LIBRARY

OF THE ..

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

OIKT OF"

Received U/C^. , 1896? .

Accession No.>£tf . 'doss No.

PALEO.
LIBRARY

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

'Of '^0?

.

IVI^.

FOSSIL BRYOZOA

IN THE

DEPARTMENT OP GEOLOGY

CATALOGUE

OF

THE FOSSIL BRYOZOA

IN THE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY).

THE JURASSIC BRYOZOA.

BY

J. W. GBEQOBY, D.Sc., F.G.S., F.Z.S.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY

LONGMANS AND CO., 39, PATERNOSTER ROW.

B. QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY. DULAU AND CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, S.W.
KEGAN PAUL AND CO., CHARING CROSS ROAD, W.C.

AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

1896.

I

wu

HERTFORD :

PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS.

PREFACE

THE present Catalogue, by Dr. J. W. Gregory, F.G.S.,
forms an acceptable addition to those previously printed,
by order of the Trustees, upon the various groups of fossils,
both Vertebrate and Invertebrate, preserved in this Depart-
ment, and of which twenty-two volumes have already been
issued, while four others are in progress.

Certainly no group needed more careful and critical
revision and examination than the Bryozoa ; and it is hoped
that Dr. Gregory will be able to complete the Catalogue
of both the earlier and later forms, which at present remain
to be worked out in detail.

HENRY WOODWARD.

GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT,

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
May, 1896.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

THE selection of the Jurassic Bryozoa for the first Catalogue
may seem capricious ; but it was made deliberately. The
two orders of Bryozoa that prevailed in the Palaeozoic era
became extinct or greatly reduced in importance at its
close. It is among the Jurassic deposits that we have
to seek the ancestors of existing types of Bryozoa. They
occur there, moreover, with the primary lines of divergence
well marked, and not obscured by the extreme secondary
variations of later periods. It seemed, therefore, necessary
to work out the Jurassic fauna before attempting the
description of that of the Cretaceous, which of all British
Bryozoa faunas is most in need of further investigation.

I must express my indebtedness to the Rev. T. Hincks,
F.R.S., for useful advice ; to Mr. Beeby Thompson, F.G.S.,
and to Mr. E. Walford, F.G.S., for the gift to the
Museum, or loan, of specimens. Mr. C. D. Sherborn,
F.Z.S., has kindly permitted me to refer to his MS. Index
Generum 6t Specierum Animalium ; and my colleagues,
Messrs. R. B. Newton, G. C. Crick, and F. A. Bather,
have helped in the identification of fossils encrusted by
Bryozoa. For ever ready assistance in examining the recent
collections of Bryozoa, and the opportunity for frequent

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

consultation in reference to points on classification, I
am much indebted to Mr. E. Kirkpatrick, of the
Zoological Department. I must also express my thanks to
Miss G. M. Woodward for the preparation of the very
elaborate and beautiful drawings of the Bryozoa which
illustrate this Catalogue and the cases of specimens in the
Geological Gallery.

J. W. GREGORY.

GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT,

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
IZth May, 1896.

CONTENTS.

PART I. INTRODUCTION ......

,, II. SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS . . •• • • 37

,, III. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES :

Tubuliporidae ... . 41
Idmoniidae ....••

Entalophoridae . . . • - • 137

Fascigeridae . . • • • .166

Osculiporidae . . . • • • 172

Theonoidae .... .172

Clausidae I84

Reticuliporidae . . . • • .191

Ceramoporidae . . . • • • 193

Amplexoporidae ... . . 195

Heterotrypidse

Membraniporidae

Microporidae . . . • • • 214

APPENDIX A. MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS . . . .217

„ B. LIST OF SPECIES WITH DISTRIBUTION . 220
,, C. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 224

INDEX OF SPECIES AND GENERA.

ILLUSTKATIONS IN TEXT.

PAGE

FIG. 1. Diagram of structure of typical Bryozoon ... 9

,, 2. Diagrams of zooecia of Bryozoa 11

,, 3. Longitudinal section through a frond of Diastopora . . 13
, , 4. Base of Diastopora, showing basal Berenecoid encrustation

and erect frond 16

,, 5. Section through frond of Diastopora lamellosa, Mich., var.

cervicornis, to show multiple growth . . . .17
,, 6. A Diastopora giving off shoots in the condition of

Entalophora . . . . . . . .17

,, 7. The initial Stomatoporoid cell of a Diastopora, and

expansion to Berenecoid condition . . . .20
,, 8. Stomatopora smithi (Phil.) : part of type specimen . . 56
,, 9. Transverse section across part of a zoarium of Repto-

multisparsa, sp., showing concentric layers . . .113
,, 10. Longitudinal section through half of zoarium of Spiropora

richmondiensis (Vine) ....... 154

, , 11. Two parts of same zoarium of Haplocecia straminea (Phil.),

showing worn and unworn condition . . . .158
,, 12. Part of zoarium of type specimen of Haplooecia straminea

(Phil.) 160

,, 13. Longitudinal section of zoarium of Ceriocava corymbosa

(Lamx.), showing central axis and marginal zooecia . 164
,, 14. Longitudinal section of zoarium of Ceriocava laxata,

Greg. 165

,, 15. Part of longitudinal section through zoarium of Multi-

clausa kaimei, Greg 185

„ 16. Longitudinal section through end of branch of Terebellaria

ramosissima, Lamx. . . . . . . .190

,, 17. Transverse section across branch of Terebellaria ramo-

sissima, Lamx. ........ 190

,, 18. Longitudinal and transverse sections through Ceriopora

globosa (Mich.) 196

,, 19. Longitudinal and transverse sections through Heteropora

conifera (Lamx.) ........ 205

,, 20. Two parts of one zoarium of Heteropora conifera (Lamx.),

showing irregularity in distribution of mesopores . . 205
,, 21. Membranipora jurassica, Greg. . . . . .213

,, 22. Onychocella flabelliformis (Lamx.) ..... 213

" The suggestion that it may be as well to give up the attempt to define species,
and to content oneself with recording the varieties .... which accompany a
definable type . ... in the geographical district in which the latter is
indigenous, may be regarded as revolutionary ; but I am inclined to think that
sooner or later we shall have to adopt i£." — HUXLEY, 1880.

PART I. INTRODUCTION.

1. The Problem of Tubular Fossils.

2. The Affinities of the Bryozoa.

3. The Structure of a typical Bryozoan.

4. The Terminology of the Shells of the Cyclostomata and Trepostomata.

5. The Value of Generic Divisions in the Cyclostomata.

1. Simplicity of Structure. 2. The Stomatopora-Diastopora Series.
3. Are there any Genera in Cyclostomata ? 4. Circuit.

6. Specific Groups and Individual Variation.

1. The Variation of Zooecia. 2. The Comparison of Equivalent Zooecia.
3. Variational Formulae. 4. Continuous Variation.

7. The Classification of the Cyclostomata.

1. The four orders of Gymnolaema. 2. Previous Classifications. 3. The
Classification proposed.

8. Previous work on the Jurassic Bryozoa.

9. The British Museum Collection.
10. The Jurassic Sequence.

PART I.

INTRODUCTION.

1. THE PROBLEM OF TUBULAR FOSSILS.

of the most familiar ways in which aquatic animals seek
protection from their enemies, is by surrounding themselves with
a tube, formed either of foreign particles held together by slime,
or of material secreted by the external surface of the body. As
these tubular shells are the most easily acquired of all effective
methods of defence, they have been adopted independently by
animals occupying very different zoological positions, and they
vary in complexity from simple tubes, to elaborate, specialized
skeletons. Examples of shells formed of primitive open tubes
occur in most of the phyla of the animal kingdom. Thus, in
the Protozoa there is the Foraminifer Syringammina ; in the
Coelenterata there are the Hydroid Tubularia and the coral
Cladochonus ; among the worms we find the order Tubicola and
the tube-building rotifers such as Melicerta ; and among the Bryozoa
there is the order Cyclostomata. The same type of skeleton is
developed by some of the Mollusca, such as the Gasteropod
Ccecum, the Scaphopod Dentalium, the Lamellibranch Teredo,
the so-called Pteropod Conularia, and the earliest Cephalopods ;
and it even occurs among the jointed Arthropods, as in the case
of the larval caddis-fly.

Not only, however, is a skeleton consisting of a simple open
tube found in most groups of the Invertebrata, but the variations
of this tube, both in arrangement and structure, are similar in
different groups. Thus, the tubes may be single and straight, as

4 INTRODUCTION.

in most of the cases above cited ; or they may be gregarious, and
either grow into massive bundles of parallel tubes, as in the coral
Favosites, the worm Galeolaria filiformis (Sow.), and the Bryozoan
Heteropora ; or again, they may be gregarious, but contorted,
forming dense tangled masses, as in the worm Galeolaria plexus
(Sow.), the Gasteropod Siliquaria, the Lamellibranch Teredina.
Similarly the structure of the tube, as a rule, does not give any
clue to the systematic position of the animal that made it. The
shells are often formed of miscellaneous fragments of foreign,
material, as in the sandy tubes of the Foraminifer Hyperammina,
of the rotifer Melicerta, or of the worm Sabella ; or as in the muddy
pipes of the Hydroid Tubularia or the worm Terebella ; or, again,
as in the short cylinders of sticks, shells, or fish scales, which
protect the Iarva3 of such insects as the caddis-worm. Or the
shells may be secreted by the external wall of the animal, as in
the case of most of those worms, Bryozoa, and Mollusca, which
have adopted the habit of dwelling in tubes.

Moreover, when the tubes become specialized and more complex,
the same modifications appear in those of different animal groups.
Thus, when tubes which are long and narrow, still further
lengthen, the older part is left empty, and is cut off by the
formation of horizontal plates across the tubes. These plates are
found alike in the tubular shells of the corals, Bryozoa, worms, and
Mollusca ; they are known as tabulaB and diaphragms respectively
in the two first, and as septa in the two last. When, on the other
hand, the tubes are short and broad, the walls are strengthened by
the formation of loose, spongy tissue : this is found in such corals
as Diphyphyllum, in which it is called "vesicular endotheca"; in
such Bryozoa as Prasopora, in which it is said to be made up of
cystiphragms ; or in such worms as Cornulites, and such Brachio-
pods as Cyrtina, in which it is simply described as "vesicular
tissue."

The fact that animals which belong to very different groups
have skeletons, which are based on the same plan, are built of
similar materials, possess the same parts, and vary within the same
limits, is of great interest to the zoologist. Excluding a few forms
which bore through floating wood, most of the tube-dwelling
animals live in shallow waters exposed to the scour of powerful
currents and tides, and therefore needing shelter from the drift of
sand and shingle. Hence they either occur imbedded in sand or

INTRODUCTION. 5

mud, or attached to rocks. Under either condition the power to
grow rapidly in height is essential to existence. Otherwise those
animals that adopt the former mode of life would be buried by the
accumulation of silt, while those that adopt the latter would be
choked by the growth of sea- weed, or be starved owing to the
capture of all the food by taller rivals.

To the zoologist, who can base his classification upon the soft parts
of the animal, as well as upon the hard, these tubicolar forms present
no exceptional difficulties. They are, indeed, of especial interest,
for they show how close a resemblance may exist between animals
of different groups, owing to adaptation to suit the same conditions
of life ; and they supply the most emphatic warning that similarity
in structure does not always imply community of origin.

To the paleontologist, however, who cannot check his con-
clusions by the evidence of vascular anatomy or embryology, these
tube-dwelling animals are a vexation and a puzzle. There is so
frequently no correlation between the structure of the tube and
of the creature that made it. Hence the vast majority of the
fossil worm tubes are now ignored by palaeontologists ; their study
has been abandoned in despair, for, so far as we can see at present,
they can give no aid in the classification of the group to which
they belong, or in tracing its life history.

In the study of the Jurassic Bryozoa we are faced by the initial
difficulty that their shells are tubular. In periods earlier than the
Jurassic, many of the Bryozoa belonged to the order Cryptostomata ;
and in later times the order Cheilostomata was well represented.
In these two groups the skeletons of the individual members of the
colony are complex, and offer fairly reliable diagnostic characters.
But in Jurassic times the former order was extinct, and the latter
was represented by only two rare species; 98*5 per cent, of
the forms have left no traces, except their tubular skeletons.
Nevertheless, these fossils cannot be ignored like the worms, for,
with the two exceptions noted, they belong to orders either wholly
extinct or now of dwindling importance. Their evidence, therefore,
must be considered in any attempt to trace the evolution of the
Bryozoa.

As tubicolar skeletons occur in so many different groups of
animals, in the study of the fossil Bryozoa we are faced at the
outset by the problem, how to recognize the fossil members of this
class. It must be at once admitted, that there are no diagnostic I

6 INTEODUCT10N.

characters by which we can positively say, whether a given fossil
be a- Bryozoan or not. There are some large groups of Palaeozoic
fossils which may belong either to the Bryozoa, Actinozoa, or
Hydrozoa. There are also numerous Jurassic fossils whose
affinities have loag been matter of dispute. Nevertheless, by
means of detailed investigation of some existing allied animals,
and by microscopic investigation of the fossils, it is possible to
settle the probable affinities of these doubtful forms. Hence
certain fossils, which have been often assigned to the Corals, are
included in the present Catalogue as Bryozoa ; and others, such as
the genera Acanthopora, Neuropora, and Chrysaora, which have
been previously considered to be Bryozoa, are excluded as
Hydrozoa.

2. THE AFFINITIES OF THE BRYOZOA.

Unlike most animals we cannot refer the Bryozoa to any one
of the eight phyla, or great divisions of the animal kingdom.
Although their anatomical structure is well known, their
systematic position is uncertain. When first studied they were
regarded as plants, which was the orthodox view until the middle
of the last century. Peysonnel, indeed, had discovered sufficient
to show the erroneous nature of this conclusion;1 but his arguments
were unheeded owing to the opposition of Reaumur, who reported
Peysonnel's observations to the Academie des Sciences in 1727. It
was not till 1742 that Jussieu2 figured the creatures that form the
skeletons, and conclusively proved their animal nature. But even
then this theory was not accepted. Baster,3 in 1760, explained
the polypi as only parasites on the surfaces of aquatic plants ; and
Linneus,4 even in his latest work, separated the zoophytes from
the corals, and expressed his conviction that " sunt enim stipites

1 De Reaumur. Observations sur la formation du Corail et des autres pro-
ductions appellees Plantes pierreuses : Mem. Acad. roy. Sci. 1727, pp. 276-7.

2 Bernard de Jussieu. Examen de quelques productions marines qui ont ete
mises an nombre des Plantes, et qui sont 1'ouvrage d'une sort d'Insectes de iner :
Mem. Acad. roy. Sci. 1742, pp. 290-302, pis. ix., x.

3 Jobus Basterus. Opuscula subseciva Harlem, t. i. lib. 2, 1760, p. 61.

4 Systema Naturae, ed. 12, t. i. pars 2, 1767, p. 1287.

INTEODUCTION.

vera plantce qua metamorpliosi transeunt in flores animates (vera

In spite, however, of the influence of the great Swedish
systematist, naturalists had come before the end of the eighteenth
century to a general agreement as to the animal nature of these
plant-like structures, which were all associated together under
the name zoophytes. That this was not a single homogeneous
group, was known to some last-century observers. Spallanzani
remarked that the polypi are independent, and are bent in their
cells like a bow, instead of being continuous downward into the
central fleshy axis, as they are in such zoophytes as Sertularia.
Loefling1 pointed out that in Flustra pilosa the different polypi
(zocecia) act independently, and that the irritation of one does
not cause them all to withdraw into their cells, as it does in such
forms as Sertularia. These observations prepared the way for the
work of those who by description of the anatomical structure of
these animals, showed that the polypes are based on several very
different plans.

Renier,2 in 1793, discovered that some of the zoophytes agree
in anatomical structure with Ascidia, and not with Hydra ; in
consequence one group was transferred to the Mollusca. Grant,3
in 1827, described the animal of Flustra, and showed that it is
equally advanced above the Hydra type. His work was followed
by that of Vaughan Thompson 4 on some species of Sertularia, the
cells of which he found to be inhabited by a new animal, the
Polyzoa, " which agrees more closely with the AscidiaB than with
the Hydrae." He suggested that the "species of Sertularia in
which the animals have been determined to be Polyzoae may
perhaps be referred to one genus," which he separated from
Sertularia under the name of Vesicularia (op. cit. p. 97).

1 Pehr Loefling. Beskrifning pa tvaenne sina Coraller : Handl. k. Sven.
Vet. Acad. vol. xiii. (1752) pp. 109-22, pi. iii.

2 Benier. Opusc. Scelt. t. xvi. p. 256, t. 1.

3 R. E. Grant. Observations on the Structure and Nature oiFlustra : JSdinb.
New Phil. Journ. vol. iii. (1827) pp. 107-18, 337-42.

* John Vaughan Thompson. On Polyzoa, a new animal discovered as an
inhabitant of some Zoophites — with a description of the newly instituted Genera
of Pedicellaria and Vesicularia, and their species : Zool. Researches, No. v.
pp. 89-102, pis. i.-iii.

8 INTRODUCTION.

Thompson only treated this type of structure as of generic
importance, and it was reserved for Ehrenberg,1 a few months
later, to use it as the basis of a new zoological group. This
he named the Bryozoa, and made a subdivision of his class
Phytozoa Polypi; his diagnosis, " Ore anoque distinctis, tubo
cilario perfecto" when taken in conjunction with the context, is
quite satisfactory. Ehrenberg, however, left the Bryozoa as
close allies of the Anthozoa; but later zoologists grouped them
with the Brachiopods and Ascidians to form the " subkingdom
Molluscoidea." The removal of the Ascidians to the Chordata
took away one of the three classes that formed this group ; and
the evidence for the alliance of the Bryozoa and Brachiopoda is
not conclusive. The two classes agree only in the presence of the
lophophore and the epistome, and in the absence or great reduction
of the pra3-oral region. The value of the evidence in these points is
uncertain ; for the lophophore appears to rise from a lobe in front
of the mouth in the Brachiopoda, and in most of the Bryozoa;
whereas in one group of the latter (the Entoprocta) it is a postoral
structure. Again, in the Entoprocta the lip-like epistome may be
homologous with the foot of the type of Molluscan larva, known
as the Trochosphere ; but in the Brachiopods and the rest of the
Bryozoa it is the remnant of a prse-oral lobe.

Until these difficulties are removed it is impossible to determine
the exact affinities of the Bryozoa. On the one hand, the Ento-
procta approximate to the Mollusca; and on the other, the Ecto-
procta approach the Worms.

3. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRYOZOA.

i

The main facts in the anatomy of the Bryozoa may easily he
determined by the examination of a common form such as the
Hornwrack Flustra fok'acea, Linn. In this species the whole
Bryozoon consists of broad chitinous fronds, which expand rapidly
in width and branch repeatedly. The surface, when examined
by the naked eye, is seen to be marked by small lozenge-shaped

1 C. G. Ehrenberg. Symbols Physicse sen Icones et Descriptiones Animalium
Evertebratorum, Dec. 1. Dated 1828. Text issued 1831. Fol. Polypi, a.

INTEODUCTION-. 9

areas, each of which represents one individual of the colony or
(to use Proudho's term) a Bryozoite. If we separate one of the
Bryozoites from the colony (or zoarium), we find it consists of a
double-walled cell (or zooecium}, and of a zooid which lodges
within it.

FIG. 1. — Diagram of structure of typical Bryozoa. an. anus; ap. aperture;
b.c. body cavity ; c.p. communication pore ; d. diaphragm ; ect.
ectoderm ; end. endoderm ; /. f uniculi ; n. nerve ganglion ; o. orifice ;
oss. oesophagus; op. operculum; r.m. retractor muscle; st. stomach;
T. tentacles ; t.s. tentacle sheath.

The zocecium is the skeleton or shell in which the zooid lives ;
but it was at one time believed to be an independent individual,
modified for protective purposes. This view, however, is now
known to be erroneous ; the zocecium and zooid together form an
individual Bryozoite, just as an oyster and its shell together form
an individual Mollusc. The zooid consists, essentially, of a closed
digestive tube, shaped somewhat like a fish-hook with the curved
part greatly thickened. The longer arm begins with a funnel-
shaped oesophagus, at the top of which is the mouth ; the shorter
arm ends with the anus. The expansion at the curve is the
stomach. The mouth (or " orifice") is surrounded by a circle of
ciliated tentacles, which form the structure known as the " lopho-
phore." There is one small nerve ganglion beside the mouth,
situated between it and the anus. The zooid lives either crowded
into the cell-like zooecium, or rising from it with its tentacles
expanded. The space between the zooid aud the wall of its

1 0 INTRODUCTION.

habitation forms the body cavity or coelome; this is closed by "the
diaphragm," a muscular band around the zooid, which connects it
with the wall of the zooecium. When the zooid is withdrawn into
its cell, the muscular band closes the aperture ; while a horny plate
(the "operculum") formed on the side of the diaphragm opposite
the anus, affords additional protection.

The zooid is held in its position by a series of cords (or
" funiculi") and muscles ; the largest of the latter is the " retractor
muscle," by which the zooid is withdrawn into the zooecium.

The zocecium of Flustra foliacea consists of a chitinous case
shaped like a flat oblong box, arched at the oral end. The
wall consists of two layers, the chitinous and partly calcareous
"ectocyst" and the internal " endocyst." The walls are com-
plete except for some small pores (or " communication plates"),
by which a certain connection is established between adjoining
zocecia.

This is the structure of a typical member of the colony of
Flustra, but two other types are present. In the first, one part
of the zooecium bulges out to form a shallow marsupium or
pouch in which the young are reared. Such marsupia are only
modified organs, or parts of normal zocecia; these are known as
ooecia. [In some other Bryozoa they are formed by the modifica-
tion of entire zooecia, when they are called " goncecia," or of
parts of the zoarium, when they are named " gonocysts."] Other
individual Bryozoites in the Flustra colony are modified in a
different way. The Bryozoite is dwarfed, and there is no zooid ;
the operculum is enlarged into a triangular plate, which is
hinged, and can be used as a beak, to hold anything that falls
within its grasp. Such a Bryozoite is an " avicularium " of the
simplest type.

If we turn from Flustra to other Cheilostomata, we find
important zocecial differences. The avicularia become more
specialized, and instead of the marsupia being only ocecia, they
are gonoecia. But, nevertheless, the characters of the animal
of the normal Bryozoites remain very much the same throughout
the order. In fact, the differences between the zooids of the
Cheilostomata, and those of Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata, are
comparatively insignificant. Hence Flustra serves as a type for
the whole group of Gymnolaemata, which includes all the fossil
Bryozoa.

INTRODUCTION.

11

It is unnecessary further to refer to the soft parts of the Bryozoa,
but the skeleton must be considered with greater care. We may,
however, neglect the skeleton of the Cheilostomata, for only two
species belonging to this order are known in the Jurassic series.
Attention may therefore be confined to the elements of the shell of
the orders Cyclostomata and Trepostomata.

4. THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE SHELLS OF THE CYCLO-
STOMATA AND TREPOSTOMATA.

Zooecium. — The tubular skeleton of the Bryozoite. Its simplest
form among the Cyclostomata is a simple open tube. The first
advance on this is for the distal end of the tube to be bent round,
or reflexed, as in Stomatopora (Fig. 2b). In some cases the

0«^-v

abed

f

FIG. 2. — Diagrams of zooecia of Bryozoa. a-c. typical Cyclostomatous zooecia;
a. simple form, as in Tubulipora ; b. reflexed peristome, as in Stoma-
topora ; c. lateral aperture, as in Haplocecia ; d. zooecion with
diaphragms ; e. zooecion with cystiphragms ; /. section of three
zooacia with mesopores ; g. section across a Cheilostomatous zooecion
with ooecion.

a.= aperture; m. = mesopore; ov. = ooecia ; z. = zooecia.

distal ends of zooscia; with such reflexed peristomes, are enlarged,
or continued beyond the aperture; in such cases the aperture is
somewhat contracted, so that it is smaller than the diameter of the
zocecium, and is lateral in position, as in the genus Haplocecia.
In such cases the zooecia closely resemble those of simple forms
of Cheilostomata.

The zooscia are generally of uniform diameter ; but some are
larger in one part than in others, and maybe ** bulging," "fusi-
form," or "pyriform." The zooecia are usually open throughout,
but sometimes they are divided by transverse " diaphragms."

The wall of the zooecium is calcareous, and is usually somewhat
porous in structure. When the pores are large the shell is said

1 2 INTRODUCTION".

to be " punctate"; when the pores are small it is " punctulate."
The shell is usually simple, but in some cases it is strengthened
by an internal layer of vesicular tissue, to the constituents of
which IJlrich has given the name " cystiphragms."

Goncecia (the "cistern cells" of Walford). — Bryozoites specially
modified to serve as marsupia ; as in Entalopliora nididata. PL
VIII. Fig. 2.

Gonocyst. — A form of marsupial chamber produced by expan-
sions within the zoarium, and not by the modification of a single
zooecium ; as in Berenicea parvitubulata. PL IV. Fig. 5.

Dactylethrce. — [From Sa.KTv\r}0pa, a finger-stall.] A name pro-
posed for a form of aborted " zocecia," consisting of short caecal
tubes, closed externally. They occur, for example, in Terebellaria.
(See PI X. Fig. 5.)

Mesopores. — Aborted zoeecia, which are smaller in diameter than
the normal zocecia. They occur in the Heteroporidae, etc. (See
PL XI. Fig. 3, and Fig. 2/, p. 11.)

Median tubuli (Ulrich). — Minute tubes between the zocecia and
the zoarial lamina of some foliate Bryozoa.

Cancelli.1 — Passages between the zocecia of some genera, as in
Lichenopora. They may be definite, closed tubes, in which case
they may be regarded as only a variety of median tubuli ; or they
may be irregular, loose passages, cavities left between the zocecia,
the walls of which do not coincide.

Acanthopores. — Tubular spines found in many Palaeozoic Bryozoa.
They arise from tubules which may be seen running along the walls
of zooecia. They are typical of the Trepostomata, and may be
limited to that order.

Diaphragms? — Transverse plates which cut across the zooecia,
either completely or incompletely. (Diaphragms close to the
apertures, or the ends of broken zocecia, have been described as
opercula.) (Fig. 2d.)

Cystiphragms. — Curved calcareous plates which grow on the
tubes of some Bryozoa; they form a vesicular lining round the
tube, which is thereby strengthened. (Fig. 2e.)

1 This term was used by Busk for the structures for which Ulrich' s name of
mesopores is here adopted.

3 This term is also used for the muscular band around the oesophagus in the
Cheilostomata.

INTRODUCTION-.

13

Epitheca. — An external calcareous crust, deposited upon some
zoaria. In most cases it consists of a compact layer upon the
basal portions of the zoaria, as in Apsendesia. But in others it
consists only of a thin irregular deposit, filling up the depressions
between zocecia, which appear to be immersed, as in some species
of Berenice a.

The transverse ridges which cross some zooecia (as Berenicea)
are probably epithecal growths.

Intervesicular tissue. — Cellular calcareous tissue, which separates
the zocecia in some genera, such as Fistulipora.

Zoarial lamina. — The supporting layer present in foliaceous
genera such as Diastopora (Fig. 3). It is the "lame gerrninale "

FIG. 3. — Longitudinal section through a frond of Diastopora, showing zoarial
lamina. From Great Oolite, Bath. D. 2246.

of D'Orbigny, which he described in Stellocavea. The term lamina
cannot be used without a qualifying adjective, as alone it has
a different meaning in Membraniporidae. Median lamina is used by
Ulrich, but this can hardly be applied to unilaminate zoaria, such,
as Diastopora lamourouzi, M. Edw.

Lunar ium. — Crescentic projecting plates, below the aperture,
formed by the thickening of the peristome on the side opposite
the anus, as in Chilopora.

Terminology of Apertures.

" Orifice," — The oral opening of the digestive tubes; it is there-
fore the mouth of the zooid.

Aperture. — The opening or mouth of the zooscium.

14 INTRODUCTION".

5. THE VALUE OF GENERIC DIVISIONS IN THE
CYCLOSTOMATA.

1. Simplicity of Structure. — Examination of this list of the
structures of tubicolar Bryozoa, shows that the skeleton is never
a very complex one ; and as many of the above structures are
confined to the Trepostomata, or to exceptional genera of Cyclo-
stomata, the majority of the members of the latter order have
characters, which are both simple and variable. This renders the
accurate diagnosis both of genera and species difficult, if not
impossible. Among the Cheilostomata there is, at least, an ap-
proximation to an agreement as to the taxonomic value of the
different skeletal elements. Thus, the suborders are founded on
the thyrion or front wall; the families upon the nature of the
openings to the exterior, and upon the presence of ooecia or
gonoecia ; and the genera on the characters of the zocecia, and
the arrangement of the avicularia and appendages.

But when we turn from those Bryozoa in which the zorecia are
box-shaped, and there are spines, avicularia, and vibracularia, to
those in which we have to rely solely upon the modifications and
grouping of simple tubes, agreement as to the range of genera
ceases.

2. The Stomatopora-Diastopora Series. — As an example we may
take the series of forms grouped round Berenicea. Haime, in
his monograph on the Jurassic Bryozoa, accepted four genera,
Stomatopora, Proboscina, Berenicea, and Diastopora. Hincks, how-
ever, with a similar series of variations in recent specimens,
has merged these into the two genera Stomatopora and Diasto-
pora. Ulrich, again, has made a genus, Hitoclema, for a Silurian
Bryozoon, and, in reply to criticisms, maintains that it is quite
different in structure from Entalophora ; nevertheless, Waters and
Vine claimed it as a normal species of that genus, and the former
even placed it in the species Entalopliora verticillata, Goldf. Haime
included in the genus Heteropora specimens which D'Orbigny had
distributed among the following fourteen genera : Cava, Ceriocava,
Ceriopora, Crescis, Heteropora, Multicrescis, Multinodicrescis, Nodi-
cava, Nodicrescis, Polytrema, Reptomulticava, Reptomulticrescis,
Reptonodicava, and Reptonodicrescis. Haime even included within

INTRODUCTION-. 15

one species, specimens which D'Orbigny divided among five genera,
and thought he ought also to have added specimens from two more
genera.

These examples show how wide are the differences of opinion
between those who, like D'Orbigny, attribute generic value to
trivial differences, and those who, like Hincks and most British
students of recent Bryozoa, prefer to limit the number of genera.
Others, again, like Haime, try to avoid the reckless multiplication
of names, but find it impossible to apply to the rich fossil faunas
the elastic definitions possible when dealing with the few living
representatives of the Cyclostomata.

To understand the meaning of these differences, let us consider
the case of the Berenicea series more closely. Haime divided the
series into four genera : Stomatopora, including those in which
the zooecia are encrusting, and occur in single lines ; Proboscina,
those which are encrusting, but in which the zooecia are grouped
into multiple ribbon- shaped bands ; Berenicea, which again are
encrusting, but which spread out into sheets ; and Diastopora, in
which the sheets rise as erect fronds.

This arrangement is objected to by those who prefer to restrict
the number of genera, on the ground that these divisions are not
persistent. Thus, in the case of Stomatopora and Proboscina, they
point out that specimens may be found in which the zoarium
begins as a single series and ends as a multiple series. Again,
they would urge that no sharp line of distinction can be drawn
between ribbon-shaped bands which expand slightly in the
middle, and encrusting sheets; and thus the division between
Proboscina and Berenicea breaks down. Similarly with Berenicea
and Diastopora ; both forms originate from encrusting zooecia,
which are identical in character : give the Bryozoon a broad,
smooth surface over which to grow, and it will remain as
an encrusting Berenicea', but if there be no room for this, then
the edge may grow upwards into a frond and become a Diastopora
(Fig. 4).

Hincks therefore sinks Proboscina in Stomatopora, and Berenicea
in Diastopora. Pergens has described1 a specimen which begins

1 E. Pergens. Revision des Bryozoaires du Cretace figures par d'Orbigny:
Bull. Soc. beige Geol. t. iii. (1890) p. 327.

1 6 INTRODUCTION.

as a Stomatopora, then becomes a Proboscina, and ends as a
Berenicea.

It is therefore urged that the four genera in question must be
united into one, as it is absurd to treat as genera what are only
individual variations in growth. The authors, however, who accept
this argument in theory, only apply it partially in practice, and do
not carry it to its logical conclusion. In spite of such specimens
as that described by Pergens, Hincks keeps Stomatopora and
Berenicea apart; though with the fossils it is much easier to

FIG. 4. — Base of Diastopora, showing basal Berenecoid encrustation and erect
frond. Diastopora davidsoni, Haime. Bathonian: Ranville. 60381.

separate Berenicea from Diastopora, than from Stomatopora.
Pergens, moreover, accepts the evidence of one half of his
specimen, and merges Stomatopora and Proboscina, but he does
not accept that of the other half, and keeps Proboscina and
Berenicea distinct.

If the question of merging genera ended here, it would be less
important than it is. In typical Diastopora the zoarium consists
of two layers of zooecia, one on each side of the zoarial lamina;
the two surfaces of the zoarium are parallel, and the frond is
therefore thin. But in some species the fronds are narrow flat
ribbons, as in Diastopora calloviensis, D'Orb. ; in others, such as
D. lamellosa var. cervicornis, the zooecia are crowded and the fronds
thickened, until they are biconvex in section (Fig. 5). In many
zoaria of the variety mentioned, branches may be found which are
circular in section, and in which the zooecia are grouped into bundles
instead of into sheets (Fig. 6). Such branches are indistinguishable
from those of some species of the genus Entalophora. If, therefore,
the Stomatopora-Proboscina—Berenicea-Diastopora series is to be
included in one genus, Entalophora must also be included with

INTRODUCTION.

17

it. And the lumping of genera does not end here. "Waters l has
pointed out that in some specimens of JEntalophora, the zooBcia are
distributed irregularly in some places, and in regular rings round
the stem in others. Waters therefore regards Spiropora as a
synonym of JEntalophora, and this genus must therefore be merged
with the rest. Again, in some species of Spiropora, the apertures

FIG. 5. — Section through frond of Diastopora Zamellosa, Mich., var. cervicornis,
to show multiple growth. Inferior Oolite : Leckhampton. D. 2244.

FIG. 6. — A Diastopora giving off shoots in the condition of Entalophora.
Bathonian: Eanville. D. 2221.

1 A. W. "Waters. On Fossil Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from Australia : Quart.
Journ. Gfeol. Soc. vol. xl. (1880) p. 680.

C

1 8 INTRODUCTION.

of the zocecia have the normal arrangement of rings in some
parts of the zoarium, while elsewhere they occur in alternate
lines as in Idmonea. This type was made by D'Orbigny into a
genus, with the name of Bisidmonea, which has been accepted
by some later authors such as Walford. But Tubigera antiqua,
D'Orb., differs from Bisidmonea only by having an oval instead
of a tetragonal section ; and Pergens includes that species among
the erect forms of Idmonea. The adnate forms of Idmonea are
also brought within the same group by variation along another
line from the same starting-point — Stomatopora. The only definite
distinction between Proboscina and the true adnate Idmonea, is
that in the latter the apertures are arranged in regular alternate
lines on either side of the zoarium. But such a species as
Idmonea virgula, D'Orb.,1 is exactly intermediate between Proboscina
and Idmonea. So close do these genera run to one another, that
D'Orbigny named a series of species Idmonea on his plates and
Proboscina in his text.

Hence, if the series Stomatopora, Proboscina, Berenicea, and
Diastopora are to be united into two genera, we are equally bound
to unite them into one, and also to include with this Spiropora,
JZntalophora, Bisidmonea, and both the adnate and erect Idmonea, as
well as various massive, intermediate types such as Reptomultisparsa.
Practically, that is to say, we unite the forms which Busk split up
into the three families IdmoniidaB, Tubuliporidse, and Diastoporidse,
into a single genus.

In the other groups of Cyclostomata similar transitions can be
traced, and the whole order could be reduced to some half-dozen
genera. Any such changes in nomenclature would be fatal to
progress in the classification of the group. Great disturbance
would be produced in the specific terminology ; for the same
names are frequently used in different genera, and will have to
be changed if the genera be merged.

3. Are there any Genera in Cyclostomata^ — It may be objected
that to accept these transitional forms as genera is indefensible;
for we are not justified in abandoning sound methods of nomen-
clature, either because the results are inconvenient, or because

D'Orbigny. Pal. fran9« Terr. cret. t. v. pi. DCXXXI. figs. 15-17.

INTRODUCTION. 1 9

those who try to diminish the number of genera do not act
consistently. It may be said that if two of the eggs of a single
Bryozoon may grow into different forms, those forms must be
regarded as the same species, and that to assign them to different
genera is subversive of all ideas of nomenclature.

This raises the question whether there are such things as genera
and species among Cyclostomatous Bryozoa.

If we take the Echinoidea, we find that the term genus has in
that class a fairly definite value. Two individuals belonging to
different genera may have had a common ancestor, but that
ancestor must have lived many thousands of generations ago.
For example, the two commonest living English Echinoids are
Echinus esculentus, L., and Echinus mitiaris, O.F.M. The dis-
tinctions between these species were nearly as well marked in the
period of the Crag (Lower Pliocene or Plaisancian) as they are at
present. They probably had as their common ancestor Echinus
serresi, Desml., from the Helvetian or Middle Miocene. Let x
represent the number of generations which lived in that division
of geological time known as an "age"; then these two
species have been distinct for at least 5# generations; and their
common ancestor lived Ix generations ago. Similarly with genera.
The closest ally of the genus Echinus is a group of small,
uniformly tuberculate species, to which palaeontologists give the
name Psammechinus : the differences between the two groups are
usually regarded as only subgeneric ; nevertheless, the two have
been distinct for 9# generations.

This illustration reminds us that to find the common ancestor of
similar closely allied species of Echinoids, we have to go back a very
long way ; and to find the common ancestor of two subgenera, we
have to go back still further. But in the case of the Cyclostomatous
Bryozoa, great structural differences may be produced in only a
few, or perhaps even within a single generation. For example, in
the seas in which were deposited the Great Oolite of Normandy
and of the Cotteswold Hills, there lived many specimens of the
erect, frondose Bryozoa (here accepted as Diastopora] ; whereas the
encrusting specimens (Berenicea) were very rare or absent. The
conditions were favourable to erect forms, and all the young of
these frondose forms adopted the same mode of growth as their
parents. At Bradford, in Wiltshire, the geographical conditions
changed rather suddenly, and the Bradford Clay was deposited

20 INTRODUCTION.

instead of the Bath Oolite Limestone ; Diastopora at once disap-
peared, and Berenicea became very abundant. The British Museum
Collection includes 47 specimens of Berenicea from the Bradford
Clay, and only 7 specimens from the Great Oolite. All Diastopora
begin in a Berenicea stage (Fig. 7) ; and it is not at all improbable

FIG. 7. — The initial Stomatoporoid cell of a Diastopora, and expansion to
Berenecoid condition. Diastopora davidsoni, Haime. Bathonian:
Kanvillo. 60381.

that, owing to the changed conditions, the young of the erect forms
continued to grow in the encrusting form. Thus, perhaps in a
single generation, all the Diastopora changed to Berenicea. When
later on the deposition of clay ceased, and the limestones of the
Forest Marble were laid down in the same locality, the conditions
then were generally unfavourable to Bryozoa, so that specimens
of the class are rare. But those which are found are Diastopora,
and not Berenicea', so that the encrusting forms may have given
birth to a frondose generation.

It may be suggested that such a sudden change of habit is
improbable, and that it is more likely that the Diastopora were
killed when the muddy conditions came, and that the Berenicea
came from some adjoining area and replaced them. But this does
not appear to be the true explanation; we do not know of any
area in which Berenicea were abundant at the time, while there
is a certain parallelism between the variation of Diastopora and
Berenicea. Thus, Diastopora foliacea, Lamx,, resembles Berenicea
compressa (Gold.), for both have long tubular zocecia and distant
apertures. Similarly Diastopora davidsoni, Haime, may be the
erect form of Berenicea scolinula (Mich.), for both have fairly long

INTRODUCTION. 2 1

zooecia and low peristomes arranged on long, curved, regular lines.
Dimtopora michelini (Blv.) is similarly analogous to Berenicea
concatenates, Reuss.

It may be urged that if this parallel series proves anything, it
proves the uselessness of the retention of the divisions Berenicea
and Dimtopora ; and it certainly does suggest that an interchange
of form may he produced by a sudden change of environment.
But in other periods the erect and encrusting forms both lived
together, and then frondose individuals probably gave birth to
frondose young, and adnate individuals to adnate young. Hence
in these cases the distinctions probably obtained for an indefinite
period, and to ignore the great zoarial difference in this case
would be a greater mistake than to accept it in others. Zoarial
characters are the only ones available for systematic work among
the Cyclostomata ; and, as the differences appear to hold as long
as the conditions remain approximately the same, I feel bound
to accept the divisions based upon them. These examples,
however, show that variations in this group are of very different
value from those on which genera are based, in some other groups
of Invertebrates.

Diastopora and Berenicea have been taken as illustrating the
value of zoarial characters in the Cyclostomata, and they seem to
prove two things —

1st. That under similar conditions there is a tendency for suc-
cessive generations to have the same habit of growth.

2nd. That a sudden change in environment may lead to a
sudden change in zoarial habit.

In consequence, alternative courses are offered us in respect to
the treatment of zoarial characters. They may be ignored, and
forms placed by most authors in different families may be included
in one genus; or we must admit that there are no true genera
among Cyclostomata, but only certain convenient, but artificial,
groups of species.

The latter alternative is the one to which I have been
driven, I must confess, rather reluctantly; for it means that
there is no hope in this order of ever establishing divisions
with the same absolute diagnoses as in most other groups of
Invertebrates.

22 INTRODUCTION.

4. Circuli. — I therefore accept the terms Stomatopora, Prolo-
scina, etc., as names for convenient groups, which are not altogether
artificial, but which are not genera in the sense in which that
term can be used among Echinoidea and Mammals. They could
be better described as circuli than as genera. A circulus was one
of the small groups of individuals who clustered round speakers
in the Roman forum. Most of the individuals in the forum were
definitely attached to a particular group ; the groups were less
crowded around their margins, and between them people were
irregularly scattered and crossed from circulus to circulus. They
thus prevented any rigid division of the crowd into definite
groups.

The groups of Cyclostomata appear to me much the same ; in
a collection of specimens of Stomatopora, Proboscina, and Berenicea,
the vast majority of the specimens can be assigned their position
without the slightest hesitation; but occasionally specimens are
intermediate between the typical forms, and cannot be so easily
placed. Nevertheless, there seems no reason why most of the
specimens should not be grouped simply because a few do not
exactly fall into line.

6. SPECIFIC GROUPS AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.

1. The Variation of Zocecia. — "When we pass from the genera or
large groups of specimens, to the species or smaller groups of
specimens, we find that the same variability renders absolute
diagnoses again impossible. The specimens may, however, be
easily grouped around certain central types. Such groups are
based on the characters of the zocecia, viz.: their length and shape,
the form of the peristome, and whether the zorecia are crowded
or scattered. Variations in the shape of the zoarium are un-
important, so long as they do not affect its structure.

The zooecia, however, themselves vary greatly, and it is there-
fore necessary, in order to determine the value of these specific
groups, to estimate the range of variation of the zocecia. If this
be so great that the same forms are often produced by independent
variation from different stocks, at different periods or in distant
places, then the time spent in trying to define species or specific

INTRODUCTION. 23

groups among the Cyclostomata is wasted. But, so far as I am.
able to judge, this has not happened so frequently as might be
expected : an occasional specimen of a Berenicea from the Miocene
may be so much like a Jurassic species, that it is impossible to
separate them by a verbal diagnosis ; but I have never met with
any case in which a series of Miocene specimens could not be easily
recognized as different from a Jurassic series.

2. The Comparison of Equivalent Zooecia. — In estimating the vari-
ations we must remember that the Bryozoa are colonial, and that
colonial animals have always been recognized as especially difficult
of specific diagnosis. Thus, most recent workers on the corals
admit that different parts of the same mass vary so greatly, as
to throw grave doubts on the use of defining species or genera.
The same difficulty is experienced with animals which, like the
Pteropods, live in vast shoals, subject throughout to precisely the
same conditions. Similarly with the Bryozoa; the colonies are
constituted of swarms of zooecia, most of which live under almost
identical conditions. Thus, one specimen of Theonoa bowerbanki,
Haime, in the British Museum Collection, consists of over 17,000
zooecia. But a Bryozoan colony not only includes a shoal of
individuals, but zooecia in many different stages of development.
It is impossible, therefore, to compile a diagnosis which shall be
equally true for every member of so extensive a series of zooacia,
including individuals of all ages, and some which have been
dwarfed or aborted by overcrowding in the zoarium.

Barrois,1 when advocating the taxonomic value of the larval
stages in the Bryozoa, remarked that " il me semble en effet tout-
a-fait indispensable, pour des animaux SL caracteres si difficiles
a saisir que les Bryozoaires, de tenir compte en meme temps de
toutes les formes a la fois. Tine classification basee sur la seule
forme des zooeciums est encore, quelle que parfaite qu'elle soit, tres-
insuffisante." The principle of Barrois's argument is sound, but
a system which would necessitate the inclusion of larval characters
in diagnoses is too complex for general use. It is sufficient,
however, to compare equivalent zocecia in a colony; just as in
determining worms, echinoids, or amphibians, the comparisons are
made between equivalent setae, plates, or stages.

1 J. Barrois. Recherches sur 1'Embryologie des Bryozoaires, p. 251. Lille,
1877.

24

INTRODUCTION.

3. Variational Formula. — The range of variation within the limits
of a certain specific group may be conveniently shown by formulae.
Pour main characters are used in the diagnosis of these groups of
specimens: — 1. The elevation of the peristome or of the free
portion of the zooscial tube (p). 2. The shape of the zocecia (c}.
3. The length of the zooscia (I). 4. The nature of the
zoarium (r).

In compiling the formulae, only normal equivalent zocecia can be
used. Each letter of the general formula, p, e, I, r, is replaced by
a figure to show the extent of the development of the character
represented. Thus, if the aperture of the zooecion be flush with
the surface of the zoarium, p is replaced by 0 ; if the peristome be
slightly raised, it is shown by the substitution for p of 1, if well
raised of 2, if highly raised of 3.

Thus, in the genus Stomatopora the terms of the formula are as
follows : —

Peristome.

Shape of Zooecia.

Length of
Zooecia.

Zoarium.

P-

c.

I.

r.

0

Flush.

Cylindrical.

Short.

Uniserial ; long thin
series.

1

Slightly raised.

Fusiform.

Median.

TJniserial ; branches
tufted at ends.

2

Well raised.

Pyrifonn.

Long.

Uniserial ; branches
tend to become
double at ends.

3

Highly raised.

Hippothoiform.

Very long.

Multiserial.

Intermediate variations may be indicated by the use of dashes
beside the figures.

Thus, we may at once recognize the differences between three
species of the genus Stomatopora by comparing their formulae : —

p. c. I. r.

S. dichotoma (Lamx.) = 2011

S. dichotomoides (D'Orb.) = 1 2 1 0

S. waltoni, Haime = 1020

The formulae also readily enable us to compare the species of one
age with those most closely allied to them which lived in other

INTRODUCTION.

25

periods. Thus, the affinities of the same three species may he
shown in the following comparisons : —

S. dicliotoma series.

p. c. L r.

S. dichotoma (Lamx.) 2 0 1 1 Jurassic.

S. granulata, M. Edw. (non auct.} 2' 0' 1 1 Cretaceous.

S. divaricata, Reuss 2' 0' 1' 0" Miocene.

S. trahens, Couch (S. granulata,

Johnst.) 2" 0" 1 2 Eecent.

S. dicJiotomoides series.

S. dichotomoides (D'Orb.) ...
S. phcata, D'Orb

S. vesiculosa (Mich.)

S. waltoni, Haime ...
S. longi.scata, D'Orb.
S. reussi, n. nom.

... 1 2 1 0 Jurassic.

... 1 2' 1 0 Cretaceous. (Ornamen-
tation differs.)

... 1 2" 1 0 Miocene.

S. waltoni series.

... 1 0 2 0 Jurassic.

... 1" 0 2 0 Cretaceous.

2020 Miocene.

Similarly we may contrast the Jurassic species of Proloscina
amongst themselves by a list of their formulas : —

P. eudesi, Haime
P.jacquoti, „
P. desoudini ( „ )
P. cunningtoni, Greg
P. rigauxi (Sauv.)
P. morinica (Sauv.)
P. liassica, Quenst

4-7

1-12

1-2

1-3

1-12

1-4

3-5

"We may also contrast the Proloscina species with those of a later
period, as follows : —

P. eudesi series.

p. c. L r.

P. eudesi, Haime ... ... 102 4-7 Jurassic.

P. radiolitorum (D'Orb.) 1' 0 2 4-7 Cretaceous.

P. jacquoti series.

P.jacquoti, Haime 203 1-12 Jurassic.

P. ramosa (Hag.) 2 0 2' 1-8 Cretaceous.

P. dilatans (Johnst.) 2 0 3 2-8 Eecent.

1 In these formulae r stands for the number of zooecia in a band.

* Tn

26 INTRODUCTION.

P. desoudini series.

p. c. I. r.

P. desoudini (Haime) ... ... ... 1' 2 2 1-2 Jurassic.

P. intermedia. Novak ... 1 1" 3 1-2 Cretaceous.

.P. echinata (Miinst.) ... ... ... 211 1-3 Cainozoic.

These formulae also enable us to estimate the general stages
of development in the Bryozoa at any period. The main line of
progress in the Cyclostomata has been from single encrusting
forms to those which are erect. Those which were able to raise
their crown of tentacles highest above the sea-floor were able to
obtain most food. Under the influence of the struggle for exis-
tence, there appears a constant tendency in the Cyclostomata to
secure some method by which the originally encrusting forms can
become erect or raised. Single series become multiple ; multiple
series spread into sheets ; and sheets give a sufficiently firm found-
ation for one part to rise as a frond or tuft. All through the
Cyclostomata we find the families beginning as encrusting linear
series or sheets, with low peristomes. Thus, the Tubuliporidae
begin with Stomatopora, the Idmoniidae with the adnate Idmonia,
the FascigeridaB with Defrancia, the Theonoidae with Actinopora.
In some cases the necessary increase of elevation is obtained
simply by the elongation of individual zooecia, or by the whole of
the distal portion being erect and free, as in Tubulipora. But
such isolated tubes are very readily broken off, and hence
the elevation is more permanently effected by the union of several
zooecia into tufts. But even in these cases there appears a
competition between the adjoining zooecia; and the influence of
the ever-constant effort towards an increase in the elevation of
the peristome may be seen. Hence the degree of increase in the
height of the mouth appears to serve as some measure of the
progress effected along any particular line of development. This
is seen in the case of the representative species of different
geological ages, as is shown in the following average formula of
the previously mentioned species of Stomatopora : —

p. c. I. r.

Jurassic 1' 0" 1' 0'

Cretaceous 1" 0'" 1' 0'

Miocene 1" 1 1' 0'

But the formulae for all the Jurassic and all the Recent species
of a genus show that the progress has, on the whole, been great,
though numerous cases of degeneration occur.

INTRODUCTION. 27

4. Continuous Variation. — Comparisons between the formulae of
allied species belonging to different geological periods show that
the differences between them are often very small. The species
are often so much alike that it is impossible to indicate the
distinctions by general diagnoses, for there appears to have been
a continuous variation from one species or specific group to the
next. We cannot, however, refer to such continuous variation
without considering Mr. Bateson's l recent discussion of the nature
of variation, and his conclusion of the greater importance of discon-
tinuous than of continuous variation in the origin of new species.
]\Ir. Bateson has shown (e.g., op. cit. p. 41) that the individuals
included in a species are not distributed uniformly among
the different variations included with the limits of that species.
The great majority of the members of the species agree with one
or two types, and comparatively few members are scattered near
the bounds of the limit of variation, or far from the main centres
of organic stability. This is exactly the idea of a circulus. Each
circulus is a "centre of organic stability," and the variation
around it is of continuous and almost imperceptible gradations.
Bateson takes as his first axiom2 that " The forms of living things
are various, and, on the whole, are discontinuous or specific."
He concludes3 "that the discontinuity of species results from
the discontinuity of variation." Elsewhere he tells us that
' ' such discontinuity is not in the environment : may it not, then,
be in the living thing itself?" 4

The study of the Cyclostomata does not appear to me to support
these views. Bateson's axiom is doubtless true for living Bryozoa,
and was doubtless true for the Bryozoa that lived at any one
previous epoch. But it is not true if we compare the Bryozoa of
successive faunas instead of different individuals of the same fauna.
The nearest contemporary ally of Stomatopora dichotoma (Lamx.)
differs from it by an amount expressed by formula as

1201

The nearest ally of that species, found in the succeeding geo-
logical period, differs from it only by

0' 0' 0 0

1 "W. Bateson. Materials for the Study of Variation, treated with special
regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species. 1894.
a Op. cit. p. 3. 3 Op. cit. p. 568. * Op. cit. p. 17.

28 INTRODUCTION.

And this in turn was succeeded by a form with a difference of only

0 0 (X 0"

That is to say, that if we compare the forms of Bryozoa that lived
in one particular zone, the species are discontinuous ; but if we
compare the forms of Bryozoa that lived in successive zones, the
species are continuous. Variation in this case is therefore con-
tinuous in time and discontinuous in space. And the latter neetj
not surprise us when we remember the evidence advanced by
Darwin in support of his argument, that the rarity of existing
intermediate varieties is only to be expected, for ''the very process
of natural selection constantly tends, as has been so often re-
marked, to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate
links." l

It is because the element of time necessarily enters into the idea
of a circulus that it supplies instructive analogy as to the nature of
specific groups.

The occurrence of individuals well separated from the main
mass of the circulus (but still so much nearer to it than to any
other as to be unquestionably members of it) presents us with a
case of discontinuous variation ; and such discontinuous variation
has almost certainly taken place in the Bryozoa.

The sudden change from Diastopora to Berenicea, as we pass from
the Great Oolite to the Bradford Clay (p. 20), supplies a marked
case of discontinuous variation. Bateson's position is that the
" discontinuity is not in the environment" ; whereas, as we have
seen, in that case it was due to a direct change of environment.
But such cases are exceptional. The general evidence of the fossil
specimens, and the great difference of opinion as to the range of
specific variation between those who multiply species indefinitely,
and those who place Silurian and recent individuals in the same
species — tend to show that most of the forms of Cyclostomata have
arisen by slow, imperceptible, continuous variation.

7. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CYCLOSTOMATA.

It is the fact that continuous variation has played the leading
part in the evolution of the Cyclostomata, that renders the

1 C. Darwin. The Origin of Species, 6th ed., 1882, p. 138.

INTRODUCTION.

29

diagnosis of genera so difficult, but their classification remarkably
complete. Most of the well-known families can be arranged in
series, beginning with simple adnate forms and ending as erect
fronds or tufts. This is shown for three families by the following
table :—

Families.

Linear Series.

Attached
Sheets.

Massive.

Erect.

Tubuliporidae
Fascigeridae
Theonoidse

Proboscina

Berenices
Defrancia
A-Ctinopora

Beptomultisparsa
Apsendesia
Kololophos

Diastopora
Fasciculipora
Theonoa

The possibility of discontinuous variation, however, renders the
classification in some respects uncertain, until the limits of the
discontinuity are known. Thus, the Cretaceous and Cainozoic
Bryozoa, which are provided with cancelli, are here grouped into
a suborder, the Cancellata. But it is possible that the whole of
these genera are not descended from one ancestor, but that cancelli
may have arisen independently in different families of Tubulata.
Until this is settled, it seems wisest to leave the cancellate forms
in a separate group.

1. The Four Orders of Gymnolcema. — The Jurassic Bryozoa all
belong to that section of the subclass Ectoprocta known as the
Gymnolserna (p. 38). This is usually regarded as divisible into
three orders — the Cheilostomata, Ctenostomata, and Cyclostomata.
The two first may be dismissed at once, as there are only two
Jurassic species known to belong to them, and these are both
members of the Cheilostomata.

The last order of these three, the Cyclostomata, is defined by
Hincks as follows : " Zooecia tubular, with a plain, inoperculate
orifice ; marsupia and appendicular organs wanting." Three out
of the five statements in this diagnosis are negative ; and the only
positive characters are that the zooecia are tubular and the orifice
(i.e. aperture) is plain. But both characters are also met with
among the Cheilostomata, for Dr. Hincks commences his diagnosis
of the JEteidse with " Zooecia tubular,"1 and in the same family
the aperture is terminal and plain.

1 Hincks. Brit. Mar. Polyz. p. 1.

30 INTRODUCTION.

Ulricli has divided the Bryozoa which are tubular and asetose
into two groups — the Cyclostomata and the Trepostomata. So
great is the difference in structure amongst the Bryozoa included
in these two divisions, that Ulrich's proposal seems to me wise.
In his important monograph on the Paleozoic Bryozoa of Illinois,1
he has given general descriptions of these divisions rather than
definite diagnoses, and he has included among the Trepostomata
forms which I prefer to leave with the Cyclostomata. The fol-
lowing diagnoses show the sense in which I accept Ulrich's new
order.

Cyclostomata. — Zooecia tubular and simple in structure. Aper-
tures terminal (and rarely subterminal) ; inoperculate. Appen-
dicular organs, mesopores, and acanthopores absent. Dactylethra3
and cancelli may be present.

Trepostomata. — Zocecia consisting of prismatic or cylindrical
tubes, generally forming massive zoaria or thick sheets. Aper-
tures always terminal ; crowded. Zooecia divided into a proximal,
immature, thin-walled part, which is simple in structure ; and a
distal, mature part, of which the walls are thick and complex,
and in which the zooecia are crossed by diaphragms. Mesopores
and acanthopores often present ; no avicularia or vibracularia, but
spines may occur.

