucho. : —

D. 11. A. 10-11. Caec. pyl. 70. Vert. 54.

Male entirely of a ferruginous tint, with a very indistinct silvery
lustre on the sides, and with very few black spots, scarcely distinct
except between the pectorals and ventrals ; throat white. Female
brown above and on the fins, below and on the sides white, varie-
gated on the sides, as also on the opercles and dorsal fin, with round
black spots, 3 lines in diameter, and placed far apart. Scales
scarcely 1 line broad. Flesh red. Ova orange-coloured, 2^ Unes
in diameter. Toi^al length 1 foot 7 inches.

1. SALMO. 115

XII. Trout from rivers of the Hindoo Koosh.

Finally, Griffith (Calcutt. Joum. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 585, and iii.
p. 283) mentions a trout found on the northern declivities of the
Hindoo Koosh, and in the Bamean River, one of the tributaries of
the Oxus, 11,000 feet above the level of the sea. This species ap-
pears to be the southernmost in Central Asia, and the nearest to
the Indian region. There are no Salmonoids in Afghanistan or any
of the countries to the south of the Hindoo Koosh. M'Glelland
named this fish Salmo orientalis, which name cannot be retaijied, if
the fish should prove to be a distinct species, as it was given to
another fish by Pallas.

The notes added by M'CleUand allude to characters of the genus
only ; and the figure (pi. 1) is too rude to assist in the determination
of the species.

XIII. Northern Asia and North-western America.

According to our present knowledge, we are obliged to unite the
Salmonoids of Northern Asia and North-western America under one
heading: although the greater number of species inhabiting western
and central Siberia, or ascending Siberian rivers from the Arctic
Ocean, will be found to f>e distinct from those of the Pacific or of the
American fresh waters, yet there are several which evidently inhabit
America as well as Asia ; and others, described by Pallas and Ame-
rican writers under different names, may eventually prove to be
identical.

Our knowledge of the Siberian fishes rests entirely on PaUas's
researches ; but we cannot expect that his descriptions, drawn up
fifty years ago, should satisfy our requirements for distinguishing
and recognizing the species of this most difficult family. What is
more to be regretted is, that in his notes on the habits and geogra-
phical distribution of the species he did not confine himself to obser-
vations relating to the typical specimen of his description, but fre-
quently mixes them with notes derived from other travellers and
evidently taken from different species. Fortunately some of the
typical specimens passed through Rudolphi into the Berlin Mu-
seum, where they are still preserved ; and we are much indebted to
Professor Peters, who allowed us to examine and to compare them
with the American species in the British Museum and the Haslar
Collection.

The Salmonoids of the Pacific coasts of North America have been
worked out chiefly by Girard and Suckley ; and the detennination of
the species described by the former is essentially facilitated by a
series of illustrations. But the notes on the species named by the
latter gentlemen are so incomplete, owing to the imperfect condition
of the materials worked upon, as well as to the slight experience of
the author in pointing out really specific characters, that all these
specimens (many of which appear to be quite unfit for scientific ex-
amination) require a critical examination before the species founded

i2

] 16 SALMONIB^.

on them can be admitted into the system. Therefore, although for
completeness' sake we have mentioned them in the following list, we
have added only such parts of the original descriptions as may assist
in recognizing the species.

33. Salmo purpuratus.

Salmo purpuratus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 374; Cuv. 8f Vol, xxi.

p. 358.
clarkii, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 225.

Very closely allied to >S. fario, but with more vertebrae.

B. 12. D. 13-14. A. 12-13. L. lat. 130. L. trunsv. 20/30.
Caec. pyl. 40. Vert. 63.

Form of the head and body as in /S. fario. The posterior point of
junction of operculum and suboperculum is nearly midway between
the upper end of the gill-opening and the lower anterior angle of
the suboperculum. Lower limb of the prajoperculum rather distinct.
Snout obtuse ; maxillary of moderate width ; it extends scarcely to
the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit in a specimen 9 inches
long, and scarcely beyond it in one of 16 inches in length. Den-
tition rather feeble ; vomerine teeth in a double series. Fins mode-
rately developed; caudal fin emarginate in young specimens, sub-
truncate in specimens 9 inches long, in which the length of the
middle caudal rays is contained once and three-fourths in that of the
outer ones. There are thirteen scales in a transverse series descend-
ing from behind the adipose fin obliquely forwards to the lateral line.
Head, body, dorsal and caudal fins covered with black specks.

Pacific coasts of Northern Asia and America.

a-h. Seven and nine inches long. British Columbia. Presented by
J. K. Lord, Esq.

Besides these specimens, we have examined two of PaUas's typical
specimens, flat skins, 14 and 16 inches long. Valenciennes regarded
them as belonging to two different species ; however, it is possible
that they are merely male and female of the same fish. Pallas says
of this species (which is evidently non-migratory) : —

"This species, which migrates {catanadroma) from the North
Pacific, usually enters the rivers Bolsehaya and Bystraya and their
tributaries, from the beginning of June to the end of September, not
in troops but singly. Some also are said to remain all the year in
the rivers and to return to the sea in the middle of May. On accoimt
of its voracity, it is always found very fat, so that, from the excellence
of its white and firm flesh, it is to be recommended jefore all the
other species ; for it feeds incessantly during its ascent of the rivers,
not only on the eggs of fish, small fish, Phryganese, Potamogetons,
but also on the ' migratory mice ' crossing the rivers. When from
beneath the water it perceives a dwarf Sorbus with berries hanging
over, it leaps out of the water with a great jerk and seizes the berries.
Hence, unlike the other trout, which, during the ascent of the rivers.

1. SAL-AiO 117

grow lean from fasting, breeding, and exertion, this species is plump
and well fed, and, with S. caUaris only, does not perish in the
winter." It does not much exceed a length of 18 inches

The Fario clarkli (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 219 ;
and U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 314, pi. 71. figs. 5-8), named l^ahno
masoni by Suckley (Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 345), is some Salmo-
noid in the Parr-state, probably a young Salmo purjouratus.

34. Salmo stellatus.

Oregon Brook-Trout.

Fario stellatus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 219 ; and

U. S. Pac. E. R. Uxj}. Fish. p. 310, pi. 69. figs. 5-8 ; Suckley, Nat.

Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 346, with the same figures.

B. 12. D. 12. A. 12. L. lat. 155. L. transv. 30/35. Ca)c. pvl. 33.

Vert. 59.

Similar to S.purpuratu^, but with considerably smaller scales. The
posterior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is midway
between the upper end of the giU-opening and the lower anterior
angle of the suboperculum. Praeoperculum broad, with the lower
limb very indistinct. Snout of moderate extent ; maxillary narrow
and feeble, extending to the vertical from the hind margin of the
orbit in specimens 7 inches long, and beyond it in older ones. Den-
tition moderately developed ; vomerine teeth in a zigzag series, rarely
placed in a pair. Caudal fin emarginate in young specimens, the
middle rays being half as long as the outer ones, and truncate in
adult ones. There are fifteen or sixteen scales in a series obliquely
descending from behind the adipose fin to the lateral line. Head,
and body, dorsal and caudal fins covered with black specks.

A non-migratory Trout from the fresh waters of British Columbia,
and of the Oregon and Washington Territories.

a-d. Skins, from 12 to 14 inches long. Saumass Lake. From

Mr. J. K. Lord's Collection.
e-f. Young, 7 inches long. River Skagit. From Mr. J. K. Lord's

Collection.

35. Salmo penshinensis.
Salmo penshinensis, PaU. Zoogr. Hoss.-As. iii. p. 381

We have examined the typical specimen of this species ; it is the
skin of an adult male fish. As far as we can judge from this spe-
cimen, this species is very closely aUied to S. mmhricus : we cannot
find any external distinctive characters ; and if the two fish do not
differ in the internal .characters, we doubt not that they are spe-
cifically the same. According to PaUas this migratory Trout would
ascend from the Bay of Penjinsk into the river Worofskaja.

Valenciennes has identified this species with S. rossii. Richards. :
having the typical specimens of both fishes before us, we fi"d that
they are specifically, if not geucrically, quite distinct.

118 RALMONID.E.

36. Salmo tsuppitch.

Salmo tsuppitch, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Arfier. iii. p. 224 ; SucMey in
Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 327.

Richardson gives the following characters : —

B. 13. D. 12. A. 13. [?^ert. 64.]

Back of body and head studded with oval and circular spots;
sides and fins, including the caudal, destitute of spots ; back mesiaUy
bluish grey, passing on the back of the head into blackish grey, and
on the sides into yellowish grey with a greenish tinge and silvery
white. General colour of the fins ashy grey. Jaws fully armed with
minute sharp teeth ; a single row on each palate-bone ; a very few on
the anterior end of the vomer, in a single series ; and a double row on
the tongue. Head small, exactly conical, terminating in a pointed
snout. Commissure of mouth very slightly oblique. Convexity of
dorsal profile rising gradually to origin of first dorsal, and declining
thence to the tail. Caudal forked.

A migratory Trout from the Columbia River.

37. Salmo gairdnerii.

Salmo gairdnerii, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 221.

The material on which this species has been founded was quite
insufficient for that piirpoce, and the species for which this name has
been intended is not likely to be ever recognized.

B. 11-12. P. 13. V. 11. A. 12. Yert. 64.

The only traces of variegated marking are a few faint spots at the
root of the caudal. Tail terminating in a slightly semilunar outline.
Vomer armed with a double row for two-thirds of its anterior portion.
When the soft parts of the mandible are entirely removed, the pro-
jecting lower edge of the articular piece of the lower jaw is acutely
serrated.

This fish ascends the river Columbia in the month of June in
much smaller numbers than the Quinnat; its average weight is
between six and seven pounds.

Girard adopted the name ^' gairdnerii^' for a specimen from the
Klamath river, Oregon Territory, which he describes and figures in
Proc. Ac. Ngt. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 219, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp.
Fish. p. 313, pi. 71. figs. 1-4. There is nothing whatever to indicate
that this identification is correct ; on the contrary, it would appear
that Dr. Gairdner's fish had a double series of vomerine teeth, whilst
Girard referred his fish to Fario (Valenc). However, we may men-
tion that this gentleman is most inaccurate in his description of the
teeth of Salmonoids. A few years later (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1858, p. 224) he recognized the discrepancies between his and Rich-
ardson's descriptions, naming his specimens Fario newberrii. If the
figure given by him is correct, and the scales are as small as repre-
sented, we may presume that the typical specimen of this F.gairdtierii
(Girard) is a young female of Salmo stellatus.

1. 8ALM0. 119

Scarcely less doubtful is the S. gairdnerii, Suckley (Nat. Hist.
"Wash. Terr. p. 331), noticed from two dried skins so much shrivelled
that they are evidently quite unfit for a scientific description.

38. Salmo aurora.

Fario aurora, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 218 ; and
U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 308, pi. 68.

B. 11. D. 12. A. 13.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
Maxillary extending beyond the orbit in a specimen 11 inches long.
Anterior margin of dorsal fin equidistant between the tip of the
snout and the base of the caudal. Caudal rather conspicuously
emarginate. Greyish silvery above ; sides and belly yellowish orange ;
dorsal fin spotted (Girard),

Astoria, Oregon Territory.

39. Salmo gibbsii.

Fario tsuppitch, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. viii. 1856,
p. 218, and in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 310, pi. 69 (not
Richards.).

Salmo gibbsii, Suckhy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, vii. 1868, p. 1.

B. 12-13. D. 13. A. 14.

Body elongated, compressed, fusiform in profile ; dorsal profile
but slightly arched ; snout rounded, the jaws subequal ; maxillary
gently curved, dUated posteriorly, and extending to a vertical line
passing sHghtly behind the orbit ; anterior margin of dorsal nearer
the extremity of the snout than to the insertion of caudal fin ; colours
of the head and back, in fresh specimens, rich dark olive-green, pro-
fusely dotted with roundish black spots, the scales in certain lights
showing bright silvery reflection ; the sides below the lateral line are
usually unicolor, of a yellowish white ; inferior fins unspotted ; tail
and upper fins yeUowish olive, profusely spotted with round and oval
spots of black, each spot being from one to two lines in diameter,
and completely isolated from the others, not confluent as in some
other species ; caudal moderately lunated, not forked ; head small ;
teeth small, and very numerous, especially the labials.

Known from a single skin only, which appears to be much stretched ;
it is a female. Columbia River ; believed to be non-migratory.

40. Sabuo irideufi.

Salmo iridea. Gibbons, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1855, p. 36.

rivularis, Ayres, ibid. p. 43.

Salar iridea, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 220 ; and
U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 321, pi. 73. f. 5. and pi. 74.

B. 10. D. 14. A. 14. L. lat. 140.
Body rather stout, head of moderate size ; maxillary extending
bey6nd the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit in specimens

V20 SALMONID^.

10 inches long. Caudal deeply emaryinate. Body, dorsal and cau-
dal fins with numerous small black spots.

A noDrmigratory species of rivers of Upper California.

41. Salmo kennerlyi.

Salmo kennerlyi, Snckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1861, vii.
p. 307.

Tail strongly forked, its free margin somewhat waved. Snout
somewhat turned up, the lower jaw projecting slightly beyond the
upper. A single row of teeth along the anterior half of the vomer ;
teeth on the premaxiUaries rather strong. Size of adult rarely ex-
ceeding 10 or 11 inches. General colour of body red, dingy along the
back, paler on the sides, and fading into pure white on the belly.
Small irregular black spots above the lateral line. Pectorals bluish,
their tips slightly greyish. Dorsal and ventrals red. Tail spotted.

Chiloweyuk Lake, near Fraser Kiver. Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu Eiver.

Mr. Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18G2, p. 330) proposes a
(hybrid) generic name for this fish, Hypsifario, this genus being dis-
tinguished by its " compressed body, projecting snout, &c."

42. Salmo warreni.

Salmo warreni, SucMey, Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1861, vii.
p. 308.

Dorsal outline strongly arched ; its convexity rising suddenly
from the nape, and attaining its height at a point near a Hne drawn
perpendicular to the lateral line and toucliing the tips of the pec-
torals when flattened backwards along the sides. Head rather broad ;
muzzle somewhat conical ; jaws equal and rounded. The eyes be-
neath plane of lateral line. Opercles and preopercles spotted with
minute spots of black. Numerous stellate and irregular black spots,
many of which are quite faint as if obscured by the thickness of
the overlying scales ; belly white ; back bluish or greenish ; dorsal
fin and tail spotted. Scales small (but much larger than in S. fon-
tinalls), compact and very adherent ; when glistening, in certain re-
flections giving an enamcUed appearance to the fish. Tail forked.

Chiloweyuk Depot. Waters of Fraser Kiver, British Columbia.

The largest specimens examined by the describer were not over
10 inches in length. They may have been immature individuals of
a larger anadromous species.

43. Salmo brevicauda.

Salmo brevicauda, SucMey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1861, vii.
p. 308.

Body long and slender, its dorsal outline from a point opposite
the posterior margin of the opercula being nearly straight. Scales
large, quite thin, and glistening with metallic lustre, very loosely
adherent ; they encroach upon the taU for nearly a third of its length,

1 . SALMO. 121

thus giving it ;i short appearance. The peduncle of the tail is wide
for the depth of the body, and the caudal itself is somewhat short
and narrow. Head long, but not deep. Dorsal and caudal fins freely
spotted with oval black spots. Body marked with small stellate and
irregtdar dark spots, their number and size varying greatly in dif-
ferent individuals. There are usually two rows of teeth on the
vomer. The hend is contained nearly fivf times in the total length,
which rai*ely exceeds 18 or 20 inches.

Obtained from the waters of Puget Sound and the streams in that
vicinity.

44. Salmo hairdii.

Salmo bairdii, Suckley, A)m. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1861, vii.
p. 309.

rfnout having a dteep notch between the extremities of the pre-
maxillaries, receiving a conical fleshy protuberance jn'ojecting up-
wards from the chin. Teeth strong, hooked, and very uniform in
size, from two to four on the front of the vomer, none on its shaft
[in one of the specimens examined, a single accidental small tooth
was found on the shaft of this bone ; in the other, none]. Tail broad,
and but moderately lunated. Scales small. Anterior rays of the
pectorals, ventrals, and anal broad, and the sldn of them yellowish
red, being coloured differently from the rest of the fin, as in S. fon-
tinalis. Attains a weight of ten or twelve pounds.

Clarke's Fork of the Columbia, and its tributaries.

45. Salmo parkii.

Salmo parkei, Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 18G1, vii.
p. 309.

Head contained about four and a half times in the total length ;
its top flat ; muzzle pointed. Tail forked, unspotted. Back dark
green, spotted with lighter green ; sides spotted with red. Scales
adherent and abooit the size of those of 8. bairdii. A disposition
towards the formation of a fleshy "tit" projecting upwards at the
point of lower jaws, with a corresponding notch between the pre-
maxillaries. The maxillary reaches to a point considerably behind
the eye. Branchiostegals 13-14. The anterior rays of the lower fins
are coverecl with a differently coloured skin f-om that of the rest of
the fin, as in *S'. fontinalis and S. bairdii. Two teeth on the outer
extremity of the vomer, behind which from one to three on the shaft.

Kootenay River, Rocky Mountains.

46. Salmo richardL

Salmo richardii, Suckiey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1861, vii.
p. 311.
Female. Head conical ; jaws apparently equal, the thick fleshy
tip on the point of the lower jaw of the fresh-run fish aiding much to
give this appearance. The maxillary extends back to a point imme-
diately below the posterior margin of the orbit. Teeth small, and

122 SALMONID^.

but few. Tail deeply lunated, almost forked Caudal and othier
fins unspotted. Does not often attain a greater weight than j&fteen
pounds. Branched rays usually fourteen.

North-west Pacific coast. Enters Eraser's and Skagit Eivers.

47. Salmo tnmcatus.
Salmo tnmcatus, Suckley, Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. York, vii. 1858,
p. 3.

Body fusiform ; dorsal profile moderately arched ; anterior margin
oi dorsal fin much anterior to a point equidistant between the nose
and the insertion of the tail ; head small, one-thirteenth of the total
length. Teeth small, those of the vomer in a double series. Tail
small, its free margin, when extended, being almost straight, having
a very faint tendency to lunation. Scales generally large. Colours of
the fresh-run fish : — back of head, back, dorsal and caudal fins bright
blue, spotted on the head with roundish, on the fins with oval spots
of black; the blue of the back is silvery, that of the head and fins
darker ; lower parts silvery white, this colour extending about an
inch above the lateral line, and merging itself irregularly into the
colour of the back ; no spots below the lateral line, which is faint
and of a bluish dusky colour ; lower fins pale and unspotted, their
tips somewhat darkish.

An adult female from the Straits of Puca.

XIV. Japan.

Some Salmonoids from Japan are described by J. C. BreVoort in
' Narrat. Exped. Amer. Squadr. to China and Japan,' vol. ii. ; the
materials used by this gentleman are some coloured (" spirited ")
dramngs executed by artists who had not the slightest acquaintance
with ichthyology. Thus, although their value is doubtful even for
those who will have specimens to compare with them, and although
they are absolutely useless without such specimens, yet Mr. J. C.
Brevoort has recognized one new, and two PaUasian species in them !
viz. : —

1. Salmo perry i, Brevoort, p. 273, pi. 9. fig. 1.

2. orientalis. Pall. p. 275, pi. 9. fig. 2 {S. masou).

3. leucomamis, PaU. p. 276, pi. 10. fig. 3.

4. sp.? Young, p. 277, pi. 10. fig. 1.

All, are said to be from Hakodadi.

XV. Rivers of the eastern slope of the RocTcy Mountains.

48. Salmo lewisii.

Salar lewisii, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 210, and
U. S. Paaf. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 318, pi. 72.

B. 12. D. 11. A. 11.

Vomerine teeth in a double series. Body rather thick in the
middle region ; head moderate. Posterior extremity of the max-

1. 8ALM0. 123

illary reaching a vertical line drawn immediately behind the orbit.
Anterior margin of dorsal fin a little nearer the extremity of the
snout than the base of the caudal fin. Body, dorsal, adipose, and
caudal fins dotted with black. Caudal emarginate. {Girnrd.)

A non-migratory Trout from the Missouri ; the specimens from
12 to 13 inches long were taken just below the falls of that river.

49. Salmo virginalis.

Salar virginalis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phiiad. 1856, p. 220 ;
and U. S. Paeif. Jt. R. Exp. Fish. p. 320, pi. 73. figs. 1-4.

A non-migratory Trout, from Utah Creek, upper waters of the
Eio Grande del Norte, which appears to be very similar to S. fario ;
the description does not contain any distinctive characters.

50. Salmo namaycusli.

Salmo namaycush, Pe7in. Ai-ct. Zool. ii. p. 139 ; Introd. p. 141 ; Rich-
ards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 179, pi. 79 & pi. 85. fig. 1 ; Kirtland,
Rep. Zool. Ohio, p. 195, and Rost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1842, iv. p. 25,
pi. 3. fig. 2 5 Agass. Lake Super, p. 331.

aniethystinus, Mitch. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phiiad. 1818, i.

p. 410 ; Dekay, New York Faun. Fish. p. 240, pi. 76. fig. 241
^Richards, cop.) ; Storer, Synops. p. 193.

Salar namaycush, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 348.

B. 11-12. D. 13-14. A. 12. V. 9. L. lat. 220.

Body rather stout, head very large, about two-sevenths of the total
length (vdthout caudal) ; bones of the head firm and strong. Prse-
operculum very short, without lower limb ; suboperculum very broad,
two-thirds as broad as long ; the posterior point of junction of oper-
culum and suboperculum is much nearer to the upper end of the gill-
opening than to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum.
Maxillary strong, but narrow, with the supplementary bone much
projecting beyond its hinder extremity ; it extends far beyond the
hind margin of the orbit in old examples. Jaws equal or subequal
in length. Teeth strong, those on the vomer persistent throughout
the life of the fish, and in a single series*. Fins well developed;
caudal fin deeply forked, the outer rays being nearly thrice as long
as the inner ones.

Inhabits all the great lakes between the United States and the
Arctic Sea — non-migratory.

The above characters are taken from the specimen described and
figured by Richardson.

Salmo confinis, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 239, pi. 38.
fig. 123, would appear to differ from S. namaycush in having the
caudal fin much less emarginate ; this, however, requires confirma-
tion. This fish is said to be the " well-known " Lake-Salmon or
Salmon Trout of the State of New York.

* Richardson desci-ibes the vomerine teeth as disposed in a double series, pro-
bably thinking that one-half of the vomer had been cut away. But this is not
the case, and those teeth form a single series only.

124 SALMONlDiE.

51. Salmo siscowet.

Fario erythrogaster, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 308 (not Dekay).
Sabno siscowet, Agass. Lake Super, p. 333, pi. 1. fig. 3.

B. 12. D. 13-14. A. 12-13. L. lat. 200.

Similar in habit to IS. umhla ; head of moderate size, one-fourth
or rather less than one-fourth of the total length (without caudal) ;
praeoperculum very short, without lower limb ; suboperculum broad ;
the posterior point of junction of operculum and suboperculum is
nearer to the lower anterior angle of the suboperculum than to the
upper end of the gill-opening. Maxillary strong, narrow, extend-
ing a rttle behind the hind margin of the orbit in a specimen 16
inches long. Jaws equal in length. Teeth rather strong ; those on
the vomer form a short series, double anteriorly and simple pos-
teriorly. Fins rather small ; caudal deeply forked, the outer rays
not being quite thrice as long as the inner ones. Greenish on the
back, reddish on the sides, shining silvery, with numerous small
round reddish -white spots ; dorsal fin obscurely spotted.

Great Lakes of North America — non-migratory.

a. Skin 16 inches long. Lake Ontario, eight miles below the falls

of Niagara. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
? h. Dried head of a large specimen. Collected by Captain Back.

The description of a Salmo symmetrica from the river Winni-
pisseogee in New Hampshire (Prescott, Amer. Joum. 1851, xi.
p. 340) is drawn up by an author who has taken Dekay as his
guide ; it is therefore perfectly valueless.

XVI. Salmonoids from Greenland, mentioned by Fahricius.

Fahricms, Faun. Gronl. p. 170, et seq. mentions several Sal-
monoids belonging to the genus Salmo ; but without a reexami-
nation of Greenland specimens it is impossible to recognize the
characters of these species, a difficulty already experienced by
Sir J. Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 178. Fabricius men-
tions : —

1. Salmo salar, very rare, and not seen by Fabricius.

2. Salmo carpio, a migratory Trout, which, of course, is not the
S. carpio, L.

3. Salmo alpinus, also a migratory Trout, probably specifically
different from the preceding.

4. Salmo stagtmlis, a Charr, very probably identical with S. alipes,
Richards.

5. Salmo rivbdis, prebably a compound of the young of various
species.

Finally, Storer describes, in a very superficial manner, a Salmonoid
from Labrador. No mention is made of the arrangement of the
vomerine teeth ; so that only the coloration induces us to place it in
this division, and not among the Charrs : —

1. SALMO. 12">

52. Salmo inunaculatus.
Storer, Bost. Joiim. Nat. Hist. 1850, vi. p. 264.
D. 9. A. 11. \. 9.

Length of head about one-sixth of the length of body ; depth of
head two -thirds of its length ; greatest depth of body, directly in
front of dorsal fin, equal to length of head. Upper jaw the longer.
Jaws with numerous sharp incurved teeth. Eyes laterally elon-
gated ; their diameter one-third the distance between them. Oper-
cles rounded posteriorly : lower portion of operculum naked, marked
with concentric striae ; praeoperculum larger than in S. fontinalis.

Scales larger than those oi S.fonthmlis.

The dorsal fin commences just anterior to the median line ; it is
nearly quadrangular. Adipose fin situated at a distance back of the
first dorsal Httle less than one- half of the length of the fish.

Pectorals beneath posterior angle of operculum ; their length
three- fifths of that of the head. Ventrals beneath posterior portion
of first dorsal ; the scales at their base very large.

The anal is situated at a distance back of the ventrals equal to
length of head, and terminates directly beneath the adipose fin ;
caudal deeply forked ; its length equal to depth of body.

Silvery on sides and abdomen ; darker on back. No spots.

Only a single specimen, thirteen inches and a half long, of this fish
taken, and. that by a gill-net stretched across the mouth of a brook
flowing into Red Bay, Labrador.

Second >sabgeneric group. Salvelini.

Salvelini, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk, p. 368.
Salmo, sp., Cuv. 8f Val.

Teeth on" the head of the vomer only from the earliest age of the
individuals. _

Most of these fishes, viz. the Charr proper, have a series of teeth
along the median line of the hyoid bone : Rapp has proposed for
them the generic name of Umhla (Fische des Bodensee's, p. 35).
Others, like 8. hucho, lack these teeth, and may be united under the
name of Huclio. Probably some of the species described by Pallas
should be referred to this latter group. However, as the dentition
of these fishes is very imperfectly known, this division can be merely
indicated at present.

I. Europe.

1. Salmo umbla.

Ombre chevalier ; Rothel.

Salmo Lemani laciis, sen Umbla, Rondel, ii. p. loO.

Salmo no. 7, Artedi, Synon. p. 25 ; and no. 9, Genera, p. 13.

Salmo umbla, L. Syst Nat. p. 51 1 ; Bl, Jurinc, Poiss. du Lac Lcman,
pi. 5; Ay ass. Poiss. d'eau douce, pis. 10 & 11; Cuv. c^- Val. xxi.
p. 233; Meckel, Reisebericht, in Sitzgsher. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1851,
Julv, p. 93 ; Rapp, Fische d. Bodensee's, p. 32, taf, 5 (fig. optima) ;

126 SALMONIDJE,

Heck, und Kner, Susswasserf, p. 285 ; 'Gunth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862,
p. 30.
Salmo salveliniis, part., Siehold, Susswasserf. p. 280.

D. 12. A. 12-13. P. 14. V. 9. L. lat. 200. Vert. 65.
Caec. pyl. 36.

Body slightly compressed, deeper than broad, its greatest depth
being equal to the length of the head, and two-ninths of the total
length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The length of the
head is a little more than one-half of the distance between the snout
and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The maxillary
extends beyond the hind margin of the orbit in adult fishes (and is
singularly straight, narrow, of nearly equal width in its entire
length, styliform, in the specimens examined). Teeth rather strong.
The diameter of the eye is more than, or scarcely equal to, half the
width of the interorbital space. Fins well developed ; the pectoral
fin terminates at a distance from the vertical from the origin of
the dorsal fin, but is equal to, or even more than, one-half of the
distance of its root from the ventral*. Lower parts whitish, or
but slightly tinged with red.

Lakes of Constance, Neuchatel, and Geneva.

a. Adult: stuffed. Lake of Geneva. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.

6. Half-grown. Switzerland. From Prof. L.Agassiz's Collection,
c, d. Adult. Lake of Constance.

2. Salmo salvelinus.

Salbling.

Salvelin, WUlughhy, p. 195.

Umbla, MarsU. Danub. Pan.-Mys. iv. tab. 28 & 29.

Sahno no. 10, Artedi, Gen. p. 13 ; and no. 11, Synon. p. 26.

Salmo salvelinus, L. Syst. Nat. p. 511 ; Block, Fische Deutschl. taf.

99 ; Meidinger, Ic, Pise. Austr. tab. 22 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 246 ;

Heckel, Reisebericht, in Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1851, July,

p. 89 ; Heck. 8f Ener, Susswasserf. p. 280 ; Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc.

1862, p. 38 ; Siebold, Silsswasserf. p. 280 (part.).

alpmus, Meidinger, I. c. tab. 19,

? Sabno salvelinus, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk, p, 422 ; Giinth. Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 7.
Salmo umbla, Agass. Poiss. d'eau douce, pi, 9,

distichus, Heckel, I. c.

monostichus, Heckel, I. c. ; Rapp, Fische des Bodensee's, p. 35.

D, 12-13. A. 13. P. 13. V. 9. L. lat. 220. Vert. 64.
Caec. pyl. 36.
Body elongate, nearly as broad as deep, its greatest depth being
two-elevenths of the total length (to the extremity of the middle
caudal rays) ; the length of the head is two-ninths or one-sixth of
the total. The maxillary is considerably broader in and behind its
middle than near its base. Teeth rather feeble. The diameter of

* So it is in our specimens and in the figure given by Heekel, but it is shorter
in the figure given bv Rapp.

1. 3ALM0. 127

the eye is less than one-half of the width of the interorbital space.
Fins moderately developed : the pectoral fin terminates at a great
distance from the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and its length
is less than one-half of the distance of its root from the ventral.
Lower parts deep orange -coloured during the spawning-season, and
the lower fins with white anterior margins.
Alpine Lakes of Bavaria and Austria.

a-b, c-e. Young. Tegern Lake. From Dr. Gemminger's Collection.

Vert. 64.
/. Seventeen inches long. Lake Wetter. Presented by Prof. Lill-

jeborg. Vert. 65 ; Caec. pyl. 48.

The specific characters of this species are not yet sufficiently
pointed out, and it is possible that it is identical with S. umbla ;
indeed both are united by Siebold, whilst Rapp and Heckel do not
hesitate to regard them as* distinct. None of the authors mentioned
has paid any attention to the number of the vertebrae in specimens
of the Salbling. With the materials in our collection we are not
enabled to arrive at a decided opinion. The specimens from the
Tegern Lake are very young, and we are not certain whether they
should not be referred to S. umbla ; and as regards the specimens
from Lake Wetter, a direct comparison with the true Salbling may
show that it is a distinct species altogether, differing from it by
having the body more elevated, and the scales larger (190 transverse
series).

3. Salmo alpinus.

Salmo no. 8, Artedi, Genera, p. 13 (not synon.).

Salnio alpinus, L. Faun. Suec. p. 117. no. 310 ; and Syst. Nat. i. p.

1>10 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 42G ; Jardine, Report of the

Fourth Meeting of the Brit. Assoc. Edinb. p. 614 ; Giinth. Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 8.
umbla, Paniell, Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 148 ; Thompson, Ann.

8r Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, vi. p. 439 (part.).
Charr, YarreU, Brit. Fish. .3rd edit. p. 241 (descr. part, and fig. p. 241).

D. 13. A. 12. P. 13. V. 10. L. lat. 195-200. Vert. 59-62.
Csec. pyl. 36-42.
Body slightly compressed and elongate, its greatest depth being
one-fifth or one-sixth of the total length (to the end of the middle
caudal rays). The length of the head equals the height of the body
in mature specimens, but is somewhat more in immature ; it is two-
ninths or one-fifth of the total ; it is rather less than, or equal to,
one-half of the distance between the snout and the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal fin. The maxillary extends but little beyond
the orbit in the fuUy adult fish. The eye is one-half, or rather less
than one-half, of the width of the interorbital space. The length
of the pectoral of the mature fish is more than one-half of the dis-
tance of its base from the root of the ventral ; in immature speci-
mens its length is considerably less. The length of the longest ray
of the dorsal is much less than .that of the pectoral, and three-fifths
or one-half of the length of the head ; the length of its last ray is a

128 SALMONID.^.

little more than one-half or two-thirds of the length of its base.
Teeth of moderate size.

Scandinavian peninsula. Scotland. ? Iceland.

a-e. From 13 to 17 inches long. Lapland. From Mr. Wheel-
wright's CoUection. Vert. 62.
f-?i. From 10 to 11 inches long. Gefle. From Mr. Wheelwright's

CoUection. Vert. 60 ; Case. pyl. 42.
i. Ten inches long. Gestrickland. From Mr. Wheelwright's Col-
lection. Vert. 62 ; Csec. pyl. 36.
/t. Ten inches long. Sweden. Presented by Prof. LUljeborg.

Vert 62.
l-m. Nine inches long (immature). Helier Lake, Hoy Island (Ork-
neys). Presented by Dr. Trail, "^''ert. 59 ; Case. pyl. 36.
Average length of mature fish, 12 or i4 inches.
n-o. Eight inches long. Sutherlandshire. Presented .by W. Peel,

Esq.
p. Young. Loch Roy, Invemesshire. Presented by H. C. Pennell,

Esq.
^-r,s-t{. From 9 to 11 inches long (mature). Scotland. Purchased

of- Mr. Stevens.
V, w-z. Young. Scotland. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection,
a, /3. Adult : stuffed. Scotland. From Mr. Parnell's Collection,
y. ? Adult: skin. From Ilr. Yarrell's Collection.
i-€. Fourteen inches long. Lake Myvatn, Iceland. Presented by
G. G. Fowler, Esq.* Vert. 61.
Valenciennes (Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 249) appears to have described
a distinct species under the name of S. alpinus ; he attributes to it
sixty-seven vertebrae.

In a male specimen, from Qmchjock, nearly fourteen inches long,
the head and body are compressed, and but slightly elevated ; the
greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the dorsal fin,
where it is one-fifth of the total length (to the end of the middle
caudal rays). The least depth of the tail is rather less than the
length of the base of the dorsal fin. The height of the head above
the mandibulaiy joint equals the distance between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the end of the operculum. The top of the
profile of the head is somewhat elevated above the margin of the
orbit, the diameter of which is nearly one-sixth of the length of the
head, two-thirds of the extent of the snout, and rather less than
one-half of the width of the interorbital space ; the latter is convex,
with a rather prominent ridge along the middle, and with a pair of
series of pores. Snout compressed, conical, with the jaws equal
anteriorly. The maxillary extends to the vertical from the hind
margin of tbf> orbit; in the two largest specimens (15-17 inches

* Unfortunately the intestines of these specimens have been removed; ex-
ternally they agree perfectly with our other specimens of S. alpinus. Mr.
Fowler informs me that the water of Lake Myvatn is in parts warm all the year
round, and the natives assert that tlip Cliarr are quite different from those found
in any other lake in the coimtry.

1. SALMO. 129

long) it reaches slightly beyond that vertical. It is armed with
20-22 teeth of moderate size : six teeth in each intermaxillary, fif-
teen in each mandible ; three pairs on the vomer, arranged in two
longitudinal series slightly converging behind ; nineteen on each
palatine bone, and sis pairs on the tongue. Operculum obtusely
rounded behind, its length being two-thirds of its height ; the sub-
operculum projects but little beyond the hind margin of the opercle,
its vertical width being one-half of that of the operc\ilum.

The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer lo the end of the
snout than to the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is one-
third more than that of its last ray, and contained once and a quarter
in that of the fourth ray. The fifth and sixth rays form an acute
point, and the upper margin of the fin is straight. The first ray is
rudimentary, the second half the length of the third, the third two-
fifths the length of the fourth, the fifth simple, the sixth branched,
the last split to the base. The distance of the adipose fin from the
dorsal is but little more than twice the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the
root of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of
its base is somewhat less than that of the dorsal, and is contained
once and a quarter in the length of the fifth ray.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays being two -fifths as long
as the outer ones, the length of which is contained six times and a
half in the total ; lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by the
gill-cover apparatus ; it terminates at a considerable distance from
the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, equal's the length of the head
without snout, and is contained once and one-third in the distance
between its root and that of the ventral.

The ventral is itiserted below the middle of the dorsal.

A specimen, 12 hiches long, from the same locality, agrees very well
with the one first described ; its operculum, however, is as long as
high, and the length of the pectoral fin equals nearly one-half of
the distance between its root and that of the ventral.

An immature specimen, 10 inches long, differs widely from the
preceding, its body and its head being much more elongate. The
length of the head is more than the height of the body, the former
being one-fifth, the latter one -sixth of the total length; the oper-
culum is longer than high, and the height of the head above the
mandibulary joint is less than the distance between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the end of the operculum ; the maxillary
extends nearly to the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit.
The length of the pectoral fin is considerably less than one-half of
the distance between its root and that of the ventral.

With regard to the coloration, this species does not differ from
S. willughbii ; the immature specimen has the sides silvery, and the
red of the lower parts is replaced by a slight tinge of orange- col our.

The largest of our Scotch specimens is a mature male 11 inches
long. It differs from the male from Quickjock in having a more
loongate body, the depth of which is one-sixth of the total length.

VOL. VI. *^

130 SALMQjn^iE.

The operculum is as high as long ; the pectoral fin terminates at a
considerable distance from the vertical from the origin of the dorsal,
equals the length of the head without snout, and is contained once
and a quarter in the distance between its root and that of the ventral.
The females do not differ from the males. The immature specimens
have the same short pectorals which we have found in the young
Lap Gharr ; but the operculum is much less elongate.

4. Salmo nivalis.

Salmo alpinus (nivalis), Faber, Fische Islatids, p. 169.

rivalis, Gaimard, Voy. Id. et Groenl. pi. 15 (not good).

nivalis, Gilnth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 12, pi. 1 (young).

D. 14. A. 13. L.lat.l90. Vert. 62. C«c. pyl. 41.

Body slightly compressed and elongate ; its greatest depth equals
the length of the head, and is one-fifth, or somewhat less than one-
fifth, of the total length ; the length of the head is rather more than
one-half of the distance between the snout and the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal fin. The maxillary extends beyond the orbit in
the adult fish (15-20 inches long) ; the eye is less than one-half of
the interorbital space in the adult fish. The length of the pectoral
fin is, in mature gnd immature specimens, more or much more than
one-half of the distance of its base from the root of the ventral. The
length of the longest dorsal ray equals that of the pectoral, or that
of the head without snout ; the length of the last ray is two-thirds
of the length of the base. Teeth rather small. Lower parts of a
deep orange-colour ; lower fins with the anterior margin white or
light orange-coloured.

Iceland, inhabiting rivers as well as lakes.

a-d. From 10 to 21 inches long ; had been smoked. Iceland. Pre-
sented by Mr. Bartlett.
«-/. Eleven inches long. Iceland. Presented by G. G. Fowler, Esq.

5. Salmo kilUnensis.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 699, pi. 40.

D. 14-15. A. 13. P. 13. V. 9. L. lat. 180. Vert. 62.
Caec. pyl. 44-52.
Head and body thick, but slightly compressed ; the greatest depth
of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-ninths of the
total length (to the extremity of the central caudal ray) ; the length
of the head is a little more than one-half of the distance between the
snout and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The lower jaw
is rather shorter than the upper, and the maxillary extends scarcely
beyond the hind margin of the orbit in adult males. Teeth very
small. Snout obtuse ; eye of moderate size, much shorter than the
snout, and about half the width of the interorbital space. Suboper-
culum very short and high. Fins excessively developed ; pectoral
not much shorter than the head. Dorsal long and high, the longest
ray being nearly as long as the head (without snout), or shorter than

1. SALMO. 131

the pectoral fin ; the length of the last ray is two-thirds of the length
of the base. The ventral fin extends nearly to the vent ; caudal very
broad, sHghtly emarginate.

Head, upper parts, and fins brownish -black ; lower parts with an
orange-coloured tinge in. the male ; sides with very small, light in-
conspicuous spote. Anterior margins of the lower fins white or light
orange-coloured .

Loch KUlin, Inverness -shire.

a-f. Adult, from 10 to 15 inches long. Presented by J. Gould, Esq

Obtained in October.
g. Adult : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

6. Salmo willughbii.

The Charr of Windermere.

Charr, WiUnghhy, Hist, Pise. p. 196; Pen?i. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 267, or

redit. 1812) iii. p. 407 (part.) ; YarreU, Brit. Fish. Srd edit. p. 241

(part.).
Salmo alpinus, Donov. Brit. Fish. pi. 61 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 104.
S^lmo umbla, Thompson, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, vi. p. 4.39

(part.).
Salmo willughbii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 46, pi. 5, and 186-3,

p. 11.

D. 12-13. A. 12. P. 13-14. V. 9-10. L. lat. 165.
Vert. 59-62. Caec. pyl. 32-44.

Body compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being one-
fourth of the distance of the snout from the end of the middle caudal
rays ; the length of the head is a little more than one-half of the dis-
tance between the snout and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.
Head compressed ; interorbital space convex, its veidth being less
than twice the diameter of the eye. Jaws of the male of equal length
anteriorly ; teeth of moderate strength, four in each intermaxillary,
twenty in each maxillary. Length of the pectoral less than that of
the head, much more than one-half of the distance between its root
and that of the ventral. The height of the dorsal fin equals the
length of the head (without snout). Sides with red dots ; beUy red ;
pectoral, ventral, and anal with white margins.

Lake of Windermere ; Loch Bruiach (Scotland).

a-h. Eleven inches long. Windermere. Presented by Sir J. Richard-
son.— Types of the species. Vert. 59 ; csec. pyl. 32-35.

c. Ten inches long : stufied. Cumberland.

d. Young : skin, in bad state. Cumberland. From Mr. Yarrell's

Collection.

e. Several specimens, from 7 to 8 inches long. Loch Bruiach. Pre-

sented by Lord Lovat.— Vert. 61-62 ; csec. pyl. 39-44.

Description of a Male specimen (spec. a).
Head and body compressed, slightly elevated ; its greatest depth,
which is below the origin of the dorsal fin, is contained four times
in the total length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The least

k2

132 SALMONID.I!.

depth of the tail equals the length of the base of the dorsal fin. The
height of the head above the mandibulary joint equals the distance
between the posterior margin of the orbit and the end of the oper-
culum. The upper profile of the head is somewhat elevated above
the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is nearly one-fifth of
the length of the head, shorter than the snout, and more than one-
haK of the width of the interorbital space ; the latter is very di-
stinctly convex, with a rather prominent ridge along the middle, and
with a pair of series of pores. Snout slightly compressed, subcorneal,
with the jaws equal anteriorly. The nostrils are situated imme-
diately before the eye ; the posterior is the wider, and the cutaneous
bridge between the two is not developed into a flap. The maxillary
extends scarcely beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the
eye, and is armed with 20-21 teeth of moderate size ; four teeth in
the intermaxillary, seventeen in each mandible, two pairs on the
vomer, fifteen on each palatine bone, and four pairs on the tongue.
The suhoperculum forms the hindmost part of the gill-cover, and
does not cover the exposed portion of the humerus above the root of
the pectoral ; its vertical width is rather less than one-half of that
of the operculum, and therefore is comparatively narrow. Nearly all
the hranchiostegals are situated at the side of the head, and ex-
posed in a lateral view of the fish. The lower branch of the outer
branchial arch is provided with eleven lanceolate, slightly curved
gill-rakers ; the longest is less than two lines long in the specimen
described.

The origin of the dorsal fin is exactly in the middle between the
snout and the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is equal to the
length of the last ray, and contained once and three-fourths in that
of the fourth ; the fourth and fifth rays form an acute point, and
the upper margin of the fin is straight ; ihe first ray is rudimentary,
the second half as long as the third, the third three-fifths of the
fourth, the fourth simple, the fifth branched, fourth and fifth longest,
the last split to the base. The distance of the adipose fin from the
dorsal is equal to twice and a third the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the
root of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of
its base equals that of the dorsal, and is contained once and two-
thirds in the length of the fifth ray. The five anterior rays are en-
veloped in a common membrane, so that their length can be ascer-
tained only by dissection ; the fourth and fifth rays are tho longest
and form an acute point ; the lower margin of the fin is nearly
straight. The first ray is rudimentary, the second half as long as
the third, the third three-fourths of the fourth, the fourth simple,
the fifth branched ; the last split to the base, its length being two-
fifths of that of the fourth.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays being half as long as the
outer ones, the length of which is contained five times and a half in
the total. Lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by
the gill-cover apparatus. It does not extend to the vertical from the

1. sALMo. 13;}

origin of the dorsal, is rather shorter than the head, and at least two-
thirds of the distance between its root and that of the ventral.

The ventral is inserted below the two last dorsal rays, its length
being two-thirds of that of the pectoral, or of the distance between
the root of its outer ray and the vent.

The scales are very thin and small ; one taken from between the
dorsal and the lateral Une is ovate, two-thirds as high as long. In
order to ascertain the number of transverse series of scales, it is ne-
cessary to count those above the lateral line, and not the perforated
scales of the lateral line, which are larger than the others and do
not correspond to the transverse series. The scales on the back are
minute, rudimentary, hidden in the skin.

The colour on the sides of the back is a dark sea-green, passing
into blackish on the back, on the greater part of the dorsal, and
caudal. Sides with a slight silvery shade, passing into a beautiful
deep red on the belly. Pectoral greenish, passing into reddish pos-
teriorly, the upper margin being Avhite ; ventral red, with white
outer margin, anJ with a blackish shade within the margin ; anal
reddish, with a blackish shade over the whole of the middle, and
with white anterior margin ; sides of the head silvery, lower parts
minutely dotted with black.

7. Salmo perisii.
Torgoch.
Torgoch, Willughby, Hist. Pise. p. 196 ; Farrin(/ton, Philos. Trans.

1755, p. 210 ; Petm. Brit. Zool. lii. p. 267, or (edit. 1812) iii. p. 407,
Salmo salvelinus, Donov. Brit. Fish. pi. 112 ; Jenyns, Man. p. 428.
? Salmo umbla, Je^iyns, Man. p. 427.
The Chan-, YarreU, Brit. Fish. 3rd edit. i. p. 241 (descr. part.) and fig.

p. 245.
Salmo cambricus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Sac. 1862, p. 49, pi. 6 (not Donov.).
Salmo perisii, Giinth. Ann. <^- Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xv. p. 75.

D.13(14). A. 12(11). P. 12(13). V. 9. L. lat. 170.
Vert. 61. C«c. pyl. 36.

Body slightly compressed and elongate, its greatest depth being
one-fifth or two-ninths of the distance of the snout from tlie root of
the caudal fin ; the length of the head is considerably more than one-
half of the distance between the snout and the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal. Head rather depressed ; interorbital space flat,
its width being less than twice the diameter of the eye. Males with
the lower jaw longest ; teeth of moderate strength. Uill-cover over-
lapping the root of the pectoral. The height of the dorsal fin two-
thirds of the length of the head. Length of the pectoral less than
that of the head, much more than one-half of the distance between
its root and that of the ventral. Sides with numerous red dots ;
belly red in the mature fish ; pectoral, ventral, and anal with white
margins.

Lakes of North Wales.

a. Several adult specimens : types of the species. Lakeof Llanberris.
Presented by T. P. W. EUis, Esq.

134 SALMONID^.

h-d. Adult, mature specimens, y inches long. Lake of Llanberris.

Presented by T. P. W. Ellis, Esq. ; caught in March.
e-f. Immature specimens, 8 inches long, with the belly silvery.

Lake of Llanberris. Presented by T. P. "W. Ellis, Esq. ; caught

in March.
g. Six inches long. Lake of Llanberris. Presented by T. P. W.

Ellis, Esq. ; caught in September.
h. Eour and a half inches long. Lake of Llanberris. Presented by

T. P. W. Ellis, Esq. ; caught in February.
i-k. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

Description of a Male specimen, 9 inches long.

Body rather compressed and elongate ; its greatest depth, which
is below the origin of the dorsal fin, is contained five times or four
times and one-third in the total length (without caudal). The least
depth of the tail is three-fifths or two-thirds of the length of the
base of the dorsal fin. The height of the head above the mandi-
bulary joint equals the distance between the posterior margin of the
orbit and the end of the opercidum. The upper profile of the head
is not elevated above the margin of the orbit, and is slightly concave.
The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, two-
thirds of the extent of the snout, and more than one-half of the
width of the interorbital space ; the latter is flat, with the median
ridge and the lateral series of pores scarcely visible. Snout rather
depressed, conical, with the lower jaw slightly curved upwards and
overreaching the upper. The nostrils are situated midway between
eyeball and end of snout ; the anterior is round, open, surrounded
by a membrane, which posteriorly is developed into a small flap
nearly entirely covering the smaller, oblong, posterior nostril. By
this character alone the Torgoch may be distinguished from the
Charr and Freshwater Herring. The maxillary extends to (or scarcely
beyond) the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, and is
armed with 19-21 teeth of moderate size ; six or seven teeth in each
intermaxillary, seventeen in each mandible ; seven teeth on the vomer,
forming two sides of a triangle, the point of which is directed back-
wards ; fifteen teeth on each palatine ; five pairs on the tongue. The
suhoperculum is produced backwards, covering the triangular portion
of the humerus above the root of the pectoral, and being in immediate
contact with the latter ; the vertical width of the suhoperculum is
one-half, or rather less than one-half, of that of the operculum. Only
three branchiostegals are exposed in a lateral view of the fish, the
others being situated at the lower side of the head. The lower
branch of the outer branchial arch is provided with thirteen lanceo-
late straight gill-rakers ; the longest is somewhat less than two lines
long in the specimen described.

The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the snout than
to the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is not much less than
its height. The fifth and sixth rays form the rounded top of the fin.
The first ray is rudimentary, the second half as long as the third, the

1. SALMO. 135

third half as long as the fourth, the fourth simple, five-sixths of the
fifth, which is branched, the sixth the longest, the last split to the
base. The length of the base of the dorsal is contained once and
one-third in its distance from the adipose fin.

The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the
root of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of
its base is less than that of the dorsal, and not much less than its
height. The four anterior rays are enveloped in a common mem-
brane ; the fourth and fifth rays form a rounded point ; and the lower
edge of the fin is slightly emarginate. The first ray is short, the
second half as long as the third, the third three-fourths of the fourth,
the fourth simple, a little shorter than the fifth, which is the longest
and branched ; the laso split to the base, its length being nearly one-
half of that of the fifth.

Caudal fin emarginate, the length of a middle ray being a little
more than one-half of that of the outer ones, the length of which is
contained six times and a half in the total. Lobes slightly rounded.

The base of the pectoral is overlapped by the gill- cover apparatus.
It extends nearly to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, is
considerably shorter than the head, its length equalling three-fourths
of the distance between its root and that of the ventral.

The ventral is inserted in the vertical below the eighth to the
eleventh dorsal rays, its length being two-thirds of that of the pectoral,
or of the distance between the root of its outer ray and the vent.

The scales are very thin and small, deeply imbedded in the skin ;
one taken from between the dorsal and the lateral line is ovate, two-
thirds as high as long. The perforated scales of the lateral line do
not correspond to the transverse series. Scales on the back minute.

The back is dark sea-green, which colour becomes lighter on the
sides, assuming a yellowish shade and gradually passing into the
bright red of the lower parts ; sides with numerous reddish orange-
coloured dots. Pectoral greenish, passing into reddish posteriorly,
the upper margin being white ; ventral and anal red, with white
anterior margins ; dorsal and caudal blackish, with broad Ughter
margins. Cheeks and suboperculum with numerous black dots.

8. Sahuc rutilus.

Ascan. Ic. tab. 32.

Salmo rutilus, Nilss. Prodr. p. 10, and Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 430.

ascanii, Cuv. iSf Val. xxj. p. 256.

Of this fish scarcely more than the name is known ; Nilsson has
characterized it thus : —

Yellowish, brownish above, red or orange-coloured below, sides
with small light spots. Head small, its length being contained five
times and one-third in the total. Snout pointed, with the lower jaw
sometimes prominent. Ventrals and anal red, with the anterior
margins white.

Lakes of South-western Norway (Hadeland ; neighbourhood of the
coast in Christiansands stift).

136 SALMONID^.

9. Salmo carbonarius.

KuUraund.

Salmo lacustris, Ascan. Icon. tab. 33.

carbonarius, Strom, Egers Beskrifv. p. 122 ; Niks. Skand. Faun.

Flsk. p. 429 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 254.
ventricosus, NUss. Prodr. p. 7.

This fish is but little known ; Nilsson characterizes it as follows : —
D. 13. A. 12.

Head and upper parts black ; sides greyish, with small rounded
white spots. Under parts whitish ; fins black ; ventrals and anal with
the front margin white. Length from 12 to 16 inches.

Lakes of Western Norway.

10. Salmo grayi

? Salmo alpinus, Dubourdieu, Hist, of the County of Antrim, i. p. 119 ;

Thompson, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, vi. p. 448.
Salmo umbla, Thompson, I. c. p. 439 (young).
grayi, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 51, pi, 7, and 1863, p. 12.

D. 13(14). A. 12. P. 13-14. V. 9. L. lat. 125. Vert. 60.
Csec. pyl. 37.

Body compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being one-
fourth of the distance of the snout from the end of the middle caudal
rays ; the length of the head is scarcely more than one-half of the dis-
tance between the snout and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.
Head compressed ; interorbital space convex, its width being less
than twice the diameter of the eye. Jaws of the male of equal length
anteriorly ; lower jaw very feeble. Teeth very small, four in each
intermaxillary, and about sixteen in each maxillary. Length of pec-
toral equal to, or rather moie than, that of the head, terminating at
no great distance from the ventral, and extending to, or beyond, the
origin of the dorsal. Sides with scattered light-orange-coloured dots ;
beUy uniform silvery whitish, or with a light-reddish shade ; fins
blackish.

Lough Melvin, Ireland.

a-b. Types of the species. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.
c-g. Adult. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.
h-i. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Description of a Male specimen, 11 inches long.

Head and body compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth,
which is below the origin of the dorsal fin, being contained four
times in the total length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The
least depth of the tail is considerably less than the length of the base
of the dorsal fin. The height of the head above the mandibulary
joint is more than the distance between the posterior margin of the
orbit and the end of the operculum. The upper profile of the head
is elevated above the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is
one-fifth of the length of the head, shorter than the snout, and a

1. SALMO. 137

little more than one-half of tne width of the interorbital space. The
latter is convex, with a prominent ridge along the middle, and with a
pair of series of pores. Snout slightly compressed, subconical, with
jaws equal anteriorly. The nostrils are situated midway between the
end of the snont and the anterior margin of the eyeball ; the posterior
is the wider and round, the anterior being a very narrow vertical slit ;
the two are separated by ? narrow cutaneous bridge. The maxillary
extends to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, and is
armed with sixteen very small teetJi, the posterior ones being quite
rudimentary. All the other teeth small ; four in the intermaxillary,
twelve in each mandible, two to four on the vomer, fifteen on each
palatine, and four pairs on the tongue. The svhoperculum forms the
hindmost part of the gill-cover, and does not cover the exposed por-
tion of the humerus above the root of the pectoral ; it is narrow, its
vertical width being one-third of that of the operculum. Only the
two or three outer hranchiostegals are exposed in a lateral view of
the fish, the others being situated at the lower side of the head. The
lower branch of the outer branchial arch is provided with nine lanceo-
late straight giU-rakers ; the longest is two lines long in the specimen
described.

The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the end of the snout than
to the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is considerably more
than that of the last ray, and contained once and two-fifths in that
of the fourth ray. The fourth and fifth rays form an acute point,
and the upper margin of the fin is nearly straight. The first ray is
nearly half as long as the second, the second half as long as the
third, the third not much shorter than the fourth ; the fourth and
fifth are longest, the former simple and the latter branched ; the last
is split to the base, and nearly half as long as the fifth. The dis-
tance of the adipose fin from the dorsal is less than twice the length
of the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is in the middle between the root of the
caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of its base is
less than that of the dorsal, and two-thirds of the length of the fifth
ray. The fourth, fifth, and sixth rays are the longest, and form an
acute point ; the lower margin of the fin is slightly emarginate. The
first ray is short, half as long as the second ; the second half as long
as the third ; the third two-thirds as long as the fourth, which is
simple ; the fifth branched ; the last is split to the base, two-fifths
as long as the fourth.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays not being quite half as
long as the outer ones, the length of which is one-fifth of the total
Lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely fi'ee, and not overlapped by the
giU-cover apparatus. It is as long as, or even longer than, the head,
and extends to, or slightlj'^ beyond, the vertical from the origin of
the dorsal, terminating at a short distance from the ventral.

The ventral is inserted below the ninth, tenth, and eleventh
dorsal rays, its length being three-quarters of that of the pectoral ;
it terminates at no great distance from the vent. In smaller spcci-

138 SALMONIDiE.

mens than the one described the two outer rays are somewhat less
lengthened.

The scales are very conspicuous, comparatively much larger than
in the other British species. Those between the dorsal fin and lateral
line are nearly square, with the hind margin roimded. Those of the
lateral line are not larger than the others ; and their number, there-
fore, nearly coincides with the number of the transverse series. The
scales on the back are the smallest, yet very distinct.

Sides and beUy silvery ; the scales on the sides of the back have a
silvery centre and a blockish margin ; the back itself is bluish black ;
belly with a reddish shade ; sides with scattered light-orange-coloured
dots ; tins blackish ; the dorsal lighter superiorly, and with a few light
dots at the base ; ventral with a narrow whitish margin. Head silvery,
black above.

11. Salmo colli.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 12, pi. 2.
D. 14. A. 12. P. 13. V.9. L.lat. 160. Vert. 63.
Caec. pyl. 42.

Body slightly compressed and rather elongate, its greatest depth
being contained four times and three-fifths or five times in the distance
of the snout from the end of the middle caudal rays. The length of the
head is one-half of the distance between the snout and the vertical
from the origin of the dorsal fin. Head compressed ; interorbital space
nearly flat, its width being less than twice the diameter of the eye.
Jaws of the male of equal length anteriorly ; teeth very smaU, foiir
to six in each intermaxillary, fourteen to seventeen in each maxillary.
Pectoral shorter than the head, terminating at a considerable distance
from the origin of the dorsal and of the ventral. Bluish-black above ;
sides silvery with scattered Hght-salmon-coloured dots ; belly red-
dish ; fins black, the anal and the paired fins with a reddish tinge, the
anal and the ventrals with a narrow whitish margin. Pyloric appen-
dages extremely short, the longest being three lines long, the shortest
one line.

A small species (7-8 inches long) from Ireland ; Loughs Eskc,
Dan.

a. Several specimens. Lough Eske. Presented by Th. Brooke, Esq.

— Types of the species.

b. female, 6 inches long, with mature ova. Lough Dan. Presented

by R. H. Scott, Esq.

Descrij)tiom of a Male and a Female specimens, 7| inches long.

Head and body slightly compressed, not elevated, the greatest depth,
which is below the origin of the dorsal fin, being contained four
times and three-fifths (female) or five times (male) in the total length
(to the end of the middle caudal rays). The least depth of the tail is
considerably less than the length of the base of the dorsal fin. The
height of the head above the mandibulary joint is more than the

1. SALMO. 139

distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the end of
the operculum, The top of the profile of the head is scarcely elevated
above the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fifth ol
the length of the head, somewhat shorter than the snout, and two-
thirds of the width of the interorbital space : the latter is but very
slightly convex, with a very indistinct ridge along the middle. The
nostrils are situated midway between the end of tne snout and the
orbit. The maxillary extends scarcely to the vertical from the poste-
rior margin of the orbit, and is armed with from thirteen to seven-
teen very smaU teeth. All the other teeth are small ; four to six in
the intermaxillary, fifteen in each mandible, three on the vomer,
fifteen on each palatine, and four pairs on the tongue. The sub-
operculum forms the hindmost part of the gill-covers, and does not
cover the exposed portion of the humerus above the root of the pec-
toral ; its vertical width is one-half of that of the operculum.

The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the end of the
snout than to the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is con-
siderably more than that of the last ray, and contained once and a
third in that of the fourth ray ; the upper margin of the fin is straight.
The first ray is nearly half as long as the second, the second and
third half as long as the third and fourth ; the fifth, sixth, and
seventh are the longest, the former simple, and the two latter
branched ; the last is split to the base, and half as long as the sixth.
The distance of the adipose fin from the dorsal is equal to, or rather
less than, twice the length of the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is in the middle between the root of the
caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of its base is
less than that of the dorsal, and two-thirds of the length of the fifth
ray. The fourth, fifth, and sixth rays are the longest, and form an
acute point; the lower margin of the fin is slightly emarginate.
The fourth ray is simple, the fifth branched ; the last is split to the
base, half as long as the fourth.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays being two-fifths as long
as the outer ones, the length of which is less than one-fifth of the
total. Lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by
the gill-cover apparatus ; it is shorter than the head, terminating at
a considerable distance from the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ;
its length is one-half, or not much more than one-half, of the dis-
tance between its root and that of the ventral.

The ventral is inserted below the tenth and eleventh dorsal rays,
its length being four-fifths of that of the pectoral, and two-thirds of
that of the head.

Back bluish black; sides silvery, with scattered light-salmon-
coloured dots ; belly reddish ; fins black, the anal and the paired
fins with a reddish tinge, the anal and the ventrals \\dth a narrow
whitish margin.

140 SALMONIDJi:.

12. Salmo hucho.

Hucben ; Rothfisch.

Huch, Gesner, Be Aquat. p. 1075 ; Aldrcw. p. 572 ; Willughby, p. 199,

tab. 1. fig. 6.
Salmo no. G, Artedi, Genera, p. 12 ; and no. 8, Synon. p. 25.
Marsil. Danub. Pan.-Mys. iv. taf. 28. f. 1.
Salmo hucho, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 510 ; Bl. Fische Dewtschl. iii. p. 152,

taf. 100 ; Meiding. Pise. Amtr. tab. 15 ; Agassiz, Poiss. d'eau douce,

pis. 12 & 18 ; Cilv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 22G ; Heck. ^ Kner, Siisswasserf.

p. 277 ; Siebold, Siisswasserf. p. 288.
Hucho gemianorum, m.

D.13. A. 12. P. 17. V.9-10. L. lat. 180. Vert. 68.
Caec. pyl. ca. 200.

No median series of teeth along the hyoid hone. Head and body
elongate, low, the depth of the body being about one-sixth of the
total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head about one-
fourth. Head flat above, snout depressed and rather produced. The
teeth on the palate are as strong as, or even stronger than, those of
the mandible. Praeoperculum with the lower limb very distinct.
Fins of moderate size ; caudal deeply emarginate. Sides silvery, with
numerous very small black dots, extending on the head and dorsal
fins ; old specimens with a reddish hue.

Danube.

a-b,c. Half-grown. Danube.

d. Half-grown : skeleton. From Prof. Agassiz's Collection.

13. Salmo iossos.

Salmo hucho, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. iii. p. 344 (not synon).
Lossos (Pussia) ; Streshnewoi Linn (river Kama), or Krasnaja ryba.

B. 11. D.ll. A. 10-11. P. 12. V.9. Cffic. pyl. 24 and more.

Pallas gives the following description : —

Body commonly about two feet long, thick, compressed, convex on
either side ; back in front of the dorsal fin subangular. Head conical,
scarcely compressed, with the snout obtuse ; jaws subequal, the lower
a little the longer when the mouth is open. Teeth pointed, recurved,
distant from each other along the margin of either jaw, those of the
lower jaw the longest; similar teeth on each side of the tongue,
unequal in number ; somewhat smaller ones anteriorly on each side
of the palate. Opercles entire, rounded, flexible. Caudal sym-
metrical, emarginate, with the angles acute. Body with small scales,
somewhat silvery, with spots scattered here and there on the scales or
their interstices ; belly white, without spots. Head with brownish
blotches. Total length (of a specimen from the Kama) 2 feet 6
inches ; of the head 6 inches 5| lines ; distance from the apex of the
snout to the dorsal fin 12 inches 7 lines, to the ventrals 1 foot 8 inches
1 line, to the anal 1 foot 9 inches, to the adipose 1 foot 10 inches
4| lines, to the caudal 2 feet 3 inches 4 lines ; from the snout to the
eyes 1 inch 10 lines ; length of appendages to the ventral fins 9 lines.

Very frequent in the rivers flowing into the Baltic sea, and a most

1. SAXMO.

141

delicious fish of the fish-ponds at St. Petersburg, found more rarely
in the river Kama, and now also in the Caspian Sea. I have little
ioubt that this species, which is very seldom taken in the Wolga,
enters the Kama bv the northern streams flowing into that river, of
which several, tributaries of both the Kama and the Kolva, are near
to the sources of the streams flowing into the Petschow and the
Vitchegda ; so that, when the waters are swollen by the snow, the
Trout (which usually ascend to the extreme sources of the rivers)
would easily be able to cross, from one to the other. With reference
to the river Muilwa, which flows into the upper Kama, eye-wit-
nesses have assured me that it rises from a marsh which in spring
time, being entirely inundated, is changed into a lake, whence a stream
flows likewise to the Vitchegda. By these interlacements of the
rivers the migratory fish ascending from the ocean have been able to
cross into the Kama and there to multiply their species.

II. Asia.

14. Salino fluviatilis.

Salmo taimen, I'allas, Reise, ii. App. p. 716 ; L., Gm. p. 1372.
fluviatilis, Pottos, Zoogr. Soss.-As. iii. p. 359.

B. 11. D. 13. A. 13. L. lat. 187.

Similar in form to S. fario ; head of moderate size, its length
being two-ninths of the total (without caudal). Snout of moderate
extent ; eye rather small. MaxiUary very broad and strong, ex-
tending to behind the eye ; teeth rather small ; vomerine teeth.
The lower limb of the prseoperculum is oblique and very long.
Adipose fin large and thick ; caudal emarginate.

We refer only one (No. 85) of the two specimens from Pallas's

142

SALMONID^.

collection, named S. jtuviatilis, to this species ; it is a male, 2 feet
long ; the other specimen is better referred to 8. coregonoides. Several
characters, as the form of praeopercnlum, solid bones of the skull,
large ar>d thick adipose fin, are found in both fishes ; and it is possible
that the specimen referred to S.fluviatilis may eventually prove to
be merely the male of 8. coregonoides.

Pallas adds the following notes : —

" This fish (which, being a tenant of fresh water, does not appear to
be migratory) is taken abundantly in the trans-TJral rivers tributary
to the Ob and Irtis, in the rivers flowing to the Jenisey, and in these
rivers themselves, as also in the Lena and in the stony rivers col-
lateral with it : in the lower regions of these rivers, towards the sea,
it is certainly not observed ; indeed even in Lake Baikal it does not
occur in great numbers. However, it grows to a remarkable size,
and in the Witim and Jenisey, towards Turuchansk, is said to have
weighed more than 80 lbs., although its ordinary size may vary
between 20 and 40 lbs. It enters also smaller and rapid rivers, as the
Liala, Tura, Uba, Tom, and others ; but beyond the Lena and its
collateral streams, and throughout the Eastern Ocean and in Kamts-
chatka it is not known. It has appeared of late in the upper river
Kama, coming from the alpine streams Jaiwa, Koswa, and others
communicating indirectly with the Kama."

15. Salmo erythrinus.

Saimo ervmnnus, Georgi, Reise im Russ. Reich, p. 186, tab. 1. fig. 1,

and Beschreih. des Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 1935 ; L., Gm. p. 1368.
erythrseus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 349.

A Charr from the alpine lake FreHcha, which by a river commu-

1. SALMO.

143

nicates with the north-eastern part of Lake Baikal ; by Pallas
erroneously identified with S. alpinus.

B. 12. D. 14. A. 13. L. lat. 225.

In general form similar to S.perisii, the body being rather elon-
gate; head smallish, its length being somewhat less than one -fifth
of the length (to the end of the middle caudal rays) in a male
specimen 18 inches long. ' Snout somewhat produced, subconical,
much longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-half of the
width of the interorbital space. Maxillary slender and rather feeble,
extending a little behind the vertical from the hind margin of the
eye. Teeth of moderate strength. Interorbital space flattish. Prae-
operculum crescent-shaped, without lower limb. Pectoral shorter
than one-half of the distance between its root and that of the ventral.
Dorsal a little higher than long. Caudal deeply forked. Brown
above, red below, red-spotted on the sides ; ventral and anal fins
red, with white margins.

This species is said to attain to a length of two feet.

The characters given above are taken from a specimen from
PaUas's collection in the Berlin Museimi ; it is the skin of a male
fish, 18 inches long, in a tolerably good state of preservation.

16. Salmo callaris.

Salmo callaris, Pall. Zooffr. Ross.- As. ill. p. 352 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xxi.
p. 260.

The specimen preserved in the Berlin Museum as one of the types
of Pallas's S. caUarts is a flat skin of a female fish, 18^ inches long,

144 SALMONID^

the palate of which has been cut away. A second specimen (No. 81)
is named S. autumnalis, but is evidently identical with S. callaris ;
in this I am confirmed by another label attached to the specimen,
and of an older date, with the following words in Russian cha-
racters:— ''From Kamtschatka — Golez — River (name illegible)".
The vomer of this specimen is preserved, and bears teeth anteriorly
only. The description given by Pallas is very indefinite, yet in the
main points it can be applied to these specimens. But if S. callaris
is a Charr, the entire passage given by Pallas regarding the habits of
this fish probably refers to some other distinct Salmonoid. We
give first the characters of the specimens mentioned : —

B. 11. D. 14. A. 11. L. lat. 225. (? Vert. 66.)

Body rather low and long, head small, its length being one-fifth
of the total length (without caudal fin). Snout of moderate extent,
rather pointed, much longer than the eye, which is unusually small.
Maxillary very slender and feeble, extending behind the vertical
from the hind margin of the eye. Teeth small. Praeoperculum
with a very distinct lower limb, forming a right angle with the
hind limb. Pectoral scarcely shorter than one-half of the distance
between its root and the ventral ; caudal subtruncated. Lower
parts red, sides with numerous- small pale-red spots.

Pallas adds the following notes to this fish : —

" These fish enter the rivers from the eastern ocean in great
numbers. From the Bay of Okotsk they ascend into the rivers
Okota and Kuchtni, the great river (Boloschaia reka) in Kamt-
schatka and others, even into the ilvers of the islands scattered to-
wards the American shores, in order to hybemate, being still with-
out spots. They are said to remain torpid during the winter, in the
depths of the rivers, in shoals of thousands, imtil at the return of
spring they seek the sea again, from about the 10th to the 20th of
May. They surmoimt cataracts of whatever height by leaping, and
in the same manner escape from nets one fathom deep. They force
their way into the Kurile lake near the river Kamtschatka, not-
withstanding a very high cataract, and hybemate in it in large
numbers. They swim also with great velocity, and, excepting at
night, manage to escape the nets. They feed especially on the eggs
of various species of Trout, and greatly diminish their numbers.
Many remain for a long time in the rivers and lakes ; but the greater
number return in spring to the sea. When they come up from the
sea they are without the red tint and the spots, and shine with a
silvery lustre ;^ during the ascent they become gradually spotted witn
red, while they acquire a more or less red tint beneath the beUy and
on the fins, according to the comparative rapidity of the river-cur-
rents.

" Steller relates in his notes that in the lake above the promontory
Kronsk in Kamtschatka, there is taken a variety of S. callaris more
than 2 feet long, in all points quite similar, but more slender, bigger in
the belly, of a li\dd hue, -without silvery lustre, with the belly white,
pectoral fins yellowish, ventrals inclining to red, but both pairs with

1. SAI^O.

145

the first ray pure white ; anal fin brownish red, with two of the
rays white; jaws less curved, branchiostegals fewer by one.

" Steller believes that the migratory fishes do not live beyond the
third year ; in the lake, however, they attain an age of many more
years. He has had young specimens of this variety of one and two
years old, 10 to 14 inches in length, the lower fins of which were
bright red, the mandible more or less produced. He relates that a
variety occurs not only in this lake but also in the lake of the island
Caraja, very slender in shape, and almost entirely ferruginous,
without spots, very unlike the ordinary variety in appearance.
These, he thinks, are hybrids, bom in the lake, and the offspriniT; of
female Salmo callaris and of male S. sangvdnolentus, of which species
many are carried into these lakes, placed at an exceedingly elevated
position, by a certain inundation of the sea, together with S. callaris,
and are both immediately seen to commence propagation and soon
afterwards to have their sexes in common, which is not without
some semblance of truth."

" It is quite evident that the notes given by Pallas above do not
refer to a Charr, none of which migrate to the sea, as far as our
present experience goes ; therefore Pallas appears to have joined the
life-history of some fish to specimens of a distinct species. As re-
gards the fish noticed by Steller, no opinion can be ofiered until
the localities mentioned are visited again, and their Salmonoids ex-
amined.

17. Salmo leucomaems.

? Salmo kundsha, Pallas, Reise, iii. Append, p. 706 ; Gin. L. p. 1373.
Salmo leucomfenis, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 350 ; Vuv. Sf Val.
xxi. p. 243.

One of the two specimens from Pallas's Collection, named *S. leu-

VOL. VI. L

146 SALMONID^.

comcenis, and preserved in the Berlin Museum, is probably the same
which is mentioned in the original description. Its total length
nearly corresponds with that of which the measurements are given
by Pallas, but there are some discrepancies in some of the details.
The larger specimen is 33 inches (EngUsh) long.
The species is very closelj- allied to S. callaris.^

B. 12. D. 13-14. A. 12. L. lat. 200.

Body as in S. callaris ; head small, its length being one-fifth o^
the total length (without caudal). Snout of moderate extent,
slightly pointed. Eye very smaU, as in S. callaris. MaxiUary very
slender and feeble, extending behind the vertical from the hind
margin of the eye. Teeth small. Prsoperciilum with a distinct
but very short lower hmb, the angle being quite rounded. Pectoral
considerably shorter than one-half of the distance of its root from
the ventral; caudal distinctly emarginate, nearly truncate in old
examples. Sides with numerous pale spots, each being about as
large as the eye.

There can be no doubt that this fish is a Charr, and therefore it is
probable that the following notes added by Pallas refer to a distinct
fish:—

" These fish frequent in great numbers tne sea-bays and mouths
of the rivers both throughout the Arctic Ocean and in the North
Pacific, especially cestri tempore, not, however, ascending far from the
sea. From the bay of Okhotsk to the rivers Kutchni and Okota and
in the bay of Kora in the Northern Ocean they make their appear-
ance in the middle of June ; and a special fishery of them takes
.place at some distance from the sea, and lasts throughout the month.
In the rivers of Kamtschatka, where they are of the largest size, the
species appears as early as about the middle of April, being very
Toncommon in the river which bears the name of Kamtschatka. It
belongs to the marine littoral fish which do not remain long in fresh
water, return to the sea in the middle of May, and appear a second
time at the end of June. They are also found in the lower part of
the river Chatanga."

