man
:.
A WOOD ROAD
A CATALOGUE
;HE
FI rs and Ferns
v, Massachusetts
BY
JOSEPH JACKSON
ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY J. C. LYFORD
AND FROM DRAWINGS By HELEN D. BURGESS
THIRD EDITION. REVISED AND ENLARGED
" Benedict, univenu germinantia m twrra, Domino."
" O ail ye Green Thlngi upon the earth , UeM ye (ht
Lords praise him and magnify him lorerer."
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY WORCESTER 1909
QK
&
A CATALOGUE J|7
OF THE ^0°!
Flowering Plants and Ferns
OF
Worcester County, Massachusetts
BY JOSEPH JACKSON
ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY J. C. LYFORD
AND FROM DRAWINGS BY HELEN D. BURGESS
THIRD EDITION. REVISED AND ENLARGED
" Benedicite, universa germinantia in terra, Domino."
" O all ye Green Things upon the earth, bless ye the Lord: praise him and magnify him forever,"
WORCESTER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
WORCESTER
1909
Stanbopc ipros
The publication of this volume was authorized at a meet- ing of the Board of Directors of the Worcester Natural History Society, April 20, 1909.
FRANKLIN P. RICE HENRY BILLINGS HERBERT D. BRAMAN JOSEPH JACKSON
Publication Committee
PREFACE.
IN 1883 I prepared for publication the first Catalogue of the Plants of Worcester County, Massachusetts, containing eight hundred and twelve species and well-marked varieties.
In 1894 the second edition, enlarged to ten hundred and ninety-eight species, was issued. In the meantime, by the kind and generous help of many friends, all of whom will understand, I hope, that whether their names appear in these pages or not, my sense of obligation to them is here fully acknowledged and gratefully remembered, more than a hun- dred additions have been made.
The airangement and the nomenclature are those of Gray's New Manual of Botany, Seventh Edition, 1908, the book most likely to be used by all persons interested in the study of the local flora here given.
In the hope that they may add some interest to certain plants in the catalogue, I have inserted references to a few plants, made by writers of recognized standing in American and English literature. I have not included writers like Thoreau in this country and Jefferies in England, whose writings abound in such references, on the ground that their works are more or less well known to all persons interested in wild flowers found in their respective countries.
J.J-
Flora of Worcester County.
DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA.
(Ferns and Fern Allies?)
POLYPODIACE^E (FERN FAMILY).
Polypodium (Tourn.) L. Polypody.
vulgare L. On rocks, common.
Phegopteris (Presl.) Fee. Beech Fern.
polypodioides Fe"e. In moist woods, common,
hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fde.
In dry woods and on hillsides, common. Dryopteris (L.) Fe"e. Oak Fern.
In moist woods and thickets, common. Adiantum (Tourn.) L. Maidenhair. pedatum L. In woods and along walls and fences, common. A
much-sought species. Pteris L. Brake or Bracken, aquilina L.
In dry and in moist sunny places, very common.
"There are few stiller things than the stillness of a summer's noon such as this, a summer's noon in a broken woodland, with the deer asleep in the bracken, and the twitter of birds silent in the coppice, and hardly a leaf astir in the huge beeches that fling their cool shade over the grass." Green's "Short Studies from England and Italy," the first essay.
2 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Pellaea Link. Cliff Brake, atropurpurea (L.) Link. Berlin. Prof. G. E. Stone. See Rhodora, vol. ii, p. 14.
Woodwardia Sm. Chain Fern. virginica (L.) Sm. Webster; R. F. Harper: Gardner; R. F. Cheney.
Asplenium L. Spleenwort.
Trichomanes L. On rocky hillsides, not common.
Millbury; Brookfield. platyneuron (L.) Oakes.
On rocky hillsides, and along stone walls and fences,
more common than the last, acrostichoides Sw.
In rich moist woods, along the margins of swamps
and on moist roadsides, common. Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. Lady Fern.
Common along moist roadsides and the edges of wood- lands.
Camptosorus Link. Walking Leaf, rhizophyllus (L.) Link.
Brookfield. See statement by Prof. G. E. Stone in Rhodora, vol. ii, p. 14.
Polystichum Roth.
acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. acrostichoides, var. incisum Gray.
The variety is not so common as the species, which abounds in the woods and is very attractive in late autumn with its evergreen fronds.
PTERIDOPHYTA. 3
Aspidium Sw. Shield Fern. Wood Fern.
Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Common in moist woods.
simulatum Davenport. Massachusetts Fern.
• Worcester, Holden.
noveboracense (L.) Sw. New York Fern.
Common in rich woods, marginale (L.) Sw.
Very common in woods and shaded places.
To see, under a compound microscope, the ripe sporanges spring backward and scatter the spores is a sight granted to comparatively few persons, but to those elect few it is "a joy forever."
Goldianum Hook. Goldie's Fern.
Spencer. Miss A. E. Tucker. Boottii Tuckerm. Boott's Shield Fern.
Hardwick. Miss Grace E. Baker, cristatum (L.) Sw. Crested Shield Fern. Along brooks through woodlands, and on the margins
of swamps. cristatum, var. Clintonianum. D. C. Eaton.
In similar situations with the preceding. spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw.
In rich woods, common, spinulosum, var. intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton.
In woods, common.
Cystopteris Bernh. Bladder Fern, fragilis (L.) Bernh.
I have found it sparingly in Worcester and in Brookfield. In the latter town it was growing on a rocky, wooded hillside with the small Aspleniums and Clematis verticillaris, a combination worth traveling miles to see.
4 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Woodsia R. Br.
ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia.
Spencer. Miss A. E. Tucker, obtusa (Spreng.) Torr.
Rare. Miss Wheelock. Dicksonia L'Her.
punctilobula (Michx.) Gray. Hay-scented Fern. Common, especially along the margins of woods and
along stone walls, in pastures, and by roadsides. Onoclea L.
sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern.
Very common in low lands. sensibilis, var. obtusilobata.
Princeton. Profs. W. W. Bailey and J. F. Collins. Struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. Ostrich Fern.
Worcester; Leicester. In rich, moist soil.
SCHI&EACELE (CURLY GRASS FAMILY).
Lygodium Sw. Climbing Fern, palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Uxbridge; Oxford. Rare.
OSMUNDACE^E (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY).
Osmunda (Tourn.) L. Flowering Fern, regalis L. Royal Fern.
Common in swamps and in moist lands by roadsides. Claytoniana L. Clayton's Fern.
Very common, with the preceding, cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern.
Very common in low grounds.
These three species are often found growing together, and are probably our most conspicuous ferns. They have a wide range
PTERIDOPHYTA. 5
throughout the world. The first (regalis) is found from Sweden to Siberia, in Japan, the Azores, the Barbary States, on the Himalayas and the Neilgheeries, at Bombay, Hong-kong, in Cochin China, the Mascarene Islands, Zambesi-land, Angola, Natal, Cape Colony, Canada as far as the Saskatchewan country, south to Rio Janeiro. The second is found in Newfoundland, the Dominion of Canada, throughout the United States, and on the Himalayas to an altitude of ten thousand feet. The third is found from Newfoundland and Canada to Mexico, in the West Indies, Guatemala, New Granada and the Organ Mountains of Brazil; also in Japan, Manchuria, and the Amoor country.
There are three other species of this genus, found on the eastern side of Asia.
The following quotation is from William Black's novel Briseis, chapter IV.
"Briseis, I want to tell you something. . . . When I was quite a lad, I discovered among the slopes above Gourock a little dell in which the Osmunda regalis was growing in great luxuriance. The Osmunda is rare on that coast — and — and — I was proud of my discovery — and kept the secret to myself; and many a time I used to go and sit in the little hollow, under the birch trees, and listen to the trickling of the burn. And then — well, you see, I was foolish and romantic — and my only love in those days was the hillside — I took it into my head that I would spend a night in that dell with the Osmundas as my only companions. It was not a cold night either; but I found the ground very hard and damp before I could get to sleep. I remember the stars through the birch trees overhead. Well, the weather must have changed during the night; for when I woke, just about daybreak, there was a fine, thin rain falling, and I was wet through to the skin, and shivering with cold. And I was miles and miles away from home. You may guess what followed — rheumatic fever — and all its worst consequences; so that from that hour my life was broken." [Read chapters I and IV for the pathetic story of Sir John Elliott.]
The following quotation is from chapter XVIII of Smiles' Robert Dick, a very interesting biography of an interesting naturalist.
6 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
"Dick also continued his search for ferns. He often wandered along the foot of Dunnet Head, when the tide was out, and climbed up the rocks into some shady nook where the ferns grew. They did not grow on the eastern side of the cliffs, but on the west, where the Gulf Stream washes along the headland. Sometimes he descended the western cliffs, where a fall of the red sandstone had taken place, and there he found the ferns of which he had come in search. It was a glorious day for him when he found the Royal Fern — Osmunda regalis — growing there in its native beauty. ' I can yet recollect,' he says, 'how happy I was when I found the first Osmunda. I was wearied, and sore, and sick, and nearly tired of this world and all that's in it, when I caught sight of that glorious Fern, large, radiant, and flourishing, among the reft sandstone cliffs of Dunnet Head. What a beauty! Almost approaching to the size of a tree fern!'"
In Worcester County it is rarely found more than five feet in height; oftener two or three feet.
OPHIOGLOSSACE.E (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY).
Ophioglossum (Tourn.) L. Adder's Tongue, vulgatum L.
Worcester; Spencer, Miss A. E. Tucker. Botrychium Sw. Moonwort.
lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angustisegmen-
tum Pease and Moore. Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. ramosum (Roth) Aschers.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
obliquum Muhl. Pastures mostly.
obliquum, var. dissectum. Often with the species.
ternatum (Thun.) Sw, var. intermedium D. C. Eaton.
In pastures and open woods, virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern.
Common, in rich woods.
PTERIDOPHYTA. 7
EQUISETACE^ (HORSETAIL FAMILY).
Equisetum (Tourn.) L. Horsetail, arvense L. Common Horsetail.
In sandy soil, as railroad embankments, common, pratense Ehrh.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. sylvaticum L. Wood Horsetail.
Damp, shady places, common, fluviatile L. Pipes.
In swamps and shallow water, hyemale L. Scouring Rush.
Prof. G. E. Stone. In wet places,
scirpoides Michx. Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
LYCOPODIACE.E (CLUB MOSS FAMILY).
Lycopodium (Rupp) L. Club Moss. Selago L.
Mt. Watatic, Ashburnham.
lucidulum Michx. In wet woods, common,
inundatum L. On sandy shores,
annotinum L.
In open woods, apparently not well known in the county.
Leicester. Mr. George Coult. clavatum L. Common Club Moss.
Very common, especially in old, hillside pastures.
"As I spoke, beneath my feet The ground pine curled its pretty wreaths Running over the club-moss burrs."
R. W. EMERSON: Each and All.
8 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
obscurum L.
Worcester. Mrs. Ella L. Horr. obscurum L., var. dendroideum Michx.
In moist woods, common complanatum L., var. flabbelliforme Fernald. Ground
Pine. Mrs. Ella L. Horr. Common,
tristachyum Pursh.
Leicester. Mr. George Coult.
SELAGINELLACE^E.
Selaginella Bcauv.
rupestris (L.) Spring.
Worcester. Mr. G. T. Rignel. apus (L.) Spring. Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
ISOETACE^: (QUILL WORT FAMILY).
Isoetes L. Quillwort.
echinospora Dur., var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. Prof. G. E. Stone.
DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA.
(Seed-Plants, Phanerogamia, or Flowering Plants.)
TAXACE& (YEW FAMILY).
Taxus (Tourn.) L. Yew.
canadensis Michx. Ground Hemlock. Worcester. Mr. George Coult. In dry woods.
PINACE^ (PINE FAMILY).
Pinus [Tourn.] L. Pine. Strobus L. White Pine.
"'Come to me,' Quoth the pine-tree, 'I am the giver of honor. He is great who can live by me.
Who leaves the pine-tree, leaves his friend, Unnerves his strength, invites his end.' "
R. W. EMERSON: Woodnotes, II.
rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Common,
resinosa Ait. Red Pine. Templeton. Mr. V. P. Parkhurst.
Larix [Tourn.] Mill. Larch.
laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Hackmatack.
Common in the northern part of the county. 9
10 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Picea Link. Spruce.
rubra (Du Roi) Dietr. Red Spruce. Uplands.
Miss A. H. Tucker.
mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black Spruce. Not rare.
Abies [Tourn.] Hill. Fir.
balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir.
In the northern part of the county. Tsuga (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock.
canadensis (L.) Carr. A common tree.
Chamsecyparis Spach. White Cedar, thyoides (L.) BSP. White Cedar.
In swamps, not rare. Thuja L. Arbor Vitae.
occidentalis L. Arbor Vitae.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Juniperus [Tourn.] L. Juniper.
communis L. Common Juniper.
In pastures and on dry hills. communis, var. montana Ait. Low Juniper. On Rattlesnake Hill, Worcester. Mr. Burton E.
Gates, horizontalis Moench.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. virginiana L. Red Cedar.
In similar situations with the first.
TYPHACE^E (CAT-TAIL FAMILY).
Typha [Tourn.] L. Cat-tail Flag. latifolia L. Common Cat-tail.
In swamps and shallow waters, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 1 1
SPARGANIACE^ (BUR-REED FAMILY).
Sparganium [Tourn.] L. Bur-reed, eurycarpum Engelm.
Along streams and on the margins of ponds, common, americanum Nutt, var. androcladum (Engelm.) F. and E.
Prof. G. E. Stone. angustifolium Michx.
Prof. G. E. Stone. simplex Huds.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. minimum Fries.
Lake Quinsigamond. Prof. G. E. Stone.
NAJADACE^E (PONDWEED FAMILY). Potamogeton [Tourn.] L. Pondweed.
This genus was revised for me by the Rev. Thomas Morong, in his day an authority in New England on this genus. The species found since his revision are credited to the finders.
natans L. Common in ponds and quiet streams.
Oakesianus Robbins. Uxbridge.
epihydrus Raf. Common in ponds and quiet streams. americanus C. and S.
Worcester. Miss E. M. Sargent. pulcher Tuckerman.
Lake Quinsigamond. Prof. G. E. Stone, amplifolius Tuckerman.
Lake Quinsigamond. heterophyllus Schreb.