The formation by TJlrieh of this group of Trepostomata consider-
ably simplifies the classification of the old order, the Cyclostomata.
The step was foreshadowed by Mr. "Waters, who in 1887 proposed
to divide the Cyclostomata into the Parallelata and the Hectangu-
lata. Had he formally diagnosed these groups, his names would
have had priority over Ulrich's ; but, as it is, it would be unfair to
the American author to reject the terms which he has based on
careful descriptions and elaborate microscopical investigations, for
others tentatively advanced.

2. Previous Classifications of the Cyclostomata. — I have no in-
tention of attempting here to discuss the respective value of the
classifications of the Cyclostomata which we owe to D'Orbigny
(1851), Hagenow (1851), Busk (1859 and 1875), Smitt (1865),
Hincks (1880), MacGillivray (1887), Pergens and Meunier (1887),
Waters (1885), Jullien (1883), Novak (1877), or Marsson

Geol. SUIT. Illinois, vol. viii. sect. vii. 1890.

INTRODUCTION. 31

(1887). This could not be done without reference to and
description of many Cretaceous forms. I hope, therefore, to
consider the question in greater detail when describing the Cre-
taceous Bryozoa. Classifications founded only on recent species
are of little value ; for the existing fauna includes but a small
number of Cyclostomata, which are not representative of the
varied types met with in the Mesozoic.

The first serious attempt to classify the Cyclostomata was
that of D'Orbigny in 1851, whose "Bryozoaires Centrifugines "
include this order. He divided this group into two suborders,
one of which practically corresponds with Busk's division, the
Articulata. The rest, or the Centrifugines empates, consists of the
Cyclostomata, Inarticulata, and of many Paleozoic forms now
included in the Cryptostomata. His first division was named the
OpercuUs, but as it was based on an entire misconception of the
forms included within it, it may be ignored. The rest, however, of
D'Orbigny's major divisions seem to me to be based on truth. His
scheme is as follows : —

Division B. Fasciculines. Zooecia grouped in bundles.

Fam. 1. Fascigeridce. No mesopores.

„ 2. Fasciporidce. JVXesopores present.
,, C. Tubulines. Zocecia tubular and more or less free.

Fam. 1. Tubigerida. Apertures in transverse series.
,, 2. Sparsidce. Apertures scattered.
,, 3. Clausidce. Aborted zocecia present.
,, 4. Crisinidce. Zooecia on one face, and intermediate

pores on the other.
,, 5. Caveida. Zocecia and mesopores on one face, and

intermediate pores on the other.

,, D. Foramines. Zocecia not projecting above surface of zoarium.
Fam. 1. Ceidce. Zocecia funnel-shaped.
,, 2. Cavidce. Zocecia not funnel-shaped.
,, 3. Cytisida. Intermediate tubuli.
,, 4. Crescisidce. Mesopores present.

This classification seems to me to contain a good deal of truth.
It recognizes the importance of mesopores, and that the forms
included within it may be divided into three main types of
zoarial structure — those in which the zocecia occur as masses of
tubes (Trepostomata or Kectangulata), in bundles, and in varied
congeries of tubes.

32 INTRODUCTION".

The subdivisions of these groups accepted by D'Orbigny have
been recognized by nearly every subsequent worker to be artificial
and useless, and the amount of truth the classification contains
has therefore not been recognized.

Busk followed in 1859 with a classification, of which the only
part that is now accepted is the separation of the Crisiidae from the
rest as the Articulata. Srnitt in 1865 accepted this arrangement,,
and two of D'Orbigny's divisions, for which he used the same names
but in a Latin form, viz. Tubulinea and Fasciculinea ; as he dealt
only with recent species, he had not to consider the forms included
in the division Foramines. Hincks in 1880 and MacGillivray in
1887, also each dealt only with living species, which are so few in
number that family divisions are sufficient in their classification ;
Hincks therefore referred the British species to four families, and
MacGillivray those of Victoria to five. Pergens and Meunier,
who in the same year described the Cretaceous Bryozoa of Faroe,
also used only family divisions, ten in number. Marsson in 1887
divided the Cyclostomata into two groups, the Solenoporina and the
Metopoporina, including in the latter only Melicertites and its
allies. Pergens in 1890 accepted the same division, though he
abandoned the name Metopoporina; and he made many great
changes in the families.

3. The Classification proposed. — Without attempting a formal
revision of the classification of the whole order of the Cyclostomata,
which to be of value must be based upon, and prove applicable to,
the Cretaceous fauna, it will be useful to show the grouping into
which the Jurassic representatives of the order may be arranged.
The Jurassic species are few in comparison with the Cretaceous,
but they offer the great advantage of showing the commencement
of the lines of development, which by the succeeding period had
given rise to extraordinarily varied forms. The lines of evolution
can therefore be recognized unobscured by the great secondary
variations of the Cretaceous fauna.

The Articulata section of Cyclostomata is not known to be repre-
sented in the Jurassic, and thus this group may be dismissed.

The Jurassic Cyclostomata fall fairly readily into two groups.
In the first, all the zocecia are functional, open, and tubular; in
the second, normal zocecia occur surrounded by aborted, closed
zocecia (or dactylethrse), which generally form a large proportion
of the zoarium. In the Cretaceous period there is a third type, in

INTEODUCTIOtf. 33

which cancellated interzocecial tissue is present; but so far, I cannot
verify the occurrence of any species of this group in the Jurassic.
The differences between these three groups seem to me more im-
portant than variations in zoarial form, for they involve differences
in zooecial structure. I therefore propose to call them the Tubu-
lata, the Dactylethrata, and the Cancellata.

The subdivisions of these orders must depend on zoarial
characters. It is natural to commence with the largest of the
three, which is also the most difficult, because the most simple.
The most primitive form is a simple linear zoarium — Stomatopora.
This serves as the starting-point of several different lines of de-
velopment. On the one hand, the zocecia grow into ribbon-shaped
bands ; these expand into sheets, which may remain encrusting or
rise as fronds. For this group we may adopt the name Tubuli-
poridae.

A second family is formed by the primitive zocecion giving rise
to banded zoaria in which the apertures are arranged in regular
transverse rows, instead of having them scattered irregularly. The
adnate bands give rise to erect forms, in which the zooecia only
open on one side. These form the family Idmoniidae. Those
Bryozoa which arise from a similar embryonic zooecion, but give
rise to solid bundles, instead of to sheets or unilateral dendroid
forms, represent a third group, for which we may accept Pergens'
name — Entalophoridae.

The second group of Tubulata arises from a different larval form,
which was originally described as the genus Pelagia or Defrancia.
The young stage of the zoarium is cupuliform, instead of stomato-
poriform. The zoaria may be discoid, as in Actinopora, or the
zocecia may be elongated into such types as Apsendesia and Fasci-
culipora.

The Dactylethrata is a much smaller group, and contains the
three types, Reticulipora, Multiclausa, and Terebellaria.

The Cancellata do not appear until the Cretaceous.

The following summary of the classification includes the Jurassic
families, while a few of the principal families found in later
periods are mentioned, in order to suggest the lines of development
subsequently followed. The Cretaceous genera seem to fall easily
into places in this scheme.

34 INTRODUCTION.

Order CYCLOSTOMATA.

Suborder I. — ARTICULATA.

Fam. Crisiidcs.

,, II. TUBULATA.

(«) Young stage. Stomatoporiform or Probosciniform.
Fam. 1. Tubuliporidce. Fam. 3. Idmoniida.
,, 2. Entalophoridce. ,, 4. Horneridce.

(b] Young stage. Cupuliform or discoid.

Fam. 5. Fascigeridce. Fam. 7. Theonoidce.

,, 6. Osculiporidce.
,, III. — DACTYLETHRATA.

Reticuliporidce. Multiclausidce . Terebellariidce .
,, IV. — CANCELLATA.

Discoporellidce.

Order TEEPOSTOMATA.
Families represented in the Jurassic —

Fam. 1. Ceramoporidce. Chilopora.

,, 2. Heterotrypida. Heteropora.
,, 3. Amplexoporidce. Ceriopora.

8. PREVIOUS WORK ON THE JURASSIC BRYOZOA.

The study of the Jurassic Bryozoa is facilitated by the fact that
this group was practically unrecognized in the first half-century of
the study of systematic zoology. The first work which contains any
information of much importance upon this subject is Lamouroux's
"Exposition Methodique des Polypiers," published in 1821. In
this were figured specimens of most of the common forms found in
the Bathonian deposits of Normandy ; they were fairly well figured
and described, and no less than nine Jurassic genera date from this
work. These names gained general acceptance by zoologists, who
unfortunately have used some of them in a sense different from that
in which they were proposed by Lamouroux. Thus, Idmonea is
generally said to be "erect" in zoological diagnoses; whereas the
type species is encrusting. Milne Edwards (1838) and Michelin
(1840-6) added some new species to those described by
Lamouroux, and D'Orbigny, both in his Prodrome and the "Pale-
ontologie franchise" (1850-2), named many new forms; but he
gave such imperfect diagnoses that most of them are indeter-
minable. In 1854 appeared the monograph of Ed. Haime, which
is the most valuable work published upon this group. He
accurately figured and described most of the principal forms, all

INTRODUCTION. 35

of which he included in one family. The monograph is worthy of
Haime's great reputation.

Since this time there has been no general work on Jurassic
Bryozoa as a whole ; and we have only to notice papers on
separate faunas, or the descriptions of isolated species in works
on general Jurassic Paleontology. A list of these papers is given
in the Appendix ; and it is only necessary to say that the most
important contributions will be found under the names of Reuss,
Brauns, "Waagen, Sauvage, and Friren for Continental species, and
of Walford and Vine for those of England.

9. THE BRITISH MUSEUM COLLECTION.

Jurassic Bryozoa are upon the whole scarce. In some horizons
they may be abundant, but as a rule the Jurassic limestones may
be searched in vain for recognizable specimens. From some
English members of the Jurassic sequence, in which, from the
conditions of deposition, numerous Bryozoa might be expected,
I am not aware that a single specimen has ever been found. No
species has been previously recorded from either the British Port-
landian, Kimeridgian, or Corallian deposits.

The British Museum contains, however, a fine series of Jurassic
Bryozoa, both English and foreign, most of which have been
obtained from the following collections : —

Brodie Collection. — Rich in Inferior Oolite specimens from the Cotteswolds.
Purchased from the Rev. P. B. Brodie, F.G.S., in 1895.

Brauns Collection. — Bryozoa from Bavaria. Purchased in 1838.

Bright Collection. — Many specimens from Normandy. Presented by Benjamin
Bright, Esq., in 1873.

Cunnington Collection. — Specimens from the Jurassic of Wiltshire. Purchased
from Wm. Cunnington, Esq., F.G.S.

Holl Collection. — Mainly Inferior Oolite. Purchased from Executors of late
H. B. Holl, M.D., F.G.S., in 1887.

Tesson Collection. — An extensive series from the Bathonian deposits of Nor-
mandy. Purchased of M. Tesson, 1857.

Vine Collection. — Types of Vine's species from Cornhrash of Northamptonshire.
Purchased of Executors of G-. R. Vine, Oct. 1893.

10. THE JURASSIC SEQUENCE.

The following table shows the Jurassic sequence and the time

divisions used in the present Catalogue. The principal localities

from which the Bryozoa have come are given in the two last
columns.

W

te

H

rfl

P

.-^6

cs To

.-•

f.

Q} C°
rQ §

<3 > O

ill

'el

II

i? o

-d a &o

ISJ
119

IB

3 05

^1
13 3

a o

«H «If |S2-
I ill

I

II

3 &•
P*. S

(^

^sJss 'i
•1^^^^ M

Pur

III

s §'§t
's i s §

b 5 S^
J.*

g|

P Hi

PART II.

SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS,

CLASS BRYOZOA, Ehrenberg, 1831.1

Diagnosis. — Coelomate Metazoa, the individual members of which
are small in size. The body is surrounded by an ectocyst and
endocyst, the former of which secretes a cuticle. There is a single
nerve ganglion. The digestive canal is ciliated and bent into
a U shape, the mouth and anus being situated close together. The
mouth is within a circular or horseshoe-shaped ridge, bearing
ciliated tentacles (the lophophore). The anus opens either within
or outside the lophophore. The larva is free-swimming.

The Bryozoa are usually fixed, and compound. The individual
animals or JBryozoites grow by gemmation into zoaria.

1 In the discussion as to which of the terms, Polyzoa or Bryozoa, is to be taken
as the name of the class, it is assumed that Thompson's name predates Ehren-
berg's. Thompson's work is usually quoted (e.g. by Engler) as 1831-4,
whereas Memoir No. 5, containing that on Polyzoa, is assigned to 1830 by Busk
(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, t. x. p. 352) and Hincks (Brit. Mar. Polyz.
p. 589). The confusion is probably due to the statement in Mag. Nat. Hist.
vol. vii. p. 656, December 1834, that Memoir No. 5 had been "just published" ;
but this was a mistake for Memoir No. 6, as the subject is mentioned in the
reference. Thompson's series dates from 1828-34 ; the memoir on the Polyzoa
was issued in December, 1830, as a long review of it was given in the number of
Ferussac's Butt. Sci. Nat. for January 1831. The dates of publication of the
various parts are as follows : —
Memoir 1. ... 1828. Fide Ferussac, Butt. Sci. Nat. t. xvi. 1829, p. 473.

,, 2. Apr. 1829. ,, ,, t. xx. 1830, p. 312.

,, 3. Jan. 1830. ,, „ t. xxii. 1830, p. 331.

38 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS.

SUBCLASS I. ENTOPBOCTA, Mtsche.

Both mouth and anus within the lophophore, which is prae-oral
in origin. [No fossil representatives known.]

SUBCLASS II. ECTOPROCTA, Mtsche.

The lophophore postoral in origin ; it does not enclose the anus.

Section 1. PHYLACTOL^EMA, Allman.

Lophophore horseshoe -shaped. A movable epistome overhangs
the mouth. [No fossil representatives known.]

Section 2. GYMNOL^EMA, Allman.
Lophophore orbicular. No epistome.

Order 1. CTENOSTOMATA, Busk.

Zocecia never calcareous. Orifices guarded by setae-like processes.
[No certain fossil representatives of this order are known, the unity
of which is very doubtful.]

Order 2. CYCLOSTOMATA, Busk.

Bryozoa in which the zocecia are simple, elongated, and cylin-
drical, and typically grow in tufts or sheets formed of radiating
zooecia. Mesopores are rarely (if ever) present. Mouths circular,
and generally raised above the surface of the zoarium. Ocecia of
enlarged zooecia. Appendages absent.

Lr *' } Dec. 1830. Fide Ferussac, Butt. Sci. Nat. t. xxiv. 1831, pp. 79-82.

,, 6. ... 1834. Fide Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. 1834, p. 656.
Ehrenberg's name Bryozoa was apparently not published until 1831, although
the date on the cover of the part of Symbolae Physic® in which it appeared is
1828 ; the plates were issued in that year, but the text was not issued till 1831,
if we may trust the authority of Isis, 1832, p. 1274, for reference to which I am
indebted to Mr. C. D. Sherborn's MS. Index Generum et Specierum.

SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. 39

Suborder I. — Articulata. Zoarium divided into internodes, by
horny tubes at the nodes ; joints usually flexible.
Fam. 1. — Crisiida. JSTo Jurassic representatives.

Suborder II. — Tubulata. Zoarium formed of monomorphic
zocecia, not divided into internodes; zooecia of elongated tubes
grouped into bundles or sheets, or linear series.

Section 1 . — Young zoarium Stomatoporiform or Probosciniform.
Fam. 1. — Tubuliporida. See p. 41.

,, 2. — Entalophorida. See p. 137.

,, 3. — Idmoniidce. See p. 133.

,, 4. — Horneridce. No Jurassic representatives.
Section 2. — Young zoarium. Cupuliform.
Fam. 5. — Fascigeridce. See Pt. III.

„ §.— Osculiporid<e. See Pt. III.

„ 7.— Theonoida. See Pt. III.

Suborder III. — Dactylethrata. Zoarium multilamellar, usually
erect and dendroid ; largely composed of dactylethrae. (For
diagnosis see Pt. III.)

Fam. l.— Clamidce. See Pt. III.
,, Z.—Reticuliporida. See Pt. III.

Suborder IY. — Cancellata. Zoarium composed of simple zocecia
separated by cancelli. (For diagnosis see Pt. III.) No Jurassic

representatives.

Order 3. TREPOSTOMATA, Ulrich.

Gymnolsema in which the zoarium consists of straight, pris-
matic, or cylindrical tubes, growing in thick sheets or masses.
Apertures always terminal. Zooecia divided into proximal, im-
mature portions, in which the zooacia are thin-walled, and of
which the structure is simple; and into distal, mature regions, in
which the walls are thickened and diaphragms are numerous.
Mesopores occur in many forms. No avicularia or vibracularia,
but spines sometimes occur (acanthopores).

Fam. 1. — Ceramoporida. See Pt. III.
,, 2. — Heterotrypida. See Pt. III.
,, 3. — Amplexoporidce. See Pt. III.

40 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS.

Order 4. CHEILOSTOMATA, Busk.

Gymnolaemata in which the orifice is guarded by an operculura.
Zooecia dimorphic, some being modified into avicularia and
vibracularia.

Suborder I. — Athyriata. Cheilostomata with the front wall
uncalcified or incompletely calcified.
Fam. 1. — Membraniporidce.
„ 2. — Microporidte.

" We have .... reached the point long ago predicted by Lamarck in
promulgating the evolution theory, namely, that the lines drawn in the Linnean
system of nomenclature would be finally obliterated by discovery. In fact, we
are now beginning to retain the binomial system upon grounds of convenience
and of scientific courtesy, rather than upon lines of definition." — OSBORN

AND WORTMAN, 1895.

PART III.

DESCRIPTION OP SPECIES,

CLASS ECTOPROCTA, Nitsche.

SUBCLASS GYMNOL^EMATA, Allman.

Order CYCLOSTOMATA, Busk.
Suborder TUBULATA, Gregory.
Diagnosis. — See p. 39.

Family TUBTJLIPORIDJ3.

SYNONYMY :
Tubuliporidce, M. Edwards, pars ; Busk ; Smitt, pars ; MacGillivray, pars ;

Hincks, pars ; Ulrich ; Johnston, pars ; Haime, pars ; Jullien, pm s.
Diastoporidce, pars ; Busk, pars ; Smitt ; Pergens and Meunier.
Diastoporidce, Marsson.
Stomaloporidce, Pergens and Meunier.
Sparsidce, D'Orbigny, pars.

Diagnosis. — Cyclostomata Tubulata in which the zocecia are
simple, open tubes, which either grow as linear series, or as
encrusting or erect sheets. The sheets may be coiled into hollow-
tubes, but only exceptionally form solid bundles. The zooecia
may be wholly immersed or partly free.

42 STOMATOPORA.

Affinities. — This family contains a group of the simplest known
forms of Cyclostomata. It includes the members of the family
Tubuliporidae founded by Busk in 1859, with the addition of the
genus Diastopora and its allies. It includes most of the forms
included byHincks in the Tubuliporidae, but by no means all. The
sense in which it is here used agrees closely with that in which it
was accepted by MacGillivray.

STOMATOPORA, Bronn,1 1825.

SYNONYMY :

Alecto, Lamouroux, 1821.
Aulopora, pars, Goldfuss, etc.

Diagnosis. — Tubuliporidaa with the zooecia forming flat adnate
zoaria, composed of uniserial lines. These zooecial lines branch
dichotomously, and sometimes anastomose into a reticulate web.
The cell mouth is flush or slightly raised ; zooecia tubular or sub-
pyriform.

Type species. — S. dichotoma, Lamouroux, 1821.

Affinities. — This genus, in its normal form of a fan-shaped
zoarium, is very well marked off from other Cyclostomata. The
genus to which it approaches most nearly is Proloscina ; this is
included by Hincks as a subgenus of Stomatopora. Such species
as that described by Haime as Stomatopora bouckardi, Haime, cer-
tainly do seem like connecting links. Nevertheless there seems
such a very different appearance in the simple series of zooacia,
from that of those with the zooecia in multiple series, that it seems
to me advisable to use this as a generic distinction.

Stomatopora, as here used, includes, therefore, only part of the
species included in it by Haime and Hincks. It is here restricted,
and the genus Proboscina enlarged. Haime includes in Stomato-
pora some multiserial species, and Hincks a group of forms which
are partially erect and free.

The genus was first described as Alecto by Lamouroux, in 1821.
Mr. Hincks proposed the substitution of Bronn's term, owing to
the prior use of Alecto among Crinoids. As Alecto is, however,

1 Bronn. Syst. Pflanz. p. 27, pi. vii. fig. 3.

STOMATOPORA. 43

only a synonym in this phylum, it might have been retained,
according to the rules of the British Association. Stomatopora is,
however, now universally adopted.

1. Stomatopora dichotoma (Lamouroux), 1821.

SYNONYMY :
Alccto dichotoma, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 84, pi. Ixxxi. figs.

12-14.
„ ,, Conybeare and Phillips, 1822, Geol. England and Wales,

p. 214.

,, ,, Lamouroux, 1824, Encycl. Meth., Zooph. p. 41.

,, ,, Defrance, 1826, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xlii. p. 390.

,, ,, Fleming, 1828, Brit. Anim. p. 534.

,, ,, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 428, pi. xliii. fig. 1.

„ ,, Lonsdale, 1832, Oolitic district Bath: Trans. Geol. Soc.

ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 273.

,, ,, Passy, 1832, Descr. geol. dep. Seine -inferieure, p. 339.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 464, pi. Ixv. fig. 1.

„ ,, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. ser. 2,

t. ix. p. 206, pi. xv. fig. 4.

,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 30.

,, ,, M. Edwards, 1846, Zooph. in Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 3,

pi. Ixxii. fig. 4.
,, ,, pars, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 238 (non 1840,

p. 10, pi. ii. fig. 10).
D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, ,, Buvignier, 1852, Stat. Geol. dep. Meuse, pp. 194, 229, 262.

,, ,, pars, Quenstedt, 1852, Handb. Petref. p. 639, pi. Ivi.

figs. 21-2 (non 24).

,, „ Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 119.

,, „ Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 666, pi. Ixxxi. figs. 75-6.

,, ,, pars, Quenstedt, 1867, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 766, pi. Ixxiii.

figs. 21-3 (non 24).

,, ,, Phillips, 1871, Geol. Oxford, p. 239.

,, ,, pars, Quenstedt, 1885, op. cit. ed. 3, p. 985, pi. Ixxix.

figs. 35-7 (non 38) .

,, ,, Beesley, 1886, Lias of Fenny Compton, p. 19.

,, ,, Gregory, 1895, Rev. pt. i. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xv. p. 225.
Stomatopora dichotoma, Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. pp. 27, 43, pi. vii. fig. 3

(bad figure) .

,, „ Bronn, 1837, Lett. Geogn. ed. 2, p. 242, pi. xvi. fig. 25.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 1201.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 139.

„ „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9« Terr. cret. t. v. p. 835.

44

STOMATOPOEA.

Stomatopora dichotoma, Bronn and Homer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii.

Th. iv. p. 85, pi. xvi. fig. 25.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. pp. 160-2, pi. vi. figs. la-d.

„ ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 143.

,, ,, E. Eudes - Deslongchamps, 1864, Geol. Calvados, 3e art.:

Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. viii. p. 225.
,, ,, E. Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1865, Jura inf. Norm.: Mem.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Eeuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin : Denk. k. AJcad. TFiss.

Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 2, pi. i. figs. 3a and 4 (35 on plate).
,, ,, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol. Ges.

Bd. xxxi. p. 320.
„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 264.

„ „ Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 186.

„ ,, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xl. p. 786. (Fig. misleading.)
„ ,, Schlippe, 1888, Fauna Bath, oberrh. Tiefl. : Abh. geol.

Special^. Elsass-Loth. Bd. iv. Ht. 4, p. 97.
„ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northampton Nat. Hist.

Soc. vol. v. p. 12.
,, „ Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xlv. pp. 563-4.
„ ,, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 40.
Aulopora dichotoma, Goldfuss, 1831, Petref. Germ. Bd. i. p. 218, pi. Ixv. fig. 2

(? non 2a).

non,, „ Reuss, 1846, Verst. bohm. Kreidef. p. 66, pi. xv. figs. 32-4.

„ „ Quenstedt, 1878, Petref. Deutschl. Bd. vi. Abth. 1, p. 107,

pi. cxlvii. figs. 19, 26.
Stomatopora antiqua, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol France,

s<fr. 2, t. v. p. 162, pi. vi. fig. 7.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 143.

,, „ Terquem and Piette, 1865, Lias Inf. Est Fr. : Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. viii. p. 124, pi. xiv. figs. 31-2 (non

27-8 as text).

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle, p. 231.

,, ,, Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 14.

,, ,, Dumortier, 1869, Etud. pal. Jur. Basse-Rhone, t. iii. p. 343.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

pp. 251, 264.

„ ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 186.

,, ,, Beesley, 1886, Lias of Fenny Compton, p. 19.

,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 51.
,, dilatans montlivaltiformis, Vine, 1883, op. cit. pp. 251, 264.

STOMATOPORA.

45

Stomatopora haimei, Terquem and Piette, 1865, op. cit. p. 124, pi. xiv. figs.

29, 30.
,, montlivaltiformis, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit.

Assoc. 1883, p. 186.
,, terquemi, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 164, pi. vi. fig. 4.

Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 143.
„ ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on: Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. i. xii.

p. 35.
,, ,, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi, Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. p. 647.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, op. cit. p. 290.

,, ,, Terquem and Jourdy, £t. Bath. Moselle: Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. ix. 1871, pp. 164, 168.
,, . ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. op. cit. p. 264.

,, „ Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. ffist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 51.

Diastopora ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 28.

Stomatopora spirata, "Walford, 1889, op, cit. p. 564, pi. xviii. fig. 6.
,, porrecta, Walford, 1889, op. cit. p. 565, pi. xviii. figs. 7, 8.
,, waltoni, pars, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 787.

„ ,, ex syn. Vine, 1887, Polyz. neigh. North. : Journ. North-

ampton Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. iv. p. 204. pi. i. fig. 1.
,, recurva, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi, Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. p. 647, pi. xxxii. fig. 9.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 51.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium typically forming a loose, irregular network; the
lines radiate from the centre and repeatedly branch dichoto-
mously. Eight or ten zooecia may occur between two points of
bifurcation. Such series are often curved (var. spirata, Waif.).
Young forms consist of a single line, which may at first branch
very sparingly (var. porrecta, Waif.). Crowded growths occur.

Zocecia regularly cylindrical.

Peristomes well raised, varying in height from half to one and a
half times the diameter of the zocecia. Surface punctulate and
transversely wrinkled. The wrinkling is best seen in young
zooecia. The normal zocecia vary in length from one and a half to
three times the diameter.

Ocecia small ; appear as small hemispherical tubercles ; diameter
about half that of the zooecia ; punctulate.

Formula. — p, c, I, r = 2, 0, 1, 1.

46 STOMATOPORA.

DISTRIBUTION".

ENGLAND. — Lower Oolite :

Cornbrash: Thrapston, Northamptonshire ; Islip (fide Phillips).
Bradford Clay : Bradford, Wilts ; Box ; Tetbury Eoad.
Great Oolite : Stanton ; Richmond boring ; Bath.
Fuller's Earth : Wiltshire.
Inferior Oolite : Leckhampton ; Crickley ; Ravensgate (Low. Trigonia Grit) ;

Shipton Gorge, Dorset.
Lias :
Middle — Zone of Amaltheus spinatus : King's Sutton.

„ jEgoceras jamesoni : Fenny Compton (fide Beesley).
Lower — Zone of dEgoceras raricostatus : Stroud (fide Witchell).
,, Arietites henleyi : Cherrington.

FOREIGN :

Kimeridgian : Streitberg and Weissenstein. Weisser Jura, 7.
Cornbrash: Wast, near Boulogne (fide Deslongchamps) ; Elsass (fide Schlippe).
Bathonian: Lebisey ; Luc; and Marquise (fide Haime).
Calcaire a polypiers : Ranville ; Caen.
Zone of Parkinsonia parkimoni : Thiancort and Clapes (fide

Terquem) .
Zone of Perisphinctes quercinus : Thumereville (fide Terquem) ;

Dep. de Meuse (fide Buvignier) ; Franconia.

Zone of Cosmoceras subfurcatum: Baden and Elasss (fide Schlippe).
Bajocian — Braun Jura, 8 : Aalen (fide Quenstedt) ; Balin.

Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen (Wiirtemberg) ; Pommer and

Jungingen, Hohenzollern (fide Waagen).
Calcaire ferrugineuse and Calcaire a polypiers: Moselle (fide

Terquem) .
Montvaux and Plappeville, near Metz (fide Terquem and Friren) ;

Pouilly, near Ma9on (fide Ferry).

Middle Lias : Giverdy and St. Bonnet, Rhone Basin (fide Dumortier) .
Lower Lias — Sinemurian: Valiere, near Metz.

Zone of Arietites bisulcatus : Fleigneux.

Zone of Schlotheimia angulata : Chilly (fide Terquem) ; Moselle
(Terquem).

DOUBTFUL RECORDS:

Corallian: Dep. de Meuse (fide Buvignier).
Oxfordian : Dep. de Meuse ,, ,,

Sequanian r — Malm : Rabenstein, Bavaria.

Description of Figure. — PI. I. Fig. 1. Zoarium encrusting
Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.), nat. size, with three zooecia, X 2-5 dia.
Bradford Clay: Bradford, Wilts. B. 4833. PI. I. Fig. 2. Part of

STOMATOPORA. 47

zoarium with ocecium, x 25 dia. Bradford Clay : Box, Wilts.
Holl Coll. B. 4860.

Affinities. — This species is the type of the genus. It belongs to
a group of species which has lasted from the Jurassic to the
present day. It is represented in the Cretaceous by a group
of forms described by D'Orbigny as different species, but now
included as Stomatopora granulata, M. Edw.1 In the Cainozoic
representatives of the genus are much scarcer than in the Cre-
taceous ; nevertheless the group of species to which S. dichotoma
belongs is represented by Stomatopora divaricata (Reuss),2 from
the Hungarian Miocene (Leithakalk), and by a living species,
identified by Johnston as S. granulata, M. Edw. In this
course Johnston has been followed by Hincks, Busk, and others.
The recent species, however, has the distal end of the zocecia
raised to a greater extent than the Cretaceous species, and the
zocecia are also more pyriform ; in Milne Edwards' specimen
the zocecia are regularly cylindrical. M. Pergens 3 has previously
expressed doubt as to the occurrence of the Cretaceous species
in recent seas. If the common English species is to be separated
from that described by Milne Edwards, then a new name will have
to be given it, as there is no available synonym.

S. dichotoma differs from S. granulata (M. Edw. non auct.) in
having the zooecia more regularly cylindrical, and having the peri-
stomes, as a rule, less raised. It approaches more closely to the
variety figured by D'Orbigny as S. incrassata, to which it is nearly
allied. This is not the S. incrassata of Smitt, which is a
Proboscina. It differs from S. divaricata (Reuss) by the fact that
the Miocene species has a looser zoarium and longer zooecia.

If the common recent English species is to be included with
the Cretaceous S. granulata, then both of these must also be
included with the Jurassic S. dichotoma. As, however, there are
definite differences between them, it appears better to keep them
distinct.

1 H. Milne Edwards. Mem. sur Crisies : Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. ser. 2, t. ix.
1838, p. 205, pi. xvi. figs. 3, 3«.

2 A. E. Reuss. Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. : Haid. Naturwiss. Abh. Bd. ii.
1847, p. 53, pi. vii. fig. 18. .

3 E. Pergens. Eevision Bry. Cret. D'Orb. : Bull. Soc. beige GeoL t. iii.
1889, Mem. p. 330.

48 STOMATOPOEA.

Unfortunately, in no case can the use of the name S. granulata
by zoologists be justified. Either it is a different species from the
Cenomanian form (the typical S. granulatal\ in which case it must
be renamed, or else it is the same species, when both are synonyms
of S. dichotoma.

The three species are unquestionably closely allied. We are
reduced either to making them varieties of one species, or species
belonging to the same group in the genus. The latter seems to
me the best course. I therefore suggest for the recent species
the name Stomatopora trahens (Couch).2

Notes on Synonymy. — This species is the type of the genus, so
there can be no doubt as to the retention of the name.

S. dichotoma has been generally clearly understood, but there
seem to be several forms which should be included with it. The
one in regard to which I feel most doubt is S. antiqua, Haime,
from the Lower Lias. Haime founded this practically only on
variations in the branching of the lines of zocecia. This character
is shown by the large series of specimens in the British Museum
Collection to be of little value. The peristomes are not so much
raised as in the typical form, but in this character likewise there
are such variations in the same zoarium that the difference is not
sufficiently well marked. Vine's S. dilatans montlivaltiformis goes
along with S. antiqua, so also does S. Jiaimei. S. spirata, Walford,
appears to be only a single spiral branch, such as that shown in
PI. I. Pig. 1. S. porrecta, Walford, is founded, apparently, only
on some primitive zocecia. Stomatopora haimei, Terq. and P.,
agrees exactly with S. antiqua, Haime, and therefore must be
included with it among the synonyms of this species. Stomatopora
terquemi appears to be only a very crowded, densely growing
variety, with the peristomes less raised than in the typical form.

1 D'Orbigny. Pal. fran^. Terr. cret. Bryozaires, t. v. p. 837, pi. Dcxxviii.
figs. 9-11.

2 E. Q. C. Couch. Zooph. Cornwall: Trans. R. Cornwall Polyt. Soc. 1841,
p. 71 ; Cornish Fauna, pt. iii. 1844, p. 105, pi. xix. fig. 5 (non 3). An unfor-
tunate series of misprints has led to a misinterpretation of this species. PL xix.
fig. 3 is said in the text to be T. trahens, and pi. xix. fig. 5 to be T. deflexa ;
on the legend of the plate both figures are given as trahtns. The descriptions
of the species, however, leave no doubt that fig. 3 should be deflexa and fig. 5
trahens. This has led Hincks to regard this species (Brit. Mar. Polyz. p. 427)
as probably a synonym of Proboscina (or, as he puts it, Stomatopora} major
(Johnst.).

STOMATOPOBA.

49

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 895. Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine Coll.

B. 4860. On Ostrea. Bradford Clay. Box, Wilts. Holl Coll. Figd. PI. I.

Fig. 2.
D. 2171, D. 2172. On Ostrea. Bradford Clay. Tetbury Road, Gloucestershire.

Brodie Coll.
B. 4833. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. Old Coll.

Figd. PI. I. Fig. 1.

On Apiocrinus elegant (Defr.).

J. Wood Coll.

,, Cunnington „
Purchased.

D. 900.

60535.
B. 4832.

40388.
24958.

D-1815. „ „

D. 1821. On Terebellaria ramosissima, Lamx. ,, ,, ,,

B. 4856. On Exogyra. Bradford Clay. Box. Holl Coll.

D. 2159. A worm-tube. Bradford Clay. Bradford. Brodie Coll.

B. 1956. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205ft. Presented by Professor

J. W. Judd, F.R.S.
Great Oolite. „ „ „ „

J. W. Judd, F.R.S. Figd. as 8. waltoni: Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xl. p. 787, fig. 2«.
On Zeilleria obovata (J. de C. Sow.). Great Oolite. Stanton.

Cunnington Coll.
On Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. Fuller's Earth.

Gloucestershire. Old Coll.

D. 1786. OnHolectypus hemisphcericus (Ag.). Inferior Oolite. Purchased.
D. 1790. On Stomechinus bigranularis (Lamx.). ,, ,,

(A form with long series of simple zooecia.)
D. 1850. On Terebratula simplex, Buckm. Inferior Oolite. Crickley. Holl

CoU.
B. 4834. On Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. Inferior Oolite. Old

Coll.
D. 1800. On Terebratula „ „ ,, Leck-

hampton ? Purchased.
B. 4835. On Terebratula maxillata. ,, „ Lower

Trigonia Grit. Ravensgate. Holl Coll.
D. 2130, D. 2136. On shell fragments. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton.

Brodie Coll.
65469. On Zeilleria biappendiculata (Desl.). Calcaireapolypiers. Ranville.

Tesson Coll.

46785. On Apiocrinus ? Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
58017. ,, elongatus. „ ,, „

46218. „ „ „ „ J. Wood Coll.

D. 2075. Sequanian ? — Malm. Rabenstein, Bavaria. Brawns Coll. A long

straight form (var. porrecta}.

50 STOMATOPOBA.

2. Stomatopora dichotomoides (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Alecto dichotomoides, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.
Stomatopora ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. pp. 834-5.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. pp. 163-4, pi. vi. figs. la-c.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 143.

,, „ Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xvi. p. 12.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Syst. ool. inf. Calvados: Bull.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.
,, ,, ? Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xii.

p. 23.
„ ,, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: Denk. Jc. Akad. Wiss.

Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 3.
„ ,, Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, £t. Batb. Moselle : Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. pp. 156, 168.
„ „ Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol. Ges.

Bd. xxxi. p. 322.

„ ,, Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 264.

,, „ Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 186.

„ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northampton Nat. Hist.

Soc. vol. v. p. 12.
„ ,, "Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xlv. p. 564.

„ „ Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Cambridge, p. 49.

„ ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 51.
„ „ Gregory, 1895, Rev. pt. i. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xv. p. 225.
Alecto dichotoma, non Lamx., Michelin, 1840, Icon. Zooph. p. 10, pi. ii.

fig. 10.

Stomatopora bouchardi, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 164, pi. vi. fig. 6.
„ „ Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 143.

,, „ Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois : Ann. Sci. physiq. nat. Lyon,

ser. 3, t. iv. p. 161.

» ,, Reuss, 1867, op. cit. p. 2.

,, „ Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 264.

,, ,, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. yeol. France,

se"r. 3, t. xvii. p. 40, pi. iii. figs. 1-4.

STOMATOPOBA. 51

Stomatopora waltoni, pars, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart. Journ.

Oeol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 787, fig. 2b (non 2«). [Brit. Mus.

No. D. 901.]
,, jurensis, Etallon, 1862, Etud. Haut-Jura Cor. pt. i. : Mem. Soc.

Emul. Doubs. ser. 3, t. vi. p. 211.
„ phillipsi, Vine, 1893, Polyz. Thrapston: Proc. Tories. Geol. Soc.

new ser. vol. xii. pt. iii. pp. 250-2, pi. xii. figs. 1-3.
,, intermixta, Vine, 1893, ibid. p. 252, pi. xii. fig. 4.

„ dickotoma, Vine, 1893, ibid. p. 252, Ppl. xii. fig. 5.

,, waltoni, Vine, 1893, ibid. p. 253, Ppl. xii. fig. 5.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of uniserial zocecia branching dichotomously or irregu-
larly. Typically it is very loose. Long unbranched series occur.
Crowded varieties with tufted ends to the branches also occur.

Zocecia at first regularly cylindrical, but soon becoming pyriform
or subpyriform ; obscurely transversely ridged ; surface punctulate.

Peristomes slightly raised, usually not on the median line.

Ocecia unknown.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 1, 2, 1, 0.

Description of Figures. — PI. I. Fig. 3. Four zocecia from a
specimen encrusting Multiclausa, sp., X 20 dia. Great Oolite :
Hamcastle, near Bath. B. 4249. PI. I. Fig. 4. Zocecia of a young
specimen (the var. attenuate of Walford), X 20 dia. Cornbrash:
Thrapston, Northamptonshire. D. 927. (Vine Coll.)

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Corallian — Lower Calcareous Grit : Hinton-Trowbridge.
Cornbrash : Thrapston ; Bedford.

Great Oolite: Richmond horing, 1205ft. ; Hamcastle, near Bath.
Fuller's Earth : Wiltshire.

Inferior Oolite : Gloucestershire, Cleeve Hill ; Leckhampton ; Postlip (Cam-
bridge) ; Stroud (fide Witchell) ; Shipton Gorge, Dorset.

FOREIGN :

Corallian : Valfin, Haut-Jura. (Diceratian.)
Oxfordian : Boulogne.

Callovian : Grain and Percey le Grand, Haut-Jura.
Bathonian : Ranville, Calvados ; Conflans and "Wode'court, Moselle.
Zone of Perisphinctes quercinus : Longwy ; Balin, Austria.

52 STOMATOPOBA.

Bathonian — Zone of Cosmoceras subfurcatum : Moselle (fide Terquem).

Braun Jura: Balin.
Bajocian : Croizille and St. Vigors; Bayeux and Moutiers (fide D'Orbigny);

Montvaux and Ars-sur-Moselle (fide Friren) ; ? Milly, near

Ma9on (fide Ferry).

Differences and Affinities. — This species was originally figured
by Michelin as Alecto dichotoma. D'Orbigny recognized the
differences between the specimen used by Michelin and the type
form, and founded a new species for it. It is, however, nearly
allied to S. dichotoma. It forms a more open zoarium than does
that species, but this point is of little value. The main difference
between it and S. dichotoma is that the zocecia are pyriform. A
tendency to this shape occurs in some of the zooecia of S. dichotoma,
in portions of the colony where the zocecia are short and crowded.
The difference, however, appears to me to be of specific impor-
tance, for all the normal zocecia of S. dichotoma are regularly
cylindrical. Haime's type is now at Cambridge, and examination
of it shows that the peristome was raised.

The young zooecia are longer and less pyriform than the older
ones. They have been figured by Walford as the var. attenuata.

The representative of this species in the Cretaceous is S. plicata
(D'Orb.),1 from the Cenomanian of Le Mans. In this, however,
the pyriform shape is still more marked, and the zocecia almost
become elliptical. The transverse ridging is reduced to a single
well-marked rib.

As a Cainozoic representative of this species may be quoted
S, vesiculosa (Mich.),2 from the Miocene of the West of Prance.
This agrees more closely with S. plicata than with S. dichoto-
moides, from which it may be distinguished by the almost
hippothoiform shape of the zooecia and the greater development of
the transverse rib.

A species which seems to me to belong here is that described
by Haime as S. louchardi, from the Oxfordian of Boulogne.
Haime had only a very imperfect specimen, which he regarded as
a close ally of S. dichotoma. Brauns regarded it as a synonym

1 Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. 1850, pi. ocxxix. figs. 12-15 ; 1852, p. 839.

2 Alecto vesiculosa, Michelin, 1847, Icon. Zooph. p. 319, pi. Ixxvii.
fig. 3.

STOMATOPOEA. 53

of this species, but Sauvage kept it distinct, and gave some
admirable figures of it. These certainly show that it differs from
S. dichotoma, but seem to me to bring it within the range of
S. dichotomoides. It has the bulging pyriform zocecia, and slightly
raised peristomes, irregular transverse ridges of that species.

Vine has referred a series of specimens from Thrapston to four
different species, two of which were new. His collection is
now in the British Museum, but his types cannot be recognized.
The whole series, however, seems to me to belong to S. dichoto-
moides. The figure on PL XII. Fig. 5 is referred in the text to
S. waltoni, and in the description of the plate to S. dichotoma;
but it is equally unlike both, having the pyriform zocecia of
S. dickotomoides.

LIST OP SPECIMENS.

D. 1855. On Ostrea, sp. Calcareous Grit. Hinton-Trowbridge. Cunnington

CoU.

D. 1854. On Gervillia, sp. ,, ,, ,, „

D. 896, 898. Three specimens. Cornbrash. Thrapston, Northamptonshire.

Vine CoU.
D. 927. Var. attenuates (Waif.) ,, „ ,, Tine

Coll. Figd. PI. I. Fig. 4.
D. 2064. On Holectypus depressus (Leske). Cornbrash. Midland Railway

Pit, Bedford.
D. 2065, D. 2068. On Holectypus depressus (Leske), with Berenicea archiaci,

Haime. Cornbrash. Midland Railway Pit, Bedford. (D. 2065

is a crowded variety.)
D. 2067. On Nucleolites clunicularis (Phil.), with Berenicea archiaci, Haime.

Cornbrash. Midland Railway Pit, Bedford.
D. 901. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205ft. Presented by Professor

Judd. Figd. as S. waltoni : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.

p. 787, fig. 1b.
B. 1950. Two specimens. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205ft. Presented

by Professor Judd.
D. 210. One specimen. Great Oolite. ,, ,, ,, ,,

by Professor Judd.
B. 4249. Encrusting Multiclausa. Great Oolite. Hamcastle, near Bath.

Figd. PL I. Fig. 3.
B. 4247. On Terebratula aff. plicata. Fuller's Earth. Gloucestershire. Old

Coll.

nStt4

Purchased.

54 STOMATOPOKA.

D. 1842. "With young Ceriocava. Inferior Oolite — Pea Grit. Gloucestershire.

Holl CoU.

D. 2196. On shell fragment. Inferior Oolite. Cleeve Hill. Brodie Coll.
D. 2131. With Berenicea archiaci, Haime. Inferior Oolite. Near Leck-

hampton. Brodie Coll.
D. 2208. On shell fragment. Bathonian. Ranville.

3. Stomatopora waltoni, Haime, 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Stomatopora, waltoni, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. vi. p. 162, pi. vi. figs. 30-i.
,, cf. „ Walford, 1883, Relation Northptn. Sd. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 239.
non „ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 251.

non „ „ Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 186.

non ,, ,, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 787, fig. 2.
non ,, ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ. Northampton

Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. iv. p. 204, pi. i. fig. 1.
non „ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: ibid. vol. v. p. 13.

,, ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Cambridge, p. 49.

non ,, „ Vine, 1893, Polyz. Thrapston: Proc. York*. Geol. Soc.

new ser. vol. xii. p. 253, Ppl. xii. fig. 5.
,, „ Gregory, 1895, Rev. pt. i. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xv. p. 226.

Alecto bajocensis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.
Stomatopora bajocensis, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franq. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 835.
,, „ E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Syst. ool. inf. Calvados:

Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of uniserial zooecia forming delicate, radiating, and
very divergent lines ; these branch repeatedly, occasionally inter-
lace, and end in loose tufts.

Zooecia cylindrical and very thin, transversely ridged.

Peristomes have thickened rims, but are not reflexed.

Formula.— p, c, I, r =. 1, 0, 2, 0.

STOMATOPORA. 55

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Cornbrash : Loc. ?

Bradford Clay : Bradford.

Fuller's Earth : Gloucestershire.

Inferior Oolite: Coombe Hill (fide Walford).
FOREIGN :

Bajocian: Port-en- Bessin (fide D'Orbigny).

Oolithe blanc : Calvados (fide Deslongchamps).

Description of Figure. — PI. I. Fig. 5. Part of a specimen
encrusting Terebratula aff. plicata, Buckm., x 22 dia. Fuller's
Earth: Gloucestershire. No. 97083.

Affinities. — This species is a very close ally of 8. dichotomoides,
D'Orb., from which it differs by its zocecia being thinner and
generally regularly cylindrical, instead of pyriform. But the
specimen figured shows a tendency toward this shape, and resembles
the var. attenuata of 8. dichotomoides. The zocecia, however, are
not transversely wrinkled, as in that form. This species has as
its Cretaceous representative 8. longiscata, D'Orb.,1 but in this
the peristomes are more elevated.

It has a Cainozoic representative in a species described by
Reuss 2 as Aulopora divaricata. The species seems valid, but the
name is preoccupied by 8. divaricata, Rom.,3 from the Hilsthon
(Neocomian) of Northern Germany, and I therefore propose for it
the name of Stomatopora reussi.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

97083. On Terebratula aff. plicata, Buckm. Fuller's Earth. Gloucester-
shire. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. Figd. PI. I.
Fig. 5.

D. 1818. On Zeilleria ornithocephala (Sow.). Inferior Oolite. Gloucester-
shire. Holl Coll.

98135. On Zeilleria obovata (Sow.). Cornbrash. J. Brown Coll.

D. 2177, D. 2178. On Ostrea, sp. Bradford Clay. Tetbury Road, Wilts.
Brodie Coll.

D. 2119. On shell fragment. Lower Lias. Hatherley Down. Brodie Coll.

1 Op. cit. 1850, pi. Dcxxix. figs. 9-11 ; 1852, p. 839.

2 A. E. Reuss. Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tertiarb. 1847, p. 53, pi. vii. fig. 18.

8 F. A. Romer. Die Versteinerungen des Norddeutschen Oolithen-Gebirges,
Nachtrag, 1839, p. 15, pi. xvii. fig. 3.

56

STOMATOPORA.

4. Stomatopora smith! (Phillips), 1829.

FIG. 8. — Part of type specimen.

SYNONYMY :

Cellaria smithi, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. pt. i. Yorks. Coast, 1829, p. 143, pi. vii.

fig. 8.
„ „ Bean, 1839, Cat. Foss. Cornbr. Scarb. : Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 58.
,, „ Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xvi. p. 28.
Hippothoa smithi, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 39.

,, „ Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 590 ; 1849, Enum. p. 128.

,, ,, Morris, op. cit. ed. 2, 1854, p. 125.

,, „ Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 217.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 103.

,, ,, Platnauer, 1891, List Figured Specimens, York Museum :

Ann. Eep. Yorks. Phil. Soc. 1891, p. 62.
,, ,, Fox-Strangways, 1892, Jurassic Rocks of Britain, vol. ii. :

Yorkshire Tables of Fossils, p. 148.
Alecto smithi, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.
Stomatopora smithi, Gregory, 1894, Jur. Bry. York Mus. : Rep. Tories. Phil.

Soc. 1893, p. 58, fig. 1.

„ ,, Gregory, 1895, Rev. pt. i. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xv. p. 226.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium hippothoiform, uniserial; branches crowded and irre-
gular ; entirely adherent.

Zooecia pyriform ; long, slender, proximal ends ; front wall well

STOMATOPOBA. 5?

raised, rounded, and punctate; orifice small, circular, surrounded
by a low rim.

Peristomes slightly raised. Flat, regular rims surround each of
the zocecia.

Formula.— p, c, I, r— 1, 3, 2, 0.

Distribution. — Adherent to Cardium citrinoidum, Cornbrash,
near Scarborough. Only the type specimen known. (York
Museum.)

Figure. — Fig. 8. Part of zoarium of type specimen.

Affinities. — The species agrees best among Jurassic species of the
genus in its pyriform zocecia with S. dichotomoides (D'Orbigny),
but the hippothoiform zoarium and long whip-like proximal
portions of the zocecia clearly distinguish it. Owing to the
imperfection of Phillips' figures, much uncertainty has existed
regarding it. The front walls are often broken away, giving the
specimen a Schizoporellidan aspect.

5. Stomatopora intermedia (Miinster), 1831.

SYNONYMY :
Aulopora intermedia, Miinster, 1831, Goldfuss, Petref. Germ. p. 218, pi. Ixv.

fig. 1.
„ „ Quenstedt, 1878, Petref. Deutsclil. Bd. vi. Abth. 1, p. 108,

pi. cxlvii. fig. 19.

Alecto intermedia, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 25.
non,, ,, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 457, pi. Iviii. fig. 2.

Stomatopora,, Bronn, 1849, Ind. pal. p. 1202.

„ „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 835.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 165.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 143.

,, ,, Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois: Ann. Sci. physiq. nat. Lyon,

ser. 3, t. iv. p. 175.

„ ,, Etallon, 1862, Etud. Haut-Jura Cor. pt. i. : Mem. Soc.

JEmul. Doubs. s£r. 3, t. vi. p. 210.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium forming a crowded network.

Zooecia cylindrical; very short. Peristomes raised and much
thickened.

Distribution. — Foreign. Corallian: Germany — Streitberg; Bollert

58 STOMATOPORA.

(fide Quenstedt). Prance — Chassigny (fide Etallon); Glyptician,
Ste. Claude (Me Etallon).

Affinities. — This species appears to be sufficiently distinguished
by the combination of stumpy zocecia and thickened peristomes.
The shortness of the zooecia is equalled in some specimens of
S. dichotoma. The specimen figured by Quenstedt is a Berenicea,
but it is specifically indeterminable. The species is not repre-
sented in the Museum collection.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.

1. Stomatopora calloviensis (D'Orb.), 1849.

SYNONTMY :

Alecto calloviensis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 344.
Stomatopora calloviensis, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fraiwj. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 835.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 165.
,, ,, E. Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1856, Cornbrash a Lion :

Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. i. p. 25.
„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 143.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Lion-sur-Mer.

2. Stomatopora corallina (D'Orb.), 1850.

SYNONYMY :
Alecto corallina, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 25.

,, ,, Coquand, 1860, Descr. phys. geol. Charente, t. ii. p. 81.

Stomatopora „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc,. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 835.

„ „ Etallon, 1862, Etud. Haut-Jura Cor. : Mem Soc. Emul. Doubs.

ser. 3, t. vi. p. 210.

,, cf. ,, Oppel, 1866, Zone Amm. transversarius : Geogn. Pal. Beitr.
Bd. i. p. 296.

Distribution. — Lower Oxfordian : Oberbuchsiten, Solothurn,
Corallian : La Rochelle ; Streitberg ; Ste. Claude, Haut-Jura.

Affinities. — This species was founded on a figure by Goldfuss
(referred to as Aulopora dichotoma, Petref. Germ. 1831, p. 218,
pi. Ixv. fig. 2). This figure, however, shows two specimens, the

PEOBOSCINA. 59

characters of which do not entirely agree. iEtallon says they
helong to two distinct species. He has described some specimens,
which he refers to this species, but which seem to belong to
dichotomoides.

3. Stomatopora elongata, Waif., 1887.

SYNONYMY :

S. elongata, Walford, 1887, Polyz. Lias: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliii.
p. 636, footnote, pi. xxv. fig. 10.

Distribution. — Middle Lias : King's Sutton.
ities. — ?A Tubulipora.

4. Stomatopora rupellensis (D'Orb.), 1850.

SYNONYMY :
Alecto rupellensis, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 25.

,, ,, Coquand, 1860, Descr. phys. geol. Charente, t. ii. p. 81.

Stomatopora ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franQ. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 835.

Distribution. — Corallian : near La Eochelle.
ities. — ? A Proboscina.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

I. Zooacia regularly tubular.

Peristomes well raised ; zooecia short dichotoma (Lx.).

,, slightly raised ; zooecia long ... waltoni, Haime.

,, thickened intermedia (Miinst.).

II. Zocecia pyriform dichotomoides (D'Orb.).

III. ,, hippothoiform smithi (Phil.).

PROBOSCINA, Audouin, 1826.1

SYNONYMY :

Stomatopora, pars, Hincks.
Reptotubigera, D'Orbigny.
Liastopora, pars, Quenstedt, Vine, etc.

1 Viet. Audouin. Explication Sommaire des planches des Polypes de 1'Egypte
et de la Syrie ; Descr. de 1'Egypte Hist. Nat. t. i. pt. iv. p. 236, Polyp, pi. vi.
figs. 4, 5 (non fig. 6).

60 PEOBOSCINA.

Diagnosis. — Tubuliporidse in which the zooecia form flat, adnate,
multiserial zoaria. The zoaria are mainly in linear bands, which
may or may not branch. The zocecia are tubular. The peristome
is either flush with the surface of the zoarium or somewhat raised.

Type species. — P. loryi, Audouin.

Affinities. — The retention of this genus is somewhat reactionary,
for most authors now place it as a synonym of Stomatopora,
Berenicea, Diastopora, or even Entalophora. It is certainly nearest
to Stomatopora and Berenicea, between which it is intermediate.
Pergens has described a specimen which begins as a Diastopora,
then gives rise to branches of Proloscina, and these end as Stoma-
topora ; and upon the evidence of this specimen he merges the two
latter. This specimen, however, proves either too much or too
little. If its evidence is to be accepted, then the three genera
ought to be united. But Pergens retains Stomatopora as distinct
from Diastopora in spite of it. To do otherwise would be prac-
tically to abandon the use of genera in the Cyclostomata. I
frankly admit that there are specimens intermediate between
Proloscina and Diastopora on the one hand, and between the
former and Stomatopora on the other. Nevertheless, there is a large
group of species which exhibit the characters of the above
diagnosis, and the genus is therefore a convenient one ; and to
expect genera of Cyclostomata to be more than convenient groups
of species, seems hopeless at present. Proloscina is therefore
accepted as a genus which differs from Stomatopora by having a
multiserial zoarium, and from Berenicea by having its zocecia
arranged in bands instead of in broad sheets.

1. Proboscina eudesi, Haime, 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Proloscina eudesi, J. Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 167, pi. vi. figs. 9a-b.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 144.

,, „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 264.
,, ,, Schlippe, 1888, Bath, oberrhein. Tiefland. : Abh. geol.

Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. iv. livr. 4, p. 97.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Butt. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 45.
,, ,, Gregory, 1895, Eev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvi. p. 447.

PROBOSCINA. 61

Proboscina davidsoni, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 167, pi. vi. fig. 11.
,, ,, Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 144.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 264.

,, ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Cambridge, p. 48.

Proboscina buchi, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 168, pi. vi. fig. 10.
,, ,, Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 144.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jura inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Et. Bath. Moselle : Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. p. 156.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 264.

Stomatopora (P.) davidsoni, Vine, 1884, 4th Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Eep. Brit.
Assoc. 1883, p. 186.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium formed of fairly regular, anastomosing bands, composed
usually of from four to six zoo3cia. Each branch in section appears
as a rounded ridge.

Zocecia regularly cylindrical.

Peristomes usually in regular transverse lines, slightly raised.
Zooecia of medium length.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 1, 0, 2, 4-7.1

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Great Oolite : Hampton, near Bath (Cambridge Museum) .
Inferior Oolite — Pea Grit : Gloucestershire.

FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Luc ; Ranville, in Calvados.

Zone of Cosmoceras subfurcatum : Longwy (fide Terquem).
Bajocian: Ars-sur- Moselle ; Lothringen (fide Friren).