18. Salmo curilus.

Salmo curilus, PaU. Zoonr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 351 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xxi.
p. 244.

A Charr from the rivulets of the Curile Islands.

B. 10. D. 10-11. A. 10. P. 15. V. 10.

In shape slenderer than S. fario, with the head and cleft of the
mouth shorter. Upper jaw a little shorter, obtuse, with two tuber-
cles above, armed on the margin with sharp, close-set, curved teeth,
as is also the margin of the maxiUary ; the lower jaw with teeth
scarcely larger, " sed majores denticuli in arcu palati medio inter-
rupte muricato," and fewer in a double series on the tongue. Opercles
of the giUs semioval. Caudal somewhat forked, more deeply cleft
than in S. fario. Body with smaU scales, blackish above, brownish

1. SALMO. 147

olive on the sides, whitish on the belly ; a great many spots of a
yellow and pallid tint distributed in quincunx form below the lateral
line, the pallid spots becoming fewer in number above that line.
Length 7 inches 8 lines, of the head 1 inch 7 lines.

A specimen from Pallas's Collection, in the Berlin Museum, marked
S. curiltis ?, does certainly not belong to this species, although it is
in so bad a state of preservation as to entirely prevent determination.

The notes given by Valenciennes do not add anything to our
scanty knowledge of this fish.

19. Salmo Isevig-atus.

Salmo laevigatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross,- As. iii. p. 385 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xxi.
p. 245.

The typical specimen is in the Berlin Museum ; it is the young of
a Charr with very small scales ; but in such a bad state of preserva-
tion that, without more specimens, the characters of the species
cannot be determined. Pallas describes it thus : —

" Hr. Merk furnished me with some fine dried specimens from the
rivers of the Kurile Islands. More slender and compressed than S.
fario or S. curilics, with the head short and similar to that of the
latter fish, entirely smooth, with very minute punctiform scales, more
numerous than I have seen them in any other species of Trout. Head
compressed, with the snout very short, obtuse, the jaws being subequal
when the mouth is closed, finely toothed as is also the maxillary bone ;
upper jaw somewhat arched. Arch of the palate concave, without
teeth. Gill-covers bent upwards, obtusely rounded, silvery. GUI-
membrane with twelve rays. Body silvery, without spots, bluish
on the back. Lateral line quite straight along the middle of the side,
slightly decUning near the head. D. 11. A. 10. P. 13. V. 8. AU
the fins of the lower parts appear to have been of a brownish colour.
Caudal forked, both lobes obtuse, the lower one being very slightly
the broader, of an obscure ferruginous tint from the base, becoming
brown at the extremity. Total length 6 inches 10 lines, of the head
1 inch 2i lines."

The following Salmonoids from Kamtschatka were so imperfectly
known to Valenciennes from drawings only, that they ought never
to have been introduced into the system with specific names : —

Salmo tapdisma, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 364.
Salmo arabatsch, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 365.
Salmo nummifer, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 365.
Salmo melampterus, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 366.

Salmo erythrorhynchus, Cuv. (fe Val. xxi. p. 366 ; said to be closely
allied to, if not identical with, S. alpinus.

III. Western parts of North America,

We know of two Charr only occurring in the fresh waters of the
Pacific side of North America ; some of the specimens named by G.

l2

148 SALMONID^.

Suckley, may, on reexamination, prove to belong to this group of the
genus Salmo.

20. Salmo lordii.
D. 11. A. 11. Vert. 63. Oaec. pyl. 26.

Scales minute. Head and body rather compressed ; the height of
the head equals the length of the head, and is two-ninths of tne total
(without caudal) ; the length of the heaa is one-half of the distance
between the snout and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin.
Snout very obtuse, scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, which
is three-fourths of the width of the interorbital space. The lower
jaw is a little shorter than the upper ; maxillary of moderate width,
scarcely reaching to the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit.
Teeth of moderate strength ; those along the median line of the hyoid
are very small. Prseoperculum with a very distinct lower limb.
Fins rather small : the length of the pectoral is less than that of the
head, without snout, or than one-half of the distance of its root from
the ventrals ; caudal fin slightly emarginate. Back ana sides reddish
olive ; sides with numerous, round, light-coloured spots. BeUy whi-
tish, powdered with reddish olive ; paired fins and anal colourless ;
caudal immaculate. Pyloric appendages very long and wide.

Skaget River, Western slope of the Cascade Mountains.

a-h. Seven inches long. Presented by J. K. Lord, Esq.

This is one of the smallest species of Charr, both our specimens
having the abdomen filled with mature ova.

21. Salmo campbelli.

Salmo spectabilis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 218,
and U. S. Pac. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 307 (not Cuv. 8f Vol.).

campbelli, Suckle^, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New Yo}-k, 1861, p. 313,

and Nat. Hist. 7^ ash. Terr.

Tnese names have been given to a specimen in a bad state of pre-
servation ; no distinctive characters are pointed out : the length of
the head is two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; maxillary
extending to behind the orbit ; origin of the dorsal somewhat nearer
to the snout than to the root of the caudal. Eye one-fifth of the
length to the head. Body with round light spots.

From St. Mary's Mission, on the upper tributaries of the northern
branch of the Columbia River.

IV. Northern and Eastern parts of North America.

22. Salmo hearnii.

Salmo hearnii, Richards. Franklin's First Journ. p. 706, and Faun.
Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 167.

This Salmonoid is very incompletely known ; it was taken in great
numbers in the Coppermine River and adjacent sea, and is said to be
migratory. It would appear from the description of the teeth that

1. SALMO. 149

it is a Charr — " a few teeth on the anterior part of the vomer ; " but
the author would perhaps have described the teeth of a Sahnon in the
same words. Scales very small, A. 10. The caudal fin is large,
and very entire, being truncated, with a slight rounding of the angles.
C. pyl. 30-36, from 1 to 2 inches long.

23. Salmo alipes.

? Salmo stagnalis, Fabr. Faun. Grand, p. 175.

Salnio alipes, Richards. Nat. Hist. Ajyp. Ross's Voy. p. Ivii, and Faun.
Bor -Amer. iii. p. 169, pi. 81, and pi. 86. fig. 1.

B. 11-12. D 12-13. A. 11. L.lat. 210*.

Body elongate, head ot moderate size; snout elongate, pointed,
with the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper in adult examples.
Teeth smaU ; maxUlary elongate, narrow, extending behind the eye.
Praeoperculum very short in a longitudinal direction, with a very
short lower limb. Operculum and suboperculum very conspicuoiisly
and densely striated, the striae radiating from the base of each of the
bones. Fins much developedf, the dorsal fin being much higher
than long ; pectoral very long, its length being more than one-half
of the distance between its root and that of the ventral, which, also,
is very long. Adipose exceedingly small. Caudal conspicuously
emarginate, even iu old examples.

Lakes of Boothia Felix and Greenland.

a-b. Stufied : 32 inches long. Presented by J. Bae, Esq.
c. Stirffed : 18 inches long. Greenland. From Capt. JfolboU's
Collection.

Salmo stagnalis, Fabr., is, as Richardson already suggested
(p. 178), probably identical with 8. alipes. We possess a stuffed
specimen (spec, c) which agrees perfectly with the description given
by Fabricius, and differs from S. alipes in those points only which
may be due to age. The bones of the head are remarkably thin,
and the caudal is forked, its longest ray being twice as long as a
middle ray ; dorsal veiy large, pectoral very long. All three speci-
mens have lost their vomerine teeth.

* This always indicates the number of transverse series of scales above the
lateral line.

t Richardson {I. c. p. 1G9) says that, "in the opinion of M. Agassiz, the great
lengtli of the fins cannot be regarded as a specific distinction, Trouts inhabiting
rapid rocky streams having their fins always much developed." This opinion
is not founded on observations in nature. Salmonoids inhabiting such streams
are distinguished by short fins, the delicate extremities being worn oflP by the
constant activity of those fi^h, whilst individuals inhabiting still waters show the
fins proportionally longer. Hence mature specimens have the fins more rounded
and shorter, than sterile ones, on account of their greater activity. This, of course,
does not exclude the fact that one species may have longer fins than another, and
tliat the length of the fins may be a good and reliable character.

150

SATiJIONID^.

24. Salmo nitidus.

Salmo nitidus, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii, p. 171, pi. 82.

and pi. 86. fig. 2.

r-1,

B. 11. D. 13. A. 12. L.lat.215.

Body somewhat ^elongate ; head of moderate s ze, its length being
one-fifth or rather more than one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ;
snout of moderate extent ; maxillary straight, strong, extending in
the male behind, and in the female to, the vertical from the hind
margin of the orbit. Teeth of moderate size. Teeth not only on
the head of the vomer, but also two or three behind it. Prseoper-
culum with the lower limb very distinct. Fins well developed ; the
length of the pectoral is one-half, or rather less than one-half, of the
distance between its root and that of the ventral. Caudal fin con-
spicuously emarginate, the length of the middle rays being one-half
of that of the longest.

These characters are taken from the typical specimen, a male, 2]
inches long, from a small lake in the peninsula of Boothia. A second
specimen, preserved in the Haslar Collection as S. JioocUi, proves to
be not one of the typical specimens of that species, but is undoubtedly
a female of S. nitidus ; it is also 21 inches long.

25. Salmo hoodii.

Richards, iti Rosses Voy. Nat. Hist. Apji. p. Iviii, and Faun. JBor.-Amer.
iii. pi. 83. fig. 2, and pi. 87. fig. 1 (p. 173, descr. part.).

We believe that Richardson has confounded at least two species
under this name : —

1. SALMO.

151

1. A southern form (Mingan River), with small head and truncate
caudal fin, which appears to be identical with S. fontinalis ; and

2. A species from Boothia Felix, with small head, and with the
caudal fin deeply forked.

Only one of the two specimens mentioned by Sir J. Richardson
appears to have been preserved : it is in the Haslar Collection, and,
although no record of its history has been attached to the specimen,
it is evidently the example from Mingan River, described by Richard-
son, I. c. pp. 174-175. There is no sufficient evidence to show that
it belongs to a species distinct from S. fontinalis, although its trun-
cated caudal fin distinguishes it at once from the S. hoodii of Boothia
Felix. Also another example, which is clearly nothing but a S. fon-
tinalis, was presented by Richardson to the British Museum as S.
hoodii.

Richardson says that S. hoodii is distinguished by a very short
head, the length of which is one-sixth of the total length. We do
not know Avhether this is really a specific character, or whether the
author had accidentally some small-headed individuals for examina-
tion, perhaps females. Therefore we do not think we should be
justified in specifically separating two specimens before us which
agree with S. hoodii of Boothia Felix in all particulars, especially in
the deeply forked caudal fin, but have the head considerably larger,
viz. one-fifth of the total length.

B. 12. D. 11. A. 10. L. lat. 185*.
Body somewhat elongate. MaxUlary rather strong, straight, ex-
tending to, or somewhat behind, the vertical from the hind margin of
the eye. Praeoperculimi very short in a longitudinal direction, with

* This always indicates the number of transverse series of scales above the
lateral line.

152 saljionida:.

a very sliert lower limb. The length of the pectoral is less than one-
half of the distance of its root from that of the ventral. Adipose fin
very small. Caudal deeply forked, the length of its middle rays
being one-third of that of the longest. Body and caudal fin covered
with round pale spots of moderate size.

Richardson says that this species is common in every river and
lake from Canada to the northern extremity of the continent ; but
we have shown above, that he evidently confounded several species
imder this name. Our two specimens are probably from Boothia
FeUx.

a-h. Stuffed : 23 inches long. From the Collection of J. Rae, Esq.
c. ? Young, not in good state. Fort Halkett. Presented by B. R.
Ross, Esq.

26. Salmo fontinalis.

Salmo fontinalis, Mitch. Tram. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. Neiv York, i. p. 435 ;

Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 176, pi. 83. fig, 1, and pi. 87. fig. 2 ;

Storer, Report Fish. Massach. p. 106 ; Kirtl. Repoi't Zool. Ohio, p. 169,

and Bast. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. iv. p. 305, pi. 14. fig. 2 ; Dekay,

Faun. New York, Fish. p. 235, pi. 38. fig. 120 ; Ayres, Bost. Journ.

Nat. Hist. iv. 1843, p. 273 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 266 ; Bingelow, Bost.

Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 1850, p. 49.
Salmo hoodii, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 173, descr. part. (spec.

from Mingan River).
Salmo nigrescens, Rajin. Ichth. Ohiens. p. 45.

Baione fontinalis, Dekay, Faun. New York, Fish. p. 244, pi. 20. fig. 58.
Salmo ervthrogaster, Dekay, Faun. New York, Fish. p. 236, pi. 39.

fig. 126.
Hucho fontinalis, wj.

B. 12. D.12. A. 10. L.lat. 200. C£ec.pyl.34.

No median series of teeth along the hyoid hone.

Form of the body similar to that of S. umhla ; head of moderate
size, with the cleft of the mouth very wide, the maxillary being very
long, narrow, straight, extending far behind the eye ; it reaches to
the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit in specimens 6 inches
long. Adult males with the lower jaw prominent. Teeth of mod-
erate size. Preaeoperculum short in a longitudinal direction, with
the lower limb very indistinct. Fins moderately developed; the
length of the pectoral is about one-half of the distance of its root from
that of the ventral. Dorsal as high as, or higher than, long. Caudal
fin in old specimens truncate, in young ones (6 inches long) slightly
lunate. Body with numerous pale-red spots ; fins generally with a
black and orange (or white) marginal band. Dorsal fin with trans-
verse series of brown or black spots.

Rivers and lakes of British North America and of the northern
parts of the United States.

a. Stuffed : 22 inches long. From tne Collection of the Zoological

Society.
h. Stuffed: 19 inches long. Albany River. Presented by Sir J.

Richardson as S. hoodii.

1. SALMO. 153

c. Stuffed: 15 inches. Arctic North America. Presented by J.

Eay, Esq.

d. Male, 13 inches long. Sault St. Mary, Lake Superior.

e-L Skins: 10 inches long. Canada. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
Ic. Many skins : from 5 to 11 inches long. Rivers running into Lake
Cayuga. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

27. Salmo hiidsonicus.

Salmo hudsonicus, Suckley, Ann. Ltjc. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1861, vii.
p. 310.

Head small and conical. Mouth quite small. Teeth small; a
few on the head of the vomer ; none on its shaft. Tail broad, and
usually barred. In some specimens the bars appear to have faded
out. Upper parts dark (bluish ?) ; sides brighter ; belly white. The
whole fish quite silvery. Scales small, but larger than in S. fontinalis ;
they are firmly adherent, and quite conspicuous. Flanks of adults
above and below the median Line covered Avith light spots about the
size of small peas. Integument over first ray of pectorals of a
light orange or reddish colour ; that over the next ray dark. Female
nearly similar. Would not be easily confounded with any Atlantic
species except >S^. fonthudis, but has smaller head, larger spots, and
larger, more adherent, and thicker scales. (Suckley.)

Hudson's Bay and vicinity, Labrador, Newfoundland.

28. Salmo sebago.

Salmo sebago, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 380.

Some Salmonoid from the southern part of the state of Maine,
with 115 scales in the lateral line. No mention is made of the
vomerine teeth, or whether the fish is migratory or not. The pos-
terior half of the maxillary is described as regularly and most deci-
dedly curved downwards, but it is not said whether this is the case
in both sexes, or in one sex only. Body, dorsal and caudal fins with
subquadrangular or subcircular black spots. Caudal fin regularly
crescent-shaped,

29. Salmo gloverii.

Salmo gloverii, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 85 ; Harris,
ibid. 1858, p. 135.

D. 14. A. 10. V. 10.

Some Salmonoid from the upper affluent of the Union River, in
the State of Maine, insufficiently described, the dentition of which
is imknown. The maxillaries extend backwards to about the pos-
terior margin of the orbit. Caudal fin deeply emarginate. [The
adipose fin, in the male, is situated opposite the anterior margin of
the anal, whilst in the female it corresponds to the posterior margin
of the same fin.]* The scales are somewhat smaller than in S. se-
bago, but larger than in S. oqiiassa or S. erythrogastcr ; opercles and
back densely covered with black irregular spots.

* We doubt very ijiuch tlie coi-rectness of this observation.

154 SALMONIDiE.

' »

For some additional remarks on specimens . believed to be of the
same species, see Harris, I. c.

30. Salmo oquassa.

The Charr of jVloosemegantic Lake.

Salmo oquassa, Girard, Proc. BoU. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 1854, p. 262.

It is from 8 to 10 inches in total length. The body is subfusiform,
slender, and the most graceful in the Trout famUy. The head is
proportionally small, conical, coregonoid in shape. The mouth is
smaller than in S. fontinalis. Differences are likewise observed in
the structure of the opercular apparatus. The fins have the same
relative position as in the Brook-Trout, but are proportionally more
developed, with the exception of the adipose, which is considerably
smaller ; their shape is alike, except that of the caudal, the crescentic
margin of which is undulated instead of being rectilinear. The
scales are somewhat larger, although they present- the same general
appearance as those of the Brook-Trout. The lateral line is similar
in both of these species. A bluish tint extends all along the back
from the head to the tail ; so that when seen from above, the fish
appears entirely blue ; hence the name of Blueback, given to it by
the settlers of the neighbourhood. The sides and abdomen are silvery
white in the female, and of a deep reddish orange in the male, and the
sides are spotted in both sexes with orange of the same hue as the
abdomen. The dorsal and caudal fins are brownish blue, bordered
with pale orange in the male ; the pectorals, ventrals, and anal of a
fiery orange, blackish blue at their base, vrith their margin of the
purest white.

The abode of the ' Blueback ' is, as stated above, the Mooseme-
gantic Lake, in which it is concealed during the greater part of the
year ; but about the 10th of October it comes near shore and ascends
in shoals the Kenebago for the purpose of spawning. Half a mile
above its mouth the Kenebago receives the outlet of Lake Oquassa ;
the Trout there leaves the Kenebago to the left and runs towards
Oquassa Lake, where its voyage comes to a close. After the middle
of November it goes back into Moosemegantic Lake and is seen no
more until October of the next year. (Gir.)

An apparently verj' extraordinary Salmonoid is described by Va-
lenciennes, which, if the characters given prove to be correct, will be
the type of a distinct genus. The specimens are said to come from
the River de la Mana in Guiana ; however, it is well known that
Valenciennes is very inaccurate in 'his statements as regards the
localities whence he obtained his specimens of Salmonoids. "We can-
not believe that a Salmonoid occurs in Guiana, and may mention
that there is a river of the same name in Greece.

31. Salmo gracilis.
Cuv. Sf Val. xxi. p. 265.

B. 10. D. 12. A. 1 2. P. 12. V. 10.
Body elongate and rounued, its depth being one-eighth or one-

2. OlfCORHTNCHUS.

155

ninth of the total length. Jaws of equal length, armed with small
teeth. Tongue with ten or twelve teeth on each side ; also the end
of the hyoid bone isi armed with smaU teeth. Body with ten or
twelve cross bands, without other markings.

Eight and a half inches long. Eiver de la Mana.

2. ONCOEHYNCHUS.

Oncorhynchus, SuckUy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 1861, p. 312.
Body covered with smaU scales. Cleft of the mouth wide, the
maxiUary being long, lanceolate, extending behind the orbit in the
adult fish; adult males with both jaws hooked and armed with very
large teeth. Teeth on the shaft of the vomer, but generally lost
with age ; teeth on the tongue present ; none on the hyoid bone.
Dorsal fin short ; anal fin rather long, with more than fourteen rays.
Pyloric appendages in great number. Ova large.

Migratory fish, ascending the American and Asiatic rivers flowing
into the Pacific.

Although we adopt the genus proposed by Dr. G. Suckley, we
found it upon a character entirely neglected by that author, namely
the elongate anal fin, caused by an increased number of the rays,
which is of greater importance than the hook-like production of the
upper and lower jaws in the males.

1. Oncorhynchus lycaodon.

Specimen a ; two-thirds the natural size

Salmo lycaodon, Patt. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 370.

japonensis, Pall. I. c. p. 382 (female).

dermatinus, Richards. Voy. Herald, Zool. p. 168, pi. 33. figs. 3-5

(old male, after spawning ; the praeoperculum, which is shrunk in
the typical specimen, is represented too narrow).

consuetus, Richards. I. c. p. 167, pi. 33. figs. 1, 2 (male, not full-
grown).

156 SALMONIDJi.

Fario argyreus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 218 ;
and U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. pi. 70, p. 312.

B. 14. D. 13. A. 15-17. L. lat. 125-130. L. transv. ?^.
C«c. pyl. 73. Vert. 64.

In habit similar to Salmo solar. Piiv'^perculum irregularly cres-
cent-shaped, with the margins rounded, and with the angle very
obtuse ; it is very broad, as broad as, or broader than, the orbit.
Vomerine teeth rather feeble, in a single series, a part of them being
lost with age. Teeth on the tongue pi-es6nt*. The scale-like ap-
pendage in the axil of the ventipal long, half as long, or more than
half as long, as the fin. Caudal fin forked. There are twelve scales
in a series obliquely descending torwards from the axil of the adipose
fin to the lateral Ihie.

A male, 32-4 iiicheslong, from the Y\ ^onlliver. — Snout very much
produced, both jaws forming a hook, the upper being bent down-
wards, the lower upwards. The intermaxillary teeth and the an-
terior ones of the lower jaw are exceedingly strong, especially the
pair nearest to the symphysis, and hook-Hke. The maxillary is feeble,
extending far beyond the orbit. Skin thickened, especially on the
back. Caudal fin with the outer ray* more than twice as long as
the inner ones. Belly dark brown.

A male, 23 inches long, from Vancouver Island difiers from the
former only in having the jaws less curved into a hook. The teeth
on the tongue form two series, and are rather strong and closely set.

A male, 20 inches long, evidently taken before spawning, has the
snout pointed, btft none of the jaws are bent ; the maxillary is rather
feeble, extending backwards to below the hind margin of the orbit.

A female, 2,2 inches long (skin from PaUas's Collection), has the
snout much shcfrter, and a feeble maxillary which just reaches to
below the hind margin of the orbit. The skin is scarcely thickened,
the scales on the back being very small.

Femxiles, 12 lynches long, from Vancouver Island, do not differ from
older, ones, except in having the caudal fin more deeply excised, the
length of the middle rays being two-fifths of that of the outer ones.
These specimens are silvery, immaculate, with the exception of a few
spots on the head. Dorsd and caudal fins blaokish.
a. Male, 23 inches long : stuffed. Vancouver Island. Collected by

Mr. J. K. Lord.
h. Female, 12 inches long. Esquimalt Harbour. Collected by Mr.

J. K. Lord ; presented by Earl Russell.
c. Female, 13 inches long. Esquimalt Harbour. Collected by Mr.

J. K. Lord ; presented by Earl EusseU.
d-e. Young. Bay of San Francisco. Purchased of Mr. Gruber.

Besides the specimens mentioned, I have had for comparison the
types of S. dermatinus (Richards.), <S. consuetus (Richards.), and two
flat skins from PaUas's Collection, about which a few Avords must
be added. They are marked " 91. Salmo lexmchthys " and " 76. Sdl-

* They arc lost in tlie typical specinicii of 6'. dermafinus, which is probably
accidental.

2. ONCORHYNCHUS. 157

mojaponensis;" but ou comparing the former with Pallas's description
of Salmo leucichthi/s, it is quite e%ident that this cannot be the fish
80 named by Pallas, and that some confusion of the labels has taken
place. As regards the second specimen, we find in the same col-
lection anothei fish (no. 75) named S. japonensis, which is the Salmo
seouleri of Richardson We cannot think that PaUas entertained
for one monient the idea of an identity of the specimens 75 and 76,
and we suppose that 76 only can be considered a typical specimen of
Si japonensis. Probably one or both of the specimens marked 91 and
76 belong to the species named S. lycaodon by Pallas ; vet it is not
impossible that ne referred one to S. proteus, a species very closely
allied to S. lycaodon.

Pallas and Richardson agree that this is a migratory species, which,
according to the former, ascends the rivers entering the Sea of
Okhotsk in the month of May ; it is equally abundant on the Ameri-
can side of Behring's Sea, and known to the fur-hunters on the
Yukon River by the name of " Redfish."

2. Oncorhjniclius proteus.

Salmo proteus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 37G.

In the CoUectiou of PaUas's specimens in the Berlin Museum
there is the flat skin of a male Salmonoid, 15 inches long, marked
" no. 89. Salmo trutta," which probably was one of the specimens
which served Pallas for the description of his Salmo proteus. The
label was evidently misplaced, as there cannot be the slightest doubt
that Pallas never would have determined a Salmonoid with seventeen
anal rays as Salmo trutta.

If we are correct in referring this specimen to Salmo proteus, being
induced to do so by the statement of Pallas that it has small scales,
" corpus microlepidotum " (which character cannot be assigned to
S. lycaodon), S. proteus would be nearly allied to S. lycaodon, dif-
fering from it in the much narrower praeoperculum, smaller scales,
and less deeply emarginate caudal fin.

It would appear that. SteUer's remarks, quoted by PaUas for this
species, are better referred to S. lycaodon ; there is, at present, no
evidence of this species occurring on the American continent.

The species may be characterized from the specimen mentionea as
follows : —

B. 15. D. 12. A. 16.

In habit similar to ;S^. salar. Praeoperculum with the margins
somewhat rounded and with the angle rather obtuse ; it is not broad,
but much narrower than the orbit. Vomerine teeth in a single
series, rather feeble, distant from one another; jaws slightly curved,
with teeth of moderate size [in older individuals probably similar to
those of S. lycaodon'] ; maxillary narrow, feeble, extending to below
the hind margin of the orbit. The appendages in the axil of the
ventral more than half as long as the fin. Caudal fin slightly emar-
ginate, the middle rays more than half as long as the outer ones.

158 SALMONID^.

Scales small, especially those on the back (owing to the bad state of
the specimen the scales cannot be counted).

Pallas says that this species ascends in g^eat numbers the rivers
of Kamtschatka and Siberia in the middle of July. Before and
during the spawning-time a hump is developed on its nape, and both
jaws are much bent. After spawning, in the month of August, all
the individuals perish.

3. Oncorhjrnchus paucidens.
Salmo paucidens, Richards. Faun. Sor.-Amer. iii. p. 222.
B. 13. D. 12. A. 17. Vert. 66?
Back of head and body bluish grey ; sides ashy grey, with a reddish
tinge ; belly white. No trace of spots on the body or fins. Com-
missure of the mouth very oblique, approaching to vertical, dorsal
profile quite straight; tail forked. Teeth sparingly scattered and
feeble on the jaws, only a few short weak ones on the anterior ex-
tremity of the vomer and on the palate-bones. {Richardson.)

This Salmon ascends the Columbia, and has an average weight of
three or four pounds.

4. Oncorhynchus quinnat.

Salmo quinnat, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 219. \j?Girard in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, viii. p. 217 ; and in Pac. R. R.
Exp. Fish. p. 306, pi. 67; ? Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 321.]

A migratory Trout from the Columbia River.

This species is scarcely known ; it appears to be closely allied to
S. lycaodon, differing, perhaps, in having QQ vertebrae, 155 pyloric
appendages, and 17 branchiostegals. D. 14 A. 16. Dr. Gairdner
wrote in the description addressed to Eichardson, that the fish has
" large scales^' (a statement copied in the compiled notes of Suckley) ;
but we do not know what-sized scales were designated " large " by Dr.
Gairdner. The scales of the fish figured by Girard, and adopted for
Suckley's account, are decidedly very small. According to Richardson,
the vomerine teeth would be smaU, and disposed in a single series.

Quinnat is the name given to this and, probably, to other Sal-
monoids by the Indians, and signifies " glittering," as Mr. Lord
informs me. It is very singular that the Welsh use the same word,
Gwyniad, for Salmonoids of a particularly silvery appearance. The
meaning of the "Welsh word is the same.

5. Oncorhynchus sconleri.

Salmo scouleri, Richards. Faun. £or.-A?ner. iii. p. 158, pi. 93, & p. 223.
Salar scouleri, Cuv. <§• Val. xxi. p. 346.

B. 13. D. 14-15. A, 17. V. 11. L. lat. 170. L. transv. 33/44.
Form of the body rather slender [males with a hump of fat on the
back during the spawning- season]. Praeoperculum very short in the
longitudinal axis of the body, without lower Hmb ; it is as broad as,
or even broader than, the orbit. Maxillary feeble, straight, extend-

2. ONCOEHTNCHUS.

159

ing far beyond the orbit" in old males. [Males during the spawning-
time haye the intermaxillary much produced, strongly bent down-
wards beyond the mandible, and armed with strong teeth. The
mandible is extremely long, terminating in a knob which bears a
cluster of very strong teeth on each side. The snoul of these males
is so long that the eye occupies the middle of the length of the
head.] Vomerine teeth persistent, forming a series which is double,
at least anteriorly. The appendage in the axil of the ventral fin is
more than half as long as the fin. Caudal fin emarginate, the length
of the middle rays being contained once and three-fourths in that of
the outer ones. There are about eighteen scales ii\ « series obliqueiy
descending forwards from the axil of the adipose fin to the lateral
line. Caudal fin with small brown spots.

These characters are taken from the typical specimen, the skin of
a male fish from Observatory Inlet : a second specimen, marked
"75. Salmo japonensis/' is in Pallas's Collection; but it is evident
that this cannot be the type of S. japonensis, Pall., which is described
as having squamce mediocres, whilst S. scouleri is distinguished by its
very small scales.

6. Oucorhynchus orientaHs.

Salmo orientalis, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 367 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xxi.
p. 356.

B. 15. D.14. A. 19. L.lat. 145. L. transv. 33/43.

Form of the body as in Salmo trntta. Praeoperculum perfectly

160 SALMONID^.

crescent-shaped, without angle, but with a rounded lower limb which
is not much shorter than the hind limb ; postei-ior margin of the
operculum and praeoperculum very obtusely rounded. Maxillary
rather feeble and narrow [bent, not much extending beyond the eye
in a male specimen 3| feet long. Lower jaw bent upwards, with
some strong teeth at the symphysis]. Vomerine teeth ? The scale-
like appendage in the axQ of the ventral very long, three-fourths as
long as the fin, with the upper and lower edges dilated {carinato-
hilamellata, Pallas, as it appears in a dried state). Caudal fin emar-
ginate, the middle rays being half as long as the outer ones ; there
are fourteen scales m a series obliquely descending forwards from
the axil of the adipose fin to the lateral line.

This fish may be easily recognized by the large number of anal
rays. The diaracters are taken from one of Pallas's typical speci-
mens, preserved in the Berlin Museum. It is evidently a male ; the
specimen is a perfectly flat skin, 3 feet 7 inches long ; head 8 inches,
pectoral fin 4| inches ; middle caudal rays 2^ inches, outer caudal
rays 5 inches.

Pallas gives the foUowing account of the habits of this fish, from
the notes made by Steller : —

They ascend only the larger rivers, and are not taken anywhere
beyond the fifty-sixth degree of latitude, around the shores of Kamts-
chatka. They approach the river Kamtschatka as early as about the
20th of April, the river Bolschaya towards the 10th of May ; lastly,
Port St. Peter and St. Paul, and the Bay of Avatscha in June. They
are held in the greatest estimation, and are preferred to all the other
migratory fish, not only on account of their size, in which they often
attain forty or even sixty pounds, but also on account of their flavour.
As soon as these fishes ascend the rivers, they cease to take any food
to the time of their death, which is caused by exertion and inanition*
after they have shed their spawn and milt, as S. hjcaodon, &g.

7. Oncorhynchus sangninolentus.

Salmo sanguinolentus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 379.

B. 14. D. 11. A. 14(17?). P. 14. V. 10.

PaUas gives the foUowing description from SteUer's notes : —

The largest measure three feet, being ten to twelve pounds in

weight ; greatest breadth 7g inches. Head oblong, compressed, with

the snout obtusely conical, the upper jaw much the longer, hooked,

whence the oral aperture gapes even when the jaws are closed. Both

jaws, as also the maxillaries, armed with curved teeth ; larger ones in

the lower jaw, gradually smaller towards the angle of the mouth.

Tongue with six teeth, disposed in two series. Irides dirty yeUow.

Body with rather -large scales, adhering firmly to the skin. Colour,

in a specimen from the sea, brown, with a green tinge on the back,

with scattered black dots ; silvery on the sides, glittering ; white on

the beUy. In specimens taken in the river about the beginning of

October, back tinged with dirty blackish brown ; sides suffused with

a blood-hue ; belly white, not glittering. Anal fin \vith fourteen rays ;

* media, evidently a misprint for ivedio.

2. ONCOEHTNCHTJS. 161

first ray composed of four, which are closely attached. Caudal bluish,
crescent-shaped, stout, with the lobes pointed. Dorsal fin, adipose,
and upper lobe of the caudal variegated with dots.

I offer this fish, of which I have obtained an imperfect specimen,
on the authority and from the description of SteUer ; and, according
to him, it is the species of Salmon which latest ascends the rivers
of Kamtschatka gregariously ; it rarely arrives before the middle of
August. On quitting the sea it is entirely white, and shines like
the most polished sUver. Then also the snout is as yet straight, not
produced, becoming towards October elongated and titmed upwards.
Tt prefers especially the rivers which issue from lakes ; hence they
just enter the river Bolschaya, but immediately turn into the river
Oschernaya, or steer quickly towards the lake whence the river
Bolschaya issues ; so that in the river itself they are hardly seen
longer than a week, whereas in the lakes they are found up to
January, only being then in a very lean condition. The sides, which
are blood-red in October, are then of a brick-red tint, the back
greyish brown, the belly white.

3. Oncorhynchus lagocephalus.
Salmo lagocephalus, Pall. Zoo//?: Ross.-As. iii. p. 372.
B. 13-15. D. 14. A. 18. P. 14. V. 10. Caec. pyl. 180.

Pallas gives the following description : —

Size generally 2 feet and some inches. Head thick, convex above,
with the snout shorter and more obtuse than in any other salmon,
gibbous towards the front. Jaws somewhat more pointed in the
males, with stout, unequal, curved teeth ; the lower a little the longer,
with the apex pointed and a little recurved, the teeth being inclined
inwards. In fish which have wandered for a longer time in the
rivers, the upper and lower jaws are ciu-ved inwards, so that they
are unable to close the mouth ; lower jaw with ten points on each
side, as though punctured with a needle. Eyes rather large. Body
oblong, plump, slightly compressed, covered with scales of moderate
size ; lateral Hne broad. Appendages of the ventral fins awl-shaped,
equal to half the fin. Caudal forked, robust. Length from tip of
mandible to end of caudal fin 2 feet 3 inches 2 lines, length of head
5 inches 4 lines, length to the dorsal fin 1 inch 9 lines, breadth of
the latter 2 inches 3 Hues, thence to the adipose 5 inches 8 lines,
from this to the caudal 2 inches 8 lines ; distance to ventral fin 1 foot
3 lines, thence to the anal 4 inches 9 lines, breadth of the latter
2 inches 3 lines, thence to the caudal 2 inches 6 Knes, length of
caudal 4 inches 2 lines, greatest height of body 4 inches 9 Knes,
thickness 2 inches 8 lines. According to the observations of SteUer,
there are as many as 180 appendages in this species, not only round
the pylorus but as far as the curvature of the stomach.

Both from the Northern Pacific and the Bay of Okhotsk this species
does not generally ascend the rivers before the middle of July or the
month of August, with the single exception of the river Itscha, where
both sexes make their appearance as early as May, being only of

VOL. VI. M

162 SALMONID^.

smsiller size and with the ovaries as yet imperfectly developed. In
the rivers of Kamtschatka they do not arrive till after Salmo hjcaodon
and orientalis ; and then more perfect specimens of S. lar/ocephalus are
ohserved in great numbers again ascending the river Itscha. How-
ever, it is said that all, after the deposition of their eggs, and milt,
gradually perish in the rivers and do not return to the sea.

Suhaika, a migratory Trout from the Amur.
Pall. Zoogr. Eoss.-As. iii. p. 382.
" In the rivers near the Amur sending their Avaters into the North
Pacific Ocean, there is found a fish called by the Russians in those
parts Subatka (i. e. Dentex), which is as yet very little known, as it
is seldom caught ; and a, fresh specimen has never yet been brought
to me. From the accounts I have received of it from othere, and
from a dried head which was brought to me, it seems to be a species
of migratory Salmon-Trout. Snout long, pointed, curved ; jaws
toothed, with the two anterior teeth on each side larger than the
others, curved, nearly one inch long. It is asserted to be one ell
in length, somewhat compressed, broad, 1| span in breadth, with
the back towards the head gibbous, towards the tail attenuated;
with small scales, the colour being obscurely bluish ; the same on
the fins ; caudal fin broad, compressed beneath. The ovary in this
specimen was filled with large ova, of a very agreeable flavour ; and
the flesh is also pleasant to the taste. It appears in autumn in the
river (which is then already becoming frozen), and is taken more
rarely at the mouths of the rivers Derbul and Chaul in Argunum.
However, it is said to be more plentiful at the mouth of the river
Uro." (Pallas).

Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 1851, has named several examples
in a bad state of preservation from North-western America ; but the
characters assigned to his species are so vague that it is sufiicient to
enumerate the names : —

1. Salmo canis, 1. c. 1858, p. 9, & 1861, p. 312 ; Nat. Hist. Wash.
Terr. Zool. p. 341.— Puget Sound.

2. Salmo gibber, 1. c. 1858, p. 6. — Puget Sound; Vancouver's
Island*.

3. Salmo conjiuentus, 1. c. 1858, p. 8 ; Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. Zool.
p. 334. — Fort Steilacoom.

4. Salmo cooperi, 1. c. 1861, p. 311. — Columbia River.

3. BRACHYMYSTAX.

Body covered with very small scales. Cleft of the mouth of
moderate width ; maxiUary broad, rather short, extending to below
the anterior part of the eye in the adult fish ; upper jaw rather
longer than the lower. Teeth rather feeble ; vomer with teeth ante-
riorly only. Dorsal and anal short. Pyloric appendages ? Ova small.

Siberian rivers.

* Identified with S.proieus (Pall.) in Nat. Hist.Wash. Terr. Zool. p. 339.

3. BRA.CHTMASTAX.

163

This genus is intermediate between Salmo and Coregonus. Even
]i Salmo fiuviatiUs (p, 141) should prove to be the male of Salmo
corecjonoides, still the small size" of the ova would be a character of
sufficient importance to separate these fishes generically from Sahno.

1. Brachyaystax coregonoides.

Salmo lenok, Pallas, Heise, ii. Append, p. 716; L. Gm. iii. p. 1373.

coregonoides, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 362 ; Cui). 8f Vol.

xxi. p. 272.

B. 11-12. D. 14. A. 12-13. L. lat. 144-164.

Habit stout ; head of moderate size, its length being two -ninths
of the total (without caudal) ; bones of the head very solid. Snout
of moderate extent, broad, obtuse ; teeth small ; vomer with teeth
anteriorly only. Maxillary similar to that of a Coregonus, short
and broad, not extending, to below the middle of the eye. Pra3-
operculum with a long lower limb. Adipose fin large and thick;
caudal deeply emarginate. Body with numerous brown spots.

We refer two specimens from Pallas's Collection to this species :
one (no. 86) is 18 inches long, and evidently the typical specimen ;
the other (no. 84) is 21 inches long, and, although named " O.flu-
viatilis var. taimen,^' is most certainly another individual of the same
species.

" It abounds in rivers and the strong mountain-tornents of the
Altai, which are tributaries of the Ob and Irtis, as also in the cd-

164 SALMONID^.

lateral streams of the Jenisey, and in these rivers themselves, also in
Lake Baikal and the rivers Angara and Selenga communicating with
it, which it ascends at the end of March, before the ice is broken up ;
but il is replaced by 8. jluviatilis towards the autumn. Found also
in the Lena and the Witim and in the Kovyma ; in the Witim they
are said to grow to the weight of 80 lb?, ; in other rivers the largest
scarcely attain to 60 lbs. Many remain in the rivers, which they
ascend in early spring to deposit their spawn, and the younger ones
especially remain some time, whence they fall into the nets in all
seasons, and, with S. Jluviatilis, ThymaUus, and Cyprinus tschebaJc,
Gobius, and Cohitis, are almost the sole inhabitants of these rivers.
About cataracts and wherever the water is much agitated they are
taken with hooks in all seasons. Flesh white, inclining to red, of
excellent flavour. Ova small, yellow, like those of the Sturgeon.
It is not found in the waters of Kamtschatka, nor in the North
Pacific. However, it is said to be found in Japan."

4. LUCIOTRUTTA.

Body covered with scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth
wide ; maxillary long, broad, lanceolate, extending far backwards.
Lower jaw much projecting beyond the upper. Dentition very
feeble, the teeth being extremely small ; maxillary toothless ; vomer,
palatine bones, and tongue with narrow bands of minute, vUliform
teeth. Pyloric appendages in great number. Gill-rakers rigid,
awl-shaped, and rough interiorly.

Migratory Trout from Arctic North Atn erica ; (? Siberia and
E-ussia).

1. Laciotnitta mackenzii.

Inconnu, Mackenzie, Voy. in N. Amer. p. 9, and eleewhere.
Sahno mackenzii, Richards. Frankl. Journ. p. 707, pi. 25. f. 1 ; and
Faun, Bor.-Amer. Pise. p. 180, pi. 84.

B. 10. D. 15. A. 18. V. 12.

Body rounded, rather elongate ; head long and compressed, with
flattened vertex ; eye not very large ; praeoperculum much curved.
Dor'sal fin nearer to the caudal than to the snout ; caudal forked.
Coloration uniform. (Rich.)

Kiver Mackenzie and its tributaries. Attains to a weight of 15
pounds arid more.

2. Luciotrutta (?) leucichtliys.

I suppose that 8. leucichthys of Giildenstadt also belongs to this
genus. The distensible mouth, projecting lower jaw, truncated
uppfer jaw, small teeth on the palate, smaUish eyes, ten branchi-
ostegals, &c. are characters which the Asiatic fish has in common
with the Inconnu of the Mackenzie. Giildenstadt and Pallas de-
scribe the jaws as toothless, whilst Lepechin expressly mentions
these teeth ; perhaps they are deciduous. The figure given by
Lepechin is very dissimilar to that of the Inconnu, but these fishes

5. PLECOGLOSSTTS. 165

may prove to be more closely allied on comparison of actual speci-
mens. The following notes are an abstract of Giildenstadt's de-
scription : —

Salmo leucichthys, Giildenst. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xvi. p. 633 ; Pall.

Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 392.
nelma, Pall. It. n. p. 716 ; Lepechin, Reise, ii. p. 192, taf. 9.

figs. 1-3.

B. 10. D. 15. A. 14. V. i:. [Vert. 65, LepecUn].

Statura et magnitude S. Solaris. Kostrum obtusissimum : man-
dibula superior latissima, integra, recta ; inferior adscendens, sub-
conica, apice tuberculoso, ante superiorem prominens ; utraque
edentula ; rictus terminalis amplissimus, quadratus ; lingua trian-
gularis, soluta, subaspera ; oris cavitas alba, immaculata ; palatum
latum, planum, antrorsum utrinque subasperum denticulis minimis,
tactu, non "visu, percipiendis ; nares medium inter rostrum et oculum
occupantes, apertura utrinque gemina, angusta ; oculi laterales,
liberi, ampli. Squamte pro mole piscis baud adeo magnse. Anu^
caudae multo propior, quam cupiti, proximo ante pintiam ani, aper-
tura duplici.

Magnitude tripedalis vulgo, non raro ultra.

Caspian Sea ; periodically ascending, the Wolga and other rivers
of Russia. According to Lepechin and Pallas the same species
would be found in the Arctic Ocean, ascending the rivers Ob, Lena,
Kolima, (kc.

5. PLECOGLOSSUS.

Plecoglgssus, ScJimj. Fatm. Japon. Poiss. p. 229.

Body covered with very small scales. Cleft of the mouth wide ;
maxiUary long. Dentition feeble : ' intermaxillaries with a few
small, conical, pointed teeth ; the teeth of the maxillaries and man-
dibles are lamelliform, broad, truncated, lamellated and serrated,
moveable, seated in a fold of the skin ; the mandibles terminate
each in a small knob, and are not joined at the symphysis. The
mucosa in the interior of the mouth between the terminal halves
of the mandibles forms a peculiar organ, being raised into folds,
wilt a pair of pouches in front and a single one behind. Tongue
very small, with minute teeth, its apical part being toothless ; palate
apparently without teeth*. Pyloric appendages in great number ;
ova small.

Japan and Formosa.

1. Plecoglossus altivelis.

Salmo (Plecoglossus) Bh\\e\\s,.Schleg. I. c. pi. 105. fig. 1.
B. 7. D. 12. A. 16. V. 8. L. lat. 140. Vert. 64.
The height of tne body is equal to, or rather lose than, the length
of the head, which is two-ninths of the total (without caudal) ;
head rather compressed; snout moderately produced, with its ex-
tremity soft and slightly swollen. Eye of moderate size. The
* Schlegel mentions a band of villiform teeth on each side of the palate.

166 SALltfONID-i:.

lower limb of the praeoperculum very broad. Dorsal somewhat
higher than long ; adipose fin rather small ; caudal deeply forked.
Silvery, greenish on the back.

a-o. Seven and four inches long. Japan, From the Ley den Museum.
c-h. Four inches long. Formosa. From Consul Swinhoe's Col-
lection.

6. OSMERUS.

Osmerus, sp., Artedi, Genera, p. 10.
Osmerus, Cuv. It^gne Anim.

Body covered with scales of moderate size. Cleft of the month
wide ; maxillary long, extending to, or nearly to, the hind margin
of the orbit. Dentition strong : intermaxillary and maxillary teeth
small, much smaller than those of the mandible. Vomer with a
transverse series of teeth, several of which are large, fang-like ; a
series of conical teeth along the palatine and pterygoid bones.
Tongue with very strong fang-like teeth anteriorly, and with several
longitudinal series of smaller ones posteriorly. Pectoral fins mode-
rately developed. Pseudobranchiae present, but rudimentary. Bhnd
sac of the stomach of moderate length. Pyloric appendages very
short, in small number ; ova small.

Atlantic coasts of the temperate parts of Europe and North
America ; periodically ascending rivers, and frequently permaiient
residents of fresh waters. One species from California.

1. Osmems eperlamis.

The Smelt. Der Stint. Nars and Slom (Swedish). Smelte (Danish).

L'fiperlan.
Local names : Spirling, Sparling.
Eperlanus, Emdelet, ii. p. 196 ; Beloti, De Aquat p. 288 ; Aldrov. iv.

c. 12. p. 536 ; Jonston, ii. c. 2. t. 24. f. 3 ; WUlughhy, p. 202, tab. N. 6.

f. 4 ; Ray, p. 66.
Spirinchua, Jonston, t. 47. f. 6 ; Schoneu. p. 70, tab. 7.
Osmerus no. 1, Artedi, Gen. p. 10 j Synon. p. 21, and Spec. p. 46

(descr. very good).
Salmo, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 373.
Salmo eperlanus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 511 ; m. i. p. 179, taf. 28. fig. 2;*BL

Schn.Tp. 410; Honov.Brit. Fish, ii.pl. 48; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 104;

Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As.\i\.t^. 386; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 152.
Trutta, sp., Elein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 20. no. 12, tab. 4. tigs. 2-4.
Smelt, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 273, pi. 61 ; and ed. 1812, iii. p. 416,

pi. 72; Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 276, pi. 227.
Duhamel, Peches, ii. § 11, pi. 4.
Salmo eperlanus, var. mannus, WaJb. Artedi, iii. p. 57.

eperlano-marinus, Bl. i. p. 128, taf. 28. f. 1.

Osmerus eperlanus, Lacep. v. p. 229 ; Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii,

p. 185 (aesci'. taken from a British specimen) ; Flem. Brit. An.

p. 181 ; Ekstr. Vet. Akad. ITandl. 1834, p. 7 ; and Fische v. Morko,

p. 191 ; Jenym, Man. p. 429 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd ed. ii. p. 129,

and 3rd ed. i. p. 295 ; Pam. Wirn. Mem. vii. p. 312, or Fish. FiHh

of Forth, p. 152 : Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 433 ; Kroyer, Danm.

Fi«k. iii. p. 1 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 371, pi. 620 ; Siebold, Siisswasserf.

p. 2 71.

6. OSMERTJS. 107

Salmo (Osmerus) spirinchus, Pall. Zoogr. Moss.- As. iii. p. 387.
Eperlanus vulgaris, Gaimard, Voy. Isl. 8f Gi'oenl, Poiss. pi. 18. fig. 2.
Osmerus spirinchus, Cuv. 8f Val, xxi. p. 387.

B. 8. D. 11. A. 13-16. P. 11. V. 8. L. lat. 60-62.
L. transv. 7/11. C^ec. pyl. 2-6*. Vert. 60-62.
The height of the body is much less than the length of the head,

which is one-fourth or two-ninths of the total (without caudal).

Snout produced, much longer than the diameter of the eye ; young

examples have the eye comparatively larger. Vomerine teeth and

anterior lingual teeth large, fang-Uke ; posterior mandibulary teeth

larger than the anterior ones, which form a double series, the

inner series containing stronger teeth than the outer one. The

maxillary extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from the hind margin

of the orbit. Back transparent greenish, sides silvery.

Coasts and numerous freshwaters of northern aad central Eu-
rope.

a. Adult. Scotland. Presented by Dr. Johnston.

h. Adult : skin. Scotland. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

c-d. Young. Firth of Forth. From Mr. ParneU's Collection.

e. Adult. Fifeshire. Museum Leach.

/-A. Fine specimens, from 8 to 10 inches long. Conway. Presented
by T. C. Eyton, Esq.

i, Jc-l. Adult. British.

m-r. Adult and young. Lake Wenern.

s-u. From 8 to 12 inches long. Lake Wenern. From Mr. Wheel-
wright's Collection. — These specimens from Lake Wenern are
very lean in general appearance, and have the eye comparatively
a little larger. Vert. 60.

V. Adult. Coasts of Gestrickland, Sweden. From Mr. Wheel-
wright's Collection.

w~x. Adult. Gefle. From Mr. Wheelwright's Collection.

y-a. Adult : bad state. Gulf of Finland.

fi-c. Young. Bohuslan. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

e. Several specimens, 3 inches long, sexually fuUy developed. Lake
of Bjewsersk (North Russia). Caec. pyl. 5 ; Vert. 60.

T). Half-grown. Haarlem. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

^. Adult female: skeleton. Gestrickland. From Mr. Wheel-
wright's Collection.

V. Adult: skeleton. Berlin. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.
Vert. 62.

2. Osmerus viridescens.

Salmo eperlanus, Mitch. Lit. i^ Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 435.
Osmerus viridescens, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i. p. 230 ;

Dekay, Neiv York Fauna, Fishes, p. 243, pi. 39. fig. 124 (bad); Cuv.

8f Val. xxi. p. 388.
Osmerus, sp., Thad. Norris, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861, p. 58.

Scarcely distinct from 0. f^erlanus, but with a Little smaller scales,

* Tho pyloric appendages are so short ihat some of tliem frequently become
quite inconspicuous.

168 SALMONID^,

the number of transverse series above the lateral line being 66. The
posterior mandibular)* teeth not larger than the anterior ones.

Atlantic side of the United States.
a. Fine specimen, 10 inches long. Boston, Presented by B. Win-
stone, Esq.
6. Half-grown. New York, Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
e. Adult, in bad state. Presented by the Smithsonian Institution.

3. Osmerus thaleichthys.
Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1860, p. 62, fig. 12.
B.8. D.9. A. 19. P. 11. Y.8.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal),
the height of the body one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth
of the length of the head. The maxillary reaches to the vertical
from the hind margin of the eye. Teeth on the tongue largest. The
origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the root of the caudal than
to the extremity of the snout ; ventral fins entirely in advance of the
dorsal. (Ayres.)

Common in the Bay of San Francisco.

7. THALEICHTHYS.
Thaleichthys, Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Ihh. p. 325.

Body covered with small scales. Cleft of the mouth wide ; max-
illary long, narrowish, extending nearly to b6low the hind margin of
the eye ; lower jaw prominent. Dentition rudimentary*, only a few
minute teeth being visible on the maxillary and intermaxillary;
mandible, tongue, and palate apparently toothless. Pectoral fins
moderately developed ; anal long ; caudal deeply forked. Pseudo-
branchiae present, but rudimentary. Stomach with a rather long
blind sac ; pyloric appendages slender, in moderate number. Testes
double ; ova very small.

Pacific coasts of North America.

1. Thaleichthys pacificus.

The Eulachon, Oulachkn.

Salmo (Mallotiis ?) pacificus, Richards. Faun. £or.-At)ier. iii, p. 226.

Thaleicnthys stevensi, Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 325,

pl.75(76). figs. 1-4.
pacificus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 225;

Cooper 8)- Suckley, Nat. Hist. Washingt. Terr. p. 348.

B. 8. D. 11-12. A. 21. P. 11. V. 8. L.lat.78. C. pyl. 11.

Yert. 70.
The height of the body is much less than the length of the head,
which is contained four times and one-third in the total (without
^audal). Snout much longer than the diameter of the eye, which is

• The teeth kre so minute that bones which are described as tooth-bearing in
one specimen may be toothless in another.

8. HYPOMESUS. 169

one-fifth of the length of the head. Ventral fins longer than pec-
torals, and extending nearly to the vent. Coloration uniform brown-
ish on the back, silvery on the sides ; head and sides with numerous
minute brown dots.

Columbia River, Vancouver Island.

a-d. From 8" to 9 inches long. Vancouver Island. Presented by
C. B. Wood, Esq., Surgeon, R.N.

8. HYPOMESXJS.

Mesopus or Hypomesus, Gill, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1862, pp. 14, 15.

Body covered with thin deciduous scales of moderate size. Cleft
of the mouth not wide ; maxillary very thin, lameUiform, not extend-
ing to below the middle of the eye. I,ower jaw slightly prominent,
and received between the maxillaries. Dentition very feeble, only
the intermaxillary, mandible, palatine, and pterygoid bones being
provided with minute teeth ; teeth of the tongue strongest, short,
conical. Pectoral fins moderately devploned : caudal forked. Pyloric
appendages in small number.

Pacific coasts of North America, and of North-eastern Asia.

1. Hypomesus oUdns.

Salmo (Osmerus) olidus, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. o 391*.
Argentina pretiosa, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1854, p. 155.
Osmerus elongatus, Ayres, Proc, Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1854, p. 17.
pretiosus, Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 324, pi. 75 (76).

fig. 5.
oligodon, Kner, Denhschr. Ahad. Wiss. Wien, xxiv. 1865, taf. 4.

fig. 1.

B. 7. D. 10-11. A. 16. P. 14. V. 8. L. lat. 70.

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which
is two-ninths of the total (without caudal). Snout equal in length
to the dit-meter of the orbit, which is two-ninths of the length of the
head. The maxiUary extends but little beyond the front margin oi
the orbit. Body with a silvery band along the lateral line.

Coasts of California, Vancouver Island, and North-eastern Asia.

a. Seven inches long. Decastries Bay, Amur River. Purchased of

Hr. Schmaltz.
h-d. From 7 to 8 inches long. Esquimalt Harbour. Presented by

Earl Russell; collected by J. K. Lord, Esq.

Although "we cannot doubt the identity of our specimens with
Girard's 0. pretiosus, the descrijition given by Dr. Ayres of 0. elo.t-
gatvLS woidd indicate a fish more nearly allied to our European Smelt
than is the present species. However, Girard, who had specimens
sent by Dr. Ayres for comparison, unites them.

* This name is also adopted in the text of Brevoort's notes on some figures of
Japanese fish in ' Narr. Exped. to China and Japan under Parry,' p. 278. The
same author ventured to uanDs tiie miserable figure, pi. 10. fig. 2, Osmeria
japonicus.

170 SALMONID-E.

The following description refers, perhaps, to a fish of this genus : —

Eperlanus chinensis, Basilewsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc 1855,
p. 242.

'* Caput cute denudatum, tenue, depressum, triangulare seu lanci-
forme, transparens, apice acutum, occipite dilatatum. Rictus fissus,
ad oculos nigros globose prominentes attingens. Maxillae, vomer et
lingua dentibus parvuUs, acutis armata. Nucha paulisper eonstricta.
Orificium branchiale amplum ab occipite ad mentum fissum. Pinnae
pectorales breves, basi membranaceae et propendentes ; abdominales
antrorsum valde adraotae ; dorsalis antica 15-radiata, postrorsum
remota et anali paulo interposita ; postiea brevissima et postremo
analis longo radio respondens. Caudalis bifida. Caro sapidissima.
In sinu TschUiensi habitat. Versus Pekinum Decembre congelatus
advehitur."

9. MALLOTUS.
Mallotus, Cuv. Bigne Ardm.

Body covered with minute scales, which are somewhat larger along
the lateral hne and along each side of the belly ; in mature males
these scales become elongate, lanceolate, densely tiled, ^dth free
projecting points, forming villous bands. Cleft of the mouth wide ;
maxillary very thin, lamelliform, extending to below the middle of
the eye. Lower jaw the longer, partly received between the max-
illaries. Dentition very feeble, the teeth being minute, of equal size,
forming single series on the jaw-bones, vomer, palatine, and pterygoid
bones ; only the teeth on the tongue are somewhat larger, and dis-
posed in an elHptical patch. Pectoral fins large, horizontal, with
broad base. Pseudobranchiae present, but rudimentary. Stomach
with a long blind sac ; pyloric appendages very short, in small
number. Testes double ; ovary single ; ova very small.

Coasts of Arctic America and North-eastern Asia.

1. Mallotus villosus.

The Capelin. Fem-lodde v. Quette-lodde (male) ; SUd-lodde v.

Rogn-lodde (fem.). Greenlandish : Angmaksak; Sennersulik (male

with villosities), Sennersiutsut (male without). JEsquimaiix : Ang-

maggeuck.
Lodde, Egede, Det gamle Gronlands nye Perlustration, p. 50 ; Crantz,

Historie von Gronl. p. 125 ; Strom, Soiidmor, i. p. 393 j Pantoppidan,

Forste Fondg. af Norges Nat. Hist. ii. p. 217.
Keplings, Crantz, Fortsetz. Hut. Gronl. p. 309.
Lodna, Olafssen, Meis. Soroe, pp. 358, 695, taf. 28.
Clupea villosa, Midi. Prodr. p. 245 ; L. Gm. iii. p. 1409.
,Salmo arcticus, Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 177.
Capelan. Dvhainel, Peches, ii. p. 149, pi. 26 j Pennant, Arct. Zool. iii.

p. 394.
Salmo gronlandicus, Bl. viii. p. 99, taf. 381 j IU,chards. Frankl. Journ.

p. 710.

socialis, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 380

villosus, Faber, Fische Islands, p. 174.

10. BETROPDfNA. 171

Malottus villosus, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 392, pis. 622 (male) & 623

(female).
? Osmerus microdon, Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 885, pi. 621 (immature).
Salmo (Mallotus) villoaus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Richards. Faun. Bor.-

. Amei: iii. p. 187 ; Gaimard, Voy. en Isl. Poiss. pi. 18. lig. 1.
Mallotus arcticus, Kroyer, Danm. Fisk. iii. p. 23.
Osmerus arcticus, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 441.

B.8-10. D. 13-14. A. 21-23. P. 18-20. V. 8. Csec. pyl. 6.

Vert. 68.

The height of the body is much less than the length of. the head,
which is contained four times and one-third in the total (withoiit
caudal). Snout longer than the diameter of the eye, which is two-
ninths of the length of the head. Brownish on the back, silvery
on the sides ; opercles silvery, with minute' brown dots.

Mature males have a band of elongate scales along the lateral line
and along each side of the belly ; the base and the margin of the
anal fin form a convex curve, and its anterior rays are simple and
rather stiff. In very old examples also the scales .on the back and in
the middle of the belly project beyond the skin, and the head and
the rays of the paired fins are finely granulated.

Shores of Arctic North America and of Kamtschatka.

o, 6, c-d, e-f, g-i. Adult males and females. Greenland.

Ic-l. Adult male and female. Hudson's Bay. From the Hashr

Collection.
m. Adult male. Presented by the Smithsonian Institution.

10. RETROPINNA.

Retropuma, Gill, Pt'oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 14.
Richardsonia, Sleindachner, Sitzgsher. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1866, p. 53.

Body covered with scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth of
moderate width. Small teeth, subequal in size, in single series on
the jaw-bones, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids ; tongue with a double
series of small hooked teeth. Dorsal fin situated far backwards,
behind the ventrals, above the vent ; anal rather long ; caudal forked ;
ventral six-rayed. Pseudobranchias present. Stomach horseshoe-
shaped, without prolonged blind sac ; pyloric appendages and air-
bladder absent.

Fresh waters of New Zealand.

1. Retropinna richardsonii.

New Zealand Smelt.

Argentina retropinna, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. Ichthyol. p. 121,

pi. 52. figs. 1-3 (pectoral too long).
Retropinna richardsonii, Gill, I. c.

R. 6. D. 11-12. A. 17-20. P. 11. Y. 6. L. lat. 61.
The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which
is contained four times and two-thirds in the total (without caudal).
Snout shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is two-sevenths of

172 SALMONID^.

the length of the head. The lower jaw is the longer. Coloration
uniform, with a silvery band along the side.

New Zealand,
a-f. Tjrpes of the species. From the Haslar Collection.
g-h. Three and a half inches long Waikato River. From Mr. G.

Krefft's Collection.
i. Several specimens. Presented by Vice- Admiral Sir E. Belcher.

11. COREGONUS*.

(joregonus, sp., Artedi, Genera, p. 9.

Coregonus, Cuv. ICegne Anim.

Coregonus et Argyrosomus, Agass. Lake Super, p. 339.

Body covered with scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth
small ; maxillary broad, short or of moderate length, not extending
behind the orbit. Teeth, if present, extremely minute and decidu-
ous. Dorsal fin of moderate length ; caudal deeply forked. Pseu-
dobranchiae well developed ; air-bladder very large. Stomach horse-
shoe-shaped ; pyloric appendages extremely numerous. Ova small.

Inhabitants of the freshwaters of the northern parts of temperate
Europe, Asia, and North America ; many species periodically as-
cending from the sea, especially from the Arctic Ocean.

The species of this genus are not less numerous than those of
iSalmo, some having a very extended geographical range whilst
others are confined to very limited localities. They are less sub-
ject to variation than the Trout, and therefore more easily cha-
racterized and distinguished. Hence we find that naturalists who
look with distrust on the different species of Sahno, are quite ready
to admit those of Corec/onus, The characters which are the most
reliable are the shape of the snout, the development of the maxillary,
the form of the supplementary bone of the maxillary, the length of
the mandible, the height of the body and tail, the position of the
dorsal, and the number of scales and vertebrae. The species, which I
know from autopsy, may be readily distinguished by these characters ;
and lengthened descriptions would be quite unnecessaiy, as they
would repeat only the characters of the genus or refer to individuals
only. However, not all previous authors have paid regard to these
characters ; and although but little doubt can be entertained that, in
many cases, they have described distinct species, this is inferred
rather from the localities where the fishes have been obtained than
from the account given of them.

* The following species are so imperfectly described, that it must suffice to
notice them with a few words only : —

1. Coregonus pallasii, Cuv. & Val. X3d. p. 483, from Russia, said to be closely
allied to Coreg. marana from Northern Germany, and possibly comprised by
Pallas under the name of Cor. lavaretus. L. lat. 100.

2. A species from the Lake Pereslavie Zaleski, near Moskau, described and
figured by N. Ozeretskovsky, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. 1810, p'. 376, tab. 21.
It belongs to the group with prominent lower jaw.

3. Coregonus angusticeps, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 534, known from a figure only,
and said to have been obtained at the Saskatchewan River.

11. COREGONUS. 173

The species may be subdivided thus : —

a. Upper jaw produced into a cutaneous appendage, p. 173.

/3. Upper jaw the longer, with the upper profile descending in a curve ;
mouth very small, p. 176.

y. Upper jaw obtuse, longer than, or as long as lower, with the upper
profile nearly straight.

* Snout obliquely truncated, with the nose proti-uding.

t European species, p. 178.
t Asiatic species, p. 184.
t American species, p. 184.

* Snout vertically truncated, p. 187.

8. Lower jaw the longer {Argyrosomus, Agass.).

* Body elongate, its height being less than one-third of the total
length (without caudal).

t European species, p, 192.
t Asiatic species, p. 195.
t American species, p. 198.

* Body elevated, its height being one-third of the total length
(without caudal), p. 199.

a. Upper jaw produced into a cutaneous appendage.
1. Coregonus oxyrliynclius.

Houting {Holland). Schnapel {Germany).

Oxyrhynfchus, Rondel, ii. p. 195 (part.) ; Gesner, p. 771 ; Willughby,

p. 187.
Albula nobUis, Schonev. p. 12 (not Gesner).
Coregonus, sp., Artedi, Synon. p. 21. no. 4j Genera, p. 10. no. 4.
Salmo, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 374.
Salmo (Coregonus) oxyrinchus, L.Syst.Nat,'^.5\2] iacep. v. pp. 263,

267 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 152.
Tripteronotus hautin, Lacep. v. p. 48.
Salmo lavaretus, £1. i. p. 163, taf. 25 (not L.).

thymaUus latus, £1. i. p. 170, taf. 26.

Coregonus oxyrhinchus, Kroyer, Damn. Fisk. p. 76 (with very bad

figure).
oxyrhynchus, Ekstrom, Fische Morko, p. 198 ; "Cuv. ^ Val. xxi.

p. 488, pi. 630 ; Selys-Longch. Fatme Beige, p. 222, and in Bull.

Acad. Belg. ix. 1842, p. 510 ; Siebold, S'dssivasserf. p. 260.

B. 9. D. 14. A. 14-15. L. lat. 75-81. L. transv. ^-=^. Vert. 58.

The height of the body is one-fourth or two-ninths of the total
length ("without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths or one-
fifth. Snout produced, with the upper jaw protruding beyond the
lower, and produced into a fleshy cone in adult specimens. The
xnaxillary extends to below the adipose eyelid, or to the vertical from
the front margin of the eye, and its length is contained three times
and two-thirds or three times and three-fourths in that of the head.
Mouth quite at the lower side of the snout. The length of the lower
limb of the praeoperculum is contained once and one-third or once
and one-fourth in that of the posterior. Back behind the head
moderately curved. Pectoral as long as the head, without snout.

174

SALMONID^.

Coasts and freshwaters of Holland, Germany, Denmark (and
Sweden).

o, b, c. Adult. Holland.

d. Adult. River Gotha. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection.

e. Adult : skin. From Gronow's CoUectiou.
/. Adult: skeleton. Holland.

g. Adult : skeleton. Berlin. From Dr. A. Giintlxer's Collection.

2. Coregonus lloydii.

Nabb-sik {Stceden).

Coregonus oxyrhynchus, Nilss. Prodr. Ichth. Scand. p. 14 ; and Skand^

II. COREGONUS, 175

Fawn. Fish. p. 453 («.) ; L. Lloyd, Scand. Advent, i. p. 129 ; Wide-
gren*, Of vers. Vet.-Akad. Fork. xix. p. 677, t. 6. f. 2 (head).

B. 9. D. 14. A. 15. L. lat. 90. L. transv. 10/11. Ca;c. pyl.
ca 200. Vert. 39/23.
The height of the body is one-fourth or rather less than one-fourth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth
or rather more than one-fifth. Snout much produced, with the upper
jaw conically protruding beyond the lower, and produced into a short
fleshy cone in adult specimens. The maxillary extends to the ver-
tical from the antei'ior orbital fold only, and its length is contained
three times and three-fourths in that of the head. The supplemen-
tary bone of the maxillary is rather narrow and elongate. Mouth
quite at the lower side of the snout. The length of the mandible
is somewhat more than the least depth of the tail. The length of
the lower limb < f the prseoperculum is contained once and one-third
in that of the posterior. Back behind the head strongly curved.
Pectoral as long as the head without snout.
Sweden.

a, h. Fine specimens, male and female, 22 inches long. Lake "We-

nern. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection.
c-d, e-f. Fine specimens (half-grown). Lake "Wenern. From Mr.

Lloyd's Collection.
g-h. Adult : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
i. Adult, male : skeleton. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection.
]c. Intestines of specimen i.

This species will be readily distinguished from C. oxyrhynclius by
its smaller scales and much longer snout, the maxillary extending
not so far backwards as in the other species.

3. Coregonus microstomus.

Salmo microstomus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 405.

" Persimilis est S. oxyrliincho, sed differt ore adhuc angustiore,
terminali, naso non adeo producto, corpore magis cylindraceo,
squamis majoribus. FlabeUis branchialibus decemlamellatis ; pinnig
inferis pallide rubentibus ; dorsali analique decemradiatis, colore
etiam dilutiore, nitide argenteo.

" Tantum a Lena versus orientem in fluvios adscendit e mari, am-
nem Lenam tantum infra ostium Kirengaj frequentans, communis
dein in fluviis Indigirka, Kovyma, Anadyr, Ochota, Kntchtui et in
aquis Camtschatcae."

This species belongs, perhaps, to the following division.

* This author mentions C. hiemalis, Jurine, as synonymous with the Nabb-sik !
and this is only one out of the numerous instances of confusion into which the
same author has attempted to throw the European Salmonoids.

1 76 SALMONID^.

^. Upper jaw the longer ^ vnth the upper profle descending tn a curve :
mmcth very S7ncdl,

4. Coregonus quadrilateralis.

Specimen c ; twice the natural size.

Htchardson, FranMMs Journ. p. 714; and Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii.
p. 204, pi. 89. fig. 1 (from a stuffed example) ; Cuv. <§- Val. xxi.
p. 512 ; ? Agass. Lake Suj^er. p. 351.

B. 7-8. D. 14-15. A. 13. L. lat. 86-90. L. transv. 10/12.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-sixth. Snout produced, com-
pressed, with its upper profile descending in a curve ; nose projecting ;
the mouth at the lower side of the snout. Maxillary very short and
small, its length being less than one-fifth of the length of the head ;
the supplementary bone of the maxillary narrow, elongate ; oper-
culum terminating in a right angle behind, conspicuously striated.
Back almost straight above.

Arctic Ocean and rivers of Arctic North America. ? Lake Su-
perior.

a, h. Adult, 18 inches long: stufied. Presented by J. Ray, Esq.

c, d-h. Young. Port Halkett. Presented by B. E. Ross, Esq.

t?. Skin, in a bad state. Saumuss Lake, Eraser's River. Collected
by Mr. Lord ; presented by Earl Russell. — This specimen ought
perhaps to be referred to C. wiUiamsoni ; but the shape of the
snout is entirely destroyed ; if the figure given of C. wiUiam-
soni is correct, it is a different species.

The typical specimen is in the Collection of Haslar Hospital.

5. Coregonus labradoricus.
. HicJiardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 206.

B. 8-9. D. 15. A. 15. V. 11-12. L. lat. 78.

Body apparently much like that of C. qtiadrilateralis ; its depth
is one-fifth of the length (excluding the caudal). Head small, con-
stituting only a sixth part of the distance between the tip of the
snout and end of the scales on the caudal. The orbit is exactly
twice as far from the edge of the giU-cover as from the tip of the

11. COEEGONUS. 177

snout. The labials are a little longer than in C. qrmclrilateraUs ; and
their posterior pieces are of a different shape, being ovate, whereas
they are acutely elliptical in the other. The under jaw measures a
very little more than one-half the length of the upper surface of the
head ; and when the mouth is distended its tip is exactly even with
the end of the snout. Jaws and palate toothless ; four longitudinal
rows of teeth on the tongue.

The middle between the tip of the snout and end of the scales is
at the thirty-second scale of the lateral Une, and opposite to the third
ventral ray, or tenth dorsal one. There are eight scales between the
dorsal and lateral line, and as many between the latter and the ven-
trals. Total length 14 inches, length of the head 2 inches.

Musquaw River (Gulf of St. Lawrence).

6. Coregonus nasus.

Salmo (Coreg.) nasus, Pallas, Reise, iii. p. 705.

Tschir, Lepechin, Reise, iii. p. 227, taf. 13.

Salmo nasutus, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 401.

[Coregonus nasutus, Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 493, is evidently a very dif-
ferent species, as appears from the description of its snout, both
jaws being said to be of equal length.]

D. 13-14. A. 15.

SesquipedaHs, vix ulnaris. Forma cyprinacea. Caput corpora
crassius, vix compressum, rostro brevissimo, retuso, ante oculos con-
vexo, gibbo. Os exiguum, cyprinaceum, laeve ; maxilla superior
longior, quam clauso ore gibbus nasi paulo exsuperat. Nares in
ipso gibbo. Periophthakaium latum. Corpus macrolepidotum, lati-
usculum, crassum, compresso-convexum, dorso ante pinuam obtuse
angulato et per breve spatium adscendente Color argenteo-albus,
lateribus caerulescens, supra lineam lateralem fuscescens. Pinnae
omnes caerulescentes, inferae basi albidae ; appendix ventialiura tri-
quetra, bre\'issima, vix squamis emergens. Longitudo descripti
speciminis a summo tuberi rostri ad extrema pinnae caudae 1' 6" 0'",
3apitis ad operculorum oram 3", a summo rostro ad apicem lamina -
rum mystacearum 7'" (adeoque rictus brevissimus) ; ad oculum 7",
ad pin. pectoralem 3'", inde ad ventralem 4" 6'", inde ad analem
4" 9'", hujus latitudo 1" 11'", inde ad caudam 1" Q>\"', eujus longi-
tudo 2" 6"'. A summo item rostro ad pin. dorsi 7" 6'", hujus lati-
tudo 2", inde ad adiposam 3" 11|"', cujus latitudo lO^'", inde ad
pin. caudae 1" 6'". Corporis latitudo summa ante pin. dorsi 4" 3'",
crassities ibidem 2" 1'", capitis altitudo ad nueham 2" 4'", crassities
1" 7"'. Pondus hujus trilibri minus ; in foemina 1" T" , aequante fere
4 librarum. (Pallas.)

Arctic Sea, periodically ascending the rivers Ob, Jenisei, and
Kolima.

178 SALMONID^.

7. Coregonus polcur.

Salmo lavaretus, var. Pidscliian, Pallas, Reise, iii. p. 705.
Salmo polcur, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 400,
? Coregonus polcur, Cuv. ^ Val. xxxi. p. 506.

D. 13. A. 16.

Magnitude bispithamalis. Caput breve, crassum, pingue, corpore
non compressius. Rostrum obtusum, convexum, maxilla superiore
longiore ; frons ante oculos convexo-gibba. Os parvum, plane eden-
tulum, cyprinaceum, lamina mystacea brevi scabritie omnino nulla.
Corpus crassum, lanceolatum, compressum, dorso a capite adscendente,
minus tamen, quam in S. muJcsum, et convexo. Venter magis
gibbus, quam dorsum, proesertim versus pinnam ani productus in cari-
nam compressam, cui pinna insidet. Squamae majusculae ; linea
lateralis rectissima, dorso propiore. Color cinerascente argentatus,
in dorso fuscus. Pinnae nigricantes. Longitudo a summo rostro ad
finem caudae carnosae 1' 2" 10'", capitis ad operculorum cram 2" 9'",
distantia oculorum a summo rostro 8", ad pinnas pectorales 2" 9'",
inde ad ventrales 4" 3'", inde ad analem 4", hujus latitude 2" 2'",
inde ad caudae basin 1" 5|"'. Item distantia pinnae dorsi fere oppo-
sitae ventralibus 6" 8|"', ejus latitude 2" 2'", inde ad adiposam
3" 10|"', hujus basis 7'", longitude 11'", corporis maxima latitude
ad pin. dorsi 3" 10'", crassities maxima ibidem 1" 10'". Altitude ca-
pitis ad nucham 3", crassities 1" &". Laminae mystaceae longitude
6'". (Pallas.)