Lake Quinsigamond.
12 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
heterophyllus, var. myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong.
Lake Quinsigamond. perfoliatus L.
Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper, obtusifolius Mertens and Koch.
Beaver Brook, Worcester.
pusillus L. Common,
pusillus, var. polyphyllus Morong.
Lake Quinsigamond. (
pusillus, var. tenuissimus Mertens and Koch.
Lake Quinsigamond. Vaseyi Robbins.
Lake Quinsigamond.
. gemmiparus Robbins. Common.
foliosus Raf.
Lake Quinsigamond. confervoides Reichenb.
Shockalog Pond, Uxbridge.
hybridus Michx. Common.
dimorphus Raf. Common.
Robbinsii Oakes.
Lake Quinsigamond. Najas L. Naiad.
flexilis (Willd.) R. and S.
Lake Quinsigamond. T. Morong. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus.
Lake Quinsigamond. T. Morong.
JUNCAGINACE.E (ARROW GRASS FAMILY). Scheuchzeria L. palustris L. Lake Quinsigamond. Prof. G. E. Stone.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 1 3
ALISMACE.E (WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY).
Sagittaria L. Arrow-head.
latifolia Willd. Common in shallow water.
Engelmanniana J. G. Sm.
Prof. G. E. Stone. graminea Michx.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
Alisma L. Water Plantain.
Plantago-aquatica L. Common in shallow water.
HYDRO CHARITACE.E (FROG'S BIT FAMILY).
Elodea Michx. Water-weed.
canadensis Michx. Ponds, common.
Vallisneria [Mich.] L. Tape Grass. Eel Grass, spiralis L.
Lake Quinsigamond.
GRAMINEA (GRASS FAMILY).
Andropogon [Royen] L. Beard Grass.
scoparius Michx. Common in dry, sandy fields,
virginicus L.
Princeton. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, furcatus Muhl. ' In dry, open grounds.
Sorghastrum Nash.
nutans (L.) Nash. Wood Grass.
In dry fields, not rare.
14 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Digitaria Scop. Finger Grass, filiformis (L.) Koeler.
Oxford, Mr. C. H. Knowlton; Brookfield, Mr. R. M.
Harper, sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crab Grass.
Common, especially in lawns.
Paspalum L.
setaceum Michx. « Common in dry fields.
Iseve Michx. In moist fields.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
Panicum L. Panic Grass.
capillare L. Old-witch Grass.
Very common in waste places. philadelphicum Bernh.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. dichotomiflorum Michx.
Brookfield. Dudley, Mr. C. H. Knowlton. virgatum L. Switch Grass.
In sandy swamp, Webster, Mr. C. H. Knowlton. agrostoides Spreng.
Sandy or gravelly margins of ponds, depauperatum Muhl. On dry hills, not rare.
dichotomum L. Common in woodlands.
xanthophysum Gray.
Princeton. clandestinum L.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
Boscii Poir. In open woodlands,
latifolium L. In rocky woods,
miliaceum L. European Millet.
East Worcester. Not common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 1 5
Echinochloa Beauv.
Crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass.
Very common in waste places. Setaria Beauv. Bristly Foxtail Grass, glauca (L.) Beauv. Foxtail Grass.
Common in waste places. viridis (L.) Beauv. Bottle Grass.
Common in waste places, italica (L.) Beauv. Hungarian Grass.
Occasionally spontaneous. Cenchrus L. Bur Grass.
tribuloides L. Sandy soil, not common.
Zizania (Gronov.) L. Water Rice, palustris L. Indian Rice. Lake Quinsigamond. Prof. G. E. Stone. An. Rep. Wor. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1900.
Leersia Sw. Cut-grass.
virginica Willd. White Grass.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut-grass.
Common in wet lands. Phalaris L. Canary Grass.
canariensis L. Canary Grass.
In waste places, occasional, arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass.
In swampy places, common. Anthoxanthum L. Sweet Vernal Grass.
odoratum L. Common in meadows and pastures.
"I have just made out my first grass, hurrah! hurrah! I must confess that fortune favors the bold, for, as good luck would have it, it was the easy Anthoxanthum odoratum: nevertheless it is a great
1 6 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
discovery; I never expected to make out a grass in all my life, so hurrah! It has done my stomach surprising good." — Letter of Charles Darwin to Sir J. D. Hooker, June 5, 1855. See "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," edited by Francis Darwin, vol. i, p. 418.
Milium (Tourn.) L. Millet Grass. effusum L. «
Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper. Oryzopsis Michx. Mountain Rice, pungens (Torr.) Hitchc.
West Boylston. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, asperifolia Michx.
Mount Wachusett. racemosa (Sm.) Ricker.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. Stipa L. Feather Grass. canadensis Poir.
Mount Wachusett. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton. Aristida L. Triple-awned Grass.
dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass.
Dudley. Mr. R. M. Harper. gracilis EU.
Sturbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper. Muhlenbergia Schreb.
tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. In rocky woods, common,
sylvatica Torr. In copses, common.
mexicana (L.) Trin.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. racemosa (Michx.) BSP.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. Schreberi J. F. Gmel. Dry hills, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. * I/
Brachyelytrum Beauv.
erectiim (Schreb.) Beauv. Copses, not common.
Phleum L.
pratense L. Timothy. Herd's Grass.
Meadows and roadsides, common. Alopecurus L. Foxtail Grass.
pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Common in meadows, geniculatus L. Floating Foxtail.
In very wet meadows. Sporobolus R. Br. Drop-seed.
vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood. In dry fields,
uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. and Merr.
Mr. R. M. Harper. Agrostis L. Bent Grass.
alba L. White Bent Grass. Very common,
hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Hair Grass. In dry fields, perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin Grass.
In damp places, common. Calamagrostis Adans.
canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass.
In meadows and swampy places.
cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton. In moist places, common. Cinna L. Wood Reed Grass.
arundinacea L. Borders of woods, not rare,
latifolia (Torr.) Griseb.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. Holcus L.
lanatus L. Velvet Grass. In moist meadows.
Deschampsia Beauv.
flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common Hair Grass. Mount Wachusett.
1 8 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Arrhenatherum Beauv. Oat Grass.
elatius (L.) Beauv. Tall Oat Grass.
In meadows, not common. Danthonia DC. Wild Oat Grass.
spicata (L.) Beauv. In pastures, common,
compressa Aust.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Spartina Schreb. Marsh Grass.
Michauxiana (Hitchc.) Slough Grass.
Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper. Eleusine Gaertn. Goose Grass. Indica Gaertn.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. Adventitious. Phragmites Trin. Reed. communis Trin.
Westborough. Mr. A. N. Randlett. Eragrostis Beauv.
pilosa (L.) Beauv. Not common.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
megastachya (Koeler) Link. In waste places.
refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. In pastures and dry soil.
Melica L. Melic Grass.
striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Not common.
Prof. G. E. Stone. Briza L. Quaking Grass. media L. Millbury. Not common.
In Britten and Holland's "Dictionary of English Plant-Names " the following list of fifty-four common names of this grass is given: amouret, bird's-eye, cow-quake, dadder-grass, danglethorn, dawther,
SPERMATOPHYTA. 19
didder-grass, diddery-docks, dithering-grass, dodder, dodder-grass, doddering-dickies, doddering dillies, doddering grass, doddering jockies, dodderin-nancy, doddle-grass, dothering dicks, dothering- toms, earth-quakes, whacker gerse, fairy grass, pearl grass, quaker grass, rattle grass, shaking grass, shiver grass, shivering grass, swaggering grass, totter grass, tottering grass, trembling grass, waggering grass, hay shakers, jockey grass, lady's hair, maiden-hair, mountain flax, quack-ducks, quakers, shake ladies, shakers, shiver- Ing jimmy, sillar shakle, silver ginglers, silver shakers, suisilk, tassels, trembling jockies, thremlin-jockies, wag wanton, wag- wants, wiggle-waggles, wig-wag-wanton, wiggle-waggle-wantons.
Dactylis L. Orchard Grass.
glomerata L. Common in meadows.
Poa L. Spear Grass. Meadow Grass. annua L. Low Spear Grass.
In cultivated and in waste places, common.
The following interesting reference to this grass is given in Hooker's "Himalayan Journals," Chapter IX, the account of his exploration of the Wallanchon Pass at an elevation of 12,000 feet:
"Along the narrow path I found the two commonest of all British weeds, a grass (Poa annua) and the shepherd's purse! They had evidently been imported by men and yaks, and as they do not occur in India, I could not but regard these little wanderers from the north with the deepest interest.
" Such incidents as these give rise to trains of reflection in the mind of the naturalist-traveler; and the farther he may be from home and friends, the more wild and desolate the country he is exploring, the greater the difficulties and dangers under which he encounters these subjects of his earliest studies in science; so much keener is the delight with which he recognizes them, and the more lasting is the ' impression which they leave. At this moment these common weeds more vividly recall to me that wild scene than does my journal, and remind me how I went on my way, taxing my memory for all it ever
20 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
knew of the geographical distribution of the shepherd's purse and musing on the probability of the plant having found its way thither over all Central Asia, and the ages that may have been occupied in its march."
compressa L. Canada Blue Grass.
Dudley. Mr. R. M. Harper.
triflora Gilib. Fowl Meadow Grass. Common,
pratensis L. June Grass. Kentucky Blue Grass.
Common.
"Over the stretches of woodland pasture, over the meadows and the lawns, by the edges of turnpike and lane, in the fence corners — wherever its seed has been allowed to flourish — it spreads a verdure so soft in fold and fine in texture, so entrancing by its freshness and fertility, that it looks like a deep-lying, thick -matted emerald moss." • — See James Lane Allen's charming account of "The Blue-Grass Region of Kentucky."
Glyceria R. Br. Manna Grass. Torreyana (Spreng.) Hitchc.
In the southeastern part of the county. obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. In wet places,
canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake Grass.
In wet places, common, laxa Scribn.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. nervata (Willd.) Trin. Fowl Meadow Grass.
In wet places, common. pallida (Torr.) Trin. Mr. R. M. Harper.
In the southeastern part of the county, septentrionalis Hitchc. In shallow water.
acutiflora Torr. In wet places and in shallow water.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 21
Festuca L. Fescue Grass, ovina L. Sheep's Fescue.
Prof. G. E. Stone. In fields and waste places.
elatior L. Meadow Fescue.
In rich grasslands, common, nutans Spreng. Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
Bromus L. Brome Grass, secalinus L. Cheat.
In waste grounds, not common.
racemosus L. In waste grounds,
tectorum L.
In waste grounds in the southern part of the
county, ciliatus L. Along river-banks.
Lolium L. Darnel.
perenne L. Common Darnel.
In fields and on roadsides.
Agropyron Gaertn.
repens (L.) Beauv. Couch Grass. Quitch Grass.
Very common in waste places.
Hordeum (Tourn.) L. Barley.
jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Worcester. Miss E. J. Seaver.
Elymus L. Wild Rye.
virginicus L. In moist soil.
canadensis L. In sandy soil.
Hystrix Moench. Bottle-brush Grass.
patula Moench. In rocky woods.
22
FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
CYPERACE.E (SEDGE FAMILY).
Oyperus (Tourn.) L. Galingale.
diandrus Torr. In low grounds,
axistatus Rottb.
Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper.
dentatus Torr. On the margins of ponds.
strigosus L. In swampy places,
filiculmis Vahl. In dry soil.
Dulichium Pers.
arundinaceum (L.) Britton. In swamps.
Eleocharis R. Br. Spike Rush. Robbinsii Oakes. Mr. R. M. Harper.
In the southeastern part of the county. ovata (Roth) R. and S. In wet places,
palustris (L.) R. and S. In ponds and swamps.
palustris, var. glaucescens (Willd.) Gray.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper. In moist meadows. acicularis (L.) R. and S.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Along the margins of ponds.
intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. In marshes.
Stenophyllus Raf.
capillaris (L.) Britton. Fimbristylis Vahl.
autumnalis (L.) R. and S. Scirpus (Tourn.) L. Bulrush, planifolius Muhl.
Sturbridge ; West Brookfield. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald.
In the eastern part of the county, rare.
In dry soil. In low grounds.
Mr. R. M. Harper.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 23
subterminalis Torr. In slow streams and in ponds.
debilis Pursh.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, americanus Pers.
Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper. Torreyi Olney.
Lake Quinsigamond. Prof. G. E. Stone. validus Vahl. Great Bulrush. In ponds and streams. rubrotinctus Fernald.
Hardwick. Mr. R. M. Harper, sylvaticus L. In brooks.
Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
atrovirens Muhl. In wet places, common,
polyphyllus Vahl.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool Grass.
In swamps, common, cyperinus (L.) Kunth. var. condensatus Fernald.
Douglas. Mr. R. M. Harper, atrocinctus Fernald.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper. Eriophorum L. Cotton Grass. caUitrix Cham. Hare's Tail.
Worcester. Mr. George Coult. opacum (Bjornstr.) Fernald.
South Ashburnham.
gracile Roth. In bogs, not rare,
tenellum Nutt.
Sturbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald.
In low meadows and swamps. virginicum L. In low meadows and swamps, common.
24 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Hemicarpha Nees and Arn. micrantha (Vahl) Pax. Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper.
Bhynchospora Vahl. Beak Rush.
alba (L.) Vahl. In the southeastern part of the county.
Mr. R. M. Harper, glomerata (L.) Vahl. Low moist grounds, not rare.
Cladium P. Br. Twig Rush, mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Mr. R. M. Harper.
In the southeastern part of the county.
Carex (Ruppius) L. Sedge.
scop aria Schkuhr. In low grounds usually, common, tribuloides.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, cristata Schwein.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, albolutescens Schwein.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, mirabilis Dewey.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. straminea Willd. In dry fields, common.
Bicknellii Britton.
See Rhodora, 1902, p. 328.
alata Torr. In marshes and wet woods.
fomea Willd.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, stellulata Good.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. Btellulata, var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald.
With the preceding, rare.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 25
canescens L. In swamps, common,
bromoides Schkuhr. In swampy woods.