Description of Figure. — PI. II. Fig. 1. Part of a zoarium,
X 20 dia. Inferior Oolite : Gloucestershire. Holl Coll. D. 1843.

Affinities. — This species is represented by the formula p, c, I, r
= 1, 0, 2, 4-7. It is well characterized by its regularity, both
in the arrangement of the peristomes and the branching of the
zoarium. The two forms P. davidsoni and P. buchi seem to
me unquestionably identical, the differences between them being

1 r in the formulae for Proboscina indicates the number of zocecia in the width
of the branches.

62 PROBOSC1NA.

that in P. davidsoni the sutures between the zooecia are not
shown, and that P. luchi is a young, incomplete zoarium. Both
appear to be synonyms of P. eudesi, from which they differ only
in that the orifices are slightly larger, and the surface of the
zoarium is flatter.

The nearest ally of Proloscina eudesi, Haime, is a form figured
by D'Orbigny 1 as Reptotubigera ramosa, D'Orb., from the French
Senonian. This Cretaceous species differs, however, by having
larger orifices and a more carinate zoarium. Its formula is
I', 0, 2, 4-7, a comparison of which with that for P. eudesi will
show the closeness of the two forms.

The reference to D'Orbigny's species raises the difficult question
as to its right name. The term ramosa has been applied to forms
which must be included in Proloscina (as that genus is here
defined) by Hagenow and Michelin, as well as twice by D'Orbigny.
The following names all have claims to recognition : —

^Aulopora ramosa, Hag., 1839.
Diastopora ramosa, Mich., 1845.
Proboseina ramosa, D'Orb., 1852.
Reptotubigera ramosa, D'Orb., 1852.
Stomatopora sarthaeensis, Perg., 1890.

The Aulopora ramosa, Hag.,2 has priority, and as the description
of it is full and lucid, the name has to stand as that of the true
Proloscina ramosa. The specimens figured by D'Orbigny as his
Proloscina ramosa3 probably belong to this species, in spite of
the fact that D'Orbigny includes them with Michelin's species,
and makes no mention of Hagenow's. Pergens, moreover, has
separated them from Hagenow's species, and made them the type
of a new species — Stomatopora sarthaeensis.^ D'Orbigny's figures,
however, appear to agree in all essentials with Hagenow's descrip-
tion. They both have the "zart fadenformig " shape, the same
mode of branching of the zoarium, and the form of the zocecia.

1 D'Orbigny. Op. cit. p. 754, pi. occli. figs. 1-3.

2 Von Hagenow. Mon. Kugen'schen Kreide-Verst. Abth. 1, Neu Jahrb.
1839, p. 291.

3 D'Orbigny. Op. cit. p. 851, pi. Dcxxxii. figs. 1-3 ; pi. ocxxxiii. figs. 1-3.

4 E. Pergens. Eev. Bry. fig. par D'Orb. : Butt. Soc. beige Geol. t. iii.
Mem. 1890, p. 332.

PBOBOSCTNA. 63

I therefore propose to include S. sarthacensis, Perg., among the
synonyms of P. ramosa (Hag.).

Michelin's species,1 on the other hand, appears to be distinct,
for the zoarium is formed of regular bands, which branch
repeatedly and may anastomose ; the zooecia are shorter, and the
peristomial portions less raised. Michelin's species is more allied
to D'Orbigny's Reptotubigera ramosa than to his P. ramosa.
From the former it is separable only by the fact that the peri-
stomes open irregularly, whereas in that species they occur in
straight series. It is therefore necessary to find a new name for
Michelin's species. It appears to me practically identical with
D'Orbigny's P. t&ueasiana? though in this the zoarial bands are
less regular ; they agree, however, in the general shape of the
zoarium, its flat, depressed surface, and the irregularity of
the peristomes.

It is also necessary to find a name for D'Orbigny's Repto-
tubigera ramosa, which, as has been previously remarked, is the
closest ally of P. eudesi, Haime. Pergens includes with it
Reptotubigera serpens, D'Orb., and Proboscina radiolitorum, D'Orb.,
a course with which I fully agree. As the last name dates from
the Prodrome in 1849, it takes precedence as the name of the
species.

The formulae for the four species are as follows : —

P. eudesi, Haime 102 4-7

P. ramosa (Hag.) 2 0 2" 1-8, including P. ramosa,

D'Orb., and 8. sartha-
censis, Perg.

P. radiolitorum (D'Orb.) ... 1' 0 2 4-7, including Reptotubigera

ramosa, D'Orb.

P. toucasiana, D'Orb 102 4-8, including D. ramosa,

Mich.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 14. On Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite. Glouces-
tershire. Wright Coll.

D. 1843. Inferior Oolite— Pea Grit. Gloucestershire. Holl Coll. Figd.
PL II. Fig. 1.

60365. Bathonian. Ranville, Calvados. Tesson Coll.

1 H. Michelin. Icon. Zooph. 1845, p. 203, pi. lii. fig. 3.

2 D'Orbigny. Op. cit. p. 856, pi. DCXXXIV. figs. 1-6

64 PEOBOSCINA.

2. Proboscina jacquoti, Haime, 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Proboscina jacquoti, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 169, pi. vii. figs. 5a-b.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 144.

,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Etage Bajoc. : M4m. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xii.

p. 30.
,, ,, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. p. 647.
,, ,, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz: Zeit. deut. geol. Ges.

Bd. xxxi. p. 324.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.
„ „ Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 45.
„ ,, Gregory, 1895, Eev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvi. p. 448.
Stomatopora (P.) jacquoti, Vine, 1884, 4th Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit.

Assoc. 1883, p. 186.

Reptotubig era jacquoti, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 28.
,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. min. dep. Moselle,

p. 292.
Proboscina thrapstonensis, Vine, 1893, Polyz. Thrapston : Proc. Jorks. Geol.

Soc. vol. xii. p. 257, pi. xii. fig. 6.
,, ornata, Vine, 1893, Polyz. Thrapston : ibid. p. 257, pi. xiii. fig. 10.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium consisting of two or more flabellate expansions arising
from a narrow stolon-like band of zooecia.

Zocecia long, cylindrical, irregularly placed. In the typical
form from one to five zocecia in each branch. In some forms
(var. expansa) spreading out into multiserial Berenicea-\\kQ sheets,
which are fenestrate.

Peristomes raised ; irregularly arranged.

Gonocysts large, hemispherical. Irregularly distributed.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 2, 0, 3, 1-12.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND : ,

Cornbrash: Thrapston, Northamptonshire.
Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Bajocian — Calcaire a T. phillipsi : Tramayes, near Ma9on (fide Ferry).
Ars-sur- Moselle, Plappeville, and Montvaux (fide Terquem and

Friren) .
Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen, "VViirtemberg (fide Waagen).

PEOBOSCTtfA. 65

iption of Figures. — PL I. Fig. 6. Part of a zoarium,
X 25 dia., showing the gonocysts. Encrusting Nucleolites orbi-
cularis (Phil.). Cornbrash: Thrapston. D. 2063. Vine Coll.
PI. II. Fig. 2. A zoarium, X 1 1 dia., from same locality. Shows
the var. expansa, formed of fenestrate sheets. D. 921.

Affinities. — This species is distinguished most readily by its
much branched zoarium, with its flabellate expansions. Haime
founded the species for a single specimen from the Bajocian.
Vine's collection includes a large series of fairly good specimens,
which enables a fuller diagnosis to be prepared.

The short, rapidly expanding, fan-shaped branches readily dis-
tinguish this from any other Jurassic species.

Among Cretaceous species it is most nearly allied to Proboscina
ramosa (Hag.), as that species was limited in the discussion
of the affinities of P. eudesi, Haime. This species was not
figured by Hagenow,1 but D'Orbigny's illustrations appear to be
reliable. This species differs from P. jacquoti by having a more
convex zoarium and shorter and more crowded zooecia. In the
former character P. dilatata, D'Orb.,2 is nearer to the Jurassic
species, but that also has the zooecia more crowded and more
elevated at their distal ends.

Among recent species Prob. dilatans (Johnst.)3 is the closest
ally. This, however, is much less flabelliform.

The formula for this group of species are as follows : —

P. jacquoti, Haime, Jurassic 203 1-12

P. ramosa (Hag.), Cretaceous 202' 1-8

P. dilatans (Johnst.), Eecent 203 2-8

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2063. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston. With

gonocysts. (Type of Vine's P. ornata.} Figd. PI. I. Fig. 6.

Vine Coll.
D. 903. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston. With

gonocysts. (Type of P. thrapstonensis, Vine.) Op. cit. pi. xii.

fig. 6(P8B). "

1 Von Hagenow. Mon. Rugen'schen Kreide-Verst. Abth. 1, NeuJahrb. 1839,
p. 291. P. ramosa, D'Orbigny, Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. pi. Dcxxxii.
figs. 1-3 ; pi. Dcxxxiii. figs. .1-3.

2 D'Orbigny. Op. cit. p. 851, pi. Dcxxxii. figs. 4-6.

3 See Hincks. Brit. Mar. Polyz. pi. Ivii. fig. 3.

66 PEOBOSCINA.

D. 921. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston. Figd.

PL II. Fig. 2.
D. 902, 905, 906, 907, 925, 932, 934, 935, 936. Nine specimens on Nucleolites

orbicularis from ditto.

D. 908. On Nucleolites clunicularis (Phil.). Ditto. Ditto.

D. 904. On Isocardia rostrata, Sow. Ditto. Ditto.

D. 909, D. 914. On A rcomyaj 'urassi (Brongn.). Two specimens. Ditto. Ditto".
D. 910-912. On Homomya aff. ovalis (Sow.). Three specimens. Ditto. Ditto.
D. 913, D. 931. On Mollusca indet. Two specimens. Ditto. Ditto.
D. 922, D. 923, D. 926. Var. expansa, on Nucleolites orbicularis. Three

specimens. Ditto. Ditto.
D. 2188. Var. expansa. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.

3. Proboscina desoudini (Haime), 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Stomatopora desoudini, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 165, pi. vi. figs. 5a-b.
„ ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle, p. 30.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. min. dep. Moselle,

p. 296.
Proboscina ,, Gregory, 1895, Eev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvi. p. 448.

Idmonea, stomatopor aides, "VValford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 568, pi. xix. figs. 5, 6.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium very irregular. Composed of narrow bands anasto-
mosing to an irregular network. Each band from one to three
zooecia in width.

Zocecia narrow ; of medium length ; often slightly sinuous. In
crowded areas some zooecia become pyriform.1 Transverse ribbing
well marked.

Peristomes slightly raised.

Formula.— p, c, I, r= 1', 2, 2, 1-2.

DISTRIBUTION.
ENGLAND :

Cornbrash : Thrapston, Northamptonshire.
Inferior Oolite : Shipton.
FOREIGN :

Bajocian: Longwy, France.
Bathonian : Moselle (fide Terquem).

1 Haime shows some pyriform and others elongated and cylindrical.

PBOBOSCINA. 67

Description of Figure. — PI. II. Fig. 3. Zoarium encrusting
Nucleolites orlicularis (Phil.), X 12 dia. Cornbrash : Thrapston.
No. D. 1010. Vine Coll.

Affinities. — This species may be recognized by its extreme
irregularity, both in zooscial and zoarial characters. Haime's
figure shows two different types of zooecia — one long, cylindrical,
and sinuous ; the other short and pyriform. The specimen from
Thrapston which I have referred to this species agrees with the
latter type. The zoarium in it is regularly biserial. Its formula
is p, c, I, r = I', 2, 2, 1-2. Haime's type is I', 0 or 2, 2, 1-3.
Considering the irregularity of the latter, it seems unnecessary to
separate the species. The occurrence of the pyriform zooecia seems
sufficient to distinguish this from any other Jurassic species,
except P. morinica (Sauv.). As noticed in the remarks on that
species, the two ought probably to be included in the same species.

Among Cretaceous species the nearest ally of this is P. inter-
media, Novak,1 which has more regular and longer zocecia, while
many of these are almost uniform in diameter.

Proboscina echinata (Miinst.) represents this group in the Caino-
zoic, but this has a loose open zoarium, the branches of which do
not anastomose, while the zooecia are shorter than in either of its
predecessors.2 The formulae for the three forms are as follows : —

P. desoudini (Haime), Jurassic 1' 2 2 1-2

P. intermedia, Novak, Cretaceous ... ... 1 1" 3 1-2

P. echinata (Miinst.), Cainozoic ... ... 2 1 1 1-3

SPECIMEN.

D. 1010. Encrusting Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston.
Vine Coll. Figd. PI. II. Fig. 3.

4. Proboscina cunningtoni, Gregory, 1895.

SYNONYMY :

Proboscina cunningtoni, Gregory, 1895, Eev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 6, vol. xvi. p. 449.

1 0. Novak. Beitr. zur bohm. Kreidef. : Denk. Jc. Akad. Wiss. Wien.
Bd. xxxvii. Abth. 2, 1877, p. 102, pi. v. figs. 1-13.

2 Cellepora echinata, Miinst., in Goldfuss, Petref. Germ. p. 102, pi. xxxvi.
fig. 14. Diastopora echinata, Eeuss, Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. : Natunv. Abh.
Bd. ii. p. 52, pi. vii. figs. 14-15.

68 PEOBOSCINA.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium formed of loose, flabelliform, Stomatopora-like> tufts;
these may radiate from a centre, to form a circular zoarium. The
branches begin uniserially, and may end in sheets containing
twelve zooacia in width.

Zocecia regularly cylindrical. Front wall ornamented by • a
transverse wrinkling. Of medium length, broad.

Peristomes with somewhat thickened rims. Slightly raised.

Formula— p, c, I, r= 1, 0, 1, 1-3.

DISTRIBUTION.
ENGLAND :

Fuller's Earth : Bruton.

Cornbrash : Chippenham ; Corsham.

Description of Figures. — PL II. Fig. 4. Part of a colony
encrusting Zeilleria ornithocephala (J. de C. Sow.), X 17 dia.
Fuller's Earth : Bruton. Cunnington Coll. 88742. PI. II. Fig. 5.
One sector of a circular colony encrusting Terebratula maxillata,
J. de C. Sow., showing terminal expansions of the branches,
X 10 dia. Cornbrash : Corsham, Wiltshire. W. Buy Coll.
No. 23852.

Affinities. — This species is well characterized by its loose Stoma-
topora-like zoarium. Some branches end in sheets, and these ally
it to P. rigauxi (Sauv.). From this, however, it may be distin-
guished by the looseness of the zoarium. Its nearest ally is the
recent P. major (Johnst.). (See Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyz. p. 427,
pi. Iviii.) This, however, has a formula 2, 0, 2, 1-4, and may
be distinguished by the greater elevation of the peristomes and
length of the zooscia.

The species is named after William Cunnington, Esq., from
whom the British Museum received the specimen taken as
the type, and whose careful collection has added greatly to the
knowledge of Jurassic paleontology.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

88742. On Zeilleria ornithocephala (J. de C. Sow.). Fuller's Earth. Bruton.

Cunnington Coll.
97617. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Cornbrash. Chippenham.

Waterhouse Coll. Presented by Sir E. Owen.
23852. On Terebratula maxillata var. submaxillata, Morr. Cornhrash.

W. Buy Coll.

PROBOSCINA. 69

5. Proboscina rigauxi (Sauvage), 1889.

SYNONYMY :
Stomatopora rigauxi, H. E. Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol.

France, s£r. 3, t. xvii. p. 42, pi. iii. figs. 6-8.

,, sp. G. R. Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ.

Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. iv. p. 204, pi. i. fig. 2.

Proboscina ,, Gregory, 1895, Eev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvi. p. 449.
Proboscina Clementina var. minuta, Vine, 1893, Polyz. Thrapston: Proc. Yorks.

Geol. Soc. vol. xii. p. 256, pi. xiii. fig. 9.
,, „ var. depressa, Vine, 1893, ibid. p. 256.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium forming dense circular tufts. The branches end in
crowded tufts, which almost form Heremcea-like sheets.

Zocecia cylindrical, short, thick. Front wall with a well-
marked transverse ribbing. Surface punctulate.

Peristomes raised into a thickened rim, but not reflexed.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 1, 0, 2, 1-12.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Cornbrash : Rushden.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian — Fuller's Earth: Hydrequent, near Boulogne (fide Sauvage).

Description of Figure. — PI. II. Fig. 6. Part of zoarium en-
crusting Terelratula intermedia, J". de C. Sow., X 12 dia.
Cornbrash : Rushden. B. 4846.

Affinities. — This species is extremely well marked. It was care-
fully described and figured by M. Sauvage. It is distinguished
by the broad expansions at the ends of the branches, which often
greatly resemble Berenicea. There is, however, always a marked
difference between the fenestrated zoarium of this species and that
of the nearest forms of Berenicea. Even in such species as Bere-
nicea compacta (Norman),1 which have greatly divided zoaria, the
characteristic distinction between this and Proboscina can be seen.
Though including the two varieties of P. Clementina in this species,

1 See Stomatopora compacta, Hincks. Brit. Mar. Polyz. p. 435, pi. Ixiii.
figs. 1, 2.

70 PROBOSCINA.

I express no opinion as to the affinities of the type form of that
species.

Among well-descrihed Cretaceous species, that which approaches
nearest to this is Proboscina subelegam, D'Orb.1; but the zoarium
is more convex and the branches are not flabelliform.

SPECIMEN.

B. 4846. "With Berenicea diluviana, Lamx., on Terebratula intermedia, J. de
C. Sow. Cornbrash. Kushden. Figd. PI. II. Fig. 6.

6. Proboscina morinica (Sauvage), 1889.

SYNONYMY :
Stomatopora morinica, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Butt. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 41, pi. iii. fig. 5 ; pi. iv. figs. 6, 7.
Proboscina ,, Gregory, 1895, Rev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvi. p. 450.
Proboscina obscura, Vine, 1893, Polyz. Thrapston : Proc. Torks. Geol. Soc.

vol. xii. p. 255, pi. xiii. fig. 7.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of an irregular, reticulate encrustation. Branches made
up of from one to five zocecia.

Zocecia short, thick, with wide orifices. Shape in places almost
hippothoiform ; otherwise elliptical.

Peristomes irregular, slightly raised.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 2, 2, 1, 1-4.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Cornbrash : Thrapston.

Inferior Oolite — Pea Grit : Gloucestershire.

FOREIGN :

Oxfordian : near Boulogne.

Description of Figure. — PI. VII. Fig. 1. Inferior Oolite:
Cleeve. Part of zoarium, X 17dia. Holl Coll. D. 1840.

1 D'Orbigny, op. cit. p. 853, pi. Dcclix. figs. 8-13. For characters of zooecia
see Pergens, op. cit. p. 332, pi. xi. fig. 3.

PBOBOSCINA. 71

ities. — This species is most nearly allied to P. desoudini^
Haime, of which it may be a synonym. Some of the zooecia
appear identical, but whereas these are associated in P. desoudini
with regularly cylindrical, tubular zocecia, in this species they
occur with hippothoiform zocecia. Not having seen specimens, I
must leave the matter in doubt. Its nearest Cainozoic ally is that
described by Hincks as Stomatopora fasciculata.1 The formula of
this is 2, 2, 1, 1-4, whereas that of P. morinica is 1, 2, 0, 1-4.
The recent species may be distinguished by not having the
short, stumpy zocecia, and by having lower peristomes than its
Jurassic ally.

I cannot identify Vine's type of P. olscura in his collection, and
feel doubts as to the correct position of the species ; but it appears
to be a young specimen with a loose zoarium.

SPECIMEN.
D. 1840. Inferior Oolite— Pea Grit. Cleeve HiU. Holl Coll.

7. Proboscina spatiosa, Walford.

SYNONYMY :

Proboscina spatiosa, Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xlv. pp. 566-7, pi. xvii. figs. 1-3; pi. xviii.
figs. 1-5.

,, „ Gregory, 1895, Rev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvi. p. 450.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of irregular, narrow, irregularly branching bands, each
composed of from one to four zocecia in width.

Zooecia pyriform or subpyriform, of medium length, coarsely
wrinkled and punctate.

Peristomes much raised. Apertures elliptical or circular.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 3, 2, 1, 1-4.

1 Stomatopora fasciculata, Hincks, non Reuss, Brit. Mar. Polyz. p. 441,
pi. lix. figs. 4, 5. This name is preoccupied by a Cretaceous species, and I have
therefore had to rename it, which I have pleasure in doing, after the author who
has so well described the recent form, Proboscina hincksi.

72 PROBOSCINA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Inferior Oolite : Shipton Gorge, Dorsetshire.

Affinities. — This species is most nearly allied to P. desoudini
(Haime), from which it may be separated by the greater elevation
of the peristomes and the shorter zooecia; the zoarium appears,
moreover, less irregular than in that species. The formula of Mr.
Walford's species is p, c, I, r = 3, 0-2, 1, 1-4, whereas that of
P. desoudini is J', 0-2, 2, 1-3.

Its nearest Cretaceous ally is Proboscina fasciculata (Reuss).1
From this, however, it is very distinct. The formula of P. fasci-
culata (Reuss, non Hincks) is 2, 1-2, 0, 1-2. P. echinata (Miinst.)
is more nearly allied to this species than to P. desoudini, Haime,
with which it has been contrasted in the description of the latter.
The species is separated from P. spatiosa, Waif., by having less
raised peristomes and shorter zooecia. The Pliocene and recent
Prob. repens is also allied, as Walford as remarked ; but it has
shorter, squatter zooecia, and a stronger transverse marking.

P. spatiosa, Waif., is not represented in the Museum collection.

8. Proboscina liassica (Quenstedt), 1852.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora liassica, Quenstedt, 1852, Handb. Petref. p. 637, pi. Ivi. fig. 10.
,, ,, Oppel, 1854, Mittl. Lias Schwab, p. 130.

„ „ Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, pp. 280, 292.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1867, Handb. ed. 2, p. 765, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 10.

„ ,, Quenstedt, 1885, op. cit. ed. 3, p. 984, pi. Ixxix. fig. 28.

,, ,, Lepsius, 1875, Beitr. Kenntn. Juraf. Unter-Elsass, p. 13.

„ „ Walford, 1879, Mid. Up. Lias Banbury, pp. 16, 20.

„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 264.

,, ,, Thompson, 1889, Mid. Lias Northptnsh. p. 59.

Proboscina ,, Gregory, 1895, Rev. pt. ii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvi. p. 450.

Aulopora „ Quenstedt, 1878, Petref. Deutschl. Bd. vi. Abth. 1, p. 113,
pi. cxlvii. fig. 28.

1 Diastopora fasciculata, Reuss, Verst. bohm. Kreidef. p. 666, pi. xv.
figs. 35-7. Proboscina fasciculata, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. t. v. p. 857,
pi. DCXXXIV. figs. 10-13.

PEOBOSCINA.. 73

Berenicea Edwardsi, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle, p. 26.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. min. dep. Moselle,

p. 290.
Proboscina „ Terquem and Piette, 1865, Lias inf. Est France : Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. viii. p. 125, pi. xiv. figs. 21-2

(non 25-6, as in text).
,, prorepens, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi : Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. pp. 535, 647, pi. xxxiii. fig. 3.
,, cf. ,, "Walford, 1883, Kelation Northptn. Sd. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 239.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. inf. ool. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, sdr. 2, t. vii. p. 45.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of narrow branching bands, composed of from three to
five zooecia in width.

Zooscia cylindrical, of medium length; fine transverse lines
traverse the walls.

Peristomes slightly raised ; orifices somewhat elliptical.

Formula— -p, c, I, r — 1, 0, 1, 3-5.

DISTEIBUTIOK

ENGLAND :

Inferior Oolite : Coombe Hill, Oxfordshire (fide Walford).
Middle Lias — spinatus zone and transition bed: Appletree, near Banbury (fide
Walford) ; Northamptonshire (fide Thompson).

FOREIGN :
Bajocian : Montvaux and Plappeville, near Metz (fide Friren).

Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen, Wiirtemberg.

Lytoceras jurensis Marl: Silzbrunnen, Elsass (fide Lepsius).
Lias : Heiningen.
Middle Lias : Ohmenhausen (fide Oppel).

Affinities. — The formula for this species, as far as the figure
given by Terquem and Piette enables one to judge, is p, c, I, r
= 1, 0, 1, 3-5. It is distinct from either of the species pre-
viously described. The authors of the species compare it with
Haime's P. alfredi, with which it may be identical. This latter
species, however, was founded on such a very imperfectly preserved
specimen that I cannot be sure of its affinities. The whole
zoarium appears to have been eroded, and all the superficial
characters have been destroyed. Thus it is impossible to say
whether the peristomes were raised or flush. Its formula is

74 PROBOSCINA.

!,(?), 1, 3-5. P. liassica is therefore a near ally of P. alfredi,
if not identical with it. Its nearest ally among the previously
described species is P. eudesi, from which it differs in the greater
irregularity in the distribution of the orifices and the flatness of
the zoarium.

The species is not represented in the Museum collection.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.
1. Proboscina alfredi, Haime.

SYNONYMY :
Proboscina alfredi, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 168, pi. vi. fig. 8.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 144.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 264.
,, ,, Friren, 1893. Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 46.
Reptotubigera „ Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 28.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. min. dep. Moselle,

p. 292.

Distribution. — Bajocian : near Metz.

2. Proboscina ammonitoriim (D'Orb.).

SYNONYMY :

Idmonea ammonitorum, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 378.
Proboscina „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 846.

Distribution. — Oxfordian : France.

3. Proboscina complanata (D'Orb.).

SYNONYMY :

Idmonea complanata, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.
Proboscina ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 846.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Syst. ool. inf. Calvados: Bull.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.

Distribution. — Bajocian and Bathonian: France.

PBOBOSCINA. 75

4. Proboscina divisa, Yine (non fitall.).

SYNONYMY :

Proboscina divisa, Vine, 1893, Polyz. Thrapston : Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc.
vol. xii. p. 256, pi. xiii. fig. 8.

Distribution. — Cornbrash : Thrapston.

Vine's type cannot be recognized, but a second specimen, labelled
"P. divisa, poor," has upon it a young P. desoudini and several
zoaria of P. jacquoti.

5. Proboscina elegantula (D'Orb.).

SYNONYMY :

Idmonea elegantula, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.
Proboscina „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franQ. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 845.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Syst. ool. inf. Calvados: Bull.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.

Distribution. — Bajocian and Bathonian : France.

6. Proboscina expansa, Etallon.

SYNONYMY :
Proboscina expansa, Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois : Ann. Sci. phys. nat. Lyon,

ser. 3, t. iv. p. 175.
Name only.
Distribution. — Corallian — substage Glyptician : Chassiguy, France.

7. Proboscina gracilis, D'Orbigny.

SYNONYMY :

Idmonea gracilis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.
Proboscina ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9« Terr. cret. t. v. p. 846.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Ranville.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
I. Zocecia all cylindrical.

Peristomes well raised ; zoarium flat ... ... jacquoti, Haime.

Peristomes low ; zoarium in linear bands, mostly

biserial, frequently branched cunningtoni, Greg.

Multiserial, seldom branched

Zoarium flat ... liassica (Quenst.).

Zoarium ridged ... eudesi (Haime).

Zoarium in tui'ts and sheets rigauxi (Sauv.).

76

BERENICEA.

II. Zooecia pyriform.

Peristomes well raised ... ... ... ... spatiosa, "Waif.

Peristomes low ; zooecia long ... desoudini (Haime)

Zooecia short ... ... morinica (Sauv.).

BERENICE A, Lamouroux, 1821.

Diagnosis. — Tubuliporidae in which the zoarium is a thin, flat,
encrusting sheet. The zooecia are tubular. The peristome is
either flush with the surface or somewhat raised.

Type species. — B. prominens, Lamx. [The B. olelia (Johnst.).]

Affinities. — Berenicea was founded by Lamouroux for a recent
Mediterranean species, generally known among zoologists by the
name given to it by Johnston twenty-six years later. The genus,
as here accepted, includes the flat, encrusting Tubuliporidae, while
Diastopora includes the erect, foliaceous forms. It has often been
proposed to merge the two, but the distinction is so convenient
that it is advisable, if possible, to retain it. The evidence that
one species is sometimes erect and sometimes encrusting, is very
insufficient. Eeuss1 has made a species, D. corrugata, which, he
says, is sometimes erect and sometimes adnate. His figures, how-
ever, show marked differences between the two. In some recent
species growing upon the stems of seaweeds, I have seen cases
where the two sides of a Berenicea have met, and, pressing against
one another, have formed a small, free, bilaminate expansion.
But an exceptional and abnormal growth such as this hardly
seems sufficient to destroy a distinction, so well marked in the vast
majority of cases.

A distinction which it is more difficult to define is that between
this genus and Tubulipora. The separation can only be based on
the condition of the distal ends of the zocecia. In the typical
species of Berenicea the peristome is either flush with, or raised
but slightly above, the general surface of the zoarium. In Tubuli-
pora, a great length of the distal end of the zooacia is free and
reflexed. There are some species, however, of Berenicea, such as
e.g. Berenicea spatiosa (see PI. Ill, Fig. 1), in which the peristomes

1 A. E. Reuss. Tert. Bry. Kischenew in Bessarabia : Sitz. k. Akad. Wiss.
Wien. Bd. Ix. Abth. 1, 1869, p. 510, pi. i. figs. 6, 7 ; pi. ii. figs. 1-5.

BERENICEA. 77

are well raised ; these represent an approach to the condition of
Fubulipora, and it is not easy to draw the line between the two
genera.

1. Berenicea allaudi (Sauvage), 1889.

SYNONYMY :
JRosacilla allaudi, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 46, pi. iv. figs. 1-5.
Berenicea, ,, Gregory, 1894, Cat. Jur. Bry. York Mus. : Rep. Yorks.

Phil. Soc. 1893, p. 60.

,, „ Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 44.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium a large thin disc, somewhat irregular at the border.
Surface flat.

Zocecia cylindrical, somewhat fusiform ; visible throughout ; of
medium length, punctulate ; front wall traversed by slight undu-
lations.

Peristomes slightly elevated ; irregularly arranged.

Formula.1— p, c, I, r = l, 1, 1, dO.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Great Oolite : Cox's Pit, Bedford.

Inferior Oolite : Burton Bradstock. (York Museum.)

Lower Ragstone : Cold Comfort, near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Inferior Oolite — Callovian and Oxfordian : Boulogne.

Description of Figure. — PI. III. Fig. 6. Part of a zoarium
from Inferior Oolite, X 16 dia. ; it is worn, and thus does not
show the ornamentation. Brit. Mus. D. 1795.

Affinities. — Among the British Jurassic species, B. allaudi most
resembles B. striata, from which, however, it differs by the
shortness of the zocecia in the former, as well as in the flabellate
arrangement of the zocecia in the latter. The species is well
marked ; it is rare in England, but a good series of figures of it
has been given by M. Sauvage. Its closest Cretaceous ally is

1 In the last term of the formulae for Berenicea, d= discoid ; /= flabellif orm ;
i— irregular ; 0,1, and 2, refer to the crowding of the peristomes.

78 BERENICEA.

B. regularis^ D'Orb.,3 and especially the form figured by him as
B. densata? It differs, however, from this by the zocecia in the
Cretaceous species being more uniformly cylindrical and more
crowded.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2072. On Ostrea sp. Great Oolite. Cox's Pit, Bedford.

D. 1794. On Terebratula plicata, Buckm. Inferior Oolite.

D. 1795. On Terebratula plicata, Buckm. Inferior Oolite. Figd. PL III.

Fig. 6.

B. 4855. On Astarte obliqua, Lam. Inferior Oolite — Lower Eagstone. Cold
Comfort. Holl Coll.

2. Berenicea compressa (Goldfuss), 1829.

SYNONYMY :
Aulopora compressa, Goldfuss, 1829, Petref. Germ. Bd. i. p. 84, pi. xxxviii.

fig. 17.

,, ,, Lepsius, 1875, Beitr. Kennt. Juraf. Elsass, p. 5.

Stomatopora ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 1201 ; 1849, Enum. p. 139.
Cellepora „ Quenstedt, 1851, Flozgeb. Wiirtemb. ed. 2, p. 357.

Diastopora ,, Quenstedt, 1852, Handb. Petref. p. 637, pi. Ivi. figs.

11, 12.
„ ,, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 457, pi. Iviii. fig. 1.

(Fig. indet. )
,, „ Quenstedt, 1867, Handb. Petref. ed. 2, p. 765, pi. Ixxiii.

figs. 11, 12.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1878, op. cit. ed. 3, p. 984, pi. Ixxix. fig. 29.

„ ,, Brauns, 1869, Mittl. Jura, p. 301.

,, ,, Brauns, 1874, Ob. Jura, im nordw. Deutsch. p. 400.

Berenicea ,, ex. syn. Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn.

Pal. Beitr. Bd. i. p. 645.
,, „ Gregory, 1896, Kev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 42.
Diastopora lamourouxi, pars, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat.

Zool. ser. 2, t. ix. p. 225.
Aulopora Jlabellulum, Quenstedt, 1878, Petref. Deutschl. Bd. vi. Abtb. 1, p. 112,

pi. cxlvii. fig. 27.

Berenicea insignis, Eeuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin : Denk. k. Akad.
Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 6, pi. i. figs. 4a-b.

1 D'Orbigny. Op. cit. p. 865, pi. DCXXXVI. figs. 9, 10 ; pi. ocxxxvii. figs. 1-4.

2 Ibid. pi. Dcxxxvii. figs. 1, 2.

BEEENICEA. 79

Diastopora stomatoporoides, Vine, 1881, Further Notes on Diastoporidae : Quart.

Journ. GeoL Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 384, pi. xix. figs. 1-10.

,, „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

,, ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. £rit. Assoc.

1883, p. 187.

,, ,, Wilson and Crick, 1889, Lias Tilton: GeoL Mag. dec. 3,

vol. vi. p. 342.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium thin, irregular, in flabelliform sheets; sometimes sub-
orbicular in shape.

Zocecia very long ; cylindrical, sinuous ; visible throughout their
length. Some zooecia expanded just below the aperture. Walls
punctate.

Peristomes very slightly raised; distant; very irregularly
arranged.

Gonocysts large ; low rounded domes or pyriform ; coarsely
punctulate.

Formula. — p, c, I, r=l, 0, 3, /O.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Corallian — Calcareous Grit : Hinton-Trowbridge.

Cornbrash : Thrapston.

Bradford Clay : Bradford, Wilts.

Great Oolite : Gloucestershire.

Inferior Oolite : Leckhampton ; Cold Comfort, near Cheltenham.

Upper Lias — Zone of Lytoceras cornucopia.

Middle Lias — Marlstone: Tilton, Leicestershire (fide Wilson and

Crick).

Zone of JEgoceras henleyi : Cherrington, Oxfordshire.
FOREIGN :

Corallian: Mehle, Germany (fide Brauns).
Bathonian — Braun Jura : Balin, Austria.
Bajocian — Braun Jura, 5 : Eisenoolith, Dettingen.

Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Rabenstein, Franconia ;

Gingen, Wiirtemberg.
Toarcian — Zone of Earpoceras opalinum : Gundershofen, Elsass

(fide Lepsius) .
Middle Lias : Grotz, Franconia.

Description of Figures. — PL III. Fig. 2. Part of zoarium
from .Bradford Clay. Bridgewater Quarry, Bradford. D. 1782.

80 BERENICEA.

X 12 dia. PI. III. Pig. 3. Part of a zoarium with gonocyst,
from Cornbrash. Thrapston. D. 924. X 18 dia.

Affinities. — This species is most closely related among English
Jurassic Bryozoa to B. sauvagei, Greg. ; the differences between
them are noted in the description of that species. Vine includes
with it, though doubtfully, the two species B. crussolensis (Dum.)
and Diastopora liassica (Quenst.). The latter is, however, a Pro-
loscina, and I see no especial affinity between the former and the
species under consideration.

The zoo3cia greatly resemble those of B. normani (D'Orb.),
but the peristomes are more raised than in that species, and the
zoarium more irregular and flabelliform. Among Cretaceous species
the one most nearly allied to this is B. folium, Novak.1 This has
the same long sinuous zocecia, and slightly raised peristomes. The
only difference I can detect between them is in the structure of
the gonocysts. These are rounded or pyriform in B. compressa,
but broad and irregular in B. folium. I had for some time adopted
Novak's name, as it is prior to Vine's, but the difference of the
gonocysts seems sufficient to keep them apart. Two other Bohemian
Cretaceous species, which are allied to the present, are B. lacri-
mopora, Nov., and B. pilosa, Nov. The former2 differs by having
a raised rim round the peristomes, and having the distal ends of
many of the zocecia considerably expanded in breadth. The
zocecia, moreover, are more irregular in form and distribution.
Berenicea pilosa? Nov., is distinguished by a greater ornamentation,
as well as having the zooecia less regularly cylindrical and the
peristomes more elevated. Another species which belongs to this
group is Berenicea papy raced, D'Orb., pars ; this differs by having
straight zocecia 4 and a regular zoarium.

The sinuosity of the zooecia in B. compressa is not well shown
in PI. III. Fig. 3, which is given to illustrate the gonocyst ; but
it is well shown in Vine's figures, and is indicated in PL III. Fig. 2.

1 0. Novak. Beitr. Kennt. bohm. Kreidef. : DenJc. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien.
Bd. xxxvii. Abth. 2, 1877, p. 96, pi. iv. figs. 11-14.

2 Ibid. p. 97, pi. iv. figs. 23-4.

3 Ibid. p. 21, pi. iv. figs. 1-10.

4 D'Orbigny. Op. cit. p. 868, pi. Dcxli. figs. 3, 4 ; non pi. Dcclviii. figs.
14-16, which has been made into a new species, Diastopora mutata, Pergens.
Eev. Bry. Cret. D'Orb. : Butt. Soc. beige Geol. 1890, t. iii. Mem. p. 335.

BERENICE.*.

81

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

24685. On Perna sp. Corallian — Calcareous Grit. Hinton-Trowbridge.

Cunnington Coll.
D. 924. Specimen with gonocyst. Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine Coll. Figd.

PI. III. Fig. 3.

D. 938. OnNucleolites orbicularis (Phil.}. Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine Coll.
D. 940. On Ostrea. Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine Coll.
51342. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. With

B. diluviana, coartata, verrucosa. Specimen has gonocysts.
D. 1782. On shell. Bradford Clay. Bridgewater Quarry, Bradford. Figd.

PI. III. Fig. 2.

B. 4862. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite. Wright Coll.
D. 13. On

D. 1803. On Terebratula perovalis, J. de C. Sow. Inferior Oolite.
D. 1807. On Zeilleria hckenbyi (Walk.). Inferior Oolite. Leckhampton.
D. 1791. On Terebratula curvifrons, Oppel. ,, ? ,,

D. 1844. On Perna quadrata, Sow. ,, Cold Comfort, near

Cheltenham. Holl Coll.

D. 2073. On Belemnites. Braun Jura, 8. Eisenoolith. Dettingen.
D. 2074. On fragment of shell. Braun Jura, 5. Eisenoolith. Dettingen.
D. 2077. On fragment of shell. ,, ,, ,,

1908. On fragment of shell. Mid. Lias. Grotz, Franconia. Brauns Coll.

3. Berenicea normani (D'Orb.), 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Diaslopora normaniana, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.
Diastopora verrucosa (non M. Edw.), Michelin, 1840, Icon. Zooph. p. 10, pi. ii.
fig. 11 ; 1840-4, p. 112 ; non 1846, p. 242, pi. Ivi. fig. 14.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium discoid, thin.

Zocecia visible throughout their length; very long, sinuous;
cylindrical, but inclining to become trumpet- shaped ; punctulate.

Peristomes low, very slightly raised. Apertures distant and
irregularly arranged.

Formula. — p, c, I, r = lf, 0, 3, dO.

DISTRIBUTION.

FOREIGN. — Bajocian : Bayeux and Moutiers, France.
Affinities. — The species is most closely allied to B. portlandica,
Greg., but it differs from this by the zooacia being plain instead
of ornamented by transverse ridging.

G

82 BERENICE!.

Michelin gave three figures, which he referred to B. verrucosa,
M. Edw. D'Orbigny recognized that one of these clearly did
not belong to Milne Edwards' species, and named it Diastopora
normani. Waagen made a suggestion that this might be the same
as the B. compressa (Goldf.), a species to which it is unquestionably
closely allied. Goldf uss has not figured or described the zoarium,'
but there can be little doubt that it is irregular in form, and agrees
with those figured by Quenstedt. The two species therefore differ
by B. compressa being irregular instead of discoid, and having the
zooecia flabelliform ; the peristomes are also less raised in
B. normani than in B. compressa. Milne Edwards' suggestion
that B. compressa is indistinguishable from his D. lamourouxi was
not fortunate.

4. Berenicea sauvagei, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea sauvagei, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xvii. p. 43.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of large, thin, circular discs.

Zooecia very long; cylindrical ; sometimes expanded a little
below the orifice ; visible throughout their length ; slightly
sinuous ; minutely punctulate.

Peristomes slightly raised. Distributed regularly in a quin-
cuncial pattern.

Formula. — p, c, I, r=l, 0, 3, dl.

DISTRIBUTION.

Bradford Clay : Bradford, Wilts. (B. 194, Brit. Mus.)
Upper Lias : Moulton, near Northampton.

Description of Figure. — PI. III. Fig. 4. Part of zoarium on
Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Some worn zocecia show perforated
diaphragms. Bradford Clay : Bradford, x 15 dia. Presented by
B. Bright, Esq. B. 194.

Affinities. — This species resembles B. archiaci in its long zooecia,
but it has no known ocecia ; the zoaria are larger ; the zocecia are
longer, more sinuous, and not so markedly radial in arrangement.
It is nearer to B. allaudi, from which it differs in the quincuncial
arrangement of the orifices and the greater length of the zocecia.

BERENICEA. 83

Among the species with irregular zoaria it must be compared
with B. compressa (Goldf.). With this it agrees in the length of
its zooecia, their faint punctulation, and the slight expansion just
below the raised portion of the aperture. The species differ, how-
ever, in the greater distance of the apertures in the old species,
and their very irregular distribution. One has only to compare
the crowded regular quincuncial orifices of B. sauvagei with Vine's
figure (op. cit. pi. xix. figs. 3 and 7) to see the extent of this
difference.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 194. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. Pre-
sented by Benj. Bright, Esq. Figd. PI. III. Fig. 4.

D. 2271. Upper Lias. Moulton, near Northampton. Presented by Beeby
Thompson, Esq., F.G.S.

5. Berenicea portlandica, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea portlandica, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 43.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium small, discoid. Zooecia arranged at first on a somewhat
flabelliform plan. Borders of zoarium a little irregular. The
zoarium is a thin sheet.

Zooecia long, cylindrical. Front wall ornamented by several
sharp ridges : usually five or six on each zocecium. Zocecia visible
throughout their length.

Peristomes flush or raised on lower margin. Circular.

Formula.— p, c, I, r=0-0', 0, 3, dQ.

DISTRIBUTION.

Portland Oolite. Tisbury, Wilts. Brit. Mus. D. 1853. Presented by J. W.
Gregory.

Description of Figure. — PI. III. Fig. 5. Zoarium. X 12 dia.

Affinities. — This species greatly resembles Haime's figure of
Berenicea striata (Bry. jurass. pi. vii. figs. 8a-b), owing to the
transverse ribbing. The two species are closely allied ; thus
B. striata has a formula of 1, 1, 2, /O. The differences between
the zooecia of the two species are, that those of B. striata, have

84

BEEENICEA.

higher peristomes, are more fusiform, and shorter. These seem
sufficient to separate them, apart from the differences in the zoaria,
which in B. striata are irregular and flabelliform. The specimens
occur on an Ostrea, found in the Portland Oolite at Tisbury, and
they are of interest, as the only Bryozoa known from this stage in
England. The species is well marked ; its nearest Cretaceous ally
is B. Clementina, D'Orb.,1 which is, however, nearer to B. striata.
B. portlandica differs from B. Clementina in having a discoid
zoarium, the apertures more scattered, and longer zooecia.

6. Berenicea striata, Haime, 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Berenicea striata, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 179, pi. vii. figs. Sa-b.
„ ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. Et. inf. Lias Lux. : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. v. p. 334.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 15.

,, ,, Terquem and Piette, 1865, Lias inf. Est France: Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. viii. p. 124, pi. xiv. figs. 19, 20
(non 23, 24 as text).
,, cf. ,, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi : Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. p. 646, pi. xxxiii. fig. 4.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle, p. 231.

non ,, ,, Manzoni, 1875, Brioz. Castrocaro, p. 44, pi. vi. fig. 74;

pi. vii. fig. 79.
,, ,, Vine, 1880, Rev. Fam. Diastoporidoe : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 357.
Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 14.
„ ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. pp. 50 and 62.
„ ,, Gregory, 1894, Cat. Jur. Bry. York Mus. : Eep. Yorks. Phil.

Soc. 1893, p. 60.
„ ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 44.
Diastopora „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

non ,, ,, Neviani, 1893, Sec. contrib. Brioz. foss. Ital. : Boll. Soc.

geol. Ital. vol. xii. p. 133.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium flabellate ; irregularly lobed or discoid. Forms a thin
sheet.

1 D'Orbigny. Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 865, pi. ocxxxvi. figs. 1, 2.

BERENICEA. 85

Zovecia somewhat fusiform ; very long ; ornamented by sharp
transverse ridges. Zocecia visible throughout.
Peristomes slightly raised.
Formula. — p, c, I, r = l, 1, 3, /O.

DISTRIBUTION.
ENGLAND :

Inferior Oolite : Leckhampton.
Lower Lias : Stroud (fide Witchell).
FOREIGN :

Sinenmrian — Calcaires a Gryphea arcuata : Valieres-les-Metz

and Grigy ; Lothringen.
Zone of Belemnites acutus: Etales.

,, ,, bisulcatus: Valiere.

,, ,, angulatus: Jamoigne ; Luxembourg,

Belgium.

Affinities. — Amongst Jurassic Bryozoa this species most clearly
resembles B. portlandica, Greg. ; the differences between them are
noted in the description of that species (p. 84). It is still more
allied to B. Clementina, D'Orb., which is its Cretaceous repre-
sentative. The differences between them are, that the zooscia of
the Cretaceous species are shorter and more uniform in diameter,
they being regularly cylindrical. The formula for B. Clementina
is 1, 0", 1",/0.

Manzoni and Neviani have both included in this species some
Italian Pliocene specimens, for which the formula would be
1, 1, 2, dQ. It seems to me that their species is quite distinct,
for it is not striated, but punctulate, and has a much thicker
zoarium.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

? D. 1785. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ?

?D. 2215. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.

Berenicea striata var. discoidea.

SYNONYMY :
Berenicea striata, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: Denk. k. Akad. Wiss.

Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 7, pi. i. fig. 5.

,, cf. ,, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.
Bd. i. p. 646, pi. xxxiii. fig. 4.

86 BEEENICEA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Bathonian — Braun Jura : Balin.
Bajocian.

Affinities. — This species agrees precisely in its zooecial characters
with the type form figured by Haime. The zoarium, however,
is discoid instead of very irregularly lobed. The difference may
therefore be taken as varietal.

7. Berenicea spatiosa (Walford), 1889.

SYNONYMY :
Tubulipora spatiosa, Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xlv. p. 567, pi. xviii. figs. 10-12.
Berenicea spatiosa, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 41.
Diastopora diluviana (non Lamx.), Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 787.

,, microstoma (non Mich.), Vine, 1884, ibid. p. 788.
,, lamourouxi (non Edw.), Vine, 1884, ibid. p. 789.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium an irregular, thin, encrusting sheet.

Zocecia visible throughout. The distal portions are reflexed at
right angles. The general aspect is therefore that of a number of
rings irregularly scattered over a thin crust. The raised portions
taper slightly towards the free end.

Peristomes highly raised. Apertures circular.

Gonocysts somewhat pyramidal.

Formula. — p, c, I, r=3, 1, 2, «0.

DISTRIBUTION".

ENGLAND :

Great Oolite : Hampton, near Bath.
Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton.

FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville.

Braun Jura, S : Germany.

Description of Figure. — PI. III. Fig. 1. Great Oolite : Hampton.
Part of zoarium, x 22 dia. Holl Coll. D. 30.

Affinities. — This is a very well-marked species. The extremely

BEKENICEA. 87

high, reflexed peristomal portions of the zocecia are sufficient to
characterize it. It corresponds to D. foliacea in the Diastopora
series, and to S. dichotoma (Larax.) in that of Stomatopora.

Mr. Walford has also described a Diastopora spatiosa and
a Proloscina spatiosa, and it is not altogether clear whether he
regards these as three species belonging to three different genera,
or as one species, which, nevertheless, belongs to three different
genera. The D. spatiosa and the P. spatiosa are both referred to
Proboscina.

An allied species is Berenicea megapora (D'Orb.),1 which agrees
with this in consisting of an irregular sheet, and having highly raised
peristomes. The Cretaceous species, however, has the peristomes
far more raised, while they are more crowded. The Cainozoic
species which most resembles the present is B. flabellum (Reuss),3
from the Leithakalk of Austria ; but in that species the peristomes
are less raised, and the zoarium is regularly flabelliform.

The three species can be compared by their formulae as follows: —

spatiosa 312 iO.

megapora 3* 1 1 i'2.

flabellum Ill iO.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2174. Bradford Clay. Bradford. Brodie Coll.

D. 30. Great Oolite. Hampton, near Bath. Holl Coll. Figd. PI. III.

Fig. 1.
D. 209, D. 1908, D. 1922, D. 1923, D. 1924. Great Oolite. Richmond boring,

1205ft. Presented by Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S. The

D. diluviana of Vine.
D. 1918, D. 1920. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205 ft. Presented by

Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S. The D. microstoma of Vine.
D. 1921, D. 1925. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205 ft. Presented by

Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S. The D. lamourouxi of Vine.
D. 2195. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
D. 2085, D. 2089. On annelid tubes. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers.

Ranville.
B. 4524. On Dictyothyris coarctata (Park.). Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers.

Ranville.

D. 2218. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
D. 2090. Braun Jura, 8. Eisenoolith. Dettingen.

1 D'Orbigny. Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 863, pi. DCXXXV. figs. 4, 5.

2 Reuss. Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. : Naturw. Abh, Bd. ii. 1847, p. 51,
pi. vii. fig. 9.

88 BEEEN1CEA.

8. Berenicea denticulata, Terq and Jour.ly, 1871.

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea denticulata, Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Mon. Bath. Moselle: Mem.
Soc. ffe'ol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. p. 142, pi. xiv. figs.
13, 14.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium irregular, thick.

Zocecia visible throughout their length ; plain.
Peristomes reflexed; highly raised; with a denticulate border.
Arranged in loose, curved lines.
Formula.— p, c, I, r = 3, 0, 2, dQ.

DISTRIBUTION.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian — Zone of Parkinsonia parkinsoni : Clapes, Moselle.

Affinities. — This species is characterized by its denticulate peri-
stome. Its two closest allies are B. tennis, D'Orb., and B. spatiosa
(Waif.). From the former it is distinguished by the walls being
plain, instead of striated; from the latter by the irregularity
and thinness of the zoarium in that species. In later periods
the species which most reminds me of this one is that which was
described by Reuss * as Diastopora sparsa. Prom this it differs in
having the zocecia more crowded, and the peristomes less raised,
and the peristomes denticulate. The distal ends of the zocecia in
Reuss' species are, however, so much raised, that the species must
be included in Tuoulipora. "Waters and Neviaoi both place it as
a synonym of Diastopora laiomarginata, D'Orb., a conclusion with
which I am disposed to agree, removing this species to Tululipora.

9. Berenicea tenuis (D'Orb.), 1850.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora, tenuis, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 55.
Berenicea ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 861.
Rosacilla ,, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol, France, ser. 3,

t. xvii. p. 48, pi. iv. figs. 8, 9.

non Berenicea tenuis, Eeuss, 1854, Beitr. Char. Kreid. Ostalpen: Denk. k. Akad.
Wiss. Wien. Bd. vii. p. 136, pi. xxvii. fig. 9.

1 A. E. Eeuss. Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. : Naturw. Abh. Bd. ii. 1847,
p. 51, pi. vii. fig. 10.

BERENICE A. 89

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium a circular disc, very thin. May have a lacuna around
the primitive zocecia.

Zooecia long and cylindrical, separated from one another ; visible
throughout their length. Slight transverse striation.

Peristomes well raised.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 2, 1, 2, dO.

DISTRIBUTION.

FOREIGN : Mid. Portlandian : Boulogne.

Affinities. — This species was so very inadequately described by
D'Orbigny that it is only on M. Sauvage's description that it can
be retained. His figures are clear. The species is most nearly
allied to B. allaudi (Sauv.), from which it differs in that the
zocecia are separated, and the peristomes more raised.

This species is not represented in the British Museum Collection.

The name was given by Heuss in 1854 to a form which he had
previously described as D. gracilis (M. Edw.), he having over-
looked the twice prior use of that name by D'Orbigny. In spite
of the shortness of the latter's diagnosis, the mention of the locality
renders it recognizable. Reuss' use of the name cannot therefore
be continued.

10. Berenicea diluviana, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea diluviana, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 81, pi. Ixxx. figs. 3, 4.
,, „ Conybeare and Phillips, 1822, Geol. England and Wales,

p. 214.

,, ,, Lamouroux, 1824, Encycl. Meth. Zooph. p. 140.

„ „ Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. p. 43, pi. vii. fig. 4.

,, ,, Defrance, 1826, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xlii. p. 391.

,, „ Fleming, 182S, Brit. Anim. p. 533.

„ ,, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 410, pi. xliii. fig. 4.

„ ,, Lonsdale, 1832, Oolitic Bath.: Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2,

vol. iii. p. 273.

„ ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. d'Act. p. 445, pi. Ixv. fig. 4.

,, „ M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert.

ed. 2, t. ii. p. 264.
,, ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, p. 240, pi. xvi. fig. 8.

90 BERENICEA.

Berenicea diluviana, Archiac, 18 i3, Descr. geol. dep. Aisne : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, t. v. pt. ii. pp. 341, 348.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 177. pi. vii. figs. "2a-d.
„ ,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Sue.

vol. xvi. p. 12.
,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Maqon: Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xii.

pp. 13, 30, 35.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Eeuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: Denk. k. Akad. Wiss.

Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 6, pi. i. figs. 1, 2.
,, ,, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. pp. 548, 564, 646.
,, ,, Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Bath. Moselle : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. ix. pp. 142, 156.
,, „ Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol.

Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 325.
,, ,, Branco, 1879, Unt. Dogger Deut. Loth. : Abh. geol. Specialk.

Elsass-Loth. Bd. ii. Ht. 1, p. 132.
„ ,, Vine, 1880, Eev. Fam. Diastoporid® : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 357.

,, ,, "WitcheU, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

,, „ Schlippe, 1888, Bath, oberrhein. Tieflande : Abh. geol.

Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. iv. Ht. 4, pp. 65, 96.
,, ,, Bigot, 1892, Esq. geol. Basse-Norm. : Bull. Lab. Geol.

Caen, i. ii. p. 24.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 46.
,, ,, Gregory, 1894, Cat. Jur. Bry. York Mus. : Rep. Yorks.

Phil. Soc. 1893, p. 60.
„ „ Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvi. p. 45.
Diastopora ,, pars, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat.

Zool. ser. 2, t. ix. pp. 228, 238, pi. xv. fig. 3, nun pi. xiv.

fig. 4.

„ ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 35.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 241, pi. Ivi. fig. 13.

non „ ,, Eeuss, 1846, Verst. bohm. Kreidef. Abth. 2, p. 65, pi. xiv.

fig. 14.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, ,, Buvignier, 1852, Stat. geol. dep. Meuse, pp. 194, 229, 238.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 121.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 30.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle, p. 296.

BERENICEA. 91

Diastopora diluviana, Phillips, 1571, Geol. Oxford, pp. 239, 302, pi. xi. figs.

22-3 ; pi. xii. fig. 2 (figs, indet.).
» „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. £rit. Assoc. 1882,

pp. 256, 264.

,, ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. p. 187.

,, ,, pars, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart. Journ.

GeoL Soe. vol. xl. p. 787.
,, ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ. Northptn. Nat.

Hist. Field Club, vol. iv. p. 206, pi. i. figs. 12-16.
,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen : ibid. vol. v. p. 13.

,, ,, Thompson, 1889, Mid. Lias Northamptonshire, p. 59.

,, ,, Fox-Strangways, 1892, Jur. Rks. Britain, vol. ii. : Yorks.

Tables of Fossils, pp. 148, 200.
Reptomultisparsa diluviana, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franq. Terr. eret. t. v. p. 876.

diluviana, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 138.
Rosacilla ,, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 44, pi. iv. fig. 11.

Diastopora spatiosa, Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xlv. p. 573, pi. xvii. figs. 7, 8.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium in large, irregular, encrusting sheets. Young forms
are flabelliform.

Zocecia of medium length, cylindrical. Young central zocecia
visible throughout; the more adult, peripheral zocecia are crowded,
and thus not wholly seen.1 Front wall plain, or crossed by faint,
transverse ridges, best seen in young zoaria.

Peristomes slightly raised in peripheral zooecia; central ones
almost flush. Irregularly distributed ; but in large zoaria they
are in places sub-linear.

Gonocysts pyriform ; rather narrow ; usually but slightly broader
than the zooecia.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 1-1", 0, 2, iQ.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Lower Calcareous Grit : Yorkshire (fide Hudleston) .
Oxford Clay : St. Clements (fide Phillips).
Cornbrash : Rushden and Thrapston ; Islip (fide Phillips) ; and Yorkshire (fide

Fox-Strangways) .
Bradford Clay : Bradford ; Box ; Corsham.

1 Reuss' two figures (Reuss, op. cit. \b and 2a) well show the difference
between the central and crowded peripheral portions of the zoarium.