River Ob, periodically ascending from the Arctic Sea.

y. Upper Jaw obtuse, longer than, or as long as lower, toith the upper profile
nearly straight.

* Snout obltquelg truncated, with the nose protruding.

t European species.

8. Coregonus lavaretus.

Sik, Knubbsik (Sweden) ; Helge-Sik (Lake Wenern) ; Maraene

(Northern Prussia) ; Weiss-felchen (Lake of Constance) ; Boden-

renke (Bavaria).
Sandfelchen, Sandgangfisch, Mangolt, Fischhuch, pp. 26, 40.
Lavaretus, Rondel, ii. p. 162 ; Gesner, De Aquat. p. 33.
Farra, Rondel, ii. p. 104 ; Gesner, De Aquat. p. 35.
Coregonus, Art, Gen. p. 10. no. 2 ; Spec. p. 37. no. 1 (Synon. p. 19.

no. 2 ; this compilation of synonyms refers to various very different

species).
Coregonus lavaretus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 512.
Weissfisch, Adelfisch, Weissfelchen, Wartmann, Beschiift. Berl. Ges.

ntrf. Freunde, iii. 1777, pp. 185, 202, and 210.
Salmo maraena, Block, i. p. 172; iii. pp. 148, 164, taf. 27; Hartm.

Jlelv. Ichth. p. 139 ; Martens, Corr. Blatt. Wiirt. Landto. Verein.

\S30, x\'ii. p. 37.
Corregonus ferra, Jiirine, Mem. Soc, Phys. 8f Hist. Nat, Genhve, iii.

1825, p. 190, pi. 7.
Coregonus maraena, Nilss. Prndr. p. 15 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 481, pi.

629 ; Siehold, Smswasse7-Jische, p. 203.
oxyrhynchus, var. /3, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 454.

11. COEEGONFS.

179

Specimen from Ltike Wenern.

Specimen from the Lake of Constance.

n2

180 SALMONID^.

Coregonus lavaretus, Kroyer, Damn. Fisk. iii. p. &5; Widegren,Ofvers.

Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1863, p. 583, tab. 6. f. 3, tab. 9. f. 3 (heads ;

s\Tionymy erroneous).
Coregonus fera, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 472. ; Rapp, Fische des Bodensee' s,

f. 18. taf. 2 (excellent figure) ; Heekel, Sitzgsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
862, ix. p. 375 ; Heekel Sf Kner, Susswasserf. p 238. ; Siehold, Siiss-
^vasserjisclie, p. 251.

B. y. D. 14. A. 15. L.lat. 90-94. L. transv. 11/12.
Ceec. pyl. ca. 170. Yert 60-61*.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly five
times. Snout of moderate length, obliquely truncated, with the
upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. The maxillary extends to
below the anterior portion of the adipose eyelid, and its length is
contained from three times and four-fifths to four times and one-third
in that of the head. The supplementary bone of the maxillary is
broad, short, subsemicircular. The length of the mandible equals
the least depth of the tail. Back behind the head ascending in a
gentle curve. Pectoral somewhat longer than the head without
snout.

Great lakes of Switzerland, Tyrol, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, and
Sweden.

We cannot agree with Rajip, who distinguishes the Prussian C.
marcena from the Swiss C.fera, attaching specific value to characters
which do not hold good even for specimens from the Lake of Con-
stance— as the length of the fins, &c. As regards the difference in
the length of the vertebrae, we refer to our remark in the foot-note.
Swiss specimens have generally the maxillary a little shorter when
compared with the length of the head; but this is the only visible
difference, and there are Scandinavian specimens which have this
bone quite as short.
a. Fine specimen, 24 inches long. Lake of Constance. Presented

by Prof. V. Siebold.
h-c. Adult. Lake of Constance. From the Stuttgart Museum.
cl. Adult : skin. Lake of Neuchatel.

e,f-g,h-i. Fine specimens. LakeWenern. From Mr. Lloyd's Col-
lection.
h. "Many young specimens. Lake Wenern. From Mr. Lloyd's Col-
lection.
I. Adult: skin. LakeWenern. From YarreU's Collection.

Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. -As. iii. p. 395, describes under the name of
Coregonus lavaretus, a fish which periodically ascends Siberian rivers
(Obi, Kolima, «fec.) and is known by the name of Scliohur. This fish
is most probably distinct from the European Lavaretus, and appears
to have a considerably longer maxillary, the length of which is con-
tained tftfice and a fourth only in that of the head.

* This number has been found by me in two specimens from the Lake of
Constance {C.fera), in two from Lake Wenern (C. lavaretus), and by Eapp in
a Mecklenburg specimen ( C. marcBna). It is strange that the latter, a most care-
fid author, states 67 vertebne for C. fera.

1 1. COHK(J0NUS.

Coregonus lapponicus.

181

PPCoregonus sikus, Cuv.-Si' Val. xxi. p. 500.
B. 9. D. 15. A. 16. L. lat. 94-100. L. transv. 9/11.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth or rather more than one-
fifth. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head,
and two-thirds of that of the snout. Head small, moderately high ;
snout obliquely truncated, with the upper jaw projecting beyond
the lower. Interorbital space rather convex, its width being equal
to once and a third the diameter of the eye. The maxillary is short,
extending to below the anterior portion of the adipose eyelid, and its
length is contained four times and one-half or four times and one-
third in that of the head. The supplementrj^ bone of the maxillary
is broad, short, and subsemicircular. The length of the mandible
is less than the least depth of the tail. Back ascending from behind
the head in a strong curve. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to
the occiput than to the adipose fin. Pectoral longer than the head
without snout.

Lapland.

a-h. 16 inches long. From Mr. Wheelwright's Collection.
c, d. Several half-grown specimens, not in good state. Munio Biver.
From Mr. Wheelwright's Collection.

This species is closely allied to C. lavarefus, but distinguished by
considerably smaller and shorter mandibles.

The description of C. sikus given by Valenciennes is so insufficient,
that nothing but the locality leads me to suppose that this fish may
be identical with C. lapponicus.

182

SALMONlD-a:.

10. Coregonus gracilis.

B. 9. D. 14. A. 15-16. L. lat. 94-100. L.transv. 11/12.

The height of the body is one-fourth (in young examples one-fifth)
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth.
The diameter of the eye is contained five times in the length of
the head, and once and two-thirds in that of the head. Head small,
tapering, much compressed ; snout pointed, obliquely truncated or
rather rounded, with the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower.
Interorbital space convex, its width being equal to once and two-
thirds the diameter of the eye. The maxillary is short, feeble,
without longitudinal ridge, one -fourth of the length of the head ; i,t
extends to the cutaneous fold, or in young specimens to below the
adipose eyelid, but never to the eye itself. The supplementary bone
of the maxillary is short, broad, subsemicircular. The length of the
mandible is considerably more than the least depth of the tail. Back
ascending from behind the head in a slight curve. The origin of
the dorsal fin is nearer to the occiput than to the adipose fin ; tail
rather elongate. Pectoral as long as the head without snout, some-
what shorter in young examples.

Sweden.

a. Fine specimen, 14 inches long. Sweden. Presented by Hr. A.

W. Mahu.
h-c. Fine specimens, 10 inches long. Gestrickland. From Mr.

Wheelwright's Collection.

11. Coregonus widegreni

Coregonus fera, Wider/ren, Of vers. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1863, p. 64, taf. 10.

figs. 1-2 (not synon.).
widegreni, Malmgren, Finlands Fish-fauna, p. 62.

B. 9. D. 14. A. 16-17. L. lat. 90. L.transv. 10/11.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total'lcngth (without

11. COEEGONUS.

183

caudal) ; the length of the head two-ninths, or nearly one-fifth.
Snout produced, obliquely truncated in front, the upper jaw being
considerably longer than the lower ; the maxillary extends beyond
the vertical froni the front margin of the eye, and its length is two-
sevenths of that of the head. The supplementary bone of the max-
illary is rather broad, subsemicircular. The length of the mandible
is equal to the least depth of the tail. Back behind the head some-'
what arched. Pectoral as long as, or somewhat longer than, the head
without snout.

Lakes of Sweden and Finland.

a. Pourteen inches long.

as C. oxyrhynchus.
h. Thirteen inches long.

Goteborff. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm
White Sea ?

12. Coregonus hiemalis.

Kilch, Kropfielchen (Lake of Constance). La Gi*avenche (Lake of
Geneva).

Kirchlin, Mangolt, Fischbuch, p. 41.

KropfFelchen, Wartmann, Schrift. Berl. Gesellsch. ntrf. Freund. iv.
1783, p. 431.

Coregonus hiemalis, Jiirine, Mem. Soc. Phys. et Nat. Genhe, iii. 1825,
p. 200, pi. 8 (not good) ; Cia\ 8f Val. xxi. p. 479 ; Siehold, Siiss-
wasserf. p. 254, pi. 2 (head not good; air-bladder and belly dis-
tended).

Salmo martena media, Hartmann, Helv. Ichthyol. p. 145,

Coregonus acvonius, Itapp, Fische Bodens. p. 22 ; Hcckel 8f Kner,
Siisswasserf. p. 240.

B. 8. D.14. A. 15. L.lat. 76-87. L. transv. 9/11. Vert. 61,
The height of the body is one-fourth, or less than one-fourth, of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths, or
rather more than one-fifth ; snout rather short, as long as the eye,
obliquely truncated, with the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower.
The maxillary extends to below the front margin of the eye, and its
length is one-fourth of that of the head ; the supplementary bone of
the raaxjUary is rather narrow, of moderate length. The length of
the mandible is more than the least depth of the tail. Back behind

184 SALMOIilD^.

the head ascending in a gentle curve. Very pale-coloured, the fins
being but little tinged with black at their extremities.

Lakes of Switzerland and South Germany.
a. Adult. Lake of Constance. Presented by Prof. v. Siebold.
j_Cj d-e. Adult. Ammer Lake. From Dr. Gemminger's Collection.
/. Adult : skeleton. Lake of Constance. From Dr. Giinther's Collec-
tion.

ft Asiatic sjiecies.

13. Coregonus miiksim.

Salmo lavaretus, var. muchsun, PaUas, Rcisc, iii. p. 705.
Salmo rauksun, Pallas, Zoof/r. Ross.- As. iii. p. 398.
? Coregonus muksun, Cuv. ^- Val. xxi. p. 494.

D. 14-16. A. 13-15.

Corpus compressum, latum ; dorsum inde ab ipso capitis vertice
gibbo insigni pinguissimo adscendens, ad pinnam dorsalem convexo-
subcarinatum ; abdomen convexum ; feminis valde gibbum, unde
latissima;. Caput longiusculum, obtusum, valde compressum, corpora
angustius, maxilla superiore longiore, fornicata, ad nares utrinque
tuberculo gibba ; lamina mystacea lata, ovali, oblonga. MaxilliE
scabrae, edentulae. Pinnae proportione corporis minusculae, inferoe
flavescentes. P. dorsi ante aequilibrium posita. Cauda carnosa,
proportione piscis parva, valde attcnuata, pinna bifurca, laciniis acu-
tissimis. Color subargenteus, dorso fuscescens. Pondus 5| librarum.
Longit. tota 1' 10" 6'", capitis ad opcrculorum marginem 4" 8'", di-
•stantia oculi a summo rostro 1", pinnarum pectoralium 3" 10'", inde
ad ventrales 6" 2'", inde ad analem 5" 4"', ad pinn. dorsi 9", ejus
latitudo 2" 3"', inde ad adiposam 5" 5"', cujus latitude basi 9", inde
ad p. caudse 1" 7"',hujus laciniae 3" 3"'. Latitudo maxima perpen-
dicularis coi-poris ante pin. dorsi 6", crassities maxima versus caput
2" 8"'. Altitudo capitis ad nucham 2" 6"', crassities transversa per
opercxila 2'". {Pallas.)

Periodically (in autumn) ascending Siberian rivers from the Arctic

Sea.

14. Coregonus conorhynchus.

Salmo oxyrhinchus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 403.
Coregonns conorhynchus, Cuv. Sf Val. xxi. p. 485.

D. 14. A. 14. L. lat. 88.
A Coregonus with the upper jaw more prominent than in Cor.
tnarcma, from North Germany. The length of the head is one-sixth
of the total. Dorsal pointed, pectoral short and rounded, ventral
broad. {Val.)
Siberia.

ttt A^nerican species.

15. Coregonus albus.

The Whitefish ; Attiliawmeg.

Salmo lavaretus, Penn. Arct. Zool. Introd. p. 298, & ii. p. 298 (not
synou.).

11. COREGONTTS. 185

Coregonus albus, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. S'c. PMlad. i. p. 231 (not
plate*); Richards. Frank!. Joicrn. p. 710, pi. 25. fig. 2 (very bad) ;
and Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 195, pi. 89. fig. 2 ; Deliay, Nat. Hist.
Neiv York, iii. p. 247, pi. 70. fig. 240 ; Siorcr, Si/nops. p. 199 ; C'nv.
^- Val. xxi. p. 510.

Most closely allied to C. lavaretus, but with the maxillary ex-
tending a little further backwards.

B. 9. D. 14-15. A. 14-16. L. lat. 80-95. L. transv. 10/12.

The height of the body is contained three times and one-half or
three times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head four times and one-half or four times and two-
thirds. Snout of moderate length, obliquely truncated, with the
upper jaw projecting bej^ond the lower ; eye considerably shorter
than the snout. The maxillary extends to below the anterior edge
of the eye, and its length is contained from three times and two-
thirds to four times in that of the head. The supplementary- bone
of the maxillary is of moderate width and length,
oblong. The length of the mandible equals the
least depth of the tail. Back behind the head
ascending in a gentle curve. Pectoral nearly
as long as the head.

Lakes of North America from Lake Erie to the Arctic Sea.

a, h. Adult (22 inches long) and half-grown: stuffed. Albany

Biver. Presented by Sir John Bichardson.
c, d. Adult. Purchased.
e. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of tlie Zoological Society.

16. Coregonus richardsonii.
B. 9. D. 13. A. 13. L. lat. (72-) 77-80. L. transv. 10/12.

Very similar in form to G. alius. Snout of moderate length, ob-
liquely truncated, with the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower ;
eye shorter than the snout. The maxillary extends to the anterior
edge of the eye, and its length is one-fourth of that of the head.
The supplementary bone of the maxillary is short, ^^-r'-:^*^
broad, semicircular. The length of the mandible is r"'^^\ / /
a little less than the least depth of the tail. Pectoral ^N^^ /
longer than the head, without snout. ^-^ -^

Arctic North America.

a. Nineteen inches long: stuffed. Presented by J. Boe, Esq.
h-c. Nineteen inches long : stuffed. Prom the Collection of the
Zoological Society.

This species is very closely allied to C albu.f, from which it differs

* The author of the article on Coregonus in Agassiz, ' Lake Superior,' believes
that C. albus, Lesueur, was a .'species witli prominent lower jaw, as represented
on the plate. But on carefully reading tlirougli Lesueur's text, and comparing
it with the figure, it appears to me to be more probable that this plate has been
intended for C. arfedi, and was misnamed C. albus, being published a long time
after the text.

186 SALMONIDJE.

in the form of the maxillary. Beside the specimens in the British
Museum, I have seen another example from the Museum at Haslar
Hospital, also stuffed and 22 inches long, presented by Sir J. Richard-
son to the latter institution, but without indication of- locality.

17. Coregonus sapidissimus.

Whitefish of Lalie Superior.

Coregonus albus, Thomps. Nat. Hist. Verm. i. p. 143 (with a wood-
cut).
sapidissimus, Agass. Lake Super, p. 344.

B. 9 (10). D. 13. A. 14. V. 12.

The height of the body is about one-third of the total length (with-
out caudal) ; the length of the head one-fifth (the caudal included).
Snout cut obliquely, sloping over the lower jaw. Maxillaries short,
thin, elongate, attaining the anterior margin of the orbit. The an-
terior margin of the dorsal fin corresponds to the middle of the dis-
tance between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal.

Small specimens (not exceeding 8 inches in length) have the body
somewhat lower, the greatest depth slight]-^ exceeding the length of
the head, which is one-fifth of the total, without caudal.

Lake Superior.

18. Coregonus latior.

Agassiz, Lake Sy,perior, p. 348.

B. 8. D. 14. A. 13, V. 11.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Maxillaries broader than
long ('?), passing beyond the anterior margin of the orbit; snout
overlapping the lower jaw, but less than in C. sapidissimus.

In specimens 7 inches long, the height of the body exceeds the
length of the head, and is one-fourth of the total, without caudal.
Lake Superior.

19. Coregonus novae Angliae.

The Shad- Waiter.

Coregonus nov-angliee, Prescott, SiUim. Amer. Joum. 1851, xi. p. 342.

The height of the body is contained nearly six times in the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head more than six times.
The diameter of the eye is not quite one-fifth of the length of the
head, and less than the extent of the snout. Snout truncated ob-
liquely, and shut over the lower jaw, which is shorter. L. lat. about
90. (Prescott.)

River Winnipisseogee (New Hampshire) • specimens 8y^^ inches
long.

A second species, Coregonus neo-hantoniensis , described by the
same author (p. 343) and from the same locality, where it is called
" Whiting," is so insufficiently characterized that we are unable to
decide whether it shoidd be introduced into the list of species.

11. COREGONUS. 187

20. Coregonus williamsoni.

Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 136 ; and U. S. Pac.
R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 326, pi. 66.

B. 7. D. 14. A. 14. V. 12.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths; eye of moderate size,
about one-fifth of the length of the head. Snout truncated, protruding
beyond the lower jaw ; mouth very small, the maxillary being broad
and not extending to the eye (according to the figure, the maxillary
would be of a very peculiar shape, being abruptly dilated at its poste-
rior extremity*). Anterior margin of the dorsal nearer to the end of
the adipose fin than to the end of the snout. Base of the adipose fin
long. Scales forming eighteen longitudinal series between th-e dorsal
and ventral fins — nine above, and eight below the lateral line. (Oir.)

Des Chutes river, Oregon.

This species belongs, perhaps, to the second division of this genus.
* * Snout vertically truncated.

21. Coregonus wartmanni.

Blau-felclien, Gangfisch (Lake of Constance) ; Reuke (Bavaria).

Mangolt, Fischbuch, pp. 2-5,40 ; Wartmann,Beschdft. Berl. Ges. Naturf.
Freund. iii. 1777, p. 184.

Lavaretus, Bellon. p. 284 ; Gesner, De Aquat. p. 34 et seq.

Bezola, Rondel, ii. p. 163 ; Gesner, De Aquat. p. 35.

Albula pai'va, Gesner, De Aquat. p. 38.

Coregonus, sp. 2, Artedi, Sytion. p. 19. var. a, y, & 8.

Salmo wartmanni. Block, Fische Deidschl. iii. p. 165, taf. 105 ; Schrank,
Faun. Boica, p. 324 ; Rapp, Fische d. Bodensee^ s, p. 12, taf. 1 (ex-
cellent figure) ; Heckel, Sitzgsh. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1851, viii. p. 375 ;
Heck. Sc Kner, Siissivasserf. p. 235 ; Siebold, S'dssivasserf. p. 243.

Salmo renke, Schrank, Schi-ift. Berl. Ges. naturf. Freund. iv. 1783,
p. 427.

Salmo marsenula, albula, wavtmanni, IIartmann,I£elvet.Ichth. pp.148,
152 & 154.

Coregonus lavaretus, Cuv. <§• Val. xxi. p. 466, pi. 627.

palea, Cuv. (^ Val. xxi. p. 477, pi. 628 (bad) ; Heckel, Sitzgsber.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1851, viii. p. 375.

reisingeri, Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 496.

nilssoni, Cuv. 8f Val. xxi, p. 497 (e. p.).

B. 9. D. 14. A. 14-15. L. lat. 80-92. L. transv. 10/11.
Vert. 59-60 1.

The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head,
which is contained four times and one-half or four times and three-
fourths in the total (without caudal). Snout but Uttle longer than
the eye, vertically truncated, with the jaws equal in front. The
maxillary extends to, or a little beyond, the vertical from the front
margin of the eye, and its length is one-fourth or somewhat more

* I suppose tliis to be an error in the drawing.

t 57 according to Eapp, but we believe that this author has not counted the
last vertebrae between the basal bones of the caudal fin.

188

SALMONID^.

than one-fourth of that of the head. The supplementary bone of
the maxillary is of moderate width and length. The length of the
mandible is considerably more than the least depth of the tail. Back
behind the head ascending in a very gentle curve. Pectoral equal
to, or longer than, the head, without snout.
Great lakes of Switzerland and Tyrol.

a, h. Adult. Lake of Constance.

c-e. Adult and half-grown. Wiirm-See (Bavaria). From Dr. Gem-

minger's Collection.
f-g. Adult. Lake of Neuchatel. Presented by P. L. Sclater, Esq.
h-I. Adult and half-grown. Lake of Neuchatel. FrOxa Prof. E.

Agassiz's Collection.
m-p. Half-grown. Switzerland ? Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.
q. Skull. Lake of Constance. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.

Coregonus clupeoides.

Specimen c.

Gwyniad (Lake of Bala) ; Schelly ( Ullswater) ; Powen {Loch Lo-
mond).

Guiniad, Will. p. 183 ; Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. p. 276, pi. 62, and ed.
1812, iii. p. 419, pi. 73 (not synon.).

Coregonus clupeoides, Lacep. v. p. 698 ; White, Caial. Brit. Fish.
p. 81.

Coregonus lacepedei, Parnell, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1838, i. p. 162 (c. fig.
med.) ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd ed. ii. p. 151.

Coregonus microcephaliis, Parnell, I. c. p. 163 (c. fig. med.).

Salmo lavaretus, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 104.

Coregonus lavaretus, Flem. Brit. Ati. p. 182 ; Jenyns, Man. p. 431 ;
Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd ed. ii. p. 142.

Coregonus pennantii, Cuv. ^ Vol. xxi. p. 507 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 3rd
edit. i. p. 310.

11. COEEGONUS. 189

Coregonus cepedii, Cuv. 8f VaL xxi. p. 503 ; YaiT. Brit. Fish. 3rd edit,
i. p. 314.

B. 9. D. 14-15. A. 13-16. L. lat. 73-90. L. transv. 9/11.
Caec. pyl. 120. Vert. 38/20.

Closely allied to C. wartmanni. The height of the body is one-
fourth of the total length (v?ithout caudal), the length of the head
two-ninths. Snout as long as the eye, truncated, with the upper
jaw but little longer than the lower. The maxillary extends some-
what beyond the vertical from the front margin of the eye, and its
length is one-fourth of that of the head ; the siipplementary bone is
rather broad, subsemicircular. The length of the mandible is more
than the least depth of the tail. Back behind the head arched and
ascending in a strongish curve. Pectoral longer than the head (with-
out snout) . Fins blackish or black ; head and base of the caudal
sometimes with small blackish dots.

Lakes of Great Britain.

a. Numerous skins. Loch Lomond. From Mr. Pamell's Collection.
h. Adult; skin. Loch Lomond. From Mr Pamell's Collection.

Type of Coregonus microcephalus, Parnell.
c-d. Fine specimens. Haweswater, Cumberland. Presented by Dr.

A. Giinther.
e. Adult : skin. Cumberland. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
f-ff. Adult. Ullswater, Westmoreland. Presented by W. T. Teget-

meier, Esq.
7i. Adult. Ullswater, Westmoreland. Presented by the Rev. R.

Everest.
i. Adult.

Tc. Adult. Bala Lake*. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.
I. Adidt : skin. Bala Lake. Presented by Sir W. Jardine.
m. Adult female : skeleton. Ullswater. Presented by W. T. Teget-

meier, Esq.

23. Coregonus ijiaxillaris.
Lof-sik, Lloyd, Scand. Advent, i. p. 131 (fig. not good).
B. 9. D. 13. A. (14-) 16. L. lat. 87 (-96)t. L. transv. 11/11.
The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths ; snout longer than
the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-fifth of the length of
the head ; it is rather broad and vertically truncated in front, with
the lower jaw a little shorter than the ^^pper. Interorbital si)ace
flattish, its width being equal to once and two-thirds the diameter of
the eye. Maxillary well developed, strong, two-sevenths of the length
of the head, with a longitudinal ridge, extending somewhat beyond
the vertical from the front margin of the eye ; supplementary bono

* This locality is described by Valenciennes (p. 509) as "ce lac de Fer, le
Llyd-Tliid," whicli probably ought to be interpreted Llyn Tcgid, tlie Welsh
name meaning a " Fair Lake."

t The nunijjers in brackets arc taken from tlic sccoml dried specimen.

190

SALMONID^.

of the maxillary broad, subsemicircular. The length of the mandible
is more than the least depth of the tail. Back arched. The origin
of the dorsal fin is midway between the occiput and the adipose fin.
Pectoral as long as, or rather longer than, the head without snout.
Lake "Wenem.

a. Fine female specimen, 18 inches long. Lake Wenem. Presented

by L. Lloyd, Esq.

b. Skin, 19 inches long. Lake Wenem. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-

lection.

This species agrees in most characters with C. wartmanni, but has
the body much more elevated. Widegren and Malmgren appear to
have confounded it with C. fera and 0. widegreni, which have the
snout obliquely, and not vertically truncated.

24. Coregonus huiuilis.
MSxtensmess-sik, Lloyd, Scand. Advent, i. p. 133 (c. fig. med.).
B. 8-9. D. 13. A. 15. L. lat. 90-96. L. transv. 10/11. Vert. 60.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head is two-ninths. The diameter of the
eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and two-thirds of that of
the snout. Head rather low, snout somewhat produced, vertically
truncated in front, with the lower jaw the shorter. Interorbital
space flattish, its ^\ddth being equal to once and two-thirds the

11. COREGONUS.

191

diameter of the eye. Maxillary short, two-ninths of the length of
the head, without longitudinal ridge, extending to below the adipose
eyelid, but not to the eye itself; supplementary bone of the max-
illary broad, subseraicircular. The length of the mandible equals
the least depth of the tail. Back slightly arched. The origin of the
dorsal fin is a little nearer to the occiput than to the adipose fin.
Pectoral longer than the head, without snout. Male with numerous
small blackish dots on the head and the dorsal fin.
Lake Wenern.

a. Fine male specimen, 12 inches long. From Mr. L. Lloyd's Col-

lection.

b. Skin, 18 inches long. From YarreU's Collection.

c-d. Adult, 15 inches long. From Mr. L. Lloyd's Collection.

25. Coregonus megalops.

Widegren, Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1863, p. 589, taf. 11. fig. 15.
D. 14. A. 16. V. 11. L. lat. 92.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total (without caudal). Jaws equal in length ;
snout truncated, shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is not
much more than one-third of the length of the head. The distance
from the end of the snout to the hind margin of the orbit equals that
from its front margin to the praeoperculum. The maxillary extends
to the vertical from the front margin of the eye.

Lakes of Northern Sweden.

192 SALMONID^.

26. Coregonus nilssoni.
BlSsik.

? Coregonus nilssoni, Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 497, pi. 631. — Rapp has shown
(Bodensee, Fische, p. 17) that Valenciennes confounded under this
name a Coregonus from the Lake of Constance ( C. wartmanni) with
a Scandinavian fish. It appears to us even doubtful whether the
entire description and the figure are not taken from the Swiss
species which had been sent to the Paris Museum by Georg von
Martens (not Mertens).

Coregonus nilssonii, Niks. Skand. Faim. iv. p. 460 ; Widegren, Ofvers.
Vet. Akad. Fork. 1863, p. 587. taf. 10. fig. 3 (head).

B. 8-9. D. 14-15. A. 15. L. lat. 85-88.

Head small, tapering, contained five times and a half in the total
length (with the caudal) (more than six times, Wider/ren) ; the depth
of the body equals the length of the head. Snout truncfited, with
the jaws nearly equal in length, rather longer than the eye, the
diameter of which is one-fourth or one-fifth of the length of the
head. The maxiUary extends to the vertical from the front margin
of the eye ; the length of the mandible is more than the least depth
of the tail [and equal to the distance between eye and posterior
margin of operculum ?].

The typical specimens were from Lake Ring, near Lund in Sweden ;
but the species is said to occur in several other lakes of Sweden and
Lapland ; it attains to a length of from 10 to 12 inches.

8. Lower Jaw the longer (Argyrosomus, Agass.).

* Body elongate, its height being less than 07ie-third of the total length
(unthout caudal).

t European species.

27. Coregonus albula.

Sikloja, Smasik, Stint, Rabboxe, Sil (Sweden) ; Lakesild, Skadd,

Wemme (^Norway) .
Coregonus, Artedi, Gen. p. 9. no. 1 ; Synon. p. 20. no. 1 5 Spec. p. 40.

no. 2.
Sahuo (Coregonus) albula, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 512; and Faun. Suec.

L353 ; Retz. Fauna, p. 349 ; Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 413.
o marsenula, Bloch, Fische Deutschl. i. p. 176, taf. 28. f. 3.

Le Wemme, Ascan. t. 29.

Sikloja, Fkstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1834, p. 16.

Coregonus albula, Fkstr. Fische Morko, p. 203 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 520
(descr. part.) : pi. 633 appears to have been taken from a Swedish
example ; at all events, the figure does not represent the Vendace
of Scotland.

Coregonus albula, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 465 ; Lloyd, Skand.
Advent, i. p. 135; Kroyer, Damn. Fisk. iii. p. 93; Siebold, Siiss-
wasserf. p. 265 ; Malmgren, Finl. Fiskfauna, p. 55.

Vettern's Sikloja, Widegren, Ofvers, Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1863,
p. 591, taf. 9. figs. 1-2.

D. 12-13. A. 15-16. L. lat. 75-84. L. transv. 9/10. Vert. 57-58.

The distance of the occiput from the front margin of the upper

jaw is one-half, or a little more than one-half, of its distance from the

11. COREGONUS. 193

origin of the dorsal fin. Eye as long or nearly as long as the snout,
and about one-fourth of the length of the head. Length of the
mandible much more than the least depth of the tail. There are
seven longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the
root of the ventral fin.

North of continental Europe.

Var. a. alhula. Eye as long as the snout, one-fourth or a little
more than one-fourth of the length of the head ; pectoral as long as
the head (without snout), its length being two-thirteenths of the total
(without caudal). The height of the body is one-sixth or rather
more than one-sixth of the total length (without caudal) in males,
and rather more than one-fifth in females ; the length of the head
is two-ninths, or somewhat more than one-fifth. Vert. 57. Lake
Wenern.

a. Many adult (6 inches) and half-grown specimens. From Mr. L.
Lloyd's Collection.

Var. /3. norvegica. Eye somewhat shorter than the snout, and a
little less than one-fourth of the length of the head ; pectoral rather
longer than the head (without snout), its length being one-fifth of the
total (without caudal). The height of the body is rather more than
one-fifth of the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the
head is two-ninths. Vert. 57. Norway.
h-e. Adult(7inches) and half-grown. Presented by Professor Esmark.

Var. y. marcenula. Eye as long as the snout, one-fourth or some-
what more than one-fourth of the length of the head ; pectoral as
long as the head (without snout), its length being two-elevenths of
the total (without caudal). The height of the body is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total (without caudal), the length of the
head four times. Vert. 58. North Germany.

f-h. Adult, 8 inches long. From the Berlin Museum.

i. Several specimens. Schwcrin Lake. From the Berlin Museum.

h. Adult, skeleton. From Dr. A. GUnthcr's Collection.

Var. I. finnica. Appears to be very near to the preceding variety,
but the length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal).
Finland.

l-m. Adult (7 inches long), in a bad state. Gulf of Finland.

28. Coregonus vimba.
Sik-wimma.

Anims-wimma, Linn. Vcdy. Resa, p. 231.

Coregonus vimba, L. 8yd. Nat. i. p. 512.

wimba, Nilss. Pradr. p. 17, & Faun. Suec. Fisk. p. 462 \^Cuv. 8^

Val. xxi. p. 51'5, pi. 682. This description is apparently taken from
a Russian species, different from C. vimba ; the figure, at all events,
does not represent the Swedish C. vimha\

D. 12. A. 14-16. L.lat. 80. L. transv. 9/10. Vert. 58.

The height of the body is rather more than the length ot the head,

VOL. VI. o

194 SALMONID^r

which is two-ninths of the total (without caudal fin). The distance
of the occiput from the front margin of the upper jaw is less than
one-half of its distance from the origin of the dorsal fin. The dia-
meter of the eye is as long as the snout, and a quarter or a little
less than a quarter of the length of the head ; length of the man-
dible much more than the least depth of the tail. Pectoral as long as
the head (without snout). There are seven longitudinal series of scales
between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin.
Sweden.

o

a. Adult. Bahuslan? Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

b-d. Adult. Lake Wenem. From Mr. Wheelwright's Collection.

e. Adult : skin. Sweden. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

29. Coregonus vandesius.

The Vendace.

Vandesius, Sibhald, Scot. III. p. 20.

Vangis et Juvangis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 420.

Coregonus piaraenula, Jurdine in Edinb. Journ. Nat. 8f Geog. Sc. iii.

p. 4, pi. 1 ; Jeni/ns, Man. p. 432.
Vendace, Knox, Trans. Roy. Soc. Ed. xii. p. 503 ; Couch, Brit. Fish.

iv. p. 289, pi. 230.
Coregonus vandesius, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Ajuer. iii. p. 213.
Coregonus willughbii, Jardine, 111. Scot..Salm. pi. 6 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish,

2nd ed. ii. p. 146.
Coregonu^ albula, part., Cuv. if Val. xxi. p. 520.
Coregonus albula, JVliite, Catal. Brit. Fish. p. 81 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

3rd edit. iii. p. 324,

D. 11. A. 13. V. 11. L. lat. 68-71. L. transv. 8/10. Vert. 56.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal) ; the length of the head is two-ninths. The distance of the
occiput from the front margin of the upper jaw is one-half of its
distance from the origin of the dorsal fin. Eye large, considerably
longer than the snout, and two-sevenths of the length of the head.
Length of the mandible more than the least depth of the tail. Pec-
toral a little longer than the head (without snout). There are seven
longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of
the ventral fin.

Dumfriesshire.

a-c. Adult (7| inches). Loch Maben. Presented by Sir W. Jardine.
d, e, f, g-h, i-rl. Adult (8 inches) and half-grown. Loch Maben.
m-o. Adult : skins. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

30. Coregonus pollan.

The Pollan.

Coregonus pollan, Thompson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 77 ; Mat/. Zool.

Sc But. i. p. 247 ; and Nat. Hist. Ireland iv. p. 1G8 ; jenyns, Man.

p. 432 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 156, and 3rd edit. i. n. 168 ;

Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 502 ; Couch, Brit. Fish. iv. p. 292. pi. 2-31.

D. 13-14. A. 12-13. V. 12. L. lat. 80-86. L. transv. 9/11.
Vert. 60-61.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-

11. COREGONXJS 195

Xiinths or one-fifth of tHe total (without caudal). The distance of
the occiput from the front margin of the upper jaw is less than one-
half, very rarely one-half, of its distance from the origin of the dorsal
fin. The diameter of the eye is as long as the snout, and one-
quarter or a Kttle less than one-quarter of the length of the head ;
length of the -mandible more than the least depth of the tail. Pec-
toral as long as the head, without snout. There are eight longi-
tudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the
s^entral fin.
I»reland.

a-b. Fine adult specimens (10 and 11 inches long). Ireland.
Purchased!

c-d. Many adult specimens. Lough Neagh. Presented by "R. Pat-
terson, Esq. and Prof. "W, Thomson.

e-h, i. Adult ; skins. Lough Neagh. From Messrs. ParneU's and
YarreU's Collection.

k-n. Aault. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

31. Coregonus lucius.

? Coregonus sardinella, Cuv. Sf Vol. xxi. p. 517.

clupeoides, LUljeborg, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1850 (1861), p. 304;

NUss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 466.
lucius, NUss. I. c.

B. 9. D. 14. A. 18. V. 11. L. lat. 110-112.
The height of the body is nearly one-sixth of the total length,
the length of the head two-ninths. Maxillary long, extending to
below the middle of the eye; mandible very long, prominent.
{Nilss.)

A migratory species periodically ascending rivers east from the
North Cape.

t Asiatic species.

32. Coregonus merkii.

Salmo clupeoides, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 410 (not Lacep.;.
D. 12. A. 16. Y. 12. L. lat. 88. L. transv. 9/11.

Apparently allied to G.pollan. The height of tho body is scarcely
more than the length of the head, which is one-fifth of the total
(without caudal). The distance of the occiput from the front
margin of the upper jaw is less than one-half of its distance from
the origin o^ the dorsal fin. Eye rather large. Maxillary long,
not much more than one-third of the length of the head, 'with a
longitudinal ridge. The length of the mandible is rather more than
the lea'fet depth of the tail. Pectoral longer than the head, without
snout. There are nine longitudinal series of scales between the
lateral Une and the roof of the ventral fin.

A migratory species, periodically ascending the Kolima and other
Siberian rivers.

These characters are taken from an example from PaUas's Collec-
tion, now in the Berlin Museum, and 15 inches long. Valenciennes,

o2

196 SAIMONID^.

who also examined this specimen, has identified it with specimens
from the Irtish, naming it C. savdindla. But as he describes the
scales as very small, it is more probable that those Irtish specimens
are identical with Coregonus dupeoides of Nilsson.

33. Coregonus omul.

Salmo aiitumnalis, Pall. Reise, iii. p. 705.

Omul, Lepechin, Reise, iii. p. 228, taf. 14. f. 1 (bad).

Salmo migi-atorius, Georg. Reise, i. p. 182.

omul, Pall. TiOogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 406.

Core2"onus omul, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 528.

j6. 9. D. 13. A. 15.

Fades Clupeae. Bispithamalem longitudinem raro excedit. Caput
parvum, conicum, convexum, rostroque non compressum ; os plane
edentulum, maxilla superiore planiuscule fornicata, lamina mystacea
oblonga, majuscula ; inferiore multo longiore. Opercida branch,
rotundata ; oculi magni. Corpus crassiusculum, pingue, convexo-
compressum, dwso quoque nisi prope pinnam, ubi obsoletissime cari-
natum. Squamae majusculae praesertim infra lineam lateralem.
Color albo-argen+eus, supra lineam lateralem demum cserulescens,
in summo tantum dorso fuscidus ; caput etiam, praeter verticem
fuscum, totum albet. Pinna dorsalis ventralibus dimidio anterior,
fasca, ventrales cupi appendice magna, triquetra, lata, fere dimidium
pinnae aequante. Cauda bifurea, lacinia superiore majore, fusca. —
Maximum quod vidi specimen e mari glaciali long. 22 pollicum,
pondere erat 6| librarum, ovis tamen non grave, sed pinguissimum,
vulgo marini pariter et baicalenses ad pondus trium librarum acce-
dunt, longitudine tota 1' 4" 6'", capitis ad operculorum marginem
2' 8g", a summo maxillae arcu ad oculos 7'", ad finem laminae mys-
taceae 10'", ad pinnas pectorales 1" 7|"', inde ad ventrales 4" IO5'",
quarum appendices 9'", inde ad pin.ani 3" 7|"', hujus latitudo 1" 6|"',
inde ad caudam 1" S^'". A summo item oris margine ad pin. dorsi
6" 9'", ejus latitudo 1" 9'", inde ad adiposam 3" 8i-"', ejusque lati-
tudo basi 5'", inde ad initium caudae 1" 4'", long, laeiniarum caudae
2" 5'". Latitudo summa corporis ad pin. dorsi 3" 7'", crassities 2",
altitudo capitis ad nucham 1" 11'", crassities 1" 8'". (Pallas.)

A migratory species, periodically ascending Siberian rivers from
the Arctic Ocean.

34. Coregonus syrok.

Salmo wimba, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. -As. iii. p. 409 (not L.).
Coregonus syrok, Cnv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 499.

D. 11-14. A. 16-17.
Magnitudo pedalis. Caput cyprinaceum : os laxius, quam in
S. poleur. maxilla inferiore clause ore subbreviore, eodemve hiante
paulo longiore. Os et laminae mystaceae plane edentula ; hae margine
inferiore ad apicem sinuatae. Vertex capitis compressi convexus,
aequaliter in rostrum denlivi" Corpus forma T.-atili, squamis majus-
culis, mmonbus tamen quam Lavareto. Color argentatus, supra

11. COREGONUS. 197

lineam lateralcm cserulescens, dorso fuscus. Pinnae dilute fuscse,
dorsales et vcntrales (fere anteriores) nigriores. Cauda profunda
bifurca, lacinia inferiore angustiore. Longitude totius piscis Tsolita)
12" 9'", capitis cum operculis 2" 1|"', a summo rostro ad oculos 6|"'
ad pin. poctorales 2" 3^'", inde ad ventrales 2" 10'", longitudo ap-
pendicum 4|"', hinc ad analem 2" 11"', hujus latitude 1" 10'", a
rostro ad pin. dorsi 5" 2'", hujus latitude 1" 5'", inde ad adiposam
3", quae basi lata fere 5'", ab eaque ad pin. caudae 1" 2'". Maxima
latitude coi-poris ad pin. dorsi 3" 1'", crassities 1" 5'", capitis alti-
tude ad nucham 1" Tg'", ejudem crassities 1" 1|"'. (Pallas.)
Siberia.

35. Coregonus tugun.

Salmo tugun, Pallas, Zoofft: Poss.-As. iii. p. 414.
Coregonus tugun, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 519.

D. 12. A. 16.

Digitali rare major, sed dantur ad staturam 5 et 6 poUicum.
Forma, colore et magnitudine Cyprino leucisco simiHs, quorum et
promiscue capitur. Dorso minus convexo, quam Albula, imo rectiore
quam abdomen. Caput corpore compressius, supra a nucha ad ros-
trum angulo longitudinali obsolete carinatum ; rostrum breviter
conicum, obtusiusculum, maxilla inferiore paulo longiore, utraque
edentula. Oculi magni. Corpus squamis, ut in Albula, tcnuibus,
argenteis ; dorsum fuscescens. Cauda jirofunde bifurpa, lobis sub-
sequalibus. Longitude in descripto 3" 7'", capitis 8"', ad pin. pec-
terales 8'", inde ad ventralem 10^'", inde ad p. ani 8g"', hujus lati-
tudo 6'", inde ad pinnam caudae 3|"', caudae laciniae 7'", ad pinnam
dorsi 1" 5'", ejus extensio 5'", inde ad adiposam 8'", a qua distat
initium pin. caudae 6'", latitude summa corporis .ante p. dorsi 7^",
crassities vix ultra 4'". (Pallas.)

Siberia.

36. Coregonus rudolpManus.
Cuv. ^ Val. xxi p. 531.
L. 13 A. 15. V. 13. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 9/11.
The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head,
which is one-fifth of the total length (without caudal) ; head lew,
longish. The distance of the occiput from the front margin of the
upper jaw is less than one-half of its distance from the origin of the
dorsal fin. The length of the maxillary is contained thrice and one-
third in that of the head; that of the mandible equals the least
depth of the tail. Pectoral as long as the head, without snout.
There are eight longitjadinal series of scales between the lateral line
and the root of the ventral fin.
Probably from Siberia.

I have examined the typical specimen trom Pallas's collection in
the Berlin Museum, a skin 15| inches long, in a bad state of pre-
servation, which ought never to have been used for introducing an
almost nominal species into the system.

198 SALMONIUJi.

t American sjjecies.

37. Coregonus clupeiformis.

Shad-Salmon ; Freshwater-Herring.

Salmo chipeiformis, Mitch. Arner. Month. Mag. 1818, ii. p. 321.

Coregonus clupeiformis, Dekay, Netv York Fauna, Fiah. p. 248, pi. 60.

fig. 198 ; Cuv. <^ Val. xxi. p. 523 ; Af/assiz, Lake ISvper. p. 339.
artedi, Lcsueur, Journ. Ac. Sc. Philad. i. p. 231 (with a plate,

misnamed C. ulhus); cop. hj Hichards. Faun. lior.-Amer. iii. p. 203;

Kirtlaml, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1842, iv. p. 231 ; Storer, Si/nopsis,

p. 199.

D. 12. A. 14. L. lat. 76-77. D. transv. 8/10.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, which is
two-ninths of the total (without caudal) ; the distance of the occiput
from the front margin of the upper jaw is less than one-half of its
distance from the origin of the dorsal fin. The diameter of the eye
is less than the length of the snout (which is pointed), or nearly one-
fifth of the length of the head ; maxillary long and broad, its length
being contained thrice and one-third in that of the head. Length of
the mandible much more than the least depth of the tail. Pectoral
shorter than the head, without snout. There are seven longitudinal
series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral
fin. Appendage of the ventral fin half as long as the fin.

Lakes Erie and Ontario.

a-h. Adult (11-13 inches long): skins. Ontario. From Dr. Par-

nell's Collection,
i. Adult. Purchased of Hr. Brandt.

38. Coregonus lucidua.

HeiTing-SaLmon.

Salmo (Coregonus) lucidus, Richards. Faun, Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 207,
pi. 90. fig. 1.

D. 14. A. 14. L. lat. 83. L. transv. 10/12.

The height of the body is a little more than the length of the
head, which is one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ; the distance
of the occiput from the front margin of the upper jaw is contained
twice and two-thirds in its distance from the origin of the dorsal fin.
The diameter of the eye is less than the length of the snout (which
is pointed), or one-fifth of the length of the head ; maxillary long
and broad, its length being two-sevenths of that of the head. Length
of the mandible much more than the least depth of the tail. There
are eight longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and
the root of the ventral fin. Appendage of the ventral fin more than
half as long as the fin.

Great Bear Lake.

I consider this species to be distinct from C. clupeiformis; the
characters are taken from the typical specimen in the Haslar Col-
lection.

11. C0REG0NU8. 199

39. Coregonus harengus.

Salmo (Coregonus) hai'engus, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 210,

pi. i 0. f. 2.
? Coregonus albus, Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 342.

D. 12. A. 13. L. lat. 74 (-84, Richards.). L. transv. 9/12.

The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head,
which is two-ninths of the total (without caudal) ; the distance of
the occiput from the front margin of the upper jaw is less than one-
half of its distance from the origin of the dorsal fin. The diameter
of the eye is less than the length of the snout, which is pointed.
Maxillary of moderate length and width, its length being contained
thrice and three-fourths in that of the head. Length of the man-
dible much more than the least depth of the tail. There are eight
longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of
the ventral fin.

Lake Huron.

The characters are taken from one of the typical specimens in the
Haslar Collection ; it is not in a good state of preservation. I
believe that this species is distinct from C. clwpeoides and C. luddus,
having the maxillary much less developed.

* Body elevated, its height being one-third of the total length
{without caudal).

40. Coregonus tullibee.

Salmo (Coregonus) tullibee, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 201.
D. 15. A. 15, V. 13. L. lat. 77. L. transv. 10/12.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head more than one-fifth (the caudal fin
included). The distance of the occiput from the front margin of the
upper jaw is less than one-half of its distance from the origin of the
dorsal fin. The diameter of the eye is less than the length of the
snout, which is pointed. MaxiUary long, about two-sevenths of the
length of the head ; length of the mandible more than the least depth
of the tail. There are eight longitudinal series rf scales between
the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin.

Arctic North America.

a. Stuffed, 15 inches long. Albany River. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson.

41. Coregonus C3rprinoides.

Peled, Lepechin, Reise, iii. p. 226, taf. 12.

Salmo cyprinoides, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 412.

pelet, Pall. I. c.

Coregonus cyprinoides, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 527.

D. 14. A. 15. V. 13. L. lat. 90.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; head short,
its length being less than one-fifth of the total ; pectoral small.
Rivers Lena, Jenisei, Petschora.

I have not seen the typical specimen of this species.

2U0 .SALMONID.K.

12. THYMALLUS*.

Thymallus, Cuv. Reyne Atmn.

Body covered with scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth
small ; maxillary short, broad, scarcely extending beyond the front
margin of the orbit. Small teeth in the jaw bones, on the head of
tiie vomer and the palatines ; none on the tongfle. Dorsal fin long,
many -rayed; caudal forked. Pseudobranchite well developed ; air-
bladder very large. IStomach horseshoe-shaped, pyloric appendages
rather numerous.

Temperate parts of the northern hemisphere.

1. Thymallus vulgaris.

The Grayling. Der Asch, Aesche. ^L'Ombi-e. Temelo or Temola

{Uiper Itahj).
QvfiaXXos, yElian, lib. xiv. c. 22.
Thymallus sen Thymus, Bdlon. De Aquat. p. 184 ; Salvian. fol. 81.

taf. 1(5 ; Rondel, ii. p. 187 ; Gesner, pp. 978, 979 ; Aklrow v. c. 14.

p. 594 ; Jonston., iii. tit. 1. c. 3, t. 26. figs. 3-5, and t. 31. fig. 6 ;
Willii(fhb;j, p. 187, tab. N. 8.
Coregonus no. 3, Artecli, Synon. p. 20 ; Genei-a, p. 10 ; and Species.

p. 41.
Salmo, Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 375.
Salmo thymallus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 512 ; Bl. Fische Deutschl. i. p. 158,

taf. 24 ; Bl. Sclm. p. 410 ; Donov. Brit. Fish. iv. pi. 88 ; Pall. Zoogr.

Ross.- As. iii. p. 3(34 (part.) ; Meiclinyer, tab. 33; Turton, Brit. Faun.

p. 104 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 153.
Ascli, Mars. Danub. iv. p. 75, pi. 25. fig. 2.
Trutta, Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 21. n. 15, tab. 4. f. 5.
Coregonus thymallus, Lacep. v. p. 254; Fletn. Brit. An, p. 181;

Jiirine, Poiss. du Lac Lenum, pi. 6.
Grayling, Pe^m. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 272, pi. 61, and ed. 1812, iii. p. 414,

pi. 72 ; Loio, Farm. Oread, p. 224; Davy, Saltnonia, 1851, p. 170;

Cotieh, Brit. Fish. iv. p. 280, pi. 228.
Duhamel, Pesches, ii. p. 218, pi. 3. fig. 2.
Thymallus vulgaris, Nilss. Prodr. leltth. Scand.-p.lS, and Skand. Fatm.

Fisk. p. 447; Jen. Man. p. 4.30; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd ed. ii. p. 136,

.3rd ed. i. p. 304 ; Sichold, Sii,<!swasse)^sehc, p. 267.
Thj'niallus vexillifer, Ayass. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Ncuchdfel, i. t. B,

t. I), figs. 5-8 (anatomy) ; and Poiss. d^eau douce, pis. 15, 16 ; Selys-

Lonych. Fatm. Belye, p. 222; Cuv. <^ Val. xxi. p. 438; Heclcel Sr

Kner, Sitsswasserf. p. 242.
Thymallus gymnoihorax, Cuv. Sr Val. xxi. p. 445, pi. 625 ; Giinther,

Fische des Neckars, p. 117; Rapp, Fische des Bodensee's, p. 25.
Thymallus thymallus, Kroyer, Iknim. Fisk. iii. p. 36.

B. 7-8. D. 20-23. A. 13-16. P. 16. V. 10-11. L.lat. 75-85.

L. transv. -^^. Ccee. pyl. 22. Vert. 39/22.

The length of the head is two-ninths or one-fifth of the total (with-
out caudal) ; posterior dorsal rays somewhat produced in the adult
fish Trunk generally with a few scattered, small, round, black dots.
Dorsal fin violet, with purplish spots.

Fresh waters of Central and Northern Europe.

* 1. Thymalus ontaricnsis, C. ^' V. xxi. p. 4.^)2. — Lake Ontario.
2. - — Tiicrtcnsii, C. cf V. xxi. p. 453.— Kamtschatka.

12. THYMALLUS. 201

a, b. Adult. River Tyne. T'resented by T. A. Knight, Esq.

c-f. Adult and half-grown : skins. Eiver Swale. From Mr. Parnell's
Collection.

(/. Half-grown : skin, lliver TJre. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

7i. Adult : skin. British. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

i, k. Several specimens, adult and half-grown. Lapland. From Mr.
Wheelwright's Collection.

l^m. Fine specimens. Gestrickland, Sweden. From Mr. Wheel-
wright's Collection.

n. Half-grown : skiji. From Gronow's Collection.

o-p. Adult. Lake of Constance. From the Stuttgart Maseum.

q. Adult : stuffed. Biel. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

r. Half-gown. Danube, near Ulm. From the Stuttgart Museum.

s-u. Half-grown. River Amper, Bavaria. From Dr. Gemminger's
Collection.

v-x. Young. River Isar, Bavaria. From Dr. Gemminger's Collection.

2. Thymallus gymnogaster.

Thymalus gymnogaster, Cuv. t^ Val. xxi. p. 440, pi. 026.
L.lat. 100. Cajc. pyL 17.
Belly naked, otherwise very similar to Th. vulgaiis. ( Val.)
Newa.

3. Thymallus seliani.
Thymalus seliani, Ctiv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 447.

D. 17. A. 12. P. 15 V. 9, L. lat. 84.
Appears to differ from Th. vulgaris by the shortness of the dorsal
fin. {Val.)

Lago Maggiore.

4. Thymallus pallasii.

Salmo thymallus, var. e Kovyma et e Sob, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii.

p. 300.
Thymalus pallasii, Cuv. 8f Val. xxi. p. 448.

D. 21. A. 12. P. 16. V. 11. L.lat. 99. L. transv. -—? .

S + miuores

The length of the head is contained five times and a half in the
total (without caudal) ; the maxillary extends to the vertical from
the front margin of the eye. The anterior dorsal rays are subcqual
in length ; but the six posterior are much produced, forming a broad
lobe, in a specimen 15^ inches long. Dorsal fin with red lines, Avhich
are interrupted by the shorter rays, but continuous and running
upwards on the membrane between the long rays.

The rivers from which Pallas received this species, are named
Kovyma and Sob by him. One of the tyjiicul specimens is in the
Berlin Museum.

5. Thymallus tricolor.

Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 80.

B. 8. D. 21. A. 13. V. 10. P. 16. L. lat. 95-98.
L. trans. 10/11 . Cffic. pyl. 22.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in

202 SALMONID^.

the total length (without caudal), the length of the head not quite
five times ; snout asl ong as the diameter of the orbit, the lower jaw
being slightly the longer. The maxUlary does not quite extend to
below the middle of the pupil. The origin of the dorsal fin corre-
sponds to the middle of the distance between operculum and ventrals ;
the penultimate dorsal ray is the Iqngest, equal to the length of the
head, not quite attaining the base of the anal. The pectoral extends
beyond the origin of the dorsal. Dorsal fin with numerous blue spots,
and two or three rows of narrow purple spots above them ; upper
margin purplish. {Cope.)
Michigan.

6. Thymallus signifer.

Hewlook-powak {Esquim.). Poisson bleu {Canad. Voyagers).
Coregonus signifer, Ricliards. Frankl. Journ. p. 711, pi. 20 (not correct).

thymalloides, Richards. I. c. p. 714 (young).

Salmo (Thymallus) signifer, Richards. Faim. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 190,

pi. 88.
Salmo (Thymallus) thymalloides, Richards. I. c. p. 190.
Thymalus signifer, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxi. p. 460.
E. 8-9. D. 22-23. A. 12-13. P. 15. V. 9. L.lat. S4.
L. transv. 10/1 5. Caec. pj-1. 18.
The length of the head is nearly one-sixth of the total (without
caudal) ; the maxillary extends somewhat beyond the vertical from
the front margin of the eye. In mature examples the dorsal rays
gradually increase in length from the first to the penultimate, the
posterior ones being very long. Dorsal fin blackish, with rows af
round blue spots ; trunk with small, subquadrangular, blue spots.
Lakes ahd rivers north of the Mackenzie River.

13. ARGENTINA.

Argentina, Artedi, Ge7iera, p. 8 ; Cuv. Regne Anim.

Argentina et Silus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 15.

Scales rather large. Cleft of the mouth small*; intermaxiUaries
and maxiUaries very short, not extending to below the orbit. Eye
large. Jaws without teeth ; an arched series of minute teeth across
the head of the vomer and on the fore part of the palatines ; tongue
armed with a. series of small curved teeth on each side, except in one
species. Dorsal fin short, in advance of the ventrals ; caudal deeply
forked. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Pyloric appendages in
moderate niunbers. Ova small.

Marine fish which never enter fresh waters, found in the European
seas at considerable depths.

a. Tongue with, teeth.

1 . Argentina silus,

GuUax, Vas-sil {Bergen) ; Blankesteen (Sondmo?-).

Salmo silus, Ascan. Ic. tab. 24.

Blankesteen, Strom, Naturhist. Selsk. Skrtft. ii. 2. p. 12, tab. 1. fig. 1.

Coregonup silus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Nilss. Prodr. p. 19.

13. ARGENTINA. 203

Silus ascanii, Reinh. Bemdrkn, til den Skand. Ichthyol. p. 11.
Argentina silus, Nilss. Obsei'vat. Ichthyol. Lund. 1835, pp. 1-7 ; Cuv.

Sf Vol. xxi. p. 421 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 469.
Acantliolepis silus, Kroyer, Danm. Fisk. iii. p. 98 ; Gaimard, Voy.

Scand. ^ Lap. Poiss. pi. 17 (not good).

B.6. D.ll. A. 14. P. 17. V.12. L.lat. 66. L.transv.f.

Vert. 65.
The length of the head is contained four times, or four times and
one-seventh, in the total (with the caudal), the height of the body five
times and a half; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length
of the head, and a Kttle more than that of the snout. Scales spiny,
the points of the spiiies being directed backward.

North-west coast of Norway.
a. Sixteen inches long. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

2. Argentina sphyrsena.

Sphyrfena parva, Rondel, i. p. 227 ; cop. by Gcsner, pp. 883, 1061.
Argentina, Willuyhhy, p. 229; Hay, p. 108; Artedi, Synon. p. 17, and

Ge>i. p. 8.
Argentina sphyrsena, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 518; Hisso, Ichthyol. Nice,

p. 336, and Fur. Mcrid. iii. p. 462 ; Cuv. Mem. Mus. i. p. 234,

pi. 11. fig. 1 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 476.
cuvieri, Cuv. ^ Val. xxi. p. 413.

B. 6. D. 10. A. 12. P. 14. V. 11. L.lat. 52. Cajc. pyl. 12.
Yert. 50 (Nilss.).
The length of the head is contained four times, or four times and
one-third, in the total (with the caudal), the height of the body eight
times ; the diameter of the eye is a little less than one-third of the
length of the head, and nearly equal to the extent of the snout. The
ventral fins are inserted nearly in the middle of the total length (the
caudal not included).
Mediterranean.

a. Seven inches long. Old Collection.

b. Five inches long : bad state. Sicily. From W. Swainson's Col-

lection.

3. Argentina hebridica.

Stromsild (Christiania).

The Argentine, Low, Faun. Oread, p. 225.

Argentina silus jun., Nilss. Observ. Ichthyol. I. c.

Osmerus hebridicus, Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 133 ; Couch,

Brit, Fish. iv. p. 297, pi. 233.
Argentina yarrellii, Cuv. Sr Val. xxi. p. 418 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 3rd

edit. i. p. 300.
Argentina hebridica, Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 474.

D. 9-11. A. 13(12). P. 13-14. V. 11. L. lat. 52-53.

Csec. pyl. 14-20. Vert. 52.

The length of the head is contained four times and four-fifths in

the total (with the caudal), in younger individuals four times only,

the height of the body five times and a hulf ; the diameter of the eye

204 SALMONID^.

is contained from three times and one-third to three times and two-
thirds in the length of the head,. and equal to the extent of the snout.
Scales with minute spines, very inconspicuous in young individuals.
Coasts of Norway and Scotland.

/3. Tongue without teeth.

4. Argentina lioglossa.

Argentina leioglossa, Cuv. iSf Val. xxi. p. 417, pi. 624; Guichai. Explor.
Alger. Poiss. p. 97.

D. 12. A. 14. P. 19 (22, Guich.). V. 12.
The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total, the height of
the body one-seventh. The ventral fins are somewhat neaier to the
root of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout. ( Val.)

14. MICROSTOMA.

Microstoma, Cuv. Regne Anim.
Body elongate, cylindrical, covered with large, thin, sUvery scales.
Cleft of the mouth very small ; intermaxillaries very small ; max-
illaries very short and broad. Eye very large. A narrow series of
very small teeth in the lower jaw and across the head of the vomer ;
no other teeth. Dorsal fin short, inserted behind the ventrals, but
before the anal. An adipose fin is present in most young examples,
but freqiiently absent in adult ones ; it is small and narrow, with
its extremity fringed or lacerated. Caudal fin forked, the scales ex-
tending over its central rays. Pseudobranchiae well developed ; air-
bladder large. Pyloric appendages none ; mucous membrane of the
stomach with numerous large papillae.

Marine fishes, not entering fresh waters, from the Mediterranean.

This genus is allied to Argentina by the structure of its mouth,
large eye, large scales, large silvery air-bladder, brown-coloured
peritoneum, &c. Its systematic position has been a matter of un-
ceKtainty, on account of the absence of an adipose- fin ; for, although
Eisso represented this fish with such a fin, Valenciennes declared
this to be incorrect. Large specimens, indeed, appear to lose this
fin ; our larger specimen does not show a trace of it ; but that it is
sometimes present in old examples is shown by the figure given by
Risso. In some of our small specimens it is very conspicuous, in
others quite rudimentaiy, and in a few I am unable to detect it.
Our large specimen is a male ; and although the ovaries have not yet
been examined by an Ichthyologist, it is probable that they do not
essentially differ from those of Argentina.

1. Microstoma rotundatum.

Gasteropelecus microstoma, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 356.
Microstoma rotuiidata, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 475, fig. 36.
argenteum, Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 358, pi. 544.

B.4. D. 9-11. A. 8. P. 8. V. 10. L. lat. 52.

The height of the body is one-tenth or one-eleventh of the +otal

15. SALANX, 205

length, the length of the head two-elevenths ; the diameter of the
eye is two-fifths of the length of the head. Ventral fins midway
between the end of the tail and the axil of the pectoral. Silvery.
Mediterranean.

a-c, d-g. Adult (7 inches) and young. Messina.

h-k. Young. Mediterranean. Piirchased of Mr. Frank.

2. Microstoma (?) grcenlandicum.

Microstomus gronlandicus, Reinhardt, Videnxk. Selsk, Naturvid. og
Math. Afhandl. viii. 1841, p. Ixxiv.

B.3. D. 11. A. 10. V. 10.

This fish appears to be intermediate between Argentina and
Microstoma, having the dorsal fin inserted for the greater part in
advance of the ventrals, and a series of fine teeth in the lower jaw ;
teeth on the vomer, none on the tongue. Adipose fin conspicuous.
The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, and
one-tenth of the total.

Sea of Greenland.

Second Group. SALANGINA.

15. SALANX.

Salanx, Cuv. Rhg. Animal.
Leucosoma, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 4.

Body elongate, compressed, naked or covered with small, exceed-
ingly fine, deciduous scales (?)*. Head elongate and much depressed,
terminating in a long, flat, pointed snout. Eye small. Cleft of the
mouth wide ; jaws and palatine bones with conical teeth, some of
the intermaxiUaries and mandibles being enlarged ; no teeth on the
vomer; tongue with a single series of curved teeth (see S. microdon).
Dorsal fin placed far behind the ventrals, but in front of the anal ;
anal long ; adipose fin small ; caudal forked. Pseudobranchise well
developed ; air-bladder none. The entii'e alimentary canal straight,
without bend ; pyloric appendages none. Ova small.

Seas and rivers of China and Japan.

1. Salanx cMuensis.

The " Whitebait " of Macao.

Albula chinensis, Osbeck, Reise in China, Rostock, 1765, p. 309, or

Swed. edit. p. 237.
? Synodus macrocephalus, Lacep. v. p. 320, pi. 9. f. 1 (very bad).
Leucosoma reevesii. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 4.
chinensis, Richa^-ds. Ichthyol. Chin. p. 303.

* There is no trace of scales in specimens preserved in spirits for some time ;
but others, which we received lately, show scattered fragir.ents of scales, without
any regular arrangement.

206 SALMONIiJJE.

Salanx cuvieri, Cuv. 8f Val,xx\\. p. 360.
reevesii, Cuv. <§• Val. xxii, p. 363, pi. 646.

B. 3. D. 11. A. 26-29. P. 10-12. V. 7.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; head nearly twice
as broad as deep, its greatest width being contained thrice and one-
thii'd in its length. Three canine-like teeth on the symphysis of the
lower jaw, received into three holes by which the upper jaw is per-
forated. Tongue with teeth. The root of the ventral fin is in the
middle of the total length. The dorsal fin terminates before the
anal. Colourless.

China.

a. Adult (7^ inches long). China. Presented by General Hard-

wicke. — Type of Leucosoma reevesii.
b-c. Adult. Amoy. Purchased of Mr. Stevens,
d-f. Adult. China. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Young. China.

2. Salauz microdou.

Salanx (SaJangichthya) microdon, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl,
vii. Japan, vi. p. 100.

B.4. D. 13. A. 26-27. P. 16. V. 7.

The length of the head is contained six times and a half in the
total ; head as high as broad posteriorly ; the diameter of the eye is
about one-fifth of the length of the head. Intermaxillary teeth sub-
equal in size ; posterior mandibulary teeth larger than the anterior ;
tongue without teeth (?). The posterior dorsal rays are opposed to
the anterior ones of the anal fin.

Rivers of Jeddo.

a-h. Types of the species, ijx bad state. From Dr. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

PERCOPSID^.

207

Fam. 8. PERCOPSID^.

Percopsides, Agass. Lake Superior, p. 286,

Body covered with ctenoid scales. Margin of the
upper jaw formed by the intermaxillary; opercular
apparatus complete. Barbels none. Gill-opening
wide ; pseudobranchise? Adipose fin present. Ovaries'?
(probably as in Salmonidae). Pyloric appendages'?

Freshwater fishes of North America.

The characters of this family are but incompletely known ; as far
as our present knowledge reaches, it would appear that it has some
affinity to the Haplochitonidce, from which it diff'ers in having
ctenoid scales.

Only one genus is known.

1. PERCOPSIS.

Percopsis, Agassiz, I. c. p. 284.

This genus reminds us in its general habit of Acerina. Scales ot
moderate size ; head naked. The dorsal fin occupies nearly the
middle of the length of the fish ; and the ventrals, which are eight-
rayed, correspond to its anterior rays. Adipose fin small ; caudal
forked; anal short. Nostrils close together, before the eye, which is
of moderate size and without adipose eyelid. Minute, villiforra teeth
in the jaws, none on the palate. Mouth small.

Lake Superior.

1. Percopsis guttatus.

Percopsis guttatus, Agass. I. c. p. 286, pi. 1. figs. 1-2.
Percopsis (Salmoperca) pellucida, Thompson, Proc. Bosf. Sac. Nat.
Hist. iii. 1851, pp. 164, 306.

B. 6. D. 12. A. 8. P. 12. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds. The eye is somewhat nearer to the gill-opening than to the
end of the snout. Pectorals shorter than the head, extending be-
yond the root of the ventral. Body with a silvery band along its
middle, and with longitudinal series of round dark spots above the
band.

Sault St. Mary, Michipicotin, Fort William.

Percopsis hammondii (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1864,
p. 151) is said to be distinguished by a longer head, its length being
two-sevenths of the total (without caudal).

From Kansas.

208 GALAXID^.

Fam. 9. GALAXID^.

Galaxiae, Miiller, Ahhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1844, p. 187,

Body naked; barbels none. Margin of the upper
jaw chiefly formed by the intermaxillaries, which are
shprt and continued by a thick lip, behind which are
the maxillaries. Belly rounded. Adipose fin none;
dorsal opposite to anal. Pyloric appendages in small
number. Air-bladder large, simple; pseudobranchise
none. The ova fall into the cavity of the abdomen
before exclusion.

Fresh waters of the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere.
One genus only.

1. GALAXIAS.

Galaxias, Cuv. Ithgne Anim.

Mesitfts, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 118.

A series of conical teeth in the jaws, on each palatine bone, and
on each side of the tongue ; teeth on the tongue hook-Hkc.
Australia, New Zealand, southern parts of South America.

1. Galaxias alepidotus.

Eaox alepidotus, Forster, Descrinf. Anim. cur. Lichtenst. p. 142 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 395.
Galaxias alepidotus, Cuv. Rcgne Anim. ; Richards, in Dieffenb. New

Zealand, A/jj). p. 219 ; & Zoal. Ereh. ^ Terr. Fish. p. 77.
forsteri, Cuv. Sf Vol. xviii. p. 351.

B. 10. D. 13. A. 11-15. V. 7. P. 11. Ca;c. pyl. 2.

Body stout ; head broad, depressed, its length being equal to the
height of the body, and more than one-fourth of the total (without
caudal). Lower jaw a little shorter than the upper ; cleft of the
mouth wide, the maxillary extending to behind the vertical from the
middle of the eye. Eye of moderate size, one-fifth of the length of
the head, and two-thirds of the extent of the snout. The length of
the pectoral fin is more than one-half of the distance of its root from
the ventral, and the ventral terminates at a short distance from the
vent ; the anal extends beyond the base of the caudal, if laid back-
wards. The least depth of the tail is more than the distance between
dorsal and caudal fins. Blackish brown, with scattered, small, round,
light-coloured spots or streaks. Fins blackish.

New Zealand.

a-c. Seven and eight inches long. Presented by Captain Stokes.

1. GALAXIAS. 209

2. Galaxias truttacens.

Cuv. Rhgne. An. ; Cuv. (^ Val. xviii. p. 344, pi. 543 ; Richards. Zool.
Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish. p. 75, pi. 42. figs. 1-6.

B. 9. D. 11. A. 14-15. V. 7. P. 14.

Body stout ; head broad, depressed, its length being somewhat
more than the height of the body, and two-ninths or a little less
than two-ninths of the total (without caudal). Jaws equal in lei.gth.
Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, the maxillary not quite ex-
tending to below the middle of the eye. Eye of moderate size, two-
ninths of the length of the head, and shorter than the snout. The
length of the pectoral fin is one-half of the distance of its root from
the ventral, and the ventral terminates at a considerable distance
from the vent ; the anal, if laid backwards, extends scarcely to the
base of the caudal. The least depth of the tail is somewhat more
than one-half of the distance between caudal and dorsal fins. Dark
olive-coloured, with numerous small, round, blackish spots ; two or
three dark cross bars above the pectoral ; an oblique blackish streak
below the eye ; extremities of the dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins
black.

Van Diemen's Land.
a, h, c-d, e-h. Adult and half-grown.
i. Adult : stuffed. Purchased of Mr. Knight.

3. Galaxias olidus.
D. 11. A. 13. P. 14. V. 7.

Body stout ; head thick, its length being about equal to the
height of the body, and two-ninths of the total (without caudal).
The lower jaw a little shorter than the upper ; cleft of the mouth of
moderate width, the maxillary not (^uite extending to below the
middle of the eye. Eye rather small, less than one-sixth of the
length of the head, and much shorter than the snout. The length
of the pectoral fin is less than one-half of the distance of its root
from the ventral, and the ventral fin terminates at a considerable
distance from the vent ; anal fin, if laid backwards, scarcely extend-
ing to the base of the caudal. The least depth of the tail is one-
half of the distance between caiidal and dorsal fins. Brownish red
above, yellowish red below ; all the fins and the opercles with thick
black dots ; a few scattered similar dots on the side of the tail.

? Queensland.

a. Four inches long. From Mr. G. Krcfffs Collection.

4. Galaxias fasciatus.

Hepara {Maori) ; Trout or Rock-Trout.

Galaxias fasciatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 73, and Dieffenh. New Zea-
land, ii. p. 221 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 350 ; Richards. Zool. Ereh. 1^
Terr. Fish. p. 77.

210 GALAXI^.

Galaxias brocchus, Richards. I. c. p. 76, pi. 43. figs. 8-13.
reticulatus, Richards. I. c. pi. 42. ligs. 7-12.

D. 11-12. A. 14-15. P. 13. V. 7. Caec. pyl. 2. Vert. 35/26.
Body stout ; head broad, depressed, its length being a little more
than the height of the body, and two-ninths of the total (without
caudal). Lower jaw a little shorter than the upper; cleft of the
mouth wide ; the maxillary extending to behind the vertical from the
middle of the eye. Eye of moderate size, one-fifth or rather less
than one-fifth of the length of the head, and two-thirds of the ex-
tent of the snout. The length of the pectoral fin is more than one-
half of the distance of its root from the ventral, and the ventral
terminates at a short distance from the vent ; the anal, if laid
backwards, extends beyond the base of the caudal. The least depth
of the tail equals the distance between dorsal and caudal fins.
Blackish brown, with undulated, more or less irregular, light- coloured
cross bars. Fins blackish. Generally a black and white spot be-
hind the gill-opening.

New Zealand and neighbouring islands.

Var. a. Body with rather regular narrow cross bars. (G.fnsciatus.)

a-c. Types of the species. New Zealand. From Dr. Dieffenbach's
Collection.

d. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by Dr. A. Sinclair.

e. Adult male : skeleton. From Dr. Dieffenbach's Collection.

Var. /3. The bands are confluent into about seven irregularly
shaped rings.

/. Type of 6r. brocchus. Auckland Islands. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson.

Var. y. The bands are very irregular, forming a sort of network.

g, h,i. Types of G. retkulatus*. Auckland Islands. Presented by

Sir J. Richardson.
]c-m. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by Capt. Stokes.
n. Adult : bad state. New Zealand. Presented by the Lords of

the Admiralty.
o. Young. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

5. Galaxias attennatus.

Mesites attenuatus, Jenyns, Zuol. Beagle, Fish. p. 121, pi. 22. fig. 5.
Galaxias truttaceus, Valenc. in Cuv. JRkgne Anim. ill. Pcdss. pi. 97.

fig. 2 (not Cuv.).

attenuatus, Cuv. ^ Val. x^dii. p. 348.

scriba, Richardson, Zool. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish. p. 76 (not Cuv. 6f Val.)

maculatus, Richards. I. c. p. 75, pi. 43. figs. 14-17 (not correct),

(not Jcnyns).

D. 11. -A. 17. P. 12. V. 7. Csec. pyl. 2t.

Body elongate, its depth in front of the dorsal fin being one-eighth

* The minute asperities on the skin of a specimen of G. reticulatus, men-
tioned by Sir J. Eichardson, are visible also on specimens of the other varieties,
t They are short, and were overlooked by Jenyns.

1. GALAXIAS. 211

or one-tenth of the total length (without caudal; ; the length of the
head is nearly one-sixth of the total (without caudal). Snout with
the jaws equal in length ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow ; the
maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Eye
of moderate size, somewhat shorter than the snout, more than one-
fifth of the length of the head. The length of the pectoral is much
less than one-half of the distance of its root from the ventral, and
that of the ventral is one-third or nearly one-third of the distance
of its root from the anal. The least depth of the tail is one-half of
the distance between dorsal and caudal fins. Caudal emarginate.
Yellowish -olive, body with numerous faint spots, each spot being
composed of minute dots. Operculum silvery.