Deweyana Schwein.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
trisperma Dewey. In swamps,
tenella Schkuhr.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
rosea Schkuhr. In rich woods, common,
rosea, var. radiata Dewey.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. muricata L.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
Muhlenbergii Schkuhr. In open sterile soil,
cephalophora Muhl. In dry fields, not rare,
sparganioides Muhl. In meadows,
cephaloidea Dewey. In rich woods and thickets,
vulpinoidea Michx. In low meadows,
diandra Schrank.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
stipata Muhl. Roadsides and swales, common,
crinita Lam. In swamps, common,
torta Boott.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
stricta Lam. In bogs, common,
stricta, var. angustata (Boott) Bailey.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
leptalea Wahlenb. In swamps,
polygama Schkuhr.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, triceps Michx., var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey.
In woods and meadows, common, virescens, Muhl.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
26 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
gracillima Schwein. In woods, common.
Willdenowii Schkuhr.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
umbellata Schkuhr. In low meadows, not rare,
communis Bailey. In dry woods.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
varia Muhl. In dry woods.
pennsylvanica Lam. In dry soil, .common.
pubescens Muhl. In copses and moist meadows.
Prof. G. E. Stone, tetanica Schkuhr.
In wet meadows and in bogs, common. pallescens L. In glades and meadows, common,
prasina Wahlenb. In meadows and bogs, not common, pedunculata Muhl.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, plantaginea Lam.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. platyphylla Carey. With the preceding,
laxiculmis Schwein.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, digitalis Willd. In dry woods.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
laxiflora Lam. In woods and meadows, common,
laxiflora, var. latifolia Boott.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
conoidea Schkuhr. In meadows,
grisea Wahlenb. In moist meadows,
flava L.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, longirostris Torr.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 27
arctata Boott. In woods and copses,
arctata, var. Rudgei Bailey. In moist places,
scabrata Schwein.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, filiformis L.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
lanuginosa Michx. With the preceding,
vestita Willd. In sandy meadows, common,
trichocarpa Muhl.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
riparia W. Curtis. In swamps, common.
Pseudo-Cyperus L.
Fitchburg. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
comosa Boott. In swamps, not common,
lurida Wahlenb. In swamps and wet meadows,
lupulina Muhl. In wet places, not rare,
intumescens Rudge. In wet places, common,
folliculata L. In wet places, common,
vesicaria L., var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald.
In low meadows, common, rostrata Stokes, var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper, bullata Schkuhr. In swamps, not common.
ARACE^E (ARUM FAMILY).
Arissema Martius. Indian Turnip.
triphyllum (L.) Schott. Jack-in-the-Pulpit.
Common, especially along the margin of woods.
Peltandra Raf. Arrow Arum.
virginica (L.) Kunth. In shallow water, not common.
28 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Oalla L. Water Arum.
palustris L. In swamps, not rare.
Symplocarpus Salisb. Skunk Cabbage, fetidua (L.) Nutt.
In swamps and wet places, common. Orontium L. Golden Club,
aquaticum L.
Dudley; Princeton. Acorns L. Sweet Flag.
Calamus L. In swamps and low grounds, not rare.
LEMNACE.E (DUCKWEED FAMILY).
Spirodela Schleid.
polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. In pools and ponds, common. Lemna L. Duckweed.
trisulca L. In shallow waters.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
minor L. In stagnant waters, common.
ERIOCAULACE^E (PIPEWORT FAMILY).
Eriocaulon (Gronov.) L. Pipewort.
septangulare With. In ponds and on their shores.
This is Eriocaulon septangulare of Withering, the plant referred to in the following extract from the "American Journal of Science and Arts," p. 290, vol. 28, 1859.
"We are pleased to leam the curious fact that a humble yet peculiar North American plant, which has somehow found its way to the Irish and North British shores, may be said to have fixed the destiny of the great Botanist (Robert Brown, called by Humboldt 'Botanicorum
SPERMATOPHYTA. 29
facile princeps') . Upon the completion of his medical studies, Brown, as is well known, was attached as ensign and assistant-surgeon to a Scotch militia regiment stationed upon the western coast of Ireland.
"An inconspicuous plant with which he here became acquainted — the Eriocaulon septangulare — the only European representative of an especially American order — caused his life to be diverted into the exclusive service of Botany; for, accompanying a recruiting party of his regiment to London, in the summer of 1 798, and on the road visiting his friend Dr. Withering at Edgbarton, near Birmingham, the latter caused him to introduce himself with that plant and his researches upon it to Dr. Dryander. This learned botanist, librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, astonished at the minuteness of the investigation and the fulness of the conclusions derived therefrom, recommended the young military surgeon as a future master in Botany; and Sir Joseph Banks from this time forward showed him a paternal kind- ness, and in December, 1800, proposed him to the Government as Naturalist to the Naval Exploring Expedition to New Holland under Captain Flinders, then fitting out. Robert Brown, at this call, gave up at once the military career and on the igth of July, 1801, sailed in the Investigator from Spithead to the newly discovered quarter of the globe."
XYRIDACE^E (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY).
Xyris (Gronov.) L. Yellow-eyed Grass.
montana Ries. In bogs, not rare,
fiexuosa Muhl. In bogs and wet places, common.
COMMELINACE.E (SPIDERWORT FAMILY).
Oommelina (Plum.) L. Day-flower.
communis L. In neglected yards, Worcester.
30 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
PONTEDERIACE^E (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY).
Pontederia L. Pickerel-weed, cordata L.
Margins of shallow ponds and streams, common.
JUNCACE.E (RUSH FAMILY).
Juncus (Tourn.) L. Rush, bufonius L.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
tennis Willd. Very common in fields and roadsides.
Greenei Oakes and Tuckerm.
Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper. eSusus L. Common Rush.
Very common in moist ground, brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. canadensis J. Gay. Marshy places, common,
pelocarpus Mey.
Westminster. Miss M. B. White.
militaris Bigel. In bogs and streams, Uxbridge.
acuminatus Michx. Common,
marginatus Rostk. In moist sandy places.
Luzula DC. Wood Rush, saltuensis Fernald.
Mount Wachusett. parviflora [Ehrh.] Desv.
Mount Wachusett. campestris (L.) DC., var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak.
In woodlands, common.
ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM Ker
SPERMATOPHYTA. 3 1
LILIACE^E (LILY FAMILY).
Veratrum (Tourn.) L. False Hellebore, viride Ait. Indian Poke.
In swamps and low grounds, common. Uvularia L. Bellwort.
perfoliata L. In woods and thickets, common.
Oakesia Wats.
sessilifolia (L.) Wats. With the preceding.
Allium (Tourn.) L. Onion, Garlic, tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek.
Worcester.
Schoenoprasum L., var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. Boylston. Berlin, Miss Isabelle C. Shattuck. canadense. Wild Garlic.
In moist meadows, not rare. Hemerocallis L. Day Lily.
fulva L. Common Day Lily. Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Lilium (Tourn.) L. Lily.
philadelphicum L. Wild Orange-red Lily.
In dry woods and thickets, common, superbum L. Turk's-cap Lily.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily.
In swamps and meadows. tigrinum Ker. Tiger Lily.
Escaped from cultivation. Roadsides. Erythronium L. Dog's-tooth Violet.
americanum Ker. Yellow Adder 's-tongue.
Rich moist grounds, common.
32 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Ornithogalum (Tourn.) L. Star of Bethlehem.
umbellatum L. Escaped from cultivation.
Asparagus (Tourn.) L. Asparagus. officinalis L.* Garden Asparagus.
Escaped from cultivation. Clintonia Raf.
borealis (Ait.) Raf.
In moist woods and thickets, common. Smilacina Desf. False Solomon's Seal. racemosa (L.) Desf. False Spikenard.
In moist copses, common, trifolia (L.) Desf.
In swamps, rare in the southern part of the county. Maianthemum [Weber in] Wiggers. canadense Desf.
Very common in moist woods and grassy places. Streptopus Michx. Twisted-stalk.
amplexifolius (L) DC. In rich woods.
Mrs. Elk L. Horr.
roseus Michx. In moist woods, not common.
Polygonatum (Tourn.) Hill. Solomon's Seal. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Small Solomon's Seal.
In woods and copses, common. commutatum (R. and S.) Dietr. Great Solomon's Seal.
Leicester. Mr. George Coult. Medeola (Gronov.) L. Indian Cucumber-root.
virginiana L. In woods and copses, common.
Trillium L. Wake Robin. Birthroot.
erectum L. In woods, common,
grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.
Barre. Miss Sara Lane. Rare.
TRILLIUM UNDULATUM Willd.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 33
cernuum L. In rich woods and moist lands, common, undulatum Willd. Painted Trillium.
In rich woods, common.
This is "the Trinity Flower" in Mrs. Swing's story of that name in her "Dandelion Clocks and Other Tales."
"And what was the Trinity Flower like, my Father?" asked the boy.
"It was about the size of Herb Paris, my son," replied the hermit. "But instead of being fourfold every way, it numbered the mystic Three. Every part was threefold. The leaves were three, the petals three, the sepals three. The flower was snow-white, but on each of the three parts it was stained with crimson stripes, like white garments dyed in blood."
Aletria L. Colic-root.
farinosa L. In grassy places, not common.
Smilax (Tourn.) L. Green Brier.
herbacea L. Carrion-flower. Common by roadsides.
rotundifolia L. Common Green Brier.
Common in thickets.
AMARYLLIDACE^E (AMARYLLIS FAMILY).
Hypoxis L. Star Grass.
hirsuta (L.) Coville. In meadows, common.
IRIDACE.E (IRIS FAMILY).
Iris (Tourn.) L. Fleur-de-lis.
versicolor L. Larger Blue Flag.
In marshes and wet meadows, common. Sisyrinchium L. Blue-eyed Grass.
angustifolium Mill. In fields and meadows, common, gramineum Curtis. In moist grassy places.
Spencer. H. H. Kingsbury.
34 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
ORCHID ACE^ (ORCHIS FAMILY).
Oypripedium L. Lady's Slipper.
parvifiomm Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.
In woods, not common. parviflorum, var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight.
In woods, local and rather rare. birsutum Mill. Showy Lady's Slipper.
Ashburnham. Prof. Vose. Rare,
acaule Ait. Stemless Lady's Slipper. In woods, common. Orchis (Tourn.) L.
spectabilis L. Showy Orchis. In woods, occasional. Habenaria Willd. Fringed Orchis. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br.
Mount Wachusett.
flava (L.) Gray. In grassy places, not common.
clavellata (Michx.) Spreng.
Worcester. Mr. George Coult. obtusata (Pursh) Richards.
Mount Wachusett. Mr. Pratt.
Hookeri Torr. In rich woods, not rare.
orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. In rich woods, scarce.
ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Yellow Fringed Orchis.
Northborough, Dr. Bigelow; Uxbridge, Miss Gold-
thwaite. A rare species in this county.
blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. White .Fringed Orchis.
Princeton. Veni, vidi. lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Ragged Fringed Orchis.
In swamps and on grassy roadsides, leucophsea (Nutt.) Gray. Very rare and local.
psycodes (L.) Sw. In meadows and swamps, common. fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. In rich woods and meadows.
POGONIA VERTICILLATA (Willd ) Nutt.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 35
Pogonia Juss.
ophioglossoides (L.) Ker.
In moist meadows and in swamps, common, verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. In moist woods, not rare.
Calopogon R. Br.
pulchellua (Sw.) R. Br.
In wet meadows and in swamps, common.
Arethusa (Gronov.) L.
bulbosa L. In moist meadows and in swamps.
Spiranthes Richard. Ladies' Tresses. Beckii Lindl.
Winchendon. Mr. A. S. AUen.
gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. In dry fields, common.
lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames.
In moist places, somewhat rare, cernua (L.) Richard. In moist meadows, common.
Epipactis (Haller) Bcehm. Rattlesnake Plantain.
repens (L.) Crantz, var. ophioides (Fernald) A. A. Eaton.
In rich woods, not rare, pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. With the preceding.
Corallorbiza (Haller) R. Br. Coral Root.
trifida Chatelain. In swampy woodlands, not common, maculata Raf. In dry woods.
odontorbiza Nutt.
Southbridge, Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
Microstylis (Nutt.) Eaton. Adder's Mouth. monophyllos (L.) Lindl.
Spencer. H. H. Kingsbury. unifolia (Michx.) BSP.
Sutton.
36 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Liparis Richard. Twayblade.
liliifolia (L.) Richard. In rich woods, not common.
Loeselii (L.) Richard.
Spencer. Miss A. E. Tucker.
SALICACEjE (WILLOW FAMILY).
Salix (Tourn.) L. Willow.
nigra Marsh. Black Willow.
Along streams and ponds. lucida Muhl. Shining Willow.
Along roadsides in wet places. fragilis L. Crack Willow.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
alba L. White Willow. In moist soil, scarce.
alba, var. vitellina (L.) Koch.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. cordata Muhl.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton. pedicellaris Pursh.
Leicester.
discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow. * Common.
humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Not common,
tristis Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.
Uxbridge. Dr. Thomas Morong.
sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. Common.
rostrata Richards.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
Populus (Tourn.) L. Poplar. Aspen, tremuloides Michx. American Aspen.
In rich woods, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 37
grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.
With the preceding. candicans Ait. Balm of Gilead.
Escaped from cultivation, deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood Poplar. . „
Millbury, probably transplanted.
MYRICACE^E (SWEET GALE FAMILY).
Myrica L.
Gale L. Sweet Gale.
In swamps and along ponds, common, carolinensis Mill. Bayberry. In dry soil, common, asplenifolia L. Sweet Fern. In dry soil, very common.
JUGLANDACE^S (WALNUT FAMILY).
Juglans L. Walnut.
cinerea L. Butternut. In rich woods, common.
Carya Nutt. Hickory.
ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shag-bark Hickory.
In woods and pastures. glabra (Mill.) Spach. Pignut.
In woods and pastures, common, cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. Bitter Nut.
In woods and swamps. Millbury.
BETULACE^E (BIRCH FAMILY).
Corylus (Tourn.) L. Hazelnut. americana Walt. Hazelnut.
In thickets and by roadsides, rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel. With the preceding.
38 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Ostrya (Mich.) Scop. Hop Hornbeam.
virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. American Hop Hornbeam.
In rich dry woods.
Carpinus (Tourn.) L. Hornbeam. Ironwood. caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam.
In rich woods, common.
Betula (Tourn.) L. Birch.
lenta L. Black Birch. In rich woods, common.
lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch.
In moist woods and swamps. nigra L. Red Birch.
Fitchburg. Mr. E. A. Hartwell. populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch.