92 BERENICEA.

Great Oolite : Hampton, near Bath ; Stanton ; Kichmond boring ; Kirtlington

(fide Phillips).
Fuller's Earth : Wiltshire.
Inferior Oolite : Cotteswolds.
Lias — spinatus beds : Northampton.

FOREIGN :

Corubrash : Vogesheim, Baden (fide Schlippe).
Oxf ordian : Meuse (fide Buvignier) .
Bathonian — Hauptrogestein : Merdingen, Baden, and Buchsweiler, Elsass (fide

Schlippe) .

Zone of Parldnsoniaferruginea : Neiderweiler, Baden (fide Schlippe) .
Marnes Bradfordiennes : Meuse (fide Buvignier).
Calcaire gris marueux: Aubenton, Eparcy (fide Archiac).
Calcaire oolithe miliare : Les Vallees (fide Archiac).
Calcaire a polypiers : Ranville ; Caen; Luc; Gueret (fide Haime).
Bajocian — Zone of Cosmoceras subfurcatum : Longwy ; Moselle (fide Terquem).
Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen, Wiirtemberg ; Flace, near
Ma9on ; Cheveuges, Ardennes (fide Ferry and Waagen) ; Ars,
Lothingen (fide Branco) ; Plappeville-les-Metz (fide Friren).
Calcaire a Collyrites ringens: Pouilly, near Mac,on (fide Ferry).
Calcaire a Terebratula, phillipsi : Tramayes, near Ma9on (fide Ferry) .

Description of Figures. — PI. IV. Fig. 4. Bradford Clay : Box
Tunnel, Wilts. Encrusting Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow.
Part of zoariuin, X 13 dia. B. 4251. PI. II. Fig. 6. A young
zoarium (the Diadopora spatiosa, Walford). Cornbrash : Rush-
den. Encrusting Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. X 12 dia.
B. 4846.

Affinities. — This is the best known and commonest of the
British Jurassic Bryozoa; and it is surprising, considering the
length of the list of references, how simple the synonymy is. The
only important difference of opinion is whether B. verrucosa
(M. Edw.) is a distinct species or a young form. Milne Edwards
figured the two forms, and these appear very distinct. Haime
gave a good illustration of a zoarium, which he identified as a
young B. diluviana, and which he regarded as the same as, Milne
Edwards' B. verrucosa. I feel no doubt that Haime's figure was
that of a young diluvtana, but cannot accept it as B. verrucosa.
The species appear to me to be separated by several well-defined
differences. B. verrucosa has higher peristomes, and the zocecia
are shorter and more crowded ; the zoarium, moreover, is discoid,
whereas in B. diluviana it occurs as flat sheets, while the young
forms are flabellate, as is shown in Haime's figure (op. cit. pi. vii.
fig. 2c).

BERENICE A. 93

A form which appears to me to be prohahly a synonym of this
species is Diastopora spatiosa, Waif.1 It has the irregularly raised
peristomes, wrinkled front walls, and flabellate arrangement of
the zocecia characteristic of the young zoarium of B. diluviana.

This species differs from B. boloniensis (Sauv.) by having longer
zooscia, less crowded and less regularly arranged peristomes ; from
B. parvitubulata, Greg., by the greater diameter of the zooecia ;
and from B. archiaci, Haime, by the form of the zoarium and the
shape of the ooacia.

Its nearest Cretaceous ally is B. gracilis (M. Edw.),2 which
appears to differ only in having a smaller and more regular
zoarium. But this character is so unimportant that the Cretaceous
species ought probably to be reckoned as a variety. It is not here
formally included in B. diluviana, for I have not seen any Cre-
taceous specimens of B. gracilis, in which the zoaria completely
swamp the shells on which they grow, as the Jurassic specimens
often do.

B. foliacea (Reuss),3 from the Austrian Miocene, may be a
Tertiary representative of this type ; but Manzoni's figures suggest
that this species may belong to Tubulipora, in which Reuss origin-
ally placed it. The greater elevation of the peristomes enables it
to be readily distinguished from B. diluviana.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.
BRITISH :

D. 928, D. 929, D. 930. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash.

Thrapston. Vine Coll.
D. 937. Qn. Nucleolites orbicular is (?}i\\.} . Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine Coll.

Young specimen.
B. 4846. On Terebratula intermedia, J. Sow. Cornbrash. Rushden. Young

specimen. Figd. PI. II. Fig. 6.
B. 4251. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Bradford Clay. Box

Tunnel. Figd. PI. IV. Fig. 4.

1 Walford. Bry. Shipton Gorge, pt. i. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv.
p. 573, pi. xvii. figs. 7, 8.

2 M. Edwards. Recherches sur les Polypes : Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. ser. 2,
t. ix. 1838, p. 237, pi. xiv. fig. 3. Also D'Orbigny, op. cit. p. 864, pi. DCXXXV.
figs. 10-13.

3 A. E. Reuss. Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. : Naturw. Abh. Bd. ii. 1847,
p. 49, pi. vii. fig. 5. See also Manzoni, Brioz. foss. Mioc. Aust. Ungh. pt. iii. :
Denk. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxxviii. Abth. 2, p. 13, pi. xii. fig. 47.

94

BEREN1CEA.

60535.
D. 24.

B. 4842.
D. 2168.

46239.
51342.

24958.
D. 2166.

46240.

B. 4851.
D. 1817.
D. 26.
23857.
23857.
B. 4859.
38597.

B. 194.

B. 4841.
D. 2091.
B. 4843.

60535.
D. 1910, D

D. 1943.
D. 1809.
D. 1796.
D. 2216.
D. 7.
D. 16.

D. 1801.

FOREIGN
25987.

D. 1831.
D. 1837.

On Terebratula intermedia, J. Sow. Bradford Clay. "Wiltshire.

On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. The
verrucosa stage of Haime (non M. Edwards). Baber Coll.

On Apiocrinus eltgans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. Bower-
bank Coll.

On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). (With B. archiaci, Haime, and
B.verrucosa, M.Edw.) Bradford Clay. Bradford. Brodie Coll.

On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford.

On Apiocrinus elegans. (With B. compressa, Goldf., etc.) Bradford
Clay. Bradford.

On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford.

On

Coll.
On Apiocrinus elegans, root.

Coll.

On Apiocrinus elegans, root.
On Terebellaria ramosissima.

Bradford Clay. Bradford. Brodie
Bradford Clay. Bradford. J. Wood

Bradford Clay. Bradford.
Lamx. Bradford Clay. Bradford.
On Exogyra nana (J. de C. Sow.). Bradford Clay. Corsham.
On Oxytoma costata (Smith). Bradford Clay. Box. Buy Coll.
On Oxytoma, sp. Bradford Clay. Box. Buy Coll.
On Gri/phea, sp. Bradford Clay. Box. Holl Coll.
On Ostrea acuminata, J. de C. Sow. Bradford Clay. Bradford.

J. Wood Coll.

On Apiocrit<us elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. Pre-
sented by Benj. Bright, Esq.

On Apiocrinus elegans, root. Bradford Clay. Bradford.
On Oxtrea acuminata, J. de C Sow. Bradford Clay. Wiltshire.
On Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite.

Hampton Common.
On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite. Stanton.

Cunnington Coll.
1917, D. 1927. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Great

Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205 ft. Presented by Prof.

J. W. Judd, F.R.S.

On Zeilleria ortnthocephala (J. Sow.). Fuller's Earth. Wiltshire.
On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Inf. Oolite. Loc. ?
On ,, globata, J. de C. Sow. Inf. Oolite. Loc.?

Inf. Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
Inf. Oolite. Loc. ? Holl Coll.
On Ctenostreon pectiniformis (Schloth.). Inf. Oolite. With

gonocysts.
On Trichites (with Proboscina, sp.). Inf. Oolite. Gloucestershire.

Bathonian — Couches a polypiers. Ranville, Normandy. Ramain

Coll. (purchased 1851).

On Modiola imbricata, J. de C. Sow. Bathonian. Normandy.
On Lymnorea mamillosa (Lamx.). Bathonian. Normandy.

BERENICEA. 95

11. Berenicea parvitubulata, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :

Lerenicea parvitubulata, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 45.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium thin, irregular sheets ; much lobed when large.

Zocecia very narrow, cylindrical, of medium length. Central
zooaeia flabellate, and visible throughout their length ; peripheral
ones more crowded, and visible only in part. Surface plain.

Peristomes small, slightly raised; from one-third to one-fourth
the width of those of B. diluviana.

Gonocysts low, rounded domes ; three or four times the width
of the zooecia.

Formula. — p, c, I, r=l, 0, 2, «'0.

DISTRIBUTION.

Cornbrash : Rushden.
Bradford Clay : Bradford.
Great Oolite : Richmond boring.

Description of Figures. — PL IY. Fig. 5. Part of a zoarium
showing gonocysts, x 18 dia. Great Oolite: Richmond boring.
Presented by Prof. J". W. Judd, F.R.S. D. 1912. PI. IV. Fig. 6.
Part of a worn zoarium, x 16 dia. ; showing form of zooacia and
gonocysts. Cornbrash : Rushden. 60535.

Affinities. — This species is characterized by the delicacy and
narrowness of its zooacia. It thus takes the place in the Berenicea
series held by S. waltoni in that of Stomatopora, and D. mettensis
in that of Diastopora.

Its nearest ally is B. diluviana, from which it differs only in the
size of the zocecia and the less elevation of the peristome. It
differs from B. undulata (Mich.) in the absence of the wavy ridges
that cross that species, and also by the size of the orifices. The
smallness of the apertures reminds one of the species described as
B. microstoma by Haime. This, however, is only a synonym of
B. undulata (Mich.), while the true D. microstoma of Michelin is
referred to the genus Reptomultisparsa. It differs from this, in
addition to the generic characters, by the orifices being more
crowded and smaller, and the surface plain.

96 BEBENICEA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

60535. On Terebratula intermedia, J. Sow. Cornbrash. Rushden.

Cunnington Coll. Figd. PL IV. Fig. 6.

D. 1811. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Bradford Clay. Bradford.
D. 1787. On „ „ „ Great Oolite.

D. 208. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205ft. Presented by Prof.

J. W. Judd, F.R.S. The D. microstoma, Vine.
D. 1912. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205ft. Presented by Prof.

J. W. Judd, F.R.S. The D. microstoma, Vine. Figd.

PL IV. Fig. 5. With gonocysts.

12. Berenicea boloniensis (Sauvage), 1889.

SYNONYMY :
Rosacilla bolcniensis, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Sull. Soc. geol. France,

p. 48, pi. iii. figs. 9, 10.
Berenicea „ Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 46.
Rosacilla corallina, Sauvage (non Etallon), 1889, ibid. ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 47,

pi. iii. figs. 11-15.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium irregular sheets.

Zocecia not visible throughout ; slightly fusiform. Raised at the
extremities, which are crowded. Front wall punctulate.-

Peristome* raised, owing to crowding of zocecia. Fairly regu-
larly arranged.

Gonocysts generally irregularly quincuncial, in long series ;
irregular, wide ; extending across from four to six zocecia.

Formula.— p, c, I, r= 1, 0", 1, il.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLISH :

Bradford Clay : Box, Wiltshire ; Busfield.

FOREIGN :

Corallian and Sequanian : near Boulogne.

Middle Oolite (probably Sequanian) : Rabenstein, Bavaria.

Description of Figure. — PL Y. Fig. 1. Part of a zoarium
encrusting T. maxillata, J. de C. Sow., X 18dia. Bradford Clay:
Busfield. 50777.

BEREtflCEA. 97

Affinities. — This species is most nearly allied to B. diluviana,
Lamx., from which it differs mainly by having the peristomes
arranged in long, slightly sinuous series ; these are best seen when
the specimen is examined without magnification. The broad
zoarium is then seen to be traversed by long lines of dots. The
slightly fusiform shape of the zooecia, and their shortness, also serve
to distinguish it from B. diluviana. The name B. corallina has
been preoccupied by Etallon, and thus loloniemis had better be
retained.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 1825. On Terebratula, sp. Bradford Clay. Bradford.

B. 987. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. Egerton

Coll.
50777. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Bradford Clay. Busfield.

Figd. PI. V. Fig. 1.
1636, 1637. Middle Oolite (probably Sequanian). Rabenstein, Bavaria.

Brauns Coll.

13. Berenicea archiaci (Haime), 1854.

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea archiaci, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 180, pi. ix. figs, lla-b.
,, „ E. and E. E. Deslongchamps, 1858, Mem. Couche a Lept. :

Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. iii. p. 185, pi. vii. fig. 14.
,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on: Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xii.

pp. 13, 23, 30.
,, ,, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. pp. 548, 645.
„ „ Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Bath. Moselle: Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. pp. 142, 156, 168.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 44.
Dacryopora ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 26.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

pp. 290, 296.
Berenicea ventricosa, G. R. Vine, 1881, Further Notes on Diastoporidae : Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 385, pi. xix. figs. 15-17.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, se"r. 2, t. vi. p. 48.
Diastopora ,, G. R. Vine, 1882, Diastoporidse : Sci. Gossip, 1882, p. 245,

figs. 1-3.
,, „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

98 BEBENICEA.

Diastopora ventricosa, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 187.
„ ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ. Northptn. Nat.

Hist. Field Club, vol. iv. p. 205, pi. i. figs. 6-8.
Berenicea oolitica, Vine, 1881, op. cit. p. 386, pi. xix. figs. 11-14.
Diastopora ,, Vine, 1882, op. cit. p. 245, figs. 4-7.

,, ,, Walford, 1883, Relation Northptn. Sd. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 239.
„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

,, ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 187.

,, ,, Vine, 1887, op. cit. p. 205, pi. i. figs. 3-5.

,, „ Wilson and Crick, 1S89, Lias Tilton: Geol Mag. dec. 3,

vol. vi. p. 342.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium discoid : a thin sheet.

Zocecia not visible throughout their whole length. Long ;
cylindrical.

Peristomes well raised ; crowded at the margins ; more distant
in the middle ; irregularly arranged.

Gonocysts large, pyriform ; closed sacs, which bulge out above
the general level of the zoarium; disposed somewhat irregularly.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 1, 0, 2, di.

Description of Figures. — PL IV. Fig. 1. Part of a zoarium
with gonocyst, growing on root of Apiocrinus, X 6 dia.
Bradford Clay : Bradford, Wilts. J. Sharp Coll. 51342. (With
whole zoarium, nat. size.)

PL IV. Fig. 2. Zoarium with gonocysts, encrusting Ostrea, sp.,
X 7 dia. Cornbrash : Thrapston. Vine Coll. D. 919.

PL IV. Fig. 3. Zoarium without gonocysts, on Nucleolites
orlicularis (Phil.), X 11 dia. Vine Coll. D. 920.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Oxford Clay : St. Ives, on Gryphea dilatata (Cambridge Museum).

Cornbrash: Bedford.

Bradford Clay : Bradford.

Great Oolite : Blisworth.

Inferior Oolite : Coombe Hill (fide Walford).

Mid. Lias : Ilminster.

Marlstone : Tilton, Leicestershire (fide Wilson and Crick).

FOREIGN :
Sequanian — Weisser Jura, £ : Lochen, Wiirtemberg.

BEEENICEA. 99

Bajocian — Calcaire ferrugineuse : Moselle (fide Terquem).

Zone of Cosmoceras subfurcatum : Longwy, near Metz.

Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Flace, near Ma9on (fide Ferry aud
Waagen).

Zone of Perisphinetes quercinus: Thumereville (fide Terquem).

Calcaire a T. phillipsi : Tramayes, near Ma9on (fide Ferry) .
Lias : Banz, Bavaria.

Affinities. — This species is characterized by the development of
the ooscia, which are large and pyriform. Its zocecia resemble
those of both B. dilumana and B. loloniensis. It is therefore
necessary to consider whether this species is a form of either of
these, in which the gonocysts are strongly developed. The species,
however, differs from B. diluviana by having a discoid zoarium,
and the orifices are more crowded. The gonocysts of the latter
species are also much smaller and narrower. The first of these three
characters also helps to separate this species from B. loloniemis ;
from this it also differs owing to the peristomes being irregularly
arranged, and the zocecia being longer. B. scobinula (Mich.) is
another Jurassic species with which this must be compared, for
they agree in several respects. B. scobinula, however, has the
zooecia regularly arranged, and the zooecia are visible only at the
ends, whereas in B. archiaci the central ones are visible throughout
their length.

In the Cretaceous, this type is represented by B. disciformis
(Hag.) and B. confluens (Horn.), but neither of them are very
closely allied to this. In B. disciformis (Hag.) * the gonocysts are
not known, but it differs by having lower peristomes, and less
crowded peristomes than B. archiaci. B. confluens (Rom.) 2 has
a thicker and more crowded zoarium, as the zocecia are shorter.
B. hagenowi (Reuss) 3 is another ally ; this differs by the absence
of the large ocecia, while the zocecia are less crowded.

A Cainozoic representative of this group is B. rotula (Reuss) ;
but the gonocysts of this species are not known, both the zocecia

1 F. v. Hagenow. Bryoz. Maastr. Kreideb. 1851, p. 16, pi. x. fig. 7.

2 Bomer. Verst. norddeut. Kreidegeb. 1840, p. 19. Better known by
description of Novak, Beitr. Bryoz. bohm. Kreidef. : Denk. k. Akad. Wiss.
Wien. Bd. xxxvii. p. 98, pi. iv. figs. 19-22.

3 A. E. Reuss. Beitr. Char. Kreid. Ostalpen : Denk. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien.
Bd. vii. 1854, p. 136, pi. xxviii. fig. 6.

100 BERENICE A.

and the peristoraes are shorter, and this species is more allied to
B. disciformis than to the Jurassic form.

The formulae of the four forms are as follows : —

archiaci, Haime, Jurassic ... ... ... 1 0 2 dl

disciformis (Hag.), Cretaceous ... ... 0 0 2 dQ

conftuens (Rom.), ,, 1 0" 0 d'l

rotula (Reuss), Miocene 0 0 1 dQ

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 919. On Ostrea, sp. Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine Coll. Figd. PL IV.

Fig. 2.
D. 920. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine

Coll. Figd. PL IV. Fig. 3.
D. 899, D. 938. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapstou.

Vine Coll.
1 B. 4852. The Discopora confecta, Bean MS. Cornbrash. Scarboro'. Bean

Coll.
D. 917. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine

Coll. With gonocysts.

D. 2071. On Terebratula, sp. Cornbrash. Midland Railway Pit, Bedford.
D. 2069. On Nucleolites clunicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. ,, ,,

D. 2070. On Holectypus depressus (Leske). ,, ,, „

D. 2067. With Stomatopora dichotoma (D'Orb.), on Nucleolites clunicularis

(Phil.). Cornbrash. Midland Railway Pit, Bedford.
D. 2065, D. 2068. With Stomatopora dichotoma (D'Orb.), on Holectypus

depressus (Leske). Cornbrash. Midland Railway Pit, Bedford.
D. 2066. On Natica, sp. ,, ,, ,, ,,

D. 2168. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.), with £. diluviana, Lamx., and

B. archiaci, Haime. Bradford Clay. Bradford. Brodie Coll.
B. 987. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford. Egerton

Coll.
51342. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). ,, ,, ,, J. Sharp

Coll. Figd. PL IV. Fig. 1.

D. 1822. On Terebellaria ramosissima, Lamx. Bradford Clay. Bradford.
D. 2272. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite. Blisworth.

Presented by Beeby Thompson, Esq., F.G.S.

D. 1797. On Terebratula curvifrons, Oppel. Inferior Oolite. Leckhampton.
D. 2131. With Stomatopora dichotomoides (D'Orb.). Inferior Oolite. Near

Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
B. 4855. OnAstarteobliqua,IjSLTnx.,vfit}ifi.allaudi. Lower Ragstone. Cold

Comfort. Holl Coll.

67691. On Zeilleria numismalis. Middle Lias. Ilminster. Etheridge Coll.
D. 2076. On Ostrea. Middle Lias. Banz, Bavaria. Brauns Coll.
55088. On limestone. Weisser Jura, 7 (Sequanian). Locheii. P. Mohr

Coll.

BERENICES. 101

14. Berenicea exilis (Reuss), 1867.

SYNONYMY :
Berenicea exilis, Eeuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin : Denk. k. Akad. Wiss.

Witn. Bd. xxvii. p. 8, pi. ii. fig. 3.
„ ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 48.
Diastopora cricopora, Vine, 1881, Further Notes on Diastoporidse : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 387, pi. xix. figs. 18-25.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 264.

„ ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 187.

. ,, ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. JSTorthptn. : Journ. Northptn. Nat.

Hist. Field Club, vol. iv. p. 206, pi. i. figs. 9-11.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium thin, irregular sheets.

Zocecia crowded, and visible only at the ends.

Peristomes well raised ; irregularly distributed. Those of
adjoining, parallel zooecia distant from one another from two
to three times their diameter.

Gonocysts small, round, hemispherical; equal in width to two
or three zooecia.

Formula. — pt c, I, r=2, 0, 1, »1.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Cornbrash : Thrapston ; Chippenham.

Great Oolite : Hampton Common, near Bath.

Inferior Oolite : Bridport ; Cleeve Hill, near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian — Braun Jura : Balin ; Ranville.

Description of Figure. — PI. VI. Fig. 1. Part of a zoarium with
gonocysts, X 1 8 dia. Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton. Brodie
Coll. D. 2217.

Affinities. — This species most resembles B. coartata, which it
resembles both in the shape of the zoarium and the characters
of the zocecia. The peristomes are, however, much less crowded,
as well as being irregularly arranged. In the latter character it
resembles B. verrucosa (M. Edw.), but it differs from this by
having shorter zooecia, and an irregular instead of a discoid

102

BERENICEA.

zoarium. The regular shape and small size of the gonocysts
enable the species to be distinguished from £. loloniensis (Sauv.),
which it resembles closely.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 916. On Nuckolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston. Vine

Coll.

B. 2301. On limestone (2 specimens). Great Oolite. Hampton Common.
88746. On Terebratula sp. Inf. Oolite. Bridport.
D. 2217. On limestone with gonocysts. Inf. Oolite. Near Leckhampton.

Brodie Coll. Figd. PI. VI. Fig. 1.
30455. On Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. Cornbrash. Chippenham.

Buy Coll.

50777. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow.
D. 1941. Inf. Oolite— Pea Grit. Cleeve Hill. Holl Coll.
D. 2132, D. 2133. On limestone. Inf. Oolite— Pea Grit. Cleeve Hill.

Brodie Coll.

34073. On Ttrebratula plicata, Buckm. Inf. Oolite.
D. 1794. On

D. 1808. On ,, ,, ,,

D. 1828. On limestone. Inf. Oolite. Loc. ?
D. 1851. Bathonian — Couches a polypiers. Eanville, Normandy.

15. Berenicea verrucosa (M. Edwards), 1838.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora verrucosa, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat. Zool.

ser. 2, t. ix. p. 229, pi. xiv. figs. 2, la.
,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 35.

,, ,, pars, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 242, pi. Ivi. fig. 14

(non 1840, p. 10, pi. ii. fig. 11).
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

„ ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, „ Buvignier, 1852, Stat. geol. dep. Meuse, pp. 184, 194, 262.

,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 122.
,, ,, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: Denk. k. Akad.

Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 7, pi. i. fig. 7.
Berenicea ,, Vine, 1890, Rev. Fam. Diastoporidse : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 357.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 47.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 47.

BERENICE A. 103

Cellcpora orbiculata, Goldfuss, 1827, Petref. Germ. Ed. i. p. 28, pi. xii. fig. 2.

„ Romer, 1836, Verst. norddeut. ool. Geb. p. 18.
„ ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 255.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Emim. p. 132.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1851, Flozgeb. Wiirtemb. ed. 2, p. 358.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 665, pi. Ixxxi. figs. 71, 72.

,, ,, Credner, 1863, Glied. ob. Juraform. p. 15.

,, ,, Oppel, 1866, Zone Amm. transversarius : Geogn. Pal.

Beitr. Bd. i. p. 296.

,, ,, Brauns, 1874, Ob. Jura nordw. Deutschl. pp. 57, 113.

,, ,, Struckmann, 1878, Ob. Jura Hannover, pp. 26-7.

pars, Quenstedt, 1878, Petref. Deutschl. Bd. vi. Abth. 1,

p. 108, pi. cxlvii. fig. 21 (non figs. 22-3).
JJiastopora ,, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 25.

,, ,, H. Coquand, 1860, Descr. phys. geol. Charente, t. ii.

p. 81.
Berenicea ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 181.
,, ,, Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois: Ann. Sci. phys. nat. Lyon,

ser. 3, t. iv. p. 161.

,, ,, Etallon, 1862, Etud. Haut-Jura Cor.: Mem. Soc. Emul.

Doubs. ser. 3, t. vi. p. 212.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium a thick circular disc.

Zocecia crowded, and only the distal portions are visible. Cylin-
drical, slightly above medium length, punctulate.

Peristomes well raised (except on margin). Disposed on a
slightly irregular, quincuncial plan.

Gonocysts large, irregular; equal in width to three or four
zocecia.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 2, 0, 1", d\.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Cornbrash : Thrapston ; Rusnden.

Bradford Clay : Bradford ; Box.

Great Oolite : Hampton Common ; Sutton, Wilts ; Kingsthorpe.

Inferior Oolite : Broad "Winsor ; Cleeve Hill.
FOREIGN :

Upper Kimeridgian : N.W. Germany (fide Brauns).

Corallian : La Rochelle (fide D'Orbigny); Streitberg, Bayreuth, Bavaria,
Goslar, Hoheneggelsen (fide Brauns) ; Lindener Berg, near
Hanover (fide Brauns and Credner, and Struckmann) ;
Monkeberg and Volksen (fide Struckmann).

104 BERENICEA.

Low Oxfordian: Oberbuchsiten, Solotburn; Aubigne, Sarth (fide Oppel).
Callovian : Grain, Cote d?0r ; and Percey-le- Grand, Haute- SaQne (fide Etallon).
Bathonian : Ranville, Luc, in Calvados. Braun Jura : Balin.
Bajocian: Plappeville-les-Metz, Ars (fide Friren).

Description of Figures. — PL Y. Fig. 5. Part of zoarium en-'
crusting ossicle of Apiocrinus, X 18dia. Bradford Clay : Bradford.
Brit. Mus. B. 4867. PI. Y. Fig. 4. Zoarium encrusting Holectypus
hemispharicus (Ag.), x 4 dia. Inferior Oolite: Broad "Winsor.
B. 2284.

Affinities. — This species is distinguished from the previously
described discoid forms by its thick zoarium, and the crowded
raised peristomes. Its zooecia most resemble those of B. coartata,
Greg. This species, however, differs somewhat in zooecial
characters, so that the zoarial difference is probably not merely
due to mode of growth ; for the zooecia in B. verrucosa are longer
than in B. coartata, whereas in discoid forms they are, as a rule,
shorter than in those with irregular encrusting zoaria.

The species has often been regarded as the young stage of
B. diluviana (Lamx.). The reasons, however, for accepting
M. Edwards' species as distinct are given on p. 93.

The closest ally of this species is B. polystoma (Rom.),1 from
the Neocomian of Prance and Germany. This differs from B.
verrucosa only by having longer, more upright, and more scattered
zooecia. The species has been retained by Pergens,2 and is no
doubt entitled to distinction.

The specimen figured by Reuss3 as Tubulipora stelliformis (Mich.)
is also a close ally of B. verrucosa, M. Edw. It differs from it
by the greater elevation of the peristomes ; the zoarium is also
much thicker and smaller. A recent Australian species, B. licolor,
MacGill.,4 is another ally ; but it has less crowded and longer

1 F. A. Roraer. Verst. norddeutsch. Ool. Geb. Nachtr. 1839, p. 14, pi. xvii.
fig. 6. Better described by D'Orbigny, Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 863,
pi. DCXXXV. figs. 6-9.

2 E. Pergens. Rev. Bry. D'Orb. : Bull. Soc. beige Geol. t. iii. Mem. 1890,
p. 333.

3 A. E. Reuss. Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. : N«turw. Abh. Bd. ii. p. 49,
pi. vii. fig. 4.

4 P. H. MacGillivray. Descr. Polyz. pt. viii. : Trans. R. Soc. Viet. vol. xxi.
1885, p. 117, pi. v. fig. 2.

BEEENICE1. 105

zooecia, and a peripheral zone of imperfectly developed zooscia.

Etallon's description of the specimen he refers to as B. orbiculata,
suggests that it is probably a B. allaudi (Sauv.).

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 915, D. 939. On Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Cornbrash. Thrapston.

Vine Coll.
11175. On Zeilleria ornithocephala (J. de C. Sow.). ,, Rushden.

Miss Baker Coll.
50990. On Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite. Sutton,

Wilts. Morris Coll.
B. 4867. On ossicle of Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford.

Figd. PL V. Fig. 5.

67667. On Rhynchonella obsoleta, J. de C. Sow. Bradford Clay. Bradford.
D. 2168. On Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.), withl?. diluviana, Lx., and B. archiaci,

Haime. Bradford Clay. Bradford. Brodie Coll.
B. 4859. On Ostrea acuminata, J. de C. Sow., with B. diluviana, Lx., and

B. archiaci, Haime. Box. Holl Coll.
20434. On Clypeus mutter i. Great Oolite. Kingsthorpe.
B. 4844. On Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite. Hampton

Common. Byne Coll.

97418. On Rhynchonella obsoleta, J. de C. Sow.
D. 6. Inferior Oolite. Holl Coll.

D. 1839. ,, ,, Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire.

B. 2284. On Holectypus hemisphcericus (Ag.). Broad AVinsor. Figd. PI. V.

Fig. 4.
B. 4529, B. 4562. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

16. Berenicea concatenata, Eeuss, 1867.

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea concatenata, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin : Denk. k. Akad*
Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 9, pi. i. fig. 8.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium discoid, rather thick.

Zooecia short, stumpy, transversely striated. Arranged in linear,
radial series.

Peristomes raised with thickened margins ; elongate ; those of
the same radial series in close contact. Not quincuncial.

Formula.— p, c, /, r=2, 0, 0, d2.

Distribution. — Bathonian — Braun Jura : Balin ; Ranville,
Normandy.

Affinities. — This species, in its general appearance, closely

106 BERENICEA.

resembles B. coartata. It differs, however, in that the zoarium
is discoid and the zocecia arranged in regular, radiating rows.
B. scobinula is perhaps a close ally, but in this the zocecia are
longer and less crowded.

The Cainozoic form which most resembles this species is that
figured by iteuss as Tiibutipora echinulata\ but an enlarged figure
of that species, which shows the zocecia, suggests doubts whether
it really belongs to this family at all.

SPECIMEN.
D. 2273. Bathonian. Eanville. Tesson Coll.

17. Berenicea scobinula (Michelin), is 40.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora scobinula, Michelin, 1840, Icon. Zooph. p. 10, pi. ii. fig. 12.
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420 ; 1849, Enum. p. 141.

D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.
non ,, ,, Hairae, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 186, pi. viii. figs. Qa-b.
? ,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Syst. ool. inf. Calvados : Bull.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.
non ,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

non ,, ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1883, p. 188.

non ,, ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Cambridge, p. 46.

Berenicea ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 860.

,, ,, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. pp. 530, 535, 536, 645.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 46.
? ,, corallina, !Etallon, 1862, !Etud. Haut-Jura Cor. : Mem. Soc. Emul.

Doubs. ser. 3, t. vi. p. 212.

,, tenera, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: Denk. k. Akad. Wiss.
Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 8, pi. i. fig. 9.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium circular ; forming very large discs, often somewhat
irregular.

Zocecia crowded, so visible only at distal ends ; cylindrical ;
long ; punctulate.

BEKENICEA. 107

Peristomes slightly raised ; arranged regularly along slightly
curved lines.

Formula. — p, c, I, r=l, 0, 2, d\.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Cornbrash : Scarboro' .
Bradford Clay : Bradford ; Box.

FOREIGN :

Corallian — Diceratian : Valfin, Haut-Jura.
Batlionian — Braun Jura : Balin, Austria.
Bajocian — Braun Jura, 5 : Dettingen ; Croixille, Calvados ; Moutiers and Gueret,

Sarthe (fide D'Orbigny) ; Moselle (fide Terquem).
Zone of Harpoceras sowerbyi : Poramer, Franconia ; Gingen, "Wiir-
temberg ; Jungingen, Hobenzollern (fide Waagen).

Description of Figure. — PL Y. Fig. 3. Part of a zoarium
encrusting Oxytoma costata (Smith), x 16 dia. Bradford Clay:
Box, Wilts. Holl Coll. B. 4858.

Affinities. — This species was well figured by Michelin, and is
characterized by the regularly linear arrangement of the peri-
stomes. Its nearest Jurassic ally is B. archiaci, Haime, but it
differs from this by its lower peristomes, and by having these
regular and linear in arrangement instead of irregularly quincuncial.

Etallon's description of B. corallina (non Sauv.) would give this
the same formula, except that the peristomes are described as
" saillantes." In the absence of figures one cannot see the extent
of this elevation, and thus the species cannot be definitely placed.
It is, however, probably a synonym of B. scolinula.

The closest Cretaceous ally of this species is Berenicea papittosa
(Reuss),1 in which the peristomes are raised twice or three times
as much as in the Jurassic form. This is not shown inD'Orbigny's
figure of B. oceanica, which he places in the text as a synonym of
B. papittosa -, it is probable that D'Orbigny's type specimen was
worn, as is suggested by the shape of the orifices. If it be not
so, I should be doubtful as to the correctness of including it as
a synonym of B. papillosa.

The Cainozoic representative of this species is Berenicea minima

1 Eeuss. Verst. bohm. Kreidef. p. 65, pi. xv. fig. 44. Syn. B. oceanica
(D'Orb.), op. cit. p. 867, pi. Dcxxxix. figs. 6, 7.

108 BERENICE A.

(Reuss),1 which has the same large, flat, discoid zoaria, serial,
crowded, and slightly reflexed peristomes. This form resembles
J3. scolinula so closely that it cannot be regarded at most as
more than a variety ; but I do not include it definitely among the
synonyms without having seen a specimen. It is described by
Reuss as rare.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 4858. On Oxytoma costata (Smith). Bradford Clay. Box, Wilts. Holl

Coll. Figd. PI. V. Fig. 3.
B. 4854. On Ostrea, sp. Cornbrash. Scarboro'. Bean Coll. The type of

Tubulipora inconstans. Bean MS.
D. 2167. On Apiocrinus ekgans (Defr.). Bradford Clay. Bradford, Wilts.

Brodie Coll.
58017. With Stomatopora dichotoma (Lamx.) on Apiocrinus elegans (Defr.).

Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville. Tesson Coll.
46785. Bathonian ,, ,, ,, ,,

D. 2086. On annelid tube. Bathonian. ,, ,,

D. 2090. On shell fragment. Braun Jura, 5. Dettingen.

18. Berenicea coartata, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :
Berenicea coartata, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. iii. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 47.
Diastopora diluviana, pars, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring : Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 787.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium in somewhat thick, irregular sheets.

Zovdcia very crowded, and visible only at the ends.

Peristomes well raised. Quincuncial in arrangement. Yery
densely packed. The distance of the apertures from one another
is equal only to their diameter.

Formula.— p, c, I, r=2, 0, 1, *2.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Great Oolite : Hampton Common ; Richmond boring.
Inferior Oolite : Crickley, Leckenby, Cleeve, in Cotteswolds.

1 Reuss. Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. : Naturw. Abh. Bd. ii. p. 50, pi. vii. fig. 7.

BEBENTCEA. 109

Description of Figure. — PI. V. Fig. 2. Part of a zoarium
encrusting Terebratula, plicata, Buckin., X 18dia. Inferior Oolite:
Crickley. No. 67553.

Affinities. — This species is most closely allied to B. scolinula,
Mich. Prom this it differs in the much greater crowding of the
raised portions of the zooecia, and from these being regularly
quincuncial in arrangement. In B. exilis, Reuss, B. cricopora
(Vine), the distal portions of the zooecia rise from a flat crust.
In B. coartata they are so closely packed, that no flat basal
expansion can be seen between them.

This species seems to me exceptionally well marked.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 4845. On Terelratula intermedia, J. Sow. Great Oolite. Hampton

Common. Byne Coll.
D. 1944. On Terebratula intermedia, J. Sow. Great Oolite. Richmond

boring, 1205 ft. Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd, F.R.S.
67553. On Terebratula plicata, Buckm. Inf. Oolite. Crickley. Figd.

PL V. Fig. 2.

B. 4863. On Terebratula plicata, Buckm. Inf. Oolite. Wright Coll.
D. 1806. On Terebratula perovalis, J. de C. Sow. Inf. Oolite.
D. 1807. OnZeilleria leckenbyi (Walk.). Inf. Oolite. Leckhampton.
D. 1849. On Terebratula plicata, Buckm. Inf. Oolite. Gloucestershire.

Holl Coll.

D. 1942. Inf. Oolite— Pea Grit. Cleeve Hill. Holl Coll.
D. 1950. On Pygaster semisulcatus (Ph.). Inf. Oolite. Loc. ? Holl Coll.
D. 2198. On Terebratula, sp. Inf. Oolite. Cleeve Hill. Brodie Coll.
D. 2210. On limestone. Inf. Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.

MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS AND INDETERMINABLE

SPECIES.

1. Berenicea belemnitorum (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora belemnitarum, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.

,, belemnitorum, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 860.

Distribution. — Bajocian : Port-en-Bessin, Calvados, France.

110 BERENICEA.

2. Berenicea crussolensis (Dumortier), 1874.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora crussolensis, Dumortier, 1874, Etud. Pal. dep. Jur. Rhone, t. iv.

p. 226, pi. xlviii. figs. 11, 12.

„ crassoknsis, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyp. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. ,
1882, p. 264.

Distribution. — Upper Lias : Crussol, France.

Affinities. — Yine has suggested this as possibly the same as his
B. stomatoporoides, but I fail to see any resemblance between
them.

3. Berenicea dilatata (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora dilatata, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 378.
Berenicea „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 861.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 181.

Distribution. — Oxfordian : Calvados, France.
Affinities. — Probably a synonym of B. diluviana, Lamx.

4. Berenicea ? gamier i, Dumortier, 1874.

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea? garnieri, Dumortier, 1874, Etud. Pal. dep. Jur. Rhone, t. iv. p. 226,
pi. xlviii. figs. 13, 14.

Distribution. — Upper Lias: Rhone Valley.
Affinity. — Generically indeterminable.

5. Berenicea laxata (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora laxata, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 345.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1856, Comb, a Lion-sur-Mer : Butt.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. i. p. 25.
Berenicea „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9« Terr. cret. t. v. p. 861.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass.: Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 181.

,, ,, Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois: Ann. Sci. phys. nat. Lyon,

ser. 3, t. iv. p. 161.

BEBENICEA. Ill

Distribution. — Callovian : Calvados ; Sacquenaz, Cote d'Or (fide
E'tallon). Bathonian — Cornbrash : Lion-sur-Mer (fide Deslong-
champs).

6. Berenicea margopunctata, Waagen, 1868.

SYNONYMY :
Berenicea margopunctata, Waagen, 1868, Geogn. Pal. Beitr. Bd. i. pp. 535, 646,

pi. xxxii. fig. 12.

,, cf. ,, Walford, 1883, Relation Northptn. Sd. : Quart. Journ.

GeoL Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 239.

Distribution. — BKITISH : Bajocian : Coombe Hill (fide "Walford).
FOREIGN: Bajocian — Zone of Sonninia sowerlyi: Gingen.

Affinities. — The basal portion of the zoarium appears to be on
a different structure from anything known in Berenicea, and I feel
unable to place this species generically. It may be a Berenicea
encrusting a Trepostomatous Bryozoan.

7. Berenicea rugosa, D'Orbigny, 1852. .

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea rugosa, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran^. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 861.
,, ? ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 181.

Distribution. — Corallian : Charente-Inferieure.

8. Berenicea subflabellum, D'Orbigny, 1852.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora flubellum, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.
Berenicea subjtabellum, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 860.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 181.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Descr. Syst. ool. inf.

Calvados : Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.

Distribution. — Bajocian : Port-en-Bessin, Calvados, Prance.
9. Berenicea substriata, Ultallon, 1860 (name only).

SYNONYMY :

Berenicea substriata, Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois: Ann. Sci. phys. nat. Lyon,
ser. 3, t. iv. p. 162.

Distribution. — Callovian : Grain, Cote d'Or.

112 REPTOMTJLTISP A RS A .

SYNOPSIS.

A. — Zocecia visible throughout.

Low peristomes. 1. Zooacia short ... ... allaudi (Sauv.).

2. Zocecia long,

f . f zoarium irregular ... compressa (Goldf.).
nn, 4 \ zoarium discoid ... normani (D'Orb.).
[ regular sauvagei, Greg.

r peristomes flush ; zocecia cylin-

J drical portlandica, Greg.

6 ' j peristomes raised ; zooecia fusi-

l form striata, Haime.

High peristomes.

Zoarium irregular. Peristomes sharply reflexed spatiosa, Waif.

("plain; denticulate peristomes denticulata,Terq.and.I>.
ld\slightly striated; plain „ tennis (D'Orb.).

B. — Central zocecia visible throughout. Peripheral

ones only at ends.

Zoarium irregular ; ( apertures of normal size diluviana, Lamx.

peristomes low \ apertures small ... parvitubulata, Greg.

Peristomes raised ... ... boloniensis (Sauv.).

Zoarium discoid ... ... ... archiaci, Haime.

C. — Zocecia visible only at ends.

Zocecia irregularly arranged. Zoarium irregular exilis, Reuss.

Zoarium discoid ... ... ... ... verrueosa (M. Edw.).

Zocecia regularly arranged ;

{zocecia short, peristomes
very crowded .. ... concatenata, Eeuss.
zocecia long, peristomes not
crowded scobinula (Mich.).

quincuncial ; zoarium irregular ; zooecia very

crowded .., ... ... ... ... coartata, Greg.

REPTOMULTISPARSA, D'Orbigny, 1852.

SYNONYMY :
Berenicea, pars, auct.
Rosacilla, , ,
Diastopora ,, ,,

Diagnosis. — Tiibuliporidae in which the zoarium is encrusting,
and consists of thick, multilamellar sheets. The zocecia are
cylindrical, and parallel to the surface upon which the zoarium has
grown. The peristome is flush or slightly raised.

EEPTOM ULTISPAHS A . 113

Type species. — R. microstoma (Mich.), i.e. B. diluviana, Edw. and
Mich, (non Lamx.).

Affinities. — This genus was founded by D'Orbigny for thick,
multilamellar species allied to Berenicea. The division seems to
me convenient. The first species included in the five which the

FIG. 9. — Transverse section across part of a zoarium of Reptomultisparsa, sp.,
showing concentric layers. Inferior Oolite. D. 3.

author of the genus referred to it, is the I). diluviana, Edw. and
Mich., non Lamx. This, however, I regard as the same as
Michelin's D. microstoma.

MacGillivray founded a genus Demipora * for what he regarded
as a massive form of Diastopora. The species was described
about the same time by Mr. Waters,2 who rightly referred it to
Heteropora.

It may be questioned whether Reptomultisparsa is worthy of
recognition as a distinct section of the TubuliporidaB. Considering,
however, how shadowy and uncertain generic characters are among
the Cyclostomata, it may be regarded as valid. Young forms are,
of course, less massive than adults, and are intermediate between
this and Berenicea. In the same way Berenicea can be linked to
Proboscina, and Proboscina to Stomatopora, and it could be main-
tained that the whole of the Tubuliporida3 ought to be formed
into one genus. So long as it is recognized that the genera in this
group are of no absolute value, but are only used as a matter of
relative convenience, it is wisest to accept them, and Repto-
multisparsa has as good a claim to recognition as the rest.

1 P. H. MacGillivray. On two new genera of Polyzoa : Trans. Roy. Soc.
Viet. vol. xvii. (1881) pp. 16, 17, pi., fig. 2.

2 A. "W. Waters. On the occurrence of Eecent Heteropora : Journ. Roy.
Micro. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. (1879) p. 392, pi. xv. figs. 9-11.

114 EEPTOMTJLTISPARSA.

1. Reptomultisparsa microstoma (Michelin), 1846.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora microstoma, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 243, pi. Ivii. fig. 1.
,, „ Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, „ Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

,, „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, pp. 256, 264.

„ Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 187.
non ,, ,, var. connectens, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring :

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 789.
? ,, ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ. Northptn.

Nat. Hist. Field Club, vol. iv. p. 207.

Eeptomultisparsa „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9« Terr. cret. t. v. p. 877.
non Berenicea „ Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 178, pi. vii. fig. 3.
non ,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on: Mem. Soc. linn. Norm.

t. xii. pp. 35, 42.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm.: Mtm.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
non ,, ,, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin : Denk. k. Akad.

Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 8, pi. i. fig. 6.
non „ ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 47.
Rosacilla ,, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 45, pi. iv. fig. 10.
Diastopora diluviana, non Lamx., Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat.

Zool. ser. 2, t. ix. p. 228, pi. xv. fig. 3.
,, incrustans, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288 (fide D'Orb.

1852).

Reptomultisparsa diluviana, non Lamx., D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 877,
pi. Dcclxi. fig. 7.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zocecia long, slender, and cylindrical. The surface is punctulate
and not wavy. Peristomes slightly raised, and regularly arranged
in long, curved lines. In some parts of the zoarium this arrange-
ment is disturbed.

Gonocysts pyriform ; regular ; very large.

DISTRIBUTION.

Bathonian: Ranville.

Bajocian: Conlie, Sarthe (fide D'Orbigny).

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

60221. Bathonian. Ranville, Normandy. Tesson Coll.

D. 2113.

60242.

BEPTOMULTISPARSA. 115

2. Reptomultisparsa undulata (Michelin), 1846.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora undulata, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 212, pi. Ivi. fig. 15.
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, microstoma var. connectens, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring:

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 789.
Berenicea undulata, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 860.

,, microstoma, non Mich., Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. v. p. 178, pi. vii. fig. 3.
,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm.

t. xii. pp. 35, 42.

„ ,, Friren 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 47.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zonrium in large, thick, irregular encrusting sheets, which in
the adult completely bury the shell they encrust. Young forms
are nabelliform.

Zocecia long or medium in length. Young zocecia are seen
throughout. The more adult peripheral zocecia are crowded, and
thus not wholly seen. Surface traversed by sinuous raised ridges.

Peristomes slightly raised. Irregularly distributed.

Formula.— p, c, I, r=\-\", 0, 2, *0.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLISH :

Lower Oolite : Loc. ? Bradford Clay : Bradford.

Great Oolite : Richmond boring.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville and Boulogne, France.

Bajocian : Pouilly, near Ma9on, France (fide Ferry) ; Plappeville,
Montvaux, Germany (fide Friren).

Description of Figures. — PL VI. Fig. 2. Lower Oolite. Loc. ?
Part of a zoarium, x 10 dia. B. 4850. PL VI. Pig. 3. Bradford
Clay: Bradford. Some zocecia, X 18 dia. 35250.

Affinities. — The zooecia of this species are closely allied to those
of B. dilmiana, Lamx., and the two species have the same formula.
The most striking difference between the individual zocecia of the
two species is the prominence of the sinuous transverse ridges in
the form under consideration. This species has been regarded

116 DIA.STOPORA.

as a synonym of B. microstoma (Mich.), as e.g. by Haime and
Sauvage. This course is not followed here, as the ornamentation
is different ; the zooacia, moreover, are shorter and thicker, and the
apertures are irregularly arranged.

In later times the species which seems most nearly allied to
this is B. corrugata, Reuss, pars.1 But the Russian species has
longer zooecia, and these are more clearly marked off from one
another, instead of being submerged in the general surface of
the zoarium. The latter character is often produced by the
weathering of a zoarium ; but that this does not explain it in
the present case, is shown by the preservation of the ornamentation.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

35250. Bradford Clay. Bradford, Wilts. J. Wood Coll. Figd. PI. VI.

Fig. 3.

D.2126. Bradford Clay.

35249. On root of Apiocrinus. Bradford, Wilts. J. Wood Coll.
B. 4850. Lower Oolite. Figd. PL VI. Fig. 2.
D. 1911. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205ft. Presented by Prof. J. W.

Judd, C.B., F.R.S. The type of Diastopora microstoma var.

connectens, Vine.

D. 2088. On annelid tube. Bathonian. Eanville.
60346. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. „ Tesson Coll.

DIASTOPORA, Lamouroux, 1821, emended.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora, pars, Lamouroux, 1821.

,, Milne Edwards, 1838, et auct.

Mesenteripora, Blainville.
Bidiastopora, D'Orbigny, 1849.
Elea, D'Orbigny, 1852.
Multelea, D'Orbigny, 1852.
Cisternifera, pars, Walford, 1894.

Diagnosis. — TubuliporidaB in which the zoarium is erect and
foliaceous. (These may be simple fronds ; or may be split up
into multifid segments ; or may grow into hemispherical masses

1 A. E. Reuss. Tert. Bryoz. Kisch. Bessarabien: Sitz. k. Akad. Wiss.
Wim. Bd. Ix. 1869, p. 510, pi. i. figs. 6, 7, non pi. ii. figs. 1-5.

DIASTOPORA. 117

by the crumpling of the fronds; or may he cylindrical or
reteporiforra.) The zoarium is unilaminate or bilaminate. The
zocecia are tubular. The peristomes flush, or raised only a
small proportion of the length of the zooecia. Goncecia are often
present.

Type species. — D. foliacea, Lamouroux.

Affinities. — This genus was founded by Lamouroux,1 on some
fossil species from the Bathonian of Normandy. His diagnosis
clearly shows that he included in it both bilaminate and uni-
laminate forms. The erectness of the zoarium was, however,
clearly an essential character of the genus. Blainville2 dismem-
bered the genus, retaining Diastopora for the unilaminate, and
founding Mesenteripora for the bilaminate forms. Many later
authors, on the other hand, have enlarged the genus by including
in it all the adnate encrusting forms, here regarded as Berenicea.

Pergens3 has retained the genus for the unilaminate forms,
transferring Bidiastopora and Mesenteripora to the Entalophoridse.
He also retains Elea as one of the Melicertitida3. They are,
however, all here included as synonyms of Diastopora. The two
first are thus placed, as the distinction between unilaminate and
bilaminate forms does not appear to me to be of generic value.
Elea has generally been taken as founded on Michelin's figures
of Diastopora cervicornis (Icon. Zooph. pi. Ivi. fig. 12), but inter-
preted according to his figure of Eschara ranvilliana (il. pi. Ivii.
fig. 12) and Haime's figure of Diastopora lamellosa (Mem. Soc.
geol. France, ser. 2, t. v. pi. ix. fig. Ic). Haime and Pictet, how-
ever, recognized that the genus was thus founded only on worn
specimens of Diastopora, and with that view I fully concur.
Multelea, D'Orb., falls also with Elea.

In connection with this genus it is necessary to refer to Longe's
paper "On the relation of the Escharoid Forms of Oolitic
Polyzoa." 4 The discussion in this paper is mainly founded on
specimens of Diastopora ; the author concludes by establishing
a family DiastoporidaB, including not only such Cyclostomata as

1 Expos. Meth. (1821) p. 42.

2 Man. Act. 1834, pp. 430 and 432.

3 Pergens. Eevision Bry. fig. par D' Orbigny : Bull. Soc. beige Geol. t. iiL
Mem. p. 326.

4 Geol. Mag. 1881, dec. 2, vol. viii. pp. 23-34, pi. ii.

118 DIASTOPOEA.

Diastopora and Entahphora, but many Cheilostomata, as Lepralia,
Jfyriozoum, Cellepora, etc. Such a classification shows the
absurdity of the ideas, on which it is based.

Mr. Walford's recently founded genus Cisternifera must also
be mentioned, but I regret that I cannot understand it. It is not
clear whether it is founded on a species, which was new at
the time of the foundation of the genus, or on one previously
described as Tubulipora incomtans, Waif.

1. Diastopora foliacea, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora foliacea (pars], Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 42, pi. Ixxiii.

figs. 1, 2 (non figs. 3, 4).

,, ,, Lamouroux, 1824, Encycl. Meth. Zooph. p. 2oO.

,, ,, Defrance, 1826, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xlii. p. 392, pi. xli.

figs. 1, la (non figs. \b and Ic).

,, ,, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 395.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 430, pi. Ixiii. figs. 1, la, Ic.

,, ,, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat. ZooL

ser. 2, t. ix. p. 224, pi. xv. fig. 1.

non ,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 3-5.

non ,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 239, pi. Ivi. fig. 8.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

„ ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, ,, Bronn, 1851, and Romer, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii.

Th. 4, p. 88, pi. xv. fig. 4.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9.. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 826.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 18*, pi. viii. fig. 3.

non ,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 121.

non ,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 13o.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm.: Mt-'m.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.

non ,, ,, Huxley and Etheridge, 1865, Cat. Foss. M.P.G. p. 223.

„ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Brit. Foss. Polyz. : Sep. Brit.

Assoc. 1882, p. 264.
,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist.

Soc. vol. v. p. 16.
,, ,, Bigot, 1892, Geol. Basse-Norm. : Bull. Lab. Geol. Caen,

Ann. 2, No. 1, p. 24.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iv. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 152.

DIASTOPORA. 119

Eschara foliacea, Broun, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 241.

JSlea ,, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol.

Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 313, pi. vi.
Berenicea ,, G. R. Vine, 1880, Review Diastoporidae : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 357.

Diastopora eudesiana, M. Edwards, 1838, op. cit. p. 226, pi. xiv. fig. 1.
,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 240, pi. Ivi. fig. 9.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1848, New Mesozoic Radiata: Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 419.
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, op. eit. p. 185, pi. viii. fig. 4.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

„ ,, Morris, 1854, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 121.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1864, Notes Geol. Calvados, art. 3:

Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. viii. p. 225.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, op. cit. p. 151.

„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Eep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

,, ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz.: Eep. Brit. Assoc.

1883, p. 188.

Mesenteripora ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 808.
non ,, ,, Manzoni, 1878, Brioz. foss. Mioc. Aust. pt. iii. : Denk.

k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxxviii. Abth. 2, p. 13,
pi. ix. fig. 36 ; pi. xii. fig. 49.
„ ,, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 50.

Berenicea ,, Vine, 1880, op. cit. p. 357.

Bidiastopora meandrina, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 289.
Mesenteripora ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 807.
Diastopora mettensis, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 190, pi. viii. fig. 10.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 26.

,, ,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xvi. p. 12.
,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

p. 290.

,, ,, Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 52.

,, (Mesenteripora} mettensis, Brauns, 1879, op. cit. p. 329.
Bidiastopora macropora, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 799.
? Diastopora ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 191.

,, petaloides, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.
Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 645.

120 DIASTOPORA.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium loose and open, the fronds being generally broad, thin,
and only slightly contorted. Bilaminate.

Zocecia visible throughout, the zooecia being long, and the aper-
tures distant from one another and irregular in arrangement.
The zooacia are regularly cylindrical. The peristomes well raised,
giving a rough aspect to the zoarium.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 2, 0, 3, fr. iQ.

DISTRIBUTION.
BRITISH :

Cornbrash : Thornboro', Bucks.

Great Oolite : Bath ; Bredon ; Minchinhampton.

Inferior Oolite : Stroud (fide Witchell).

FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Marquise and Wast, near Boulogne ; Caen, Langrune,

Lebisey, St. Aubin, in Calvados.

Bajocian — Calcaire ferrugineuse : Saint Quentin, near Metz.
Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen, "Wiirtemberg.

Description of Figure. — PI. VI. Fig. 4. Part of zoarium with
gonoecium, X 15 dia. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Holl Coll. D. 5.

Affinities. — There is the usual confusion as to the form to which
this name belongs, and therefore as to the type of Diastopora.
Lamouroux, as Milne Edwards pointed out, clearly included two
species in his D. foliacea. The latter author, however, regarded
one of these as encrusting, and for this he retained the name ;
but his text, footnotes, and explanation of the plate do not
agree. Milne Edwards figured as D. foliacea the form shown in
Lamouroux's figures No. 1 and 2 ; and in this sense the name has
been accepted.

I include in this species D. eudesiana, M. Edw., which was
described as differing from D. foliacea by its greater flatness. This
appears, however, to be due to the lowering of the peristomal
portion of the zocecia by wear. A frond from Ranville (Brit. Mus.
iS'o. 60239) is of the D. eudesiana type in one portion, and else-
where is a typical foliacea. The species D. mettensis, Haime,
appears to be founded on eroded fragments, which show promi-
nently the sutures between the zooecia.

DIASTOPOEA. 121

The nearest Cretaceous ally of this species is D. marginata
(D'Orb.),1 in which the zooecia are even more scattered and
irregular.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2151, D. 2152. Cornbrash. Thornboro', Bucks. Brodie Coll.

ID. 2150.

D. 2222. Great Oolite. Loc. ?

D. 5. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Holl Coll. Figd. PI. VI. Fig. 4.

D. 2148, D. 2147. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckharnpton. Brodie Coll.

D. 8. (Form mettensis, Haime.) Inferior Oolite. Bredon, Worcester-

shire. Holl Coll.

B. 4836. Lower Oolite. Loc. ?

60039,60217,60222. Bathonian— Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

60351. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

B. 4523. „ „

D. 2220. Young specimen. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.
Tesson Coll.

B. 4565. (Form eudcsiana.} ,, ,, ,, ,,

Tesson Coll.

B. 4567. (Form eudesiana.} (With D. lamourouxi.) Bathonian — Calcaire a
polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

B. 4839. (Form eudesiana.) Bathonian. Boulogne. Wright Coll.

2. Diastopora davidsoni, Haime, 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora davidsoni, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 185, pi. viii. fig. 9.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

,, „ Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : ibid. 1883, p. 188.

,, ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ. Northptn. Nat.