New Zealand, Van Diemen's Land, Falkland Islands, and southern
parts of South America.

I have been unable to detect any specific difference in the American
and Australian specimens which I have had an opportunity of
examining.

a. Six and three-quarters inches long. Derwent River, Tasmania.

Presented by Sir J. Richardson. Tj-pe of G. scriba, Richards.

b. Many specimens. Hobart Town. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

c. d-e. Three and a half and four inches long. New Zealand. From

Mr. G. Krefft's Collection.
/, g. Three, and four and a half, inches long. Falkland Islands.

Types of G. maculatus, Richards.
h-l. Two and a half to four inches long. Peru ? Presented by the

Royal College of Surgeons.
m. Two and a half inches long. Peru ? From Mr. Pentland's Col-
lection.

6. Galaxias kreflFtii.
D. 12. A. 16. P. 12. Y. 7.
Body moderately elongate, subcyHndrical, its depth in front of
the dorsal being contained seven times and one-half in the total
length (without caudal) ; the length of the head is contained five
times and one-half in the same. Snout broad, with the jaws equal
in length ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow ; the maxillary extend-
ing nearly to below the front margin of the orbit. Eye of moderate
size, as long as the snout, one-fourth of the length of the head.
The length of the pectoral is considerably less than one -half of the
distance of its root from the ventral ; and that of the ventral is two-
fifths of the distance of its root from the anal. The least depth of
the tail is one-half of the distance between dorsal and caudal fins.
Caudal truncate. Yellowish -olive (in spirits) ; back powdered with
minute black dots.

New South Wales.
a-c. Three and three and a half inches long. Sydney. From Mr. G.
Krefft's Collection.

d. Five inches long. Murray River.

This species is very closely allied to G. attenuatus, but has the
head comparatively longer.

p 2

212 GALAXIiB.

7. Galaxias scriba.
Cuv. 8,- Vol. XTiii. p. 347.

D. 11. A. 15. P. 14. V. 7.
The height of the hody is one-half of the length of the head,
which is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal) ; the diameter of
the eye is only two-fifths of the length of the head. Caudal fin
truncated. Yellowish ; minute black dots are crowded so as to
form irregularly flexuous lines ; a large blotch on the base of the
caudal. {Vol.)

Port Jackson. — Three inches long.

8. Galaxias maculatus.

Mesites maciilatus, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 119, pi. 22. fig. 4.
? Galaxias maculatus, Cuv. <5r Val. xviii. p. 355.

B. 6. D. 10. A. 16. P. 12. V. 7.

Body elongate, its depth in front of the dorsal being one-eighth
of the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head is one-
fifth of the total (without caudal). Snout with the jaws equal in
length ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow; the maxillary extending
to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Eye rather large, equal
in length to the snout, and about two-sevenths of the length of the
head. The length of the pectoral is much less than one-half of the
distance of its root from the ventral, and that of the ventral is one-
half of the distance between dorsal and caudal. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate. Body with more or less numerous, large, irregular,
blackish-brown spots. {Jen.)

Tierra del Fuego ; Patagonia. 2| inches long.

9. Galaxias alpinus.
Mesites alpinus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 121.
D. 10. A. 16. P. 13. V. 7.
Very little difference in form between this species and G. macu-
latus. The eyes, however, are decidedly larger, being one-third of
the length of the head. The head itself also appears somewhat
longer, being nearly one-fifth of the entire length (with the caudal).
Greenish-brown ; back, sides, and fins immaculate, but thickly pow-
dered with minute dark specks scarcely visible except under a lens.
{Jen.)

Alpine freshwater lakes in Hardy Peninsula, Tierra del Fuego.

10. Galaxias punctatus.

D. 12. A. 16. P. 12. V. 7.

Body elongate, its depth in front of the dorsal being one-eighth
of the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head is one-
sixth of the total (without caudal). Snout with the jaws nearly
equal m length ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow, the maxillary

1. GALAXIAS. 213

extending nearly to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Eye
two-thirds of the extent of the snout, and less than one-fifth of the
length of the head. Tne length of the pectoral fin is nearly one-
third of the distance of its root from the ventral, and that of the
ventral fin two-fifths of. the distance of its root from the anal. The
least depth of the tail is one-haK of the space between dorsal and
caudal. Caudal fin emarginate. Light brownish-olive ; upper half
of the head and body with numerous small black spots or dots.

a. Fine specimen, 6^ inches long. Eastern Creek. From Mr. G.
Kreff't's Collection.

11. Galaxias brevipiimis.

B. 7. D. 11. A. 14. P. 13. V. 7. Cc^c. pyl. 2. Vert. 65.

Body rather elongate, its depth in front of the dorsal fin being one-
seventh or one-eighth of the total length (vrithout caudal) ; head
broad, depressed, one-fifth of the total length (without caudal) ; snout
obtuse ; the lower jaw the shorter ; cleft of the mouth wide, the max-
illary extending a little behind the vertical from the middle of the
eye. Dentition as in G. alepidotus or fascia t us. Eye rather small,
one-sixth of the length of the head, and much shorter than the snout.
The length of the pectoral is one-half or rather less than one-half of
the distance of its root from the ventral ; and the ventral terminates
at a great distance from the vent ; the rays of the anal, if laid back-
wards, do not extend on to the base of the caudal ; the least depth of
the tail is two-thirds of the distance between dorsal and caudal fins.
Caudal truncated. Yellowish or brownish olive, covered all over
with dark-brown, irregularly reticulated bands ; base of the fins with
dark-brown spots. A black spot behind the gill-opening.

New Zealand.

a-c. Five to six inches long. New Zealand. Presented by Capt.

Stokes.
d. Adult male : skeleton. New Zealand. Presented by Dr. A.

Giinther.

12. Galaxias gracillimus.

Mesites gracillimus, Cmwstn'm, Arch. Zool. Anat. e Fisiol. iii. 1864,
p. 100, tav. 4. f. 2.

D. 10. A. 16.

The length of the head is less than one-eighth of the total (with
the caudal), the height of the body nearly one-fifteenth ; the dia-
meter of the eyp! is two-sevenths of the length of the head. Ventrals
inserted in the middle of the total length (without caudal) ; caudal
truncate. (Canestr.)

Chile. Described from a specimen 59 millims. long.

214 MORMYKID^.

Fam. 10. MORMYRID^.

Monnyri, Miill. Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1844, p, 189.

Body and tail scaly, head scaleless; barbels none.
The margin of the upper jaw is formed in the middle
by the intermaxillaries which coalesce into a single
bone, and laterally by the maxillaries. Interopercu-
lum sometimes rudimentary. On each side of the
single parietal bone a cavity leading into the interior
of the skull, and covered with a thin bony lamella.
All the fins well developed ; no adipose fin. A series
of pores along the base of the dorsal and anal tins.
Pseudobranchise none ; gill-opening reduced to a short
slit. Air-bladder simple. Two caeca pylorica behind
the stomach.

Rivers of tropical Africa.

On the anatomy of the fishes of this family, and especially on the
gelatinous band-like bodies situated on each side of the tail, which
have been erroneously believed to be electric organs, see Eiippell,
* Fortsetzung der Beschreibung neuer Fische im Nil entdeckt,' p. 9 ;
Gemminger, ' Electrisches Organ von Morviyrus ; ' Erdl, Abhandl.
Bayr. Akad. Wiss. p. 209 ; Kolliker, Bericht von der zootom. An-
Btalt zu Wiirzburg, 1849 ; Valenciennes in the ' Histoire NatureUe
des Poissons,' II. cc. ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1856, xii.
p. 1 ; Marcusen, Mem. Acad. Sc. St. Petcrsb. 1864, t. vii.

The species of this family may be referred to the following
genera : —

A narrow band of pointed teeth along the middle of the palate and of the tongue.

1. MORMYUUS, p. 214.

A broad patch of obtuse, molar-Hke teeth on the roof and bottom of the mouth.

2. Hyperopisus, p. 222.
No teeth on the palate or on the tongue 3. Mormyrops, p. 223.

1. MOEMYRUS*.

Mormyrus, sp., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 522 ; Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Zool. i. p. 265.
Mormyrus and Morm}Tops, sp., Miill. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 190.
Morrayrodes, Gnathonemus, Petrocephalus, Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1862, p. 443.

A narrow band of pointed teeth along the middle of the palate
and of the tongue.

* 1. Mormyrus jubilini, C. & V. xix. p. 252.- "^ 85. A. 19.— Sc" -gal.
2. nacra, C. & V. xix. p. 257.— Nile.

1. MORMYKTJS, 215

The species may be referred to the following divisions : —

I. Dorsal fin occupying the greater portion of the length of the back; anal

short, p. 215.

II. Dorsal and anal fins subequal and mnderata m length ; snout long and

decurved, p. 217,

III. Dorsal and anal fins subequal and moderate in length ; cleft of the

mouth terminal or directed upwards ; snout short, p. 218.

IV. Snout short, obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth at its lower side,

p. 220.

I. Dorsal Jin occupying the greater portion of the length of the back ;
anal short.

' 1. Mormyrus caschive.

Mormyrus caschive, Hassclq. It. Palcest. p. 398 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 227 ;

Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 120*.
longipiuuis, JRiipp. Fortsetz. Beschreib. neuer Fisch. Nil, p. 7,

pi. 1. fig. 2.

D. 81-87. A. 18-20. V. 6. Vert. g?.

Scales very small. Snout conical, much produced, slightly bent
do-wnwards, the pupil of the eye being exactly in the middle of the
length of the head. Lower lip somewhat projecting beyond the
upper. Teeth very small, slightly dilated, the crown, with a shallow
notch. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head, which is two-ninths of the total (without caudal).

Nile.

a~h. Fine specimens, 23 inches long. Chartoum. From Consul

Petherick's Collection.
c-f. Young. Lower Nile. From Dr. Eiippell's Collection.

Mormyrus rume, Cuv. & Val. xix. p. 247, pi. 569, is scarcely dis-
tinct from M. caschive ; it is said to have the scales somewhat larger,
about 112 along the lateral lime. — Senegal.

2. Mormyrus mucupe.

Mormyrus mucupe, Peters, Motiatsher. Acad. Wiss. JBerl. 1852, p. 275.
D. 71. A. 18.
Snout slender, decurved, with the lower jaw prominent. (Peters.)
Mossambique.

3. Mormyrus oxyrhynchus.

Mormyrus kannume, Forsk, Descript. Anim. p. 74 Lacip. v. p. 619 ;
Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 114.

* To show the variability of the fin-rajs within the Hmits of a species, Dr.
Marcusen has selected the instance of Chromls niloficus and Tilapia. But it is
now perfectly well known that Africa is inhabited by a considerable number of
Chromidcs ; and nobody who has studied these fish, will doubt that Tilapia is a
very distinct species from Chr. niloticus.

216 MORMYEID^.

Mormyrus oxyrhynchus,. Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. i. p. 270, pi. 6. fi<r. 1 ;

Jonnnis, Gu^r. Mag. ZooL pi. 13 (bad) ; Cuv. <^ J'al. xix. p. 24^.
bachiqua, Cuv. <^ Val. xix. p. 248.

D. 58-66. A. 18-20. V. 6. L. lat. ca 130. Vert. ^.

20

Snout conical, much produced, slightly bent downwards, the pupil
of the eye being scarcely nearer to the end of opercle than to the
extremity of the snout. Lower lip somewhat projecting beyond the
upper. Teeth not very small, sHghtly dilated, the crown with a
shallow notch. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length
of the head, which is two-ninths or a little more than two-ninths of
the total (without caudal).

Nile.

a, b-d, e, f. Adult and half-grown. Lower Nile. •

g. Adult : stuffed. Egypt. Purchased of Dr. Heckel.

h-n. Half-grown and young. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's

Collection.
0. Adult male: skeleton. Lower Nile. From Consul Petherick's

Collection.
p. Adult: skeleton. Lower NUe. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.

4. Monn3nnis longirostris.

Mormyrus longirostris, Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl 1852,
p. 275.

D. 74. A. 18.

Head very long, with the snout slender and decurved ; upper jaw
prominent. {Pet.)
Mossambique.

5. Mormyrus geofiroyi.

? Pococke, Reise, i. p. 316, taf. 70 ; Engl. edit. p. 202 (according to

Schneider).
? Centriscus niloticus, Bl. Schn. p. 113,.tab. 30. fig. 1.
? Mormyrus geoffroyi, Cuv. ^- Val. xix. p. 240.

D. 74-77. A. 17-19. V. 6.

Scales very small. Snout conical, much produced, with its longi-
tudinal axis nearly in the same line as the axis of the body ; eye
almost in the middle of the length of the head. Lower lip somewhat
projecting beyond the upper. Teeth very small, slightly dilated, the
crown with a shallow notch. The height of the body is nearly equal
to the length of the head, which is two-ninths of the total (without
caudal).

Nile.

a, b. Half-grown. Lower NUe.

It may appear doubtful whether these specimens are correctly
referred to M. geoffroyi, as Valenciennes states eighty-four dorsal
rays ; however, as they agree in all other respects with Valen-
ciennes'? description of that species, I would not separate them under
a distinct name.

1. MORMYRUS. 217

6. Mormyrus hasselquistii.

Mormyrus Iierse, Lacep. v. pp. 621-623 (not Sonn.).

caschive Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. i. p. 273, pi. 6. fig. 2.

hasselquistii, Cuv. 8f Vol. xix. p. 253 ; Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 130.

D. 70. A. 18. L. lat. 115. 'Vert. 21/29.

Snout rather thick and obtuse, with the upper jaw somewhat pro-
jecting beyond the lower. Eye situated in the anterior third of the
length of the head, which is one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
Teeth very small, with their crown slightly emarginate.

Nile ; West Africa.

a. Half -grown. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

7. Mormyrus macrophthalmus.
D. 64. A. 21. L. lat. 88.

Snout much shorter Than in M. caschive and in the other species
allied to it ; it is compressed, and abruptly bent downwards, the
upper profile of the head being strori^ly curved ; it is not much longer
than the eye, which is large, two-sevenths of the leng& of the head.
Jaws equal anteriorlj', armed with small teeth, which are dilated and
truncated at their summits. The length of the dorsal is not quite
one-half of the total ; anal much higher than dorsal, its distance from
the caudal being one-fourth of the total length. Caudal forked to
the base, with the lobes slender and pointed. The pectoral extends
to, or nearly to, the root of the ventral, the length of which is two-
thirds of that of the pectoral. The height of the body is one-fifth of
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-sixth.
Coloration uniform, sides shining silvery.

West Africa.

a. Male, 13 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

II. Dorsal and analjins subeqval atid moderate in length ; snout long,
decurved.

8. Mormyrus tamandua,

Monnyrus tamandua, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, January, pi. 2.
fig. 1.

D. 28. A. 31. L. lat. 80.
Snout much prolonged, tubiform, tapering and curved downwards ;
the lower jaw terminating in a short skinny flap as long as the eye. The
distance between the eye and the gill-opening is half that between
eye and the end of the mandibulary flap ; eye rather small. Teeth
verj^ small, conical, few in number. Pectoral nearly twice as long
as the ventral, extending beyond its base. The height of the body
is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head one-fourth.
West Africa.

a. Type of the species. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

mi MORMrRIDJE.

9. Monnyms petersii.

MormjTUS petersii, Gunih. Wieyni. Arch. 1862, p. 64, and Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1864, p. 22, pi. 2. fig. 2.

D. 27. A. 34. L. lat. 66.

Snout subcorneal, somewhat decurved, wath the mandible prolonged
into a long, conical, fleshy appendage, which is nearly half as long
as the head. Eye small, situated before the middle of the length of
the head. Teeth very smaU, dilated, aaotched at the apex, few in
number. Pectoral extending beyond the middle of the length of the
ventrals. The height of the body is rather more than one-fourth of
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths.
Dark brown, with two lighter cross bands between dorsal and anal
fins.

Old Calabar.

a. Type of the species. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

III. Dorsal and anal Jim subequal ami moderate in length; moid obtuse;
cleft of the mouth terminal or directed upwards ; snout short*.

10. Mormyrus cyprinoides.

MormjTUS cyprinoides, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 109, and Syst. Nat. i.

p. 522 ; liiipp. Forts. Beschreib. Nil-Fische, taf. 2. fig. 4 ; Cuv. Sf

Vol. xix. p. 265.

labiatus, Geoff. Descr. £g. Puiss. i. p. 275, pi. 7 fig. 1.

salahi^, Lacep. v. p. 621.

elongatus, Riipp. I. c. p. 2, taf. 2. fig. 1 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 269.

abbreviatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 270.

MormjTops labiatus, Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 137.

elongatus, Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 140.

abbreviatus, Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 142.

D. 26-28. A. 32-35. V. 6. L. lat. 85. Vert. 16-17/29-30.

Snout obtuse, of moderate length, with the lower jaw prominent, and
with a very short, skinny flap at the chin. Eye rather small, situated
before the middle of the length of the head. Teeth minutd, pointed,
few in number. Pectoral extending beyond the root of the ventrals.
The height of the body is one-fourth or two-sevenths of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth or some-
what less than one-fifth.

Nile ; "West Africa,
a, h, c-d, e-f. Adult, half-grown, and young. Lower NUe.
g. Adult male. Egypt. From Dr. EiippeU's Collection. — One of

the typical specimens of M. elongatus.
h. Half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection,
i, Tc. Adult and half-grown. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

The proportions of the body, especially its depth, depend in a great
measure on the sex of the individual, and on the season, as in

* To this section appears to belong a species from Dongola, which, at present,
is known from a bad figure only — Mormyrus pietv.ii, Heuglin in Sitzgsber. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 1852, ix. taf. 60. fig 1 ; Petrocephalus pictus, Maroueen, 1. c. p. 153.

1. MOEMYRUS. 219

other fishes. The Monnyri, besides, accumulate at certain periods
such a quantity of fat in the abdominal cavity as well as between
the muscles, that their appearance is very much changed — a circum-
stance by which Riippell has been induced to establish a nominal
species for specimens which either are males, or had lost the fat.

11. Mormyrus macrolepidotus.

Mormyi'us macrolepidotus, Peters, Monatsber, Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1852,
p. 275.

D. 23-24, A. 28-32. L. lat. 67.
The form of the snout, the eye, and the dentition as in M. cypri-
noides ; the pectoral extends to the middle of the ventral. The
height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths.
Eastern Africa.

a. Young. Kiver Rovuma. Presented by Ch. Livingstone, Esq.

b. Youiag. River Rovuma. Presented by Dr. Kirk.

12. Mormyrus niger.
D. 18-20. A. 26-28. L. lat. 52.

Snout obtiisely conical, with the mouth terminal, and the upper
profile somewhat more curved than the lower ; lower jaw with-
out fleshy protuberance, not projecting beyond the upper. Eye
small, much shorter than the snout, situated before the middle of the
length of the head. Teeth small, deeply notched, few in number.
Pectoral longer than the head, extending nearly to the end of the
ventral, which is only half as long. The height of the body is two-
sevenths oi the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
one-filth. Blackish, with indistinct and irregular darkish cross
bands ; head, back, and fins black.

Gambia.

a. Male, 5 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.
b-c, d. Five inches long. West Africa.

13. Mormyrus brachyistius.

Marcusenius brachyistius, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phtlud. 1862,
p. 139.

D. 17. A. 27. L. lat. 50
Head decuived ; snout convex ; teeth emarginate, few in number.
Pectorals shorter than the head, and scarcely extending to the root
of the ventrals. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length
of the head, and one-fifth of the total (without caudal). (GUI.)
West Africa.

220 MORMYRID^.

IV. Snout short, obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth at its lower side.
14. Mormyrus bane.

Rifaud, Voy. Eg. pi. 189. no. 40 (bad), pi. 217. fig. 2. (bad).
Mormyrus cyprinoides, Geoff. Descr. Hg. Poiss. i. p. 277, pi. 8. figs.
3-4 (not L).

bane, Lucep. v. p. 621 ; Ciiv. ^ Val. xix. p. 276.

dequesne, Ciiv. 8f Val. xix. p. 281.

? Mormyrus joannisii, Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 282.
Mormyrus enrenbergii, Cuv. df Val. xix. p. 283.
Petrocepbalus bane, Marmsen, Mo7"niyr. p. 146.
? Petrocepbalus de joannis, Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 149.

D. 30-32. A. 33-36. V. 6. L.lat. 42-45. Vert. 14/29.

Snout obtuse, compressed, very short, elevated, obliquely truncated
ill front, witb the cleft of the mouth at its lower side, below the eye,
which is of moderate size. Teeth very small, dilated, and notched,
forming a complete series round the entire edge of both jaws. Pec-
toral extending beyond the root of the ventral, which is short, half
as long as the pectoral. The height of the body is contained from
twice and one-half to three times and one-quarter in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times, or four times
and a third.

Nile.

a, h, c-e, f-h. Adult, half-grown, and young. Lower Nile.

t-Z, w-jj. Adult and half- grown. Chartoum. From Consul Pethe-

rick's Collection.
q. Adult, female : skeleton. Lower Nile, i'rom Consul Petherick's

Collection.
r. Adult, skeleton. Lower Nile. From Dr. Eiippell's Collection.

15. ]y[orm3rrus discorhynchus.

?]Monupu3 discorhynchus, Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1852,
p. 275.

D. 30-36. A. 24-27. L. lat. 70. Vert. 16/25.

Snout obtuse, rounded, compressed, as long as the eye, which is of
moderate size ; cleft of the mouth at the lower side of the snout,
before the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Teeth very
small, dilated and notched, few in number. The pectoral extends
somewhat beyond the middle of the ventral, which is more than half
as long as the pectoral. The height of the body is one-third of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Back
and upper parts of the side irregularly marbled with brown.

Nile (■? Mossambique).
a-c. Adult and half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's

Collection.
d. Adult male : skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

The short diagnosis giveu by Pctei's agrees with our specimens

1. MORMYRUS. 221

from the Nile ; still it is possible that the Mossambique fish may-
prove to be different wheii their characters are better known.

The ribs of this species show the peculiarity of being perforated
by many holes along the middle of their upper half.

16. Mormyrus bovei.
Mormyrus bovei^ Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 283.

D. 20-23. A. 31-33.

Form of the snout as in M. bane, the cleft of the mouth being
below the middle of the orbit. The height of the body is nearly one-
fourth of the total length (the caudal fin included). (Val.)

NUe.

17. Mormyrus isidori.

Mormyrus isidori, Ctiv. ^ Val. xix. p. 285.

Petrocephalus isidori, Marciisen, Mormyr. p. 150, pi. 5. fig. 20 (not
good).

D. 19-20. A. 24. L. lat. 55. Vert. 39.

Snout obtuse, rounded, compressed, short, but longer than the eye,
which is rather small ; cleft of the mouth at the lower side of the
snout, below the front margin of the orbit. Teeth small, dilated,
and notched, forming an arched series round the mai-gin of both
j;iws. Pectoral extending to, or somewhat beyond, the middle of the
ventral, which is not quite half as long as the pectoral. The height
of the body is contained from twice and three-fourths to three times
and one-third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head four times and one-half.

Nile.

a-h. From 3 to 4 inches long. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection.

18. Mormyrus adspersus.
D. 19-21. A. 27. V. 6. L. lat. 50.

Snout compressed, short, elevated, subtruncated in front, the cleft
of the mouth being at its lower side but before the vertical from
the front margin of the eye. Eye small, as long as the snout.
Teeth small, dilated, and notched, forming a complete series round
the margin of both jaws. The origin of the dorsal fin is a little
nearer to the root of the caudal than to the occiput. The pectoral
extends beyond the extremity of the ventral, which is very small,
only half as long as the head. The height of the body is contained
thrice in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
four times and one-third. Light brownish, dotted all over with
brown, the dots being largest and most numerous On the head, thorax,
and on the vertical fins.

West Africa.

a. Three inches long. Purchased of Mr. Damon.
h. Three inches long. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

222 MORMYRID^.

19. Monnyrus catostoma.
D. 21. A. 26. L. lat. 41.

The form of the snout is nearly the same as in M. isidori, the cleft
of the mouth being at the lower side of the snout, behind the front
margin of the orbit. Teeth small, dilated and notched, forming a
complete series round the margin of both jaws. The origin of the
dorsal fin is a little nearer to the root of the caudal than to the
occiput. The pectoral exrtends somewhat beyond the middle of the
ventral, which is rather more than half as long as the pectoral. The
height of the body is contained thrice in the total length, the length
of the head thrice and two-thirds. Uniform silvery, back blacldsh.

Rovuma River.
a-c. Two inches long. Presented by Ch. Livingstone, Esq.
d-e. Two inches long. Presented by Dr. Kirk.

2. HYPEROPISUS.

Hyperopisus, GUI, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philacl. 1862, p. 443.
Dorsal fin much shorter than anal. A large broad patch of obtuse,
molar-like teeth on the roof and bottom of the mouth.

1. Hjrperopisus dorsalis.

Kashoue, Sonnini, Voy. Eg. pi. 21. fig. 3.
Monnyrus bebe, Lacep. v. pp. 019, 622.

dorsalis, Geof. Descr. Eg. Poiss. i. p. 276, pi. 8. figS. 1-2 ; Cuv.

Sf Val; xix. p. 271.
Phagi-us dorsalis, Marcusen, Morrmjr. p. 142.

D. 13-16. A. 56-62. V.6. L.lat. ca. 110. Vert. 22/37
(55, Marcusen).
Snout obtuse, rather short, rounded, with the jaws equal anteriorly,
and without labial appendage. Eye small, situated far before the
middle of the length of the head. Teeth not very small, fixed, di-
lated, notched. Pectoral extending beyond the root of the ventral,
which is short but more than half as long as the pectoral. The
height of the body is contained from three times and three -fourths
to five times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head five times and one-half. The distance of the origin of the
dorsal fin from the root of the caudal is one-half of its distance from
the gill-opening.

Nile.
a-h. Adult and young. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Col-
lection,
c, d-f. Adult and half-grown. Lower Nile,

g. Adult male: skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

3. MOKMTROPS. 223

2. Hyperopisus occidentalis.

Very similar to H. dorsaUs.

D. 12. A. 65. y. 6. L. lat. ca. 110.

Snout obtuse, rather short, rounded, with the jaws equal anteriorly,
and without labial appendage. Eye small, situated far before the
middle of the length of the head. Teeth as in H. dorsalis, but rather
smaller. Pectoral fin extending beyond the root of the ventral, which
is short and half as long as the pectoral. The height of the body
is contained four times and one -half in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head five times and one-half. The dis-
tance of the origin of the dorsal Jin from the root of the caudal is con-
siderably less than one-half of its distance from the gill-opening.

West Africa.

a. Sixteen inches long. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

3. MORMYROPS.

Mormyi'us, sp., L.

Mormyrops, sp., Miiller, Berl. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 190.
Isichthys et Marcusenius, Gill, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862,
p. 443.

Head elongate, about twice as long as high. No teeth on the
palate or on the tongue.

1. Mormyrops anguilloides.

Herse, Sonnini, Voy. Eg. pi. 22. fig. 1 ; Rifavd, Voy. Eg. pi. 189.

no. 40 (bad).
Mormyrus anguilloides, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 110, and Syst. Nat. i.

p. 522 (not synon.) ; Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. i. p. 274, pi. 7. fig. 2 ;

Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 258 ; Marcusen, Mormyr. p. 132.
dendera, Lacep. v. p. 621.

D. 26-28. A. 39-42. V. 6. L. lat. 95. Vert. ||.

36

Head nearly twice as long as high ; snout subtetrahedral, of
moderate length, rounded in front, with the upper jaw a little longer
than the lower. Eye very small, situated in the anterior third of
the length of the head. Teeth not very small, fixed, forming a
curved series in both jaws, slightly notched at the apex. Dorsal fin
more than half as long as the anal. The height of the body is con-
tained from five times and a half to six times and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four time

Nile.

a. Half- grown. Egj^t. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Nile, below the Cataracts. From Mr. J. Petherick's
Collection.

224: MORMYRID^.

2. Mormyrops deliciosus.

Oxyrhynchus deliciosus, Leach in Tuckey, Narrat. Exped. River

Zaire, p. 410.
Mormyrus tuckeyi, Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 263.

D. 25-26. A. 42-46. L. lat. 90.

Head twice as long as high ; snout subtetrahedral, of moderate
length, rounded in front, with the upper jaw somewhat longer than
the lower. Eye very small, situated in the anterior third of the
length of the head. Teeth not very small, fixed, foi-ming a scries
round the entire edge of the upper and lower jaw ; they are pointed,
becoming more truncated at the apex with age, without being
notched. Dorsal fin more than half as long as the anal. The height
of the body is dontained five times and a half in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times.

"West Africa.

a. Adult : stuifed. Zaire expedition. — Type of the species.

h. Adult : skin in spirits. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

c. Young. "West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

d. Forty-five inches long : stufted. West Africa. Purchased of

Mr. Dalton.

3. Mormyrops zambanenje.

MoniijTus zambanenje, Peters, Monatsber. Akarl. Wiss. Berl. 1852,
p. 275.

D. 24-26. A. 42-47. Vert. 62.

Similar to M. anguilloides. Dorsal fin only half as long as the
anal. Mandible and intermaxillary with from tliirty-two to thirty-
six teeth. {Pet.)

Mossambique.

4. Mormyrops henr3ri.
Isichthys henryi. Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 444.
D. 44. A. 42. L. lat. 135.
Head twice as long as liigh, snout scarcely projecting, convex ;
eye small. Teeth dilated, with the crown notched. The height of
the body is about one-tenth of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head one-seventh. (Gill.)
Habitat ?

The true affinities of this species appear to be with M. anguilloides ;
however, no mention has been made whether or not it has teeth on
the roof of the mouth.

GYMNARCIIIDiE. 225

Fam. 11. GYMNARCHID^.

Body and tail scaly, head scaleless; barbels none.
The margm of the upper 'jaw is formed in the middle
by the intermaxillaries, which, in mature individuals,
coalesce into a single bone, and laterally by the max-
illaries. Sub- and interoperculum present, small •
on each side of the parietal bone a cavity leading into
the interior of the skull, and covered with a thin bony
lamella. Dorsal fin extending nearly o\eY the entire
length of the back ; tail tapering, without fin ; anal
and ventral fins absent. Vent nearly in the middle
of the length of the fish. A series of pores along the
base of the dorsal fin. Pseudobranchiae none ; gill-
opening reduced to a slit on each side. Two cseca
pylorica behind the stomach.

Rivers of Tropical Africa.
One genus only.

1. GYMNARCHUS.
Gymnarchus, Cuv. R^gtie Anim.

Each jaw with a single series of incisors; no teeth on the palate.
Air-bladder cellular, very extensible, perhaps with the functions of
a lung.

1. Gymnarchus niloticus.

Jerfar, Rifand, Voy. Effuptc, pi. 1.38b. fig. 1 (bad).

Gymnarchus niloticus, Cuv. Rh/ne Auim. ; J^rdl, Ahhandl. Bayr. Akad,
Wiss. 1847, p. 209 (osteol.) • Meckel, Denkschr. ylkad. Wtss. Wien,
18.54, vi. p. 11, taf. l-2T^II;/rtl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 185G,
xii. p. 1, c. tab. (anat. and osteol.).

D. 203-208.

The length of the head is contained four times and one-third in
that of the dorsal fin, and once and two-thirds in its distance from
the vent. Seven teeth on each side of the intermaxillary. Pectoral
fin rather shorter than the snout.

Nile ; rivers of West Africa.

a. Adult. Upper Nile. From Mr. J. Pethcrick's Collection.
b-c. From four to five feet long : stuffed. West Africa. Purchased
of Mr. Dalton.

d. Fine half-grown specimen. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

e, f. Young, II inches long. West Africa.
(/. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h. Adult: stuff'cd. Purchased of M. Par/.udaki.
?'. Skull of specimen b.

VOL. VI.

226 KSOCTD,^.

Fam. 12. ESOCIDJE.

Esoces, part., Midler, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1842, p. 188.

Body covered with scales, barbels none. Margin
of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries mesi-
ally, and by the maxillaries laterally. Adipose' fin
none ; the dorsal fin belongs to the caudal portion of
the vertebral column. Stomach without blind sac
pyloric appendages none. Pseudobranchia? glandular
hidden ; air-bladder simple ; gill-opening very wide.

Freshwater fishes from the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere.

Only one genus is known.

1. ESOX.

Esox, (Artedi) Cuv. Reyne Anim.
Body elongate, covered Avith small, cycloid scales, many with a
muciferous channel ; lateral line distinct. Eye of moderate size.
Snout elongate, broad, depressed, Avith the lower jaw the longer:
cleft of the mouth very wide. Teeth of the mandible in a single
series, unequal in size, some large ; intermaxillary, vomer, palatine,
and hyoid bones with bands of cardiform teeth ; maxillary toothless.
Dorsal fin opposite the anal. Caudal forked.

Fresh waters of the temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and North
America.

1. Esox lucius.
Synonymy for European Specimens.

The Pilce. Hecht. Brocliet. Lucio or Luzzo. Gadda (Sweden).
Lucius, Bcllon. De Aqtiat. p. 29G ; liondel. ii. p. 188 ; Salr. pp. 94, 95 ;

Schonev. p. 44 ; Aldrov. JDe Pise. p. 030 ; Janston, iii. t. 3. c. 5, t. 29.

f. 1 ; Gesner, De Pise. p. 500 ; Willuyh. p. 236, tab. P. 5. f. 2 ; Ray,

Syn. p. 112; Klein, Miss. Pise. v. p. 74, tab. 20. f. 1.
Esox no. 1, Artedi, Synon. p. 26; Gen. p. 10; and Spec. 53; Gro7iov.

Zoophyl. no. 361.
Esox lucius, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 516; Block, Fische Deutschl. i. p. 229,

* 1 . Esox verniiculatu.s, {Lesveur) C. i^- V. xviii. p. 333. — Wabash Elver, United
States.

2. lineatus, (Lesiieur) C. Sf V. xviii. p. 33.5. — Wabash River.

3. lugubrosus, {Lesueur) C. ^' V. xviii. p. .3.38. ^Tennessee.

4. phaleratus, (Say) Lesueur. Journ. Ac. Naf. Sc. Philad. i. p. 416. —

East Florida.

5. umbrosus, Kirfland, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist.

6. ohioensis, Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.

1. Esox. 227

t. 32 ; Bl. Sch.i. p. 390; Lacep. v. p. 297 ; Reisinger, Prodi: Ichth.
Hum), p. 47 ; Donov. Brit. Fish. v. pi. 109 ; Fletii. Brit. An. p. 184 ;
Jurine, Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, iii. 1825, p. 231, pi. 15 ;
Ekstrom, Fische Md'rJco, p. 78 ; Fries <Sr Ekstr. Scand. Fisk. p. 49,
t. 10 ; Nilss. Prodr. p. 36 and Scand. Faun. Fisk. p. 348 ; Pall.
Zooffr. Boss.- As. iii. p. 336 : Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii. p. 272 ; Yarr.
Brit. Fish. 1st edit. i. p. 333, 2nd edit. i. p. 434, 3rd edit. i. p. 343
Sel>/s-Lonffch. Faiine Belf/e, p. 223 ; Cia: Sf Val. xviii. p. 279
Kroyer, Danm. Fisk. iii. p. 236 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 146
Giinther, Fische des Neckars, p. 107 ; Rapp, Fische des Bodensee's,
p. 11 ; Heckel ^ Kner, Susswasserjische, p. 287 ; Siebold, Silssioasser-
fische, p. 325.

? Trigle Forsk. Catal. Pise. Milet, in Faun. Arab. pp. xviii. & xix.

Pike, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. p. 280, pi. 63, and ed. 1812, iii. p. 424,
pi. 74; Couch, Brit. Fish. iv. p. 150.

Synonymy for American specimens.

? Esox nmsquinono'y, Mit chill, Mirror, 1824, p. 207 ; Kirtland, ZooL
Ohio, p. 194. — Mitchill has counted seventeen anal rays; and there-
fore it is probable that his typical specimens belonged to this speciea,
and not to E. estor.

Esox lucius, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amcr. iii. p. 124; Cope, Pror.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 79.

Esox boreus, Ayass. Lake Super, p. 317.

Osteoloyy.

Spix, Cephaloyenesis, pi. 1. f. 9, pi. 2. f. 9, pi. 5. f. 10; Bojanus, Isis,
1818, pi. 7. f. 6 ; Rosenthal, Ichthyot. Taf. pi. 5 ; Agassiz, Rech.
Poiss. Foss. V. pis. F. Sc K.

B. 14. D. 21-23. A. 17-19. P. 15. V. 11. L. lat. 116-130.

Vert ^^^

Suboperculum and lower part of operculum scaleless. The length
of the head is contained three times and one-third, or three times
and one-fourth in the total (without caudal). The width of the
band of vomerine teeth in its middle is more than one-half of that
of the palatine band, and equal to that of the maxillary. Body with
irregular roundish whitish spots, sometimes confluent into irregular
cross bands on the tail ; vertical fins with brown spots.

Europe, Northern Asia, and northern parts of North America.

a. Forty-five ijiches long : stuffed. England. Presented by Messrs.

J. & C. Grove.

b. Half-grown. England. Presented by G. F. Gray, Esq.

c. Half-grown : stuffed. England.

.d. Young. Thames. Presented by J. Doubleday, Esq.
e-7c. Half- grown and young : stuffed. Loch Maben. From 'b/) v.

Parnell's Collection.
I. Young: skin. Holland. From Gronow's Collection.
m. Adult. Gotha River, Sweden. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection.
n-o. Young. Munio Eiver, Lapland. J'rom Mr. Wheelw^right's

Collection.
2). Adult. Lake of St. Stephanos, Turkey. Purchased of Mr.

Millingen.

o 2

228 ESOCIDiE.

q. Young: stuffed. Mauritius (introduced). Presented by Mr.
Telfair.

r. Large female : skeleton. Lough Earne, Ireland. Presented by
the Earl of Enniskillen,

s. Adult : skeleton. England. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

t. Half-grown : skeleton. Rhine. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collec-
tion.

u. Adult: skeleton. Lake of St. Stephanos. Purchased of Mr.
MiUingen.

American specimens.

These specimens have generally seventeen anal rays, and but ex-
ceptionally nineteen ; whilst the European examples have nineteen, a
less number being found very rarely. There is also a faint bro^^^lish
vertical suborbital band, traces of which may be observed sometimes
in European examples.

a. Forty-two inches long: stuifed. Albany River. Presented by

Sir J. Richardson.
h-c. Adult : stuffed. Arctic Expedition.

d. Adult : stuffed. Arctic North America. Presented by J. Rae,

Esq.

e. Half-grown. Lake Whittlessey, Michigan. (Collected by J. H.

Slack.)

Valenciennes describes under the name of Esox austraUs (Cuv. «fe
Val. xviii. p. 323), a specimen in the Paris Collection said lo have
been brought by Peron from Van Diemen's Land. I need not men-
tion that, if this is really the case, it must have been an example
introduced from Europe, and that no true Esox is indigenous m the
fresh waters of Australia.

2. Esox estor.

Muskellunge ; Maskinonge.

Esox estor, Lesucur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. 1818, p. 413 ;

Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. iii. p. 120; Dekay, Neio York Faun.

Fish. p. 222 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 824, pi. 542.

B. 18. D. 21. A. 20-21. P. 12. V. 11. L. lat. 162 (135).

Subopcrculum and lower part of operculum scaleless. The band
of vomerine teeth much narrower than in E. hicius. Body with large
rounded whitish spots ; vertical fins with dark spots.

Lakes Erie and Huron, and southern Canadian waters.

The principal differences between this species and the American
E. lucius appear to be the greater number of anal rays, and the nar-
rower band of vomerine teeth.

Two species are perhaps confounded under the name of E. estor ;
one, the true Muskellunge, is named E. nohilior by Thompson, Proc.
Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 1850, i)p. 1(53, 173, and 305. This author
says that the most obvious mark by which the two species may be
distinguished is this : in E. enter the whole cheek in front of the

1, Esox. 229

priBoperculum is covered with scales, while in the E. nobilior the
lower half of the check is entirely naked.

Mr. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 79, refers E. estor,
Lesueur, to E. luciiis, but adopts E. nobilior, Thompson, which, he
says, has not the frontal groove which is distinct in E. lucius. He
has also counted nineteen branchiostegal rays in E. nobilior.

3. Esox depraudus.

Esox depraudus {Lesueur), Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 33G.
B. 15. D. 22. A. 21.
Opercles scaly. Brownish-green, with numerous oblong or rounded
spots ; fins with black spots.
Wabash River.

If this fish really has the opercles scaly, it cannot be identical with
E. estor of Bichardson, as Valenciennes supposes, the latter having the
opercles scaleless, as is quite evident from Bichardson's description.

4. Esox reticulatus.

? Esox lucius, Schnpf, Naturf or seller, xx. 1784, p. 26.

? Esox americanus, Lacep. v. p. 299.

Esox lucius, var., Mitch. Lit. Sf Phil. Trans. Netv York, i. p. 440.

Esox reticulatus, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. i. 1818, p. 414;

Storer, Report Fish. Massach. p. 97; Kirtland, Zool. Ohio, ]). 194;

Dekay, Ncio York Faun. Fish. p. 22:i, pi. 34. fig. 107 ; Cuv. S,- Val.

xviii. p. 327 ; Coj)e, Proc. Acad. Nut. iSc. Philad. 18G5, p. 79.

B. 15. D. 17-19. A. 17. P. 15. V. 10. L. lat. 120-130.

Operculum and suboperculum entirely covered with scales. The
length of the head is contained three times and one-fifth in the total
(without caudal). The width of the band of vomerine tooth behind
the middle of its length is one-half of that of the palatine band, and
less than that of the maxillary. Sides with an imperfect network
of brown streaks ; a very distinct black suborbital band.

United States.

a. Half-grown. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.

b, c-d. Half-grown. New York.

5. Esox niger.

Esox scomberius, Mitchill.

Esox niger, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. p. 41u.

americanus, Cuv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 329 (not Lacep.).

fasciatus, Bekay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 224, pi. 34. fig. 110 ;

Cope, Proc. Acad.' Nat. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 79.
? Esox tredecim-radiatus, Mitchill, Mirror, 1825, p. 361 ; Dekay, I. c.

p. 225.

D. 14-15. A. 14. V. 9.

Operculum and suboperculum entirely covered with scales. Eye
nearer to the end of the upper jaw than to the margin of the oper-
culum ; a deep frontal groove. Vomerine teeth in a shorter series

230 KSOCID^.

than those of the palatine bones. A very distinct black suborbital
band.

United States.

a. Young. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

6. Esox ravenelii.

Holhrook, Fish, of Smith Carolina, p.
Similar to E. niger, but with twelve dorsal rays only ; and the
vomerine series is longer than the palatine.
South Carolina.

7. Esox cypho.
Cope, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 78.

B. 11-13. D. 16. A. 14. V. 9.

Operculum and suboperculum entirely covered with scales. Dorsal
region elevated, with the outline arched : i)cctoral fins much nearer
to the ventrals than to the end of the intermaxillary. The height
of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head two-sevenths. The eye is much nearer to the
end of the snout than to the margin of the opercle. Frontal groove
shallow. Brown, with numerous spots and vertical bars on the
lower part of the sides ; operculum obliquely barred ; a black sub-
orbital band. (Cope.)

Michigan .

231

Fam. 13. UMBRID^.

Esoces, part., MiHler, Ahhandl. Akad. Wiss. Bcii. 1842, p. 18b.

Head and body covered with scales ; barbels none.
Margin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxilla-
ries mesially and by the maxillaries laterally. Adipose
fin none; the dorsal fin belongs partly to the abdo-
minal portion of the vertebral column. Stomach
without blind sac ; pyloric appendages none. Pseu--
dobranchise glandular, hidden; air-bladder simple.

Freshwater fishes from Central Europe and temperate North
America.

Only one genus is known, which, after being associated with
various genera, proves to be represented in North America by a
second species.

1. UMBRA.

Umbra, Kramer, Elench. Anim. Austr. infer. 1756.
Melanura, At/assiz, Sillim. A^ner. Joiirn. 185-3, xvi. p. 135.

Body oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, without
radiated strife ; lateral line inconspicuous ; eye rather small ; cleft
of the mouth of moderate width. Ventral tins inserted below, or
somewhat in front of, the commencement o^ the dorsal, which is
much longer than the short anal : caudal fin rounded. Villiform
teeth in the jaws, and on the vomer and the palatine bones.

1. Umbra crameri.

Hundsfisch; Ribahal (m huncfary).

Gobius caninus, Marsil. Uannb. iv. p. 43, tab. 13. tig. 2.

C yprinodon umbra, Cuv. Hkpie Anim.

Umbra crameri, 3Iidler, Abhcuull. Akad. Wiss. lierl. 1842, p. 188 ;

Cuv. 8,- Val. xix. p. 542, pi. 5U0 (tig. med.) ; Ilcckd ^ Kncr, Siiss-

wasserjische, p. 2!l)2, c. tig. opt.

B. 5-6. D. 15-16. A. 7-8. V. 6. P. 13. L. lat. 33-35.
L. transv. 5/7.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and two-sevenths or one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
Brownish, with darker spots and dots.

Stagnant waters of Austria and Hungary; neighbourhood of
Odessa.

From 3 to 4 inches long.

a-b. Adult and half-grown. Austria.

232 XJMBKIDJi.

2. Umbra limi.

Hydrargyra limi, KiHland, Bost. Juurn. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 277, pi. 2.

fig. 4.
Fundulus fuscus, At/res, tind. iv. p. 20G, pi. 13. fig. 2.
Ilydrargira atricauda, Dekaij, New York Faun. Pish. p. 229.
fusca, Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, p. 137.

D, 14-15. A. 9-10. V. 6. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which
is two-sevenths of the total (without caudal). Brownish, irregularly
marbled with dark brown, a brownish-black vertical band on the
end of the tail.

Fresh Avuters of the United States.

a-f. From two to three inches long. ITnitcd States. From Mr,

rarnell's Collection.
(J. Adult. Purchased of ^J^r. Brandt.

SCOAIUKKSOCIDiE. 233

Fam. 14. SCOMBRESOCID^.

Scomberesoces s. I^haryngognathi malacopterygii, Miiller, AhhaiKll.
Akud. Wiss. Bed. 1842, p. 17U.

Body covered with scales ; a series of keeled scales
along each side of the belly. Margin of the upper
jaw formed by the intermaxillaries mesially, and by
the maxillaries laterally. Lower pharyngeals united
into a single bone. J3orsal fin opposite the anal,
belonging to the caudal portion of the vertebral co-
lumn. Adipose fin none. Air-bladder generally pre-
sent, simple, sometimes cellular, without pneumatic
duct. Pseudobranchise hidden, glandular. Stomach
not distinct from the intestine, which is quite straight,
without appendages.

Marine fishes of the temperate and tropical zones, many species
entering or inhabiting fresh waters.

At the commencement of my account of the PJujsostoml it was my
intention to keep the /Scombresocen as a distinct order, ■\^z. Mala-
coj)teri/(/!i itliarijmjognathi ; however, during the progress of a de-
tailed examination of these fishes so many points of affinity ^\ath the
Cyiirinodnnfcs became apparent, that I was reluctantly obliged to
deviate still more from Miiller's ordinal division. The coincidence
of the two chai actors of united lower pharyngeals and of the absence
of a pneumatic duct of the air-bladder deserves certainly full atten-
tion ; but the backward position of the vertical fins, the modification
of the anal fin of the male sex of many Cyprinodonts and of some
]{omirhamphs, and the structure of the upper jaw of some Cyprino-
donts, which is very similar to that of Hemirhamphus, are points
which, at all events, prevent the Scombresoecs from being widely
separated from the other family named.

Therefore this family is to be excepted from the last of the cha-
racters of the Physostomcs, as given vol. v. p. 1.

Synoi^sis of tlie (jcnera.

Bolli jaws elongate into a long beak: Unlets none.... 1. Belone, p. 2.34.

Both jaws elongate into a long beak ; finlcts behind tho dorsal and anal fins.

2. Sco.MCREsox, p. 2.36.

The lower jaw only elongate into a beak; intermaxi'laries short, forming a tri-
angular plate 3. IIemiuiiampiius, p. 2r>9.

Mouth as in HcmirhcanjjhKs, but the lower jaw not prolonged. Peetoral tin of
moderate length 4. Arrha.mi-hus, p. 276.

.Ta<\s short; iutennaxillaries and maxillaries not soldered together. Pectoral
fins very long, organs of Hying 5 Exoc(ETUS, p. 277.

234 SCOMBRESOCID.E.

1. BELONE*

Belone, Cnv. Regne Anim.

Both jaws prolonged into a long, slender beak, the upper part
being formed by the intermaxillaries, which are united by a longi-
tudinal suture. Both jaws with a band of asperities, and with a
series of longer, conical, pointed, widely-set teeth. Body elongate,
slender, covered wdth small scales. All the dorsal and anal rays
connected by a membrane. Gill-openings very wide. Intestinal
track simple, without pyloric appendages. Air-bladder large.

Seas of the temperate and tropical regions, many species entering
fresh waters.

Very young specimens have the jaws not prolonged ; and during
growth the lower jaw is uiuch more in advance of the upper than is
the case when the fish has reached the adul-t state.

The numerous species may be subdivided thus : —

A. Anterior dorsal rays prolonged, forming a lobe, or giving a falciform

appearance to the fin : Bdone.

1. The free portion of the tail is strongly depressed, with a sharp

lateral edge, p. 2.35.

2. The free portion of the tail is moderately or slightly depressed,

without lateral edge ; or the lateral line passes into a slight,
generally black-coloured keel.

a. The posterior dorsal rays are more or less prolonged,
the last extending nearly or quite to the root of
the caudal fin, p. 238.

6. The middle and posterior dorsal raj's are shorty sub-
equal in length, p. 242.

3. The free portion of the tail is strongly compressed j lateral line

without keel.

a. No teeth on the palate, p. 248.
h. Teeth on the palate, p. 254.

B, Dorsal rays subequal in .length, the anterior ones not forming a lobe :

Potamorrhaphis, m.

* 1. Belone ardeola, C. Sf V. xviii. p. 425. — Martinique.

2. galeata, C. cf V. xviii. p. 429. —Cayenne.

3. cigonella, C. ^ V. xviii. p. 436. — Portorieo.

4. argalus, C.^ V. xviii. p. 439. — Guadeloupe.

5. macrolepis, Bleek. I. c. xii. p. 225. — Nias.

6. esociua Basil. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1855, x. p. 260. — China.

7. altipinna, Poey, Mem. Cab. ii. p. 293.— Cuba. D. 24. A. 23.

8. undecim-radiata,£Kc?^6;, in Miiller,Archiv, 1848, p. 383. — Hab. ?

1 . HKLONE. 235

A. Anterior dorsal rai/s jjrolo/u/fd, forniiiu/ a lube, or giiiiiy a
falciform appearance to the Jin : liL4one.

1. The free portion of the tail is strowjly depressed, ivith a sharp
lateral ed(/c.

1 . Belone trachura.
Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 4-3G.

D. 15-17. A. 20-21.

The free portion of the tail is strongly depressed, with a sharp
lateral edge ; body subcylindrical. The length of the head is one-
third of the total (with the caudal) ; its upper surface flat, striated
without distinct median groove ; superciliary region striated ; base
of the intermaxillaries much depressed, maxillary entirely hidden by
the praiorbital. The lower jaw considerably longer than the up[)er.
Teeth small ; vomerine teeth none. The diameter of the eye is a
little more than the width of the interorbital space, and one-half of
the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Depth of the body
considerably less than the length of the pectoral fin, which is more
than the distance of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin
nearly midway between head and caudal fin. The middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating
at a great distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal tin forked.
Scales rather small, adherent.

Island of Ascension.

a-c. From 16 to 20 inches long. Old Collection.

2. Belone incisa.
Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 451.

D. 19. A. 22.

The free portion of the tail depressed ; body subcyUndrical ; the
length of the head two-fifths of the total (with the caudal). Maxil-
lary entirely hidden by the praeorbital. Dorsal and anal fins not
high, caxidal truncate. Scales very small. {Val.)

Indian Ocean.

3. Belone depressa.

? Belone depressa, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 29(5.
D. 13-14. A. 18-19.
The free portion of the tail is strongly depressed, and dilated mto
a broad, sharp edge on each side. . Body rather depressed, subpenta-
gonal. The length of the head is rather less than one-third of the
total (without caudal) ; its upper surface flat, striated, without dis-
tinct median groove ; superciliary region faintly 'striated ; base of
the intermaxillaries much depressed. Maxillary entirely hidden by
the praeorbital, which is scaly. Teeth very small ; vomerine teeth
none. The diameter of the eye is somewhat more than the width of
the interorbital space, and one-half of the length of the postorbital
portion of the head. Depth of the body considerably less than the

236 SCOMBEESOCID^.

length of the pectoral fin, which is more than the distance of the
opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway be-
tween eye and caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays
Bubequal in length, short, the last terminating at a great distance
from the root of the caudal. The origin of the anal is in advance of
that of the dorsal. Caudal fin forked. Scales not very small, adhe-
rent. Green above, silvery below.
West Indies (North-west Australia?).

a-h. Twelve inches long. Dominica. Purchased of Mr. Cutter.

c. Seventeen inches long. North-west Australia. From the Haslar

Collection.

d. Three inches long. Jamaica.

4. Belone lovii.
D. 13. A. 18. P. 11.

The free portion of the tail is strongly depressed, and dilated into
a broad sharp edge on each side. Body rather depressed, subponta-
gonal. The length of the head is rather more than one-third of the
total (without caudal) ; its upper surface flat, striated, with a very
shallow, scaly median groove ; superciliary region slightly striated ;
base of the intcrmaxillaries much depressed. Maxillary entirely
hidden by the pra^orbital, which is scaly ; teeth very small ; vomerine
teeth none. The diameter of the eye is consj)ieuously more than the
width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds of the length of the
postorbital portion of the liead. Depth of the body considerably less
than the length of the pectoral fin, which is more than the distance
of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway
between eye and caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal
rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating at a great dis-
tance from the root of the caudal. The origin of the anal is in ad-
vance of that of the dorsal. Caudal fin forked. Scales not very
small, adherent. Greenish bronze-coloured above, silvery below.

Cape de Verde Islands.

o. Fifteen inches long. Presented by the Kev. K. T. Lowe.

5. Belone carinata.

Cuv. ^ Veil, xviii. p. 437.

D. 15. A. 17.
The free portion of the tail is much depressed, with broad, sharp,
lateral edges. Upper jaw much shorter than lower. Caudal &i
emarginate. ( Val.)
Sandwich Islands.
Perhaps identical with B. platura.

1. BELONE, 237

6. Belone platura.

PBelone platyura, Bom. Proe. Comm. Zool. Soc. IS-'jO, p. 168.
Belone platura, Rlipp. N. W. Fische, p. 73, taf. 20. fig. 1 ; Cuv. Sf Vat.

xviii. p. 451 ; Bleek, Act. Soc. Sc. Lulo-Nedcrl. ii., Amboina, viii.

p. 85.

D. 13-14. A. 17.

The free portion of the tail is strongly depressed, with a sharp
lateral edge. Body rather depressed, subpentagonal. The length of
the head is contained twice and thi'ee-fourths in the total (without
caudal) ; its upper surface flat, striated, with a broad, very shallow,
scaly median groove ; superciliary region striated ; base of the inter-
maxillaries much depressed, maxillary entirely hidden by the prae-
orbital. Teeth small ; vomerine teeth none ; tongue smooth. The
diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital space, and is
contained once and two-thirds in the length of the postorbital por-
tion of the head. Depth of the body considerably less than the length
of the pectoral fin, which is more than the distance of the opercular
margin from the orbit. Ventral fin midway between eye and caudal.
The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length,
short, the last terminating at a considerable distance from the root
of the caudal. Caudal fin forked. Scales rather small, adherent

Ilea Sea ; ? Mauritius ; East Indies.

a. Adult. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

b. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Dr. Blocker's Collection.

7. Belone microps.
D. 13-15. A. 14-15.

The free portion of the tail is strongly depressed, with a sharpish
edge. Body depressed, rather broader than deep. The length of
the head is one-third of the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface
flat, smooth, with a narrow median groove ; superciliary region quite
smooth ; base of the intermaxillaries depressed, maxillary half hidden
by the prseorbital. Teeth of moderate size, widely set ; vomerine
teeth none. The diameter of the eye is a little more than the width
of the interorbital space, and one-fifth of the length of the postorbital
portion of the head, which is rather more than half the length of the
beak. Depth of the body considerably less than the length of the
pectoral fin, which is less than the distance of the opercular margin
from the orbit. Ventral fin a little nearer to the head than to the
caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in
length, short, the last terminating at a considerable distance from
the root of the caudal ; origin of the anal somewhat in advance of
that of the dorsal. Caudal forked, with the lobes subequal in length.
Scales minute, adherent. The termination of the lateral keel on the
caudal fin black.

Guianas.

a. Thirteen^, inches long. Surinam.

b. Thirteen inches long. British Guiana. Presented by Sir II.

Schomburgk.

c. Eleven inches long. Britisn Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

238 SCOMBRESOCIU^.

8. Belone angusticeps.
D. 16. A. 19.

Tail strongly depressed, with a sharpish lateral edge ; body sub-
cylindrical. The length of the head is somewhat more than one-
third of the total (without caudal) ; it is narrow, elongate, rather
convex above, with a deep median longitudinal groove. Base of the
intermaxillaries depressed ; teeth very small ; maxillary half hidden
by the pracorbital. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
length of the postorbital part of the head, which is more than that
of the pectoral fin. Ventral fin somewhat nearer to the head than
to the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal
in length, short, the last terminating at a considerable distance from
the root of the caudal. Caudal fin somewhat emarginate. Scales
very small. The termination of the caudal keel blackish.

Coast of Ecuador.

a. Eleven inches long. From Mr. Eraser's Collection,

The following species appears to belong to this division : —

9. Beloue exilis.

Girard, Proc. Acad. Not. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 149, and U. S. Pac.
R. li. Exp. Fish. p. 158.

D. 16. A. 20.

The length of the head is a little less than one-third of the total
(without caudal) ; body subcylindrical, very slender. Upper surface
of the head flat, with a longitudinal groove. Eye large, its diameter
being one-third of the length of the postorbital part of the head.
The anal fin commences somewhat in advance of the dorsal, the
middle and hinder rays of these fins being short ; ventral midway
between the eye and the caudal ; caudal fin moderately emarginate.
Scales very small above the lateral line, larger below it. (Gir.)

San Diego, California.

2. The free portion of the tail is moderately or slicfhth/ depressed, wn/iout
lateral edye ; or the lateral li)ie passes into a sliijht, (/eneralli/ black-
coloured keel.

a. The posterior dorsal rays are more or less p>rolonged, the last extending
nearly or quite to the root of the caudal Jin.

10. Belone melanotus.

Belone melanotus, Blecker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Ned. hid. i. p. 94, or

Verh. Genootsch. xxiv. &ioek. Vissch. p. 14.
Miistacembelus crocodilus, Bleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii.* (notsvai.).

D. 24-26. A. 22-24.
The free portion of the tail is subtetrahedral, scarcely higher than
broad, with a slight, narrow longitudinal keel along the side. The
length of the head is contained thrice and a sixth in the total (with-
out caudal) ; its upper surface flat, striated, Avithout conspicuous

* We lijivc, at, jirpsent, seen only a separate copy of tliis paper, and tliercfore
are unable to refer to the pages.

1. BELONE. 239

median groove ; superciliary region striated ; base of the intermax-
illaries broad, slightly compressed ; maxillary entirely hidden by the
praeorbital. Teeth of moderate strength ; vomerine teeth none.
The diameter of the eye is a little less than the width of the inter-
orbital space, and one-half of the levcfth of the postorhital portion of
the head. Body slightly compressed, its depth being less than the
length of the pectoral fin, which nearly equals the distance of the
opercular margin from the orbit. Tongue covered with tubercular
aspei'ities. Ventral fin midway between the front margin of the eye
and the root of the caudal. Tlie middle and hinder dorsal and anal
rays arc very slender and somewhat prolonged, the last extending
nearly or quite to the root of the caudal. Caudal fin deeply forked.
Scales very thin and minute, deciduous.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection (as B. croccdilus).

11. Belone schismatorhynchus.

Belone gracilis, Schlcg. Fmm. Japon. Poiss. p. 246, pi. 110. f. 1 ; Bleck.

Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Nieuioe Nalcz. Japan, p. IIG (not Lowe).
Belone schismatorhynchus, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. hid. i. p. 95,

or Ve7-h. Genootsch. xxiv. Snoek. Vlssch. p. 15.
Mastacembelus gracilis, BIcek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii.
D. 24. A. 26.
The free portion of the tail is strongly compressed, much deeper
than broad, with the lateral line slightly raised into an inconspicuous
keel. The length of the head is contained about thrice and a fourth
in the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface with a wide and
shallow median groove, the anterior half of which is scaly ; super-
ciliary region striated ; base of the intermaxillarics compressed,
arched; maxillary nearly entirely hidden by the praDorbital. Teeth
feeble ; vomerine teeth none. The diameter of the eye is equal to
the width of the interorbital space, and contained twice and a fourth
in the length of the postorhital portion of the head. Body strongly
compressed, its depth being less than the length of the pectoral fin,
which exceeds the distance of the opercular margin from the orbit.
Ventral fin nearer to the front margin of the orbit than to the root
of the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal rays subcqual in length,
not veiy short, the last terminating at a short distance from the
root of the caudal. Caudal fin forked. Scales minute.

lied Sea, Indian Ocean.
a. Adult, 18 inches long. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. E. Eiijjpell.

12. Belcne choram.

Rcnard, ii. pi. 14. fig. 05.

Esox choram, Forsk. Dcscr. Anim. p. 07. no. 98. c.

Belona crocodila, Lcsiieur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phdad. ii. 1821, p. 129.

Belone choram, Riipp. N. M'irb. Fische, p. 72.

crocodilus, Cvv. ^- Val. jtviii. p. 440.

D. 22-23. A. 20-21.
The free portion of the tail is scarcely compressed, rather deeper

240 scombresocid.t:.

than broad, provided with a very slight lateral keel. The length of
the head is one-third of the total (without caudal) ; its upper sur-
face with a broad and very shallow median groove ; superciliary
region striated ; base of the intermaxillaries depressed, maxillary
nearly entirely hidden by the prseorbital. Teeth strong ; vomerine
teeth none. The diameter of the eye is less than the Avidth of the
interorbital space, and one-half of the lem/th of the postorhiial por-
tion of the head. Body subcylindrical, its depth being much less
than the length of the nectoral fin, which equals the distance of the
opercular margin from the orbit. Tonrjue covered with ttdmrnlar
aspetities. Ventral fin nearer to the head than to the root of the cau-
dal. The middle and hinder dorsal rays are very slender and some-
what prolonged, the last extending nearly or quite to the root of the
caudal. Caudal fin forked. Scales very thin and small, deciduous.
Eastern coasts of Africa.

a. Adult. Mozambique. From the Berlin Museum.

h. Half-grown : skin. Zanzibar. Presented by Lieutenant-Colonel

Playfair.
c. Large specimen. Purchased of Mr. E. Gerrard, jun.

13. Belone aimulata.

liiisscU, pi. 175.

PBelona indica, Lenveur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. 1821, p. 131.

Belone annulata, Ciiv. lV Val. xviii. p. 447, pi. .550; Cunt. Mai. Fish.

p. 244 ; Day, Fi.di. Maluhur, p. 1(55.
Belone gigantea, Schlcr/. Faun. Japan. I'oiss. p. 245 ; Bhcl:. Act. Sac.

Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii. Japan, p. 2L

? melanurus, lileek. Verhand. Bcdav. Genootsch. xxii. Madur. p. ] 1 .

? cylindrica, Bleek, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Snock. p. 13.

Beloxie bracliyrhynchus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. AW. /«//. Yi.p.Gl(young).
Mastaceinbelus chorani, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. iii.
brachyrhynclius, Bleek. I. c. (young).

D. 23-24. A. 21-22.

The free portion of the tail is tetiahedral, higher than broad, with
a slight, narrow longitudinal keel along the side. The length of the
head is contained thrice and a third in the total (without caudal) ;
its upper surface with a broad and very shallow median groove ;
superciliary region striated ; basc^of the intermaxillaries depressed,
maxillary nearly entirely hidden by the praiorbital. Teeth strong ;
vomerine teeth none. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the
width of the interorbital space, and two-fifths of the length of the
postorhiial portion of the head. Body slightly compressed, its depth
being much less than the length of the pectoral fin, which is more
than the distance of the opercidar margin from the orbit. Tongue
covered vj'dh tuhercidar asperities. Ventral fin midway between the
front margin of the eye and the root of the caudal. The nuddlc and
hinder dorsal rays arc very slender and somewhat prolonged, the
last extending nearly or quite to the root of the caudal. Caudal
fin forked. Scales very thin and minute, deciduous.

Indian Ocean. Friendly Islands.

Adult and voung : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection

1. BELONE. 241

d. Half-grown. China. Presented by Admiral Sir T. Belcher.

e. Adult. Pormosa. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection.
f-g. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

h. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection, as Belone choram (=gi-

gantea).
i. Young. Gilolo. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection : type of Belone

hrachyrhyiuJius.

14. Belone melanostigma.

Cuv. ^ Vol. xviii. p. 450.

D. 24. A. 25.
Beak very short, the length of the head being two-ninths of the
total (with the caudal). The hinder dorsal and anal rays are pro-
longed. Teeth extremely small. Sides with three large black
blotches and numerous dots. ( Vul.')
Red Sea.

15. Belone caribbaea.

Belone carribsea, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 1821, p. 127 ;
Cuv. Sf Vul. p. 4;50.

D. 23-24. A. 21-22. P. 12.

The free portion of the tail is somewhat depressed, and provided
with a very slight longitudinal keel on each side. The length of the
head is one-third of the total (without caudal). Teeth of moderate
size. Upper jaw shorter than lower; the diameter of the eye is
rather less than the width of the interorbital space, and two-fifths of
the length of the postorbital portion of the head. The length of the
pectoral ccpiaJs the distance of the operctdar margin from the or])it.
Ventral fin nearer to the head than to the caudal. The middle and
hinder dorsal rays ai'e somewhat prolonged, and form a lobe as deep
as, or deeper than, the anterior one ; the last ray extends nearly to
the root of the caudal. Posterior anal rays not produced. Caudal
fin forked. Scales minute.

West Indies.

a-h. Adult. Dominica. Purchased of Mr. Cutter.

c.-h. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins. Jamaica. From Mr.

Parnell's Collection.
i-lc. Two and a half inches long. New Orleans.

16. Belone gerania.
aiv. 8f Val. p. 437.

D. 25. A. 21.

Beak very thick and short. Eye large, its diameter being more
than one-half of its distance from the opercular margin ; interorbital
space wide. The lower or posterior part of the prajorbital is longer
and broader than the upper or anterior. Caudal fin forked. ( Val.)

Martinique.

VOL. VI.

242 scombresocidjE.

17. Belone cantrainii.

Tylosurus cantrainii, Cocco, Lett, in Oiorn. Sc. Lett. Sicil. xvii. p. 18,

tab. 1. fig. 4 ; BotiaiJ. Faun. Ital. Peso.
Belone cantrainii, Cuv. Sj- Val. xviii. p. 418.

D. 23. A. 24. P. 12. V. 6.

The free portion of the tail is depressed, with a longitudinal keel
on each side. The length of the head is contained thrice and one-
third in the total (without caudal). Teeth of moderate size. Upper
jaw shorter than lower ; diameter of the eye two-fifths of the length
of the postorbital portion of the head. The length of the pectoral
is rather more than the distance of the opercular margin from the
orbit. Ventral fin nearer to the head than to the caudal. The
middle and hinder dorsal rays are prolonged, and form a lobe longer
than the anterior one ; the last extends to or beyond the root of the
caudal. Posterior anal rays not produced. Caudal fin forked.

Sicily.

b. The middle and posterior dorsal rays are short, suheqiial in length.

18. Belone ferox.
D. 21. A. 26.

The free portion of the tail is not compressed, subtrihedral, the
back of the tail being broad and depressed. The length of the head
is less than one-third of the total (without caudal) ; its upper sur-
face with a broad median groove, tapering behind and widening in
front ; superciliary region striated ; base of the intermaxillaries
depressed ; only the basal half of the maxillary is hidden by the
prseorbital. Jaws and teeth strong ; vomerine teeth none ; tongue
smooth. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the width of the
interorbital space, and two-sevenths of the length of the postorbital
portion of the head. Body compressed, its depth being less than the
length of the pectoral fin, which exceeds the distance of the opercular
margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway between the root of
the caudal and the front margiii of the orbit. The middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating
at a considerable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin
truncate. Scales thin and rather small, adherent.

New South Wales.

a. Thirty-one inches long. Sydney. Purchased of Mr. Ross.

19. Belone robusta.

D. 19-20. A. 22.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, much higher than
broad ; lateral line terminating in a very sHght keel. The length
of the head is somewhat more than one-third of the total (without
caudal) ; its upper surface striated, without median groove ; base of
the intermaxillaries depressed, maxillary nearly entirely hidden by

1. BELONE. 243

the prceorbital. Teeth of niodorate size ; vomerine teeth none. The
diameter of the eye is somewhat more than one-half of the width
of the interorbital space, and contained twice and three-fourths in
the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Body compressed,
its depth being about equal .o the length of the pectoral fin, or to
the distance of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin
nearly midway between the root of the caudal and the front margin
of the orbit. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal
in length, short, the last terminating at a considerable distance
from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin forked. Scales thin and
very small, adherent.
Red Sea.

a. Thirty-one inches long: stuffed. Red Sea. Presented by J.

Burton, Esq.

b. Thirty inches long : dried. Egypt. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

20. Belone liuroides.

Belone leiuroidos, Blceh. Nat. Ti/dschr. Ned. Ind. i. p. 479; or Verh.

Bat. Geii. xxiv. Snock. T'isch. p. 25.
Mastacembehis leiiiroides, Blcelc. Nedeii. Tijdschr. Dicrk. iii.

D. 19. A. 22.

The free portion of the tail is slightly depressed, as high as broad ;
lateral line not terminating in a keel. The length of tbe liead is
two-fifths of the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface deeply
striated, with a rather shallow median groove ; base of the inter-
maxiUaries strongly depressed, maxillary three-fourths hidden by
the prseorbital. Teeth of moderate size ; vomerine teeth none ;
tongue smooth. The diameter of the eye is three-fourths of the
width of the interorbital space, and two-fifths of the length of the
postorbital portion of the head. Body .subcyhndrical, its depth
being much less than the length of the pectoral tin, which is more
than the distance of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral
fin nearly midway between the root of the caudal and the front margin
of the orbit. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal
in length, short, the last terminating at a considerable distance from
the root of the caudal ; anterior rays very long. Caudal fin forked.
Scales thin, not very small, adherent,

East-Indian archipelago.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

21. Belone natalensis.

I). 17-18. A. 24.

The free portion of the tail is not compressed, subtrihedral, the
back of the tail being broad and depressed. The length of the head
is nearly one-third of the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface
with a broad, shallow median groove, tapering behind, widening in

k2

244 SCOMBKBSOCIDJE.

front ; superciliary region faintly striated ; base of the intermaxilla-
ries depressed, maxillary two-thirds hidden by the prseorbital. Teeth
of moderate size ; vomerine teeth none ; tongue smooth. The dia-
meter of the eye is less than the width of the interorbital space, and
contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the postorbital por-
tion of the head. Body compressed, its depth being less than the
length of the pectoral fin, which exceeds the distance of the oper-
cular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway between
the root of the caudal and the front margin of the orbit. The middle
and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last
terminating at a considerable distance from the root of the caudal.
Caudal fin truncate. Scales thin and rather small, adherent.
Eastern coast of Africa.

a-h. Fine specimens, 20 inches long. Port Natal. From Mr. Ayres's

Collection.
c-d. Half-gro^vn. From the Haslar Collection.

22. Belone truncata.

Timucu, Marcgr. p. 168.

Esox, Schopf, Schrift. Oes. ntrf. Freiind. viii. p. 177,

Esox belone, Mitch. Lit. Hf Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 443.

? Esox longirostris, Mitch. Amer. Mouth. Mag. ii. 1817, p. 322.

Belone truncata, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. ii. 1821, p.

126, with a plate ; Storer, Report Massach. Fish. p. 98 ; Delay,

New York Faun. Fish. p. 227, pi. 35. tig. 112 5 Cuv. S{ Vol. xviii.

p. 422.

alnieida, Quoy 8( Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 22G.

guianensis, Schoinburgk, Fish. Gnian. ii. pi. 1.

timucu, Ctiv. 8)- Val. xviii. p. 426 ; ? Guichen. in Raynon de la

Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss. p. 150, pi. 4. f. 1.
scrutator, Girar-d, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 170 5 aud

U. S. (§• Me.v. Bound. Survey. Ichthyol. p. 30, pi. 13.
Tylosuiiis guianensis, Midi. 4* Trosch., in Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian.

iii. p. 626.

D. 15-16. A. 17-19. P. 12. (nortnem specimens).
13-14. 16-17. (southern specimens).

The free portion of the tail is moderately depressed, broader than
deep, without a lateral keel. The length of the head is a little more
than one-third of the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface flat,
with a broad and rather shallow, scaly median groove; parietal
region faintly striated; base of the intermaxillaries depressed,
maxillary only half hidden by the praeorbital. Teeth of moderate
size ; vomerine teeth none. The diameter of the eye is less than
the width of the interorbital space, and one-third or a little less
than one- third of the length of the postorbital portion of the head.
Body broad, subcylindrical, its depth being considerably less than
the length of the pectoral fin, which is about equal to the distance
of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin somewhat
nearer to the head than to the caudal. The middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating

1. BELONE. 245

at a considerable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin
obliquely truncate. Scales very thin and small, and deciduous.
Coasts of America.

a. Northern specimens have generally the superciliary region
faintly striated, and D. 15-16, A. 17-19 : B. truncata.

a. Adult. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

h. Adult. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

c. Half-grown, Lake Champlain. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

d-e. Half-grown : skins, Jamaica.

f-g. Half-grown. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

These specimens agree more with the North American form,

than with the South American.

/3. Southern specimens have generally the superciliary region
smooth, and D. 13-14, A. 16-17: B. guianensis.

h, i, h. Adult and young. Demerara.
I. Adult. Surinam.
m. Adult.

23. Belone snbtmncata.

Poet/, Mein. Cub. ii. p. 295.

D. 17. A. 16.

Body as broad as deep ; the length of the head is contained twice
and six-sevenths in the total (mth the caudal) ; diameter of the eye
two-fifths of the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Beak
slender, with small and fine teeth. Scales invisible. The anal fin
commences a little in advance of the dorsal; caudal subtruncate.
iPoey.)

Cuba.