In moist or dry soil, very common. alba L., var. papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. Paper Birch.
In rich woods, common northward.
Alnus (Tourn.) Hill. Alder.
incana (L.) Moench. Speckled Alder.
In wet soil, common. nigosa (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder.
In wet soil, not as common as the preceding.
FAGACE^E (BEECH FAMILY).
Fagus (Tourn.) L. Beech.
grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech.
In rich woods, common.
Castanea (Tourn.) Hill. Chestnut.
dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut.
In rich soil, very common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 39
Quercus (Tourn.) L. Oak.
alba L. White Oak. Common.
bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak.
In rich woods, not rare.
prinoides Willd. In dry soil.
Prinus L. Chestnut Oak. In dry soil, common,
rubra L. Red Oak. Common,
palustris Muench. Pin Oak.
In the southern part of the county, coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Common,
velutina Lam. Black Oak. Common,
ilicifolia Wang. Scrub Oak. Common, in sandy soil.
URTICACE^E (NETTLE FAMILY).
Ulmus (Tourn.) L. . Elm.
fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. In rich woods, not rare.
americana L. American Elm.
In rich woods, common. Celtis (Tourn.) L. Hackberry.
occidentalis L. Sugarberry. Rare.
Cannabis (Tourn.) L. Hemp.
sativa L. In waste places, Worcester.
Humulus L. Hop.
Lupulus L. Common Hop.
In thickets and along river-banks. Moms (Tourn.) L. Mulberry.
alba L. White Mulberry.
Sparingly escaped from cultivation, Millbury. Urtica (Tourn.) L. Nettle.
gracilis Ait. In waste places, common.
dioica L. Stinging Nettle. In waste places.
40 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Laportea Gaud. Wood Nettle.
canadensis (L.) Gaud. In rich woods.
PUea Lindl. Richweed.
pumila (L.) Gray.
In waste, shady places, common. Boehmeria Jacq. False Nettle.
cylindrica (L.) Sw. In moist soil, common.
SANTALACE^: (SANDALWOOD FAMILY).
Comandra Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
umbellata (L.) Nutt. In dry fields and woods.
ARISTOLOCHIACE^ (BIRTHWORT FAMILY).
Asarum (Tourn.) L. Wild Ginger.
canadense L. In rich woods, Worcester; Millbury.
POLYGONACE^E (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY).
Rum ex L. Dock Sorrel.
Patientia L. Patience Dock.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Britannica L. Great Water Dock.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
crispus L. Yellow Dock. Common.
verticillatus L. Swamp Dock.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
conglomerate Murr. In moist places.
obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton. Acetosella L. Field Sorrel. Common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 41
Polygonum (Tourn.) L. Knotweed.
aviculare L. Common, in waste places,
erectum L. Common, by waysides,
tenue, Michx.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, lapathifolium L.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. amphibium L.
North Worcester. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats.
North Worcester. pennsylvanicum L.
Royalston. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton. Careyi Olney.
Southbridge. Mr. R. N. Harper. hydropiper L. Common Smartweed.
In moist waste places, common. acre HBK. Water Smartweed.
In wet places, common.
orientale L. Prince's Feather. Escaped from gardens. Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb.
In waste places, Prof. G. E. Stone.
virginicum L. In thickets,
arifolium L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.
In low ground, sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.
In low grounds, common. Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
cilinode Michx. In rocky places,
scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat.
Gardner. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
42 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Fagopyrum (Tourn.) Hill. Buckwheat, esculentum Moench. Buckwheat.
Escaped from cultivation.
Polygonella Michx.
articulata (L.) Meisn. Mendon; Gardner.
CHENOPODIACE./E (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY).
Chenopodium (Tourn.) L. Goosefoot. Botrys L. Jerusalem Oak. Lunenberg. Mr. Kilburn. capitatum (L.) Asch. Strawberry Elite.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
In waste places album L. Pigweed, album, var. viride (L.) Moq.
In waste places, both common.
AMARANTHACE^E (AMARANTH FAMILY),
Amaranthus (Tourn.) L. Amaranth. retroflexus L. Pigweed.
In cultivated grounds, common. hybridus L. Pigweed.
Fitchburg. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, grjecizans L. Tumble Weed.
In waste grounds, spinosus L. Thorny Amaranth. crispus (Lesp. and Thev.) A. Br.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 43
PHYTOLACCACE^: (POKEWEED FAMILY).
Phytolacca (Tourn.) L. Pokeweed. decandra L. Pigeon Berry.
Common in various situations.
ILLECEBRACE.E (KNOTWEED FAMILY).
Scleranthus L. Knawel.
annuus L.
Worcester. Mr. John Coulson. Anychia Michx. Forked Chickweed.
canadensis (L.) BSP. In open grounds.
AIZOACE.E.
Mollugo L. Indian Chickweed. verticillata L. Carpet Weed.
In waste grounds, very common.
CARYOPHYLLACE.E (PINK FAMILY).
Spergularia J. and C. Presl. Sand Spurrey. rubra (L.) J. and C. Presl. Sand Spurrey.
By roadsides, in dry soil. Spergula L. Spurrey.
arvensis L. Corn Spurrey. In fields and waste places. Sagina L. Pearlwort.
procumbens L. In moist pastures.
Arenaria L. Sandwort.
lateriflora L. In moist places, not rare,
serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper. In dry places,
groenlandica (Retz) Spreng. Mountain Sandwort. Ashburnham. Prof. J. E. Vose.
44 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Stellaria L. Chickweed.
borealis Bigel. In woody places; Auburn,
longifolia Muhl. In low meadows, common.
graminea L.
Dudley. Mr. R. M. Harper. media L. Common Chickweed.
In waste places, common.
Cerastium L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
arvense L. Field Mouse-ear. In dry places.
vulgatum L. Common Mouse-ear.
In waste places, common. viscosum L. In grassy places.
Agrostemma L. Corn Cockle.
Githago L. In waste places.
Lychnis (Tourn.) L. Campion.
Coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Flos-cuculi L. Ragged Robin.
In waste places, occasional. chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. dioica L. Red Campion.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. alba Mill. White Campion.
In waste places, not common.
Silene L. Catchfly.
antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly.
In waste places, not common. Armeria L. Sweet William Catchfly. Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett
SPERMATOPHYTA. 45
noctiflora L. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Sutton. Dr. George C. Webber. Pennsylvania Michx, Wild Pink.
In dry soil, not common.
latifolia (Mill.) Britten and Rendle. Bladder Campion. In meadows and waste places. Saponaria L.
officinalis L. Soapwort.
By roadsides and in waste places.
Gypsophila L. xnuralis L. Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
Dianthus L. Pink.
deltoides L. Maiden Pink. In waste places, rare, barbatus L. Sweet William.
Escaped from cultivation. Armeria L. Deptford Pink.
In dry pastures, not common.
PORTULACACE.E (PURSLANE FAMILY).
Claytonia (Gronov.) L. Spring Beauty.
caroliniana Michx. In damp woods, not uncommon.
"That year (1827), in the course of the winter, I picked up and read the article 'Botany' in Brewster's 'Edinburgh Encyclopedia,' a poor thing, no doubt, but it interested me much. I bought Eaton's 'Manual of Botany,' pored over its pages, and waited for spring. In the spring, I think that of 1828, I sallied forth one April day into the bare woods, found an early specimen of a plant in flower, peeping through dead leaves, brought it home, and with Eaton's 'Manual' without much difficulty I ran it down to its name, Claytonia
46 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
virginica." (It was really C. caroliniana, but the two were not distinguished in that book). — See "Letters of Asa Gray," vol. I, P- 13-
Portulacca (Tourn.) L. Purslane. oleracea L. Common Purslane.
In fields and cultivated grounds, common. This is the "pusley" of Charles Dudley Warner's My Summer in a Garden. "I am satisfied that it is useless to try to cultivate 'pus- ley.' I set a little of it one side, and gave it some extra care. It did not thrive as well as that which I was fighting. The fact is, there is a spirit of moral perversity in the plant which makes it grow the more, the more it is interfered with. I am satisfied of that. I doubt if any one has raised more 'pusley' this year than I have; and my warfare with it has been continual. Neither of us has slept much."
CERATOPHYLLACE^E (HORNWORT FAMILY).
Ceratophyllum L. Hornwort.
demersum L. In ponds.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
NYMPH^EACE^: (WATER LILY FAMILY).
Nymphsea (Tourn.) L. Yellow Pond Lily, advena Ait. Cow Lily.
In ponds and slow streams, common. xnicrophylla Pers.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. Castalia Salisb. Water Lily.
odorata (Ait.) Woodville and Wood. Sweet-scented Water Lily. In ponds and slow streams, common.
Brasenia Schreb. Water Shield.
Schreberi Gmel. In ponds and slow streams.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 47
RANUNCULACE^: (CROWFOOT FAMILY).
Ranunculus (Tourn.) L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.
aquatilis L., var. capillaceus DC. White Water Crow- foot. In ponds and streams, delphinifolius Torr. Yellow Water Crowfoot.
In ponds and quiet waters.
Flammula L.,var. reptans (L.) Mey. Creeping Spear- wort.
Lancaster. Rev. F. L. Palmer, abortivus L. Small- flowered Crowfoot.
In woods and moist grounds, common. recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot.
In woods, common, fascicularis Muhl. Early Crowfoot.
In woods and copses, septentrionalis Poir. Swamp Crowfoot.
Worcester. repens L. Creeping Buttercup.
See Rhodora, vol. II, October, 1900. pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Buttercup.
Barre. Miss Sara Lane, bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup.
In fields and on roadsides, common, acris L. Tall Buttercup.
With the preceding, very common. Thalictrum (Tourn.) L. Meadow Rue. dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue.
In woods and copses, common.
revolutum DC. In woods and copses,
polygamun Muhl. Tall Meadow Rue.
In open wet meadows, very common.
48 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Anemonella Spach.
thalictroides (L.) Spach. Rue Anemone.
In woods and copses. Hepatica (Rupp.) Hill. Liverleaf. Hepatica.
triloba Chaix. In rocky woods and copses.
Anemone (Tourn.) L. Anemone, cylindrica Gray.
In open places, especially by roadsides. virginiana L. In woods and copses.
quinquefolia L. Wood Anemone.
Along the margin of woodlands, common.
"Thou lookest up with meek, confiding eye,
Upon the clouded smile of April's face, Unharmed, though Winter stands uncertain by, Eying with jealous glance each opening grace."
JONES VERY'S Poems, p. 91: The Wind/lower.
Clematis L. Virgin's Bower.
vkginiana L. Along roadsides, fences, etc., common, verticillaris DC. . In rocky woods.
Brookfield; Warren.
This is the "Atragene Americana" of the following quotation from O. W. Holmes's "Elsie Venner," Chapters VII and XII.
"'Here, I brought this for you.' The doctor started as she handed him a flower of Atragene Americana, for he knew that there was only one spot where it grew, and that not one where any rash foot, least of all a thin-shod woman's foot, should venture.
"In the morning he [Bernard Langdon,the schoolmaster] happened to be a little late in entering the school-room. There was something between the leaves of the Virgil which lay upon his desk. He opened it and saw a freshly gathered mountain flower. He looked at Elsie, instinctively, involuntarily. She had another such flower on her breast."
CLEMATIS VERTICILLARIS DC.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 49
Caltha (Rupp.) L. Marsh Marigold.
palustris L. Incorrectly called Cowslips.
In swamps and wet meadows.
"And the wild marsh-marigold shines like fire in swamps and hollows gray."
TENNYSON: The May Queen.
Coptis Salisb. Goldthread.
trifolia (L.) Salisb. In damp mossy woods.
Aquilegia (Tourn.) L. Columbine.
canadensis L. Wild Columbine.
In rocky woods and copses, common.
"Great crowds of scarlet columbines
Made sunrise hi the woods."
See Lucy Larcom's "Childhood Songs": Farther On. Also, Jones Very's Poems, p. 93: The Columbine.
Actsea L. Baneberry.
rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry.
In woods and copses, not abundant, alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry.
With the preceding.
MAGNOLIACE^E (MAGNOLIA FAMILY).
Liriodendron L. Tulip Tree.
Tulipifera L. Rare.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
BERBERIDACE^E (BARBERRY FAMILY).
Podophyllum L. May Apple. Mandrake.
peltatum L. Rare.
Boylston.
50 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Caulophyllun Michx. Blue Cohosh.
thalictroides (L.) Michx. Pappoose Root.
In rich woods. Berberis (Tourn.) L. Barberry.
vulgaris L. Common Barberry. In pastures.
LAURACE^: (LAUREL FAMILY).
Sassafras Nees.
variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. In dry or sandy soil.
"'That's saxifax,' said her companion [Obed], striking his spade into the roots of a well-known shrub. ' It's good teu chaw ; the settlers eats it — take it down and they'll give ye ribbons and beads for it. Taste on't,' he said, 'it's good as nutcakes.' Margaret loitered, wandered, attracted by the flowers she stopped to pick." — JUDD'S Margaret, vol. I, p. 33.
Benzoin Fabric. Fever Bush.
sestivale (L.) Nees. Spice Bush. In moist grounds.
PAPAVERACE.E (POPPY FAMILY).
Sanguinaria (Dill.) L. Bloodroot.
canadensis L. In rich woods and moist grounds.
Chelidonium (Tourn.) L. Celandine.
majus L. In waste places, common.
Argemone (Tourn.) L. Prickly Poppy.
mexicana L. Mexican Poppy. In waste places, rare. Worcester.
FUMARIACE^E (FUMITORY FAMILY).
Adlumia Raf. Climbing Fumitory.
fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Rare.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 5 1
Dicentra Bernh.
Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches.
Barre. Miss Sara Lane, canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel Corn.
Barre ; Winchendon. Corydalis (DiU.) Medic.
sempervirens (L.) Pers. Pale Corydalis.
In rocky places and in dry woods. aurea Willd. Golden Corydalis.
Winchendon. Mr. F. R. Hathaway. Fumaria (Tourn.) L. Fumitory.
officinalis L. Common Fumitory.
In waste places, escaped.
CRUCIFER^ (MUSTARD FAMILY).
Berteroa DC.
incana (L.) DC.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper. Alyssum (Tourn.) L.
alyssoides L. Occasional.