Hist. Soc. vol. iv. p. 207, pi. i. figs. 17-19.

,, „ Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 46.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iv. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 153.

,, wrighti, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 186, pi. viii. fig. 5.
„ ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Syst. ool. inf. Calvados : Bull.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.

1 Mesenteripora marginata, D'Orb., Pal. fran9« Terr. cret. t. v. p. 809,
pi. Dcclxxxv. figs. 1-3.

122 DIASTOPORA.

Diastopora wrighti, "Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xvi. p. 12.
,, ,, Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Bath. Moselle: Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. p. 164.
,, Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.
„ „ Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 264.

j, ,, Vine, 1884, op. cit. p. 188.

„ ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 46.

,, foliacea, non Lamx., Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 35 (fide

Haime) .

,, terquemi, Haime, 18-54, op. cit. p. 187, pi. viii. figs. 1a-d.
„ ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), pp. 26, 28.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

pp. 290, 292.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 264.

,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 52.

non ,, scobinula, Michelin, 1840, op. cit. p. 10, pi. ii. fig. 12.
non ,, „ D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 288.

,, ,, (non Mich.), Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 186, pi. viii. fig. 6.

,, ,, (non Mich.), Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep.

Moselle, p. 292.
,, „ (non Mich.), Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Bath. Moselle:

Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. p. 164.
,, (Mesenteripora} scobinula (non Mich.), Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura

Metz : Zeit. deut. geol. Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 330.
? ,, scobinula (non Mich.), Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn.

Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 18.
,, ,, (non Mich.), Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus.

p. 46.
,, ,, (non Mich.), Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc.

Hist. nat. Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 52.
Mesenteripora ,, (non Mich.), Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 49.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium loose, composed of broad and fairly flat fronds.
Bilaminate.

Zocecia visible throughout their length, or almost so. Their
length is medium, and in shape they are regularly cylindrical.
The peristomes are slightly raised, but not reflexed, and they are
mostly arranged in fairly regular oblique lines.

Formula. — p, c, I, r = 1, 0, 2, rO.

DIASTOPOKA. 123

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Cornbrash : Bedford (fide Vine).
Great Oolite : Hampton, near Bath.
Inferior Oolite : Postlip.

FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Marquise, near Boulogne ; Ranville.

Bajocian: Chavier, Haute- Saone; Croixille, Calvados (fide Michelin) ;
Gueret, Sarthe (fide D'Orbigny) ; St. Quentin and Montvaux, near
Metz ; Plappeville (fide Friren). Zone of Parkinsonia parkinsoni :
Fontoy and Gorze (fide Terquem).

Description of Figures.— PI. VI. Fig. 5. Part of zoarium of a
normal variety, X 18 dia. Great Oolite: Hampton Common.
B. 2302. PL VI. Fig. 6. Part of base of a zoarium with gonocyst,
of var. wrighti, X 18 dia. Inferior Oolite: near Leckhampton.
Brodie Coll. D. 2142. Fig. 7, p. 20, shows initial cell of a
colony. Fig. 4, p. 16, shows the transition from the Berenecoid
to the Diastoporoid condition.

Affinities. — In this species I include D. terquemi, Haime, which
appears to be founded on a part of the zoarium where the lines
of peristomes are more oblique, and the apertures therefore some-
what quincuncial. The figure given by Haime of D. davidsoni
is exceptionally regular, and the normal distribution is shown
in PI. VI. Fig. 5. D. wrighti must also be included in this species,
as it has all the essential characters. Haime's specimens appear
to be young and worn.

This species may be distinguished from D. foliacea, Lamx.,
by having a lower peristome, shorter zooacia, and regularly
distributed peristomes.

The species is represented in the Cretaceous by D. campicheana
(D'Orb.).1

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 2302. Great Oolite. Hampton Common. Figd. PI. VI. Fig. 5.
B. 2301.

B. 4837. ,, Loc.? Holl CoU.

D. 2142. Form wrighti. "With gonocyst. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton.
Brodie Coll. Figd. PI. VI. Fig. 6.

1 Bidiastopora campicheana, D'Orbigny, Pal. franq. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 800,
pi. Dcclxxxiv. figs. 6-8, which shows both the regular and irregular distribution
of the peristomes.

124 DIASTOPORA.

D. 2148. Form wrighti. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckharapton. Brodie Coll.
D. 2139, D. 2140, D. 2144, D. 2145, D. 2199. Form wrighti. Inferior Oolite.

Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
B. 4838, D. 1781. Inferior Oolite. Loc.?
D. 15. ,, ,, Wright Coll.

60219. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville. Tesson Coll.
60381. „ „ „ „ „ With

other species. Shows both the fixed base and commencement

of the frond. Fig. No. 4, p. 16, and Fig. 7, p. 20.
8891. Bajocian. Chavier, Haute-Saone. Mantell Coll. With Spiropora

ccespitosa, Lamx.

3. Diastopora michelini (Blainville), 1830.

SYNONYMY :
Mesenteripora michelini, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 397.

„ ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 432, pi. Ixxi. fig. 5.

,, „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc,. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 808.

Diastopora ,, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris.: Ann. Sci. nat. Zool.

ser. 2, t. ix. p. 226, pi. xiii. figs. 1-lrf.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 240, pi. Ivi. fig. 10.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

,, „ Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soo. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 188, pi. viii. fig. 8.

„ ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), pp. 26, 28.

„ „ Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. OoL: Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xvi. p. 12.
„ ,, Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
„ ,, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. JuraBalin: DenJc. k.Akad.

Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 10.
,, „ Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. g£ol. dep. Moselle,

pp. 290, 292.
„ „ Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Bath. Moselle: Mem.

Soc. gdol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. p. 156.
„ „ Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.
„ „ Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz.: ibid. 1883,

p. 188.
„ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist.

Soc. vol. v. p. 17.

,, „ Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 46.

,, „ Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iv. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 153.

DIASTOPOEA. 125

Bidiastopora michelini, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.
Mesenteripora dcedalea, Blainville, 1830, op. cit. p. 397.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, op. cit. p. 432, pi. Ixxi.

Diastopora foliacea (non Lamx.), Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 239, pi. Ivi. fig. 8.
Bidiastopora microphylla, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.
Mesenteripora ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 808.

Diastopora ,, ? Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 191.

Bidiastopora latifolia, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 799.
Diastopora ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 191.

? ,, conferta, Eeuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: DenJc. k. Akad.

Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 10, pi. ii. fig. 6.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium hemispherical, formed of interlocking, contorted, bi-
larninate fronds. The surface appears cerebriform, as the sinuous
edges of the fronds are separated by narrow depressions.

Zocecia short and very crowded. Only visible at the distal ends.
Peristomes well raised. Zocecia fusiform. The distribution of the
peristomes is along irregular curved lines ; but in some places the
linear arrangement is not apparent.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 2, 1, I", rl.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Forest Marble : Wiltshire.

Great Oolite : Hampton.

Inferior Oolite : Postlip ; Stroud (fide Witchell).

FOREIGN :

Batbonian : Lebisey and Eanville, Calvados ; La Jonneliere, Sartbe

(fide Haime). Braun Jura: Balin.
Bajocian : Montvaux. Zone of Cosmoceras subfurcatum : Amanvilliers

(fide Terquem).

Description of Figure. — PL VII. Fig. 2. Part of a zoarium,
X 17 dia. Forest Marble : Wiltshire. Cunnington Coll. 24770.

Affinities. — This species is well characterized by its crowded,
short, fusiform zocecia. The form figured as Diastopora scolinula
by Michelin has the same features, and is regarded as a synonym
of this species. But the name D. scobinula was applied by Haime
and subsequent authors to a form which does not appear to me to
be the same as that to which Michelin gave it, but to a form of
D. davidsoni.

126 . DIASTOPOEA.

D. michelini differs from D. foliacea, Lamx., and D. daiidsoni,
Haime, by the above-mentioned characters. Its crowded zooecia
and raised peristomes distinguish it from D. lamellosa, Mich.,
which is allied to it, by the shape of the zooecia.

D. neocomiensis (D'Orb.) l is a Cretaceous species, which agrees
with this in the crumpled fronds and obliquely placed zorecia ; but
these are less crowded than in the Jurassic species.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

24770. Forest Marble. Wiltshire. Cunnington Coll. Figd. PL VII. Fig. 2.

60218. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

60373.

46785.

60244.

D. 1832. Bathonian. Normandy.

B. 177, B, 209, B. 180. Bathonian. Ranville. Presented by Benj. Bright, Esq.

4. Diastopora lamellosa, Michelin, 1846.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora lamellosa, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 241, pi. Ivi. fig. 11.
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, En-urn, p. 141.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 188, pi. ix. figs. \a-d.
,, ,, Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc. linn.

Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 264.
,, ,, Vine, 1884,4th Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1883,

p. 188.
„ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Joitrn. Northptn. Nat. Hist.

Soc. vol. v. p. 17.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iv. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 154.
Mcsenteripora ,, Sauvage, 1889, Bry. jur. Boul. : Bull. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 3, t. xvii. p. 50.
non Bidiastopora lamellosa, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 266.

1 Mesenteripora neocomiensis, D'Orbigny, Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 808,
pi. Dcclvi. figs. 7-9.

DIASTOPORA.

127

Hschara ranvilliana, Micbelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 243, pi. Ivii. fig. 12.
„ ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 471.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enura. p. 134.

D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 316.
„ ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 30.

,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 123, pi. xc.

fig. 26.
,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

p. 296.

Elea „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9_ Terr. cret. t. v. p. 628.

Lateromultelea „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 629.

Itiastopora cervicornis, Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 241, pi. Ivi. fig. 12.
„ ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p 420.

,, „ Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

„ „ Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 189, pi. ix. fig. 2.

,, ,, Deslongcbamps, 1865, op. cit. p. 151.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd liep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 265.
Bidiastopora ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Genr. nouv. Bry. : Rev. Mag. Zcol.

ser. 2, t. i. p. 502.

Elea ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. 1 v. p. 628.

Bidiastopora ramosissima, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.
Diastopora ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 190, pi. ix. fig. 3.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 26.

,, ,, Deslongcbamps, 1865, op. cit. p. 151.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

p. 290.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 265.

,, ,, Vine, 1888, op. cit p. 17.

,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 53.

Elea „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 628.

Entalophora ,, Vine, 1884, op. cit. p. 188.

Bidiastopora luciana, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.
Multisparsa luceana, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 870, pi. Dcclxi. figs. 1-3.
? Diastopora lucensis, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 191.

,, fenestrata, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: Denk. k. AJcad.

Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 11, pi. ii. fig. 5.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium bilaminate, forming either thin, broad, crumpled fronds
or thick, narrow branches.

Zoceew short and broad; fusiform. Peristomes slightly raised'
not crowded ; quincuncially arranged.

Formula. — p, c, I, r = 1, 2, 1, rO.

128 DIASTOPORA.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Bradford Clay : Pound Pill ; Corsham.

Great Oolite : Bath ; Hampton.

? Inferior Oolite : Postlip (fide Haime).

FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Eanville ; Luc ; Marquise, near Boulogne ; La Jonneliere,

Sarthe ; Moselle (fide Terquem). Braun Jura: Balin.
Bajocian: St. Quentin (fide Haime) ; Montvaux (fide Friren).

Description of Figure. — PL VII. Fig. 3. Fragment of a
zoariura, x 17 dia. Great Oolite: Ancliff, near Bath. 24521.

Affinities. — The almost lozenge-shaped zocecia of this species
are very different from those of the cylindrical zooecia of all the
preceding species, and it is therefore easily distinguished from any
of them. D. michelini (Blv.) has an approach to this form, but
the zooecia in that species are very crowded, and the peristomes
are more raised.

The main difficulty in regard to this species is whether D. cervi-
cornis, Mich., ought not to be kept distinct. The difference is that
D. lamellosa has broad, thin fronds, and D. cervicornis narrow, thick
ones. At first sight, the difference appears of specific value ; but
in some specimens (such as B.M. D. 2092) the terminal expansions
are on the D. lamellosa type, and the lower, older parts of the
zoarium on that of D. cervicornis. D. ramosissima appears to
be only a fragment of this species, with the peristomes worn down.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

24521. Great Oolite. Ancliff, near Bath. Cunnington Coll. Figd. PL

VII. Fig. 3.

D. 2223. Great Oolite. Loc. ?

B. 2301. Great Oolite. Hampton. Var. cervicornis.
D. 10, D. 12. Great Oolite. Hampton. Holl Coll. Var. cervicornis.
D. 2135, D. 2137, D. 2141. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
60220. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
60367.

60371. ,, ,, ,, Var. cervicornis.

D. 2219 (7 specimens). Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll. Var. cervicornis.
60369. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll. With Entalophora cellarioides.
D.2092.
D. 2114. ,, ,, „ (1\&Multisparsaluceana,T)'Qi\).}

DIASTOPORA. 129

5. Diastopora calloviensis (D'Orbigny), 1852.

SYNONYMY :

Elea calloviensis, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 629.
Diastopora calloviensis, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 191.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. iv. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 154.

? ,, sulramosa, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.
Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 645, pi. xxxiii. fig. 8.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of loose tufts; composed of bands which branch
irregularly ; bilaminate.

Zocecia long, broad, and regular in shape. Peristomes distant
and well raised ; irregularly distributed. Zooecia visible through-
out their length.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = l", 0, 2", «0.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian: Ranville, Normandy.

CaUovian: Gueret, Sarthe (fide D'Orbigny).

Description of Figure.— PL VII. Fig. 5. Part of a tufted
zoarium, x 13 dia. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers : Ranville.
Tesson Coll. 60368.

Affinities. — This species is most closely allied to D. davidsoni,
Haime ; from this it differs by having higher peristomes and longer
zocecia, and by the irregular distribution of the peristomes. The
most conspicuous difference is that the zoarium consists of bands,
instead of fronds ; but, unless this were accompanied by zocecial
differences, I should not venture to regard it as entitling the form
to specific distinction.

The zoarium resembles that described by Haime as D. ramos-
^ss^ma, but the zooecial characters show the species are distinct, for
in Haime' s form the peristomes are regularly quincuncial, and the
zooecia lozenge-shaped.

D'Orbigny' s diagnosis is very short, and was not accompanied
by any figure. Hence the species has generally been dismissed as
a doubtful record. The description, however, exactly represents
both the zoarial and zooecial characters of this species.

JL

1 30 DIASTOPOKA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

60368. Bathonian. Eanville. Tesson Coll. Figd. PI. VII. Fig. 5.

D. 2256.

TD.2200. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.

6. Diastopora lamourouxi, M. Edwards, 1838.

SYNONYMY :

Diastopora, lamourouxi, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat. Zool.

ser. 2, t. ix. p. 225, pi. xv. fig. 2.
,, ,, M. Edwards, 1846, Atlas rcgne anim. Cuvier (Zooph.)

pi. Ixxii. fig. 2.

„ ,, Miclielin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 239, pi. Ivi. fig. 7.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 420.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

„ D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, ,, Buvignier, 1852, Stat. geol. dep. Meuse, p. 184.

,, ,, Hairae, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 183, pi. viii. figs. \a-b.
„ ,, Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc. linn.

Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Eeuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin: Denk. k. Akad.

Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 9, pi. ii. fig. 4.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 264.

,, „ Vine, 1884, 4th Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1883, p. 188.

,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen : Journ. Northptn. Nat.

Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 15.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. iv. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 155.

,, foliaeea, pars, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. pi. Ixxiii. fig. 3.

,, ,, Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. p. 25, pi. vi. fig. 8.

,, ,, pars, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 395.

,, „ pars, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 430, pi. Ixiii. fig. lb.

„ „ pars, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 135,

pi. xci. fig. 12.

,, waltoni, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 184, pi. viii. figs. 2a-b.

,, ,, Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 135.

,, ,, "Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xvi. p. 12.

„ ,, Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 264.

,, ,, Vine, 1884, op. cit. p. 188.

,, ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 46.

,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 52.

.

DIASTOPORA. 131

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium unilaminate, growing in irregular tubes, which may
branch repeatedly or open to funnel-shaped expansions.

ZooBcia usually visible throughout, the zooecia being long and
the apertures usually distant. The peristomes (in well-preserved
specimens) are highly raised, and irregular in distribution, though
occasionally there is a tendency towards a quincuncial system.
Zooecia regularly cylindrical.

Formula.— p, c, I, r = 3, 0, 2, iO.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton ; Postlip ; Stroud (fide "Witchell) .

FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville ; Lebisey, Calvados. Braun Jura : Balin.
Bajocian: Plappeville (fide Friren).

Description of Figure. — PL VII. Fig. 4. Part of a funnel-
shaped end of a zoarium, x 17 dia. Inferior Oolite : near
Leckhampton. Brodie Coll. D. 2194.

Affinities. — The zocecia of this species are much like those of
D. foliacea, but differ in being slightly shorter, and having the
peristomes raised more highly. Moreover, the zoarium is uni-
laminate instead of consisting of two layers of zooacia. The
irregularity of the distribution of the apertures distinguishes it
from D. davidsoni, and the wide distance between these from
D. michelini.

The main difficulty in this species is whether D. waltoni, Haime,
is to be included within it. Some specimens in the British
Museum (such as 60238) have the peristomes in places crowded
and regular, and pass into the waltoni form ; elsewhere, on the
same zoarium, they are distant and irregular, and thus are on
the lamourouxi type. I have therefore felt bound to merge the
species.

The nearest Cretaceous ally of this species is D. tululus, D'Orb.1

Pal. fran9. Terr..cret. t. v. 1852, p. 829, pi. Dcxli. figs. 9, 10.

132 DIASTOPOBA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2194. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll. Figd. PI. VII.

Fig. 4.

B. 4521. Bathonian. Calvados.

60238, 60352, 60354. Bathonian. Eanville, Calvados. Tesson Coll.
D. 4567, 60243. Bathonian. Ranville, Calvados. Tesson Coll.

7. Diastopora retiformis, Haime.

SYNONYMY :
Diastopora retiformis, Haime, 1854-, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 191, pi. vii. fig. 9.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 26.

j_, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. d£p. Moselle,

p. 290.
,, ,, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol.

Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 331.
,, „ Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 53.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium retiform ; about six zocecia in each branch.
Zooecia cylindrical, of medium length ; peristomes low, arranged
on somewhat irregular, oblique lines.

DISTRIBUTION.

Bajocian : Saint Quentin and Montvaux, near Metz.

Affinities. — This species is known only from the description
and figure given by Haime, from specimens in the Terquem
Collection. It is quite distinct from any other Jurassic form.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
Diastopora inconstans (Walford), pars (non Bean).

SYNONYMY :
Tubulipora inconstans, Walford, 1887, Polyz. Lias: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xliii. p. 633, pi. xxv. figs. 1-9 and 12.

Cistemifera inconstans, "Waif ord, 1894, Cheil. Bry. Mid. Lias: Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. L. p. 80, pi. v. ; pi. vi. ; pi. vii. figs. 10, 12-16.

Distribution. — Middle Lias : King's Sutton, Northamptonshire.
Transition bed to Upper Lias, Appletree, near Banbury, and
Badby, near Daventry.

DIASTOPOEA. 133

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

I. — Zocecia cylindrical.

A. Zoarium bilaminate.

a. Zocecia visible throughout.

Zoarium frondose.

peristomes well raised ; peristomes irregular foliacea.

peristomes slightly raised; peristomes sub-

regular davidsoni.

Zoarium ribbon-shaped.

peristomes raised ; peristomes irregular ... calloviensis.

b. Zooecia visible at ends michelini.

B. Zoarium unilaminate lamourouxi.

C. Zoarium reticular retiformis.

II.— Zocecia lozenge-shaped lamettosa.

Family IDMONIIDJE.

SYNONYMY :

Tubigerldce, pars, D'Orbigny.
Tubuliporidce, pars, Johnston ; Smitt ; and Hincks.
Idmoniidte, pars, Busk ; MacGillivray ; Pergens and Meunier ; Marsson.

Diagnosis — Cyclostomata Tubulata in which the zocecia are simple,
open tubes, and grow into adnate or erect branching zoaria. The
zoarium is branched, and the zooecia open only on one side of it.
The apertures are disposed in regular transverse series, usually
alternately arranged.

Affinities. — This family was founded by Busk in 1859 for a group
including Hornera, Terebellaria, Idmonea, Pustulopora, Cricopora,
and Cyrtopora. Smitt removed Hornera from this group as
a separate family, and though this course has not been adopted
by MacGillivray or Pergens, it seems to me wisest to accept it.
Pergens, in 1886, raised Pustulopora and its allies into the family
Entalophoridae, and also pointed out that Cyrtopora belonged to
another distinct type. Moreover, Terebellaria is more different
from Idmonea than is any of the others.

The Idmoniidae are therefore left as a small group, embracing
those Tubulata in which the zooecia open on one side only of the

134 IDMONEA.

zoarium, and the apertures are arranged in regular transverse
rows. It differs by the first character from the Entalophoridse, and
by the second and by the branched zoarium from the Tubuliporidae.

IDMONEA, Lamouroux, 1821.

[Expos. Meth. p. 80.]

Diagnosis. — Zoarium adnate, or erect. Branches ridged or
triangular in section. Zooecia in regular transverse and usually
alternate series. The zoarium divides into branches, and the
branches usually radiate from a centre. The branches sometimes
anastomose.

Type species. — Idmonea triquetra, Lamx., 1821.

Affinities. — The genus Idmonea was founded by Lamouroux for
a species found in the Calcaire a polypiers at Ranville, which is
always an encrusting form. Later authors, however, not only
include the erect branching forms in Idmonea, but frequently
exclude the type species from the genus. Thus, Busk ("Crag
Bryozoa," p. 94) uses the erect mode of growth as one of the
diagnostic characters of the family Idmoniida3, while D'Orbigny
founds the genus Reptotubigera on the type species of Idmonea.
Either the term Idmonea must be used for both the erect and
adnate forms, or must be kept for the latter, and the former be
renamed. The former course seems to me to be the most con-
venient, as some adnate forms often curl up at the ends, and the
zoarium becomes semi-erect. This is therefore a case in which
the distinction between the erect and encrusting mode of growth
is not of generic, if even of specific, importance.

Idmonea triquetra, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Idmonea triquetra, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 80, pi. Ixxix. figs. 13-15.
,, ,, Defrance, 1821, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xxii. p. 564.

„ ,, Lamouroux, 1824, Encycl. Meth. Zooph. p. 462.

„ „ Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. pp. 21, 43, pi. vi. fig. 12.

,, „ Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 420, non pi. Ixviii. fig. 2.

,, ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 249, pi. xvi.

fig. 11.

„ ,, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. s£r. 2,

t. ix. p. 215.

IDMONEA. 135

Idmonea triquetra, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 40.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 234, pi. Ivi. fig. 16.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 607.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, ,, Bronn and Romer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4,

p. 87, pi. xvi. fig. 11.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran^. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 729.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soo. geoL France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 171, pi. vii. fig. 1.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit Foss. ed. 2, p. 125.

,, ,, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart. Journ. GeoL

Soc. vol. xl. p. 790.
„ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. S<>c.

vol. v. p. 7.

non ,, ,, Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ. GeoL

Soc. vol. xlv. pp. 568-9, pi. xviii. fig. 13 ; pi. xix. figs. 3, 4.
,, „ Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 48.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 194.
Reptotubigera „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 751.

Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 139.
Idmonea gracilis, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. p. 317.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium composed of triangular branches, beside each of which
is a thin flat selvage. The branches dichotomize repeatedly.

Zocecia from four to seven in each series. Peristomes open
along the summit of a low ridge. Zooecia slender and cylindrical
in adult; short, thick, and angular in young stages. "Walls
punctulate.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Bradford Clay : Bradford ; Box ; Pound Pill.

Great Oolite : Minchinhampton ; Richmond boring.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers : Ranville, Luc, and Caen, in
Calvados, France.

Description of Figure. — Plate VII. Fig. 6. Part of a young
zoarium, X 32 dia. Great Oolite : Minchinhampton. Byne Coll.
20730.

Affinities. — This is the type species of the genus, and it is fairly
common in the Lower Oolitic rocks of England and France.

136

IDMONEA.

B. 4250.
50775.
67568.
B. 4831.

23837.
B. 4840.
B. 4830.

B. 4861.
B. 4876.
B. 4857.

D. 2115.
20730.

ID. 1899
D. 2207.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Bradford Clay. Box Tunnel.

On
On
On

Loc. ? Morris Coll.

Box Tunnel.

H. B. Holl Coll.
On Terebratula maxillata, ,, ,, ,,

Buy Coll.
On Terebratula maxillata, ,, ,, ,,

J. G. Lowe Coll.
On Terebratula sp., J. de C. Sow. Great Oolite. Loc. ? J. Wood

Coll.

On Ostrea sp. Bradford Clay. Box.
On Dictyothyris coarctata (Park.). Bradford Clay. Box.

On Avicula costata, J. de C. Sow. Bradford Clay. Bradford.
H. B. Holl Coll.

On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Box. Buy Coll.

Young stage on Pileolus lewis, Sow. Great Oolite. Minchinhampton.

Figd. PI. VII. Fig. 6. Byne Coll.

-1901. 3 slides. Great Oolite. Eichmond boring, 1205ft. Pre-
sented by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.

Batbonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.

INDETERMINABLE RECORDS.

1. Idmonea ammonitorum, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 378.

Distribution. — Oxfordian : La Yen dee, France.

2. Idmonea complanata, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. p. 288.

Distribution. — Bajocian : Bayeux, France.

3. Idmonea claviformis, "Walford, 1889, Bry. Sbipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 569, pi. xix. figs. 1, 2.

Distribution. — Inferior Oolite : Shipton, England.

4. Idmonea depressa (D'Orbigny), 1852.

Syn. Reptotubigera depressa, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc,. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 752.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Langrune, France.

5. Idmonea elegantula, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. p. 288.

Distribution. — Bajocian : France.

6. Idmonea triquetra (non Lamouronx) , Walford, 1889.

,, var. \-formis, Walford, 1889, Bry. Sbipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 568, pi. xix. figs. 3, 4.
,, ,, parkinsoni, Walford, ibid. p. 569, pi. xviii. fig. 13.

Distribution. — Inferior Oolite : Shipton, England.

ENTALOPHORA. 137

Family ENTALOPHORID^.

Diagnosis. — Cyclostomata Tubulata in which the zoarium is
erect and dendroid ; the branches consist of solid bundles of
zocecia. The zocecia are monomorphic, and open on all sides
of the stems.

ENTALOPHORA, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Pustulopora (non Blainville), Busk, Hagenow, etc.
Pergensia, "Walford.
Clavisparsa, D'Orbigny.

Diagnosis. — EntalophoridaB in whi^ch the zoarium consists of
thin stems, each of which is composed of a small number
of zocecia. The peristomes are scattered irregularly. The zocecia
are cylindrical.

Type species. — E. cellarioides, Lamx.

Affinities. — This species was founded by Lamouroux for a species
from the Bathonian rocks of Normandy; his figure was so mis-
leading that Blainville, who next referred to the genus, regarded
it as probably a Hydroid zoophyte. Busk, in the second part
of his " Challenger Monograph," also suggested that it might be
a coralline. These suggestions were due to the "trumpet-shaped"
appearance of the zocecia in Lamouroux' s figure. Specimens from
the same locality leave no doubt that this is only a mis-
representation by the artist, for the zocecia are of the normal
Cyclostomatous type.

The doubt as to the meaning of Lamouroux's figure has led to
unfortunate confusion in synonymy, for Busk and some other
authors have accepted Pustulopora, Blv., instead of Entalophora.
D'Orbigny, Smitt, Hincks, and Waters, however, have adopted
Entalophora, and I feel no doubt as to the wisdom of their
decision. Pustulopora,, as proposed by Blainville, is really not a
synonym of JEntalophora, but of Spiropora. The first species given
by Blainville is one figured byGoldfuss1 as Ceriopora madreporacea.
The type specimen has been refigured by Hagenow,2 but it is

1 Petref. Germ. p. 35, pi. x. fig. 12. 2 Bryoz. Maastr. Kreideb. pi. i. fig. 8.

138 ENTALOPHOBA.

so worn that its exact affinities are not quite certain. The most
definite character of the form is that the apertures occur in annular
series. Blainville states, in his diagnosis of the genus, that the
zocecia are "regularly disposed," and he even includes in it
the well-known species S. verticillata (Goldf.). These three facts
show that Pustulopora, as used by Blainville, is a synonym of
Spiropora, instead of EntalopTiora.

The limitation of Entalophora is a difficult task. As used by
"Waters it includes three different types —

1. Species in which the zocecia are long and cylindrical, and

irregularly arranged.

2. Species in which the zocecia are long and cylindrical, and

arranged in regular lines.

3. Species in which the zooecia are short and hexagonal.

The question is whether these are all to be regarded as one
genus or as three. The early writers on the group kept them
distinct, while D'Orbigny even added many other divisions.
Thus, the first group was regarded as Entalophora, the second as
Spiropora (Cricopora), and the third as Melicertites.

Waters ! has shown that in one part of a zoarium the peristomes
may be arranged in lines (as in Spiropora) and in another
irregularly (as in Entalophara). He therefore proposes to merge
the two groups. This evidence is conclusive that the distinction
between these two types is not absolute. But in the vast majority
of the fossil forms the distinction holds, except sometimes at
a point of bifurcation, where irregularity results from overcrowding.
It is therefore very convenient to retain the distinction, for to
merge the genera would necessitate the renaming of many species.
I accordingly accept Spiropora as a section of Entalophora.

In regard to the group of species with hexagonal zocecia, it
is also true that we may find a few hexagonal zocecia in zoaria,2
of which the majority are tubular. If we are to act on the

1 A. "W. Waters. Fossil Cycl. Bry. Australia : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xl.
(1884), p. 680. North Ital. Bry. pt. ii. : ibid. vol. xlviii. (1892) p. 158.

2 As e.g. in Busk's careful figure of E. regularis, MacG. (Chall. Bry. pt. ii.
pi. iv. fig. 2).

ENTALOPHORA. 139

evidence of these occasional zooecia, then the two groups of species
must be united. But in the' Mesozoic faunas there are many
species in which all the zocecia are regularly hexagonal ; these are
so strikingly unlike the irregular tubular zooecia of Entalophora,
that the difference has been regarded as of family, or even of
ordinal, value. It seems unnecessary to ignore this great and
fairly constant difference owing to the occurrence of a few
abnormal zooecia.

The name to be applied to this group of species with polygonal
zooecia must be either Pustulopora, Helicertites, or a new name.
The first was defined by Blainville1 in 1830, and the second by
Homer2 in 1841. Neither genus as given by these authors was
homogeneous. Blainville took as his type a specimen figured by
Goldfuss, of which the only determinable character is the annular
arrangement of the peristomes. The1 other specimens figured by
Hagenow had hexagonal zocecia, and it is quite possible that
Goldfuss' type had the same. But as that cannot be discovered,
Pustulopora must stand as a synonym of the Spiropora group
of Entalophoridae.

1. Entalophora cellarioid.es, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :
Entalophora cellarioides, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 81, pi. Ixxx.

figs. 9-11.

,, ,, Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. p. 27, pi. vii. fig. 10.

,, ,, Defrance, 1826, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xlii. p. 392.

,, ,, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 453.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 489, pi. Ixxxii. fig. 1.

,, ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 243,

pi. xvi. fig. 24.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 233, pi. Ivi. fig. 4.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 462.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 141.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.

,, ,, Bronn, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4, p. 87,

pi. xvi. fig. 24.

,, „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 779.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 199, pi. ix. fig. 8.

1 Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 382.

2 Verst. norddeut. Kreidegeb. p. 18.

140 ENTALOPHOBA.

Entalophora cellarioides, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 134, pi. xci.

fig. 10.
,, „ E. E. Deslongchamps, 1864, Geol. Calvados, art. 3 :

Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. viii. p. 225.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 261.

„ ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1883, p. 188.

,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen and Ranville : Journ.

Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 8.
„ ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist.

nat. Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 55.
„ ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 195.

,, lazipora, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. p. 318.

,, „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 779.

,, subgracilis, D'Orb., var. corrugata, Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton,

pt. i. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 573,

pi. xviii. fig. 14.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium csespitose, composed of thin fragile branches, about
1 mm. in diameter.

Zocecia long ; the free, distal portion is often very long ; the
peristomes are irregularly quincuncial in arrangement.

DISTRIBUTION.
BRITISH :

Great Oolite: Hampton, near Bath (fide Haime).
Inferior Oolite : Shipton, Dorset.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville, St. Aubin, Normandy ; Marquise and "Wast,
near Boulogne.

Description of Figure. — PI. VIII. Fig. 1 . Part of a zoarium,
showing the long, free portions of the zocecia, X 17 dia. Calcaire
a polypiers : Ranville. Tesson Coll. D. 2257.

Affinities. — This species is the type of the genus. Lamouroux's
figure was diagrammatic, and has been the cause of much confusion.
The specimens since found and described have not such crowded
zocecia, but they probably belong to Lamouroux's species. The
Cretaceous representative of this thin, irregular form is Entalophora

ENTALOPHORA. 141

waunensis, D'Orb.,1 which appears, however, to have the peristomes
more scattered and less reflexed. Entalophora horrida, D'Orb.,8
on the other hand, has the peristomes far more crowded and reflexed
more regularly at right angles.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2257. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll/ uFigd.

PI. VIII. Fig. 1.

60359. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. ,, ,,

60369. „ „ „ „ „ With

Diastopora lamellosa, Mich., etc.
60224. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. ,, ,, "With

Spiropora annulosa, Lamx.
B. 4518. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. ,, ,, "With

Terebellaria ramosissima, Lamx.

»

2. Entalophora nidulata (Walford), 1894.

SYNONYMY :
Pergensia nidulata, "Walford, 1894, Bry. Shipton, pt. ii. : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. L. p. 73, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2.

,, major, Walford, 1894, ibid. p. 74, pi. ii. figs. 3, 4.
,, porifera, "Walford, 1894, ibid. p. 75, pi. ii. fig. 6.
,, galeata, Walford, 1894, ibid. p. 76, pi. iii. fig. 27.
,, minima, Walford, 1894, ibid. p. 74, pi. ii. fig. 12.

Entalophora richmondiensis var. pustulopora, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond
boring : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 792.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium short, clavate ; cylindrical in section.

Zocecia cylindrical ; partly immersed, but a free distal portion,
the extent of which varies greatly. The apertures are irregularly
arranged, but a tendency to a spiral form occurs in the proximal
portion of the zoarium.

Goncecia large, spherical.

Distribution. — Bathonian — Great Oolite : Richmond. Inferior
Oolite : Shipton Gorge.

Description of Figure. — PI. VIII. Fig. 2. Young zoarium,
X 26 dia. Great Oolite : Richmond boring. Presented by Prof.
J. W. Judd, P.R.S. D. 1931.

1 Pal. franq. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 781, pi. ocxvi. figs. 12-14.

2 Ibid. p. 789, pi. Dcxxi. figs. 13-15.

142 ENTALOPHORA.

Affinities. — This is a typical young Entalophora, and is closely
allied to the Cretaceous E. clavata, D'Orb.1 The two specimens
from the Richmond boring which Vine took as the type of his
var. pmtulopora of his E. richmondiensis, do not seem to me
related to that species. They agree exactly with the series of
specimens figured by Walford from the Shipton Gorge. E. clavata,
D'Orb., represents this type in the Cretaceous ; the zocecia in that
species have a ribbed ornamentation, instead of being punctate,
and none of the specimens figured show ooacia.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 1931, D. 1933, D. 1934. Great Oolite. Eichmond boring, 1205 ft. Vine's
type of E. richmondiensis var. pustulopora.

3. Entalophora magnipora, Walford, 1889.

SYNONYMY :
Entalophora magnipora, Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 572, pi. xix. figs. 11, 12.
?,, subirregularis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 289.
,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 778.

,, raripora, non D'Orb., Walford, 1889, op. cit. p. 572, pi. xix.

fig. 10.

,, raripora var. anomala, Walford, 1889, op. cit. p. 573.

Cisternifera clausa, "Walford, 1894, Cheil. Lias, pt. ii. vol. L. p. 82, pi. vii.

figs. 11, 17.
,, inconstans, pars, "Walford, 1894, ib. pt. ii. vol. L. p. 80, pi. vii. fig. 16.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium of thin, regularly cylindrical branches, composed of
about twelve zooecia. Branches from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter.

Zocecia long, cylindrical, with only a small portion free. Aper-
tures irregular in distribution ; distant. Surface wrinkled.

DISTEIBUTION.
BRITISH :

Great Oolite : Murhead, near Bath.
Inferior Oolite : Shipton Gorge, Dorset.
Middle Lias : King's Sutton, Northamptonshire.
FOREIGN :

PBajocian: Ste. Honorine, Calvados.

1 Clavisparsa clavata, D'Orb., Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 776, pi. Dcxxi.
figs. 8-12.

ENTALOPHOKA. 143

Description of Figure. — PL VIII. Fig. 3. Part of zoarium,
X 17 dia. Great Oolite : near Bath. Presented by J. "W. Gregory.

D. 2098.

Affinities. — This species appears to me to be very different from
the E. raripora, D'Orb.,1 which has very few zooecia in a zoarium,
and more highly raised peristomes. It is more nearly allied to a
form figured as E. raripora by Beissel,2 but the evidence is not
sufficient to show their identity.

The species differs from E. cellarioides, Lamx., by the greater
regularity of the branches and of the arrangement of the zocecia ;
for E. cellarioides, as known from specimens, is closely allied
to E. raripora. The species here described also differs from

E. nidulata, owing to the greater length of the branches, which
are regularly cylindrical and not clavate.

D'Orbigny's brief diagnosis of his E. sulirregularis suggests that
it is this species.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2098. Fragment from Great Oolite, Murhead, near Bath. Figd. PI. VIII.

Fig. 3. Presented by J. "W. Gregory.
D. 2099. Three slides of fragments, probably the same, but too rolled for

determination, from same locality.
D. 2100. Mass of limestone from Murhead, "with fragments of same species.

Presented by A. M. Davies, Esq.

D. 2154. Middle Lias Marlstone. King's Sutton. Brodie Coll.
D. 2201.

SPECIES INDETERMINABLE OR NOT REPRESENTED
IN COLLECTION.

1. Entalophora amphoralis (Walford), 1894.

Syn. Pergensia amphoralis, "Walford, 1894, Bry. Shipton, pt. ii. :
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. L. p. 75, pi. ii. figs. 5-8 ; pi. iii.
figs. 21-4.

Distribution. — Inferior Oolite : Shipton, England.

1 Pal. franQ. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 787, pi. DCXXI. figs. 1-3.

2 Bry. Aach. Kreidebild. : Natuurk. Verh. holl. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem,
ser. 2, vol. xxii. 1865, pi. x. fig. 123.

144 SPIROPORA.

2. Entalophora calloviensis, D'Orbigny, 1852.

„ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran(j. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 779.

Distribution. — Callovian : Pizieux, France. This species is
probably an Haplocecia.

3. Entalophora jug ata (Walford), 1894.

Syn. Pergensia jugata, Walford, 1894, op. cit. p. 76, pi. ii. figs. 9-11 ;

pi. iv. figs. 6-15, 18-21.
Distribution. — Inferior Oolite : Shipton, England.

SPIROPORA, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Entalophora, pars, Hincks, Waters.
Pustulopora, Blainville.
Cricopora, Blainville.

Diagnosis. — Entalophoridae in which the apertures of the zooecia
open in regular annular or spiral lines. The zooecia are regularly-
cylindrical.

Type species. — Spiropora elegans, Lamx., 1821.

Affinities. — The reasons for the retention of this name is given
in the discussion of the genus Entalophora (vide pp. 138-9).

1. Spiropora elegans, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Spiropora elegans, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 47, pi. Ixxiii. figs. 19-22.
„ ,, Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. p. 21, pi. vi. fig. 3.

,, ,, Defrance, 1827, Diet. Sci. nat. t. L. p. 300, pi. xlv. fig. 1.

„ ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.

,, „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 707.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 194.

,, „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 132.

„ ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm.: Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
„ „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 265.
,, „ Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc.

vol. v. p. 11.
,, ,, Bigot, 1892, Geol. Basse-Norm. III. : Bull. Lab. Geol. Caen,

Ann. 2, p. 24.

SPIROPORA. 145

Cricopora elegans, Blainville, 1820, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 385.

„ „ Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 421, pi. Ixvii. fig. 1.

,, ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2, t. ii.

p. 453.

,, ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 247.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 234, pi. Iv. fig. 13.

„ ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

,, ,, Bronn and Romer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4,

p. 89.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium formed of loose tufts. Branches dichotomize repeatedly.
Branches rather stout.

Zocecia long, regularly tubular. Peristomes slightly elevated;
arranged in regular, horizontal rows. jFrom five to seven peristomes
are seen on one side of a branch. The rows of peristomes are
distant, the zooecia being long.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Great Oolite : Bath ; ? Richmond boring.

FOREIGN :

Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers : Ranville, Langrune, Lebisey, Luc,
in Calvados ; Vassy, Yonne (fide Michelin) .

Description of Figure. — PI. VIII. Fig. 4. Part of a zoarium,
X 17 dia. Great Oolite : near Bath. 60173.

Affinities. — As this is the type species of the genus, it is
unnecessary to refer to its affinities at any length. The species
is common in the Great Oolite of Ranville, and its characters are
constant. The regularity of the circles of peristomes and their
distance from one another are constant throughout the zoarium. In
the older parts of the zoarium the peristomal circles are closer than
on the higher parts; the same is also the case just before a
bifurcation.

The nearest Cretaceous ally to this species is Spiropora antiqua,
D'Orb., especially the variety originally described as a distinct
species under the name of Cricopora annulata, D'Orb.1 D'Orbigny

1 Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. pi. DCXV. figs. 10-12.

146 SPIROPORA.

has assigned a great range of variation to his species ; if all his
synonyms are to be included within one species, it varied far more
than did its Jurassic representative. Marsson goes further than
D'Orbigny, and reduces S. antiqua to a synonym of S. verticillata.
The greater thinness of the tufts seems to characterize the Cre-
taceous specimens, and may enable this series to be kept distinct.
Otherwise they must be included within S. elegans.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

60173. Great Oolite. Near Bath. Etberidge Coll. Figd. PI. VIII. Fig. 4.
TD. 1936. „ ,, Richmond boring, 1205 ft. Presented by Prof. J. W.

Judd, C.B., F.R.S. Small fragment, probably of this species.
60223. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

B. 4516. (Six fragments.) Bathonian. ,, ,,

60227. (Illustrates variations in distances of peristomal circles.) Bathonian.

Ranville. Tesson Coll.

46785, 60226. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
B. 179. ,, ,, Presented by B. Bright, Esq.

D. 2095. Loc.?

2. Spiropora ammlosa (Michelin), 1847.

SYNONYMY :

Cricopora annulosa, Michelin, 1847, Icon. Zooph. p. 339, pi. Ivi. fig. 3.
,, ,, M'Coy, 1848, New Mesoz. Rad. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 419.

,, „ M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

Spiropora ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 197.

Cricopora verticillata, non Goldf., Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 236, pi. Ivi. fig. 3.
„ , „ non Goldf., Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.
,, ,, non Goldf., Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

?„ „ non Goldf., Reuss, 1847, Foss. Polyp. Wien. Tert. :

Naturw. Abh. Bd. ii. p. 40.

LaterotuUgera ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 715.
Cricopora subverticillata, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.
,, tessonis, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 236, pi. Ivi. fig. 6.
,, ,, M'Coy, 1848, New Mesoz. Rad.: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 419.

„ ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

„ ,, Buvignier, 1852, Stat. geol. dep. Meuse, p. 224.

SPIEOPOEA. 147

Cricopora tessonis, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 121.

Entalophora ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. t. i. p. 318.
,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 779.

,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 134.
Spiropora „ Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 195.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongcbamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Hep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.
,, „ Scblippe, 1888, Fauna Bath, oberrh. Tien. : Abh. geol.

Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. iv livr. 4, p. 97.
„ straminea, non Pbill., Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. v. p. 196, pi. ix. fig. 6.
,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle, p. 26.

,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Maqon : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm.

t. xii. p. 14.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, op. cit. p. 151.

„ ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 54.
Entalophora „ Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol. Ges.

Bd. xxxi. p. 331.
Spiropora ccespitosa, non Lamx., Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 195 (ex. syn.}, pi. ix.

fig. 7.

,, compressa, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 197, pi. ix. fig. 5.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongcbamps, 1865, op. cit. p. 151.

„ „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz.: Sep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.

Tubigera compressa, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 139.
Entalophora ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist.

Soc. vol. v. p. 10.

Cricopora acutimargo, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.
Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 641, pi. xxxiii. fig. 7.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium forming very loose tufts. Branches dichotomize
irregularly; of medium thickness. Section of branches circular,
oval, or compressed.

Zocecia regularly cylindrical, rather short. Peristomes raised
and arranged in regular rows; these are horizontal or slightly
oblique. Prom five to seven peristomes can be seen on one side
of a branch. The distance between the rows of peristomes is short.

148 SPIROPORA.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Great Oolite : Skillington, Hampton, Minchinhampton.
Inferior Oolite : Bredon, Worcestershire ; Leckhampton.

Witchellia Grit : Cold Comfort, near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Oxfordian : Montsec, Meuse (fide Buvignier).

Bathonian : Ranville, Luc, Lebisey.

Bajocian : Mt. Ceindre, near Lyon ; St. Quentin, Montvaux, near

Metz.
Calcaire a entroques : Flace, near Ma9on.

Description of Figure. — PL VIII. Fig. 5. Part of a branch,
X 26 dia. Inferior Oolite : Bredon Hill. Holl Coll. B. 4864.

Affinities. — This species was well figured by Michelin, who
in his text named it S. verticillata, which was preoccupied by
Goldfuss. He apparently discovered this, for he named the species
in the description of the plates S. annulosa. This name has been
overlooked, and S. verticillata generally employed.

The species agrees in most of its characters with S. elegans, from
which it differs in the shortness of the zocecia and the proximity
of the peristomal rows. This is well shown in Michelin's figures
and the Museum specimens. The shape of the branches varies
considerably, and Haime's species S. compressa I regard as only
a form with flattened branches. A certain tendency to irregularity
in the arrangement of the orifices occurs at the points of bifurcation
of the branches (as in B. M. B. 4866). S. straminea, Haime, non
Phill., is here considered as such a case. Haime's specimen of
S. ccespitosa I also include here, as it differs from the type form
of that species, which is probably identical with S. lajocensis.

The species is most nearly allied to 8. cenomana, D'Orb.,1 which
is, however, more massive and has more numerous zocecia.

Keuss has referred to this species a specimen from the Tegel
of the Vienna Basin, and his figure has all the essential characters
of this species. It is also allied to S. conferta, Eeuss.2

1 Pal. franc,. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 708, pi. DCXV. figs. 1 -9.

2 A. E. Reuss, Pal. Stud. alt. Tertiarsch. Alpen: Denk. Jc. AJcad. Wiss.
Wien. Bd. xxix. 1869, p. 287, pi. xxxvi. fig. 3. Also Manzoni, Brioz. foss. Mioc.
Aust. Ungh. pte. iii. : ibid. Bd. xxxviii. Abth. 2, 1878, p. 12, pi. x. fig. 39.

SPIROPORA. 149

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 2304. Great Oolite. Hampton Common.

D. 2101. Great Oolite Limestone. Skillington, Lincolnshire. Presented by

J. "W. Gregory.
D. 2102, D. 2104, D. 2108. 6 slides from Skillington, Lincolnshire. Presented

by J. W. Gregory.
D. 2103. Var. compressa. Skillington, Lincolnshire. Presented by J. W.

Gregory.

56829. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll. Thin section.
B. 4864. „ Bredon. Holl Coll. Figd. PI. VIII. Fig. 5.

B. 4866. ,, ? ,, ? „ [Specimen showing the irregii-

larity of the form straminea, Haime (non Ph.), at bifurcations.]
D. 1772. Inferior Oolite— Upper Witchellia Grit. Cold Comfort, near Leck-
hampton.
D. 1770, D. 1771. Inferior Oolite— Lower Witchellia Grit. Cold Comfort,

near Leckhampton.

B. 2228. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Specimen similar to B. 4866.
D. 2120-2, D. 2124, D. 2125. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton.

Brodie Coll.

D. 2123. Inferior Oolite. Cleeve. Brodie Coll.
56829. ,, Leckhampton. Etheridge Coll. (Specimen, slide

and thin section.)

B. 2282. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ?
60224. Bathonian— Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville. Tesson Coll. (With

E. cellarioides, Lamx.)

B. 4522. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville. Tesson Coll.
B. 181. ,, „ ,, „ Pres. by B. Bright, Esq.

D. 2096. Bathonian— Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll. Var.

compressa, Haime.
60348. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville. Tesson Coll. Var.

compressa, Haime.

D. 1776. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville.
D. 1829. 4 specimens. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Normandy.
D. 1833, D. 1836. 3 specimens. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Normandy.
D. 1773. Couche a Bryozoaires. Mt. Ceindre, near Lyon.
?D. 1775.

3. Spiropora abbreviata (Michelin), 1846. Blainville

MS. 1830.
SYNONYMY :

Cricopora abbreviata, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 386.
,, „ Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 421.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 236, pi. Ivi. fig. 2.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

„ ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

150 SPIROPORA.

Entalopliora abbreviata, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc;. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 779.

Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 134.
Spiropora ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 195.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Kep. Foss. Polyz. : Eep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.
,, deslongchampsi, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm.

t. xii. p. 13.
,, ,, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal.

Beitr. Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 642.

Pustulopora arborea, "Waagen, 1868, ibid. p. 640, pi. xxxii. fig. 8.
Spiropora ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.
Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 54.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium tufted ; branches thick and short.

Zocecia short. Peristomes well raised; quincuncially arranged,
the series being oblique and close together.

DISTRIBUTION.

Bathonian: Eanville, Calvados.

Bajocian : near Ma9on, Saone-et-Loire ; Gingen, "Wiirtemberg ;
Plappeville, near Met/.

Affinities. — This species is not represented in the British Museum,
and I accept it on the evidence of Michelin's figure. It is allied
to S. ccespitosa, Lamx., by the arrangement of the peristomes, but
differs owing to the massiveness of its stems. It may be easily
distinguished from S. elegans, Lamx., and S. annulosa, Mich., as
the peristomes are not arranged in regular horizontal series.

This species is represented in the Cretaceous by Spiropora
Irevissima (D'Orb.),1 which may be a synonym.

Ferry's S. deslongchampsi is shown by the description to have
the same characters as this species, having thick stems (3 mm. in
dia.), crowded rows of well-raised peristomes, and branching in
the same manner.

Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 794, pi. DCXXV. figs. 5-10.

SPiROPOEA.

151

4. Spiropora caespitosa, Lamx., 1821.

SYNONYMY :
Spiropora ccespitosa, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 86, pi. Ixxxii. figs. 11, 12.

,, ,, Defiance, 1827, Diet. Sci. nat. t. L. p. 300.

non ,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soe. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 195, pi. ix. fig. 7.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. MoseUe, p. 26.

,, ,, E. E, Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 260.

,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soe. Hist. nat.

Mete, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 54.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. v.: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 197.

Cricopora ,, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 386.
,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. \ct. p. 421.

„ ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2,

t. ii. p. 453.
„ ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 247, pi. xvi.

fig. 10.

„ ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 34.

,, ,, Murchison, 1845, Geol. Cheltenham, ed. 2, p. 72.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 235, pi. Ivi. fig. 1.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

„ ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

,, ,, Bronn and Romer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii.

Th. 4, p. 89, pi. xvi. fig. 10.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 121.

Entalophora ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franQ. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 779.

,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 134.

,, ,, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz: Zeit. deut. geol.

Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 333.
,, ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz.: Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1883, p. 188.

,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen and Ranville : Journ. Northptn.

Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 9.

Spiropora capillaris, Lamouroux, 1821, op. cit. p. 47.
Cricopora ,, Blainville, 1830, op. cit. p. 386.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, op. cit. p. 421.

,, ,, M. Edwards, 1836, op. cit. ed. 2, t. ii. p. 453.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

Intricaria bajocensis, Defrance, 1822, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xxiii. p. 546, pi. xlvi.
fiff. 1.

152

SPIROPORA.

Intricaria bajocensis, Blainville, 1830, ibid. t. Ix. p. 420.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 456, pi. Ixviii. fig. 1.

,, ,, Bronn, 1835, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 242, pi. xvi.

fig. 13.
,, ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Anim. s. Yert. ed. 2,

t. ii. p. 195.

,, ,, Murchison, 1845, Geol. Cheltenham, ed. 2, p. 72.

„ ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 231, pi. Ivi. fig. 5.

„ ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 613.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 129.

,, „ D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 289.

„ ,, Bronn and Eomer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii.

Th. 4, p. 84.

Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 196.
Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on, pt. i. : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm.

t. xii. p. 42.
E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : ibid. t. xiv.

p. 151.

Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 265.
Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Butt. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 54.

D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 715.
D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 779.
Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 134.
Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1883, p. 188.

Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerlyi : Geogn. Pal. Beitr.
Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 641.

Spiropora

Laterotubigera ,,
Entalophora , ,

Pustulopora tennis,

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium growing in dense tufts of long, slender, cylindrical
branches. These dichotomize repeatedly, and occasionally anas-
tomose.

Zocecia regularly cylindrical. Peristomes slightly raised. Three
or four orifices seen on each side of a branch. Peristomal rows
very oblique, and crowded, therefore giving the apertures an
apparently quincuncial arrangement. At the ends of branches
the peristomes are irregular and low (form c&spitota, Lamx. and
Mich., non Haime).

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Forest Marble : Wiltshire.

Great Oolite : Hampton ; Bradford, Wiltshire.

Inferior Oolite : Nutgrove, Cheltenham.

SPIROPOEA. 153

FOREIGN :

Bathonian: Eanville ; Luc; Lebisey ; Langrune ; Marquise, near

Boulogne.
Bajocian : Gorze, Plappeville, and St. Quentin, near Metz ; St. Floxel,

near Bayeux.

Calcaire a entroques : Ma9on (fide Ferry).
Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen, Wiirtemberg ; Jun-
gingen, Hohenzollern.

Description of Figure. — PL VIII. Fig. 6. Part of terminal
branches, x!7dia. Eorest Marble : Wiltshire. Cunnington Coll.
24770.

Affinities. — This species differs from 8. elegans, Lamx., and
S. annulosa, Mich., by having fewer zocecia in the branches,
and by having the peristomes arranged irregularly or obliquely,
and not in horizontal rows. I include Michelin's S. caspitosa
here, as specimen 60231 shows both ,the type of that form and
the normal, regular S. lajocensis (Defr.) ; but I exclude Haime's
S. ccespitosa, as in that the branches are stouter and contain more
zooecia, and as the peristomes are on the type of S. annulosa,
Mich., of which I regard it as a synonym. The S. bajocensis is an
eroded form.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

24770. Forest Marble. Wiltshire. Cunnington Coll.

60231. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll. Illustrates

the normal form and that of S. ccespitosa, Mich.

60232. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
26243, B. 4564. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

5. Spiropora richmondiensis (Vine), 1884.

SYNONYMY :
Entalophora richmondiensis, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring : Quart. Journ.

Geol Soe. vol. xl. p. 791, fig. 3.
„ ,, var., Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : ibid. vol. xlv.

p. 571.
Spiropora ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 198.
Terebellaria? increscens, Vine, 1884, op. cit. p. 793, fig. 4.

DIAGNOSIS :
Zoarium of thin, bifurcating stems, from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter.

154

SPIEOPOEA.

Zocecia numerous, in regular spirals. Below the points of
bifurcation the rows of peristorues become less oblique, and rise
to ten in number. Elsewhere seven or eight zooecia can be seen
in a single row across one face of the stem. Zooacia are short and
cylindrical ; peristomes well raised.

FIG. 10. — Longitudinal section through half of zoarium of Spiropora
richmondiensis (Vine), X 22 dia. Great Oolite: Richmond boring.
D. 1929.

DISTRIBUTION.

Great Oolite: Richmond boring (1205 ft. deep).
Inferior Oolite : Dorset (fide Watford).

Description of Figure. — PL IX. Pig. 2. Part of Vine's type,
X 17 dia. Great Oolite : Richmond boring. Presented by
Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S. D. 1935.

Affinities. — This well-marked species resembles E. ccespitosa,
Lamx., by the thinness of its branches, but from this it differs by
the greater number of zooecia in these, and consequently the greater
number of apertures in a series. It differs from 8. elegans, Lamx.,
and 8. annulosa, Mich., by having the rows of apertures spiral
instead of horizontal. It resembles 8. abbreviata by the elevation
of the peristomes and the closeness of the apertures. But in the
Richmond species the branches are thinner, and the rows more
regular : these seem to entitle it to a specific distinction ; but it
must be placed as a close ally of 8. abbreviata.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 1935. Great Oolite. Richmond boring (1205ft.). Vine's type. Figd.

PI. IX. Fig. 12.
D. 1897-8, D. 1907, D. 1929-30, D. 1932. Richmond boring (1205ft.).

SPIEOPORA. 155

6. Spiropora tetragona, Lamx., 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Spiropora tetragona, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 85, pi. Ixxxii. figs. 9, 10.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 197.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 198.

Cricopora ,, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 386.
,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 421.

,, ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2, t. ii.

p. 453.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 235, pi. Iv. fig. 12.

„ ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

,, „ Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.

,, ,, Huxley and Etheridge, 1865, Cat. Foss. M.P.G. p. 223.

Entalophora ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fram?. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 779.

Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 134.
,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc.

vol. v. p. 10.

Spiropora tetraquetra, Lamouroux, 1821, op. cit. p. 47.
Cricopora ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 247.

,, ,, Bronn and Romer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii.