24. Selone caudimaculata.
Belone caudimaculata, Cuv. Rkgne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 452.
D. 13. A. 15-16.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, much deeper than broad.
The length of the head is contained twice and a third in the total
(without caudal) ; its upper surface flat, with a rather shallow median
groove of moderate width ; superciliary' region with one or two striae ;
base of the intermaxiUaries depressed, maxillary only half hidden by
the praeorbital. Teeth rather small ; vomerine teeth none. The
(hameter of the eye equals the Avidth of the interorbital space, and
is contained twice and three-fourths in the length of the postorbital
portion of the head. Body broad, subcylindrical, its depth being con-
siderably less than the length of the pectoral fin, which is more than
the distance of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin
midway between the eye and the caudal. The middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating
at a considerable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin
rounded. Scales rather small, adherent. A small round deep-black
spot on the root of the caudal fin.

Indian Ocean to Australia.

(/, Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank,

246 SCOMBKESOCID^.

h. Adult : skin. Port Essington,

c. Adidt, From the Haslar Collection.

d. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society
e,f. Adult.

25. Belone strongylunis.

Russell, ii. pi. 176.

Belone caudimaculata, Cant. Catal. p. 24G ; Bleck. Verhanil. Batav,

Genootsch. xxiv. Snock. p. 12 (uot Cuv.).
Mastacembelus strongylurus (v. Mass.), JBleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk.

iii. (not synon.).

D. 13-14. A. 16.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, much deeper than broad.
The length of the head is contained twice and a half or twice and
four-fifths in the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface flat, with
a. rather shallow median groove of moderate width ; superciliary
region striated ; base of the intermaxillaries depressed, maxillary
only one-third hidden by the praeorbital. Teeth rather small ; vomer-
ine teeth none. The diameter of the eye equals the width of the
interorbital space, and is one-third or rather less than one-third (>f
the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Body broad, sub-
cylindi'ical, its depth being considerably less than the length of the
pectoral fin, which equals the distance of the opercvJar margin from
the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway between the eye and the
caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in
length, short, the last terminating at a considerable distance from
the root of the caudal. Caudal fin rounded. Scales rather small,
adherent. A small, round, deep-black spot on the root of the caudal
fin.

Indian and Chinese seas.

a, h, c, d-g. Adult (10-11 inches long), half-grown and young.

China. Presented by J. E,. Reeves, Esq.
Ji. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
i-l. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
w. Adult : bad state.
n. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

This species is very closely aUied to B. caudimactdata, but has
always the head shorter and the eye comparatively smaller.

' 26. Belone macrolepis.

Belone macrolepis, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. xii. p. 225.
Mastacembelus macrolepis, Bleek. Ned. Tydsckr. Dierk. iii.

D. 13. A. 16.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, deeper than broad.
The length of the head is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total (-without caudal) ; its upper surface is flat, with a rather shallow
median groove of moderate width ; superciliary region with one or
two stria? ; base of the intermaxillaries strongly depressed, maxiUary

1. BELONE. 247

two-thirds hidden by the proeorbital. Teeth rather small ; vomerine
teeth none ; tongue smooth. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds
of the width of the interorbital space, and one -third of the length
of the postorbital portion of the head. Body rather compressed, its
depth being less than the length of the pectoral fin, which is more
than the distance of the opercular margin from the orbit, and one-
sixth of the distance between the opercular margin and the extre-
mity of the caudal. Ventral fin midway between the front margin
of the eye and the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal
rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating at a considerable
distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin rounded. Scales
of moderate size, in about 120 transverse series. No black spot on
the root of the caudal fin.
Nias.

a. Type of the species, 16 inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

27. Belone urvillii.
Cuv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 444.

D. 13. A. 15.
Body short, beak long, the length of the head being contained
twice and two-thirds in the total (with the caudal). Teeth slender
and very pointed. Pra?orbital scaly. Pectoral fin long and pointed,
its length being one-fifth of the distance between the opercular
margin and the extremity of the caudal. Caudal fin rounded. Scales
weU developed. ( Val.)
Vanicolo.

28. Belone capensis.
D. 14. A. 15.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, deeper than broad. The
length of the head is two-fifths of the total (vdthout caudal) ; its
upper surface flat, with a very shallow and broad median groove ;
superciHaiy region striated ; base of the intermaxillaries dejiressed,
maxiUary two-thirds hidden by the prseorbital. Teeth rather small,
widely set ; vomerine teeth none. The diameter of the eye is less
than the width of the interorbital space, and one-third of the length of
the postorbital portion of the head. Body broad, sub-cylindrical. The
length of the pectoral fin exceeds the distance of the opercular mar-
gin from the orbit. Ventral fin rather small, nearly midway between
the eye and the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal
rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating at a short dis-
tance from the root of the caudal ; basal portion of the anal naked.
Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Scales of moderate size.

Cape of Good Hope.

a. Eleven inches long. Cape of Good Hope.

h. Thirteen inches long : stufiiid. Cape of Good Hope. From Sir A.
Smith's Collection.

248 SCOMBRESOCID^.

29. Belone notata.
Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cub. ii. 18G0, p. 293.
D. 13-14. A. 14.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, deeper than broad. The
length of the head is two-fifths of the total (without caudal) ; its upper
sxirface flat, with a deep scaly median groove ; superciliary region
striated; base of the intermaxillaries depressed, maxillary hidden
by the praeorbital. Teeth of moderate size, widely set ; vomerine
teeth none. The diameter of the eye is less than the width of the
interorbital space, and two-fifths of the length of the postorbital
portion of the head. Body broad, subcylindrical. The length of
the pectoral fin equals the distance of the opercular margin from the
orbit. Ventral fin very small, nearly midway between the head
and the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays sub-
equal in length, short, the last terminating at a considerable distance
from the root of the caudal ; basal portion of the anal scaly. Caudal
fin slightly emarginate. Scales of moderate size, or rather large
when compared with the other species.

Cuba, Jamaica.
a. Fourteen inches long : skin. Jamaica. From Mr. Parnell's Col-
lection.

3. The free ptyrtion of the tail is strongly cotjipresscd ; lateral line tvithout keel.
a. Nu teeth on he palate.

30. Belone Mans.

. Cuv. ^- Val. xviii. p. 432, pi. 548.

D. 26. A. 27. P. 14. V. 6.

Body and tail strongly compressed. The length of the head is
one-foilrth of the total (with the caudal). Teeth small. Upper jaw
scarcely shorter than lower ; intermaxillaries compressed and curved
at the base. Fins falciform ; the length of the pectoral is more than
the distance of the opercular margir* from the orbit. The middle
and hinder dorsal rays somewhat prolonged, the last extending to
the root of the caudal ; ventral inserted a little before the middle of
the total length. Caudal fin deeply forked. Scales small, adherent.
(Vol.)

West Indies, Bahia.

Belone mamlata, Pocy, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 290, appears to be very
closely aUied to B. Mans. Poey says that it has the lower ja'w longer
than the upper, the ventral fin inserted behind the middle of the
length of the body, and the caudal moderately emarginate. A series
of large blue patches from the middle of the side to the tail. B. Mans
would not appear to occur in Cuba, according to Poey.

1. BELONE. 249

31. fielone latimanus.

Belone latimana, Pocy, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 292.
D. 25. A. 23.

Beak and body elongate ; the length of the head is a Httle less
than one-third of the total (without caudal). The middle and pos-
terior dorsal rays not prolonged; caudal forked. (Foey.)

Cuba.

32. Belone raphidoma.

Belone raphidoma, Ranzani, Nov. Conim. Acad. Sc. Inst, lionon. v.

1842, p. 359, tab. 37. fig. 1.
crassa, Poey, Mem. Cuh. ii. p. 291.

D. 22. A. 22. Vert. 57/27. {Poey.)

Tail not depressed. The length of the head one-third of the total
(without caudal). Teeth of moderate size ; upper jaw shorter than
lower ; the diameter of the eye is a little less than one-half of the
length of the postorbital part of the head, which equals that of the
pectoral fin. Ventral fin midwaj' between eye and root of the caudal.
The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays arc short and subequal
in length, the last dorsal ray terminating at a short distance from
the caudal. The origin of the dorsal is opposite to that of the anal.
Caudal forked. Scales very small. (Hanz.)

Brazil (lianzam) ; Cuba {Poey).

33. Belone melanochir.

Belone melanochir, Pocy, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 294.
D. 23. A. 20.

The length of the head is contained thrice and one-third in the
total (with the caudal) ; beak feeble, armed with long and slender
teeth. Scales minute. Pectorals short, broad ; dorsal and anal fins
commence opposite to each other and have the middle and posterior
rays not prolonged. Caudal forced. Posterior half of the pectorals
black. {Poey.)

Cuba.

34. Belone anastomella.

Belone anastomella, Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 440.
ciconia, Richards. Ichthyol. Cliin. p. 2G4.

D. 17-19. A. 22-25.

Tail strongly compressed, much deeper than broad. The length
of the head is contained thrice and a fourth in the total (without
caudal) : its upper surface with a wide and rather deep median
groove ; superciliary and occipital regions striated ; base of the in-
termaxillaries depressed, maxillarj^ two-thirds hidden by the pra?-
orbital. Teeth strong ; vomerine teeth none ; tongue smooth. The
diameter of the eye is much loss than the width of the ititerorbital
space, and one-fourth of the lenyih of the postorbital portion of the
head. Body strongly compressed, its depth being less than the length

250 SCOMBRESOCID^.

of the pectoral, which, again, is somewhat less than the distance of
the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearer to the head
than to the root of the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and
anal rays subeqnal in length, short, the last terminating at a con-
siderable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin emarginate.
Scales very thin and smaU, deciduous ; there are about sixteen longi-
tudinal series between the origin of the dorsal fin and the lateral
line.

Coasts of China and Japan.

a. Twenty-seven inches long. Shanghai. Purchased of Mr. Jam-

rach.
h-c. Adult. China. Presented by J. E,. Reeves, Esq.
d. Adult : stufied. China. Presented by J. E. Eeeves, Esq.
e-f. Adult. Jaj^an. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
g. Half-grown. India. Presented by J. E. "VVaterhouse, Esq.

35. Belone liurus.

Belone leiiu-us, Bleek. Nat. Tychchr. Ned. Ind. i. p. 94 ; or Verh. Bat,

Gen. xxiv. Snoek. Vissch. p. 13.
? Belone tenuirostris, Bhfth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1869. p. 287.
Mastacembelus anastomella, Bleeh. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. (not Cuv.

Sf Vol.).

D. 18-19. A. 23-24.

The free portion of the tail is comi)ressed, miich deeper than
broad. The length of the head is one-third of the total (without
caudal) : its upper surface with a rather shallow median groove
which widens in froiit; superciliary and parietal regions coarsely
striated ; base of the intermaxillarics depressed, maxillary two-thirds
hidden by the praeorbital. Teeth strong, bent backwards ; vomerine
teeth none ; tongue smooth. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds
of the width of the interorbital space, and two-sevenths of the length
of the postorbital portion of the head. Eodj strongly compressed,
its depth being less than the length of the pectoral, which equals
the distance of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin
midway between the hind margin of the eye and the root of the
caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subcqual in
length, short, the last terminating at a considerable distance from
the root of the caudal. Caudal fin subtruncate. Scales not very
small ; there are about twelve loiigitudinal series between the dorsal
fin and the lateral line.

East-Indian archipelago.

a. One of the typical specimens, 23 inches long. From Dr. Bleekcr's
Collection.

36. Belone krefftii.
D. 17. A. 19. P. 13.

The free portion of the tail is strongly compressed, much deei)cr
than broad. The length of the head is contained twice and two-

1. BELONE. 251

fifths in the total (without caudal) ; a scaly groove of moderate
width runs along the middle of its upper surface ; superciliary
region slightly striated ; base of the intermaxillarics much depressed,
maxillaries two-thirds hidden by the praeorbital. Teeth rather
feeble, widely set ; tongue smooth. The diameter of the eye equals
the width of the interorbital space, and is one- third of the length of
the postorbital portion of the head. Body strongly compressed, its
depth being not much less than the length of the pectoral fin, which,
again, is somewhat less than the distance of the opercular margin
from the orbit. Ventral fin midway between prajoperculum and
caudal. Origin of dorsal fin opposite to that of anal. The middle
and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last
terminating at some distance from the root of the caudal ; anterior
anal rays longer than anterior dorsal rays. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate. Scales thin and small. Fpper parts blackish, sides
and belly silverj^-white, the two colours being separated by a narrow
greenish streak,
Aiistralia.

a. Fourteen inches long. From Mr. G. Kreff't's Collection (508).

37. Belone acus.

Aguglia, Aguja.

Acus, Mondcl. i. p. 257 ; Oesner, Aquat. iv. p. 9 ; Salv. p. G8. fig. 8 ;

Aldrov. de Pise. p. 100.
Esox belone, Briinn. Ichthyol. Mass. p. 79 ; Itisso, Ichih. Nice, p. 330 ;

Niicc. Itt. Adr. p. 18 ; Kurd. Prodr. Adr. Ichth. no. 143.
Belone acus, Hisso, Eur. Mcrid. iii. p. 443 ; Botiaj). Faun. Ital. ; Cuv.

8,- Val. xviii. p. 414.

D. 17. A. 21. P. 12.

Tail compressed, deeper than broad. The length of the head is
two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface with-
out median groove ; superciliarj' and parietal regions stiiated ; base
of the intermaxillarics convex, not compressed ; maxillary entirely
hidden by the praeorbital. Teeth exceedingly small ; vomerine teeth
none. Upper jaw a little shorter than lower. The diameter of the
eye equals the width of the interorbital space, and is two-fifths of
the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Body compressed,
its depth being nearly equal to the length of the pectoral fin, the
length of which is a little less than the distance of the opercular
margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway between the
root of the caudal and the opercular margin. The middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating
at a considerable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin
forked. Scales very thin and deciduous, irregular, and not very
small.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult, Malta.

h. Adult. Nice. From the Berlin Museum.

c. Half-grown. Mediterranean.

252 SCOMBRESOCID^.

38. Belone gracilis.

? Belone gracilis, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 86, and Tratis, Zool.
Soc. iii. p. 13.
Closely allied to B. euxini and B. acus, but with the head longer.
D. 17. A. 21. P. 12.

The free portion of the tail is con^pressed, much deeper than broad.
The length of the head is contained twice and thi'ee-fonrths in the
total (with6ut caudal) ; its \ipper surface flat, without median groove;
superciliary and parietal regions striated ; base of the intermaxUla-
ries convex, slightly compressed ; maxillary entirely hidden by the
prseorbital. Teeth small, but considerably larger than in B. acus ;
vomerine teeth none. Upper jaw much shorter than lower. The
diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital space, and
is two-fifths of the length of the postorbital portion of the head.
Body compressed, its depth being somewhat less than the length of
the pectoral fin, the length of which is more than the distance of
the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway
between the root of the caudal and the opercular margin. The
middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short,
the last terminating at a considerable distance from the root of the
caudal. Caudal fin forked. Scales very thin and deciduous, irre-
gular and small.

Coast of Portugal ; ? Madeira.

a. Eighteen inches long. Lisbon.

h. Ten inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

c. Eleven inches long. Purchased of Mr. Damon.

39. Belone euxini.

Esox belone, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. iii. p. 337.

? Belone rostrata^ Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 314,

pi. 25. fig. 1 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, ii. p. 45-4 (not

Faber).

D. 17. A. 21. P. 12.

The free portion of the tail compressed, deeper than broad. The
length of the head is a little less than one-third of the total (with-
out caudal) ; its upper surface without median groove ; superciliary
and parietal regions striated ; base of the intermaxillaries convex,
slightly compressed, maxillary nearly entirely hidden by the prae-
orbital. Teeth small, but considerably larger than in B. acus;
vomerine teeth none. Upper jaw much shorter than lower. The
diameter of the eye equals the vridth of the interorbital space, and
is two-fifths of the length of the postorbital portion of the head.
Body compressed, its depth being nearly equal to the length of the
pectoral fin, the length of which is a little less than the distance of
the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway
between the root of the caudal and the opercular margin. The
middle and binder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short,
the last terminating at a considerable distance from the root of the

1. BELONE. 253

caudal. Caudal fin forked. Scales very thin and deciduous, irre-
gular and small.

Black Sea.
a. Fifteen inches long. From Mr. Millingen's Collection.

This species is very similar to B. acus, but may be readily dis-
tinguished by its much larger teeth.

40. Belone cancila.

Esox cancila, iSiich. Ham. pp. 214, 380, pi. 27. fig. 70.
Belone graii, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 367, pi. 63. fig. 4.

cancila, Cuv. 8/- Val. xviii. p. 455 ; Blcek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch.

XXV. p. 146 ; Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 166.

D. 16-17. A. 17. Vert. 36/22.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, deeper than broad.
The length of the head is two-fifths of the total (without caudal) ; a
deep groove of moderate width runs along the middle of its upper
surface ; supercihary region smooth ; base of the intermaxillaries
depressed, maxillary two-thirds hidden by the praeorbital. Teeth
strong, widely set ; vomerine teeth none. The diameter of the eye
is nearly equal to the width of the interorbital space, and two-fifths
of the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Body broad,
subcyhndrical, its depth being considerably less than the length of
the pectoral fin, which, again, is less than the distance of the oper-
cular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin midway between eye and
caudal : origin of dorsal fin opposite to that of anal. The middle and
hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last ter-
minating at some distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin
subtruncate. Scales very thin and small.

Indian Ocean.

a, h, c, d-f. Fine specimens. Ceylon.

ff. Adult : skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cutter.

41. Belone canciloides.

Belone canciloides, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. v. p. 464.
Mastacembelus cancUoides, Bleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii,

D. 17. A. 17-18.

The free portion of the tail is strongly compressed, deeper than
broad. The length of the head is two-fifths of the total (without
caudal). Base of the intermaxillaries depressed. The diameter of
the eye is one-third of the length of the postorbital portion of the
head, which is more than that of the pectoral fin. The first dorsal
ray is opposite the third or fourth of the anal fin. The middle and
hinder dorsal and anal rays short. Caudal fin subtruncate. Scales
small.

Eivers of Borneo.

a. One of the typical specimens, 1 1 inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's
Collection.

254 scoMBRnsocin^..

42. Belone senegalensis.
Cuv. ^- Val. xviii. p. 421.

D. 15. A. 15-16. P. 11.

The free portion of the tail is compressed, deeper than broad. Tlie
length of the head is two -fifths of the total (without caudai) ; its
upper siu-face flat, with a broad, shallow, scaly median groove ;
superciHary region faintly striated ; base of the intermaxillaries de-
jiresscd, maxillary only half hidden by the prasorbital. Teeth of
moderate size ; vomerine teeth none. The diameter of the eye is
loss than the width of the intcrorbital space, and contained twice
and three-quarters in the length of the postorbital jwrtion of the
head. Body broad, subcylindrical,- its depth being considerably less
th.in the length of the pectoral fin, which is more than the distance
of the opercular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin somewhat nearer
to the head than to the caudal. The middle and hinder dorsal and
anal rays subequal in length, short, the last tenninating at a con-
siderable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin cmargi-
nate. Scales very thin, rather small, and deciduous.

West Afiica.

a. Adult. Sierra Leone.

b. Teeth on the jyalntc.

43. Belone vnlgaris.

Ciar-fish, Gar-pike ; Horn-fish, Iloni-hocht; I'Orphie ; Niibbgadda.
JJ ///. Hist. rise. p. 231 (tab. P. 2. fig. 4) ; Peiin. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 28.3,

pi. G3, and, edit. 1812, iii. p. 429, pi. 74; Couch, lirit. Fish. iv. p. 140,

pi. 209.
Esox, sp., Gronov. Zoophj/I. no. 302; Mirs. Ichth. i. p. 10, no. 30.
Esox belone, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 517; Bl. taf. 33; BJ. Schn. p. 391;

Lacep. V. p. 308 ; Midi. Faun. Dan. p. 49 ; Donov. Brit. Fish, iii,

pi. 64 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 105.
Mastaccembelus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. tab. 3. fig. 2.
Belone vulgaris, F/e77i. Brit. An. p. 184 ; Jen. Man. p. 418 ; Fkstrotn,

Fische Morkii, p. 72; Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii. p. 274 ; Yarrell, Brit.

Fish. i. p. 391, 2nd edit. i. p. 442, 3rd edit. i. p. 459; Cuv. ^ Val.

x\'iii. p. 399 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 359.

I'ostrata, Faber, Fische Isl. p. 152; Kriiycr, Damn. Fisk. iii. p. 257.

Macroguathus scolopax, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 147.

Youtig.

Hemirhamphus europfeus, Yarr. Muri. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 505, and
Brit. Fish. 2nd ed. i. p. 450, 3rd ed. i. p. 409; Couch, Zooloe/ist,
1848, p. 1978. figs, d & e, and Brit. Fish. iv. p. 135, pi. 208.

E.SOX brasilieusis ?, Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 85.

IleniirliampliUs obtusus, Couch, Zoologist, p. 1978, figs, a-c, and Brit.
Fish. iv. p. 130, pi. 208.

baltbicus, Hornschuch.

behnii. Van der Hoeven.

Cf. a paper by Malm, Ofvers. Vetensli. Alcad. Fcirhandl. 1852, tab. 3,
where tlio author proves ilw identity of ihoso fishes with Belone.

1. BELONE. 255

B. 12. D. 17-19. A. 21-22. P. 12. V. 6. Vert. 52/28.

Tail compressed, deeper than broad. The length of the head is
two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; its upper surface with-
out median groove ; superciliary region faintly striated ; base of the
intermaxillaries somewhat compressed, maxillary entirely hidden by
the prseorbital. Teeth very small ; vomerine teeth present, forming
a small, short, ovoid patch. The diameter of the eye is less than the
width of the interorbital space, and contained twice and two-thirds
in the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Body com-
pressed, its depth being nearly equal to the length of the pectoral
fin, which is but little less than the distance of the opercular margin
from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway between root of the
caudal and opercular margin. The middle and hinder dorsal and
* anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating at a con-
siderable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin forked.
Scales very thin and small, deciduous.

Northern coasts of Europe.

a. Adult. English coast. Presented by Messrs. Gibson and Quelch.

This specimen has lost the vomerine teeth.
b-g. Adult : skins in bad state. Firth of Forth. From Mi*. Par-

nell's Collection.
h. Adult. Old CoUection.
i. Four and a half inches long. Cornwall. Presented by J. Couch,

Esq., as Hemirhamphus europceus.
k-l. Three inches long. Bohusliin. Presented by Hr. A. W. Malm.

44. Belone cornidii.

Aguja paladar, Cornide, Feces Galic. p 88.

B. 12. D. 16. A. 19-21. P. 13. V. 6.

Very similar to B. vulgaris.

Tail compressed, deeper than broad. The length of the head is a
little less than one-third of the total (without caudal) ; its upper
surface without median groove ; superciliary region faintly striated ;
base of the intermaxillaries scarcely compressed, maxillary entirely
hidden by the prseorbital. Teeth more numerous and considerably
stronger than in B. vulgaris ; vomerine teeth present, forming a
longish band, tapering i^osteriorly. The diameter of the eye is
scarcely less than the width of the interorbital space, and contained
twice and two-thirds in the length of the postorbital portion of the
head. Body compressed, its depth being nearly equal to the length of
the pectoral fin, which is but little less than the distance of the oper-
cular margin from the orbit. Ventral fin nearly midway between the
root of the caudal and the opercular margin. The middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating at
a considerable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin forked.
Scales very thin and deciduous, but larger than in B. vulgaris.

Coast of Portugal.

a. Twenty inches long. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

b. Adult. Atlantic. From the Berlin Museum (as B. argalus).

256 SCOMBRESOCID^..

B. Dorsal rays subequal in length, the anterior ones not forming a lobe.
Potamorrhaphis.

45. Belone taeniata.
B. 7-8. D.30. A. 25. P. 7. V. 6. L.lat.180.

Trunk tetrahedral, as broad as deep ; tail strongly compressed ;
crown of the head quite Mat; a median longitudinal groove com-
mences between the eyes and runs forward to the base of the iater-
maxillaries, where it is continued as a linear furrow. Beak broad,
strongly depressed, the lower jaw being broader and somewhat longer
than the upper. The length of the head is one-third of the total
(with the caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is less than the width of
the interorbital space, and two-fifths of the length* of the postorbital
part of the head. Jaws armed with a very narrow band of incon-,
spicuous asperities and with a series of small, fine teeth. Maxillary
larger and broader than, and oidy one-half hidden by, the proeorbital.
Ventral fin midway between the head and caudal. The anterior
dorsal rays are not much higher, and scarcely stronger, than the pos-
terior ones, the last terminating at a short distance from the caudal.
The anal commences behind the dorsal, and has the anterior rays
much stouter and longer than the posterior. Caiidal rounded ; pec-
toral a little longer than the postorbital part of the head. Light-
brownish, with a broad brownish-black lateral band, running from
the snout to the root of the caudal.

Fresh waters of Brazil.

a-c. From 10 to 11 inches long. River Capin. Purchased of Mr.
Stevens.

46. Belone scolopacina.

Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 428.

D. 14. A. 17.

No prominent keel on the sides of the tail. Beak remarkably
flattened ; skuU broad posteriorly, with a. very short groove on its
upper surface. Superciliary region without stria?, pierced with pores.
Eyes large and prominent. Pectorals small, narrow, falciform ; the
dorsal fin has all the rays of nearly equal length ; anterior lobe of
the anal rounded ; caudal apparently rounded. Scales well deve-
loped. {Val.)

Mana.

2. SCOMBRESOX.

Scombresox, Lacep. v. p. 344.

Both jaws prolonged into a long, slender beak, the upper part being
formed by the intermaxillaries ; both jaws with a series of extremely
minute teeth. Body elongate, compressed, slender, covered with
small, thin, deciduous scales. A number of detached finlets behind
the dorsal and anal fins. Gill-openings veiy wide. Intestinal track
simple, without pyloric appendages. Air-bladder large.

Atlantic, coast of Chili ; New Zealand ; Japan.

2. SCOMBRESOX. 257

As in Belone, the jaws are not produced in very young fishes, and
during growth the lower jaw is much in advance of the upper-

1. Scomhresox saurus.

Saury or Skipper.

Lacertus vel Sauruo, Willughhy, Hist, Pise. p. 232.

Skipper, Huy, Synops. p. 165.

Esox saurus, Walbaum, Artedi, iii. p. 93 ; Bl. ScJin. p. 394, taf. 78.

fig. 2; Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. p. 60, tab. 5; Turton, Brit.

Faun. p. 105 ; Neill, Werner. Mem. i. p. 541 ; Donoo. Brit. Fish.

V. pi. 116.
Saury Pike, Penti. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 284, pi. 64 ; or edit. 1812, iii.

p. 424, pi. 75 ; and Tour Scotl. 2nd edit. p. 298, tat. 17. f. 2 ; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. i. p. 394, and 2nd edit. i. p. 446.
Scomberesox caniperii, Lacep. v. p. 345, pi. 6. fig. 3 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xviii.

p. 464, pi. 551 ; Kroyer, Dan?n. Fish. iii. p. 278 • Thomps. Nat.

Hist. Ireland, iv. p. 142 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 3rd edit. i. p. 465 ;

Niks. Ofvers. Sven^k. Vet. Acad. Forhandl. 1864, p. 501.
Scomberesox saurus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 184 ; Parnell, Werner, Mem.

vii. p. 276.
J3elone saurus, Jenyns, Man. p. 419.
Bill-fisli, Stoi-er, Fish. Massach. p. 100.
Scomberesox storeri, Dvkay, New York Faun. Fish. p. 229, pi. 35.

fig. Ill (very bad).

Young (2-3 inches long).

Scomberesox scutellatum, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii.

. 1821, p. 132.
Scombreso.x scutellatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 477.

B. 13. D. lO-ll+V-VI. A. 134-VI-VII. P. 12. V. 6.
L.lat. IID.

Lower jaw longer than the upper. The length of the head is about
two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) in full-grown individuals ;
but the snout is considerably shorter in young specimens. Base of
the ventral fin midway between the root of the caudal and the ante-
rior margin of the eye. The diameter of the eye is contained t-wice
and two-thirds iu the length of the postorbital part of the head.
Air-bladder present, large.

Atlantic coasts of Europe, Africa, and North America.

a. Adult. Norftdk. Presented by Messrs. OlKff & Co.

b. Adult : skin, bad state. England.

c. Half-grown. Banks of Newfoundland. Presented by W. Win-

stone, Esq.

d. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
e~g. Adult and half-grown : skins. Cape of Good Hope. Presented

by Sir A. Smith.
h, {, Half- grown.

Youtiff examples.

Ic, Z-p. From 1^ to 7 inches long. Atlantic, 3° N. of the line. Pre-
sented I5y J. B. Godfrey, Esq.
VOL. vr.

258 SC0MBRES0CrDJ5.

q-t. Jrom 2 to 4 inches long. Presented by Mr. E. Jones.
u-x. From 1 1 to 3 inches long. St. Helena.
y-z. From 2 to 5 inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
a-/3. Two inches' long. North Atlantic. From Mr. Rouse's Collection.
y-,,. From 1 tol A inches long. Lat. 20° N., long. 22° 53' W. From
Dr. Lyall's Collection,

2. Scomhresox rondeletii.

Saurus, Rondel, i. p. 232.

Acus altera minor, Bellon. Aguat. p. 163.

Scombresox camperii, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 334, and J^tcr. Merid. iii.

p. 444 (not Lacep.).
Sayris camperi, Botiap. Faun. Ital. Pesc.

Scomberesox saurus, Valenc. in Cuv. Regne An. III. Poiss, pi. 98. f. 1.
Scomberesox rondeletii, Cuv. 8f- Val. xviii. p. 472.
Grammiconotus h\co\m:, Costa, Anmtario del Museu Zool. deUa Univers.

di Napoli, 1862, i. p. 55, tav. 1. tig. 4 (very young).

Distinguished from Sc. saurus by the absence of the air-bladder.
Mediterranean.
a-c. From 3 to 4 inches long. Mediterranean. Jaws not produced.

3. Scombresox forsteri.

Jblsox saurus, Forster, in Bl. Schn. p. 394, and Descr. Anim. ed. lAcht.

p. 143.
Scomberesox forsteri, Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 481.

The only difference \yhich I can observe between the fishes from
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, is the apparently smaller size of the
scales. However, as our New Zealand specimen is not in a good
state of preservation, even this is a doubtful character. Thus, for
the present, we can only confinn Forster's observation as regards
the occurrence of this genus in New Zealand.

a. Seven and a half inches long. New Zealand. Presented by
Capt. Stokes.

4. Scombresox sequirostrum.

Scomberesox equirostrum, Lesueur, Journ, Acad. Nat, Se. Philad. ii.
p. 132 ; Cuv. 4" Val. xviii. p. 479.

Both jaws of equal length.

From Chile.

Lesueur describes a stuflFed specimen preserved in a collection at
Boston, vdthout mentioning the locahtj' where it had been obtained.
It is probable that this specimen was caught on the coast of the
United States, and not less so that it was merely a Sc. saurus deformed
by stuffing. If this is really the case, the Chilean fish described by
Valenciennes may prove to be a distinct species.

3. HEMIKHAMPHirS. 259

5. Scombresox saira.

Brevoort, in Perry s Narrat. Exped. Chin. 8f Japan, ii. Fish. p. 281,

pi. 7. fig. 4.

This fish is known from a figure only ; and readily distinguished
by having the jaws scarcely produced, the eye being nearly midway
between the extremity of the snout and the opercular margin. The
fish is represented with five postdorsal, and four postanal finlets.

The drawing is 11| inches long, and was made in Japan.

3. HEMIRHAMPHUS*.

Hemirhamphus, Cuv. Bkgne Anitn.

Ilyporhamphus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 131, and

18(«, p. 272.
Euleptorliamphus, Gill, I. c. p. 156.

Zenarchopterus, Oxyporhamplius, Cftll, I. c. 180.S, p. 273.
Dermatogenys (K Sf v. H.), Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Perl. 1865,

p. 133.
Heniirhaniphodon, etc., Bleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 139.

The lower jaw is prolonged into a long, slender beak ; the upper is
short, the intermaxiUaries forming a triangular more or less convex

* 1. Hamiramphus marginatus, Lesiietir, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 134

(not ForsJc.).—WQ9,i Indies.— D. 14. A. 12.
2. reynaldi, C. <^ V. six. p. 39 ; Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 1G8. — Ceylon,

Calcutta. — D. 16. A. 15. Closely allied to H. dussumierii.
3. xanthopterus, C cf- r. XIX. p. 47 ; Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 101. — Ali-

pey, fresh water.— D. 15. A. 16.

4. leucopterus, C. <S)- V. xix. p. 48. — Bombay. — D. 16. A. 14.

5. lucens, C. 4~ V. xix. p. 62. — Moluccas.

G. erythrorinchus, Lesueiir, Juurn. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 137 ;

C. Sf V. xix. p. 40. — Mauritius.

7. Belone microstoma, Basilcw.'iky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1855, p. 260.

— China.

8. Hemiramphus japonicus, Brevoort, in Perry's Narrat. Exped. China ^

Japan, ii. Fishes, p. 280. — Loo Choo. — Known fivm a figure only.

9. depauperatus, Lay Sf Benn. in Brcchey's Voy. Zuol. Fish. p. 66. —

Oahu. — D. 1.5. A. 13. The tyjjical specimen appears to be lost.

10. argenteus, Bennett, Whaling Voy. ii. p. 269. — Founded on young

specimens taken near the surface of the sea in lat. 3° S.. and 5° N.,
Pacific Ocean.

11. Esox ectuntio, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 212, 380; Hemirhamphus

ectuntio, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bcng. 18.59, xxvii. p. 287. — Fresh waters
of Bengal.- D. 13. All.

12. Esox angulatus. Buck. Ham. M. S. ; Hemirhamphus brachynotopterus,

B/yfk, Joiirn. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, xxvii. p. 288 (not Bleeker). — ^Coast
of Bengal.

13. Hemirhamphus plumatus, Bh/th, Journ. As. Soc. Benq. 1859, xxvii.

p. 288.— Bengal and Ceyloii.— D. 15. A. 13.

14. Euleptorhamphus brevoortii, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,

p. IbQ.—Hab. ? D. 22. A. 22.

15. Hemirhamphus filamentosus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 297. — Cuba. —

D. 12-14. A. 11-13.

16. maerochirus, Poey. I. c. p. 299.— Cuba.— D. 11-14. A. 11-12 • the

length of the pectoral exceeds the height of the body.

17. viviparus, Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Bcrl. 1865, p. 133 —

Sainar. — An spec. dist. ab H. brachynotopterot

2.

260 SCOMURESOCIDiR.

plate. ]5()tli jaws with a narrow band of minute teeth*. Body
clonp;ate, slender, covered with scales of large or moderate size. All
the doisal and anal lays connected by a membrane. Gill-openings
very wide. Intestinal track simjjle, A,vithout pyloric appendages.
Ail-bladder large.

Seas between and near to the tropics ; many species entering
fr(\sh waters.

Very young specimens have the lower jaw not prolonged.

The numerous species may be subdivided thus : —

A. Pectoral short.

a. Caudal forlced or omarginato, p. 200.
h. Caudal rounded, p. 27''2.

au. Dorsal rays much more numerous than anal ; bofilc with
minute teeth along each edge : llcmirliamphodon (Blkr.),
p. 272.
hh. Number of dorsal rays not much exceeding that of anal ;
dorsal fin conimeiicing hef(U"e or above the origin of tlie
anal ; males witli dorsal and anal rays modilied. Vi-
viparous: ZcinnTlioptcriiH (dill), p. 27''{.
re. An.al rays more; nunun-ous than dorsal ; anal conmi(;ncing
before dorsal fin : iJcnnuUxjciiys (v. liass.), p. 275.

M. Pectoral elongate.

(I. IJeak very long: Ji!u/c/)iorJia»iphHs (Cill), p. 27<5.
h. ]?('ak sliortenud : Oxt/porhantphtoi (Gill), p. 270,

A. Pectoral short.
a. Caudal forlced or cmarginate.

1 . Hemivhamphus intermedius.

llemirhamphus intermedius, Catd. Ann. ^- Mai/. Nat. Hid. 1842, ix.

]). 485; Jtirhards. Irhth. Chin. p. 204.
Jlemirhaniphus melauochir, Cuv. iSf- Val. xix, p. 41.

D. 15-17. A. 18-20. IMl.
Scides of moderate size, very deciduous. The length of the entire
head is contained twice and three-fourths or twice and four-fifths in
the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the
extremity of the upper jaw) five times and a half. The triangular
part of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is longer than
broad. The diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital
space, and is contained once and a half or once and two-thirds in the
length of the postorbital part of the head. I'rtcorbital as long as
high. The root of the ventral fin is midway between the base of the
caudal and that of the pectoral. Dorsal and an;d fins scalcless, the
origins of both being nearly opposite. Caudal fin cmarginate, the

* These tcotli are in many species tricuspid, either in both jaws or in tlic lower
only. No Kystomatic value can be attached to such a difference when it is observed
in ft rudiuicnfal orfjjan like the teeth of llan.irh(imj)hns.

3. HEMIRUAMI'HUS. 261

central rays being much longer than the eye. Back dark greenish ;
sides with a well-defined silvery band. Pectoral blackish.
Seas of China, Australia, aud New Zealand.

a-b, c^d. Adult and half-grown. ' China. Presented by Sir J.

Richardson. D. 15. A. 17-18.
e-f, g-k. Young. Chusan. From Dr. Cantor's CoDection. — T)^es

of U. intermedius.
l-^m. Adult : bad state. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by Dr.

Melville. D. 17. A. 20.
n. Twenty inches long : stuffed. South Australia. D. 16. A. 19.
0, p, q-r. Adult and half-grown : riot in good state. JS'ew Zealand.

D.16. A. 18.
s~t. Adult and half-grown : not in good state. Bay of Islands.

IVom the Haslar Collection. D. 16. A. 19.
u-iv. Adult and half- grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

2. Hemirhamphus balinensis.

Ilemirhamphus halmensis, lilccker, Nat. Tijdschr. Kcd.Ind. xvii. p. 170.
intermedius, Bleek, Ned. Tydschr. l)ierk. iii. p. 154 (not syu.).

D.16. A. 17-19. P. 10-11. L. lat. 60.

The length of the head is contained twice and three-fourths, that of
the snout thrice and four-fifths in the total (without caudal) ; upper
jaw broader than long ; the length of the prominent part of the lower
jaw is contained from four times and two-thirds to six times and
one-third in the total. The diameter of the eye equals the width of
the interorbital space, and is two-thirds of the length of the post-
orbital part of the head. Pra^orbital longer than high. Dorsal and
anal fins ai'e entirely opposed to each other. Ventrals inserted an-
teriorly in the fourth fifth of the total lengtli, with tlio inner ray
shortest. Caudal deeply forked, the central rays being rather shortei
than the eye. Body with a silvery lateral band, (ii/.)

Sea of Bali.

a. Type of the species. Bali. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

Dr. Bleeker is in error in considei'ing this species identical
with if. intermedius (Cant.).

3. Hemirhamplius regularis.

D. 15. A. 17. P. 12. L. lat. 58.

The length of the entire head is a little more than one -third of
the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the
extremity of the upper jaw) one-half of the length of the head. The
triangular part of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is
much broader than long. The diameter of the eye is rnthcr less
than the width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds of the length
of the postorbital part of the head. Vertex and interorbital space
convex. The root of the ventral fin is nearly midway between the
front margin o^ the eye and the base of the caudal. Dorsal and
anal fins scalek the former a little longer than the latter ; thcv

262 SCOMBRESOCID^.

commence opposite to each other. Caudal fin moderately forked,
with the lobes nearly equal in length, the central rays being much
longer than the eye. Sides with a well-defined silvery band as
broad as a scale.

Australia.
a-e. From 7 to 9 inches long. Australia. Presented by the Earl

of Derby.
f-g. Half-grown. AustraHa. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
h. Adult. West Australia. From Mr. Turner's Collection.

4. Hemirhamphus poeyi.
Hemirhamphus fasciatus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 299 (not Blkr.).
D. 15. A. 17. Vert. 34/18.
The length of the head is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total (with the caudal), that of the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of
the upper jaw) eight times. The diameter of the eye is contained
thrice and three-fourths in the distance between the extremity of
the upper jaw and the opercular margin. The distance of the point
of the lower caudal lobe from the root of the ventral is much more
than one-half of its distance from the extremity of the upper jaw.
The length of the pectoral is less than the height of the body ; caudal
moderately forked. Dorsal and anal scaly. Sides with a silvery
band. {Poey.)
Savannah,

5. Hemirhamplius unifasciatus.

Hemirhamphus unifasciatus, Panzatii, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. Inst.

Bonon. v. 1842, p. 326, tab. 25.
Hemirhamphus richardi, C'liv. S) Val. xix. p. 26.
Hyporhamphus tricuspidatus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,

Hemirhamphus neglectus, BleeTc. Ned. Tydschr. Diei-k. iii. p. 157.
D. 15 (16). A. 16-17. L. lat. 52-56. Yert. 34/18.

The length of the entire head is contained twice and three-fourths
or thrice in the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw
(beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) from five times and a half to
six times and a half. The length of the head, without mandible, is
contained thrice and a third in that of the trrmk, without head and
caudal. The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed by the inter-
maxillaries, is broader than long. The diameter of the eye is rather
less than the width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds of the
length of the postorbital part of the head. The root of the ventral
fin is nearly midway between the eye and the base of the caudal.
Dorsal and anal fins scaly, the former a little longer than the latter.
Caudal fin moderately forked, the central rays being longer than the
eye. Back dark greenish, sides with a well-defined silvery band as
broad as a scale.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America ; Pacific coast of Panama ;
Indian Ocean.

3. HEMIRHAMPHUS, 263

a-h. Adult. St. Croix. Purcliased of Mr. Stevens.

c. Half- grown : skin. Jamaica. Prora Mr. Parn ell's Collection.

d. Adult, llio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.

e-f, g~h. Adult. Pacific coast of Panama. From the Collections of

Mr. 0. Salvin and Captain Dow.
i. Adult.

Tc. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Z ological Society.
I. Adult. East-Indian archipelago. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

One of the typical specimens of H. neglectus.
m-o. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
J). Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

IlemirJutmphus picartl (Cuv. & Val. xix. p. 25 ; Guichen. Explor.
Alger. Poiss. p. 95, pi. 0. fig. 1), from the coaot of Algeria, must be
very closely allied to H. unifasciatus.

6. Hemirhamphus gaimardi.

? ? Hemirhamphus gaimardi, Cuv. ^~ Val. xix. p. 36.
Ilemirhamphus gaimardi, lileek. Nederl. Tyclschr. Dierk. iii., p. 158.

melanurus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Snock. p. 19, and

Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 156. (not Cuv. i^ Val.).

D. 15-16. A. 15-16.

Very closely allied to H. unifasdatus.

The length of the entire head is one-third of the total (without
caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper
jaw) one-seventh or one-sixth. The triangular part of the upper
jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is much broader than long. The
diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital space, and
is rather less than two-thirds of the length of the postorbital part of
the head. Prtforhital low and long, scarcely shorter than the diameter
of the eye. The root of the ventral fin is nearer to the eye than to
the base of the caudal. Dorsal and anal fins with thin scales ; the
fotmer a little longer than the latter. Caudal fin moderate ly forked,
the central rays being longer than the eye. Back dark greenish,
sides with a well-defined silvery band as broad as a scale.

East-Indian archipelago ; New Guinea.

a. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection, as H. gaimardi.

b. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection, as Ji. melanurus.

7. Hemirhamphus roberti.
Hemirhamphus roberti, Cuv. ^- Val. xix. p. 24.

D. 15. A. 16. L. lat. 54.
The length of the entire head is contained twice and three- fourths
in the total (-Nvithout caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the
extremity of the upper jaw) five times and a half. The triangular
part of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is as long as
broad. The diameter of the eye is rather less than the 'width of the
interorbital space, and contained once and two-thirds in the length
of the postorbital part of the hea^. The root of l)ie ventral fin is

264 SCOMBRESOCIDiE.

midway between the eye and the base of the caudal. Dorsal and
anal fins scaly ; the former a little longer than the latter. Caudal fin
emarginate, the central rays bcang much longer than the eye. Back
dark greenish, sides with a well-defined silvery band not quite as
broad as a scale.

Cayenne ; Gulf of Mexico.

a. Adult. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

8- Hemirhamphus georgii.

Hemirhamphus georgii Cuv. i^- Vid. xix. p. 37, pi. 505 j Cant. Cutul.
p. 248.

D. 16(17). A. 15.

The length of the entire head is but little less than one-half of the
total (without caudal), the length ftf the lower jaw (beyond the extre-
mity of the upper jaw) nearly one-third. The triangular part of the
upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillarics, is very convex and much
longer than broad. The diameter of the eye is less than the width
of the interorbital sj^ace,- and contained once and two-thirds in the
length of the postorbital part of the liead. The root of the ventral
fin is much nearer to the base of the caudal than to the axil of the
pectoral. )i Dorsal and anal fins scalelcss, the former longer than the
latter. Caudal fin emarginate, the central rays being much longer
than the eye. Sides with a well-defined silvery band as broad as a
scale.

Indian Ocean and archipelago.

a. Seven inches long. Bengal. From General Hardwicke's Collection.
h. Seven inches long : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

9. Hemirhamphus cantoris.

Herairliainphus longiroptris, Bleek. Bi/dr. Topo(jr. Bat. (not Ct(v.).

georgii, 5/ec7i% Verh.Bat. Gen. xxiv. Snoel-. p. 19 (not Cav.is- Vol.).

cautori, Bleclcer, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 145 (not syn.).

D. 15. A. 15. P. 10. L. lat. GO.

Body compressed, its depth being one-eighth of the distance be-
tween the extremity of the upper jaw and the root of the caudal.
The length of the entire head is contained twice and one-fifth or
twice and two-fifths in the total (without caudal), the length of the
lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) thrice and two-
thirds. The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed by the inter-
maxillarics, is longer than broad, convex. The diameter of the eye
is less than the width of the interorbital space, and contained once
and two-thirds in the length of the postorbital part of the head.
The root of the ventral fin is eqViidistant from the caudal and the
extremity of the pectoral. Dorsal fin seal eless; anal scaly; the former
much longer than the latter. Caudal fin deeply forked, the central
rays being longer than the eye. Sides -^"ith a silver}^ band, which is
broader than a scale ; mandibulary fringes broad, deep black.

China seas ; East-Indian archipelago.

3. nEMiRHAMPHtrs. 265

a-fe. Twelve inches long. Amoy. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

0. Half-grow 11. China seas. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E.

Belcher.
d. One of the typioal specimens. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

10. Hemirhamphus sajori.

Schlcg. Faun. Jajm. Poiss. p. 24G, pi. 110. fig. 2; Bleek. Verh. Bat.
Gen. XXV. Japan p. 116.

D.16. A. 16-17. P. 13-14. L. lat. 'J5-100.

The length of the head is contained thrice and three-fifths in the
total length (with the caudal), that of the snout five times and a half ;
upper jaw a little longer than broad. The diameter of the eye is
rather less than the width of the interorbital space, and one-half of
the length of the postorbital part of the head. Vertex flat. The
dorsal fin commences before the anal; ventrals inserted in the an-
terior half of the fourth sixth of the total length. Caudal decjdy
emarginate. Sides with a silvery band.

Nagasaki.

11. Hemirliamphus melanurus.

Ilemirliamplius melanurus, Cuv. i^ Val. xix. p. 42.
D. 15. A. 15. L. lat. 58.

The length of the entire head is contained thrice in the total
(without caudal), the length of the loAver jaw (bej-ond the extremity of
the upper jaw) five times. The triangular part of the upper jaw,
formed by the intermaxillaries, is much broader than loiijr. The
diameter of the eye equals the Avidth of the inien irbital space, and is
two-thirds of the postorbital part of the head. The root of the
ventral fin is midway between the base of the caudal and the eye.
Dorsal and anal fins scaly ; the former longer than the latter. Caudal
fin deeply forked, the central rays being somewhat shorter than the
eye. Back dark greenish, sides with a well-defined silverv band
not (]uite so broad as a scale.

China ; Celebes.

o. Adult. Hong Kong. Presented by J. C. Bowring, Es(|.

12. Hemirhamphus sinensis.

D. 15. A. 15. L. lat. 55.

Body compressed. The length of the entire head is contained
twice and two-thirds in the total (without caudal), the length of the
lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) four times and a
half. The triangular part of the upper jaw formed by the inter-
maxillaries is much broader than long. The diameter of the eye
equals the width of the interorbital space, and is two-thirds of the
postorbital part of the head. The root of the ventral fin is midway
between the base of the caudal and the eye ; pectoral longer than
the head (without snout). Dorsal and anal fins scaleless ; the former
rather longer than the latter. Caudal fin emarginate, the central

266 SCOMBBESOCID^.

rays bein;? much longer than the eye. Sides with a well-defined
silveiy band, which is as broad as a scale.
China

a, h. Seven inches long. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

13. Heinirhamphus calabaricus.
D. 13-15. A. 14-15. L. lat. 50.

Body but slightly compressed. The length of the entire head is
contained tvtdce and three-fourths in the total (without caudal), the
length of the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) four
times and three-fourths. The triangular part of the upper jaw,
formed by the intermaxiUaries, is as broad as long. The diameter of
the eye equals the width of the interorbital space, and is two-thirds
of the postorbital part of the head. The root of the ventral fin is
midway between the base of the caudal and the head. Pectoral
shorter than the head, without snout. Dorsal and anal fins scale-
less ; the former rather longer than the latter. Caudal fin cmarginate,
the central rays being much longer than the eye. Sides with a well-
defined silvery band, which is as broad as a scale.

West -Africa.

a. Six inches long. Old Calabar.

b-c. Four and five inches long. West Africa. Purchased of Mr.

Stevens.

14. Hemirhamphus dussumierii.

Ilemirhamphus ei'^i^lirorinchus, var., Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Kat. Sc.

Philad. ii. p. 138.
? Ilemiraniphus gamberur, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 74.
TIeiiiirliamplius dussumierii, Cuv. Sr Val. xix. p. 33 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat.

Gcnootsch. xxiv. Snoek. p. 18.

D. 15. A. 14. L. lat. 52.

Body subtetrahedral. The length of the entire head is contained
twice and three-fourths in the total (without caudal), the length of
the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) iive times and
a half. The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed by the inter-
maxiUaries, is broader than long. Eye large, its diameter being
somewhat more than the width of the interorbital space, and not
much less than the length of the postorbital part of the head. Pa-
rietal part of the head broader than long. The root of the ventral
fin is midway between the head and the base of the caudal. Dorsal
and anal fins nearly scaleless ; the former longer than the latter.
Caudal fin deeply forked, the central r^ys being shorter than the
eye. Back dark ; sides with a weU-defined narrow silvery band.

Indian Ocean.

a. Adult. Mozambique. From the Berlin Museum.

h, c. Adult. In bad state. Zanzibar. Presented by Colonel Playfair.

d. Adult. Seychelles. From the Haslar -Collection.

e. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. HEMIRnAMPHITS. 267

15. Hemirhamphus aflSnis.
D. 15. A. 16.

Closely allied to H. dussumierii, but with the head narrower.

Eody subtetrahedral. The length of the entire head is contained
twice and two-thirds in the total (without caudal), the length of the
lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) four times and a
half. The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed by the intei'max-
illaries, is broader than long. Eye large, its diameter being somewhat
more than the width of the interorbital space, and not much less than
the postorbital part of the head. Parietal part of the head as broad as
long. The root of the ventral fin is nearer to the base of the caudal
than to the head. Dorsal and anal fins scaleless ; the former longer
than the latter. Caudal fin deeply forked, the central rays being
about as long as the eye. Sides with a well-defined narrow silvery
band.

South Sea.

a-b. Five and a half inches long.

16. Hemirhamplius laticeps.
D. 15. A. 15.

Closely allied to H. dussumierii, but with the beak longer.

Body subtetrahedral. The length of the entire head is contained
twice and a half in the total (without caudal), the length of the lower
jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) four times and two-thirds.
The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed by the intcrmaxillaries,
is broader than long. Eye large, its diameter being a little more
than the width of the interorbital space, and not much less than the
length of the postorbital part of the head. Parietal part of the head
broader than long. The root of the ventral fin is midway between
the axil of the pectoral and the base of the caudal. Dorsal and anal
fins scaleless ; the former longer than the latter. Caudal fin deeply
forked, the central rays being as long as the eye. Sides with a well-
defined narrow silvery band.

Fecjee Islands.

a-il. Five and a half inches long. Voyage of H.M.8. Herald.

17. Hemirhamphus quoyi.

Cuv. Sf- Vul. xix. p. 20; Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Keclerl. Ind. ii. p. 491,
cop. in Verh, Bat. Gen. xxiv. Snoek. p. 26, and Ned. Tydschr. Dierk.
iii. p. 153.

D. 16. A. 14. P. 12. L. lat. 50-55.
Allied to H. dussumierii. Body tetrahedral, as broad as deep.
The length of the head is contained from three times and a half to
three times and two-thirds in the total (with the caudal), that of
the snout five times and a half or six times, and that of the pro-
minent part of the lower jaw eight or eleven times. Upper jaw
broader than long. The diameter of the eye is contained once and

268 SCOMBBESOCID^.

ono-third in the length of the postorbital part of the head, and equal
to the width of the interorbital space. The dorsal fin commences
before the anal ; ventrals inserted in the fourth sixth of the total
length, with the inner ray shortest ; caudal fin deeply forked. Sides
with a silvery band.

Ea.st-Indian archipelago ; New Guinea.

a. Half-grown. Erom Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

18. Hemirhamphus eclancheri.

Ciiv. &■ Val. xix. p. 51.

D. 16. A. 13.

The length of the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw)
is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal). Head narrow above.
Sides with a silvery band. {Vcd.)

Marquesas Islands.

19. Hemirhamplms russelli.

Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 32 ; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 247 (not Emsell).
D. 17. A. 13.

The length of the head from the intermaxillaries is one-sixth of
the total (with the caudal) ; the length of the lower jaw, from the
apex to the angle of the mouth, slightly exceeds the length of the
head, varying from one-fifth to one-sixth of the distance to the point
of the lower caudal lobe. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the length of the head. Caudal forked. The ventrals are placed
opposite the posterior third of the distance between the apex of the
intcrmaxiUarics and the root of the caudal. Bluish black above,
silveiy on the sides above the lateral line. (Cant.)

Pinang ; Malayan peninsula ; Coromandel.

20. Hemirhamphus gemaerti.
Cut: Sf Val. xix. p. 43.

D. 13. A. 15.
The length of the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper
jaw) is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal) ; the width of the inter-
orbital space equals the diameter of the eye. Dorsal and anal small
and low ; caudal but little forked. The lateral silvery band is very
broad. (Val.)
China.

Hemirhamphus occipitalis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1859, p. 148, founded on a specimen little more than 4 inches long,
may prove to be the same species : it is said to have a longer lower
jaw (one-fourth of the total length) ; but this measurement is taken
from the corner of the mouth.

'{. HEMIRHAMPHTJS. 2G9

21. Hemirhamphus pleii.

? Hemirhamphus balao, Lcshkw, Jmirn. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii.

p. 136.
Hemirhamphus pleii, Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 21.

D. 14. A. 12-13. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 38/15.

The length of the entire head is contained twice and two-thirds
in the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw (from the
extremity of the upper jaw) four times and two-thirds. The trian-
gular part of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is hroader
than long. The diameter of the eye equals the width of the inter-
orbital space, and is two-thirds of the length of the postorbital part
of the head. The root of the ventral tin is conspicuously nearer to
the base of the caudal than to the axil of the pectoral. Dorsal and
anal fins scaly ; the former much longer than the latter. Caudal fin
deeply forked, the central rays being shorter than the eye. liack
dark greenish, sides without well-defined silvery band.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a. Adult. St. Croix. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

h-c. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Mr. ParncU's
Collection .

d-e. Adult and half-grown. Dominica. Purchased of Mr. Cutter.

f-h. Half-grown and young. West Indies. Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener.

?'. Half-grown and young. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer s Col-
lection.

22. Heniirhamplius vittatus.

? Esox brasiliensis, lU. taf. .'591.

H(imirhaniplius vittatus, Valvnc. in Webb 8f Berthel. Ilea Canar. Paisn.
p. 70.

D. 13-14. A. 10-11. L. lat. 57-63.

The length of the entire head is contained twice and three-fifths
in the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the
extremity of the upper jaw) nearly five times. The triangular part
of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is much broader than
long. The diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital
S])aco, and is two-thirds of the length of the postorbital i)ai-t of the
head. The root of the ventral fin is rather nearer to the base of the
caudal than to the axil of tlie pectoral. Dorsal and anal fins scaly ;
the former much longer than the latter. Caudal fin deeply forked,
the central rays being shorter than the eye. Ikick dark greenish,
sides Avithout well-defined silvery band*.

West Coast of Africa ; Canary Islands.

a. Adult. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

* Bloch .ind Viilcncicnncs mention dark cross bands, no tnvee ol' vvliich is
visible in our ppooinions.

270

SCOMBRESOCIDJE,

23. Hemirhamphus trasiliensis.

Brown, Jmnaica, p. 443, pi. 45. fig. 2.
Esox brasiliensis, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 517.
Hemirhamphus brownii, Cuv. 4' Val. xix. p. 13.

B. 10. D. 12. A. 13. P. 9. V. 6. L. lat. 65.

The length of the lower jaw (hcyond the extremity of the upper jaw)
is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal) ; the diameter of the eye
one-fourth of the distance between the extremity of the upper jaw
and of the operculum. Dorsal and anal fins scaly ; the latter shorter
and lower than the former ; caudal deeply forked. Sides without
silvery band. {Val.)

West Indies ; West Africa ; Canary Islands.

24. Hemirhamphus marginatus.

Esox vn&rgmaitns, Forsk.Desc7: Anim.^.Ql ; Riqtp.N. TV, Fische, -p.lS.

? Russell J pi. 177.

.P Hemirhamphus brevirostris, Cuv. Regyie Anim.) Bleek. Verhaml.

Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Stioek. p. 17.
Hemirhamphus lutkei, Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 49.
margmatus, Bleek. Ned. Tydsch. Dierk. iii. p. 148.

D. 14. A. 11-12. L. lat. 52.

The length of the entire head is contained twice and three-fifths
or twice and a half in the total (without caudal), the length of the
lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) four times and one-
third. The triang-ular part of the upper jaw, formed by the inter-
maxillanes, is as broad as long. The diameter of the eye equals the
width of the interorbital space, and is contained once and three-
fourths in the length of the postorbital part of the head. The root
of the ventral fin is nearer to the caudal than to the axil of the pec-
toral. Dorsal and anal fins scaleless ; the former much longer than
the latter. Caudal fin deeply forked, the central rays being shorter
than the eye. Back dark greenish, sides with a rather indistinct
silvery band.

Red Sea ; Indian Ocean and archipelago.

a, h. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

25. Hemirhamphus robustus.

D. 14. A. 11. P. 11. L. lat. 46.

Body compressed, elevated, its greatest dejith being contained five
times and one-half in the distance between the extremity of the
upper jaw and the root of the caudal. The length of the head is
contained twice and a half in the total (without caudal), the length
of the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the upper jaw) four times
and two-thirds. The triangular part of the upper jaw, formed by
the inter maxillaries, is much broader than long. The diameter of
the eye equals the width of the interorbital space, and is two-thirds

3. HEMIRnAMPlIUS. 271

of the length of the postorbital part of the head. Interorbital apace
quite flat. The root of the ventral tin is a little nearer to the caudal
than to the axil of the pectoral. Dorsal and an;>l fins with thin scales
anteriorly ; the former much longer than, and commencing before, the
latter. Caudal fin deeply forked, the central rays being shorter than
the eye. Sides with a broad silvery baud.

Van Dicmen's Land.
a. Twelve inches long. Long Island, rresentcd by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

26. Hemirhamphus commersonii.

Valent. fig. .318; Renanl, ii. tab. 5. fig. 2.

Acus, pp., WiUmjhhy, Hist. IHsc. tab. i\ 8. f. 3.

r'ar, Forsk. De.scr. Anim. p. (57.

Esox c.spadon, var., Lacfp. v. pi. 7. f. .3.

Hemirhamphus commersonii, C'/ro. liitjna Anim.; Cuv. ^ Val. xix.

p. 28 ; lileck. Verh. Hat. Oenoutuch. xxiv. Snock. p. 17.
far, Riijip. N. W. Fische, p. 74.

D. i;^-14. A. (11) 12. L. lat. 54. Vert. 38/10.

The length of the entire head is contained twice and two-thirds
in the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the
extremity of the upper jaw) four times and one-third. The trian-
gular part of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is much
broader than long. The diameter of the eye is less than the widtli of
the interorbital space, and two-thirds of the length of the postorbital
part of the head. The root of the ventral fin is equally distant from
the base of the caudal and the extremity of the pectoral. Dorsal and
anal fins scaly anteriorly ; the ft)rmer much longer than the latter.
Caudal fin deeply forked, the central rays being equal in length to
the diameter of the eye. IJack dark greenish, sides with a silvery
band and four rounded blackish blotches.

lied Sea ; Indian Ocean,

a, h. Fine specimens. Port Natal.

c. Adult. Mozambique. Presented by Prof. Peters.

d. Adult: skin. Zanzibar. Presented by Col. Playfair.

e. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Prardt.

/. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Sociely.

fj. Adult. Old Collection.

h. Adult : skeleton. Port Natal.

27. Hemirhamplius fasciatus.
Blcekcr, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. 18r}.",, v. p. 89.

D. 13. A. 12. P. 10. L. lat. ca. 50.
The length of the head is contained thrice, that of tb(; snout four
times and throe-fourths in the total (with the caudal); upper jaw
very short, much broader than long ; the diameter of the eye is more
than the width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds of th(! hmgth
of the postorbital part of the head. Vertex flat. The dorsal fin com-
mences before the anal, its posterior rays not shorter than the anterior ;

272 SCOMBRESOCID^,

ventrals inserted posteriorly in the fourth sixth of the total length ;
length of the anal about two-thirds of that of the dor«al; caudal
emarginate. Body with nine or ten broad brownish cross bands;
dorsal black posteriorly ; central portion of the caudal black, (Bl.)
Sea of Solor.

a. Type of the species, 2| inches long. Lawajong, From Dr.
Bleeker's Collection.

28. Hemirhamphus limbatus.

Ilemirhamphus limbatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 44 (not synon.}.
tridentifer, Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 249.

D. 13. A. 13. L.lat.51.

The length of the entire head is contained twice and two-thirds in
the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the
extremity of the upper jaw) five times and a third. The triangular
part of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is much
broader than long. The diameter of the eye is nearly equal to the
width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds of the length of the
postorbital part of the head. The root of the ventral fin is a little
nearer to the base of the caudal than to the eye. Dorsal and anal
fins scaleless ; the former much longer than the latter. Caudal fin
emarginate, the central rays being much longer than the eye. Sides
with a well-defined silvery band nearly as broad as a scale.

Indian Ocean.
a. Seven inches long. Ceybn. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
b-c. Five and seven inches long ; skins. Pinang. Types of II. tri-
dentifer, Cant.

b. Caudal rounded.

aa. Dorsal rays much more nnmeroxs than anal ; beak tcith minute teeth
atony each edge : Hemirhaniphodon (Blkr.).

29. Hemirhamphus phaiosoma.

Ilemirhamphus phaiosoma, Bleekcr, Nat. Ti/dschr. Ked. Ind. iii. p. 99,

cop. in Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Snoek. p. 2(j.
Ih'iiiirliamphodon phaiosoma, Bleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dicrk. iii. p. 108.

D. 21. A. 9. L. lat. 70-SO.

The length of the head is contained three times and one-fourth
in the total (with the caudal), that of the snout five times and one-
fourth. Upper jaw longer than broad. The diameter of the eye
equals the width of the interorbital space, and is two-thirds of the
length of the postorbital part of the head. The ventral fins are in-
serted at the anterior limit of the fourth sixth of the total length, and
have the inner ray not prolonged. Caudal rounded. Entirely brown.

Eivers of Biliton.
a. Tj-pe of the species. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

3. HEMiRnAMPirtrs. 273

30. Hemirhamphus pogonognatlius.

Hemirhamphus pogonognathus, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. v.

p. 193.
Hemirhamphodon pogonoguathus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierh.

iii. p. 169.

D. 17. A. 7. P. 9. V. 6.

The length of the head is one-third of the total (with the caudal),
that of the snout one-fourth ; upper jaw longer than broad. Lower
jaw with an apical appendage which is as long as the eye ; the latter
equals the width of the interorbital space or the length of the postor-
bital portion of the head. Vertex Hat ; scales smallish. The ventrals
are inserted in the middle of the fourth sixth of the total length.
Caudal rounded. Brownish, fins blackish. {Bl.)

Rivers of Banka and Biliton.

a. Type of the species, in a bad state. From Dr. Blocker's Collection

bb. Number of dorsal rays not much exceeding that of anal; dorsal Jin com-
mencing before or above the origin of the anal ; males with dorsal and
anal rays modijied : viviparous: Zenarchopterus (GjV^).

31. Hemirliamplms amblyums.

Henairharaphus amblyurus, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Snoek. p. 16.
bomeensis, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. ii. p. 68, and Ve^'h.

Bat. Gen. xxiv. Snoek. p. 25.
bleekeri, Kner, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. fFiVw, 1860, xxxix. p. 539,

fig. 4 (male).
Zenarchopterus amblyurus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 160.

D. 13. A. 10. P. 9. L. lat. 46.

Head and body strongly compressed. The length of the head is
contained twice and a fifth in the total (without the caudal), that of
the snout twice and three-fourths, and that of the prominent part of
the lower jaw thrice ; upper jaw twice as long as broad, one-fourth of
the length of the prominent part of the lower. The diameter of the
eye is less than the width of the interorbital space, and less than
one-half of the length of the postorbital part of the head ; vertex
flat. The ventral fins are twice as remote from the angle of the
praeoperculum as from the root of the caudal. Caudal rounded ;
anal rays slightly dilated. Sides with a very indistinct silvery band.

East-Indian archipelago and Siam.

a. Five and a half inches long. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

b. Type of the species. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

32. Hemirhamphus buffonis.

? Hemirhamphus buffbnis, Ciw. ^ Val. xix. p. 48.
Hemirhamphus buffonis, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. iii. p. 711.

striga, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, xxvii. p. 288.

Zenarchopterus buffonis, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 162.

D. 10-12. A. 10-12. L. lat. 42.

The length of the entire head is one-half of the total (without

VOL. VI. • T

274

SCOMBKESOCID^.

caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the extremity of the
intermaxlllaries) rather more than one-third. The triangular part
of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxillaries, is a little broader
than long. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the width of
the interoj-bital space, and contained once and two-thii-ds in the
length of the postorbital portion of the head. The root of the ventral
fin is much nearer to the base of the caudal than to the axil of the
pectoral. Base of the dorsal longer than the head (without snout).
Caudal rounded. Upper half of the dorsal black.

Fresh waters and coasts of the East-Indian archipelago.
a. Adult female. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

33. Hemirhamphus dispar.

Hemirhamphiis dispar, Cuv. 8f Val xix. p. 58, pi. 558 ; Bleek. Nat.

Tydschr. Ned. Ind. vi. p. 498.
Zenarchopterus dispar, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. I^ierk. iii. p. 164.

D. 11. A. 11 (5 + 1. -hi. -I- 4). P. 8. V. 6.

The length of the entire head is contained twice and an eighth in
the total (without caudal), the length of the lower jaw (beyond the
extremity of the upper jaw) thrice and a half. The triangular part
of the upper jaw, formed by the intermaxiUaries, is as broad as long.
The diameter of the eye is somewhat less than the width of the
interorbital space, and contained once and two- thirds in the length
of the postorbital part of the head. The root of the ventral fin is
much nearer to the base of the caudal than to the axil of the pectoral.
Dorsal and anal fins scaleless ; the former much longer than the latter,
and as long as the head (without snout). Caudal fin obtusely rounded.
Sides with a well-defined silvery band half as oroad as a scale ;
dorsal fin uniformly coloured.

East Indies.

a. Adult female. Point de Galle. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

b. Adult male, with dorsal and anal rays prolonged and thickened.

From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

34. Hemirhamplius brevirostris.

Hemirhamphus dispar,^«er, Sitzgsber. Aknd. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xxxix.
p. 537, fig. 3.

D. 10-11. A. 13. P. 9.
Scales large. The length of the head is two-fifths of the total
(without caudal), that of the prominent part of the lower jaw one-
fifth. Upper jaw as broad as long. Tbe diameter of the eye is one-
half of the length of the postorbital part of the head. Ventral con-
siderablj' nearer to the root of the caudal than to that of the pectoral.
The male has the fourth ray of the dorsal fiji and the sixth of the
anal prolonged and thickened; the latter, besides, being provided
with additional filamentous rays. Caudal rounded. Sides with a
silvery band.

East-Indian archipelago.

8. HKMIEHAMPHUS. 275

cc. Anai , ays more mcnierous than dorsal ; anal commencing before dorsal
Jin : Dermatogeuj's (r. Jfass.).

35. Hemirliamphus fluviatilis.

Hemirhamplius fluviatilis, Bleckcr, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. i. p. 95 ;
cop. in Verh. Bat. Genontsch. xxiv. Snoek. p. 16 ; Peters, Monatsb.
Akad. Wiss. Bcrl. 1865, p. 1.32.
Dermogenys pusillus, (v. Hass.) Bleck. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii,
p. 165.

D. 9-10. A. 14. P. 11. V. 6.
The length of the head is two-sevenths, that of the snout one-
fifth of the total (with the caudal) ; upper jaw much longer than
broad, one-half the length of the lower. Interorbital space concave,
about as wide as the orbit. The dorsal fin commences behind the
anal ; ventrals inserted at the posterior limit of the third fifth of the
total length. Caudal fin rounded.
Rivers of Java.

a. Two and a half inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.
36. Hemirhamphus brachjmotopterus.

Sleeker, Verh. Bat. Geti. xxv. Beng. 8f Hind. p. 146.
D. 9. A. 15.
The length of the head is contained thrice and a quarter, that of
the snout four times and two-thirds in the total length (with the
caudal); upper jaw broader than long. The diameter of the eye is a
little less than the width of the interorbital space, and about one-
half of the length of the postorbital part of the head. The dorsal fin
commences behind the anal ; caudal convex. {Bl.)
River Hooghly.

37. Hemirliamphus sumatranus.

Hemirhamphus sumatranus, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. v. p. 526.
Dermogenys smnatranus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 167.

D. 10. A. 16. P. 10. L. lat. 43.

The length of the head is contained nearly thrice, that of the
snout four times and three-fourths in the total (with the caudal) ;
upper jaw nearly twice as long as broad. The diameter of the eye
is a little less than the width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds
of the length of the postorbital jjart of the head. Ventrals inserted
posteriorly in the third fifth of the total length. Caudal convex.
Body without silvery band. {Bl.)

Rivers of Sumatra.

a. Type of the species, in bad state. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

T 2

270 SCOMBRESOCID.K.

B. Pectoral elongate.
a. Beak very long : Euleptorhaniphus (6r'«7/).

38. Hemirhamphus longirostris.

Russell, ii. p. 62, pi. 178.

Hemirhamphus longirostris, (Juv. Hcgne Anun.; Cuv. S( Val xix. p. 52;
Cuv. Regne Anirn. 111. Poiss. pi. 98.

D. 22. A. 20. P. 8. V, 6.

Body slender and compressed. The length of the head, without
the prominent part of the lower jaw, is one-sixth of that of the
trunk, the length of the prominent part of the lower jaw one-fourth
of the total. Eye one-third of the length of the head, and equal to
the width of the interorbital space. Pectoral very long, with the
upper ray broad and compressed, its length being contained thrice
and two-thirds in that of the trunk ; ventral exceedingly small.
Caudal deeply forked. Sides with a silvery band. ( Vah)

Pondicheixy,

39. Hemirhamplius macrorhynchus.
Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 55, pi. 556.

D. 23. A. 22.
The length of the head, without the prominent part of the lower
jaw, is one-sixth of that of the trunk, the length of the prominent
part of the lower jaw one-third of the total. Eye smaller than in
H. longirostris. The length of the pectoral is one-third of that of
the trunk. Ventrals small ; caudal forked. Sides with a silvery
band. {Val.}

Long. 177° east (Paris) ; lat. 7° south.

T5. Beak shortened : Oxyporhamphus (Gt7/).

40. Hemirhamphus cuspidatus.
Hemirhamphus cuspidatus, Cuv. »Sr Val. xix. p. 56, pi. 557.
D. 18. A. 12.
The prominent part of the lower jaw is very short, one^- thirteenth
of the total length (with the caudal). Pectoral fin large, one-fourth
of the total length ; caudal forked, the lower lobe being twice as
long as the upper. (Val.)
Indian Ocean.

4. ARRHAMPHUS.

Mouth formed as in Hemirhamphus, except that the lower jaw is
not produced into a beak ; both jaws with a narrow band of minute
teeth. Body elongate, slender, covered with rather large scales.
All the dorsal and anal rays connected by a membrane. Pectoral
.fin of moderate length. Gill-openings very Avide.

Habitat ?

5. EXOCCETUS. 277

1. Arrhamphus sclerolepis.

D. 13. A. 15. L. lat. 43.
This is a Hemirhamphus in every respect, except in having the
lower jaw short, as the young of that genus ; however, the lower jaw
projects conspicuously beyond the upper. The body is compressed,
its greatest depth being contained six times and a half in the total
length (without caudal) ; the length of the head is a little less than
one-fourth of the same. The triangular part of the upper jaw,
formed by the intermaxillaries, is a little broader than long. The
diameter of the eye is considerably less than the width of the inter-
orbital space, and two-thirds of the length of the postorbital part of
the head. The whole of the upper surface of the head, except the
intermaxillaries, is scaly. The insertion of the ventral is nearer to
the extremity of the snout than to the base of the caudal. Pectoral
fin two-thirds as long as the head. The dorsal commences opposite
the origin of the anal ; both fins are scaly at the base. Caudal fin
forked, its central rays being much longer than the eye. There are
seven, longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the dorsal
and anal ; the one above the lowest is pierced by pores ; a slight keel
along each of the other series. Sides with a well-defined silvery
band, which is half as broad as a scale.
? New Zealand.

a. Nine inches long : has been in chloride of zinc. Old Collection.
6. Six inches long. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.

5. EXOCCETUS*.

Flying Fish.

Exocoetus, AHedi, Genera, p. 8.

et Cypsilurus, Sivamson.

* Ventrals long.

1. Exoccetus chloropterus, Cuv.&( Val. xix. p. 109.— 30°" 14' lat. S. ; 44° .'JO'

long. W.

2. mesogaster, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^- Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 448, pi. 5.

fig. 3 (not Block). Exoccetus noveboracensis, Mitch. Amer. Month.
Mag. ii. 1817, p. 323 ; Dekay, New York Faun. Fish. p. 230, pi. 3(5.
fig. 114 (very bad); 1 Cuv.\ Val. xix. p. 100.— Atlantic Coasts of
North America.

3. melanurus, Cuv. &( Val. xix. p. 101. — New York.

4. gibbifrons, Cuv. &( Val. xix. p. 118. — Atlantic.

5. Parra, lam. ,15; Exoc. mesogaster, Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 120, described as

having a very short snout. — West Indies.

6. Exoccetus liexazona, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. 18.53, p. 206, and

Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 118, is founded on a young example of
some species, having the body banded, as is not- unusual in the young
of this genus. — From the Sea of Banka.