Thlaspi (Tourn.) L. Penny Cress.
arvense L. Field Penny Cress. In waste places, rare. Lepidium (Tourn.) L. Peppergrass. virginicum. Wild Peppergrass.
In waste places and by roadsides, common, ruderale L.
Worcester. Mr. John Coulson. campestre (L.) R. Br.
Still River. Miss A. H. Tucker. Draba L. Worcester. Mr. N. P. Woodward.
52 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Capsella Medic. Shepherd's Purse. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.
In fields and waste places, very common. Camelina Crantz. False Flax.
sativa (L.) Crantz. Occasional.
Raphanus (Tourn.) L. Radish.
Raphanistrum L. WUd Radish.
Lunenburg. Mr. Kilburn.
sativus L. Radish. Occasionally spontaneous.
Brassica (Tourn.) L. Mustard, arvensis (L.) Ktze. Charlock. Worcester. Mr. George Coult. nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard.
In waste places, common. campestris L. Ruta-baga.
Holden. Mr. Delano Douglass. Conringia (Heist) Link. Hare's-ear Mustard, orientalis (L.) Dumont.
Worcester. Mrs. John Wetherbee. Sisymbrium (Tourn.) L. Hedge Mustard. officinale (L.) Scop.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, altissimum L. Tumble Mustard.
Worcester. Mr. George Coult. Erysimum (Tourn.) L. Treacle Mustard, cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed Mustard.
Worcester. Mr. George Coult. Radicula [Dill.] Hill. Water Cress.
Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten and Rendle.
In brooks and streams, common, palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh Cress.
In wet places, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 53
palustris (L.) Moench., var. hispida (Desv.) Robinson.
With the preceding. Armoracia (L.) Robinson. Horseradish.
Escaped from gardens.
Barbarea R. Br. Winter Cress.
vulgaris R. Br. Common Winter Cress.
In fields and waste places.
Dentaria (Tourn.) L. Pepper-root, diphylla Michx.
North Brookfield. Miss E. M. Reed. Oardamine (Tourn.) L. Bitter Cress.
bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Spring Cress.
In wet meadows.
hirsuta L. In wet places.
parviflora L.
Mount Wachusett. W. W. B. and J: F. C. pennsylvanica Muhl.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Arabia L. Rock Cress.
glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard.
Sutton; Worcester. Isevigata (Muhl.) Poir., var. Burkii Porter.
Boylston.
canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Sutton.
CAPPARIDACE^: (CAPER FAMILY).
Cleome L.
spinosa L. Spider-flower. Worcester. Mr. George Coult. Waste ground.
54 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
RESEDACE^: (MIGNONETTE FAMILY).
Reseda (Tourn.) L. Mignonette. albaL. Worcester. Mr. George Coult.
SARRACENIACEvE (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY).
Sarracenia (Tourn.) L.
purpurea L. Pitcher-plant.
In peat bogs and similar places, common. "Several Frenchmen of a certain intellectual eminence made their abode in Canada from time to time. Sarrazin, a naturalist as well as a physician, has left his name to the botanical genus Sarracenia, of which the curious American species, S. purpurea, the 'pitcher- plant,' was described by him. His position in the colony was singular and characteristic. He got little or no pay from his patients; and, though at one time the only genuine physician in Canada, he was dependent on the king for support. In 1699, we find him thanking his Majesty for 300 francs a year, and asking at the same time for more, as he had nothing else to live on. He died at Quebec in 1734." — See Parkman's "The Old Regime in Canada," Chapter XIX, note at end.
DROSERACE^: (SUNDEW FAMILY).
Drosera L. Sundew.
rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew.
In bogs and in wet sand, common.
"During the summer of 1860, I was surprised by finding how large a number of insects were caught by the leaves of the common sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) on a heath in Sussex. I had heard that insects were thus caught, but knew nothing further on the subject. I gathered by chance a dozen plants, bearing fifty-six fully expanded leaves, and on thirty-one of these dead insects or remnants of them
SARRACENIA PURPUREA L.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 5 5
adhered. On one plant all six leaves had caught their prey; and on several plants very many leaves had caught more than a single insect. On one large leaf I found the remains of thirteen distinct insects." — See Darwin's "Insectivorous Plants," pp. 1-277, for an account of this one species.
iongifolia L. In bogs and in wet sand.
PODOSTEMACE^: (RIVER WEED FAMILY).
Podostemum Michx. River Weed.
ceratophyllum Michx. In shallow waters.
CRASSULACE^E (ORPINE FAMILY).
Penthorum (Gronov.) L. Ditch Stonecrop.
sedoides L. In ditches and swamps, common.
Sedum (Tourn.) L. Stonecrop.
acre L. Mossy Stonecrop. Escaped from cultivation, ternatum Michx.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, purpureum Tausch. Live-for-ever.
Escaped from cultivation. Sempervivum (Rupp.) L. Houseleek. tectorum L. Hen-and-chickens. Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
SAXIFRAGACE^E (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY).
Saxifraga (Tourn.) L. Saxifrage.
pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage.
In swampy places, common, virginiensis Michx. Early Saxifrage.
In dry and rocky woodlands, common.
56 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Tiarella L. Fake Mitrewort. cordifolia L.
Common in the northern part of the county. Mitella (Tourn.) L. Mitrewort.
diphylla L. In rich woods, common.
Chrysosplenium (Tourn.) L. Golden Saxifrage.
americanum Schwein. In wet, shaded places.
Parnassia (Tourn.) L. Grass of Parnassus.
caroliniana Michx. In swamps and low meadows.
Hydrangea (Gronov.) L.
arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea.
Barre. Miss Sara Lane. Ribes L. Currant. Gooseberry.
Cynosbati L. Prickly Gooseberry. In rocky woods.
rotundifolium Michx.
Princeton.
oxyacanthoides L. Smooth Gooseberry. In copses.
americanum Mill. Wild Black Currant.
Tatnuck. pro stratum L'Her. Skunk Currant.
Mount Wachusett. vulgare Lam. Red Currant. Templeton; Winchendon.
HAMAMELIDACE.E (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY).
Hamamelis L. Witch-hazel.
virginiana L. In woods and copses, common.
PLATANACE^ (PLANE TREE FAMILY).
Platanus (Tourn.) L. Sycamore. Buttonwood.
occidentalis L. In rich soil.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 57
ROSACES (ROSE FAMILY).
Physocarpus Maxim. Nine-bark.
opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Escaped.
Worcester. Miss E. J. Seaver. Spiraea (Tourn.) L.
latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. Meadow-sweet.
In pastures and by roadsides, common, tomentosa L. Hardback. In low grounds, common. Pyrus (Tourn.) L.
Malus L. Wild Apple.
Escaped, on the margin of woods, arbutifolia (L.) L. f. Chokeberry.
In huckleberry pastures, common, melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd.
In swamps and wet woods, americana (Marsh.) DC. American Mountain Ash.
Mount Wachusett. Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. European Mountain Ash.
Spontaneous at Henshaw Pond, Leicester. Amelanchier Medic. Juneberry.
canadensis (L.) Medic. Shadbush.
In dry woodlands, common. Crataegus L. Hawthorn, punctata Jacq.
Worcester.
coccinea L. In rocky woods,
rotundifolia Moench pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch.
See Rhodora, 1903, p. 54. pruinosa, var. conjuncta (Sarg.) Eggleston. See Rhodora, 1903, p. 58.
$8 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Holme siana Ashe.
See Botanical Gazette, January, 1901. mollis (T. and G.) Scheele.
Fitchburg.
macracantha Lodd. In thickets.
Fragaria (Tourn.) L. Strawberry. virginiana Duchesne.
In fields and rich woodlands, common. vesca, L. var. americana Porter. In open rocky woods. Waldsteinia Willd.
fragarioides (Michx.) Trattinick. Barren Strawberry.
Winchendon. Mr. F. R. Hathaway. Potentilla L. Cinquefoil. monspeliensis L.
In pastures and open grounds, common, argentea L. Silvery Cinquefoil. In dry soil, common. recta L.
Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh Five-finger. Rare,
fruticosa L. Shrubby Cinquefoil.
In the eastern part of the county. tridentata Ait. Three-toothed Cinquefoil.
Mount Wachusett.
pumila Poir. Worcester. In dry soil, very common,
canadensis L. Common,
canadensis L. var. simplex [Michx] T. and G.
Worcester. Common.
Geum L. Avens.
canadense Jacq. Along the edge of woods.
virginianum L. With the preceding,
strictum Ait. In moist meadows,
rivale L. Purple Avens. In moist meadows, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 59
Rubus (Tourn.) L.
idaeus L., var. aculeatissimus (C. A. Mey.) Regel and Tiling. In thickets and by roadsides, common,
occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. With the preceding, odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry.
In rocky woods and by roadsides, northward, triflorus Richards. Dwarf Raspberry.
In swamps and wet woods.
canadensis L. In sandy soil, common,
setosus Bigel.
Peat Meadow, Worcester; Mr. George Coult. hispidus L. In swamps and low grounds,
villosus Ait. Dewberry. In thickets.
Dalibarda Kalm.
repens L. In the northern part of the county.
Agrimonia (Tourn.) L. Agrimony.
gryposepala, Wallr. In thickets and by fences, common. Sanguisorba (Rupp.) L. Burnet.
canadensis L. Canadian Burnet. In low meadows.
Brookfield. Rosa (Tourn.) L. Rose.
cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Rose.
Established, Templeton, Mr. P. Blodgett' rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier.
Rocky pastures etc., common. gallica L.
Established, Templeton, Mr. P. Blodgett. nitida Willd. In borders of swamps.
Carolina L. In borders of swamps,
virginiana Mill. In borders of swamps and rocky shores, humilis, Marsh. In dry or rocky soil.
60 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Promts (Tourn.) L. Cherry. Plum. serotina Ehrh. WUd Black Cherry.
Along roadsides and fences, common. virginiana L. Choke Cherry.
With the preceding. Common. pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry.
In rocky woods, common. pumila L. Sand Cherry. Winchendon. Mr. A. S. Allen.
LEGUMINOS^E (PULSE FAMILY).
Cassia (Tourn.) L. Senna.
marilandica L. Wild Senna. Occasional,
chamsecrista L. Partridge Pea.
In the southern part of the county. nictitans L. Wild Sensitive Plant. .
With the preceding. Baptisia Vent. False Indigo.
tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo.
In dry soil common. Crotalaria (Dill.) L. Rattle-box.
sagittalis L. In sandy soil.
Tatnuck. Genista L. Woad-waxen.
tinctoria L. Dyer's Greenweed. Rare.
Lupinus (Tourn.) L. Lupine.
perennis L. Wild Lupine. In dry and sandy soil. Trifolium (Tourn.) L. Clover.
arvense L. Rabbit-foot clover.
In fields and waste places, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 6 1
incarnatum L. Crimson Clover. Occasional,
pratense L. Red Clover.
In meadows and grassy places, common, repens L. .White Clover.
In grassy places, common, hybridum L. Alsike Clover.
Worcester. agrarium L. Yellow Clover.
Along roadsides and in waste places. procumbens L. Low Hop Clover.
With the preceding. Melilotus (Tourn.) Hill. Sweet Clover.
officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Melilot. In waste places. alba Desr. White Melilot. In waste places, common. Medicago (Tourn.) L. Medick. sativa L. Alfalfa.
Occasional in fields and waste places. lupulina L. Black Medick.
In fields and waste places.
arabica (L.) Huds. Spotted Medick. In waste places, hispida Gaertn. Bur Clover.
In waste places, common. Anthyllis (Rivinius) L.
vulneraria L. Kidney Vetch.
Found on Bell Hill, North Brookfield, close to a newly made road around the reservoir. It is a common plant throughout Europe, but has appeared only recently in America.
Lotus (Tourn.) L. Bird's-foot Trefoil, corniculatus L. Worcester. Mons. J. Perrott.
62 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Tephrosia Pers. Hoary Pea.
virginiana (L.) Pers. Goat's Rue. Not common.
Millbury. Eobinia L. Locust.
Pseudo-acacia L. Common Locust. Naturalized.
viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust.
Escaped from cultivation. Coronffla (Tourn.) L.
varia L. Rare.
Desmodium Desv. Tick Trefoil.
nudiflorum (L.) DC. In dry woods, common.
grandiflorum (Walt.) DC. In dry woods.
rotundifolium (Michx.) DC. In dry woods, common.
canescens (L.) DC. In dry soil.
Dillenii Darl. Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
paniculatum (L.)DC. In dry soil.
canadense (L.) DC. In open woods and along roadsides.
rigidum (Ell.) DC. In dry soil.
Lespedeza Michx. Bush Clover.
procumbens Michx. In dry soil.
violacea (L.) Pers. In dry soil.
Stuvei Nutt. In copses, etc.
frutescens (L.) Britton. Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
birta (L.) Hornem. In dry soil
capitata Michx. With the preceding,
Vicia (Tourn.) L. Vetch.
sativa L. Spring Vetch. In fields and waste places.
birsuta (L.) S. F. Gray. Barre. Miss Sara Lane.
Cracca L. In grassy places.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 63
Lathyrus (Tourn.) L. Vetchling.
ochroleucus Hook.
Barre. Miss Sara Lane. Apios (Boerh.) Ludwig. Groundnut.
tuberosa Moench. In low grounds, common.
Phaseolus (Tourn.) L. Kidney Bean.
polystachyus (L.) BSP, Wild Bean.
In thickets, not common. Amphicarpa Ell. Hog Peanut.
monoica (L.) Ell. In copses, common.
LINAGES (FLAX FAMILY).
Linum (Tourn.) L. Flax.
usitatissimum L. Common Flax.
Occasionally spontaneous, virginianum L. Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
OXALIDACE^: (WOOD SORREL FAMILY).
Oxalis L. Wood Sorrel.
Acetosella L. Common Wood Sorrel.
In the northern part of the county.
violacea L. Violet Wood Sorrel. With the preceding, stricta L. In woods and fields, common.
GERANIACE^E (GERANIUM FAMILY).
Geranium (Tourn.) L. Cranesbill. maculatum L. Wild Cranesbill.
In grassy places, common. Eobertianum L. Herb Robert. Mount Wachusett and Worcester.
64 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
carolinianum L. In cultivated grounds.
Bicknellii Britton.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
pusillum Burm. f. In waste places, rare.
Erodium L'Her. Storksbill.
cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Occasional, in waste places.
RUTACE.E (RUE FAMILY).
Zanthoxylum L. Prickly Ash.
americanum Mill. Northern Prickly Ash.
Millbury.
Ptelea L. Shrubby Trefoil. trifoliata L.
A tree of this species was found growing by a road- side in Berlin, in a situation which suggested growth from a seed dropped by a bird.
POLYGALACE^: (MILKWORT FAMILY).
Polygala (Tourn.) L. Milkwort.
paucifolia Willd. Fringed Polygala.
In rich woods, common. polygama Walt.
Auburn.
sanguinea L. In sandy and moist ground.
Nuttallii T. and G. In dry sandy soil.
verticillata L. In dry soil.
EUPHORBIACE^: (SPURGE FAMILY).
Acalypha L. Three-seeded Mercury.
virginica L. In fields and open places.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 65
Euphorbia L. Spurge. Preslii Guss.
Millbury.
maculata L. Milk Purslane. In dry soil, common,
corollata L. Flowering Spurge.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. Esula L.
Worcester. Miss K. I. Fish. Rare.
Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. Escaped; common. Peplus L. Petty Spurge. In waste ground.
Worcester. Mr. George Coult.
CALLITRICHACE.E (WATER STARWORT FAMILY).
Callitriche L. Water Starwort.
palustris L. In brooks, common,
heterophylla Pursh. Near Mount Wachusett. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
ANACARDIACE.E (CASHEW FAMILY).
Rhus L. Sumach.
typhina L. Staghorn Sumach.
In dry or rocky soil, common.
glabra L. Smooth Sumach. In dry soil, common. copallina L. Dwarf Sumach. With the preceding.
Vernix L. Poison Dogwood.
In swamps and low grounds. Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy.
In thickets and along walls and fences.
66 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
AQUIFOLIACE^E (HOLLY FAMILY).
Hex L. Holly.
verticillata (L.) Gray. Black Alder.
In low grounds, common. Isevigata (Pursh) Gray. Smooth Winterberry.
In low wet grounds.
Nemopanthus Raf. Mountain Holly, mucronata (L.) Trel.
In moist, rich woods, common.
CELASTRACE^E ((STAFF TREE FAMILY).
Celastrus L. Staff Tree.
scandens L. Climbing Bitter-sweet.
In rich soil, common.
ACERACE^E (MAPLE FAMILY).
Acer (Tourn.) L. Maple.
pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple.
In rocky woods, common northward, spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple.
Princeton and northward, saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple.
In rich woods, common, saccharinum L. White Maple.
Along streams, mainly, rubrum L. Red Maple.
In swamps and low grounds, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 67
BALSAMINACE^: (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY).
Impatiens (Rivinius) L. Balsam.
pallida Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not.
In moist shady places, biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not.
In moist grounds, common.
RHAMNACE^E (BUCKTHORN FAMILY).
Rhamnus (Tourn.) L. Buckthorn.
cathartica L. Common Buckthorn.
Naturalized occasionally. Ceanothus L. Red-root.
americanus L. New Jersey Tea.
In open woodlands, common.
VITACE.E (VINE FAMILY).
Psedera Neck. Virginia Creeper.
quinquefolia Greene. In dry open woods, common.
Vitis (Tourn.) L. Grape.
labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape.
In thickets, common.
sestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. In thickets,
cordifolia Michx. Frost Grape. In thickets,
vulpina L. River-bank Grape. Along river-banks. Mr. G. B. Emerson.
TILIACE^E (LINDEN FAMILY).
Tilia (Tourn.) L. Basswood.
americana L. Basswood. In rich woods, common.
68 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY).
Abutilon (Tourn.) Mill. Indian Mallow. Theophrasti Medic. Velvet Leaf.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. Malva (Tourn.) L. Mallow.
rotundifolia L. Common Mallow.
In waste places, common.
verticillata L. In waste places, not common,
sylvestris L. High Mallow.
Along roadsides, occasional.
moschata L. Musk Mallow. Sparingly escaped.
Hibiscus L. Rose Mallow.
Trionum L. Flower-of-an-hour. Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
HYPERICACE.E (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY).
Hypericum (Tourn.) L. St. John's-wort.
perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort.
In fields and waste places, common, punctatum Lam. In damp places, common,
ellipticum Hook. In wet places, common.
mutilum L. In low grounds, common,
ma jus (Gray) Britton. In low grounds, common,
gentianoides (L.) BSP. Pineweed. In sandy soil,
virginicum L. Marsh St. John's-wort.
In swampy grounds, common.
ELATINACE^ (WATERWORT FAMILY).
Elatine L. Waterwort. americana (Pursh) Arn. Brookfield. Mr. R. M. Harper.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 69
(ROCKROSE FAMILY).
Helianthemum (Tourn.) Mill. Rockrose. canadense (L. ?) Michx. Frostweed.
In dry soil, common. Lechea (Kalm) L. Pinweed. . villosa Ell.
Templeton. Mr. V. P. Parkhurst.
minor L. In dry soil and sterile ground.
tenuifolia Michx. In dry soil.
VIQLACE,E (VIOLET FAMILY).
Viola (Tourn.) L. Violet. pedata L., var. lineariloba DC. Bird-foot Violet.
In sandy soil in open sunny places. cucullata Ait. In wet grounds, common.
papilionacea Pursh.
Worcester. Mrs. Ella L. Horr. palmata L. Worcester. sororia Willd.
Worcester. Mrs. Ella L. Horr. fimbriatula Sm.
Worcester. Mrs. Ella L. Horr.
sagittata Ait. In fields and meadows.
lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Violet.
In moist grounds, common. primulifolia L. Primrose-leaved Violet.
In moist grounds, not common. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Sweet White Violet.
In swamps and wet meadows, common. blanda Willd.
Auburn. Miss Hazel Maynard.
70 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY
rotundifolia Michx. Early Yellow Violet.
In cold woods and on rocky hillsides. This is the violet of the following:
"When beechen buds begin to swell
And woods the blue-bird's warble know, The yellow violet's modest bell
Peeps from the last year's leaves below." See WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT'S Poems: The Yellow Violet.
pubescens Ait. Downy Yellow Violet.
In dry woods, common. scabriuscula Schwein. Smooth Yellow Violet.
Worcester. Mrs. John Wetherbee.
conspersa Reichenb. In moist soil, common.
rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred Violet.
Fitchburg. tricolor L. Pansy. Occasionally escaped.
(MEZEREUM FAMILY).
Dirca L. Leatherwood.
palustris L. Wicopy. In damp rich thickets.
Daphne L. Mezereum.
Mezereum L. Escaped from cultivation.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
LYTHRACE^E (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY).
Decodon J. F. Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife.
verticillatus (L.) Ell. Water Willow. In swamps.
Lake Quinsigamond. Lythrum L. Loosestrife. alatum Pursh. Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 71
Salicaria L. Swamp Loosestrife.
In swamps. Abundant at North Oxford. " The Loosestrife, Lythrum Salicaria, which here waves its purple plumes, is an English plant whose introduction into the valley of the Hudson is a curious chapter in the story of plant distribution. Thirty years ago (about 1870) suddenly, like the lighting of some brilliant tropical bird, appeared on the banks of the Walkill a new plant whose vivid color and graceful habit were at once remarked." — See FLINT'S "A Garden of Simples," p. 101.
MELASTOMACE.E (MELASTOMA FAMILY).
Rhexia L. Meadow Beauty.
virginica L. In sandy swamps.
Sutton.
ONAGRACE^E (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY).
Ludvigia L. False Loosestrife.
alternifolia L. Seedbox. In swamps,
palustris (L.) Ell. Water Purslane.
In muddy ditches and swamps. Epilobium (Dill.) L. Willow-herb.
angustifolium L. Great Willow-herb.
Common in clearings.
molle Torr. In swampy places,
densum Raf. In swamps,
coloratura Muhl. In low grounds, common,
adenocaulon Haussk. In damp soil.
(Enothera L. Evening Primrose, cruciata Nutt. Berlin. Miss I. C. Shattuck.
72 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
biennis L. Common Evening Primrose.
In dry soil, common.
pumila L. In dry fields, common.
fruticosa L. Sundrops. In dry soil.
Gaura L.
biennis L.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. Circsea (Tourn.) L. Enchanter's Nightshade.
lutetiana L. In woods, common.
alpina L. In cold moist woods.
HALORAGIDACE^E (WATER MILFOIL FAMILY).
Myriophyllum (Vaill.) L. Water Milfoil.
spicatum L. In ponds.
verticillatum L. In ponds, common.
humile'(Raf.) Morong. Lake Quinsigamond, Worcester.
tenellum Bigel. With the preceding.
See the Flora of Lake Quinsigamond in the Annual Report of the Worcester Natural History Society, Prof. G. E. Stone. Proserpinaca L. Mermaid-weed.
palustris L. In swamps.
ARALIACE.E (GINSENG 'FAMILY).
Aralia (Tourn.) L.
racemosa L. Spikenard. In rich woods, common. hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla.
In rocky or sandy woods, common. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
In rich woods, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 73
Panax L. Ginseng.
quinquefolium. Ginseng.
In rich woods, not common, trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng.
In moist grounds, common.
UMBELLIFER^: (PARSLEY FAMILY).
Sanicula (Tourn.) L. Sanicle.
marilandica L. In rich woods,
canadensis L. In dry woods.
Hydrocotyle (Tourn.) L. Water Pennywort.
americana L. In wet places, common.
Osmorhiza Raf. Sweet Cicely. Clayton! (Michx.) Clarke.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton, longistylis (Torr.) DC. With the preceding.
Conium L. Poison Hemlock.
maculatum L. In waste places.
Cicuta L. Water Hemlock.
maculata L. Musquash Root.
In swamps and low grounds, common, bulbifera L.
Worcester. Mr. H. H. Kingsbury.
Carum (Rupp.) L. Caraway. Carvi L. Caraway.
By roadsides and in waste places.
Slum (Tourn.) L. Water Parsnip.
cicutaefolium Schrank. In wet places.
74 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Cryptotsenia DC. Honewort. canadensis (L.) DC. Worcester ; Southbridge.
Zizia Koch.
aurea (L.) Koch. Golden Alexanders.
In meadows and swamps, common. Pastinaca L. Parsnip.
sativa L. By roadsides and in waste places.
Heracleum L. Cow Parsnip.
lanatum Michx. In moist grounds, common.
Angelica L. Angelica.
atropurpurea L. In swamps and moist grounds.
Daucus (Tourn.) L. Carrot.
Carota L. In fields and waste places, common.
CORNACE.E (DOGWOOD FAMILY).
Oornus (Tourn.) L. Cornel. Dogwood.
canadensis L. Bunchberry. In low woods,
florida L. Flowering Dogwood.
In woods and copses, common, circinata L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel.
In woods and copses. Amomum Mill. Silky Cornel.
On roadsides and along streams.
stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. In moist soil, paniculata L'Her. In rich soil, common,
alternifolia L. f. In woods and by roadsides, common.
Nyssa L. Tupelo.
sylvatica Marsh. In rich soil.
LEDUM GROENLANDICUM Oeder
SPERMATOPHYTA. 75
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY).
Clethra (Gronov.) L. White Alder. alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush.
In swamps and wet woods, common.
Chimaphila Pursh. Pipsissewa.
umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's Pine.
In dry woods, common. maculata (L.) Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen.
In dry woods.
Moneses Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.
uniflora (L.) Gray. In rich woods, common northward.
Pyrola (Tourn.) L. Wintergreen.
secunda L. In woods and copses,
chlorantha Sw. In dry woods.
elliptica Nutt. Shin Leaf. In rich, dry woods.
americana Sweet. In dry woods, common.
Monotropa L. Indian Pipe.
uniflora L. Indian Pipe. In moist, rich woods.
Hypopitys L. Pinesap. In dry woods.
Ledum (Rupp.) L. Labrador Tea. groenlandicum Oeder.
In bogs and swamps, common northward.
Rhododendron L.
viscosum (L.) Torr. White Swamp Honeysuckle.
In swamps, common, viscosum, var. glaucum (Michx.) Gray.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. nudiflorum (L.) Torr. Purple Azalea.
In woods and thickets, common.
76 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
canescens (Michx.) G. Don.
See Rhodora, 1901, p. 196. canadense (L.) BSP. Rhodora.
In bogs and wet pastures, common.
"In May, when sea- winds pierced our solitudes, I found the fresh Rhodora in the woods, Spreading its leafless blooms in a damp nook, To please the desert and the sluggish brook."
See R. W. EMERSON'S Poems: The Rhodora.
maximum L. Great Laurel.
Auburn; Hubbardston. Kalmia L. Laurel.
latifolia L. Mountain Laurel.
In woods and pastures, common. angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel.
In moist soil and pastures, common. polifolia Wang. Pale Laurel.
In swamps, common northward. Leucothoe D. Don. Fetter Bush, racemosa (L.) Gray.
In rich soil, swamps and pastures. Andromeda L.
glaucophylla Link. Bog Rosemary. Westborough.
The maid Andromeda, divinely fair,
Forever lives in poesy; a group
Of stars in northern skies keeps bright her fame;
This little flower each spring recalls her name.
Lyonia Nutt.
ligustrina (L.) DC. Male Berry.
In swamps and wet soil, common.
LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA (L.) Gray.
ANDROMEDA GLAUCOPHYLUA Link.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 77
Chamsedaphne Moench. Leather Leaf.
calyculata (L.) Moench. In swamps.
Epigaea L. Trailing Arbutus. repens L. Mayflower.
In pine woods and dry pastures, common. Gaultheria (Kalm) L. Aromatic Wintergreen. procumbens L. Checkerberry.
In woods and pastures, common. Arctostaphylos Adans. Bearberry.
Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Bearberry. In dry soil.
Chiogenes Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.
hispidula (L.) T. and G. In swamps northward.
Auburn. Oaylussacia HBK. Huckleberry.
dumosa (Andr.) T. and G. Dwarf Huckleberry.
Northborough. Mr. Arba Pierce. In swamps,
frondosa (L.) T. and G. Dangleberry.
In copses, common, baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. Black Huckleberry.
In rocky woodlands and pastures, common. Vaccinium L. Blueberry. Cranberry, stamineum L. Deerberry.
Berlin. Miss I. C. Shattuck. pennsylvanicum Lam. Early Blueberry.
In dry soil, common.
pennsylvanicum, var. nigrum, Wood. Low Black Blue- berry.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. canadense Kalm. Sour-top Blueberry.
In moist soil, common northward, vacillans Kalm. Late Low Blueberry.
In dry soil, common.
7 8 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
corymbosum L. High Blueberry.
In swamps and pastures, common, atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Black High Blueberry.
In swamps and pastures, csespitosum Michx. Dwarf Bilberry.
Ashburnham. Mr. C. H. Knowlton. Vitis-Idsea L., var. minus Lodd. Mountain Cranberry.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Oxycoccus L. Small Cranberry. In cold bogs.
Millbury. macrocarpon Ait. Large Cranberry.
In bogs and wet places, common.
PRIMULA CE^ (PRIMROSE FAMILY).
Lysimachia (Tourn.) L. Loosestrife, vulgaris L.
Bolton. Miss J. M. Nichols.
quadrifolia L. In thickets, very common.
terrestris (L.) BSP.
In swamps and wet places, very common. Nummularia L. In moist soil, escaped.
thyrsiflora L. Tufted Loosestrife. Northborough. Mr. Arba Pierce. Steironema Raf.
ciliatum (L.) Raf. In moist thickets, common.
lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray. In moist soil.
Trientalis (Rupp.) L. Chickweed Wintergreen. americana (Pers.) Pursh. Star Flower.
In rich woods, common.
"The instinct of classifying marks the wise and healthy mind. Linnaeus projects his system, and lays out his twenty-four classes of plants, before yet he has found in Nature a single plant to justify
SPERMATOPHYTA. 79
certain of his classes. His seventh class has not one. In process of time, he finds with delight the little white Trientalis, the only plant with seven petals and sometimes seven stamens, which constitutes a seventh class in conformity with his system." — EMERSON'S Society and Solitude, "Old Age."
Anagallis (Tourn.) L. Pimpernel.
arvensis L. Common Pimpernel. In waste grounds. Southbridge.
OLEACE.E (OLIVE FAMILY).
Fraxinus (Tourn.) L. Ash.
americana L. White Ash. In rich woods, common, nigra Marsh. Black Ash. In swamps and wet woods. Millbury.
GENTIANACE^E (GENTIAN FAMILY).
Gentiana (Tourn.) L. Gentian.
crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian.
In low meadows and pastures.
"Thou blossom bright with autumn dew, And colored with the heaven's own blue, That openest when the quiet light Succeeds the keen and frosty night.
Thou comest not when violets lean
O'er wandering brooks and springs unseen,
Or columbines, in purple dressed,
Nod o'er the ground-bird's hidden nest."
W. C. BRYANT'S Poems: To the Fringed Gentian.
Andrews!! Griseb. Closed Gentian.
In moist soil, common.
80 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
linearis Froel.
Princeton and northward. Bartonia Muhl.
virginica (L.) BSP.
Southbridge ; Worcester. Menyanthes (Tourn.) L. Buckbean.
trifoliata L. In bogs and shallow water.
Nymphoides (Tourn.) Hill. Floating Heart, lacunosum (Vent.) Fern aid. Lake Quinsigamond. Gardner.
APOCYNACE.E (DOGBANE FAMILY). Vine a L. Periwinkle. minor L. Myrtle.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
Apocynum (Tourn.) L. Dogbane. Indian Hemp, androssemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane.
In fields and by roadsides.
cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. In sandy soil,
cannabinum, var. hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray. Brookfield; Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
ASCLEPIADACE^E (MILKWEED FAMILY).
Asclepias (Tourn.) L. Milkweed. tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed.
In dry fields, not common. purpurascens, L. Purple Milkweed.
Along roadsides and in dry fields.
incarnata, L. Swamp Milkweed. In swamps, common. incarnata, var. pulchra (Ehrh.) Pers. With the last,
syriaca L. Common Milkweed. In rich soil, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 8 1
amplexicaulis Sm. Along roadsides and in dry fields, phytolaccoides Pursh. Poke Milkweed. In copses, quadrif olia Jacq. In woods and copses, not common. Acerates Ell. Green Milkweed.
viridiflora Ell. In the western part of the county.
CONVOLVULACE^E (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY). Convolvulus [Tourn.] L. Bindweed.
spithamaeus L. In dry soil,
sepium L. Hedge Bindweed.
In fields and along fences, arvensis L. Field Bindweed.
In fields and waste places. Cuscuta (Tourn.) L. Dodder.
Gronovii Willd. On herbs and low shrubs, common.
POLEMONIACE.E (POLEMONIUM FAMILY). Phlox L.
paniculata L.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. subulata L. Moss Pink.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Polemonium (Tourn.) L. Greek Valerian, reptans L.
Found by Miss G. Hakes, escaped.
BORAGINACE^: (BORAGE FAMILY). Cynoglossum (Tourn.) L. Hound's Tongue. officinale L. Common Hound's Tongue.
In waste grounds, not common, virginianum L. Wild Comfrey. In woods, Millbury; Princeton.
82 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Lappula (Rivinius) Moench. Stickseed. virginiana (L.) Greene. Beggar's Lice.
In dry woods and thickets. Symphytum (Tourn.) L. Comfrey.
officinale L. Common Comfrey. Occasionally escaped. Lycopsis L. Bugloss.
arvensis L. Small Bugloss. Myosotis (Rupp.) L. Forget-me-not.
scorpioides L. True Forget-me-not.
Worcester. Escaped.
laxa Lehm. In wet, muddy places,
arvensis (L.) Hill.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Lithospermum (Tourn.) L. Gromwell.
arvense L. Corn Gromwell. Occasional.
officinale L. Common Gromwell.
In fields and waste places. Miss E. J. Seaver. Echium (Tourn.) L. Viper's Bugloss.
vulgare L. Blue-weed. In fields and waste places.
VERBENACE.E (VERVAIN FAMILY).
Verbena (Tourn.) L. Vervain. urticsefolia L. White Vervain.
In fields and waste places. hastata L. Blue Vervain.
In moist fields and meadows.
LABIATE (MINT FAMILY).
Ajuga L. Bugle Weed, reptans L.
Peat meadow, Worcester. Miss A. H. Tucker.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 83
Trichostema L. Blue Curls.
dichotomum L. Bastard Pennyroyal. In dry soil.
Scutellaria (Rivinius) L. Skullcap.
lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. In wet places,
galericulata L. In swamps and along streams.
Nepeta (Rivinius) L. Cat Mint.
Cataria L. Catnip. In waste places, common,
hederacea (L.) Trevisan. Gill-over-the-Ground.
In waste places.
Prunella L. Self-heal, vulgaris L. Heal-all.
In fields, woods, and waste places.
Physostegia Benth. False Dragon Head.
virginiana (L.) Benth. Charlton, escaped.
Galeopsis L. Hemp Nettle.
Tetrahit L. Common Hemp Nettle.
In waste places.
Lamium (Tourn.) L. Dead Nettle.
amplexicaulis L. Henbit. In waste grounds.
Miss. A. H. Tucker.
purpureum L. In waste grounds, rare,
maculatum L. Escaped.
Mr. R. C. Manning.
Leonurus L. Motherwort.
Cardiaca L. Common Motherwort.
In waste places, common.
Stachys (Tourn.) L. Hedge Nettle.
palustris L. Woundwort. In wet grounds.
Tatnuck. Mr. Kinney.
84 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Monarda L. Horse Mint.
fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot.
Phillipston. Mrs. W. F. Perry. Hedeoma Pers. Mock Pennyroyal.
pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal.
In dry fields, common. Melissa (Tourn.) L. Balm.
officinalis L. Common Balm.
Prof. G. E. Stone. Escaped.
Satureja (Tourn.) L. , Savory. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Basil.
Millbury. Pycnanthemum Michx. Mountain Mint.
flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. In fields and copses.
Prof. G. E. Stone. virginianum (L.) Durand and Jackson.
Spencer. Mr. J. C. Lyford. muticum (Michx.) Pers.
Mount Wachusett. Mrs. G. B. Stearns. Thymus (Tourn.) L. Thyme.
Serpyllum L. Creeping Thyme.
Worcester; Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Lycopus (Tourn.) L. Water Horehound.
virginicus L. Bugle Weed. In low grounds.
sessilifolius Gray.
Millbury.
americanus Muhl. In low grounds.
Mentha (Toum.) L. Mint.
spicata L. Spearmint. In moist grounds,
piperita L. Peppermint. In moist grounds.
aquatica L. Water Mint. In wet places.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 85
arvensis L. Field Mint.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. arvensis, var. canadensis (L.) Briquet. In moist places. Collinsonia L. Horse Balm.
canadensis L. Rich-weed. In rich woods.
SOLANACE^: (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY).
Solanum (Tourn.) L. Nightshade.
Dulcamara L. Bittersweet. In waste places, common, nigrum L. Common Nightshade. In waste places, ro stratum Dunal. Buffalo Bur.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Physalis L. Ground Cherry.
virginiana Mill. In rich soil in waste places, Millbury. Nicandra Adans. Apple of Peru, physaloides (L.) Pers.
In waste grounds, escaped. Prof. G. E. Stone. Lycium L. Matrimony Vine.
halimifolium Mill. Common Matrimony Vine.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Datura L. Jamestown Weed.
Stramonium (L.) Stramonium.
In fields and waste places, common. Tatula (L.) Purple Thorn Apple. With the last.
SCROPHULARIACE.E (FIGWORT FAMILY).
Verbascum (Tourn.) L. Mullein. Thapsus L. Common Mullein.
In dry fields and waste places.
86 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Blattaria L. Moth Mullein.
With the last, but not as common. Linaria (Tourn.) Hill. Toadflax, vulgaris Hill. Butter and Eggs.
In fields and waste places, common, canadensis (L.) Dumont In dry soil, common.
Cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Coliseum Ivy.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. Scrophularia (Tourn.) L. Figwort. marilandica L.
Brookfield. Mr. E. B. Hale. leporella Bicknell.
Worcester. Mr. W. K. Harrod. Penstemon (Mitchell) Ait. Beard-tongue, hirsutus (L.) Willd.
Worcester. Miss E. F. Brown. Chelone (Tourn.) L. Snake-head.
glabra L. Balmony. In wet grounds, common.
Mimulus L. Monkey Flower.
ringens L. In wet grounds, common.
Ilysanthes Raf. False Pimpernel.
dubia (L.) Barnhart. In wet grounds, Millbury.
Gratiola (Rupp.) L. Hedge Hyssop, virginiana L.
Lake Quinsigamond. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton. aurea Muhl. In sandy, wet grounds.
Veronica (Tourn.) L. Speedwell.
Anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell. In wet places, scutellata L. Marsh Speedwell. In swamps, common, officinalis L. Common Speedwell.
In dry fields, common.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 87
Chamsedrys L. Bird's-eye. In waste places.
Prof. G. E. Stone, serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell.
In grassy places, common, peregrina L. Neckweed.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
arvensis L. Corn Speedwell. In fields, not common, agrestis L. Field Speedwell.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
Gerardia (Plumier) L. Gerardia.
pedicularia L. In dry woods and copses.
flava L. Downy False Foxglove. With the preceding, virginica (L.) BSP. With the preceding,
tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. Southbridge. Mr. R. M. Harper.
Castilleja Mutis. Painted Cup.
coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted Cup.
In wet meadows, Grafton ; Dudley.
"The fresh savannas of the Sangamon Here rise in gentle swells, and the long grass Is mixed with rustling hazels. Scarlet tufts Are glowing in the green, like flakes of fire; The wanderers of the prairie know them well, And call that brilliant flower the Painted Cup."
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT'S The Painted Cup.
Melampyrum [Tourn.] L. Cow Wheat.
lineare Lam. In dry woods and copses, common.
Pedicularis (Tourn.) L. Lousewort. canadensis L. Wood Betony.
In dry woods and copses, common.
88 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Schwalbea (Gronov.) L. Chaff -seed. americana L. Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
LENTIBULARIACE^E (BLADDERWORT FAMILY).
Utricularia L. Bladderwort.
inflata Walt. In ponds,
clandestina Nutt.
See Flora of Lake Quinsigamond, Prof. G. E. Stone. vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. In ponds, common. minor L. Smaller Bladderwort. In ponds.
Prof. G. E. Stone. gibba L. In ponds.
Miss E. J. Seaver. intermedia Hayne. In shallow pools.
Prof. G. E. Stone. purpurea Walt.
Lake Quinsigamond. Prof. G. E. Stone. resupinata B. D. Greene.
See Flora of Lake Quinsigamond, Prof. G. E. Stone. cornuta Michx.
Lunenburg. Rev. F. L. Palmer.
OROBANCHACE.E (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY).
Epifagus Nutt. Beech-drops, virginiana.
Ashburnham. Prof. J. E. Vose. Conopholis Wallr. Squaw-root. americana (L. f.) Wallr. Ashburnham. Prof. J. E. Vose.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 89
Orobanche [Tourn.] L. Broom-rape.
uniflora L. One-flowered Cancer-root.
In grassy places, common.
MARTYNIACE^ (MARTYNIA FAMILY).
Martynia L. Unicorn-plant.
Louisiana Mill. Escaped.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
PHRYMACE.E (LOPSEED FAMILY).
Phryma L. Lopseed.
Leptostachya L. In open woods, not common.
PLANTAGINACE.E (PLANTAIN FAMILY).
Plantago (Tourn.) L. Plantain, major L. Common Plantain.
In waste places, very common. Rugelii Dene.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. lanceolata L. Rib Grass. In waste places, common, aristata Michx. Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. '
RUBIACE.E (MADDER FAMILY).
Galium L. Bedstraw.
circaezans Michx. In rich woods,
lanceolatum Torr. Wild Liquorice. Worcester. Miss Emily Sargent.
90 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Mollugo L. Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C.
pa-lustre L.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
trifidum L. In wet grounds.
tinctorium L.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. asprellum Michx. Marsh Bedstraw.
In wet grounds, common. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
In rich woods. Mitchella L. Partridge Berry.
repens L. In rich woods, common.
Cephalanthus L. Buttonbush.
occidentalis L. In swamps, common.
Houstonia L.
caerulea L. Bluets.
In open, grassy places, very common.
CAPRIFOLIACE.E (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY).
Diervilla (Tourn.) Mill. Bush Honeysuckle.
Lonicera Mill. In dry woods and pastures, common. Lonicera L. Honeysuckle.
caerulea L., var. villosa (Michx.) T. and G.
Boylston. Mr. Frank Drew, canadensis Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle.
In rich woods.
hirsuta Eat. Hairy Honeysuckle. See Bigelow's Florula, Bostoniensis. dioica L. West Boylston; North Brookfield.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 91
Symphoricarpus (Dill.) Ludwig. Snowberry.
racemosus Michx.
Farnumsville, escaped. Miss K. I. Fish. Linnsea (Gronov.) L. Twin-flower.
borealis L., var. Americana (Forbes) Render.
In cool, mossy woods, in the northern part of the county.
"Linnaea," says Sir James Edward Smith, "is so called in honor of the great Swedish naturalist, Linnaeus; and appears, by the journal of his tour in Lapland, to have been chosen by himself to commemo- rate his own name, when he gathered it at Lyksele, May 29, 1732. Former botanists had called this elegant and singular little plant Campanula serpyttifolia; but Linnaeus, prosecuting the study of vegetables on the only certain principles, the structure of their parts of fructification, soon found this to constitute a new genus. He reserved the idea in his own mind till his discoveries and publications had entitled him to botanical commemoration; and his friend Gronovius, in due time, undertook to make this genus known to the world. It was published by Linnaeus himself, in the Genera Plan- tar urn, in 1737, and the same year In the Flora Lapponica,with a plate; being, moreover, mentioned in the Critica Botanica, as 'a humble, despised, and neglected Lapland plant flowering at an early age,' like the person whose name it bears." — GEORGE B. EMERSON'S Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.
" In unploughed Maine he sought the lumberer's gang, Where from a hundred lakes young rivers sprang;
He saw beneath dim aisles in odorous beds The slight Linnaea hang its twin-born heads, And blessed the monument of the man of flowers, Which breathes his sweet fame through the northern bowers." R. W. EMERSON'S Woodnotes, I, 3.
Triosteum L. Feverwort.
aurantiacum. Bicknell. In rich woods, Boylston.
92 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Viburnum [Tourn.] L. Arrow-wood. alnifolium, Marsh. Hobble-bush.
In rich woods, especially northward. Opulus L., var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry Tree. In rich woods, Graf ton and northward. acerifolium L. Arrow-wood.
In dry woods and thickets, common, dentatum L. Arrow-wood.
In moist grounds, common, cassinoides L. Withe-rod.
In rich soil, in low grounds. Lentago L. Sweet Viburnum. In rich soil.
Sambucus (Tourn.) L. Elder.
canadensis. Common Elder. In moist soil, common. racemosa L. Red-berried Elder.
In rocky places, especially northward.
DIPSACACE^ (TEASEL FAMILY).
Dipsacus (Tourn.) L. Teasel.
sylvestris (Huds.). Wild Teasel. South Worcester.
Knautia L.
arvensis (L.) T. Coulter. Princeton. Mrs. H. S. Knight.
CUCURBITACE^E (GOURD FAMILY).
Sicyos L. One-seeded Bur-cucumber.
angulatus L. In rich soil in moist places.
Ecbinocystis T. and G. Wild Balsam-apple. - lobata (Michx.) T. and G. In rich soil.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 93
CAMPANULACE.E (BLUEBELL FAMILY).
Specularia (Heist.) Fabricius. Venus' Looking-glass.
perfoliata (L.) A. DC. In dry, open grounds.
Campanula (Tourn.) L. Bellflower.
rapunculoides L. Occasionally escaped,
rotundifolia L. Harebell.
Winchendon. Mr. A. S. Allen. aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Bluebell.
In moist grassy places.
LOBELIACE.E (LOBELIA FAMILY).
Lobelia (Plumier) L.
cardinalis L. Cardinal- flower. In moist soil, common, siphilitica L. Great Lobelia.
In low, moist grounds, not common.
spicata Lam. In dry soil, common,
inflata L. Indian Tobacco. In fields and copses.
Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. On borders of ponds.
COMPOSITE (COMPOSITE FAMILY).
Vernonia Schreb. Ironweed.
noveboracensis Willd. In moist ground.
Baldwin!! Torr.
Southbridge, in waste grounds.
Mr. L. E. Ammidown. See Rhodora, December, 1906.
Eupatorium (Tourn.) L. Thoroughwort. purpureum L. Joe-Pye Weed.
In moist grounds, common.
94 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
purpureum, var. maculatum (L.) Darl.
Phillipston. Mr. P. Blodgett. verbenaefolium Michx. In low grounds.
Mr. George Coult. pubescens Muhl. In dry soil.
Worcester. Mr. George Coult.
sessilifolium L. Upland Boneset. In copses.
perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort.
In moist grounds, very common. urticaefolium Reichard. White Snakeroot.
In rich woods. aromaticum L.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. Mikania Willd. Climbing Hempweed. scandens (L.) Willd.
Worcester. Mr. Kinney. Liatris Schreb. Blazing Star. scariosa Willd.
Sterling. Miss. E. J. Seaver. Solidago L. Golden-rod, squarrosa Muhl.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. csesia L. In rich woods and copses.
latifolia L. In rich woods, common.
bicolor L. In dry woodlands, common.
puberula Nutt.
Princeton. W. W. B. and J. F. C. speciosa Nutt.
Barre. Miss Sara Lane.
arguta Ait. In open woods, common,
juncea Ait. In copses and in dry soil, common.
neglecta T. and G. In swamps.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 95
odora Ait. Sweet Golden-rod. In dry woodlands,
ulmifolia Muhl.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. rugosa Mill. In dry soil, very commori.
nemoralis Ait. In dry, sterile fields,
canadensis L. In dry soil, common,
serotina, var. gigantea (Ait.) Gray. Common,
graminifolia (L.) Salisb. In moist grounds,
tenuifolia Pursh. In moist grounds.
Aster (Tourn.) L. Aster.
divaricatus L. In open woodlands, common,
macrophyllus L. In copses, common,
macrophyllus, var. pinguifolius Burgess.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
novse-angliae L. In fields and along fences,
patens Ait. In dry soil,
undulatus L. In dry soil,
cordifolius L. In dry woodlands.
Ifievis L. On borders of woodlands, common.
ericoides L. In dry soil.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. multiflorus Ait. In dry sandy soil,
dumosus L. In sandy soil,
vimineus Lam. In waste grounds,
vimineus Lam. var. foliolosus (Ait.) Gray.
See Rhodora, October, 1900.
lateriflorus (L.) Britton. In waste grounds.
Tradescanti L. In low grounds,
paniculatus Lam. In moist soil,
paniculatus, var. acutidens Burgess.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
96 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
longifolius Lam.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
novi-belgii L. In moist grounds.
puniceus L. In low grounds, very common,
puniceus, var. compactus Fernald.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett.
umbellatus Mill. In moist places, common.
linariifolius L. In dry soil, common,
acuminatus Michx. In rich woodlands, common.
aemoralis Ait.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. nemoralis, var. Blakei Porter. With the last.
Erigeron L. Fleabane.
pulchellus Michx. Robin's Plantain.
In grassy places, common.
philadelphicus L. In fields and woods,
annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane.
In waste places, common. ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy Fleabane.
In fields, common. canadensis L. Horse-weed.
In fields and waste places, common. Sericocarpus Nees. White-topped Aster.
asteroides (L.) BSP. In dry soil, common.
liniifolius (L.) BSP. In dry soil.
Worcester; Boylston.
Antennaria Gaertn. Everlasting.
Parlinii Fernald. In rich soil.
Mr. R. M. Harper.
canadensis Greene. In dry soil.
Mr. R. M. Harper.
SPERMATOPHYTA. • 97
plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. In dry soil, common,
fallax Greene. In rich open woods.
Mr. R. M. Harper, neodioica Greene. In fields and woods.
Mr. R. M. Harper, neglecta Greene. In fields and woods.
Mr. R. M. Harper, petaloidea Fernald. In fields and open woods.
Mr. R. M. Harper.
Anaphalis DC. Everlasting.
margaritacea (L.) B. and H. Pearly Everlasting.
In dry pastures.
Gnaphalium L. Cudweed.
polycephalum Michx. Common Everlasting.
In dry open places, common.
decurrens Ives. Everlasting. In open grounds,
uliginosum L. Low Cudweed.
In damp places, common. purpureum L. Purplish Cudweed. In low grounds.
Inula L. Elecampane.
Helenium L. Elecampane.
In fields and along roadsides.
Ambrosia (Tourn.) L. Ragweed.
artemisiaefolia L. Roman Wormwood.
In waste places, very common.
Xanthium (Tourn.) L. Cocklebur. spinosum L.
Worcester. Mr. John Coulson. canadense Mill.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
98 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Heliopsis Pers. Ox-eye, helianthoides (L.) Sweet.
Worcester, introduced, Mr. George Coult. Rudbeckia L. Cone-flower. hirta L. Black-eyed Susan.
In meadows and grassy places, common. laciniata L. Leicester. Mr. H. H. Kingsbury.
Helianthus L. Sunflower.
annuus L. Common sunflower.
Occasionally escaped.
divaricatus L. In dry woodlands.
strumosus L. In dry woodlands.
decapetalus L. In copses and along streams.
tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke.
In copses, not common. Bidens L. Bur Marigold.
frondosa L. Beggar-ticks. In moist places, common, comosa (Gray) Wiegand. In moist places,
connata Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks.
In moist places and swamps.
cernua L. Stick-tight. In wet places, common.
Isevis (L.) BSP. In swamps.
Beckii Torr. Water Marigold.
Lake Quinsigamond. Oalinsoga R. and P.
parviflora Cav. In waste places, spreading,
parviflora Cav., var. hispida DC. With the last.
Helenium L. Sneezeweed.
autumnale L. In meadows, established.
Mr. George Coult.
SPERMATOPHYTA. 99
tenuif olium Nutt. Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown.
AchiUea (Vaill.) L. Yarrow.
Millefolium L. Common Yarrow.
Mostly in dry grounds, common.
Anthemis (Michx.) L. Chamomile. Cotula L. May-weed.
In waste places, very common.
"To explain these matters it need only be said that, like many a better botanist before her, the girl had mistaken one herb of the field for another, and, instead of gathering innocent wild camomile, had collected good store of mayweed — a plant so exactly like the first to outward seeming that only most skilled eyes detect the difference between them." — See the sixth chapter of Eden Phillpotts' Sons of the Morning for the part played by the decoction of Anthemis Cotula.
Chrysanthemum (Tourn.) L. Ox-eye Daisy. Leucanthemum L. White Daisy.
In fields and waste places, common. Parthenium (L.) Benth. Feverfew. Barre, escaped, Miss Sara Lane.
Tanacetum (Tourn.) L. Tansy.
vulgare L. Common Tansy. In waste places, common, vulgare, var. crispum DC. With the last.
Prof. G. E. Stone.
Artemisia (Tourn.) L. Wormwood.
vulgaris L. Common Mugwort. Waste places.
Worcester. Absinthium L. Wormwood.
Worcester. Mr. T. E. N. Eaton.
100 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Tussilago (Tourn.) L. Coltsfoot. Farfara L. Fitchburg. Mr. E. A. Hartwell.
Erechtites Raf. Fireweed.
hieracifolia (L.) Raf. In burned clearings.
Senecio (Tourn.) L. Squaw-weed, aureus L. Golden Ragwort.
In swamps and wet meadows.
Arctium L. Burdock.
minus (Hill.) Bernh. Common Burdock.
In waste places, common.
Carduus (Tourn.) L. Plumeless Thistle, crispus L.
Worcester. Mr. L. White.
Oirsium (Tourn.) Hill. Common Thistle.
lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common Thistle.
In fields and waste places, common. spinosissimum (Walt.) Scop. Yellow Thistle.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. discolor Spreng. In fields and along roadsides.
muticum Michx. Swamp Thistle. In swamps.
pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. Pasture Thistle.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle.
In fields and waste places, common.
Oentaurea L. Star Thistle, nigra L. Knapweed.
Hardwick. Mr. R. M. Harper, maculosa Lam. West Auburn, recently introduced.
SPERMATOPHYTA. IOI
Oichorium (Tourn.) L. Succory or Chicory. Intybus L. Common Chicory.
By roadsides and in waste places.
Krigia Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion.
virginica (L.) Willd. In dry soil.
Leontodon L. Hawkbit.
autumnalis L. Fall Dandelion.
By roadsides and in waste places.
Tragopogon (Tourn.) L. Goat's Beard, pratensis L. Goat's Beard. Worcester.
Taraxacum (Haller) Ludwig. Dandelion, omcinale Weber. Common Dandelion.
In fields and waste places, very common.
"Dear common flower, that grow'st beside the way, Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold,
First pledge of blithesome May, Which children pluck, and, full of pride, uphold,
High-hearted buccaneers, o'erjoyed that they An Eldorado in the grass have found,
Which not the rich earth's ample round May match in wealth, thou art more dear to me Than all the prouder summer-blooms may be."
LOWELL'S To the Dandelion.
Sonchus (Tourn.) L. Sow Thistle.
arvensis L. Field Sow Thistle. In waste places,
oleraceus L. Common Sow Thistle. In waste places. asper (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved Thistle.
In waste places.
102 FLORA OF WORCESTER COUNTY.
Lactuca (Tourn.) L. Lettuce, scariola L. Prickly Lettuce.
Worcester. Miss Grace B. Baker.
canadensis L. Wild Lettuce. In rich soil, common, hirsuta Muhl.
Southbridge. Mr. L. E. Ammidown. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell. Waste grounds.
Worcester. Mr. George Coult. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. In low grounds.
Prenanthes (Vaill.) L. Rattlesnake-root.
alba L. White Lettuce. In rich woods, common,
serpentaria Pursh. .Lion's-foot. Occasional.
Prof. G. E. Stone, trifoliata (Cass.) Fernald.
Templeton. Mr. P. Blodgett. altissimus L. In rich woods, common.
Hieracium (Tourn.) L. Hawkweed.
aurantiacum L. Orange Hawkweed.
In fields and waste places.
venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed. In dry woods.
paniculatum L. In dry woods,
scabrum Michx. In dry woods and pastures.
Gronovii L. In dry woods,
canadense Michx. In dry woods.
(1240 species and varieties.)
• . .-,.. v •; -; .
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