Th. 4, p. 90.
non Bisidmonea tetragona (Lamx.), Walford, 1889, Bry. Shipton, pt. i. : Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 571, pi. xix. figs. 7-9.
,, antiqua, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 720, pi. Dcclxii. figs. 10-12.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium composed of thick tetragonal stems, which dichotomize
repeatedly, but irregularly ; they form a loose tuft.

Zocecia short. Peristomes slightly raised, arranged in alternate
horizontal series (as in Idmoned]. On each face of a stem there
occur two rows of apertures, placed alternately on the left and
right sides of the face. The distance between two rows on the
same side is of medium length.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Inferior Oolite : ? Gloucestershire.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville ; Luc ; Lebisey ; Langrune.

156 SPIROPOEA.

Description of Figure. — PL IX. Fig. 1. Part of a branch,
X 8 dia. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Presented by F. Harford,
Esq. B. 3829.

^Affinities . — This species may be readily distinguished from any
Jurassic species by the Idmoniiform arrangement of the peristomes.
It is the type species of Bisidmonea of D'Orbigny, and this may be
worthy of recognition as a subgenus. But there is only the one
species, and the Idmoniiform arrangement of the apertures is not
constant throughout the whole zoarium in the Museum specimens.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 3829. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Presented by F. Harford, Esq. Figd.

PL IX. Fig. 1.

60212-3. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville. Tesson Coll.
B. 210. „ „ „ „ Pres. by B. Bright, Esq.

D. 2097. Tesson Coll.

SPECIES INDETERMINABLE OR NOT REPRESENTED
IN COLLECTION.

1. Spiropora diadema.

Syn. Cricopora diadema, Huxley and Etheridge, 1865, Cat. Foss. M.P.G.
p. 223.

Distribution. — Inferior Oolite : England.

2. Spiropora liassica, Tate, 1875.

Syn. Spiropora liassica, Tate, 1875 : Geol. Mag. new ser. dec. 2, vol. ii.

p. 205, fig. 1.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit.

Assoc. 1882, p. 260.

Entalophora ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit.
Assoc. 1883, p. 188.

Distribution. — Lias : England.

3. Spiropora sarthacensis (D'Orbigny).

Syn. Entalophora sarthacensis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 289.
Clausa ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret.

t. v. p. 894.
,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv.

p. 140.
Spiropora ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. v. p. 198.

t Entalophora bajocina, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. i. i. p. 289.
? ,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 779.

HAPLOCECIA. 157

? Spiropora bessinensis, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 198.

,, bessina, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857, Syst. ool. inf.

Calvados : Butt. Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. p. 328.

Distribution. — Bajocian : France.

HAPLOCECIA, Gregory.

Prom cnrkovs ' simple ' and OIKOS ' a house.
[Gregory, Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 199.]

SYNONYMY :

Cricopora, pars, Morris, et auct.
Entalophora, pars, D'Orbigny, et auct.
Melicertites, pars, Romer, non Pergens.
Escharites, pars, Hageiiow.

Diagnosis. — Entalophoridae in whicn the zooscia are short, and
angular in form. The peristomes are never greatly raised; the
orifices are small ; and they are arranged either lineally or
quincuncially.

Type species. — Haplooecia straminea (Phillips), 1829.

Affinities. — The genus Melicertites was founded by Romer in
1840 for three species from the Cretaceous. Of these, the first
was the Ceriopora gracilis of Goldfuss,1 a species founded on a
worn fragment, which is generically indeterminable. The species
has, however, been accepted, and again figured by Romer2 and
Yon Hagenow.3 According to the former it is a Cheilostomatous
form, closely allied with the typical species of his genus Escharites.
Hagenow, impressed by this resemblance, merged the two genera ;
but his figures (notably 15 / and 15^) show that his form is truly
Cyclostomatous, and is probably a Spiropora. The type species
must therefore be left quite uncertain, as the ultimate type is
indeterminable, Romer's being Cheilostomatous, and Hagenow's
being indistinguishable from Spiropora.

Romer's two other species are of a very different character, and
both belong to the Entalophoridee with hexagonal zocecia and small
apertures. His4 figures of his M. porosa, and the third species,

1 Petref. Germ. p. 35, pi. x. fig. 11.

2 Verst. norddeut. Kreidegeb. p. 18, pi. v. fig. 13.

3 Bryoz. Maastr. Kreideb. 1851, p. 56, pi. i. figs. Iba-h.

4 Romer. Op. cit. p. 18, pi. v. fig. 12.

158

HAPLOCECIA.

M. romeri (Hag.),1 are both typical members of this group. Reuss2
has used the term in this sense, as has also Zittel.3 It might be
convenient to accept Melicertites for this group of species, in spite
of the uncertainty as to the type form ; but the confusion in which
that genus is involved is inextricable ; and as the genus was
based on an erroneous interpretation of facts, it seems advisable
to drop it. Pergens has recently used the term in another sense,
and the one figure he gives of a member of this group appears
to me to be that of a Spiropora.

The most important point to be determined in connection with
this genus is whether the form and position of the apertures, on
which the group of Melicertitina is based, are characters of any
great value. Some allied species have been referred to the
Cheilostomata, while Pergens places them in a distinct group of
Cyclostomata. In the first place, in regard to the lateral position
of the aperture : this does not seem to me a point of more than
generic value, even if it be always worthy of recognition to that
extent. In some species of Stomatopora, such as Stomatopora
dicfiotoma, Lamx. (see PL I. Fig. 2), the aperture is as truly
lateral and as restricted in size as it is in many of the Bryozoa
referred to the Melicertites group. The form of the aperture
appears to be due to the oblique truncation of the raised peristomes.

In order to illustrate this point, two figures are given of different
parts of the same zoarium of a specimen from Ranville : Fig. lla

FIG. 11. — Two parts of one zoarium of Haplocecia straminea (Phil.),
X 10 dia. Calcaire a polypiers: Ranville. B. 4566. Showing
worn and unworn conditions. •

1 Ceriopora romeri, Hagenow, Mon. Rug. Kreide-Verst. : Neues Jahrb. (1839),
p. 285, pi. v. fig. 7.

2 In Geinitz. Das Elbthalgebirge in Sachsen. Th. 1, pt. iv. Palaeont. Bd. xx.
Th. 1, p. 120.

3 Handb. Palseont. Bd. i. Lf. 4 (1880), p. 606.

HAPLCKECIA.

159

is a normal Haplocecia straminea ; Fig. 115 is a worn fragment,
where the apertures are triangular.

1. Haplooecia straminea (Phillips), 1829.

SYNONYMY :

Millepora straminea, Phillips, 1829, Geol. Torks. pt. i. pp. 144, 149, pi. ix. fig. 1.
,, ,, Bean, 1839, Cat. Foss. Cornbr. Searb. : Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 58.

,, „ Buvignier, 1852, Stat. geol. dep. Meuse, p. 184.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 368, pi. Ix. fig. 3.

Haplooecia „ Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 199.

Cricopora „ Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 34.
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

,, „ Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 14fo.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 121.

,, ,, Huxley and Etheridge, 1865, Cat. Coll. Foss. M.P.G. p. 228.

,, ,, Phillips, 1871, Geol. Oxford, p. 239.

,, ,, Hudleston, 1874, Yorks. Ool. : Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. iii.

p. 309.
,, ,, Keeping and Middlemiss, 1883, Sections at Cave: Geol.

Mag. 1883, p. 216.

non Intricaria ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 289.
non Laterotubigera straminea, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc,. Terr. cret. t. v.

p. 715.

Entalophora straminea, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc.. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 779.
,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ei 2, t. iv. p. 134.

,, ,, Vine, 1884, 4th Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1883,

p. 188.
,, ,, Fox- Strangways, 1892, Jurass. Rks. Britain, Yorks. vol. ii.

p. 148.
non Spiropora ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 196, pi. ix. fig. 6.
,, ,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xvi. pp. 12, 28.
,, ,, Judd, 1875, Geol. Rutland, p. 277.

Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.
,, ,, Walford, 1883, Relation Northptn. Sd. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix. pp. 227, 239.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 260.
Pustulopora „ Gregory, 1893, Cat. Jur. Bry. York Mus. : Rep. Torks.

Phil. Soc. 1893, p. 60, fig. 2.

Melicertites rhomboidalis, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franq. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 617.
,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 122.

160

HAPLOCECIA.

Ptistulopora quenstedti, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Oeogn. PaLBeitr.

Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 641, pi. xxxii. fig. 10.

,, ,, Lepsius, 1875, Beitr. Juraf. Unter-Elsass, p. 28.

,, ,, Branco, 1879, Unt. Dogger Deut. Loth.: Abh. geol.

Specialk, Elsass-Loth. Bd. ii. Ht. 1, p. 154.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium tufted, loose, and irregular. Branches of medium
thickness.

Zocecia in regular, horizontal, closely adjoining series. Usually
hexagonal and bisymmetrical, but variations in growth pressure
render some irregularly polygonal. Aperture transversely ellip-
tical. Peristomal area slightly raised. Front wall punctate.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Cornbrash: Islip (fide Phillips).
Forest Marhle : Islip (fide Phillips).

Bathonian — Millepore Limestone : Gristhorpe, Lyon's Nab, "Westow, etc.
Inferior Oolite : loc. ? Holl Coll. ; near Stroud (fide

Witchell) ; Coombe Hill, near Banbury.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Banville, Calvados.

Bajocian — Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Elsass.

Zone of Harpoceras humphriesianus : Mietesheim, Elsass.

Affinities. — This species was figured so imperfectly by Phillips,
that it has been variously interpreted by foreign authors. The
figure (No. 12), from a specimen in the York Museum, shows its

FIG. 12. — Part of zoarium of type specimen of Haplocecia straminea (Phil.).
York Museum.

hexagonal zocecia and small orifices. Haime has referred to this
species a specimen which is here regarded as a Spiropora annulosa,
Mich.

The figures (Fig. 11, p. 158) from a specimen from Ranville show
the typical characters of this species, and also the varying aspect

HAPLOCECIA. 161

presented by the branches when eroded. The greater width of the
apertures in the specimen figured in the Catalogue of the Bryozoa
of the York Museum (Fig. 12), is due to the wearing away of
the raised peristomes.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 750. Millepore Limestone. Near Scarboro'. Bean Coll.

D. 751.

B. 4875. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Holl CoU.

B. 4566. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Fig. 11, p. 158.

B. 4867. Lower Oolite. France ? Mantell Coll.

D. 2109. Millepore Limestone. Gristhorpe. Presented by J. "W. Gregory

(a slide with three specimens, of which one shows the zooecial

characters) .

D. 2202. In block of limestone. Millepore Limestone. Gristhorpe. BrodieColl.
D. 2203. In pieces of limestone. ,, ,, ,, ,,

D. 2204. Fragments and slide. ,, ,, ,, ,,

D. 2191. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.

2. Haplooecia irregulare, Gregory, 1896.

[Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 200.]

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium composed of small, cylindrical stems, which dichotomize
irregularly, and usually at short intervals.

Zocecia usually hexagonal, but occasionally heptagonal or pen-
tagonal ; often irregular. Zooecia irregularly quincuncial in
arrangement. Apertures large, circular (or, when worn, trans-
versely elongate). Front wall coarsely punctate.

DISTRIBUTION.

BRITISH :

Great Oolite : Ancliff, near Bath.

Lincolnshire Limestone : Stamford.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Normandy.

Description of Figure. — PL IX. Fig. 3. Fragment, x 24 dia.
Lincolnshire Limestone : Stamford. S. Sharpe Coll. D. 44.

Affinities. — This species is separated from the former one by the
irregularly quincuncial arrangement of the zooacia.

1 62 CERIOCAVA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 27-9. Great Oolite. Ancliff, near Bath. Daniells Coll.

D. 40. ,, ,, ,, Cunnington Coll.

D. 44-7. Lincolnshire Limestone. Stamford. S. Sharpe Coll. Figd. PI. IX.

Fig. 3.

D. 1830. Bathonian. Normandy.

D. 2228. Great Oolite Limestone. Skillington. Presented by J. W. Gregory.

D. 2181. ,, ,, ,, Hampton, near Bath. Brodie Coll.

INDETERMINABLE KECOBD.

Ifaplocem'a? bathonica (D'Orhigny).

Syn. Melicertites bathonica, D'Orbigny. 1852, Pal. franq. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 617.
,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 122.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Calvados, Prance.

CERIOCAVA, D'Orbigny.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora, pars, Goldfuss, et auct.
Cava, pars, D'Orbigny.
Nodicava, pars, D'Orbigny.
Eeptomulticava, pars, D'Orbigny.
Meptouodicava, D'Orbigny.

Diagnosis. — Entalophoridae in which the zoarium consists of
thick, massive stems, each of which is composed of a large number
of zorecia. The zooscia are funnel-shaped. The apertures crowded;
the peristomes flush. The axis of the zoarium consists of fine
zooecia, densely packed. The outer zone consists of zooacia which
are usually reflexed and of much greater diameter.

Type species.1 — Ceriocava corymlosa (Lamouroux), 1821.

Affinities. — This genus includes a series of erect, thick, dendroid
bryozoa, usually included in Ceriopora. The latter genus, however,
must be taken as defined by Blainville ; and thus the Cretaceous
C. micropora, Goldf., is the type. This species is a massive form,

1 D'Orbigny does not mention any species as typical. He included thirteen
species in the genus. I therefore take the first recognizable species in his list,
as it is the oldest and best known.

CEKIOCAVA. 163

with short zocecia and abundant diaphragms, and is here placed
among the Trepostomata.

Microscopic study of the branching forms shows that they are
of much the same type as the thicker species of Entalophora and
Spiropora. Comparison of Fig. 10 with Fig. 13 shows that the
zocecia are fundamentally the same, and are arranged on the same
plan. Hence these massive branching forms must be included
in the Entalophoridse. Their thick, irregularly branching habit
enables them to be readily separated from either Entalophora or
Spiropora, even when the external layer and the peristomes are
not shown.

The genus differs from Entalophora, as in the latter there is no
separation into a central axis of narrow tubes, and a peripheral
zone of broader tubes. »

1. Ceriocava corymbosa (Lamouroux), 1821.

Mittepora corymbosa, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 87, pi. Ixxxiii. figs. 8, 9.
non Ceriopora ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 246, pi. Ivii. fig. 9.
non ,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 261.
non ,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 143.

„ „ D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Ceriocava „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franQ. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1016.
„ ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 157.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. v. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 200.
Heteropora ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 212.

Ceriopora neptuni, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. p. 324.
Ceriocava „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 1016.

Ceriopora conifera (non Lamx.), Micbelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 245, pi. Ivii. fig. 8.
,, ,, (non Lamx.), Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 261.

,, ,, (non Lamx.), Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 143.

,, dumetosa, Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 245, pi. Ivii. fig. 7.
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 261.

,, „ Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 143.

D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Cava „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1019.

„ ,, Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 157.

Ceriopora pustulosa, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 245, pi. Ivii. fig. 6.

,, „ M'Coy, 1848, New Mesoz. Rad. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 418.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 143.

,, „ Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 261.

164

CERIOCAVA.

Ceriopora pustulosa, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

„ „ Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 120.

„ „ Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 59.

Monticulipora „ D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Nodicava „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1014.

Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 159.

Heteropora ,, pars, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol.
Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 336.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium dendroid, erect; growing in thick, solid branches,
which anastomose occasionally. The branches are regularly cylin-
drical or compressed (form dumetosa). The surface is level, or
raised into pustules (var. pustulata).

Zocecia thin- walled ; diaphragms numerous. Aborted zooscia
scattered irregularly through the zoarium.

FIG. 13. — Longitudinal section of zoarium of Ceriocava corymbosa (Lamx.) to
ahow central axis and marginal zooecia. X 10 dia. Bathonian — Calcaire
apolypiers: Ranville. 60233.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Cornbrash: Thornboro', Bucks.
Great Oolite : Bath.

FOREIGN :

Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers : Eanville and Bernieres, in
Calvados.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2149. Cornbrash. Thornboro', Bucks. Brodie Coll.
? D. 33, D. 39. Fragments on slides. Great Oolite. Ancliff, Bath. Cunning-
ton Coll.
D. 2264. Bathonian. Loc. ? Holl Coll.

CERIOCAVA.

165

60233.
B. 181.
60211.

D. 2238.
£. 4526.

60230.
D. 2241.
D. 2229.
D. 2234.
D. 2230.
D. 2261.

Var. dumetosa, Mich., non Lamx. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers.

Ranville. Tesson Coll. Section. Fig. No. 13, p. 164.
Specimen and section. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq.
Specimen, section, and fragment on slide. Bathonian — Calcaire a

polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

Specimen and section. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.
Var. pustulosa, with section. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers.

Tesson Coll.
Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

,, „ ,, Pres. by B. Bright, Esq.

,, ,, Bernieres, Calvados.

Fragment on slide. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.
Tesson CoU.

i

YOUNG ZOARIA, THE Reptonodicava OF D'ORBIGNY.

B. 4870. Inferior Oolite. Bredon. Holl Coll.

B. 4869. „ Loc. ?

D. 17. On Aulacothyris carinata (Lam.). Inferior Oolite. Crickley.

67667. On Rhynchonella obsoleta, Sow. Bradford Clay. Bradford.

2. Ceriocava laxata, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriocava laxata, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xvii. p. 201.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium with branches fairly regularly cylindrical.
Peristomes irregular in shape, size, and arrangement. Number of
zooecia in a branch comparatively limited. Those of the central
axis few, and forming a rather loose bundle.

FIG. 14. — Longitudinal section of zoarium of Ceriocava laxata, Greg.
X 12 dia. Inferior Oolite: Leckhampton. 51130.

166 CERIOCA.VA.

Distribution. — Inferior Oolite : Leckhampton.

Description of Figures. — PI. X. Fig. 6. Part of a zoarium
showing worn and unworn conditions, X 12 dia. Inferior Oolite:
Leckhampton. 51130. Fig. 14. Longitudinal section through
part of the same, X 1 2 dia.

Affinities. — This species is most nearly allied to Ceriocava
corymbosa (Lamx.). The differences can be clearly seen when
a longitudinal section is examined. The central axis has far
fewer zooecia, and these are not so tightly packed. It is not
easy to separate the specimens of the two species by the external
characters, but the regularity of the apertures in C. corymbosa
enables this to be done. A comparison of Fig. 13 and Fig. 14
shows the difference between the two species.

SPECIMEN.

51130. Specimen and section. Inferior Oolite. Leckhampton. Figd. PI. X.
Fig. 6 ; and Fig. 14, p. 165.

Family FASCIGERID^l, D'Orbigny.

SYNONYMY :

Fascigerida, pars, D'Orbigny.
TheonoidcB, pars, Busk.
Cerioporidce, pars, Busk.
Cerioporina, pars, Hagenow.
Frondiporidce, Smith, Busk, MacGillivray.
Corymboporidce, Smith.
Fasciporidce, Pergens and Meunier.

Diagnosis. — Cyclostomata Tubulata in which the zooecia are
simple, open tubes. These arise from a small cupuliform or discoid
base (the Pelagia or Defrancia stage). The zocecia are mono-
morphic and greatly elongate. The zoarium consists of tufts, and
the apertures all occur at the ends of the tufts.

Affinities. — As its name implies, this family consists of Bryozoa
of which the zocecia are grouped in tufts. It differs from the
Osculiporidae by the fact that the apertures are always at the ends
of the tufts, instead of in clusters along them. It differs from

FASCICTTLIPOBA. 167

the Theonoidse by having the zooecia in more or less disconnected
tufts instead of upon the summits of fairly regular, continuous
ridges.

The most primitive genus in the family has a small funnel-
shaped zoarium. The first advance consists in the upward growth
of the zooecia into stem-like branches (Fasciculipora}. In the next
stage these stems grow into tufts, which may become so crowded
as to form hemispherical masses (Apsendesia). In another type the
zoarium consists of irregular, encrusting, branching ridges.

FASCICULIPORA, D'Orbigny,1 1846.

Diagnosis. — Fascigeridse in which the zoarium consists of long,
tubular zooecia, grouped into bundles which branch irregularly.
These form a loose, open, tufted zoarium, for the bundles are not
connected by platforms, nor do they anastomose. The apertures are
at the ends of the branches, and never on the sides, and occur in
isolated groups.

Type species. — F. ramosa, D'Orbigny, 1839-1846.

Affinities. — This genus differs from Apsendesia by having the tufts
of zocecia free, instead of grouped into masses. The open, tufted
form of the zoarium distinguishes it from Fascicularia (Macandropora,
D'Orb.), as it has no platforms, and the branches do not unite into
a dense, massive zoarium. The absence of groups of apertures on
the sides of branches distinguishes it from Cyrtopora.

Fasciculipora waltoni, Haime.

SYNONYMY :
Fasciculipora waltoni, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

s£r. 2, t. v. p. '200, pi. x. fig. 4.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 127.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, pp. 262, 265.

„ ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 46.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 287.

1 D'Orbigny. Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, t. v. pt. iv. Zooph.
plates, 1839 ; text, 1846, p. 20.

168 APSENDESIA.

Diagnosis. — The branches of the zoarium each contain about 30
zococia. The branches are marked externally by longitudinal ridges.
The branching is irregular.

Distribution. — Great Oolite : Hampton, near Bath.

Affinities. — This species is not represented in the British
Museum, and the only known specimen is in the Walton Collec-
tion at Cambridge. Fragments of Apsendesia might be mistaken
for it, but Haime's figure 4a seems sufficient to show that the
specimen on which he founded the species is a true Fasciculipora,
and not a broken fragment of Apsendesia.

APSENDESIA,1 Lamouroux, 1821.
[Lamouroux, Expos. Meth. p. 81. The name is spelt Apseudesia by some authors.]

SYNONYMY :
Pelagia, Lamouroux.
Def randa, pars, Broun.
Discotubigera, D'Orbigny.

Diagnosis. — Fascigeridae in which the zoarium rises from a cup-
shaped disc. The bundles of zocecia in the adult are long, and are
grouped into long, irregularly sinuous series. There are no platforms.
The zooscia all open upon the summits of the ridges, and never upon
their sides. The under side of the zoarium is covered by an epitheca.

Type species. — A. cristata, Lamouroux.

Affinities. — This genus differs from Fasciculipora, D'Orb., by the
branches being densely crowded, so that the zoarium is massive ;
the groups of apertures occur in long, irregular series, and not
completely isolated. It differs from Fascicularia, M. Edw., by
the absence of platforms or lateral anastomoses, so that the zoarium
is open. The fact that the zocecia all open on the surface of the
zoarium, separates it from Cyrtopora, D'Orb., and its allies.

1 The spelling of this name is accepted as Lamouroux wrote it. Blainville,
Agassiz, Bronn, and Romer have corrected it to Apseudesia, regarding the
original spelling as only a misprint. Bronn and Romer, however, admit (Leth.
Geogn. 1851, ed. 3, Bd. ii. p. 94) that though this alteration gives the word
a possible etymology, it does not give it a meaning when applied to this genus.
It seems therefore advisable to accept Apsendesia as a senseless name.

APSENDESIA. 169

1. Apsendesia cristata, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Apsendesia cristata, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 82, pi. Ixxx. figs. 12-14.
,, ,, Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. p. 18, pi. v. fig. 7.

,, ,, Defrance, 1826, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xlii. p. 391, pi. xliii. fig. 3.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 409, pi. Ixv. fig. 3.

,, ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert.

ed. 2, t. ii. p. 290.

,, ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 248, pi. xv. fig. 7.

,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 30.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 230, pi. Iv. fig. 5.

. ,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 88.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 145.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.

,, ,, Bronn and Romer, 1851,, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4,

p. 94, pi. xv. fig. 7.

„ ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 683.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 201, pi. vii. figs. 6a-k.
„ ,, Morris, 1854, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 119.

„ ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 129, pi. xci. fig. 5.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm.: Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol. Ges.

Bd. xxxi. p. 318.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. JBrit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 265.

,, ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 45.

,, ,, Bigot, 1892, Esq. geol. Basse-Norm. : Bull. Lab. Geol.

Caen, Ann. 2, p. 24.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 55.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 288.
Discotubigera ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc.

vol. v. p. 19.

Apsendesia clypeata, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, op. cit. p. 151.
,, ,, Brauns, 1879, op. cit. p. 319.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 265.

„ ,, Walford, 1883, Relations Northptn. Sd. : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 239.

Pelagia „ D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. t. i. p. 317.

Discotubigera ,, Vine, 1888, op. cit. p. 19.
Defrancia ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 405.
,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 145.

170 APSENDESIA.

Defrancia clypeata, Bronn and Romer, 1851, op. cit. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4, p. 94,

pi. xvi. fig. 18.
,, ,, Pictet, 1857, op. cit. p. 129.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium small, dense, and hemispherical. It grows
from a low, funnel-shaped, central disc ; from this arise the
radiating bundles, which unite into irregular, twisted lamina.
The apertures occur in series, or in isolated teeth.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Forest Marble : Wiltshire.

Bradford Clay : Bradford.

Great Oolite : Burford ; Bath.

Inferior Oolite: near Leckhampton ; Coombe Hill (fide "Walford).
FOREIGN :

Bathonian: Ranville, Lebisey, and Luc, Calvados; Marquise, near
Boulogne.

Bajocian : Montvaux, near Metz ; Les Moutiers.

Description of Figures. — PI. IX. Fig. 4. Part of a zoarium,
X 6 dia., showing the Fasciculiporoidal appearance of the
individual tufts, and their serial arrangement. Forest Marble :
"Wiltshire. Cunnington Coll. 24770. PL IX. Fig. 5. A young
zoarium in the Defrancia stage, X 5 dia. Great Oolite : Burford,
Wiltshire. 38596.

Affinities. — This is the type species of the genus. Its nearest
ally is a Neocomian species, Apsendesia neocomiensis, D'Orb.1 ; this
differs from it by the elongate, ovoid shape of the zoarium, and by
having most of the apertures in regular, isolated bundles, though
these are in places connected by bands formed of series.

The main problem in connection with this species is whether
the Bryozoa which Lamouroux described under the names
Apsendesia cristata and Pelagia clypeata belong to the same species,
and even to the same genus. Most authors have accepted them
as distinct, and Bronn substituted the name Defrancia for Pelagia
owing to the prior use of the latter by Peron. Haime, however,
merged the two genera, in spite of their striking differences
of form. There is fortunately a good series of specimens in the

1 D'Orbigny. Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 87; Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 683,
pi. Dccxliii. figs. 12-14.

APSENDESIA. 171

Cambridge Museum, and these leave no doubt as to the correctness
of Haime's conclusion. Haime, however, kept the species distinct,
apparently regarding those in which the radial crests do not reach
the centre of the zoarium, as the young of another species. Six
specimens in the Museum collection (D. 2227) show that this
distinction does not hold, and that therefore the Pelagia dypeata
of Lamouroux is the young stage of Apsendesia cristata.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

24770. Forest Marble. "Wiltshire. Cunnington Coll. Figd. PI. IX. Fig. 4.

D. 23. Bradford Clay. Bradford, Wilts.

D. 1761. Great Oolite. Bath. Gray ColL

38596. The Defrancia stage. Great Oolite. Burford, Wilts. J. Wood

Coll. Figd. PI. IX. Fig. 5.

D. 2185. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie CoU.
D.2206.

D. 2227. The Defrancia stage. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
D. 2118. Just beyond the Defrancia stage. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson

Coll.

D. 2226. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
60369. With Entalophora cellarioides, etc. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson

Coll.
60364. Bajocian. Les Moutiers, Vienne. Tesson Coll.

2. Apsendesia parvecristata (Waagen), 1868.

SYNONYMY :

Theonoa? parvecristata, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal.
Beitr. Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 613, pi. xxxii. fig. 11.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium massive, encrusting. The zooecia open in
small groups, each of about three or four zooecia in number. These
are irregularly arranged.

DISTRIBUTION.

FOREIGN :

Bajocian — Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen, Wiirtemberg.
? ,, ,, ,, Flace, near Ma9on.

Affinities. — This species is characterized by the small, irregu-
larly distributed groups of zooecia, which at once distinguish it
from all the Jurassic species. It is not represented in the British
Museum Collection.

172 TETRAPOKA.

Family OSCULIPOEID^E.

SYNONYMY :

Osculiporidce, Marsson.
Fasciculiporidte, Pergens and Meunier.
Fascigeridce, pars, D'Orbigny.

Diagnosis. — Cyclostomata Tubulata in which the zooecia are
simple, elongate, open tubes, which pass (? always) through a
Defrancia stage. The zocecia are monomorphic and very long.
They are grouped into stems. The apertures open in clusters at
intervals along the stem.

Affinities. — This family is allied to the Fascigeridae and the
Theonoidae. It differs from the former by having clusters of
apertures at intervals along the stems, instead of having them all
terminal in position. It differs from the latter by having the
apertures in clusters, instead of along ridges.

The family contains many important Cretaceous genera, such as
Desmeopora, Osculipora, and Cyrtopora. The only Jurassic Bryozoan
which appears to be referable to this family is a fragment figured
by Quenstedt. His figure is clear, but the magnification is low,
and I feel doubtful about accepting it. Nevertheless, if the figure
is to be trusted, the specimen is certainly an Osculiporoid Bryozoan.

TETRAPOKA, Quenstedt, 1858.

This generic name was used without diagnosis for the following
species : —

Tetrapora suevica, Quenstedt.

SYNONYMY :
Tetrapora suevica, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 666, pi. Ixxxi. figs. 77-8.

Distribution. — "Weisser Jura, 7 : Bollert, "Wiirtemberg.

Family THEONOID^E, Busk, emended.

SYNONYMY :

Theonoida, pars, Busk.
Radioporidce, pars, Marsson.
Tubigeridce, pars, D'Orbigny.

ACTINOPOBA. 173

Diagnosis. — Cyclostomata Tubulata in which the zooecia are
simple, short, open tubes. They pass through a Defrancia stage
(? always). The zooecia are monomorphic. The apertures occur
along raised ridges.

Affinities. — This family is here accepted for a series of forms
which have the apertures occurring along raised ridges, instead of
in disconnected tufts, as in the Fascigeridae. The character of the
young zocecia (as in B. 2295) shows that the zoarium of Theonoa
begins with typical, Tubulate zocecia; while D'Orbigny's1 figure
of a member of this group shows that it passes through an Apsen-
desia stage. The simplest form of the zoarium is a flat, adnate disc,
which agrees with Lichenopora, except for the absence of cancelli :
that this form arises from a Defrancia larva cannot be proved ; but
Haime's figure of Actinopora phillipsi, with its central depression
and its radiating ridges, presents such a striking resemblance to
the Pelagia or Defrancia stage of Apsendesia cristata, Lamx., that
this is highly probable. To produce Actinopora from "Pelagia
clypeata" we have only to thicken the epitheca so as to give the
zoarium an attached habit, and then allow of the formation of
the peripheral selvage by further growth.

In the Theonoidae as here defined, Actinopora is the primitive
form. The first advance from this is a compound zoarium of many
Actinoporoid discs growing into an encrusting sheet. This is the
genus Kololophos. By a further development, erect, frondose
zoaria are produced — the genus Theonoa. Growth into masses
forms the genus Multitubigera.

ACTINOPORA, D'Orbigny, 1852.
[Pal. franQ. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 762.]

SYNONYMY :

Lichenopora, Haime, non Defrance.
Defrancia, pars, Hagenow, non Bronn.
Tubulipora, pars, M. Edwards.

Diagnosis. — Theonoidse in which the zoarium is a flat, simple,
adnate disc. The zoarium consists of a central depression ; a rim
crossed by radiating ridges ; and usually a flat, peripheral selvage.

1 D'Orbigny. Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. pi. Dcclxiii. figs. 10-12.

174 ACTINOPOKA.

Type species. — Actinopora regularis, D'Orbigny, 1852.

Affinities. — This is the simplest type of the family Theonoidse.
It differs from Kololophos by having the zoarium simple and not
multiple. In its general form it resembles Zichenopora, from
which it differs by the absence of cancelli.

1. Actinopora phillipsi (Haime).

SYNONYMY :
Lichenopora phillipsi, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 206, pi. x. fig. 10.
„ ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 151, pi. xci.

fig. 30.
? „ ,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xvi. p. 12.

? ,, „ Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

,, „ Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.
,, ,, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xl. p. 794.
? „ ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ. Northptn.

Nat. Hist. Field Club, vol. iv. p. 209.
,, „ Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 48.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium regular and circular. Radial ridges about
22 in number, straight, regular, unbranched ; the apertures are
biserial. New ridges arise from the interradial valleys. A broad
expansion surrounds the zoarium: this is low and flat, and is not
crossed by the radial ridges.

DISTRIBUTION.

Great Oolite : Hampton, near Bath.
? ,, „ Richmond boring, 1205 ft.

Affinities. — This species is represented in the British Museum
only by a doubtful specimen from the Richmond boring. It is
also known to me by two specimens in the Cambridge Museum,
one of which was Haime' s type.

The species differs from the type species of the genus by the
greater size of the central depression, and the smaller number of
radial ridges.

D. 1894. ? Actinopora phillipsi. Great Oolite. Richmond boring, 1205ft.
Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.

ACTINOPORA.

175

2. Actinopora diplopora (Branco), 1879.

SYNONYMY :

Defrancia diplopora, Branco, 1879, Unt. Dogger Deut. Loth.: Abh. geol.
Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. ii. Ht. 1, p. 131, pi. vi.
fig. 9.
Actinopora ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 57.

„ ,, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 289.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium large and thin, and several often grow
together into a semi-confluent encrustation. The ridges are from
35 to 50 in number. They are very thin, irregular, and high,
and extend to the margin of the »zoarium. They sometimes
branch. "No peripheral selvage. In some zoaria — var. alta — the
ridges are very high, and the central depression accordingly very
deep.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Great Oolite : near Bath.

Inferior Oolite : near Stroud, and near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Ars and Montvaux, near Metz.

Description of Figure. — PL IX. Fig. 6. Part of a zoarium,
X 12 dia., and the whole zoarium natural size. Great Oolite:
near Bath? B. 2295.

Affinities. — This species is most closely allied to A. pJiillipsi
(Haime), of which I at first regarded it as a large variety. It
differs from this, however, by three characters: (1) it has no
flat margin, as the ridges reach to the edge of the zoarium ;
(2) the ridges are thinner, more distant, and nearly twice as
numerous; (3) the ridges are irregular, being sinuous, and often
not continuous. These characters appear sufficient to demonstrate
the distinctness of this species.

This may be the Defrancia ranvilliana, D'Orb.,1 but D'Orbigny's
diagnosis is so short that his species is quite indeterminable.

1 D'Orbigny. Prod. Pal. t. i. (1849) p. 317.

176 ACTINOPORA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 2295. Great Oolite. Near Bath (?).

B. 2296. On Terebratula perovalis, J. de C. Sow. Inferior Oolite. Dorset?

D. 18. On ,, curvifrons, Oppel. ,, Marl. Probably

near Stroud. Wright Coll. This specimen contains two young

zoaria, 4mm. in dia., which are more nearly allied to A. phillipsi

than the adults.
D. 22. On Terebratula globata, J. de C. Sow. Inferior Oolite. Stroud.

S. P. Woodward Coll.
D. 19. On Terebratula perovalis, J. de C. Sow. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ?

Wright Coll.
D. 21. On Terebratula bucJcmani, Dav. Inferior Oolite. Stroud. S. P.

Woodward Coll.

D. 1805. On Terebratula curvifrons, Oppel. Inferior Oolite.
D. 1788. On ,, maxillata, J. de C. Sow. ,,
D. 1838. Inferior Oolite— Pea Grit. Cleeve Hill. Holl Coll.
D. 2190. Inferior Oolite. Crickley. Brodie Coll.
D. 2127. „ Near Leckhampton. ,,

D. 2184. „ Cleeve.

B. 4525. On shell fragment. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.

Tesson Coll.
D. 1792. On Terebratula maxillata, J. de C. Sow. Bajocian. France?

Var. alta.

D. 1951. OnPernaquadrata,Sow. Inferior Oolite. Cold Comfort. Holl Coll.
D. 2205. ,, ,, ,, Leckhampton. ,,

D. 1791. On Terebratula curvifrons, Oppel. Inferior Oolite. Leckhampton.
D. 20. On Aulacothyris carinata (Lam.). ,, Gloucestershire.

Wright CoU.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.

1. Actinopora orbignyi (Etallon), 1860.

Lichenopora orbignyi, Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois: Ann. Sci. phys.
nat. Lyon, ser. 3, t. iv. p. 162.

Distribution. — Callovian : Grain and Percey-le- Grand.

2. Actinopora, sp.

White Lias : Itchington; Shipston- on- Stour. B. M. Coll. No. 67485.

ZOLOLOPHOS. 177

KOI/OLOPHOS, Gregory, 1896.

Prom icoXos 'broken' and Xo'0o9 'a ridge.'

[In Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 289.]

SYNONYMY :

Constellaria, 1854, non Dana, 1848.
Radiopora, pars, Pictet, non D'Orbigny, 1852.

Diagnosis. — Theonoidse in which the zoarium consists of flat,
encrusting sheets, formed of numerous radial groups of zocecia.
The radial ridges are broken up into groups, the arrangement of
which is irregularly linear.

Type species. — KololopJios terquemi (Haime), 1854.

Affinities. — The type species of this genus was referred by
Haime to Dana's genus Constellaria, Which at that time was mis-
understood. The American fossil has been redescribed by Ulrich,1
and it is quite different from this species. There is a certain
superficial resemblance, due to the prominence of radial, non-
poriferous lines; but in Constellaria these lines are solid " maculae"
(of Ulrich), and in Kololophos they are depressions between zooscial
ridges.

The nearest ally of this genus is Actinopora. Prom this it
differs by the confluence of several radial groups into one sheet,
and the broken, interrupted character of the ridges.

Kololophos terquemi (Haime), 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Constellaria terquemi, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 207, pi. x. fig. 6.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 26.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

p. 290.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 56.

Radiopora ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 153.

Kololophos ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 289.

1 E. 0. Ulrich. Palseont. Illinois, pt. ii. sect. vi. Palaeozoic Bryozoa :
Geol. Surv. 111. vol. viii. 1890, p. 374.

178 THEONOA.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium formed of several confluent discs. Eadial
ridges broad and compact ; broken up into short groups or bands.
The bands have from 2-4 zooecia in breadth.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Inferior Oolite : Birdlip Hill and Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Bajocian: Plappeville, near Metz (fide Friren) ; Moselle (fide
Terquem) .

Description of Figure. — PL X. Fig. 1. Part of a zoarium
encrusting Terebratula globata, J. de C. Sow., X 12 dia. Inferior
Oolite: Birdlip. 67613.

Affinities. — This is the type and only known species of the
genus. Its nearest ally is Actinopora diplopora (Brauns), in which
a tendency to the breaking up of the radial ridges can be seen.
In K. terquemi (Haime), however, this is carried to an extreme ;
the ridges are broader, closer, and flatter, and less numerous.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

67613. On Terebratula globata, J. de C. Sow., var. birdlipensis, "Walk.

Inferior Oolite. Birdlip.
D. 2189. On Terebratula globata, J. de C. Sow. Inferior Oolite. Near

Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
D. 1802. On Terebratula perovalis, J. de C. Sow. Inferior Oolite.

THEONOA, Lamouroux, 1821.
SYNONYM : Tilesia, pars, Lamouroux.

Diagnosis. — TheonoidaB in which the zoarium is massive, and
consists either of dense, rounded masses, thick encrustations, or
erect, thick fronds. The surface is crossed by broad, well-marked
ridges. The ridges may expand in some species into broad, tabular
elevations.

Type species. — T. clathrata, Lamouroux, 1821.

Affinities. — Lamouroux, in 1821, founded the two genera Tilesia
and Theonoa. Haime, in 1854, merged these, retaining for the
genus the name Theonoa, though this was the later in description.
As the two genera were published simultaneously, it would be

THEONOA. 179

absurd to return to Tilesia, especially as the type species of Theonoa
is far more characteristic of the genus than that on which Tilesia
was based.

Theonoa is allied to Actinopora and Kololophos, from which it
differs in having the zoarium either massive or in erect, thick
fronds, instead of in thin, unilaminar sheets.

1. Theonoa clathrata,1 Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Theonoa clathrata, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 82, pi. Ixxx. figs. 17, 18.
,, ,, Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. p. 21, pi. vi. fig. 20.

„ ,, Defrance, 1828, Diet. Sci. nat. t. liii. p. 470.

,, ,, Blainville, 1830, ibid. t. Ix. p. 373, pi. xlv. fig. 2.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 408, pi. Ixvii. fig. 2.

,, ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert.

ed. 2, t. ii. p. 318.

,, ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 250, pi. xvi. fig. 14.

,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 45.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 233, pi. Iv. fig. 6.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 1268.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 145.

,, „ Bronn and Romer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4,

p. 92, pi. xvi. fig. 14.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 204, pi. x. fig. 1.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 129.

,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 26.

„ ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 130.

,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on, pt. i. : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm.

t. xii. p. 14.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm.: Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 643.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle, p. 290.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 265.
,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soe.

vol. v. p. 20.

1 Lamouroux spelt the name chlatrata, and this spelling has been adopted by
many later authors. As this, however, is meaningless, and is clearly a misprint
for clathrata (or lattice -like), the correction proposed by Michelin is here accepted.

180 THEONOA.

Theonoa clathrata, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Butt. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 55.

„ ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 290.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium dense, massive ; roughly spherical. The
surface of the zoarium is broken into ridges, which are short,
broad, and blunt. They never rise into high, bilaminate sheets.
Four or five apertures occur together, in one width of a ridge.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Great Oolite: Bath (fide Morris).
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville ; Lebisey ; Caen ; Oustreham and St. Aubin

(fide Michelin).

Bajocian : Plappeville-les-Metz and Montvaux ; Flace, near Ma^on,
Haut-Saone.

?. — This is the best known species of the genus, of
which it is the type. It reminds one, by its low, blunt ridges,
and the structure of the zoarium, of Alveolaria semiovata, Busk,
of the Crag ; but the ridges do not unite into such sharply angular
closed figures, and have no well-marked central lamina.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 4561. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
60237. ,, , ,

2. Theonoa bowerbanki, Haime.

SYNONYMY :
Theonoa bowerbanki, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass.: Mem. Soc. gtol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 205, pi. x. fig. 3.
Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 130.
,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc. vol. xvi. p. 12.
Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.
„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.

„ „ Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 49.

,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 56.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 290.

THEONOA. 181

Diagnosis. — Zoarium composed of many erect, irregular sheets.
The sheets are tall, irregularly siuuous, and branched, having
loose, funnel-shaped cavities between them. The zoarium is
roughly hemispherical in form.

The radial ridges are long and fairly continuous. The summits
are flat, and contain generally three or four apertures in width ;
but in places they expand, and contain six or seven in width.
The ridges occur on both sides of the sheets.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Inferior Oolite : Postlip, near Cheltenham ; Cleeve Hill.
FOREIGN :

Bajooian: Montvaux and Vittonville, near Metz (fide Friren).

Affinities. — This species is very well marked by its erect, thick
fronds or sheets. It was well figured by Haime, and the British
Museum contains some fine specimens belonging to the Brodie
Collection.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2117. Inferior Oolite. Cleeve. Brodie Coll.
D. 2197. Young form. Inferior Oolite. Cleeve. Brodie Coll.
D. 2128, D. 2134, D. 2187. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
D. 2129. Inferior Oolite. England. Brodie Coll.

3. Theonoa distorta (Lamouroux), 1821.

SYNONYMY :
Tilesia distorta, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 42, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 6 (non

fig. 5).

„ „ Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. pp. 21, 42, pi. vi. fig. 5.

,, ,, Defrance, 1829, Diet. Sci. nat. t. liv. p. 365.

„ ,, Blainville, 1830, ibid. t. Ix. p. 380, pi. xli. fig. 5.

,, „ Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 415, pi. Ixiii. fig. 5.

,, „ M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert.

ed. 2. t. ii. p. 316.

n „ „ Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 232, pi. Iv. fig. 7.

,, ,, ex. syn. Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 1264.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 143.

,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 316.

182 THEONOA.

Tilesia distorta, Bronn and Romer, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4,

p. 92, pi. xv. fig. 8.
non ,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 205, pi. x. fig. 2.
Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 130.
Theonoa ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 267.
?„ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hint. Soc.

vol. v. p. 21.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 290.

Diagnosis. — A thick encrustation. The surface is covered by
numerous irregular ridges, the width of which usually contains
two or three apertures. The depressions between the ridges are
deep, and usually as wide or a little wider than the ridges.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : near Caen, France.

Description of Figure. — PL X. Fig. 2. Part of zoarium, x 14
dia. Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll. D. 2186.

Affinities. — Lamouroux figured two specimens as the types of
this species, but, as Haime pointed out, their characters are not the
same. Michelin, however, figured a specimen which is certainly
a Theonoa, and is possibly the same species as that of the second
of Lamouroux's figures (pi. Ixxiv. fig. 6). Haime accepted and
refigured Michelin's specimen as the type of Lamouroux's species ;
and as it is clearly a Theonoa, he merged the genus Tilesia within
this.

Lamouroux's type specimens have been lost, and his figures are
not so satisfactory as they generally are. His figure 5 probably
represents a specimen of Chrysaora spinosa, Mich. ; and we may
take No. 6 as the type of Tilesia distorta, as Michelin and Haime
have done so. I doubt, however, whether their interpretation
of this species is correct, for their specimen has broad, continuous
areas occupied by apertures. There is a specimen in the Brodie
Collection which agrees exactly with Lamouroux's figure : this
I take as Theonoa distorta. It has narrow, irregular ridges. The

THEONOA. 183

form with broadened ridges I feel bound to separate as a distinct
species, and it may well be named after the author who first
described it, T. michelini.

SPECIMEN.

D. 2186. Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll. Figd. PL X.
Fig. 2.

4. Theonoa michelini, n.sp.

SYNONYMY :
Theonoa distorta (non Lamx.), Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 232, pi. Iv.

fig- 7.

,, ,, (non Lamx.), Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. v. p. 205, pi. x. fig. 2.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium massive ; roughly cylindrical. The zocecia
open on the upper surface, in great groups, which occupy a broad
expanse of the surface.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Langrune, near Caen.

Affinities. — This species is accepted on the authority of the
figures of Michelin and Haime. It differs from Th. distorta,
Lamx., by occurring in cylindrical masses instead of being en-
crusting, and by having the apertures in broad sheets instead of
narrow ridges. It differs from T. clathrata, to which it is more
nearly allied, by the form of the zoarium, and by having the
depressions between the apertures as a few broad areas instead of
many small, disconnected, round patches.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.

Theonoa ? sulcata, Ferry.

Theonoa sulcata, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Ma9on, pt. i. : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm.

t. xii. p. 14.
,, ,, "Waagen, 1868, Zone ^.mm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 643, pi. xxxii. fig. 11.

Distribution. — Bajocian : Place, Saone-et-Loire.

Affinities. — Ferry's description suggests the possibility of this
form being an Actinopora, but Waagen remarks that it may be the
same as his Theonoa (Apsendesia?) parvecristata.

184 MTJLTICLAUSA.

Suborder DACTYLETHRATA.

Diagnosis. — Cyelostomata in which the normal zooecia are
elongate, simple tubes, of the same general character as those of
the Tubuliporidae. Dimorphism occurs, and the zoarium consists
of normal zooecia, separated by numerous dactylethrso, which often
form the major part of the zoarium. Zoarium usually large and
complex.

Family CLAUSHLE, D'Orbigny, em.

SYNONYMY :

Clausidce, pars, D'Orbigny.
Tubuliporidce, pars, Haime.
Idmoniidce, pars, Marsson.

Diagnosis. — Cyelostomata Dactylethrata with a stout, branching
zoarium. The zocecia open on all sides of the zoarium. The
dactylethrse are collected into zones, or are scattered regularly or
irregularly among the zooecia.

MULTICLAUSA, D'Orbigny, 1852.
[D'Orbigny. Pal. franc,. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 899.]

Diagnosis. — Clausidae in which the zoarium is thick and
arborescent. The apertures occur irregularly or quincuncially
scattered over the surface of the zoarium. Dactylethra3 very
numerous.

Type species. — M. compressa, D'Orbigny, 1852.

Affinities. — D'Orbigny's type species has the apertures arranged
quincuncially, but in the case of the Clausidae it does not seem
necessary to place the regular and irregular forms in different genera.

1. Multiclausa haimei, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :
Multiclausa haimei, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 291.
Berenicea lucensis, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geoL France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 180, pi. vii. fig. 4.

MTILTICLAUSA.

185

Berenicea lucensis (Haime, non D'Orb.), E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur.

inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 155.
Berenicea (Multisparsa) lucensis, pars (Haime, non D'Orb.), Brauns, 1879, Bry.

mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol. Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 328.
Diastopora lucensis, pars (Haime, non D'Orb.), Eeuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura

Balm: Denk. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 9.
,, „ (Haime, non D'Orb.), Vine, 1884, 4th Eep. Foss. Polyz. :

Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1883, p. 187.

non Bidiastopora lucensis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 317.
non Multisparsa luceana, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9- Terr. cret. t. v. p. 870,

pi. Dcclxi. figs. 1-3.

non „ ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 137.

Diastopora diluviana, pars, M. Edwards, 1838, Mem. Cris. : Ann. Sci. nat.

Zool. ser. 2, t. ix. pi. xiv. fig. 4.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium branching repeatedly and irregularly, and
sometimes anastomosing. Branches stout. Zocecia long, cylin-
drical. Apertures distant and irregularly placed. Peristomes
low. Walls with thin, sinuous ridges.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Cornbrash: Laycock.

Bradford Clay : Pound Pill.

Great Oolite : near Bath ; Bradford.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Caen ; Marquise, near Boulogne ; Balin, Austria.
PBajocian: St. Quentin, near Metz (fide Haime).

Description of Figures. — PI. X. Fig. 3. Part of a branch,
X 12 dia. Great Oolite: Hampton. Holl Coll. B. 4874.
Pig. 15. Part of a longitudinal section of a zoarium to show
the central axis and peripheral Berenecoid layers, X 12 dia.
Bradford Clay : Bradford. D. 2268.

FIG. 15. — Part of longitudinal section through zoarium of Multiclausa
haimei, Greg, x 12 dia. Bradford Clay : Bradford. D. 2268.

186 MULTICLAUSA.

ities. — This species was founded by D'Orbigny for a
dendroid Bryozoan, which Milne Edwards had regarded as only
an arborescent Berenicea. D'Orbigny named it M. luceana, and
made it the type of the genus Multisparsa. There is a specimen
in the Tesson Collection (No. D. 2114) which agrees exactly with
D'Orbigny's figure; and this shows that his type is a Tubulate
form, and is, in fact, a specimen of Diastopora lamellosa, Mich.
Haime redescribed the form originally figured by Milne Edwards,
which is here taken as altogether distinct from that of D'Orbigny,
and is named after the palaeontologist whose careful figures enable
its affinities to be determined.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2268. Bradford Clay. Bradford. Fig. 15, p. 185.
B. 4874. Great Oolite. Hampton. Holl Coll. Figd. PI. X. Fig. 3.
D. 2179, D. 2164. Great Oolite. Bath. Brodie Coll.
24768. Great Oolite. Bradford. Cmmington CoU.
B. 4879. „ Hampton. Holl CoU.

D. 36. „ Ancliff. „

B. 2283. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ?

D. 2237. Thick variety. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.
60355. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
60375. Specimen and section. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.
Tesson CoU.

2. Multiclausa jellyae, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :

Multiclausa jellyce, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xvii. p. 292.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium growing in large dense tufts of thick,
irregular branches. Zooecia cylindrical, long; peristomes raised.
Surface punctate. Apertures arranged irregularly, not very
distant, and often in irregular lines.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Bradford Clay : Bradford ; Box Tunnel ; Tetbury Road.

Inferior Oolite.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville.

TEREBELLAEIA. 187

Description of Figure. — PL X. Fig. 4. Part of a branch, X 14
dia. Bradford Clay : Box, Wilts. Holl. Coll. B. 4872.

Affinities. — This species is allied to M. haimei, Greg., but differs
from it by the greater elevation of the peristomes, and by having
the zooacia more crowded, and the apertures closer, and often in
irregular lines. The differences are shown by the two figures
(PL X. Figs. 3 and 4).

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 1764. Cornbrash. Woodstock. Brodie Coll.

D. 2175. Forest Marble. Kellington, Oxfordshire. Brodie Coll.

B. 4872. Bradford Clay. Box Tunnel, Wilts. Holl CoU. Figd. PI. X.

Fig. 4.
B. 4873. Bradford Clay. Box Tunnel, Wilts. Holl Coll. Large tuft,

5£ inches in diameter.
B. 2305. Bradford Clay. Loc. ?
D. 1824. „ Bradford, Wilts.

D. 1819, D. 1820. Bradford Clay. Tetbury Road, Wilts.
D. 2156, D. 2161. „ Bradford, Wilts. Brodie Coll.

D. 1784. Inferior Oolite. Gloucestershire.
D. 2212. Bathonian. Banville. Tesson CoU.

TEREBELLjARIA, Lamouroux, 1821.
[Lamouroux. Expos. Meth. p. 84.]

Diagnosis. — Clausidae in which the zoarium is arborescent and
thick. Zoarial growth is by the addition of Berenecoid colonies
on to the ends of the branches ; each colony sends an expansion
downward around the stem. (Hence growth is acropetal and
exogeneous.) The zocecia are reflexed. The apertures occur in
zones separated by interzones of dactylethrse.

Type species. — T. ramosissima, Lamouroux, 1821.

Affinities. — This genus differs from Multiclausa by having the
apertures in regular zones instead of scattered throughout the
zoarium. It differs from Spiroclausa, D'Orb., by the mode of
growth, for in that form (which probably belongs to the Tubulata)
the zocecia curve upward and outward, instead of downward.1

1 The species named T. increscent, Vine, 1884, is an Entalophora with gono-
cysts : see p. 153.

188 TEREB ELL AKIA .

Terebellaria ramosissima, Lamouroux, 1821.

SYNONYMY :

Terebellaria, ramosissima, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 84, pi. Ixxxii. fig. 1.
,, ,, Conybeare and Phillips, 1822, Geol. England, p. 214.

,, ,, Fleming, 1828, Brit. Anira. p. 531.

,, ,, Defrance, 1828, Diet. Sci. nat. t. liii. p. 112, pi. xlv.

fig. 5.

,, ,, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. nat. t. Ix. p. 374.

,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 409, pi. Ixvii. fig. 5.

,, „ M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2,

t. ii. p. 318.
„ ,, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geogn. ed. 2, Bd. i. p. 246,

pi. xvi. fig. 12.

,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 45.

,, ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 231, pi. Iv. fig. 10.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 1225.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 146.

D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.

„ „' D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 885.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 173, pi. vi. fig. 13.

„ „ Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 129.

,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 141, pi. xci.

fig. 17.

„ ,, Huxley and Etheridge, 1865, Cat. Foss. M.P.G. p. 227.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongehamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.

„ ,, Phillips, 1871, Geol. Oxford, p. 302.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Hep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 254.
,, ,, Bigot, 1892, Esq. geol. Basse-Norm, pt. iii. : Butt.

Lab. Geol. Caen, Ann. 2, p. 24.

,, ,, Fox-Strangways, 1892, Jur. Yorks. vol. ii. p. 200.

,, ,, Gregory, 1894, Cat. Jur. Bry.' York Mus. : Rep.

Yorks. Phil. Soc. 1893, p. 60.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 292.

Terebellaria antilope, Lamouroux, 1821, op. cit. p. 84, pi. Ixxxii. figs. 2, 3.
,, ,, Bronn, 1825, Pflanzenth. p. 20, pi. vi. fig. 13.

,, ,, Defrance, 1828, op. cit. t. liii. p. 112, pi. xlv. fig. 6.

,, ,, Blainville, 1830, op. cit. p. 374.

„ ,, Blainville, 1834, op. cit. p. 409, pi. Ixvii. fig. 6.

,, ,, Edwards, 1836, op. cit. p. 318.

„ ,, Bronn, 1837, op. cit. p. 246, pi. xvi. fig. 12.

TEREBELL ARIA . 189

Terelellaria antilope, Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 232, pi. Iv. fig. 11.

? ,, ,, M'Coy, 1848, New Mesoz. Rad. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 419.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 145.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 1225.

„ ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. t. i. p. 318.

,, ,, Bronn, 1851, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4, p. 93,

pi. xvi. fig. 12.
,, ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc;. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 885,

pi. Dcclxiii. figs. 14-18.
? ,, ,, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 67.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 129.

Millepora sp. Win. Smith, 1816, Strata ident. p. 30, pi. xvii. fig. 5.
Terebellaria tennis, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. t. i. p. 318.
„ ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 885.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium massive, branfehing irregularly. Apertures
in rows of from 3-5 ; the lower limit is straight, but the upper is
very irregular. Apertures in these bands crowded and quincuncial.
Peristomes slightly raised.

DISTRIBUTION".

BRITISH :

Cornbrash : Stanton.

Forest Marble : Islip.

Bradford Clay : Bradford ; Box ; Fairford ; Tetbury Road.

Great Oolite : Bath ; Hampton ; Bradford.

Fuller's Earth : Fairleigh ; Hungerford.

Inferior Oolite : Cleeve Hill, near Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Caen, Ranville, Lebisey, Langrune, Luc, Benouville,
St. Aubin, etc., in Calvados.

Description of Figures. — PI. X. Fig. 5. Part of a branch, with
zones of zooscia and interzones of dactylethra?, X 12 dia. Bradford
Clay: Box, Wilts. Buy Coll. 23857. Figs. No. 16 and 17.
Longitudinal and transverse sections of a specimen from the Great
Oolite, Bath, x 10 dia. D. 1762.