7. apus, Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 107, is also described from a young example,

six inches long ; snout and head short, body deep. A. 19, appears to
be a misprint. — Chinese Sea.

8. unicolor, C. ^ V. xix. p. 97.— Vanicoro.— D. 13. A. 1 1 . See Bleek.

Ned. Tydschr. Bierk. iii. p. 1 10.

9. agoo, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 247. — Japan.

10. poUeni, Bleek. Ned. Tydschr Dicrk.in. p. 130. — Atlantic.

278 SCOMBRESOCIDiE.

Exocoetus, Halocyp8elus ei Cypselurus, Weinland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.

Hist. vi. 1859, p. 385.
Parexocoetus, Cypselurus et Exocoetus, Bleek, Nederl. Tydschr. DierJc,

iii. p. 105.

Jaws short, intermaxillaries and maxillaries separate. Teeth
minute, rudimental, and apparently sometimes absent. Body mode-
rately oblong, covered, with rather large scales. Pectorals very long,
an organ of flying: all the dorsal and anal rays connected by a
membrane. Gill-openings very Avadc. Intestinal tract simple,
without pyloric appendages. Air-bladder large.

Pelagic fishes, numerous between the tropics, but extending far
into the temperate zones.

Some of the fishes of this genus arc pro\idcd with mandibulary
barbels, which character has been thought of sufficient importance
for the creation of a distinct genus, Cypselurus. The reasons why
we hesitate to adopt this genus in the form proposed, are, first, be-
cause singularly enough these bearded Exocoeti are of small, and
frequently of very small size, in fact, young individuals ; secondly,
because there is evidence to show that the barbels (which, besides,
are of a very soft structure) are frequently mutilated, variable in
form, and so often lost that one may well suspect that, in some
species at least, they are peculiar to the young state only; and
thirdly, because there are the same differentiations of form among
the bearded Flying Fish as among the beardless ones. In both
groups we find species with long and short ventrals and pectorals ;
in both, species with elevated dorsal fin. Therefore we prefer to
use for a primary division of the species those characters which we
have found to be independent of age.

I. Ventral fins shortened, not extending to the anal.

A. Pectoral fins shortened, not more than half as long as the body

(without caudal).

1. Dorsal fin of moderate height.

«. Mandible with a cutaneous appendage, p. 279.
h. Barbels none, p. 280.

2. Dorsal fin elevated.

a. ]\Iandible with a cutaneous appendage, p. 280.

b. Barbels none, p. 281.

B. Pectoral fins long, more than half as long as the body, p. 282.

II. Ventral fins of moderate length, extending to the origin of the anal,

p. 284.

III. Ventral fins long, extending beyond the origin of the anal.

A. Mandible with a cutaneous appendage.

1. Pectoral fins shortened, not more than half as long as the

body (without caudal), p. 284.

2. Pectoral fins long, more than lialf as long as the body (with-

out caudal), p. 285.

5. ExoccETtrs. 279

B. Barbels none.

1. Pectoral with an oblique white band or band-like spot, p. 287.

2. Pectoral with rounded spots, p. 291.

3. Pectoral uniformly coloured, p. 293.

I. Ventral Jins shortened, not extending to the anal.

A. Pectoral Jms shortened, not more than half as long as the body (without

caudal).

1. Dorsal yin of moderate height,

a. Mandible with a ciitaneotis appendage.

1. Exocoetus micropterus.

ExoccEtus micropterus, Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 127, pi. 563; Bleek. Act.

Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Amboina, p. 63.
Cypsilurus micropterus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierh. iii. p. 128.

D. 15. A. 14-16.

Two short barbels at the symphysis of the lower jaw. Body
rounded, its height being rather more than one -sixth of the total
length (without caudalj : the length of the head is two-ninths of the
same. Lower jaw prominent, but not produced. The length of the
pectoral fin is only two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; in-
sertion of the ventral midway between the root of the caudal and the
axil of the pectoral.

Indian and Australian seas.

a. Adult. Amboyna. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Exocoetus monocirrlius.
Exocoetus monoeirrhus, Richards. Ichlh. Chin. p. 265.

D. 13. A. 13.

A single barbel at the mandibulary symphysis, shorter than the
head. The pectoral extends a little beyond the base of the caudal.
The distance from the end of the snoiit to the ventrals, when car-
ried backwards, does not reach to the middle of the anal. (Rich.)

Sea of China ; two inches and a quarter long.

3. Exocoetus georgianus.

Exocoetus georgianus, Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 136.
D. 13. A 13.

A single barbel at the symphysis of the lower jaw, extending to
the base of the pectoral. The pectoral fins extend nearly to the
caudal ; but the ventral is short, and inserted in the anterior third
of the length of the body. Dorsal and anal fins low. The length
of the head equals the height of the body, and is a little less than
one-fifth of the total length. Dorsal and anal black on the posterior
two-thirds. {Vol.)

Obtained in lat. 5° S. and long. 90° E. (Paris).

Perhaps identical with E. monoeirrhus.

'J80 SCOMBRESOClDyE.

b. Barbels none,

4. ExocoBtus brevipinnis.
Cuv. 4- VaL xix. p. 123.

D. 12. A. 10.

The height of the body is two-thirds of the length of the h(^ad,
which is two-elevenths of the total (with the caudal). The length
of the pectoral is only one-half of the total (without caudal) ; it
does not extend beyond the extremity of the ventral, which is short.
Dorsal tin with the rays of nearly equal height. Pectoral uniform
brownish. (Val.)

New Ireland.

2. Dorsal Jin elevated.
a. Mandible with a ctitaneous aj}penda(/e.

5.. Exocoetus rostratus.
D. 9-. A. 10. L. lat. 40.

A single very short barbel at the symphysis of the lower jaw.
The height of the body is two-elevenths of the total length (without
eaudal), the length of the head a little more than one-fourth.
Snout much produced, its length being a little more than that of the
postorbital portion of the head. Cleft of the mouth directed upwards,
subvcrtical. The diameter of the eye is contained four times and
one-third in the length of the head, and is less than the width of the
interorbital space, which is Hat. The depth of the head equals the
distance between the extremity of the snout and the centre of the
eye. There are twenty-four scales between the occiput and dorsal
fin, and eight longitudinal series of scales between the origins of the
dorsal and anal. The dorsal fin commences scarcely in advance of
the anal ; it is elevated, its anterior rays, when laid backwards, ex-
tending to the caudal. Anal fin low. The lower caudal lobe is not
much shorter than the head. The pectoral fin extends to the dorsal,
its length being less than one-half of the total (without caudal).
The ventral extends to the vent. Dorsal black, with the last ray.
white ; pectoral black, with the upper and lower rays white ; ven-
tral and anal whitish.

Sandwich Islands.

a. Six inches and a half long : has been in chloride of zinc. From
the Haslar Collection.

6. Exocoetu3 brachypterus.

Exocoetiis brachyopterus, Solander, M.S. ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p.
265.

D. 11. A.M.

Two short barbels at the sym])hysis of the lower jaw (frequently
lost *). Ventral fin of moderate length, extending nearly or quite to

* Solandor says : " in spec, plurimis cirri 0."

6. EXOOOiTUS. 281

the vent, inserted midway between snout and root of caudal. The
pectoral extends somewhat beyond the origin of the dorsal. Dorsal
fin very high, the longest rays reaching beyond the root of the
caudal. Upper part of the dorsal black. Snout shorter than the
eye. The height of the body equals the length of the head.

Otaheiti ; China. (A drawing by Parkinson is in the British
Museum ; it is seven inches long.)

a. Two inches long. From the Haslar Collection,

h. One inch and a half long. China seas. Presented by Sir E.

Belcher.

b. Barbels none.

7. Exoccetus mento.

Exocoetus mento, CuvSf Val, xix. p. 124; Bleek. Verh.Iiat. Genootsch.

xxiv. Snock. p. 21.
Parexocoetus mento, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 126.

D. 11. A. 13.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head, and one-sixth of the total (with the caudal). Snout short,
much shorter than the eye, the symphysis of tbe lower jaw being
produced into a very small pointed tubercle ; the origins of the dorsal
and anal fins arc opposite to each other ; dorsal high and pointed ;
anal very low. The length of the pectoral is only one-half of the
total (without caudal) ; ventrals short, scarcely extending to the anal,
inserted midway between snout and root of the caudal.

Indian seas.

a. Three and a half inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Colleetion,

This fish probably represents merely the more developed state of
E. hracluipterus, a species said to be frecjuently without barbels.

8. Exoccetus acutus.
Exoccetus acutus, Cuv. i<f Val. xix. p. 125.

D. 10. A. 11. L. lat. 41.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fourths
in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice
and a half. Head subtriangular, and, like the body, much compressed.
Snout much produced, pointed, with the lower jaw projecting. The
eye occupies the middle of the length of the head, of which it is one-
fourth ; it equals the width of the interorbital space, which is quite
flat. The pectoral fin extends beyond the origin of the dorsal, and is
one-half of the total length (without caudal). Ventral fin midwny
between the centre of the eye and the root of the caudal, termi)uitiiig
at the vent. The dorsal commences a little in advance of the anal,
and is much higher than long. There are twenty-two scah^s
between the occi])ut and origin of the dorsal, and nine longitudinal
series of scales between tlie origins of the dorsal and anal fins. Pec-
toral uniform blackish. Ventrals wliitish.

Atlantic. The above descri[»tion is taken from a fine example

282 8combresocidjE.

(6 inches long) in the Liverpool Museum; it was taken about 100
miles off Fernando Po.

B. Pectoral Jins long, more than half as long as the body.

9. Exoccetus evolans.

Dutertre, Hist. Ant. ii. p. 212 ; Rochefort, Hist. Ant. i. p. 372 ; Cateshg,

Carol, tab. 8.
Exoccetus evolans, L. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 521 ; £1. taf. 398 ; £1. Schn.

p. 430, tab. 84 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 138 ; Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray,

p. 145 ; aieek. Cape of Good Hojie, p. 28 ; Yarrell. Brit. Fish. 3rd

edit. i. p. 474.
Exoccetus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 358.
Exoccetus Tolitans, Lacep. v. p. 401, pi. 12. f. 2 ; Penn. Brit. Zool.

p. 441, tab. 78 ; Donov. Brit. Pish. ii. p. 31 ; Brown, Philos. Trans.

kviii. p. 790, pi. 12 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. i. p. 453 ; Benn.

Whal. Voij. ii. p. 284.
Flying Fish, White, Voy. Neio South Wales, pi. 52. fig. 2.
Exoccetus splendens, Clarck Abel, Jonrn. Chin. 1818, p. 4.

. volans, (Sflander) Richards. Ichth. Cliin. p. 264.

D. 13-14. A. 13-14. L. lat. 42. Vert. 25/19.

The height of the body is two -elevenths of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The depth of the
head is less than the distance between the extremity of the snout and
the hind margin of the pra^operculum, and contained once and three-
fourths in its length. Snout obtuse and short, three-fourths the
length of the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-fourth of the
length of the head, and somewhat less than the width of the inter-
orbital space, which is quite flat. The pectoral fin extends to the
root of the caudal. Ventral fin midway between end of snout and
of dorsal fin, teiTuinating at a great distance from the vent. The
dorsal commences a little in advance of the anal, its anterior rays
not being half as long as the head. There are twenty scales between
the occiput and origin of the dorsal, and six longitudinal series of
scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral Kne. Pec-
toral uniform blackish; with the lower border whitish. Ventrals
white.

Seas of the temperate and tropical zones.

a. Adult. Mediterranean.

h. Adult. Demerara. Presented by Lieut. Friend, R.N".
c, d. Half-grown. Midway between Zanzibar and Seychelles. Pre-
sented by Lieut.-Col. Playfair.
e~f. Adult. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
g. Adult. India. From Gen. Hardwicke's Collection.
Ji. Young. China Seas. Presented by Sir E. Belcher.
i. Young. North coast of Australia.
Tc. Adult. Presented by A. Newton, Esq.
I. Many specimens, in spirits.
m. Young.

a. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
0. Adult: skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

5. EXOCCETUS, 283

10. Exoccetus obtusirostris.

This species is closely allied to E. evolans, but has the snout shorter,
and the head more elevated.

D. 13. A. 13, L. lat. 40. Vert. 2G/19.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Tlic depth of the head
equals the distance between the extreinity of the snout and the hind
margin of the procoperculum, and is two-thirds of its length. Tho
upper profile of the snout descends in as obli(|ue a line as the lower
ascends ; it is short, two-thirds the length of the diameter of the
eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of the head, and less than
the width of the interorbital space, which is quite flat. The pec-
toral fin extends to the root of the caudal. Ycntral fin midway
between end of snout and middle, or last third, of dorsal fin, termi-
nating at a great distance from the vent. The dorsal commences
opposite the origin of the anal, its anterior rays being not half as
long as the head. There arc twenty-four scales between the occiput
and the origin of the dorsal, and seven longitudinal series of scales
between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral lino. Pectoral
uniform blackish, with a narrow whitish lower border. Ventrals
white.

Tropical and subtropical seas.

a, h. Adidt and half-grown. Cape dc Verde Islands. Presented by
the llcv. R. T. Lowe.

c. Young. New Orleans.

d. Half-grown. India. Presented by Masters, Esq.

e. f, fj-i. From 7 to 9 inches long.
Tc. Half-grown.

Z. Many young specimens*. Open sea,

m. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

11. Exoccetus chilensis,

Exoccetus chilicnsis, Abhut, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. I^ilad. 1860, p. 472.

D. 16. A. 15.

Body much compressed ; the diameter of the eye is contained twice

and two-thirds in the length of the head, and is equal to the width

of the interorbital space. The pectoral extends to the root of the

caudal ; ventrals very small. The anterior ins(;rtiou of tho analf is

slightly posterior to tlie corresponding insertion of the dorsal. (Ahhot.)

Chili. The size of the specimens is not statcnl.

* It is possible that those young examples ought to be referred to /'/'. rvolanx.
If this bo the case, it will be diflioult to distinguish b(^twecn I he young of /<-'. evo-
lans and K. <if>fu.sirosfris, bolh having the snout very short. If the scales are not
rubbed off, the greater nunibiT of scales between the dorsal fin and lateral lino in
E. of//,usirof:fr/s may be a guide towards the correct dcitern-ination of the species.

t "Ventral fins" in the original, which is probably merely a slip of the pen.

284 SCOMBRESOCID^.

II. Ventral fins extending to the ariffin of the a)ial.

12. Exocoetus hillianus.

? Exocoetus mesogaster, Block, xii. p. 17, tab. 399.
Exocoetus hillianus, Gosse, Nat. Sqf. Ja7n. p. 11, tab. 1. fig. 1; Pocy,
Mem. Cub. ii. p. 301.

D. 12. A. 13. L. lat. 38.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the tota^ length (without caudal), the length of the head four times
and a quarter. The depth of the head is rather less than the dis-
tance between the extremity of the snout and the hind margin of
the praeoperculum. Snout obtuse and very short, two-thirds the
length of the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of
the head, and nearly equal to the width of the interorbital space, which
is quite flat. The pectoral fin does not extend to the end of the
dorsal. Ventral fins nearly midway between end of snout and root
of caudal, extending to the origin, of the anal. The dorsal com-
mences a little in advance of the anal, its anterior rays being as long
as the head. There are nineteen scales between the occiput and the
origin of the dorsal, and seven longitudinal series of scales between
the origin of the dorsal, and that of the anal. Pectoral uniform
blackish. The upper anterior half of the dorsal black ; ventral fins
blackish.

West Indies.

a. Five and a half inches long. West Indies. Purchased of Mr,

Scrivener.
h. Four and a haK inches long. West Indies. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.

III. Ventral fins long, extending beyond the origin of the anal.

A. Mandible with a cutaneous appendage.

1. Pectoral fins shortened, not more than half as long as the body (without

caudal).

13. Exocoetus pinnatibarbatus.

Exocoetus pinnatibarbatus, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 146.
D. 14. A. 11.

Lower jaw with a cutaneous lip, which is dilated in the middle,
forming a fi-inged appendage. The pectoral tin extends somewhat
beyond the origin of the dorsal, the ventral to the caudal ; ventral
midway between the extremity of the snout and the root of the cau-
dal. Dorsal fin very high, its longest rays extending to or beyond
the middle of the caudal. Body low, slender, its length being much
less than the length of the head. Snout pointed, rather longer than
the eye, with the lower jaw very prominent. Pectoral with three
black cross bands ; the greater part of the dorsal and ventrals black.

Atlantic coast of Northern Africa.

tf. Two inchf's long. Presented by P. L. Sclater, Esq.

14. ExoccDtus spilunis.
1). ] ] . A.. 8.

A single Hat barbel at the chin, half as long as the head. The
pectoral fin extends to the root of the ventral, the ventral to that of
the caudal. Tie insertion of the ventral is midway between the
head and the root of the caudal. Dorsal fin moderately elevated,
the last rays reaching the caudal ; the height of the body is not more
than the length of the liead, wluch is short and thick. [^Snciut very
short; eye very large; iiitcvorljital space wide, concave*.] Upper
parts transparent, colourless, lower parts brown, A small black
spot at the base of the barbel, and a larger one in the middle of the
root of the ventral ; upper part of the gill-opening black. Pectoral
colouxdess, with a triangular black spot at the base ; ventral and
anal fins black.

Habitat ?

a-b. Two and a half inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

15, ExoccBtus orbignianus.
Exocoetus orbignianus, Cuv, ^- Val. xix. p. 131.

A single short and broad barbel at the symphysis of the lower
jaw. The ventrals extend to the caudal, the pectorals not to the
anal. Dorsal fin very high ; anal very low, commencing behind the
origin of the dorsal. Body slender, head short, (Val.)

Southern Atlantic (Montevideo), Five inches long,

2. Pectoral Jins long, more than half u., 'om/ as the body (without caudal)

16, Exocoetus solandri.
ExoccBtus solandri, Cuv. ^ Val. xix, p, 129 (not synon.).
D. 11-12. A. 9,
Low 3r jaw with a cutaneous fringe, which, in the middle, is pro-
duced into a barbel, not quite half as long as the head. The pectoral
fin extends to the end of the dorsal, and the ventral still further ;
insertion of the ventral nearer to the root of the caudal than to the
end of the snout. Dorsal fin very high, the longest rays reaching
beyond the root of the caudal. The height of the body is less than
the length of the head ; snout about as long as the eye. Dorsal fin
black above.

Indian Ocean (Seychelles).

a. Four inches long Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

According to our present knowledge of these fishes, Cypselurus
pulchellus, Lowe, Proc. Zbol. Soc. 1840, p. 38 ; or Trans. Zool. Soc.
iii. p. 13, from Madeira, cannot be specifically separated from C. so-
landri. If the two fishes should prove to be identical, the name
given by Lowe would have the priority.

* Tliese characters are probably peculiar to young age only.

28fi SC'OMBRESOCID^.

] 7. Exoccetus comatus.

Exocoetus comatus, Mitch. Lit. 8f Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 448,
pi. 5. fi«-. 1 ; Dekay, New York Fauna. Fish. p. 231, pi. 36. fig. 115;
Cuv. ^- Val. xix. p. 133.

appendicxilatus. Wood, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. 1824,

p. 283, tab. 17. fig. 2.

D. 13-14. A. 8.

A single very long barbel from the symphysis of the lower jaw, it
extends to the ventral, and in very young examples even to the caudal.
The ventral fins reach the caudal, and the pectorals nearly so ; in-
sertion of the ventral nearer to the root of the caudal than to the eye.
Dorsal fin elevated, at least in young examples.

Western parts of the Atlantic.

a. Two and a half inches long. South Atlantic.

18. Exoccetus furcatus.

Exoccetus furcatus, Mitch. Lit. 6f Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. ^49,

pi. 5. f. 2.
? Exoccetus dussumieri, Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 132, pi. 564.
Exoccetus (Cypsilurua) procne, De Fil. (§• Ver. Mem. Accad. Sc. Toi-in.
ser. 2. xviii. fig. 5.

D. 13. A. 9-10.
A pair of barbels at the symphysis of the lower jaw, which are
generally as long as the head. The ventral fins extend quite, and the
pectorals nearly, to the root of the caudal ; insertion of the ventral
nearer to the root of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout.
Dorsal fin moderately high, the longest rays not reaching the caudal.
The posterior part of the ventral and the lower part of the anal black.
Young with three broad black bands across the belly, in front of the
ventrals ; operculum and pectorals marbled with black ; the lower
caudal lobe with three blackish cross bands.
Atlantic ; Indian Ocean.

tt. Three inches long.

h. Two and a half inches long. India. Presented by "W. Masters, Esq.

19. Exoccetus nuttallii.

Exoccetus furcatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 135 (not 3Iitch.).

nuttallii, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. 1821, p. 10,

pi. 4. fig. 1.

D. 15. A. 8.

A pair of barbels at the symphysis of the lower jaw (represented
as trifurcate by Lesueur). The ventral and pectoral fins extend
beyond the end of the anal ; insertion of the ventral nearer to the
root of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout. Dorsal fin
high, its longest ray reaching the caudal. Pectoral fin banded ; anal
without black.

Atlantic coasts of America.

Lesueur n^prescnts encli biirbcl ;is ti-ifurcatc ; it is possible thnt

-">. EX0C0CTU8. 287

the barbels of the specimen examined by him were merely lacerated ;
and if this bo the case, his fish may be identical with E. furcatus of
Mitchell. At all events, the fish represented by Mitchell is much
more similar to E. dussttmieri than to E. nuttaUii, with which it has
been identified by Valenciennes.

B. Barbels none.
1. Pectoral with an obliqtie ivliite band or baml-like spot.

20. Exoccetus lineatus.

Exocoetus exiliens, Valenc. in Webb ^ Berthcl. Hes Canar. Poiss. p. 71

(not Block).
Exocoetus lineatus, Cuv. Sr Vol. xix. p. 92.

D. 12. A. 10-11. L.lat. 60-63. Vert. 33/18.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times or
nearly five times. The depth of the head equals the distance be-
tween the extremity of the snout and the hind margin of the orbit.
Snout rather produced, equal in length to the diameter of the eye,
which is two-sevenths of the length of the head, and three-fourths
of the width of the interorbital space, which is quite flat. The
pectoral fin extends beyond the dorsal and anal, nearly to the rudi-
mentary rays of the caudal. Ventral fins nearly midway between
the head and the root of the caudal, extending beyond the middle
of the base of the anal. The dorsal commences far in advance of
the anal ; its anterior rays are long, half as long as the head. There
are from thirty-eight to forty-three scales between the occiput and
the origin of the dorsal, a;nd seven longitudinal series of scales
between the origin of tbe dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral with
a narrowish oblique white band across its lower half, and with a
whitish edge. Ventral white, the middle rays greyish. Fre(|uently
a series of small brownish spots along each series of scales on the
lower half of the body.

Madeira.

a, b, c. Sixteen inches long.

d. Adult : skeleton. Madeira. Presented by Lady Franklin.

21. Exocoetus speculiger.

? Exocoetus speculiger, Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 94.

Exoccetus speculiger, Blcck. Ned. Tydschr. Dierh. iii. p. 122.

D. 11-12. A. 12-13. L. lat. 50. Vert. 28/17.
The height of the body is one-sixth or nearly one-seventh of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths.
The depth of the head equals the distance between the extremity of
the snout and the hind margin of the orbit. Snout rather produced,
scarcely equal in length to the diameter of the eye, which is one-
third of the length of the liead, and less than the width of the inter-
orbital space, which is slightly concave. The pectoral fin extends

288 SCOMBRESOCID.E.

beyond the dorsal and anal, nearly to the rudimentary rays of the
caudal. Ventral fins nearly midway between the eye and the root
of the caudal, extending to the end of the base of the anal. The
dorsal commences a little behind the origin of the anal ; its anterior
rays are half as long as the head. There are twenty-nine scales
between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal, and six or seven
longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the
lateral line. Pectoral with an oblique white band across its lower
half, and with a broad whitish edge. Ventral white, the middle
rays greyish.

Indian Ocean and Australia.

a. Adult. Australia. Presented by Professor Owen.
h, c, d. Adu.lt.

e. Adult, ixmboyna. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.
/. Adult male : skeleton.

This is most probably the same species as that named E. specvliger
by Valenciennes, although he describes the eye as larger.

22. Exoccetus aflinis.

Closely allied to E. specuUcjer, but \vith the snout longer and the
eye shorter.

D. 11-13. A. 11-13. L. lat. 50-52.

The height of the body is nearly one-sixth of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The depth of
the head equals the distance between the extremity of the snout and
the hind margin of the orbit. Snout rather produced, equal in length
to the diameter of the eye, which is two-seventbs of the length of
the head, and rather less than the width of the interorbital space,
which is quite flat. The pectoral fin extends to scarcely beyond the
dorsal and anal. Ventral fin midway between the ej-e and the root
of the caudal, extending beyond the middle of the base of the anal.
The dorsal commences opposite the anal ; the length of its anterior
rays is two-fifths of that of the hcdd. There are thirty-five scales
between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal, and six longitudinal
series of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line.
Pectoral with an oblique white blotch across its lower half, and with
a narrow whitish edge. Ventrals greyish.

Atlantic.

a. Eleven inches long. Cuba? From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.

h. Nine inches long. Atlantic. Purt^hased of Mr. Frank.

e-d. Ten inches long : not in good state. West Africa. From
Mr. Eaddon's Collection.

•This species is perhaps identical with that named by Midler and
Troschel-iff. roherti (Schomb. Hist. Barb. p. 675); but their description
of it is quite insufficient for the determinntion of the species.

5. EXOCCETUS. 289

23. Exocoetus katoptron.

Exocoetus speciUiger, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned.' Ind. ix. p. 273 (not

C. i^ K).
katoptron, Bleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. ii. p. 115.

D. 13. A. 11. L.lat. 46.

The height of the body is nearly one-sixth of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The depth of
the head equals the distance between the extremity of the snout and
the hind margin of the orbit. Snout of nioderat6 length, two-thirds
of the diameter of the eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of
the head and rather less than the width of the' interorbital space,
which is slightly concave. The pectoral fin extends to the end of the
dorsal and anal. Ventral fin midway between centre of the eye and
. root of the caudal. The dorsal commences far before the anal. There
are twenty-eight scales between the occiput and the origin of the
dorsal, and seven longitudinal series of scales between the origin of
the dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral with an oblique white band.

Sumatra.

a. Type of the species, 9 inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

24. Exocoetus robustus.
D. 14. A. 10. L. lat. 49.

The height of the body is two-elevenths of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The depth of
the head equals the distance between the extremity of the snout
and the hind margin of the orbit. Snout a little produced, scarcely
equal in length to the diameter of the eye, which is two-sevenths of
the length of the head and less than the width of the interorbital
space, which is quite flat. The pectoral fin extends beyond the
dorsal and anal, nearly to the rudimentary rays of the caudal.
Ventral fins nearly midway between nostril and root of the caudal,
extending beyond the middle of the base of the anal. The dorsal
commences far in advance of the anal ; its anterior rays are not quite
half as long as the head. There are twenty-eight scales between
the occiput and the origin of the dorsal, and eight longitudinal series of
scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line. Pec-
toral with a broadish obUque whitish band across its anterior half,
and with a whitish margin. Ventral white, the middle rays greyish.

Australia.

a. Sixteen inches long. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

25. Exocoetus arcticeps.

D. 11. A. 8. L. lat. 49.

The height of the body is two-elevenths of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head a little less than one-fourth.
The depth of the head is a little less than the distance betAveen the
extremity of the snout and the hind margin of the orbit. Snout

VOL. VI. U

290 SCOMBEESOCID.E.

somewhat pointed, three-fourtlis of the diameter of the eye, which is
a little less than one-third of the length of the head and more than
the width of the interorbital space, which is flat. The pectoral fin
extends scarcely to the end of the dorsal and anal. Ventral fins
midway between e^^e and root of the caudal, extending beyond the
middle of the base of the anal. The dorsal commences far in advance
of the origin of the anal, its anterior rays being not quite half as
long as the head. There are twenty-nine scales between the occiput
and the origin of the dorsal, and seven longitudinal series of scales be-
tween the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral with a
broad oblique white band across its lower half, and with a broad
whitish edge. Ventral white, the middle rays greyish.
China.

a. Eight and a half inches long. China. Presented by General
Hardwicke.

26. Exoccetus nigricans.
Exocoetus nigricans, Benn. Wlial. Voy. ii. p. 287.

bicolor, Cuv. 4' V(il- xix. p. Ill; Bleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dicrk.

iii. p. 132.
spilopus, Cuv, 8f Val. xix. p. 118 ; Guich. in Samon de la Sagra,

Hist. Cub. Poiss. p. 152, pi. 4. fig. 2.

D. 15. A. 9-10. L. lat. 48.

The height of the body is two-thirteenths of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The depth of
the head equals the distance between the extremity of the snout and
the hind margin of the orbit. Snout depressed, of moderate extent,
nearly equal in length to the diameter of the eye, which is two-
sevenths of the length of the head and considerably less than the
width of the interorbital space, which is slightly concave. Lower
jaw prominent. The pectoral fin extends beyond the end of the
dorsal, nearly to the root of the caudal. Ventral fin midway be-
tween eye and root of the caudal, extending to the end of the anal.
The dorsal commences far in advance of the origin of the anal, the
length of its anterior rays being two-thirds of that of the head.
There are twenty-eight scales between the occiput and the origin of
the dorsal, and six longitudinal series of scales between the origin of
the dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral black, with a broad oblique
white band, which commences in the axil of the fin, and tapers on
the upper rays. Ventral white, with a large black blotch on its hinder
half ; dorsal white anteriorly, black on its posterior two-thirds.

Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

a. Adult. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

27. Exocoetus altipinnis.

Exoccetus altipennis, Cuv. 4" Val. xix. p. 109, pi. oGO.
D. 13. A. 12.
The height of the body is one-eighth of tlie total length (with the

5. EXOCCETTJS. 291

caudal^ the length of the head one-sixth ; the diameter of the eye
equals the extent of the snout, and is two-sevenths of the length of
the head ; interorbital space flat. Pectoral and ventral fins very
long. Dorsal and anal fins high, the length of the longest dorsal ray
being two-thirds of that of the head. Pectoral with an oblique
white band ; ventral blackish, with white border. (Val.)
Indian Ocean.

28. Exocoetus exiliens.

Edwards, Gkanmr/s, uo. 210 (upper figure).

Exocoetus exiliens, L. Gni. i. p. 1400 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 114.

fasciatus, Lcstieur, Journ. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 8, pi. 4,

fig. 2.
exilieus, young, Citv, Regne Anim.

D. 12. A. 13.

Snout very short ; eyes large ; interorbital space concave. Pec-
toral and ventral fins with broad, rather irregular, brown cross
bands ; the lower lobe of the caudal with dark spots ; belly without
cross bands.

Atlantic.

All the specimens observed are of small size ; and there is no
doubt that Cu\'icr was right in considering it the young state of some
species. But it is uncertain to which species these young examples
ought to be referred : probably the j'oung of several Atlantic species
are similar to one another in having a more varied coloration.

2. Pectorcd icith rounded spots.
29. Exocoetus poecilopterus.

Valent. fig. 105 ; Ruysch, tab. 7. no. 18.
Exocoetus poecilopterus, Cuv. ^- Val. xix. p. 112, pi. 5G1.

D. 12-13. A. 9. L. lat. 45.
Body stout, its height being two-ninths of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The depth of the
head equals the distance between the extremity of the snout and
the hind margin of the pra^operculum. Snout obtuse, somewhat
pointed, three-fifths of the length of the diameter of the cj-e, whicli
is nearly one-third of the length of the head and equal to the width
of the interorbital space, which is slightly concave. The pectoral
fin extends to the end of the dorsal. Ventral fins somewhat nearer
to the eye than to the root of the caudal, extending to the end of
the base of the anal. The origin of the dorsal is far in advance of
that of the anal ; and the distance hetivccn the first dorsal ray and the
first rudimentary candal ray is much more than the length of the
head. Anterior dorsal rays half as long as the head. There are
twenty-seven scales between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal,
and eight longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the
dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral with numerous rather large
ovate black spots, distinctlv arranged in transverse bands on tlu

IT 2

292 SCOMBEESOCID^.

inner side of the fin. Ventral fins white, with about three rounded
blaf^kish spots on the middle of their posterior half.
East-Indian archipelago ; Formosa,

a-h. Adults. Formosa. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection.

30. Exoccetus callopterus.
D. 11-12. A. 8. L. lat. 46.

Body stout, its height being one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head being somewhat less than one-fourth.
The depth of the head equals the distance between the extremity
of the snout and the hind margin of the praeoperculum. Snout
obtuse and depressed, its length three-fifths of the diameter of the
eye, which is one-third of the length of the head and less than the
width of the interorbital space, which is slightly concave. The
pectoral fin extends to the end of the dorsal. Ventral fins midway
between praeoperculum and root of the caudal, extending nearly to
the end of the base of the anal. The dorsal commences far in ad-
vance of the anal, its anterior rays being half as long as the head.
The distance between the first dorsal ray and the first rudimentary
caudal ray equals tJ^e length of the head. There are thirty-four
scales between the occiput and the ongin of the dorsal, and nine
longitudinal scies of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the
lateral line. Pectoral with numerous small roundish blackish-brown
spots, and with the lower and upper rays whitish. Ventral white,
the middle rays greyish.

Pacific coast of Panama.

a. Fine specimen, ten inches loug. Pacific Coast of Panama. Pre-
sented by Capt. Dow, C.M.Z.S.

31. Exoccetus spilopterus.

? Exoccetus spilopterus, Cuv. 4* ^ul- xix. p. 113.

Exoccetus spilopterus, Bleek, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. IIG.

D. 12-13. A. 10. L. lat. 48.

The height of the body is one-fifth or a little less than one-fifth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-
fourth. The diameter of the eye is more than one-third of the
length of the head, nearly equal to that of the postorbital portion of
the head, and not much less than the width of the interorbital space,
which is slightly concave. Snout much shorter than the eye.
Dorsal commencing in advance of the anal ; pectorals extending to
the end of the dorsal ; ventrals nearly midway between the giU-
opening and the base of the caudal, reaching to the middle of the
anal. Pectoral violet, with scattered small brown or black spots and
dots. {Bl.)

Celebes ; ? Caroline Islands.

5. EXOCCETUS. 293

3. Pectoral unifonnhj colmtred.

32. Exoccetus volitans.

Hirundo, Sal v. fol. 185, pi. 07,

Exoccetus, uo. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 8, and Spec. p. 35.

Exoccetus volitans, L. Amocn. Acad, i, p. 320, Syst. Nat. i. p. 520.

Cuv. Sf Val. xix. p. 83, pi. 559.

.P Exoccetus, Gr&nov. Zoophyl. p. 116.

Buhamel, Peches, ii. p. 480, pi. 22. fig. 2.

Exoccetus exsiliens, Block, taf. 397.

.''Exoccetus quadi'iremis, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 145.

B. 11. D. 11. A. 9. P. 15. V. 6. L. lat. 63. Vert. -.

14

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal) ; upper surface of the head flat, or a little concave ; snout
obtuse ; the lower jaw exceeds the upper a little in length. The
upper caudal lobe equals the height of the body in length ; but the
lower is three-fifths longer. The diameter of the eye is one-third
of the length of the head. Base of the ventral nearer to the extremity
of the snout than to the root of the caudal. The height of the
dorsal is less than the length of the head, without snout ; com-
mencement of the anal far behind that of the dorsal. Pectoral
greyish-brown with a broad whitish margin ; ventrals whitish.

Mediterranean.

33. Exoccetus rondeletii.

Mugil alatus, Rondel, ix. p. 207.

Exoccetus rondeletii, Cuv. i^ Val. xix. p. 115, pi. 502.

D. 11-12. A. 11-13.

The length of the head is not much more than the height of the
body, and one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of
the eye equals the extent of the snout, and is contained thrice and
two-thirds in the length of the head. Dorsal fin not elevated, its
longest ray being about half as long as the head ; the ventral and
pectoral fins extend beyond the end of the dorsal and anal ; the origins
of the dorsal and anal nearly opposite to each other. Pectoral
brownish, with blue spots, with the lower rays white, but without
white posterior border. Ventral black, with white margins. ( Val.)

Mediterranean and neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

34. Exoccetus bahiensis.

Exoccetus bahiensis, Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. Inst, Bonon, v.
1842, p. 362, tab. 38.

venniculatus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 300.

? Exoccetus albidactylus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1803, p. 167.
Exoccetus spilonotopterus, Bkek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 113.

D. 13. A. 9-10. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times and
a third. The length of the snout is four-fifths of that of the eye,

294 SCOMBBESOCID^.

which is contained three times and one-third in the length of the
head. The pectorals extend to the end of the dorsal, and the ven-
trals to the middle of the anal. The insertion of the ventrals is
midway between the end of the snout and the extremity of the upper
caudal lobes. The origin of the dorsal is far in advance of that of
the anal ; it is of moderate height. Coloration of the pectorals uni-
form ; dorsal with a large dark blotch.

West Indies ; Coast of Brazil ; East-Indian archipelago ; ? Pacific
coast of Central America.

a. Adiilt. Siunatra. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. Type of E.

spilonotopterus.
h. Adult. Atlantic? Purchased.

According to the description, E. albidactylus (GiU) would appear
to differ from E. bahiensis in having the ventrals inserted a little
more backwards.

35. Exoccetus cyanopterus.

Exoccetus cyanopterus, Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p, 97.
D. 13. A. 12.

The height of the body is a little less than one-seventh of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head two-elevenths ; the
diameter of the eye is contained three times and one-third in the
length of the head ; interorbital space somewhat concave. Teeth
longer than usual. Dorsal fin low, and nearly of equal height. Pec-
toral black, with the lower and hinder margins white ; ventral white ;
dorsal with a large blackish blotch. ( Vol.).

Coast of Brazil.

36. ExocoBtus rufipinnis.

Exoccetus exsiliens, JenynSj Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 122 (not Bl.).
Exoccetus rufipiimis, Cuv. ^ Val. xix. p. 99.

D. 10. A. 12.

The height of the body is a little less than one-eighth of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head one-sixth. Eye
smaller than in E. cyanopterus ; interorbital space slightly concave ;
snout short and rather, obtuse. Pectorals uniform brown, with a
narrow white border. Ventrals light brown. Dorsal without black
spot. (Val.)

Coast of JPeru.

37. Exoccetus oxycephalus.

Meeker, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. 1852, iii. p. 771, and Nederl. Tydschr.
Dierk. iii. p. 124.

D. 10. A. 11. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is contained five times and a third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
a third. The depth of the head equals the distance between the ex-
tremity of the snout and the hind margin of the orbit. Snout some-

5. ExoccExrs. 295

what produced and pointed, but shorter than the diameter of the eye,
which is contained thrice and a third in the length of the head and is
equal to the width of the interorbital space, which is slightly concave.
The pectoral fin extends to the end of the dorsah Ventral fins midway
between the eye and the root of the caudal, extending to the middle
of the base of the anal. The dorsal commences opposite the origin of
the anal, its anterior rays being rather short. There are thirty-one
scales between occiput and origin of the dorsal, and six longitudinal
series of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line.
Pectoral uniform blackish, with a small whitish spot near the axil.
Ventral white, the middle rays greyish.
East-Indian archipelago.

a. Type of the species, 7| inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.
h-c. Adult. Formosa. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection.

38. Exoccetus dovii.
Exoccetus dowii, Gill, Pfoc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 167.
D. 12. A. 12. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is two-elevenths of the total length (to the
fork of the caud^il), the length of the head a little more than one-
fifth ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head.
The pectoral extends to the base of the caudal; ventral inserted
nearly midway between the operculum and the base of the caudal, and
extending beyond the end of the anal. Pectoral fuliginous, with a
light inferior border ; ventral fuliginous ; dorsal and anal colourless.

{oai.)

Pacific coast of Central America.

39. Exoccetus califomicus.

Exoccetus califomicus, Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. iii. 1864,
p. 93, fig. 20.

D. 12. A. 10. L. lat. 58.
Body much elongate, its depth being one-eighth of the total length
(to the fork of the caudal) ; the length of the head is almost one- fifth
of the same. The diameter of the eye is less than one-third of the
length of the head. The pectoral extends beyond the end of the
dorsal, and the ventral to the middle of the anal. The dorsal com-
mences in advance of the anal, and is of moderate height. Insertion
of the ventral midway between root of the caudal and centre of the
eye. Fins smoky. (^Cooper.)
Catalina Island.

40. Exoccetus brachysoma.

? Exoccetus commersonii, Lacep. v. p. 402 ; Cuv. Sr Val. xix. p. 102.
? Exoccetus exiliens, Lacep. v. pi. 12. fig. 3 (not Block).
Exoccetus brachysoma, Bleck. Nederl. Ttjdschr. Dit'tk. iii. p. 111.

D. 11-13. A. 8 9. L. lat. 44.

The height of the body is nearly onc-fit'th of the total length (with-

29G SCOMBRESOCID^.

out caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The depth of the
head equals the distance between the extremity of the snout and the
hind margin of the prteoperculum. Snout obtuse and very short,
scarcely more than half the length of the diameter of the eye, which
is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the head and is
equal to the width of the interorbital space, which is slightly concave.
The pectoral fin extends scarcely to the end of the dorsal. Ventral
lins midway between centre of the eye and root of the caudal, ex-
tetiding nearly to the middle of the base of the anal. The dorsal
commences far in advance of the anal, its anterior rays being half as
long as the head. There are twenty-four scales between the occiput
and the origin of the dorsal, and seven longitudinal series of scales be-
tween the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral uniform
blackish, with the lower rays whitish. Ventral white, the middle
rays greyish.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

rt. Seven inches long. — D. 11.

b, c~d. Young. Zanzibar. Presented by Colonel Playfair.
e. Seven inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. Type of E.
brachysoma. — D. 10.

Exocoetus simus, Cuv, & Val. xix. p. 105, from the Sandwich
Islands, is perhaps identical with the species ; it is described as ha\nng
the length of the diameter of the eye less than the width of the in-
terorbital space.

Exocoetus neglcctus, Bleek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 112, is, if
specifically distinct, most closely allied to E. brachysoma ; it has the
body a little more elongate.

a. Type of E. neglectus, 9 inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Col-
lection.— D. 11,

41. Exoccetus oligolepis.

Exoccetus unicolor, Bleek. Vcrh. liat. Gen. xxiv. Snoek. ViscJi. p. 21

(not Ctcv. 8c Val.).
oligolepis, Bkek. Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. p. 109.

D. 12. A. 7-8. L. lat. 42.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head a little less than one-fourth. The
depth of the head equals the distance between the extremity of the
snout and the hind margin of the praeoperculum. Snout obtuse and
very short, its length scarcely more than half the diameter of the
eye, which is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the
head and is equal to the width of the interorbital space, which is fiat.
The pectoral fin extends to the end of the dorsal. Ventral fins mid-
way between centre of the eye and root of the caudal, extending to
the end of the anal. The dorsal commences far in advance of the
anal, its anterior rays being half as long as the head. There are
twenty-three scales between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal,
and seven longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the dorsal

5. EXOC(ETUS. 297

V
and the lateral line. Pectoral uniform blackish, with the lower rays
whitish. Ventrals entirely white.
East-Indian archipelago.

a. Type of the species, 8 inches long. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

42. Exoccetus opisthopus.
BleeTc. Nederl. Ti/dsckr. Dierk. ill. p. 121.

D. 11. A. 9. L. lat. 48.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The depth of the head
equals the distance between the extremity of the snout and the hind
margin of the proeoperculum. Snout obtuse and very short, three-
fifths of the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of
the head and equal to the width of the interorbital space, which is
quite flat. The pectoral fin does not extend to the end of the dorsal.
Ventral fins nearer to the root of the caudal than to the gill-open-
ing, extending beyond the end of the anal. The dorsal commences
far in advance of the anal, its anterior rays being half as long as the
head. There are thirty scales between the occiinit and the origin of
the dorsal, and seven longitudinal scries of scales between the origin
of the dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral uniform blackish, with
the lower rays whitish. Ventral white, the middle rays greyish.

East-Indian archipelago.

a. Type of the species, 10 inches long. Celebes. From Dr. Bleeker's

Collection.
h. Nine inches long. Amboyiia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

43. Exoccetus brachycephalus.
D. 12. A. 13. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is two-thirteenths of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. The depth of the head
is somewhat less than the distance between the extremity of the
snout and the hind margin of the prseoperculum. Snout obtuse and
short, three-fourths of the diameter of the eye, which is two-sevenths
of the length of the head and two-thirds of the width of the inter-
orbital space, which is somewhat concave. The pectoral fin extends
to the root of the caudal. Ventral fin midway between pra^operculum
and root of the caudal, extending to the end of the anal. The dorsal
commences above the origin of the anal, its anterior ra^'s being more
than half as long as the head. There are twenty-nine scales between
the occiput and the origin of the dorsal, and six longitudinal series
of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line. Pec-
toral and ventral fins black.

China.

a. Thirteen inches long. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

298 SCOMBRESOCIDiE.

44. Exocoetus nigripinnis.

Cuv. c^- Val. xix. p. 108; Cant. 3fnl. Fish. p. 2o0; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina viii. p. 80 ; aud Ned, Tydschr. Dierk. iii.
p. 120. ^ ^

D. 10-11. A. 10-12. L. lat. 48-50.

The height of the body is one-sixth or a little less than one-sixth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-
ninths. The depth of the head equals the distance between the
extremity of the snout and the hind margin of the pnieoperculum.
Snout obtuse and very short, scarcely more than half the length of
the diameter of the eye, which is two-fifths of the length of the head
and is less than the width of the interorbital space, which is con-
cave. The pectoral fin extends to the end of the dorsal or to the
root of the caudal. Ventral fin midway between eye and root of the
caudal, extending nearly to the end of the tail. The dorsal com-
mences above the origin of the anal, its anterior rays being more
than half as long as the head. There are twenty-nine scales between
the occiput and the origin of the dorsal, and six longitudinal series of
scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line. Pectoral
and ventral fins black.

Indian and Australian seas.

a. Two and a half' inches long. Pinang^ From Dr. Cantor's Col-

lection.

b. Two and a half inches long : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.

c. Three and a half inches long. Swan River.

d. Three inches long. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

All the specimens which have been named E. nigripinnis by various
authors are small ; the largest I have seen is five inches long. It is
not improbable that they are merely the young of some other species.

CTPBINODONXIDJE. 299

Fam. 15. CYPRINODONTID^.

Cyprinodontes, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. v. 2. p. 47 ; Midler, Abhandl. Akad,
Wiss. Berl. 1846, p. 183.

Head and body covered with scales ; barbels none.
Margin of the upper jaw formed by the intermax-
illaries only. Teeth in both jaws ; upper and lower
pharyngeals with cardiforni teeth. Adipose fin none ;
dorsal fin situated on the hinder half of the body.
Stomach without blind sac ; pyloric appendages none.
Pseudobranchise none ; air-bladder simple, without
ossicula auditus.

Sexes frequently diflPerentiated. Mostly viviparous.
Freshwater fish of Southern Europe, Africa, Asia, and America.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. The bones of each mandibulary are firmly united; intestinal
tract short or but little convoluted (CypRiNODONTiD^ carni-
vore).

A. Anal fin of the male not modified into an intromittent
organ.

1. Teeth incisor-like, notched (Ctpeinodontina).

a. Ventral ^7is present.

Teeth in a single series 1. Cyprinodon, p. 301.

Teeth in several series, all the teeth being tricuspid. 2. Fitzroyia, p. 307.

A band of villiform teeth behind the series of incisors.

3. Chabacodon, p. 308.

b. Ventral fins none.

Teeth in a single series 4. Tellia, p. 308.

2. All the teeth pointed (Fundulina).

a. Ventral fins present.

Teeth in a single series ; dorsal and anal fins many-rayed.

6. LiMNURGUS, p. 30y.

Teeth in a single series ; number of fin-rays not increased.

6. LucANiA, p. 309.

Teeth in narrow bands; dorsal fin short, commencing behind the anal, which is
more or less elongate. Air-bladder present 7. Hai'LOCiiill's, p. 3K).

300 CTPUINODONTID^.

Teeth in bands ; dorsal fin commencing before, or opposite, the origin of thtf
anal 8. Fundulus, p. 318.

Teeth in hands; dorsal fin short, commencing behind the anal. Air-bladder
none 9. Rivulus, p. 327.

b. Ventral fins none.
Teeth in bands 10. Orestias, p. 328.

B. Sexes differentiated, the anal fin of the male being modi-
fied into an intromittent organ*.

1. Teeth indsor-Wke, notched (Jenynsiina).

Origin of the anal fin behind that of the dorsal

11. Jenynsia, p. 331.

2. All the teeth pointed (Anablepina).

a. Dorsal fin long, and many-rayed.

Teeth in bands 12. Pseudoxiphophorus, p. 332.

b. Dorsal fin short ; eye normal.

Snout produced 13. Belonesox, p. 333.

Snout not produced 14. Gambusia, p. 333.

c. Eye divided into an upper and lower portion.
Supraorbital arches much raised 15. Anableps, p. 337.

II. The bones of each mandibulary are not united, the dentary
being moveable. Intestinal tract with numerous convolu-
tions. Sexes differentiated (Cypkinodontid^ limnophag^).

1. Teeth pointed, in bands.

Dorsal fin with not more than eleven rays ... 16. Pcecilia, p. 339.
Dorsal fin with twelre or more rays 17. Mollienesia, p. 347.

2. Teeth pointed, in a single series.

Origin of the anal behind that of the dorsal... 18. PLATTPtECiLUS, p. 350.

Origin of the anal in advance of, rarely opposite to, that of the dorsal.

19. GiRAEDINUS, p. 351.

Appendix 20. Lebistes, p. 365.

* We conclude, from the form and structure of this more or less sword-shaped
organ, that it is really (partially at least) introduced into the vulva of the female;
but it is uncertain whether it serves to conduct the milt or merely to give the
male a firmer hold of the female during the copulation.

1. CTPRIXODON. 301

First Group. CYPRINODONTID^ CARNIVORiE.

The bones of each mandibulary are firmly united ; intestinal
tract short or but little convoluted. Carnivorous or insectivorous.

1. CYPRINODON*

Cyprinodon, Lanp. v. p. 486.

Lebias, Cuv. Regne Anim.

Aphanius, Nardo, Prodr. Adriat. Ichthyol. pp. 17, 23.

Micromugil, Gtdia, Tentamen Ichthyol. Melit. p. 11.

Cleft of the mouth small, developed laterally and horizontally ;
mandible short, with the bones of each side firmly united. Snout
short. Teeth of moderate size, notched, in a single series. Scales
rather large. Origin of the anal fin behind that of the dorsal in
both sexes, both fins being larger in the male than in the female.
Intestinal tract but slightly convoluted.

Fresh vraters of the Mediterranean region ; North America.

The species may be arranged geographically thus : —

a. Species of the Old World, p. 302.
/3. Species of the New World, p. 305.

* 1. Cyprinodon elegans, Baird 8f Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1853, p. 389, and in U. S. 8f Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 66, pi. 37.
figs. 1-7. —Rio Grande del Norte.

2. gibbosus, Baird ^' Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1855,

p. 390, and in U. S. # Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 67, pi. 38. figs. 1-7.—
Texas.

3. macularius, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1853,

p. 389, and in U. S. ^ Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 68, pi. 37. figs. 8-11.—
Rio San Pedro.

4. californiensis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 157. —

San Diego.

5. exiraius, Girard, I. c. p. 158. — Chili ua-hna River.

6. Aphanius fasciatus, Nardo, Prodr. Adriat. Ichth. pp. 17 & 23, or Isis,

1827, p. 438 ; and Boirio, Dizion. Diaktfo Vcnez. 1829, p. 438.—
Brackish water near Venice. D. 12. A. 12.

7. Micromugil timidus, Gulia, Tent. Ichthyol. Melit. p. 11 : "Dorso plum-

beo, abdomine argenteo lucido, f'asciis obscuris longitudinalibus
ornato." — Malta. Vernacular name : Buzak.

8. macrogaster, Gulia, I. c. : " Corpore platineo, pinnis omnibus fla-

. vescentibus." — Malta.

9. Trifarcius riverendi, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 306. — Cuba.

10. Adinia multifasciata, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 117;
and in U. S. 8f Mex. Bound. Ichth. pi. 38. figs. 12-14 (as Limia poeci-
loides, fem.) from Texas. — The characters assigned to the genus Adinia
are quite insufficient to distinguish it from Cyprinodon or Fundulus;
so that, imtil the typical specimens are reexamined, it must remain
uncertain whether this fish ought to be referred to one of the genera
named, or whether it is really the type of a distinct genus.

302 CrPBINODONTID^.

a. Species of the Old World,

1. Cyprinodon calaritanus.

Alpismaris risso, A. marmoratus, Risso, Etir. Merid. iii. p. 458.
Lebias calaritana, Bonelli; Canestr. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. iv. p.

127.
Lebias flava, Costa, Faun. Kapol. p. 35, pi. 17. figs. 1 & 2.
Aphanius nonus, Nardo, Prodr. Adriat. Ichtli. pp. 17, 23.
Cyprinodon calaritanus, Cuv. 8^ Val. xviii. p. 151 ; Jiellotti, Mem.

Accad. Sc. Torin. 1858, xvii. p. clix (not synon.),

moseas, Cuv. ^- Val. xviii. p. 1G8, pi. 528.

hammonis, Cuv. i^- Val. xviii. p. 169 j Martens, Wiegm. Arch.

xxiv. p. 155, taf. 4. tig. 5.

cyanogaster, Gidchen. Rev. Sf Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 378 (female).

doliatus, Gidchen. I. c. p. 379 (male).

dispar, Gilnth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 470.

D. 9-10. A. 10-11. V. 6. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 9-10.
Vert. 13/15.

The height of the body is somewhat less than one-third of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head rather more
than one-fourth ; head thick, snout obtuse. The diameter of the eye
equals the length of the snout, is rather more than one-half of the
width of the interorbital space, and contained thrice and two-thirds
in the length of the head. Dorsal and anal elevated in males, and
extending to the caudal, if laid backwards. In males the origin of
the dorsal fin is midway between the root of the caudal and the
occiput, and corresponds to the eleventh scale of the lateral line ; in
females the dorsal is situated further backwards, its origin being
midway between the gill-opening and the root of the cauda^, but
also corresponding to the eleventh scale of the lateral line. The first
anal ray is below the fifth of the dorsal. Caudal truncated. Man-
dible about as long as eye. Light-greenish olive.

Males with nine or ten very distinct silvery cross bars, each about
as broad as a scale ; anterior dorsal rays black ; caudal with a rather
indistinct blackish band across its hinder half.

Fnnales silvery on the side, with more or less numerous narrow
black vertical stripes, which do not extend on to the back or to the
belly.

In the yodiif' the silvery cross bars and black vertical stripes are
as frequently present as absent.

Brackish or saline waters of Southern Europe and North Africa.

a-b. Males, 2 inches long. Susa (Tunis). From Mr. Fraser's Col-
lection.

c-e. Females, 2 to 3 inches long. Susa (Tunis). From Mr. Fraser's
Collection.

f-g. Half-grown. Hot springs of Sidi Ohkbar, Sahara. Presented
by the Rev. H. B. Tristram.

h-i. Half-grown. South Europe. Presented by — Miller, Esq.

Gjprhiodon iherus, Cuv. & Val. xviii. p. 100, pi. 528 (male);
Lehias ihericu.^, Stoindachnor, Sitzgsber. Akud. Wiss. "Wion, Hi. 18('>5,

1 . CYPRINOUON. 303

p, , figs. 1-3, appears scarcely to differ from C. calaritanus. It is
said to have ten, rarely niue anal rays ; and the number of cross
bands in the male is from twelve to sixteen.

2. Cyprinodon fasciatus.

Lebias fasciata, Valenc. in Humh. Observ. Zoolocj. ii. p. 160, pi. 51.

fig. 4 (bad).
Cyprinodou fasciatus, C\iv. 8f Val xviii. p. 158; Martens, Wiegm. Arch.

sxiv. p. 153, taf. 4. fig. 4.

D. 10. A. 8(9). V. 7. L.lat.26.

Known from males only.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
which is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal). The first dorsal
ray is in the first half of the total length ; dorsal and anal fins ele-
vated. Sides of the body with ten or twelve silvery cross bands ;
dorsal with the anterior margin black; caudal sometimes with a
greyish cross band.

Brackish waters of Sardinia and Venice.

a. Two and one-third inches long. Sardinia.

Bellotti, who observed the difference of coloration between the
two sexes of C. calaritanus (as described above), thought that C. fas-
ciatus (Val.) was the male of C. calarimnus. Mem. Accad. Sc. Torin.
1858, xvii. p. clix. However, as Valenciennes asserts that he has
verified the small number of anal rays in several specimens of C. fas-
ciatus, it is probable that they are really two distinct species, in
which the sexes are similarly distinguished from each other, but
that Valenciennes knew the female only of C: calaritanus, and the
male only of C. fasciatus.

Also the specimens collected by Martens at Venice had eight anal

rays.

3. Cyprinodon dispar.

Lebias dispar, Euppell, Ail. Fische, p. 66, taf. 18. fig. 1 (male) ; (fig. 2,
female ?).

velifer et limatus, Ehrenherg, MS.

Cyprinodon lunatus, Cuv. Sf Val xviii. p. 161.

hammonis, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 371 (not Cuv. Sf

Val).

D. 9. A. 10. V. 7. L. lat. 25-27. L. transv. 9.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thrice and two-thirds in the total (without caudal) ; head
thick, snout obtuse. The diameter of the eye equals the length of
the snout, is rather more than one-half of the width of the inter-
orbital space, and contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of
the head. Dorsal and anal elevated in males, and extending to the
caudal if laid backwards. In males the origin of the dorsal fin is
midway between the root of the caudal and the pra^operculum, and
corresponds to the eleventh scale of the lateral line ; in females the
dorsal is situated further backwards, its origin being midway be-
tween the gill-opening and the root of the caudnl, but also cor-

304 CYPRT?fODONTID.f;.

responding to the eleventh scale of the lateral line. The first anal
ray is below the sixth of the dorsal. Caudal truncated. Mandible
about as long as the eye. Caudal fin with two crescent-shaped
brown cross-bands. Body without silvery cross bars ; with irre-
gularly reticulated markings in the young.
North Africa.

a, h, c. Adult males. Abyssinia. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collecticii.

d. Female.

e. Half-grown male.

f-g, h-l. Young. Brine-spring, temp. 91°, near Usdum, Dead Sea.

From the Collection o*^ H. Poole, Esq.
m. Many young specimens. Dead Sea. From the Collection of the

Rev. H. B. Tristram.

4. Cyprinodon cypris.

Lebias cypris, Heckel, in Husseffger, Iteise, i. p. 1090, ii. 3. p. 242,
taf. 19. fig. 1.

D. 11-12. A. 10. V. 5. L. lat. 26. L. trausv. 8.
Body rather elevated and compressed, its height being somewhat
more than the length of the head, which is contained thrice and a
quarter in the total (without caudal). The diameter of the eye
equals the length of the snout, is two-sevenths of that of the head,
and nearly equal to the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal
and anal fins not extending to the caudal when laid backwards ; the
dorsal fin commences halfway between the extremity of the snout
and the root of the caudal, immediately behind the insertion of the
ventrals. The anal commences somewhat before the termination of
the dorsal. Greenish olive above, silvery on the sides.

Male with the fins blackish, the vertical fins with series of black dots.

Female lighter, generally with brownish dots on the tail ; fijis
whitish, immaculate.

Syria, Bagdad.

a. Many specimens, not in good state. Jordan. From the Collec-
tion of the Rev. H. B. Tristram.

5. Cyprinodon sopliiae.

Lebias sophiae, Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, ii. 3. p. 267, taf. 22. fig. 2.
D. 11-12. A. 10-12. V. 6. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 7.
The height of the body is contained thrice and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a third.
Snout very obtuse, subtruncated, the mandible being directed verti-
cally upwards. The diameter of the eye is more than the length of
the snout, one-third of that of the head, and not much less than the
width of the interorbital space. Dorsal and anal of moderate size,
somewhat higher in males than in females. In males as well as in
females the origin of the dorsal is midway between the root of the
caudal and the eye, and corresponds to the eleventh scale of the
lateral line ; it is immediately behind the vertical from the root of

1. CYPRINODON. 305

the ventral fins, which is conspicuously nearer to the extremity of
the snout than to the base of the caudal. The first anal ray is below
the fourth of the dorsal. Mandible about as long as the aye.

Male dark greenish brown, with silvery dots on the caudal portion
of the trunk ; fins black, dorsal and anal with two oblique series of
white spots.

Female and young light brownish green, with numerous silvery
vertical streaks. Fins transparent, colourless.

Persia, Syria.

a. Many specimens, |-1| inch long. Ain Feshkhah. Dead Sea.
From the Collection of the Rev. H. B. Tristram.

6. Cjrprinodon punctatus.

Lebias punctatus, Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, ii. 3. p. 268, taf. 22.
%.3.

D. 11. A. 10. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 3/4.

Very closely allied to G. sophioi, from which it differs in the colo-
ration. Silvery, with numerous brown spots disposed in irregular
longitudinal series ; a brownish band from the eye to the upper end
of the giU-npening ; fins uniform yellowish. Females with the spots
paler. (Heck.)

Nemek-Deria, a saltwater lake near Schii'az.

Lebias crystaUodon, Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, ii. 3. p 269,
taf. 22. fig. 4, from the same locality, is perhaps merely an old
female, after spawning, of the preceding species.

7. Cjrprinodon mento.

Lebias mento, Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, i. p. 1089, taf. 6. fig. 4.
Cyprinodon mento, Cuv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 171.

D. 12. A. 11. V. 6. L. lat. 27. L, transv. 3/4.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, which is
two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of the
eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and one-half of the
width of the interorbital space. Ventral fins scarcely in advance of
the middle of the total length (the caudal not included), but con-
spicuously in advance of the dorsal. The anal fin commences below
the middle of the dorsal, with the hinder third of the total length
(without caudal). Dorsal and anal fins not elevated. Male dark
brown, with the fins black- and white-dotted. Female lighter, with
uniform whitish fins. (Heckel.)

Mosul.

^. Specie^ of the New World.

8. Cyprinodon variegatus

CypnnoQon variegatus, Lneep. v. pp. 486, 487, pi. 15. fig. 1 ; Valenc.

in Humh. Ohs. Zool. ii. p. 105; Cuv. ^ Vnl. xviii. p. 173.
Esox ovinus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^- Phil. Sue. New York, 1815, i. p. 441,
pi. 4. fig. 7.
vol,. VI.

306 CTPRINODONTID^.

Lebias ellipsoidea, Lesueur, Joxirn, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. 1821,

p. 6, pi. 2.

rhomboidalis, Valenc. in Humb. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 160.

Cyprinodon ovinus, Valenc. in Humb. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 164.

Lebias ovinus, Dekai/, Nat. Hist. Neio York, Fish. p. 215, pi. 17.

fig-. 84,

D. 10-11. A. 10-11. V. 7. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 12-13.

The height of the body is contained from twice and one-eighth to
twice and one-third in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head thrice and one-fourth. The humeral scale (behind the
gill-opening) is three or four times as large as the others. Snont
very obtuse, the mandible being directed obliquely upwards. Tne
diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, is two-sevenths
of that of the head, and less than the width of the interorbital space.
Dorsal and anal of moderate size, very much higher in males than in
females and young males, but they extend only to the middle of the
tail when laid backwards. The origin of the dorsal is midway between
the root of the caudal and the end of the snout in females, but more
advanced in males ; in both it corresponds to the eighth scale of the
lateral line, and is conspicuously in advance of the vertical from the
root of the ventral fins. The first anai ray is below the end of the
dorsal. Mandible about as long as the eye.

Mah without black spots on the body ; caudal and sometimes the
other fins black-edged.

Females with irregular blackish or black vertical spots on the body ;
fins without black margin; a black stripe across the root of the
caudal.

United States.

a-h. Males, 2 and 2i inches long. North America. From Mr.

Parnell's Collection.
c-e. Females, 2 and 2| inches long. North America. From Mr.

Parnell's Collection.
f-g. Females, 1 and 1^ inches long. North America. From Mr.

Parnell's Collection.
li-m. Females, 1| inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

9. Cyprinodon carpio.

D. 11-12. A. 10. V. 7. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 10.

The height of the body is contained from twice and two-fifths to
twice and three-fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head thrice. The humeral scale (behind the gill-opening) is
scarcely larger than the others. Snout rather obtuse, the mandible
being directed obliquely upwards. The diameter of the eye is a
little less than the length of the snout, two-sevenths of that of the
head, and less than the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal and
anal of moderate size. The origin of the dorsal is somewhat nearer
to the root of the caudal, than to the end of the snout (in females),
and corresponds to the ninth scale of the lateral line ; it is distinctly
behind the vertical from the root of the ventral fins. The first anal

2. FITZROYIA. 307

ray is below the end of the dorsal. Mandible about as long as the
eye. Uniform greenish-olive (in specimens preserved in spirits),
shining silvery towards the belly. A silvery band runs along the
lower edge of the prseorbital and the lower margin of the orbit, to
the upper end of the gill-opening.

America.
a-e. Females, from 2 to 5 inches long. From the Collection of
Haslar Hospital.

10. Cyprinodon parvus.

Baird Sf Girard, Ninth Smithson. Report, 1855, p. 345.
D. 10. A. 10. V. 6. L. transv. 8.
Form elongated ; head less than one-fourth of the total length
(with the caudal) ; eye one-third of the length of the head. Colo-
ration plain. {Baird.)

Very small. Long Island.

11. Cyprinodon bovinus.

Baird 8f Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1853, p. 389, and in
U. S. 8f Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 67, pi. 37. figs. 12-18.

D. 9. A. 8.

The height of the body is contained from twice and one-sixth to
twice and one-half in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head thrice. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
length of the head. Sexual differences as in C. variegatus. The
origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the
snout and the root of the caudal, rather behind, than in advance of,
the vertical from the root of the ventral. Colours as in C. varie-
gatus. (B. 6f O.)

Texas.

2. FITZROYIA.

Lebias, sp., Jenyns.

In the present state of our knowledge, this genus would appear
to differ from Cyprinodon in having the tricuspid teeth arranged in
several series.

I name it in memory of the late Admiral Fitzroy, the commander
of the expedition during which this fish was discovered.

Montevideo.

1. Fitzroyla multidentata.

Lebias multidentata, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 117, pi. 22. fig. 3.

D. 9. A. 9. V. 6. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is more than the length of the head,
which is one-fifth of the entire length; jaws nearly equal, the
upper one very protractile. There is, behind the front row of tri-
cuspid teeth, a band of smaller teeth above and below, all of which

x2

308 CTPRINODONTrD^.

are also tricuspid. The origin of the dorsal fin corresponds exactly
to the middle of the total length, and is somewhat in advance of
that of the anal. All the fins small. Greenish-brown (in a pre-
served state), with some indistinct light bands along the sides.
{Jen.)

Montevideo.

3. CHARACODON.

Cleft of the mouth small, developed laterally and horizontally ;
mandible short, with the bones of each side firmly united. Snout
short. Teeth rather small, bicuspid, in a single series ; but there
is a narrow band of villiform teeth behind the series of incisors.
Scales of moderate size. Origin of the anal fin opposite, or nearly
opposite, to that of the dorsal. Anal rays more numerdus in the
male than in the female. Intestinal tract but slightly convoluted.

Central America,

1. Characodon lateralis.

D. 10-11.- A. 13 in fem., 15-16 in male. L. lat. 35.
L. transv. 12.

In general habits very similar to a Cyprinodon. Body rather
elevated, with the neck somewhat arched, its greatest depth being
rather more than the length of the head, and one-third of the total
(without caudal). Head thick and broad, with the snout obtuse, as
long as the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length
of the head. The mandible ascends obliquely, and is longer than
the eye. There are about twenty smallish teeth in each jaw ; their
apex is indistinctly notched, Interorbital space flat, its width being
two-fifths of the length of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is
a little nearer to the end of the caudal than to the occiput, and a
little behind that of the anal. Both fins are small and rounded.
In the male the six anterior rays are of nearly equal length, but
considerably shorter than the following, forming a very distinct por-
tion of the fin ; all these rays are very closely set. Caudal fin small,
truncate or slightly convex. The distance between dorsal and caudal
is somewhat more than the least depth of the tail, and equal to the
distance between eye and gill-opening. Pectoral obtuse, not quite
reaching the ventral. Ventral small, not quite extending to the
vent. Brownish olive (in spirits), with a darker band running from
the eye to the root of the caudal : this band is sometimes broken up
into a more or less regular series of brownish black spots.

Central America.

a-d. Females, 2| inches long. From Dr. B. Seemann's Collection.
e-i. Females and two' males, 1|^ inch long. From the Haslar Col-
lection..

4. TELLIA.

Tellia, Get-vats, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1853, xix. p. 16.
Very similar to Cyprinodon, but without ventral fins. The

6. LUCANIA. 309

lower jaw projecting beyond the upper ; teeth tricuspid, in a single
series in both jaws.

Alpine pools of the Atlas.

1. Tellia apoda.

Gervais, I. c. ; Valerie, in Compt. Rend. 1858, xlvi. p. 715.

D. 15. A. 13.

The dorsal fin commences a little before the posterior third of the
length of the body,
lliver TeU.

5. LIMNURGUS.

Gu-ai'dinichthys*, Bleek. Cyprin. p. 481.

Cleft of the mouth directed upwards, rather narrow, upper jaw
very protractile ; bones of the mandible firmly united ; both jaws
with a series of small subcylindrical teeth. Scales rather small.
Dorsal and anal fiuQS many-rayed, but not very long ; anal below
the dorsal ; sexes not differentiated by modification of the anal fin.
Intestinal tract about as long as the fish. The gill membranes of
both sides are partially united, and not attached to the isthmus.

Mexico.

1. Limnurgus variegatus.

Lucania, sp., Girard, Troc. Acttd. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 118.
Giraadiniclithys innomiuatus Q.) *, Bleek. I. c. p. 484.

D. 20-21. A. 22-23. V. 6. L. lat. 44.

The height of the body is more than the length of the head, which
is scarcely one-fourth of the total length (without caudal). The
neck is arched, the upper profile of the head being concave. Head
thick, with the snout obtuse, the mandible being vertically directed
upwards. The diameter of the eye is one-half of the width of the
interorbital space, which is two-tiLfths of the length of the head.
The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the root of the caudal
and the occiput, and, in females, conspicuously in front of that of the
anal. Brownish olive, with irr,egular dark-brown cross bands, which
are sometimes confluent.

Vicinity of the city of Mexico.

a. Many adult female specimens, 2| inches long. Old Collection.

6. LUCANIA t.

Lucania, sp., Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 118.

Cleft of the mouth small ; bones of the mandible firmly united ;
snout not produced, the lower jaw more or less prominent ; both
jaws with a single series of conical teeth. Scales rather large. Rays

* This barbarous name has been proposed by Bleeker, who never saw the
species.

t 1. Lucania afRnis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. ISO'J p. 118. —
Matamoras.

310 CYPRINODONTID^.

of the dorsal and anal fins in moderate number. Origin of the dorsal
fin in advance of that of the anal. Sexes not differentiated by modi-
fication of the anal fin. Intestinal tract?

Southern parts of North America and Central America.

For the knowledge of this genus and its species we depend entirely
on the accounts given by Gii'ard, which are not only most incom-
plete, but which prove so frequently to be incorrect: one thing
appears to be certain, that he has united in it species which can
hardly be kept together in the same natural genus.

1. Lucauia veuusta.

Limia venusta, Girard, U. S. 8p Mex, Bound. Ichthyol. p. 71, pi. 39.

figs. 20-23.
Lucania venusta, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 118.

D. 13. A. 11. V. 6.

The height of the body is about equal to the length of the head,
and two-sevenths of the total (without caudal). The origin of the
dorsal is midway between the extremity of the snout and the base
of the caudal. Origin of the anal opposite the middle of the dorsal.
Eeddish brown ; fins immaculate. {Girard.)

Texas.

7. HAPLOCHILUS*.

Aplocheilus, McClell. Ind. Cypr. As, Res. xix. pp.301, 426.
Panchax, Cttv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 380.

Zygonectes, Ac/assiz, in Sillim. Amer. Jmtrn. 1854, xvii. p. 353.
Micristius, Gill, Canad. Nat. 8f Geol. 1865, August.

Snout flat, both jaws being much depressed. Bones of the mandible
firmly united ; upper jaw protractile ; both jaws with a narrow band
of villiform teeth t. Body oblong, depressed anteriorly, compressed
posteriorly. Dorsal fin short, commencing behind the origin of the
anal, which is more or less elongate. Intestinal tract but slightly
convoluted ; air-bladder present.

East Indies ; tropical Africa ; temperate and tropical America.

The species may be geographically arranged :

a. Indian species, p. 311.
/3. African species, p. 312.
y. American species, p. 314.

* 1. Aplocheilus melastigmus, McClell. Ind. Cyprin. pp. 301, 427. — Calcutta.
— D.7. A. 22.

2. Aplocheilus, sp., McClell. I. c. pi. 55. fig. 4 ; A. macclellandii, Bleek.

Cypr. p. 487 (name only). — Bengal.

3. Fundulus cingulatus, C. # V. xviii. p. 197.— United States.— D. 8. A. 10.
Panchax pictum, C. ^ V., has proved to be identical with Betta trifasciata ;

sefe Eleeker, Cyprin. p. 489.
t The vomerine teeth of Panchax are minute and rudimental, not offering a
character on which a genus may be founded. In one out of three specimens,
they are entirely absent.

7. HAPLOCHIIUS. 311

a. Indian species,

1. Haplochilus pauchax.

Esox pancliax, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gatig. pp. 211, 380, pi. 3. fig. 69.
Aplocheilus chiysostigmus, McClell. As. Res. xix. 2. pp. 301, 426,

pi. 42. fig. 2.

pancliax, McClell. I. c. p. 302.

Panchax lineatum, Cuv. 8f Val. x-vdii. p. .381.

buclianani, Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 383 ; Bleeker, Cypriti. p. 488,

or Atlas Ichthyol. Cyprin. p. 141, tab. 43. fig. 3 ; Blyth, Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. 1859, xxvii. p. 288.

kulilii, Cuv. 4' Val. xviii. p. 384.

panchax, Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 252.

melanotopterus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Midd.

<5- Oost-Java, p. 22, and xxiv. Stioek. p. 23, and xxv. Nalez. Ichth.

Bern/, p. 144.
rubrostigma, Jei-don, Madr. Journ. xv. p. 331.

D. 8. A. 15-16. V. 6. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 9.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without
caudal), and more than the height of the body. Snout rather
longer than the eye.

East Indies.

a. Adult. Ganges. From Dr. McClelland's Collection.

l}-c. Adult and young. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

d. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker 's Collection.

2. Haplochilus latipes.

Poecilia latipes, Schley. Faun. Jap. Pise. p. 224, pi. 102. fig. 5.
Aplocheilus latipes, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. vii. Japan, vi. p. 99.

B. 5. D. G. A. 19. L. lat. 29.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is about
one-fifth of the total length (with the caudal). Dorsal fin opposite
the last third of the anal ; ventrals much nearer to the operculum than
to the vent (which they reach if laid backwards). Coloration nearly
uniform.

Japan.

a. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

3. Haplochilus javanicus.

Aplocheilus javanicus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ltd. vii. p. 323, and
Cyprin. p. 490, reprinted in Atl. Ichthyol. Cyprin. p. 141, tab. 43.
fig. 2.

B. 5. D. 7. A. 25. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is one-fourth or two-ninths of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head two-ninths or one-
fifth. The diameter of the eye is more than one-third of the length
of the head. Dorsal fin opposite the posterior part of the anal.
Greenish olive ; a narrow violet streak from the head to the caudal fin.
Java.

a. Type of the species, li inch long. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

312 OTPRINODONTIDiE.

4. Haplochilus cyanophthalmus.

Panchax cyanophthalmus, Blythy Joum. As. Soc. Beng. xxvii. 1859,
p. 288.

D. 7. A. 22-23.
Whitish, dotted with darker. Irides light blue. {Blyth.)
Calcutta. One inch and a quarter long.
a-h. One inch and a quarter long. Calcutta. From the Collection
of Messrs. Schlagintweit. — We are not certain whether these
specimens really belong to this species ; they have 19 anal rays
only, as H. latipes, from which they appear to differ in having
a higher body ; the scales are unfortunately lost, so that their
number cannot be ascertained.

0. African species.

5. Haplochilus spilauchen.

i:'oecilia spilauchena, Dum^ril, Arch. Mm. x. 1861, p. 258, pi. 22. fig. 6

(young).

bensonii, Peters. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. lS64, p. 395.

PApocheilichthvs typus, Bleek. M4m. Soc. Sc. Harlem, 1863, Foiss.

Cote Guin. p." 116, pi. 24. fig. 1.

D. 8. A. 13. V. 6. L.lat. 27. L.transv. 8.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a fifth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-
fourths. Head somewhat depressed, with the snout of moderate
length, and with the jaws equal in length ; mandible a little longer
than the eye. The width of the interorbital space is somewhat more
than one-half of the length of the head. The diameter of thb eye
equals the length of the snout, and is contained thrice and a third
in that of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between
the extremity of the caudal and the eye, corresponding to the seven-
teenth scale of the lateral line and to the middle of the anal. Pec-
toral fin extending beyond the root of the ventral, which, in females,
reaches the vent. AU the fins are elongate in the male sex, the
doi^sal and anal extending to the caudal, if laid backwards. Nearly
uniform greenish oKve, with a blackish spot behind the upper part of
the humerus. Males have the tail ornamented with irregular silvery
cross bars, and the vertical fins with fine blackish transverse lines*.

Gaboon.

a-e. Fine specimens, males and females, from 1| to 2| inches long.

Gaboon. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
f-h. Male and females. Gaboon. Presented by the Liverpool Free

Public Museum.

We shoxild not hesitate to unite Apncheiliehthys typus, Bleekcr,
with this species, if the drawing did not represent the dorsal fin
as advanced to the middle of the total length. However, this is

* The spots on the neck mentioned by Dumeril as peculiar to this species are
nothing but parts of the inner periosteum of the cranial bones, which in all these
fishes is black.

7. HAPLOCniLTTS. 313

probably an error, as, according to the description, its relative posi-
tion to the anal fin is the same as in H. sjjilauchen, ,and as in both
fishes the, anal has the same position.

6. Haplochilus infrafasciatus.
D. 11. A. 14. V.G. L.lat. 28. L. trans v. 9.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length (without caudal) in a male, the length of the head thrice
and two-thirds. ' Head much depressed, with the snout of moderate
length, and with the lower jaw very slightly projecting beyond the
upper ; mandible much longer than the eye. The Avidth of the in-
terorbital space is somewhat more than one-half of the length of the
head. The diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, and
is contained thrice and a fourth in that of the head. The origin of
the dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the caudaj. and the
eye, con'esponding to the nineteenth scale of the lateral line, and
nearly to the middle of the anal. Pectoral fin scarcely extending
beyond the root of the ventral, which, in males, reaches the anal.
In the male the dorsal fin extends to the caudal, if laid backwards ;
the anal not. BrowTiish red, with a more or less distinct blackish
lateral band ; six blackish-brown cross bare between the band and
the lower margin of the belly and tail — the first indistinct, behind
the base of the pectoral, the second in front of the root of the ventrals,
the third corresponding to the origin, and the fourth to the middle of
the anal fin, the fifth behind the dorsal, and the sixth across the root
of the caudal.

West Africa ; Upper Nile (?).

a. Male, 2| inches long. Old Calabar. Purchased of Mr. Cutter.
(?) b. Male, 1 inch long. Upper Nile. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

Poecilia sjoilargyreia , Dumeril, Arch. Mus. x. 1861, p. 258, would
appear to agree very well with our specimens, but is uniformly
coloured, without bands.

7. Haplochilus sexfasciatus.

Poecilia sexfasciata, Peters, Motiatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl, 1864, p. 396.

D. 7. A. 14. L.lat. 24.

The height of the body is somewhat less than the length of the

head, and rather more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal).

Shape of the head as in the preceding species. The origin of the

dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity of the caudal thar to the giU-

opening, corresponding to the eighteenth scale of the lateral Kne, aii'd

nearly to the middle of the anal. Pectoi-al extending beyond the

root of the ventral, which reaches the vent. The free portion of the

tail is very short and high, and the dorsal extends to the root of the

caudal, if laid backwards. Eody with six narrow black cross-bands,

— the first indistinct, across the opercle ; the second behind the root

of the pectoral ; the third corresponding to the origin, the fourth to

314 CYPRINOBONTID^.

the middle, and the fifth to the end of the anal fin ; the sixth across
the root of the caudal. The three last bands extend nearly to the
back of the specimen.
Liberia. .

The typical specimen, 1^ inch long, is in the Berlin Museum. In
spite of all the differences mentioned, it may, after all, be but the
young state of JI. infrafasciatus. This, however, cannot be decided,
unless more examples be examined.

8. Haplochilus liomalonotus.
Poecilia omalonota, Dumer. Arch. Mus. x. 1861, p. 257, pi. 22. fig. 7.
D. 11. A. 14. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a third. Head
and anterior part of the body low, depressed, and rather elongate,
with the snout somewhat produced, the lower jaw slightly projecting
beyond the upper. Eye rather shorter than the snout, two-sevenths
of the length of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway
between the extremity of the caudal and the gill-opening, and nearly
opposite to the middle of the anal. Pectoral fin extending beyond
the root of the ventral. Uniform brownish red. (Bum.)
Noss-Be, Madagascar.

9. HaplocMlus playfairii.

D. 12. A. 18. V. 6. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a fourth. Head
rather elongate, much depressed anteriorly, the snout being some-
what longer than the eye^ which is one-fourth of the length of the
head, and more than one-half of the width of the interorbital space.
Jaws equal in length anteriorly. The origin of the dorsal fin is mid-
way between the extremity of the caudal and the prseoperculum,
corresponding to the eighteenth scale of the lateral Line and to the
middle of the anal. Pectoral fin scarcely extending beyond the root of
the ventral, which reaches the anal. There does not appear to exist a
conspicuous difference between the sexes as regards the fins. Brown-
ish, with three or four indistinct, serrated, dark, longitudinal bands.
Sometimes a black line across the base of the middle dorsal rays.

Seychelles.
a, b, c, d, e. Many specimens, from 2 to 3| inches long. Presented
by Lieut.-Col. Playfair.

y, American species.

10. Haplochilus pulchellus.

? Poecilia olivacea, Storer, Synopsis, p. 178.

? Fundulus t«nellus, Baird %■ Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1853, p. 389.

7. HAPLOCHILXJS. 315

? Zygonectes tenellus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 60.
Zygouectes pulcliellus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,
p. 113.

D. 9 (8). A. 11-12 (10). V. 6. L. lat. 34. L. transv, 11-12.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Head low, depressed,
and rather elongate, with the snout produced, the lower jaw scarcely
projecting beyond the upper ; mandible a little longer than the eye.
The width of the interorbital space (which is quite flat) is a little
more than one-half of the length of the head. The diameter of the
eye is much less than the length of the snout, one-half of the width
of the interorbital space, and contained thrice and two-thirds in the
length of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between
the extremity of the caudal and the orbit, and corresponds to the
twenty-second scale of the lateral line. Pectoral fin extending to the
ventral; ventral fin reaching the vent in males, and terminating before
it in females. Origin of the anal in advance of that of the dorsal.
Brownish or brownish olive, with a black band running from the
snout through the eye to the middle of the base of the caudal. Back
with three or four series of black dots.

The male has the hinder part of the dorsal and anal fins somewhat
more elongate than the female. In the female the anterior anal rays
are, with their base, within the sexual opening, which, however, is
not prolonged into a tube. In the young the upper and lower mar-
gins of the lateral band are denticulated, instead of forming a straight
well-defined line.

Southera States of North America.

a-c. Male and females, 3 inches long. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.
d. Young. From Mr. Parnell's Collection. D. 8. A. 10.

L. Agassiz mentions the names of about eight species allied to
H. pulchellus (Zygonectes), SilUm. Amer. Journ. 1854, xvii. p. 353 ;
but as the author has omitted to properly characterize them, none of
the subsequent writers were enabled to avail themselves of those
names.

11. Haplochilus aureus.

Fundulus aureus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 78.

Evidently closely allied to H. pulchellus.

D. 10. A. 11. V. 6. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; the width of the inter-
orbital space is one-half of the leneth of the head. Eye large, equal
to the length of the snout, and two-sevenths of that of the head.
Pectorals not reaching ventrals, nor ventrals the vent (female?).
Origin of the anal in advance of that of the dorsal, the latter being
midway between the root ot the caudal and the end of the ossa
nasalia. Uniform light golden brown, below pale yellow ; a brown
band runs from the end of the snout to the root of the caudal. {Cope.)

Grosse Isle, Michigan. Specimens 2 inches long.

316 CVPKINODONTID^.

12. Haplochilus dovii.
D. 8. A. 14. V. 0. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds ; head
elongate, low, and depressed, with the snout much produced and the
upper jaw somewhat longer than the lower ; the eye occupies exactly
the middle of the length of the head, its diameter being two-ninths
of it, and more than one-half of the width of the interorbital space,
which is flat. The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the ex-
tremity of the caudal than to the gill-opening, and corresponds to the
twenty-third scale of the lateral line. Anal fin entirelj* before the
dorsal; pectoral extending to ventral, which reaches the vent; caudal
rounded ; aU the fins well developed. Light brownish olive ; pos-
terior half of the dorsal and anal fins with black cross bands ; basal
half of the caudal with round light spots.

Costa Rica.

rt-6. Males? (six inches long). Punta Arena. Presented by Captain
J. M. Dow.

13. Haplochilus sciadicus.

Fundulus sciadicus, Cope^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philafl. 1865, p. 78.
D. 10. A. 12. V. 8. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 13.

Body short and stout ; the length of the head two-sevenths of the
total (without caudal). Eye equals the length of the snout, is tAvo-
sevenths of that of the head, and contained once and two thirds in
the width of the interorbital space. Origin of the anal somewhat in
advance of that of the dorsal, the latter being much nearer to the
root of the caudal than to the end of the snout. Fins small. Colora-
tion uniform, without spots or lines. {Cope.')

Platte Hiver. Specimens 2 inches long.

14. Haplochilus zonatus.

?? Esox zonatus, Mitch. Lit. 8f Phil. Tram. i. p. 443.
Fundulus zonatus, Cuv. i<f Vol. xviii. p. 196.

B. 5. D. 7. A. 10. V. 6.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (with the cau-
dal) ; eye large, its diameter being two-fifths of the length of the
head. The dorsal fin almost reaches the caudal, which is lanceolate.
Lower part of the side with twelve black cross bars ; dorsal and anal
dotted with black, the other fins immaculate. ( Val.)

Interior of South Carolina.

15. Haplocliilus luciae.

Hydrargyra luciae, Baird, Ninth Smithson. Report, 1855, p. 344.

D. 8. A. 9. V. 6.

Head less than one-fourth of the total length (with the caudal).

Origin of anal fin slightly in advance of that of the dorsal, and rather

7. HAPtOCHTLtrs, 317

more developed than the latter. Sides with ten or twelve broad,
well-defined, vertical, dark bars, neai-ly as broad as their interspaces.
Dorsal with a large black spot posteriorly, and immediately anterior
to it a white one. The other fins immaculate. (Baird.)
New Jersey.

16. Haplochilus chrysotus.
D. 9. A. 11 V. 6. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Head depressed an-
teriorly, snout shorter than the eye, which is contained thrice and u
third in the length of the head, and two-thirds of the width of the
interorbital space. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between
the extremity of the caudal and the eye, corresponding to about the
twenty-second scale of the lateral line and the fifth ray of the anal.
Pectoral fin extending to ventral, ventral fin to vent ; ?nal and dorsal
not reaching the caudal, if laid backwards. Light-olive-coloured,
with narrow dark vertical streaks on the sides of trunk and tail ;
caudal with transverse bands of brown dots.

Charleston.

The description is taken from specimens, 1| and 2 inches long, in
the Liverpool Free Public Museum, marked with a manuscript fiame
" Fwiidulus chrysotus, Holbrook." Of course it is impossible to know
whether the specimens described are identical with those for which
Holbrook intended this name ; but it must be retained now for the
species first described, of which the typical examples are in the
Museum mentioned.

17. Haplochilus brasiliensis.

Fundulus brasiliensis, Valenc. in Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 163, pi. 52.
fig. 2 ; Cuv. 4- Vol. xviii. p. 199.

B. 5. D. 8. A. 11. Y. 5. L. lat. 31.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The origin of the
dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the caudal and the eye,
and somewhat behind that of the anal. Caudal fin lanceolate.
Dorsal and anal somewhat elevated, the middle rays of the latter
being considerably longer than the anterior ones. The lower part of
the tail, between ventral and caudal, with nine or ten black cross bars.
Dorsal fin with some black dots, the other fins immaculate. {Val.)

Brazil.

18. Haplochilus melanopleurus.

Tickiticky.

Pcecilia melapleura, Gosse. Nat, Soj. Jam. p. 84, pi. 1. fig. 3.

D. 11. A. 11. V. 5. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 10.
The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal) ; the length of the bead thrice and
two-thirds. Snout broad and obtuse, the mandible being directed

318 CYPRINODONTIDiE

obliquely upwards ; the diameter of the eye equals the length of the
snout, is one-third of that of the head, and three-fifths of the width
of the interorbital space. Dorsal and anal fijis of moderate size ;
the origin of the dorsal is midway between the extremity of the
caudal and the anterior margin of the orbit, and corresponds to the
sixteenth scale of the lateral line ; it is opposite the middle of the
base of the anal. The free portion of the tail is rather short, and
its depth equal to the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins.
Sides of the abdomen silvery, the portion above the silvery part
being black.
Jamaica.
a-e. Females from 1 to 2 inches long. Bluefields. FromMr.Oosse's
Collection. Types of the species.

8. FUNDULUS*.

Fundulus, sp., Lacep. v. p. 37.

Hydrargyi'a, Lacep. v. p. 378 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 201.

Fimdulus, Cuv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 178.

Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, developed laterally and
horizontally ; mandible with the bones firmly united. Upper jaw
protractile. Snout of moderate length. Teeth in a narrow band,
those of the outer series being largest, conical. Scales of moderate
size. Dorsal fin commencing before or opposite the origin of the
anal. Sexes not differentiated. Intestinal tract short. Insec-
tivorous.

North and Central America ; Tropical Africa ; South Europe.

The species may be arranged thus : —

a. Species of the New World, p. 318.
/3. Species of the Old World, p. 326.

a. Species of the Neio World.

1. Fundulus heteroclitns.

EUifish.

Cobitis heteroclita, L. Sy^t. Nat. i. p. 500 ; Schoepf, Schrift. Gen.

Ntrf. Freund. Berl. 1788, p. 171, taf. 8.

macrolepidotus, Art. Walh. p. 11. no. 7.

Poecilia ccenicola, Bl. Schn. p. 452.

fasciata, Bl, Schn. p. 453.

Fundulus mudfish, Lacep. v. pp. 37, 38.

Esox pisciculus, Mitch. Lit. ^ Phil. Travis. New York, i, p. 440.

Fundulus ccenicolus, Valenc. in Humb, Obs. Zool. ii. p. 162 ; Cuv. 8f

Val. xviii. p. 179, pi. 530.
Fundulus fasciatus, Valenc, Humb, Obs. Zool. ii. p. 162, pi. 52. figs.

1, 4, 5 (not synon.).
Hydrargira ornata, Lesueiir, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1817, i.

p. 131 ; Stover, Synops. Fish. North Atner. p. 181.

• 1. Fundulus virescens. Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 225. pi. 102. fig. 6. —
Japan. Known from a figure only {Fnndtilivhfki/s virescens, Blkr.)

S. FUia>TTLTT8. 319

Fundulufl zebra, Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Fish. p. 218 ; Baird,

Ninth Smithson. Report, 1855, p. 842.

viridescens, Dekay, I. c. p. 217, pi. 31. fig. 99.

? P Fundulus fonticola, Cuv. i^ Vol. xviii. p. 198.

Fundulus grandis, Baird 4" Gi>'- Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1853,

p. 389, and U. S. and Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 69, pi. 36.
floridensis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1859, p. 157.

B. 5. D. 11 A. 11. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 15-16.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thrice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal) ;
males have the body comparatively shorter. Snout rather obtuse,
the mandible being directed obliquely upwards. The diameter of
the eye is two-thirds of the length of the snout, one-fifth of that of
the head, and rather less than one-half of the width of the inter-
orbital space, in large specimens ; in. younger examples the snout is
shorter. Dorsal and anal of moderate size, higher in males than in
females. Tbe origin of the dorsal is midway between, the extremity
of the caudal and the anterior margin of the orbit in females, but in
males it is exactly in the middle of the total length ; it corresponds
to the seventeenth scale of the lateral line ; it is distinctly in ad-
vance of the vertical from the base of the anal, the first anal ray
being below the fourth of the dorsal. Coloration uniform (in spirits).

The opening tube of the oviduct is attached to the anterior raya
of the anal fin.

Southern States of North America.

a-e. Adult females (5 inches long) and young. Lake Pont-
chartrain.

Specimens, two inches long, sent by Prof. Agassiz under the name
of Fundulus spilotus (Holbr.), to the Liverpool Free Public Museum,
appear to me to be the young of F. heteroclitus ; they are obscurely
spotted on the sides, and have a black Jot in the middle of the last
dorsal rays.

2. Fundulus parvipiimis.
Gfirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1854, p. 154.

D. 11. A. 11. V. 5. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body is a little less than one-fifth of the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head a little less than
one-fourth. The diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout,
and is one-fourth of that of the liead. Origin of the dorsal fin mid-
way between the extremity of the caudal and the end of the snout ;
origin of the anal fin opposite the middle of the dorsal. Fins small.
A black stripe on the middle of the side, from the an terior third of
the body to the base of the caudal. (Cfir.)

San Diego, California

3. Fundulus labialis.
B. 6. D. 13-14. A. 16-17. V. 6. L. lat. 37-39. L. transv. 15.
The height of the body, taken on the level of the base of the pec-

320 cyprinodontidj:.

toral, is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal). Head
rather depressed, its length being contained four times or four times
and a third in the total. Interorbital space broad, slightly convex,
its width being less than one-half of the length of the head. Snout
broad, obtuse, depressed, with the jaws perfectly equal in front ;
mandible very short, not longer than the eye. Upper lip well de-
veloped, broad, extending to the angle of the mouth. The diameter
of the eye is less than the length of the snout, or than one-fourth
of that of the head, and, in females, one- half of the width of the
intoroi'bital space, whilst in males the forehead is somewhat nar-
rower. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the ex-
tremity of the caudal and the orbit, and corresponds to the twentieth
scale of the lateral line. The first anal ray is opposite to the first
of the dorsal. Dorsal fin as high as long in both sexes ; anal fin
rounded in the male, scarcely higher than long, much elevated in
the female, the length of its base being two-thirds only of its depth.
Genital opening of the female immediately in front of, but discon-
nected from, the anal fin. Basal thii'd of the caudal fin (which is
sub truncate) scaly. Body uniform brownish olive, paler below ;
sometimes irregular cloudy markings on the tail. Fins immaculate ;
the anal fin of the male is black at the base, and bright yellow on
its marginal half; also the upper margin of the dorsal fin of the
same sex is yellowish,
Guatemala.

a-c. Males, 4 inches long. Guatemala. From Mr. Salvin's Col-
lection.

d-f. Females, from 4 to 4| inches long. Rio San Geronimo. From
Mr. Salvin's Collection.

<7-7t. Females, 3 inches long. Yzabal. From the Collection of
Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

4. Fundulus punctatus.

D. 12. A. 13. V. 6. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 12.

Tho height of the body, taken on the level of the base of the pec-
toral, is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal). Head
depressed, its length being one-fourth of the total. Interorbital space
very broad, slightly convex, its width being one-half of the length
of the head. Snout broad, obtuse, much depressed, with the lower
jaw scarcely projecting beyond the upper ; mandible longer than the
eye. Upper lip of moderate breadth, not extending to the angle of
the mouth. The diameter of the eye is less than the length of the
snout, two-ninths of that of the head, and less than one-half of the
width of the interorbital space. The origin of the dorsa^ fin is
somewhat nearer to the extremity of the caudal than to the orbit,
and corresponds to the nineteenth scale of the lateral line. Th''
first anal ray is opposite to the third of the dorsal Dorsal and anal
fins subquadrangular, with the outer margins convex : both are a
little longer than high. Caudal fin subtruncate, scaly on its basal
half. Pectoral fins shorter than the head (without snout), not ex-

8. FTJNDULUS. 321

tending to the base of the ventrals. Brownish-olive, paler below ;
each scale, especially those on the tail, with a vertical dark-purplish-
violet sjiot on the centre. Dorsal with three or four series of
blackish dots, anal with a whitish margin,
Chiapam.

a. Male, 3^ inches long. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

5, Pundulus guatemalensis.

D. 12 (13). A. 14-15 (IG). L. lat. 32-35. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body, taken on the level of the base of the pec-
toral, equals the length of the head, and is one-fourth or rather
more than one-fourth, of the total length (without caudal). Head
thick and broad ; interorbital space broad, slightly convex, its width
being a little less than one-half of the length of the head. Snout
broad, obtuse, with the lower jaw sliglitly jirojecting beyond the
upper ; mandible longer than the eye. The diameter of the eye is
equal to, or, in the larger specimens, less than the length of the
snout, one-fourth of that of the head, and one-half of the width of
the interorbital space. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway be-
tween the extremity of the caudal and the posterior margin of the
orbit, and corresponds to the nineteenth scale of the lateral line.
The first anal ray corres])onds to the second of the dorsal. Dorsal
and anal fins subquadrangular, ratlier low, longer than high in the
male, and as long as high in the female. Two-thirds of caudal
covered with small scales. Brown above and on the sides, pale
below ; females with a very indistinct dark band along the side.
Fins immaculate ; anal with a light margin.

The sexual oi^ening of the female is not attached to the anterior
anal rays.

Guatemala • Western Eciiador.

a. Many specimens, 3 inches long. Lake of Dueuas. From Mr.
Salvin's Collection.

h. Several specimens, 2-3 inches long. Lake of Amatitlan. From
Mr. Salvin's Collection.

c Male, 3j inches long. Kio Guacalate. From Mr. Salvin's Col-
lection.

d. Many specimens, from 3 to 3| inches long. Western Ecuador.
From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

6. Fundulus pachycephalus.

This species is closely allied to F. guatemalensis, but has a thicker
head and smaller eye.

D. 13-14. A. 15. V. 6. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 12.
The height of the body, taken on the level of the base of the pec-
toral, is contained thrice and one-fifth or thrice and four-fifths in
the total length (without candal). Head very thick and broad, its
length being contained thrice and one-third in the total. Inter-
orbital space very broad, slightly convex, its width being one-half

VOL. VT.

322 CYPEINODONTID^

of the length of the head. Snout broad, obtuse, with the lower jaw
slightly projecting beyond the upper ; mandible longer than the eye.
The diameter of the eye is less than the length of the snoTit, one-
fourth of that of the head, and one-half of the Avidth of the inter-
orbital space. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the
extremity of the caudal and the anterior or posterior margin of the
orbit, and corresponds to the sixteenth scale of the lateral hne. The
first anal ray corresponds to the third of the dorsal. Dorsal and
anal fins subquadrangular, of moderate height, the latter fin being
scarcely higher than long. Caudal fin subtruncate. Brownish above
and on the sides, each scale darker on the tip ; an indistinct dark
band along the middle of the tail. Fins immaculate, anal with the
lower margin whitish.
Guatemala.

a-c. Males, 2| inches long. Lake of Atitlan. From Mr. Salvin's
Collection.

7. Fundulus catenatus.
Poecilia catenata, Storer, Synopsis p. 178.

I). 14. A. 15. V. 5. L. lat. 44. L. tranBv. 12.
The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
^ without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds; the
oiameter of the eye is somewhat less than the length of the snout,
tiw^o-thirds of the width of the interorbital space, and one-fourth of
the length of the head. Dorsal fin as high as long ; its origin being
nearer to the extremity of the caudal than to that of the snout, and
in advance of that of the anal. Anal fin large, much deeper than
long (in a femaK). A brown line runs along each series of scales.
Alabama; Tennessee.

We have had opportunity of examining only the female sex of
this species.

8. Fundulus raajaUs.

Mayfisch, Schoepf, Schrift. Gcs. Ntrf, Fi-eumJ. \\\i. p. 173.

Cobitis majalis, Art., Walb. p. 12.

Poecilia majalis, Bl. Schn. p. 453.

Esox flavulus, Mitch. Lit. 4* Phil. Trans. Nero York, i. p. 439, pi. 4.

Cvprinodon flavulus, Valenc. in Humb. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 164, pi. 52.

"tigs. 3, 6, & 7.
Hydrarg}'ra trifasciata, Storer, Jotirn. Soc. Nat. Hist. Boston, i. 1837,

p. 417.
flavula, Storer, Mem. Amer. Ac. v. pi. 25. figs. 5 & 6 ; Baird,

Ninth Smithson. Report, 1855, p. 344.
Fundulus fasciatus, Dekay, New York Faun. Fish. p. 216, pi. 31. fig. 98
Hydrargyra majalis, Ciiv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 207.

B. 6. D. 13-16. A. 11. V. 6. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without

caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Head low, and rather

elongate, with the snout produced, the lower jaw scarcely projecting

beyond the upper ; mandible longer than the eye. The width of

8. FUNDULUS. 323

the interorbital space is contained twice and three-tifths in the length
of the head. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the length of
the snout or of the width of the interorbital space, and one-fifth of
the length of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway
between the extremity of the caudal and the anterior or posterior
margin of the orbit, and corresponds to the sixteenth scale of the
lateral line. The first anal ray corresponds to the second of the
dorsal fin. Anal much higher than long. Greenish, with three
more or less interrupted irregular longitudinal bands in the female,
and with many broad cross bands in the male.
United States.

a, h. Three inches long. From the Haslar CollQction.
c. Four and a half inches long. Old Collection.

Hydrargi/ra vernalis, Cuv. & Val. xviii. p. 206, pi. 531, appears
to be identical with If. majalis, differing from it in its coloration
only, having a dozen vertical black stripes on the sides of the body.

9. Fundulus similis.

Hydrargyra similis, Baird ^ Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1853, p. 389, and in U. S. S,- 3£ex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 68, pi. 35.
figs. 1-8.

D. 13. A. 9. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 13.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-third ; eye one-fifth of the
length of the head. Head low and elongate, snout produced, the
lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond the upper. The origin of the
dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the caudal and the
anterior or posterior margin of the orbit, somewhat m advance of
the anal. Anal fin much higher than long, especially in the male.
Body with nine narrow black' cross bars in the female ; dorsal fin of
the male with a small black spot on its hinder margin.
Indianola, Texas, Florida.

This species is very closely allied to F. majalis, biit would appear
to differ in the number of the fin-rays and in the coloration. We
have examined an adult female in the Liverpool Free Public
Museum.

10. Fundulus swampinus.

Hydrargira swampina, Lacep. v. p. 378, pi. 10. fig. 3 ; Cm: Sf Val.
xviii. p. 203.

B. 6. D. 14. A. 12. V. 6. L. lat. 43.

The height of the body is nearly one-fifth of the total length (with
the caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. Head quite flat
above, the width of the interorbital space being scarcely more than
that of the orbit, which is somewhat less than one-third of the length
of the head. Lower jaw slightly prominent. Caudal truncate.
Greenish olive, with a silvery longitudinal band, and with twelve or
fifteen blackish vertical streaks. ( Val.')

South Caroli]-:a.

y2

324 CTPRINODONTID^.

11. Fuudulns multifasciatiis.

Ilvdrargyra multifasciata, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. i.

1817, p. 131.
Fundulus multifasciatiis, Cuv. 8f Vol. xviii. p. 200 j Cope, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sc. Fhilad. 1865, p. 78.

D. 14. A. 12. L. lat. 45.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
three-fourths. Origin of the dorsal in advance of that of the anal,
nearer to the extremity of the snout than to that of the caudal ;
pectoral extending somewhat beyond the base of the ventral. Body
with about fifteen olive-brown cross bands.

United States.

a. One inch and a half long. Freshpond, Cambridge. Presented
by Th. Moore, Esq.

12. Fundulus pisculentus.

Esox pisculentus, Mitch. Lit. Hf Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 441.
? Hydrargjrra diaphana, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. 1817,

p. 13C.
Fundulus pisculentus, Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 190 ; Storer, Mem,. Am.

Ac. V. p. 294, pi. 23. figs. 3 & 4.

D. 11-14. A. 13-12. V. 6. L. lat. 34.

Body elongate, its height being two-elevenths of the total length
(with the caudal) ; the length of the head is two-ninths of the same.
Eye large, its diameter being two-sevenths of the length of the
head. Lower jaw prominent. Dorsal square, low behind, its origin
being somewhat behind the middle of the total length, and conspi-
cuously in advance of that of the anal. Caudal truncate. Olive-
coloured above, paler below, sides dotted with black.

Tidal waters of the United States.

a. Female, 2|- inches long. Salem Harbour, Massachussetts. Pre-
sented by Th. Moore, Esq.

13. Fundulus zebra.

Hydrargyra zebra, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 60
(not Fundulus zebra, Dekay).

D. 13. A. 14. V. 5.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (with the caudal) ;
body elongate. Eye one-foiu-th of the length of the head. Dorsal
fin longer than high, its origin, in the male, being nearly midway
between the end of the snout and the hinder margin of the caudal,
whilst in the female it is situated more posteriorly, but always in
advance of the origin of the anal. Anal fin as long as deep in the
male, and deeper than long in the female; its anterior margin, in
the female, is overlapped by the termination of the oviduct. About
sixteen black cross bars, somewhat narrower than the interspaces,

8. ruNDULUs, 325

and more conspicuous in the male than in the female on the side of
the bodJ^ Fins immaculate. {Oirard.)

Upper aifluents of the Eio Grande del Norte.

14. Fundulus nigrofasciatus.

Hydrargyra nigrofasciata, Lemeur, Jotini. Ac. Nat. Sc, Philad. 1817,

i. p. 133 ; Storcr, licp. Fish. Massach. p. 94.
Funduhis nigrofasciatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xvii?. p. 193.

D. 10-11. A. 9. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 11-12.

The height of the body is contained four times and a fifth in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds ; iioad thick, snout obtuse. The diameter of the eye is more
than the length of the snout, two-thirds of the width of the intcr-
orbital space, and contained thrice and one-third in the length of the
head. Dorsal and anal fins of moderate size, the former not much
higher than long, the latter being considerably elevated. The origin
of the dorsal fin is midway between the root of the caudal and the
occiput, and corresponds to the fourteenth scale of the lateral line.
The first anal vay is below the third of the dorsal. Caudal rounded.
Mandible about as long as eye. Bro^\^lish olive above and on the
sides, silvery below ; fins immaciilate.

Males with nine or ten very distinct silvery cross bars, each about
as broad as a scale.

Females with more or less numerous narrow black vertical stripes
on the side, which do not extend on to the back or the belly.

United States.

a-c. Males and female, from 2 to 2\ inches long. From Mr. Par-
nell'i Collection.

15. Fundulus seminolis.

Fundulus seminolis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 59.
D. 17. A. 14. V. 6.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, which is
contained four times and one-third in the total (with the caiidal) ;
snout tapering ; the diameter of the eye two-ninths of the length of
the head. The dorsal fin is longer than high, higher posteriorly
than anteriorly, anc^ Hs origin is nearer to the end of the snout than
to the extremity of the caudal. The tip of the anal extends further
backwards than that of the dorsal. Pectoral nearly reaching the
vortical from the base of the ventral. Yellowish brown, spotted
with black ; the spots corresponding to the scales, on the line of their
intersection. Dorsal and caudal spotted, anal immaculate, with the
margi^A b^ clash. {Girard.)

Palatk East Florida. Known from a male only.

320 cTPRiNouoNTin.i;.

/3. Species of the Old World.

16. Fundulus hispanicus.

Hydrargyra hispanica, Ckv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 214, pi. 531. fig. 1 (feni.) ;
Steindnchncr, Sitzgshcr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1805, lii. figs. 4-5.

D. 10-11. A. 12-14. L. lat. 29-32. L. transv. 8-9.

The height of the body is a little less than the length of the head,
and somewhat more than one-foui'th of the total (with the caudal).
The diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, and is nearly
one-fourth of that of the head. Dorsal and anal fins well developed.
The origin of the dorsal is nearer to the root of the caudal than to
the giU-opening, and opposite to that of the anal. Caudal rounded.
Scales of the upper part of the trunk with a blackish spot at the
base, the spots being more distinct in the male than in the female.

Fresh waters of Spain.

Bellotti, Mem. Accad. Sc. Torln. 1858, x\-ii. p. clx, considers this
species to be the female of Cyprinodon iherus — which is evidently
an error.

17. Fundulus orthonotus.

C\prinodon orthonotus, Peters, Mcniatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1844,

p. 35.
Hydrargyra niaculata, Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 269.

D. 15. A. 15-10. V. 5. L. lat. 30-32. L. transv. 10.

The height of the body is about equal to the length of the head,
which is contained thi-ice and one-third in the total length (without
caudal). Head thick, short, with the snout obtuse, the lower jaw
projecting- beyond the upper. Diameter of the eye about equal to
the extent of the snout, one-half of the interorbital space, and two-
ninths of the length of the head. The origin of the doi-sal fin is
midway between the root of the caiidal and the eye in males, and
equidistant between the root of the caiidal and the praeoperculum in
females. The origin of the anal is oppcsite to that of the dorsal in
males, and somewhat more backwards in females, in which, besides,
the anterior anal rays are stiff and inflexible. The male has the
vertical fins and the pectorals much more elongate than the female.
Specimens of this sex have all the scales provided with a more or
less broad, beautiful carmine-red margin. Sides of the head and
the dorsal and anal fins with carmine-red spots. Caudal entirely
red. Females have the tail and the base of the anal and caudal
dotted with black.

East coast of Africa.

a-h. Adult male and female. Mozambique. From the Berlin
Museum.

c. Adult male. Quilhmane. Presented by Dr. Kirk.

d. Adult male. Zanzibar. Presented by Colonel Playfair.

e. Several males. Pangani River. Presented by Colonel Playfair.
f-fj. Adult females. Seychelles. Presented by Colonel Playfair.

1). RivuLu^. 327

9. mVULUS.

Rivulus, Poe\j, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 307.

Cleft of the mouth small, with the upper jaw but slightly pro-
tractile, snout not produced ; both jaws with an outer series of
curved teeth and an inner band of vilHform teeth. Scales of mo-
derate size. Dorsal fin shorter than, and behind, the anal. Sexes
not differentiated by modification of the anal fin. Intestine very
short and simple. Air-bladder none. Frequently an oceUated spot
on the upper part of the root of the caudal fin.

Tropical America.

1. Rividus cylindraceus.

Poey, 3fem. Cub. ii. p. 308.

B. 6. D. 9. A. 12. L. lat. 40.

The height of the body is contained five times and one-half in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head three times
and three -quai'ters ; the diameter of the eye is more than the length
of the snout, and two-sevenths of the length of the head. The
origin of the dorsal fin is on the third fifth of the total length.
Caudal truncated. Greenish, with an oceUated, black, yellow-
edged spot on the upper part of the root of the caudal. {Poey.)

Havanna.

2. Rivulus urophthalmus.
D. 6. A. 9. V. 6. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 11.

Trunk subcylindrical, head depressed and obtuse, tail compressed.
The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal) ;
the height of the body two -elevenths. Snout rounded, with the
jaws equal in length, nearly as long as the eye, the diameter of
which is one-fourth, or, in the younger examples, more than one-
fourth, of the length of the head. Mandible as long as the eye.
Interorbital space quite flat, its Avidth being half the length of the
head. Dorsal fin situated far backwards, its origin being opposite
to the end of the anal fin, and its distance from the gill-opening ex-
ceeding double the length of the head. Ventral fins very small,
about as long as the eye, but reaching the vent. Pectoral termi-
nating at a great chstance from the ventral. Light-brownish olive;
caudal striolatcd with brown. Generally a black, white-edged ocellus
on the upper part of the root of the caudal.

Brazil.

a-d. Males, from 1| to 2 inches long. Para. Purchased of Mr.
Stevens.

3. Rivulus micropus.

? Fundulus micropus, Steindachner, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863,
xlviii. p. 184.

Closely allied to Fundulus urophthalmus.

D. 8. A. 16. V. 6. L. lat. 36.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal).

328 CYPRINODONTID^.

the height of the body two-elevenths. Snout rounded, with the
jaws equal in lenjjth, somewhat shorter than the eye, which is one-
third or two-sevenths of the length of the head. Mandible as long
as the eye. Interorbital space quite flat, its width being half the
length of the head. Dorsal fin situated far backwards, opposite to
the posterior third of the anal ; and its distance from the gill-opening
equals double the length of the head. Ventral fins very small, not
much longer than the eye, and reaching the vent. Pectoral ter-
minating at a great distance from the ventral. Light brownish:
body with a longitudinal scries of dark-brown dots, two of the series
being very conspicuous. Vertical fins striolated with blackish
brown. Generally a black, white-edged ocellus on the upper part
of the root of the caudal.

Rio Negro ; Venezuela ; Trinidad.

a-b. One inch and a half long. Venezuela. From Mr. Dyson's

Collection.
c. One inch and a half long. Trinidad. Presented by Lechmere

Guppy, Esq.

10. ORESTIAS.

Orestias, Ctiv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 221.

Ventral fins none. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, directed
upwards, with the lower jaw prominent, and with the upper pro-
tractile. Both jaws with a narrow band of small conical teeth.
Scales rather small or of moderate size, those on the head and upper
part of the trunk frequently enlarged, plate-like, and granulated.
Dorsal and anal fins moderately developed, opposite to each other.
Sexes not differentiated by modification of the anal fin. Intestinal
tract but little convoluted. The gill-membranes of both sides are
united for a short distance, and not attached to the isthmus.

Alpine lakes of the Andes.

1. Orestias cuvieri.

Orestias cimeri, Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 225, pi. 532.

liumboldtii, Ctw. Sf Val. xviii. p. 233, pi. 534 (half-grown).

B. 5. D. 14-16. A. 18-19. L. lat. 50.

Body rather elongate than stout. Head twice as long as high, its
length being only one-third of the total (without caudal) ; in young
specimens it is somewbat shorter. Eye of moderate size, one- fifth
of the length of the head in large examples, and one-fourth in
younger ones. The snout is produced, rather longer than the eye ;
prajorbital nearly square. The scales on the cheek leave a broad
ring round the eye and a large space behind the maxillary uncovei'ed.
Adult specimens with the scales on the head and the upper part of the
trunk granular. The length of the posterior limb of the prfeoperculum
is less than two-thirds of that of the lower. Pectoral terminating at
a great distance from the vent. The distance between the dorsal and
caudnl fins is about equal to the length of the base of the former.

Lake Titicaca.

10. OEESTIAS. 329

a. Female, 8 inches long. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.

h-d, e-g. Half-grown and young. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.

2. Orestias pentlandii.

Cm. Sf Val. xviii. p. 230, pi. 533, cop. by Casteln. Anim. Amdr. Sud,
Poiss, pi. 27. fig. 2.

D. 13-15. A. 16-17. L. lat. 60.

Body rather elongate than stout ; head three-fifths as high as
long, its length being one-fourth of the total (^without caudal). Eye
rather small, nearly one-sixth of the length of the head in large
examples, and one-fourth in younger ones. Snout of moderate
length, longer than the e)'e, truncate, the lower jaw being vertically
directed upwards ; prajorbital subquadrangular, rather longer than
high. The scales on the cheek leave a broad ring round the orbit
and a large space behind the maxillary uncovered. Adult specimens
have the scales on the head and the upper part of the trunk but
slightly granular, and only those of a series running above the oper-
culum are conspicuously enlarged. The length of the posterior limb
of the praeoperculum is more than two-thirds of that of the lower.
Pectoral terminating at a great distance from the vent. The distance
between the dorsal and caudal fins is more than the length of the base
of the former.

Lake Titicaca.

a-6. Females, 7^ inches long. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.
c. Several young and half-grown specimens. From Mr. Pentland's
Collection.

3; Orestias jussiei.

Cuv. 8f Vol. xviii. p. 235, pi. 535, cop. by Casteln. ^nim. Amh; Sud,
Poiss. pi. 27. fig. 3.

D. 14. A. 15. L. lat. 33.

Body rather stout, neck elevated and much arched ; head nearly
three-fourths as high as long, its length being contained thrice and
a third in the total (without caudal) ; anterior part of the head com-
pressed : snout as long as the eye, truncate, the lower jaw being
vertically directed upwards. Eye one-fourth of the length of the
head in a specimen 3| inches long. Praeorbital irregular in shape,
deeper than long. Cheeks entirely covered with hard, horny scales ;
the scales on the trunk and on the head are enlarged, very thick and
horny, but smooth. The length of the posterior limb of the prte-
operculum nearly equals that of the lower. Pectoral terminating at
some distance from the vent. The distance between dorsal and
caudal fins equals the length of the base of the- former.

Lake Titicaca.

a. Three and a half inches long. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.

330 CYPRINODONTIDJ?.

4. Orestias owenii.

Orestias owenii, Cuv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 241.

agiissizii, Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 238, pi. 536.

tschudii, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 51, pi. 27. fig. 1.

D. 14-15. A. 13-16. L. lat. 35.
Body rather stout, neck slightly arched ; head nearly three-fourths
as long as high, its length being a little more than one-fourth of the
total (without caudal). Eye of moderate size, one-fourth of the
length of the head in a specimen 4 inches long. Snout of moderate
length, as long as the eye, obtuse, the lower jaw being obliquely
directed upwards. Proeorbital irregular in form, higher than long :
it is crossed hj a series of pores running all round the orbit ; another
series along the limb of the prseoperculum. The scales on the cheek
advance to below the eye and to the prseorbital ; the scales on the
head and on the trunk are, in adult specimens, somewhat enlarged,
thick and horny, but smooth. The length of the posterior limb of
the pra^operculum equals that of the lower. Pectoral terminating
at some distance from the vent. The distance between dorsal and
caudal fins equals the length of the base of the former.

Lake Titicaca.
a, b, c, d, e. Manj- specimens, from 2 to 3| inches long. Lake

Titicaca. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.
/-?. From 2 to 8 inches long. Lake d'Urcos. From Mr. Pentland's

Collection.

5. Orestias mlilleri.

Orestias miilleri, Cuv. ^- Val. xviii. p. 240 (half-grown).
albus, Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 242, pi. 537.

D. 12-14. A. 13-15. L. lat. 32.

Body stout, neck elevated and arched ; head two-thirds as high as
long, its length being one-third, or in adult specimens a little more
than one-third, of the total (without caudal) ; snout rather short, as
long as the eye, truncate, the lower jaw being vertically directed
upwards. Eye one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head in
specimens 6 inches long, and two-sevenths in specimens of 3 inches.
Pra^orbital subtriangular, higher than long, broadest below. The
scales on the cheek leave a broad ring round the orbit and a large
space behind the angle of the mouth uncovered ; the scales on the
head and on the trunk are, in adult specimens, enlarged, strongly
granulated, very thick and horny. The length of the posterior limb
of the prseoperculum equals that of the lower. Pectoral terminating
at a short distance from the vent. The distance between dorsal and
caudal fins is equal to, or rather more than, the length of the base
of the former.

Lake Titicaca. .

a-f. Adult female (6 inches long) and half-grown examples. Lake
Titicaca. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.

if. Half-grown. Andes de S. Antonio. From Mr. Pentland's Col-
lection.

11. JENYNSIA. :i31

Valenciennes mentiona rigid papillaa on the tongue and palate as
a specific character of Orestias miilleri, by which lie distinguishes it
from the other species. I find these papillae in all young examples,
but never in adult ones.

6. Orestias luteus.

? Orestias luteus, Cuv. (Sr Val. xviii. p. 243.

D. 14. A. 13. L. lat. 39.

Body rather stout, neck slightly arched ; head three-fifths as long
as high, its length being contained thrice and a fourth in the total
(without caudal). Eye of moderate size, not much less than one-
third of the length of the head in a specimen 3g inches long. Snout
of moderate length, shorter than the eye, slightly obtuse, the lower
jaw being somewhat obliquely diiected upwards ; pra^orbital sub-
quadrangular, deeper than long, without pores. Scales on the cheek
in a narrowish band. The length of the posterior limb of the prai-
opcrculum is considerably less than that of the lower. Pectoral
terminating at some distance from the vent. The distance between
dorsal and caudal fins is more than the length of the base of the
former.

Lake Titicaca.

a. Three inches and a third long. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.

11. JENYNSIA.

Lebias, sp., Jenyns.

Cleft of the mouth small, developed laterally and horizontally ;
mandible short, with the bones firmly united. Snout not produced.
Both jaws with a scries of tricuspid teeth of moderate size. Scales
of moderate size. The origin of the anal fin is, in both sexes, be-
hind that of the dorsal, although the anal of" the male is modified
into an intromittent organ, in which scarcely any of the rays remain
distinct. Intestinal tract but slightly convoluted.

Rio Plata.

Although Mr. Darwin's Collection contained males as well as
females, Mr. Jenyns omitted to mention the former, probably consi-
dering the anal appendage to be an accidental mutilation of the fin.

1. Jenynsia lineata.

Labias lineata, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 116, pi. 22. fig. 2.
D. 9. A. 9. V. 6. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 8.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. Head depressed ; snout
obtuse ; mouth small ; upper jaw very protractile ; the lower one
rather the longer. Diameter of the eye two-sevenths of the length
of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin corresponds exactly to the
middle of the total length, and is somewhat in advance of that of the

332 CTPRINODONTIDJE.

anal. Anal appendage of the male shorter than the head. Pectorals
small, about two-thirds of the length of the head, reaching to the
root of the ventrals. Greenish brown, with six or seven longitudinal
dark lines on the sides, the lines apparently made up of spots for the
most part confluent, but here and there not so, interrupting the con-
tinuity of the lines. Fins immaculate.
Maldonado.

12. PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS.

Pseudoxipliophorus, Block. IcJithyol. Archipel. Incl. Prodi: Cypr. p. 483.
Poeciliodes, ISteindachnvr, Sitzysher. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 18G3, xlviii.
p. 17G.

Cleft of the mouth developed more horizontally than laterally;
bones of the mandible fiiunly united ; snout not jiroduced, with the
lower jaw scarcely prominent • both jaws with a band of small conical
teeth, those of the outer scries being the strongest. Scales rather
large. Dorsal fin rather long and many-rayed. Anal below the
anterior part of the dorsal, not much in advance of it in the male,
in which it is modified into an intromittent organ. Intestinal tract
short. Carnivorous.

Central America.

1. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus.

Xiphopliorus bimaculatus, Meckel, Sitzysher. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848,

i. .3. p. 1G9, taf. 6. figs. 1 & 2.
Poeciliodes bimaculaliis, Stcindachncr*, ibid. 18Go, xlviii. p. 176, taf. 4.

fig. 2.

B. 6. D. 14-15. A. 10-11. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is equal to or rather more than the length
of the head, which is contained from four times and a half to four
times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal). Head
broad, the width of the interorbital space (which is flat) being one-
half of the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye equals the
length of the snout, and is one-fourth or somewhat more than one-
fourth of tlie length of the head. The length of the base of the anal
is two-fifths of that of the dorsal. In the male the anal is opposite
the origin of the doi'sal, the process being nearly twice as long as the
head, and terminating in a small hook. Each scale with a submar-
ginal brown crescent. A black spot behind the upper end of the
giU-opening, and a round blackish patch on the upper half of the
root of the caudal.

Mexico.
a-c. Male (2| inches) and females (4 inches). From M, Salle's

Collection.
d. Several specimens.
e-g. Males. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Female. Cordova. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

* This author omits to mention that the same fish has been described from
specimens in the same Museum under the same specific name.

14. GAMBTTSIA. 333

2, Pseudoxiphopliorus reticulatus.

Pseudoxiphophorus reticulatus, Troschel, in MUUer's Reis. Mex. iii.
App. p. 104.

D. 16. A. 8 (male).

Known from a male only.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (with the
caudal) ; anal process without hooks. The pectoral extends to the
end of the base of the anal. Coloration as in the preceding species ;
caudal fin entirely blackish. (Trosch.)

13. BELONESOX.

Belonesox, Kner, Sitzgsbei: Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xl. p. 419.

Cleft of the mouth much developed laterally, the jaw-bones being
much produced ; the intermaxillaries form together an elongate tri-
angular plate, but are not anchylosed together. Mandible long,
somewhat prominent ; both jaws with a broad band of cardiform
teeth. Scales of moderate size. Anal in advance of dorsal, and
modified into an intromittent organ in the male. Intestinal tract
short. Carnivorous.

Central America.

1. Belonesox belizanus.
Kner, I. c. (c. tab.),

B. 6. D. 9. A. 10-11. V. 6. L. lat. 56-63. L. transv. 18.

The height of the body is one-sixth or rather more than one-fifth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-
third or more than one -third ; the upper surface of the intermax-
illary plate is as long as the postorbital part of the head. The
length of the base of the dorsal fin is more than one-half of its dis-
tance from the caudal in males, and one-half in females. Brownish
oHve above ; sides with longitudinal series of black dots ; a round
black spot on the root of the caudal.

The anal process of the male is composed of three rays, and two-
thirds as long as the head.

Honduras ; Mexico ; Guatemala.

a-h. Males, 4 and 2| inches long. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.
c. Female. Mexico. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
d-e. Females, 7 inches long. Lake Peten. From Mr. Salvin's Col-
lection.

14. GAMBUSIA*.
Gambusia, Poey, Mem. Cub. i. 1851, p. 382.

Cleft of the mouth developed laterally and horizontally; bones

* 1. Gambusia speciosa, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 121. —
Rio San Diego, New Leon.

2. senilis, Girard, I. c. — Chihuahua River.

3. gracilis, Troschel, in Milller, Reise Mex. App. iii. p. 107. — Prof.

Troschel has kindly informed me that this fish may prove to be a
Rivulus, but, owing to the state of tlie specimen, it cannot be ascer-
tained whether it lias an air-bladder or not.

334 CYPRISrODONTIDJE.

of the mandible firmly united. Snout not produced, with the lower
jaw more or less prominent. Both jaws with a band of teeth, those
of the outer series being the strongest and conical. Scales rather
large. Origin of the anal fin more or less in advance of that of the
dorsal. Anal fin of the male modified into an intromittent organ
and much advanced. Intestinal tract but Httle convolute. Carni-
vorous.

West Indies ; southern parts of North America.

1. Gambusia punctata.

Poey, I. c. p. 384, lam. 32. figs. 5-9.
B. 6. D. 10. A. 11. V. 6. L. lat. 35. Vert. 13/20.

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times
and one-sixth. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. The eye
is one-third of the length of the head, and one-half of the width of
the interorbital space. In the female the origin of the dorsal fin is
midway between the extremity of the caudal and the front margin
of the orbit, and opposite to the seventh or eighth anal ray. In the
male the origin of that fin is in the middle of the total length. Anal
process of the male shorter than the head. Pectoral fins not quite
reaching as far as the ventrals. The length of the base of the anal fin
of the female is one-half of its distance from the caudal. The upper
half of the body and the dorsal fin with series of black dots. (Poeij.)

Cuba.

2. Gambusia puncticulata.
Poeij, I. c. p. 386, lam. 31. figs. 0-7.
B. 6. D. 9. A. 11. V. 6. L. lat. 30. Vert. 13/19.

The height of the body is contained thrice a^id two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. The eye is one-thii'd of
the length of the head. In the female the origin of the dorsal fin is
midway between the extremity of the caudal and the centre of the
eye, and opposite to the middle of the anal fin ; in the male the origin
of that fin is in tihe middle of the total length. Anal process of the
male longer than the head. Pectoral and ventral fins short. The
free portion of the tail rather deep. Body with scattered black dots.
An oblique blackish band below the eye. Dorsal and caudal fins
with transverse series of black dots. (Poey.)

Cuba.

3. Gambusia holbrooMi.

? Heterandria patruelis, Baird 8f Girard, Proc. Acad. -Nat, Sc. Philad.

1853, p. 390.
? Gambusia patruelis, Girard, U. S. <§• Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 72,

pi. 39. figs. 1-7, and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 121.
Gambusia holbrookii, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. Gl.

D. 8-9. A. 9-10. V. 6. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-half in the

14. GAMBTTSIA. 335

total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds. Snout broad, subspatulate, with the lower jaw projecting
beyond the upper. The diameter of the eye is somewhat more than
the length of the snout, one-third of that of the head, and two-thirds
of the width of the interorhital space. In the female the origin of
the dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the caudal and the
front margin of the orbit, and ojiposite to the seventh anal ray. In
the male the origin of that fin is in the rniddle of the total length.
Anal process of the male longer than the head, not curved at its ex-
tremity. Pectoral fins reaching nearly as far back as the ventrals,
which terminate immediately in front of the anal fin. Free portion
of the tail rather elongate, the length of the base of the anal fin of
the female being conspicuously less than one-half of its distance from
the caudal fin. A faint dark line runs from the superciliary, above
the opercle, along the upper half of the trunk. Frequently a series
of black dots, and sometimes other dots irregularly scattered, on the
side of the body. Two or three transverse bands of dots on the
dorsal and caudal fins. An oblique brownish band below the orbit.
Frequently uniform brownish olive.
Southern States of North America.

a. Many female specimens, 1 1^ or 2 inches long. New Orleans.

b. Many male specimens, 1 or 1^ inches long. United States. From

Mr. Parnell's Collection.

c. d. Many female specimens, 1^ or 2 inches long. United States,

From Mr. Parnell's Collection.
e. Adult female. North America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.

4. Gambusia humilis.

Gambusia gi-acilis, Girard, Proc. Acad: Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 121
(not HeckePi

D. 6. A. 9. V. 6.

Body slender ; the length of the head a little more than one-fifth
of the total (with the caudal). Caudal rounded; anal larger than
dorsal, itss end being nearly opposite to the origin of the dorsal.
Veiitrals extending nearly to the anal; pectorals beyond the base of
the ventrals. Olive-brown, dorsal and caudal witl^ narrow blackish
cross bars. (^Girard.)

Matamoras.

5. Gambusia nobilis.

Heterandria nobilis, Baird Sf Girard, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philad.

1853, p. 390.
Gambusia nobilis, Girard, U. S. ^ Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 71, pi. 39.

figs. 8-11, and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 120.

D. 8. A. 7. V. 6*.
The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
half. Origin of the dorsal fin in the middle of the total length.
* D. 9. A. 8, according n^ *he figure.

336 CYPRINODONTID^.

Anal fin mucli smaller than, but commencing somewhat in advance
of, the dorsal. Ventral very small ; pectoral terminating at some
distance from the anal. Coloration uniform. (Oirard.)
Texas.

6. Gambusia afl&nis.

Heterandria affinis, Baird <5* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

1853, p. 890.
Garnbusia.affinis, Girard, U. S. lij- Mex. Bound. Ichth. p. 72, pi. 39.

figs. 12-15.

D. 6. A. 8*.

The height of the body is scarcely more than the length of the
head, which is one-fourth of the total (without caudal). Origin of
the dorsal fin a little nearer to the extremity of the snout than to
that of the caudal fin. Anal fin similar to dorsal in size and in shape,
its origin being but little in advance of that of the dorsal. Ventrals
slender, extending considerably further backwards than the pectoral.
Dorsal and caudal more or less dotted with black. {Girard.)

Texas.

7. Gambusia gracilis.

Xiphophorus gracilis, Hcckel, Sitzqshcr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, i.
part 3. p. 300, taf. 9. figs. 3-4.

D. 8. A. 8-9. V. 6. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 7.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, which is
one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; in the female the body is
somewhat deeper. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearly in the mid-
dle of the total length, and but little behind that of the anal fin in
the female. Anal process of the male nearly twice as long as the
head, with the extremity bent. Pectorals reaching beyond the root
of the ventrals. Anal fin short in the female, the length of its base
being at least one-third of its distance from the caudal. A dark,
band runs from the upper end of the gill-opening to the caudal.
{Heck.)

Orizaba (Mexico).

8. Gambusia nicaraguensis.
D. 8. A. 10. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds.
Snout broad, subspatulate, with the lower jaw projecting beyond the
upper. The diameter of the eye is a little more than the length of
snout, one-third of that of the head, and three-fifths of the width of
the interorbital space. In the female the origin of the dorsal fin is
somewhat nearer to the extremity of the caudal than to the end of
the snout, and opposite to the last ray of the anal fin. Pectoral fins
not quite reaching as far backwards as the ventrals, which terminate
immediately in front of the anal fin. Free portion of the tsCil rather
short, the length of the base of the anal fin being one-half of its dis-
* D. 7. A. 9, according to the figure.

15. ANABLKPS. 837

tance from the caudal fin. Brownish olive above, sometimes with
series of black dots along the rows of scales. Dorsal and caudal fins
crossed by series of black dots ; middle of anal blackish.
Lake of Nicaragua.

a. Several females, 1| or 2 inches long. Presented by Captain Dow.

15. ANABLEPS.*
Aiiableps, Artedi, Genera, p. 25.

Head broad and depressed, with the supraorbital part very much
raised. Body elongate, depressed aiitcriorly and compressed pos-
teriorly. Cleft of the mouth horizontal, of moderate width, the
mandible being short, having, however, its bones firmly united ;
upper jaw protractile. Both jaws armed with a band of villiform
teeth, those of the outer series being largest and somcAvhat move-
able. The integuments of the eye are divided into an upper and
lower portion by a dark-coloured transverse band of the conjunctiva ;
also the pupil is incompletely divided into two by a pair of lobes
projecting from each side of the iris. Nasal opening produced into
a short tubule depending from each side of the mouth. Scales
rather small or of moderate size. Dorsal and anal fins short, the
former behind the latter. The anal fin of the male is modified into
a thick and long scaly conical organ with an orifice at its extremity.
Intestinal tract but little convoluted. The gill-membranes of both
sides are united for a short distance, and not attached to the
isthmus.

Fresh waters of Central America and of the tropical parts of
South America.

1. Anableps tetrophthalmus.

Anableps, Artedi in Seba, iii. p. 108, tab. 34. f. 7, and Genera, p. 25 ;
Synon. p. 43 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 117. no. 360, tab. 1. figs. 1-3,
and Mus. i. p. 12. no. 32.

Cobitis anableps, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 499.

Anableps tetrophthalmus, £1. viii. p. 7, tab. 361 ; £1. Sc/in. p. 389,
tab. 76.

surinaniensis, Lacep. v p. 26.

gronovii, Cm. S,- Val. xviii. p. 252, pis. 538, 539.

lineatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 192.

Anatomy : Lacep. Mhn. Instit. Nat. Sc. Math. Pkys. ii. p. 372 (eye) ;
Meckel, Deutsch. Arch. Physiol. 1818, iv. p. 124 (eye) ; and Valen-
ciennes, I. c.

Development: Wyman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1854, v. p. 80,
and Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. 1857, vi. p. 432.

B.5. D.9. A. 9. P. 22. V. 6. L. lat. 50-55. Vert. 25/26-28.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal).
The flat ottom part of the interorbital space is nearly as broad as a
scale. Sides of the body with five, and of the tail with three,
blackish longitudinal bands.

Guianas.

* Anab'eps elongatus, Cttv. Sc Val. xviii. p. 207. pi. 541.- Cayenne.
VOL. VI. /

338 CTPRrNODONTIl)^.

a-d, e, f, g. Adult males and females, and young. British Guiana.
h-Jc. Adult male and females. Dutcli Guiana. Purcliased of Mr.

Frank.
l-n. Males (10 inches long) and female. Trinidad. Purchased of

Mr. Cutter.
0. Adult male: skeleton. British Guiana. Presentedby T.Bell, Esq.

2. AnaWeps dovii.
Anableps dowei, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861, p. 4.
D. 9. A. 10. L.lat. 65. Vert. 24/22.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
The flat bottom part of the iriterorbital space is at least as broad as
a scale. Back and sides of the body blackish brown, with a well-
defined, broad, yellowish-white band from the axil of the pectoral
to the base of the caudal.

a-h. Fine female specimens, from 9 to 10 inches long. Chiapam.
From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

c, d. Adult female and young. Guatemala. From the Collections
of Mr. Salvin and Capt. Dow.

e-g. Half-grown. Not in good state. From the Haslar Collection.

h. Mature foetus, taken from specimen h.

i. Adult female: skeleton. Chiapam. From Mr. Salvin's Col-
lection.

3. Anableps microlepis.

Anableps microlepis, Miill. ^ Trosch. Monatsber. Akad, Wiss. Berl.
1844, p. 35.

coarctatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 266, pi. 540.

Anableps, J. P. G. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 53.

Anatomy : Home, Led. on Compar. Anat. 1. (1828) tabb. 38, 52, 53.

D. 10-11. A. 10. L. lat. 84-90.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal).
The space between the raised supraorbital portions is extremely
narrow. Sides of the body and taU uniform silvery, or with indis-
tinct greyish longitudinal bands.

Guianas.

a-f. Adult males and females. Surinam. Presented by Sir E.

Home.
g-i. Adult and half-grown. British Guiana. Presented by J. B. G.

Smith, Esq.

16. rcECTLiA. 339

Second Group. CYPRINODONTIDiE LIMNOPHAGiE.

The tones of each mandibulary are not united ; intestinal
tract with numerous convolutions. Sexes differentiated. Mud-
eating.

16. PCECILIA*.

Poecilia, sp. Bl. Sclm. p. 452.
Limia, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 383.

On the Development and Anatomy, see Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat.
1844, S-^ ser. i. p. 313.

Cleft of the mouth small, transverse ; mandible very short, with
the bones not united, the dentary being moveable. Snout not pro-
duced. Both jaws with a narrow band of minute teeth, those of
the outer series being the largest and somewhat moveable. Scales
rather large. Origin of the anal fin generally nearly opposite to
that of the dorsal in the female, but in the male it is mo;'' it' ad into
an intromittent organ and much advanced. Dorsal fin .J ■ t, with
not more than eleven rays. Intestinal tract with numerous convo-
lutions. Mud-eating.

West Indies ; Central and South America.

1. PcBcilia vittata.

Fanguito.

Pcecilia vittata, Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba,

Poiss. p. 146, pi. 5. lig. 1.
Limia vittata, Poey, Mem. Cub. i. p. 389, lam. 31. figs. 14-16.

D. 10. A. 10. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 10. Vert. 13/16.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the occiput than to the root
of the caudal, and, in the female, in advance of that of the anal.
Dorsal of moderate size, anal small. In the male, the origin of the
anal is nearly equidistant between the end of the snout and the root
of the caudal, and the pectoral does not extend to the anal. Tail
moderately elongate, its fiee portion being much longer than high.
Two series of dark dots along the side of the body.

Havanuah.

1. Xiphophorus gillii, K^ier ^ Sfeindachner, Mojrafsber. Akad. Wiss. Miinch. ;

and Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss. 1864 (1866), x. taf. 4. fig. 1.— Rio
Chagres.

2. Molinesia fasciata, MiiU. ^ Trosch. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1844,

p. 36. — Mexico.

3. — — aurinamensis, Mull. 8( Trosch. I. c.

340 CYPRINODONTIDiE.

2. Foecilia cubensis.

Guajica.

Limea cubensis, Poey Mem. Cub. i. p. 388, lam. 32. figs. 10, 11,
lam. 31. tigs. 12, 13.

D. 10-11. A. 10-11. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 10. Vert. 13/16.

Scarcely diiFerent from P. vittata.

The height of the body is a little less than one-third of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The
diameter of the eye is more than the length of the snout, and one-
third of that of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to
the occiput than to the root of the caudal, and, in the female, in
advance of that of the anal. Dorsal and anal of moderate size. In
the male the origin of the anal is much nearer to the end of the
snout than to the root of the caudal, and before the extremity of
the pectoral ; its longest ray is provided with an adipose apical ap-
pendage. Tail moderately elongate, its least depth being not much
less than the length of the head. Two series of black dots along
each side of the body. Dorsal and caudal with irregular black spots.
{Poey.)

Havannah.

3. Foecilia mexicana.

Poecilia mexicana, Steindachner, Sitzysher. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863,
xlviii. p. 178, taf. 4. fig. 1.

D. 10. A. 9. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 9-10.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four times; the dia-
meter of the eye (of full-grown specimens) is equal to, or scarcely
less than, the extent of the snout, two-sevenths of the length of the
head, and one-half of the width of the interorbital space ; in half-
grown or young examples it is somewhat longer. The origin of the
dorsal fin is midway between the root of the caudal and the occiput,
and corresponds to the twelfth scale of the lateral Hne. Origin of
the dorsal fin shghtly in advance of that of the anal. Dorsal fin
rather small, anal very small ; basal half of the caudal scaly. TaU
compressed, high, its least depth being equal to, or rather more than,
the length of the head, without snout. There are eight longitudinal
series of scales on each side of the tail. Lateral line very indistinct.
Brownish green ; each scale of the four middle series of the trunk
with a small central black spot. Dorsal with numeroiis round
blackish spots ; caudal with an indistinct whitish cross band, near
its hind margin.

Males are comparatively scarce ; they want the black spots on the
sides, and have the anal fin transformed into an intromittent organ.

Central America.

a-h. Females, 4 and 5 inches long. Chiapam. From Mr. Salvin's

Collection.
c. Many specimens, females, 2-3 inches long. Duenas. From Mr.

Salvin's Collection.

16. PCECILIA. 341

d-g. Females, 3| inches long. Eiver Chisoy, Vera Paz. From

Mr. Salvin's Collection.
h. Many specimens, females, 2-3 inches long. Lake of Amatitlan,

From Mr. Salvin's Collection.
i. Many specimens, l-2g inches long, mostly females, and three males.

Lake of Amatitlan. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

4. Foecilia thenualis.

Pcecilia thermalis, Steindachner, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863,

xlviii. p. 181, taf. 4. figs. 3, 3 a.
PGambusia (P)mo(iesta, Troschel, in Mutter's Rets. Mex. iii. p. 105.

Very closely aUied to P. dovii, but with a broader head, with the
body more elongate, <fec.

D. 9-10. A. 8-9. L. 30. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body (measured between the origins of the dorsal
and anal fins) is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total length
(without caudal), and equals the length of the head ; the width of
the interorbital space equals the distance between the front margin
of the orbit and the gill-opening. The diameter of the ejc is a little
more than the length of the snout, contained thrice and one-third in
that of the head, and a little more than one-half of the interorbital
space. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the root of
the caudal and the occiput, and corresponds to the twelfth scale of
the lateral line. Origin of the anal opposite to the third ray of the
dorsal in the female. Dorsal fin of moderate size, anal small ; caudal
scaly at the base only. Tail compressed, moderately elongate, its
least depth being somewhat less than the length of the head, with-
out snout. There are seven longitudinal series of scales on each side
of the tail. Lateral line rather distinct. Greenish, a faint darker
streak along each series of scales ; frequently a round blackish spot
in the middle of the side in females.

The male has the dorsal fin elevated, and the longest ray is at least
as long as the head, without snout ; this fin is ornamented with large,
ovate black spots, occupying the lower half of the fin, and sometimes
confluent into one large patch. Anal fin modified into an intromittent
organ, and advanced to between the ventrals and in front of the
dorsal. Tail strongly compressed, and comparatively rather higher
than in the female. Interradial membrane of the caudal fin with
oblong black spots, nothing of which is visible in the female.

Central America.

a. Females, from 1 1 to 2^ inches long. San Salvador, warm springs.

Presented by Capt. Dow.

b. Males, 2 inches long. Presented by Capt. Dow.

Prof. Troschel informs me that his Gambusia (?) modesta ought to
be referred to Pcecilia as characterized above ; but it is not quite cer-
tain whether it is specifically identical with P. thermalis.

342

CYPRINODONTID^.

5. Pcecilia chisoyensis.
We know this species from the male sex oiilj'.

D. 9-10. A. ?. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 9. •

The height of the body is contained thiice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head foxir times and a
third ; the free portion of the tail is elevated, its least depth being
two-thirds of its own length, and more than the length of the head,
without snout. The diameter of the eye equals the length of the
snout, is two-sevenths of that of the head, and more than one-half
of the width of the interorbital space. Origin of the dorsal fin nearer
to the occiput than to the root of the caudal, behind that of the anal,
above the twelfth scale of the lateral line. Dorsal fin higher than
long, but its longest ray is shorter than the head. The enlarged
anal ray without terminal appendage. There are eight longitudinal
series of scales on each side of the tail. Caudal rather short, its
basal half covered with scales. Uniform greenish, with golden re-
flections ; dorsal and caudal black.

River Chisoy, Vera Paz.

a-c. Males, Sg inches long. From the Collection of Messrs. Godman
& Salvin.

6. Pcecilia elong^ata.
Known from a female only.

D. 9. A. 8. L. lat. 30-32. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of th^ head four times and a third. The
free portion of the tail is elevated, its least depth being contained
once and two-thirds in its own length and a little less than the
length of the head, without snout. The diameter of the eye equals
the length of the snout, is two-sevenths of thaf of the head, and
more than one-half of the width of the inlerorbi^l space. Snout
much depressed. Lower jaw with a single series of very small teeth
only ; and also in the upper the posterior band of villiform teeth is
very indistinct. Origin of the dorsal fin nearer to the root of the
caudal than to the occiput, a little behind that of the anal, above the
fourteenth scale of the lateral line. Dorsal fin higher than long, its
longest ray being as long as the head, without snout. Anal small.
There are eight longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail.
Caudal rounded, its base only covered with scales. Uniform gi-eeii-
ish ; the membrane of the pouches of scales with a black margin.
Fins immaculate.

Panama.

a. Female, 5 inches long. Presented by Capt. Dow.

7. Pcecilia petenensis.

D. 11. A. 8. L. lat. 29 30. L. transv. 8 9. Vert. 16/14.
The height of the body (measured below the anterior dorsal rays)

16. p(EciLiA. 343

is contained four timea and one-fifth in the total length (without
caudal) in females, and thrice and one-fourth in males, the males
having the body much higher and shorter. The length of the head
is one-fifth of the same length in the female, and one-fourth in the
male. The diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, is
two-sevenths of that of the head, and somewhat more than one-half
of the interorbital space. The origin of the dorsal fin is further
distant from the root of the caudal than from the occiput, and cor-
responds to the eleventh or twelfth scale of the lateral line. Origin
of the anal opposite to the fourth ray of the dorsal (in the female).
Dorsal fin of moderate size, anal rather small, but pointed ; caudal
scaly in its basal third. The free portion of the tail is compressed,
rather high, its least depth being one-half of its length, and equal
to the length of the head, without snout. There are seven longi-
tudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Lateral line rather
indistinct. Greenish, each scale with a black vertical spot. Dorsal
and basal half of the anal irregularly and finely marbled with brown.

The male has the dorsal fin somewhat elevated, the longest ray
being rather longer than the head. Anal fin modified into an in-
tromittent organ, and advanced to between the ventrals, in front of
the dorsal. Tail strongly compressed, and much higher than in the
female, its least depth being equal to the length of the head.

Lake Peten.

a-6. Male (5 inches long) ana females (6 inches long). From Mr.

Salvin's Collection.
c-d. Males, 4 inches long. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.
e. Female, 5 inches long : skeleton. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

8. Poecilia sphenops.
Pcecilia sphenops, Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 130, pi. 526.
D. 9. A. 8. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a third in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds ;
the diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, is two-sevenths
of that of the head, and a little more than one-half of the interorbital
space. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the root of
the caudal and the occiput, and corresponds to the thirteenth scale
of the lateral line. Origin of the anal opposite to that of the dorsal
(in the female). Dorsal fin of moderate size, anal small; caudal
scaly at the base only. Tail compressed, rather liigh, its least depth
being equal to the length of the head, without snout. There are
eight longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Lateral
line rather indistinct. Greenish, each scale darker at the base.
Back of the tail with narrow, irregular silvery cross bars.

The male has tbe dorsal fin somewhat elevated, but the longest
ray is scarcely as long as the head, without snout ; this fin is orna-
mented with round black spots. Anal fin modified into an intro-
mittent organ, and advanced to between the ventrals. Tail strongly
compressed, and comparatively higher than in the female. Caudal

344 CTPRINODO>'TIDiE.

tin with obloMg black spots on the interradial membrane of the basal
half, with a broad whitish posterior marginal band, and narrow
black edge.

The female has the dorsal only spotted with black.

Mexico. Vera Cruz,

tf-6, c-e. Males, 2 to 3 inches long. From M. Salle's Collection.
f-g. Females, 2 inches long. Vera Cruz. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

9. Pcecilia dovii.
? Gambusia (?) plumbea, Troschd, in Miiller, Reise Mex. iii. p. 106.
Closely allied to P. sphenops, but with the snout shorter, and the
anal situated more backwards.

D. 9. A. 8. L. lat. 26-29. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-
fifths ; the width of the interorbital space is rather less than the
distance between the front margin of the eye and the gill-opening.
The diameter of the eye is somewhat more than the length of the
snout, two-sevenths of that of the head, and rather more than one-
half of the width of the interorbital space. The origin of the dorsal
fin is midway between the root of the caudal and the occiput, and
corresponds to the twelfth scale of the lateral line. Origin of the
anal opposite to the second or third ray of the dorsal (in the female).
Dorsal fin of moderate size, anal small ; caudal scaly in its basal
third. Tail compressed, rather high, its least depth being equal to
the length of the head, without snout. There are seven longitudinal
series of scales on each side of the tail. Lateral Hne rather indistinct.
Uniform brownish green on the head and body.

The male has the dorsal fin slightly elevated, but the longest ray
is scarcely as long as the head, without snout ; this fin is ornamented
with small round black spots. Anal fin modified into an intromittent
organ, and advanced to between the ventrals and m front of the
dorsal. Tail strongly compressed, but not higher than in the female.
Caudal fin with minute black spots on the interradial membrane.
Back of the tail sometimes with indistinct narrow dark cross bars.

The female has the fins coloured as the male.

Guatemala; Mexico.

a. Several male and female specimens : males 2 inches long, females
2| inches. Lake of Nicaragua. Presented by Captain Dow.

h. Several specimens, from 2 to 2| inches long. Lake of Amatitlan.
From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

c-d. Females, 3 inches long. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.

Prof. Troschel informs me that his Gambusia (?) plumbea belongs
to this genus ; but it is uncertain whether it is specifically identical
with P. dovii.

16. pcEciLiA. 345

• 10. Foecilia vivipara.

Poecilia vivipara, Bl. Schn. p. 452, tab. 86. fig. 2 ; Peters, 3Ionatsber.

Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864, p. 396.
surinamensis, Valenc. in Humboldt, Observ, Zool. ii. p. 158, pi, 51.

fig. 1 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 120.
sclineideri, Cuv. 8f Vol. xviii. p. 135.

B. 5. D. 7. A. 7. L. lat. 24. Yert. 15/13.

The height of chu body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the
head, or one-half of the width of the interorbital space. Greenish,
each scale with the margin brownish ; dorsal fin witli a small blackish
spot in the middle ; caudal with a black spot near the base of the
upper and lower rays.

Brazil; Guyanas ; Martinique.

11. Poecilia spilums.

Known from a female only.

D.7. A. 8. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (with-
out caudal) ; the length of the head one-fourth ; the width of the
interorbital space is a Little less than the distance between the gill-
opening and the centre of the eye ; the diameter of the eye is more
than the length of the snout, one-third of that of the head, and
three-fifths of the width of the interorbital sj^ace. The origin of the
dorsal fin is midway between the root of the caudal and the upper
end of the gill-opening, corresponding to the thirteenth scale of the
lateral line. Origin of the anal fin distinctly in advance of that of
the dorsal (in the female) ; dorsal and anal fins small ; base of the
caudal fin covered with scales. Tail of "moderate height, its least
depth being equal to the length of the head (without snout).
Brownish olive, each scale darker in the centre ; a black spot on
each side of the back of the root of the tail ; dorsal fin with a few.
black spots along the middle.

Central America.

a. Female, 2| inches long.

, 12. Poecilia melanogaster.

Known from females only.

D. 8. A. 8. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body (measured between the origins of the dorsal
and anal) is contained thrice and a third in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-fourths; the
diameter of the eye of fuU-grown specimens is somewhat more than
the extent of the snout, contained thrice and one-fourth in the
length of the head, and more than one-half of the width of the inter-
orbital space. The origin of tlie dorsal fin is midway between the
root of the caudal and the occiput, and corresponds to the eleventh

346 CTPBISrODONTID^.

scale of the lateral line. Origin of the dorsal fin scarcely in advance
of that of the anal. Dorsal and anal fins small ; base of the caudal
scaly. Tail of moderate length, its least depth being scarcely equal
to the length of the head, without snout. There are seven longi-
tudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Lateral line veiy
indistinct.

Body Light brownish, a silvery vertical streak on each scale. A
small blackish spot in the middle of the root of the caudal; a
blackish spot across the base of the three posterior dorsal rays.
The prominent belly of females silvery in its anterior half, and deep
black in its posterior, both colours being sharply separated from
each other.

Habitat ?

a-e. Females, from 2 to 2^ inches long. North America ?, Jamaica ?
From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

13. Foecilia dominicensis.
Poecilia dominicensis, Cuv. i^ Vol. xviii. p. 131, pi. 525.

D. 8. A. 7-8. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the root of the caudal
than to the occiput, and nearly opposite to that of the anal. Dorsal
and anal fins small, rounded. Tail of moderate height, its least
depth being less than the length of the head (without snout). A
dark line along the middle of the back ; sometimes irregular indis-
tinct blackish spots on the back. Caudal with two light-brownish
cross bands.

San Domingo ; Barbadoes. Known from the female only.

a. Female, 2^ inches long. Barbadoes. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Female, 2 inches long. San Domingo.

14. Pcecilia unimaculata.

Poecilia unimaculata, Valenc. in Hximb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 158, pi. 51.
fig. 2; Cuv. 4" Val. xviii. p. 128: Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 114.

D. 7. A. 7. L. lat. 27. L.transv. 7.
The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds ; the diameter of the eye is scarcely more than the extent of
the snout, two-sevenths of the length of the head, and a little more
than one-half of the interorbital space. The origin of the dorsal fin
is midway bptween the root of the caudal and the occiput, and cor-
responds to the twelfth scale of the lateral Hne. Origin of the anal
opposite to that of the dorsal. Dorsal and anrl fins small, roimded ;
caudal scaly at the base only. Tail compressed, rather high, its
least depth being equal to the length of the head, without snout.
There are seven series of scales on each side of the tail. Lateral

17. MOLLIENESIA. 347

line very indistinct. A round black spot on the middle of the side,
on the seventh and eight scales of the lateral line.
Eio Janeiro ; British Guyana.

a-c. Females, 1^-2^ inches long. Rio Janeiro. Voyage of the

' Herald.'
d. Female, 3^ inches long. British Guyana. Presented by Sir R.

Schomburgk.

15. Pceeilia punctata.

Poecilia punctata, Cuv. Sf Val. xviii. p. 133.
D. 9. A. 6. L. lat. 31.
Tail elongate; anal high and pointed. Body with four or five
longitudinal series of small black spots. ( Val.)
Montevideo. Specimen 15 lines long.

16. Pceeilia couchii.

Limia couchiana, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 116.
D. 9. A. 6.

Known from females only.

Body rather short, back convex. The length of the head is one-
fifth of the tocal (with the caudal) ; eye one- third of the length of
the head. Dorsal fin longer than high, its origin being nearer to the
root of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout ; its entire base
is placed on the posterior declivity of the back. Anal opposite the
hinder portion of the dorsal ; pectorals not extending to the ventral.
Brown, an obsolete blackish band along the side ; dorsal with a few
blackish spots, the other fins immaculate. (^Girard.)

Rio San Juan (Province of New Leon.)

17. MOLLIENESIA.

Mollinesia, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nut. Sc. Philad. 1821, ii. p. 3.
Xiphopborus, sp., Heckel.

Closely allied to Pceeilia. Cleft of the mouth small, transverse ;
mandible very short, with the bones not united, the dentary being
moveable. Snout not produced. Both jaws with a band of minute
teeth, those of the outer series being the largest and somewhat
moveable. Scales rather large. Origin of the anal fin behind that
of the dorsal in both sexes, the anal of the male being modified into
an intromittent organ. Dorsal fin large, larger in the male than in
the female, ^vith twelve or more rays. Intestinal tract with, nume-
rous convolutions. Mud-eating.

Central America and southern parts of North America.

The species may be subdivided thus : —

a. Caudal of both sexes alike : MoUienesia, p. 348.

^. The lower caudal rays of thfi male prolonged into a long, sword-
shaped appendage : Xiphnphonis, p. 349.

348 CYPRINODONTIDJE.

a, Mollienesia.

1. Mollienesia latipinna.

Mollinesia latipinna, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Sc. Philad. 1821, ii. p. 3,

pi. 3 (male).
MoUienisia latipina, Cuv. fy Vol. xviii. p. 139, pi. 527 (male, anal tin

incorrect).
Pcecilia multilineata, Lesueur, I. c. p. 4, pi. 1 ; Ctiv. ^ Val. xviii. p. 134

(fern.) ; Agass. Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1853, xvi. p. 135, and 1855,

xix. p. 133.
? Poecilia lineolata, Girard, TJ. 8. ^ Mex. Bound. Ichthyol. p. 70, pi. 35.

figs. 9-11, and in Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1859, p. 114.

B. 5. D. 14. A. 9 (female). V. 6. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is a little less than one-third of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head somewhat more than
one-fourth. The diameter of the eye is equal to the length of the
snout, two-sevenths of that of the head, and one-half of the wddth
of the interorbital space. The dorsal fin of the male is one-half of
the distance between eye and root of the caudal ; in the female it is
one-third only. Caudal rounded, without .scales. The free portion
of the tail is as high as long, and covered by eight longitudinal series
of scales on each side. Lateral line very indistinct. Greenish, or
brownish green, silvery below; a dark line along each series of
scales, and the lower part of the trunk vrith a series of round
brownish spots besides. Each scale with a silvery hinder margin.
Dorsal fin wdth four or five brown lines, intorruj^ted by the rays,
and with a row of vertically ovate spots on its upper half. Inter-
radial membrane of the caudal with black dots ; the lower part of
the hind margin black.

Louisiana, Florida. ? Texas.

a. Male, 2| inches long. New Orleans.

h-c. Females : skins in spirits. North America.

Limia matamorensis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,
p. 116, from Matamoras, is not sufficiently distinguished from
M. latipinna.

Limia pceciloides, Girard, U. S. & Mex. Bound. Ichthj^ol. p. 70.
pi. 38. figs. 8-11 (but not figs. 12-14), and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1859, p. 115, from Texas. This fish has quite the ajipear-
ance of a young male of J/, latipinna ; or it may prove to be the
male of Limia venusta, Girard, TJ. S. & Mex. Bound. Ichthyol.
p. 71, pi. 39.Nfigs. 20-2S = Lucania venusta, see p. 310.

2. Mollienesia petenensis.

B. 6. D. 15. A. 8-9. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 10. Vert. 17/13.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth or two-ninths. The
diameter of the eye is equal to the length of the snout, two-sevenths
of that of the head, and rather less than one-half of the width of
the interorbital space. The length of the dorsal fin of the male is

17. MOLLIKNESIA. 349

one-half of the distance between eye and root of the caudal, in the
female two-fifths; caudal rounded, with scales at the base only.
The free portion of the tail is as high as long, and covered by nine
longitudinal series of scales on each side. Lateral line very indis-
tinct. Greenish, or brownish green, silvery below ; a dark spot to
each scale of the upper and middle caudal series and the lower part
of the trunk. Dorsal fin of the adult male with small irregular
brown lines or spots, and with a row of large rounded spots along
the middle of its height. Interradial membrane of the caudal with
numerous black dots ; the lower part of the hind margin black.
Females and immature males have the dorsal fin simply ornamented
with small irregularly curved brown spots.

Lake Pcten.
a, b. Several male specimens (from 4 to 5 inches long) and one

female, (4^ inches long). From Mr. Salvin's Collection.
c. Adult male : skeleton. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

Although this "species is very closely allied to J/, latipinna, it is
evidently distinct, having constantly fifteen dorsal rays and a dif-
ferent coloration.

3. Mollienesia formosa.

Limia formosa, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 115.
D. 12 13. A. 10.

Male. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the
head, which is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal) ; the dia-
meter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head ; snout ab-
breviated. Dorsal fin longer than high ; anal fin nearly opposite
the anterior margin of the dorsal ; ventrals in advance of dorsal.

Female. Dorsal fin nearly as high as long, with the anterior
margin somewhat nearer the root of the caudal than the extremity
of the snout. Anal fin opposite the pt'sterior portion of the dorsal.
Pectoral extending beyond the origin of the ventral.

Dorsal fin with transv rse series of blackish spots, the other fins
immaculate. (Gir.)

Paolo Ako (Mexico).

/3. XipJiojihonts.

1. Xiphophorus hellerii.

Xiphopliorus hellerii, Ileclcel, Sitzgsher. Akad. Wi^s. Wien, 1848, i.
part 3. p. 163, pi. 5 (male, young mali^, and female).

B. 5. D. 13. A.. 9. V. 6. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 8. Vert. lG/14.
The height of the body is contained from thiice and one-half to
thrice and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head four times and r.ne-third. The diameter of the
eye is equal to the length of the snout, and tAvo-sevcnths of that of
the bead ; in males it is scarcely equal to one-half of the width of
the interorbital space, whilst it is somewhat less in females. D(trsal
fin in males and females of nearly ccjual length, viz. two-sevenths
of the distance between head and caudal fins ; it is somewhat clc-

350 CTPBINODONTID^.

vated in males. Caudal fin roimded, with the basal third scaly ; the
lower rays of the caudal fin of the male are produced into a long
sword-shaped appendage which in the adult is nearly as long as the
body of the fish. Ventral immediately below the origin of the dorsal
in both sexes. Anal of the male modified into an intromittent organ,
one or two of the enlarged rays having several hook-like processes
at their extremities. The free portion of the tail is two-thirds as
high as long in males, and a little lower in females. Lateral line
indistinct. Caudal appendage of the male yellow, "with black edges.
Central America.

Var a.
Two yellowish -green bands along the side, separated, and bor-
dered above and below, by a blue band.

a-b, c-d. Males and females. River Chisoy. From the Collection

of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
e. Male : skeleton. River Chisoy.

Var. (3.
The middle blue band darkest, black, running from the eye to,
and along the upper border of, the caudal appendage.

/, g-l. Adult males. Cordova.

m. Halfgrown male. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. Caudal
appendage very short.

Var. y.
Body without bands, covered all over with irregular black spots.

n~q. Males. River Chisoy. From the Collection of Messrs. God-
man and Salvin.

18. PLATYPCECILUS.

Cleft of the mouth small, transverse, mandible very short, with
the bones not united, the dentary being moveable. Snout not pro-
duced. Both jaws with a single series of small, pointed teeth.
Scales rather large. Origin of the anal fin behind that of the dorsal.
Sexes drfferentiated ? Intestinal tract "with numerous convolutions.
Mud- eating.

Central America.

Although we know only the female of this fish, we conclude, from
its close affinity to Poecilia and Mollienesia, that the anal fin of the
male is similarly modified.

1. Platypcecilus maculatus.
D. 10. A. 9. V. 6. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 8.
Body much compressed and elevated, its greatest dej)th being
below the origin of the dorsal fin, and contained twice and one-
third in the total ("without caudal). Head less compressed than the
body, the width of the interorbital space being neaily two-thirds of
the length of the head, which is two -sevenths of the total (without

19. GIRARDINXJS. , 351

caudal) . The diameter of the eye is more than the length of the
snout, and one-third of the length of the head. The dorsal fin is
rather large, longer than high, and its origin is a little nearer to
the root of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout. Anal
small, its origin being opposite to the middle of the dorsal. Caudal
rounded ; the free portion of the tail is short and high, its least
depth being equal to the length of the head or to the distance be-
tween doi-sal and caudal. The pectoral extends considerably bej'ond
the root of the ventral, and the ventral reaches the origin of the
anal.

Brownish olive, with a roundish black spot on the middle of the
root of the caudal ; a blackish spot on the middle of the side of the
trunk. Dorsal sometimes densely spotted with black ; the lower
margin of the anal and the upper and lower margins of the caudal
black.

Mexico.

a-6. One inch and a half long. From M. Salle's Collection.

19. GIRARDINUS.

Girardinus, Toey, Mem. Cub. i. (1851) p. 383.

Cleft of the mouth small, mandible veiy short, with the bones not
united, the dentary being moveable. Snout not produced, with the
lower jaw more or less prominent. Both jaws with a single series
of slender, moveable, pointed teeth, contracted at the base. Scales
rather large. Origin of the anal fin generally in advance of, rarely
opposite to, that of the dorsal. Anal fin of the male modified into
an intromittent organ and much advanced. Intestinal tract with
numerous convolutions. Mud-eating.

West Indies ; Southern parts of North America.

1. Girardinus uuinotatus.
Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. (1858) p. 309.

B. 5. D. 9. A. 11. L.lat. 35.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head two-elevenths or one-sixth. Eye
longer than the snout, and contained twice and three-fourths in the
length of the head. The dorsal fin of the female commences in the
middle of the total length ; ventrals reaching the vent. Anal pro-
cess of the male very long, equal in length to its distance from the
end of the snout, terminating in a clasper. Greenish brown, with a
large round spot on the side, opposite the vent. {Poey.)

Cuba ; river Tacotaco.

2. Girardinus metallious.
Poey, I. c. p. 387, lam. 31. figs. 8-11.

B. 5. D. 9. A. 11. V. 6. L.lat. 30. Vert. 13/20.
The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the

352 CTPRINODONTID^.

head, and rather less than one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
In the female the origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity
of the caudal, and opposite to the third or fourth anal ray ; in the
male it is nearer to the extremity of the snout. Anal process of the
male nearly twice as long as the head, vnth recurved spines, and a
clasper at its extremity. Pectoral and ventral fins short. Free
portion of the tail moderately deep. Greenish, reticulated with
hrown, with silvery cross bands. A black spot at the posterior part
of the base of the dorsal. {Poey.)
Cuba.

3. Girardinus versicolor.

D. S. A. 8. V. 6. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, which is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total (with-
out caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is more than the length of the
snout, two-fifths of that of the head, and three-fourths of the width
of the interorbital space, which is nearly flat. In the female the
origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity of the snout than
to that of the caudal, and opposite to the second ray of the anal fin.
Caudal fin of moderate size, as long as the head, rounded behind.
The free portion of the taU is somewhat elongate, the length of the
base of the anal being two-fifths of its distance from the caudal.
Pectoral fin shorter than the head, and extending somewhat beyond
the root of the ventral fins, which reach the vent. Reddish olive
above, sometimes with indistinct silvery cross bars on the side of the
tail ; an indistinct dark band along the middle of the side, and, above
it two or three reticulated black spots, their number and situation
bein" variable, even on both sides of the same individual ; a black
line along the lower and upper margins of the tail ; a blackish blotch
on the posterior rays of the dorsal fin.

San Domingo.
a-h. Females, from 1| to 1| inch long. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

4. Girardinus reticulatus.

Poecilia reticulata, Peters, Monatsber. Ak. IViss. Perl. 1859, p. 412.
D. 7. A. 8. V 6. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 9.
The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, which is one-fourth of the total (\vithout caudal) ; the diameter
of the eye is more than the length of the snout, one-third of that of
the head, and two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space, which
is quite flat. In the female the origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to
the extremity of the snout than to that of the caudal, and opposite
to the second ray of the anal. Caudal fin large, longer than the
head, rounded behind ; the free portion of the tail is somewhat elon-
gate, the length of the base of the anal being less than one-third of
its distance from the caudal. Scales on the belly comparatively large,
as large as those on the tail. Pectoral fin shorter than the head, and
extending beyond the root of the ventral fins, which reach the vent.

19. GIRARDINTTS. 363

Body uniform brownish olive, dorsal fin with^ the upper margin
blackish.

Brazil ; Caraccas.
a. Female, 2| inches long. Brazil. From Mr. Clausen's Collection.
b-f. Females. Caraccas. Presented by the Berlin Museum.

5. Girardinus guppii.
D. 7-8. A. 8-9. Y. 5. L. lat. 26-28. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head nearly one-fourth ; males rather
more slender. The diameter of the eye is more than the length of
the snout, not quite one-third of that of the head, and three-fifths
of the width of the interorbital space, which is flat. In both sexes
the origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the extremity of
the snout than to that of the caudal, and in the female it is opposite
to the origin of the anal. Caudal fin large, rather longer than the
h^ad, obtusely rounded behind. The free portion of the tail is some-
what elongate, the length of the base of the anal being one-third of
its distance from the caudal. Pectoral fin as long as the head, not
extending so far backwards as the ventral fins, which reach the
origin of the anal.

In the nude the anal fin is advanced to between the ventrals,
which are elongate. The anal process, formed by two or three rays,
is as long as the head, and without hooks.

The female is yellowish olive, with the belly silvery, and with the
trunk above the belly blackish ; all the scales with a narrow blackish
edge.

The male is conspicuously marked : two brown streaks run along
the trunk, and are sometimes confluent into a band; one brown streak
runs along the middle of the side of the tail, a round black spot be-
hind the shoulder, another at the commencement of the caudal streak,
a third at the root of the caudal. One or two of these spots may be
absent.

Trinidad; Venezuela.
a. Many male (1 inch long) and female (1| inch long) specimens.

Presented by Lechmere Guppy, Esq.
h-d. Adult male and females. Venezuela. Mr. Dyson's Collection.

The male from Venezuela diff'crs somewhat in coloration from those
from Trinidad. The_ spaces between the brown streaks are occupied
by very large sil\ ery patches, and there is n, large ovate black spot
in the middle of the side of the tail.

6. Girardinus pleurospilus.
D. 8. A. 9. V. 6. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 8.
The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
the head, which is one -fourth of the total (without caudal) ; the dia-
meter of the eye is more than the length of the snout, one-third of

VOL. VI. 2 A

354

CYPBINODONTID-a:.

that of the head, and two-thirds of the width of the interorhital space,
which is slightly concave. In the female the origin of the dorsal
fin is in the middle of the total length, and conspicuously behind that
of the anal fin. Caudal fin large, longer than the head, subtruncate
behind ; the free portion of the tail is somewhat elongate, the length
of the base of the anal being one-third of its distance from the caudal.
Pectoral fin not quite as long as the head, and not extending so far
backwards as the ventral fins, which reach the Vent.

In the male the origin of the dorsal is somewhat nearer the ex-
tremity of the caudal than that of the snout ; the anal pjocess is
quite straight, nearly twice as long as the head, and terminating in
a simple tapering point. Caudal very short. Reddish oHve, a series
of six or seven round blackish spots, each about the size of the eye,
runs along the middle of the side ; a black Une along the base of the
anal fin, and the lower and upper margins of the tail. Caudal fin
with two indistinct dark cross bands.

Guatemala.

it. Numerous females, from 1^ to 2 inches long, and one adult male,
1 inch long. Lake of Duenas. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

7. Girardintis formosTis.
Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 62.
D. 7. A. 9. L. lat. 28.

Head a little less than one-fourth of the entire length ; snout very
short ; the diameter of the eye two-fifths, or at most one-third, of
the length of the head. Origin of the dorsal fin nearly equidistant
between the extremities of the snout and of the caudal. Anal some-
what smaller than the dorsal, its origin being somewhat in advance
of the dorsal. Pectorals extending beyond the root of the ventrals ;
ventrals reaching the vent. Brownish olive, with a black streak
from the snout, along the middle of the side, crossed by six or eight
brownish-black vertical streaks ; a black spot at the base of the
caudal, dorsal, and anal.

Florida and South Carolina.

Female, 1 inch long. Male f inch.

8. Girardinns occidentalis.

Heterandria occidentalis, Baird i^ Girard^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Philad.

1853, p. 390.
Girardinua occidentalis, Girard, U. S. 8f Mex. Bound. Ichth. p. 73,

pi. 89. figs. 16- J9 ; and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 119.

D. 7. A. 7. V. 6.
Tlie height of the body is about equal to the length of the head,
^hich is somewhat more than one-fourth of the total (without
caudal) ; in the female the origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer
to the extremity of the snout than to that of the caudal, and nearly
opposite to the origin of the anal. Free portion of the tail elongate.
Beddish brown above, with a more or less distinct black stripe along

LEMSTES. 355

the middle of the side ; a black line along the lower margin of the
tail. Fins of uniform colour. (Oirard.)
Rio Santa Cruz (Mexico).

9. Oirardinus sonoriensis.
Gtrard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. 1859, p. 120.
D. 8. A. 8. y. 6.
Very similar to O. occidentalis. Length of the head about one-
fifth of the total (with the caudal), Dark chestnut-brown, with a
more or less conspicuous black lateral band ; a dark line along the
lower margin of the tail. (Girard.)

San Bernardino Creek (Mexico). Probably identical with O. occi-
dentalis.

10. Girardinus decemmacnlatus.

Poecilia decemmaculata, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle^ Fish. p. 115, pi. 22.

fig. 1. ,

? Poecilia gracilis, Cuv. 8; Val. xviii. p. 133.

D. 8. A. 10. V. 6. L. lat. 30. L. traosv. 9.

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, which is not quite one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ;
the diameter of the eye is much more than the length of the snout,
one- third of the length of the head, and equal to the width of the
interorbital space. In the female (which sex only is known), the
origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity of the snout than
to that of the caudal, and but little behind that of the anal. Caudal
fin large, as long as the head, slightly rounded behind. The free
portion of the tail elongate. A series of about ten irregular blackish
spots, smaller than the ej'^e, runs along the middle of the side ; a black
line along the lower and upper margins of the tail.

Maldonado (Uruguay).
a. One of the typical specimens, 1 inch long. Voyage of the
* Beagle.'

Appendix to the Cyprinodontidos.

LEBISTES.

Lebistes, De Filippi, Arch, per la Zool. VAnat. S)C. 1862, i. p. 69.

Cleft of the month small, with the lower jaw projecting beyond
the upper, both jaws with a narrow band of very smaU teeth, those
in the outer series being the largest. Scales of moderate size. Dor-
sal and anal fins short; anal in advance of the dorsal, with the
second and third rays much thickened and elongate in both sexes.
The second ventral ray is the longest, and [in the females, termi-
nating in a hook?]*.

Island of Barbadoes.

If the characters assigned to this very doubtful genus are correct,

* According to the figure, in the. male!

2 A 2

356

ADDENDA.

it differs in a very extraordinary manner from the other fish of this
family in which sexual differences are observed. From an inspec-
tion of the figure, we should have considered the specimen to be a
male ; but Prof. De Filippi says distinctly that the peculiar anal fin
is found in the female az weU as in the male.

1. Lebistes poeciloides.

De Filippi, I. c. taf, 4. fig. 6.

D. 9. A. 7. V. 6. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 8.
The specimens are 1| inch long.
Barbadoes.

ADDENDA.

Page l4. Salmo salar.

a'. Fine male specimen, 3 feet long. Beauly. Presented by Lord
Lovat as " Bull-trout ". Caught in the beginning of April ;
testicles entirely coUapsed.

"Whilst this sheet was passing through the press, Lord Lovat's
kindness afforded me an opportunity of seeing other specimens of
" Bull-trout" at the moment when taken from the water. It is his
opinion that at least some of the fish are hybrids between the Salmon
and Sea-trout {S. tnitta), an opinion confirmed by external appear-
ance and by the varying number of pyloric appendages, which, in
one specimen, was found to be as low as fifty-four ; yet the relative
size of the scales on the tail is in all these Bull-trout the same as
in the Salmon. Capt. H. Fraser believes that other specimeos of
"Bull-trout" are true Snlmon which, having gone dovsm to the sea
as Kelts, return to fresh water before having attained to the con-
dition of well-mended fish. Thus, as regards the river Beauly at
least, fishes named " Bull-trout" do not constitute a distinct species,
but this name would appear to compiise —

1. Hybrids between Salmon and Sea-trout.

2. Specimens of Salmon returning from the sea before being well
mended.

3. Sterile specimens — as, for instance, the specimen {a') men-
tioned above.

ADDENDA. 357

The differences between " Bull-trout and Salmon are sometimes
ao slight as to be scarcely perceptible by an inexperienced eye.
From what I have seen on the Beauly in the month of August, I
should say that the numbers of Salmon, Bull-trout, and Sea-trout
are as 30 : 3 : 1.

I may also add here that I have seen specimens of Salmo hrachy-
j^oma in the same river, and that they are named there " Phinok,"
a name used for the Grilse -state of S. trutta on other rivers. Spe-
cimens of S. fario frequently descend to the sea, and assume a bright
ailvery coloration, with numerous X-shaped spots.

Page 172. Retropinna richardsonii.
h-m. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

Page 200. Thymallus vulgaris.

This species is also found south of the Alps.

y. Fine specimen. Col de Tende (Maritime Alps), From Dr. Dea-
kin's Collection.

Page 203. Argentina sphjrraena.

c. Seven inches and a half long. Nice. From Dr. Deaktn's Col-

lection.

Page 219. Mormyrus brachyistius.

a. Fine specimen. Sierra Leone. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, which is one-fifth of the total (without caudal). Pectoral
reaching slightly beyond the base of the ventral. A. 29.

Page 232. Umbra limi
h. Adult. United States. Purchased.

Page 240. Belone choram.

d. Adult. Presented by Dr. Alexander Smith, — This specimen is

said to be from the coast of the Camaroon district (West Africa).

Page 269. Hemirhamphus pleii.
k. Adult. Trinidad. Purchased of Mr. Cutter.

Page 281. Exocoetus brachypterus.
c. Five inches and a half long. Formosa. From Consul Smnhoe's
Collection.

Page 313. Haplochilus infrafasciatus.
Specimen h ought to be referred to H. fasciolatus.

358 ADDENDA,

Page 314. Add a new species : —

9 a. Haplochilus fasciolatus.
D. 11. A. 18. V. 6-7. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 9-10.

The height of the body is a little less than the length of the head,
and one-foxirth of the total (without caudal). Head rather elongate,
much depressed anteriorly, the snout being longer than the eye, the
diameter of which is somewhat more than one-fourth of the length
of the head, and one-half of the width of the interorbital space.
Lower jaw a little longer than upper. Origin of the dorsal fin mid-
way between the extremity of the caudal and the eye, corresponding
to the seventeenth scale of the lateral line, and being rather before
the middle of the anal. Pectoral fin extending somewhat beyond the
root of the ventral, which reaches the vent. Brownish, each scale
with a red spot at the base, disappearing in preserved specimens ;
the lower parts of the sides of the abdomen and tail with eight or
nine oblique narrow brownish -black streaks, descending from the
middle of the side forwards. Vertical fins with purple spots, dorsal
and anal with a light basal band.

Sierra Leone ; Upper NUe.

a-e. From 1| to 3 inches long. Sierra Leone. Presented by Dr. A.

Giinther.
/. One inch long. Upper Nile. From ConsxU Petherick's Collection.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbreviatufl (Mormyrus),

218.
Acantholepis, 203.
acronius (Coregonus),

183.
Acus, 251, 271.
acus (Belone), 251.
acutus (Exe^oetus), 281.
Adelfisch, 178.
Adinia, 301.
adspersus (Mcmyrus),

221.
ffiliani (Thymallus), 201.
ssquirostrum (Scombre-

sox), 258.
^sche, 200.
affinis (ExoccEtus), 288.
afSnis (Gambusia), 336.
aflBnis (Hemirhamphus),

267.
affinis (Heterandria), 336.
affinis (Lucania), 309.
agassizii (Orestias), 330.
agoo (Exoccetus), 277.
Aguglia, 251.
Aguja, 25 i.
Aguja paladar, 255.
albidactylus (Exoccetus),

293.
albula (Coregonus), 192,

194.
albula (Salmo), 187,192.
albus (Coregonus), 184,

186, 199.
albus (Orestias), 330.
albus (Salmo), 23, 34.
alepidotus (Esox), 208.
alepidotus (Galaxias),208.
alipes (Salmo), 149.
almeida (Belone), 244.
alpinus (Gtalaxias), 212.
alpinus (Mesites), 212.
alpinus (Salmo), 64, 124,

126, 127, 130, 131, 136.
Alpismaris, 302.
altipinna (Belone), 234.
altipinnis (Exoccetus),

290.

altivelis (Plecoglossus),
165.

altivelis (Salmo), 165.

amblyurus (Hemirham-
phus), 273.

amblyurus (Zenarchopte-
rua), 273.

americanus (Esox), 229.

amethystinus (Salmo),
123.

Anablepina, 300.

Anableps, 337.

anablfps (Cobitis), 337.

anastomella (Belone),
249.

anastomella (Mastacem-
belus), 250.

Angmaggeuck, 170.

Angmaksak, 1 70.

anguilloides (Mormyv
rops), 223.

anguilloides (Mormyrus),
223.

angulatus (Esox), 259.

angusticeps (Belone), 238.

angusticeps (Coregonus).
172.

Anims-wimma, 193.

annulata (Belone), 240.

Aphanius, 301.

Aplocheilichthys, 312.

Aplocbeilus, 310.

apoda,(Tellia), 309.

appendiculatus (Exocce-
tus), 286.

apus (Exoccetus), 277.

arabatsch (Salmo), 147.

arcticeps (Exoccetus), 289.

arcticus (Mallotus), 171.

arcticus (Osmerus), 171.

arcticus (Salmo), 170.
.ardeola (Belone), 234.

argalus (Belone), 234.

argenteum (Microstoma),
204.

argenteus (Fario), 86,

argenteus (Hemiram-
phus), 259.

argenteus (Salmo), 86.
Argentina, 202.
argyreus (Fario), 156.
Arg>Tosomus, 172, 192.
Arrhamphus, 276.
artedi (Coregonus), 198.
ascanii (Salmo), 135.
ascanii (Silus), 203.
Asch, 200.
atricauda (Hydrargyra),

attenuatus(Galaxias),210.
attenuatus (Mesites), 210.
Attihawmeg, 184.
aureus (Fundulus), 315.
aureus (Haplochilus),

315.
aurora (Fario), 119.
aurora (Salmo), 119.
ausonii (Salmo), 64.
austraUs, Esox, 228.
autumnalis (Salmo), 112,

113,196.

bachiqua (Mormyrus),
216.

Back-Forell, 60.

Backro, 60.

bahiensis (Exoccetus),
293.

bailloni (Salar), 87.

bailloni (Salmo), 87.

Baione, 152.

bairdii (Salmo), 121.

balao (Hemirhamphus),
269.

balinensis (Hemirham-
phus), 261.

balthicus (Hemirham-
phus), 254.

Bane, 220.

bebe (Mormyrus), 222.

Beccard, 11.

behnii (Hemirhamphus),
254.

belizanus (Belonesox),
333.

Belone, 234.

360

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

belone (Esox^ 244, 251

252, 254.
Belonesox, 333.
bensonii (Poecilia), 3.' 2.
Bezola, 187.

bicolor (Exocoetus), 290.
bicolor (Grammiconotus)

258.
Bill-fish, 257.
bimaculatus (Poeciliodes),

332.
bimaculatus (Pseudoxi-

phophorus), 332.
bimaculatus (Xiphopho-

rus), 332.
Black-tails, 25.
Blankesteen, 202.
Blasik, 192.
Blau-felchen, 187.
bleekeri (Hemirhani-

phus), 273.
Blue Poll, 34.
Bodenrenke, 178.
boreus (Esox), 227.
borneensis (Hemirham-

phus), 273.
bovei (Mormyrus), 221.
bovinus (Cyprinodon),

307.
brachytephalus (Exocoe-
tus), 297.
brachyistius (Marcuseni-

us), 219.
bracliyistius (Mormyrus),

219, 357.
Brachymystax, 1G2. .
brachynotoptferus (He-

mirhamphus), 259, 275.
brachyopterus (Exocoe-
tus), 280.
brachypoma (Salmo), 87,

357.
brachypterus (Exocoetus),

280, 357,
brachyrhynclius (Belone),

240.
brachysoma (Exocoetus),

295.
brasiliensis (Esox), 254,

269, 270.
brasiliensis (Fundulus),

317.
brasiliensis (Haplochilus),

317.
brasiliensis (Hemirham-

phu^), 270.
brevicauda (Salmo), 120.
brevipinnis (Exocoetus),

280.
brevipinnis (Galaxias),

213.

brevirostris (Hemirham-
phus), 274.

brevoortii (Euleptorham-
plius), 259.

broccbus (Galaxias), 210.

Brochet, 226.

brownii (H?mirham-
phus), 270.

buchanani (Panchax),
311.

bufFonis (Hemirhara-
phus), 273.

buffonis (Zenarchopte-
ras), 273.

Bull-trout, 23, 356.

Bull-trout, Crescent-
tailed, 26.

Bull-trout, Curved-spot-
ted, 2().

Bull-trout, Few-spotted,
26.

Bull-trout, Large-ueaded,
26.

Bull-trout, Norway, 26.

Bull-trout, Salmon, 26.

Bull-trout, Stilmoij-spot-
ted, 26.

coecifer (Salmo), 101..
calabaricus (Hemirham-

phus), 266.
calaritana (Lebias), 302.
calaritanus (Cyprinodon),

302.
californicus (Exocoetus),

295.
californiensis (Cyprino-
don), 301.
callaris (Salmo), 143.
callopterus (Exocoetus),

292.
cambricus (Salmo), 34,

133.
campbelli (Salmo), 148.
camperi (Sayris), 258.
camperii (Scomberesox),

257, 258.
cancila (Belone), 253.
caneila (Esox), 253.
canciloides (Belone), 253.
caninus (Gobius). 231.
can is (Salmo), 162.
cantoris (Hemirham-

phus), 264.
cantrainii (Belone), 242,
cantrainii (Tylosurus),

242.
Capelan, 170.
Capelin, 170.
ciipcnsis (Belone), 247.
carbouariuB (Salmo), 136.

caribbaca (Belone), 241.
carinata (Belone), 236.
Carpio, 80.

carpio (Cyprinodon), 306.
carpio (Fario), 80.
carpio (Salmo), 80, 124.
Carpione, 80.
caschive (Mormyru8),215,

217.
catenata (Pcecilia), 322.
catenatus (Fundulus), 322
catostoma (Mormyrus),

222.
oaudimaculata (Belone),

245, 246.
cepedii (Coregonus), 189.
Characodon, 308.
Charr, 127.

chilensis (Exocoetus), 283.
chincnsis (Albula\ 205.
chinensi s ( Eperlan us), 1 70
cliinensis (Leucosoma),

205.
chinensis (Salanx), 205.
chrsoyensis (Poecilia), 342.
chloroptcrus (Exocoetus),

277.
choram (Belone),2.'J9,357.
chrysostigmus (Aplo-

clieilus), 311.
chrysotus (Fundulus),

317.
chrysotus (Haplochilus),

317.
ciconia (Belone), 249.
cigonella (Belone), 234.
cingulatus (Fundulus),

310.
clarkii (Fario), 117.
clarkii (Salmo). 116.
clupeiformis(Coregonus),

198.
clupeiformis (Salmo), 198.
clupeoidcs (Coregonus),

1S8, 195.
clupeoidcs (Salmo), 195.
coarotatus (Anableps),

338.
coenicola (Poecilia), 318.
coenicolus (Fundulus),

318
colii (Salmo), 138.
cornatus (Exocoetus), 286.
comniersonii (ExoccDtus),

295.
commersonii (Hemi-

rhamphus), 271.
confinis (Salmo), 123.
confluentus (Salmo), 162.
conorhynchus (Corego-
nus), 184.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

301

consuetus (Salmo), 155.
cooperi (Salmo), 162.
corcgonoides (Brachy-

my8tax), 163.
corcgonoides (Salmo), 163.
CoregonuB, 172.
cornidii (Belone), 255.
cornubiensis (Salmo), 64.
coucliiana (Limia), 347.
coueliii (Pcrcilia), 347.
crameri (Umbra), 231,
crassa (Belone), 24'J.
crocodila (Belone), 239.
crocodilus (Belone), 239.
crocodilus (Mastacembe-

lus), 238.
crystallodon (Lebia8),305.
cubensis (Limia), 340.
cuben.sis (Poecilia), 3-10.
Cumberland (Salmo"), 23.
curilus (Salmo), 146.
cuspidatus (Ilcmirliam-

pluis), 276.
ciivieri (Argentina), 203.
cuvieri (Orestias), 328.
cuvieri (Salanx), 206.
cyanoga.ster (Cyprino-

don), 302.
cyanophthalmus (Haplo-

chilus), 312.
cyanophtlinhiuis (Pan-

chax), 312.
cyanopterus (Exocoptus),

294.
cylindraccus (Kivulus),

327.
cylindrica (Belone), 240.
cyplio (Esox\ 230.
Cyprinodon, 301.
Cyprinodontidie, 299.
Cyprinodcmtid* carni-
vore, 301.
Cypi'inodontida:' limno-

phaga;, 339.
Cyprinodontina, 299.
eyprinoides (Corcgonus),

199.
cyprinoide.s (Mormyriis),

218, 220.
eyprinoides (Salmo), 199.
cypri.s (Cyprinodon), 304.
cypris (Lt-bias), 304,
Cypseliirus, 277.

decemmaculata (Pa>cilia),

355.
decemmacnlatus (Girar-

dinus), 3.')5.
Doijefor.s Lax, 107.
de joannis (Pctroce-

phalus), 220.

deliciosus (Mormyrops),

deliciosus (Oxyrhynchus),

dendera (Mormyrus),223.
dentex (Sabir), 78.
dentex (Salmo), 78.
deijaiiperatus (Hemi-

rhamplnis), 259.
depraudiis (.Esox),229.
depressa (Belone), 235.
deqnesne (Mormyriis),

220.
dermatinus (Salmo), 155.
Dermatogenys, 260, 275.
Dermogenys, 275.
diapliana (Hydrargyra),

324.
discorhynelnis (Mormy-

riuO, 220.
dispar (Cyprinodon), .30.3.
di.spar (Hemirhamplnis),

274.
dispar (Lebias), 303.
dispar (Zenarcliopterus),

274.
disticlms (Salmo), 126.
doliatiis (Cyprinodon),

301.
dominicensis (Poecilia),

346.
dorsalis (Ilyperopisus),

dorsalis(Mormyrus), 222.
dorsalis (Pliagrus), 222.
dovii (Anableps), 338.
dovii (Exococtus), 295.
dovii (Ilaplocliilus), 315.
dovii (Poecilia), 344.
dowei (Anableps), 338.
dowii (Exoccetus), 295.
dussiimieri (Exoccetus),

286.
du.ssumierii (Hemirham-

plius), 266.

eclancberi (Hemirbam-

pbus) 268.
ebrenbergii (Mormyrus),

220.
elegans (Cyprinodon),

301.
elli)i8oidea (Lebias), 306.
elongata (Poecilia), 342.
elongatus (Anableps),337.
elongatus (Mormyrus),

218.
elongatus (Osmerus), 169.
eperlano-marinus, 166.
C))erlanu8( Osmertis), 166.
operlanus (Salmo), 166.

equirostrum (Scomber-

esox), 258.
eriox (Salmo), 23, 24, 34,

87, 104.
erythra3us (Salmo), 142.
erytbrinus (Salmo), 142,
ery throga.ster (Fario), 1 24.
erytlirogaster (Salmo),

152.
erythrorhyncbus(Salrao),

147. ■
erythrorinchus (Hemi-

rliamplms), 259, 260.
Esocidae, 226,
esociua (Belone), 234,
Esox, 226.

espadon (Esox), 271.
estor (E.SOX), 228.
Eulacbon, 168.
Euleptorbampbus, 260,

276.
europaciis (Hemirham-

phu.s), 254.
euxini (Belone), 252.
evolans (Exoccetus), 282.
exiliens (Exoccetus), 287,

291, 295.
exilis (Belone), 238.
eximius (Cyprinodon),

301.
Exoccetus, 277.
exsiliens (Exoccetus), 293.

Fanguito, 339.

Far, 271.

fiir (Hemirhamphu8),271,

Fario, 2, 10.

fario (Salmo), 59, 64, 357,

fario ^Triitta). 64.

Farra, 178.

fasciatii (Lebias). 303.

fasciata (Molinesia), 339.

fasciata (Poecilia), 318.

fasciatus(Ap!ianiu8),301.

fasciatus (Cyprinodon),

303.
fasciatus (Esox), 229.
fasciatus (Exoccetus), 291.
fasciatus (Fundulus), 318,

322.
fasciatus (GJalaxias), 209.
fasciatus (Ilemirham-

pbus), 262, 271.
fa.sciolatus (Haplocbilus),

358.
feca (Coregonu8),180, 182.
Fern-lodde, 170.
ferox (Belone), 242.
ferox (Salar), 92.
ferox (Salmo), 92, 104.
ferra (Corregonus), 178.

302

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

filamentosu8 (Hemirham-

phus), 259.
finnica (Coregonus), 193.
Fitzroyia, 307.
flava (Lebias), 302.
flavula (Hydrargyra),322.
flavulus (Cyprinodon),

322.
flavulus (Esox), 322.
floridensis (Fundulus),

319.
fluviatilis (Hemirham-

phus), 275.
fluviatilis (Salmo), 141.
Flying Fish, 277.
fonticola (Fundulus), 319.
fontinalis (Baione), 152.
fontinalis (Hucho), 152.
fontinalis (Salmo), 152.
Fordwich Trout, 27.
Forelle, 64.
Ibrmosa (Limia), 349.
formosa (MoUienesia),

349.
formosus (Girardinus),

354.
forsteri (Galaxias), 208.
forsteri (Scombresox), 258.
Freshwater Herring, 198.
Frith.Troiit, 91.
Fundulichthys, 318.
Fundulina, 299.
Fundulus, 318.
furcatus (Exoccetus), 286,
fusea (Hydrargyra), 232.
fuscus (Fundulus), 232,

Gadda, 226.
gairaardi (Herairham-

phus), 263.
gaimardi (Salmo), 60.
gairdnerii (Salmo), 118,
Galaxise, 208.
Galaxias, 208.
galeata (Belone), 234.
gallivensis (Salmo), 88.
Galway Sea-Trout, 88.
gamberur (Hemirham-

phus), 266.
Gambusia, 333.
Gangfisch, 187.
Garfish, 254.
Gar Pike, 254.
genivittatus (Salar), 78.
genivittatus (Salmo), 78.
geofFroyi(Mormyrus),216.
georgianus (Exoccetus),

279.
georgii (Hemirhamphus),

264. ,
g^ranra (Belone), 241.

germanorum (Hucho),
140.

gernaerti (Hemirham-
phus), 268.

gibber (Salmo), 162.

gibbifrons (Exoccetus),
_277.

gibbosus (Cyprinodon),
301.

gibbsii (Salmo), 119.

gigantea (Belone), 240.

Gillaroo, 95.

giUii (Xiphophorus), 339.

Girardinjchthys, 309.

Girardinus, 351.

gloverii (Salmo), 153.

Gnathonemus, 214.

goedenii (Salmo), 23.

gracilis (Belone), 239, 252.

gracilis (Coregonus), 182.

gracilis 'Gambusia), 333,
335, 336.

gracilis (Mastacembelus),
239.

gracilis (Poecilia), 355.

gracilis (Salmo), 12, 154.

gracilis (Xiphophorus),
336.

gracillimus (Galaxias),
213.

gracillimus (Mesite8),213.

graii (Belone), 253.

Grammiconotus, 258.

grandis (Fundulus), 319.

Gravenche, 183.

grayi (Salmo), 136.

Grayling, 200.

Great Lake Trout, 92.

Grey, 34.

grcenlandicum (Micro-
stoma), 205.

gronlandicus (Salmo),170.

gronovii (Anableps), 337.

Grund-Forelle, 82.

Guajica, 340.

guatemalensis(Fundulu8),
321.

guianensis (Belone), 244.

guianensis- (Tylosurus),
244.

Guiniad, 188.

Gullax, 202.

guppii (Girardinus), 353.

guttatus (Percopsis), 207.

Gwyniad, 188.

Gymnarchidae, 225.

Gymnarchus, 225.

gymnogaster (Thymallus),
201.

gymnothorax (Thymal-
lus), 200.

Halocypselus, 278.
hamatus (Salmo), 12.
hammondii (Percopsis),

207.
hammonis (Cyprinodon),

302, 303.
Haplochilus, 310.
hardinii (Salmo), 107.
harengus(Coregonus),199.
harengus (Salmo), 199. "',
hasselquistii (Mormyrus), \

hautin (Tripteronotus),

173.
hearnii (Salmo), 148.
hebridica (Argentinp,),

203. '

hebridicus (Osmerus),203.
Hecht, 226.
Helge-Sik, 178.
hellerii (Xiphophorus),

349.
Hemirhamphodon, 260,
. 272.

Hemirhamphus, 259.
henryi (Isichthys), 224.
henryi (Mormyrops), 224.
Hepara, 209.
Herling, 23.
Herring-Salmon, 198.
Herse, 223.

herse (Mormyrus), 217.
Hetertodria, 334, 354.
heteroclita (Cobitis), 318.
heteroclitus (Fundulus),

318.
Hevrlook-povrak, 202.
hexazona (Exoccetus), 277.
hians (Belone), 248.
hiemalis (Coregonus), 183.
hillianus (Exoccetus), 284.
Hirling, 23.
Hirundo, 293.
hispanica (Hydrargyra),

326.
hispanicus (Fundulus),

326.
holbrookii (Gambusia),

334.
hoiAalonotus (Haplochi-
lus), 314.
hoodii (Salmo), 150, 152.
Hornfish, 254.
Hornhecht, 254,
Houting, 173.
Huch, 140.
Huchen, 140.
Hucho, 125.
hucho (Salmo), 12, 24.

114, 140.
hudsonicus (Sahno), 153.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

363

huniboldtii, (Orestias),

328.
liumilis (Coregonus), 190.
humilis (Gambusia), 335.
Hundsfisch, 231.
Hydrargyra, 318.
Hy}5eropisus, 222.
Hypomesus, 169.
Hyporhaniphus, 259.
Hypsifario, 120.

ibericu.s (Lebias), 302.
iberus (Cyprinodon), 302.
illanca (Salmo), 82.
immaculatus( Salm o), 1 25.
incisa (Belone), 235.
Inconnu, 164.
indica (Belona), 240.
infrafasciatus (Haplochi-

lus), 313, 357.
innominatus (Girardin-

ichthys), 309.
intermedius (Hemirliam-

phus), 260, 261.
iridea (Salar), 119.
irideus (Salmo), 119.
Isichthys, 223.
isidori (Mormyrus), 221.
isidori (Petrocephalus),

221.

japonensis (Salmo), 155,

157, 159.
japonicus (Hemirham-

phus), 259.
japonicus (Osmerua), 169.
javanicus (Haplochilus),

311.
Jenynsia, 331.
Jenynsiina, 300.
Jerfar, 225.
joannisii (Mormyrus),

220.
jubilini (Mormyrus), 214.
jussiei (Orestias), 329.
Juvangis; 194,

kannume (Mormyrus),

215.
Kashou^, 222.
katoptron (Exoccetus),

289.
kennerlyi (Salmo), 120.
Keplings, 170.
Kilch, 183.
Killifish, 318,
killinensis (Salmo), 130.
Kirchlin, 183.
Kni-bbsik, 178.
Kramaja ryba, 140.
kref tii (Belone), 250.

krefftii (Galaxias), 211.
Kropffelchen, 183.
kuhlii (Panchax), 311.
Kullmund, 136.
kundsha (Salmo), 145.

labialis (Fundulus), 319.
labiatus (Mormyrus), 218.
labradoricus (Coregonus),

176.
labrax (Salmo), 113.
lacepedei (Coregonus),

188.
Laeertus, 257.
Lachs, 11.

Lachs-Forelle, 23, 84.
lacustris (Fario), 83.
lacustris (Salar), 83.
lacustris (Salmo), 80, 83,

92, 104, 107, i36.
lacustris (Trutta), 82, 84.
hcvigatus (Salmo), 147.
lagocephalus (Oncor)iyn-

chus), 161.
lagocephalus (Salmo),161.
Lakesild, 192.
Lammasmen, 23.
lapasseti (Salmo), 76.
lap})onicus (Coregonus),

181.
lateralis (Characodon),

308.
laticeps (Hemirbam-

phus), 267.
latimanus (Belone), 249.
latior (Coregonus), 186.
latipes (Haplochilus),31 1.
latipes (Poecilia), 311.
latipinna (MoUienesia),

348.
lavaretus (Coregonus),

178, 187, 188.
lavaretus (Salmo), 173,

184, 188.
Lax, 11.
Laxoring, 22.
leioglossa (Argentina),

204.
leiuroides (Mastacem-

belus), 243.
leiurus (Belone), 250.
lemanus (Fario), 81,
lemanus (Salmo), 80, 81.
lenok (Salmo), 163.
lepechini (Salmo), 114.
leucichthys (Luciotrutta),

164.
leucichthys (Salmo), 156,

165.
leucomaenis (Salmo), 122,

145.

leucopterus (Hemirham-

phus), 259.
Leucosoma, 205,
levenensis (Salmo), 101.
lewisii (Salar), 122.
lewisii (Salmo), 122.
Lebias, 301.
Lebistes, 355.
limbatus (Hemirham-

phus), 272.
limi (Hydrargyra), 232.
limi (Umbra), 232, 357.
Limia, 339.
Limnurgus, 309.
lineata (Jenynsia), 331,
lineata (Lebias), 331.
lineatum (Panchax), 311.
lineatus (Anableps), 337.
lineatus (Esox), 226.
lineatus (Exoccetus), 287.
lineolata (Poecilia), 348.
lioglossa (Argentina),

204.
Lirio, 77.

liuroides (Belone), 243.
liurus (Belone), 250.
lloydii (Coi-egonus), 174.
Loch Leven Trout, 101,
Lodde, 170.
Lodna, 170.
Lof-sik, 189.
Lohi, 11.
longipinnis (Mormyrus),

215.
longirostris (Esox), 244.
longirostris (Hemirham-

phus), 264, 276.
longirostris (Mormyrus),

216.
lordii (Salmo), 148.
Lossos, 140.
lossos (Salmo), 140.
lovii (Belone), 236.
Lucania, 309,
lucens (Hemirhamphus),

259.
lucise (Haplochilus), 316.
lucise (Hydrargyra), 316.
lucidus (Coregonus), 198.
lucidus (Salmo), 198.
Lucio, 226.
Luciotrutta, 164.
Lucius (Esox), 226, 229.
Lucius (Coregonus), 195.
lugubrosus (Esox), 226.
lunatus (Cyprinodon),

303.
lunatus (Lebias^, 303.
luteus (Orestias), 331.
lutkei (Hemirhamphus),

270.

364

ALPnABETICAL INDEX.

Luzzo, 226.
lycaodon (Oncorhyn-

chus), 155
lycaodon (Salmo), 155.

macclellandii (Aplochei-

lus), 310.
mackenzii (Luciotrutta),

164.
mackenzii (Salrao), J64.
macrocephalu3(Synodus),

205.
macrocbirus (Hemirham-

phus), 259.
macrognster (Micromu-

gil), 301.
Macrognathus, 254.
macrolepidotus (Cobitis),

318.
macrolepidotus (Monny-

rus), 219.
macrolepis (Belone), 234,

246.
macrolepis (Mastacembe-

lus), 246.
macrophtbalraus (Mor-

myrus), 217.
macro rhynch us (Hemi-

rhampbus), 276.
macrostigma (Salar), 76.
macrostdgma (Salmo), 76.
m acularius( Cyprinodon ) ,

301.
maculata (Belone), 248.
maculata (Hvdrargyra),

326.
maculatus (Gralaxias),

210, 212.
maculatus (Mesites), 212.
maculatus(Platypa;cilus),

350.
Maifercbe 83»
Mai-Forelie, 83.
majalis (Cobitis), 322.
majalis (Pundulus), 322.
majalis(Hydrargyra),322.
majalis (Poecilia), 322.
MaUotus, 170.
marsena (Coregonus), 178.
marsena (Salmo), 178.
marsena media (Salmo),

183.
Maraene, 178.
marsenula (Coregonus),

194.
marsenula (Salmo), 187,

192
Marcusenius, 219, 223.
marginatus (Esox), 270.
marginatus (Hemirham-

phus), 259, 270.

mar moratus(Alpismaris) ,

302.
marmoratus (Salmo), 79.
marsiglii (Fario), 84.
marsilii (Sahno), 80, 84.
Martensmess-sik, 190.
Maskinonge, 228.
masoni (Salmo), 117.
masou (Salmo), 122.
mataraorensis (Limia),

348.
maxillaris (Coregonus),

189.
Mayfiscb, 322.
megalops (Coregonus),

191.
melampterus (Salmo),

147:
melanocbir (Belone),249.
melanocbir (Hemirbam-

pbus), 260.
melanogaster (Poecilia),

345.
melanopleurus (Haplo-

cbilus),'317.
melanostigma (Belone),

melanotopterus (Pan-

cbax), 311.
melanotus (Belone), 238.
Melanura, 231.
melanurus (Belone), 240.
melanurus (Exoccetus),

277.
melanurus (Hemirbam-

pbus), 263, 265.
melapleura (Pa.-cilia), 317.
melastigmus (Aplocbei-

lus), 310.
men to (Cyprinodon), 305.
mento (Exoccetus), 281.
mento (Lebias), 305.
mento (Parexocoetus),

281.
merkii (Coregonus), 195.
mertensii (Tbymalus),

200.
Mesites, 208.
mesogaster (Exocoetus),

277, 284.
Mesopus, 169.
metallicus (Grirardinus),

351.
mexicana (Poecilia), 340.
Micristius, 310.
microcephalus (Corego-
nus), 188.
microdon (Oemerus), 171.
microdon (Salanx), 206.
microlepis (Anableps),

338.

microlepis (Salmo), 85.
Micromugil, 301.
microps (Belone), 237.
mierops (Salmo), 110.
micropterus (Cypsilurus),

279.
micropterus (Exocoetus),

279.
micropus(Fundulus), 327.
micropus (Rivulus), 327.
Microstoma, 204.
microstoma (Belone), 259.
microstoma (Gasteropele-

cus), 204.
microstomus (Coregonus),

175.
microstomus (Salmo), 175.
migratorius (Salmo), 196.
mistops (Salmo), 105.
modesta (Qambusia), 341 .
Mollienesia, 347.
monocirrbus (Exocoetus),

279.
monostichus (Salmo), 126.
Montrose Trout, 26.
Mormyridse, 214.
Mormyrodes, 214.
Mormyrops, 214, 223.
Mormyrus, 214, 223.
moseas (Cyprinodon),302.
muchsun, 184.
mucupe (Mormyrus), 215.
mudfish (Fundulus), 318.
muksun, 184.
miilleri (Orestias), 330.
multidentata (Fitzroyia),

307.
multidentata (Lebias),

307.
multiliasciata (Adinia),

301.
multifasoiata (Hydrar-

gyra), 324.
multifasciatus(Fundulus),

324.
multilineata (Poecilia),

348.
Muskellunge, 228.
musquinongy (Esox), 227.

Nabbgadda, 254.
Nabb-sik, 174.
nacra, 214.
namaycusb, 123.
Nars, 166.

nasus (Coregonus), 177.
nasus (Salmo), 1 77.
nasutus (Coregouus), 177-
nasutus (Salmo), 177.
natalensis (Belone), 243.
negiectus (Exoccetus), 296.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

365

neglectus (Hemirham-

phus), 262.
nelma (Salmo), 165.
neo-hantoniensis (Core-

gonus), 186.
newberrii (Fario), 118.
nicaraguensis (Qambu-

sia), 336.
niger (Esox), 229.
niger (Mormyrus), 219.
nigrescens (Salmo), 152.
nigricans (Exoccetus),290.
nigripmnis (Exoccetus),

nigripinnis (Salmo), 96.

nigrofasciata (Hydrargy-
_ra), 325.

mgrofasciatus(Fundulu8),
325.

niloticus (Centri8cus),2 1 6.

niloticus (Gymnarchus),
225.

nilssoni (Coregonus), 187,
192.

nitidus (Salmo), 150.

nivalis (Salmo), 130.

nobilior (Esox), 228.

nobilis (Gambusia), 335.

nobilis (Heterandriai),
335.

nobilis (Salmo), 11.

nonus (Aphanius), 302.

norvegica (Coreg.), 193.

notata (Belone), 248.

novae-Angliae (Corego-
nus), 186.

noveboracensis (Exocce-
tus), 277.

nummif'er (Salmo), 147.

nuttallii (Exoccatus), 286.

obtusirostris (Exoccetus),
283.

obtusirostris (Salar), 79.

obtusirostris (Salmo), 79.

obtusus (Hemirhamphus),
254.

occidentalis (Girardinus),
354.

occidentalis (Heteran-
dria), 3.54.

occidentalis (Hyperopi-
Bus), 223.

occipitalis (Hemirham-
phus), 268.

ocla (Salmo), 104.

ohioensis (Esox), 226.

olidus (Galaxias), 209.

olidus (Hypomesus), 169.

olidus (Salmo), 169.

oligodon (Osmerus), 169.

oligolepis(ExocoetuB) ,296,

olivacea (Pcecilia), 314.

omalonota (Pcecilia), 314

Ombre, 200.

Ombre chevalier, 125.

Omul, 196.

Oncorhynchus, 155.

ontariensis (Thvmalus),
200.

opisthopus (Exoccetus),
297.

oquassi (Salmo), 154.

Orange-fin, 25.

orbignianus (Exoccetus),
285.

orcadensis (Salmo), 91.

Oregon Brook-Trout, 117.

Orestias, 328.

orientalis (Oncorhyn-
chus), 159.

orientalis (Salmo), 115,
122, 159.

Orlax, 22.

omata (Hydrargira), 318.

Orphie, 254.

orthonotus (Cyprinodon),
326.

orthonotus (Fundulus),
326.

Osmerus, 166.

Oulachan, 168.

ovinus (Cyprinodon), 306.

ovinus (Esox), 305.

ovinus (Lebias), 306.

owenii (Orestias), 330.

oxycephalus (Exoccetus),
294.

oxyrliincus (Salmo), 184.

Oxyporhampus, 260, 276.

oxyrhynchus(Coregonus),
173, 174.

oxyrhynchus (Mormy-
rus), 215.

pachycephalus (Fundu-
lus), 321.

pacificus (Salmo), 168.

pacificus (Thaleichthys),
168.

palea (Coregimus), 187.

Pal'jse, 114.

pallasii (Coregonus), 172.

pallasii (Salmo), 112.

pallasii (Thymallus), 201.

Panchax, 310.

panchax, 311.

Parexoccetus, 278.

parkii (Salmo), 121.

Parr, 12.

parvipinnis (Fundulus),
319.

parvus (Cyprinodon),307.
Pastrova, 78.
patrueli8(Qambu8ia),334.
patruelis (Heterandria),

334.
paucidens (Oncorhyn-
chus), 158.
paucidens (Salmo), 168.
Peal, 34.
Peled, 199.
pelet (Salmo), 199.
pellucida (Percopsis), 207.
pellucida (Salmoperca),

207.
pennantii (Coregonus),

188.
penshinen8is(Salmo), 117.
pentlandii (Orestias), 329.
Percopsidae, 207.
Percopsis, 207.
perisii (Salmol, 133.
perryi (Salmo), 122.
petenensis (MoUienesia),

348.
petenensis (Pcecilia), 342.
petersii (Mormyru8),218.
Petrocephalus, 214.
Phagrus, 222.
phaiosoma (Hemirljam-

phus), 272.
phaleratua (Esox), 226.
Phinok, 23.
phinok (Salmo), 23.
picarti (Hemirhamphus),

263.
pictum (Panchax), 310.
pictus (Mormyrus), 218.
pictus (Petrocephalus),

218.
Pike, 226.

pinnatibarbatus (Exo-
ccetus), 284.
pisciculus (Esox), 318.
pisculentus (Esox), 324.
pisculentus (Fundulus),

324.
Platypoecilus, 360.
platura (Belone), 237.
platyura (Belone), 237.
playfairii (Haplochilus),

314.
Plecoglossus, 165.
pleii (Hemirhamphus),

269, 357.
pleurospilus(Girardinus),

353.
plumatus (Hemirham-
phus), 259.
plumbea (Granibusia), .'544.
Pcecilia, 339.
Pceciliodes, 332.

366

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

poeciloides(Lebistes), 356.
pceciloides (Limia), 348.
poecilopterus (Exoccetus),

291.
poeyi (Hemirhamphus),

262.
pogonognathus (Herai-

rliamphus), 273.
Poisson bleu, 202.
polcur, 178.
Pollan, 194.

pollan (Coregonus), 194.
polleni (Exoccetus), 277.
polyosteus (Salmo), 111.
Potamorrhaphis, 234,256.
Powen, 188.

pretiosa (Argentina), 169.
pretiosus (Osmerus), 169.
procne (Exoccetus), 286.
proteus (Oncorhynchus),

157.
proteus (Salmo), 157.
Pseudoxiphophorus, 332.
pulchellus (■Cypselurus),

285.
pulchellus (Haplochilus),

314.
pulchellus (Zygonectes),

315.
punctata (Gkimbusia),334.
punctata (Pcecilia), 347.
punctatus (Cyprinodon),

305.
punctatus (Fundulus),

320.
punctatus (Galaxias), 212.
punctatus (Lebias), 305.
punctatus (Salmo), 60,80.
puncticulata (Gambusia),

334.
purpuratus (Salmo), 116.
pusillus (Dermogenys),

275.

quadrilateralia (Corego-
nus), 176.

quadriremis (Exoccetus),
293.

Quette-lodde, 170.

quinnat, 158.

quoyi (Hemirhamphus),
267.

Eabboxe, 192.
Back-slider, 15.
raphidoma (Belone), 249.
rappii (Salmo), 80; 82.
ravenelii (Esox), 230.
Redfish, 157.
reevesii (Leucosoma),205.
reeve.sii (Salanx), 206.

regularis (Hemirham-
phus), ^1.

reisingeri (Coregonus),

Renke, 187.

renke (Salmo), 187.

Reo, 77.

reticulata (^ Pcecilia), 339,
352.

reticulatus (Esox), 229.

reticulatus (Galaxias),
210.

re'ticulatus (Girardinus),
352.

reticulatus (Pseudoxipho-
phorus), 333.

Retropinna, 171.

retropinna (Argentina),
171.

reynaldi (Hemirham-
phus), 259.

rhomboidalis (Lebias?),
306.

Ribahal, 231.

richardi (Hemirham-
phus), 262.

richardi (Salmo), 121,

Richardsonia, 171.

richardsonii (Coregonus)
185.

richardsonii (Retropin-
na), 171, 357.

risso (Alpismaris), 302.

rivalis (Salmo), 124, 130,

riverendi (Trifarcius),
.301.

River-Trout (The com-
mon), 64.

rivularis (Salmo), 119.

Rivulus, 327.

roberti (Exoccetus), 288.

roberti (Hemirhamphus),
263.

robusta (Belone), 242.

robustus (Exoccetus), 289.

robustus (Hemirham-
phus), 270.

Rock-Trout, 209.

Rogn-lodde, 170.

rondeletii(Exoccetus),293.

rondeletii (Scombresox),
258).

rostrata(Belone),252,254.

rostratus (Exocoetus),280.

Rothel, 125.

Rothfisch, 140.

rotundatum (Microsto-
ma), 204.

rubrostigma (Panchax),
311.

rudolphianus (Corego-
nus), 197.

rufipinnis (Exoccetus),

294
rume (Mormyrus), 215.
russelli (Hemirhamphus),

268.
rutilufl (Salmo), 135.

saira (Scombresox), 259.
sajori (Hemirhamphus),

265.
salahie (Mormyrus), 218.
Salangichthys, 206.
Salangina, 205.
Salanx, 205.
Salar, 2, 10.

salar (Salmo), 1 1 , 1 24, 356.
Salbling, 126.
Salmo, 2.
Salmon, 12.
Salmones, 10.
Salmonidffi, 1.
Salmonina, 2.
Salmon-Peal, 34.
Salmon-Trout, 23.
Salmoperca, 207.
Salmulus, 12, 34.
salmulus (Salmo), 11.
Salvelin, 126.
Salvelini, 125.
salvelinus (Salmo), 126,

133.
Samlet, 12.
Sandfelchen, 178.
Sandgangfisch, 178.
sanguinolentus (Oncho-

rhynchus), 160.
sanguinolentus (Salmo),

160.
8apidissimus(Coregonu8).

186.
sardinella (Coregonus),

195,
Saumon, 11.
Saurus, 257.
saurus (Belone), 257.
saurus (Esox), 257, 258.
saurus (Scombresox),

257, 258.
Saury, 257.
Saury" Pike, 257.
saxatilis (Salmo), 64.
Sayris, 258.
Schelly, 188.
schifFermiilleri, 83.
schismatorhynchus (Be-
lone), 239.
Schnapel, 173.
schneideri (Pcecilia), 345.
Schokur, 180.
Schwabforine, 83.
Schweb-Forclle 83.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

367

sciadicus (Pundulus),

316.
sciadicus (Haplochilus),

316.
sclerolepifi(Arrhampliu8),

277.
scolopacina (Belone), 256.
scolopax (Macrognathus).

254.
scomberius (Esox), 229.
Scombresocidse, 233.
Scombresox, 256.
scouleri, 158.
scriba (Galaxias), 210,

212.
scrutator (Belone), 244.
Bcutellatum (Scombere-

sox), 257.
Sea-Trout, 23.
sebago (Salmo), 153.
See-Forelle, 23, 83.
Sefcihrin, 82.
seminolis (Fundulus),

325.
senegalerfsis (Belone),254.
senilis (Gambusia), 333.
Sennersuitsut, 170.
Sennersulik, 170.
Sewin, 34.

sexf'asciata (Poecilia), 313.
sexfasciatus (Haplo-
chilus), 313.
Shad-Salmon, 198.
Shad-Waiter, 186.
signifer (Coregonus), 202.
signifer (Salmo), 202.
signifer (Thymallus), 202.
Sik, 178.
Sikloja, 192.
sikus (Coregonus), 181.
Sik-wimma, 193.
Sil, 192.
Silberlachs, 83.
Sild-lodde, 170.
Silfver-lax, 107.
Silus, 202.

silus (Acantholepis), 203.
silus (Argentina), 202,

203.
silus (Coregonus), 202.
silus (Salmo), 202.
similis (Fundulus), 323.
similis (Hydrargyra), 323.
simus (Exocoetus), 296.
sinensis (Hemirhara-

phus), 265.
siscowet (Salmo), 124.
Skadd, 192.
Skipper, 257.
Slom, 166.
Sraasik, 192.

Smelt, 166.

Smelte, 166.

Smolt, 14.

socialis (Salmo), 170.

solandri (Exocoetus), 285.

sonoriensis (Q-irardinus),

355.
sophiiE (Cyprinodon),304.
sophia3 (Lebias), 304.
Sparling, 166.
speciosa (Gambusia), 333.
spectabilis (Salar), 114.
spectabilis fSalmo), 85,

114, 148.'
speculiger (Exocoetus),

287, 289.
sphenops (Poecilia), 343.
sphyraana (Argentina),

203, 357.
spilargyfeia (Poecilia),

313.
spilauchen (Haplochilus),

312.
spilauchena (Poecilia),

312.
spilonotopterus (Exocoe-
tus), 293.
spilopterus (Exocoetus),

292.
spilopus (Exocoetus), 290.
spilotus (Fundulus), 319.
spilurus (Exocoetus), 285.
spilurus (Poecilia), 345.
Spirinchus, 166.
spirinchus (Osmerus),

167.
spirinchus (Salmo), 167.
Spirling, 166.
splendens (Exocoetus),

282.
spurius (Salmo), 23, 112.
stagnalis (Salmo), 124,

149.
stellatus (Fario), 117.
st«llatus (Salmo), 117.
stevensi (Thaleichthys),

168.
Stint, 166, 192.
St. John's beck, 15.
storaachicus (Salmo), 95.
storeri (Scomberesox),

257.
Streshnewoi Linn, 140.
striga (Hemirhamphus),

273.
Strom'sild, 203.
strongylurus (BeloneV

246.
strongylurus (Masta<^m-

belus), 246.
Subatka, 162.

subtruncata (Belono),

245.
sumatranus (Dermoge-

nys), 275.
sumatranus (Hemihram-

phus), 275.
surinamensis (Anableps),

337.
surinamensis (Rohnesia),

339.
surinamensis (Poecilia),

345.
swampina (Hydrargira),

323.
swampinus (Fundulus),

323.
symmetrica (Salmo), 124.
syrok (Coregonus), 196.

tajniata (Belone), 256.
taimen (Salmo), 141 .
Tajmen, 22.
tamandua (Mormvrus),

217.
tapdisma (Salmo), 147.
TeUia, 308.
Temelo, 200.
Temola, 200.
tenellus (Fundulus), 314.
tenellus(Zygonecte8), 315.
tenuirostris (Belone), 250.
tetrophthalmus (Ana-
bleps), 337.
Thaleichthys, 168.
thaleichthys (Osmerus,)

168.
thej-malis (Poecilia), 341.
thymalloides (Coregonus),

202.
thymalloides (Salmo),

202.
Thymallus, 200.
thymallus (Coregonus),

200.
thymaUus (Salmo), 200,

201.
thymallus latus (Salmo),

173.
Thymus, 200.
Tickiticky, 317.
timidus (Micromugil),

301.
Timucu, 244.
timucu (Belone), 244.
Torgoch, 133.
tracliura (Belone), 235.
tredecim-radiatus (Esox),

229.
tricolor (Thymallus), 201 .
tricuspidatus (Hyporham-

plius), 262.

368

ALPnABEIICAL INDEX,

tridentifer (Hemirham-

phus), 272.
Trifaxcius 301.
trifasciata (Betta), 310.
trifasciata (Hydrargyra),

322.
Trigle, 227.
Tripteronotus, 173.
Trotta, 79.
Trout, 64.
Trout, Hog-backed, of,

Plinlimraon, 97.
Trucha, 77.

truncata (Belone), 244.
truncatus (Salmo), 122.
trutta (Fario), 82.
trutta (Salmo), 22, 60, 81,

82, 83, 112, 357.
truttaceus (Galaxias),

209, 210.
Truttae, 10.
truttula (Salmo), 23.
Tschir, 177.

tschudi (Orestias), 330.
tsuppitch (Fario), 119.
tsuppitch (Salmo), 118.
tuckeyi (Morinyrus), 224.
tugun, 197.
tuUibee, 199.
Twb-y-dail, 47.
Tylosurus, 242.
typus (Apocheilichthys),

312.

Umbla, 126,

umbla (Salmo), 125, 120,

127, 131, 133, 136.
Umbra, 231.

umbra (Cyprinodon), 231 .
Umbrida?, 231.
umbrosus (Esox), 226.
imdecimradiata (Belone),

234.
unicolor (Exocoetus), 277,

296.
vmifasciatus (Hemirhara-

phus), 262.
unimaculata(Poecilia),346.
uninotatus (Girardinu.s),

361.

urophthalmus (Rivulus),

327.
urvillii (Belone), 247.

vandesius (Coregonus),

194.
Vangis, 194.
variegatus (Cyprinodon),

305.
variegatus (Limnurgus),

309.
Var-lax, 1 10.
Vaa-sil, 202.
velifer (Lebias), 303.
Vendace, 194.
Tenernensis (Salmo), 100.
ventricosus (Salino), 136.
venusta (Limia\ 310.
venusta (Lucania), 310,

348.
venusta (Poecilia), 348.
vermiculatus (Esox), 226.
vermiculatus (Exocoetus),

293.
vernalis (Hydrargyra),

323.
versicolor (Girardinus),

352.
Vetterns Silfver-lax, 107.
vfexiUifer (Thyraallus),

200.
villosa (Clupea), 170.
villosus (Mallotus), 170.
villosus (Salmo), 170.
viniba (Coregonus), 193.
virescens (Fundulich-

thys), 318.
virescens (Fundulus),

318.
virginalis (Salar), 123.
virgmalis (Salmo), 123-
viridescens (Fundulus),

319.
viridescens (Osmerus),

167.
vittata (Limia), 339.
vittata (Poecilia), 339.
vittatu8(Hemirhamphus),

269.
vivipara (Poecilia), 345.

viviparus (Hemirham-

phus), 259.
volans (Exocoetus), 282.
volitana (Exocoetus), 282,

293.
vulgaris (Belone), 254.
vulaaris (Eperlanus), 167.
vulgaris (Thymallus),

203, 357.

warreni (Salmo), 120.
wartmanni (Coregonus),

187.
wartmanni (Salmo), 187.
Weiss-felchen, 178.
Weissfisch, 178.
Wemme, 192.<
Wenerns-lax, 110.
White, 23.
Wliitebait, 205.
Wliitefish, 184.
Wliiting, 186.
Whitting, 25,
widegreni (Coregonus),

182.
vrilliamsoni (Coregonus),

187.
willughbii (Coregonus),

194.
willughbii (Salmo), 131.
wimba (Coregonus), 193.
wimba (Salmo), 196.

xanthopterus (Hemiram-

phus), 259.
Xiphophorus, 347

yarrellii (Argentina),
203.

zambaiienje, 224.
zebra (Fundulus), 319,

324.
zebra (Hydrargyra), 324.
zenarchopterus, 260, 273.
zonatus (Esox), 316.
zonatus (Fundulus), 316.
zonatus (Haplochilus),

316.
Zygonectes, 310.

END OF THE SIXTH VOLITME.

PRINTED BY TAYLOK AND FRANCIS,
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