Affinities. — As this is the type and only known species of the
genus, it is unnecessary to discuss its affinities. Its structure is
of great interest, and is illustrated by the accompanying figures.
Pig. 17 shows a transverse section across part of the central axis of
a colony, surrounded by concentric layers of zooacia. The mode

190

TEREBELLARIA.

of growth of these is shown in the longitudinal section (Fig. 16) :
upon the summit is a layer of young tubular zooscia, which in
section agree with those of a Reptomultisparsa. Below this the

FIG. 16. — Longitudinal section through end of branch of Terebellaria
ramosissima, Lamx. x 10 dia. Great Oolite : Bath. D. 1762.

FIG. 17. — Transverse section across branch of Terebellaria ramosissima,
Lamx. x 10 dia. Great Oolite: Bath. D. 1762.

section passes longitudinally along the zocecia: it shows them
to be simple, JBerenicea-\ike tubes, which are sharply reflexed
downwards around the stem. Many of these zooecia are cut off
by the overgrowth of the layer next above them, and are thus
aborted into dactylethraB.

TEEEBELLARIA.

191

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

23857. Bradford Clay. Box. Buy Coll. Figd. PI. X. Fig. 5.
D. 1762. Longitudinal and transverse sections. Great Oolite. Bath.

Nos. 16 and 17.
Bradford Clay. Wiltshire.
Great Oolite. Loc. ?

„ Batharapton. H. B. Holl Coll.

,, Hampton. H. B. Holl Coll.

,, Near Bath.

,, Bradford. W. Cunnington CoU.

,, Hampton, near Bath. Brodie Coll.

Bradford Clay. Bradford.

Figd.

B. 2281.

11510.

B. 4648.

B. 4880.

51344.

21768.

D. 2165.

B. 4645, B. 4646.

D. 1812, D. 1823.

32495. Bradford Clay,

B. 4647.

24958.

D. 25.

D. 2155.

D. 2160. (7 specimens.)

Fairford.
Box,

Wiltshire.
Loc. ? Baber ColL
Bradford, Wilts. Brodie Coll.
Bradford Clay. Bradford, Wilts.
Bradford Clay.

Brodie Coll.
Bradford, Wilts.

Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers.

Bathonian —

D. 2169, D. 2170. Bases of zoaria.

Brodie Coll.

B. 4649. Inferior Oolite. Cleeve. H. B. HoU Coll.
B. 2281. Lower Oolite. Loc.?
B. 4518 (with E. cellarioides, Lamx.).

Ranville. Tesson Coll.

60382. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville. Tesson ColL
B. 4517, 60214, 60215, 60240, 60361, D. 2214, D. 2240.

Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
D. 2110, D. 2111. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.
D. 2112. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Luc.
B. 163. ,, ,, ,, Ranville. Pres. by B. Bright, Esq.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.

Terebellaria cervicornis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 289.
Distribution. — Bajocian : France.

Terebellaria gracilis, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. p. 289 ; Pal. fran9. Terr. cret.
t. v. (1852) p. 884.

Distribution. — Bajocian : France.

Family RETICULIPORID.E.

SYNONYMY :

Crisinidce, pars, D'Orbigny.
Tubuliporidce, pars, Haime.
Idmonidea, pars,

192 BETICULIPOE A .

Diagnosis. — Cyclostomata Dactylethrata with a branching zoarium
composed of a central lamina, upon each side of which are crowded
zocecia and dactylethras. The zooecia open only on one face of the
zoarium.

Affinities. — This family differs from the ClausidaB by having
the zocecia opening only on one side of the zoarium. It thus
occupies the same relation to the Clausidae in the Dactylethrata,
that the Idmoniidae do to the EntalophoridaB in the Tubulata.

RETICULIPORA, D'Orbigny, pars, 1849.
[Rev. Mag. Zool. ser. 2, t. i. 1849, p. 501.]

SYNONYMY :

Apsendesia, pars, Blainville.
Retelea, D'Orbigny.

Diagnosis. — ReticuliporidaB in which the zoarium consists of long,
compressed branches, consisting of a vertical zoarial lamina, on
each side of which are many short, closely packed zocecia and
dactylethra3. The zoarium is erect, and may be retiform or
composed of radial branches.

Type species. — Reticulipora dianthus (Blainville), 1834.

Reticulipora dianthus (Blainville), 1834.

SYNONYMY :
Apsendesia dianthus, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 409, pi. Ixix. fig. 2.

„ ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert.

ed. 2, t. ii. p. 290.

„ ,, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 230, pi. Iv. fig. 4.

„ „ Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 88.

„ ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 145.

Reticulipora ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 316.

n „ D'Orbigny, 1849, Genr. nouv. Bry. : Rev. Mag. Zool.

ser. 2, t. i. p. 501.
,, „ Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 192, pi. ix. figs. 4a-d.
„ „ E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
„ ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist.

Soc. vol. v. p. 18.
Retelea transversa, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 635.

CHILOPORA. 193

Diagnosis. — Zoarium irregularly branching; branches dichoto-
mize. The branches are all in approximately the same plane.
The central lamina is erect, and there are two or three series of
closely packed, subpolygonal apertures on either side. Below this
are from six to ten rows of dactylethrse.

Distribution. — Bathonian: Ranville, Lebisey, in Calvados, Prance.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2116. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

60228.

60379. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,

B. 178. ,, ,, ,, ,, Presented by B. Bright, Esq.

Order TREPOSTOMATA, Ulrich.

Bryozoa in which the zoarium consists of prismatic or cylindrical
zocecia, which are arranged parallel to one another. The zoarium
is either massive or composed of encrusting or erect lamina). The
zooecia are either closely packed or separated by mesopores or by
interzocecial vesicles. The zooecia begin as thin, simple, immature,
cyclostomatoid tubes. Diaphragms are generally present. Generally
dimorphic.

Family CERAMOPORID^l, Ulrich.

Diagnosis. — Zoaria encrusting, massive, or foliaceous. Zocecia
provided with lunarium. Walls formed of irregular, laminated
material. No interzocecial vesicular tissue. Diaphragms few and
horizontal.

Remarks. — This family has not hitherto been used to include
any forms found later than the Devonian.

CHILOPORA, Haime, 1854.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium erect, of thick, flat, bilaminate fronds.
Mesopores numerous,, in rings completely separating the apertures
of the zocecia. Lunaria simple, lip-shaped, slightly reflexed.
Aperture somewhat transversely elliptical.

194 CHILOPORA.

species. — C. guernoni, Haime.

ities. — This genus was founded by Haime on a single
specimen from the Bathonian of Ranville. It is very closely allied
to Cliiloporella, Ulrich, from the Cincinnati group of Ohio.
I cannot point to any character that will separate the two genera..

Chilopora guernoni, Haime, 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Chilopora guernoni, Haime, 18o4, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. p. 213, pi. x. fig. 5.

Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 162, pi. xcii. fig. 10.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.

,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Rep. Foss. Polyz. : Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 265.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium flat, frondose. Thickness of frond about
twice as great as that of an ordinary Diastopora. Surface irre-
gular, but not definitely pustulate. Mesopores large ; very
irregular in distribution, but generally abundant. Apertures
generally circular ; often oval or irregular through crowding ;
a crescentic lunarium on the lower margin.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Ranville.

Affinities. — This species is represented in the British Museum
by two specimens, one of which was sent in the Tesson Collection
identified as such. The lunaria, however, were not shown in the
specimen, and thus it agreed in its characters with Heterotrypa, as
a new species of which I was inclined to regard it. Its general
appearance so closely resembled Haime's Chilopora guernoni, that
I felt it was probably the same species, though, as matters stood,
I was bound to put them into separate families. A second
specimen has since been found in the collection which reconciles
the former with Haime's figures. In some parts of the zoarium
the lunaria can be recognized, though in the rest of it they have
been worn away ; thus such parts are reduced to the condition of
Heterotrypa.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

60235. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.
60355.

CERIOPORA. 1 95

Family AMPLEXOPORID.E.

Diagnosis. — Trepostomata in which the zocecia are simple,
prismatic, or subcylindrical, with a well-marked divisional line
between the walls of adjoining cells. Mesopores absent. (Aborted
zooecia occur and sometimes resemble mesopores.) Diaphragms
horizontal.

Affinities. — The family Amplexoporida? has hitherto been regarded
as exclusively Paleozoic. It was denned by Ulrich to include the
genera Amplexopora, Monotrypella, Petalotrypa, etc. ; but I cannot
see any definite character whereby to separate from it the Jurassic
species of Ceriopora.

CERIOPORA, Goldf., 1827.

Diagnosis. — Amplexoporidae with prismatic or subcylindrical
zooscia. Mesopores absent. Acanthopores probably absent. Walls
of zooecia thin. Diaphragms horizontal, numerous. Zoariuin
massive or branching.

Type species. — C. micropora, Goldf uss, 1827.

1. Ceriopora globosa, Michelin, 1846.

Ceriopora globosa, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 246, pi. Mi. fig. 5.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1848, JNew Mesoz. Had. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 418.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 261.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 143.

,, ,, Buvignier, 1852, Stat. geol. dep. Meuse, p. 184.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1852, Handb. Petref. p. 641, pi. Ivi. fig. 43.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 120.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1867, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 769, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 43.

,, ,, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. JBeitr.

Bd. i. Ht. 3, pp. 534, 644.

P1 ,, cf. ,, Brauns, 1874, Ob. Jura im nordwest. et Deutsch. p. 95.
? ! ,, ,, Struckmann, 1878, Ob. Jura Umgegend Hannover, pp. 26-7.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1885, op. cit. ed. 3, p. 989, pi. Ixxix. fig. 60.

„ ,, Schlippe, 1888, Fauna Bath, oberrh. Tiefl. : Abh. geol.

Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. iv. livr. 4, p. 98.

1 These references are probably based on Ceriopora t^lberosa, Quenst.

196

CERIOPORA.

Ceriopora globosa, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 58.
,, ,, Gregory, 1894, Cat. Jur. Bry. York Mus. : Rep. Yorks. Phil.

Soc. 1893, p. 61.
,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 293.

Monticulipora globosa, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Reptonodicava ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1015.
,, „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 159.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium massive; either spherical or of irregular
lobed masses, generally with a broad base, protected by epitheca.
The surface is level and ornamented with irregularly scattered
tubercles. [These are only seen in well-preserved specimens, as
in PI. XI. Pig. 5 ; they may be acanthopores.] Diaphragms
abundant. Young zooacia are fairly abundant, and being smaller
in size resemble mesopores.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Bradford Clay : Tetbury.
Great Oolite : Hampton, near Bath-
Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton ; Ravensgate Hill.

FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Ranville, France ; Buchsweiler.

Bajocian — Zone of Sonninia sowerbyi : Gingen, "Wiirtemberg ; Flace,
Saone-et- Loire ; Plappeville.

Description of Figures. — PI. XI. Pig. 5. Part of a spherical
zoarium, X 22 dia. Great Oolite : Hampton Down. B. 4248.
Pig. 18«. Part of longitudinal section through marginal zooecia,
X 12 dia. Inferior Oolite. Holl Coll. D. 2267. Pig. 18£.

FIG. 18. — Sections through Ceriopora, globosa (Mich.), x 12 dia. Fig. 18a:
Longitudinal section through marginal zooecia, showing diaphragms.
Fig. ISb: Transverse section through central zooecia. Inferior Oolite.
D. 2267.

CERIOPORA. 197

Part of a transverse section through central zocecia of same
specimen.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 2173. Bradford Clay. Tetbury Road, Wilts. Brodie Coll.

B. 4877. Globular form. Inferior Oolite. Cold Comfort, near Leckhampton.

Holl Coll.

D. 2267. Globular form. Loc. ? Holl Coll. Fig. No. 18.

B. 2. „ Inferior Oolite. Holl Coll.

D. 1841. ,, ,, Gloucestershire. Holl Coll.

60347. „ Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

60377.

FORM MASSIVE, BUT SOMEWHAT IRREGULAR.

B. 4248. Great Oolite. Hampton Down, near Bath. Figd. PL XI. Fig. 5.
B. 4886. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? HoU CoU. Specimen with broad base

and epitheca. '

B. 4868. Inferior Oolite— Pea Grit. Cleeve Hill.
B. 4887, D. 9. „ Loc. ? Holl Coll.

B. 4882. „ Pea Grit. Cleeve HiU. Holl Coll.

D. 2243. (5 specimens.) Inferior Oolite. Near Leckhampton. Brodie Coll.
D. 1765, D. 1766. Inferior Oolite. Chipping Campden. Bravender Coll.
D. 1767. Inferior Oolite. Dover's Hill, near Chipping Campden. Bravender

CoU.

2. Ceriopora arborescens, "Waagen, 1868.

SYNONYMY :
Ceriopora arborescens, "Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 644, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2.
,, ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 59.

,, ,, Gregory, 1896, Eev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 293.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium of thick, massive branches or irregularly
lobed masses. Zocecia very long ; walls thin. Diaphragms
numerous near distal end. Apertures irregular. No acanthopores.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Great Oolite : Bradford.

Inferior Oolite : Crickley Hill ; Leckhampton.
FOREIGN :

Bathonian : Eanville.

Bajocian : Montvaux, near Metz ; Gingen and Jungingen, Hohen-
zollern.

198 CERIOPORA.

Description of Figure. — PI. XI. Fig. 6. Part of massive, thick-
branched zoarium, X 16 dia. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? B. 2286.

Affinities. — The figures of sections of this species clearly show
that it is a true Ceriopora. It has been previously regarded as
only a massive form of the species called Ceriopora corymbosa
(Lamx.), which has been here referred to the genus Ceriocava.

The species differs from C. globosa, Mich., by its erect habit and
the absence of the tubercles around the apertures.

Worn fragments cannot be absolutely separated from Ceriocava
corymbosa (Lamx.) by external characters ; but the examination of
microscopic sections at once enables them to be distinguished. As
a rule, the general aspect of the zoarium enables the two species
to be distinguished, as the branches of Ceriopora arlorescens are
more massive, lobed, and irregular. Those of Ceriocava corymlosa
are thinner and more regularly cylindrical.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 2286. Inferior Oolite. Cotteswolds. Figd. PL XI. Fig. 6.
B. 2287. „ „ Crickley Hill.

D. 2163. Great Oolite. Bradford, Wilts. Brodie CoU.
B. 4888. Inferior Oolite. Leckhampton. Holl Coll.
D. 2252. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville.

D
.

D. 2235. Specimens and section. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Eanville.
"? 60377. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES AND RECORDS.

1. Ceriopora clavata, Goldfuss, et auct.

A Neuropora.

2. Ceriopora compacta, Quenstedt, 1858.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora compacta, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 665, pi. Ixxxi. figs. 62-3.
,, ,, Oppel, 1866, Zone Amm. Iransversarius : Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. Ht. 2, p. 296.

Distribution. — Zone of Peltoceras limammatus : Bollart. Lower
Oxfordian — Peltoceras transversarius : Oberbuchsiten, Switzerland.
Affinities. — This is probably a Neuropora.

CEBIOPORA. 199

3. Ceriopora compressa, D'Orbigny, 1852.

SYNONYMY :

Nodicava compressa, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franq. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1014.
Heteropora ,, Haime, 1854, Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, t. v. p. 212.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Calvados.

4. Ceriopora corallina, D'Orbigny, 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Polytrema corallina, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 41.
Reptomulticava corallina, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. p. 1033.

Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 158.
Heteropora ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 212.

Distribution. — Corallian : Tonnerre, Sainpuits, in Yonne.

5. Ceriopora fibrosa, Miinst. MS.

SYNONYMY :
Ceriopora fibrosa, M'Coy, 1848, New Mesoz. Rad. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 418.
,, ,, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

Distribution. — Great Oolite : Minchinhampton.

6. Ceriopora grandipora, MUnst. MS.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora grandipora, M'Coy, 1848, op. cit. p. 418.
„ ,, M'Coy, 1854, op. cit. p. 66.

Distribution. — Great Oolite : Minchinhampton.

7. Ceriopora leda, D'Orbigny.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora leda, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 222.
Ceriocava „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1016.
Heteropora ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 212.

Distribution. — Sinemurian : Yillefranche, Saone-et-Loire.

200 CEKIOPOEA.

8. Ceriopora mutabilis, Miinst. MS.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora mutabilis, M'Coy, 1848, op. cit. p. 418.
,, „ M'Coy, 1854, op. cit. p. 66.

Distribution. — Great Oolite : Minchinlianipton.

9. Ceriopora radiciformis, Goldfuss, 1827.

SYNONYMY :

Ctriopora radiciformis, Goldfuss, 1827, Petref. Germ. p. 34, pi. x. fig. 8.
D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 387.
Oppel, 1866, op. cit. p. 297.

Quenstedt, 1867, Handb. Petref. p. 765, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 13.
Quenstedt, 1885, op. cit. ed. 3, p. 984, pi. Ixxix. fig. 30.

Heteropora

Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 212.

Distribution. — Callovian (Lower Oxfordian) — Zone of Peltoceras
transversarius : Oberbuchsiten, Solothurn, and St. Claude, Jura.
Weisser Jura, 7 : Bollart.

10. Ceriopora ramulifera, Etallon, 1861.

SYNONYMY :

Heteropora ramulifera, Etallon, 1862, Etud. Haut-Jura Cor. : Mem. Soc. Emul.
Doubs. ser. 3, t. vi. p. 214.

Distribution. — Diceratian : Valfin, Haut-Jura.

11. Ceriopora sarthacensis, D'Orbigny, 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora sarthacensis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 293.
Ceriocava ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1016.

Heteropora ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 212.

Distribution. — Bajocian : Conlie, Sarthe.
12. Ceriopora subcompressa, D'Orbigny, 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora subcompressa, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 324.
Cava ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 1020.

Distribution. — Bathonian : St. Aubin, France.

HETEROPORA. 201

13. Ceriopora tenuissima, Etallon, 1861.

SYNONYMY :
Heteropora tenuissima, Etallon, 1862, op. cit. ser. 3, t. vi. p. 214.

Distribution. — Diceratian : Yalfiu and Septmoncel, Haut-Jura.

Family HETEROTRYPID^, TJlrich.

Diagnosis. — Trepostomata in which the zooecia are simple, pris-
matic, or cylindrical, with a well-marked divisional line between
the walls of adjacent zocecia. Mesopores present. Diaphragms
numerous and horizontal. Neither cystiphragms nor interzooecial
yesicles present.

HETEROPORA, Blainville, 1834.

SYNONYMY :

Millepora, pars, Laraouroux, etc.
Ceriopora, pars, Goldfuss, etc.
Monticulipora, pars, D'Orbigny.
Spiropora, pars, Def ranee.
Cricopora, pars, Blainville.
Reptomulticrescis, D'Orbigny.
Multicrescis, D'Orbigny.
Crescis, D'Orbigny.
Polytrema, D'Orbigny.
Nodicrescis, D'Orbigny.

Diagnosis. — Heterotrypidse with prismatic or suh cylindrical
zooecia. Mesopores numerous. Acanthopores absent. Walls of
zooecia thin. Diaphragms horizontal ; numerous. Zoarium
branching or massive.

Type species. — Heteropora cryptopora (Goldfuss), 1827.

Affinities. — This genus was originally included by Goldfuss
under his genus Ceriopora. Blainville separated it for those
Ceriopora-like forms in which the zocecia are of two distinct
sizes. As a rule, most subsequent palaeontologists have accepted
the genus; the most important exception is Haime, who denied
that the dimorphism was even of specific value.

Instead of this, I am constrained to place them in distinct

202

HETEROPORA.

families. Heteropora takes its place in the family Heterotrypidae,
which has not hitherto been recognized, except in the Palaeozoic.
The genus is most closely allied to the genus Heterotrypa,
Nicholson, from which it differs by the absence of acanthopores.

D'Orbigny made a most unnecessary number of genera for this
group of Bryozoa, and of these I regard no less than five as
synonyms of Heteropora.

1. Heteropora conifera (Lamouroux), 1821.

SYNONYMY :
Millepora conifera, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Metli. p. 87, pi. Ixxxiii. figs. 6, 7.

„ ,, Defrance, 1824, Diet. Sci. nat. t. xxxi. p. 84.

Heteropora ,, M. Edwards, 1836, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anini. s. Vert.

ed. 2, t. ii. p. 318.

,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 39.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 124.

,, ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. v. pp. 208-9, pi. xi. figs. la-£, except \x, ly, 1)8, ITJ.
,, ,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xvi. p. 12.

,, ,, Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. Maqon: Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xii. p. 14.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1865, JUT. inf. Norm.: Mem. Soc.

linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin : Denk. k. AJcad.

Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 12, pi. i. figs. 10-12; pi. ii.

fig. 1(? fig. 2).
,, ,, Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Bath. Moselle : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. ix. p. 156.
„• ,, pars, Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit. deut. geol.

Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 337.

„ ,, Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

,, ,, Walford, 1883, Northptn. Sd. of N. Oxon : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 242.
,, ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz. : Sep. Brit. Assoc. 1882,

p. 265.
,, ,, pars, Vine, 1884, Polyz. Richmond boring: Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 794.
,, ,, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc.

vol. v. p. 22.
,, ,, Schlippe, 1888, Fauna Bath, oberrh. Tien. : Abh. geol.

Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. iv. livr. 4, p. 98.
,, ,, Woods, 1891, Cat. Type Foss. Woodw. Mus. p. 47.

„ ,, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xvii. p. 294.

HETEROPORA. 203

non Ceriopora conifera, Michelin, 1846, Icon. Zooph. p. 245, pi. Ivii. fig. 8.
Ceriopora conifera, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 324.

,, ,, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi: Geogn. Pal. Beitr.

Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 644.
Midticrescis ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franc;. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1074.

Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 160.

Millepora dumetosa, Lamouroux, 1821, op. cit. p. 87, pi. Ixxxii. figs. 7, 8.
Spiropora ,, Defrance, 1827, Diet. Sci. nat. t. L. p. 300.
Cricopora ,, Blainville, 1830, ibid. t. Ix. p. 386.
,, ,, Blainville, 1834, Man. Act. p. 421.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 348.

,, ? ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 140.
Heteropora ,, M. Edwards, 1836, op. cit. t. ii. p. 308.
,, ,, Morris, 1843, op. cit. p. 39.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, op. cit. p. 125.

non Ceriopora dumetosa, Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 245, pi. Irii. fig. 7.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1848, New Mfesoz. Ead. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 418.
non „ ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.

,, ,, Buvignier, 1852, Stat. geol. dep. Meuse, p. 224.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 120.

Crescis dumetosa, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1072.

,, ,, Pictet, 1857, op. cit. t. iv. p. 161.

? Millepora pyriformis, Lamouroux, 1821, op. cit. p. 87, pi. Ixxxiii. fig. 5.
? ,, ,, Morris, 1843, op. cit. p. 41.

Heteropora ,, Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 244, pi. Ivii. fig. 3.

,, piriformis, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 586.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 142.

Polytrema ,, D'Orbigny, 1849, op. cit. t. i. p. 323.

Multicrescis „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1074.

„ „ Pictet, 1857, op. cit. t. iv. p. 160.

"Ramose milleporite," Parkinson, 1808, Organic Rem. vol. ii. p. 71, pi. viii.

figs. 3, 11.

Millepora ramosa, Fleming, 1828, Brit. Anim. p. 529.
,, ,, Morris, 1843, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 41.

,, ,, Mantell, 1850, Atlas Foss. Remains, p. 99, pi. xl. figs. 3, 11.

Heteropora ,, (non M. ramosa, Fleming), Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 244,

pi. Ivii. fig. 4.
non ,, ,, Romer, 1840, Verst. norddeut. Kreidegeb. p. 24.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1848, New Mesoz. Rad. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 419.

,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 142.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 586.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1852, Handb. Petref. p. 641, pi. xlvi. figs.

42-3.
,, „ D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 1069.

204 HETEROPORA.

Heteropora ramosa, Quenstedt, 1852, Handb. Petref. p. 641, pi. Ivi. fig. 42.
,, ,, Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss. ed. 2, p. 125.

,, ,, Pictet, 1857, op. cit. t. iv. p. 160, pi. xcii. fig. 6.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1867, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 769, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 42.

,, ,, Quenstedt, 1885, op. cit. ed. 3, p. 989, pi. Ixxix. fig. 59.

„ ,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 59.

,, reticulata, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 211, pi. ix. fig. 9.
,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 26.

„ ,, Ferry, 1862, op. cit. p. 14.

,, ,, Waagen, 1868, op. cit. p. 644.

,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

p. 290.

,, „ Vine, 1883, op. cit. p. 265.

Ceriopora ramosa, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Heteropora ficulina, Michelin, 1846, op. cit. p. 244, pi. lyii. fig. 2.
,, ,, Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 586.

,, „ Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 142.

,, ,,, Friren, 1893, Bry. ool. inf. Metz: Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.

Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. p. 60.
„ ,, Gregory, 1894, Cat. Jur. Bry. York Mus. : Rep. Yorks.

Phil. Soc. 1893, p. 61.

Polytrema „ D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Eeptomulticrescis fieulina, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1079.

,, „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 161.

? Heteropora calycina, Bruder, 1881, Juraabl. Sternberg: Sitz. k. AJcad. Wiss.

Wien. Bd. Ixxxiii. Abth. 1, p. 89, pi. ii. fig. 6.
,, n.sp., Gregory, 1894, op. cit. p. 61.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium of erect branches, which are generally
cylindrical, and either grow in irregular, stumpy branches (typical
form), or expand into thick, pyriform masses (var. pyriformis], or
into lobed, alcyonium-shaped masses (var. ficulina\ or regular
cylindrical branches (var. ramosa). The branches dichotomize,
and may sometimes anastomose (var. reticulata). The surface is
level. Zocecia crowded. Diaphragms numerous. Mesopores irre-
gular in distribution; frequently only at the angles between the
zocecia, but sometimes completely surrounding these.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :
Great Oolite : Bath ; Minchinhampton ; Eicbmond boring ; boring at Meux'g

Brewery, Tottenham Court Road.
Inferior Oolite : Dorset ? ; Crickley ; Otley Hill.

HETEROPORA.

205

FOREIGN :
? Callovian : Mauoourt, Meuse (fide Buvignier) ; Sternberg, Bohemia (fide

Bruder).
Bathonian : Ranville, Bernieres, Calvados ; Longwy, Moselle (fide Terquem) ;

Buchsweiler and Niederweiler (fide Schlippe) ; Egger (fide

Quenstedt) .
Bajocian : Montvaux and Genivaux, near Metz (fide Friren) ; Flace, etc. ,

Saone-et- Loire ; Pommer, Franconia (fi de Waagen) .

Description of Figures. — PI. XI. Fig. 1. Zocecia and mesopores,
X 22 dia. Inferior Oolite. Loc.? Holl Coll. B. 4881. Fig. 19.
Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 12 dia. Inferior Oolite.
Holl Coll. B. 4885. Fig. 20. Two parts of same zoarium,
showing varying arrangement of mesopores, X 12 dia. Bathonian :
Ranville. D. 2209.

FIG. 19. — Sections through Heteropora conifera (Lamx.) . x 12 dia. Fig. 19a:
Longitudinal section through marginal zocecia, showing diaphragms
and mesopores. Fig. 19i : Transverse section through central zooscia.
Inferior Oolite. B. 4885.

FIG. 20. — Two parts of same zoarium of Heteropora conifera (Lamx.), to
show irregularity in distribution of mesopores. x 12 dia. Bathonian
— Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. D.

206

HETEBOPOEA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

B. 4883. Great Oolite. Minchinhampton. Holl Coll.

D. 1890. Three young specimens with rare mesopores. Great Oolite. Rich-
mond boring, 1205 ft. deep. Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B.,
F.R.S.

D. 1891, D. 1892, D. 1893. Three slides with fragments. Great Oolite. Rich-
mond boring, 1205ft. deep. Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B.,
F.R.S.
D. 1938. Two specimens. Great Oolite. Boring at Meux's Brewery, 1000-64 ft.

deep. Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.
D. 211, D. 1902, D. 1903. Three slides with fragments. Great Oolite.

Richmond boring. Vine Coll.
D. 34, D. 35. Two slides with fragments. Great Oolite. Ancliff. Cunnington

Coll.

Three young specimens with rare mesopores. Great Oolite. Bath?
Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? With S. dichotomoides (D'Orb.).
(Typical form.) Inferior Oolite. England. Holl Coll.
Var. ramosa. Three specimens. Inferior Oolite. Dorset?
Var. Jiculina. Inferior Oolite.
(Typical form.) ,,

PL XI. Fig. 1.

Var. ficulina. Inferior Oolite.
Inferior Oolite. Holl Coll.
Var. ficulina. Inferior Oolite.
,, ,, Four specimens.

56778.
D. 1798.
B. 4881.
B. 2299.
B. 4871.
B. 4881.

Cotteswolds.

Wright Coll.

Holl CoU. Fiffd.

B. 4885.
D. 4884.
D. 2266.
B. 2287.
B

D. 1768.
60363.

60362.
B. 4570.
60374.
D. 2236.
D. 1836.
D. 2250.
D. 2251.
D. 2209.

Holl Coll. Fig. No. 19.

Holl Coll.
Inferior Oolite.

Crickley Hill.

Hill.

Inferior Oolite.
(Typical form.)

Coll.

(Typical form.)
( „ „ )
( „ „ )

One specimen and slide. Inferior Oolite. Crickley

Chipping Campden. Bravender Coll.

Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson

„ TessonColl.
,, Tesson CoU.

TessonColl.

Var. piriformis. ,, ,, ,,

Var. reticulata. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,

Bathonian— Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Fig. No. 20.

D. 1778, D. 1780. (Typical form.) Bathonian. Ranville.

D. 2232. Calcaire a polypiers. Bernieres, Calvados.

D. 2231.

D. 2248, D. 2249. Two specimens and sections. Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.

D. 2265. Five specimens and two sections. Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville.

HETEROPORA. 207

2. Heteropora pustulosa, Haime.

SYNONYMY :

Heteropora pustulosa, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,
p. 210, pi. xi. figs. 1g, h, j, 1; non 2i, m; ?2a-f, h;
also ex. syn.
,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), pp. 26,

28, 30.
non ,, ,, Busk, 1859, Crag Polyz. p. 122, pi. xx. fig. 1; pi. xix.

fig. 6.
,, ,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Ool. : Quart. Journ. Geol

Soc. vol. xvi. p. 12.
„ „ Ferry, 1862, Bajoc. MaQon : Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xii.

pp. 14, 23.
,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, ' 1865, Jur. inf. Norm. : Mem.

Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. p. 151.
,, ,, Terquem, 1868, in Jacquot, Descr. geol. dep. Moselle,

pp. 290, 292, 296.
,, ,, Terquem and Jourdy, 1871, Bath. Moselle: Mem. Soc.

geol. France, ser. 2, t. ix. pp. 156, 164.
non ,, ,, ex. syn. Brauns, 1879, Bry. mittl. Jura Metz : Zeit.

deut. geol. Ges. Bd. xxxi. p. 336.

? ,, ,, Witchell, 1882, Geol. Stroud, p. 48.

„ ,, Vine, 1883, 3rd Eep. Foss. Polyz.: Eep. Brit. Assoc.

1882, p. 265.
? „ ,, Vine, 1887, Jur. Polyz. Northptn. : Journ. Northptn.Nat.

Hist. Field Club, vol. iv. p. 209, pi. i. figs. 22-3.
,, ,, pars, Vine, 1888, Polyz. Caen: ibid. vol. v. p. 22.

Monticulipora incequalis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Nodicre»cts „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franQ. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1065.

,, ,, Pictet, 1857 Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 162, pi. xcii.

fig. 2.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium arborescent, of thick, massive branches,
which fork occasionally. Surface covered by numerous small
pustules.

DISTRIBUTION.

Bathonian : Ranville.

Bajocian: St. Quentin, near Metz ; Fla<je, Solutre, etc., near Mac, on
(Jide Ferry) ; Longwy, Clapes, Moselle (fide Terquem).

Affinities. — This species is mainly characterized by the raised
pustulation, which clearly separates it from S. conifer a. Eusk

208 HETEROPOEA.

gave the same name to a species from the Crag ; the Jurassic form,
however, differs from the Crag species by the greater closeness
of the zocecia, and greater disparity between the zooacia.

SPECIMEN.
60210. Bathonian — Calcaire a polypiers. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

3. Heteropora laminata, Gregory.

SYNONYMY :

Heteropora laminata, Gregory, 1896, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Jlist.
ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 295.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium encrusting, growing in layers, superposed
into thick masses. The surface of the zoarium is level or raised
into monticules. Mesopores irregular in distribution; generally
numerous.

Distribution. — Bradford Clay : Bradford. Inferior Oolite :
Dorset.

Description of Figures. — PI. XI. Fig. 2. Zooecia and mesopores,
X 22 dia. Inferior Oolite : Dorset. B. 2300. PL XI. Fig. 3.
Part of zoarium, x 18 dia. Inferior Oolite : Dorset. D. 2255.

Affinities. — This species differs from H. conifer a mainly by
zoarial characters, though the mesopores are generally more
numerous. The fact that the mesopores are useless as specific
guides is shown by Pig. 20, of which both parts are drawn from
the same specimen. The left-hand figure exhibits abundant
mesopores almost surrounding the zocecia ; while in the other
figure mesopores are rare, and occur only in the angles between
the zooecia. This shows that Haime was correct as to the vari-
ability in the number of these structures, though by his refusal
to admit any value to their complete absence, he underrated their
significance.

LIST OP SPECIMENS.

B. 2300. Inferior Oolite. Dorset? Figd. PI. XI. Fig. 2.

D. 2255. ,, „ Dorset. Figd. PL XI. Fig. 3.

D. 1826. Bradford Clay. Bradford. Variety with prominent monticules.

HETEROPORA. 209

4. Heteropora capilliformis (Michelin).

SYNONYMY :

Chcetetes capilliformis, Michelin, 1844, Icon. Zooph. p. 112, pi. xxvi. fig. 2.
Polytrema „ D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. ii. p. 41.

Reptomulticava ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1033.

,, ,, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 158.

Heteropora ,, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 212.
,, ,, Etallon, 1862, Etud. Haut-Jura Cor.: Mem. Soc. Emul.

Doubs. ser. 3, t. vi. p. 213.

Chcetetes polyporus, Quenstedt, 1852, Handb. Petref. p. 643, pi. Ivi. fig. 55.
Heteropora capilliformis, Pillet and Fromentel, 1875, Geol. Lemenc. : Mem.
Acad. Sav. ser. 3, t. iv. p. 148.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium massive; generally in hemispherical or
ovoid masses. Fixed by a broad flat base, covered by epitheca.
Surface covered by raised, irregular, cerebriform ridges and valleys.
Zooecia very long, straight, and thin, so that broken surfaces
resemble Chcetetes. Mesopores numerous ; irregular in distribution.

DISTRIBUTION.

ENGLAND :

Inferior Oolite : Gloucestershire.
FOREIGN :

Corallian : Nievre ; Tonne ; Dep. de la Meuse.

Diceratian: Valfin, Haute -Saone.

Bathonian : Ranville.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

D. 1846. Inferior Oolite. Gloucestershire. Holl Coll.
B. 4887. „ „ Loc.? Holl Coll.

D. 2213. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

5. Heteropora oviformis, Gregory, 1896.

SYNONYMY :

Heteropora oviformis, Gregory, Rev. pt. vi. : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xvii. p. 295.

Diagnosis. — Zoarium small, free, ovate masses. Zooecia short.
Surface of zoarium covered with large, scattered pustules.
Mesopores few.

p

210 HETEROPORA.

Distribution.— Bradford Clay : Bradford, Wiltshire.
Description of Figure. — PL XI. Pig. 4. Zoarium natural size,
with part, Xl6dia. Bradford Clay : Bradford. D. 2176.

SPECIMENS.

D. 1948. Bradford Clay. Holl Coll.

D. 2176. „ „ Brodie Coll. Figd. PL XI. Fig. 4.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.
1. Heteropora complicata (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora complicata, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 324.
Crescis ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 1072.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Chatel-Censoir, France.

2. Heteropora gradata, Etallon, MS. I860.

SYNONYMY :

Heteropora gradata, Etallon, 1860, Jura Graylois : Ann. Sci. phys. nat. Lyon,
ser. 3, t. iv. p. 175. (Name only.)

Distribution. — Diceratian : Marmay, Haute- Saone.

3. Heteropora hettangensis, Haime, 1854.

SYNONYMY :
Heteropora hettangensis, Haime, 1854, Bry. jurass. : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. p. 212.
,, ,, Terquem, 1855, Pal. dep. Moselle (sep. copy), p. 13.

Distribution. — Lower Lias : Hettange, France.

4. Heteropora incrustans (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Monticulipora incrustans, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Multinodicrescis sub incrustans, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1068.

,, subinornata, Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 162.

Distribution. — Bathonian : St. Aubin, Luc, in Calvados.

HETEROPOEA. 2 1 1

5. Heteropora lorieri (D'Orbigny).

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora lorieri, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 293.
Heteropora ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1069.
,, ,, Haime, 1854, op. cit. p. 212.

,, ,, E. E. Deslongchamps, 1857 : Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii.

p. 328.
„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 160.

Distribution. — Bajocian : Gueret, Sarthe ; Port-en-Bessin,
Calvados.

6. Heteropora ramosissima (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Ceriopora ramosissima, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 324.
Heteropora ,, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1069.

,, ,, M'Coy, 1854, Contrib. Brit. Pal. p. 66.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Calvados.

7. Heteropora ranvillensis, D'Orbigny, 1852.

SYNONYMY :
Heteropora ranvillensis, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. p. 1069.

Distribution. — Bathonian ? : France.

8. Heteropora ? subincrustans (D'Orbigny), 1849.

SYNONYMY :

Polytrema subincrustans, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 323.
Eeptomulticrescis subincrustans, D'Orbigny, 1852, op. cit. t. v. p. 1079.

Distribution. — Bathonian : Luc, Langrune, Eanville, etc., France.

212 MEMBRANIPOEA.

Order CHEILO STOM AT A.

Suborder ATHYBIATA.

[Gregory. The British Palaeogene Bryozoa : Trans. ZooL Soc. vol. xiii. pt. vi.

1893, p. 223.]

Diagnosis. — Cheilostomata with the front wall uncalcified or
incompletely calcified.

Family HEMBRANIPORID^.

Diagnosis. — Athyriata with the front wall mainly membranous
and occupied by an opesial aperture, which does not correspond
to the operculum. The opesium is surrounded by a raised margin.
External ooecia.

Genus MEMBRANIPORA, Blainville, 1834.

Diagnosis. — Membraniporidee in which the zoarium is a simple
erect or adnate sheet. The opesial aperture is generally of a
simple form, and the lamina is absent or but slightly developed.

Membranipora jurassica, Gregory, 1894.

Membranipora jurassica, Gregory, 1894, Jur. Cheil. : Geol. Mag. dec. 4, vol. ii.

p. 62, fig. 1.
DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium erect, foliaceous, bilaminate.

Zooecia regularly quincuncial, form hexagonal, slightly irregular.
Opesia very large. Aperture occupying the whole of the opesium
and markedly clithridiate in shape. Rim apparently plain, highest
on the margin of the aperture, and sloping thence to the inter-
zocecial sutures. Front wall very small in extent, consisting only
of a narrow space at the upper end of the zocecium, sometimes
replaced by ooecium.

Ocecium cucullate, reniform in shape, surrounded by a low rim.
The ocecia are sparsely scattered over the zoarium.

Avicularia usually a pair at the upper corners of the zocecium,

MEMBEANIPOR A . 213

but sometimes there is only one. The aperture is oval. They are
medium in size.

FIG. 21. — Membranipora jurassica, FIG. 22. — Onychocella flabelliformis
Gregory. (Lamx.).

Dimensions. — Length of a zooecium l'3mm. ; breadth 0'85 mm.

Distribution. — Bathonian — Calcaire £ polypiers : Kanville, France.

Type.— Brit. Mus. D. 180.

Affinities of the species. — This species belongs to a group which
is well represented in the Cretaceous, and it is advisable to
compare it with the following seven species. From Membranipora
lipunctata (Goldf.) l it differs in that in the latter the aperture
is oval, the zooecia are less regular, and there is but one
avicularium ; the species are allied in general aspect and the
structure of the rim. M. velamen (Goldf.)2 resembles the new
species in the shape of the aperture, but it has a more extensive
front wall, larger (and possibly vicarious) avicularia, and the shape
of the zocecia is different. M. cypris, D'Orb.,3 agrees in the

1 CeUepora bipunctata, Goldfuss, Petref. Germ. Bd. i. Ht. 1, 1827, p. 27,
pi. ix. fig. 7 ; and Hagenow, Die Bryozoen der Maastrichter Kreidebildung,
1851, p. 76, pi. ix. fig. 9.

2 Cellepora velamen, Goldfuss, op. cit. p. 26, pi. ix. fig. 4 ; and Hagenow,
op. cit. p. 97, pi. xii. fig. 1, in which the type is refigured.

3 Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v. p. 551, pi. Dcvii. figs. 11, 12.

Flustrina regularis, D'Orb., ibid. p. 306, pi. occii. figs. 17, 19. Flustrina
elegansy p. 302, pi. Dcci. figs. 17-19, appears to be only a worn variety of this
species.

214 OX YCHOCELL A .

shape of the zooecia and the character of the rim, but has an oval
aperture and no avicularia. M. regularis (D'Orb.) agrees in the
structure of the avicularia, but the other characters show that
the species are clearly different. M. tuber osa, Novak,1 agrees in
its general characters, but it possesses numerous vibracularia and
is more ornamented. Marsson's figure2 of M. lyra (Hag.) shows
that this Maestricht species belongs to the same group, but it may
be easily distinguished from M. jurassica by its oval aperture.

Family MICROPOEID^E.

Diagnosis. — Athyriata with a calcified front wall. Zocecia sur-
rounded by raised margins. No internal diaphragms. Ooacia
external.

ONYCHOCEKLA, Jullien, 1881.

Diagnosis. — Microporidae with large, vicarious avicularia scat-
tered over the zoarium.

Onychocella flabelliformis (Lamouroux), 1821.

SYNONYMY :
Flustra flabelliformis, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 113, footnote, pi. Ixxvi.

figs. 11-13.

Eschara „ Bronn, 1848, Nomencl. p. 470.

,, ,, Bronn, 1849, Enum. p. 134.

D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. franq. Terr. cret. t. T. p. 343.

non „ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 98, pi. xc. fig. 5.

Onychocella bathonica, Gregory, 1894, Jur. Cheil. : Geol. Mag. dec. 4, vol. ii.
p. 63, fig. 2.

DIAGNOSIS :

Zoarium encrusting ; an extensive thick crust.
Zooecia skittle-shaped, the lower part being like half a hexagon,
closed above by a well-rounded arc. Aperture ovato-deltoid with

1 Novak. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen der bohmischen Kreideforma-
tion: Denk. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxxvii. Abth. 2, 1877, p. 92, pi. i.
figs. 1-3.

2 Th. Marsson. Die Bryozoen der weissen Schreibkreide der Insel Riigen. Pal.
Abth. Bd. iv. Ht. 1, 1887, p. 59, pi. v. fig. 17.

ONTCH.OCELLA. 2 1 5

a blunt upper end; the lower margin is entire and but slightly
curved, and has a somewhat raised thin margin; the aperture is
large. Front wall small, triangular, depressed ; minutely granular.
Raised rim, plain, non-crenulate.

Avicularia large, vicarious ; long, tapering at each end ; irregu-
larly scattered over the zooecium. Apertures obovate. A small,
triangular front wall both above and below the aperture.

Dimensions. — Length of a zooacium 1 mm. ; breadth 0*8 mm.

Distribution. — Bathonian — Calcaire 4 polypiers : Ranville,
Prance.

Description of Figure. — Fig. 22. Part of zoarium, X 17 dia.
D. 181.

Affinities. — Lamouroux gave a rather unsatisfactory figure of
a Bryozoan, which I feel no doubt is the same species as that
which I described in 1894. I had noticed Lamouroux's figure, but
overlooked the fact that he had named and described it, as he
only did this in a footnote to the explanation of the plates.
Lamouroux's figure was so indefinite that Pictet gave a figure
of a form, which he referred to this species, but which was really
a Diastopora lamellosa. But for the British Museum specimen,
I should not have been able to determine the genus, for
Lamouroux's figure is not sufficiently precise.

The closest allies of this species are four from the Cretaceous,
which have been described under other generic names. It is
unfortunate that there is some doubt about its nearest ally, a
Maestrichtien species, described by Hagenow : in his monograph
he has given two figures * which he assigns to the species Cellepora
(Discopora) koninckiana \ but the structure of the aperture is so
different in the two, that I feel bound to assign them to different
species : in his first figure the aperture is mucronate and is small ;
in the second (fig. 11) the aperture is elliptic, with the longer
axis longitudinal, the lower margin is entire, the aperture occupies
twice as large an area as in the former, and the avicularia are
much larger. I therefore make Hagenow's second figure (fig. 11)
into a new species under the name of Onychocella hagenowi. This
is the nearest ally of 0. flabelliformis, but it differs in the larger
size of both the avicularian and zoo3cial apertures.

Hagenow. Op. cit. p. 95, pi. xi. figs. 10, 11.

216 ONYCHOCELLA.

Onychocella piriformis (Goldf.)1 is another ally, but has a lower
zooecial aperture, while the avicularian aperture is larger and the
front wall occurs only above and not on both sides of this.
0. santonensis (D'Orb.)2 has a smaller mouth and longer avicu-
laria ; 0. solea (Novak)3 a semi-elliptical aperture with a mucronate
lower margin.

SPECIMENS.

D. 181. Frond. Bathonian. Eanville. Tesson Coll. Figd. No. 22.

D. 480. Fragment mounted on slide. Bathonian. Ranville. Tesson Coll.

1 Eschara piriformis, Goldfuss, op. cit. p. 24, pi. viii. fig. 10 ; Hagenow,
op. cit. p. 75, pi. ix. fig. 6 ; pi. xi. fig. 6.

2 Eschara santonensis, D'Orbigny. Op. cit. p. 109, pi. Dciii. figs. 1-3 ;
pi. Dclxxiii. fig. 4.

3 Biflustra solea> Novak. Op. cit. pp. 94-5, pi. iii. figs. 12-16.

APPENDIX A.

MISCELLANEOUS RECOKDS.

1. Bullopora rostrata, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 580, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 28.
Probably not a Bryozoon.

2. Ceriopora michelini, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 324.

3. Entalophora proboscidea, Vine (PD'Orb.), 1888, Polyz. Caen: Journ.

Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 23.

4. Escharites rhombifer, Waagen, 1868, Zone Amm. sowerbyi : Geogn. Pal.

JBeitr. Bd. i. Ht. 3, p. 642, pi. xxxiii. fig. 6.
? Ceriocava.

5. Homceosolen jurensis, Etallon, 1861, Etud. Haut-Jnra Cor. : Mem. Soc.

Emul. Doubs. ser. 3, t. vi. p. 215.
? Reticulipora.

6. Hornera infra-oolithica, Waagen, 1868, op. tit. p. 642, pi. xxxiii. figs. 9, 10.

7. Inversaria milleporacea, Vine ( ? Hag.), 1888, Polyz. Caen : Journ.

Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 23.

8. Millepora macrocaule, Lamouroux, 1821, Expos. Meth. p. 86, pi. Ixxxiii.

fig. 4.
Syn. Ceriopora macrocaulis, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 324.

Multicrescis „ D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. frans. Terr. cret. t. v.

p. 1074.
Affinity. — Probably a sponge.

9. Pavotubigera minuta, Reuss, 1867, Bry. braun. Jura Balin : Denk. Jc.

Akad. Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii. p. 3, pi. ii. fig. 8.

10. Eeptomulticava gradata, D'Orbigny, 1852, Pal. fran9. Terr. cret. t. v.

p. 1034.
„ „ Pictet, 1857, Traite Pal. ed. 2, t. iv. p. 158.

11. Semimulticlausa orbignyi, Terquem and Piette, 1865, Lias inf. Est France :

Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, t. viii. p. 124,
pi. xviii. figs. 7-9.
? Ceriopora.

218 APPENDIX.

12. Spathipora incerta, Fischer, 1866, Et. Bry. perf. Terebriporides : Nouv.

Arch. Mm. Hist. nat. Paris, t. ii. p. 310.
Probably not a Bryozoon.

13. Terebripora antiqua, D'Orbigny, 1849, Prod. Pal. t. i. p. 318.

,, ,, Fischer, 1866, Et. Bry. perf. Terebriporides: Nouv.

Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, t. ii. p. 304.

14. „ arachne, Fischer, 1866, op. eit. p. 303.

15. ,, ? michelini (Terquem), Fischer, 1866, op. cit. p. 305.

Wurmlocher, Quenstedt, 1858, Der Jura, p. 48, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2.
Vioa michelini, Terquem, 1855, Pal. Hettange : Mem. Soc. geol.

France, ser. 2, t. v. p. 334, pi. xxvi. fig. 6.
Haimeina michelini, Terquem, 1868, Lias inf. Est France:

Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, t. viii. p. 134.

16. ,, producta, Fischer, 1866, op. cit. p. 303.

17. ,, propinqua, Fischer, 1866, op. cit. p. 304.

18. ,, ? quenstedti, Fischer, 1866, op. cit. p. 306.

[The above species (13-18) of Terebripora are often included among the Bryozoa;
but the author sees no sufficient reason to regard them as such.]

19. Tubipora acervalis, Bean, 1839, Cat. Foss. Cornbr. Scarb. : Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 58.

„ ,, Wright, 1860, Subdiv. Inf. Oolite : Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 28.

20. ,, incrustam, Bean, 1839, op. cit. p. 58.

,, ,, Wright, 1860, op. cit. p. 28.

21. „ strues, Fleming, 1828, Brit. Anim. p. 529. [Not Jurassic as

stated.]

220

APPENDIX.

1 M I I M I M M M M I

M M I 1 M

1 d II

I I

M M M I M M M

I? 3 I M I * I »' I ri I I' I I I

•umnoCeg;

I d

J* I I log* || Md

M M M M M M d M

I I M M M M M M M

M M M M M M M I I

« II II II M II II II * I

PJOJX0

I II I M I II I M II I I

I II II II II II II I I I II

M HHH

II I X I I

piojptug;

I H

H =H Tl | | M J | J I I I I I I

H* I I I I I I H I I I I I

I H H H I H

£A*

s IJiJ

iTll

•ills*

I .f^-J s £

i— 1 (N CO

APPENDIX.

221

I II life II I II I II II I I I II II II II I II I II I

I I II I II I I Md I II II I II I II I II I II I II I I

I I I M II I

1 1 1 1

II I M ll II II I I II II

'2

M M i M i i M i i M M M i M

II I II I I w I I I I I 1 I I I I I * I I M 1 I I I I I

*»2

I fed

I I I I? II? Id

|gJ5 i i • rh i • rh • • i • •
2 I I ^2 I o^oo I eo

1 1

I I I I I II I I d I I I I II I I I I II M M I II ! I I I I
I * II I II II I I II I I II II I II I II II I II II I I

I I I II II II II I II I N I II II I I II I

11*111

II II I I M II II i I II I I I II I

111111*11*111111 I II II II II I II II I I

I M I M I II I II I II II II II II I II M II II II

II II II *

* II I I I ** II I II II I I II II

II II I II I II I II II II I I II * II I II II II I I I

I I I I

1*1*111*1111*1111

II I I II *

I * I II I I I II I I I I I II I I I II II II II I

1 1 MM |

| | * | I I ! ***-** I I

Mxll

>5 »<i GO

"*o • -j. ^ .!2

*•§ 'i-r

.i

«1 « §1 i"§ I'l if 5 s^^-i

.§ j $ J •« •' *i *1 *i *' .9 1 * J 5 « I

p
st

-Sis!

111*8

^fc^sss

i^KJg •&•*«!(«•?«

*

O5 O i-H

222

APPENDIX.

II II II I

I II I I I II II II II I II Id I M

II II II II II II II I II II II I

I II II II II II II II II II II

1 d

•WPJ

II II II II II II M I I II II II

I 1

1

I II I I II I II M II I II I I I I I

III I

II I I I II *

I 1 I * II I H | M II I I H II I I I I

•9^00

xx | |H* j x | | M.EM

II II I I M II II II I M M I I

I 1

I I I

II II I II II M II I II II II

?* ^

? ilil Mil*'

illfJHlli

eot^cocso i-«(N co

ilil

APPENDIX.

223

M M M I

II M M II M M M M M M M M 1 M

M I M I M M I M I i I I M I M fe 1 I I

M M M M M M M M M I

M M M M M M M M M M M M M I
I M M M M I M I I i I * I I I M I

Id I

I? M M M I

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I

M M M M M M M M M M Ml M M M

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I

M M M I

I I

M M M M M I H M M M M M M M M

M M M I

I I i i I M| | MM|H| I | |

*1

I * |

M M M M M I M || M || i | || M M II I
I M | | KM M I M | M | | M I MM | H | KM M M I
M M M M M M M I M M M M M M M

-eSs ^

S ra

^ 1 5 1 -s s ^

t* ? ,«c .S -S 'S 1^ "?>

|I|ll-i1|l|i!|l|li

«5 (£> co CO

S

APPENDIX C.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JURASSIC BRYOZOA.*

- [Works which are referred to in the text in connection with

general questions, or in respect to the definition of genera
occurring in the Jurassic, are not included.]

Archiac, E. J. A. D. de S. — 1843. Description geologique du departement de
1'Aisne: Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 1, t. v. pt. ii. pp. 129-418,
pis. xxi.-xxxi.

Bean, "W. — 1839. A Catalogue of the Fossils found in the Cornbrash Limestone
of Scarboro' ; with figures and descriptions of some of the
undescribed species : Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. iii. pp. 57-62.

Beesley, Thomas. — 1886. The Lias of Fenny Compton, Warwickshire.
"Warwick, 1886. 3 + 22 pp. Reprinted, "with additions and
corrections to end of 1885," from Proc. Warwickshire Nat. and
Arch. Field Club, 1877.

Bigot, A. — 1892. Esquisse geologique de la Basse-Normandie, chap, iii.: Bull.
Lab. GeoL Caen, Ann. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-26.

Blainville, H. M. D. de. — 1830. Zoophytes : Diet. Sci. nat. Ix. pp. 1-546,
68 pis.

1834. Manuel d' Actinologie ou de Zoophytologie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris.

Branco, W. — 1879. Der untere Dogger Deutsch-Lothringens : Abh. geol.

Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. ii. Ht. 1, pp. 1-160, pis. i.-x.
Brauns, D. — 1869. Die mittlere Jura im nordwestlichen Deutschland, von den

Posidonienschiefern bis zu den Ornatenschichten. 8vo. Cassel.
1874. Die obere Jura im nordwestlichen Deutschland. 8vo,

x. + 434 pp., 3 pis. Braunschweig.
1879. Die Bryozoen des mittleren Jura der Gegend von Metz: Zeit.

deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxxi. pp. 308-38, pi. vi.
Bronn, Heinrich G. — 1825. System der Urweltlichen Pflanzenthiere durch

Diagnose, Analyse, und Abbildung der Geschlechter erlautert.

fol., iv. +47 pp., 7 pis. Heidelberg.

1837. Letheea Geognostica, oder Abbildungen und Beschreibungen

der fur die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnendsten Yersteinerungen.
Edit. 2. 2 vols. 8vo. Stuttgart. [Bry. Bd. i. 1837, pp. 240-51,
pis. xv., xvi.]

APPENDIX. 225

Bronn, Heinrich G. — 1848-9. Handbuch der Geschichte der Natur, Bd. iii. :

Index palseontologicus. A. Nomenclator palseontologicus, 1848.

8vo, Ixxxiv. + 1381 pp. B. Enumerator palseontologicus, 1849.

8vo, 980 pp.
Bronn, H. G. and Eomer, P.— 1851. Lethsea Geognostia, ed. 3, Bd. ii. Th. 4.

Oolithen-Periode. 8vo, 571 pp. Stuttgart. (Bry. pp. 83-95.)
Bruder, Georg. — 1881. Zur Kenntniss der Juraablagerung von Sternberg bei

Zeidler in Bohmen: Sitz. k. AJcad. Wiss. Wien. Bd. Ixxxiii. Abth. 1,

pp. 47-99, pis. i., ii.
Buvignier. — 1852. Statistique geologique, miner alogique, minerallurgique, et

paleontologique du departement de la Meuse. 8vo, Ii. + 694 pp.,

fol. atlas, 32 pi. Paris.
Conybeare, W. D. and Phillips, W.— 1822. Outlines of the Geology of

England and Wales. Pt. i. Ixi. + 470 pp.
Coquand, H. — 1860. Description physique, geologique, paleontologique, et

mineralogique du departement de« la Charente. t. i. 1858 ; t. ii.

1860.
Credner, Heinrich. — 1863. Uber die Gliederung der oberen Juraformation

und der Wealden-Bildung im nordwestlichen Deutschland. 8vo,

xi.+-192 pp., 11 pis. Prag.
Credner, Hermann. — 1864. Die Pteroceras-Schichten (Aporrhais-Schichten)

der Umgebung von Hannover: Zeit. deut. geol. Ges. Bd. xvi. 1864,

pp. 196-248, pis. ix.-xi.
Defrance, J. L. M. — 1824. Millepore: Diet. Sci. nat. t. xxxi. pp. 80-5.

1826. Polypiers : ibid. t. xlii. pp. 372-97.

1827. Spiropore : ibid. t. L. pp. 299, 300.

1828. Theonee : ibid. t. liii. p. 470.

1828. TerebeUaire: ibid. t. liii. pp. 111-12.
Dumortier, Eugene. — 1864-74. Etudes paleontologiques sur les Depots Juras-

siques du Bassin du Rhone. 8vo. t. i. 1864, 189 pp., 30 pis. ;

t. ii. 1867, 253 pp., 50 pis. ; t. iii. 1869, 349 pp., 45 pis. ; t. iv.

1874, 337 pp., 62 pis. Paris.
Etallon, A. — 1860. Paleontostatique du Jura. Jura Graylois : Ann. Sci.

phys. nat. Lyon, ser. 3, t. iv. pp. 145-77.

1862. Etudes paleontologiques sur les terrains Jurassiques du Haut-

Jura. Monographie de 1'Etage Corallien, Partie i. : Mem. Soc.
Emul. Doubs. ser. 3, t. vi. 1861, pp. 53-216.

Eudes-Deslongchamps, Eugene. — 1856. Note sur la presence du cornbrash a
Lion-sur-Mer : Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. i. pt. i. pp. 24-7.

1857. Description des couches du Systeme oolithique inferieur du

Calvados: Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. ii. pp. 312-67.

1863. Notes pour servir a la geologic du Calvados, 3e article :

Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. viii. pp. 206-43.

1865. Etudes sur les Etages Jurassique inferieurs de la Normandie :

Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xiv. 1865, pp. 1-296, pis. i.-iii.

Q

226 APPENDIX.

Eudes-Deslongchamps and Eugene Eudes-Deslongchamps. — 1858. Memoire
sur la couche a Leptaena intercalee entre le lias moyen et le lias
superieur du Calvados: Bull. Soc. linn. Norm. t. iii. pp. 132-95,
pis. ii.-vii.

Ferry, H. de. — 1862. Note sur l'E*tage Bajocien des environs de Ma9on (Saone-

et-Loire). Pt. i. Etage Bajocien: Mem. Soc. linn. Norm. t. xii.

46 pp.
Fischer, P. — 1866. Etude sur les Bryozoaires perforants de la famille des

Terebriporides : Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, t. ii.

pp. 293-313, pi. xi.

Fleming, John. — 1 828. A History of British Animals. 8vo, xxiii. + 565 pp.
Edinburgh.

Fox-Strangways, C.— 1892. Vol. ii. Yorkshire— Tables of Fossils: Mem.
Geol. Surv. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. 8vo, 250 pp. London.
(Bry. p. 148.)

Friren, A. — 1893. Melanges Paleontologiques. Art. iii. Les bryozoaires de
1'oolithe inferieure des environs de Metz : Bull. Soc. Hist. nat.
Metz, ser. 2, t. vi. 1893, pp. 39-64.

Goldfuss, Aug.— 1827. Petrefacta Germanic. Vol. i. pt. i. (Bry. pp. 23-41,
pis. viii.-xii.). Pt. i. pp. 1-70, pis. i.-xxiv. 1827; pt. ii.
pp. 71-168, pis. xxv.-li. 1829 ; pt. iii. pp. 169-240, pis. lii.-lxxi. ;
pt. iv. pp. 241-52, 1833.

Gregory, J. W. — 1894. Catalogue of the Jurassic Bryozoa in the York Museum :
Hep. Yorks. Phil. Soc. 1893, pp. 58-61. York.

1894. On some Jurassic Species of Cheilostomata : Geol. Mag.

dec. 4, vol. ii. pp. 61-4.

1895-6. A Revision of the British Jurassic Bryozoa. Pts. i.-vi.

^ 1895. Pt. i. The Genus Stomatopora : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,

vol. xv. pp. 223-8.

V- ,, ,, ii. The Genus Proboscina: ibid. vol. xvi. pp. 447-51.
V1S96. „ iii. The Genus Berenicea: ibid. vol. xvii. p. 41-9.
^ ,, ,, iv. The Genera Reptomultisparsa and Diastopora: ibid.

pp. 151-5.
V ,, ,, v. The Families Idmoniidae and Entalophoridse : ibid.

pp. 194-201.
V ,, ,, vi. The Fascigeridae, Theonoida3, Dactylethrata, and Tre-

postomata : ibid. pp. 287-95.

Haime, Jules. — 1854. Description des Bryozoaires fossiles de la formation
Jurassique: Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, t. v. pp. 156-218,
pis. vi.-xi.

Huxley, Thomas H. and Etheridge, Robert. — 1865. A Catalogue of the Col-
lection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology. 8vo,
Ixxix. + 381 pp. London.

APPENDIX. 227

Judd, J. W.— 1875. The Geology of Rutland and the parts of Lincoln, Leicester,
Northampton, Huntingdon, and Cambridge, included in Sheet 64 of
the one -inch map of the Geological Survey. Appendix ; with
tables of fossils by R. Etheridge : Mem. Geol. Surv. 8vo, xv.
+ 320 pp., 3 pis. London.

Koch, Fr. C. L. and Bunker, W. — 1837. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der
norddeutschen Oolithgebildes und dessen Versteinerungen. 4to,
64 pp., 7 pis. Braunschweig.

Lamouroux, J. — 1821. Exposition Methodique des genres de 1'Ordre des
Polypiers. 4to, viii. + 115 pp., 84 pis. Paris.

1824. Encyclopedic Methodique : Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes

ou Animaux Rayonnes. 4to, viii. + 819 pp. Paris.

Lepsius, Richard. — 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Juraformation im Unter-
Elsass. 8vo, viii. +64 pp., 2 pis. Leipzig.

Longe, F. D. — 1881. On the relation of the Escharoid Forms of Oolitic
Polyzoa : Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. viii. pp. 23-34, pi. ii.

Lonsdale, Wm. — 1832. On the Oolitic District of Bath: Trans. Geol. Soc.
ser. 2, vol. iii. 1832, pp. 241-76.

Mantell, G. A. — 1850. A Pictorial Atlas of Fossil Remains. 4to, 207 pp.,
74 pis. London.

Martin, Jules. — 1863. Paleontologie Stratigraphique de 1'Infra Lias du
departement de la Cote d'Or, suivie d'un ape^u paleontologique
sur les m ernes assises dans le Rhone, 1'Ardeche, et 1'Isere : Mem.
Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, t. vii. pp. 1-100, pis. i.-viii.

M'Coy, Fred. — 1848. On some new Mesozoic Radiata : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 2, vol. ii. pp. 397-420.

1854. Contributions to British Paleontology, or first descriptions of

360 species and several genera of fossil Radiata Articulata,
Mollusca, and Pisces, from the Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, and
Palaeozoic strata of Great Britain. 8vo, viii. + 272 pp., 1 pi.
Cambridge.

Michelin, Hardouin. — 1840-7. Iconographie Zoophytologique, description par
localites et terrains des Polypiers Fossiles de France et pays
environnants. 4to, xii. + 348 pp., 79 pis. Paris.

Dates of parts, as —

pp. 1-16, pis. i.-iv. 1840.
pp. 17-148, pis. v.-xlii. 1841-3.
pp. 149-178, pis. xliii.-xlvi. 1844.
pp. 179-220, pis. xlvii.-liii. 1845?
pp. 221-306, pis. liv.-lxxiii. 1846.
pp. 307-348, pp. i.-xii. pis. Ixxiv.-lxxix. 1847.

Milne Edwards, H. — 1836. In Lamarck, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Yertebres, ed. 2, t. ii. 8vo, 684 pp.

228 APPENDIX.

Milne Edwards, H. — 1838. Memoire sur les Crisies, les Horneres, et plusieurs
autres Polypes, vivans ou fossiles, dont 1' organisation est analogue a
celle des Tubulipores : Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. ser. 2, t. ix. pp. 193-238,
pis. vi.-xvi.

- 1846. Zoophytes, in Cuvier, Le Eegne Animal. 8vo, 160 pp ,
97 pis. Paris.

Morris, John. — 1843. A Catalogue of British Fossils, ed. 1. 8vo, x. + 222 pp.
London.

- 1854. Ibid. ed. 2. viii. +374 pp.

Murchison, E. I. — 1845. Outline of the Geology of the Neighbourhood of-
Cheltenham. 2nd edit., revised by James Buckman and H. E.
Strickland. xvi. + 109 pp., 13 pis. London.

Oppel, Albert. — 1853. Der mittlere Lias Schwabens : Wurtb. naturwiss.
Jahreshefte, Bd. x. pp. 39-136, pis. i.-iv.

- 1866. (Edited by Waagen, W.)— Uber die Zone des Ammonites

transversarius : Geogn. Pal. Beitr. Bd. i. Ht. 2, pp. 205-317.
Orbigny, Alcide D'. — 1849. Description de quelques genres nouveaux de Mol-
lusques bryozoaires: Eev. Mag. Zool. ser. 2, t. i. pp. 499-504.

1849-52. Prodrome de Paleontologie stratigraphique, Universelle.

8vo. t. i. 1849, lx.+ 394 pp. ; t. ii. 1850, 427 pp. ; t. iii. 1852,
196 pp., and index 191 pp. Paris.

1851-2. Paleontologie franchise. Terrains cretaces, t. v. : Bryozoaires.

8vo. Texte 1192 pp., pis. DC.-DCCC. Paris.

The wrappers in which the livraisons of this work were issued were not

dated. The dates accepted here are pp. 1-584, 1851 ; pp. 585-end, 1852.

Probably part of the end was not issued till 1853, or even early in 1854 ; but

this does not affect the priority of any Jurassic species contained in it.

Parkinson, James. — 1808. Organic Eemains of a Former "World. Vol. ii.

The Fossil Zoophytes. 4to, xvi. + 286 pp., 19 pis. London.
Passy, A. — 1832. Description geologique du departement de la Seine-Inferieure.

4to, xvi. + 371 pp., with map and 20 plates. Eouen.

Phillips, John.— 1829-35, 1875. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, or

a description of the Strata and Organic Eemains of the Yorkshire

Coast. 4to. York. Ed. 1, 1829, xvi. + 192 pp., 14 pis. Ed. 2,

1835. Ed. 3 (by E. Etheridge) ; London, 1875.

— — 1871. The Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames.

8vo, xxiv.+523 pp. Oxford.
Pictet, F. J.— 1857. Traite de Paleontologie, ed. 2, t. iv. xvi. + 768 pp.

[Bry. pp. 87-171, atlas, pis. xc.-xcii.]

Pillet, L. and Fromentel, E. de. — 1875. Description geologique et paleonto-
logique de la colline de Lemenc sur Chambery : Mem. Acad. Savoie,
ser. 3, t. iv. pp. 69-199, 15 pis.

Platnauer, H. M. — 1891. List of Figured Specimens in York Museum : Ann.
Rep. YorJcs. Phil. Soc. 1890,, pp. 56-89.

APPENDIX. 229

Quenstedt, Fr. Aug. — 1851. Das Flozgebirge "Wurtembergs. Mit besonderer
Eiicksicht auf den Jura. 2nd edit. 8vo, viii. + 580 pp. Tubingen.

1852-85. Handbuch der Petrefaktenkunde. Tubingen, 1852. pp. iv.

4-792, atlas, 62 pis. ; 2nd edit. 1867, 982 pp., 86 pis. ; 3rd edit.
1882-5, 1239 pp., 100 pis.

- 1858. Der Jura. 8vo, 842 pp., 100 pis. Tubingen.

- 1878-81. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, Bd. vi. Abth 1. Korallen

(Rohren- und Sternkorallen) . 1093 pp., atlas, 42 pis. Leipzig.
Reuss, A. E. — 1866. Die Bryozoen, Anthozoen, und Spongiaren des braunen
Jura von Balin bei Krakau : Sitz. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien.
Bd. liii. pp. 229-31.

1867. Die Bryozoen, Antbozoen, und Spongiaren des braunen Jura

von Balin bei Krakau: Denk. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Bd. xxvii.

1867, pp. 1-26, pis. i.-iv.
Roraer, Fr. Ad. — 1836-9. Die Versteinerungen des Norddeutschen Oolithen-

Gebirges. 4to, ii. + 218 pp., 16 pis. Hannover, 1836. Nachtrag.

4to, 59 pp., 5 pis. (pis. xvii.-xx., tab. a). Hannover, 1839. (The

Bryozoa described in the Appendix are from the Hilstbon, i.e.

Low. Cret.)
Sauvage, H. E. — 1889. Note sur les Bryozoaires jurassiques de Boulogne:

Bull. Soc. geol. France, ser. 3, t. xvii. pp. 38-53, pis. iii., iv.
Schlippe, A. Oskar. — 1888. Die Fauna des Bathonien im oberrheinischen

Tieflande : Abh. geol. Specialk. Elsass-Loth. Bd. iv. Ht. 4.

267 pp., 8 pis.
Struckmann, C. — 1878. Der obere Jura der Umgegend von Hannover. 4to,

viii. + 169 pp., 8 pis. Hannover.
Tate, Ralph. — 1875. On some new Liassic Fossils: Geol. Mag. new series,

dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 203-6.
Terquem, 0. — 1855. Paleontologie du departement de la Moselle (from "Statis-

tique du departement de la Moselle"). 8vo, 40 pp. Metz.
1855. Paleontologie de 1'etage inferieur de la Formation Liasique

de la province de Luxembourg, Grand Duche (Hollande), et de

Hettange, du departement de la Moselle : Mem. Soc. geol. France,

ser. 2, t. v. pp. 219-343, pis. xii.-xxvi.
Terquem, 0. and Piette, E. — 1865. Le Lias Inferieur de Test de la France,

comprenant la Meurthe, la Moselle, le Grand Duche de Luxem-
bourg, la Belgique, et la Meuse: Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2,

t. viii. pp. 1-175, pis. i.-xviii.
Terquem, 0., in Jacquot, E. — 1868. Description geologique et mineralogique

du departement de la Moselle. 8vo, viii. + 490 pp., 5 pis.

Paris.
Terquem, 0. and Jourdy, E. — 1871. Monographie de 1'Etage Bathonien dans

le departement de la Moselle : Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, t. ix.

pp. 1-175, pis. i.-xv.

230 APPENDIX.

Thompson, Beeby. — 1889. The Middle Lias of Northamptonshire. 8vo,

149 pp. London.
Vine, G. R. — 1880. A Review of the Family Diastoporidse for the purpose of

classification: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. pp. 356-60,

pi. xiii.

— 1881. Further Notes on the Family Diastoporidse, Busk. Species

from the Lias and Oolite: ibid. vol. xxxvii. pp. 381-90, pi. xix.

- 1882. The Diastoporidse, or the Natural History of a Family Type :

Science Gossip, Apr., July, Nov. 1882, pp. 81-3, 145-7, 244-7.

— 1883. Third Report of the Committee .... on Fossil Polyzoa

(Jurassic species — British area only): Rep. JBrit. Assoc. 1882,
pp. 249-66.

— 1884. Fourth Report of the Committee .... on Fossil Polyzoa :

Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1883, pp. 161-209.

— 1884. Polyzoa (Bryozoa) found in the boring at Richmond, Surrey,

referred to by Prof. Judd, F.R.S. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. pp. 784-94.

- 1887. Jurassic Polyzoa in the Neighbourhood of Northampton :

Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. Field Club, vol. iv. pp. 202-11, 2 pis.
1888. Notes on the Polyzoa of Caen and Ranville now preserved

in the Northampton Museum : Journ. Northptn. Nat. Hist. Soc.

vol. v. pp. 1-24.
1893. Notes on the Polyzoa, Stomatopora and Proboscina groups,

from the Cornbrash of Thrapston, Northamptonshire : Proc. Yorks.

Geol. Soc. vol. xii. 1893, pp. 247-58, pis. xii., xiii.
Waagen, W. — 1868. liber die Zone des Ammonites sowerbyi : Geogn. Pal.

Beitr. Bd. i. Ht. 3, pp. 507-668, pis. xxi.-xxxiv.

Walford, E. A. — 1879. On some Middle and Upper Lias Beds in the Neigh-
bourhood of Banbury : reprinted from Proc. Warwickshire Nat.

and Arch. Field Club. 8vo, 23 pp.

- 1883. On the Relation of the so-called "Northampton Sand" of

North Oxon to the Clypeus-Gciii : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxix. pp. 224-45.

— 1887. Notes on some Polyzoa from the Lias : ibid. vol. xliii.

pp. 632-6, pi. xxv.

- 1889. On some Bryozoa from the Inferior Oolite of Shipton Gorge,

Dorset, pt. i. : ibid. vol. xlv. 1889, pp. 561-74, pis. xvii.-xix.

- 1894. On some Bryozoa from the Inferior Oolite of Shipton Gorge,

pt. ii. : ibid. vol. L. pp. 72-8, pis. ii.-iv.

1894. On Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Middle Lias: ibid.

pp. 79-84, pis. v.-vii.

Wilson, E. and Crick, W. D.— 1889. The Lias Marlstone of Tilton, Leicester-
shire : Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. vi. pp. 296-305 and 337-42,
pis. ix., x.

APPENDIX. 231

Witchell, E. — 1882. The Geology of Stroud. 8vo, viii. + 108 pp., 3 pis.

Stroud.
Woods, H. — 1891. Catalogue of the Type Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum,

Cambridge. 8vo, xvi. + 180 pp. Cambridge.
Woodward, H. B. — The Jurassic Rocks of England : Mem. Geol. Surv.

1893. Vol. iii. The Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire
excepted). 8vo, xii.+399 pp., and map. (Bry. p. 365.)

1894. Vol. iv. The Lower Oolitic Bocks of England (Yorkshire
excepted). 8vo, xiv. + 628 pp. (Bry. pp. 580-2.)

1895. Vol. v. The Middle and Upper Oolitic • Eocks of England
(Yorkshire excepted). 8vo, xiv. + 499 pp. (Bry. p. 386.)

Wright, T.— 1860. On the Subdivisions of the Inferior Oolite in the South of
England, compared with the equivalent beds of that formation
on the Yorkshire Coast : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi.
pp. 1-48.

i

INDEX.

abbreviata (Cricopora), 149.

(Entalophora), 150.

— (Spiropora), 149-50, 154.
acervalis (Tubipora), 218.
Actinopora, 26, 29, 33, 173-9.
acutimargo (Cricopora), 147.
Alecto, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56-9.
alfredi (Proboscina), 73-4.

(Reptotubigera) , 74.

allaudi (Berenicea), 77-8, 82, 89, 100,

105, 112.

(RosaciUa), 77.

Alveolaria, 180.

ammonitorum (Idmonea), 74, 136.

(Proboscina), 74.

amphoralis (Entalophora), 143.

(Pergensia), 143.

Amplexopora, 195.
annulata (Cricopora), 145.
annulosa (Cricopora), 146.
(Spiropora), 141, 146-50,

153-4, 160.
anomala (Entalophora raripora var.),

142.

antilope (Terebellaria), 188-9.
antiqua (Bisidmonea), 155.

(Spiropora), 145-6.

— (Stomatopora), 44, 48.

(Terebripora), 218.

(Tubigera), 18.

ia (Apseudesia), 29, 33,

93,

167-71, 173, 177, 183, 192.
arachne (Terebripora), 218.
arborea (Pustulopora) , 150.

(Spiropora), 150.

arborescens (Ceriopora), 197-8.
archiaci (Berenicea), 54, 82,

97-100, 105, 107, 112.

(Dacryopora), 97.

attenuata (Stomatopora), 51, 55.
Aulopora, 44, 55, 57-8, 62, 72, 78

sis (Alecto), 54.
— (Entalophora),

152.

bajocensis (Intricaria), 151-2.

(Laterotubigera), 152.

— (Spiropora), 148, 152-3.

(Stomatopora), 54.

bajocina (Entalophora), 156.
bathonica (Haplooecia), 162.

1 (Melicertites), 162.

(Onychocella), 214.

belemnitorum (Berenicea), 109.

(Diastopora), 109.

Berenicea, 12, 14-18, 20-2, 28-9, 54,

60, 70, 73, 76-117, 119, 184.
bessina (Spiropora), 157.
bessinensis (Spiropora), 157.
bicolor (Berenicea), 104.
Bidiastopora, 116, 119, 123, 125-7,

185.
bipunctata (Cellepora), 213.

(Membranipora), 213.

Bisidmonea, 18, 155.

boloniensis (Berenicea), 93, 96-7, 99,

102, 112.

(Rosacilla), 96.

boryi (Proboscina), 60.
bouchardi (Stomatopora), 42, 50, 52.
bowerbanki (Theonoa), 23, 180-1.
brevissima (Spiropora), 150.
buchi (Proboscina), 61-2.
Bullopora, 217.

csespitosa (Cricopora), 151.

(Entalophora), 151.

(Spiropora), 124, 147-8,

150-4.
calloviensis (Alecto), 58.

(Diastopora), 129-30, 133.

(Elea), 129.

(Entalophora), 144.

— (Stomatopora), 58.

calycina (Heteropora) , 204.
campicheana (Bidiastopora), 123.

(Diastopora), 123.

capillaris (Cricopora), 151.
(Spiropora), 151.

234

INDEX.

capilliformis (Chaetetes), 209.

(Heteropora), 209.

(Polytrema), 209.

{Reptomulticava), 209.

cava (Reptomulticava), 14, 162-3, 200.

Cellaria, 56.

cellarioides (Entalophora), 128, 137,

139-41, 143, 149, 171, 191.
Cellepora, 67, 78, 103, 213.
cenomana (Spiropora), 148.
Ceriocava, 14, 54, 162-6, 198-9.
Ceriopora, 14, 34, 137, 157-8, 162-4,

195-201, 203, 211, 217.
cervicornis (Bidiastopora), 127.

(Diastopora), 17, 117, 127-8.

(Elea), 127.

(Terebellaria), 191.

Chilopora, 13, 34, 193-4.

Chrysaora, 182.

Cisternifera, 116-7, 132, 142-3.

clathrata (Theonoa), 178-80, 183.

Clausa, 156.

clausa (Cisternifera), 143.

clavata (Ceriopora), 198.

(Clavisparsa), 142.

(Entalophora), 142.

claviformis (Idmonea), 136.
Clavisparsa, 137, 142.
Clementina (Berenicea), 84-5.

(Proboscina), 69.

clypeata (Apsendesia), 169.

(Defrancia), 169-70.

(Discotubigera), 169.

(Pelagia), 169-71, 173.

coartata (Berenicea), 81, 101, 104,

106, 108-9, 112.
compacta (Berenicea), 69.

(Ceriopora), 198.

(Stomatopora), 69.

complanata (Idmonea), 74, 136.

(Proboscina), 74.

complicata (Ceriopora), 210.

(Crescis), 210.

(Heteropora), 210.

compressa (Aulopora), 78.

(Berenicea), 20, 78-83, 112.

(Cellepora), 78.

(Ceriopora), 199.

(Diastopora), 78.

(Entalophora), 147.

(Heteropora), 199.

(Multiclausa), 184.

(Nodicava), 199.

— (Spiropora), 147-9.

(Stomatopora), 78.

(Tubigera), 147.

concatenata (Berenicea), 21, 105-6,
112.

conferta (Diastopora), 125.
(Spiropora), 148.

confluens (Berenicea), 99, 100.
conifera (Ceriopora), 163, 203.

- (Heteropora), 202-6, 208.

- (Millepora), 202.

- (Multicrescis), 203.
connectens (Diastopora microstoma

Constellaria, 177.
corallina (Alecto), 58.
-- (Berenicea), 97, 106-7.
-- (Ceriopora), 199.
-- (Heteropora), 199.

- (Polytrema), 199.
-- (Reptomulticava), 199.

- (Rosacilla), 96.

- (Stomatopora), 58.
corrugata (Berenicea), 116.

- (Diastopora), 76.
corymbosa (Ceriocava), 162-6, 198.

- (Ceriopora), 163, 198.

- (Heteropora), 163.

- (Millepora), 163.
Crescis, 14, 201, 203.

Cricopora, 133, 138, 144-7, 149, 151,
155-7, 159, 201, 203.

- (Berenicea), 109.

- (Diastopora), 101.
cristata (Apsendesia), 168-71, 173.

- (Discotubigera), 169.
crussolensis (Berenicea), 80, 110.
-- (Diastopora), 110.
cryptopora (Heteropora), 201.
cunningtoni (Proboscina), 25, 67, 75.
cypris (Membranipora), 213.
Cyrtopora, 133, 168, 172.

Dacryopora, 97.

daedalea (Mesenteripora), 125.

davidsoni (Diastopora), 16, 20, 121-6,

129, 131, 133.

(Proboscina), 61-2.

(Stomatopora), 61.

deflexa (Tubulipora), 48.

Defrancia, 26, 29, 33, 166, 168-71,

173, 175.

densata (Berenicea), 78.
Densipora, 113.

denticulata (Berenicea), 88, 112.
depressa (Idmonea), 136.

(Reptotubigera), 136.

deslongchampsi (Spiropora), 150.

Desmeopora, 172.

desoudini (Proboscina), 25-6, 66-7,

71-2, 76.
(Stomatopora), 66.

INDEX.

235

diadema (Cricopora), 156.

(Spiropora), 156.

dianthus (Apsendesia), 192.
(Reticulipora), 192-3.

Diastopora, 13-18, 20-1, 28-9, 60,
62-3, 67, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86-91, 95,
97-8, 101-3, 106, 108, 110-133,
185, 215.

dichotoma (Alecto), 43, 50, 52.

— (Aulopora), 44, 58.

— (Stomatopora), 24-5, 42-9,
51-3, 58, 87, 100, 108, 158.

dichotomoides (Alecto), 50.

(Stomatopora), 24-7, 50-5,

57, 59, 100, 206.

dilatans montlivaltiformis (Stomato-
pora), 44, 48.

dilatans (Proboscina), 25, 65.

dilatata (Berenicea), 110.

— (Diastopora), 110.

(Proboscina), 65.

diluviana (Berenicea), 70, 81, 87, 89-
95, 97, 99, 104-5, 110, 112-3.

(Diastopora), 86, 90-1, 108,

113-4, 185.

(Reptomultisparsa), 91, 114.

(Kosacilla), 91.

diplopora (Actinopora), 175-6, 178.

(Defrancia), 175.

disciformis (Berenicea), 99, 100.
discoidea (Berenicea striata wr.), 85-6.
Discotubigera, 168-9.
distorta (Theonoa), 181-3.

— (Tilesia), 181-2.
divaricata (Aulopora), 55.

— (Stomatopora), 25, 47, 55.
divisa (Proboscina), 75.
dumetosa (Cava), 163.

— (Ceriopora), 163, 203.

— (Crescis), 203.

(Cricopora), 203.

(Heteropora), 203.

(Millepora), 203.

(Spiropora), 203.

ecbinata (Cellepora), 67.

(Diastopora), 67.

— (Proboscina), 26, 67, 72.
echinulata (Tubulipora), 106.
edwardsi (Berenicea), 73.

(Proboscina), 73.

Elea, 116-7, 119, 127, 129.
elegans (Cricopora), 145.

— (Spiropora), 144-6, 148, 150,
153-4.

elegantula (Idmonea), 75, 136.
(Proboscina), 75.

elongata (Stomatopora), 59.
Entalophora, 12, 14-18, 60, 127-8,

137-44, 147, 149-53, 155-7,

159, 163, 171, 191.
Eschara, 117, 119, 127, 216.
Escharites, 157, 217.
eudesi (Proboscina), 25, 60-3, 65,

74.
eudesiana (Berenicea), 119.

— (Diastopora), 119-21.

(Mesenteripora), 119.

exilis (Berenicea), 101-2, 109, 112.

expansa (Proboscina), 75,

(Proboscina jacquoti var.),

64-6.

Fascicularia, 168.
fasciculata (Diastopora), 72.

1 (Proboscina), 72.

(Stomatopora), 71.

Fasciculipora, 29, 33, 167-8.
fenestrata (Diastopora), 127.
fibrosa (Ceriopora), 199.
ficulina (Heteropora), 53, 204, 206.
- (Polytrema), 204.

(Eeptomulticrescis), 204.

flabelliformis (Eschara), 214.

(Flustra), 214.

(Onychocella), 213-6.

flabellum (Aulopora), 78.

(Berenicea), 87.

(Diastopora), 111.

Flustrina, 213.

foliacea (Berenicea), 93, 119.

(Diastopora), 20, 87, 117-23,

125-6, 130-1, 133.

(Elea), 119.

(Eschara), 119.

folium (Berenicea), 80.

galeata (Pergensia), 141.
garnieri (Berenicea), 110.
globosa (Ceriopora), 195-8.
(Monticulipora) , 196.

— (Eeptonodicava), 196.
gracilis (Berenicea), 93.
(Ceriopora), 157.

— (Diastopora), 89.

(Idmonea), 135.

(Terebellaria), 191.

gradata (Heteropora), 210.

(Reptomulticava) , 217.

grandipora (Ceriopora), 199.
granulata (Stomatopora), 25, 47, 48.
guernoni (Chilopora), 193-4.

236

INDEX.

hagenowi (Berenicea), 99.

(Onychocella), 216.

haimei (Multiclausa), 184-7.

— — (Stomatopora), 45, 48.
Haimeina, 218.
Haplooecia, 11, 157-62.
Heteropora, 14, 34, 53, 113, 163-4,

199-211.

Heterotrypa, 194.
hettangensis (Heteropora), 210.
hincksi (Proboscina) , 71.
Hippothoa, 56.
Homoeosolen, 217.
Hornera, 133, 217.
horrida (Entalophora), 141.

icaunensis (Entalophora), 141.
Idmonea, 18, 26, 34, 66, 74-5, 133-6.
insequalis (Monticulipora), 207.

(Nodicrescis), 207.

incerta (Spathipora), 218.
inconstans ^Cisternifera), 132, 142.

(Diastopora), 132.

— (Tubulipora), 108, 118, 132.
incrassata (Stomatopora), 47.
increscens (Terebellaria) , 153, 187.
incrustans (Diastopora), 114.

- (Heteropora), 210.
(Monticulipora), 210.

- (Multinodicrescis), 210.
(Tubipora), 218.

infra -oolitica (Hornera), 217.
insignis (Berenicea), 78.
intermedia (Alecto), 57.

(Aulopora), 57.

(Proboscina), 26, 67.

(Stomatopora), 57-8.

intennixta (Stomatopora), 51.
Intricaria, 151-2, 159.
Inversaria, 217.
irregulare (Haplooecia), 161.

jacquoti (Proboscina), 25, 64-6, 75.

(Reptotubigera), 64.

(Stomatopora), 64.

j'ellyae (Multiclausa), 186-7.
jugata (Entalophora), 144.

(Pergensia), 144.

jurassica (Membranipora), 212-4.
jurensis (Homceosolen), 217.

Kololophos, 29, 173-4, 177-9.
koninckiana (Cellepora), 215.
(Discopora), 215.

lacrimopora (Berenicea), 80.
lamellosa (Bidiastopora) , 126.
(Diastopora), 17, 117,126-8,

133, 141, 186, 215.

(Mesenteripora) , 126.

laminata (Heteropora), 208.
lamourouxi (Diastopora), 78, 82, 86-7,

121, 130, 133.
Lateromultelea, 127.
Laterotubigera, 146, 152, 159.
latifolia (Bidiastopora), 125.

(Diastopora), 125.

latomarginata (Diastopora), 88.

— (Tubulipora), 88.
laxata (Berenicea), 110.
(Ceriocava), 16-5-6.

— (Diastopora), 110.
laxipora (Entalophora), 140.
leda (Ceriocava), 199.
(Ceriopora), 199.

— (Heteropora), 199.
liassica (Aulopora), 72.

— (Diastopora), 72, 80.

(Entalophora), 156.

(Proboscina), 25, 72, 74-5.

(Spiropora), 156.

Lichenopora, 173-4, 176.
longiscata (Stomatopora), 25, 55.
lorieri (Ceriopora), 211.

(Heteropora), 211.

luceana (Multiclausa), 186.

— (Multisparsa), 127-8, 185-6.
lucensis (Berenicea), 184.

(Bidiastopora), 185.

(Diastopora), 127, 185.

(Multisparsa), 185.

luciana (Bidiastopora), 127.

lyra (Membranipora), 214.

macrocaule (Millepora), 217.
macrocaulis (Ceriopora), 217.

- (Multierescis), 218.
macropora (Bidiastopora), 119.

- (Diastopora), 119.
madreporacea (Ceriopora), 137.
magnipora (Entalophora), 142-3.
major (Pergensia), 141.

- (Proboscina), 48, 68.
- (Stomatopora), 48.

marginata (Diastopora), 121.

- (Mesenteripora), 121.
margopunctata (Berenicea) ,111.
meandrina (Bidiastopora), 119.

(Mesenteripora), 119.

megapora (Berenicea), 87.
Melicertites, 32, 138-9, 157-
Membranipora, 212-4.

162.

INDEX.

237

Mesenteripora, 116-7, 119, 121-2,

124-6.
mettensis (Diastopora), 95, 119, 120.

(Mesenteripora), 119.

michelini (Bidiastopora) , 125.
(Ceriopora), 217.

— (Diastopora), 21, 124-6, 128,
131, 133.

(Haimeina), 218.

— (Mesenteripora), 124,.

(Terebripora), 218.

(Theonoa), 183.

(Vioa), 218.

microphylla (Bidiastopora), 125.
— (Diastopora), 125.

• (Mesenteripora), 125.

micropora (Ceriocava), 162.

— (Ceriopora), 195.
microstoma (Berenicea), 95, 114-6.

(Diastopora), 86-7, 113-5.

— (Reptomultisparsa), 95,
113-4.

(Rosacilla), 114.

Millepora, 159, 163, 189, 201-4.
milleporacea (Inversaria) , 217.
niilleporite (Ramose), 204.
minima (Berenicea), 107.

(Pergensia), 141.

minuta (Pavotubigera), 217.
Mitoclema, 14.
Monotrypella, 195.
Monticulipora, 164, 196, 201, 207.
montlivaltiformis (Stomatopora), 44-5,

48.
morinica (Proboscina), 25, 67, 70-1, 76.

— (Stomatopora), 70.
Multelea, 116-7.
Multiclausa, 33, 184-7.
Multicrescis, 14, 201, 203.
Multinodicrescis, 14.
Multisparsa, 127-8, 185-6.
Multitubigera, 173.
mutabilis (Ceriopora), 200.
mutata (Diastopora), 80.

neocomiensis (Apsendesia) , 170.
(Diastopora), 126.

— (Mesenteripora), 126.
neptuni (Ceriocava), 163.

— (Ceriopora), 163.
nidulata (Entalophora), 12, 141-3.

— (Pergensia), 141.
Nodicava, 14, 162, 164, 199.
Nodicrescis, 14, 201, 207.
normani (Berenicea), 80, 82, 112.

— (Diastopora), 82.
normaniana (Diastopora), 81.

obelia (Berenicea), 76.
obscura (Proboscina), 70-1.
oceanica (Berenicea), 107.
Onychocella, 213-6.
oolitica (Berenicea), 98.

— (Diastopora), 98.
orbiculata (Berenicea), 103, 105.

(Cellepora), 103.

(Diastopora), 103.

orbignyi (Actinopora), 176.

(Lichenopora), 176.

(Semimulticlausa), 217.

ornata (Proboscina), 64-5.

Osculipora, 172.

oviformis (Heteropora) , 209.

papillosa (Berenicea), 107.
papyracea (Berenicea), 80.
parkinsoni (Idmonea triquetra var.),

136.

parvecristata (Apsendesia), 171, 183.
(Theonoa), 171.

parvitubulata (Berenicea), 12,93, 95-6,

112.

Pelagia, 33, 166, 168-71, 173.
Pergensia, 137, 141, 143-4.
petaloides (Diastopora), 119.
Petalotrypa, 195.
phillipsi (Actinopora), 173-6.
— (Lichenopora), 174.

(Stomatopora), 51.

pilosa (Berenicea), 80.
piriformis (Eschara), 216.

(Heteropora), 203.

(Multicrescis), 203.

(Onychocella), 216.

— (Polytrema), 203.
plicata (Stomatopora), 25, 52.
polystoma (Berenicea), 104.
Polytrema, 14, 199, 201, 203-4.
porifera (Pergensia), 141.
porosa (Melicertites), 157.
porrecta (Stomatopora), 45, 48-9.
portlandica (Berenicea), 81, 83-5, 112.
proboscidea (Entalophora), 218.
Proboscina, 14-18, 22, 25-6, 29, 48,

59-76, 87, 113.
producta (Terebripora), 218.
prominens (Berenicea), 76.
propinqua (Terebripora), 218.
Pustulopora, 133, 137-9, 144, 150,

152, 159, 160.
pustulopora (Entalophora richmondi-

ensis var.), 141-2.
pustulosa (Ceriopora), 163-4.

— (Heteropora), 164, 207.
(Monticulipora), 164.

238

INDEX.

pustulosa (Nodicava), 164.
pyriformis (Heteropora) , 203.
(Millepora), 203.

quenstedti (Pustulopora), 160.
(Terebripora), 218.

radiciformis (Ceriopora), 200.

— (Heteropora), 200.
radiolitorum (Proboscina), 25, 63.
Eadiopora, 177.

ramosa (Aulopora), 62.

— (Ceriopora), 203.

— (Diastopora), 62-3.

— (Fasciculipora), 167.

— (Heteropora), 203-4, 206.
- (Millepora), 204.

— (Proboscina), 25, 62-3, 65.
(Reptotubigera), 62-3.

" Ramose milleporite," 204.
ramosissima (Bidiastopora), 127.

(Ceriopora), 211.

(Diastopora), 127-9.

(Elea), 127.

(Entalophora), 127.

(Heteropora), 211.

(Terebellaria), 49, 141,

187-191.

ramulifera (Heteropora), 200.
ranvillensis (Heteropora), 211.
ranvilliana (Defrancia), 175.
(Elea), 127.

— (Eschara), 117, 127.

(Lateromultelea), 127.

raripora (Entalopbora) , 142-3.
recurva (Stomatopora), 45.
regularis (Actinopora) , 174.

— (Berenicea), 78.

(Entalopbora), 138.

(Flustrina), 213.

(Membranipora), 214.

repens (Proboscina), 72.
Reptomulticava, 14, 162, 199.
Reptomulticrescis, 14, 201, 206.
Reptoraultisparsa, 14, 18, 29, 91, 95,

112-6, 190.

Reptonodicava, 14, 162, 165, 196.
Reptonodicrescis, 14.
Reptotubigera, 59, 62-4, 74, 134-6.
Retelea, 192.

reticulata (Heteropora), 204, 206.
Reticulipora, 33, 192-3, 217.
retiformis (Diastopora), 132-3.
reussi (Stomatopora), 25, 55.
rhombifer (Escharites) , 217.
rhomboidalis (Melicertites), 159.

richmondiensis (Entalopbora), 141-3.

— (Spiropora), 153-4.
rigauxi (Proboscina), 25, 68-70, 75.

— (Stomatopora), 69.
rb'meri (Ceriopora), 158.

(Melicertites), 158.

Rosacilla, 77, 88, 91, 96, 112, 114.
rostrata (Bullopora), 217.
rotula (Berenicea), 99, 100.
rugosa (Berenicea), 111.
rupellensis (Alecto), 59.
(Stomatopora), 59.

santonensis (Escbara), 216.

(Onychocella), 216.

sarthacensis (Ceriocava), 200.

(Ceriopora), 200.

(Clausa), 156.

(Entalophora), 156.

— (Heteropora), 200.

(Spiropora), 156.

(Stomatopora), 62-3.

sauvagei (Berenicea), 80, 82-3, 112.
scobinula (Berenicea), 20, 99, 106-9,
112.

(Diastopora), 106, 122, 125.

(Mesenteripora), 122.

Semimulticlausa, 217.
semiovata (Alveolaria), 180.
serpens (Reptotubigera), 63.
smitbi (Alecto), 56.

(Cellaria), 56.

(Hippothoa), 56.

(Stomatopora), 56-7.

solea (Biflustra), 216.

(Onychocella), 216.

sparsa (Berenicea), 88.

(Diastopora), 88.

Spathipora, 218.

spatiosa (Berenicea), 77, 86-8, 112.

(Diastopora), 87, 91-3.

(Proboscina), 71-2, 76, 87.

(Tubulipora), 86.

spinosa (Chrysaora), 182.

spirata (Stomatopora), 45, 48.

Spiroclausa, 187.

Spiropora, 17, 18, 124, 137-9, 141,
144-57, 159, 160, 163, 201, 203.

stelliformis (Tubulipora), 104.

Stomatopora, 11, 14-18, 22,24-7, 33,
42-64, 66, 69-71, 78, 87, 95,
100, 108, 113, 158, 186, 206.

stomatoporoides (Berenicea), 110.

(Diastopora), 79.

(Idmonea),

straminea (Cricopora), 159.

: (Entalophora), 147, 159.

INDEX.

239

straminea (Haplocecia), 157-61.

— (Pustulopora), 159.

(Intricaria) , 159.

(Later otubigera), 159.

(Millepora), 159.

— (Spiropora), 147-9, 159.
striata (Diastopora) , 84.

— (Berenicea), 77, 83-4, 86,
112.

strues (Tubipora), 218.
subcompressa (Cava), 200.
— (Ceriopora), 200.
subelegans (Proboscina), 70.
subflabellum (Berenicea), 111.
subgracilis ( Kntalophora) , 140.
subincrustans (Heteropora), 211.

= (Polytrema), 211.

(Reptomulticrescis), 211.

subirregularis (Entalophora), 142-3.
subramosa (Diastopora), 129.
substriata (Berenicea), 111.
subverticillata (Cricopora), 146.
suevica (Tetrapora), 172.
sulcata (Theonoa), 183.

tenera (Berenicea), 106.
tennis (Berenicea), 88-9, 112.

(Diastopora), 88.

(Pustulopora), 152.

(Rosacilla), 88.

(Terebellaria), 189.

tenuissima (Ceriopora), 201.

(Heteropora), 201.

Terebellaria, 33, 49, 133, 141, 153,

187-91.

Terebripora, 218.
terquemi (Constellaria), 177.

(Diastopora), 122-3.

(Kololophos), 177-8.

— (Radiopora), 177.
(Stomatopora), 45, 48.

tessonis (Cricopora), 146-7.
(Entalophora), 147.

— (Spiropora), 147.
tetragona (Bisidmonea), 155.

(Cricopora), 155.

(Entalophora), 155.

— (Spiropora), 155-6.
Tetrapora, 172.

tetraquetra (Cricopora), 155.

(Spiropora), 155.

Theonoa, 29, 171, 173, 178-84.
thrapstonensis (Proboscina), 64-5.
Tilesia, 178, 181-2.
toucasiana (Proboscina), 63.
trahens (Stomatopora), 25, 48.
transversa (Retelea), 192.
triquetra (Idmonea), 134-6.

(Reptotubigera), 135.

tuberosa (Ceriopora), 195.

(Membranipora), 214.

Tubigera, 18, 147.

Tubipora, 218.

Tubulipora, 26, 48, 76, 86, 88, 104,

106, 108, 118, 132, 173.
tubulus (Diastopora), 131.

undula^a (Berenicea), 95, 115.
(Diastopora), 115.

velamen (Cellepora), 213.

(Membranipora), 213.

ventricosa (Berenicea), 97-

(Diastopora), 97-8.

verrucosa (Berenicea), 81-2, 92, 101-5,
112.

(Diastopora), 81, 102.

verticillata (Cricopora), 146.

(Laterotubigera), 146.

(Spiropora), 138, 146, 148.

vesiculosa (Alecto), 52.

(Stomatopora), 25, 52.

Vioa, 218.

virgula (Idmonea), 18.

waltoni (Diastopora), 130-1.

(Fasciculipora), 167-8.

(Stomatopora), 24-5, 45, 49,

51, 53-5, 95.

wrighti (Diastopora), 121-4.
Wurmlocher, 218.

Y-formis (Idmonea triquetra var.),
136.

PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, HERTFORD.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

FIG. 1. Stomatopora dichotomy, Lamx. Encrusting Apiocrinus elegans
(Defr.). Bradford Clay : Bradford. Zoarium nat. size, and
part, x 25 dia. [B. 4833.]

FIG. 2. Stomatopora dichotoma, Lamx. Bradford Clay : Box, Wilt-
shire. Part of zoarium, x 25 dia. Holl Coll. [B. 4860.]

FIG. 3. Stomatopora dichotomoides (D'Orb.). Great Oolite : Ham-
castle, near Bath. Part of zoarium encrusting Multiclausa,
sp., x 20 dia. [B. 4249.]

FIG. 4. Stomatopora dichotomoides (D'Orb.), var. attenuata (Waif.).
Cornbrash : Thrapston, Northamptonshire, x 20 dia.
Vine CoU. [D. 927.]

FIG. 5. Stomatopora waltoni, Haime. Fuller's Earth : Gloucestershire.
Zoarium encrusting Terebratula aff. plicata, Buckm.,
nat. size, and some zooecia, X 22 dia. Presented by
G. K. Waterhouse, Esq. [97083.]

FIG. 6. Proboscina jacquoti, Haime, var. expansa. Cornbrash :
Thrapston. Part of zoarium encrusting Nucleolites orbicu-
laris (Phil.), showing gonocysts, X 25 dia. Type of
P. ornata, Vine. Figd. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc. vol. xii.
(1893) pi. xiii. fig. 10. Vine Coll. [D. 2063.]

B.M.JUR.BRYOZOA

PI . i ,

x25

x25

anl cbl.eUitli. West, Uewnan imp

Stomatopora & Pro"boscirLa,.

PLATE II.

FIG. 1. Proboscina eudesi, Haime. Inferior Oolite — Pea Grit:
Gloucestershire, x 20dia. Holl Coll. [D. 1843.]

FIG. 2. Proboscina jacquoti, Haime, var. expansa. Cornbrash :
Thrapston. Encrusting Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.),
X 11 dia. Vine Coll. [D. 921.]

FIG. 3. Proboscina desoudini, Haime. Cornbrash : Thrapston. En-
crusting Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.), X 12 dia. Vine
Coll. [D. 1010.]

FIG. 4. Proboscina cunningtoni, Gregory. Fuller's Earth : Bruton.
Part of a zoarium encrusting Zeilleria ornithocephala
(J. de C. Sow.), X 17 dia. Cunnington Coll. [88742 ]

FIG. 5. Proboscina cunnington it Gregory. Cornbrash : Corsham, Wilts.
Part of a worn zoarium encrusting Terebratula maxillata,
J. de C. Sow., var. submaxillata, Morr., to show tufted
ends of branches, X 10 dia. W. Buy Coll. [23852.]

FIG. 6. Proboscina rigauxd (Sauv.). Cornbrash : Eushden. Part of
a zoarium encrusting Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow.,
X 12 dia. [B. 4846.]

B.M.JUR.BRYOZOA.

Pl.IL

12

G.M .Wo o Award del etlith

Proboscma.

PLATE III.

FIG. 1. Berenicea spatiosa (Waif.). Great Oolite: Hampton, near
Bath, x 22 dia. Holl Coll. [B. 30.]

FlQ. 2. Berenicea compressa (Goldf.). Bradford Clay : Bridgewater
Quarry, Bradford, x 12 dia. [D. 1782.J

FIG. 3. Berenicea compressa (Goldf.). Cornbrash : Thrapston. Part
of a zoarium with gonocyst, x 18 dia. Vine Coll.

[D. 924.]

FIG. 4. Berenicea sanvagei, Greg. Bradford Clay : Bradford. Part
of zoarium encrusting Apiocrinus. Some worn zooecia
show the perforated diaphragms, x 15 dia. Presented
by Benj. Bright, Esq. [B. 194.]

FIG. 5. Berenicea portlandica, Greg. Portland Oolite : Tisbury,
Wiltshire, x 12 dia. Presented by J. W. Gregory.

[D. 1853.]

FIG. 6. Berenicea allaudi (Sauv.). Inferior Oolite. LOG. ? Part of
a worn zoarium encrusting Terebratula plicata, Buckm.,
x 16 dia. [D. 1795.]

B.M.JUR.BRYOZOA,

PI. III.

G M .Woodward del et lith. .

West^Newrnan. irrrp

I&4IPO'

PLATE IV.

FIG. 1 . Berenicea archiaci, Haime. Bradford Clay : Bradford, Wilt-
shire. Part of a zoarium with gonocyst growing on root
of Apiocrinus, X 6 dia. J. Sharp Coll. Whole zoarium
shown natural size. [51342.]

FIG. 2. Berenicea archiaci, Haime. Corn brash: Thrapston. Zoarium
encrusting Ostrea, sp., X 7 dia. With gonocysts. Vine
Coll. [D. 919.]

FIG. 3. Berenicea archiaci, Haime. Cornbrash : Thrapston. En-
crusting Nucleolites orbicularis (Phil.). Zoarium without
gonocysts, x 11 dia. Vine Coll. [D. 920.]

FIG. 4. Berenicea diluviana, Lamx. Bradford Clay : Box Tunnel,
Wiltshire. Encrusting Terebratula maxillata, J. de C.
Sow. Part of zoarium, x 13 dia. [B. 4251.]

FIG. 5. Berenicea parvitubulata, Greg. Great Oolite : Richmond
boring. Part of zoarium with gonocysts, x 18 dia.
Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S. [D. 1912.]

FIG. 6. Bere^iicea parvitubulata. Part of worn zoarium encrusting
Terebratula intermedia, J. de C. Sow., with gonocysts,
x 16 dia. Cornbrash : Rushden. Cunnington Coll.

[60535.]

B.M.JUK.BRYOZOA.

PI. W.

G M Woodward deletlith

We s t,Ne vnna.n rmp .

Beremcea..

PLATE V.

FIG. 1. Berenicea boloniensis (Sauv.). Bradford Clay : Busfield. Part
of zoarium encrusting Terebratula maxillata, J. de C.
Sow., x 18 dia. [50777.]

FIG. 2. Berenicea coartata, Greg. Inferior Oolite : Crickley. Part of
zoarium encrusting Terebratula plicata, Buckm., x 18 dia.

[67553.]

FIG. 3. Berenicea scobinula (Mich.). Bradford Clay : Box, Wiltshire.
Part of zoarium encrusting Oxytoma costata (Smith),
X 16 dia. Holl Coll. [B. 4858.]

FIG. 4. Berenicea verrucosa (M. Edw.). Inferior Oolite : Broad
Winsor. Zoarium encrusting Holectypus hemisphcericus
(Ag.), x 4 dia. [B. 2284.]

FIG. 5. Berenicea verrucosa (M. Edw.). Bradford Clay : Bradford.
Part of zoarium encrusting Apiocrinus, X 18 dia.

[B. 4867.]

FIG. 6. Berenicea exilis, Reuss. Great Oolite : Hampton Common.
Part of zoarium encrusting limestone, x 18 dia. [B. 2301.]

B.M.JUR.BRYOZOA.

PLY.

G.M.Woo6Lwa.rd deLetHth.

West, Newman imp.

JSeiremcea,.

PLATE VI.

FIG. 1. Berenicea exilis, Eeuss. Inferior Oolite : near Leckhampton.
Part of zoarium, x 18 dia. Brodie Coll. [D. 2217.]

FIG. 2. Reptomultisparsa undulata (Mich.). Lower Oolite. LOG. ?
Part of zoarium, x 10 dia. [B. 4850.]

FIG. 3. Reptomultisparsa undulata (Mich.). Bradford Clay : Wilt-
shire, x 18 dia. J. Wood Coll. [35250.]

FIG. 4. Diastopora foliacea, Lamx. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Part
of zoarium, x 15 dia. Holl CoU. [D. 5.]

FIG. 5. Diastopora davidsoni, Haime. Great Oolite: Hampton
Common. Normal forms. Zooecia, x 18 dia. [B. 2302.]

FIG. 6. Diastopora davidsoni, Haime. (Form wrighti.} Inferior
Oolite : near Leckhampton- Part of base of a zoarium,
with gonocyst, x 18 dia. Brodie Coll. [D. 2142.]

HM.JUR.BRYOZOA

PI .ATI.

G.M.Wb o Award del etlith. .

West, Newman, imp .

Berenice a Reptozn-altisparsa&Diastopora..

PLATE VII.

FIG. 1. Proboscina morinica (Sauv.). Inferior Oolite : Cleeve, near
Leckhampton. x 18 dia. Brodie Coll. [D. 1840.]

FIG. 2. Diastopora michelini (Blainv.). Forest Marble : Wiltshire.
Part of zoarium, x 17 dia. Cunnington Coll. [24770.]

FIG. 3. Diastopora lamellosa, Mich. Great Oolite : Ancliff, near
Bath. Fragment, x 17 dia. [24521.]

FIG. 4. Diastopora lamourouxi, M. Edw. Inferior Oolite: near
Leckhampton. Part of funnel-shaped end of zoarium,
x 17 dia. Brodie Coll. [D. 2194.]

FIG. 5. Diastopora calloviensis (D'Orb.). Bathonian — Calcaire
k polypiers : Ranville. Part of tufted zoarium, x 13 dia.
Tesson Coll. [60368.]

FIG. 6. Idmonea triquetra, Lamx. Great Oolite : Minchinhampton.
Part of a young zoarium, x 32 dia. Bjne Coll. [20730.]

B.M.JUR.BRYOZOA

PL:VIL.

G.M.Wbodward del. et lith .

West, Newman imp .

Diastopora^Idmonea.

PLATE VIII.

FIG. 1. Entalophora cellarioides, Lamx. Bathonian — Calcaire
k polypiers : Ranville. x 17 dia. Tesson Coll. [D. 2257.]

FIG. 2. Entalophora nidulata (Waif.). Great Oolite : Richmond
boring. Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.
Young zoarium, x 26 dia. [D. 1931.]

FIG. 3. Entalophora magnipora (Waif.). Great Oolite : near Bath.
Presented by J. W. Gregory, x 17 dia. [D. 2098.]

FIG. 4. Spiropora elegans, Lamx. Great Oolite: Bath. Branch,
x 17 dia. [60173.]

FIG. 5. Spiropora annulosa, Mich. Inferior Oolite : Bredon. Part
of branch, X 26 dia. Holl Coll. [B. 4864.]

FIG. 6. Spiropora ccespitosa, Lamx. Forest Marble : Wiltshire.
Branch, x 17 dia. Cunnington Coll. [24770.]

B. M . JUR.BRYOZQA.

PL VIII.

G -M.WoocLwa.rdL del .et lith . West, Newman imp .

Entaloplaora&SpjroporsL.

PLATE IX.

FIG. 1. Spiropora tetragona, Lamx. Inferior Oolite. LOG. ? Part
of branch, x 8 dia. Presented by F. Harford, Esq.

[B. 3829.]

FIG. 2. Spiropora richmondiensis, Vine. Great Oolite : Richmond
boring. Vine's type. Presented by Prof. J. W. Judd,
C.B., F.RS. x 17 dia. [D. 1935.]

FIG. 3. Haplocecia irregulare, Gregory. Lincolnshire Limestone :
Stamford, x 24 dia. S. Sharpe Coll. [D. 44.]

FIG. 4. Apsendesia cristata, Lamx. Forest Marble : Wiltshire.
Part of zoarium, x 6 dia., showing the Fasciculiporoid
shape of the tufts, and their serial arrangement.
Cunnington Coll. [24770.]

FIG. 5. Apsendesia cristata, Lamx. Great Oolite : Burford, Wilt-
shire. Young zoarium in the Defrancia stage, x 5 dia.

[38596.]

FIG. 6. Actinopora diplopora, Brauns. Great Oolite : near Bath ?
Part of a zoarium, x 12 dia. ; and the whole zoarium
nat. size. [B. 2295.]

B.M.JUR.BRYOZOA.

PI. IX.

12

G.}O/ood.arddel.etlatB. West.Newman imp.

Spiropora,,Haplocecia,,Apsendesia- & Actinopora.

PLATE X.

FIG. 1. Kololophos terquemi (Haime). Inferior Oolite : Birdlip.
Part of a zoarium encrusting Terelratula, x 12 dia.

[67613.]

FIG. 2. Theonoa distorta (Lamx.). Inferior Oolite : near Leck-
hampton. Part of a zoarium, x 14 dia. Brodie Coll.

[D. 2186.]

FIG. 3. Multiclausa haimei, Greg. Great Oolite : Hampton. Part
of a branch, x 12 dia. Holl Coll. [B. 4874.]

FIG. 4. Multiclausa jellyce, Greg. Bradford Clay : Box, Wiltshire.
Part of a branch, x 14 dia. Holl Coll. [B. 4872.]

FIG. 5. Terebellaria ramosissima, Lamx. Bradford Clay : Box,
Wiltshire. Part of a branch with zones of zooecia and
interzones of dactylethrse, x 12 dia. Buy Coll. [23857.]

FIG. 6. Ceriocava laxata, Greg. Inferior Oolite : Leckhampton.
Part of a zoarium showing worn and unworn conditions,
x 12 dia. [51130.]

B.M.JUR.BRYDZOA

Pl.X

12

G.M.WoodwArd del.etlith.

"West,.lTewma3T. amp.

Kololoylaos , TKe onoa , Multicla^sa ,Tere]o ellari a
&Ceriocava.

PLATE XL

FIG. 1. Heteropora conifera (Lamx.). Inferior Oolite. LOG. ? Zooscia
and mesopores, x 22 dia. Holl Coll. [B. 4881.]

FIG. 2. Heteropora laminata, Greg. Inferior Oolite : Dorset ? Zorecia
and mesopores, x 22 dia. [B. 2300.]

FIG. 3. Heteropora laminata, Greg. Inferior Oolite : Dorset ?
Surface of part of zoarium, x 18 dia. ; transverse section,
x 13 dia. [D. 2255.]

FIG. 4. Heteropora oviformis, Greg. Bradford Clay : Bradford,
x 16 dia. [D. 2176.]

FIG. 5. Ceriopora globosa, Mich. Great Oolite : Hampton Down,
x 22 dia. [B. 4248.]

FIG. 6. Ceriopora arborescens, Waagen. Inferior Oolite. Loc. ? Part
of massive, thick-branched zoarium, x 16 dia. [B. 2286.]

B .M. JUK . RRYQ Z OA

PI .XT.

West.Newxna-n amp.

HeteropoTa, <3c Ceriopora.

U.C. BERKELEY LIBP

14 DAY USE

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY

This book is due on the last date stamped below, or

on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.

LD 21-50m-4,'63
(D6471slO)476

General Library

University of California

Berkeley

U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES