en Lee oN

crys 3 enn tne Y eee e avin ter ge Pe Pe terete ss Pv er peak neee eprale- spatonh «had ’ S gee >:

Nitew ; pry ere ee - rs Nae rtd eral eine repeat Rinne Ow hw bet rp Ah ; pease ; Mv Seacerateke

in Pree SMe, Meas i paircterg rote fem he an eatery onernenene ee area een ee are Aarne then See WetSE PUAN mes ene

ep beteneeehete\ pam 9 asa - naa yn anew Nella ey Pew er rare and Shwe fected ath A Use the Ning m Cee Ae A BAP Reap alitnet He Patented
. “ee ; epee pk ees

= eed #= 4 t= . an
ptt inn vate teh petra econ pennant tT UN MIN a ped b anata owt tae arate

ee sl na eweblbeie a en tobe arta : ¥ .
BaP fettave —— Meerut tire wee =. See Na ene ON Nh en chart earl ee eR amen tt ne

& ee ‘ C ~
Sola bree en mee at re et ty fe Dol - Pere ee ane iinet Aarne amr gas igitag ethan celibate ’ ee
ob bs ‘i - ’ + thet fea Mn r rf - a = iy > me ; ——< e
otiineme Sarena : as Aa A eS Se ON Oe oe ara en gerne ae AE Ne I RE en Ot oe Be NOES ee een epee ese ita one enaee
Ne ee oa el : La rs armen pte mode bvpettermactn te <p amas Sempirotaigne Py =~ P= 6m aa ne owe ztse® — Ae te joe wR ae OS eg mt he hem
- “ tomy om - 0 ae os PO, Ea ADO | DRO Ry ety > Pele tyler gies) Cats be x ¢ : ~

a circar tenn en S aenne rere m4 eh ead mot " ~ oe el ~waut ay. agin ghee = Ohm RO we wt we tee ae

SS - ea tne wn ha fo bs cP dyno Pian eee e ehang mem WR ihe eee et Se rh be byt Rrtetenpe tg) al ne ete - ts See ene ae es aes
wes wiped itecios © aire Ee YIP re tatnetn D-) Basoohe <8 ee RPA APR deri eD oh yar ahbe a hotness Sal aah ae tee i ae Se rea ~ east emerneaaeiemeice aie j
ee é — ny Me Gres Righetti ee Ne oteee ly Mahe tN

.

Sasemenparte ek Meee Rome t en reeled ekecien

bo me woe
bp et: ee eby, me ae
ey ad

Qe legety teks, >
Pe POET PRON a Trem ops

ahha orale te epee

a eet
Sts pe meomerete te arth P
om epteriy ( oa

a Oe

er tN Eas SS ee ae
nS ot, ei tediatn abet pee ee ee

Spier be PES

em Sew rect > erent : we ~
on Ce ste. ee aad ~ weber — arene " Ow fae - ders Aen Ae @ aerate ~~ Oe rien el
he = ie Nah shetele- tite tenia ted Se eee eee ee etch anti aete aii satin
Prd ete heh WER ters nw ne Fay a 4 aig tO we pie : — oe Fe pet Oe net Nhe whee helt Ot eee oe
Cia. 8. Heme whe Hamp Ont , “he fl —_. o> ~- - oo F be he te Pee Come Oe te ee a ete te em en betes ete. Ow
= J r \ al ee eT ed ee) othe (3 = em po eee & ©

en See ee add nts ibaredoantaal

—s ee B® Pel ote te tetas, fetes Wee } Gewe — ~

=e ree he ee ee he eth ae

ee er ee ne he etn oc a hc eee ine

oe He gtr Fees ey Pe eG: ee gle + 9 teenie hae

Geb abet r= tame ne pce telete shawty ooh Srey

Potwted = Seite) (ebrtee Babee” Seinndy Mote teh athertink, Fa A tag Tose iaty

ete Rhy ate tps es ww Pees

we cehetehs Fah TW gh eee = ne bo tel et ees Sy 9 ete

Ce Pe tee BNO Be Bere Noe se eS lee este

eS

Behe gts .

Dd, Ae
tr in te
Ace ate ho

nt

Feet ‘e %e . ~
mG among ty he
pute hn poems i i aed

~

Z ‘

7
’
4

ph gD te Che GE come ™G Sng en
“ eden

e3 339%
4
:

>.
evirt
2

>
"
:

.
:

= ting te

See bree
- ~ _~
uty Be ne Ayes eee

lg? = tee
re en ae

o> a ean *
baa tee

“ty 7. ~~ ~~ ~ m : . . + - * ~ - a ‘ ay

negate sh: ~ . — eer Pe - - 4 — oa + : . ei — ath nner tne @ ~en — —S

Me oem titre > 4 en ~ feceraqner msm poems eres neh Sr’ “! ie ro - n — ewes. ere em im a Ph s ‘ . ‘ ~. — - ete Ow eeens re sone =“
pene’ , ‘ ne +4-% WA » ee 4 ; . ° a eye NS A Re ee ae Pee OE eee ee we pr at rene -

aa » ae he om Peo sore ers —~ a ee we wd te — a — 2 oe Nn ye ee oe ae ~~ ‘ete = Se eee ean Td tin mel palinn ob dinadedidel ie tha aoe Sean ees - 3

. hy , ” " a 3 a ee eT ae tht ae oe naga Me aay ST ae ek Ot OSes eek Aout.) > -\ ape apap te tabdig ht abeewte™ & PSN + me Re See l

Wi 2 GE Va ~<a YHA a 7 ie
SY o Guy 2 ww AE ? g
NO eZ AGB EE AS 2,7 7° § 2y/
: S . > wast} = SW os ' = >" :
aS ie = Bp > a ae ae
ALILSNI NVINOSHLINS. SJIYVYSGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN I
= a 3 2)
” ait ap) a
com fot Gia; \ aoe
aot ff ~| <x 4 Ta |
i on ae c pe ee
i 5. > y
O S = Oo san Oo NWosnd’
= od | = ad ba
ARTES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI $ SaluVUE
3 1 en ee Zz
oe ea ae ita hoe =
NLILSNI SAIYVUEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT
= w = yrs w > eae a
< as Pe ~ = a 4]
f fee er ee = zZ
i tip O r Bip ay = \ Oo
‘ 2 SOLS 8 2
Yy ss > GY, i = ade
tp = 2 ‘WY = z ES)
whe =) Stee 8 ole
CARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S31UWUE
Se SMe alles. pe 7 (ae
Ke “9 tig. ie ee a : [aa ae
a La oO oO oO Naas
NLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SS!I!YVYSIT SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUT;
Be ie = a 5 re ie 7
SN —_ nt _ : AL r ne ay! NO
a GS ee = 4 iy, 3 Kay,
79 NY SS . pe vO Wipers. GG bt, my
sai SAS i = - i ff ® \5
2 WN = * - 2 eae
m7 SW o. m pt mt ; m PINGS WY |
i ANS Zz " z oa : !
ARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI _ NVINOSH LS ee [Yvug
=o 5 z 2 & = i *
SY > = Se > = > p
om Fa “” as Pd thee: py, ,
ALILSNT_NVINOSHLINS Sa 1YVYd!I1T LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT
= > “ > .
“ ®& a = - Yi a
5 Ws : a Y has
a 5 a: 5
-ARITES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI SAIuVvYy
3 ce “3 ri = ki |
=] aw bain w aa
- Gry, ibe = By - }

OLILSNi

NVINOSHLINS SJIYUVYSBIT LIBRARIES

SMITHSONIAN

— YU. _ —e
a a” wn So
2) a ) =f
= = 2, = Zz
Ge a lS. i :
[LSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTIT
a o es = ee.
> oi . =e < saa
Ss ie = = =
— \ fas) _ Ms ~-
oO ru oe _— © oe O
Bay ae sad z ef >
S SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S4l Yu
S 2 : 2 5
ae — e - IE
= Pp oes cae oO =
SN NVINOSHLINS SAlYVUaIT_LIBRARIES,, iNet
: : 2 OS 5 2
7 SORE
Pe a e ji a
= 7 : 2 ES
a <= <a
és : ne Re
21ES SMITHSONIAN _ NOILALILSNI NVINOSHIIWS
uw a ace w SN eR
a. oe a z at |).
<} fi < eo <
: raed « o Gs mz
ey | 4
“ei 7 Si = S 4
ii p oe - SL mo
JISNI_NVINOSHLINS_S3IYVUSII SMITHSONIAN _
a % cr Se eas
ao 6 ree w "ea LL w
> i > i *

K i = % ath si
IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS Sil
Bae. ah g ~ aaa w =z Ww
en = < = = =
/ ae x amr eh om
ik SO DQ SNS ae fe)
res” NO z = AS 2 t os i
oo aie Sy =
OILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INS”
ee 3S < Ww) . > ap) >
2 wn brs ” ma w

= oc a so cae

me _ pe <C 4, es

= pr 4 a ar

~ oO = oo.” ~

oO nee ie) a oO

, Fs . pes z ne z
IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS Sa

Z) z z z ee. ee

Sil fy 3 (EPR) 5 PDE SS 5

= : : > | =

ae = rE =

rs, ” m “) m ep)
JOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT_ LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN _ IN

S

me

«

CATALOGUE

SSIL REPTILIA

‘

AMPHIBIA.

BEX CATALOGUE
rah A OF THE | |
VPP OSSIL REPTILIA

AND

mona By A

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM
" (NATURAL HISTORY),

CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

PART Il.

CONTAINING

Tue Orpers ICHTHYOPTERYGIA anp SAUROPTERYGIA.

BY

SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT
AND BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;;
B. QUARITOH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHER & Cv., 13 BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN ;
AND TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL.

TORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.;

1889.

| PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

*
\ , |
. . a bl
y 4 al
é
al

x

PREFACE.

In the earlier part of this Catalogue Mr. Lydekker was enabled to
include the Pterodactyles, the Crocodiles, the Dinosaurs, the Lizards
and Snakes, the Rhynchocephalia, and the Proterosauria. The
present volume, although of equal size, contains only the so-called
Enaliosaurians, comprising two divisions of mostly marine reptiles
—the IcurHyoprERye1A and the Savropreryera, of which the
most important genera, Jchthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus, are repre-
sented by a series of specimens that are probably unrivalled in any

other Museum in the world.

But little difficulty has been experienced in dealing with the
species of the first order, which, with two exceptions, happily
remain all included in the genus IJchthyosaurus (the exception

being in the case of two species referred to the genus Ophthalmo-

saurus of Prof. Seeley).

The second Order (Sauropterygia) has necessarily been subdivided
into four families and into quite a number of genera, as :—Pliosaurus,
Peloneustes, Thaumatosaurus, Polyptychodon, Cimoliosaurus, Eret-
mosaurus, and Plesiosaurus, forming the Plesiosauride ; Lariosaurus

and Neusticosuurus—the Lariosauride; Pistosaurus, Nothosaurus

and Conchiosaurus—the Nothosauride ; and Mesosaurus the Meso-

sauridee.

al PREFACE.

Of the genus Cimoliosaurus (which is taken to include many
of the genera of other writers) twenty-eight species are recorded,
many of which, however, are founded on very incomplete skeletal
remains and are therefore liable to still further revision. This is

also true of several other genera included in this Catalogue.

The Author carefully points out that the classification adopted
in this Catalogue is not necessarily final, but may serve as a
basis on which a more elaborate arrangement may be hereafter
constructed, when we possess a fuller knowledge of the forms

now so imperfectly known to us.

HENRY WOODWARD.
Department of Geology,
25th April, 1889.

at =
4 +"
: ad

INTRODUCTION.

Tue present Part is devoted solely to the two Orders Ichthyopterygia
and Sauropterygia, which have taken so much space that it has
been deemed advisable to postpone the Chelonia till the following
Part.

The whole of the species of both these Orders with which the
writer is acquainted, dating till the end of 1888, have been men-
tioned, although it has been found impossible to refer many of those
not represented in the Museum to their proper serial position.

In revising the genera and species of these two orders the principle
adopted by Prof. Flower‘ in his arrangement of the Cetacea has
been followed; species and genera not being recognized as such
unless capable of definition by more or less well-marked distinctive
characters. Hitherto, the opposite principle has been followed;
and it is quite possible that in the present attempt to reduce the
number of ill-defined forms the writer may have carried this reduc-
tion too far, and that fuller knowledge will eventually show that in
some cases more than a single form has been included under one
specific heading.

Generic terms, as a rule, have been employed in a wide sense.
Thus the genus Jchthyosaurus has been retained in the sense
in which it is used by previous writers as embracing by far the
greater number of the species of the order of which it is the type.
In this connection it may be mentioned that there was no real justifi-
cation for superseding the earlier name Proteosaurus by the later
Ichthyosaurus ; but since the latter name has been universally
adopted, the writer, after consultation with the Director of the

1 See Preface to ‘List of Specimens of Cetacea in the British Museum’

(1885).

Vill . INTRODUCTION.

Museum, has come to the conclusion that this is one of the cases
where an adherence to the rule of priority is not advisable.

In the Sauropterygia a somewhat greater number of genera are
admitted than in the Ichthyopterygia; the forms which are included
by many writers in Plestosaurus being ranged under four genera,
which are mainly defined from the characters of the vertebra and
the pectoral girdle. It has, indeed, been proposed by several writers
to divide the forms included in the genus Cimoliosaurns into several
genera; but at least one of these proposed divisions rests on a mis-
interpretation, while some of the others do not appear to present
well-marked distinctive characters. The forms here included in
that genus are readily divisible into two groups distinguished
by the characters of the vertebre; and it is suggested that this
distinction may eventually be adopted as a generic one. If, how-
ever, this be found advisable, it would be almost obligatory to regard
the groups into which the genus Plesosaurus is divided as likewise
of generic importance. The various species of the two groups of
Cimoliosaurus differ greatly among themselves in regard to the struc-
ture of the limbs, so far as they are known; and if such differences
be regarded as generic, almost every species of which the limbs are
known would have to form the type of a genus, while we should be
unable to classify at least many of those species in which these
appendages are at present unknown. Since the text was in type
Mr. A. N. Leeds has forwarded to the writer drawings of the cervical
vertebree and pectoral arch of a Cimolosaurus from the Oxford Clay
near Peterborough, which, while agreeing closely with C. plicatus
in the structure of the cervical vertebrae and the general form of the
scapula and coracoid, differs in the absence of a median bony bar
connecting the former with the latter. If this be a constant feature
of this form it will indicate a well-marked specific character. Since,
moreover, the cervical vertebre of this skeleton (No. 28 in Mr.
Leeds’s collection) are slightly shorter than those of C. plicatus,
there is a considerable presumption that this form will prove speci-
fically distinct from the latter, in which event it may be known as
C. durobrivensis. :

It is not presumed that the classification here adopted will be
final, or will even meet with general acceptation ; but it, at any rate,
has the merit of simplicity, and of not overloading the science with
a host of generic terms which, at all events for the present, cannot
be fully defined, and which would entail the difficulty of leaving us

INTRODUCTION. ix

with many species to which no generic position could be assigned.
If, in the course of time, advancing knowledge renders it advisable
to introduce a larger number of generic divisions, the present arrange-
ment will form a basis on which a more complicated superstructure
may be raised.

The collection of the remains of Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia
preserved in the Museum is, as a whole, the finest in Europe, and
probably in the world; containing a large number of type speci-
mens. Through the courtesy of Prof. A. H. Green, of Oxford, Prof.
T. McKenny Hughes, of Cambridge, Mr. A. N. Leeds, of Eyebury
near Peterborough, and Dr. W. King, Director of the Geological
Survey of India, the Collection has been enriched during the progress
of the present work with casts of type and other important specimens
belonging to nearly all the English forms to which specific names
have been applied ; these casts having been moulded by the skilful
hands of Mr. C. Barlow, the Museum formatore.

Leaving the subject of the present volume, it is necessary to draw
attention to certain erroneous determinations made in the previous
volume, and also to emendations in regard to some of the forms and
specimens therein mentioned. In some of these points the writer is
indebted to Prof. O. C. Marsh, who visited the Museum during the
autumn of 1888.

In the Ornithosauria the name Ptenodracon (p. 3) may be amended
to Ptenodraco. Passing to the Crocodilia, it has been found that the
genus Geosaurus (Pt. I. p. 271) is really a Crocodilian ; and since it
appears that Dacosaurus (p. 92) is not separable therefrom, Plien-
inger’s name of Geosaurus maximus may be retained for the type of
the latter. Dermal scutes are absent both in this genus and Metrio-
rhynchus (p. 95), but sclerotic plates were present in the eye;
which entails an amendment in the characters of the Crocodilia
given on p. 42. ‘This also shows that the loricate Crocodilian men-
tioned on p. 98, to which the name Crocodilemus has been applied,
is distinct from Metriorhynchus. See ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xlv. pp. 56-58 (1889).

In the Dinosauria the apparent resemblance of the vertebrx of
Bothriospondylus suffosus (p. 170) to the figure of the vertebra of
Creosaurus is not a real one ; and these specimens belong to an im-
mature Sauropod, or may perhaps indicate a smaller form allied to
the American Plewrocelus, which may be the same as Cetiosaurus

x INTRODUCTION.

humerocristatus or manselt. The vertebra of B. robustus is probably
also referable to the same suborder, and may belong to an immature
Cetrosaurus.

It has been recently pointed out by the writer: that teeth from
the Forest Marble described by Owen? as Cardiodon rugulosus are
probably referable to Cetiosaurus oxoniensis, in which event the
former name should replace Cetiosaurus, and the family name Car-
diodontide that of Cetiosawride. It should also be observed that it
has recently been stated by Prof. Prestwich* that the bones of
Cetiosaurus preserved in the Oxford Museum, of which the casts are
entered on p. 138, are from the Forest Marble, and not from the
Great Oolite, as stated by Phillips.

The writer’s attention has been directed to the circumstance that
the name Hoplosaurus armatus has been applied by Gervais * to the
Dinosaur represented by the tooth figured in Part I. p. 147, and
provisionally referred to Ornithopsis. If this reference be correct
the name Hoplosaurus must supersede Ornithopsis ; but on reflection,
the author considers that there is no justification for the suggestion
made on p. 145 of the same Part that the still earlier name Peloro-
saurus, if likewise identical, should not be adopted. In any case,
Pelorosaurus, based.on the humerus, and Hoplosaurus on the tooth,
are respectively the first and second names proposed for the members
of the family of Sauropoda provisionally termed <Atlantosauride,
and therefore supersede all those mentioned on p. 146 of Part IL.
The jaw No. R. 751 (p. 147) appears to be part of the left deni
instead of the right maxillary.

The teeth provisionally referred by Mantell and Owen to Hyleo-
saurus, and entered on p. 185 under that heading, appear to be
Sauropodous, and have the relatively small size of the teeth (Car-
diodon) referred by Phillips to Cetiosawrus oxoniensis ; it is possible
that this type of tooth may prove to belong to Cetiosaurus brevis,
or it may indicate a smaller form. Prof. Marsh’ has referred the

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 245 (1889).

2 Odontography, pt. ii. p. 291, pl. 75 A. fig. 7 (1841). It may be mentioned
that the dates of publication of the three parts in which this work originally
appeared are, according to Engelmann, as follows, viz.—

Part 1 (1840)—plates i-ii. and 1-48.
» 2(1841)— ,, 49-87.
» 93 (1845)— .,, 87 a—100.

3 Geology, vol. ii. p. 211 (1888).

4 Zool. et Pal. Frangaises, 1st ed. p. 263 (1849-52). See also 2nd ed. p. 464
(1859). The name is here given as Oplosaurus.

5 Amer, Journ. ser. 3, vol. xxxyii. p. 325 (1889).

INTRODUCTION. p61

limb-bones No. 28701, p. 142, to Morosaurus; and if, as suggested
on p. 143, these specimens be referable to C. brevis, they would
serve to confirm the affinity between Cetzosaurus and Morosaurus.

The calcanea mentioned on p. 225, and provisionally regarded as
Iguanodont, are recognized by Prof. Marsh as Sauropodous.

Ornithopsis leedsi (p. 151), although stated by its describer to be
from the Kimeridge, is really from the Oxford Clay, and may there-
fore be distinct from O. humerocristatus.

The removal of the above-mentioned teeth from Hyleosaurus
likewise removes the objection of Owen’s identification of Regno-
' saurus with the former ; but Regnosaurus may, so far as can be seen,
be equally well identical with the later Polacanthus, although appa-
rently too large to be the same as Vectisaurus.

The name Omosaurus (p. 177) is preoccupied by Leidy (1856) ;
but since it is highly probable that the Owenian Omosaurus is not
generically separable from Stegosaurus (the small inner femoral
trochanter being a very insignificant point of difference), it seems
inadvisable to propose a new generic name for the European form.

Iguanodon prestwichi (p. 196) has been provisionally referred by
the writer (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 47, 1889) to Campto-
saurus ; and the undetermined femur mentioned on p. 195, and the
mandibular ramus No. R. 180, p. 227, have been referred to the
same genus, as C. valdensis.

The writer is rather inclined to the opinion which was suggested
in Part I., that some of the portions of pectoral and pelvic girdles
entered under the head of Jqguanodon lernissartensis may indicate
another large species of Wealden Iguanodont.

In the diagnosis of the Pythonomorpha (p. 261), Prof. Cope has
been followed ; and it has been omitted to notice that Prof. Marsh
has figured a sternum in one genus.

In regard to particular specimens, the following emendations
may be made :—

P. 150. No. R. 212 is the proximal extremity of a fibula.

,» No. R.97. Ina paper recently read before the Geological
Society, it has been shown by Seeley that the describer
of the pelvis of Ornithopsis has mistaken the ventral for
the dorsal surface, and that the specimen consequently
belongs to the left side. The other Sauropodous pelvic
bones are in consequence referred to the opposite side to
that to which they really belong.

P. 152. No. 32498 is a radius.

Xil INTRODUCTION.

P. 161. No. R. 1027 is Middle and not Lower Jurassic, and may
therefore be specifically distinct from Megalosaurus buck-
land.

Further observations on some of the above-mentioned forms and
specimens wil] be made in a Supplement at the end of the work, when
some Crocodilian and Dinosaurian specimens recently acquired will
be entered.

The undermentioned Collections are not mentioned in Part I. :—

Capron Collection.—A small collection, purchased in 1879 from
Mr. J. R. Capron, of Guildford. 7

Cracherode Collection.—A few specimens (among a large collection
of minerals) bequeathed in 1799 by the late Rev. C. M. Cracherode,
formerly an Officer of the Museum.

Cunnington Collection.—In addition to the collection purchased
in 1875, and mentioned in Part I., an earlier collection was also
purchased from Mr. Cunnington in 1849.

Enniskillen Collection.—Purchased in 1882 from the Right Hon.
the Earl of Enniskillen, D.C.L.

Gardner Collection.—A series of specimens from the English
Cretaceous, purchased, from 1876 to 1880, from Mr. J. Starkie
Gardner, F.G.S.

Cowderoy Collection.—Presented in 1852 by Miss Cowderoy.

Harford Collection.—Purchased in 1888, from Mr. F. Harford,
of South Norwood.

Hawkins Collection.—A magnificent series of remains of the so-
called Enaliosaurians of the Lower Lias, collected by the late Mr.
Thomas Hawkins, and purchased by the Museum in 1834,

Taylor Collection—A small series of specimens from the Cre-
taceous of the South of England, purchased in 1854, at the sale of
the collection of the late Mr. H. W. Taylor, of Brixton.

RICHARD LYDEKKER.
Harpenden,
March, 1889.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

[ Doubtful species are denoted by two asterisks. |

Streptostylic Branch (continued)

Order ICHTHYOPTERYGI'A .
Family ICHTHYOSAURID/A

Baptanodon Pot ae,
Ophthalmosaurus (?) cantabrigiensis
icenicus

sp. :
Ichthyosaurus campylodon

indicus .

trigonus

ovalis
dilatatus
leptospondylus —

entheciodon

¥% (?) thyreospondylus .

**

communis .

breviceps

conybeari .
intermedius
sp.

sp.

integer .
sp. |
acutirostris

zetlandicus

x1V SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family ICHTHYOSAURIDA (continued).

*KX

Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris .

latifrons
lonchiodon
sp. :
—— platyodon .

trigonodon

List of species not mentioned above

Mixosaurus

Synaptosaurian Branch
Order SAUROPTERYGIA
Family PLESIOSAURIDA .

Pliosaurus brachydirus
evansl .

grossouvrel
macromerus
Immature specimens .

ferox

Peloneustes eequalis
philarchus
Thaumatosaurus indicus .
odlithicus

cramptoni .

arcuatus

— megacephalus .

carinatus
Propinguus ay ee

Genus non det. (Flesiosaurus ellipsospon-

dylus) . ae
Polyptychodon interruptus
continuus . :
Cimoliosaurus cantabrigiensis
bernardi

tenuis

valdensis

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family PLESIOSAURIDZ (continued).

Cimoliosaurus trochanterius .
brachistospondylus .

eurymerus .
oxoniensis .
sp.
magnus.

constrictus .

laa smithi

haasti

planus .
australis

chilensis
latispinus .

neocomiensis .
limnophilus
sp. ;
portlandicus

truncatus .

—— plicatus
richardsoni

brevior .

sp.

—— (?) sp.

hoodi tid ek ie ah

List.of names not mentioned above applied
to Post-Liassic forms

Eretmosaurus rugosus .
—— (?) sp. ants
Plesiosaurus homalospondylus

=: Re de
dolichodirus

eleutheraxon .

hawkinsi

sp.
— macrocephalus

conybeari .

XV

Page
190
200
205
209
210
211
212
215
215
217
220
222
222
223
224
227
227
230
234
240
243
244
245
245

246
249
251
253
254
255
259
260
264
266
269

XVl SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family PLESIOSAURID AG (continued).

Page

Plesiosaurus rostratus ...- . . . eae

Spi. bias wee st

eostatus ...'...... 3.

bitractensis’ .°. .-. | =

Family LARIOSAURIDH . .°...'.. . em
Lariosaurus balsami . .... -. 2 eee
Neusticosaurus pusillus “=: ... . 9 )esuae

Family NOTHOSAURIDAL . . - =. eee
Pistosaurus longeevus . -.. . . 1) eee
Nothosaurus mirabilis. . . .))) eee
giganteus .'. . . '. 2 2. er
Conchiosaurus clavatus . . . . . . 295

List of Triassic Sauropterygia not mentioned above . 299

Family MESOSAURIDAY. © . .. ._. 7a
Mesosaurus tenuidens ... . . . 2» . euu
tumidus .’. .°°. 2".

xvi

LIST OF WOODCUTS.

Fig. 1. Ichthyosaurus communis. Skeleton.
intermedius. Skull .
é (cof.) entheciodon. Vertebra .

bo

2
3
: 4
(ef ycommunms.. Pectoral girdig.. . . s+. ». 4
. Baptanodon natans. Pelvic limb 7

8

3
+
5 ‘
6. Ophthalmosaurus (?) cantabrigiensis. Humerus .
f}
8
9

ME CPE UO De eR B's sta wl. ha ae yA

. Ichthyosaurus intermedius. Radws . .... . 13

: Sey rors eT US, a ae gw lw Ta, EE
10. CH VIOU OH) MOU 7 ose fs 5 S18. oo Oe eo
te NO eae lO es see ya ow eh
12. OD GS CS 7 ae es a Oe
1g. —— —. Vertebra,. . . .'. «© « o's + « 26
oa, —— ——.. Vertebra: . . . . « « «© 2 as 26
15. MER A PETOTIR LN Pai ho te ate Te aa eas
16. prinecingon, MERU oo. he oe ey BB
yp fry) commnnis, ~ Humerus oe sole; ol! at wed 40
18. (ery intermedius.’ - Femur gues ele da vy 4b
19. Smeets.) POOR: oh gaat ae dart ay! a ee 42
20. — Regine! Fh eM etic 2). aie 4k
pm SU a a ee a wt wt oe 48
22 conybearl.. Pectoral limb ... 20.1. «+ « 54
23. —— intermedius. Inmbs ......... 57
24, —— Retin CRD 2 Ai as ol tere Va/,.s) 4 7.60
25 Pommirantria, “adwua® a0 aire oo etse oo. OD

XViil

Fig. 26.
27,
28.
29,
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Al,
42,
43,
44,

45.

46.
47.
48.
49,
50.
dl.
52.
53.
54.
5d.
56.
oT.
58.
59.

LIST OF WOODCUTS.

Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris. Femur .

acutirostris. Pectoral limb .
zetlandicus. Skull

Cranium

Coracoids
latifrons. Skull
Pectoral lamb .

ee ee UII

—— platydon. Tooth :
Plesiosaurus macrocephalus. Skeleton
Pliosaurus, sp. Pectoral girdle
——-— (cf.) brachydirus. Tooth .

Sy er icora

evansl. Vertebre .

erossouvrel. Tooth

—— macromerus. Vertebre .
Vertebra

Femur

sp. Pelvic girdle
ferox. Enamel of tooth
Sauropterygian propodial

Sauropterygian mandibles
Peloneustes philarchus. Scapula and omosternum

Coracoids

—— equalis. Femur
—— philarchus. Tooth .
— —. Pectoral limb
——_ ——. Pubes

— —. Ischia

Vertebra

Thaumatosaurus arcuatus. Vertebra.

(cf.) carinatus. Vertebra
Polyptychodon interruptus. Tooth
Cimoliosaurus (cf.) trochanterius. Pectoral girdle

. 12e
. 122
. 124
. 125
. 129
. 130
. 134
. 136
. 138
. 144
. 146
. 149
. 150
ow
, diez
. 154
. 155
. 155
. 156
. 156
. 157
. 159
~ 162
. die
ise

LIST OF WOODCUTS. Xix

Page

Fig. 60. Cimoliosaurus cantabrigiensis. Vertebru . . . . 183
61. WARGO ensIs OE CRICOn: se Se et re LOS
62. (cf.) trochanterius. Humerus... . . . 198
63. ————. Humerus ......... . 198
64, —— ——. Pectoralgirdles’ . . . . . . . . 202
65, -— Ree GU AICP eT aad coe oo as oe ot hh OF
66. enrymerus: Feeleral hmbe- 2 20. 4. 2, 20D
67. —— er eDrdn Learn an ses ng ct le. he BOO
68. ——_——. Vertebra . ........ . 208
69. ——limnophilus. Vertebra . . ... . . . 225
70. poccandieus! Pelotetymy fo). We se, 229
rel plestuss., eecoral Wamnb oo OP els ee DOG
ee , Veriebras a ee i 28
73 Menardsont..y Venicbron . Yh Oe ee Se, 2AT
74. ——_——. Pectoral girdle ...... . . 242
75 BUCVION me VACKiCOTO a cern rs” ees Be BAs
76. Eretmosaurus rugosus. Pectoral girdle. . . . . 249
77. Plesiosaurus hawkinsi. Pectoral girdle. . . . . 251
78 homalospondylus. Vertebra. . . . . . . 252
79. lawns... Petiorablimis. <. %.. "2 Gee, BER
80. ——_-——. Veriebra .-. . «. « « « « . 265
Sl: POSEUMMUS Ee OPLCONOS yon anak a een, ete AT
82. Nothosaurus, sp. Pectoral girdle. . . . . . . 286
83. mimabilisay,"Orannint. eo. ad wg 288
84. (?) Conchiosaurus clavatus. Humerus . . . . . 296

. Mesosaurus tenuidens. Pectorallamb . . . . . 3801

! Erroneously described as pelvic in the text.

XXi

ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIALS QUOTED IN
THIS VOLUME

IN ADDITION TO THOSE OF WHICH A LIST IS GIVEN IN Parr I.

{ Where not otherwise stated, the works are in 8vo. |

Amer. Geol.—American Geologist. Minneapolis.

Ann, Sci. Nat— Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Paris.

Bericht. oberrhein. geol. Verein.-—Bericht iiber die Versammlung der ober-
rheinischen geologischen Vereins. Various German Towns.

Bihang K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl.—Bihang till K. Svenska Veten-
skaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Stockholm.

Bull, Soe. Moscou.—Bulletin de la Société impériale des Naturalistes de
Moscou. Moscow.

Bull. Soc. Vaud.—Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles.
Lausanne. .

Gelehrte Anzergen.—Gelehrte Anzeigen der kéniglich-bayerischen Akad-
emie der Wissenschaften. Munich.

Giorn. I. R. Ist. Lombard.—Giornale del I. R. Istituto Lombardo di
Scienze. Milan.

Jahrb. preuss. geol. Landesanst.—Jahrbuch der koniglich preussischen
geologischen Landesanstalt und Bergakademie zu Berlin.
Berlin. :

Journ. R. Dublin Soc.—Journal of the Royal Dublin Society. Dublin.

Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg.—Mémoires de l Académie impériale des
Sciences de St. Pétersbourg. 4to. St. Petersburg.

Mém. Ac. R. Belg.—Mémoires de l’Académie royal des sciences, etc., de
Belgique. 4to. Brussels.

Mem. I. R. Ist. Lombard.—Memorie del I. R. Istituto Lombardo di
Scienze. 4to. Milan.

Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales.—Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales. Sydney.

Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc.—Annual Report of the Yorkshire Philosophical
Society. York. 5

Zeitschr, deutsch. geol. Ges.—Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen
Gesellschaft. Berlin.

i)

wo

CORRIGENDA TO PART I. a.
53, note 4, for p. 400 read p. 440. .

55, line 22 from top, after opisthoceelous add or PN eh

iam 158, line 7 from bottom, for p. 27 read p, 222, and in lines 10 and 12
from bottom, for p. 27 read p. 227.

»
¢.
:
.
_*
,
Up
ce
gens

:
“
6 J
F ash
~ pine eel —

ive

be y
tthe ‘

CATALOGUE

OF

FOSSIL REPTILIA

AND

AMPHIBIA.

Clas REPTILIA.

STREPTOSTYLIC BRANCH (continued),

Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

Accorpine to the arrangement of Baur ', who in this respect follows
the lead of Owen, the Ichthyopterygia are provisionally included in
the Streptostylic branch, of which they constitute a well-defined
order modified for a marine existence, and retaining certain Laby-
rinthodont features which are lost in the other orders’.

1 Biol. Centralblatt, vol. vii. pp. 482, 486, 491 (1887). See also Amer. Nat.
vol. xxi. p. 837 (1887); and Bericht xx. Versamml. oberrhein. geol. Verein.
p- 18 (1887).

2 Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xix. p. 245 (1885), has proposed to place the
Ichthyopterygia in a division ranked as of equal value with that containing all
the other Reptiles. Seeley, ‘Phillips’ Manual of Geology,’ 2nd ed. pt. i.
pp. 515-517, has proposed to affiliate this order with the Dinosauria,

PART II. B

~

(‘wang “99f{¥ ) ‘poonped WONT ‘“oslys}osaoq] JO sviry AoMOrT oY} WOIZ f UOJOTOYS oY} JO q00dse [e194e] qyshy—'seunwuoo snumnsohyayoT— T ‘SLT

+

Losaesaeenesaanaesee

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. 3

Carnivorous Marine Reptiles with a Cetacean-like body (fig. 1),
devoid of exoskeleton, and with the limbs modified into paddles, in
which the proximal (propodial) segment is very short; the pha-
langeals are ovoid or polygonal, and articulate together to form a
kind of pavement, the number in each digit being increased beyond
the normal, and frequently additional digits are developed. Skull

Fig. 2.

(SCANT AATACATANAT AN WAAAY Waa —
“NAY Nag AYA

oor intermedius.—Left lateral view of skull; from the Lower Lias of
Lyme-Regis. Reduced. Pmz, premaxilla; Mz, maxilla; N, nares; La,
lachrymal; Prf, prefrontal; Fr, frontal; Pa, parietal ; Pt, sicanetet-
St, supratemporal; Sg, squamosal ; Oi quadratojugal; Qu, quadrate ;
Ju, jugal; PtO, postorbital. (After Huxley.)

(fig. 2) large, with an elongated rostrum principally constituted in the
cranium by the premaxilla; nares approximated to the large orbit,
in which the sclerotic has an ossified ring; a parietal foramen ;
postorbital distinct from postfrontal, and lachrymal from prefrontal ;
frontal minute; quadrate fixed, not fused with pterygoid, and
separated from middle of quadratojugal by a foramen ; a columella
(epipterygoid); a distinct opisthotic; two temporal arcades, con-
nected together by the supratemporal', which roofs over the
infratemporal fossa. Teeth confined to the jaws, implanted in a
groove, without anchylosis; the crowns usually cylindrical and
fluted, but occasionally compressed, carinated, and smooth. Ver-
tebre (fig. 3) primarily divisible into a precaudal and caudal series
without any differentiated sacrum; centra very short and amphi-
celous; precaudals (fig. 3) with an upper and a lower costal
tubercle on the centrum’; caudals with a single tubercle ; neural

1 In the nomenclature of this bone the usual determination is followed.
Baur, however (Anat. Anzeig. vol. i. p. 348, 1886, and vol. ii. p. 657, 1887 ; see
also Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 838, 1887), reverses the names of the two bones
here termed supratemporal and squamosal. ‘The bone here termed supratem-
poral is the prosquamosal of Owen, and the supraquadrate of Seeley; and
is identified by Baur with the squamosal.

? In the first few vertebree the upper tubercle may be partly or entirely on
the arch.

B2

4 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

arches attached by synchondrosis to flat surfaces on centrum.
Intercentra between the skull and atlas, and between atlas and
axis. Dorsal ribs double-headed. Ribs present in the caudal
region; no uncinate processes; chevrons not united inferiorly.
Abdominal ribs present; no sternum. In pectoral girdle (fig. 4)
clavicles and a T-shaped interclavicle ; coracoids not overlapping, and

S

y

SSG WUE)

aw

Ichthyosaurus (¢f.) entheciodon.—-The centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra,

_ viewed in section, and from the anterior and left lateral aspects; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Wiltshire. 3

Ze

Ichthyosaurus (¢ef.) communis.—Ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle. Reduced.

tc, interclavicle; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; sc, scapula; gl, glenoid
cavity. (From the ‘Proc. Geol. Soc.’)

without fontanelle ; no distinct precoracoid. Pelyis weak ; ilia not
connected with vertebre ; and an open obturator notch. Humerus
and femur much longer than radius and tibia; no foramen in

humerus ; when one limb is longer than the other the superiority is
with the pectoral.

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. +)

In the precaudal portion of the vertebral column the costal
tubercles gradually descend from the summit to the base of the
lateral surfaces of the centra; and since in some forms the superior
costal tubercle of the anterior vertebre is placed partly or entirely
on the arch, it will be convenient to call such vertebre or their
homologues cervicals, and the succeeding ones dorsals. In the early
posterior dorsals the two tubercles may coalesce.

Some diversity of view obtains as to the homology of the three
bones which articulate with the distal extremity of the humerus
and femur in the genera Ophthalmosaurus and Baptanodon. By
Marsh ' and Hulke’ these bones in the pectoral limb are correlated
with the radius, intermedium, and ulna; Seeley , on the other hand,
terms them radius, ulna, and olecranon; while Baur+, whose view
is provisionally adopted in the sequel, considers that they represent
the radius, ulna, and pisiform.

It has been almost conclusively shown by Baur’ that the Ichthyo-
pterygia have taken their origin from terrestrial or amphibious
animals. The structure of the limbs in the more generalized species
of Ichthyosaurus (fig. 32, p. 89) indicates that the pectoral limb
primarily consists of only four digits ; the first digit being unrepre-
sented, and the fourth and fifth arising in the usual manner from
the ulnare. The additional longitudinal rows of phalangeals in the
more specialized forms (fig. 23, p. 57) being due to a splitting of
the radial (2nd) and intermedial (3rd) digits, the presence of two
centralia in the carpus of these higher forms is therefore an acquired
and not an inherited character.

The structure of the palate is essntially the same as in Sphenodon,
the pterygoids extending forwards to exclude the palatines (trans-
_ verse bones of Owen ° and Seeley”) from the middle line. There is
a parieto-squamosal (post-temporal) bar.

In regarding the Ichthyopterygia as nearly related to the
Rhynchocephalia, Baur * lays stress upon the remarkable resemblance
presented by the structure of the pectoral arch, of the abdominal
ribs, and of the cranial region to those of Sphenodon. The latter
resemblance is exemplified by the similar position of the parietal
foramen; the relations of the quadratojugal to the surrounding
bones, and especially the separation of its middle portion from the

1 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 491 (1880).

? Proc. Geol. Soc. for 1883, p. 55.

3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxx. p. 705 (1874).

* Bericht xx. Versamml. oberrhein. geol. Verein, p. 18 (1887).
® Zool. Anzeig. vol. ix. pp. 245-252 (1886).

8 See p. 78. 7 See p. 79.

® Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 838 (1887).

6 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

quadrate by a foramen ; and the form and position of the stapes*
and columella. These conclusions are confirmed by the structure of
the palate. The absence of a lateral vacuity in the mandible is, as
was first pointed out by Owen, another character of the Rhyncho-
cephalia and Squamata ; while the backward position of the nares
is merely due (as in the case of the Parasuchian Crocodilia) to the
excessive development of the premaxille.

The Labyrinthodont features shown in this order, which are lost in
the other members of the Streptostylic branch, are the distinctness
of the lachrymal from the prefrontal, and the roofing over of the
infratemporal fossa by the separate squamosal and supratemporal.

The distinct opisthotic is also a very generalized feature, at
present known elsewhere in the class only in the Chelonia, and
probably in Pariasaurus. The discoidal vertebral centra are also
markedly Labyrinthodont; but the transference of both costal
articulations to the centrum may be an adaptive feature. Miall *
remarks on the resemblance of the pectoral girdle to that of the
Labyrinthodonts.

Family ICHTHYOSAURID/A.

All the known members of the’ order are included in this family,
which is for the present taken to embrace the Baptanodontide,
Ophthalmosauride, and Mixosauride of other writers °.

Genus BAPTANODON, Marsh *.
Syn. Sauwranodon, Marsh ®.

Distinguished from the following genus by the total absence of
teeth and of a dental groove in the jaws.

Baur® has suggested that this genus is probably not separable
from the next, a view which was provisionally adopted by the writer *
in a paper on the Ichthyopterygia.

1 In Ichthyosaurus, the bone marked 4 in plate xxvi. of Owen’s ‘ Liassic
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 3 (1881).

? Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1873, p. 241.

° See Baur, Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 840 (1887).

4 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 491 (1880).

5 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 86 (1879).—Preoccupied.

6 Bericht xx. Versamml. oberrhein. geol. Verein. p. 21 (1887).

7 Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. v. p. 309 (1888).

ICHTHYOSAURID. 7

This genus is at present unrepresented in the Museum; the
pelvic limb is shown in fig. 5. Two species have been named,
viz. -—

Baptanodon natans, Marsh’,
Baptanodon discus, Marsh 2,
\

both being from the Upper Jurassic of North America.

Baptanodon natans, Marsh.— Dorsal aspect of the left pelvic limb; from the
Upper Jurassic of North America. Reduced. 7, tibia; i, fibula; F,
homologue of pisiform; ¢, tibiale; c (left side), intermedium ; ¢ (right),
fibulare ; f, postaxial bone of tarsus; the two bones immediately below the
intermedium are the centralia. (After Marsh—from the ‘Proc. Geol.

Soc.’)

1 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xvil. p- 86 (1879).—Sauranodon,
* Thid. vol. xix. p- 491 (1880),

ro) ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

The three facets at the distal extremity of the humerus and femur
are subequal; and it is possible that some of the English Cretaceous
species presenting this character which are referred to Ophthalmo-
saurus may be referable to this genus.

Genus OPHTHALMOSAURUS, Seeley’.

Teeth present, but apparently small, and perhaps confined to the
anterior portions of the jaws. Humerus (fig. 6) and femur with
strongly developed trochanteric ridge on dorsal surface, and articu-
lating distally with three bones, as in Baptanodon (fig. 5), which are
of irregular polygonal contour, the ulna being pentagonal. Clavicles
(typically) separate, with the interclavicle wedged in between them.

Fig. 6.

Ophthalmosaurus cantabrigiensis—Dorsal and distal aspects of the right
humerus; from the Cambridge Greensand. 3. a, trochanteric ridge ;
r, facet for radius ; uw, do. for ulna; p, do, for pisiform.

Vertebral centra of the general type of those of the Campylodont
subgroup of Ichthyosaurus. Coracoid without posterior notch.
Humerus and femur apparently (except at the distal end) of the
general type of those of Ichthyosaurus campylodon, and relatively
large in proportion to the vertebre. In Baptanodon, and probably
also in this genus, both pectoral and pelvic (fig. 5) limbs relatively
wide, containing six longitudinal rows of phalangeals, and the third
digit (or that arising from the intermedium) contains two such
rows, with the consequent presence of two centralia.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 696 (1874).

ICHTHYOSAURID ®. 9

Ophthalmosaurus (?) cantabrigiensis, Lydekker'.

. Typically of small size. The three distal facets of the humerus
nearly equal in size; and the antero-posterior diameter of the
proximal extremity of the same bone exceeding that of the distal.
This species may belong to Baptanodon.

Hab. Europe (England).

43989. The right humerus; from the Cambridge Greensand.
(Fig.) The type specimen (woodcut, fig. 6). The general contour
of this bone is very similar to that of the much larger

humerus of O. icenicus, but the proximal extremity is

larger than the distal, and the facet for the pisiform is

nearly equal in size to that for the radius.
Purchased, 1872.

Some, or all, of the following specimens may be specifically
distinct.

35348. The imperfect right humerus of a much larger individual ;
from the Cambridge Greensand. The radial portion of the
distal surface is broken away; and the facet for the pisi-
form is double, as if for the articulation of a fourth bone.

Purchased, 1859.

35310. An imperfect bone, which is probably a humerus; from the
Cambridge Greensand. The three distal facets, although
somewhat worn, are distinctly visible. Purchased, 1859.

Ophthalmosaurus icenicus, Sceley °.

The type species. Larger than the type of the preceding species, but
the vertebree considerably smaller than those of /chthyosaurus trigonus.
The postaxial facet on the distal extremity of the humerus smaller
than that for the radius; and the antero-posterior diameter of the
proximal extremity of the humerus less than that of the distal
extremity. Vertebre of the same general type as those of Ichthyo-
saurus trigonus, but relatively shorter, and in the cervical region
with the cupping of the anterior face of the centrum confined to the
central portion, and surrounded by a flattened periphery.

The type specimens are from the Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic),
and are figured in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx, pls. xlv.,
xlvi.

Hab, Europe (Englanda).

' Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. v. p. 310 (1888).
* Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc. vol, xxx. p. 696 (1874),

10°

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

R. 1307. Casts of the centra of an associated early cervical, anterior

or middle dorsal, and early caudal vertebra. The originals -
of these specimens belong to an imperfect skeleton from
the Oxford Clay of Peterborough, Northamptonshire, in
the Collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, near
Peterborough. The dorsal is the 26th, and the caudal
the 47th of the series: The dimensions of the dorsal
are :—vertical diameter 0,082 (3°25 inches), transverse
0,089 (3°5 inches), length 0,035 (1°35 inches); and those
of the caudal :—vertical diameter 0,080 (3-2 inches), —
transverse 0,078 (3°08 inches), length 0,027 (1:05 inches).
The cervical is pentagonal and much narrowed inferiorly,
and shows the cupping of the anterior face confined to the
central region. In the later cervicals of the same skeleton
the centrum becomes rounded inferiorly (as in fig. 7).
The dorsal has both faces completely cupped, and a peculiar
incurvation of the profile; in contour it appears indis-
tinguishable from the specimen figured by Phillips in his
‘Geology of Oxford,’ p. 338, diagram 130, figs. 1, 2, as
Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus, but the relative length is
somewhat greater; the dimensions of the later specimen
being, transverse diameter 0,070 (2°75 inches), length
0,025(1:0inch). The dimensions of the humerus associated
with the present specimens are :—length 0,145 (5:7 inches),
width at distal extremity 0,124 (4-9 inches).

Made in the Museum, 1888.

46491. An associated series of twelve vertebral centra, apparently

(fig.)

referable to this or a closely allied species; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
They comprise five posterior cervicals (one of which is
represented in fig. 7), an anterior or middle dorsal, five
later dorsals, and one posterior dorsal. ‘The dorsals agree
precisely with the dorsal of No. R. 1307; and the pos-
terior dorsal narrows superiorly. In the cervicals (fig. 7)
the cupping of the anterior face is shallow and confined to
the middle area, and the contour of the inferior surface
is rounded. In the figured specimen the vertical dia-
meter is 0,066 and the transverse 0,074; the corre-
sponding dimensions in the first of the five contiguous
dorsals being 0,075 and 0,087. The upper costal facet
in the cervicals is partly on the arch and partly on the
centrum. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. 11

46478. The centrum of a middle dorsal vertebra, apparently speci-
fically identical with the preceding; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Foxhangers. Cunnington Collection.

(?) Ophthalmosaurus icenicus.—Left lateral and anterior aspects of a late cervical
vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Wiltshire. }. «a, upper; 0, lower
costal tubercle.

40407. A right coracoid not improbably belonging to this form ;
from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) of Ilminster,
Somersetshire. This specimen, which is slightly im-
perfect, has a close resemblance to the coracoid of the type
specimen figured by Seeley. It apparently indicates,
however, that the borders of the latter are incorrectly de-
termined, the one marked intercoracoidal being really the
glenoid cavity. This specimen differs considerably from
the coracoids mentioned under the head of Jchthyosaurus
trigonus. Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.

47885. A left humerus, indistinguishable from the corresponding
bone of the opposite side of the type specimen ; from the
Kimeridge (?) Clay in the neighbourhood of Oxford. The
dimensions of this specimen are identical with those of
the humerus of the type; the length being 0,170 (6:5
inches), and the width of the distal extremity 0,145
(5°5 inches). The three distal facets are clearly shown.

Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

46474. A crushed right humerus, not improbably belonging to a
/larger individual of the same species as the preceding
specimen; from the Kimeridge(?) Clay of (probably)

Wiltshire. The three distal facets are well preserved.
Cunnington Collection.

12 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

48000. Eight associated bones of the pectoral limb; from the
Oxford Clay, near Oxford. These specimens comprise the
radius and ulna and five other bones. The radius and
ulna closely resemble those of the type specimen, but are
rather smaller. Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

R. 472. A right femur, probably belonging to this species ; from
the Oxford Clay of Stanground, near Peterborough. The
contour of the proximal portion is of the type of the cor-
responding bone of Ichthyosawrus campylodon. The facet
for the homologue of the pisiform is broken away’.

Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884, |

Ophthalmosaurus (?), sp.

The following specimen, which is provisionally referred to the
present genus, indicates an individual of much larger size than
either of the above-mentioned Cretaceous specimens. —

Hab. Kurope (England).

R. 1192. The imperfect right dentary bone of a very large Ichthyo-
pterygian ; from the Upper Greensand of Warminster,
Wiltshire. A series of small dental alveoli are seen at
the anterior extremity, but there are none posteriorly,
although there is a dental groove ; the specimen therefore
accords with Baur’s description of the jaw of Ophthalmo-
saurus. No lastory.

Genus ICHTHYOSAURUS, Conybeare (ex Kénig *, MS.).

Syn. Proteosaurus, Home *.
Gryphus, Wagler *.

Teeth generally large and extending throughout the jaws.
Humerus (fig. 9) and femur with or without strongly-marked tro-
chanteric ridge; and normally with two distal facets for the re-
spective articulation of the short radius and ulna and tibia and
fibula, which bones are respectively in close apposition to one
another, and are of more or less quadrangular outline, the radius
being either transversely elongated or nearly square. Clavicles
mesially united by anchylosis or squamous overlap, with the trans-
verse portion of the interclavicle resting upon the ventral aspect.

1 See p. 5.

2 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 1, vol. v. pt. 2, p. 563 (1821).

3 Phil. Trans. 1819, p. 212.—This name has the priority ; see Introduction.
4 Syst. Amphib. p. 60 (1830).

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 13

Occasionally, as in the case of J. tenwirostris, mentioned on p. 85,
there are three distal facets on the proximal limb-bone; but the
third is clearly formed by the upthrusting of the intermedium, and
is, therefore, if Baur’s interpretation be correct, not Hompote nas
with the third facet of Ophthalmosaurus.

It has been suggested that this genus should be subdivided into
two or more genera; and if this view be adopted, the two under-
mentioned groups should form distinct genera, although there are
signs of a transition from the one to the other. It would, however,
be difficult to know when to stop if generic divisions were made ;
and it therefore appears to the author to be more convenient, both
for the paleontologist and geologist, to retain for the present the
genus in its original wide sense.

A. Latrprnnate Grove '.

Orbit of moderate size. Teeth with fluted, cylindrical crowns,
and their roots either invested with a smooth coat of cement, or
fluted in a coarser manner than the crowns. Pectoral limb (figs. 20,
22, 24) with the third digit, or that arising from the intermedium,
comprising two longitudinal rows of bones, and consequently two
centralia (fig. 24) ; not less than five longitudinal rows of phalan-
geals in this linb; and the radius (fig. 8) transversely elongated

Fig. 8.

Ichthyosaurus intermedius.—Dorsal aspect of left radius; from the Lower Lias
of Street. 4. wu, facet for ulna; 7, do. for intermedium; 7’, do. for
radiale.

and its anterior border entire. Never any trace of a vacuity between
the radiusand ulna. Pectoral limb much larger than pelvic (fig. 20).
Neural spines of dorsal vertebre usually tall and narrow.

This group comprises the more specialized forms, and includes
the type species. Its range in time extends from the Lias to the
Chalk.

1 Kiprijanoff, Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxviii. art. §, p. 88 (1881).
The term pinnate has been substituted for pinnipedine in this and the next

group.

14 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

In the Cretaceous and Kimeridgian species the entire paddle is
unknown, and its structure can only be inferred from the corre-
spondence of its radius with that of the Liassic forms, and of the
humerus with that of Ophthalmosaurus. If it should be found that
any of the species differ in the arrangement of the digits of the
paddle from the typical subgroup, the structure of the radius will
have to be made the primary distinctive character of the Lati- and
Longipinnate groups.

a. Campylodont Subgroup.

The roots of the teeth (fig. 11) enveloped in a thick layer of
cement, which generally assumes a more or less bulbous form, and
may be angulated. Coracoid (when known) without posterior notch ;
scapula (when known) with prominent ridge on anterior border of
dorsal surface of proximal extremity. Humerus (fig. 9) and femur

Piero:

wes

Ichthyosaurus (¢f.) trigonus.—Dorsal and distal aspects of the right humerus;
from the Kimeridge Clay of the Isle of Portland. 4. a, trochanteric
ridge ; 7, radial, w, ulnar facet.

with strongly developed trochanteric ridges. Cervical and ante-
rior dorsal vertebra with pentagonal, subcordiform centra (fig. 7);
and the superior costal articulation of the former in great part or
entirely on the neural arch (fig. 7); late posterior dorsal and an-
terior caudal centra narrowed superiorly.

ICHTHYOSAURID #. $5

This subgroup includes the most specialized forms, and those
nearly related to Ophthalmosaurus.

Ichthyosaurus campylodon, Carter’.

Of very large dimensions. Skull stout, with elongated rostrum.
Teeth (fig. 11) very large and closely approximated, with the
crowns slightly curved and very coarsely fluted. Centra of ver-
tebre of moderate length, with the cupping of the terminal faces
moderately deep, and a distinct deeper pit in the centre of the an-
terior face. Femur (fig. 10) very short, with its trochanteric and

Ichthyosaurus campylodon.—Dorsal, postaxial, and distal aspects of the right
femur; from the Cretaceous (? Gault) of Russia. 4. a, trochanteric ridge ;
t, tibial, f, fibular facet. (After Kiprijanoff.)

opposite ridges enormously developed, so as to make the lateral
surfaces of the proximal portion wider than the dorsal.

This species was originally described from the Lower Chalk of
Cambridgeshire on the evidence of jaws and teeth. Teeth of similar
type are found from the Upper Chalk to the Gault, and in the
absence of any evidence to the contrary are referred to the same
species, although it is quite probable that they may belong to more
than one species. The specimens of humerus and femur (fig. 10)
associated with teeth of this type from the Cretaceous of Russia,
figured by Kiprijanoff *, show the two distal facets characteristic of
Ichthyosaurus, and have a strongly developed trochanteric ridge.
An associated radius, figured by the same writer *, closely resembles
fig. 8, having the entire anterior border and transversely elongated
contour characteristic of the present group; while an ulna * attached
to one specimen of the humerus is also of the characteristic sub-

* Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1845,—Trans. of Sections, p. 60 (1846).
? Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxviii. art. 8, pls. xiv., xv. (1881).
$ Ibid. pl. xiv. fig. 3. * Jbid. fig. 1.

16 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

quadrangular type. Similar humeri are also found in association
with teeth referred to this species in the Gault of France’. The
cervical and anterior dorsal vertebra from the Russian Cretaceous,

figured by Kiprijanoff*, have the pentagonal and subcordiform ter-

minal faces characteristic of J. trigonus ; the contour of the later
vertebree also resembling that obtaining in the same species. In
the Cambridge Greensand humeri and femora of the above-men-
tioned type occur, together with those of Ophthalmosawrus. The
Russian specimens are from beds probably equivalent to the Gault.
I. strombeckt, Meyer’, from the Lower Greensand of North
Germany, is provisionally regarded by Kiprijanoff* as founded upon

young teeth of the present species, but it is very probably distinct ;

and both that form and J. polyptychodon, Koken’, from the same
deposits, may be allied to the Kimeridgian species.
Hab. Kurope.

32810. Part of the dentary bone of the left ramus of the mandible, .

(Fig.) containing eight entire teeth ; from the Lower Chalk near
Dover, Kent. Described and figured by Owen in his
‘Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), p. 69, pl. xxiii.
fig. 1; the figure being reversed.

Taylor Collection. Purchased, 1854.

32811. Part of the right ramus of the same mandible, containing

(Fig.) part of the splenial and part of the dentary, and exhibiting
several displaced teeth, of which two are entire; from
thesame locality. Described and figured by Owen, op. cit.
p. 70, pl. xxiil. fig. 2; the figure being reversed.

Taylor Collection.

32812. The anterior extremity of the right ramus of the same
(Fig.) mandible. Described and figured by Owen, op. cit. p. 71,
pl. xxiii. fig. 3; the figure being reversed.
: Taylor Collection.

41895. The broken anterior portion of the rostrum of the skull;
from the Chalk-Marl of Trumpington, near Cambridge.
The extremity is nearly entire, although almost all the
teeth are broken. Purchased, 1869.

R. 13. Fragment of the rostrum, exhibiting several teeth in position,
and a transverse section ; from the Lower Chalk at Dover.
The transverse section is similar to the one figured by

1 Sauvage, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. ii. art. 4, pl. xxxii. figs. 6, 7
(1882). 2 Op, cit. pl. xi.

3 Paleontographica, vol. x. art. 2, p. 83 (1862). 4 Op. cit.

> Zeitschr. deutsch. geol, Ges. vol. xxxv. p. 737 (1883).

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. 17

Owen, op. cit. pl. xxvi. fig. 2, with the exception that,
owing to the more anterior position of the plane of section,
the nasals have entirely disappeared. Other fragments
are associated with this specimen.

Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1879.

47235. Several teeth, in matrix; from the Gault of Folkestone.
Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1876.

49911. An associated series of twelve teeth (some imperfect) and
(fig.) two centra (one imperfect) of dorsai vertebre; from the

Fig. 11.

Ichthyosaurus campylodon .—Profile view of a tooth; from the Lower Chalk
of Folkestone. 1.

Lower Chalk of Folkestone, Kent. One of. the teeth
(marked ~) is figured in the accompanying woodcut. The

vertebral centra have a transverse diameter of 0,100,
Purchased, 1879.

32824, 32827, 32828, 32829, 32830. Five teeth; from the Lower
Chalk near Dover. Probably associated with No. 32810.
Taylor Collection.

R. 49. Fragment of rostrum showing six teeth, with one surface
(fig.) of the root exposed; from the Lower Chalk of Lydden-
_ Spout, near Folkestone. Described and figured in Dixon’s

‘Geology of Sussex,’ p. 400, pl. xxxix. fig. 10.
. Purchased, 1881.

R. 49 a. Two teeth, in matrix ; from the Lower Chalk of Dover.
No history.

PART II. OG

18 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

32825. A tooth ; from the Lower Chalk of (?) Dover.
Taylor Collection.

33294. Several teeth; from the (halk of Isleham, Cambridgeshire.
Dixon Oollection. Purchased, 1851.

47233. A series of teeth frem the Lower (Grey) Chalk of Dover.
Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1876.

35252-4. A series of teeth ; from the Cambridge Greensand.
5; Purchased, 1859.

47265. A series of associated teeth; from the Cambridge Green-
sand. These specimens belong to the same individual as
the vertebrxe No.. 47266. Gardner Collection.

30253-4-5. Several teeth; from the Cambridge Greensand.
Purchased, 1855.

33242. Three teeth; from the Cambridge Greensand. Purchased.

35434. Three teeth: from the Cambridge Greensand.
Purchased, 1859.

40358. Three teeth; from the Cambridge Greensand.
Purchased, 1867.

41896. Two teeth; from the Chloritic Marl of Trumpington, near
Cambridge. Purchased, 1369.

32406. Five teeth specifically indistinguishable from the preceding ;
from the Upper Greensand of Kilmenton, Somersetshire.
Purchased.

40095. A large tooth of similar type in matrix; from the Upper
Greensand of Charmouth, Dorsetshire. Purchased.

46381. Two imperfect teeth in matrix ; from the Upper Greensand
of Warminster, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

47269. Three teeth in matrix, agreeing with typical specimens ;
from the Upper Greensand of Folkestone.
Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1876.

47235 a. Six teeth of similar type in matrix; from the Gault of
Folkestone. Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1876,

R. 16. Two teeth in matrix, one wanting the root; from the Gault
of Folkestone. Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1879. -

at hen
=% —_
x

a

ICHTHYOSAURID &. 19

R. 16a. Six associated much smaller teeth in matrix; probably
belonging to a young individual of this species ; from the
Gault of Folkestone. Gardner Collection.

47270. Fragment of jaw containing one tooth ; trom the Gault of
Folkestone. Gardner Collection.

36318. A large tooth in matrix; from the Gault of Folkestone.
; Purchased, 1862.

36384. An imperfect large tooth in matrix; from the Gault of
Folkestone. Purchased, 1862.

33245. Several teeth, mostly imperfect; from the Cretaceous of
Kursk, Russia. Similar teeth are figured by Kiprijanoff
in the ‘ Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxviii. art. 8,
pls. 1., ii. (1881). Presented by Col. Kiprijanoff.

40558. An imperfect left femur of a very large individual; from
the Cambridge Greensand of Wadden, near Cambridge.
This specimen has been longitudinally split, and at the
distal extremity only the tibial facet remains entire, which
has a transverse diameter of 0,071. This bone resembles
the smaller Russian examples figured by Kiprijanoff in the
‘ Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxviii. art. 8, pl. xv.
(1881); one of which is reproduced in woodcut fig. 10,
p- 15. The very large size and shortness of this bone
probably indicates that the pelvic paddle agreed closely in
size and structure with the pectoral, as seems to have
been the case with Ophthalmosaurus. Purchased, 1867.

35272. An imperfect femur of a considerably smaller individual ;
from the Cambridge Greensand. The two distal facets
are entire and well preserved. Purchased, 1859.

35311. A still smaller femur, in a water-worn condition; from the
Cambridge Greensand. The two facets at the distal ex-
tremity are clearly shown. Purchased, 1859.

35321. A series of associated bones of the paddle; from the Cam-
bridge Greensand. These and other similar specimens in
the Woodwardian Museumat Cambridge apparently indicate
that the anterior border of the radius and tibia was entire.
The phalangeals are of the quadrangular form charac-
teristic of the Latipinnate group, and are quite different

from the corresponding hones of Baptanodon, so that it
02

20 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

is probable that this specimen belongs to I. campylodon or

an allied species. | Purchased, 1859. ~

Some of the following specimens may belong to Ophthalmosaurus,

35323. The basioccipital of a very large individual ; from the Cam-
bridge Greensand. ‘The transverse diameter is 0,115.
Purchased, 1859.

~ 44159. A smaller basioccipital ; from the Cambridge Greensand.
Purchased, 1878.

44159 a. A slightly smaller basioccipital; from the Cambridge
Greensand. Purchased, 1873.

35301. A very similar basioccipital; from the Cambridge Green-
sand. . Purchased, 1859.

35390. A basisphenoid, agreeing in size with the preceding spe-

cimen; from the Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1860.

35323. The quadrate of a very large individual ; from the Cam-
bridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

35272. The associated quadrates of a smaller individual ; from the

Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1858.

35415. The conjoint atlas and axis vertebre of a comparatively
large individual; from the Cambridge Greensand.

Purchased, 1860.

35302. A smaller example of the same elements; from the Cam-
bridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

35431. A very similar specimen in a rolled condition ; from the
Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

35345. A rather smaller specimen of the same bone; from the
Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

39256. The slightly imperfect conjoint atlas and axis vertebre ;
from the Gault of Folkestone. This specimen agrees very
closely with No, 35302. Purchased, 1865.

47275. A considerably smaller and more imperfect example of the
corresponding bone; from the Folkestone Gault.
Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1876.

39914. One half of the centrum of a dorsal vertebra of a large in-
(Fig.) | dividual; from the Lower Chalk near Dover. Figured by

ICHTHYOSAURIDA. 21

Owen in his‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pl. xxii.
This specimen was associated with the mandible No. 32810.
Taylor Collection.

47266. Aseries of twenty-four associated trunk vertebral centra, of
large size, and mostly imperfect; from the Cambridge
Greensand. ‘These specimens belong to the same indi-
vidual as the teeth No. 47265. Gardner Collection.

35303. The imperfect centrum of a large dorsal vertebra ; from the
Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

35312. An associated series of eight smaller vertebral centra; from
the Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

35303 a. The centra of two smaller dorsal vertebrae; from the
Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

35346. The nearly perfect centrum of a small trunk vertebra ; from
the Cambridge Greensand. . Purchased, 1859.

47270. The centra of two small dorsal vertebre ; from the Gault
of Folkestone. The central pit on the anterior face is
very distinct. Gardner Collection.

R.15. The centrum of a larger trunk vertebra; from the Folke-
stone Gault. Gardner Collection.

33059. The centrum of a large trunk vertebra; from the Folke-
stone Gault. Purchased, 1858.

33244. The centrum of a very large trunk vertebra; from the
Cretaceous of Kursk, Russia. The transverse diameter
is 0,180. Presented by Col. Kipryanoff.

The following specimen may perhaps indicate a distinct species.

R. 1308. The imperfect centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from the
Cambridge Greensand. This specimen is remarkable for
the extreme flatness of the greater part of the terminal
faces, the cupping being confined to a deep central pit.
In this respect it agrees with the larger specimen from
the Russian Cretaceous figured by Kiprijanoff in the
‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxxi. art. 6, pl. viii.,
as Polyptychodon, but subsequently referred to 1, latimanus
(vide infra, pp. 53, 54).

Presented by Lt. Lydekker, Esq., 1888.

22 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

Ichthyosaurus indicus, Lydekker’.

Known only by a few vertebral centra; probably closely allied
to, if not identical with, the preceding species.
Hab. India (Madras).

R. 307. An imperfect vertebral centrum of a large individual, pro-
visionally referred to this species; from the Upper Cre-

taceous of Madras. This specimen has been much injured

by weathering, and one surface has been cut and polished.
By exchange.

Ichthyosaurus trigonus, Owen’.
Syn. (?) Ichthyosaurus posthumus, Wagner *.

(?) Ichthyosaurus cuviert, Valenciennes *.
(?) Ichthyosaurus normanne, Valenciennes”.

Of very large dimensions, but imperfectly known. ‘Teeth of the
Campylodont type, the undermentioned specimens having their
crowns more conical and the flutings of the enamel finer than in
I, campylodon. Centra of vertebree comparatively long, with the
cupping of the terminal faces very deep, and in the cervical region
occupying the whole of these faces. In the dorsals the centra are
of moderate breadth ; the vertical diameter in the middle part of the
series not exceeding the transverse.

This species was founded upon vertebra from the Kimeridge Clay,
which are not now forthcoming; and it will be convenient. to

regard those figured by Phillips in his ‘ Geology of Oxford’ as re-

presenting the types. J. cuviert was founded upon a skull from
the Kimeridgian of Boulogne, having teeth of the Campylodont type,
which is figured by Lennier in his ‘ Etudes geologiques et paléonto-
logiques sur ’Embrasure de la Seine’ (Havre, 1870), pl. vi. ; while
I. normannice was based on a basioccipital, basisphenoid, and vertebree,
obtained at the same time from the same spot, and figured by
Lennier in the plate cited. As stated by that writer, it is almost
certain that all these remains belonged to the same individual; and
it is probable that the species in question is identical with J.
trigonus.

There is no decisive evidence that this species belongs to Jchthyo-

1 Paleontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 4, vol. i. pt. 3, p. 28
(1879).

* Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 124 (1840).

° Abh. k. bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. 2, p. 702 (1851).

* Comptes Rendus, vol. liii. p. 273 (18¢1),

5 bid. p. 1001.

oes
t

ICHTHYOSAURID®. 293

saurus rather than to Ophthalmosaurus ; but the skull and teeth of
the so-called J. cwvieri are of the Campylodont type, and since pro-
podial bones occur in the Kimeridgian which would agree in rela-
tive size with the vertebre of the present form, and are themselves
clearly referable to Jchthyosaurus, there is a considerable probability
that the present species belongs to that genus. This species was,
indeed, provisionally referred by Kiprijanoff' to the Campylodont
subgroup.

The specimens of scapule from the Kimeridgian, some of which
are probably referable to the present form, have a long and com-
paratively straight posterior border, with a marked ridge on the
anterior border of the dorsal surface, and resemble the correspond-
ing bone of I. platyodon.

I. posthumus was founded upon Campylodont teeth from the
Lower Kimeridgian of Bavaria.

Hab, Europe (England, (?) France, and (?) Bavaria).

24803. Four teeth of the Campylodont type, not improbably belong-
ing to this species; from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper
Jurassic) of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire. These teeth are
of the general structure of those of J. campylodon, and
one of them exhibits the flutings of the dentine of the

Fig. 12,

Ichthyosaurus (cf.) trigonus.—Lateral aspect of a tooth; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Shotover. }.

root beneath the investment of cement. They are indis-
tinguishable from the type tooth of J. posthumus, figured
by Wagner in the ‘Abh. k. bay. Ak.’ vol. vi. pt. 2, pl. xx.
figs. 4, 5. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849,

1 Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxviii, art. 8, p. 90 (1881).

24 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

R. 270. An entire tooth of similar type; from the Kimeridge Clay
(Fig.) of Shotover, Oxfordshire. This tooth (fig. 12) may have
been associated with the vertebra No. R. 271, with which

it agrees in mineral condition. , a

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

11265. The conjoint atlas and axis vertebre of a comparatively large
individual ; from the Kimeridge Clay, locality unknown. ~
This specimen may belong either to this or to one of the
following forms. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

47327. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Swindon, Wiltshire. This specimen
agrees precisely, both in size and proportions, with the
vertebra (which may be taken as the type) figured by
Phillips in his ‘Geology of Oxford,’ p. 835. The vertical
‘diameter of the anterior face is 0,081, the transverse
0,076, and the length 0,041. The upper costal articula-
tion is partly confluent with the neural facet, and both
faces are equally cupped.

, Presented by the Directors of the Swindon
Brick and Tile Company, 1873.

47327 a. The centrum of a somewhat later cervical vertebra, asso-
ciated with the preceding. Same history.

24684. The centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett. This specimen ac-
cords in relative length with the somewhat later centrum
figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 336.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

R. 1305. A very similar centrum ; from the Kimeridge Clay, locality
unknown. No history.

R. 271. The centrum of a smaller anterior dorsal vertebra; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Shotover. Vertical diameter 0,078
(3°1 inches), transverse 0,084 (3°3 inches}, length 0,038
(1:5 inches). , Egerton Collection.

24684 a. The centra of one anterior and two middle dorsal vertebrae
of rather smaller dimensions, provisionally referred to this’
species ; from Wootton-Bassett. The length is unusually
ereat. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

24684 b. The centrum of a medium-sized middle dorsal vertebra ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett. The ter-

ICHTHYOSAURID&E. 25

minal faces are nearly circular. Although of rather smaller
dimensions this specimen accords closely in serial position -
and proportions with the one figured by Phiilips, op. cit.
p. 336, diagram cxxvil. fig. 3. The vertical diameter is
0,084, the transverse 0,084, and the length 0,040.
Cunnington Collection.

41776. The imperfect centrum of a larger middle dorsal vertebra ;
from the ae Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire.
Purchased, 1869.

41776 d. The centrum of a rather smaller middle dorsal vertebra ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.

44599. A water-worn centrum of avery similar dorsal vertebra;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Swindon.

Presented by the Directors of the Swindon

Brick and Tile Company, 1873.

47506. The centrum of a rather later dorsal vertebra, of consider-
abie size; from the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay,
Dorsetshire.

Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1876.

24684 c. A centrum agreeing in size with the preceding, but rather
later in the series, and of relatively greater length ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849,

R. 271. The centrum of a middle dorsal vertebra of smaller size ;
from the Kimeridge Clay. Egerton Collection.

R. 9. ‘he centrum of an early posterior dorsal vertebra probably
(Fig.) belonging to this species; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Stanton, near Bury-St.-Edmunds, Suffolk. In this speci-
men (fig. 13) the terminal faces are elongated transversely,
and not narrowed superiorly ; the vertical diameter being
0,111 (4:0 inches), and the transverse 0,128 (5:0 inches).
The costal tubercles are placed low and have nearly
coalesced. ‘The difference in the contour of this specimen
compared with the next is parallelled in the vertebral column
of I. platyodon, No. 481 (p. 101), where the centra marked
26 and 27 are of the contour of the present specimen,
while that marked 33 is of the type of the next specimen,
In the present specimen, however, the costal tubercles
have descended lower than in the corresponding vertebree

DA 5 es ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

Fig. 13.

=

2, > ES.

AZ

oS
YoY ELA

Uf Ve
re
\ yy
Vk

Ichthyosaurus trigonus.—Left lateral and anterior aspects of the centrum of

an early posterior dorsal vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Stanton.

3. a, upper, 0, lower costal tubercle.

of I. platyodon. The variations in the relations of the
costal tubercles are noticed in the above-mentioned
vertebral column of the latter species. Purchased, 1880.

24684 d. The centrum of a large late posterior dorsal vertebra;
(Fig.) from the Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett. This
: specimen (fig. 14) agrees with Phillips’s description (op. cit.

ANN

Hi UI

Ichthyosaurus trigonus.—Left lateral and anterior aspects of the centrum of
a late posterior dorsal vertebra; from the Kimeridge Olay of Wootton-
Bassett. 3. a, upper, 0, lower costal tubercle.

p. 336) of the 40th vertebra; the outline of the face
narrowing upwards, and the height being nearly equal to
the width. The length of Phillips’s specimen is, however,
said to be greater. Cunnington Collection.

ICHTHYOSAURID®. oF

46473 a. A smaller centrum of a posterior dorsal vertebra, agreeing
in characters with the preceding; from the Kimeridge

Clay of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

41776 a. Two associated centra of posterior dorsal vertebre ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. These specimens
agree with the last, but their contour is somewhat altered
by crushing. Purchased,

20285. The centrum of a caudal vertebra; from the Kimeridge
; Clay of Ely, Cambridgeshire. Vertical diameter 0,093
(3°65 inches), transverse 0,091 (3°58 inches), length 0,038

(1°5 inches). Purchased,

24684 e. The centrum of a large anterior caudal vertebra, apparently
associated with No 24684 d. This specimen agrees with
Phillips’s description of the 50th vertebra, but the length
is less. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

24684 f. A rather later caudal centrum, probably associated with
the preceding. The costal articulation has here become
circular. Cunnington Collection.

41801. The centrum of a smaller anterior caudal vertebra, specifically
indistinguishable from the preceding ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Ely. This speeimen agrees very closely in all
respects with the one figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 337,

diagram exxviil. figs. 1, 2. Purchased, 1869.
41776 b. A rather iater caudal vertebra; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.

R. 1341. A very similar centrum; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Shotover. The reference of this and the following speci-
men is provisional. No history.

46473 b. A smaller caudal centrum of similar type; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Foxhangers. Purchased, 1875.

24684 g. A caudal centrum, associated with the dorsals, No, 24684 a.
This specimen is considerably larger than either of the
preceding. Purchased, 1849.

It is probable that some of the following specimens belong
to this species.

41958. A left coracoid; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth.
There is no posterior notch, and the specimen differs

28 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

widely from the coracoid of Ophthulmosaurus. It is
indistinguishable from the coracoids figured by Phillips in

~ his ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ p. 340, diagram cxxxiii. fig. 1.
Purchased, 1870.

42287. A smaller and much crushed coracoid of similar general
type; from the Kimeridge Clay of the Isle of Portland.
Purchased, 1869.

42284. The imperfect and crushed left humerus of a large indi-
vidual ; from the Kimeridge Clay of the Isle of Portland.
The characters of this specimen appear to be very similar
to those of the humerus figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 340.
The two distal facets are very distinct. Contrasted with
the humerus of Ophthalmosaurus icenicus (No. 47785,
p. 11), this specimen differs not only in the number of
distal facets, but also in its narrower form and less expanded
extremities. It is highly probable that this specimen
belongs to the present species. Purchased, 1869.

42286. A somewhat smaller and slightly imperfect right humerus,
(fig.) | which may or may not be specifically identical with the
preceding ; from the Kimeridge Clay of the Isle of Portland.
The distal extremity (fig. 9, p. 14) is entire, but the
radial angle of the proximal end has been broken away.
The contour, which in the preceding specimen has been
lost by crushing, is perfectly preserved. Purchased, 1869.

42285. A slightly imperfect right humerus agreeing in size with
the preceding specimen, but apparently indicating a
different species; from the Kimeridge Clay of the Isle of
Portland. ‘This bone is relatively longer and thicker than
the preceding. Purchased, 1869.

42283. The left humerus of a large individual ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of the Isle of Portland. This specimen has not
suffered from crushing, and is characterized by its extreme
breadth, and the short downward extent of the trochan-
teric ridge on the dorsal surface. Purchased, 1869.

R. 275. The left humerus of an enormous individual; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Shotover. This specimen is remarkable
for its extreme elongation, and forms a marked contrast
to the preceding specimen, from which it appears speci-
fically distinct. Egerton Collection.

TCHTHYOSAURIDZ®. 29

R. 472 a. A bone regarded as a right femur of a comparatively

large individual; from the Oxford Clay of Stanground,
near Peterborough. There are two distal facets; and the
general contour approximates to that of the smaller femur
of J. entheciodon (fig. 16). This specimen in respect of
mineral condition so closely resembles the femur No. R.
472 mentioned under the head of Ophthalmosaurus icenicus
(p. 12), that it looks as though it belonged to the same
individual. If this should be so, the present specimen
would be the humerus, which would have two distal
facets while the femur had three.

Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

46808. A smaller imperfect left femur; from the Kimeridge Clay

of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

Ichthyosaurus ovalis, Phillips ’.

Of large size. Known only by vertebral centra, which in the
dorsal and anterior caudal regions have oval terminal faces,
with the vertical diameter longer than the transverse. The type
specimens have not been figured. The possibility of this contour of
the vertebra having been produced by crushing must be borne in mind.

Hab. Europe (England).

Ichthyosaurus ovalis.—Left lateral and anterior aspects of the centrum of a
middle dorsal vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay of the Isle of Portland.

$.

a, upper, b, lower costal tubercle.

* Geology of Oxford, p. 339 (1871).

30) ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

42282. The centrum of a large middle dorsal vertebra; from the

(fig.) | Kimeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) of the Isle of Portland.

The vertical diameter of this specimen (fig. 15) is 0,125,

the transverse 0,110, and the length 0,048. In one of

- the type posterior dorsals described by Phillips the corre-
sponding diameters are 0,078, 0,073, and 0,032.

Purchased, 1869.

44637. The centrum of a caudal vertebra probably referable to this
species ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorset-
shire. The specimen is slightly distorted. Its vertical
diameter is 0,061, and the transverse 0.051.

Purchased, 1873.

Ichthyosaurus (?) dilatatus, Phillips‘.

Centra of dorsal and caudal vertebree described as of the general
type of those of J. tragonus, but relatively wider and shorter, and
rather less deeply cupped. In the undermentioned specimens the
crowns of the teeth are very long and deeply fluted.

In the absence of figures of the types it is difficult to refer
other specimens with certainty to this species, which appears to have
attained large dimensions, and the following references are there-
fore provisional. The first of the undermentioned specimens
agree so closely with I. hildestensis, Koken”, from the Lower Green-
sand of North Germany, that were it not for their much lower
geological horizon they might be referred to the same species. If
the absence of large teeth be an invariable characteristic of Ophthal-
mosaurus the following specimens are not referable to that genus.

Hab. Europe (England).

45984-7. A series of associated hones; from the Kimeridge Clay
(Upper Jurassic) of Swindon, Wiltshire. These speci-
mens comprise the basioccipital, basisphenoid, fragments
of jaws with teeth, and eight centra of anterior and
middle dorsalvertebree. The vertebra agree approximately _
in size with No. 24684 0 of JI. trigonus, but are shorter
and wider, with the cupping of the faces rather less deep.
In one example the vertical diameter is 0,076, the trans-
verse 0,087, and the length 0,034. Although the distor-
tion to which they have been subject renders exact com-
parison difficult, they appear to be wider than the dorsals

1 Geology of Oxford, p. 307 (1871).
Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxv. p. 761 (1883).

= ICHTHYOSAURID®. or

of the series referred to Ophthalmosaurus icenicus (p. 10).
One of the teeth shows the thick investing coat of cement
on the root; but the other, which is in germ, exhibits the
- inner fluted layer. The teeth agree precisely with the
type tooth of J. hildesrensis, figured by Koken in the
‘Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.’ vol. xxxv. pl. xxiv. fig. 3;
and the vertebral centra apparently closely resemble the
lateral view of a dorsal centrum given in fig. 2 of the
same plate. - Presented by H. F. Mills, Esq., 1874.

39158. The centra of an associated anterior cervical, middle (a)
and early posterior (6) dorsal vertebra, apparently belonging
to the same species as the preceding ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Kimeridge, Dorsetshire. In the cervical the
vertical diameter is 0,062 and the transverse 0,071; in
the middle dorsal these dimensions are 0,079 and 0,087:
and in the posterior dorsal 0,065 and 0,064. The middle
dorsal appears indistinguishable from the vertebre of the
preceding series. The cervical is somewhat wider than
that of J. hildesiensis, figured by Koken, op. cit. fig. 1.

Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.

Ichthyosaurus leptospondylus, Wagner '.

Imperfectly known, but closely allied to if not identical with the
following. Wagner first figured two teeth in the Abh. k. bay.
Ak. Wiss. vol. vii. pt. 1, pl. vi. figs. 14-19 (1853), and subsequently
several portions of an imperfect skeleton in vol. ix. pt. 1, pl. vi.
(1861). The latter specimens comprise teeth, part of the sclerotic
of the eye, scapulze and coracoids, a vertebral centrum, and the
disconnected bones of a paddle. This species was referred to the
present group by Kiprijanoff in the ‘ Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’
vol, xxviii. art. 8, p. 91.

Hab. Europe (Bavaria).

42833. Part of a slab of limestone, showing the frontal aspect of
(Fig.) the rostral portion of the cranium ; from the Kimeridgian
Lithographic limestones of Hichstadt, Bavaria. Figured
by Meyer in the ‘ Palzeontographica,’ vol. xi. pl. xxxiii., and
provisionally referred to the present species. The resem-
blance of the teeth to those of the type specimens figured
by Wagner, op. cit., leaves little doubt as to their specific
identity. The form of the rostrum and the structure
of the teeth closely resemble the corresponding parts in
I. entheciodon. Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

’ Gelehrte Anzeigen, vol. xxxvi. p. 26 (1853).

oe ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. -

Ichthyosaurus entheciodon, Hulke '.

Typically of medium size. Cranial rostrum very long and
slender ; teeth small, with bulbous roots. Vertebree (if No. 46473 e
be rightly referred) with the cupping of the posterior face of the
centra confined to the central region, and the costal tubercles of the
dorsals very small. Inner border of coracoids greatly elongated.
Femur (fig. 16) long, with its trochanteric and opposite ridges
moderately developed, so that the lateral surface of the proximal

Fig. 16.
se

Tar

LE

a
Vi
i}

= aN Vy
\ y Gee
QY omy |
a \\'* eg fff}
iy i} y
N if. if) f
Yj / my |!
fi iene \\
is L. TE
f ii tT :
(hh \ Hi i} Hy}
f \ NAN
ANNA
if \\ 4 \ i tT {
| \\
NW, | |
SG We) Wy,
{ TN | Hil
\

I:hthyosaurus entheciodon—Dorsal, postaxial, and distal aspects of the right
femur; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. 3 a, trochanteric
ridge , 7, tibial, f, fibular facet.

portion is narrower than the dorsal. Limbs relatively very small ;

the humerus and femur in the type skeleton being not larger than

in I. latefrons (infra, p. 89), where the vertebral centra are only

half the size of those of the present form; whether this form is

really distinct from the preceding species remains to be proved.
Hab. Europe (England).

46497. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the nearly entire

(Ig.) skeleton; from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) of
Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. Described and figured by
Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xxvii. p. 440,
pl. xvii. This specimen is in rather bad preservation ;
the extremity of the caudal region is wanting, and of the
limbs only the proximal portionsremain. The pentagonal
contour of the cervical centra can be distinctly seen where
the vertebree are partially displaced. The dorsal aspect of
the humerus shows a strong trochanteric ridge; while
both this bone and the femur articulate distally with the

' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvii. pp. 80, 440 (1871)—amended. In
vol. xxvi. p. 174 (1870) the name Hnthekiodon was applied in a generic sense
to teeth of this species.

EK. 1197.

46473 e.
(Hig.)

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. 35)

normal two bones. In one limb the entire anterior

border of the radius is shown, which also exhibits the

transversely elongated form characteristic of the group.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1871.

Proximal portion of the right pelvic limb ; from the Kime-
ridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay. The femur, tibia, fibula,
tibiale, and intermedium remain in their natural positions.
The femur exhibits a prominent trochanteric ridge on the
dorsal aspect; and the tibia is transversely elongated, and
shows an entire anterior border. The specimen agrees
precisely with the imperfect pelvic limb of the type
skeleton. The femur (woodcut, fig. 16) exhibits the
elongated form and moderate expansion of the postaxial
surface characteristic of the corresponding bone of the

type specimen.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1875.

Slab showing portion of a skeleton probably belonging to
this species ; apparently from the Kimeridge Clay, locality
unknown. ‘The remains comprise the imperfect centra of
seven anterior caudal vertebre, a number of terminal
caudals, the imperfect pelvis, and a considerable portion
of the left pectoral limb. ‘The contour of the anterior
caudals accords exactly with that of the type. The
humerus shows a strongly marked trochanteric ridge and
cannot be distinguished from the corresponding bone of
the type. The radius is in apposition and shows the
entire anterior border and transversely elongated contour ;
the intermedium is slightly displaced, the ulna wanting,
and the remaining bones in confusion. No history.

An associated series of thirty-five vertebral centra provi-
sionally referred to this species; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire. This series
comprises cervicals, dorsals, and caudals; and the follow-
ing specimens have been figured by Owen in his ‘ Liassic
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. pl. xxii. (1881), viz. :-—
a cervical in figs. 1, 2; an anterior dorsal, which-has been
bisected in a vertical antero-posterior plane, in figs. 4-6
(also in woodcut, fig. 3, p. 4 of this volume) ; a posterior
dorsal in figs. 7, 8; and a caudal in figs. 9-11. The
terminal faces of the cervicals and middle dorsals are
slightly elongated transversely, and those of the posterior

PART II. D

834 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

dorsals and anterior caudals narrowed superiorly. In the
cervicals and dorsals the cupping of the posterior face is
confined to the central region, as in the cervicals of
Ophthalmosaurus icenicus. The dorsals agree precisely in
size with those of the type skeleton, and have the costal
tubercles of similarly small size. Owen figured the above
mentioned dorsal under the name of J. latimanus (see
infra, pp. 58, 54).

| Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

47424. A femur, probably belonging either to the present or a
closely allied species; from the Oxford ‘Clay of Peter-
borough, Northamptonshire.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

Incerte Sedis.
** [chthyosaurus (?) thyreospondylus, Phillips ' (ew Owen’).
Syn. (?) Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus, Owen ?.

Of uncertain generic position, and only provisionally admitted as
a species. Known only by detached vertebral centra remarkable
for their very short antero-posterior diameter.

I. thyreospondylus of Owen was founded upon vertebre preserved
in the Bristol Museum, of which the horizon is not stated; that
form has been quoted as of Liassic age, but Phillips suggests that the
types are from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. The vertebre
described by Owen under the name of J. brachyspondylus appear
very similar to those figured by Phillips, but in this case also no
geological horizon is given. Owen, indeed, states that similar
vertebrae are found in the higher Jurassic of Russia, but those
figured by Kiprijanoff in the ‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’
vol. xxxi. art. 6, pl. ix., under the name of Polyptychodon, but
subsequently referred to J. brachyspondylus, are of Cretaceous age.

Hab. Kurope (England).

46794 a. The centrum of a cervical vertebra ; from the Kimeridge
Clay, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46794c. The centrum of a smaller cervical vertebra; from the
same locality. Cunningion Collection.

1 Geology of Oxford, pp. 307, 337 (1871).
2 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 124 (1840).
3’ Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 127 (1881).

41776 c.

ICHTHYOSAURID. 35

The centrum of an early posterior dorsal vertebra; from
the Kimeridge Clay of the Isle of Portland, Dorsetshire.
The vertical diameter is 0,095 (3°75 inches), the transverse
0,111 (4°35 inches), and the length 0,031 (1:2 inch) ;
the costal facets have united into a single one placed
rather below the median horizontal line. In contour this
specimen closely resembles the rather larger posterior
dorsal figured by Phillips in his ‘Geology of Oxford,’
p. 338, diagram 130, figs. 3, 4, but in that specimen the
costal facets are distinct. The contour of this specimen
bears the same relation to the next as presented by the
centrum of I. trigonus, No. R. 9 (p. 25) to No. 24684 d
(p. 26). Purchased, 1869.

47428. The centrum of a late posterior dorsal vertebra; from the

47428 a.

41776 d.

46794 b.

Oxford Clay of Whittlesea, near Peterborough. Vertical
diameter 0,100 (3:9 inches), transverse diameter 0,106
(4:15 inches), length 0,025 (1:3 inch). The costal facets
are double, and the contour of the terminal faces is similar
to that of the corresponding vertebra of J. trigonus,
No. 24684 d (p. 26).

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra, associated
with the preceding. Although somewhat larger (which
may be due to pressure) this specimen closely accords with
the caudal figured by Phillips in his ‘Geology of Oxford,’
p. 338. Sharp Collection.

The centrum of a smaller caudal vertebra ; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire.
Purchased, 1869.

The centrum of a caudal vertebra; from near Devizes.
The centre is perforated. Cunnington Collection.

Specifically undetermined specimens from the Kimeridye and Oxford
Clays belonging either to Ichthyosaurus or Ophthalmosaurus.

41881, 42371, 43290. Five imperfect teeth, of a more siender type

than those referred to J. trigonus and J. dilatatus; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire.
Purchased,
D2

36 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

46790. A comparatively large left quadrate; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46791. A rather smaller quadrate of the same side; from Fox-
hangers. 7 Cunnington Collection.

43294. Three specimens of the articular bone of the mandible of a
large individual ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth,

Dorsetshire. Purchased, 1871.

42373. Two very similar specimens ; from Weymouth.
; Purchased, 1871.

45905. The basioccipital of a large form; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Weymouth. ‘This specimen is somewhat waterworn.
Purchased, 1874.

45907. A slightly smaller basioccipital ; from Weymouth.
Purchased, 1874.

41776. A very similar basioccipital, in a somewhat crushed con-
dition ; from Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.

41776 a. The basisphenoid of a very large individual; from Wey-
mouth. This specimen is characterized by the shortness
of the antero-posterior diameter of the palatal surface.

Purchased, 1869.

40337. The basisphenoid of an equally large but specifically distinct
form; from Weymouth. ‘The palatal surface is elongated
antero-posteriorly. Purchased, 1867.

45906. A smaller basisphenoid of similar type ; from Weymouth.
Purchased, 1874.

47326. The imperfect basisphenoid of a large form; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Swindon, Wiltshire. Presented by the
Directors of the Swindon Brick and Trle Company, 1876.

R. 472. A smaller basisphenoid; from the Oxford Clay of Stan-
ground, near Peterborough, Northamptonshire.
Presented by Sir K. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

R. 494. Cast of the extremity of the mandible of a comparatively
small form. ‘The original was obtained from the Upper
Jurassic of Monte Lessini, in the Tyrolese Alps (Verona),
Italy. The teeth appear te have been small, and the

ICHTHYOSAURID&. oT

specimen may indicate a form closely allied to or identical
- with J. entheciodon or I. leptospondylus.
Presented by Count Stephano de Stephani, 1882.

46804. The right articular bone of the mandible of a large indivi-
dual; from Wiltshire. The corresponding bone is seen
in situ in the undetermined skull, No. 49203, mentioned
under the head of the Acutirostrine subgroup (p. 72).

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

45908. A similar specimen from the left side; from Weymouth.
Purchased, 1874.

41979. A broken articular of the right side: from Weymouth.
Purchased, 1870.

32701. The anchylosed centra of the atlas, axis, and third cervical
vertebree of a large individual: from the Oxford Clay
Vaches Noires (Calvados), France. The suture between
the atlas and axis is completely obliterated, and the facet
for the cranial intercentrum is united with that for the
intercentrum between the atlas and axis.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

R. 32. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra of a medium-
sized form; from the Kimeridge Clay of Sweaton, Lin-
colnshire. The upper costal facet was placed entirely on
the arch; as in the cervicals of the imperfect skeleton
from the Oxford Clay mentioned by Seeley on p. 110 of
his ‘ Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum,’ under the
name of J. megalodirus. It has a strong general resem-
blance to the cervical of J. hildesiensis figured by Koken
in the ‘ Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.’ vol. xxxv. pl. xxiv.
fig. 1. Purchased, 1880.

40551. The centrum of aslightly larger and somewhat later cervical
vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorset-
shire. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

32704. The centrum of a cervical vertebra, very similar to No.
R. 32 but rather later in the series; probably from the
Kimeridge or Oxford Clay of Vaches Noires (Calvados),
France. Perhaps associated with No. 32701.

Tesson Collection.

Ree

38 : 1CHTHYOPTERYGIA.

44637. An associated series of vertebral centra of a medium-
sized individual; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth.
This series comprises 7 middle dorsals, 6 posterior dorsals,
4 anterior caudals, and 23 from the middle of the caudal
region. The centra are of medium length ; the transverse
diameter of the middle dorsals exceeds the vertical ; and
the posterior dorsals and anterior caudals are narrowed
superiorly. Purchased, 1873.

41236. An associated series of vertebral centra of a small individual ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. ‘The cervicals
and dorsals have the transverse diameter longer than
the vertical; and the caudals are somewhat narrowed
superiorly. Purchased, 1868.

46794 d. Nine associated vertebral centra of a rather larger form ;
from the Kimeridge Clay near Devizes. The middle
dorsals have the faces nearly circular, deeply cupped, and
the length considerable. Cunnington Collection.

46473 b. An associated series of nine caudal vertebrae of a small
individual; from Foxhangers. One centrum belongs to
the anterior part of the series. Cunnington Collection.

- 41776 e. Two associated centra of medium-sized middle dorsal

vertebree; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. The

transverse diameter rather exceeds the vertical.
Purchased, 1869.

41801. The imperfect centrum of a posterior dorsal vertebra of
medium size ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely, Cambridge-
shire. Purchased, 1869.

24684 i. The centrum of a very similar posterior dorsal vertebra ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

48041. The centrum of a slightly larger posterior dorsal vertebra ;
from the Kimeridge Clay.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1860.

41776 f. The centrum of a very similar posterior dorsal vertebra;
from Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.

46331. The ventral half of the centrum of an early posterior dorsal
vertebra; from the Kimeridge Clay of Scend Hill,

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 39

Northamptonshire. The transverse diameter is 0,090,
and the length 0,034; the contour being similar to that

of the vertebra of J. trigonus, No. R. 9 (p. 25).
Cunnington Collection.

R. 8. The centrum of a large posterior dorsal vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Stanton, near Bury St. Edmunds,
Suffolk. Purchased, 1880.

32704 a. The centra of two caudal vertebre, probably associated
with the cervical, No. 32704. Tesson Collection.

41776 gq. The centrum of a rather smaller caudal vertebra; from
Weymouth. — Purchased, 1869.

24684 j. The centrum of a still smaller caudal vertebra; from
Wootton-Bassett.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

46473 ¢. The centrum of a caudal vertebra agreeing in size with
the preceding, but less narrowed superiorly ; from Fox-
hangers. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

41776 h. Three smaller associated centra of caudal vertebre :

from Weymouth. The faces are deeply cupped.
Purchased, 1869.

41776 i. The centrum of a larger caudal vertebra; from Wey-
mouth. The faces are nearly flat, with a deep pit in the
middle, as in No. 24684 j. Purchased, 1869.

46473 h. A very similar centrum ; from Foxhangers.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46473 i. A rather smaller centrum of similar type; from Fox-
hangers. Purchased, 1875.

24804. Two centra of small caudal vertebre ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Potterne, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

24684 k. The centrum of a small caudal vertebra; from Wootton-
Bassett. The faces are deeply cupped. Purchased, 1849.

41255. A rib; from the Portland Oolite of the Isle of Portland.
The double head is well shown. Purchased, 1869.

41957. The left scapula of a comparatively large individual; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. Purchased, 1870.

40 ; ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

43298. An imperfect left scapula; from the Kimeridge Clay of

Weymouth. Purchased, 1871.
43299. An imperfect right scapula; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Weymouth. Purchased, 1871.
44181. A crushed scapula; from the Kimeridge Clay of Wey-
mouth. Purchased, 1878.

43297. An entire right scapula ; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Weymouth. The strong ridge on the anterior border of
the dorsal aspect of the proximal extremity is beautifully
shown. Purchased, 1871.

46472. The glenoidal extremities of the two scapule of a very large
individual; from the Kimeridge Clay of Broughton-Gifford,
Wiltshire. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

32706. The glenoidal extremity of a right scapula, agreeing in size
with the preceding; from the Oxford Clay of Vaches
Noires (Calvados), France. The contour somewhat
resembles that of the scapula of J. zetlandicus, No. 32671
(p.. 61). Tesson Collection. .

b. Lypical Subgroup.
The roots of the teeth without an envelope of cement, and marked
by larger and more numerous flutings than those of the crowns
(fig. 19). Coracoid with posterior notch (fig. 4). Scapula with

sage dey.

Ichthyosaurus (cf) communis,—Dorsal and distal aspects of the left humerus ;
from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. 3. a, trochanteric ridge; 7, radial ;
aw, ulnar facet.

proximal extremity angulated, without anterior dorsal ridge, but

with deep grooves on that surface above articular expansion.

ICHTHYOSAURID. 4]

Humerus (fig. 17) and femur (fig. 18) without strongly developed
trochanteric ridge on dorsal surface. Cervical and anterior dorsal
vertebre with subcylindrical centra; and the superior costal arti-
culation of the former in great part or wholly on the centrum.
This subgroup in the character of its humerus connects the
preceding one with the Acutirostrine subgroup of the Longipinnate

Fig. 18.

SSS

Ichthyosaurus (cf.) intermedius.—Dorsal and distal a spects of the right femur ;
from the Lower Lias of Street. 3. 7, tibial, f#, fibular facet.

group. The cranial rostrum is never greatly elongated. The femur
(fig. 18) is always unsymmetrical, long and narrow, with only
a slight expansion of the distal extremity. Im the humerus the
proximal extremity has a more or less oblong contour, with the
longer axis placed parallel to the longer axis of the distal surface.
The pubis and ischium are long and narrow.

Ichthyosaurus communis, Conybeare '.
Syn. Ichthyosaurus chiropolyostinus, Hawkins’.

The type species. Teeth (fig. 19) relatively large, with short,
thick crown, and the flutings on both crown and root strongly
marked. Skull (fig. 21) with the length of the rostrum usually
equal to rather less than three times the longer diameter of orbit.
Supratemporal fossa small and triangular; and maxilla excluded
from the narial aperture by union of premaxilla with lachrymal.
Usually sixteen or seventeen plates in sclerotic. Vertebral centra

' Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2, vol. i. pt. i. p. 108 (1822).
2 Memoirs on Ichthyosauri &e., pl. vii. (1834).

Ue a eo
>
a, .
eee OF Oo
:
% » :

42 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

with moderately deep cups; neural spines of dorsal and cervical
vertebre very tall, their height exceeding twice the vertical diameter
of the centra. Number of vertebre generally about 140. Pectoral
paddle (fig. 20) very broad, and usually about double the size of
pelvic. There may be eight longitudinal rows of bones in middle of
former, and six in latter. In pelvic paddle (fig. 20) anterior border
of tibiale and succeeding tarsals of second row entire, and also the
same border of anterior row of bones in pectoral paddle. Four

Fig. 19.

J

T°

bones in third transverse row of pelvic paddle. Vascular foramina
in centre of bones of paddles very minute and indistinct. Slight
variations occur in the form of the paddles of different imdividuals
included under the present specific heading; but these variations
can scarcely be regarded as of more than racial importance. ‘This
species attained dimensions somewhat inferior to J. lonchiodon.

In the case of young skeletons and imperfect skulls, it is frequently
difficult to distinguish between this species and I. intermedius.

fab. Kurope (England).

41849. Slab showing the left aspect of a medium-sized skeleton,
(/'%y.) wanting the greater part of the caudal region; from the
Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. The bones of
the brain-case are much crushed, but the rostrum is well
preserved, and considerably exceeds twice the longer
diameter of the orbit. The dorsal aspect of the coracoids

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. 43

Fig. 20.

Ichthyosaurus communis.—Dorsal aspect of the left pectoral and ventral aspect
of the right pelvic limb of No. 41849. 3. A, humerus; 7, radius; w, ulna;
z, intermedium; ¢, tibia; f, fibula. The vertical lines show the pro-
portionate length of the pectoral limb to the skull; the longer line being
the length of the skull,

and pectoral limbs are exposed; the left pectoral limb
being thrown to the front. The paddles are nearly perfect
and are broad and ovate in contour; the pectoral one
containing 8 and the pelvic 6 longitudinal rows of phalan-
geals. The length of the pectoral limb (fig. 20) is 0,255
(10 inches), and its greatest width 0,090 (3:5 inches);
the length of the skull being 0,432 (17 inches). The
vertical lines in fig. 20 show the proportionate length of
the paddle to the skull. In the pelvic limb the inter-
medium articulates with the femur (fig. 20).

Purchased, 1870.

1064. Cast of a slab showing an imperfect skeleton of medium size ;
the original was obtained from Lyme-Regis, and is pre-

44

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

served in the Bristol Museum. The skull and left pectoral
limb are well preserved; but the vertebral column is
broken up. Presented by the Council of the Bristol

Philosophical Institute, 1832.

2001 *. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of a rather small

(Fig.)

skeleton; from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Hawkins in his
‘Sea Dragons,’ pl. vii. The skull is much crushed, and
the paddles of the left side are broken up. The length of

-the rostrum is apparently slightly more than twice the

longer diameter‘of the orbit. The pelvic paddle, although
narrower than in No. 41849, still has 6 rows of phalan-
geals. The pelvic and caudal region is figured by Owen
in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. v. pl. xlii., in order
to show the dislocation of the tail.

Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

43971. Slab showing the right aspect of the skull of a considerably

R. 1162.

larger individual, with the first six cervical vertebre
attached ; from Lyme-Regis. ‘The skull agrees closely in
character with that of No. 41849; the length of the
rostrum being nearly three times that of the longer
diameter of the orbit. The vertebre show the character-
istic tall neural spines. Purchased, 1872.

Slab showing the left lateral aspect of a small skeleton ;
from Lyme-Regis. On the left side the pelvic paddle is
broken up, and on the right both paddles are destroyed,
but the remainder of the skeleton is well preserved. The
length of the rostrum somewhat exceeds twice that of the

orbit. _ No history.

R. 311. A nearly entire skull agreeing very closely with No. 43961,

(ig.)

but of considerably larger size ; from Lyme-Regis, The
entire length of this specimen (which is represented in
fig. 21) is 0,834 (82°5 inches); and the length of the
rostrum slightly exceeds three times the longer diameter
of the orbit. The orbital region is imperfect and crushed,
but the rostrum, the whole of the mandible, and the teeth
are in excellent preservation. This specimen was col-
lected by Miss Anning, and is the one noticed by Owen in
the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839, p. 108, as being in the
collection of Viscount Cole (subsequently Earl of Ennis-

ICHTHYOSAURID®. 45

killen), where it is referred to the present species. In
the accompanying figure the orbit is restored’.
Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

Fig. 21.

Ichthyosaurus communis.—Left lateral aspect of the skull; from the
Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. About }.

25273. The rostrum of a skull agreeing closely in size with

(Fig.) No. R.311; from Lyme-Regis. The teeth are in beautiful
preservation, one of them being represented in fig. 19.

~ Purchased, 1850.

R. 1163. The anterior extremity ofa similar rostrum ; from Lyme-
Regis. Thirteen teeth remain in the mandible, in which
the splenial extends to the extremity of the symphysis.

No history.

41379. The anterior portion of a mandible agreeing very closely
with that of No. R. 311; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1869.

14593. Cast of an entire skull apparently belonging to this species.
The original was obtained from the Lower Lias of Barrow-
on-Soar, Leicestershire, and is preserved in the Museum of
the Philosophical Institution at Birmingham. It is noticed
by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839, p. 110, where
it is referred to the present species. This specimen has.
suffered but little from crushing ; and exhibits-yery clearly
the supratemporal fosse. The length of the rostrum con-
siderably exceeds three times the longer diameter of the

* The skull, No. 14, mentioned on page 138 of Seeley’s ‘Index to Aves &e.
in Cambridge Museum’ (1869), is very similar to the present specimen.

46 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

orbit ; in which respect, as in its relatively large teeth, the
specimen differs from I. zntermedius.

Presented by the Council of the Birmingham

Philosophical Institution.

R. 317. A distorted skull of somewhat smaller size than No. R. 311,
apparently belonging to this species ; from Lyme-Regis.
The rostrum has been fractured in several places and
has been curved upwards by pressure above the frontals.
The right orbit is preserved, but the left has been broken
away. ‘The teeth exhibit all the characteristics of those
of the present species. Enmskillen Collection.

39492. A laterally crushed skull of smaller dimensions ; from Lyme-
Regis. The first three vertebral centra are attached to
the occiput. This specimen agrees exactly in size with
the skull of J. intermedius, No. 2103 *, and exhibits the
specific character of the much larger teeth very clearly.

Purchased, 1863.

R. 1164. A still smaller skull; from Lyme-Regis. The anterior
vertebree are attached, and the teeth are well preserved.
The length of the rostrum slightly exceeds three times the
longer diameter of the orbit. The right nares and orbit
(with its sclerotic plates) are entire, but the left orbit is
broken away. Purchased.

2002 *. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the imperfect skull,
(Fig.) anterior portion of the vertebral column, and part of the left
pectoral girdle of a medium-sized individual apparently be-

longing to this species; probably from Lyme-Regis. _

Figured by Hawkins in his ‘Sea Dragons,’ pl. ix.

Hawkins Collection. »

41159. Slab exhibiting the left lateral aspect of a crushed skull of
medium size, probably belonging to the present species ;
from Lyme-Regis. The teeth are of the relatively large
size characteristic of J. communis. At the occipital region
of the skull numerous vertebral centra and bones of the
paddles are preserved in the slab. Purchased, 1868.

33282. A large tooth, wanting the extremity of the crown; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1858.

20568. Fragment of rock containing a tooth of similar type; from
the Lower Lias, near Bath. Purchased, 1847.

_

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 47

11280. Fragment of Lias containing a smaller tooth probably

belonging to this species ; from Lyme-Regis.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

R. 264. Three teeth probably belonging to large individuals of the

present species; from Lyme-Regis. ' These teeth appear
to be very similar to those in the large skull described by
Owen. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

28319. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of the nearly entire

skeleton of a medium-sized individual; from Lyme-Regis.
The pelvic limbs and the greater part of the caudal region
are wanting. The skull and greater portion of the ver-
tebral column are fairly well preserved ; but the distal
extremities of the pectoral paddles are absent. The tall
neural spines of the dorsal vertebree, and the broad pectoral
paddles show the characteristic features of the species.
Purchased, 1858.

28305. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a medium-sized imperfect

R. 1071.

skull, together with fragments of the pectoral girdle and
limbs, and some of the abdominal ribs, probably belonging
to this species ; from Lyme-Regis. The teeth and frag-
ments of the paddles agree with typical examples.
Purchased, 18538.

Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the imperfect
anterior portion of the skeleton of a somewhat smaller
specimen apparently belonging to this species ; from Lyme-
Regis. The skull, left coracoid and pectoral limb, together
with the anterior portion of the vertebral column, are
preserved. No history.

The following young skeletons exhibit all the characteristic features
of the present species, but it is possible that some may be spe-
cifically distinct.

R. 1072.

R. 1073.

Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the crushed skull,
and the left lateral aspect of the greater portion of the
rest of the skeleton of a small individual; from Lyme-
Regis. The columella is noticed by A. Smith Woodward
in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1886, p. 408. Both the pectoral
and pelvic limbs of the left side are shown. ‘The pelvic
paddle is of the usual characteristic width, but is relatively
larger in proportion to the pectoral than is usually the
case, No history.

Slab exhibiting the left lateral aspect of a small skeleton ;

48 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

from Lyme-Regis. The skull, vertebral column, and left —
limbs are well preserved. There are eight longitudinal
rows of phalangeals in the pectoral, and six in the pelvic
paddle. No history.

R. 1074. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the nearly entire
skeleton of a very small individual; from Lyme-Regis.
The skull is much crushed, and the bones of the paddles
are displaced. The dorsal vertebre have the very tall
neural spines characteristic of this species. No history.

38803. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the skeleton of a small
(Fig.) individual; from Charmouth, Dorsetshire. Figured by
Owen. in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soe.), pt. iii.
pl. xxx. figs. 3-5, as J. communis. ‘The splenial is
represented in the figure as entering but a short distance
into the mandibular symphysis; but this seems to be
an individual rather than a specific character. There
are five longitudinal rows in the pelvic paddle, and the
intermedium is pushed more between the tibiale and
fibulare than is generally the case. Purchased, 1865.

39844. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the skeleton of a very
small individual; from Lyme-Regis. The skull is much
crushed, but the left pectoral limb is well preserved.

Purchased, 1866.

36256. Slab exhibiting the left side of the skeleton of a small
individual ; from Lyme-Regis. The rostrum is of moderate
length, and the paddles are of moderate width.

Purchased, 1862.

120. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of a small skeleton ; from
Lyme-Regis. The skull, vertebral column, and right
pectoral paddles are well preserved, and there is coprolitic
matter within the ribs. The rostrum is well developed ;
and the pectoral paddle is of moderate width and has six
rows of phalangeals. Purchased. About 1835,

111. Slab exhibiting the left lateral aspect of a very small skeleton
apparently belonging to this species ; from Lyme-Regis.
The vertebral column and limbs are much obscured by a
pyritous deposit. Presented by W. Broderip, Esq.

33280. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the imperfect skull
and anterior part of the vertebral column of a small indi-
vidual probably belonging to this species; from Lyme-

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. 49

Regis. The height of the neural spines of the vertebre
affords the ground of specific reference. Purchased, 1858.

49204. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a small skeleton ; from
Lyme-Regis. The whole of the bones are well shown
from this aspect. The pectoral paddles have seven, and
the pelvic five rows of phalangeals. Purchased, 1878.

R. 1212. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a larger but imperfect
skeleton agreeing very closely in characters with the
preceding ; from Lyme-Regis. The skull and paddles are
fairly well preserved, but the vertebral column is broken
up, and the caudal region wanting. No history.

R. 12. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of the nearly entire
skeleton of a very young individual not improbably
belonging to the present species; from Lyme-Regis. The
skull and both paddles of the right side are well preserved.

Purchased, 1879.

33278. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the imperfect
skeleton of a small individual probably referable to this
species ; from Lyme-Regis. The skull is wanting, but
the dorsal and anterior part of the caudal region of the
vertebral column, as well as the ribs and abdominal ribs,

_ are beautifully preserved. The limbs of the right side, in
a dislocated condition, are also shown, as well as the
scapula, imperfect coracoid, and clavicle of the same side.
The pectoral limb had eight longitudinal rows, and shows
all the characters of the present species. Within the ribs
are masses of coprolitic matter marking the position of the
stomach and the tract of the intestine. Purchased, 1858.

35567. Slab exhibiting part of the middle region of the skeleton of
a small individual of this or a closely allied species; from
Lyme-Regis. The centra of eight posterior dorsal vertebree
are shown, together with a number of ribs and the entire
left pelvic limb, of which the dorsal aspect is exposed.
Six longitudinal rows of bones are seen in the paddle.
The right femur is seen beneath the ribs.

Purchased, 1858,

Some of the following specimens may be specifically distinct.

R. 1068. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle
and limbs of a rather large individual; from Lyme-Regis.
PART If, E

“ES ae

50 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

The coracoids, clavicles, left scapula, and the nearly entire
paddles of both sides are shown. The first row of —
phalangeals are of the elongated form and have the entire
anterior border characteristic of the present species.

No history.

R. 1069. Cast of an imperfect pectoral girdle and the proximal
portion of the right limb, together with several vertebral
centra, not improbably belonging to this species. The
original was probably obtained from Lyme-Regis and is
preserved in the Paris Museum. The coracoids are pre-
served, but their posterior expansion is broken away, which
causes them to appear relatively longer and narrower than
they really are. The right scapula and clavicle together
with the interclavicle are also preserved. In the limb the
humerus, radius, ulna, and intermedium are preserved ;
the radius having the entire anterior border characteristic
of the present group.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

R. 224. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect’ ofa nearly entire left
pectoral limb probably belonging to a large individual of
this species ; from Lyme-Regis. The extreme length is
0,508. There are seven longitudinal rows in the widest
part, and four bones in the third transverse row.

Purchased, 1882.

R. 1063. Slab exhibiting the dorsal aspect of the greater portion of
a left pectoral paddle agreeing closely in size with the
preceding specimen; from Lyme-Regis. The humerus
and the distal phalangeals are wanting. There are but
three oblong bones in the third row. No history.

R. 1064. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of both pectoral limbs of an
individual agreeing nearly in size with No. 41849 (p. 42);
from Lyme-Regis. The distal bones are wanting, and
there are four oblong bones in the third row. No history.

R. 587. Slab exhibiting the entire right pectoral limb of an indi-
vidual agreeing in size with the preceding ; from Lyme-
Regis. Eight rows can be counted in the middle. The
humerus is imperfect. Purchased, 1885.

' It is not always easy to determine which surface of a paddle is exposed ;
if in any of the following specimens the surface should be wrongly deter-
mined such specimen will belong to the side opposite to that stated.

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. 51

2161 *. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a slightly imperfect bu
very similar right pectoral paddle; probably from Lyme-
Regis. Bequeathed by Lneut.-Gen. Hardwicke.

41356. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a right pectoral paddle
agreeing closely in size with the preceding; from Lyme-

Regis. Ribs are also shown on the slab.
Purchased, 1869.

R. 318. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a very,similar right
pectoral paddle ; from Lyme-Regis. The distal bones are
restored in plaster.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 1065. Block of limestone containing the greater portion of a
pectoral paddle apparently belonging to this species; pro-
bably from Lyme-Regis. No history.

R. 278. Slab exhibiting the two pectoral paddles, partly restored, of
a medium-sized individual ; from Lyme-Regis.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

35565. A small right pectoral paddle with the dorsal aspect exposed,
apparently belonging to this species ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1860.

R. 1276. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the left pectoral paddle,
and the distal extremity of the opposite paddle of a
medium-sized individual; from Lyme-Regis.

Harford Collection. Purchased, 1888.

29672. Slab showing the impressions of the bones and of the
(fig.) integument, together with some of the bones themselves, of
an imperfect pelvic paddle probably belonging to the present
species ; from Barrow-on-Soar. The distal portion is
entire. Figured by Owen inthe‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2,
vol. vi. pt. i. pl. xx., and in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), pt. iil. pl. xxviii. fig. 3, where it is provisionally
referred to this species. A figure is also given by Mantell
in his ‘ Petrifactions and their Teachings,’ p. 374, fig. 76,
and another by Kiprijanoff in the ‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St.
Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxviii. art. 8, pl. ix. fig. 12 (1881).
Presented by Sir Philip de Malpas
Grey Egerton, Bart., 1855.
E2

4 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

** Ichthyosaurus breviceps, Owen".

Apparently closely allied to L. communis, but with the cranial
rostrum unusually short, and not exceeding in length twice the
longer diameter of the orbit. In the type specimen there are but
three bones in the third transverse row of the pelvic paddle, which
if constant may serve to confirm the right of this form to specific
distinction from JL. communis. The large cranium referred by Owen
to the present species 1s entered under the head of J. platyodon.

Hab. Kurope (England).

43006. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of a small skeleton ;
(fig.) from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. The
type specimen. Figured by Owen in his‘ Liassic Reptilia,’
pt. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 2. The skull and limbs are well
preserved. The length of the cranial rostrum is nearly
twice the longer diameter of the orbit. The pectoral
paddle has seven longitudinal rows of phalangeals and
closely resembles that of J. communis, No. 2001* (p. 44),
but only four rows are shown in the pelvic limb. It is
difficult to see how this specimen can be specifically
distinguished from the above mentioned skeleton of
I. communis, unless the difference in the number of bones
in the pelvic paddle be a constant character. Purchased.

R. 216. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of a skeleton of smaller
size than the preceding ; from Lyme-Regis. The paddles
of the left side are shown, but the pelvic one is too imper-
fect for the determination of the arrangement of the bones.
The pectoral limb has six longitudinal rows; and the tall
neural spines of the vertebree are well shown. The rostrum
has a length equal to double the diameter of the orbit.

Presented by F. Seymour Haden, Esq., 1882.

39263. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of a crushed cranium
agreeing in characters with those of the preceding speci-
mens ; from Lyme-Regis. The length of the rostrum is
somewhat less than twice the diameter of the orbit.

No history.

R. 1062. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of a crushed
cranium, the anterior part of the vertebral column, and
right pectoral girdle and limb in a broken condition ; not
improbably belonging to this form ; from Lyme-Regis.

No history.
* Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 109 (1881).

ICHTHYOSAURID ®. 53

Ichthyosaurus conybeari, Lydekker '.

The two following specimens present characters connecting them
both with Z. communis and I. intermedius, and apparently indicate
another species, presenting the following characters; the second
specimen being the type. Teeth small, and skull relatively long in
proportion to the vertebral column and limbs. Pectoral limb of
moderate width, with anterior border of some of the first row of
phalangeals notched. Pelvic limb with six longitudinal rows of
phalangeals, and anterior border of the tibiale and adjacent tarsale
of the second row notched.

It is not improbable that the skeleton in the Woodwardian
Museum, Cambridge, from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar,
recorded as No. 11 on page 138 of Seeley’s ‘ Index to Aves &c. in
Cambridge Museum’ (1869), belongs to the present form. That
specimen has six longitudinal rows of phalangeals in the pelvic limb,
as in No. 1065. The name J. latimanus, Owen”, cannot be applied
to this form, for the reasons given under No. 1065; the vertebre
figured under that name by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. pl. xxxiii., are from the Kimeridgian, and are
noticed under the head of J. entheciodon (supra, pp. 33, 34).

Hab, Europe (England).

1065. Cast of a slab showing the nearly entire skeleton of a medium-
sized individual, probably specifically identical with the
nextspecimen. ‘The original was obtained from the Lower
Lias of Saltford, near Bath, Somersetshire ; and is pre-
served in the Museum at Bristol. The skull, although
somewhat crushed, is well preserved, and is exhibited
from the ventral aspect. The nearly entire vertebral
column is also shown in an almost undisturbed condition.
Both coracoids remain, one having been thrown down near
the extremity of the rostrum; but the only traces of the
pectoral limb are a few phalangeals near the displaced
coracoid. Both pelvic limbs are preserved, and are still
in connection with the pelvis, but have been thrust
towards the thoracic region. There are six longitudinal
rows of phalangeals in the pelvic limp, and the notching
of the tibiale and adjacent tarsale is distinctly visible in
the cast. It is stated that in the original specimen
impressions of the soft parts can be seen in the matrix of
the caudal region. It appears that Owen’s [chthyosaurus

1 Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. v. p. 311 (1888).
* Rep. Brit. Assce. for 1839, p. 123 (1840),

o4

ICHTHYOPTERYGTIA.

latumanus is based on a description of the present speci-
men mixed up with that of the specimen of J. communis,
No. 1064 (p. 43). The present specimen haying no
pectoral limb cannot have afforded the diagnosis based on
that part of the skeleton, while most of the dimen-
sions given by Owen, as well as the number of the teeth,
do not agree with those of this specimen. The descrip- —
tion of impressions of the skin seems, however, to refer
to this specimen ; and the total length and general preser-
vation of the vertebral column also tally with Owen’s

Fig. 22.

Ichthyosaurus conybeari.—The ventral aspect of the left pectoral limb of

No. 88523. 3. h, humerus; 7, radius; w, ulna; 2, intermedium. The
vertical lines show the relative lengths of the limb and the skull; the
longer one being that of the skull drawn of the same absolute size as
in fig. 20. The notches in the anterior border of the first row of
phalangeals are omitted.

description. On the other hand, the condition of the
vertebral column, and the dimensions of the pectoral limb
of the above-mentioned skeleton of J. communis indicate the
impossibility of that specimen alone having been the type of
I. latemanus. On these grounds the latter name must be
abolished. Presented by the Council of the Bristol

Philosophical Institute, 1839.

- 1CHTHYOSAURID®. aD

38523. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the anterior portion
(fig.) of a smaller skeleton; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-
Regis, Dorsetshire. The type specimen. The crushed
skull, the thoracic region (enclosing coprolitic matter),
and the ventral aspect of the left pectoral limb (fig. 22)
are shown. ‘The right humerus and some scattered distal
bones of the paddle also remain; and both coracoids are
shown. The anterior border of some of the first row of
phalangeals is notched, although not shown in the figure.
The skull bears a greater proportionate length to the
vertebral column than in the skeleton No. 41849 of
I. communis (p. 42); and in this respect this specimen
agrees with the preceding. The length of the skull is
0,292 (11:5 inches), and that of the pectoral limb 0,115
(4:5 inches). The length of the pectoral limb relatively
to that of the skull is therefore much greater than in
I. communis, No. 41849; the relative proportion of the
limb to the skull being about 2. The phalangeals are
also relatively larger. The presence of six longitudinal
rows of phalangeals, and the entire anterior border of the
radius and the radiale forbid the reference of this specimen
to any member of the Longipinnate group; and if it be
not specifically identical with the preceding specimen the

latter would seem to indicate another unnamed species.
Purchased, 1836.

Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Conybeare’.

Syn. Ichthyosaurus chiroparamecostinus, Hawkins?.

Distinguished from the type species by the following characters.
Teeth relatively smaller and longer, with the flutings on the crown
finer, and those on the root less strongly marked. Neural spines of
cervical and dorsal vertebree somewhat lower. Paddles (fig. 23),
generally narrower, with five or six longitudinal rows of bones in
middle of pectoral, and four or five in pelvic. In pelvic paddle
anterior border of tibiale and adjacent tarsale of second row notched :‘
and when there are five longitudinal rows of oblong bones in middle
of pectoral paddle those of first row nearly square (instead of
oblong), with their anterior border notched. Vascular foramina in
centre of bones of paddles large and distinct’. Clavicles more

1 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. pt. 1, p. 108 (1822).

2 Memoirs on Ichthyosauri &e. pl. xviii. (1854),

§ This character was pointed out. by Hawkins, and although its validity was
discredited by Owen, it appears to be distinctive,

fe Ue Ria

56 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

slender, and glenoid cavity of pectoral girdle relatively smaller. The
length of the cranial rostrum appears to be always less than three
times the longer diameter of the orbit.

This species does not appear to have attained such large dimensions
as I. communis; the length of the largest known individuals being
about seven feet. While I. communis seems to be the common form
at Lyme-Regis, the present species seems to be the more abundant
at Street.

The above-mentioned characters are exhibited not only by the
under-mentioned specimens, but also by the skeletons marked 1, 2,
and 12, on page 138 of Seeley’s ‘Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge
Museum’ (1869), which the writer has satisfied himself by personal
observation belong to this species. The narrower paddles and the
notching of the anterior border of some of the bones of their first
row indicates that this species connects J. communis with the
Longipinnate group. This species is recorded both from the Upper
and Lower Lias.

Hab, Europe (England and (?) Wiirtemberg).

2013 *. Slab showing an oblique view of the dorsal and right lateral
(i%g.) aspects ofa large skeleton; from the Lower Lias of Street,
near Glastonbury, Somersetshire. Figured by Hawkins
in his ‘Sea Dragons,’ pl. xvil.; and also by Owen in his
‘Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 1. pl. xxx. figs.
1, 2. The skull and limbs are well preserved. The
pectoral has six, and the pelvic limb four longitudinal
rows of phalangeals. The notches in the tibiale and
adjacent tarsale of second row are well shown; as also
are those in the anterior phalangeals of the pectoral limb.
There are three bones in the second row of the tarsus.
The pelvic and caudal region is figured by Owen in the
‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. v. pl. xlu. The right limbs
of this specimen are represented in the accompanying
figure. Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

14565. Slab exhibiting an oblique view of the dorsal and left
(Fig.) lateral aspects of a large skeleton ; from the Lower Lias
of Street. Figured by Hawkins, op. cit. pl. xx. The
skull and both pectoral limbs are almost perfect; but only
the left one of the pelvic limbs remains. There are five
rows of phalangeals in the pectoral paddle. The notch in
the tibiale is well shown ; and there are four bones in the
second row of the tarsus. Hawkins Collection.

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. aL

14567. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of a large but slightly

(Z%ig.)

imperfect skeleton; from Street. Figured by Hawkins,
op. cit. pl. xxi.; and the pelvic and caudal region by Owen
in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. v. pl. xlii. The
right pectoral paddle is well preserved, and has six rows
of phalangeals. | Hawkins Collection.

Fig. 23.

Ichthyosaurus intermedius.—Dorsal aspect of the right pectoral and pelvic
limbs of No. 2013*. 3. 4, humerus; 7, radius; w, ulna; 71, radiale ; 7, inter-
medium; w!, ulnare; c!, c*, centralia; 7, tibia; /, fibula; ¢!, tibiale; /!, fibulare.
The smal] bone between w and uw! is identified by Baur with the pisiform.

2013 *a. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of a rather smaller

(/1g.)

but nearly entire skeleton ; from Street. The pelvic and
caudal region is figured by Owen in the ‘Trans. Geol.
Sov!” ser. 2, vol. v. pl. xlii. The paddles of the left side
are fairly well preserved ; and the frontal aspect of the skull
is alsoshown. A fourth bone is partially thrust up into the

58

R. 1213.

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

second tarsal row; and the middle phalangeals of the
first row of the pectoral paddle are notched.
Hawkins Collection.

Slab showing the ventral aspect of an imperfect skeleton,
exhibiting all the characters of this species ; from Street.
The mandible and pectoral paddles are shown, but the
pelvic limbs are wanting. The pectoral paddles are broad,
and show the characteristic notches in the anterior border
of the middle phalangeals of the first row. M |
Hawkins Collection.

14563. Slab showing an imperfect skeleton, apparently belonging

R. 1214.

to this species; probably from Lyme-Regis. The right
lateral aspect of the caudal region is well preserved ; but
the anterior part of the skeleton is broken. The ventral
aspect of the mandible is shown. The characteristic
notch in the tibiale is shown. Hawkins Collection.

Slab showing the crushed skull and pectoral girdle and
limbs of a skeleton, probably referable to the present
species ; from Street. Hawkins Collection.

92017 *. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of a small incomplete

(i7g-)

skeleton ; from Street. Figured by Hawkins in his ‘ Sea
Dragons,’ pl. xxiii. The limbs are preserved, but the
skull is crushed, and the dorsal and the greater part of the
caudal region of the vertebral column is wanting.
Hawkins Collection.

R. 44. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the nearly entire

(fig.)

skeleton of a comparatively small individual of this species ;
probably from Street. The skull, although crushed, is
fairly preserved; and the four limbs are also shown, but
both the pelvic ones are imperfect. The right columella
is described and figured by A. Smith Woodward in the
‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1886, pp. 406, 407 (woodeut, fig. 2).
In the pelvic limb, which has been thrown in advance of
the pectoral girdle, the notch in the tibiale is distinctly
shown. The ventral aspect of the two coracoids in their
natural position is exhibited. Purchased, 1881.

8165. Slab showing the dorsal and part of the left lateral aspect

of a medium-sized imperfect skeleton ; from Street. The
head is bent round towards the tail. The anterior portion
of the skull and the greater part of the caudal region are
wanting. The four paddles are shown in fairly good

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 59

preservation. The middle portion of the vertebral column
has been cut and polished in order to exhibit a vertical
section. There are six longitudinal rows of phalangeals
in the pectoral limb ; the anterior border of some of those
in the first row being notched. ‘The pelvic paddle has the
usual notches on the anterior border. This specimen is
noticed on p. 374 of Mantell’s ‘ Petrifactions, where it is
stated that the limbs were originally covered with car-
bonised integument. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

R. 1080. Slab showing the oblique dorsal and right lateral aspects
of the anterior portion of a skeleton provisionally referred to
this species ; probably from Street. The greater portion
of the skull and the cervico-dorsal vertebral region are
well preserved, but the limbs are wanting. The skull
apparently agrees with that of the present species; while
the shortness of the spines of the vertebre distinguishes’
the specimen from J. communis. No hastory.

2024 *. Slab showing a considerable portion of the dorsal region of
(#ig.) the vertebral column, numerous ribs, the imperfect right
pelvic limb, and the left femur; from Street. The
vertebral column is broken up, and the arches are mostly
separated from the centra. The characteristic notch in
the anterior border of the tibiale is shown in the right
limb. Figured in Hawkins’s ‘ Memoirs on Ichthyosauri
ex pl; xx. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1067. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of part of the vertebral
column and pectoral girdle and limbs in a somewhat
disturbed condition; from Street. The paddles present all
the characteristic features of the present species.

(?) Hawkins Collection.

R. 288. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle
and limbs of a medium-sized individual ; probably from
Street. All the bones of the pectoral girdle are perfect,
and but slightly displaced. The limbs have been bent
over towards the anterior aspect, and their terminal
phalangeals are displaced. The paddles are narrow, and
have five longitudinal rows.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 1070. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle
and limbs, together with a number of detached teeth,
bones of the pelvic girdle, and other parts of the skeleton ;

60 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

from Street. This specimen belongs to a larger individual
than the preceding. The bones of the pectoral girdle are
displaced, and the extremities of the paddles are broken
up. The left scapula and limb have been thrown away
from the coracoid, towards the posterior extremity of

Fig. 24.

Ichthyosaurus intermedius.—V entral aspect of the right pectoral limb, somewhat
imperfect ; from the Lias of Street. Reduced. ‘I, radius; F, ulna;
¢, radiale; 2, intermedium; f, ulnare; c!, c?, centralia. The posterior

marginal row is wanting. (From the ‘ Proc. Geol. Soe.’)

JCHTHYOSAURID. 61

the body. Some of the first rows of phalangeals are
notched anteriorly. No history.

14568. The nearly entire right pectoral limb; from Street. Figured
(Fig.) by Hawkins in his ‘ Sea Dragons,’ pl. xxii. ; and by Hulke
in the ‘ Proc. Geol. Soc.’ 1883, p. 56, fig. 10 (as a pelvic
limb); the latter figure being reproduced in the accom-
panying woodcut. This specimen, which has lost the
posterior row of small ossicles, agrees closely with the
larger pectoral limb of No. 14565 (p. 56); the ventral
aspect is exposed. Hawkins Collection.

2099 *. The imperfect right pectoral paddle ; from Lyme-Regis. The
humerus, ulnare, and most of the ulnar phalangeals are
wanting. This specimen agrees closely with the pectoral
limb of No, 2013* (p. 57). Hawkins Collection.

2025 *. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the caudal region of the
(fig.) vertebral column and the imperfect pelvic limbs; from
Street. Figured by Hawkins in his ‘ Memoirs on Ichthyo-
sauri &c.’ pl. xxi.; and also by Owen in the ‘Trans.
Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. v. pl. xlii. This specimen belongs
to a medium-sized individual. The right limb is nearly
entire, and exhibits the notch in the anterior border of the
tibiale and adjacent tarsale. The greater part of the left
paddle is wanting. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1061. Slab showing a small right pelvic paddle in a somewhat
crushed condition ; from Street. The notch in the tibiale
and adjacent tarsale is well shown ; and in having four
bones in the second row of the tarsus this specimen agrees
with the pectoral limb of the skeleton, No. 14565.

No history.

33595. A very well preserved skull, slightly crushed laterally,
probably belonging either to the present or following
species; from Lyme-Regis. ‘The upper and lower jaws
are separated ; and the sclerotic and teeth are beautifully
preserved. The teeth are small and slender. The length
of the cranium is 0,258. Purchaseil, 1859.

re a fae hae
LOK it 7
> ‘ a:

62 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA;

Ichthyosaurus, sp.

The following specimens appear to come nearest to J. intermedius,
but the anterior margin of the first row of phalangeals in the pectoral
limb is entire.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1118. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of the imperfect
skeleton of a comparatively small individual; probably
from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. All the
vertebral column is preserved, but the centra in the
caudal region are displaced. The skull appears to have
been comparatively short, but its component bones are
separated; the teeth are slender. The bones of the
pectoral girdle are in much confusion ; but the ventral
aspect of the left pectoral limb is well displayed. There
are five longitudinal rows of phalangeals in the middle of
this paddle. The two femora are preserved. No history.

R. 588. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of a right pectoral limb,
agreeing very closely with that of the preceding specimen ;
from Lyme-Regis. This specimen is peculiar in having
only three bones in the third row from the humerus.

Purchased, 1885.

33277. Slab exhibiting the left lateral aspect of a small skeleton,
apparently agreeing very closely with No. R. 1118; from
Lyme-Regis. The rostral region of the skull is finely
preserved, and there are parts of the vertebral column
and many of the ribs. The ventral aspect of the right
humerus and radius is also shown. Purchased, 1858.

Ichthyosaurus, sp.

The following specimen is characterized by the elongated skull,
excessive flatness of the terminal faces of the vertebral centra, and
the elongation of the coracoid. It may indicate a distinct species.

Hab. Europe (England).

30877. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the skull and
anterior portion of the thoracic region of a young indi-
vidual; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire.
The nearly entire left pectoral paddle is preserved, and is
of relatively small size; its length being less than one
third of that of the skull. Purchased. About 1853.

ICHTHYOSAURID®. 63

SPECIFICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS FROM THE LIAs.

Of the undetermined skulls the majority appear to belong either to
I. communis or to I. intermedius, the presumption being that
the larger number of those from Lyme-Regis are referable to the
former, and those from Street to the latter species. Some may,
however, possibly belong to the next group. The bones of the
limbs are all referable to the present group.

2026* . Slab showing a quadrate, vertebre, ribs, interclavicle,
(fig.) scapula, humerus, femur, and detached bones of the
pectoral limb; probably from the Lower Lias of Street,
Somersetshire. Figured by Hawkins in his ‘ Memoirs on
Ichthyosauri &c.’ pl. xii. It is highly probable that

this specimen belongs to J. intermedius.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

2002 *. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the imperfect anterior
(Fig.) portion of a skeleton; from the Lower Lias of Street.
The skull has lost the extremity of the rostrum, and is
otherwise somewhat damaged ; it exhibits the sclerotic
bones and the preorbital vacuity, and has moderately
large teeth. The first fifteen vertebra and several of the
ribs are preserved in an imperfect condition. Part of the
pectoral girdle, together with the dorsal aspect of the left
humerus, radius, and ulna, are also shown. Hawkins
refers this specimen to J. communis (chiropolyostinus),

and figures it in pl. ix. of his ‘Sea Dragons,’
Hawkins Collection.

2006 *. Slab showing the rostrum of the skull, together with a scapula,
(Fig.) an imperfect coracoid, and a humerus; from Street.
Figured by Hawkins in his ‘ Memoirs on Ichthyosauri &c.’
pl. x.; the figure indicating that the specimen was less
imperfect than at present. The relatively large size of
the teeth indicates the probability of this specimen be-
longing to J. communis. Hawkins Collection.

41160. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the skull, and the
left scapula and pectoral limb of a very young individual ;
from Lyme-Regis. The limb has seven longitudinal rows
of phalangeals, and shows all the characters of J. communis.

Purchased, 1868.

R. 1075. Slab showing the left side of the rostrum of a skull,
together with detached vertebral centra and other bones ;

64 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA..

from Street. The teeth are smaller than in the preceding
specimen. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1076. Slab exhibiting the ventral and right lateral aspect of the
rostrum of a skull and a few of the bones of the paddle ;
from Street. The small size of the teeth indicates that
this specimen probably belongs to J. zntermedius.

Hawkins Collection.

R. 1077. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of an imperfect
skull, together with the right scapula and four bones of
the pectoral paddle, probably from the Lower Lias of Lyme-
Regis, Dorsetshire. The orbital region is crushed; but
the greater part of the rostrum is fairly well preserved.
The teeth are of comparatively large size.

Hawkins Collection.

33279. Slab showing the right lateral and part of the ventral
aspect of a slightly larger, but otherwise very similar skull ;
from Lyme-Regis. The brain-case is much crushed. A
few vertebral centra are also shown. Purchased, 1858.

2016 *. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the rostrum of a skull ;
(fig.) from Street. Figured by Hawkins in his ‘Sea Dragons,’
ply xix. tie, 2. Hawkins Collection.

2015 *. Slab exhibiting the frontal aspect of a small crushed skull,
(fig.) wanting the extremity of therostrum. Figured by Haw-
kins, op. cit. pl. xix. fig. 1; and the columella described
and figured by A. Smith Woodward in the ‘Proce. Zool. Soc.’
1886, pp. 407, 408, woodcut fig. 3. Hawkins Collection.

2010 *. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of a small rostrum, pro-
(fg.) visionally referred to the present group; from Street.

. Figured by Hawkins, op. cit. pl. xiv. fig. 1.
Hawkins Collection.

R. 1078. Slab exhibiting the frontal aspect of a small crushed
skull ; locality unknown. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1079. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of a somewhat crushed
skull, together with a scapula, vertebre, and a few bones
of the paddle; from Street. This specimen is probably
referable to I. intermedius. No history.

39845. Slab exhibiting part of the frontal and part of the right
lateral aspect of a small skull, together with a few vertebral
centra ; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1866.

ICHTHYOSAURID®. 65

"93261. Slab showing part of the frontal and part of the right
lateral aspect of a crushed skull, together with six cervical
vertebre; from Lyme-Regis. The skull has relatively
small teeth, and agrees in size with that of the skeleton —
(No. 1065, p. 53) referred to I. conybeart. The neural
spines of the vertebre are of moderate height. This
specimen probably belongs either to J. intermedius or to
the above-mentioned form. Purchased, 1858.

2014*. An imperfect skull, which has been vertically crushed ;
(Fig.) from Street. Figured by Hawkins in his ‘Sea Dragons,’
pl. xviii. The frontal region, the rostrum, and the entire
mandible are fairly well preserved. The teeth are of
medium size. Hawkins Collection.

2007*. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of an imperfect rostrum ;
(Fig.) from Street. Figured by Hawkins, op. cit. pl. xi. The
teeth are of comparatively large size. Hawkins Collection.

2005*. Slab showing the ventral aspect of an imperfect skull, to-
(Fig.) gether with a few vertebral centra; from the Lower Lias
- near Bristol. Figured by Hawkins, op. cit. pl. viii. The
rostrum and teeth are well preserved, the latter being of

rather small size. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1081. Slab showing the ventral aspect of an imperfect mandible,
together with a vertebral centrum and a rib; from Street.
No history.

R. 1082. The rostral portion of a skull; from Lyme-Regis. The
teeth are rather small. No history.

2010*. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the rostral portion of
(Fig.) the skull of a small individual; from Street. Figured by
Hawkins in his ‘Sea Dragons,’ pl. xiv. fig. 2. The teeth
are of medium size. Hawkins Collection.

2089*. Slab showing the frontal and right lateral aspects of the
rostrum of a small individual; from Street. The teeth,
which are of medium size, are somewhat displaced.

Hawkins Collection.

R. 1083. Slab exhibiting the frontal and lateral aspects of a medium-
sized rostrum; probably from Street. The teeth are
somewhat damaged, but show all the characters of those

of I. intermedius. No history.
PART II, F

66
R. 1084.

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

The middle portion of a rostrum; probably from Lyme-

Regis. The teeth are larger than in the preceding, and

indicate that this specimen may belong to J. communis.
No history.

2090*. The orbital region of a medium-sized skull; from Lyme-

Regis. The frontal region, the parietal foramen, and right
supratemporal fossa, orbit, and narial aperture are well
exhibited. The few teeth remaining appear to be of the
type of J. communis, to which species it is very probable
that the specimen should be referred. Hawkins Collection.

At least the majority of the following specimens belong

R. 1176.

to this Group.

A right scapula; probably from Street. This specimen
cannot be distinguished from the corresponding bone of

I, ontermedius. No lustory.

R. 1177. A right scapula of similar dimensions, but with a narrower

R. 1178.

R. 1179.
R. 1180.

R. 1181.

R. 1182.

R. 1183.

R. 267 c.

R. 267 d.

distal extremity ; probably from Street. No history.

A smaller right scapula; probably from Street.
No history.

A similar specimen ; probably from Street. No history.

A considerably smaller right scapula; probably from
Street. No history.

Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a similar right scapula ;

from Street. No history.

A left scapula, agreeing in size with No. R. 1178 ; locality

unknown. No history.

Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a very similar left
scapula ; probably from Street. No history.

A left scapula, nearly equal in size to the preceding, but
relatively narrower ; from Lyme-Regis. This specimen
probably belongs to I. communis.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a smaller left scapula
of similar type; from Lyme-Regis. This specimen closely
resembles the corresponding bone of the skeleton of J. com-
munis, No. R. 1162. Egerton Collection.

ICHTHYOSAURID ©. 67

25410. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a medium-sized right
scapula, perhaps referable to this group ; from the Lower
Lias of Glastonbury, Somersetshire. Purchased, 1850.

R. 217. Slab showing the imperfect pectoral girdle of a medium-
sized individual; from Lyme-Regis. The left scapula is
seen from the dorsal, and the right from the ventral
aspect ; the corresponding surfaces of the two coracoids
being also exposed. In the slender scapula and deep
notches to the coracoid this specimen agrees with J. com-
munis. Presented by F. Seymour Haden, Esq., 1882.

R. 1184. Slab showing the ventral aspects of the coracoids and of
one scapula, together with teeth and several bones of the
pectoral paddle; apparently from Street. This specimen
probably belonged to a full-sized individual of J. inter-
medius. No history.

R. 1185. An imperfect left coracoid of similar size and type; pro-
bably from Street. No history.

R. 1186. A rather smaller and slightly imperfect left coracoid ; not
improbably from Lyme-Regis. No history.

R. 1187. A small and imperfect right coracoid ; locality uncertain.
In its longer anterior notch this specimen resembles
I. communis. No history.

2125*. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a smaller left coracoid ;
probably from Street. Closely resembies the corresponding
specimen in the pectoral girdle of I. intermedius, No. R.
288 (p. 59). Hawkins Collection.

2127*. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a very similar right cora-
coid ; probably from Sireet. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1188. Fragment of shale showing the dorsal aspect of the left
and a portion of that of the right coracoid of a smaller
individual ; locality unknown. No history.

R. 666. The left humerus of a medium-sized individual; from Lyme-
(fig.) Regis. This specimen not improbably belongs to: J. con-
mums; and is represented in fig. 17, p. 40. It has

suffered slightly by flattening.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

R. 1031. A rather smaller left humerus of similar general type;
locality unknown. - No history.
r2

68 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

R. 1032. A left humerus of rather larger size than No. R. 666;

locality unknown. No history.
R. 1033. A slightly larger and relatively narrower left humerus ;*
locality unknown. No history.
2095*. A right humerus closely resembling the preceding specimen ;
locality unknown. Hawkins Collection.
R. 1034. A left humerus of a rather more slender type; locality
unknown. No history.
R. 1035. A considerably larger left humerus, with the radial facet
imperfect ; locality unknown. No history.

R. 1036. A larger left humerus, with the radius in apposition ;
probably from Street. This specimen agrees precisely
with the corresponding bones of the larger skeletons of
I. intermedius, and probably belongs to that species. The
terminal caudal vertebree and some other bones are attached
to the ventral aspect of the humerus. No history.

R. 1037. An associated right and left humerus of similar type ;
locality unknown. The dorsal aspect of these specimens
is obscured by matrix. | No history .

R. 1038. A rather smaller right humerus ; locality unknown.
No history.

R. 1039. A smaller left humerus; locality unknown. In contour
closely resembles No. R. 666. No history.

R. 1039 a. A left radius; probably from Street. Indistinguish-
able from the corresponding bone of I. intermedius.
No history.

R. 666 a. Two specimens of the humerus of very small individuals ;
from Lyme-Regis. Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

2100*. Slab showing an ischium and pubis; from Lyme-Regis or
Street. The elongated form of these bones is well shown.
Hawkins Collection.

2121*. Slab showing an ischium and pubis and a vertebral centrum ;
from Lyme-Regis or Street. Same history.

2140*. Slab showing an ischium and pubis; from Lyme-Regis or
Street. Same history.

2140* a. Slab showing a larger ischium and pubis, and some of the
bones of a paddle ; from Lyme-Regis or Street.
Same history.

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 69

44175. A medium-sized right femur; probably from Street. This
specimen, which is represented in woodcut fig. 18 (p. 41),
is probably referable to J. intermedius, since it cannot be
distinguished from the corresponding bone in the skeletons

of that species. No history.
R. 1130. A rather smaller right femur; probably from Street.
No history.

40123. A left femur, with the tibia and fibula in apposition ; from
Lyme-Regis. The contour of this specimen differs from
that of the preceding specimens; it is probably referable
to I. communis. Purchased,

44175 a. A smaller left femur agreeing in contour with No. 44175;
probably from Street. No history.

44175 b. A similar specimen; probably from Street. No history.
2093*. A small right femur ; from Street (?). Hawkins Collection.
2094*. Asmaller right femur; from Lyme-Regis(?). Same history.
2092*. A small left femur ; from Lyme-Regis (?). Same history.
44175 c. A small left femur ; locality unknown. No history.

B. Lonerpernnate Grove},

Orbit relatively large. Teeth with either fluted and cylindrical, or
compressed and carinated crowns, and their roots either fluted or
invested with a nearly smooth coat of cement; frequently spaced

Fig. 25.

Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris——Dorsal aspect of the left radius; from the Lower
Lias of Lyme-Regis. 4. w, facet for ulna; i, do. for intermedium;
r’, do. for radiale.

and often small. Pectoral limb (figs. 27, 32) with the third digit,

or that arising from the intermedium, comprising only a single

longitudinal row of bones, and consequently only one centrale ;

1 See note, p. 13.

70 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

usually only four longitudinal rows of phalangeals in this limb, and
the radius (fig. 25) nearly square, with its anterior border notched.
Occasionally a small vacuity between radius and ulna. In some
cases pectoral limb scarcely larger than pelvic, and both of great.
relative length. Neural spines of dorsal vertebra more or less low
and wide.

The cranial rostrum is frequently much clones The femur
(fig. 26) is nearly symmetrical, long and narrow, without a distinct
trochanteric ridge, and with considerable expansion of the distal
extremity. In the humerus the proximal extremity may either

Ichthyosaurus (cf.) tenuirostris—Dorsal and distal aspects of the left femur;
from the Lias of Street. 7, tibial, f, fibular facet.

have an oblong contour with the longer axis placed snbereetere
riorly (@. é. parallel to the longer axis of the distal surface), or a
subtriangular contour, with the longer axis transverse. Its distal
extremity is usually much expanded.

This group is unknown above the Lias, and its more generalized
species connect the Latipinnate group with Mivosaurus. The affi-
nities with the latter are shown by the contour of the radius and
tibia, and the occasional presence of a small vacuity between the
radius and ulna.

Were it not for the difficulty of explaining the presence of the
same feature in the carpals and tarsals, the notch in the anterior
border of the radiale, tibiale, and phalangeals might be regarded as
the last trace of the shaft of a “long bone”; and it is by no means
certain that this interpretation mav not really prove to be the true one.

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 71

a. Acutirostrine Subgroup.

Teeth comparatively small, with cylindrical and fluted crowns
and roots. Mandible with superior border of articular bone con-
siderably above the level of the alveolar border of the dentary.
Centra of cervical vertebre subcordiform and pentangular, and
those of posterior dorsals and anterior caudals narrowed superiorly ;
upper costal tubercles of cervicals partly supported on the arch.
Coracoid without posterior notch. Humerus with the proximal
extremity oblong, and the longer axis of the same directed antero-
posteriorly. Pectoral limb larger than pelvic.

In the characters of the vertebre and coracoid, this subgroup
appears allied to the Campylodont subgroup ; and in some forms the
scapula is of the type of the latter.

Ichthyosaurus integer, Broun’.

The notch in the radius wanting, and that in the radiale either
very slight or absent; transverse diameter of the radius consider-
ably longer than the vertical; component bones not large; and
first row of ulnar phalangeals oblong. Anterior notch of coracoid
very small, or absent.

This species, of which the type specimen was obtained from the
Upper Lias of Wurtemberg, was referred by Wagner, and subse-
quently by Kiprijanoff, to the Latipinnate group ; but the structure
of the pectoral paddle clearly shows that it belongs to the present
group, which it connects with the former. The type specimens
indicate a comparatively small form, which was probably closely
allied to the next species. _

Hab. Europe (Wurtemberg and [?] England).

47409. A considerable portion of the skeleton of a small Ichthyo-
saur belonging either to this or a closely allied form;
from the Upper Lias of Kingsthorpe, Yorkshire. The
portions remaining comprise fragments of the skull, a large
number of vertebral centra, one coracoid, portions of the
pectoral limbs, and a femur. Of the right pectoral imb
there remains the entire humerus, with the radius, ulna,
radiale, intermedium, ulnare, and the two middle bones of
the next row in apposition, together with a portion of the
phalangeals. This specimen accords so closely with the
right pectoral limb figured by Wagner in ‘ Abh. k.-bay. Ak.
Wiss.’ vol. vi. pt. 2, pl. xvi. fig. 1, as to leave little doubt
as to the specific identity of the two. In both the radius

1 Neues Jahrb. 1844, p. 679.

72

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

has an entire anterior border, and the ulnare has.a peculiar
polygonal contour and oblique position which is very cha-
racteristic. The radiale has a very small notch in the
anterior border. The coracoid shows a small anterior
notch, of which there is only a trace in the specimen
figured by Wagner ; but its size may have been somewhat
increased by pressure. The femur is totally different from
that of J. communis and its allies, and approximates to
that of I. tenwrostris (fig. 26).

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

Ichthyosaurus, sp.

The following Lower Liassic specimens indicate a form allied
either to L. enteger or to I. acutirostris.
Hab. Europe (England).

33178. Slab exhibiting the dorsal aspect of a medium-sized left

pectoral limb, agreeing in general characters with the one
noticed under the head of JI. integer; from the Lower
Lias, probably of Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire. The
radius and the other bones of the anterior border have a
small marginal notch. Purchased. About 1844.

28327. A pair of crushed coracoids, not improbably specifically

identical with the preceding; from the Lower Lias of
Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. With the exception of having
a rather deeper anterior notch, these specimens closely
resemble the coracoid of JI. wnteger figured by Wagner in
the ‘ Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss.’ vol. vi. pt. 2, pl. xvi. fig. 1.
Purchased, 1858.

R. 269 a. A rather larger right coracoid of apparently the same

type as the preceding ; from Lyme-Regis.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

49203. A skull apparently belonging to the present group, but

differing from those of all named species, and therefore
perhaps belonging to the present form; from the Lower
Jaas of Lyme-Regis. The hyoids are shown; and a mass
of matrix attached to the occiput contains a scapula, the
atlas and axis, and several other vertebral centra; the
latter are subpentagonal and cordiform and deeply cupped.
A vertical crush has elongated the orbit in an antero-
posterior direction; but the sclerotic ossifications are
beautifully preserved. The relatively large orbits and

ICHTHYOSAURIDA, 73

the flattening of the nasals, as well as the cordiform cer-
vical vertebra, apparently indicate that this specimen
belongs to the present group. The teeth are small. The
rostrum is shorter than in JI. tenwirostris, and the flat-
tening of the nasals and the smaller orbit also distinguish
this skull from that species. The contour of the mandible
differs from that of I. lonchiodon, and the cupping of the
vertebral centra is deeper. The articular bones of the
mandible are in situ. In size this specimen agrees nearly
with the skull of I. tenuirostris, No. R. 1126.

Presented by the Rev. T. S. Montefiore, 1878.

R. 1168. The posterior portion of a smaller skull specifically indis-
tinguishable from the preceding; from Lyme-Regis. This
specimen has been only slightly crushed; the characteristic
flattening of the nasals is well shown. Both sclerotic
ossifications are well preserved, and the posterior teeth
remain. No history.

Ichthyosaurus acutirostris, Owen’.
Syn. Ichthyosaurus longipinnis, Mantell* (in parte).
(?) Ichthyosaurus microdon, Wagner*.
(?) Ichthyosaurus quadriscissus, Quenstedt * (in parte).

Closely allied to the next species, but distinguished by the curved
rostrum and the shorter supratemporal fosse. In the rostrum the
alveolar border of the premaxilla is concave, and that of the dentary
convex.

The skeletons of Ichthyosaurs from Wiirtemberg containing
foetuses figured by Seeley in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1880, pl. i.,
apparently belong to this species, and probably correspond to
I. quadriscissus of Quenstedt (see No. R. 971). J. microdon, from
Wiirtemberg, was subsequently identified by its describer as a variety
of I. acutirostris.

This species is confined to the Upper Lias.

Hab, Europe (England and Germany).

14553. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the skull, a coracoid,
(fig.) the pectoral limbs, of which one is entire, and other
fragments of the anterior part of the skeleton of a large

1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 121 (1840).

2 Petrifactions and their Teachings, p. 378 (1851).

® Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. 2, p. 509 (1851).

4 Die Jura, p. 219 (1858). The name is merely given in the plural as that of
a group, but has been subsequently quoted as a specific one.

74

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

individual; from the Upper Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire.
Thetype. Noticed by Mantell in his ‘ Petrifactions,’ p. 378,
as I. longipmnis. Described, and the skull figured by
Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii.
p. 121, pl. xxxii. fig. 8. The skull is fairly preserved,
and exhibits very clearly the curvature of the alveolar
borders of the rostrum; but the frontal surface is only
very imperfectly shown. The pectoral paddle is remark-
able for its extreme length; and has four longitudinal
rows of phalangeals. The coracoid is of an elongated
form, and shows the absence of a posterior notch; its
contour appears to agree closely with that of the specimens
No. 32669 (p. 31). Purchased. About 1840.

15500 a. Slab showing the frontal aspect of a large skull; from

the Upper Lias of Whitby. Although somewhat crushed
this specimen exhibits the characteristic ridges on the
nasals and the moderately elongated supratemporal fossee ;
the curvature of the rostrum is also shown. Same history.

39454. A young skull, in a somewhat damaged and distorted con-

dition; from the Upper Lias of Whitby. This specimen
agrees so closely with the skull of No. 14553 that there
can be no doubt as to its specific identity. The charac-
teristic curvature of the rostrum, moderately elongated
supratemporal fosse, and prominent ridges on the nasals
are well shown. Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.

R. 792. The imperfect posterior portion of a somewhat larger skull ;

from the Upper Lias of Whitby. ‘Tbe frontal region and
the right orbit (with its ossified sclerotic) are well pre-
served. ‘he moderately elongated and triangular form of
the right supratemporal fossa is shown; and the promi-
nent lateral borders of the nasals are also well exhibited.
The occipital region is wanting.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

The following specimens may belong either to this or the

neat species.

R.971. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of the nearly entire

(hig.)

skeleton of a small individual ; from the Upper Lias of
Holzmaden, Wiirtemberg. The skull is much crushed,
and one sclerotic ring has been entirely detached, and is
shown from the inner aspect. The pectoral girdle is

ICHTHYOSAURIDZ. 75

fairly well preserved, and both limbs of the right side are
nearly entire, but those of the left are broken up. The
pectoral limb (fig. 27) agrees exactly with that of No.
14553, and also with that of J. zetlandicus, No. 32685,
but has lost the terminal bones. The coatour of the
skull, so far as can be seen, appears to agree with that of
the former. The coracoids, moreover, closely resemble
those of J. zetlandicus, No. 32669, having the pointed
posterior extremity. The entire skeleton agrees precisely
with the larger one figured by Seeley in the ‘ Rep. Brit.
Assoc.’ for 1880, pl. i. fig. 3, with the exception that in

Ichthyosaurus (cf.} acutirostris.—Dorsal aspect of the right pectoral limb; from
the Upper Lias of Wiirtemberg. /, humerus; 7, radius; w, ulna; ¢, inter-
medium.

the latter there is no fifth row of phalangeals in the pec-
toral limb ; but this row is shown in the specimen repre-
sented in fig. 2 of the same plate. Both these specimens
show the curved rostrum characteristic of this species.
The small skeleton figured by Renevier in the ‘ Ball. Soc.
Vaud.’ sér. 2, vol. xxi. pl. i. (1885), as L. quadriscissus,
is also very similar to the present specimen. Theodori,

Se A — bah be ie? see fomle :
Me , B . ” ~ Pp ee

76 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

on p. 55 of his ‘ Beschreibung des Ichthyosaurus trigonodon,
refers most of, the skeletons of Ichthyosaurs from the
Upper Lias of Wirtemberg and Banz in Bavaria to J. acuti-
rostris, and a drawing by him in the Museum copy of
that work of a skull from Banz shows the separation of
the premaxilla and lachrymal beneath the nares charac-
teristic of this and the next species. In the absence of
the exact contour of the rostrum and the form of the
supratemporal fossa, it is, however, impossible to deter-
mine to which of the two species these specimens belong.
The strong ridge on the anterior border of the scapula is
very apparent. Purchased, 1857.

R. 972. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of a smaller and
nearly entire skeleton ; from the Upper Lias of Holzmaden.
The skull is crushed, the limbs have been somewhat dis-
located, and the posterior caudal vertebre are thrown out
of place. Same history.

39489. Slab showing the ventral and part of the left lateral aspect
of the crushed skull of a much larger individual, probably
referable to this or the next species; from the Upper
Lias of Wiirtemberg. So far as can be seen, this specimen
agrees very closely with the sketch of a cranium by Theo-
dori mentioned above. Purchased, 1864.

R. 1196. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of an imperfect skull
of medium size, probably belonging to this species ; from
the Upper Lias of Boll,Wiirtemberg. The anterior cervical
vertebre still remain in position. The outline of the skull
seems to accord closely with the above-mentioned drawing
by Theodori ; and, so far as can be determined, the maxilla
seems to enter the lower border of the nares. Vo history.

Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus, Seeley '.

Syn. Ichthyosaurus longifrons, Owen ?.

Cranial rostrum straight and of moderate length and thickness
(fig. 28); supratemporal fosse (figs. 28, 29) long, large, and ap-
proaching the form of an isosceles triangle; fronto-nasal region long
~ and narrow, with the median part of the nasals depressed and their

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. p, 635 (1880).
2 Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 11. p. 118 (1881).

ICHTHYOSAURID®. 77

lateral borders raised into prominent ridges in advance of the orbits ;
maxilla forming middle of inferior border of narial aperture. Neural
spines of dorsal vertebra of considerable height; vertebral centra
long and moderately cupped. Pectoral paddle (comp. fig. 27) long,
with anterior border of radius, radiale, and adjacent carpale in second
transverse row notched; component bones relatively large but

Fig. 28.

oo i

Goh
= \S &
‘ : = = S

Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus.—Superior and right lateral aspects of the skull;
from the Upper Lias of Normandy. Reduced. Pmzx, premaxilla; Mz,
maxilla; NV, nares; Na, nasal; Fr, frontal; Prf, prefrontal; Pzf, post-
frontal; Pa, parietal; J, jugal: QuJ, quadratojugal; Sg, squamosal;
S¢, supratemporal ; Por, postorbital; A, orbit; S, supratemporal fossa ;
Sel, sclerotic; Md, mandible; 4, dentary; op, splenial; ang, angular;
k, articular. (After Zittel.)

markedly polygonal, and the first longitudinal row of ulnar phalan-
geals distinctly oblong, with their longer diameter transverse. A
small fifth row of phalangeals probably present in some cases.
Coracoid (fig. 30) elongated antero-posteriorly; scapula of the
general type of that of J. platyodon (infra, p. 101).

The radius and ulna have no interval between them, and the
former articulates by a large surface with the intermedium.

The only characters by which this form can be distinguished from
I, acutirostris are the form of the rostrum and supratemporal fossz.
Although slight differences in the relations of the bones of the
quadratic region are found in the crania described as J. longifrons,
yet these forms are evidently so closely related that they-may well
be classed under one specific name. ‘The pectoral limb of the so-
called J. longifrons presents all the characters of that of /. acutirostris,
If the form commonly described as J. quadriscissus belong to this
rather than to the preceding species, that name has the priority, but
its dubious authenticity (p. 73, note) is a bar to its adoption.

78

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

This species is confined to the Upper Lias, and attains dimensions
nearly equal to J. lonchiodon.
Hab. Europe (England, France, and [?] Germany).

R. 1167. Cast of the cranium, wanting the extremity of the rostrum,

of avery large individual. The original, which is the type,
was obtained from the Upper Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire,
and is preserved inthe Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge.
It is figured by Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxxvi. pl. xxv. The crowns of the teeth are wanting,
but the specimen has been unaffected by crush, although
some displacements have taken place of the basioccipital
and in the palatal region. Superiorly the quadratojugal
runs up between and overlaps the postorbital and supra-
temporal (supraquadrate of Seeley) in a long point, so as
to reach above the level of the superior extremity of the
quadrate, while posteriorly and inferiorly the supratem-
poral overlaps the quadratojugal. The contour and ar-
rangements of these bones are, indeed, very similar to
those in Theodori’s drawing of the Bavarian skull men-
tioned above (p. 76). On the palate the bones (¢) identi-
fied in Seeley’s figure with the transverse are really the
palatines, and those termed palatines (pn) the vomers,
while the apertures marked Pt. V., and termed palatine
vacuities, are the posterior nares. Although it is stated
that the base of the skull is widely different from that of
the next specimen, the two are really almost identical.
Made in the Museum, 1888.

33157. The nearly entire cranium of a half-grown individual, want-

(fig.)

ing the anterior portion of the rostrum, with the two
articular bones; fiom the Upper Lias of Curey, near
Caen, Normandy. The type of J. longifrons. Figured by
Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia ? (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii.
pls. xxxiii._xxxvi., a reduced view of the frontal aspect
being shown in the accompanying woodcut. In all essen-
tial characters this specimen agrees with the preceding ;
and it is indistinguishable from the skull represented in
fig. 28. The lateral surfaces of the orbital region have,
however, been somewhat compressed, which makes the
plane of the orbit less oblique; and the nasal ridges are
rather less prominent. The quadratojugal only extends
a short distance between the postorbital and supratemporal,

ICHTHYOSAURID. 79

and its extremity is consequently considerably below the
level of that of the quadrate, while there is no overlapping
of the quadratojugal upon the supratemporal, or of the
latter upon the posterior part of the former. These dif-
ferences, however, can scarcely be regarded as of specific
value ; and the small skull No. 82682 seems to present a
nearer resemblance in these points to the preceding spe-
cimen. In Owen’s figure the articular bones of the man-
dible are represented as attached to the quadrates. The
determination of the bones of the palate in that figure

Fig. 29."

Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus. — Frontal aspect of the imperfect cranium ; from the
Upper Lias of Normandy. 4. zur, nares; na, nasals; prf, prefrontal ;
fr, frontal ; ptf, postfrontal ; pto, postorbital ; s¢, supratemporal fossa.

.

requires revision ; thus, those marked 20, and regarded as
the palatines, are the vomers; while No. 25, which are
reckoned as the ectopterygoids or transverse bones, are
the palatines. The base of the skull is extremely like
that of Sphenodon, showing the same subpyriform aperture

80

es
a aed

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

between the pterygoids, in the centre of which is the long
styliform presphenoidal rostrum. The anterior processes
of the pterygoids are very long and narrow, and articulate
with the equally slender vomers, external to which are
the posterior processes of the premaxille. This specimen
is noticed by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’
vol, xxxvi. p. 642. Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

32681. The hinder portion of a similar cranium, with the hinder

part of the left ramus of the mandible attached ; from the
Upper Lias of Curcy. In the left orbit the original ob-
lique contour is still retained, and the ridges on the nasals
are more prominently developed than in the preceding
specimen. The form of the quadratojugal seems to have
been the same as in the latter. Same history.

32682. The hinder portion of a considerably smaller skull, in a

somewhat crushed condition; from the Upper Lias of
Curcy. The quadratojugal extended higher up between
the postorbital and supratemporal than in No. 33157,
reaching to the level of the summit of the quadrate, and
more nearly resembling the arrangement obtaining in the
type. In this specimen the premaxilla and lachrymal
unite to shut out the maxilla from the narial aperture.
Same history.

32685. A mass of matrix containing the anterior portion of the

(Fig.)

vertebral column, the ribs, and a considerable portion of
one of the pectoral limbs, belonging to the same individual
as No. 33157. The conjoint atlas and axis are figured by
Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ pt. iii. pl. xxiii. figs. 2-5,
and pl. xxvii. figs. 3-5; the impression being given that
the two bones are separate. The tall neural spines and the
elongated centra of the vertebra are well shown. Of the
limb the humerus is wanting, and the portion remaining
has been bent over upon itself. The notch in the radius
and first carpale of the second row is shown, but the
radiale is wanting. ‘There are four longitudinal rows of
phalangeals; and the whole paddle, although imperfect
distally, agrees precisely in all essential details with that
of No. 14553 (p. 73). Same history.

32686. The centra and portions of the arches of twelve middle and

posterior dorsal vertebrae, not improbably belonging to the

ICHTHYOSAURID®, 81

same individual as the preceding; from Curcy. The rela-
tive length of the centra is well shown.
Tesson Collection

32690. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of six cervical vertebrae
- and one detached centrum, probably belonging to this
species; from Curcy. The terminal faces of the centra

are subcordiform, and the upper costal articulation is

partly on the arch. Same history.

32669. The two coracoids; from Curcy. Probably belong to the
(fig.) same individual as one of the above-mentioned crania,

Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus.—Ventral aspect of the coracoids; from the Upper
Lias of Normandy. 43. se, scapular articulation ; g/, glenoid cavity.

The contour of these specimens (fig. 30) agrees with that
of the coracoid of J. acutirostris, No. 14553, and also has
a strong general resemblance to that of the corresponding
bone of J. integer, figured by Wagner in the ‘ Abh. k.-bay,
Ak. Wiss.’ vol. vi. pt. 2, pl. xvi. fig. 1. A comparison of
these specimens with the specifically undetermined cora-
coid noticed on page 72 (No. 28327) exhibits the modifi-
cation of contour induced by pressure, the two specimens
having originally been in all probability very similar.
Same history.

32670. The interclavicle ; from Curcy. Same history.
32672. A clavicle; from Curcy. Same history.

32671. The right scapula; from Curcy. Probably associated with
one of the preceding specimens. The proximal extremity
shows the strong anterior dorsal ridge as in the corre-
sponding bone of the skeleton No. R. 971 mentioned on
p. 74. Same history.

PART II. G

82 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

32679. The right humerus, wanting the radial angle of the distal
extremity; from Curecy. ‘This specimen was probably
associated with some of the preceding specimens. Although
the proximal extremity has the general contour of the
same part in J. communis, the shaft is relatively longer
and more curved, and the ventral surface is more concave.

Tesson Collection.

32692. An imperfect quadrate; from Curcy. - Same history.

32694. The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra, probably
belonging to this species; from the Upper Lias of Cani-
eres de Landes (Calvados). This specimen indicates a
considerably larger individual than those to which the
preceding Normandy specimens belonged; it agrees with
other vertebra of the present form in its comparatively
long centrum.

47420. <A large left coracoid, probably belonging to this or the
preceding species; from the Upper Lias of the Vale of
Belvoir, Leicestershire. Allowing for the absence of the pos-
terior extremity, this specimen closely resembles No. 32669.
Its transverse diameter is 0,220. Purchased, 1876.

b. Tenwirostrine Subgroup.

Teeth and mandible of same general structure as in preceding
subgroup. Vertebre apparently similar to those of the typical
subgroup of the Latipinnate group. Coracoid with posterior notch.
Humerus with the proximal extremity triangular, and the longer
axis of the same directed transversely ; the structure of this bone
thus corresponding with that of the femur. Pectoral limb larger
than pelvic. The pubis and ischium are short and wide.

In the structure of the limbs this and the next subgroup appear
to be the most generalized forms of the genus ; this being especially
shown in the similarity of the humerus to the femur. The rela-
tively small size of the pelvic to the pectoral limb indicates, however,
that this group is more specialized than J. platyodon ; since it is
most probable that the order was derived from Reptiles in which
the pelvic limb was at least as large as the pectoral.

The structure of the coracoid indicates affinity with J. communis.

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 83

Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, Conybeare’.

Syn. Ichthyosaurus chirostrongulostinus, Hawkins ?.
Ichthyosaurus grandipes, Sharpe *.
Ichthyosaurus sinuatus, Theodori +.

Cranial rostrum very long and slender, and in the adult exceed-
ing four times the diameter of the orbit ; supratemporal fossa in the
form of an equilateral triangle (compare fig. 33)’; fronto-nasal
region comparatively broad and flat, narrowing gradually towards
rostrum, and lateral borders of frontal aspect of nasals rounded in
front of orbits; parietals forming a broad flat bar between supra-
temporal fosse. Jaws completely toothed. Pectoral limb (compare
fig. 32) comparatively short, with anterior border of radiale either
notched or entire, but that of adjacent carpale of second transverse
row always entire; and all the bones very large, more or less
polygonal, and those of the first longitudinal ulnar row not distinctly .
‘oblong. Humerus with slender shaft and much expanded distal
extremity. Scapula with proximal border much rounded, and with-
out prominent anterior ridge on dorsal surface. The radius (fig. 25)
has the vertical diameter almost as long as the transverse; and
usually articulates by a long facet with the ulna, so that the facet
for the intermedium becomes much reduced, and the ulnar border
is consequently nearly straight. The radius and ulna frequently
anchylose with one another, and sometimes also with the adjacent
bones; and a small circular vacuity generally remains between the
two. The relative length of the rostrum seems to have increased with
age. A skeleton in the Museum of Practical Geology, from Street,
shows that the contour of the facial profile was not dissimilar to
that of the next species.

This species does not appear to have attained very large dimen-
sions ; and occurs in both the Upper and Lower Lias.

Hab. Europe (England and Wirtemberg).

R. 1120. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a nearly entire skeleton ;
(fig.) probably from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire.
Figured by Owen in his ‘Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal.

! Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. pt. i. p. 108 (1822).

? Memoirs on Ichthyosauri, &e. pl. xvi. (1854). .

* Proc. Geol. Soe. vol. i. p. 222 (1830).

4 Beschreib. des Ichthyosaurus trigonodon, p. 50, Munich (1854).—As a
variety.

5 I, latifrons is so closely allied to this species that the figures of this part of
the skull and of the pectoral limb of the latter may be compared with this
description.

a2

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

Soc.), pt. i. pl. xxxu. fig. 1. The entire length of this ;
specimen is about 11 feet 4 inches. The skull is crushed
and has lost the extremity of the rostrum ; but exhibits
the contour of the orbits. The entire series of vertebral
centra, as well as the ribs, are well shown, but the neural
spines are not apparent. The greater portion of the pec-
toral limbs is shown, but of the pelvic limbs only the
right femur remains, although the left limb is introduced
in Owen’s figure. The teeth seem to be small; and the
extremity of the rostrum is wanting. No history.

2008 *. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the skull and the left

(ig.)

lateral aspect of the greater portion of the vertebral co-
lumn ; from the Lower Lias of Street, near Glastonbury,
Somersetshire. Figured in Hawkins’s ‘ Sea Dragons,’
pl. xii. The skull is very imperfect, but the teeth are
shown in the basal portion of the rostrum. The anterior
portion of the vertebral column is wanting, but the
posterior dorsal and caudal region is well preserved. The
pectoral limbs are absent, and the pelvic are somewhat
broken up, one of them being thrown across the vertebral
column. Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

R. 498. Slab exhibiting the dorsal aspect of the entire skeleton of

a medium-sized individual; from the Lower Lias of Street.
The only loss that this specimen has sustained consists of
a few phalangeals and the terminal caudal vertebre. The
skull is somewhat crushed, but exhibits the equilateral con-
tour of the supratemporal fossve, and the parietal foramen.
There are four rows of phalangeals in the pectoral limb;
two series of bones articulating with the ulnare. There
is a small notch in the left radiale, but none in the right,

Presented by A. Gillett, Esq., 1884.

38522. Slab exhibiting the left lateral aspect of a nearly entire

skeleton of medium size ; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-
Regis. The skull is much crushed, but shows the teeth
very distinctly. The whole of the vertebral column and
ribs are preserved. On the left side the scapula and cora-
coid are shown; while there is also exhibited the dorsal
aspect of, the proximal portion of the right pectoral limb.
There are also fragments of the pelvic limbs.

Purchased, 1868. .

a

R. 1123.

ICHTHYOSAURID®. 85

Slab showing the right lateral aspect of an imperfect
skeleton ; from the Lias, locality unknown. The skull,
dorso-lumbar region of the vertebral column, and the
greater portion of both pectoral limbs are preserved. The
skull is very imperfect. The anterior border of the radiale
is entire. No history.

2011 *. Slab showing a considerable portion of the vertebral column,

(Hg.)

R. 1124.

R. 1125.

R. 1121.

detached vertebral centra, ribs, portions of the limbs, and

teeth of this or the next species; from the Lower Lias of

Keinton, Somersetshire. The imperfect and anchylosed
radius and ulna are preserved in contact with a fragment
of the humerus, and afford the grounds of specific deter-
mination. One femur is preserved and has facets for the
attachment of three bones distally; the tibiais absent, but
the other two bones of the same row are in position, the
middle one of the original three being almost certainly
the intermedium. A tendency to the upthrusting of the
latter bone is seen in the pelvic limb of No. R. 498, and
in the large skeleton of J. platyodon. Figured by Haw-
kins in his ‘ Sea Dragons,’ pl. xy. Hawkins Collection.

A broken slab exhibiting an imperfect mandible, a quad-
rate, a number of vertebre and ribs, the coracoids,
scapulz, and the ventral aspect of the proximal portion of
the left pectoral limb; probably from Street. The
pectoral limb exhibits the humerus, radius, ulna, and
intermedium in their natural position ; which have all
the characters of the present species. The mandible and
scapula are more like those of J. intermedius, and there
may be remains of two species on the slab.

? Same history.

Slab showing the ventral aspect of an imperfect skull, and
of the right coracoid, scapula, and greater portion of the
pectoral limb; from the Lias, locality unknown. The
humerus is wanting, but the characteristic features of the
other bones of the paddle are well shown. No history.

Slab exhibiting the caudal region of the vertebral column,
both limbs of the right side, and the pelvic of the left ;
probably from Street. The right pectoral limb is shown
from the dorsal, and the right pelvic from the ventral

86 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

aspect ; the left pelvic limb is beneath the vertebral
column. This specimen may have belonged to the next
species. No hastory.

2009 *. Slab showing an oblique frontal and left lateral view of the
(Fig.) | somewhat crushed skull of an immature individual; from
Street. Figured by Hawkins in his ‘ Sea Dragons,’ pl. xiii.,
and also by Owen in his‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ pt. ii. pl. xxxil.
fig. 2. (In the latter figure the scale is 3 instead of + as
stated in the description.) The length of the rostrum is
about four times the diameter of the orbit. The teeth are
present, although displaced from their groove, throughout
the length of the jaws: they are drawn relatively too large
in Owen’s figure. Hawkins Collection. .

R. 1126. A full-sized skull, wanting the greater portion of the
rostrum, and with the fronto-nasal region crushed in, and
the orbits in consequence abnormally elongated antero-
posteriorly ; probably from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis.
This specimen seems’to agree exactly in size with the
corresponding portion of the skull of No. R. 1120. Al-
though its crushed condition interferes with accurate
comparison, the large and flattened parietals are well
shown; the straightness of the facial profile is probably
due to crushing. The posterior teeth still remain.

No history.

40348. Slab showing the crushed skull of an immature individual ;
from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1867.

24300. Plaster slab showing the ventral aspect of a very similar
skull; from the Lower Lias of Glastonbury, Somersetshire.
The conjoint atlas and axis are preserved between the
mandibular rami. Purchased, 1849.

2160 *. Slab showing one lateral aspect of the middle portion of the
rostrum ; probably from the Lower Lias of Street. The
teeth are in beautiful preservation. Hawkins Collection.

2012 *. Slab showing the anterior portion of the caudal region of the
(J1g.) vertebral column, the dorsal aspect of the disjointed right
pelvic limb, fragments of the left do., and a few bones
apparently belonging to the pectoral limb; from the Lower
Lias of Street. Figured by Hawkins in his ‘Sea Dragons,’
pl. xvi. Same history.

ICHTHYOSAURID®, 8

40129. Slab showing six crushed caudal vertebre, the proximal
portion of the left pelvic limb, and one bone of the pelvis;
from the Lower Lias of Keynsham, near Bristol.

Purchased, 1866.

41253. The proximal portions of the right and left pectoral limbs
of one individual ; from the Lower Lias of Tewkesbury,
Gloucestershire. Both specimens show the humerus,
radius, ulna, radiale, and intermedium. The radius and
ulna are anchylosed together, and the anterior border of the
radiale is entire. Purchased, 1869.

R. 1127. The left humerus, with the radius and ulna anchylosed to
it; probably from the Lower Lias of Street. No history.

R. 1127 a. The left humerus, with the radius, ulna, and intermedium
attached to it; locality unknown. The four bones are
firmly anchylosed together, and there is a circular vacuity
between the radius and ulna. No history.

R. 1127 b. The left humerus, with the radius and ulna anchylosed
to it; locality unknown. No history.

R. 1127 c. A crushed humerus apparently of the same type as the
preceding ; locality unknown. No history.

R. 1127d. The right humerus of a rather smaller individual than
either of the preceding; locality unknown. No history. -

47436. The left humerus of an individual agreeing in size with the
first of the above-mentioned specimens ; locality unknown.
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

R. 1128. The left radius; probably from Street. Figured in wood-

(Fig.) cut, fig. 25 (p. 69). No history.
R. 1128 a. A very similar radius; locality unknown. No history.
R. 1128 b. A smaller radius ; locality unknown. No history.
2146 *. A radius; locality unknown. Hawkins Cotlection.

R. 1129. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the imperfect left pectoral
limb; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. The femur,
radius, ulna, and three bones of the second ulnar longitu-
dinal row are preserved. No history.

88 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

R. 1129 a. The left femur: probably from Street. This specimen,
(Fig.) . which is represented i in woodcut, fig. 26(p. 70), may have
belonged to the same individual as No. R. 1127.

No history.

R. 1129 b. A somewhat smaller left femur; from the Lower Lias,
locality unknown. No history.

R. 1219. Slab showing an ischium and pubis probably belonging to
this species ; from the Lower Lias of Street or Lyme-Regis.

Accords with the pelvis of the skeleton N 0. 88522; the

two bones are short and broad and anchylosed together at

the symphysis. No history.

| ‘The following specimens are probably referable either to the present or
following species.

36876. Slab showing the imperfect rostrum of a large individual ;
from the Upper Lias of Whitby. Purchased, 1862.

R. 225. The imperfect symphysial portion of a mandible, and a-slab
showing the palatal aspect of the cranial rostrum of the
same individual; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. A
large number of the teeth are preserved, and while the
anterior ones are very small and slender, those in the
posterior part of the jaw are much larger.
Purchased, 1882.

R. 586. The extremity of a very similar rostrum ; from Lyme-Regis.
The teeth are well preserved. Purchased, 1885.

R. 36. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the rostral and frontal
region of the crushed skull of a large individual; from
Lyme-Regis. The mandible has been crushed on to the
cranial rostrum. | Purchased, 1880.

R. 1165. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a large imperfect
rostrum ; probably from Lyme-Regis. The mandible is
crossed upon the premaxille. No history.

R. 982. Slab showing the imperfect cranial rostrum and portions of
the vertebral column of a small individual; from Lyme-
Regis. The subpentagonal cordiform contour of one of the
cervical centra is shown. No history.

R. 982 a. Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the imperfect
rostrum of a comparatively small individual ; probably from
Lyme-Regis. No history.

Ki
af

ICHTHYOSAURIDE. | eee)

Ichthyosaurus latifrons, Konig !.
Syn. Ichthyosaurus longirostris, Owen ?.
Ichthyosaurus laticeps, Owen *.
(?) Ichthyosaurus longirostris, Jager *. é
The cranial rostrum still more elongated and slender than in J.
tenurrostris, its length in some cases exceeding six times the diameter

Fig.31].

—————— — = = = LZ
== SSS = —— ——— a
—=—= — <= = = ———— eee

== Se SS Ss =

LSS SS

Ichthyosaurus latifrons.—Left lateral aspect of the skull; from the Lower Lias
of Barrow-on-Soar. About}. (After Owen.)

of the orbit; orbit relatively very large ; fronto-nasal region very
wide and somewhat convex, narrowing sud- Fig. 32.
denly towards the rostrum, and facial profile
forming a sudden dip in advance of orbit;
parietals forming an acute ridge between
supratemporal fossz. Parietal foramen placed
entirely in frontals. Teeth minute, and ap-
parently in some instances disappearing from
the anterior part of the rostrum in the adult.
Paddles (fig. 32) very similar to those of J.
tenuirostris ; but the humerus relatively more
slender and less expanded distally. Scapula
more like that of J. platyodon.

There appear no characters by which J.
longirostris, Owen, can be distinguished from
this species, which occurs in both the Upper
and Lower Lias. ‘The type specimens of
I. longirostris, Jager, from the Upper Lias
of Wurtemberg, agree with this species in the Jexthyosaurus Latifrons.
extreme length of the rostrum, and are there- | —Dorsal aspect of the
fore probably specifically the same. ‘The left® pectoral limb ;
apparent identity of Z. longirostris with this ftom the Lower Lias of

me ; ; ; Barrow-on-Soar. A,
species 1s mentioned by Tate and Blake in Piet Rais. radia
their ‘ Yorkshire Lias,’ p. 254 (1876).

w, ulna; 7, intermedi-

Hab. Europe (England and Wiirtemberg). um. 3. (After Owen.)

1 Tcones Foss. Sectiles, pl. xix. (1825).

2 Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 124 (1881). Also mentioned by
Mantell in his ‘ Petrifactions and their Teachings,’ p. 3885 (1851).

3 Op. cit. p. 120.—Errorim.

+ Nova Acta Ac. Cxs. Leop.-Car. vol. xxv. pt. 2, p. 939 e¢ seg. (1856).

° This figure is really a reversed view of the right limb, but it is less liable to
cause confusion by terming it left. ;

90 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

R. 1122. The imperfect cranium, and a mass of matrix containing a
(fig.) large portion of the vertebral column; probably from the
Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire. The type
specimen. Figured by Konig in his ‘ Icones Foss. Sectiles,’
pl. xix. fig. 250, and the dorsal aspect of the skull by Owen
in his‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iti. pl. xxvii.
fig. 1, from which the accompanying woodcut is reduced.

Ichthyosaurus latifrons.—Frontal aspect of the imperfect cranium; from the
Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. 3. nar, nares ; na, nasals ; prf, prefrontal
fr, frontal; ptf, postfrontal; pto, postorbital; pa, parietal; s¢, supra-
temporal fossa.

The rostrum of the cranium is broken off immediately in
advance of the nares; the orbital region preserves its
original contour, and the parietal foramen and supra-
temporal fossee are entire. The alveolar margins of the
palate are imperfect. Both the centra and arches of the
vertebral column are preserved. No history.

38709. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of an imperfect skeleton ;
(7ig.) from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire.
The greater portion of the cranial rostrum is wanting, and
the caudal region is alsoimperfect. The coracoids and the
left side of the pelvis are also shown, but the limbs are

ICHTHYOSAURID®, 91

very imperfect. aecees ae of the surface of the skin
are shown in the matrix. This specimen is described by
Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia, pt. iii. p. 119, and the con-
joint atlas and axis vertebrae are represented in pl. xxiii.
fig. 6, and the coracoids in pl, xxxii. fig. 9.

Purchased, 1864.

36182. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of a nearly entire

(J%ig.)

skeleton ; from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. The
type of I. longirostris, Owen. Figured by Owen in his
‘Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 3, pl. xxxil. fig. 7.
The skull is nearly perfect, and has the sclerotic ossifications
beautifully preserved. Both scapule are well preserved,
but the coracoids are not apparent. The limbs of the right
side are nearly entire. The extremity of the rostrum is
wanting, but the portion remaining is equal to nearly five
times the diameter of the orbit. The skull is represented
in woodcut, fig. 31. The right limbs are figured by Owen
in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ pl. xxxii. fig. 4 (reversed), under
the name of /. tenuirostris, his figure of the pectoral limb
being reproduced in fig. 32. The narrower and less ex-
panded form of the humerus characteristic of the species
can be well seen by comparison with that of the skeleton
of J. tenuirostris, No. R. 498. In the following specimens
the humerus is abnormally widened by pressure.
Purchased, 1861.

14566. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of an imperfect skeleton ;

(1g)

from the Upper Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire. The entire
skull remains in a damaged condition, and the greater
part of the vertebral column; but of the limbs only the
proximal portion of the right pectoral remains. Mentioned
by Mantell in his ‘ Petrifactions,’ p. 385. The dorsal aspect
of the skull is figured by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’
pt. ili. pl. xxxii. fig. 8, as J. longirostris. The length of
the rostrum is about 64 times the diameter of the orbit.
Purchased.

36876. The imperfect skull of a very large individual; from the

Upper Lias of Whitby. The left orbit, withthe discon-
nected sclerotic bones, and a large portion of the extremely
elongated cranial rostrum, are well preserved.

| Purchased, 1862.

R. 1152. The imperfect posterior portion of a crushed cranium ;

probably from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. The

92 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

parieto-frontal region is fairly well preserved, and agrees
closely with that of No. R. 1122. The almost entire in-
clusion of the parietal foramen in the frontals is exhibited
very clearly. No history.

R, 322. A right humerus probably belonging to this form ; from the
Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. Although larger Be speci-
men closely resembles the humerus of No. 36182, and
differs from that of J. tenutrostris.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

32395. A right femur probably belonging to this species; from the
Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. This specimen, although
larger, accords in contour with the femur of No. 36182,
and differs considerably from that of J. tenwirostris, No.
R129. Purchased.

c. Platyodont Subgroup.

Teeth relatively large, and either cylindrical and grooved, or with
compressed carinated crowns and the roots invested with cement.
Superior border of articular bone of mandible sometimes not raised
above the level of the alveolar border of the dentary. Centra of
cervical vertebree (when known) laterally expanded, and those of
late posterior dorsals and anterior caudals narrowed superiorly ;
upper costal tubercles of a few of the anterior cervicals supported
partly on the arch. Coracoid (when known) with small posterior
notch. Humerus as in the Acutirostrine subgroup. Pectoral limb
in some cases not much larger than the pelvic.

Ichthyosaurus lonchiodon, Owen’.

Cranial rostrum comparatively short and stout, and about equal
to three times the diameter of the orbit; maxilla excluded from
narial aperture by junction of premaxilla with lachrymal; other
cranial characters not apparent. Superior border of articular not
raised above the level of the alveolar border of the dentary. Teeth
cylindrical, long, and straight, with the flutings of the crown sepa-
rated by a distinct smooth interval from the coarser ones of the root.
Neural spines of dorsal vertebree excessively low and broad ; and the
centra of all the vertebree comparatively short and with flattened
terminal faces. Limbs imperfectly known, but the pectoral con-
siderably larger than the pelvic ; component bones relatively small ;
and the anterior border of the radiale, and (judging from the pelvic

1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 116 (1840).

ICHTHYOSAURIDA. 93

limb) the adjacent carpale of the second transverse row notched.
Scapula resembling that of J. tenuirostris.

The type specimen indicates an individual of which the length
was about twenty-four feet. This species has been recorded only
from the Lower Lias, and appears to be of rare occurrence.

Hab. Europe (England).

14564. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of a very large skeleton ;
(fig.) from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. The
type specimen. Described: by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit.
Assoc.’ for 1839, pp. 116-117, and figured by Hawkins in
his ‘Sea Dragons,’ pl. ii., and also by Owen in his ‘ Liassic
Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ili. pl. xxxi. figs. 4-7. One
tooth is figured by Owen in his ‘ Odontography,’ pl. Lxxiii.
fig. 2. A notice is also given on p. 384 of Mantell’s
‘ Petrefactions.’ The lateral surface of the skull is pre-
served, but only a small portion of the upper surface is
shown; the hyoids are in their natural position. The
vertebral column is nearly complete, although some of the
centra have slipped upon one another. Of the limbs the
pectoral pair are very imperfect, and only fragments of the
pelvic ones are preserved. The right pectoral paddle, which
has been thrust to the left side, shows the notched radius
and radiale, and has only three longitudinal rows remaining,
although four may originally have been present. The
length of the cranial rostrum is equal to about three times
the diameter of the orbit. There are 120 vertebra re-
maining, but a few are missing in the caudal region.

This specimen is one of those collected by Miss Anning.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1884.

R. 1119. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the anterior portion
of a comparatively small skeleton provisionally referred to
this species ; probably from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis.
The skull lacks the extremity of the rostrum, but is other-
wise fairly well preserved. The teeth are relatively large,
and have long Janceolate crowns like those of the type.
The contour of the alveolar border of the mandible is also
similar. About 26 vertebre are shown, and they have the
short and wide neural spines characteristic of this species.
The left scapula, and the two coracoids and humeri are
shown, although somewhat ill-defined. ‘lhe humerus re-
sembles that of the type. The radius, ulna, and inter-

94. ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

medium remain in proximity to the left humerus, and these
show the general contour characteristic of this group. No
notch is, however, shown in the anterior border of the
radius ; but this may be due either to a disintegration of
the periphery of the bone or to its incomplete ossification,
—one of which conditions seems certainly to obtain.

7 No history.

R. 1166. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a large mandible appa-
rently belonging to this species; from Lyme-Regis. The
splenial, which has been separated from the dentary, ex-
tends to the extremity of the mandible. Several detached
teeth are shown, the anterior ones haying the long and
slender crowns characteristic of this species. The posterior
teeth are shorter, as in the type. Impressions of the
Lower Liassic Ammonites turnert are seen in the matrix.

No history.

28308. Slab showing a fragment of a cranium probably belonging
to this species; from Lyme-Regis. <A few of the charac-
teristic long-crowned teeth are preserved near the ex-
tremity. Purchased, 1853.

Ichthyosaurus (?), sp.

The teeth of the general type of those of I. lonchiodon, but with
the crowns laterally compressed and indistinctly carinated.
Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1342. Fragment of rock containing an imperfect tooth; from the
Rhetic (Upper Triassic) bone-bed of Aust Cliff, near
Bristol. Both the root and the crown are fluted, the
former the more coarsely.
Harford Collection. Purchased, 1888.

Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conybeare '.

Syu. Ichthyosaurus chiroligostinus, Hawkins 2.
Ichthyosaurus giganteus, Leach °.

Cranial rostrum of medium length and stoutness ; premaxilla and
lachrymal uniting to exclude maxilla from nares; supratemporal
fossa long and triangular. Superior border of articular raised above

1 Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2, vol. i. pt. 1, p. 108 (1822).
2 Memoirs on Ichthyosauri, &e. pl. iii. (1834).
> Quoted by Owen in the Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 112 (1840).

ICHTHYOSAURIDA. 95

alveolar border of dentary. Teeth (fig. 34) with laterally-com-
pressed, carinated and smooth crowns, and their roots invested with
cement. “Vertebral centra of considerable length, distinctly cupped,
and with very prominent costal tubercles. Pelvic limb nearly as
large as pectoral; humerus and femur short and thick; radiale and
adjacent carpale notched ; component bones of paddle of moderate size.
Scapula with proximal border long and comparatively straight, with
prominent ridge on the anterior border of its dorsal surface.

This species attains larger dimensions than any other Liassic
representative of the} genus. Assuming that the order is derived
from Reptiles in which the pelvic limb was at least as large as the
pectoral, this species may be regarded as the most generalized repre-
sentative of the genus. Generalized characters are, moreover, not.
improbably indicated by the teeth, which resemble those of the
Parasuchian Crocodiles and of many Squamata. This species appears
to be confined to the Lower Lias.

Hab. Europe (England).

2003 *. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the nearly entire skeleton ;
(Fig.) from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. Although
the skull is much smaller than several of the following
specimens, the length of this skeleton indicates an indi-
vidual of about twenty-four feet inlength. The extremity
of the caudal region, the right pectoral limb, and the
neural spines and chevrons of many of the caudal vertebrae
are missing, and have been restored in plaster. The upper
surface of the cranium is crushed in, but the contour of the
supratemporal fossa is still shown ; and many of the teeth
still retain their characteristic crowns. The pelvic limb
shows four longitudinal rows of phalangeals, but in the
pectoral there are only three such rows remaining. ‘This
specimen was obtained by Miss Anning in 1832; it is
described by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839,
pp- 112-114; and is figured by Hawkins in his ‘Sea
Dragons,’ pl. 11., by Buckland in his ‘ Geology and Miner-
alogy’ (Bridgewater Treatise), pl. vii., by Kiprijanoff in
the ‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxviii. art. 8,
pl. xviil., and also by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. pl. xxxi. figs. 1 and 3. It is noticed by

Mantell in his ‘ Petrifactions’, pp. 381-883.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

R. 808. The middle portion of the skull of a considerably larger
individual ; from Lyme-Regis. The left side, from behind

96

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. .

the orbit to a point some six inches in advance of the
nares, 1s well preserved ;. as is also the corresponding por-
tion of the left dentary bone. The broken anterior surface
has been cut and polished to exhibit a section of the com-
ponent bones and the teeth. The nares are of compara-
tively small size. The specimen was collected by Miss
Mary Anning. Purchased, 1821.

R. 215. The slightly imperfect skull of avery large individual ; from

. 1153.

R. 1154.

R. 1158.
(Prug.)

Lyme-Regis. The right lateral aspect is in a very fine
state of preservation, but the sclerotic plates have been ~
crushed in. The teeth show the characteristic features of
the species. Presented by F. Seymour Haden, Esq., 1882.

Plaster cast .of the imperfect skull of a very large indi-
vidual. The original was obtained from Lyme-Regis, and
is preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society.
The postorbital portion 1s wanting, and the rostrum has
been twisted to one side, and broken into several segments. —
The left orbital region is well preserved.

Presented by the Council of the Geological Society.

Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the mandible
together with portions of the vertebral column, and other
bones of a very large individual ; from Lyme-Regis. This
specimen was named by Conybeare variety ammanis.
Purchased.

The nearly entire skull, with the anterior part of the ver-
tebral column, ribs, and the left pectoral girdle, of a com-
paratively large individual ; from the Lower Lias between
Lyme-Regis and Charmouth. The skull was dug up in
the year 1812, and the other portion in the following year
at a distance of some feet from the spot where the skull
lay. The teeth are considerably damaged, butthe first two
or three on the right side of the extremity of the rostrum
exhibit the characteristic compressed and carinated crowns;
and the contour of some of the crowns of the teeth on the
posterior part of the left side of the rostrum is also charac-
teristic of the species. The left lateral and the greater
part of the frontal aspect of the skull are well preserved,
but the right orbital region is wanting, and the contour of
the supratemporal fossee isnot shown. ‘The neural arches
of the vertebre are wanting. ‘The entire specimen is
figured by Home in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1814, pls. xvii.—

ICHTHYOSAURID. 97

xx., without either generic or specific name. A smaller
view of the skull is given by Buckland in his ‘ Geology
and Mineralogy’ (Bridgewater Treatise), pl. x. fig. 1;
and another by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal.
Soc.), pt. ili. pl. xxxi. fig. 2. The entire specimen is
described by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839,
p- 113, where it is referred to the present species. The
length of the cranial rostrum is rather more than three
times the diameter of the orbit. The left sclerotic ring
is very perfectly preserved. Purchased.

R. 1055. Skull of a very large individual much flattened by vertical
3 pressure ; from Lyme-Regis. The component bones are
not clearly shown. ‘The greater part of the skeleton was
originally in the Museum, but fell to pieces from the

presence of pyrites. Purchased.

37705. The posterior portion of the cranium of a medium-sized indi-
vidual; from Lyme-Regis. The specimen is vertically
crushed ; and the palatal surface has been cut and polished. |

Saul Collection. Purchased, 18638.

37705 a. The hinder portion of the right ramus of a mandible, pro-
bably belonging to the same individual as the preceding ;
from Lyme-Regis. There is the impression of the shell of
a large Ammonites obtusus. Saul Collection.

R. 1056. An imperfect skull, with the anterior vertebre attached,
of a medium-sized individual; from Lyme-Regis. The
palatal aspect is well preserved, and exhibits the mandi-
bular symphysis, the pterygoids, and the hyoids. The
teeth are fairly preserved and of the characteristic
structure. The inferior aspect of the mandibular sym-
physis is wide, with the extremities diverging.

Purchased, 1853.

R. 312. The imperfect skull of a medium-sized individual; from
Lyme-Regis. The skull has been subjected to considerable
crushing and distortion, but many of the teeth are well
preserved, and show the characteristic carine of the crowns.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 18%2.

2004*. The left lateral aspect of the middle portion of a crushed and
(Fig.) somewhat broken skull, apparently belonging to an imma-
ture individual of this species ; from Lyme-Regis. Figured
by Hawkins in his ‘Sea Dragons,’ pl. v.; and noticed by

PART Il. re

98

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 11. p. 111
(reference erroneously given as pl. 11. of Hawkins), who
compares it to the specimen figured by him as I. breviceps
(No. R. 1157). The teeth have mostly lost their crowns,
but a detached crown in the matrix below the mandible
exhibits the carination and compression characteristic of
the present species. The characteristic straightness of
the alveolar border of the posterior portion of the mandible
is also well shown. The sclerotic ossifications are perfect.
The right frontal region has been split away from its
normal position, and is thrust up above the line of the
profile. Hawkins Collection.

R. 218. The skull and part of the vertebral column of a medium-

R. 1157.
(frg.)

R. 1159.

R. 1160.

mens show considerable variation in this respect.

sized individual, in a broken and somewhat crushed con-
dition; from Lyme-Regis. The structure of the teeth
well shown. Purchased, 1882.

Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of a large skull,
provisionally referred to this species; from Lyme-Regis.
Figured by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ pt. 11. pl. xxix.
figs. 1, 35, as I. breviceps. The teeth exhibit all the cha-
racters of those of the present species, but the cranial
rostrum is abnormally short and the number of teeth
reduced. It is doubtful if the shortness of the rostrum
can be considered a specific character, since other speci-

Purchased.

Slab showing the frontal aspect of the skull of a medium-
sized individual, together with the anterior portion of the
vertebral column ; from Lyme-Regis. The skull is crushed
flat, but the characteristic contour of the supratemporal
fossze is well preserved. No history.

Fragment of the upper and lower jaws of a very large in-
dividual; from Lyme-Regis. One side has been cut and
polished, in order to show longitudinal sections of the
teeth. No hastory.

41220. Fragment of the premaxille of a medium-sized individual;

from Lyme-Regis. Several teeth are preserved, and
exhibit very distinctly the mode of implantation in the
alveolar groove. Purchased, 1868.

ICHTHYOSAURIDA, 99

R. 878. A fragment of the upper part of the interorbital region of
the cranium of a very large individual ; from Lyme-Regis.

Both the external and internal aspects of the bone are

shown, as well as the complete parietal foramen.

ye ae No history.

R. 1193. The nearly entire left quadrate of a very large individual ;
from Lyme-Regis. This specimen agrees approximately

in size with the corresponding bone of the skull No. R. 218.

No hastory.

2149*. The basioccipital of a very large individual; from Lyme-
Regis. Hawkins Collection.

29016. Slab showing three entire plates of the sclerotic ring; from

Ly me-Regis. Purchased, 1854.

33283. A smull tooth; from Lyme-Regis. Figured in the ac-

(Fig.) | companying woodcut. Purchased, 1852.
Fig. 34.

Ichthyosaurus platydon. Lateral and profile views of the tooth No. 338283. {.

.

33283 a. Seven similar tecth, not improbably belonging to the same
individual; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1852.

33283 b. The crown of a considerably larger tooth; from Lyme-
Regis. Purchased, 1852,
H 2

100 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

32746. A tooth similar to No. 33283; from Lyme-Regis. —

Purchased,
32745. Slab containing two similar teeth (together with two Sela-
chian teeth); from Lyme-Regis. Purchased,

20568. Slab containing a similar tooth ; from the Lower Lias of Bath,
| Somersetshire. Johnson Collection. Purchased, 1845.

20565. Slab showing « one side of a very similar tooth ; from Char-
mouth, Dorsetshire. Noticed by Owen in the ‘Rep. Brit.

Assoc.’ for 1839, p. 113, note.
Johnson Collection. Purchased, 1845.

26310. A very large tooth, with a large portion of the root absorbed ;
from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1853. °

28311. Siab showing one aspect of a very similar tooth ; from Lyme-
Regis. Purchased, 1853.

29015. Two similar teeth; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1854.

41648. A rather smaller tooth ; from Lyme-Regis.
Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.

33283 c. The root of a very large tooth ; from Lyme-Regis. The
fluting is beautifully exhibited. Purchased, 1852.

28312. Fragment of rock showing one aspect of a large tooth ; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1853.

28309. A large tooth partially imbedded in matrix; from Lyme-
Regis. Purchased, 1853.

28284. Slab showing one side of a large tooth ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1858.

28283. Slab showing one side of two large teeth, with their crowns
in apposition ; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1853.

28283 a. The crown of a large tooth; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1853.

R. 1013. An imperfect tooth of very large size; from the Lower
Lias, near Warwick.
Presented by M. H. Lakin, Esq., 1887,

R. 1274. A very large tooth, wanting the enamel of the crown;
from Lyme-Regis. The root has been transversely cut,
and the surfaces of the section polished.

Harford Collection. Purchased, 1888.

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 101

R. 1343. A smaller tooth ; from Lyme-Regis. Harford Collection.

46. The crown of a very large tooth, with the contour of the basal
portion distorted by pressure ; from Lyme-Regis.
Presented by Sir Henry de la Beche.

2150*. The conjoint atlas and axis vertebree with their intercentrum
of a very large individual; from Lyme-Regis. These
specimens are apparently associated with the basioccipital
No. 2149 * (p. 99). Hawkins Collection.

481. The centra of seventy associated cervical, dorsal, and caudal
vertebree and portions of ribs, together with the scapule
and coracoids, of a very large individual; from Lyme-Regis.
These specimens, which were collected by Miss Anning, are
referred to the present species on account of their large
size. The vertebre are noticed by Owen in the ‘ Rep.
Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839, p. 116, where it is stated (from the
inclusion of other specimens) that the series numbered
150 centra. The largest centra have a vertical diameter of
0,160 (6°3 inches), and a transverse of 0,170 (6-6 inches).
The cervicals are elongated transversely, the upper costal
tubercle being placed mainly on the arch. In the early
posterior dorsals (marked 26 and 27) the centrum is
transversely elongated, the costal tubercles being approxi-

- mated, and coalescing on the left side of No. 26. In the
later posterior dorsals (No. 33) the centrum becomes
narrowed superiorly (asin J. trigonus, fig. 14), and the
costal tubercles are again placed wider apart ; they coalesce
in No. 36, which may accordingly be reckoned as the first
caudal. The coracoids have no posterior notch, and
approximate to the type of those of J. zetlandicus (fig. 30),
although they appear to have been shorter. The ridge on
the anterior border of the dorsal border of the proximal
extremity of the scapula is distinct.

Purchased. About 1840.

The reference of some of the following specimens is provisional.
R. 1169. The centrum of what is probably the third cervical
vertebra; from Lyme-Regis. There is an intercentral
facet inferiorly. No history.

37707. The centrum of a middle dorsal vertebra of enormous
dimensions; from the Lower Lias of Gloucestershire.
This specimen, which agrees in characters with the

102 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

dorsals of No. 481, is the largest example. The trans-

verse diameter is 0,200 (7°8 inches), and the vertical
0,195 (7-6 inches). Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.

R. 277. The centrum of a middle dorsal vertebra of rather smaller
size than the dorsals of No. 481 ; from Lyme-Regis.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 316. The centrum of a considerably smaller middle dorsal

vertebra probably belonging to this species; from Lyme-

Regis. The general contour is very similar to the centrum

marked 25 in No. 481, but the length and the depth of

the cupping are relatively greater. These features are,
however, probably due to immaturity.

Enniskillen Collection.

42309. Four adjacent centra of middle dorsal vertebra, cemented
together by matrix, agreeing with the preceding specimen ;
from Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1870.

R. 320. A mass of matrix containing seventeen associated centra of
dorsal vertebre, apparently agreeing with the preceding
specimens ; from Lyme-Regis. Remains of Acrodus are
also shown in the matrix. Enniskillen Collection.

R. 226. The centrum of a very large dorsal vertebra; from Lyme-
Regis. This specimen, which is from the later portion of
the middle series, is unusually short, but this shortness
appears to have been increased by pressure. —

Purchased, 1882.

R. 315. A centrum agreeing very closely in size with No. R. 277,
but rather later in the series ; from Lyme-Regis.
Enniskillen Collection.

R. 315 a. The centrum of a posterior dorsal vertebra ; from Lyme-
Regis. Although somewhat smaller this specimen closely
resembles the centrum marked 34 in No. 481.

Enniskillen Collection.

44809. The centrum of a considerably smaller posterior dorsal
vertebra; probably from Lyme-Regis. The depth of the
cupping and the length of the centrum are relatively
greater than in the larger specimens.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1874.

ICHTHYOSAURIDE. 103

1151*. The centrum of a very large anterior caudal vertebra ; from
Lyme-Regis. This specimen agrees with the centrum
marked 36 in No. 48], and is said to belong to the same
individual. Purchased.

R. 315 b. The imperfect centrum of a rather smaller anterior caudal
vertebra ; from Lyme-Regis. Enniskillen Collection.

R. 1170. The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra; from Lyme-
Regis. This specimen differs from the preceding in the
absence of distinct narrowing superiorly, and in this
respect agrees with the centrum marked 37 in No. 481,
which it somewhat exceeds in size. No history.

R. 314. The centrum of a somewhat water-worn middle caudal
vertebra; probably from Lyme-Regis. This specimen
cannot be distinguished from the one marked 59 in
No. 481. Enniskillen Collection.

R. 1171. The centrum of a later caudal vertebra; from Lyme-
Regis. Closely resembles the centrum marked 68 in
No. 481. No history.

R. 1171a. The centrum of a very similar caudal vertebra; from
Lyme-Regis. The chevron-facets are unusually distinct.
No history.

18971. An entire rib of a very large individual; from the Lower
Lias of Watchet, Somersetshire. This specimen indicates
an individual fully double the dimensions of the skeleton,
No. 2003*. | Purchased, 1845

R. 1195. A smaller rib, probably belonging to this species ; from
the Lower Lias, locality unknown. No history

R. 1195 a. Two smaller ribs, perhaps belonging to this form.
Jo history.

R. 219. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the right scapula of a
very large individual ; from Lyme-Regis. This specimen

is considerably larger than the scapula of No. 481.
Purchaged, 1882.

R. 1172. Two slabs showing an imperfect pectoral and pelvic limb
and an associated femur of a very large individual ; from
Lyme-Regis. In the pectoral limb the humerus articulates
in the normal way with the radius and ulna; but in the

104 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. -

pelvic Jimb the intermedium is thrust up to articulate
with the femur: and the detached femur of the opposite
side shows three distinct distal facets. No history.

31940. The imperfect pectoral limb of a smaller individual ; from
Lyme-Regis. The bones are incorrectly arranged ; but it
seems that only the radius and the ulna articulated with
the humerus. Purchased. About 1852.

R. 1161. The left humerus of a very large individual; probably
from Lyme-Regis. The length is 0,235, and the trans-
verse diameter of the distal extremity 0,191. ‘The general
proportions of this specimen are very similar to those of
the humerus of J. tenuirostris, but the shaft is less
constricted. The transverse elongation of the proximal
head is well shown. No history.

31939. A somewhat distorted humerus of similar type and of nearly
the same dimensions ; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased.

R. 809. The imperfect proximal portion of the right pectoral limb,
associated with the cranium No. R. 808; from Lyme-
Regis. There remains the distal extremity of the humerus
with the radius, ulna, and intermedium, in their proper
relative positions; the arrangements of the other bones is,
however, incorrect. Purchased, 1821.

R. 1173. A radius agreeing in size with that of the preceding
specimen; from Lyme-Regis. The vertical diameter is

0,160 (6°3 inches), and the transverse 0,165 (6°5 inches).

No history.

40113. 'The associated radius and ulna of a medium-sized individual
probably belonging to this species ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased.

R. 1194. An imperfect pelvic limb probably belonging to a medium-
sized individual of this species; from Lyme-Regis. The
pentagonal intermedium is thrust up to articulate with
the femur; the arrangement of the other bones is pro-
bably incorrect. No history.

32396. A bone which is apparently the right tibia of a comparatively
large individual; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased. About 1857.

R. 1174a. A smaller bone of similar type ; from Lyme-Regis.
; No history.

ICHTHYOSAURIDE. 105

R. 1174. One of the bones of the middle of a paddle of a large
individual ; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

Specimens which may perhaps belong to this species.
2031*. Fragment of the middle portion of a young cranium not
(fig.) | improbably belonging to this species; from Lyme-Regis.
Figured by Hawkins in his ‘Memoirs on Ichthyosauri &c.’
pl. vi. (ed. 1834). The left orbit and nares are shown.
Hawkins Collection.

2032*. Fragment of the rostrum of a somewhat larger skull; from
(Fig.) Lyme-Regis. Figured by Hawkins, op. cet. pl. vi. The
teeth are very imperfectly preserved, but one of them
seems to show the coronal structure characteristic of the
present species. Hawkins Collection.

Ichthyosaurus trigonodon, Theodori *.
Syn. (?) Ichthyosaurus crassimanus, Blake ®.

Apparently closely allied to the preceding, but with the crowns
of the teeth only slightly compressed, and their summits when
adult bearing three vertical carina, of which two extend to the base
of the crown but the third stops short. This species is confined to
the Upper Lias, and was originally recorded from Banz, in Bavaria.
There is at present no reason for separating J. crassimanus, of the
Whitby Lias; the entire anterior border of the radius of the type
specimen being probably abnormal.

Hab. Kurope (Bavaria, Wiirtemberg *, England, and ? France).

47153. The posterior portion of the cranial rostrum and a part of a
mandibular ramus of a medium-sized individual ; from the
Upper Lias of Kingsthorpe, Yorkshire. The broken roots
of numerous teeth are shown, together with the crowns of
some immature examples. These teeth are of the general
type of those of J. platyodon, having smooth crowns,
and deeply fluted roots originally covered with cement,
which has now disappeared. The crowns have a sub-
circular section, but do not show the carinz on the summit ;
in which respect they agree with the immature teeth
of the Banz specimen noticed on page 2 of Theodori’s

' Gelehrte Anzeigen, vol. xvi. p. 906 (1843).
? Tate and Blake, ‘The Yorkshire Lias,’ p. 253 (1876).
3 See Quenstedt, ‘ Die Jura,’ p. 220 (1858).

106 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA, |

‘Beschreibung des Ichthyosaurus trigonodon’ (Munich,
1854). Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

32700. The centrum of a middle dorsal vertebra probably belonging |
to this species; from the Upper Lias of Curcy, near Caen
(Calvados), France. This specimen agrees very closely
with the corresponding vertebra of J. platyodon; its
transverse diameter being 0,110, the vertical 0,103, and
the length 0,041. It is too large to have belonged to an
individual of the size of that to which the large Whitby
skull (No. R. 1167) of JZ. zetlandicus pertained; and is
relatively shorter than the vertebre of that species.

Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

32700 a. The centrum of an apparently associated anterior caudal.
vertebra; from Curcy. Transverse diameter 0,123,
vertical diameter 128, length 0,050. This specimen also.
closely resembles the caudals of I. platyodon, and is very
different from the caudal from Normandy (No. 32694)
provisionally referred to J. zetlandicus. Tesson Collection.

32700 b. The centrum of a later caudal vertebra of the same
individual. Tesson Collection.

Specifically undetermined specimens of which at least a considerable
number belong to the Longipinnate group. —

R. 319. The left scapula of an individual agreeing in size with the

type of J. lonchiodon; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-

Regis. This bone differs very markedly from the scapula

of the Z. communis group, having the anterior part of the

coracoidal articulation curved upward so as to form a

nearly symmetrieal line with the dorsal border of the
glenoidal cavity. It may belong to J. lonchiodon.

. Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

32396. A smaller left scapula of similar general contour; from
Lyme-Regis. Closely resembles the corresponding bone of
the skeleton of J. tenwirostris, No. 38522, to which species
it may belong. Purchased, 1857.

46563. A larger scapula of similar general type, but with the
anterior border emarginate; from Lyme- Regis.
Purchased, 1875.

R. 1175. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a left scapula of the type
of No. 32396, but smaller; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 107

R. 267. A crushed left scapula of similar type; from Lyme-Regis.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 267 a. A crushed scapula of the same size but of the type of
No. 46563. Egerton Collection.

R. 267 b. A comparatively small right scapula of the type of that
of I. platyodon; from Lyme-Regis. The anterior ridge
on the dorsal aspect found in the scapula of J. platydon,
No. 481 (p. 101), is not shown, but this may be due to
immaturity. Egerton Collection.

R. 67. An imperfect right scapula of comparatively small size;
from the Upper Lias of Boll, Wurtemberg. This speci-
men is remarkable for the great expansion of the proxi-
mal extremity; it has a well-marked anterior ridge on
the dorsal surface proximally, and distally the anterior
border is emarginate. It cannot be referred to J. latifrons
or to I. zetlandicus.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, 1881.

R. 665. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a very small left scapula,
probably belonging to this group; from Lyme-Regis.
Presented by J. EH. Lee, Esq., 1885.

2036*. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the coracoids, and both
ventral and dorsal aspects of the anterior part of the
vertebral column; from the Lower Lias. The coracoid,
although somewhat larger, agrees in general contour with
the corresponding bone of J. tenwirostris, No. 38522
(p. 84), showing a similar small posterior notch.

No history.

32396. A very similar right coracoid ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased. About 1857.

R. 269. A crushed right coracoid of apparently similar type; from
Lyme-Regis. Egerton Collection.

R. 1189. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the crushed coracoids
of a smaller form; from the Lower Lias. These speci-
mens precisely resemble the coracoid of the above-
mentioned skeleton of J. tenwirostris. No history.

R. 1190. A right coracoid apparently agreeing very closely with
that of the preceding specimen ; from the Lower Lias.
No history.

R.1191. A very similar left coracoid ; from Lower Lias. No history.

108 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA..

28306. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a small left coracoid and
the associated interclavicle; from Lyme-Regis. The

contour of the coracoid closely resembles No. R. 1189.
Purchased, 1853.

47437. A smaller left coracoid; horizon and locality unknown.
Small Cidaris-spines preserved in the matrix are like
Jurassic forms. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

40112. An associated right and left coracoid of similar general type
| to those of No. 2036*, but of considerably larger size:
from JLyme-Regis. These specimens may perhaps be

referable either to J. platyodon or J. lonchiodon.
Purchased. About 1866.

- 16080. Fragment of sandstone exhibiting one lateral and the distal

aspect of a medium-sized humerus ; from the Middle Lias .

of Bugbrook, Northamptonshire. Purchased. About 1840.

28119. Slab exhibiting one aspect of a flattened humerus re-
markable for its great distal expansion; probably from
Lyme-Regis. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

40123. A rather smaller flattened humerus of similar type; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased. About 1866.

28999. A large and somewhat flattened humerus, imperfect distally ;
probably from Lyme-Regis. Diwon Collection.

28507. A flattened humerus or femur, with slight distal expansion ;
from Lyme-Regis. Probably belongs to a small individual
of I. platyodon. Dixon Collection.

28285. An imperfect bone which is apparently an ilium of a large
form, probably J. platyodon ; from Lyme-Regis.

Purchased, 1858.

32395. An apparently similar bone; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased.

40123 a. A smaller bone of similar type ; from Lyme-Regis.
‘ Purchased. About 1866.

Specimens from the Inas of which the Serial Position rs uncertain.
(Unless rt is stated to the contrary the specimens are Lower
Inassic.)

R. 1198. A polished slab showing on either side a vertical and longi-
tudinal section of the anterior part of the skeleton of a com-
paratively small Ichthyosaur ; locality unknown. Men-
tioned by Egerton in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. Ve
p. 188, note. Purchased at the sale of Bullock's Museum.

ICHTHYOSAURID&. 109

R. 1199. Slab exhibiting the cerebral aspect of the hinder portion
of the cranium and a part of one mandibular ramus of a
considerably larger specimen; probably from Lyme-Regis.
The contour of the foramen magnum, of the supratem-
poral fossee, and of the orbits is preserved. The basi-
occipital has the stapes still articulating with it on the
right, and the right quadrate remains in a displaced
position. No history.

2040. Slab showing the posterior portion of the cranium of a
(fig.) comparatively small individual, with the component bones
displaced ; from Lyme-Regis. This specimen exhibits the
basioccipital, basisphenoid, presphenoid, quadrate, exoc-
cipitals, supraoccipitals, parietals, and columellas. It is
described and the columella of the right side figured by
A. Smith Woodward in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, pp. 405—
406, fig. 1. Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

44027. Two transverse sections from the anterior portion of the
rostrum of a comparatively large skull; from Lyme-Regis.

Not improbably belonging to L. communis.
Purchased, 1878.

28287. The basioccipital of a very large individual; from Lyme-Regis.
Probably belongs to I. platyodon. Purchased, 1853.

47430. A smaller basioccipital; from Lyme-Regis. This specimen
is specifically distinct from the preceding.
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

41320. A much smaller basioceipital ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1869.

R. 260. A very similar specimen ; from Lyme-Regis.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

2081*. A basioccipital agreeing in size with No. 41320, but be-
longing to a distinct species; from Lyme-Regis.
Hawkins Collection.

2123*. A very similar specimen ; from Lyme-Regis.
Hawkins. Collection.

R. 1203. A basioccipital specifically distinct from the preceding ;
from Lyme-legis. No history.

R.1203 a. A crushed basioccipital with the exoccipital in apposition ;
from Lyme-Regis. No history.

ly eae
F De ul A nee:
} oa

4

}

110 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

43166. The basisphenoid of a large individual; from Lyme-Regis.
The Eustachian canal is well shown.
Wetherell Collection. Purchased, 1871.

2062*. The basioccipital and basisphenoid of a smaller individual ;
from Lyme-Regis. A vertebral centrum is attached to
this specimen. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1204. A smaller basioccipital and: basisphenoid ; from Lyme-
Regis. Presented by Sir P. de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart.

R.1204a. A small basioccipital, with three associated cervical
vertebree. Figured by Egerton in the ‘Trans Geol. Soc.’
ser. 2, vol, v. pl. xiv. fig. 7. Same history.

R. 1508. A basisphenoid agreeing in size with the corresponding
bone of the preceding specimen ; from Lyme-Regis.
No history.

R. 266. A smaller basisphenoid ; from Lyme-Regis.
Egerton Collection.

28328. The imperfect right quadrate of a very large form; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1853.

28507. Slab showing the crushed right quadrate of a smaller form ;
from Lyme-Regis. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

32396. The crushed left quadrate of a comparatively large in-
dividual; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased. About 1857.

2147*, Two specimens of the articular bone of the mandible of a
relatively large form; from Lyme-Regis.
Hawkins Collection.

42296. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the imperfect mandible
of a comparatively small form; from Lyme-Regis. The
teeth are small and slender. : Purchased, 1870.

- 40110. The anchylosed centra of the atlas and axis vertebra of a
(Fig.) comparatively large form; from Lyme-Regis. Figured
by Egerton in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. v. pl. xiv.
figs. 1-2. The intercentrum is wanting. Purchased.

R. 1205. A considerably smaller specimen of the same compound
(Fig.) element; from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Egerton, op. cit.
pl. xiv. fig. 12. The intercentrum is present and the
specimen closely accords with the preceding in contour.
Presented by Sir P. de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart.

ICHTHYOSAURID. 111

R. 1205 a. The centra of a considerably smaller atlas and axis
(Fig.) vertebrae; from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Egerton, op. czt.
pl. xiv. fig. 3. The two centra are separate, but the

intercentrum is anchylosed to the axis. |
Presented by Sir P. Egerton, Bart,

R. 1509. The anchylosed centra of the atlas, axis, and third cervical
vertebre of a slightly larger form; from Lyme-Regis.
The intercentral facets between the atlas and axis are
distinctly shown. No history.

R. 265. The anchylosed centra of the atlas and axis vertebree of
a very small individual ; from Lyme-Regis.
Egerton Collection.

R. 1205 b. The cranial intercentrum of a very large individual ;
Fig.) from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Egerton, op. cit. pl. xiv.
figs. 4-6. Presented by Sir P. Egerton, Bart.

R. 262. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra of a medium-
sized form; from Lyme-Regis. The terminal faces are
pentagonal and subcordiform, with the upper costal articu-
lation partly confluent with the neurapophysial facet.

Eyerton Collection.

16052. The centrum of a larger cervical vertebra; from the Upper
Lias of Blisworth, Northamptonshire. Found in 1837 by
Miss Baker. Purchased.

2074*. The centrum of a small cervical vertebra; from Lyme-Regis.
Hawkins Collection.

R. 68-69. The centra of the anchylosed atlas and axis, and of several
cervical vertebrx, together with several of the neural arches
and spines ; from the Upper Lias of Boll, Wiirtemberg.
The suture between the atlas and axis is obliterated.
These specimens not improbably belong to J. acutirostris.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, 1881.

23011. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra of a comparatively large

species; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1848.

33182. The centrum of a posterior dorsal vertebra agreeing in size

with the preceding ; from Lyme-Regis.

Purchased. About 1844.

2070*. The imperfect centra of two caudal vertebrae cemented to-
gether by matrix; from Lyme-Regis or Street.

Hawkins Collection.

an he
dpe a3

ag ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

40111. The centrum of a smaller caudal vertebra; from Lyme-
Regis. Purchased.

R. 308. One half of the centra of two posterior caudal vertebre of
a large form, which have been vertically and longi-
tudinally bisected ; from the Upper(?) Lias of Altdorf,
Franconia. By exchange.

R. 1207. Polished slab showing a section of two large vertebral
| _ centra; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

R. 1208. Polished slab exhibiting a section of five smaller vertebral
centra; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

R. 1209. Polished slab showing a section of seven still smaller
vertebral centra ; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

28509. Eleven associated centra of the caudal vertebre of a large
form; from Lyme-Regis. These specimens are probably
referable to J. platyodon.

Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

41647. A segment from the middle of a large caudal vertebra;
from Lyme-Regis.
Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.

1229. An anterior caudal vertebra of a comparatively small form,
wanting the extremity of the neural spine; from the
Upper Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire. Purchased.

R. 1200. Slab exhibiting the left lateral aspect of the hinder part
of the caudal region; probably from Barrow-on-Soar,
Leicestershire. No hastory.

R. 1201. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the hinder part of the.
caudal region of a rather smaller form; from Street,
Gloucestershire. No history.

R. 1202. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of the extremity of
the caudal region and one pelvic bone of a smaller form ;
probably from Street. No history.

R. 1206. Slab exhibiting the dorsal aspect of the interclavicle of a
medium-sized form ; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

28962. The interclavicle of a small individual ; from Lyme-Regis.

Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

R. 1210. The transverse portion of the interclavicle of a very large
form ; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

ICHTHYOSAURID®. 3

List oF SPECIES NOT MENTIONED ABOVE.

The forms indicated by the under-mentioned names cannot be
classified, and it is probable that several of the European ones are
synonyms of those already mentioned.

Ichthyosaurus equalis, Phillips’. Kimeridge Clay, England.

i angustidens, Seeley °. Up. Chalk, England.

=P atavus, Quenstedt’*. Mid. Trias, Germany.

e australis, M‘Coy*. Cretaceous, Queensland.

se australis, Hector ; see hectorz.

E carinatus, Sauvage’. Up. Trias, France.
? =Mixosaurus.

in ceramensis, Martin’. (?) Cretaceous, Ceram.

= chalorodirus, Seeley’. Kimeridge Clay, England.

5 contformis, Harlan’. Low. Lias, England.

£ crassicostatus, Theodori®. Up. Lias, Bavaria.

= gaudensis, Hulke*®. Reputed Miocene, Malta.

“ hectori, Lydekker. (?) Trias, New Zealand.
Syn. I. australis, Hector * (? = Mixosaurus).

" hexagonus, Theodori*’. Up. Lias, Bavaria.

i hygrodirus, Seeley *. Kimeridge Clay, England.

ingens, Theodori*. Up. Lias, Bavaria.

3 macrophthalmus’, Theodori. Up. Lias, Bavaria.

Fs marathonensis, Etheridge*®. Mesozoic, Aus-
tralia.

= megalodirus, Seeley “. Oxford Clay, England.

is nordenskioeldi, Hulke’*. Trias (?), Spitzbergen.

1 Geology of Oxford, p. 339 (1871).

2 Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. xv (1869).

3 Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde, p. 129 (1852).

4 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 355 (1867). See also Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxviii. p. 278.

5 Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. vii. art. 6 (1876). See also vol. xiv. art. 3, pp. 14, 17,
pls. vii.-ix. (1883).

6 Samml. Geol. Mus. Leid. ser. 1, vol. iv. p. 74 (1888). T Op. cit. p. =X.
§ Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. ser. 1, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 339 (1824). 7

® Beschreibung d. Lchihyosaurus trigonodon, p. 60 (Munich, 1854).

19 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxvii. p. 29 (1871). i

" Trans. N. Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 355 (1874).—Preoccupied by M‘Coy.

? Op. cit. p. 55. 18 (On, Ct. XX 14 Op. cit. p. 69.
W Thid. p. 64.

16 Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 408 (1888).

M1 - Op. cit. p. xxi.

18 Bihang K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. vol. i. no. 9, p. 4 (1873).

PART II. ; I

ae

114 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

Ichthyosaurus planartus, Theodori’. ~ Up. Lias, Bavaria.

; polaris, Hulke*. ‘Trias (?), Spitzbergen.
ss rheticus, Sauvage *. Up. Trias, France.
(?) =Mixosaurus.
se triscissus, Quenstedt*. Up. Lias, Wurtemberg.

The name J. latimanus, as noticed above, must be discarded.
The names J. bonneyt, I. doughtyi, and I. platymerus, Seeley, and
I. advenus, Phillips, are merely MS. ones; the first three being
applied to specimens from the Cambridge Greensand, and the fourth
to vertebree from the Stonesfield Slate. J. walkeri, Seeley, has been
made the type of Cetarthrosaurus (vide supra, Pt. 1. p. 270).

Genus MIXOSAURUS, Baur’.

Humerus and femur articulating distally with two bones; radius
and ulna much longer than broad, and separated from one another
by an interval throughout their length.

This genus, which is at present unrepresented in the Museum, is
founded upon Ichthyosaurus cornalianus, Basani*, from the Trias of
Italy ; but it may prove that the other Triassic forms are likewise
referable to it. In the type species the teeth are small and less
numerous than is usually the case in Jchthyosaurus. The founder
of the genus refers it to a distinct family.

COPROLITES OF ICHTHYOPTERYGIANS AND SAUROPTERYGIANS.

a. From the Lower Lias.
(Unless stated to the contrary, from Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire.)

28716. A large and somewhat imperfect specimen. Purchased, 1853.

33284, A large specimen with one side weathered. ‘Traces of fish-scales are
visible. Purchased, 1858.

R. 1275. Part of a very large specimen.

Harford Collection. Purchased, 1888.

24769. A large weathered specimen, with one side ground down. Numerous

fragments of fish-scales are shown. Purchased, 1849.
24769 a. Part of a large specimen. Purchased, 1849.
24769 b. Fragment of a large specimen. Purchased, 1849.

1 Beschreib. d. lehthyosaurus trigonodon, p. 57 (1854).

2 Bihang K. Sevensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. vol. i. no. 9, p. 3 (1878).
3 Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. vii. art. 6 (1876).

* Die Jura, p. 218 (1858).

5 Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 840 (1887). See also Bericht xxth Versamml.

Oberrhein. geol. Ver. p. 20 (1887).
§ Atti Soc. Ital. .Sci. Nat. vol. xxix. p. 20 (1886).

e

COPROLITES, - 115

24769 c, An imperfect large Erectmen showing numerous small fish-scales.
Purchased, 1849.

24769 d, A small specimen, in a somewhat flattened condition. Same history.

43063. A small and somewhat imperfect specimen. Purchased, 1871.
41285, A large weathered specimen, with a portion of one side wanting.
Numerous fish-scales are shown. Purchased, 1869.

R. 1402, A large weathered specimen, containing numerous fish-scales, &c.
No history.

41285 a, A large specimen, wanting the greater part of the outer layer.
Purchased, 1869.

41285 b, A large specimen, somewhat flattened, and with one side weathered.
Purchased, 1869.

41285 c, A large specimen, with one side wanting ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1869.

41285 d. An imperfect and flattened large specimen, showing numerous
portions of fish-scales. Purchased, 1869.

41285 e, A decomposed specimen containing numerous fish-scales.
Purchased, 1869.

41285 f., Part of a large specimen, with one side much decomposed,
Purchased, 1869.

41285 g, An imperfect and somewhat disintegrated specimen. Fish-scales
are numerous, Purchased, 1869.

41285 h. Part of a large specimen, showing fish-scales and bones.
Purchased, 1869.

33284 a. A large specimen, with one end imbedded in matrix and partly
decomposed. Purchased, 1858.

R. 280. A very large imperfect specimen.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 280 a. Part of a large specimen. This specimen contains five vertebra
(four in natural ‘apposition) and other bones of a small Jehthyosaurus.
Egerton Collection,

9066*, A partly decomposed specimen in matrix. Figured by Hawkins in his

(Fig.) ‘Great Sea Dragons,” pl. xxix. ; collected by Miss Anning in 1832.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

2066* a. A partly decomposed specimen in matrix. Figured by Hawkins,

(Fig.) pl.xxx. This specimen contains fish-scales and two vertebra of a small
Ichthyosaurus, Hawkins Collection.

9102*, A large imperfect specimen. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxix.

(Fig.) Hawkins Collection,

2103*. An imperfect specimen contained in a water-worn pebble, of which one

(Fig.) side has been cut and polished. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxix.
Hawkins Collection,

2105*. Fragment of rock containing what may be coprolitic matter. Figured

(Fig.) by Hawkins, pl. xxx. Hawkins Collection.
12

116 ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.

2107*, A small specimen, with one side decomposed. Figured by Hawkins

Cig.) Tip. xxx. Hawkins Collection.
2108*, A decomposed and flattened small specimen. Figured by Hawkins,
G@ig:) spl. xxx: Hawkins Collection.
2109*. Fragment of rock containing what may be part of a small coprolite.
(fig.) Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxx. Hawkins Collection.
2110*. A somewhat similar specimen. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxx.

(Fig.) Hawkins Collection.
2111*, A somewhat similar specimen. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxx.

(Fig.) Hawkins Collection.
2112*, A specimen of the same type. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxx.

(Fig.) Hawkins Collection.
2113*. A small specimen of similar type. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxx.
(iig.) Hawkins Collection.
2114”, A similar specimen. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxx. :
(fig.) Hawkins Collection.

2115*, A small and partly decomposed specimen ; from Street, near Glastonbury,
(fig.) Somersetshire. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxix. Hawkins Collection.

2116*. A somewhat similar specimen. Figured by Hawking, pl. xxix.
(i%q.) Hawkins Collection.
2117*. Part of a large and partially decomposed specimen. Figured by Haw-
(Fig.) kins, pl. xxix. A number of small fish-scales are shown.

Hawkins Collection.
9118*, Fragment of rock containing a small and weathered specimen.
(Fig.) Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxix. Hawkins Collection.

2119*, A crushed and weathered specimen of medium size, showing a number of
(Fig.) small fish-scales. Figured by Hawkins, pl. xxix. Hawkins Collection.

9120*, One half of a large specimen, with the outer surface worn smooth,
and the inner one polished. Hawkins Collection.

9652. Cast of a large imperfect specimen. The original, which contains
numerous fish-scales, is figured by Buckland in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soe.’
ser. 2, vol. il. pl. xxix. fig. 1. This and the other specimens figured
on the same and the preceding plate were the first of which the true

nature was recognized. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1888.
9966. Cast of a smaller specimen. Original figured by Buckland, op. cit.
pl. xxviii. fig. 2. Mantell Collection.
9966 a. Cast of a rather larger specimen, Original figured by Buckland,
op. cit. pl. xxviii. fig. 7. Mantell Collection.
96517, Cast of a large specimen, with one surface decomposed. Original
figured by Buckland, op. cit. pl. xxviii. fig. 9. Mantell Collection.

9660. Cast of a large imperfect specimen. Original figured by Buckland,
op. cit. pl. xxviii, fig. 4: Mantelt Collection.

33984 b, Part of a very large specimen, with one side decomposed. Small
fish-scales are abundant, and the impressions of the vessels on the
surface of the intestine are well shown. Purchased, 1858.

COPROLITES, 117

33284 c, Fragment of a very similar specimen. . Mantell Collection.

R. 396. Part of a very large specimen containing jaws of Evgnathus.
Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

41285 i. Portion of a large imperfect specimen, with one side ground down.
Numerous fish-remains are scattered through this specimen.
Purchased, 1869.

41285 j. A medium-sized specimen, with one side cut away and the surface
polished. Purchased, 1869.

41285 k, A medium-sized specimen, with one side cut away and the surface
polished. Purchased, 1869.

41285 1, A large water-worn specimen, with one side cut and polished.
Purchased, 1869.

41285 m. A comparatively large and water-worn specimen, with a slice cut
away from one side and the surface polished. Purchased, 1869.

41285 n. A smaller water-worn specimen, with one side cut and polished.
Purchased, 1869.

41285 o. A small water-worn specimen, with one side cut and polished.
Purchased, 1869.

11247. An imperfect specimen, with one side cut and polished.
Manitell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

44813, One longitudinal half of a worn and comparatively large specimen,
with the inner surface polished ; from Charmouth, Dorsetshire.
Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

44813 a. Part of one longitudinal half of a specimen, with the inner surface
polished ; from Charmouth. Same history.

41645. One longitudinal half of a large flattened specimen, with the inner
surface polished. Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.

41645 a. An imperfect longitudinal half of a medium-sized specimen, with
the inner surface polished. Toulmin-Smith Collection.

20564. A longitudinal slice from the middle of a large specimen, with one
side polished ; from Charmouth, Purchased, 1845.

920564 a. A somewhat similar specimen; from Charmouth. Purchased, 1849.

R. 1403. Part of a large worn specimen, with one side cut and polished.
No history.

R.1404. Longitudinal section of a very large and partially decomposed
specimen. No history.

R. 280 b. Transverse section of a specimen. Egerton Collection,

b. From the Upper Lias.

33185. Slab of rock showing a partially decomposed and flattened specimen ;
from Boll, Wirtemberg. Purchased.

118 SAUROPTERYGIA,

SYNAPTOSAURIAN BRANCH.

iE the two orders—Sauropterygia and Chelonia—cf this branch
the following common features may be noted :—

Quadrate firmly attached to cranium ; palate more or less com-
pletely closed, the pterygoids usually extending forwards to unite
with the vomers, when the latter are present ; one or two temporal
arcades; and a parietal foramen at least inthe young. No sclerotic
plates. Dorsal ribs as a rule with single heads’, and articulating
either at the junction of two centra, or with a facet or transverse
process placed entirely on the arch; cervical ribs, when present,
articulating with double or single facets placed on the centrum.
No uncinate processes to ribs. Sacral ribs connected with the
vertebrae by upper and lower articulations. Hither abdominal ribs
or a plastron on ventral aspect of body. Chevrons, when present,
attached mainly or entirely to the posterior border of the centra;
not more than two sacrals.

In the pectoral girdle the precoracoid?, when present, anchylosing
to the scapula; and in the pelvis the pubis and ischium with flat
and expanded ventral surfaces, while the obturator foramen may
be completed by the union of the ischium with the pubis of the same
side. Limb-bones and vertebral centra with roughened epiphysial
terminal surfaces. The humerus may have either an entepicondylar
(ulnar) foramen, or an ectepicondylar groove, or both of these
together, or neither ; and the tarsus may be of a very primitive type.
Both pairs of limbs are present, and are generally subequal in length.

Order SAUROPTERYGIA.

Body devoid of exoskeleton ; with the neck more or less elon-
gated, and the tail short. Superior temporal arcade present °® ;

narial apertures double and more or less approximated to orbit ;

‘ Baur (Journ. Morphol. vol. i. p. 97) regards these heads as morphologically
double, owing to the union of capitulum and tuberculum.

? Huxley, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,’ Ist ed. pp. 206, 222, re-
gards the precoracoidal process of the Lavertian coracoid as homologous with
the Chelonian and Amphibian precoracoid.

3 Huxley, ‘ Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,’ Ist ed. p. 212, considered that
there were twe arcades ; but Baur, ‘ Journ. Morphol.’ vol. i. p. 97, rightly states
that the lower one is wanting

SAUROPTERYGIA. 119

premaxilla very large ; a parietal foramen in the adult ; a transverse
bone ; a distinct prefrontal ; postorbital in some cases separate from
postfrontal ; and mandibular symphysis uniting by suture. Teeth
with sharp curved crowns and fluted enamel ; implanted in distinct
sockets, and confined to the margins of the jaws. ach rib articu-
lating to a single vertebra; and in the cervical region the costal
facets single or double ; caudal ribs present. Vertebre: amphiccelous,
with the neuro-central suture persistent or obliterated; costal
articulations on the centra of the cervicals and caudals, and on the
arches of the dorsals'; the latter usually having distinct transverse
processes. Cheyrons present. In the pectoral girdle’ the coracoids
uniting in a ventral symphysis; and the scapule either meeting in
the median line, or more or less widely separated by the intervention
of a single or triple ossification correlated by Hulke with the omo-
sternum; the clavicles and interclavicles according to this view
being wanting. Limbs variable, being apparently adapted in part
for progression on land in the more generalized, but converted into
paddles in the more specialized forms ; humerus and femur always
of considerable length; phalangeals elongated, and no additional
digits developed.

Habits carnivorous ; marine or terrestrial.

A remarkable peculiarity of the limb-bones is worth notice. In
the later forms at least the terminal epiphyses of the humerus and
femur were cnormously developed, forming two cones (fig. 46, p. 149),
which may meet at their apices in the middle of the bone, and thus
reduce the shaft to what may be described as a pair of cups united
together at their bases, and having deeply conical cavities.

The skull has a parieto-squamosal (post-temporal) bar.

1 The vertebree in which the costal articulation is partly on the arch and
partly on the centrum may be termed “ pectoral” in the anterior, and lumbo-
sacral or lumbar in the posterior region of the column.

2 Great difference of opinion has arisen in the interpretation of the pectoral
arch. Seeley regards the portion here termed omosternum as the clavicle and
interclavicles, and considers, with Huxley, that the whole of the bone here
termed scapula really is so. Hulke, however, Proc. Geol. Soc. for 1883,
pp. 45-50, regards the ventral plates (pe. or p.cor. of figures) of these bones as
corresponding to the precoracoid of the Chelonia ; a correlation which is some-
what difficult to accept in view of their absence in Nothosaurus. 'The deep-
seated position of the bones termed omosternum appears to be in favour of
Hulke’s interpretation. The suggestion that the ventral plates of the scapula
are clavicular is clearly u ntehable,

120 - SAUROPTERYGIA.

Family PLESIOSAURIDA.

In the skull (when known) the pterygoids diverging posteriorly ;
a small infraorbital foramen on either side of the palate’. Pectoral
vertebre with a single costal articulation lying partly on the arch
and partly on centrum; dorsals with long transverse processes.
Scapule with large ventral (precoracoidal) plates; coracoids with
very long median symphysis, extending up to or in advance of
scapular articulation. Pubis without foramen. Humerus and
femur of moderate length and much expanded distally, without
foramen or groove ; both these bones (propodials) much larger than
epipodials (radius and ulna, and tibula and fibula), which are more
or less laterally expanded ; phalangeals increased beyond the normal
number, without terminal claws. Limbs probably invested in a
common integument, and serving as paddles.

The humerus and femur may articulate distally with three bones,
of which the serial homology is the same as in the Ichthyopterygia
(supra, p. 5).

This family is divided by Seeley® into the Phosauride,
Elasmosauride, and Plesiosauride, and if it be considered desirable
to split up the genera here adopted some such division would be
then necessary.

Genus PLIOSAURUS, Owen’.

Syn. Ischyrodon, Meyer’.
Spondylosaurus, Fischer °.
Lnopleurodon, Sauvage °.

Skull relatively very large, sone with moderately long man-
dibular symphysis, which usually extends to the 7th tooth’, and
the premaxillary and opposing lower teeth enlarged. Teeth large
and stout, with strongly marked ridges, and generally a pair of
carine, which are frequently separated by a smooth space. Neck

1 In the skull of Thawmatosaurus megacephalus figured by Sollas in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvii. p. 472, fig. 8, the bones marked as
palatines (P/.) are really the pterygoids, which reach forward in the usual
manner to articulate with the vomer, as in the skull of Plesiosawrus dolichodirus,
No. 41101 (infra).

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. pp. 445, 449.

Odontography, pt. ii. p. 282 (1841).

Neues Jahrb. 1838, p. 414.—Description insufficient,

Bull. Soc. Moscou, vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 843 (1845).

Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. i. p. 877 (1873).

Tn the figure of P. brachydirus given by Phillips the postsymphysial portion
of the mandible has been crushed together, so as to make the fee a appear
longer.

I onounrrw bd

(‘wang waxfy) ‘“poonper ATyea.19
“QATYSJOSLO(T JO SVITT AOMOTT OY} WHOTT S MOJOTOYS OY} JO WOTPVAoysay—'spoydao0/onU (-f2) SnunnsorsaAT —'CE “Si

re Et) p
SS ened ein Learnt hy “

122 SAUROPTERYGIA.

short, with the anterior vertebre large. Vertebre with the
arches and cervical ribs articulating to the centrum only by syn-
chondrosis, and with flat zygapophyses; cervicals (fig. 38) with
very short centra, which in the anterior region carry two distinct
costal facets and have very slightly cupped terminal faces, but in
the posterior region have flattened faces and single facets; dorsals
with flat faces and a forward overhang of upper part of centrum.
Centra of middle cervicals with subcylindrical terminal faces, but

Restoration of the pectoral girdle of Pliosawrus. Reduced. se, scapula ;
p.cor, ventral (precoracoidal) plate of do.; gl, glenoid cavity; cor, coracoid.
The scapula is taken from No. 31933 (p. 148), and the coracoid from that of
P. evansi.

those at the extremities of the series with the same faces trans-
versely elliptical’. Pectoral girdle (fig. 36) of the general type of
that of Peloneustes (infra), the ventral plates of the scapule either
meeting in the median line or perhaps separated by a small omo-
sternum ; coracoids apparently not produced in advance of glenoid
cavity. Ventral plates of scapule large, broad, and flat, the dorsal
portion being relatively smaller than in Vhaumatosaurus (imfrda).
In the pelvis the pubis nearly square ; ischia elongated (as in fig. 44).
In the adult the pubis may have joined the ischium to form an
obturator foramen. Humerus shorter than femur, and articulating
with only the radius and ulna, which are shortened, oblong, and —
separated by a very small interval.

1 This character is shown by some associated series in the Woodwardian
Museum, Cambridge. ‘

ere’ ©. ‘at
aa / gee 2 =>

' PLESIOSAURIDZ. 533

It may be observed that in young individuals the terminal faces
of the cervical vertebra are much flatter than in the adult; and the
ischia (fig. 44) are less elongated.

There has been considerable confusion as to the species which
should be regarded as the type of thisgenus. Thuson page 51 of the
‘Proc. Geol. Assoc.’ for 1883 it is stated by Hulke that the genus
was formed by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841, pp. 60-63
(1842), for the reception of the two species originally designated by
him Plesiosaurus grandis and Plesiosaurus trochantertus. A reference
to pp. 64, 65 of the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ tom. cit. shows, however, that
this is a misapprehension, and that the type is undoubtedly the im-
perfect skeleton in the Oxford Museum from the Kimeridge Clay of
Market-Rasen, Lincolnshire, originally described under the name of
Pliosaurus brachydivus in Owen’s ‘ Odontography,’ pt. 11. (1841).
Owen himself has, however, shifted his ground, since, in his ‘ Fossil
Reptilia of the Kimeridge Clay ’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 6 (1869),
he takes the name Pliosaurus grandis for the type of the genus, and
suggests that P. brachydirus is merely a variety of the same. This
departure from the original view is, however, inadmissible ; and there
is, moreover (as Hulke has pointed out), no evidence to show that
the humerus or femur on which Plesiosaurus grandis was founded
does really belong to that genus.

Pliosaurus brachydirus, Owen’.

Syn. Plesiosaurus giganteus, Conybeare *. ;

The type species. Considerably smaller than P. macromerus.
Teeth (fig. 37) with the carine strongly developed, and the intercarinal
space large and flat, without any trace of vertical ridges; 35 teeth
in lower jaw, and mandibular teeth increasing in size till the 12th
cervical vertebra without bevelled edges to the terminal faces of the
centra, with the costal facets moderately prominent, unequal, and not
deeply excavated; and in the anterior region with a mammilla
surrounding the central puncture ; texture of bone very fine and
smooth. Humerus and femur with small proximal trochanter ;
femur with the shaft suddenly contracted in the middle, and ex-
panding gradually at both extremities.

The dimensions of one of the later cervical vertebra of the type skele-
ton are :—length 0,041 (1°6 inches), height 0,086 (3:4 inches), and
width 0,099 (3:9 inches) ; the length being less than half the width.

All the known examples are from the Kimeridge Clay.

Hab. Europe (England).

' Odontography, pt. ii. p. 283 (1841).
* Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 889 (1824).—Insufficiently charac-
terized.

124 - SAUROPTERYGIA.

46796. A considerable portion of the skeleton ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Swindon, Wiltshire. The bones remaining are as
follows :—The nearly entire mandible, with the anterior
portion of the cranium in apposition. The centra of two
cervical and of two anterior dorsal vertebra, and the neural
arches and spines of two vertebre. Fragments of the
pectoral girdle: the imperfect humerus of either side ; the
somewhat imperfect femora; the united tibia and fibula of
one side; the tibia of the opposite side ; and a number of

_ Fig. 37.

W\I
HAW
I
N\\\
NN
WAV a ANY
AS WW
A | aly
1 Hl a RN
fai il y Wie
HA Wye \
i \
AN (
| ANA E |
ul
HAW BB
ie) WRN te!
Nil

Kimeridge Clay of Ely. 4.

tarsal and a few phalangeal bones. Compared with the
bones of the type skeleton figured by Phillips in his
‘Geology of Oxford,’ pp. 342 et seq., the following points
may be noticed. The total length of the mandible is a
little short of five feet, about one fifth’ of this length
being formed by the symphysis; and these dimensions
coincide very closely with those of the type mandible. The
number of the teeth cannot be determined. One of the
cervicals (6) is from the middle region of the neck, and,
although much broken, shows that the contour of the
terminal faces was subcircular. The second cervical (a),
which is also crushed, has its terminal faces transversely
ellipsoidal, and appears to have been later in the series ;
it apparently closely resembles the type anterior cervical
represented in fig. 38, showing the strongly marked
mammilla. The dorsal agrees with the specimen figured
by Phillips on p. 346; its length being 0,065 (2°6 inches),
and the width 0,105 (4:2 inches). The femur and tibia
seem also to agree precisely with the corresponding bones
of the pelvic limb figured by Phillips on p. 352.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

* See note 7, p. 120,

I

PLESIOSAURID®. 195

41776 a. The centrum of a posterior cervical vertebra in a some-
what crushed condition; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Length 0,050 (2 inches), height
0,082 (3:24 inches), width 0,108 (4:25 inches). The
costal facet appears to be single, and the specimen closely
resembles the posterior cervical represented in fig. 38;
the contour of the terminal face is ellipsoidal, and there is

no mammilla round the median pit. Purchased, 1867.
Fig, 38.
1 2 3

vin

Uf

erin yy }
BD Pa~
Re
NU \
iM, \

Pliosaurus brachydirus.—Left lateral (1), anterior (2), and superior (3), aspects
of an anterior, and left lateral (1) and anterior (2) aspects of a posterior
cervical centrum; from the Kimeridge Clay of Market-Rasen. 3. (After
Phillips.)

42282. The centrum of a later cervical vertebra ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of the Isle of Portland, Dorsetshire. Length 0,060
(2°35 inches), width 0,100 (3-95 inches), height 0,078
(3:15 inches). The upper part of the costal facet impinges
on the facet for the arch. Purchased, 1869.

24684. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra probably belonging to this
species ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett,
Wiltshire. Length 0,083 (3:24 inches), height 0,096
(3°34 inches), width 0,115 (4:5 inches). The base of the
neural canal is comparatively wide, moderately contracted
in its anterior third, and slightly expanded posteriorly.
This specimen closely resembles the dorsal from Shotover
figured by Phillips on p. 346 as probably belonging to
this species ; and agrees in relative size with the preceding
vertebra. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

126

SAUROPTERYGIA.

32703. The centrum of a smaller dorsal vertebra, agreeing in general

characters with the preceding, and perhaps belonging to
a small individual of this form; from the Kimeridge
Clay, locality unknown, but not improbably foreign. The
base of the neural canal is imperfect, but the coarser
structure of the bone distinguishes it from the equal-sized
immature dorsal No. 20280 (p. 142).

Tesson Oollection. Purchased, 1857.

24805. The centrum of a lumbar (?) vertebra agreeing in size with

No. 24684, and provisionally referred to this species ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
The base of the neural canal is hourglass-shaped, and
most expanded posteriorly. The specimen presents a
considerable resemblance to the one figured by Phillips on
p. 347. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

46467. The centrum of a very similar vertebra, probably associated

24805 a.

with the preceding; from Foxhangers. ‘The specimen
appears to have been rather later in the series than the
last. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

The centrum of what is apparently an anterior caudal
vertebra; from Foxhangers. This specimen doubtless
belonged to the same individual as the preceding. The
base of the neural canal in place of being hourglass-shaped
has become long and narrow, with slight terminal expan-
sions. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

R. 205. An associated series of centra of lumbar and caudal vertebree-

probably belonging to this species; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Kimeridge Bay. ‘These specimens agree in relative
size with Nos. 42282, 41776 a, and resemble those figured
on p. 847 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford’ (fig. 141 being
turned the wrong way up).

Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.

The following specimens are provisionally referred to this species, since
they apparently agree m relative size with the vertebra.

R. 287. The right scapula; from the Kimeridge Clay of Shotover,

near Oxford. This bone has the same general contour as
the immature scapula No. 31933 (p. 148), but the sym-
physial portion of the ventral plate is more expanded
antero-posteriorly, a character which may be due to the
adult condition of the present specimen. The diameter

PLESIOSAURID®. 127

e. from the glenoid cavity to the middle of the median sym-
: physis is 0,407 (16 inches) and the vertical diameter of
: the ventral plate 0,300 (11°8 inches).

a | Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

31801. The glenoidal portion of the left coracoid; from Shotover.
So far as can be determined, this specimen closely resembles
the fragments of the coracoids of No. 46796; and it also
approximates to the coracoid of P. evansi, figured by
Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxiii. p. 722
(as anischium). The diameter of the humeral and scapular
articulations is 0,216 (8°5 inches), or slightly longer than
P, evansi. Purchased. About 1852.

31927. A bone which is apparently the head of an ischium and
was probably associated with the preceding; from Shot-
over. Purchased. About 1852.

47324. The right humerus ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Swindon.
The postaxial border of the distal extremity is imperfect ;
the length is 0,584 (23 inches). ‘This specimen accords
very closely with the imperfect humeri of No. 46796,
and also agrees with the description of the corresponding
bone of the type skeleton given by Phillips on p. 352.

Presented by the Directors of the
Swindon Brick and Tile Company, 1876.

Teeth, of which some probably belong to the present form,
whale others may be referable to P. macromerus.

44600. A crushed tooth of medium size; from Swindon. The crown
is relatively short. Presented by the Directors of the
Swindon Brick and Tile Company, 1873.

46329. The crown of a larger tooth; from Devizes: This agrees
nearly in size with the lower tooth of the type specimen

figured in Owen’s ‘ Odontography,’ pl. Lxviii. fig. 5.
Cunnington Collection.
46329 a. The crown of an equally long, but more slender tooth;
from Devizes. Cunnington Collection.

47958. The crown of a tooth closely resembling No. 46329, but
somewhat taller; from Shotover.
Presented by the Hon, R. Marsham, 1877,

40109. An imperfect smaller tooth ; from Shotover. Purchased.

128 SAUROPTERYGIA.

43071. The crown of a medium-sized tooth; from Ely. Figured
(Fig.) in woodcut, fig. 37. The base has been polished.
Purchased, 1871.

43071 a. The crown of a tooth, agreeing nearly in size with the
preceding ; from Ely. The ridges are very closely
approximated. Part of one side has been polished.

Purchased, 1871.

43071 b. The summit of the crown of a very similar tooth; from
Ely. The base has been polished. Purchased, 1871.

20282. The crown of a medium-sized tooth, of very slender form ;
from Ely. Purchased, 1846.

39790. The basal half of the crown of a very similar tooth; from
the Kimeridge Clay, locality unknown.
Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.

28111. The crown of a tooth closely resembling No. 20282; from
Ely. Presented by James Carter, Esq., 1852.

R. 1251. The crown of a smaller tooth; from Ely.
Presented by R. Lydekker, Esq., 1888.

42371-2. The crowns of three very small teeth ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Purchased, 1870.

43029. The crowns of two medium-sized teeth, one imperfect ; from
Weymouth. Purchased, 1871.

R, 1272. The crown of a large tooth; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Marcham, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire.
Harford Collection. Purchased, 1888.

Pliosaurus evansi, Seeley’.

Of small size. Teeth not improbably of the type described as
P. grossouvret. Cervical vertebre (fig. 39) 19 or 20 in number,
of the general type of those of the preceding species, but the
anterior ones with a hemal carina, and with the edges distinctly —
bevelled and the mammilla slightly developed or absent.

In the fourth cervical of the type (fig. 39) the length is 0,035 (1:4
inches), height 0,059 (2°3 inches), width 0,071 (2°8 inches) ; the
length being half the width. The atlas and axis of the type specimen
are not anchylosed together. ‘The bone figured by Seeley in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxiil. p. 722, fig. 7, as an ischium, but
identified with the coracoid in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. iy.
pp. 478, 479 (1887), is represented in woodcut fig. 36, and is of
1 Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. 116 (1869).

PLESIOSAURID. 129

the general type of the corresponding bone of Peloneustes philarchus.
This species may have been the ancestor of the preceding.

The probability of this species being identical with the French
and Russian forms noticed under the name of P. grossouwvrei is
mentioned under that heading.

Hab. Europe (England).

47837. Cast of the atlas and axis vertebre, with the first intercen-
trum. The original, which belongs to the type skeleton,
was obtained from the Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic) of
Eynsbury, near St. Neots, Huntingdonshire; and is
preserved in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. The
Specimen is noticed by Seeley in his ‘ Index to Aves &c.
in the Cambridge Museum,’ p. 116, and described and
figured in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxiil.
pp. 716, 717, figs. 1, 2. The atlas and axis are not
anchylosed together.

Presented by Prof. H. G. Seeley, 1876.

Fig. 39.

Pliosaurus evansi.—Right lateral and anterior aspects of the centrum of the
fourth cervical vertebra; from the Oxford Clay of Huntingdonshire.
3 nat. size. (From the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)

R. 1243. The centrum ofa middle cervical vertebra; probably from
the Oxford Clay, locality unknown. Length 0,040 (1°58
inches), height 0,076 (3:0 inches), width 0,081 (3°18 inches).
The contour of the terminal faces is subcircular, and the
edges are distinctly bevelled; the upper costal facet is
connected by a ridge with the facet for the neurapophysis,
and there is no hemal carina. This specimen, which
presents every appearance of being adult, cannot be dis-
tunguished from the middle cervicals of the type.

No history.

PART U1. K

130 SAUROPTERYGIA.

** Pliosaurus grossouvrei (Sauvage').

Syn. Lropleurodon grossouvr’ et, Sauvage *.
? Spondylosaurus fearsi, Fischer °.
(?) Phosaurus wosinski, Fischer *.

Founded upon teeth (fig. 40), in which the smooth surface is
convex from side to side, and the carine are not very prominent.
The hinder teeth (judging from the next form) had no carine and .
were ridged on all sides.

These teeth, which approximate in structure to those of Pelo-
neustes philarchus, are very probably specifically identical with
P. evansi. The type specimen is from the Kelloway Rock (Middle
Jurassic).

Plhosaurus grossouvrei.—Crown of a tooth; from the Coral Rag
of Wiltshire. 3.

Spondylosaurus fearst was founded upon two late cervical vertebrae
of a small Pliosaur from the Jurassic of Russia, which are probably
specifically the same as the teeth from the same deposits subsequently
described under the name of Phiosawrus wosinskii. The latter closely
resemble those of the present form. If all the above-mentioned
forms be. specifically the same, the name fearsi has the right of
priority. 8S. fearsi is the type of the genus Spondylosaurus.

Hab. Europe (France, England, and [?| Russia).

+ Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. i. p. 879 (1873).—Liopleurodon.
2 Woe. Cit.

3 Bull. Soc. Moscou, vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 350 (1845).

* Ibid. vol. xix. pt. ii. p. 105 (1846).

PLESIOSAURID 2. 131

47044. The crown of a medium-sized tooth; from the Coral Rag
(fig.) (Middle Jurassic) of Heddington, Wiltshire. This specimen
(woodcut fig. 40), although of rather smaller size, agrees
precisely with the type tooth figured by Sauvage in the

‘ Bull. Soc. Géol. France,’ sér. 3, vol. i. pl. vii. fig. 2.
Brown Collection. Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1852.

36335. The crown of a larger tooth ; from the Coral Rag of Malton
Yorkshire. Purchased, 1862.

36335 a. Fragment of rock showing the concave surface of the
crown of a similar tooth ; from Malton. Purchased, 1862.

36335 b. Fragment of rock exhibiting the convex surface of the
crown of a similar tooth ; from Malton. Purchased, 1862.

36335 c. An imperfect tooth of larger size, in matrix; from Malton
Purchased, 1862.

36335 d. The crown of a small and short tooth ; from Malton.
Purchased, 1862.

36335 e. The crown of a still smaller tooth ; from Malton.
Purchased, 1862.

47971. The crowns of two medium-sized teeth ; from the Coral Rag
of Wheatley, Oxfordshire.
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

47971a. The crowns of two teeth of somewhat smaller size than
the preceding ; from the Coral Rag of Wheatley.
Presented by the Hon. Rh. Marsham, 1877.

Pliosaurus macromerus, Phillips *.

Syn. (?) Ischyrodon meriant, Meyer’.
Pliosaurus grandis, Owen *.
Pliosaurus giganteus, Wagner *.

1 Geology of Oxford, p. 354 (1870). :

2 Neues Jahrb. 1838, p. 414. Although the tooth was figured before the
publication of Phillips’s name it is insufficient for specific diagnosis.

3 Kimeridge Clay Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. ii. p. 1 (1862).—Identified
with Plesiosaurus grandis, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 85.

4 Abh. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. vi. pt. 3, p. 696 (1852). Inapplicable on
account of Plesivsaurus giganteus, Conybeare.

z2

132 SAUROPTERYGIA.

The largest known species. Teeth of the type of those of
P. brachydirus ; apparently 24 in mandible; upper ones increasing
in size till the ninth. Centra of cervical vertebra (fig. 41) with the
costal facets very prominent, subequal in size, and deeply hollowed,
the terminal faces bordered by a groove, and their central puncture
usually surrounded by a mammilla ; the profile much curved by the
overhanging of the upper portion. arly posterior cervicals with a
descending projection on anterior border of hemal surface. Outer
surface of vertebrae very coarse and rough. Humerus and femur
(fig. 43) with distinct proximal trochanter; shaft (especially in the
femur) long, straight, and expanding suddenly at the distal extre-
mity only.

The following are the dimensions of one of the anterior cervical
vertebre figured by Phillips ; viz—Length 0,071 (2:8 inches), height
0,133 (5°3 inches), width 0,143 (5°65 inches).

The specific name was applied to a femur (fig. 43) from the
Kimeridge Clay of Swindon, and Phillips provisionally associated
with this the largest forms of Kimeridgian vertebre. That this
reference is correct there seems but little doubt; and since all the
largest remains from the Kimeridgian agree in relative size with
one another, and, so far as comparison is possible, show no well-
marked characters by which they can be specifically distinguished,
the presumption is that most or all of them belong to a single
species, and they are therefore all provisionally referred to the
present form. It is however, not improbable that some of the
smaller dorsal vertebrae may belong to another form.

The reasons against the employment of the name P. grandis have
been already mentioned. The type tooth of Jschyrodon figured by
Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. i. figs. 1-3, which
was obtained from the Upper Jurassic of Wiirtemberg, presents all
the characters of the teeth of the English Kimeridgian Plosaurs,
and from its large size may be provisionally referred to the present
species. If this reference be correct the name P. meriana should
supersede P. macromerus.

Hab. Europe (England [?] France *, and [?] Wurtemberg).

39362. The imperfect skull; from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper
(Fig.) Jurassic) of Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. ‘The cranium
shows the nearly complete palate, but is imperfect
superiorly and posteriorly; while the mandible is nearly
entire. Figured by Owen, in his ‘ Reptilia of the Kimeridge
Clay’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. pls. i., 11. (1869), as P. grandis.

1 Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. sér. 6, vol. viii. art. 6, p. 14 (1879).

PLESIOSAURID&. 133

The dental alveoli are-empty, but germ-teeth are shown
in a few instances. There are 24 alveoli in each jaw’;
and in the cranium there are five teeth in the premaxilla,
then there is a gap in the series, beyond which the teeth
increase in size till the ninth. The length of the ramus
of the mandible is 1,660 (5 feet 10 inches). This speci-
men accords so well in relative size with the type femur
that there is every reason for referring it to the same
species. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1865.

32775. Fragment of a cranium apparently belonging to this species ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Boulogne, France. This
specimen apparently comprises the region immediately
behind the 11th tooth, and shows four dental alveoli on
the right and three on the left side; it indicates a larger
individual than the preceding specimen. Purchased.

37408. An entire tooth, with the root somewhat crushed; from
(Fig.) Kimeridge Bay. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pt. il. pl. xii.
(1862), as P. grandis. The length of the entire specimen
is one foot; its large size indicates that it belongs to

the present species.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1863.

47877. The imperfect crown and upper portion of the root of an
(Fig.) equally large tooth ; from the Kimeridge Clay near Oxford.
Figured by Owen, op. cit. pt.i. pl. vii. (1861), as P. grandis.
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

37311. Cast of an imperfect tooth of nearly equally large dimen-

sions. The original was obtained from the Kimeridge

Clay of Ely, Cambridgeshire, and is preserved in the
collection of M. Fisher, Esq., at that town.

Presented by R. Stead Jones, Esq., 18638.

37312-13. Casts of the crowns and part of the root of two slightly
smaller teeth. The originals were obtained with that of

the preceding specimen.
Presented by R. Stead Jones, Esq., 1868.

40304. The crown and upper portion of the root of a tooth of rather
smaller size than No. 37408; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Hartwell, Buckinghamshire. Purchased, 1867.

40304 a. The crown of a rather smaller and apparently associate4
tooth ; from Hartwell. Purchased, 1867.

* Owen states there are 26 upper and 30 lower teeth.

” obs

134 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 1252. Cast of a tooth which may belong to the hinder part of
the upper jaw of this species. The original was obtained
from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely, in company with a rather
larger tooth of similar type, and is in the collection of
Mr. M. Fisher of that town. The length of the crown is
0,080 (3:14 inches), and its basal diameter 0,033 (1-2
inches), The intercarinal portion of the crown is convex,
as in all the teeth of P. grossowvret.

Presented by R. Lydekker, Esq., 1888.

40437. The water-worn crown of a slightly larger but otherwise

similar tooth; from the Lower Greensand of Potton,
Bedfordshire, being probably derived from the Kimeridge
Clay. Purchased, 1867.

Fig. 41.

Phosaurus macromerus.— Anterior (1) and left lateral (2) aspects of an anterior
and an early posterior cervical centrum; from the Kimeridge Clay. 3.
(After Phillips.)

24684. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire. Length
0,057 (2°2 inches), height 0,125 (4:95 inches), width
0,130 (5-2 inches). The resemblance of this specimen to
the vertebra described and figured on p. 354 of Phillips's

PLESIOSAURID®. la

‘Geology of Oxford’ (reproduced in the accompanying

woodcut), and provisionally referred to the present species,

is so close as to leave little doubt of its specific identity.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

24684 a. The centrum of an associated anterior cervical vertebra,
! with the right costal articulation imperfect.
Cunmington Collection.

24684 b. A similar cervical centrum associated with the preceding.
Cunnington Collection.

46466. The centrum of a cervical vertebra of similar type ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46466 a. The centra of three associated cervical vertebrae of a some-
what smaller individual; from Foxhangers.
Cunnington Collection.

R. 1244. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Wiltshire. No history.

R. 6. The centrum ofa very large anterior cervical vertebra; found
in the drift at Stanton, near Bury-St.-Edmunds, Suffolk.
Length 0,060 (2:4 inches), height 0,158 (6:1 inches),
width 0,165 (6°55 inches). These dimensions exceed

those of either of the specimens figured by Phillips.
Purchased, 1880.

24684 c. The centrum of a middle cervical vertebra of a compara-
tively small individual; from Wootton-Bassett. The con-
tour of the centrum is very similar to that of the larger
example figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 355, fig. 149 ; but
the two costal facets have not completely coalesced.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

44117. The centrum of a later cervical vertebra belonging to a large
individual; from the Kimeridge Clay of Motcombe, near
Shaftesbury, Dorsetshire. The inferior costal facet has
nearly disappeared, and the terminal faces have become
nearly flat.

Presented by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart.

R. 1278. The centrum of a late posterior cervical vertebra, pro-
bably referable to this species ; from Kimeridge Bay.
Figured in the accompanying woodeut. Length 0,079
(3:1 inches), height 0,114 (4°5 inches), width 0,150 (5-9

136

SAUROPTERYGIA.

inches). The costal facet is single and placed higher on
the centrum than in the specimen represented in fig. 41,
and the terminal faces have become ellipsoidal. The edges
of the latter are bordered, there is no mammilla surrounding
the median pit, and the base of the neural canal is much
expanded posteriorly. : |

: Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Fsq., 1888.

Fig. 42.

Pliosaurus

(cf.) macromerus.— Anterior and left lateral aspects of a late posterior

cervical vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay. About .
co, costal facet.

R. 1278 a. Two centra of “‘ pectoral ” vertebree associated with the

R. 1246.

46795 d.

R. 1247.

preceding. ‘The terminal faces have the same ellipsoidal
contour. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1888.

The centrum of a dorsal vertebra agreeing with the
specimen figured by Phillips, p. 356, fig. 150, and referred
to the present species; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Gillingham, Dorsetshire. Length 0,108 (4:25 inches),
height 0,157 (6:2 inches), width 0,159 (6:3 inches). The
base of the neural canal is narrow, and moderately ex-
panded at the two extremities. Acquired about 1868.

The centrum of a later dorsal vertebra, agreeing very
closely in size with the preceding; from Wootton-Bassett.
The neural suface is imperfect ; and the mammille in the
centre of the terminal faces, so strongly marked in the
preceding specimen, are very indistinct.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

The crushed centrum of a dorsal vertebra, agreeing in
size with the preceding; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Wiltshire. No hastory.

PLESIOSAURID. sy

R. 1247 a. A similar specimen, apparently associated with the
preceding. No history.

31923. An imperfect centrum closely resembling No. 46795d ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Shotover, Oxfordshire. Purchased.

40406. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra resembling No. R. 1246,
but of rather smaller size; from the Kimeridge Clay of II-
minster, Somersetshire.

Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B.

46796 b. A very similar specimen; from Devizes.
Cunningten Collection.

24684 d. A similar centrum ; from Wootton-Bassett.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

24684 e. The imperfect centrum of a dorsal vertebra apparently
resembling No. 46795 d; from Wootton-Bassett.
Cunnington Collection.

46796 c. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra of similar type; from
Devizes. This imperfect specimen has been vertically
and longitudinally bisected.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

47988. The centrum of a smaller dorsal vertebra, perhaps belonging
to this form ; from Shotover.
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

46796 d. The centrum and base of one side of the neural arch of
what is either a “ pectoral” or a lumbar vertebra; from

Devizes. Probably associated with No. 46796 e.
: Cunnington Collection.

R. 926. Cast of a right humerus probably referable to this species.
The original was obtained ~from the Kimeridge Clay of
Ely, and is in the collection of Mr. Marshall Fisher of
that town. A small portion of the postaxial border of
the distal extremity is broken away. ‘The extreme length
is 0,724 (28-4 inches), and the distal diameter about 0,330
(13 inches). ‘The dimensions and contour of this bone
accord very closely with those of the humerus figured by
Phillips on p. 363 as P. brachydirus, but which is much
larger than the femur of that form, and is in all proba-
bility referable to the present species.

Presented by R. Stead Jones, Esq., 1863,

138 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 1250. A somewhat smaller example of the corresponding bone ;
from the Kimeridge Clay, locality unknown. Length
0,644 (25-4 inches), diameter of distal extremity 0,265
(10-4 inches). Purchased.

R. 1245. Cast of the bones of the right (?) pelvic limb, apparently
seen from the inner side. The original was obtained from
Kimeridge Bay by Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, and is preserved
in the Museum at Dorchester. The femur wants a portion
of the distal postaxial border; and the arrangement of
some of the bones is incorrect. The entire length as
restored is 1,960 (6 feet 6 inches); the length of the.
femur being 0,930 (87 inches), and its width in the
middle of the shaft 0,170 (7 inches). The resemblance
to the type femur figured on p. 362 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology

Fig. 43.

ONES
ae UGA,

\ Be iy ih

Hans sc

byty) ve ly An Kyi
Ala nt
LGN

Pliosaurus macromerus.—Dorsal aspect of the left femur ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Swindon. 5. a, preaxial, , postaxial border. (After Phillips.)

of Oxford’ (reproduced in fig. 43) is very close ; the length

of that specimen being 0,853 (34 inches), the width in the

PLESIOSAURID&. 139

middle of the shaft 0,172 (7°25 inches), and the width of
the distal extremity 0,316 (12-75 inches) ; it is probable,
however, that a portion of the postaxial border is wanting
at the distal extremity; since in a specimen in the
collection of Mr. M. Fisher, of Ely, the length is 0,936
(37 inches), and the distal diameter about 0,430 (17
inches). Phillips notices the present specimen on p. 357
under the name of P. grandis, as indicating a form closely
allied to the type femur, but mentions a difference at the
distal extremity of the femur, which, however, may
pertectly well be due to imperfection or to the effects of
pressure. Mention is also made of this specimen by
Hulke in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvi. pp.
620, 621, where it is suggested that a third bone may
have articulated with the femur; a view which is not
supported by the limbs of Peloneustes philarchus.
Purchased.

47884. A tibia and the inner half of an associated fibula; from
Shotover. Transverse diameter of tibia 0,180 (7-1 inches),
vertical 0,100 (3°95),

Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

46469. A tibiale; from Devizes. Same history.

32500. Cast of a very large pubis. The original was obtained
from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely, and is in the collection
of Mr. Fisher. The antero-posterior diameter is about
0,660 (26 inches) ; and the specimen presents the squared
contour characteristic of the genus. An ischium from the
same deposit preserved in the same collection has a length
of 0,556 (22 inches), and a diameter of 0,443 (17°5
inches) at the proximal extremity; it would agree in
relative size with this pubis, and has the same contour as
the ischium of Peloneustes equalis.

Presented by George Baird, Esq., 1857.

Remains oF IMMATURE PLIOSAURS.

Including :—Plesiosaurus brachyspondylus, Owen '.
Plesiosaurus recentior, Meyer”.
Plestosaurus levis, Owen *.

— $$$ $$ _

' Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 78 (1840).
* Paleologica, p. 112 (1832).
* Cat. Foss. Rept. Mus, R. Coll. Surgeons, p. 62 (1854),

140 . SAUROPTERYGIA

Pliosaurus brachyspondylus, Seeley *.
Pliosaurus nitidus, Phillips °.

Pliosaurus simplex, Phillips °.

Pliosaurus gamma, Phillips * (er Owen).

The specimens from the Kimeridge Clay which have been described
under the foregoing names are all evidently referable to immature
individuals probably belonging for the most part either to P. brachy-
dirus or P. macromerus. Their immaturity is shown by the extreme
smoothness and the flatness of the terminal faces of the vertebra,
and the relative shortness of the ischia (fig. 44), of which the free
borders were evidently covered with cartilage. The base of the
neural canal of the vertebrz is also very clearly marked, and its
posterior expansion very wide, owing to the incomplete development
of the arch. Neither of the above-mentioned names, except those
given by Phillips,:were sufficiently defined to have a right to
supersede the name P. macromerus.

R. 1243. Cast of the centrum of a late posterior cervical vertebra.
The original was obtained, in association with thirty
dorsals, from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely, Cambridge-
shire, and is preserved in the Woodwardian Museum at
Cambridge. It is noticed by Seeley in his ‘ Index to
Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum,’ p. 97 (No. e. 5), under
the name of P. brachyspondylus ; the associated dorsals
being described on pp. 102, 103 of the same. The
present specimen is remarkable that while on the right
side there is only a single costal facet, on the left there
are two such facets. The terminal faces are quite flat;
and the broad posterior expansion of the base of the
neural canal is well shown. The dimensions are :—length |
0,038 (1-5 inches), height 0,071 (2:8 inches), width 0,805
(3:2 inches). The specimen closely accords with the type
posterior cervical of P. nitidus figured by Phillips in his
‘Geology of Oxford,’ p. 360, fig. 156.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

31925. An entire anterior dorsal vertebra, together with the ribs,
of a somewhat smaller individual; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Shotover, Oxfordshire. Accords exactly with the
dorsal figured by Phillips, p. 361, fig. 157, as one of the

1 Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. 102 (1869).
2 Geology of Oxford, p. 360 (1871).

3 Ibid. p. 366.

4 Ibid. p. 358.

a. a
3
: -
sy" t
~

PLESIOSAURID®. 141

types of P. nitidus. Length of centrum 0,046 (1:4 inches),
height 0,065 (2°25 inches), width 0,071 (2:8 inches).
The characters of the centrum are precisely similar to
those of the next specimen. Purchased. About 1852.

$3111. The neural arch of a dorsal vertebra; probably from Shot-
over. Although rather larger this specimen agrees precisely
with the arch of the preceding specimen. The horizontal

articular surfaces of the zygapophyses are well shown.
Purchased. About 1852.

R. 1248. The slightly imperfect neural arch of a larger dorsal
vertebra; probably from Ely. This specimen agrees in
relative size with the centrum No. 20280 (infra), and
has the facets for the centrum antero-posteriorly elongated,

Purchased. About 1852.

R. 1248 a. The imperfect neural arch of a lumbar (?) vertebra not
improbably associated with the preceding. The transverse
process has become lower and the facets for the centrum
are transversely elongated. Purchased. About 1852.

46788. The neural arch of a small dorsal vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Foxhangers near Devizes, Wiltshire.
Probably belongs to the same individual as No. 46789
(infra). Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46788 a. A similar specimen belonging to the same individual.
Cunnington Collection.

46481. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from Devizes.
Cunnington Collection.

46789. The centrum of a small anterior dorsal vertebra; from Fox-
hangers. Length 0,031 (1:12 inches), height 0,053 (2-18
inches), width 0-058 (2:3 inches). Cunnington Collection.

46789 b. A very similar centrum; from Foxhangers.
Cunnington Collection.

46789 c. The worn centrum of what is probably a pectoral vertebra,
of the same relative size as the preceding ; from Fox-
hangers. Cunnington Collection.

R. 254. The centrum of a later dorsal vertebra of rather larger

size than that of No. 31925; from Shotover.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

ee Le}
. 7 7
« bs A, ¥
“

142 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 254 a. The centrum of a rather larger posterior dorsal vertebra ; ~
from Shotover. Length 0,061 (2-4 inches), height 0,074
(2°8 inches), width 0,080 (3°15 inches). a
Egerton Collection.

31915. The crushed centrum of a very similar dorsal vertebra ;
from Shotover. Purchased. About 1852.

31918. The crushed centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from Shotover.
Purchased. About 1852.

24684. The centrum of a smaller dorsal vertebra ; from the Kime-
ridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

24684 a. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from Wootton-Bassett.
Cunnington Collection.

R. 1277. Three imperfect centra of anterior dorsal vertebre ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1888.

41776 x. The centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra agreeing very
closely with that of No. 31925; from Weymouth.
Purchased, 1869.

4i776y. The centrum of what is apparently a lumbar vertebra ;
from Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.

20280. The centrum of a posterior dorsal vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Ely. Length 0,063 (2:5 inches),
height 0,090 (8°5 inches), width 0-095 (8-75 inches).
Although of somewhat larger dimensions this specimen
accords well with the dorsal figured by Phillips, op. cit.
p. 861, fig. 157, exhibiting the same spoon-shaped base
of the neural canal, and the flattened terminal faces,
which are, however, more nearly circular.

Purchased, 1846.

41802. The centra of four dorsal and three caudal vertebre,
apparently associated; from Ely. The dorsals agree with
the preceding specimen ; the caudals, of which the third
has chevron-facets on its posterior border, have the same
creat posterior expansion of the base of the neural canal.

- Purchased, 1869.

31901. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra, agreeing in size with
No. 20280 ; from Shotover. Purchased. About 1852.

PLESIOSAURID&. 143

46484. The centrum of a vertebra probably belonging to the
lumbar series; from Foxhangers. The characteristic
form of the base of the neural canal is well shown.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46484a. A rather larger centrum of similar type; from Fox-
hangers. | Cunnington Collection.

464184 b. The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra; from Fox-
hangers. Closely resembles the anterior caudal of P.
nitidus figured by Phillips, p. 361. Cunnington Collection.

31933. A left scapula, most probably associated with one of the
(Fig.) above-mentioned vertebre ; from Shotover. This and the
following specimen are noticed by Hulke in the ‘ Proc.
Geol. Soc.’ 1883, p. 59, as if they belonged to a single
individual, under the name of P. planus; the present
specimen is figured in woodcut, fig. 36 (p.122). This bone
agrees in relative size with several of the above ver-
tebre, and also has the same smooth and fine-grained
external surface, indicative of immaturity. In contour it
resembles the scapula of Peloneustes. The ventral plate
is but little expanded, and probably united by a cartila-
ginous symphysis with its fellow. The length from the
glenoidal cavity to the middle of the ventral symphysis
is 0,185 (7:25 inches); and the antero-posterior diameter

of the ventral plate 0,098 (3°85 inches).
Purchased. About 1852.

31934. A rather smaller panes of the opposite side; from Shot-
over. Purchased. About 1852.

R. 1249. The right pubis ; from Ely. This bone is nearly square,
(Fig.) its diameter being 0,267 (10-5 inches). Figured in the
woodcut on the next page. No history.

31803. An imperfect right pubis; from Shotover. Not improbably
associated with one of the above-mentioned vertebree, and
agreeing closely with the preceding.

Purchased. About 1852.

40177. A smaller right pubis, with portions of the middle restored ;
from the Kimeridge Clay, locality unknown.
Purchased, 1866

144 7 SAUROPTERYGIA.

31799. The left ischium; from Shotover. This specimen is repre-
(fig.) sented in fig. 44, and was probably associated with No.
31803; it closely resembles the ischium of the opposite
side from the same locality, figured in Phillips’s ‘ Geology
of Oxford,’ p. 351. The diameter from the anterior ex-
tremity of the symphysis to the postero-external angle is
0,312 (12-3 inches). Purchased. About 1852.

46468. A similar right ischium; from Foxhangers.
Cunnington Collection.

46468 a. A slightly smaller right ischium; from Foxhangers.
Cunnington Collection.

Pliosaurus, sp.—Veutral aspect of the pelvic girdle of an immature individual ;
from the Kimeridge Clay. pw, pubis; és, ischium. About 75 nat. size.

46478. A left humerus or femur ; from Devizes. Length 0,422 (16°6
inches), diameter of distal extremity 0,145 (7-7 inches),
these dimensions being almost identical with those of the
type of the so-called P. simplex. Cunnington Collection.

31788. A similar specimen, with the postaxial border imperfect dis-
tally ; from Shotover. Purchased. About 1852.

47127. A somewhat smaller specimen of the right side, with both
borders imperfect distally ; from Ely. In its smooth tex-
ture this bone agrees very closely with the dorsal vertebra
No. 20280. Sharp Collection.

F i

44602. An entire right humerus or femur, agreeing very closely
with the preceding ; from Swindon.

Presented by the Directors of the Swindon

Brick and Tile Company, 1878.

PLESIOSAURID®. 145

Pliosaurus ferox (Sauvage ’).
Syn. Lioplewrodon ferox, Sauvage”.
Polyptychodon ferox, Sauvage *.
? Phosaurus pachydirus, Seeley 4.
? Thaumatosaurus mosquensis, Kiprijanoff?.

Usually about equal in size to the type species. Teeth with the
carine imperfectly developed and approximated, and, in some cases,
ridges developed on the intercarinal space. Vertebrz of the general
type of those of P. macromerus. A mandible from the Oxford Clay
of Peterborough in the Collection of Mr. Leeds has 28 teeth and a
length of 3 ft. 6 inches.

This species (the type of Liopleurodon) was founded upon teeth
from the Oxford Clay of Boulogne. Similar teeth occur in the same
formation in England, and it is probable that the cervical vertebree
from the Oxford Clay to which the name P. pachydirus was applied
are specifically the same. The same remark will apply to the
Russian Thaumatosaurus mosquensis of the Oxfordian.

This species was probably the ancestor of P. macromerus.

Hab. Europe (France, England, and (?) Russia), *

R. 1279. A tooth, wanting the greater part of the root; from the
Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic) near Peterborough, North-
amptonshire. This specimen, although of rather smaller
dimensions, agrees precisely with the type tooth figured
by Sauvage in the ‘ Bull. Soc. Géol. France,’ sér. 3, vol. i.
pl. vii. fig. 1. There is a small and distinct intercarinal
space, and the ridges on the concave surface are approxi-
mated. It would accord well with the large teeth figured
by Kiprijanoff in the ‘Mém, Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’
vol, xxxi. art. 6, pl. xi1., as Thaumatosaurus mosquensis.

Presented hy A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1888.

R. 1279 a. Cast of the crown and upper part of the root of a much
larger tooth. The original was obtained from the Oxford

' Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 5, vol. i. p. 378 (1873).—Liopleurodon.

* Loc. cit. ;

% Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér, 3, vol. viii. p. 544 (1880).

* Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. 118 (1869).—Undescribed.
5 Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxxi. art. 6, p. 27 (1883).

PART II. L

146 ' SAUROPTERYGIA.

Clay near Peterborough, and is in the Collection of A. N.
Leeds, Esq. On the concave side of the crown there are
very few ridges. The height of the crown is 0,100
(3-9 inches), and the greatest transverse diameter 0,063
(2:1 inches). Made in the Museum, 1888.

39787. The imperfect crown of a tooth very similar to No. R. 1279 ;
from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. The
summit of the crown is wanting, but a distinct intercarinal

| i
HL qi
ea i
Hh i)
tH ! Bi
a
Wea ! ;
We NP i
Hi a i lah
WH Ha ! i
a ie Mii | Hie
MAL I |

: | WO
Pliosaurus ferox.—Part of the lateral surface of the crown of a tooth;
from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth. }.

space can be seen on the concave surface. The ridges on
the lateral (fig. 45) and concave surfaces are placed further
apart than in the preceding specimen, ‘This example also
accords with the teeth figured by Kiprijanoff. Purchased.

32648. A small posterior tooth; from the Oxford Clay of Vaches-
Noires (Calvados), France. In this specimen the ridges
continue quite round the crown. It is indistinguishable
from the two teeth figured by Kiprijanof, op. ect. pl. xiii.
fig. 1. Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

24683. The crown of a smaller tooth of similar type; from the
Oxford Clay of Christian Malford, Wiltshire.
: Purchased, 1850.

46006. The imperfect crown of a very large tooth; probably from
the Oxford Clay of Dorsetshire. The diameter of the
fractured basal extremity is 0,051, and there is no trace
of an intercarinal space. Purchased, 1876.

47429. The centrum of a somewhat crushed late cervical vertebra,
probably belonging to this species; from the Oxford Clay
of Whittlesea, near Peterborough. Length 0,038 (1:5
inches), height 0,085 (8°35 inches), width 0,110 (4°35
inches). The costal facets are still divided, but the upper
one is connected by a ridge with the facet for the arch.
In the rough nature of the free surface this specimen

PLESIOSAURID®, 147

agrees with the cervicals in the Cambridge Museum to
which the name P. pachydirus has been applied.
Purchased, 1876.

The following form may be edentical with one of the preceding.
Pliosaurus (Polypiychodon) archiaci, Deslongchamps*; Kime-
ridgian, Boulogne.

Specifically undetermined specimens.

R. 38. The imperfect anterior extremity of a cranium; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Osmington, near Weymouth, Dorset-
shire. This specimen shows the broken bases of both the
large and small teeth, and also the summit of the crown
of a germ-tooth. It very probably belongs to P. brachy-
dirus. Purchased, 1880

39225. Fragment of a mandible; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Stukeley, Hampshire. This specimen comprises part of
both rami immediately behind the symphysis; the right
one showing nine alveoli. Purchased, 1865.

R. 484. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from the Jurassic of
Higham-Ferrers, Northamptonshire. In contour this spe-
cimen resembles the dorsals of P. macromerus, but its
dimensions are smaller than those of adult examples.

Presented by T. I. Starling, Esq.

41862. The proximal portion of a large rib; from the Kimeridge

Clay of Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.
R. 736. Part of a rib; from the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay,
Dorsetshire.

Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1886.

GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.

Of the following limb-bones some may belong to Pliosaurus and
others to Cimoliosaurus.

R. 1306. Cast of a small right femur. The original was obtained
from the Kimeridge Clay of Shotover, near Oxford,
and was formerly in the Collection of the Earl of Ennis-
killen. The cast is figured by Phillips in his ‘ Geology of
Oxford,’ p. 363, as Pliosaurus grandis. The dimensions
are :—length 0,314 (12-4 inches), width at distal extremity

1 In Lennier’s ‘ Etudes géologiques et paléontologiques sur |’ Embrasure de la
Seine,’ p. 30 (1870).
L2

148 SAUROPTERYGIA.

0,147 (5:8 inches); these being much smaller than those
of either of the three propodials described by Owen in the
‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839, p. 83, under the name of
Plesiosaurus grandis. There is a rugosity on the ventral
surface below the head. This specimen not improbably
belongs to Cimoliosaurus.

Enniskillen Oollection. Purchased, 1882.

31785. A large left humerus; from the Kimeridge Clay of Shot-
over. Length 0,511 (20°6 inches).
Purchased. About 1852.

31791. A left humerus, agreeing in size with the preceding ; from
Shotover. Purchased.

40107 c. A rather smaller left humerus; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. From its general resem-
blance to smaller humeri from the Oxford Clay of the
type of those of Cimoliosaurus plicatus, it is not impro-
bable that this specimen may belong to C. truncatus.

Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1866.

44601. The distal extremity of a humerus or femur, agreeing in
size with the preceding ; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Swindon, Wiltshire.

Presented by the Dwrectors of the Swindon
Brick and Tile Company, 1873.

31790. An imperfect propodial bone of a large form; from Shot-
over. Purchased. About 1852.

31792. A rather smaller and less imperfect specimen; from Shot-
over. Purchased.
42497. A nearly entire propodial bone of large size ; from Kimeridge
Bay. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

42497 a. A similar and apparently associated specimen.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

$1820. A smaller left propodial bone; from Shotover.
Purchased. About 1852.

46477. A right propodial bone of nearly the same dimensions ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Devizes, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

31797. A propodial bone (? humerus), agreeing nearly in size with
the preceding; from Shotover. Purchased. About 1852.

PLESIOSAURID A. 149

31789. A comparatively small propodial bone; from Shotover.
Purchased. About 1852.

R. 1256. A smaller propodial bone; from the Kimeridge Clay of

Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire. No history.
R. 1257. A still smaller specimen; from the Kimeridge Clay, loca-
lity unknown. No history,
46476. A comparatively small left femur, imperfect distally ; from
Devizes. Cunnington Collection.
47415. A very small propodial bone; (?) from the Kimeridge Clay,
locality unknown. Sharp Collection.

31786. A comparatively large propodial bone; from Shotover.
Length 0,437 (17-2 inches), diameter of distal extremity
0,193 (7:6 inches). Purchased. About 1852.

33117. An epipodial or phalangeal bone of a large form ; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Honfleur. Purchased.

24803. Two somewhat smaller specimens; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

Fig. 46.

Longitudinal section of a propodial bone of a Sauropterygian; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Ely. }. 4, proximal, 4, distal epiphysis; ¢, shaft.

46792. Two still smaller specimens; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Devizes, Wiltshire. Cunnington Collection.

R. 400. Two phalangeals; from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth,
Dorsetshire. Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

180

SAUROPTERYGIA,

R. 1381. One longitudinal half of the humerus or femur of a me-
(ig.)

dium-sized form, with the inner surface cut and polished;

from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely. This specimen is figured

in the woodcut on the preceding page, and shows the two
epiphyses almost meeting in the middle of the shaft.

No history.

R. 1381 a. The proximal half of a larger humerus or femur, longitu-

dinally bisected; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely. The

contour of the proximal epiphysis is well displayed.

No history.
46912. The proximal portion of a still larger humerus or femur,
longitudinally bisected ; from Shotover.

The whole of
the proximal epiphysis is displayed, of which the terminal
Fig. 47. |

¢
5
cs)
2 °
a\ e
B\\ @
52) \ -
§\\
&\\
S\ \ @&
S Ss)
® \\ ®@
9) // ®
Sy | Hes
® @ pA <i
Dy, \@ ws
®\ /8

So

8

5
4

o
So
sa

1
So

Sauropterygian mandibles.—A. Peloneustes philarchus; from the Oxford Clay.

B. Thaumatosaurus indicus; from the Upper Jurassic of India. }
C. Plesiosaurus dolichodirus; from the Lower Lias. 2
Geol. Surv. Ind.’)

7
Be

(From the ‘ Rec.

PLESIOSAURID®. 151

extremity appears to have been separated by a small va-
cuity from that of the distal epiphysis. No history.

42097. One lateral half of a humerus or femur, with the inner sur-
face cut; from the Neocomian bone-bed of Potton, Bed-
fordshire. The extremity of one epiphysis is entire and
detached from the shaft, while a section is shown of that
at the opposite end. Purchased, 1870.

42098. A small imperfect femur, with the proximal epiphysis de-
tached and lying loose in the cup of the shaft; from
Potton. Purchased, 1870.

Genus PELONEUSTES, Lydekker’.

Skull and teeth of the general type of Pliosaurus, but the mandible
(fig. 47, A) with a longer symphysis, which includes more than a
dozen teeth. Neck short, with the anterior vertebre relatively
short. Vertebre with the arches and cervical ribs articulating
with the centra by suture, of which traces always persist. Cervicals
(fig. 55) with very short centra, without distinct hemal ridge, and

Fig. 48.

Peloneustes philarchus.—V entral aspect of the anterior portion of the pectoral
girdle; from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. Reduced. om, omoster-
num ; s¢, scapula; p.cor, ventral(precoracoidal) plate of do. The longitudinal
ridge between the ventral and dorsal surface is not sufficiently indicated.

in the anterior part of the series with prominent double costal
facets, and the external surface smooth; their terminal faces only
slightly cupped, transversely ellipsoidal, and somewhat angulated.
Dorsals with longer centra, having nearly flat terminal faces, and
forward overhang of upper part. Pectoral girdle of the general type
of Pliosaurus, with a small triangular omosternum between the
ventral plates of the scapule (fig. 48), which have a strong ridge

* Quart. Journ, Geol, Soe. vol. xlv. p. 49 (1889).

152 SAUROPTERYGIA.

dividing the ventral from the dorsal portion, and are thus more of —
the type of Thawmatosaurus. Pelvis (figs. 53, 54) like that of
Plhosaurus, the pubis and ischium uniting to form an obturator
foramen. Relative lengths of humerus and femur unknown.
Humerus articulating distally with only the radius and ulna, which
are relatively short, and separated only bya small interval (fig. 52) ;
ulna and fibula subreniform, the former being considerably the

larger of the two.
This genus may have been directly derived from the Longiros-

trine group of Plesvosaurus.

Peloneustes philarchus.—Dorsal aspect of the coracoids; from the Oxford
Clay of Bedford. Reduced. gi, glenoid cavity.
(This and the preceding figure from the * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)

Peloneustes zequalis (Phillips’).

Syn. Phosaurus equalis, Phillips”.
Phosaurus sterrodirus, Seeley *.

Imperfectly known. Cervical vertebree with the neural canal
sunk into the centrum, and the ‘“ pectorals”” with distinctly concave
terminal faces. Larger than typical examples of the next species.

This species was founded upon a femur (fig. 50) from the Kime-
ridge Clay of Oxfordshire, which so closely resembles the corre-
sponding bone of P. philarchus as to indicate its generic identity ; the

1 Geology of Oxford, p. 8365 (1871).—Plesiosaurus. 2 Loe. cit.
3 Index to Aves &e. in Cambridge Museum, p. 98 (1869).—No description.

PLESIOSAURID2. 153

length of this specimen is 0,572 (23 inches). The undermentioned
vertebre agree in relative size with this femur, and in generic
characters with those of the type species.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1413.

Cast of an imperfect cervical vertebra, probably from the
middle region of the neck. The original was obtained
from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely, Cambridgeshire, and is
preserved in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge

(No. = . Itis referred to on p. 99 of Seeley’s ‘ Index to

Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum’ as one of the types of
Plesiosaurus sterrodirus. The specimen has lost nearly
the whole of the neural arch, the whole of the left, and
the distal portion of the right rib. The dimensions
of the centrum are:—length 0,038 (1:48 inches), width
0,078 (3°06 inches), height 0,057 (2:3 inches); these
according fairly well in relative size with the type femur.
The terminal faces are nearly flat; and the rib is anchy-
losed to the centrum, although the line of suture is visible.
In an associated “pectoral” vertebra in the Cambridge
Museum (No. *) the centrum is relatively longer, with
more concave terminal faces; its dimensions being length
0,048 (1°87 inches), width 0,082 (3°21 inches), height
0,061 (2:4 inches). In general characters this specimen
agrees with the figured “ pectoral” or lumbar of P. philar-
chus (No. R. 1253), with the exception that, as in the
cervicals, the base of the neural canal is sunk into the
centrum, which has somewhat more concave faces; the
dimensions of the centrum of that specimen are :—length
0,040 (1:55 inches), width 0,072 (2°85 inches), height
0,058 (2°25 inches). Made in the Museum, 1888.

47325. The right (?) ischium; from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper

(f19.)

R. 1255.

Jurassic) of Swindon, Wiltshire. This specimen (wood-
cut fig. 54) agrees precisely with the ischia of P. philar-
chus in the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury,
Peterborough. It dimensions are:—length 0,450 (16
inches), width at proximal extremity 0,261 (10-5-inches).
It is noticed by the writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xlv. p. 52.
Presented by the Directors of the Swindon
Brick and Tile Company, 1876.

A left femur probably referable to this species; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Broughton-Gifford, Wiltshire. The

154 SAUROPTERYGIA.

resemblance of this specimen to the larger type femur
(fig. 50), and also to the corresponding bone of the limb
of P. philarchus No. 47410 (p. 158), leaves little doubt of
the generic identity of the two. No history.

Fig. 50.

Peloneustes equalis.—A femur; from the Kimeridge Clay of Swindon.
gs. (After Phillips.)

Peloneustes philarchus (Seeley ’).

Syn. Plesiosaurus philarchus, Seeley °.
Thaumatosaurus philarchus, Lydekker °.

The type species. Premaxilla with five teeth, and 37 or 38 in the
mandible, of which at least 14 are in the symphysis ; some 20 or 21
cervical vertebre, in which the neural canal is not sunk into the
centrum. The mandible and paddle from the Oxford Clay, figured
on pp. 317, 318 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ indicate a larger
form allied to the present; but the propodial bone of the paddle
belongs to a totally different and much smaller Sauropterygian.

This species was founded upon an imperfect skeleton in the Cam-
bridge Museum, in which there are some 18 or 19 cervical vertebree ;
specimens in the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, Peter-
borough, show the presence of 20 or 21 cervicals.

flab. Kurope (England).

1 Index to Aves &e. in Cambridge Museum, p. 139 (1869).—Pleszosaurus.
2 Loe. Cit. 3 Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. v. p. 353 (1888).

rt *
4
A
- :
+

PLESIOSAURBID ®. 155

R. 1253. A considerable portion of the skeleton; from the Oxford

(fig.)

Clay of Kempston, near Bedford. This specimen is
described, with figures of several portions, by the present
writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlv. pp. 48-56,
pl. ii., woodcuts 4-9. The bones are in most cases
crushed. The specimens comprise six upper teeth; the
nearly entire mandible; a number of vertebral centra,
mostly from the dorsal, pectoral or lumbar, and caudal

Fig. 51.

Bedford. 3.

Peloneustes philarchus.—Part of pectoral limb; from the Oxford Clay of Bed-
ford. About}. Au, humerus; 7, radius; wv, ulna; 7’, radiale; 7, inter-
medium ; uw’, ulnare.

regions ; portions of ribs; a considerable portien of the
pectoral and pelvic girdles; portions of the pectoral limbs ;
and the nearly entire pelvic limbs. The plate in the
memoir cited gives figures of the mandible, and of a pec-
toral or lumbar and caudal vertebra; while the woodcuts
(reproduced in figs. 48, 49, 51, 53, 54) show a tooth,

156 SAUROPTERYGIA,

the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and a portion of the pelvic
limb. The scapular region of the pectoral girdle shown in
fig. 48 is drawn from a specimen in the possession of
A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury near Peterborough. The
upper teeth are in beautiful preservation. Specimens in

Fig. 53.

Swe 2 eee oe oe ee — - -

Peloneustes philarchus.— The pubes of No. R. 1253. Reduced.
a, acetabular facet.

Fig. 54.

ee ne

Sess
=,

vi
My)

o

Peloneustes philarchus and equalis.—The ischia. The right side of the figure
is from No. R. 1253; and the left side from No. 47325 (p. 158) of
P. equalis. a, acetabular facet. The median process for junction with
the pubes is not indicated.

(This and the preceding figure are from the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)

Mr. Leeds’s collection show that the ischia and pubes
meet to enclose an obturator foramen, as in Plesiosaurus.
The dimensions of the ulna (fig. 52) are: length 0,094
(3°7 inches), width 0,091 (3°6 inches); and those of the

PLESIOSAURID#. 157

fibula: length 0,076 (3-0 inches), width 0,079 (3:1 inches) ;

the homology of these bones being determined from com-

parison with the skeleton of Plestosaurus rostratus.
Presented by F. W. Crick, Esq., 1888.

47411. The entire mandible; from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough,

(fig.)

Northamptonshire. The teeth are wanting; but one or
two germs are seen in the alveoli. This specimen (wood-
cut fig. 47, A)is noticed by the writer, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xlv. p. 49, and also in the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’
vol. xxii. p.50. There are seven enlarged dental alveoli at
the anterior extremity of the symphysis.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

46354. A tooth, in matrix; from the Oxford Clay of Christian-

Malford, Wiltshire. This specimen cannot be distin-
guished from the smallest upper tooth of No. R. 1253.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

Fig. 55.

Peloneustes philarchus.—Posterior and right lateral aspects of an imperfect cer-
vical vertebra ; from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. co, rib. 3.

R. 1254. Cast of the centrum and base of the arch of a cervical

vertebra. The original (fig. 55) belongs to the type
skeleton, which was obtained from the Oxford Clay of
Peterborough, and is preserved in the Woodwardian
Museum at Cambridge. _It is described by Seeley in his
‘Index to Aves &c. in the Cambridge Museum,’ p. 139,
and belongs to an adult individual. The ribs aré- anchy-
losed to the centrum, but show an imperfect division
into two heads, ‘The posterior face has been some-
what crushed in, and its contour is probably altered by
pressure. In profile there is a forward overhang of the
upper part of the centrum, and there is a descending pro-

64 a
cay ‘3 |
5 a

158 SAUROPTERYGIA.

jection of the anterior border of the inferior surface, as in
some of the later cervicals of Plosaurus macromerus.
The dimensions are :—length 0,034 (1°35 inches), height
0,052 (2:05 inches), width 0,055 (2°18 inches).

Made in the Museum, 1888.

R. 1414. Cast of the centrum of a cervical vertebra of an immature
individual. The original belongs to a skeleton in the
collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., which was obtained from
the Oxford Clay near Peterborough. The specimen is
somewhat crushed, but the double costal facets are very
distinct. Made in the Museum, 1888.

R. 1414 a. Cast of the centrum of a larger cervical vertebra of an
immature individual. The original belongs to a second
skeleton in the above collection, which was obtained from
the same deposit. The dimensions are:—length 0,033
(1:3 inches), height 0,048 (1:9 inches), width 0,056
(2:2 inches). The double costal facets are distinct, and
the forward projection of the lower border of the anterior
face well-marked. The general characters are very like
those of the larger cervical of P. equalis, No. R. 1413
(p. 153). Made in the Museum, 1888.

47410. An imperfect pelvic hmb ; from the Oxford Clay of Whit-
_ tlesea, near Peterborough. The femur, tibia, and fibula,
and the greater number of the tarsal and phalangeal bones
are preserved; but the arrangement of many of them in
the plaster in which they are set is incorrect. The tibia
and fibula closely resemble those of No. R. 1253, the
former being antero-posteriorly elongated. The femur
is Indistinguishable in contour from the type femur of
P. equalis (fig. 50), and the fibula, although slightly
larger, corresponds closely with the corresponding bone of
No. R. 1253. Sharp Collection.

Genus THAUMATOSAURUS, Meyer’.
Syn. Rhomaleosaurus, Seeley °.

Skull relatively very large, with short rostrum, and broad spatu-
late mandibular symphysis of moderate length (fig. 47, B), the
premaxillary and symphysial teeth being enlarged. Teeth carinated,

1 Neues Jahrb. 1841, p. 176.
2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxx. p. 448 (1874).

PLESIOSAURID ®. 159

with the intercarinal space generally flattened, and its ridges less
numerous than elsewhere. Neck short, with the anterior vertebre
large. Cervical vertebree with very short centra, bearing a strong
hemal ridge, with rugose external surface, and having elliptical or
circular and well-cupped terminal faces, and distinctly double
sessile costal facets; and the arches either very short or mode-
rately elongated. Dorsal centra short. In the pectoral girdle
(when known) the scapule resembling those of Plestosaurus, but
the omosternum consisting of a large single plate, much expanded
transversely, with a wide and shallow anterior notch. In the pelvis
(when known) the ischium of the comparatively short type of
Plesiosaurus. Humerus longer or shorter than femur, and distally
articulating only with the radius and ulna, which are elongated and
separated by a considerable interval; ulna and fibula more or less
reniform, and the femur in some cases longer than the latter.
Chevrons (if rightly determined) closed inferiorly.

This genus was founded upon the evidence of imperfect teeth and
cervical and dorsal vertebree from the Great Oolite of Wiirtemberg.
The cervical vertebrae show the deeply cupped and nearly circular
centra found in the so-called Rhomalcosaurus, and are quite distinct
from those of Plosawrus, with which they have been said to be
identical *.

Fig. 56.

Thaumatosaurus arcuatus.—Left lateral and posterior aspects of an anterior
cervical vertebra; from the Lower Lias of Street. 4. pr.z, prezygapo-
physis ; pt.z, postzygapophysis; co, costal facets. The middle figure shows
the articulating surface of the postzygapophysis.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe, vol. xlv. p. 58 (1889).

160 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Group A.—The arches of the cervical vertebre (fig. 56) very tall
and short antero-posteriorly, with the longer axis of the zygapo-
physes directed transversely, and the pre- and postzygapo-
physes either in contact or separated by a very short and deep
notch; posterior border of — spine above intervertebral
space.

Serial position uncertain.

Thaumatosaurus indicus, Lydekker'.
Syn. Plesiosaurus indicus, Lydekker ?.

Known only by the mandibular symphysis, which, allowing for
the effects of pressure in the latter, cannot be specifically distin-
euished fromthe typemandible of 7’. arcuatus, although the difference
in the geological horizon of the two forms probably indicates specific
distinction.

Whether this and the following species belong to the first or
second group cannot be determined until the arches of the cervical
vertebre are known.

Hab. India.

R. 1401. Cast of the mandibular symphysis. The original, which is
the type, and is preserved in the Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta, was obtained from the Umia stage (Upper Jurassic)
of the Upper Gondwanas of Kach. It 1s described by the
writer in the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’ vol. x. p. 41, and
described and figured in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica ’
(Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. iv. vol. i. pt. 11. p. 28, pl. vi.
fig. 1, as Plesiosaurus. It was referred to the present genus
in the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’ vol. xxii. p. 50, where a
restored figure is given which is reproduced in woodcut fig.
47, B(p. 150). There is a diamond-shaped protuberance at
the posterior extremity of the oral surface of the symphysis
similar to one existing in 7’. arcuatus No. 2030*, although ~
tie tebe has been longitudinally split by pressure.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

Thaumatosaurus oOlithicus, Meyer’.

Syn. Lropleurodon bucklandi, Sauvage 4.
The type species. Imperfectly known, but probably attaining
1 Ree. Geol. Sury. Ind. vol. x. p. 41 (1877).—Plesiosaurus. 2 Loeoct.

3 Neues Jahrb. 1841, p. 176.
£ Bull. Soe. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. i. p. 3878 (1873).

PLESIOSAURID®. 161

dimensions nearly or quite as large as those of 7. cramptoni. Teeth
long and slender, with slight curvature of the crown, and the
ridges on the concave surface wide apart and stopping short at the
summit, the carine being strongly developed.

The transverse diameter of one of the typical dorsal vertebre is
0,114 (4°5 inches); this is smaller than in the dorsals of the type of
_ I. cramptoni, but the fragments of jaws figured by Meyer indicate
individuals apparently quite as large as the latter, the same being
indicated by some of the undermentioned teeth. The types are
figured in the ‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. vi. pls. iv., v., where the sub-
cylindrical terminal faces and the two costal facets of the cervical
vertebree are well shown.

Hab. Europe (Wirtemberg and France).

32608. The crowns of four teeth; from the Great Oolite (Lower
Jurassic) of Caen, Calvados, France. <A similar specimen
is figured by Deslongchamps in the ‘Mém. Soc. Linn.
Normandie,’ vol. vi. pl. vi. fig. 8 (1836), where it is re-
ferred to Megalosaurus (Poekilopleuron) bucklandi. The
fragment of the type tooth figured by Meyer in the ‘ Pale-
ontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. iv. fig. 7, seems to agree exactly
with these specimens. Except for their larger size, these
teeth are scarcely distinguishable from those of Peloneustes
philarchus, and appear identical with those of 7’. cramp-
toni. They are noticed by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlv. p. 50.

Tesson Oollection. Purchased, 1857.

27483. A similar tooth; from Caen.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855,

Thaumatosaurus cramptoni (Carte & Baily’).

Syn. Plesiosaurus cramptoni, Carte & Baily SS

Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni, Seeley *.

The type of Rhomaleosaurus. Of gigantic size; the length of the
type skeleton as it lies being 22 feet 4 inches. From 25 to 30 teeth,
which are apparently similar to those of 7’. odlithicus. About 92
vertebrae (some of the caudals being perhaps wanting), whith are
reckoned as 27 cervical, 30 “pectoral ” and dorsal, and 34 caudals.
Humerus shorter than femur. Three bones in each row of the
carpus and tarsus. Pectoral and pelvic girdles unknown. Cervical

1 Journ. R. Dublin Soe. vol. iv. p. 161 (1863),—Plestosaurus. 4 Loo. cit.
3 Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx, p. 448 (1874).
PART II. M

162

SAUROPTERYGIA.

vertebree with no notch between the pre- and postzygapophyses of
the same side, and their centra extremely short.
Hab, Kurope (England).

P, 34. Cast of aslab containing the nearly entire skeleton, of which

R. 1008.

R. 1365.

the dorsal aspect is exposed. The original, which is the
type, was obtained in 1848. from the Upper Lias of Ket-
tleness, near Whitby, Yorkshire, and is preserved in the
Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. It is figured by
Carte and Baily in the ‘Trans. R. Dublin Soe.’ vol. vi.
pl. vi., the skull and the last (27th) cervical vertebra
being figured in pl. vil.; and also by Haughton in his
‘Manual of Geology,’ 2nd ed. fig. 38, p. 273 (1866).
Length of skull 1,020 (40 inches). Dimensions of 27th
cervical vertebra:—length of centrum 0,061 (2:4 inches),
height 0,112 (4:4 inches), width 0,114 (4:5 inches). In
the present state of the cast, a fibula is placed in the
right pectoral limb in place of the ulna, and in the
figures there is also some misarrangement of the limbs.
Purchased, 1880.

An anterior cervical vertebra; from the Upper Lias of
Whitby, Yorkshire. A considerable portion of the left
side of the centrum is wanting. This specimen indicates
a smaller individual than the type; the dimensions of the
centrum being, length 0,037 (1:45 inches), height 0,086
(3:4 inches). Its resemblance to the imperfect larger and
later cervical of the type species figured by Meyer in the
‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. v. figs. 1, 2, is so close as
to show not even specific distinction. The costal facet,
although somewhat badly preserved, shows its division
very clearly; and the characteristic features of the arch
are also well exhibited. No history.

Two bones, which are apparently cheyrons of this species ;
from Whitby. These specimens are of very large size,
and have facets for mutual articulation. So far as can
be seen from the cast, they apparently accord with the
chevrons in the anterior caudal region of the type.

No history.

40123. A smaller bone of similar type; probably from Whitby.

Purchased,

47154. An immature fibula probably belonging to this species ;

from the Upper Lias of Kingsthorpe, Northamptonshire.

PLESIOSAURID &. 163

The rugosity of the edges shows the immature condition
of this specimen. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

R. 1378. An immature ulna or fibula probably belonging to this
species; from the Upper Lias, locality unknown. ‘The
extreme length of this specimen, which is crushed flat, is
0,126 (5:0 inches). No history.

Thaumatosaurus arcuatus (Owen).
Syn. Plesiosaurus arcuatus, Owen ?.

Imperfectly known. Approaching in size to T. megacephalus, but
with a relatively smaller skull and larger limb-bones, the humerus
being considerably larger than the femur, and the radius and ulna
much longer than the tibia and fibula. Coracoid elongated. Crowns
of teeth much curved, with the ridges on the inner concave surface
approximated and extending to the summits, and the carine only
slightly developed. Cervical vertebra with a notch between the
pre- and postzygapophyses, and their centra relatively longer than
in 7. cramptoni.

Hab. Europe (England).

2030*. The greater portion of the dentary bone of the mandible in a
(Fig.) somewhat flattened condition ; from the Lower Lias, pro-
bably of Street, near Glastonbury, Somersetshire. One of
the types. Figured by Hawkins in his‘ Memoirs on Ichthy-
osauri and Plesiosauri’ and ‘ Great Sea Dragons,’ pl. xxvi.,
and also by Buckland in his ‘Geology and Mineralogy ’
(Bridgewater Treatise), pl. xix. figs. 3,4; and described
by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839, p. 76. Most
of the teeth are wanting, but the traces of some remain in
the symphysis, and there are several replacing teeth in the
alveoli in this region. There are six enlarged tooth-
sockets; and the length of the ventral aspect of the sym-
physis is 0,082 (3:25). In the type mandible of 7’. mega-
cephalus, the corresponding dimension is 0,120 (4°75
inches); the two specimens agreeing so clearly in contour
that the difference in size forms the only apparent distinc-
tion. The present specimen closely resembles the man-
dible of J. indicus, but the dental alveoli haye becomo
flattened, and the diamond-shaped prominence on the oral
surface of the symphysis has been split by pressure.

Buckland states that this specimen is from Lyme-Regis.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 75 (1840).—Plesiosaurus. 2 Loe, cit.
M 2

164

SAUROPTERYGIA.

2028*. The imperfect. omosternum; probably from Street. Asso-—

(g.)

ciated with the preceding. One of the types. Described
by Owen, loc. cat., and figured by Hawkins, loc. cit. This
specimen closely resembles the omosternum of the type
skeleton of 7’. megacephalus, but the anterior notch appears
somewhat less deep. Hawkins Collection.

2029*. The right coracoid, wanting the preglenoidal portion ; asso-

(1%1.)

ciated with the preceding specimen. One of the types.
Figured by Hawkins, loc. cit., and noticed by Owen, loc. cit.
The transverse diameter from the inner border to the
glenoid cavity is 0,203 (8 inches), or nearly the same as in
the type skeleton of 7. megacephalus. Hawkins Collection.

2027*. Slab showing a dorsal and a caudal vertebra, the right femur,

(7g.)

R. 1317.

R. 1318.
(Fig.)

and a phalangeal ; associated with the preceding. Figured
by Hawkins, loc. cit., and noticed by Owen, loc. ct. The
length of the femur is 0,332 (13 inches), and its distal
diameter 0,174 (6:7 inches). Hawkins Collection.

Slab showing the left scapula, the left coracoid, left hu-
merus, left femur, the arch and spine of a dorsal vertebra,
a lumbar vertebra, the centra of two caudals, and a rib,
together with a humerus and radius of Ichthyosaurus in-
termedius ; from Street. The coracoid and femur agree
precisely with Nos. 2027* and 2028*, and it appears most
probable that the two specimens belong to the same indi-
vidual. The length of the femur is 0,367 (14:5 inches),
and the diameter of the distal extremity 0,190 (7-5 inches).
The humerus is noticed by Owen, op. cit. p. 76, and this
specimen may therefore be regarded as one of the types.
Hawkins Collection.

Slab showing several teeth, cervical, pectoral, dorsal, and
caudal vertebree, ribs, abdominal ribs, the three bones of one
side of the pelvis, an ulna, a fibula, the two tibiz, and some
phalangeals ; probably from Street. These bones apparently
belong to the same individual as the preceding. A
late cervical vertebra is described by Owen, op. cit. p. 76,
and figured by him in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soe.’ ser. 2, vol. v.
pl. xliv. fig. 5. The cervical vertebree shew the short
centra, with nearly circular and distinctly cupped terminal
faces, high neural arch, and approximated zygapophyses ;
and have a distinct hemal ridge. The dimensions of the

PLESIOSAURIDZ®. tos

ulna are:—length 0,138 (5:4 inches), breadth 0,095 (3°7
inches), length of chord of anterior concavity 0,99 (3°9
inches) ; and those of the fibula :—length 0,102 (4:0 inches),
width 0,082 (8°25 inches), length of chord of anterior
concavity 0,050 (2:0 inches). The disproportion in the
size of the ulna and fibula is thus strongly shown; the
former bone is comparatively long and narrow. -The tibia
is very small. Hawkins Collection.

2061*. Fragment of rock containing an anterior cervical vertebra
(fig.) and a radius; probably from Street. The vertebra is
represented in fig. 56, p. 159. The radius has a length
of 0,127 (5:3 inches), and is longer than the corresponding
bone of 7’. megacephalus. This specimen probably belongs

to the same individual as the preceding.
Hawkins Collection.

2047*. A laterally crushed anterior cervical vertebra, probably
associated with the preceding. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1319. Slab showing two teeth and two imperfect ribs; probably

from Street. The larger tooth resembles the teeth of No.

R. 1318. These bones may also have belonged to the same
individual as the preceding specimens.

Hawkins Collection.

Of the followiug specimens some may belong to the next species.

R. 1320. An imperfect left scapula probably belonging either to this
or the next species ;. probably from Street. A large part
of the ventral surface is wanting. This specimen agrees
generally with the corresponding bone of No. R. 1317, but
presents slight differences which may be specific.

No history.

R. 1323. The crown of a tooth in matrix; from the Lower Lias,
locality unknown. ‘This specimen appears to accord with
the broken tooth in No. 2030*, and also agrees in size with
the teeth of the type of 7’. megacephalus, and since it is
of larger size than those of other Lower Liassic Sauro-
pterygians, the reference to the present or the next species
is very probable. The crown is much curved, with fine
ridges on the inner concave side, while the outer convex
surface is nearly smooth; the latter character agreeing
with Stutchbury’s description of the teeth of the Bristol
skeleton of the next species. No history.

166 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 1324. The crown of a tooth of similar type; from the Lower
Lias. The convex surface is less smooth than in the pre-
ceding specimen. No history.

40094. The crown of a similar tooth in matrix; from the Lower
Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. Purchased, 1865.

2124*. The crown of a rather smaller tooth in matrix; from Lyme-
Regis. - Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

R. 1325. Fragment of rock showing the concave surface of the
crown of a tooth; from the Lower Lias. No history.

R. 1326. The somewhat crushed crown of a similar tooth; from the
Lower Lias. The convex surface is nearly smooth.
No history.

R. 1327. The crown of a tooth of similar type in matrix ; from the
Lower Lias. No history.

Thaumatosaurus megacephalus (Stutchbury *).

Syn. Plesiosaurus megacephalus, Stutchbury *.

Considerably smaller than 7’. cramptoni, the length of the type
skeleton being 16 feet and that of the skull 30 inches. Cervico-
dorsal vertebree 58 in number, of which some 27% are probably
cervical ; total number of vertebra 92. Apparently closely allied to
T. arcuatus, but with a relatively larger skull and proportionately -
smaller pectoral limbs ; and the radius and ulna scarcely exceeding
the tibia and fibula in size, and apparently a shorter coracoid.
Three bones in each row of the carpus and tarsus. |

It appears difficult to believe that the above-mentioned differences
from 7. arcuatus can be due to sex.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1309. Cast of the ventral aspect of the skull and of the right
pectoral limb. The original belongs. to the type skeleton,
which was obtained from the Lower Lias of Somersetshire
and is preserved in the Bristol Museum. The entire
skeleton is figured by Stutchbury in the ‘Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. ii, pl. xviii.; the skull being also figured
by Sollas in vol. xxxvii. pp. 472-478, figs. 8-14. The
resemblance of the mandible to that of 7. arcuatus is
mentioned under that heading, where the difference in the

+ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. ii. p. 412 (1846).—Plesiosaurus. ? Loe. cit,

* Sollas, ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvii. p. 469, gives the number of
cervicals as 30, but this is probably too high.

Se ee

PLESIOSAURID. 167

dimensions is also noticed. The humerus has a length of
0,350 (18-7 inches), and a width at the distal extremity
of 0,178 (7:0 inches), and is thus absolutely smaller than
in 7’. arcuatus, while the skull is so much larger. The
ulna is relatively shorter and wider than in that species,
its length being 0,103 (4:1 inches) and its width 0,081
(3:2 inches), and the disproportion between this bone and
the fibula is much Jess marked; while the radius and tibia
are subequal in size. The cervical vertebree and the pec-
toral girdle of this skeleton are of the general type of
T. arcuatus.

Presented by the Trustees of the Bristol Museum.

R. 1322. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a somewhat imperfect
omosternum, provisionally referred to this species; from
the Lower Lias, locality unknown. This specimen closely
accords in general characters with the corresponding bone
of 7. arcuatus, but is of somewhat larger dimensions,
although its apparent size has been somewhat increased
by the flattening to which its lateral borders have been
subjected. The diameter of the anterior border is about
0,178 (7 inches), Slight differences of contour as compared
with the above-mentioned specimen suggest reference to
the present rather than the preceding species. No history.

Group B.-—The arches of the cervical vertebree low and antero-
posteriorly elongated, with the longer axis of the zygapophyses
directed antero-posteriorly, and the pre- and postzygapophyses
separated by a long and shallow notch; posterior border of
neural spine above centrum of succeeding vertebra.

This group connects the preceding with Plesiosaurus, in which the
arches of the cervical vertebra have a similar structure.

Thaumatosaurus zetlandicus (Phillips '), from the highest zone of
the Upper Lias, not improbably belongs to this group, since the ver-
tebree as described by Blake * are longer than those of 7’. cramptoni.
The skull has a length of 1,065 (42 inches), being absolutely longer
than in 7’. cramptoni, although the length of the vertebral column
(19 feet) is less. There are said to be 25 cervicel vertebra, and 58
in the united cervical and dorsal series.

1 Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc. for 1853, p. 7 (1854).—Plesiosaurus. See Blake in
Tate and Blake’s ‘ Yorkshire Lias,’ p. 249 (1876).—P. zetlandi.

2 In this description it appears that 7. megacephalus has been confused with
Plesiosaurus macrocephalus.

168 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Thaumatosaurus carinatus (Cuvier ’). 4

Syn. Plestosaurus carinatus, Cuvier ?.

Imperfectly known, but apparently of the approximate size of
T. indicus. The cervical vertebree have a very prominent hemal
carina, with a deep pit on either side.

Hab. Europe (France and England).

R. 1066. The centrum of an immature cervical vertebra; probably
from the Kimeridge Clay of England. This specimen,
which is apparently late in the series, agrees almost
exactly with the immature type cervical from the
Kimeridgian of Boulogne, which is figured by Sauvage
in the ‘Ann. Sci. Nat.’—Zool. sér. 6, vol. vii. pl. xxvi.
fig. 2 (1879), of which the dimensions are:—length
0,043 (1-7 inches), height 0,055 (2:15 inches), width
0,058 (2°3 inches). In the type the division of the costal

Big. 57.

Thaumatosaurus (of.) carinatus.—Auterior and left lateral aspects of the cen-
trum and base of the arch of a cervical vertebra; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Shotover. 4. co, costal facets.

facet is not clearly shown, although this is indicated by
its vertical dimension ; in the present specimen the
division is very distinct. The pits on either side of the
carina are very deep, and the rugosities on the terminal
borders of the inferior face very distinct. The cupping
of the terminal faces and the absence of prominence in
the costal facets distinguish this specimen from the cer-
vicals of Peloneustes. Purchased, 1888.

' Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 486 (1824).— Plesiosaurus.
2 Loe, cit. E:

PLESIOSAURID A. 169

31908. The centrum and base of the arch of a (middle ?) cervical

(fg.) vertebra, provisionally referred to this species; from the

Kimeridge Clay of Shotover, near Oxford. The dimensions

of this specimen (woodcut fig. 57), are :—length 0,045 (1-76

inches), height 0,062 (2:45 inches), width 0,068 (2°67

inches). The base of the arch is anchylosed to the cen-

trum, although the suture persists. The costal articulation

is divided into two at the posterior half by a line which

does not extend to the anterior border. The hemal

carina terminates in a spine on the anterior border. The

resemblance to the cervicals of 7. odlithicus figured by

Meyer in the ‘ Palzontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. v., is very

marked, and the specimen also presents a considerable

general resemblance to the preceding, but has nearly

circular terminal faces and less distinct hemal pits. It

is uncertain whether these points are merely due to
difference of serial position or are of specific value.

Purchased. About 1852

37300. Two nearly entire late cervical vertebre of a large individual :
from the Kimeridge Clay of Boulogne, France. These
specimens, except for their large size, agree precisely with
those of the type, showing the extremely deep pits on
either side of the hemal ridge. The arches are anchylosed
to the centra, and the double costal facets are distinctly
shown. In the hinder yertebra the terminal faces are
ellipsoidal. Purchased, 1863.

32778. The centrum of a “ pectoral” vertebra probably referable
to this species; from the Kimeridge Clay of Boulogne.
There is a distinct hemal ridge. Purchased.

41776. The centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra provisionally
referred to the present form’; from the Kimeridge Clay
of the Isle of Portland, Dorsetshire. Although somewhat
smaller this specimen closely resembles the dorsal of the
type species figured by Meyer, op. cit. pl. v. figs. 8-10.

Purchased, 1869.

31900. The centrum of a later dorsal vertebra, apparently speci-

fically identical with the preceding ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Shotover. Purchased. About 1852.

1 It is not certain that this and the two next specimens are not referable to
the so-called Plesiosaurus ellipsospondylus (infra, p. 172).

170 SAUROPTERYGIA.

44598. Six associated centra of caudal vertebre provisionally
referred to this form ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Swindon,
Wiltshire. These specimens comprise one anterior centrum
of which the dimensions are :—length 0,048 (1:7 inches),
height 0,070 (2°75 inches), width 0,074 (2-93 inches) ;
then there is an interval, after which we come to three
anterior caudals in sequence: then another interval,
followed by two middle caudals, the dimensions of the
larger being, length 0,044 (1°75 inches), height 0,053
(2°08 inches), width 0,054 (2:15 inches). The anterior-
ones have no distinct chevron-facets, but these are strongly
marked in the later centra. These specimens closely
resemble the caudals of 7. cramptont, and are totally
different from those of the Kimeridgian species of Cimolio-
saurus. Presented by the Directors of the Swindon

Brick and Tile Company, 1873.

Thaumatosaurus propinquus (Blake !).

Syn. Plesiosaurus propinguus, Blake °.
Plesvosaurus simpson, Blake 3.

Nearly of the dimensions of 7. arcuatus, the total length of the
type skeleton being 15 feet. About 25 cervical vertebree, which
are described by Blake* as being relatively longer than in that
species, with the neural spines more widely separated. ‘There are
said to be seven bones in the carpus—3 in the first, and 4 in the
distal row ; but the arrangement of the bones of the distal row in
Blake’s figure appears to be incorrect, and the bones articulating
with the left humerus seem to be either two radii, or a radius and
a tibia. ;

The type specimen is in the Museum at Whitby, and was obtained
from the base of the Upper Lias.

Hab. Kurope (England).

16046. Two conjoint imperfect cervical vertebra probably belonging
to this species; from the Upper Lias of Crick, Northamp-
tonshire. These specimens have lost the neural spines,
while the exposed terminal face of each is also missing.
They differ from the nearly equal-sized vertebrae of
T. arcuatus, No. 2061*, by the characters of the neural

1 In Tate and Blake’s ‘ Yorkshire Lias,’ p. 247 (1876).—Plesiosawrus.
2 Loe. cit. 3 Ibid. Index of synonyms, p. i—LHrrorin.
* Erroneously compared with Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, see note, p. 167.

R. 1321.

PLESIOSAURID&. arg |

arches, which are of the type mentioned above. In this

respect they accord with the description of the cervicals of

the type, and are therefore referred to this species.
Purchased. About 1840.

Five imperfect cervical vertebre of similar type cemented
together by matrix; from the Marlstone (Middle Lias),
locality unknown. The characteristic contour of the
arches and the position of the neural spine is well shown ;
while the characters of the centra distinguish them from
Plesiosaurus. The identity in their mineral condition
and the nature of their matrix with that of the next
specimen indicates their geological horizon.

Presented by C. Faulkner, Esq.

16059. An immature and rolled dorsal vertebra ; from the Marlstone

R. 1369.

33098-9.

of Bugbrook, Northamptonshire. The dimensions of the
centrum are:—length 0,030 (1:2 inches), height 0,054
(2°15 inches), width 0,052 (2:05 inches). In the extreme
shortness of the centrum this specimen differs from the
dorsals of all species of Plesiosawrus and agrees with those
of 7. cramptone. Purchased. About 1840.

An imperfect right scapula probably belonging to this
form ; from the Upper Lias, probably of Northampton-
shire. This specimen is of the general type of the
corresponding bone of 7’. arcwatus, although presenting
well-marked specific differences in the contour of the
glenoidal extremity. No history.

The proximal extremity of a humerus or femur and an
associated radius or tibia, probably belonging to this
species; from the Upper Lias of Whitby. ‘These speci-
mens are much smaller than the corresponding bones of
7’. cramptoni, and would apparently accord with those of
the present species. Purchased. About 1860.

33115. Four imperfect caudal vertebre and some phalangeals,

cemented together by matrix, and probably associated
with the preceding; from Whitby. In the shortness of
their centra these bones agree with the caudals of
T’. megacephalus. ‘Two of the chevrons are in position.
Purchased. About 1860.

172 SAUROPTERYGIA.

GENUS NON DET.

(Plesvosaurus ellipsospondylus, Phillips *.)

Very imperfectly known ; of large dimensions. Cervical vertebrae
with short centra, having transversely ellipsoidal and_ slightly
cupped terminal faces, with single costal facets, and the costo-central
suture persistent.

Hab, Europe (England).

31916. The centrum of a cervical vertebra; from the Kimeridge

Clay of Shotover, near Oxford. Length 0,066 (2:6 inches), ©

width 0,096 (3°8 inches), height 0,076 (3:0 inches).
These dimensions accord very closely with those of the
largest cervical described by Phillips, The suture between

the rib and the centrum is very apparent. .
Purchased. About 1852.

Genus POLYPTYCHODON, Owen’.

Syn. Lutkesaurus, Kiprijanoft *.

Skull imperfectly known, but relatively large and of moderate
elongation. Teeth (fig. 58) large and stout with conical crowns,
marked by a number of prominent vertical ridges on all sides. Neck
probably short, with the anterior vertebre large. Cervical vertebree
with centra of medium length, having the terminal faces flattened,
with a sinuous profile caused by the overhang of the upper border
of the anterior face and the prominence of the lower border of the
same; costal facets single, and neural arch and cervical ribs anchy-

losed to centrum. JDorsals * with the same forward overhang of the

upper part of the centrum, and a mamumilla in the centre of the
terminal faces. Pectoral and pelvic girdles unknown. The limb
referred by Kiprijanoff to the so-called Lutkesaurus agrees very
closely with that of Cimoliosaurus portlandicus.

This genus is probably derived from Cimoliosaurus, with which
it agrees in the general structure of the teeth and vertebra.

1 Geology of Oxford, p. 372 (1871).—Ex Owen, MS.

2 Odontography, pt. ii. pl. 72. figs. 3, 4 (1841).

3 Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxxi. art. 6, p. 35 (1883),
* See Seeley, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxii. p. 433.

ey ee

PLESIOSAURID ®. 173

Polyptychodon interruptus, Owen !.

The type species”. Typically the ridges on the enamel of the
teeth (fig. 58) placed at a considerable distance apart, and a large
number of them, especially on the convex side, not extending to the
summit. Other teeth show a transition to the next form.

The horizon of the type specimen is not mentioned.

Hab. Europe (England, France*, Germany *, Bohemia’, and
Russia *).

Fig. 58.

Polyptychodon interruptus.—Tooth ; from the Cambridge Greensand. 4. A
portion of the enamel of the crown is shown on the right, of the natural
size.

The following specimens are from the Upper Chalk; in many of
them the ridges on the enamel ave more approximated and finer
than in the specimens from the Cambridge Greensand.

49011. The right half of the anterior extremity of the mandibular
(Fig.) | symphysis, showing one entire tooth of medium size and
the alveolus of a second; from Kent. Figured in Dixon’s
‘Geology of Sussex,’ Ist ed. pl. xxxviii. fig. 3, and also
by Owen in his ‘Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.),
pt. i. pl. x. fig. 7 (1851). Purchased, 1878.

1 Odontography, Atlas, pt. ii. p. 19, pl. 72. fig. 4 (1841).

* The name P. continuus occurs first in the original description, but it seems
preferable to take the present and better known form as the type.

® Sauvage, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. ii. art. 4, p. 27.

* Vide infra.

174

20761.

(Fig.)

25830.

35103.

49912.

49913.

32835.

43171.

49915.

SAUROPTERYGIA,

Part of the crown of a comparatively large tooth; from
Sussex. Figured in Dixon’s ‘ Geology of Sussex,’ pl. xxx.
fig. 22. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

The nearly entire crown of a large tooth; from Sussex. A
characteristic specimen. Dixon Collection.

The nearly entire crown and a fragment of the root of a
very large tooth; from Rochester, Kent. The length of
the crown is 0,075. Purchased, 1860.

The crown of an equally large but shorter tooth; from
Kent. The ridges are fine and closely approximated at
the base, but are large and widely separated at the summit.

Capron Collection. Purchased, 1879.

The crown and part of the root of a small tooth; from
Kent. The summit is nearly smooth. Capron Collection.

A small tooth belonging either to this or the following
species; from Kent. A large proportion of the grooves
continue to the summit, but it is difficult to specifically
distinguish this tooth from the Cambridge Greensand
specimen No. 35379. Taylor Collection. Purchased.

The crown of a medium-sized tooth in matrix; from Kent.
The length of the crown is greater than in the preceding |
specimen. Wetherell Collection. Purchased, 1871.

. The crown of a small tooth in matrix; from Maidstone,

Kent. Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

. The summit and one side of the base of the crown ofa large

tooth, in matrix ; from Maidstone. Same history.

. The crown of a smaller tooth from which one third has

been longitudinally split off, in matrix; from Maidstone.
Same history.

. The crown of a large tooth, and fragments of two smaller

teeth ; from Dover, Kent. .
Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1879.

. The crown of a small tooth; from Hart Hill, Charing, Kent.

Purchased.

The imperfect crown of a small tooth; from Kent.
Capron Collection.

PLESIOSAURID@&, 175

R. 1216. The crown of a small tooth in matrix; from Kent. The
ridges are few and widely separated. No history.

41242. Part of the crown of a very small tooth in matrix; from
Kent. Purchased, 1868,

41897. The broken crown of a larger tooth, in matrix ; from Kent.
The upper portion is nearly smooth. Purchased, 1870.

43081. The imperfect crown of a large tooth; from Cuxton, Kent.
Purchased, 1871.

41641. The crowns of two teeth (one imperfect); from Burham,
Kent. ‘ Purchased, 1869,

R. 1217. The crown of a small tooth in matrix; from Burham.
No history.

R. 51. The crown of a small tooth in matrix, provisionally referred
to this species; from Charing. The convex side is almost
totally devoid of ridges. Purchased,

41861. A very similar but slightly larger specimen, in matrix;
from near Rochester. Purchased, 1869.

5644. The crown of a very similar tooth; from Steyning, Sussex.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,

5644 a, The imperfect crown of a larger tooth; from Steyning.
Mantell Collection,

5645. The crown and part of the root of a large tooth in matrix;
from Steyning. The enamel is wanting on the convex
side. Mantel! Collection.

49914. The imperfect crown of a small tooth in matrix; from
Glynde, Sussex. — Capron Collection.

49961. The imperfect crown of a small tooth ; from Lewes, Sussex.
Capron Collection.

R. 1264. A number of associated teeth of medium size; together

with fragments of bone ; from Lewes, Sussex.
Harford Collection. Purchased, 1888.

R. 1265. Five small teeth; from Lewes. Harford Collection.

R. 1266. Three imperfect teeth of large size; from Lewes.
Harford Collection.

R. 1267. A medium-sized tooth in matrix ; from Halling, Kent.
Harford Collection.

VS

176 SAUROPTERYGIA.

The following specimens are from the Lower Chalk.

47259. The imperfect crown of a large tooth in matrix; from
Dover. Gardner Oollection. Purchased, 1876.

47259 a. The crown of a smaller tooth in matrix; from Dover.
Gardner Collection.

46959. The crown of a comparatively small tooth in matrix : from
Burham. Purchased, 1876.

R. 1271. Two associated small teeth in matrix ; from Folkestone,
Kent. ‘These are typical examples. Harford Collection.

The following specimens are from the Cambridge Greensand, and
may be regarded as typical examples.

R. 482. The imperfect crown of a very large tooth. The ridges
; are comparatively closely approximated.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

R. 393. The imperfect crown of an equally large tooth. Many of
the ridges show the pustules on the summit.
Presented by A. Nesbitt, Esq., 1883.

35380. The crown and part of the root of a large tooth. A
considerable portion of the enamel has been chipped off.
Purchased, 1860.

39104. The imperfect crown and part of the root of a very similar

tooth. Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.
35257. The imperfect crown of a large tooth wanting much of the

enamel. Purchased, 1859.
35256. The crown of a rather smaller So Purchased, 1859.
35379. A nearly entire tooth of smaller size. Figured in woodcut,
(iig.) fig, 58 (@. 178). Purchased, 1860.
30253. The imperfect crown of a tooth. Purchased, 1855.
35269. Part of the crown of a tooth. Purchased, 1859.

35270. The crown of a tooth remarkable for its shortness, and
probably belonging to the posterior extremity of the jaw.
The summit is wanting. Purchased, 1859.

35271. The crown of avery similar tooth. The summit of the crown
seems to have been abraded by wear. Purchased, 1859.

PLESIOSAURID&. V7F

39104 a. The crown of a comparatively large tooth, remarkable
for its great length. Bowerbank Collection.

35259. The root and base of the crown of a medium-sized tooth.
The base of the crown has been absorbed by a successional
tooth-germ. Purchased, 1859.

35382. The crown of a medium-sized tooth. Purchased, 1860.

35260. The crown of a large tooth wanting most of the enamel.
Purchased, 1859.

35258. The crown and part of the root of a rather smaller tooth.
The crown is comparatively short, and has the ridges on
the convex surface widely separated. Purchased, 1859.

35262. The crown of a medium-sized tooth. Purchased, 1859.

30253. The crown of a very similar tooth wanting portions of the
enamel. Purchased, 1859.

39261. The perfect crown of a tooth noticeable for its elongated
shape. Purchased, 1859.

41913. The crown of a larger tooth. Purchased, 1870.

35263. The ae crown of atooth resembling No. 35261.
Purchased, 1859.

35264. The imperfect crown of a small tooth. Purchased, 1859.
35265. The crown of a rather larger tooth. Purchased, 1859.

35266. The crown of a very similar but straighter tooth. The
ridges near the summit are very few. Purchased, 1859.

35267. The crown of a stouter tooth. Purchased, 1860.
35381. The crown of a very similar tooth. Purchased, 1860.
41913 a. The greater part of a small tooth. Purchased, 1870.

40357. Six specimens of the crowns of medium-sized teeth, to one

of which a portion of the root is still attached.
Purchased, 1867.

R. 1268. The crown of a large tooth. Harford Collection.

R. 1269. The imperfect crown of a very large tooth, with one
surface worn by the attrition of another tooth.
Harford Collection,

R. 1270. The crown of a smaller tooth. Harford Collection.
PART II. N

178 SAUROPTERYGIA.

47267. The centrum of a small “ pectoral” vertebra. This specimen

agrees precisely in contour with the larger example
figured by Owen in his ‘Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal.
Soc.), suppl. ii, pl. v., exhibiting the same sinuous profile
of the terminal faces, caused by the overhanging of the
upper border of the anterior face, and the protrusion of
the inferior border of the same. Purchased.

47272. A more imperfect centrum of a “‘ pectoral” vertebra.
Purchased.

The following specomens are from the Upper Greensand.

46380. The imperfect crowns of two large teeth ; from Warminster,
Wiltshire. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

R, 1219. The crown of a smaller and more elongated tooth ; from
Wiltshire. Cracherode Collection. Bequeathed, 1799.

The following specimens are from the Upper Greensand of
Wurtemberg. /

R. 58. The imperfect crown of a large tooth and the entire crown
of a small tooth; from Ratisbon. Teeth from the same
locality are described and figured by Meyer in the
‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. vi. p. 1, pl. 11. figs. 10-13, 17.

Purchased, 1880.

N

The original of the following specimen rs from the Cretaceous of
Bohemia.

47499. Cast of a comparatively small tooth inmatrix. The coneave

side of the crown is exposed. It is apparently a resto- -

toration of this specimen that is figured by the donor in

his ‘Reptilien und Fische der bohmischen Kreideformation’

(Prague, 1878), p. 1.
Presented by Dr. Anton Fritsch, 1876.

The following specimens are from the Gault of England.

35543. A tooth with the root imperfect, in matrix ; from Folkestone,
Kent. The concave surface of the crown is exposed, and
the ridges are very widely separated, and thus approach
the tooth noticed by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xxxii. p. 436. Purchased, 1859.

a ee

1? > eee
sy 4 ¥
'

PLESIOSAURID®. 179

R. 741. The crown of a taller tooth in matrix; from Folkestone.
The convex surface is exposed, and the ridges are widely
separated. Purchased, 1886.

The following specimen is from the “ Osteolite” of Kursk, Russia,
the probable equivalent of the Gault.

33246. The crown of a large tooth. Entire teeth from the same
deposits are described and figured by Kiprijanoff in the
‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxxi. art. 6, p. 7,
pls. 1., 11. Presented by Col. Kipryanoff.

The following specomen may belong to the present form.

36173. A bone which is apparently the extremity of the left
premaxilla ; from the Upper Greensand of Shanklin, Isle
of Wight. Three dental alveoli and a portion of a fourth
remain, the first and fourth being very large. There are
large cancelli in the diploé. Purchased, 1869.

**Polyptychodon continuus, Owen’.
Syn. Lutkesaurus, sp., Kiprijanoff ’.

Typically the ridges on the enamel of the teeth finer, more closely
approximated, and a larger number continuing to the summit of the
crown than in P. interruptus.

Specimens catalogued under the latter heading indicate a transition
from the present to the preceding form, and itis highly probable, as
suggested by Sauvage *, that the teeth to which the present name has
been applied are merely the anterior teeth of P. interruptus. The
type specimen is, however, said to be from the Lower Greensand,
where the latter form is not definitely known. The teeth from the
*‘ Osteolite” (Gault) of Russia figured by Kiprijanoff*, under the
name of Lutkesaurus, appear indistinguishable from those of the
present form. The fragment of a limb figured’ under the same
name has a structure essentially the same as that of Cimoliosaurus
portlandicus (fig. 70); if it really belong to the present form it
would seem to indicate an immature individual.

Hab. Europe (England and Russia).

1 Odontography, Atlas, pt. ii. p. 19, pl. 72. fig. 13 (1841).
2 Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxxi. art. 6, p. 35 (1883).
* Mém. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. ii. art. 4, p. 28.
* Op, tit. pl. xvii.
5 Ibid. pl. xix.
N2

180 SAUROPTERYGIA.

The undermentioned specimens are referred to the present species
by its founder, ~

32835. An imperfect tooth of large size, partly imbedded in matrix ;
(iftg.) from the Upper Chalk of Kent. Figured by Owen in his
‘Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.) pt. i. pl. xiv. fig. 4
(reversed). This specimen agrees in every respect with
the type teeth of Lutkesaurus figured by Kiprijanoff in the
‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxxi. pl. xvii,
showing the same fine and closely approximated ridges, of

which the summits carry a series of small pustules.
Taylor Collection.

R. 1215. The broken base of the crown of a similar tooth; from

the Chalk of Kent. No history.

35268. An imperfect and smaller tooth probably belonging to this
form ; from the Cambridge Greensand. The ridges have
been somewhat worn away by the action of water.

Purchased, 1859.

Genus CIMOLIOSAURUS, Leidy °.

Including :—Discosawrus, Leidy ”.

Brimosaurus, Leidy *.
Elasmosaurus, Cope *.
Polycotylus, Cope °.
Mavuisaurus, Hector °.
Murenosaurus, Seeley 7.
Colymbosaurus, Seeley *.

? Oligosomus, Leidy °.

? Piptomerus, Cope *°.

? Trinacromerum, Cragin |).

Skull relatively small, with short mandibular symphysis. Teeth
slender and not carinated ; the anterior ones not enlarged. Neck
usually greatly elongated, with the anterior vertebre very small.
Vertebree with the arches and cervical ribs usually completely
anchylosed to the centrum, with frequent obliteration of the suture,
and with curved zygapophyses and strongly developed zygosphenes.

* Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1851, p. 325 (1852).—Amended.
2 Ibid. p. 326.

3 Ibid. for 1854, p. 72 (1854).

* Ibid. for 1868, p. 92 (1868).

° Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv. pt. i. p. 34 (1870).
® Trans, N. Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 346 (1874).

7 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 197 (1874).

8 Ibid. p. 447.

® Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1872, p. 89 (1872).
10 Amer, Nat. vol. xxi. p. 564 (1887).

11 Amer. Geol. vol. ii. p. 405 (1888).

‘
eee ee

PLESIOSAURID®. 181

Cervicals with moderately or very short centra, having only single
costal facets (fig. 61), and the terminal faces transversely ellipsoidal

Fig. 59.

Cimoliosaurus (ef.) trochanterius——Diagram of the pectoral girdle; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Ely. Much reduced. ss, scapula; g, glenoid cavity ;
e, coracoid. (From the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)

and more or less cupped. JDorsals with forward overhang of
upper part of centrum, and the cupping of the faces corresponding
to that of the cervicals. Pectoral girdle (fig. 59) with the
scapule very large and having very broad and flat ventral plates
meeting anteriorly in the median line, and the dorsal portion very
small and narrow ; noomosternum ; coracoids either short and broad,
or moderately elongated, usually with a narrow median bar extending
forwards to unite with the scapule’; scapulo-coracoidal foramina
large and closed. Pelvis with the ischia (fig. 65) very short and
wide. Humerus usually longer than femur, and articulating distally
with either two or three bones, which are frequently transversely
elongated and lose all resemblance to long bones, the ulna being
generally more or less shortened antero-posteriorly and expanded
laterally. Chevrons (at least in the typical group) open inferiorly.

The pectoral girdle is imperfectly preserved or unknown in the
English Cretaceous species, in which the length of the neck is fre-
quently also unknown.

This genus is provisionally taken to include all the forms having
the above-mentioned type of pectoral girdle, with single costal
facets to the cervical vertebre. The type species, C. magnus of
the North-American Cretaceous, is noticed below ; Discosaurus
has been shown by Cope to be specifically identical, while there
appear to be no grounds for generically distinguishing Hlasmosawrus
platyurus, Cope*. Mauisaurus has vertebre agreeing precisely in

1 See Introduction. |

2 Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1868, p. 93 (1868). There appears to be a
confusion of cervical with caudal vertebra in the comparison of this form with
Cimoliosaurus.

182 SAUROPTERYGIA.

general structure with those of the type species. Polycotylus of
the American Cretaceous is characterized by the deeply cupped
terminal faces of the vertebral centra, and probably corresponds,
at least in part, to the undermentioned Coelospondyline group ;
for which it might apparently be adopted if it be considered
advisable to raise that group to generic rank. Piptomerus from the
same deposits is stated to be distinguished from Polycotylus by the
absence of anchylosis of the arches and cervical ribs with the
centra, but it has yet to be shown that this feature is not due to
immaturity. Oligosomus is based on a caudal vertebra from the
Cretaceous of Wyoming. Whether the forms described by Cope
under the names of Uronautes’ and Orophosaurus? belong to the
present genus in the sense in which it is employed here cannot yet
be determined. The names Murenosaurus and Colymbosaurus are
noticed in the sequel. TZ'rinacromerum from the Cretaceous of
Kansas, which is not yet figured, has three bones articulating with
the propodials, and the neck is said to be short. Although in the
Ichthyopterygia the number of bones articulating with the humerus
has been taken as a generic character, yet it seems unadvisable to
follow the same course in the present order, since this would lead
to making a number of indefinable genera, and would involve
the separation of such apparently closely allied forms as CU. tro-
chanterius and C. ewrymerus. The species of the two groups are
arranged in the order of their sequence in time.

A. Celospondyline Group.

Vertebree with the centra short or moderately elongated, and

their terminal faces more or less deeply cupped ; cervicals with the
neural spines short, and the zygosphenes and zygapophyses less
complex than in the next group; usually no anchylosis of the
chevrons with the caudal centra. Humerus relatively large, frequently
much expanded distally, with the trochanter very large and ex-
tending obliquely outwards from the shaft ; when only radius and
ulna articulate with the humerus, the ulna.often greatly elongated
in the transverse direction.

Probably equivalent, at least in part, to Polycotylus*, Cope; and
apparently including Colymbosaurus, Seeley *.

1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1876, p. 345 (1876).

? Original reference not found ; occurs in Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 565 (1887).

° In the description in the Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 564, the term propodials
should be metapodials.

+ Both the detached pectoral girdle (fig. 59) and the skeleton of Plestosaurus
megadirus were grouped together in the description of this genus, so that it is
difficult to say which is the type (see p. 191).

a. ee

PLESLOSAURID&. 183

Cimoliosaurus cantabrigiensis, Lydekker (n. sp.').
Including Plestosawrus neocomiensis, Owen * (non Pictet and Campiche).
Very imperfectly known; of moderate size. Cervical vertebrae

elongated, with the terminal faces of the centra moderately cupped
and slightly bevelled at the edges; and the arches having a very
prominent lateral ridge descending obliquely from the outer surface
of the prezygapophysis to the posterior border of the pedicle.
The dorsal vertebre figured by Owen as Plesiosaurus neocomiensis
would agree in relative size with the undermentioned cervicals and
may belong to the same form; they are characterized by a mam-
milla in the centre of the terminal face of the centrum.
Hab. Kurope (England).

The following specimens are from the Cambridge Greensand.

R. 461. Three associated imperfect anterior cervical vertebre.
Length of centrum 0,033 (1°3 inches), height 0,032

(1°25 inches), width 0,034 (1°35 inches).
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

Fig. 60.

Cimoliosaurus cantabrigiensis.—Anterior and left lateral aspects of a cervical
vertebra; from the Cambridge Greensand. %. p7.z, pre-, pt.z, post-

zy gapophysis.

1 The specific names applied by Seeley in his ‘ Index &c.’ to the Plesiosaur
of the Cambridge Greensand are not defined (vide infra, p. 246).
* Cretaceous Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. iv. p. 11 (1861).

184 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 461 a. Two larger cervical vertebre in a less imperfect condition,
(Fig.) probably from the later part of the neck of the same
individual as the preceding. These specimens (fig. 56)
are the types. The dimensions of the centrum are :—

length 0,039 (1°54 inches), height 0,034 (1°35 inches),

width 0,041 (1°6 inches). If these specimens belong to

the same individual as the preceding, and the under-
mentioned cervicals of C’. bernardi are likewise associated
specimens, the specific distinctness of the two forms will

be pretty certain, since in one case all the centra are long,

while in the other they are all short. The centra of the

present form are much less cupped than in the cervicals

of C. bernardi, the cupping being most marked posteriorly.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

The following specimens, which were referred by Owen to Plesio-
saurus neocomiensis, may be referable to this species.

35285. The centrum.of a small late cervical vertebra. The costal —

facet on one side is relatively high; the cupping of the
terminal faces is the same as in the preceding specimens,
but there is a mammilla in the centre, and the length is
less. Purchased, 1859.

36151. The centrum of a small “pectoral” vertebra. Figured by
(Fig.) Owen, op. cit. pl. vi. figs. 7, 8, as P. neocomiensis. This
specimen is evidently specifically identical both with Nos.
30285 and 361516. It has distinct mammille and well
cupped terminal faces, but the hemal ridge has practically
disappeared. Purchased, 1861.

36151 a. The centrum of a small anterior dorsal vertebra.

Purchased, 1861.

36151 b. The centrum of a later immature dorsal vertebra. Figured
(Fig.) by Owen, op. cit. pl. vi. figs. 8-11, as P. neocomiensis.
Length 0,034 (1°35 inches), height 0,042 (1:15 inches),
width 0,046 (1°8 inches), The mammille are well
developed. The type dorsal of Comoliosaurus neocomiensis
(p. 223) has flatter terminal faces, and a less distinct
anterior overhang of the upper part of the centrum. The
present specimen has a strong general .resemblance to the
dorsals of C. oxoniensis. Purchased, 1861.

36151 c, d. Two similar specimens. Purchased, 1861.

36151. A more imperfect dorsal centrum. Purchased, 1861.

a

PLESIOSAURID®. 185

35343. The centrum of a smaller dorsal vertebra, in which the
terminal mammille are very indistinct. Purchased, 1860.

35285 a. The centra of three dorsal vertebre probably associated
with No. 35285. The mammille are indistinct.
Purchased, 1859.

46378. The centrum of a similar dorsal vertebra.
Purchased, 1876.

35460. A similar specimen. Purchased, 1860.

R. 1304. The imperfect centrum of a similar dorsal vertebra; from
the Gault of Folkestone, Kent. No history.

35284. The imperfect centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra.
This specimen approximates to the larger caudal of C.
bernhardi figured by Kiprijanoff in the ‘ Mém. Ac. Imp.
St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxx. art. 6, pl. iil. fig. 1, but has a
small central mammilla. The later caudal represented in
fig. 4 of the same plate as Plesiosaurus neocomiensis has
similar characters. Im all these specimens the chevron-
facets are confined to the posterior border.

Purchased, 1859.

36151 x. Two small propodial bones (one imperfect), figured by
(Fig.) Owen, op. cit. pl. vi. figs. 12, 13, as P. neocomiensis.

There are no valid grounds for this reference.
Purchased, 1861.

Cimoliosaurus bernardi (Owen!).

Syn. Plestosaurus bernardi, Owen”.

Plesiosaurus ichthyospondylus, Seeley *.
(?) Plesiosaurus pachyomus, Owen * (in parte).
(?) Plestosaurus balticus, Schroder 4,

Imperfectly known; much larger than the preceding. Cervical
and dorsal vertebre comparatively short; the former with the
terminal faces very deeply cupped, and widely bevelled at the
edges; with the oblique zygapophysial ridge less strongly marked
than in the preceding species. Dorsals without central mammille,
and with bevelled edges to the terminal faces of the centra. In the
cervicals the terminal faces of the centra are less elliptical than in
other species. The type cervical vertebra (Owen, ‘ Cretaccous
In Dixon’s Geology of Sussex, Ist ed, p. 396 (1850).—Plesiosaurus,

2 Loe, cit:

* Index to Aves &. in Cambridge Museum, p. xvii (1869).

* Cretaceous Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. i. pl. xx. (1851).
» Jahrb. preuss. geol. Landesanstalt for 1884, p. 297 (1885).

186 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Reptilia,’ pt. i. pl. xvii., 1851) is from the Chalk of Sussex ; the
specimens from the Cambridge Greensand have been separated by
Seeley as Plesiosaurus ichthyospondylus, without any specific cha-
racters being given. The Russian specimens are from the ‘Osteolite,”

which is probably the equivalent of the Gault. It appears not:

improbable that the later cervical and “‘ pectoral” vertebre figured
in the ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia,’ pt. i. pl. xx. as Plestosaurus pachyomus
(which was founded upon an unfigured propodial) are referable to
this species. Plesiosaurus balticus from the Chalk of Prussia was
founded upon “pectoral” vertebree and a propodial, the latter
being of the type of C. trochanterius.

Hab. Europe (England, Russia', and Germany ”).

The following specimens are from the Cambridge Greensand. It 1s
probable that the greater number of the cervicals belong to a
single individual, which was immature.

35295. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra. Figured by
(i%ig.) | Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon, Pal. Soc.), suppl.
iv. pl. iv. figs. 1-4 (1864). Length 0,031 (1°22 inches),

height 0,035 (1:36 inches), width 0,036 (1:42 inches).
Purchased, 1859.

35295a. The crushed centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra.
(Fig.) Figured, op. cit. pl. iv. figs. 5, 6. Purchased, 1859.

35295 b. The centrum and left side of the neural arch of a larger
(Fig.) and probably later cervical vertebra. Figured, op. cit.
lenin. Purchased, 1859.

35295c. The centrum of a somewhat crushed cervical vertebra.
(Fig.) Figured, op. cit. pl. iv. figs. 7, 8, and pl. v. fig. 7.
Purchased, 1859.

35295 d. A cervical vertebra, wanting the ribs, zygapophyses, and
(Fig.) neural spine. Figured, op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 10, and pl. v.
fee) | Purchased, 1859.

35295 e. A very similar specimen showing the zygapophyses of the
(Fig.) left side. Figured, op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 11, and pl. v. figs. 2
and 6. The slight curvature of the zygapophysial articu-

lations characteristic of the group is well shown.
Purchased, 1859.

1 Kiprijanoff, Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxx. art. 6, p. 5.
2 Schréder, Jahrb. preuss. geol. Landesanstalt for 1884, pp. 297, 315.

35295 f.
(fg.)

35295 g.

35295 h.

PLESIOSAURID. 187

A considerably larger imperfect cervical vertebra. Figured,
op. cit. pl. v. figs. 3-5. The ribs and arch are anchylosed
to the centrum. Purchased, 1859.

A cervical vertebra, wanting the neural spine and ribs.
Length of centrum 0,040 (1°55 inches), height 0,051
(2-0 inches), width 0,051 (2:0 inches). Purchased, 1859.

Four centra of cervical vertebrae. One specimen has the
pedicles of the arch attached. Purchased, 1859.

36150. The neural arch and spine of a large cervical vertebra. In

35307.

36150a.

contour this specimen closely resembles the arch of the
cervical of C. valdensis, No. R. 609 (p. 189).

Purchased, 1861.

Three imperfect centra of associated dorsal vertebra,
agreeing closely with the following specimens.
Purchased, 1859.

Seven imperfect associated centra of dorsal vertebrae. These
specimens agree in relative size with the large cervical, No.
35295 b; the dimensions of the best preserved specimen
being :—length 0,054 (2:15 inches), height 0,069 (2°7
inches), width 0,076 (3:0 inches). The terminal faces
are distinctly cupped; and the whole contour of these
Specimens is very similar to that of the dorsals of C.
eurymerus, No. 46484 (p. 207). Purchased, 1861.

The following specimens indicate the ewistence of this or a closely
allied species at the period of the Lower Greensand ; their
resemblance to the Upper Cretaceous specimens and the absence
of vertebrae of similar type in the Kimeridge Clay indicate that
these specimens were not derived from the latter deposit.

42102. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra; from the

Neocomian bone-bed of Potton, Bedfordshire. This speci-
men presents no characters by which it can be specifically
distinguished from the early cervicals from the Cambridge
Greensand, exhibiting the same large costal facets and
the prominent hemal ridge’ Purchased, 1870.

40456. The centrum of a later cervical vertebra; from Potton.

Purchase’, 1870.

188 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Cimoliosaurus tenuis (Hector °).

Syn. Polycotylus tenuis, Hector ?.

Very imperfectly known, being founded upon cervical vertebree
and the following specimen; it probably belongs to the present
group, as the vertebree are deeply cupped.

Hab. New Zealand.

R. 838. An imperfect propodial bone (? humerus); from the Cre-
(i%g.) taceous of Amuri Bluff, North Island, New Zealand.
One of the type specimens; figured by Hector in the
‘Trans. N. Zealand Inst.’ vol. vi. pl. xxvui. fig. B. .

By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

Cimoliosaurus valdensis, Lydekker (n. sp.).

Of very small size. Both the cervicals and dorsals very short;
the terminal faces of the former less deeply cupped than in C.
bernardi, and those of the latter without a mammilla in the centra ;
arches of cervical vertebra with the oblique zygapophysial ridge
indistinct.

Fig. 61.

Cimoliosaurus valdensis,— Anterior and left lateral aspects of a cervical vertebra ;
from the Wealden of Hastings. 3. pr.z, prezygapophysis; pt.z, postzy-
gapophysis; co, costal facet.

The small dimensions of this species, coupled with the freshwater
character of the beds in which it occurs, indicate the probability of

1 Trans. N. Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 845 (1874). 2 Loe. cit.

en
ian ee
Bel’
‘ -
os

PLESIOSAURID®. 189

fluviatile or estuarine habits. The unnamed vertebra from the
German Wealden figured by Koken in the ‘ Pal. Abhandl.’ vol. iii.
pt. v. pl. v. fig. 4, belongs to the present species.

Hab. Europe (England and Germany).

R. 609. A large series of cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebra,

(Fig.) mostly wanting the neural arches, of which the greater
number belong to a single individual; from the Wadhurst
Clay (Lower Wealden) of Hastings, Sussex. The types.
A nearly entire late cervical is figured in the accompanying
woodcut; the arch is anchylosed to the centrum, but the
ribs were loose and have been lost. The dimensions of
the centrum are :—length 0,023 (0-9 inch), height 0,032
(1:26 inches), width 0,035 (1°37 inches) ; the height from
the base of the neural canal to the summit of the spine
being 0,047 (1°85 inches). The lowness of the spine and
the cupped centrum at once distinguish this specimen
from the cervical of C. limnophilus, No. 2429 (p. 225).
In one of the dorsals (No. R. 609 a) the dimensions of the
centrum are :—length 0,024 (0°95 inch), height 0,033
(1°33 inches), width 0,044 (1°75 inches). A series of
similar vertebre from Hastings is preserved in the Museum
of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street.

Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884.

36549. A nearly entire later cervical vertebra of slightly larger size
than the figured cervical of the preceding series ; from the
Wealden of Cuckfield, Sussex. In this specimen both the
arch and ribs are completely anchylosed to the centrum,
with obliteration of the sutures. The general contour is
very similar to that of the cervicals of C. bernardi.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.

2439. The centrum and base of the arch of a dorsal vertebra closely
resembling No. R. 609 a; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,

2434. The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra probably referable
to this species; from Cuckfield. Mantell Collection.

40549. The left humerus imperfect distally ; from Cuckfield. The
general characters of the proximal extremity resemble
those of the humerus of C. trochanterius, but the proximal
extremity of the trochanter is less developed.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.

190 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 609 b. The right femur; from Hastings. Associated with the
type vertebra. Length 0,170 (6-7 inches), width at distal
extremity 0,075 (2:95 inches). Dawson Collection.

Cimoliosaurus trochanterius (Owen ').

Syn. Plesiosaurus trochantervus, Owen ?.
Phosaurus trochantertus, Owen °.
Including :—
Plesiosaurus affinis, Owen *.
Plesiosaurus manselh, Hulke *.
Syn. Murenosaurus manseli, Sauvage °.
Plesiosaurus megadirus, Seeley *.
Syn. Plesiosaurus macrodirus, Seeley °.
Colymbosaurus megadirus, Seeley °.
Plestosaurus brachyspondylus, Phillips *° (non Owen).
Syn. Murenosaurus brachyspondylus, Sauvage 1.
Plesiosaurus validus, Phillips ’.

Of very large size. Cervical vertebrae probably about 35 in
number! ; their centra, except in the anterior region, moderately
short, with well-cupped terminal faces, and with or without a
distinct lateral depression ; and the arches without oblique zygapo-
physial ridges. Humerus (fig. 62) relatively long, with the distal
expansion chiefly confined to the postaxial border, and (according to
Hulke) articulating distally with three bones ; the radius short, and
the ulna pentagonal and not greatly expanded transversely. In the
humerus and femur the preaxial roughened surface of the distal
extremity does not extend nearly as high up as the postaxial one.

The relations of the forms described under the above-mentioned
names have been discussed by the writer in the ‘ Geol. Mag,’ dec. 3,
vol. v. pp. 353-856 (1888). The species was founded upon the
undermentioned femur, No. 31787, which cannot apparently be
specifically distinguished from the corresponding bone of the type

1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 85 (1840).—Plestosaurus.

2 Loe. cit. 3 Ibid. for 1841, p. 64 (1842).

4 Tbid. for 1839, p. 86 (1840).

5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxvi. p. 612 (1870).

6 Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. sér. 6, vol. viii. art. 6, p. 32 (1879).

7 Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. xx (1869). Description in-
sufficient.

8 Ibid. p. 143.—Errorim.

9 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. pp. 445, 447 (1874).

10 Geology of Oxford, p. 368 (1871).

1 Op. cit. p. 33. 12 Op. cit. p. 370.

13 Seeley gives the number of cervicals in P. megadirus as 42, but this seems
to include ‘ pectorals.” .

aan ae oo fo a

wit ah

PLESIOSAURID A. 191

skeleton of Plesiosaurus manseli; this specimen might, indeed, be
referable to C. brachistospondylus, but since the latter appears to be
a comparatively rare form it is more probable that the commoner
type of vertebree were associated with this humerus. The vertebrae
described under the names of Plesiosaurus manseli and P. validus
are characterized by a more or less distinct lateral depression on the
centra of the cervical vertebre, while in those described as P. bra-
chyspondylus and P. megadwrus such depressions are absent. P.
validus appears, however, to be somewhat intermediate in this re-
spect between P. manseli and P. brachyspondylus ; and since similar
variations occur in regard to the depth and form of the cupping of
the terminal faces of the cervical vertebre it seems impossible to
separate these two types of structure without making at least three
undefinable species. ‘The variations in this respect appear, indeed,
to be local racial characters, the northern race having lost the
lateral depression. Thus in the one known skeleton from Dorset-
shire these depressions are very marked (P. manselz) ; in the inter-
mediate Oxfordshire area we meet with one form (P. validus) in
which these depressions are less marked, and another (P. brachy-
spondylus) in which they are absent ; while in the Cambridgeshire
type (P. megadirus) these depressions are invariably wanting.

The difference in the size of the type femur and that of the skele-
ton of P. manseli can scarcely be taken as a specific character, since
it is evident that in species of this size a considerable limit must
be allowed for sexual and individual variations in this respect. The
genus Colymbosaurus was founded upon the evidence of a detached
pectoral girdle from Ely (fig. 59), which was identified by its
describer with P. megadirus ; P. manseli being referred by the same
writer to a subgenus of Murewnosaurus. In the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’
for 1841, p. 64, Plesiosawrus trochanterius was transferred by its
founder to Pliosawrus; the skull subsequently described under that
name is catalogued in Pt.1. p. 104 under the Crocodilian genus
Machimosaurus. :

Hab, Europe (England and France).

42496. An associated series of 86 vertebre, mostly wanting the
neural arches ; from the Kimeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic)
of Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. These specimens are
described by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’
vol. xxvi. pp. 613-615, and together with the under-
mentioned coracoids and limb-bones are the types of Ples-
wosaurus manseli. Twenty-eight true cervicals now re-
main, but several are missing behind the axis, and there

192

SAUROPTERYGIA.

was evidently a considerable gap between the centra
marked 12 and 13; one vertebra (42496 a) having been
found since the series was described, which is evidently
one of the missing specimens from this part. The first
12 remaining vertebre are somewhat distorted and have
lost the greater portion of their arches. In the ninth
the dimensions of the centrum are :—length 0,053 (2:1
inches), height 0,056 (2:2 inches), and width 0,062 (2:4
inches). In the later cervicals the centrum becomes rela-
tively shorter; the lateral and hemal depressions being
well marked. The dimensions of No. 42496a, which is
probably about the 18th of the complete series, are:—
length 0,048 (1:9 inches), height 0,053 (271 inches), width
0,067 (2°65 inches). Still later in the cervical series
(42496 c) the lateral depressions become less marked,
and the hemal depressions totally disappear, so that there
is a blunt ridge between the two foramina on this surface.
The dimensions of this centrum are :—length 0,058 (2°3
inches), height 0,081 (8:2 inches), width 0,098 (3:9

inches). Comparisons of some of the vertebra are made

below. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

41802 x. The third (?) cervical vertebra, wanting the greater portion

R. 1256.

of the arch; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely, Cambridge-
shire. The dimensions of the centrum are :— length 0,029
(1:15 inches), height 0,030 (1-18 inches), width 0,036 (1°4
inches). The corresponding vertebra is missing in the pre-
ceding series, but the centrum of this specimen agrees
in size with that of the axis of the latter. The conjoint
atlas and axis of the type skeleton of P. megadirus figured
by Barrett in the ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1858, vol. ii.
pl. xiii. fig. 2, also agree precisely with the corresponding
element in No. 42496. Purchased, 1869.

Casts of the centra of the 10th and 22nd cervical ver-
tebree. The originals belong to the vertebral column
on which Plesiosaurus megadirus was founded, which was
obtained from the Kimeridge Clay of Haddenham, Cam-
bridgeshire, and is preserved in the Woodwardian Museum
at Cambridge. The dimensions of the 10th are :—length
0,041 (1°60 inches), height 0,042 (1-65 inches), width 0,052
(2°5 inches); and those of the 22nd :—length 0,054 (2°13
inches), height 0,063 (2:48 inches), width 0,076 (2:93
inches). The 10th closely resembles the early cervicals

.
bs we me fr we,
se ae

R. 1286.

PLESIOSAURID®. 193

of No. 42496. The 22nd corresponds nearly to the one
marked 13 (42496 6) in No. 42496, which is probably the
23rd of the full series. The present specimen differs from
the latter in the absence of the distinct lateral depression,
but has the same deeply cupped terminal faces, in which
the depression occupies the whole of the surface. The
posterior face has the same bevelled inferior border, but
the anterior face is slightly less elliptical. Compared with
No. R. 1286 (¢nfrd), which is probably about the 20th of
the series, this specimen differs by the absence of the
lateral depression, and also by the circumstance that in
the terminal faces of the latter the depression is confined
to the central region ; both have the same approximation
to a circular form in the contour of the anterior face.
No. R. 1286 differs both from the present specimen and
No. 42496 6 in the bevelling of the lower border of the
anterior face, but in other respects is somewhat interme-
diate between the two; its lateral depression being less
deep and more widely defined than in No. 42496 0.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

Cast of an imperfect middle (? 20th) cervical vertebra.
The original is one of a series of cervicals obtained from
the Kimeridge Clay of Cumnor-Hurst, near Oxford, and
preserved in the Oxford Museum, that series being one of
the types of Plesiosaurus validus. The original of the
present specimen is figured on a scale of 1, with consider-
able restoration, on p. 371 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of
Oxford’; the rounded contour of the neural canal given
in the figure being due to an incorrect restoration of the
neural arch, which has now been placed in its proper
position. The chief characters of this specimen have been
already noticed under the preceding entry.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

31924. A large posterior cervical vertebra wanting the spine of the

neural arch and the extremities of the ribs ; from Shotover.
Length of centrum 0,054 (2°15 inches), height 0,078 (3:1:
inches), width 0,099 (3-9 inches), This specimen closely
resembles the cervical figured by Phillips on p. 368.
Purchased.

31914. A rather smaller and somewhat earlier cervical vertebra ;

PART II,

from Shotover. The processes are imperfect.
Purchased.
0

194 SAUROPTERYGIA.

41802. A nearlv entire posterior cervical vertebra, corresponding
approximately in position with the preceding specimen ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely, Cambridgeshire. This
is a typical example of the so-called Plesiosaurus brachy-
spondylus or megadirus. Purchased, 1869.

41802a. A late cervical vertebra associated with the preceding,
wanting the neural spine and the extremities of the ribs ;
from Ely. The vertically elongated contour of the neural
canal and its deeply excavated base are well shown. Of
the centrum the length is 0,054 (2:15 inches), the height

0,067 (2°65 inches), and the width 0,085 (3°35 inches).
Purchased, 1869.

R. 1257. An imperfect cervical vertebra closely resembling the
preceding ; from Ely.
Presented by R. Lydekker, Esq., 1888.

32776. An imperfect late cervical vertebra ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Boulogne, France. This specimen closely re-
sembles No. 41802 a. The summit of the neural spine and
both the ribs are broken off, and the hemal ridge is pro-
minent. Purchased.

153. A posterior cervical vertebra; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Somersetshire. ‘This specimen is somewhat obscured by
matrix and the processes are imperfect, the ridge between
the hemal foramina being very prominent.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

R. 274. A very similar, but more imperfect specimen; probably
from Shotover. This specimen has very deep terminal cups.
Ligerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

31921. The imperfect centrum of a “ pectoral” vertebra ; from Shot-
over. This specimen approximates to No. 42496 ¢, but is
somewhat later in the series. The hemal ridge has be-
come very broad and indistinct. Purchased, 1859.

41776. The centrum and base of the arch of a small vertebra, pro-
bably from the “ pectoral” region, and provisionally referred
to this species; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth,
Dorsetshire. Purchased, 1869.

46475. A very similar but somewhat longer centrum; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Devizes, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

\

PLESTOSAURIDE. 195

41802 e. An imperfect vertebra, probably belonging to the pectoral
region ; from Ely. Purchased, 1869.

41802 b. The imperfect centrum and base of the arch of an anterior
dorsal vertebra; from Ely. This specimen is almost in-
distinguishable from No. 42496 f. Purchased, 1869.

24684 a. The centrum and base of the arch of an anterior dorsal
vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett,
Wiltshire. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

R. 258. A dorsal vertebra wanting the neural spine and one trans-
verse process ; from Shotover. Length of centrum 0,057
(2°25 inches), height 0,081 (3:2 inches), width 0,088
(3°46 inches). Egerton Collection.

41802 c. A very similar imperfect dorsal vertebra; from Ely.
Purchased, 1869.

47421. An anterior dorsal vertebra, wanting some of the processes
of the neural arch; from Ely. Length of centrum 0,064
(2'5 inches), height 0,092 (3°6 inches), width 0,094 (3°7
inches). This specimen closely resembles the one men-
tioned as No. 12 on p. 370 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Ox-
ford’; and is also very similar to No. 42496 f.
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

41802 d. A very similar specimen; from Ely. The neural spine
and the right transverse process are wanting. The exca-
vation of the base of the neural canal is shown.

Purchased, 1869.

24804. An imperfect dorsal vertebra closely resembling the pre-
ceding ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Pottern, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection.

24804. The centrum of a rather larger dorsal vertebra, probably
associated with the preceding; from Pottern. Length
0,063 (2°5 inches), height 0,094 (3:7 inches), width 0,106
(4:15 inches); these dimensions being almost identical
with those of the specimen described by Phillips on

p. 369 as No. 1 (P. brachyspondylus).
Cunnington Collection.

R. 276. A very large posterior dorsal vertebra, with the arch im-
perfect; from the Kimeridge Clay of Wheatley, Oxford-
shire. Length of centrum 0,078 (3:1 inches), height 0,104
(4:5 inches), width 0,124 (4:9 inches). Lyerton Collection,

02

196 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 276 a. A similar but more imperfect specimen; from Wheatley.
Egerton Collection.

31911. A posterior dorsal vertebra, with the arch imperfect ; from
Shotover. In this specimen, which is as large as the pre-
ceding, the depression of the base of the neural canal, so
conspicuous in the anterior dorsals, has almost disappeared.
The centrum, as in the preceding specimen, has the ter-

‘ minal faces transversely elliptical, instead of nearly cir-
cular, as in No. 41802 d. Purchased, 1859.

31922. A posterior dorsal vertebra, somewhat imperfect ; from Shot-
over. Purchased, 1859.

47878. An imperfect posterior dorsal vertebra agreeing very closely
with the preceding; from Shotover. The post-zygapo-
physes are well shown.

Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

47878 a. Two still more imperfect dorsal vertebree, associated with
the last. Presented by the Hon, R. Marsham, 1877.

32777. An imperfect vertebra, probably belonging to the lumbar
region ; from Boulogne. Purchased.

31913. The centrum of a smaller vertebra, probably from the lumbar
region; from Shotover. This specimen closely resembles

No, 42496 g, and has its terminal faces elliptical.
Purchased, 1859.

31904. A similar and probably associated centrum; from Shotover.

Purchased, 1859.

47328. A middle caudal vertebra, probably belonging to this species ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Swindon, Wiltshire.

Presented by the Directors of the Swindon

Brick and Tile Company, 1876.

R. 1287. Cast of the centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra. ‘The
original is from the Kimeridge Clay of Baldon, Oxford-
shire ; and, together with eight associated caudals and a
few cervicals, is preserved in the Oxford Museum. ‘This
specimen is figured by Phillips on p. 372, as one of the
types of P. validus. It is absolutely indistinguishable
from an anterior caudal of No. 42496, marked g. Length
0,057 (2:25 inches), height 0,082 (38°25 inches), width
0,099 (3°9 inches). Made in the Museum, 1888.

A — ’ m ‘ * A
ree ee CO ee ee Oe eee ee ee eee a ee ee

PLESIOSAURID®. 197

42496 a. The anterior portion of the united coracoids, associated

(Fig.)

with the vertebre No. 42496. Figured by Hulke in
the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvi. pl. xli. figs. 5, 6.
A fractured surface on the ventral side of the anterior
border indicates where the median longitudinal bar was
attached. The interval between the posterior extremities
of the two glenoid cavities is 0,520 (20-5 inches).
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

40106. The left humerus, with the radius, ulna, and pisiform in

(fig.)

apposition ; from Kimeridge Bay. One of the types of
P. manseli, associated with the vertebre No. 42496.
Figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’
vol. xxvi. pl. xli. figs. 3,.4, and also in the ‘ Proc. Geol.
Soc.’ for 1883, p. 52, fig. 7, as the femur. Judging, how-
ever, from No. 46479 and the examples of C. eurymerus in

* the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., this specimen must

be referred to the pectoral limb. The length is 0,519
(20°5 inches), and the transverse diameter of the distal
extremity 0,540 (12 inches). Hulke regards the bone
here termed the ulna as the intermedium. Specimens
from Ely, in the collection of M. Fischer, Esq., of that
town, confirm Hulke’s arrangement of the three distal
bones. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

40107. The right humerus, wanting the distal extremity, associated

with the preceding.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

46479. A smaller right humerus of similar type, and belonging

(Fiq.)

either to an immature individual of this or the next
species, or to a nearly allied smaller species; from the
Kimeridge Clay, locality unknown. Length 0,460 (16
inches), transverse diameter of distal extremity 0,287
(11:5 inches). This specimen (fig. 62) closely resembles
the humerus figured by Phillips in his ‘ Geology of Oxford,’
p. 365 (reproduced in fig. 63), of which the length is 18
inches. ‘The latter specimen tends, therefore, in point
of size to connect the present one with this species. The
inequality in the height of the rough cartilaginous surface
on the distal borders is well shown. Hulke’s restoration
of the postaxial border of No. 40106 is somewhat different
from the corresponding portion of this specimen.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46796 c. A small right humerus probably belonging to a young

-

198

Cimoliosaurus (cf.) trochanterius.—

SAUROPTERYGIA.

individual of this or the next species ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Foxhangers. Length 0,266 (10-5 inches), width
of distal extremity 0,190 (7:5 inches). This specimen,
which shows evident signs of its immaturity, accords
closely with the description of the type humerus of
Plesrosaurus affinis, but is 1-5 inches longer.

Cunnington Coll.

Cimoliosaurus (¢f.) trochanterius.—

Ventral aspect of the right hu-
merus, with the radius (7), ulna
(w), and pisiform (p); from the
Kimeridge Clay. 3}. The con-
tour of the three distal bones is
somewhat conjectural, and is given

Dorsal aspect of the right hu-
merus; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Oxfordshire. 75. @, preaxial ;
p, postaxial border; e, division
between radial and ulnar facets.
(After Phillips.)

from Hulke’s figure.

31787. The right femur of a large individual, with the postaxial

(/1q.)

border of the distal extremity imperfect; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Wiltshire. The type specimen;
originally in the collection of the Earl of Enniskillen.
Described by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839,
p. 85; noticed by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxvi. p. 620 (the specimen being then labelled Plesio-
saurus brachydirus), where it is compared to No. 40106;
and figured by Phillips in his ‘Geology of Oxford,’ p. 364,
asa humerus. Length 0,680 (24 inches), circumference
of proximal extremity 0,528 (19 inches), diameter of

.
Pa ee em aT

40107 a.
(Fig.)

40107 b.

40108 a.

PLESIOSAURID™®. 199

remaining portion of the distal extremity 0,254 (10 inches).
The specimen has, however, been broken and mended with
plaster, and the length is probably at least one inch too
long. . On p. 316 of Phillips’s ‘Geology of Oxford’ it is
stated, on the authority of the Earl of Enniskillen, that
this specimen was obtained from the Oxford Clay; but
this is in all probability incorrect, since no similar femora
are known from that horizon, nor are there vertebrae of
sufficient size to have belonged to such a specimen. In
Owen’s description the locality is erroneously given as
Shotover. Owing to the incorrect labelling of this speci-
men it was regarded by Hulke as the type of Pliosaurus
brachydirus. Purchased, 1859.

A somewhat smaller left femur, associated with No. 40106.
Figured by Hulke, in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxvi. pl. xli. figs. 1, 2, as a humerus. The postaxial
border of the distal extremity is imperfect. The length
is 0,508 (20 inches), or slightly less than that of the
associated humerus.

Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

The distal extremity of the right femur of the same
individual, in a somewhat imperfect condition.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

A series of distal bones of the paddles, probably associated
with the preceding.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

31795. The right femur, with the postaxial portion of the distal

expansion wanting; from the Kimeridge Clay of Shotover.
Noticed by Hulke in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol, xxvi. p. 620, where, owing to its labelling, it is
stated to be the type of the species, which, however, is not
the case. Its resemblance to No. 40107 a, which is
slightly larger, is pointed out in that notice.

Purchased, 1859.

11900. The distal extremity of a large humerus or femur, not impro-

bably belonging to this species ; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Newport-Pagnall, Buckinghamshire. This specimen
was presented in 1835 to Dr. Mantell by the Rev. John
Prettyman. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838,

200 SAUROPTERYGIA.

The following specimens are from the Neocomian bone-bed of Potton,
Bedfordshire, and were doubtless derived from the Kimeridge
Clay.

42089. A very early (? third) cervical vertebra, wanting the greater
part of the neural arch and ribs. This specimen is

_ indistinguishable from the Bly example No. 41802 «.
Purchased, 1870.

40444 a. The centrum of a middle cervical vertebra.
Purchased, 1867.

40444 b. The centrum of a somewhat later cervical vertebra. In
general characters this specimen comes nearest to the

cervical described as Plesiosaurus validus, No. R. 1286.
Purchased, 1867.

40444 c. An early posterior cervical vertebra. Closely resembles the
Ely specimen No. 41802. Purchased, 1867.

Cimoliosaurus brachistospondylus (Hulke’).
Syn. Plesvosaurus brachistospondylus, Hulke °.

As large as the preceding species, but with the centra of the
vertebree much shorter. This species was founded upon the under-
mentioned dorsal vertebrae * (No. 45869). The cervicals described
below differ from those of C. trochanterius in their relatively shorter
centra, and the presumption, therefore, is that they should be referred
to this species.

Hab. Kurope (England).

42089. An imperfect anterior cervical vertebra ; from the Neocomian
bone-bed of Potton, Bedfordshire; derived from the
Kimeridge Clay. This specimen is relatively much shorter
than the anterior cervicals of C. trochanterius, the dimen-
sions of the centrum being :-—length 0,035 (1°36 inches),
height 0 es (1:3 inches), width 0,045 (1°77 inches).

Purchased, 1870.

40444. A somewhat later anterior cervical vertebra, in an imperfect
condition; from Potton. Purchased, 1867.

46448. A still later imperfect anterior cervical vertebra; from
Potton. Purchased, 1875.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 611 (1870).—Plestosawrus.

2 Loe. cit.

3 Tn the ‘ Geol. Mag.’ dec. 3, vol. v. p. 354, the writer suggested that the
shortness of these vertebra: might be due to pressure, a view which is not
supported by subsequent observations.

PLESIOSAURIDZ. : 201

42032. An imperfect early middle cervical vertebra; from Potton.
The dimensions of the centrum are:—length 0,042 (1:65
inches), height 0,055 (2°15 inches), width 0,070 (2°75
inches). The same dimensions in a cervical of C. trochan-
terius (No. 42496 a) corresponding approximately in
serial position with the present specimen being :—length
0,048 (1°88 inches), height 0,053 (2:1 inches), width
0,067 (1:64 inches). Purchased, 1870.

31902. An imperfect cervical vertebra agreeing very closely with
the preceding specimen; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Shotover, near Oxford. The dimensions of the centrum
are:—length 0,041 (1°6 inches), height 0,052 (2°05 inches),
width 0,070 (2°74 inches). Purchased, 1859.

31907. A more imperfect and somewhat later cervical vertebra,
apparently associated with the preceding; from Shotover.
Purchased, 1859.

42032 a. A somewhat later cervical vertebra, in an imperfect and
much rolled condition ; from Potton. Purchased, 1870.

R. 257. An immature cervical centrum not improbably belonging

to the hinder part of the neck of the present form; from

Shotover. The dimensions are :—length 0,041 (1°6 inches),

height 0,056 (22 inches), width 0,076 (3 inches).
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

42099. A much smaller immature cervical centrum of similar type ;
from Potton. Purchased, 1870.

41905. A “ pectoral” or lumbar vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay
of Kimeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. The dimensions of the
centrum are :—length 0,055 (2:16 inches), height 0-100

(3°94 inches), width 0,113 (4°45 inches).
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

31906. The centrum and part of the arch of a dorsal vertebra; from
Shotover. The dimensions of the centrum are:—length
0,043 (1'7 inches), height 0,100 (8-94 inches), width
0,105 (4:14 inches). Purchased, 1859.

45869. A slab. in three fragments containing six dorsal vertebre,
(Fig.) portions of ribs, and some distal limb-bones; from
Kimeridge Bay. The types; three of the vertebre are
figured by Hulke in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvi.
pl. xli. figs. 7-9. The contour of the terminal faces of
these vertebra agrees precisely with that of several of the

202 SAUROPTERYGIA.

dorsals of C. trochanterius; the dimensions of one of the
centra are :—length 0,033 (1°3 inches), height 0,097 (3°8
inches), width 0,112 (44 inches).

Presented by J, C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1874.

Specimens which may belong to either of the two preceding
species, or to C. truncatus (infra).

R. 735. The imperfect left scapula of a very large individual ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay. ‘The extreme
length is 0,560 (22:1 inches). This specimen accords
closely with the imperfect scapule from Shotover, figured
by Phillips, op. cit. p. 377, diagram 177, as ischia, the

Fig. 64.

Cimoliosaurus (cf.) trochanterius.—Ventral aspect of the pelvic girdle; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay. About 75. sc,scapula; pc, ventral
(precoracoidal) plate of do.; jf, scapulo-coracoidal-foramen; g/, glenoid
cavity ; co, coracoid. (From the ‘ Proc. Geol. Soc.’)

view being taken from the ventral aspect. The present
specimen would indicate an individual of somewhat
larger size than the type of Plesiosaurus manseli. The
contour of this specimen is very similar to that of the
corresponding element of the next specimen, and is totally
different from that of Pliosaurus.

Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1886.

PLESIOSAURIDZ. 203

46833. The nearly entire pectoral girdle of a smaller individual;

(fiq.)

from Kimeridge Bay. Described and figured by Hulke in
the ‘ Proc. Geol. Soe.’ for 1883, pp. 59-60, fig. 16, the
figure being reproduced inthe accompanying woodcut. It
is believed that this specimen is the one on which the
pectoral girdle figured by Owen in the ‘ Quart. ‘Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxix. p. 135, fig. 2, as that of Plhosaurus,
is based. The longest diameter of the scapula (7. e. from
the glenoid cavity to the anterior border of the ventral
plate) is 0,304 (12 inches), and the widest part of the
coracolds at the glenoid cavity 0,445 (17-5 inches). This
specimen closely resembles the isolated pectoral girdle
from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely figured by Seeley in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. p. 447, fig. 12, as
the apparent type of Colymbosaurus, and reproduced in
fig, 59. Purchased, 1875.

40974. The imperfect and somewhat crushed coracoids of a larger

(fiq.)

individual ; from Kimeridge Bay. Described and figured
by Seeley, op. cit. p. 437, fig. 2, as Murceenosaurus. The
greatest transverse diameter is 0,558 (22 inches). The
ereater part of the median posterior region is broken
away. On the ventral aspect of the anterior border the
broken base of the median ascending bar is very distinct,
although it cannot be determined whether this joined the
scapule. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydcell, Ksq., 1868.

42270. The median portion of the anterior region of the coracoids ;

found in gravel at Himbleton, Worcestershire, being pro-
bably derived from the Kimeridge Clay.
Purchased, 1870.

31802. The imperfect left coracoid, of rather smaller size than No.

46833; from the Kimeridge Clay of Shotover, near
Oxford. Purchased, 1859.

R. 205. The left (?) pubis of a large individual; from Kimeridge

( liq.)

Bay. Figured in the woodcut on the next page. The
diameter from the acetabulum to the periphery is 0,355
(14 inches), and that at right angles to the same 0,406
(26 inches). ‘This specimen closely resembles the* larger
pubis from Shotover figured by Phillips, op. cit. p. 3878, in
a reversed position as a coracoid, The contour is totally
ditferent from the pubis of Pliosaurus.

Kou Collection. Purchased, 1882,

204 SAUROPTERYGIA.

40975. A nearly entire left (?) ischium; from Kimeridge Bay.
(Fig.) Figured in the accompanying woodcut. The diameter
from the acetabulum to the periphery is 0,482 (19 inches),

Fig. 65.

Ciinoliosaurns (cf.) trochanterins.—-Restoration of the pelvic girdle viewed from
the dorsal aspect; from the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge. About 74.
pu, pubis; zs, ischium.

and that at right angles to the same 0,393 (15:5 inches).
The general contour of this specimen is not dissimilar to
that of the smaller ischium of C. »licatus in the collection
of A. N. Leeds, Esq.

Presented by J. OC. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq, 1868.

40976. A more imperfect and rather smaller left (?) ischium ; from
Kimeridge Bay.
Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1868. ©

32413. A much smaller left (?) ischium: from the Kimeridge Clay
of Boulogne, France. This specimen, which may indicate
an immature individual, agrees exactly with the pair of
ischia from Shotover, figured by Phillips, op. cet. p. 377,
fig. 178. Purchased, 1875.

PLESIOSAURID &. 205

Cimoliosaurus eurymerus (Phillips ').
Syn. Plesvosaurus eurymerus, Phillips’.

Considerably smaller than the preceding. Number of cervical
vertebre unknown. Humerus (fig. 66) relatively short, with the
distal expansion as much marked on the preaxial as on the post-
axial border, and articulating distally only with the radius and
ulna, of which the former is elongated, with an oblique superior
border and a narrow distal extremity, while the latter is very short
and much elongated transversely.

This species was founded upon a pectoral limb from the Oxford
Clay of Bedford, of which a cast is figured on p. 315 of Phillips’s

Cimoliosaurus eurymerus.—Ventral aspect of the right pectoral limb ; from the
Oxford Clay of Peterborough. About 5. 2, humerus; 77, trochanter of
do. ; 7, radius; w, ulna; 2, intermedium ; 7’, radiale ; w', ulnare.

‘Geology of Oxford’ as a pelvic limb. In that specimen, which
appears to have been somewhat restored, the proximal extre-
mity of the humerus is imperfect, and the contour of. the radius
and ulna is somewhat different from that of the correspond-
ing bones of the pectoral limb represented in fig. 66. ‘This, how-

' Geology of Oxford, p. 315 (1871).—Plesiosaurus.
2 Loe: cit.

206 SAUROPTERYGIA.

ever, may partly be accounted for by the crushing to which the
type specimen has evidently been subject, and partly to individual
variations, such as are shown in specimens in the collection of
Mr. Leeds. The type humerus has a length of 0,406 (16 inches) and
a distal diameter of 0,287 (11:3 inches): the corresponding dimen-
slons in the specimen represented in fig. 66 being 0,354 (14 inches)
and 0,272 (10°7 inches). Another humerus in the collection of
Mr. Leeds (No. 32) has a length of 0,370 (15°5 inches) and a
distal diameter of 0,292 (11:5 inches). In one of the specimens in
the same collection the elongated ulnare of fig. 66 is divided into
two separate bones.

This form, so far as is known at present, can only be distinguished
from the following by its superior size, and it remains to be proved
that the two do not pass into one another. The dorsals figured by
Phillips as C. owonzensis agree with those of the present form.

Hab. Europe (England).

Fig. 67.

Cimoliosaurus curymerus. —Left lateral and anterior aspects of a cervical verte-
bra; from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. 4. pr.z, prezygapophysis ;
pt.z, postzygapophysis ; co, rib.

R. 1284. Cast of a cervical vertebra. The original (fig. 67) belongs
to a nearly entire skeleton (No. 31) from the Oxford Clay
of Peterborough, Northamptonshire, in the collection of

PLESIOSAURID.&. 207

A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, near that town, of which
the pectoral limb is shown in fig. 66. The dimensions of
the centrum are :—length 0,037 (1°45 inches), height 0,045
(1:75 inches), width 0,061 (2:4 inches); the height from
the base of the neural canal to the summit of the neural
spine being 0,073 (2°85 inches). The relatively short
neural spine is in marked contrast to that of the cervical
of CO. richardsoni No. R. 1283 (p. 242).

Made in the Museum, 1888.

28709. The centrum of an immature cervical vertebra; from the
Oxford Clay, locality unknown. This specimen agrees
very closely with the preceding, but the ribs were not
anchylosed. Cowderoy Collection. Presented, 1852.

46488. An associated series of imperfect cervical, dorsal, and caudal
vertebre; from the Oxford Clay of Melksham, near
Devizes, Wiltshire. One of the cervicals agrees precisely
with No. R. 1284. In several cases the ribs were still sepa-
rate. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

46745 a. The centra of three immature cervical vertebree ; from the
Oxford Clay near Devizes. These specimens were stated to
be from the Kimeridge Clay, but their mineral condition is
identical with that of the preceding series. The specimens
may indeed have belonged to the same individual, if they
are not referable to No. 46484. Cunnington Collection.

24803. Two imperfect cervical vertebre ; from the Oxford Clay of
Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

46484. The centra of five dorsal and two caudal vertebre ; from
the Oxford Clay near Devizes. These specimens indicate
a somewhat larger individual than No. 46488. The
dimensions of one of the dorsal centra are :—length 0,051
(2:0 inches), height 0,065 (2°56 inches), width 0,074
(2°9 inches). The forward overhang of the upper part of
the centrum of the dorsals is more marked than in C. tro-
chanterius. Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

33290. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Oxford Clay of
Weymouth, Dorsetshire. The transverse processes and
zygapophyses are wanting. This specimen agrees very
closely in size with the dorsal represented in the accom-
panying woodcut, which was referred by Phillips to

208 SAUROPTERYGIA,

CO. owoniensis. The dimensions of the centrum are :—length
0,045 (1°75 inches), height 0,054 (2°12 inches), width
2°55 inches; the height from the base of the neural

Fig. 68.

Cimoliosaurus (cf.) ewrymerus.—1, anterior aspect; 2, right lateral aspect;
5, prezygapophysis ; 4, neural aspect of dorsal vertebra; from the Oxford
Clay of Oxfordshire. (After Phillips.)

canal to the summit of the spine being 0,121 (4°75 inches),
Except for its superior size this specimen cannot be dis-
tinguished from the type dorsals of C. owoniensis. The
specimen is adult. Purchased, 1858.

33289. Hight associated dorsal vertebre of a young individual of
this or the next species; from the Oxford Clay of Wey-
mouth. The neural arches are separate from the centra.
In one specimen the dimensions of the centrum are :— ,
length 0,025 (0°86 inch), height 0,030 (1°16 inches), width
0,035 (1°36 inches). Purchased, 1858.

46487. An imperfect vertebra probably belonging to the lumbar |
region ; from the Oxford Clay of Chippenham, Wiltshire. .
Cunnington Collection.

a

. 1A
.

PLESIOSAURID &. 209

Cimoliosaurus oxoniensis (Phillips').
Syn. Plesiosawrus oxoniensis, Phillips.

Typically of very small size, by which character alone, so far as
is at present known, it is distinguished from the preceding form.
Judging from the similarity in the vertebrae, the limb-bones were
probably like those of C. eurymerus. The pectoral girdle figured
under the name of the present species on p. 310 of Phillips’s ‘ Geo-

_ logy of Oxford’ in a reversed position, and regarded as the pelvis,

was not associated with the type vertebre, but was obtained from
the Oxford Clay of Summertown, Oxfordshire, in association with
the pectoral limb figured on p. 312 of the same. In the latter
figure the ulna (fibula of Phillips) is relatively too long, and the
arrangement of the bones on the postaxial border is incorrect ; the
whole contour of the specimen is, however, that of C. plicatus, to
which it thus appears that both the pectoral girdle and limb should

be referred. Apparently on the evidence of this girdle the present

species was referred by Seeley * to a subgenus of Muranosaurus ; the
restoration given by Phillips is, however, incorrect, since the speci-
mens themselves distinctly show the remains of a bar connecting
the scapulz with the coracoids in the middle line. Whether the pre-
ceding form is more than a large race of the present species has
to be proved.

Hab. Europe (England and [?] France).

R. 1285. Casts of three imperfect vertebre belonging to the cervical,
dorsal, and caudal regions. ‘The originals are the types;
and were obtained from the Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic)
of Long-Marston, Oxfordshire, and are preserved in the
Museum at Oxford. The cervical is the last of the series
of six figured on p. 308 of Phillips’s ‘Geology of Oxford.’
In the cervical the dimensions of the centrum are :—length
0,028 (1:1 inches), height 0,033 (1°3 inches), and width
0,041 (1°6 inches); the corresponding dimensions of the
dorsal being :—length 0,043 (1°7 inches), height 0,049
(1:94 inches), width 0,055 (2°18 inches). Phillips
regarded the cervicals as being close to the head, but this
appears to be incorrect. The caudal is one of the teas
mens figured on p. 310 of Phillips’s work.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

* Geology of Oxford, p. 807 (1871).—Plesiosaurus,
2 Loe. cit.
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p, 448.
PART I. P

210 SAUROPTERYGIA.

31919. An imperfect cervical vertebra; from the Oxford (?) Clay of
Shotover, near Oxford. The specific reference is pro-
visional. Purchased, 1852.

46787. A similar cervical vertebra; from the Oxford Clay near
Devizes, Wiltshire.

* Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

32720. The centrum of an immature cervical vertebra belonging
either to this or the preceding form; from the Oxford

Clay of Vaches-Noires (Calvados), France.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

Cimoliosaurus, sp.

The following specimens from the Cornbrash indicate a member
of the present group, which is apparently allied in the structure of
the cervical vertebree to C. ewrymerus. Some of the caudal vertebrie
indicate, however, a form considerably larger than the latter.

Hab. Europe (England).

47169 i. The centrum of a small and immature cervical vertebra ;
from the Cornbrash (Lower Jurassic) of Stilton, North-
amptonshire. Although smaller, this specimen closely re-
sembles the cervicals of C. eurymerus No. 46488 (p. 207).

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

28625. A right humerus imperfect at the distal extremity; from
the Cornbrash of Rushden, Northamptonshire. This
specimen, which agrees in relative size with the preceding,
shows all the characters of the humerus of the present
subgroup, having the large and oblique trochanter, the
rugosity on the upper part of the ventral surface, and the
large distal expansion. |

Presented by the Rev. A. W. Giriesbach, 1853.

The following specimens are provisionally referred
to this subgroup.

47169 j. The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra with the
terminal faces crushed in ; from the Cornbrash of Stilton.
This specimen indicates a considerably larger animal —

PLESIOSAURID A. 211

than those to which the caudals of No. 46488 of C. eury-
merus belonged; the centrum is also more elongated in a
vertical direction. Sharp Collection.

47169 k. The centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra; from Stilton.
This specimen was associated with the preceding, and has
the terminal faces crushed in in the same manner.

Sharp Collection.

B. Typical Group.

Vertebre with the centra usually more or less elongated (especially
in the anterior cervical region), and their terminal faces nearly flat ;
cervicals with the neural spines tall, the zygosphenes deep, and the
zygapophyses much curved ; in some cases anchylosis of the chevrons
to the caudal centra. Humerus relatively small, with moderate
distal expansion, and with the trochanter in some cases small and
never extending obliquely outwards from the shaft; when only the
radius and ulna articulate with the humerus the ulna less elongated
transversely than in the preceding group, and separated by an
interval from the radius.

This group includes the type species, and also Hlasmosaurus of
Cope, Mauisaurus of Hector, and the type of Murcnosaurus of
Seeley.

Cimoliosaurus magnus, Leidy'.
Syn. Discosaurus vetustus, Leidy?.

The type species, known only by detached vertebra. Of large
size, but smaller than C. constrictus. Cope’s identification of Disco-
saurus vetustus with this species has been already mentioned. The
vertebre figured by Leidy as lumbar are really cervical. The
species was founded upon the evidence of vertebre from the Cre-
taceous of New Jersey ; Discosaurus being described on specimens
from both that district and Alabama.

Hab. North America.

40981 a. An imperfect vertebra probably belonging to the lumbar
region; from the Cretaceous of Withers-Green County,
Alabama. From the subcylindrical terminal faces of the

centrum it is inferred that this specimen belongs to the

lumbar rather than the “pectoral” region, since the

1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1851, p. 325 (1852).
* Ibid. p. 326.
P2

oa) A ee
\ ¥"

AV? ‘SAUROPTERYGIA.

‘“‘nectorals” figured by Leidy, and also those of C. constrictus,
have elliptical faces, while in the posterior dorsals of the
latter these faces are subcircular. The dimensions of the
centrum are:—length 0,077 (3:02 inches), height 0,093
(3°65 inches), width 0,113 (4°44 inches). The specimen
agrees closely in size with the type vertebre figured by
Leidy in his ‘Cretaceous Reptilia of the United States’
(Smiths. Contrib. Knowl. 1864), pls. v., vi. ; and apparently
closely resembles the specimen represented in pl. v. fig. 16
as ananterior dorsal. ‘The general contour of the specimen
agrees so closely with that of the dorsals of C. constrictus
and C. haasti, as to leave no doubt of the generic identity
of the three forms. Thereis a somewhat prominent ridge
on the hemal aspect, between two large foramina. The
neural spine and ribs are wanting.

Presented by Sir C. Lyell, Bart., 1859.

Cimoliosaurus constrictus (Owen’).
Syn. Plesiosaurus constrictus, Owen °.
Elasmosaurus constrictus, Cope *.

Including :—

Mauwisaurus gardneri, Seeley *.

Plesiosaurus gardneri, Whidborne °.

Plesiosaurus helmerseni, Kiprijanoff °.

Phosaurus (?) gigas, Schroder’.

Of gigantic size, with the neck of enormous length. Cervical
vertebre about 35 in number; those of the anterior region with
their centra greatly elongated, laterally constricted, flattened and
carinated on the hemal surface, and the extremities much expanded,
with their terminal faces very wide and slightly cupped; posterior
cervicals much shorter, their length being absolutely less than that
of the middle cervicals, and their terminal faces nearly flat; dorsals
with the terminal faces of the centra flat and nearly circular.
Humerus (judging from the specimen figured by Kiprijanoff, op.
cit. pl. xiv.) of medium size, with moderately wide distal expansion,

1 In Dixon’s ‘ Geology of Sussex,’ Ist ed. p. 898 (1850).—Plesiosawrus.

2 Loe. cit.

3 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv. pt. i—Advance separate copy, p. 42
(1869). Omitted in subsequent issue (1870).

4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 541 (1877).

8 Ibid. vol. xxxvii. table facing p. 480 (1881).

8 Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxx. art. 6, p. 17 (1882).

7 Jahrb. preuss. geol. Landesanstalt for 1884, p. 822 (1885).

PLESIOSAURID®, 213

a large proximal trochanter, and articulating distally with only the
radius and ulna, which were probably of the type of those of the
next species. .

The skeleton described as Mauisaurus gardneri, from the Folke-
stone Gault, has precisely similar anterior cervicals ; while posterior
cervicals and dorsals from the Upper Chalk of the shores of the Baltic
described by Schroder under the names of Plesiosaurus helmersent
and Pliosaurus? gigas cannot be distinguished from the corre-
sponding vertebre of the former. The name P. helmerseni was
applied to vertebrae and limb-bones from the “ osteolite ” (? Gault)
of Moscow, some of which indicate smaller individuals.

The absence of any possibility of specifically distinguishing the
forms to which the above-mentioned names have been applied
renders their inclusion under a single specific name a necessity.
Kiprijanoff, from the analogy of Plesiosaurus homalospondylus,
places the number of cervical vertebre at about 40.

Hab. Europe (England, Russia, and Sweden).

95842-3. The imperfect and somewhat crushed centra of two
(Fig.) anterior cervical vertebre ; from the Chalk of Sussex.
The types. The smaller and least imperfect specimen
(25842) is figured by Owen in Dixon’s ‘ Geology of Sussex,’
pl. xxxvil. figs. vi., vil. Its dimensions are:—length
0,057 (2°26 inches), height 0,042 (1°64 inches), width
0,056 (2:2 inches); it is probable that the excessive
expansion of the extremities is due to pressure. The
second specimen is larger, and lacks this great terminal
expansion; both examples are adult. They are noticed
by Cope in an advance separate copy from the ‘Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xiv. pt. 1. p. 42, where they are
referred to the caudal region (see C. haasti, p. 215); but
this notice was omitted in the subsequent issue.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

47295. A considerable portion of the skeleton; from the Gault of
(Fig.) Folkestone, Kent. The type of Mauisaurus gardnert.
The series comprises one tooth, about 60 vertebre, more
or less imperfect, an imperfect humerus and femur, and a
phalangeal. The tooth, a middle cervical, a late cervical,
a ‘ pectoral,” and a dorsal vertebra, and the phalangeal
are figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxxili. pl. xxiii. The tooth is slender and of the
ordinary Plesiosaurian type. The first of the cervicals now
remaining is short, the dimensions of its centrum being :—

214 SAUROPTERYGIA.

length 0,027 (1:06 inches), height 0:028 (1:1 inches),
width 0,036 (1:4 inches). In the second the length of
the centrum is 0,072 (2°84 inches). The extremities of
two succeeding cervicals marked 4 and 5, together with
the second remaining centrum, closely resemble Nos.
25842-3 ; but it is probable that the centra corresponding
to those two specimens are missing from the series. These
early cervicals agree in all respects with the type cervicals
of P. helmerseni figured by Kiprijanoff in the ‘ Mém. Ac.
Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxx. art. 6, pls. viii. and xi.
In the cervical centrum marked 10 the length is 0,089
(3°5 inches), the height 0,066 (2°6 inches), and the width
0,092 (3°6 inches): this specimen closely resembling the
slightly larger cervical from the Upper Chalk figured by
Schréder in the ‘ Jahrb. preuss. geol. Landesanstalt’ for
1884, pl. xv. fig. 1, as P. helmersent. The dimensions of
a posterior cervical centrum marked No. 30 are:—length
0,106 (4°2 inches), height 0,109 (4°3 inches), width 0,152
(6°0 inches). In a “ pectoral” (No. 33) the length is
0,102 (4:0 inches), height 0,117 (4:6 inches), width
0,152 (6-0 inches); this specimen closely resembles the
‘“‘pectoral” of a smaller individual figured by Schroder,
op. cit. pl. xv. fig. 2, as P. helmersent. In one of the
dorsals the dimensions of the centrum are :—length 0,102
(4:0 inches), height 0,127 (5:0 inches), width 0-135
(5:3 inches). These dorsals cannot be distinguished from
the specimen from the Chalk of Sweden, figured by
Schroder, op. cit. pl. xvi. fig. 1, as the type of Phosaurus (?)
gigas, the Plesiosaurian nature of the latter being at —
once shown by the anchylosis of the arch to the centrum.
In a dorsal centrum of P. helmersena figured by Kiprijanoff, -
op. cit. pl. xii. fig. 2, the dimensions are :—length 0,099
(3:9 inches), height 0,114 (4°5 inches), width 0,140
(5:5 inches), or fully as large as those of the present
specimen. Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1876.

28684. The centrum of a small immature dorsal vertebra pro-
visionally referred to this or the next species ; from the

Chalk of Dorsetshire. Length 0,043 (1'7 inches), height

0,056 (2-24 inches), width 0,061 (2°4 inches). Although
considerably smaller this specimen closely resembles the

dorsal figured by Kiprijanoff, op. cit. pl. vu. fig. 1. |

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853. _

PLESIOSAURIDZ. 215

**Cimoliosaurus smithi (Owen’).
Syn. Plestosaurus smithi, Owen ?.

A doubtful species, founded upon a dorsal vertebra from the Upper
Chalk which appears to resemble those of C. constrictus, but is of
smaller size; the dimensions of the centrum being :—length 0,047
(1°87 inches), height 0,064 (2°5 inches), width about 0,081 (3-4
inches).

Hab. Europe (England).

49007. An associated series of phalangeals probably belonging to
(Fig.) this species; from the Upper Chalk of Burham, Kent.
Figured by Owen in his ‘Cretaceous Reptilia, pt. 1.
pl. xix. These specimens were probably associated with
the dorsal vertebra figured in pl. xvii. of the same memoir,
which was subsequently made the type of Plesiosaurus
smithi. Purchased, 1878.

R. 30. Two phalangeals of similar type; from the Gault of Folke-
stone. These specimens may belong to the preceding
species. Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1880.

Cimoliosaurus haasti (Hector ’).
Syn. Mauisaurus haasti, Hector *.

The type of Mawisaurus. Apparently closely allied to C.
constrictus; but with a shorter and more expanded humerus,
and perhaps also distinguished by certain vertebral characters
noticed below. This species may possibly prove to be inseparable
from Elasmosaurus platyurus, Cope’*, the type of that genus. In
describing the latter in an advance separate copy ° from the ‘ Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xiv. pt. i. pp. 42-52, pls. ii., iii. (1869),
Cope placed the skull at the caudal extremity of the body, and
described (p. 42) the vertebree as having the prezygapophyses directed
downwards, the pectoral and pelvic girdles being likewise trans-
posed. In the final issue (1870) both the description and plate
were amended, but there still seems to be some discrepancy regarding
caudal and cervical vertebra.

Hab. New Zealand.

* Brit. Foss. Rep. vol. iv., Index, p. iv (1884).—P/esiosaurus.
2 Loc. cit.

$ Trans. N. Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 346 (1874).—Mavwisaurus.
+ Loe. cit.

* Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1868, p. 93 (1868).

* In library of British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

216 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 827. A mass of matrix containing three imperfect anterior

cervical vertebre ; from the Cretaceous of Amuri Bluff,

North Island, New Zealand. Allowing for the absence

of the ribs and the abrasion of the hemal carina, these

specimens accord very closely with the cervicals of C.
constrictus in the skeleton No. 47295 marked 7 and 14.

By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

R. 827 a. Animperfect centrum of what is apparently alate cervical
vertebra, in matrix ; associated with the preceding.
By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

R. 827 b. Mass of rock containing the broken centrum of a
(?) “pectoral” vertebra and a carpal bone; associated
with the preceding.

By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

47344. Cast of a restored dorsal vertebra. The original, which

wants the neural spine and the left transverse process,

was obtained from Amuri Bluff, and is one of the types.
It is preserved in the Museum at Wellington, and is
figured by Hector in the ‘Trans. N. Zealand Inst.’ vol. vi.
pl. xxix. It closely resembles the dorsal of the type of
Elasmosaurus platyurus, figured by Cope, op. cit. pl. i.,
although in that figure the neural spine is made much too
tall. The dimensions of the centrum are:—length 0,112
(4:4 inches), height 0,182 (5:2 inches), width 0,137 (5-4
inches). The very prominent hemal carina is apparently
an incorrect restoration. :
Presented by the Director of the Wellington Museum, 1876.

R. 829. Two imperfect associated trunk vertebre apparently

belonging to the anterior dorsal region; from Amuri

Bluff. There is a deep lateral depression on the side of

the centrum immediately below the arch, of which there

is only a trace in the vertebra marked 34 in the above-

mentioned skeleton of C. constrictus: this feature may be

a specific character. The terminal faces have a distinct

central mammilla, which is faintly indicated in the
European species. ‘

By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

R. 829 a. A smaller imperfect vertebra ; from Amuri Bluff.
By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

PLESIOSAURID®. AS

47343. Cast of the bones of the right pectoral limb. The original
is one of the types, and was obtained from Amuri Bluff;
it is preserved in the Museum at Wellington, and is figured
by Hector, op. ct. pl. xxix., with some inaccuracies of detail.
This specimen was associated with the coracoids figured on
the same plate. The humerus has a length of 0,340 (14-0
inches) and a distal diameter of 0,280 (8-2 inches). The
head is spherical, and there is a very prominent proximal
trochanter ; while there is a distinct rugosity below the
head, and the distal extremity is equally expanded on
both borders. In the humerus of C. constrictus (helmersent),
figured by Kiprijanoff in the ‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Péters-
bourg,’ vol. xxx. art. 6, pl. xiv., the contour of the proximal
extremity is similar, but the shaft is relatively longer, and
the distal expansion of the preaxial border much less
marked than the postaxial. The radius and ulna are
laterally expanded.

Presented by the Director of the Wellington Museum, 1876.

R. 830. Slab showing the distal extremity of the femur, the entire
fibula, and some other bones of the paddle; from Amuri
Bluff. The femur has the postaxial border more expanded
than the preaxial. The fibula is less expanded in a trans-
verse direction than the ulna, and resembles the corre-
sponding bone of the European species figured by Kipri-
janoff, op. cit. pl. xiv. fig. 2.
By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

R. 830 a. A series of detached phalangeals ; from Amuri Bluff.
By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

Cimoliosaurus planus (Owen').

Syn. Plesiosaurus planus, Owen *.

Plestosaurus pachyomus, Owen ® (in parte).

A comparatively small species, apparently allied to C. constrictus,
but with the centra of the vertebra, especially in the hinder cervical
and dorsal regions, relatively shorter, and their terminal faces
perhaps somewhat flatter, and (so far as can be determined) ellip-
soidal throughout a great part of the series. The anterior or middle
cervicals are absolutely much longer than the posterior cervicals and
dorsals.

1 Cretaceous Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. iv. p. 2 (1864).—Plesiosaurus.
2 Loe, cit. * Ibid. pt. i. pl. xxi. fig. 1 (1851).

218 : SAUROPTERYGIA,

The early dorsal vertebra from the Cambridge Greensand figured
by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia,’ pt. i. pl. xxi. fig. 1, under
the name of P. pachyomus (vide supra, p. 185) belongs to this species,
of which the types are from the same deposits. Sauvage’ records
this species from the Gault of France, while Kiprijanoff? figures a
vertebra from the probably equivalent “ osteolite ” of Russia.

Hab. Europe (England, France, and Russia).

The following specimens are from the Cambridge Greensand,
and include some of the types.

36154. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra, in a rolled

condition. This specimen, although relatively shorter
than the anterior cervicals of the preceding species, has 7

precisely the same general contour. Purchased, 1861. :

36154 a. The imperfect centrum of a rather shorter anterior cervical
vertebra. Purchased, 1861.

35343. The imperfect centrum of a smaller anterior cervical vertebra. |
Purchased, 1859. |

35386. The imperfect centrum of a later cervical vertebra. Figured
(fig.) by Owen in his ‘Cretaceous Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.)
suppl. iv. pl. ii. figs. 7-9. Purchased, 1860.

35287. The imperfect centrum of a posterior cervical or pectoral
(fig.) vertebra. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. 11. figs. 1, 2.
Purchased, 1859.

36152. The centrum of a larger posterior cervical vertebra. Figured
(Fig.) by Owen, op. cit. pl. u. figs. 3-5. Length 0,035 (1°38
inches), height 0,084 (1°33 inches), width 0,053 (2:08
inches). Purchased, 1861.

35387. The centrum of a slightly larger “ pectoral ” vertebra.
(fig.) Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. 11. figs. 6-9.
Purchased, 1860.

46379. The imperfect centrum of a cervical vertebra. .
Purchased, 1875.

35388. The centrum of a posterior cervical vertebra. Figured by
(Fig.) Owen, op, eit. pl. iit. figs. 1-4. Purchased, 1860.

Mém. Soc, Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. ii. art. 4, p. 26.
Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, vol. xxx. art. 6, pl. viii. fig. 4.

to

PLESIOSAURID&. 219

35341. An imperfect (?) “ pectoral” vertebra. Figured by Owen,
(Fig.) op. cit. pl. iil. figs. 5, 6. Purchased, 1859.

36152. Four imperfect centra belonging either to the “ pectoral” or
lumbar region. Purchased, 1861.

R. 483. A very similar specimen belonging to an adult individual.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

36153. The centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra. Length 0,037
(1:46 inches), height 0,051 (2:0 inches), width 0,068
(2:7 inches). This specimen resembles the earlier dorsal
figured by Owen, op. cit. pt. 1. pl. xxi. fig. 1, as P. pachy-
omus. Purchased, 1861.

36153 a. Two-similar specimens, not improbably associated with
the preceding. Purchased, 1861.

35284. The rolled centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra.
Purchased, 1859.

35305. The centrum of a small later dorsal vertebra. The contour
of the terminal faces has become subcordiform.
Purchased, 1859.

36153 b. A larger imperfect centrum, probably belonging to the
later dorsal series of this species. Purchased, 1861.

The following specimens indicate the existence of this or a closely
allied species at the period of the Lower Greensand ; their resem-
blance to the Upper Cretaceous specimens and the absence of
vertebre: of similar type in the Kimeridge Clay indicate that
these specimens were not derived from the latter deposit. No cha-
racters are shown by which these vertebre can be distinguished
from those from the Cambridge Greensand.

42090. Two imperfect anterior cervical vertebrae; from the Neo-
comian bone-bed of Potton, Bedfordshire.
Purchased, 1870.

40453. Three imperfect anterior cervical vertebre ; from Potton.
Purchased, 1867.

40453 a. The centrum of a “ pectoral” vertebra ; from Potton.
Purchased, 1867.

42032. The centrum of a “ pectoral” vertebra ; from Potton.
Purchased, 1870.

220 SAUROPTERYGIA.

40449. The centrum and base of the arch of a “‘ pectoral” vertebra ;
from Potton. Purchased, 1867.

Specifically undetermined specimens from the.
Cambridge Greensand.

35282-3. The associated basioccipital and conjoint atlas and axis
vertebree. Purchased, 1859.

35291-2. The associated articular bones of a mandible.
Purchased, 1859.

47263. A rolled propodial bone of medium size.
Gardner Collection. Purchased, 1876.

47264. An imperfect propodial of similar dimensions.
Gardner Collection.

35275. A smaller humerus (?), with the proximal extremity much
waterworn. . Purchased, 1859.

” Ff

The following specimen is from the Upper Greensand of
Port-du-Rhéne, France.

33180. A humerus (?) of smaller size than the preceding.
Purchased.

Specifically undetermined specimen from the Chalk.

39437. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Chalk of England,
locality unknown. Dimensions of centrum :—length 0,052
(2:05 inches), height 0°:055 (2°15 inches), width 0,059
(2:35 inches). Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.

Cimoliosaurus australis (Owen °*).

Syn. Plesiosaurus australis, Owen”.
_ Plesiosaurus crassicostatus, Owen °.

Apparently the antipodal representative of C. planus, but attaining
somewhat larger dimensions. The thicker ribs of Plesiosaurus
crassicostatus can scarcely be regarded as a good specific character
even if similar ribs did not belong to the individual indicated by the
type specimens.

Hab. New Zealand.

' Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1861—Trans. of Sections, p. 122 (1862).
2 Geol. Mag. dec. 1, vol. vii. p. 53 (1870).

PLESIOSAURIDZ. 221

36074. The imperfect centra of two posterior cervical vertebre ;
from the Cretaceous of the South Island, New Zealand.
The type specimens. Described by Owen in the‘ Rep. Brit.
Assoc.’ for 1861, Trans. of Sections, p. 122; and also by
Hector, in the ‘ Trans. N. Zealand Inst.’ vol. vi. p. 338 ;
the horizon in the original description being described as
Jurassic. Dimensions :—length 0,044 (1°75 inches),
height 0,057 (2°25 inches), width 9,090 (3°55 inches).
These specimens cannot be distinguished from the cervicals
of the type of P. crassicostatus, figured by Owen in the
‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 1, vol. vii. pl. ii1., and by Hector, op. cit.
pl. xxvii. Neither the ribs nor arch were anchylosed to
the centrum. The resemblance to the posterior cervicals
of C. planus is extremely close.

Presented by C. T. H. Hood, Esq., 1861.

R. 831. The centrum of an earlier cervical vertebra of similar type ;
from the Cretaceous of Waipara, South Island, New

Zealand. By exchange with the Wellington

Museum, 1880.

R. 837. The centra and arches of immature dorsal vertebre ; from
Waipara. The larger centrum closely resembles the
dorsal of C. planus No. 36153 (p. 219) but is smaller.

By exchange with the Wellington Museum, 1880.

37413. Slab showing a series of imperfect cervical ribs together
with impressions of the centra of the vertebre; from the
South Island. Presented by C. T. H. Hood, Esq., 1863.

36075. Slab showing portions of ribs; from the South Island.
_ Presented by C. T. H. Hood, Esq., 1861.

36073. Fragment of the anterior portion of the coracoids; from
the South Island. This specimen was associated with the
type vertebra, and is described by Owen in the passage
cited. The general contour is of the general type obtaining
in the English Jurassic specimen No. 46833 (p. 203), but
there is a more gradual slope from the sides towards the
middle bar for connection with the scapule. ‘

Presented by C. T. H, Hood, Esq., 1861.

36073 a. Fragment of a scapula of the same individual.
Presented by C. T. H. Hood, Esq., 1861.

222 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Cimoliosaurus chilensis (Gay ’).
Syn. Plesiosaurus chilensis, Gay *.

Of large size, but very imperfectly known. Possibly one of the
species described by Leidy or Cope may prove to belong to this

form.
Hab. South America.

38013. The centrum of a caudal vertebra; from Mesozoic (? Cre-
taceous) beds at San Vicente, near Concepcion, Chili.
Noticed by Blake in the ‘Geologist’ for 1862, p. 110.
Length 0,050 (1°95 inches), height 0,074 (2-94 inches),
width 0,100 (3:95 inches). The transverse processes are
anchylosed. This specimen approximates to the somewhat
larger caudal of C. (Discosaurus) magnus, figured by Leidy
in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia of the United States ’ (Smiths.

Contrib. Knowl. 1864), pl. v. figs. 7-9.
Presented by W. Bollaert, Ksq., 1862.

Cimoliosaurus latispinus (Owen °*).
Syn. Plesiosawrus latispinus, Owen *.

Imperfectly known. Apparently closely allied to the Kimeridgian

C. truncatus (infra, p. 230), with which it agrees in size and the ©

general structure of the cervical vertebra. The lateral surfaces of
these vertebre are, however, less depressed, and the terminal faces
more deeply cupped.

The unnamed cervical vertebra from the Neocomian (Lower
Greensand) of Switzerland, figured by Meyer in the ‘ Palzonto-
eraphica,’ vol. vi. pl. iii. figs. 1-8, belongs to this species.

Hab. Europe (England and Switzerland).

RB. 1309. A broken slab containing a portion of the skeleton, from
(Fig.) the Lower Greensand of Maidstone, Kent. The type speci-
men. Comprises nine vertebre, from the cervical, “ pec-
toral,’’ and dorsal regions, ribs, an imperfect scapula, cora-
coid, ilium, and what is probably an ischium, together
with several phalangeals. A cervical, a pectoral, and a
dorsal vertebra, as well as a portion of the coracoid and
the ilium, are figured by Owen in his ‘ Cretaceous Reptilia’

1 Historia fisica y politica de Chile—Zool. vol. 1i. p. 133 (1848).—Plestosaurus.

2 Loe, cit. |

3 Cat. Foss. Rept. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. p. 63 (1854).—Plestosawrus. hename
must, however, date from the description in 1864.

4 Toe. cit.

PLESIOSAURID®. 223

(Mon. Pal. Soc.), suppl. iv. pls. vii.ix. (1864). The di-
mensions of a cervical centrum are:—length 0,070 (2°75
inches), height 0,061 (2:4 inches); of a “ pectoral”: —
length 0,063 (2°46 inches), height 0,065 (2°56 inches), width
0,085 (3°35 inches); of a dorsal:—length 0,055 (2:17
inches), height 0,063 (2:48 inches), width 0,068 (2°68
inches) ; and of another dorsal :—length 0,067 (2°65
inches), height 0,072 (2°85 inches).

Presented by W. H. Bensted, Esq. About 1862.

11901. The centrum of a small dorsal vertebra provisionally referred

to this species; from the Lower Greensand of Farringdon,
Berkshire. This specimen, which belongs to an immature
individual, has the same proportions as in the dorsals of
the type. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

Cimoliosaurus neocomiensis (Campiche’).

Syn. Plesiosaurus neocomiensis, Campiche *.

P

Plesiosaurus gurgitis, Renevier *.

Still more imperfectly known than the preceding, but apparently
of smaller dimensions, with the centra of the “‘ pectoral” and dorsal

vertebre

- and more

relatively shorter, and their terminal faces less cupped
mammillated.

The vertebre referred to this species by Owen and Kiprijanoff
are noticed above (p. 183).
Hab. Europe (Switzerland).

40164. C

40164 a.

ast of an imperfect ‘‘ pectoral” vertebra, probably belonging
to thisform. The criginal was obtained from the Middle
Neocomian (Lower Greensand) of Switzerland. Figured
by Pictet and Campiche in the ‘ Paléontologie Suisse,’ sér. 2,
pl. y. fig. 2. Dimensions of centrum :—length 0,037 (1:45
inches), height 0,042 (1°65 inches), width 0,055 (2°15
inches). The anchylosis of the arch indicates maturity.
Presented by M. Campiche, 1866.

Cast of the centrum of a dorsal vertebra. The original
is the type, and was obtained from the Lower Neocomian
of Switzerland ; it is figured by Pictet and Campiche, op.
cit. pl. vi. fig. 1 ; a nearly similar specimen being figured

' Tn Pictet’s ‘Matériaux pour la Paléontologie Suisse,’ sér. 2, art. 1, p. 42
(1858-60).— Plesiosaurus,
*' Loc. cit « 3 Ibid, sér. 1, art. 1, p. 5 (1858).

294 SAUROPTERYGIA.

by Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. in. figs.
4-5. Length 0,047 (1:87 inches), height 0,059 (2°34
inches), width 0,067 (2°63 inches).

Presented by M. Campiche, 1866.

40164 b. Cast of the centrum of a smaller dorsal vertebra, probably
belonging either to this or the preceding species. The
original was obtained from the Lower Neocomian, and is
figured by Pictet and Campiche, op. cit. pl. vi. fig. 2

Presented by M. Campiche, 1866.

40165. Cast of an imperfect rib. The original was obtained from
the Middle Neocomian, and is figured by Pictet and Cam-
piche, op. cit. pl. v. fig. 3. Presented by M. Campiche, 1866.

Cimoliosaurus limnophilus (Koken °).

Syn. Plestosaurus limnophilus, Koken”.
(?) Plesiosaurus degenhardti, Koken ®*.

Apparently allied in vertebral characters to the following species,
but with the hemal carina in the-cervicals less strongly marked,
and no lateral depression on the centrum. Limbs unknown.

This species was founded upon the evidence of a cervical vertebra
from the Wealden of Germany; and there appears uo sufficient
reason for separating the dorsals from the same deposits described
under the name of Plesiosaurus degenhardit.

Hab. Kurope (Germany and England).

2446. The centrum of an anterior or middle cervical vertebra ; from
the Wealden of Cuckfield, Sussex. Length 0,035 (1°36
inches), height 0,032 (1:26 inches), width 0,037 (1:45
inches). Although of rather small dimensions this spe-
cimen agrees closely in proportions and character with the
type cervical figured by Koken in the ‘ Pal. Abhandl.’
vol. 11. art. 5, pl. ix. fig. 5. It presents a strong general
resemblance to the middle cervicals of C. portlandicus,
but has the heemal carina much less prominent.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

36530. An imperfect middle cervical vertebra of rather larger size ;
from Cuckfield. The lateral borders of the terminal faces
have been worn away; the anterior face is distinctly
cupped. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.

1 Pal. Abhandl. vol. iii. art. 5, p. 109 (1887).—Plesiosaurus.
o Di0G, Cte: 3 Ibid. p. 106.

PLESIOSAURID ®. 225

10842. An imperfect cervical vertebra somewhat later in the series ;
from Cuckfield. The neuro-central suture is completely
obliterated, indicating maturity. .

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1538.

2429. A nearly entire later cervical vertebra; from Cuckfield.
(iig.) Length of centrum 0,035 (1°36 inches), height 0,035
(1:36 inches), width 0,048 (1:9 inches) ; the height from
the base of the neural arch to the summit of the spine
being 0,087 (3°45 inches). This specimen (woodcut, fig. 69)

Fig. 69.

Cimoliosaurus limnophilus.—Posterior and right lateral aspects of a cervical
vertebra; from the Wealden of Cuckfield. 4. co, costal facet; pr.z, pre-,
pt.z, postzygapophysis.

agrees closely with the cervical of C. portlandicus, No.

45904, and bears the same relative proportion to No. 36530

as is presented by No. 45904 to the middle cervivals of

C. portlandicus. ‘The posterior aspect of the arch shows

the great curvature of the. zygapophyses and the deep

cleft on the additional articulation characteristic of the
PART II. Q

226 . §AUROPTERYGIA.

group; and the height and breadth of the neural spine is
also well exhibited. The neuro-central suture is obli-
terated. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

2517. The centrum of a very similar vertebra; from Cuckfield.
- Mantell Collection.

2442. The centrum of a posterior cervical vertebra, in a waterworn
condition ; from Cuckfield. The costal facet is connected
by a ridge with the arch. Mantell Collection.

2440. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra agreeing in size with the
preceding, and probably referable to the same species ;
from Cuckfield. This specimen is apparently indistinguish-
able from the dorsals figured by Koken in the ‘ Pal. ~
Abhandl.’ vol. 111. art. 5, pl. ix. figs. 1, 2, as P. degenhardti.

Mantell Collection.

2435. An imperfect dorsal centrum of similar type; from Cuckfield.
7 Mantell Collectron,

2445. A similar specimen; from Cuckfield. Mantell Collection.

2448. A dorsal vertebra, with the neural spine and zygapophyses
imperfect; from Cuckfield. Mantell Collection.

2432. The arch of a dorsal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection.

36530. A nearly entire dorsal vertebra ; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.

2441. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from Cuckfield. This spe-
cimen strongly resembles the dorsals of C. portlandicus,
having the same anterior overhang of the centrum.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

2439. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection.

2443. A similar specimen ; from Cuckfield. Mantell Collection.

36536. The imperfect centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from Cuckfield.
Mantell Collection. Purchased, 18538.

28521. The proximal portion of a humerus or femur probably be-
longing to this form; from the Wealden of Sussex. In
the relatively small size and position of the trochanter this
Specimen differs widely from the propodial of C. valdensis.

Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

PLESIOSAURID &. 227

The following specimens may indicate larger individuals of
this species.

2444. The centrum of a later cervical vertebra; from Cuckfield.
(Fig.) Figured in Mantell’s ‘ Fossils of Tilgate Forest,’ pl. ix.
fig. 4. Mantell Collection.

26000. A nearly similar specimen; from the Wealden.
Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1851.

R. 1311. A tooth in matrix, provisionally referred to this species ;
from Cuckfield. Mantell Collection.

Cimoliosaurus, sp.

Known only by the undermentioned specimen.
Hab. Europe (England).

21974. A small left propodial bone, wanting the distal extremity ;
from the Purbeck of Swanage, Dorsetshire. In its strongly
developed trochanter this specimen closely resembles the
humerus of C. haasti, on which ground it is provisionally
placed in the present group. It may belong to the pre-
ceding species. Purchased, 1848.

Cimoliosaurus portlandicus (Owen’).

Syn. Pliosaurus portlandicus, Owen ?.
(?) Cimoliosaurus biangulatus, Cope *.
(?) Cimoliosaurus triangulatus, Cope‘.
Plesiosaurus winspitensis, Seeley ’.
Plesiosaurus carinatus, Phillips °.
Plesiosaurus plillipsi, Sauvage 7.

Of medium size. Centra of cervical vertebree moderately elon-
gated in the middle region, and shorter posteriorly, with their ter-
minal faces somewhat cupped, having a distinct median pit, the
lateral surfaces somewhat depressed, the hemal foramina separated

1 Reptilia of Kimeridge Clay (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. iii. p. 8 (1869).—Phosaurus.
2 Loc. cit.
4 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv. pt. i., advance separate copy, p. 56 (1869),

cancelled in subsequent issue (1870)

4 Ibid. p. 42, errorim.

5 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. viii. p. 185 (1871).

6 Geology of Oxford, p. 374 (1871).—Preoccupied by Cuvier, see p. 168.

7 Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. sér. 6, vol. viii. art. 6, p. 21 (1871). Also indepen-
dently by Whidborne in Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol, xxxvil., table facing p. 480
(1881).

”

228 / SAUROPTERYGIA.

by a prominent ridge, and the base of the neural canal hour-glass-
shaped. Dorsals without hemal ridge. Humerus and femur (fig. 70)
long, and articulating distally with three bones.

This species was founded upon the undermentioned pelvic limb
from the Portlandian of the Isle of Portland ; vertebra from the
same beds, some of which probably belong to the same individual as
the type, are identical with those from this locality described as

Plesiosaurus winspitensis, and also with those from the Portlandian~

of Quainton, Buckinghamshire, to which the name P. carinatus was
applied. Cimoliosaurus biangulatus was founded upon vertebra
from the Portlandian of Tisbury, Wiltshire, which are probably of
the same type. The French specimens figured by Sauvage are
likewise Portlandian.

Hab. Kurope (England and France).

The following specimens are from the Portland Oolite (Upper Jurassic)
of the Isle of Portland, Dorsetshire, and it is probable that a
considerable number belong to a single individual.

41238. The imperfect centrum of a posterior cervical vertebra. The
length is 0,030 (1:16 inches), the vertical diameter of the
terminal face 0,032 (1:25 inches), and the transverse
0,041 (1°6 inches). It closely resembles the type cervical
of P. carinatus figured in Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford,’
p. 375, fig. 175, and agrees in relative size with the
pelvic limb No. 40640. Purchased, 1868.

45904. The centrum of a larger posterior cervical vertebra.
Purchased, 1876.

41238. Two nearly entire middle cervical vertebre, cemented to-
gether by matrix. In the hinder one the nearly entire
arch is preserved. The centrum is relatively longer than
in the preceding specimens, its length being 0,039
(1°55 inches), and the height of the anterior face 0,038
(15 inches). These specimens, except-for their somewhat
smaller size, cannot be distinguished from the cervical
from the same beds figured by Seeley in the ‘ Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. viii. pp. 182, 183, under the name
of P. winspitensis ; showing the same forward overhang of
the upper part of the centrum, the median pit in the
terminal faces, and the inferior carina. The dimensions
of the centrum of the above-mentioned specimen are :—

length 0,051 (2 inches), height 0,048 (1°9 inches), and

width 0,061 (2:4 inches). Purchased.

= 4
ee ee ee a ee ee

PLESIOSAURID ®, 299

41238. Two imperfect posterior cervical vertebre. Purchased,

R. 984. The centrum and base of the arch of a middle (?) cervical
vertebra. The centrum has the same relative length as in
the preceding specimens, but the costal facet is lower.

Presented by W. Davies, Esq., 1887.

41216. The imperfect centrum and fragment of the arch of an
anterior (?) dorsal vertebra. The forward overhang of
the upper part of the centrum is well shown. In re-+
lative size this specimen would agree with the type
vertebra of Plesiosaurus winspitensis. Purchased, 1868,

Cimoliosaurus rortlandicus.—Ventral aspect of the proximal portion of the
right pelvic limb; from the Portland Oolite. 7, tibia ; f, fibula; fu, homo
logue of pisiform; 7, intermedium ; the two bones on the left and right of
i are respectively the tibiale and fibulare ; and there should be a fourth
bone below fa. }.

R. 403. The imperfect centrum of a dorsal vertebra.
Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

41216 a. One lateral half of the centrum of a dorsal vertebra.
Purchased, 1868.

41216 b. The slightly imperfect centrum of a caudal vertebra,
Purchased, 1868

41405. The centrum of a caudal vertebra, with one face slightly
broken. e Purchased, 1869,

230 | SAUROPTERYGIA.

41217. The imperfect left scapula and coracoid, associated with
No. 41216. So far as can be determined from these
specimens the general structure of the pectoral girdle is
the same as in other species. Purchased, 1868.

41215. The distal extremity and part of the shaft of a humerus or
femur. This specimen was associated with No. 41217, and
agrees in relative size with the following specimen.

Purchased, 1868.

40640. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the proximal portion
(fig.) of theright pelviclimb. Thetypespecimen. Figured by
Owen in his ‘ Reptilia of the Kimeridge Clay,’ pt. ii.
pl. iv.; a reduced figure of the distal portion being given
by Hulke in the ‘ Proc. Geol. Soc.’ for 1883, p. 54, fig. 8,
with a revised nomenclature of the component bones
(vide supra, p. 120). The close resemblance of this speci-
men (fig. 70) to the limb figured by Kiprijanoff in the
‘Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. xxxi. art. 6, pl. xix.
fig. 1, as Lutkesaurus (vide supra, p. 172), can leave no
doubt as to the near alliance of their respective owners.
This specimen is noticed by Seeley in the ‘ Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. vill. p. 181, where its resemblance to
Plesiosaurus is indicated. Purchased, 1867.

Cimoliosaurus truncatus, Lydekker (ew Owen’).

Syn. Plesiosaurus truncatus, Owen ’”.
(?) Plesiosaurus subdepressus, Owen *.
(?) Plesiosaurus dedicomus, Owen *.
Plesiosaurus plicatus, Phillips? (22 parte) and Sauvage &.

Imperfectly known, but attaining very large dimensions. Appar-
ently closely allied to the following species, but distinguished by its
superior size, and by the circumstances that the length of the later
cervical centra is on the average somewhat shorter, and the terminal
faces are rather flatter.

The specific name was applied to the centrum of an immature
cervical vertebra from the Kimeridge Clay of Oxfordshire ; but it
will be convenient to take as the types the series of cervicals in

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. Mus. R. College of Surgeons, p. 59 (1854).— Plesiosaurus.
Description insufficient.

2 Loe. cit. 3 Ibid. p. 63.

4 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 81 (1840).

5 Geology of Oxford, p. 374 (1871).

6 Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. sér. 6, vol. viii. aft. 6, p. 25 (1879).

PLESIOSAURID. 231

the Oxford Museum from the same locality, one of which is figured
on p. 373 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford.’

It is not improbable that there is a complete transition from the
smallest individuals of this form to the largest ones noticed under
the head of C. plicatus, and there may be two species included under
the present specific heading. It is highly probable that limb-bones
of this species are included among those mentioned on pp. 147-151.

- The specimens noticed by Sauvage are from the Kimeridgian of
Boulogne.
Hab. Europe (England and France).

44636. The centra of two small immature cervical vertebrae ; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. These specimens are
scarcely distinguishable from the cervical of C. plicatus,
No. R. 1282. Purchased, 1873.

44596. The centra of tworather larger associated cervical vertebre ;
from the Kimeridge Clay of Swindon, Wiltshire. The
cupping of the terminal faces is well marked, and the
interforaminal space on the heemal surface nearly flat;
the arches were not anchylosed to the centrum.

Presented by the Directors of the Swindon
Brick and Tile Company, 1876.

R. 1288. Cast of the centrum of a larger immature middle cervical
vertebra. The original was obtained from the Kimeridge
Clay of Shotover, near Oxford, and is preserved in the
Oxford Museum. It is figured by Phillips on p. 374 as
a variety of C. plwatus. The terminal faces are more
decidedly cupped than is usually the case, but this can
scarcely be regarded as a specific character.
Made in the Museum, 1888.

44902. An imperfect late cervical vertebra; probably from the
Kimeridge Clay of Shotover. The arch is completely
anchylosed. Length of centrum 0,064 (2°52 inches),
height 0,063 (2°50 inches), width 0,082 (3°22 inches).
This specimen closely resembles the type cervical figured
by Phillips on p. 373.

Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1874.

20280. A very large posterior cervical vertebra, in a somewhat
imperfect condition; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely,
Cambridgeshire. Length of centrum 0,080 (3°15 inches),
height 0,079 (3:1 inches), width 0,100 (3°94 inches).
The costal articulation is halfway up the side of the

932

SAUROPTERYGIA.

centrum, and is connected with the arch by a vertical
ridge. Thereis a very similar but rather smaller specimen
from Shotover in the Oxford Museum. ‘This specimen
approaches closely to the cervicals of Polyptychodon.
Purchased, 1846.

41956. The centrum of arather smaller and somewhat later cervical

477169 x.

R. 1400.

41776 a.

vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. On
one side the costal facet is almost confluent with the neural
facet, while on the other there is a considerable interval
between the two. Purchased, 1870.

The crushed centrum of a large posterior cervical vertebra,
closely resembling the preceding specimen, but belonging
to an adult animal; said to be from the Cornbrash of
Stilton, Northamptonshire, but more probably from the
Kimeridge Clay. Length 0,056 (2:22 inches), height
0,065 (2°55 inches), width 0,080 (3°15 inches),

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

The centrum of a large posterior cervical vertebra ; pro-
bably a specimen derived from the Kimeridge Clay, locality
unknown. This specimen has evidently been subjected to
rolling. No hastory.

The centrum of a rather smaller and later cervical vertebra
of an immature individual; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Ely. Purchased, 1869.

47422. The centrum of a posterior cervical vertebra; from the

Kimeridge Clay of Ely. This specimen, in which the
arches were anchylosed, closely resembles No. 41956. It
exhibits a distinct forward overhang of the upper part of
the centrum; and the costal articulations are connected
by a ridge with the arches.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

47421. Three imperfect anterior dorsal vertebrae associated with

the preceding. The centra have transversely elliptical
faces, with the hamal surface flattened, and without
foramina, and the sides constricted. Length of centrum
0,063 (2°50 inches), height 0,068 (2°68 inches), width
0,081 (3:2 inches). The arches are imperfect.

Sharp Collection.

42288. An imperfect later dorsal vertebra ; from the Kimeridge Clay

of the Isle of Portland, Dorsetshire. The general contour

R. 1259.

PLESIOSAURID#. 933

of the centrum is very similar to that of No. 47421, but
the length is relatively greater, as is shown by the following
dimensions :—length 0,074 (2-9 inches), height 0,073
(2-78 inches), width 0,080 (3°15 inches). Purchased, 1869.

A yery similar specimen; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Dorsetshire. The anterior face is somewhat more cupped
than in the preceding. No history.

44819. The centrum of a very similar vertebra ; from the Kimeridge

20280 a.

Clay, locality unknown.
Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

A larger imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Ely. Not improbably associated with No. 20280.
Purchased, 1846.

47505. A very large dorsal vertebra; from the Kimeridge Clay of

R. 1260.

R. 1261.

24684 c.

Dorsetshire. The left transverse process and the summit
of the neural spine are wanting. Length of centrum
0,085 (3°34 inches), height 0,099 (3°92 inches), width
0,096 (3°8 inches); distinct overhang is shown in the
centrum. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1870.

A large posterior dorsal vertebra, provisionally referred
to this species; from the Kimeridge Clay of Shotover.
The centrum is relatively shorter than in the preceding
specimen, with the anterior face more deeply cupped, and
the hzmal surface narrower and sharper. The transverse
processes, of which the right is wanting, are also shorter.

- Vo history.

An imperfect lumbar vertebra provisionally referred to
this species; from the Kimeridge Clay of Kimeridge Bay,
Dorsetshire.

Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1888.

The centrum of an immature dorsal vertebra; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire. The
heemal surface has been crushed in.

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

R. 273. A small and apparently immature propodial bone not

improbably referable to this species; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Shotover. The type of Plesiosaurus dedicomus.
Described by Owen in the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839,
p. 81. The proximal extremity is decorticated.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

234. SAUROPTERYGIA.

Some or all of the following specimens may be specifically distinct.

44188. Two imperfect anterior (?) cervical vertebre ; from the
Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. In one
specimen the greater part of the arch is preserved. In the
other the dimensions of the centrum are:—length 0,056
(2-2 inches), height 0,046 (1°8 inches), width 0,057 (2-25
inches). | Purchased, 1873.

33123. A similar imperfect cervical vertebra; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Shotover, near Oxford.
Purchased, 1859.

24803. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Kimeridge Clay of
Wootton-Bassett, Wiltshire. Length 0,062 (2:45 inches),
height 0,060 (2°35 inches), width 0,069 (2:72 inches).

Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

The following specimens are from the Neocomian bone-bed of Potton,
Bedfordshire, and were doubtless derived from the Kimeridge
Clay. |

42032. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra. Purchased, 1870.

40442-3. Two centra of dorsal vettebra of the same general type
as the last, but more constricted laterally, and perhaps
indicating a different species. Purchased, 1867.

Cimoliosaurus plicatus (Phillips ').
Syn. Plesiosaurus plicatus, Phillips *.
Plesiosaurus infraplanus, Phillips *.
(?) Plesiosaurus hexagonalis, Phillips *.
Murenosaurus leedsi, Seeley °.
Plesiosaurus leedsi, Whidborne *.

Of medium size. Cervical vertebrae 44 in number ; those of the
anterior and middle region having the centra considerably elongated,
with the length somewhat exceeding the height, but the posterior
ones somewhat shorter; the terminal faces slightly cupped and
without a median pit; and the hemal foramina separated by a
nearly flat surface, the terminal borders of the outer surface of the

1 Geology of Oxford, p. 313 (1871).—Plesiosaurus.

2 TOCKCu, * Ibid. p. 3874. 4 Ibid. p. 875.
5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 197 (1874).

§ Ibid. vol. xxxvii. table facing p. 480 (1881).

PLESIOSAURID&. 235

vertebre marked by distinct plications, which are especially promi-
nent in immature examples. Humerus (fig. 71) articulating dis-
tally with only the radius and ulna; the former being elongated
antero-posteriorly, and the latter comparatively short and wide;
and there being a distinct interval between the two. In the humerus
and femur the pre- and postaxial rough surfaces for cartilage at
the distal extremity extend to an equal height.

This species was founded upon two imperfect cervical vertebra
(No. R. 1332), from the Oxford Clay.

The adult but somewhat crushed skeleton on which Murenosaurus
leedsi was founded (infra, No. R. 1262) has cervical vertebra of the
same type. In that skeleton the pectoral arch is very imperfect, but
another example, in the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq. (No. 22),
shows the bony bar connecting the ventral plates of the scapule
with the coracoids ; it appears that in the restoration given by
Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. p. 448, the dorsal
portion of the scapula has been mistaken for the ventral plate’. The
name Plesiosaurus infraplanus was applied to three centra of imma-
ture cervical vertebre obtained from Brill, Stanford (Berkshire), and
Shotover; at least the two first being certainly from the Oxford
Clay, although described by Phillips among the Kimeridgian forms.
These vertcbree are identical with cervicals of an immature skeleton
(infra, No. R. 1282) in the colléction of Mr. Leeds. Plesiosaurus
hexagonalis was founded upon a caudal vertebra from Cowley, which
appears to be also of Oxfordian age, and is probably referable to the
present species. It has been mentioned above (p. 209) that the
pectoral girdle and limb, together with the dorsal vertebra, figured

1 See Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. vy. pp. 351-352 (1888). The accompanying
woodcut shows Seeley’s restoration of the pectoral girdle; the bones marked s,

Restoration by Seeley of the pectoral girdle of Cimoliosaurus plicatus.

and made to meet in the middle line, being the dorsal portions of the scapula,
which should really be widely separated ; the median production of the coracoids
(c) has been broken away.

236 SAUROPTERYGIA.

by Phillips under the name of Plestosaurus oxomensis appear referable ©

to the present species. The humerus of the above-mentioned speci-
men has a length of 0,292 (11:5 inches), and a diameter at the
distal extremity of 0,177 (7 inches). The limb-bones of the
undermentioned skeletons agree approximately in size with this
humerus ; but it is at present uncertain whether this species may not
have attained larger dimensions. Thus an isolated femur from the
Oxford Clay of Peterborough, in the collection of Mr. Leeds, agrees

r
Hill

nm

4,

Cimolioswurus plicatus.—Dorsal aspect of part of the right pectoral limb; from
the Oxford Clay. 4. h, humerus; 7, radius; w, ulna; 7’, radiale; 2, inter-
medium ; w’, ulnare.

in contour with the corresponding bone of the present species, but
has a length of 0,343 (13-5 inches). In an imperfect skeleton in the
same collection (No. 26) indicating an allied form the limb-bones
differ somewhat from those of typical examples of the present species;
the humerus having a length of 0,339 (13°4 inches), and the femur
of 0,327 (12°5 inches).

Hab, Europe (England).

R. 1332. Cast of an imperfect late cervical vertebra, probably about
the 28th. The original (fig. 72) is one of the two types,
and was obtained from the Oxford Clay of Oxfordshire.
It is preserved in the Museum at Oxford, and is figured
on p. 313 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford,’ The dimensions

Oe ae

4
:
q
:
§

PLESIOSAURID&. 237

of the centrum are:—length 0,053 (2:1 inches), height 0,047
(1:85+ inches), width 0,067 (2°65 inches). In the figure
the neuro-central suture is a feature which is not shown in
the original, and the neural spines would have been much
higher if the specimens were perfect.

Made in the Museum, 1838.

Sal

Cimoliosaurus plicatus.—Posterior (1), heemal (2), and anterior (3) aspects of a
late cervical vertebra, and right lateral aspect of two such vertebra ; from
the Oxford Clay of Oxfordshire. }. z,pre-, 2’, postzygapophysis. (A/ter
Phillips.)

R. 1262. Casts of the imperfect 32rd cervical and 3rd caudal ver-

tebre. The originals belong to the type skeleton of
Murenosaurus leedsi, obtained from the Oxford Clay of
Peterborough, Northamptonshire, and preserved in the
collection (No. 21) of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, near
that town. The cervical is figured by Seeley in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. pl. xxi. fig. 2. The
centrum has been crushed, so that its height and width
cannot be determined; but the length is 0,054 (2:12
inches). In the 39th cervical represented in fig. 3 of the

‘ Given by Phillips as 2°0 inches.

238

R. 1282.

SAUROPTERYGIA.

same plate the dimensions of the centrum are :—length
0,051 (2:0 inches), height 0,050 (1:98 inches), width 0,065
(2°55 inches) ; which agree very closely with those of the
type. In the caudal, which is figured by Seeley, op. cit.
figs. 4, 5, the length is 0,038 (1:5 inches), height 0,039
(1:55 inches), and width 0,054 (21 inches) ; the anchylosed
chevrons are broken off. The length of the associated
humerus is 0,253 (10 inches). In another adult skeleton
in the same collection (No. 22) the length of the humerus
is 0,290 (11°45 inches). The later cervical vertebre of
the latter skeleton agree precisely with the types.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

Casts of the centra of an anterior and a posterior cervical
vertebra of an immature individual. ‘The originals belong
to a skeleton (No. 23) from the Oxford Clay of Peter-
borough in the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq. The
dimensions of the smaller specimen are :—length 0,043
(1:7 inches), height 0,035 (1°37 inches), width 0,042 (1°65
inches); those of the larger being :—length 0,053 (2-1
inches), height 0,042 (1°65 inches), width 0,062 (2:44
inches). The length of the associated humerus is 0,271
(10-7 inches). Allowing for the difference of age and serial
position the dimensions of the larger vertebra accord well
with those of the types. The immature cervicals on which
Plesiosaurus infraplanus was founded precisely resemble
those of the present skeleton ; the dimensions of the speci-
men from Brill are:—length 0,045 (1°79 inches), height
0,046 (1°82 inches), and width 0,052 (2:03 inches).

Same history.

48002. A very early cervical vertebra; from the Oxford Clay near

Oxford. Length 0,029 (1°14 inches), height 0,025 (0-95
inch), width 0,030 (1:2 inches).
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

44187. The associated centra of four immature cervical vertebre ;

from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire.
Purchased, 1873.

48001. The centrum of a small and malformed cervical vertebra;

from the Oxford Clay near Oxford. This specimen is
immature; and on one side is divided into two portions,
each with its distinct costal facet.

Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877

PLESIOSAURID®. 239

36137. The associated centra of four posterior cervical and one

‘“‘ pectoral” vertebrae; from the Lower Oxford Clay of
Chippenham, Wiltshire. The dimensions of the best pre-
served cervical are:—length 0,042 (1:92 inches), height
0,059 (2°35 inches), width 0,074 (2°94 inches); these
measurements having nearly the same proportions as in
the 44th cervical associated with No. R. 1262, described
by Seeley, op. crt. p. 203. Purchased, 1861.

47417. Seven associated vertebree, mostly imperfect; from the

Oxford Clay of Whittlesea, near Peterborough. These
specimens comprised two late cervicals, three ‘‘ pectorals,”
and two anterior dorsals. In one of these “ pectorals ”
the arch, with the exception of the zygapophyses, is entire.
The dorsals agree exactly with No. R. 1281 (infra).
Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

47880. Two nearly entire “ pectoral” and one anterior dorsal ver-

R. 1280.

R. 1281.

tebra; from the Oxford Clay near Oxford. In one of the
‘**nectorals ” the dimensions of the centrum are :—length
0,058 (2°3 inches), height 0,054 (2°15 inches), width
0,076 (3°0 inches). The forward overhang of the upper
part of the centrum is strongly marked. ‘These indicate
a large individual.

Presented by the Hon, R. Marsham, 1877.

Five associated dorsal vertebre, in a somewhat imperfect
condition; from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. In
the best preserved example the dimensions are :—length
0,052 (2°05 inches), height 0,056 (2:2 inches), and width
0,063 (2:48 inches); with a height of about 0,127
(5°0 inches) from the base of the neural canal to the
summit of the spine. These specimens agree precisely with
the dorsals of the skeleton No. 22 (supra, p. 238), in the
possession of the donor.

Presented by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1888.

Two somewhat imperfect associated dorsal vertebree ; from
the Oxford Clay of Peterborough.
Presented by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1888.

16045. The centrum of a somewhat larger dorsal vertebra belonging

either to the present or a closely allied species; from the
Oxford Clay of Peterborough. Purchased. About 1840.

47881. The centrum of a small immature dorsal vertebra; from the

Oxford Clay near Oxford.
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

240 SAUROPTERYGIA.

47425. The right humerus; from the Oxford Clay of Northampton-
(fig.) shire. This specimen closely accords with the correspond-

ing bone of the skeleton of No. R. 1262, its length being.

0,267 (10°5 inches), and the width of the distal extremity
0,155 (6:1 inches). It has been employed, together with
Nos. 47416 and R. 1289, in the figure of the pectoral
limb (p. 236), of which the general outline was taken
from the crushed paddle of the type skeleton. The equality
in the height of the pre- and postaxial surfaces for the
attachment of cartilage at the distal extremity is well
shown ; and of itself serves to distinguish this bone from
the smaller humeri of the C. trochanterius type.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

47416. A radius; from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. Agrees
with the corresponding bone of the above-mentioned
skeleton. Sharp Collection.

R. 1289. An ulna; from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. This
specimen exactly resembles the corresponding bone in
the skeletons in the collection of the donor.

Presented by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1888.

R. 1290. A fibula belonging either to a larger individual of this
species or to an allied form; from Peterborough.
Presented by A. N. Leeds, Hsq., 1888.

47431. An ischium of a young individual which may perhaps
belong to this species; from the Oxford Clay of Whittlesea.
Sharp Collection.

Cimoliosaurus richardsoni, Lydekker (n. sp.).
Syn. Plestosaurus plicatus, Mansel-Pleydell '.

Of the approximate size of the preceding ; but the cervical ver-
tebree shorter, with flatter terminal faces, and about 31 or 32 in
number. In the middle cervicals the length of the centrum is
somewhat less than the height. The number of cervical vertebre
is taken from an immature skeleton from the Oxford Clay in the
collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, near Peterborough,
which appears to be specifically identical with No. R. 1283. In
the skeleton of No. R. 1263 the number of cervicals is given by
Mansel-Pleydell as 35, but it is probable that this includes ‘ pectorals.”

Hab. Europe (England).

1 Proc. Dorset. Nat. Hist. Club, vol. ix. table facing p. 40 (1888).

a oe yn

PLESIOSAURID&. 241

R. 1263. Casts of an associated imperfect middle (?) cervical

and anterior caudal vertebre. The originals belong to
a nearly entire skeleton obtained from the Oxford Clay
of Weymouth, Dorsetshire, in the possession of Nelson
Richardson, Esq., of Montevideo, near Weymouth, which
is the type of the species, and is noticed by Mansel-Pleydell
in the ‘ Proc. Dorset. Nat. Hist. Club,’ vol. ix. table facing
p- 40 (1888), under the name of Plestosaurus plicatus.
The cervical vertebra (fig. 73) has lost the summit of the
neural spine and the extremities of the ribs, and the
centrum has its terminal faces somewhat expanded through
pressure. The dimensions of the centrum are :—length
0,041 (1°57 inches), height 0,050 (1:95 inches), width
0,062 (2°45 inches). The relative length of the centrum
is much less than in any of the cervicals of the above

Fig. 73.

Cimoliosaurus richardsoni.—Anterior and left lateral aspects of a cervical
vertebra; from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth. 4. co, rib; pr.z, pre-,
pt.z, postzygapophysis.

mentioned skeletons of OC. plicatus; and the complexity
of the zygosphenal articulation so characteristic of this
group is well shown. The caudal has been somewhat
distorted by pressure; it shows the nearly entire chevrons
anchylosed to the centrum. It is somewhat larger and
relatively shorter than the caudal of C. plicatus, No.
R. 1262 (p. 237), but has the same general structure.
The restored pectoral girdle associated with these ver-
tebree is shown in fig. 74. Made in the Museum, 1888.

PART II. R

249
R. 1283.

SAUROPTERYGIA. |

Gast of a smaller middle (?) cervical vertebra. The |

original belongs to an imperfect skeleton (No. 41) from
the Oxford Clay of Peterborough, Northamptonshire, in
the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, near that
town. ‘The dimensions of the centrum are :—length 0,040

(1:56 inches), height 0,043 (1-68 inches), and width 0,053 —

(2:08 inches); the height from the base of the neural

Cimoliosaurus richardsoni.—Ventral aspect of the restored pectora girdle ;
from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth. About 75. sc, scapula; p.cor, ven-

tral (precoracoidal) plate of do.; g/, glenoid cavity. The shaded portions
are those preserved.

canal to the summit of the spine being 0,102 (4 inches).
The relatively great height of the neural spine is in
marked contrast to that of the cervical of U. eurymerus,
No. R. 1284 (p. 206). As in the preceding specimen the
whole of the sutures are obliterated.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

47426. The centrum of an immature dorsal vertebra probably

47426 a.

referable to this species; from the Oxford Clay of
Whittlesea, near Peterborough. This specimen is relatively
shorter than in the dorsals of C. plicatus, in which respect
it agrees with those associated with No. R. 1263.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

Two smaller dorsal centra of similar type; from Whittle-
sea. Sharp Collection.

aya oe! ££

PLESIOSAURID&. 243

Cimoliosaurus brevior, Lydekker, n. sp.

A provisional species based on cervical vertebre, which are
relatively shorter than in C. truncatus, but not so short as in
C. richardson.

Hab. Europe (England).

41955. The centra of six associated immature middle cervical ver-
(fig.) . tebre ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorset-
shire. These specimens are the types. The dimensions of
the specimen represented in the accompanying woodcut
are:—length 0,041 (1°57 inches), height 0,046 (1°74
inches), width 0,059 (2°35 inches). Smaller vertebree from
the Oxford Clay in the collection of Mr. Leeds show similar
proportions. Purchased, 1870.

Fig. 75.

Cimoliosaurus brevior—Anterior and left lateral aspects of the centrum of an

immature cervical vertebra; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. 4.

co, costal facet.

41776. The centra of a middle and a posterior cervical and of a
‘‘ pectoral ” vertebra, probably specifically identical with
the preceding ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth.

Purchased, 1869.

Specifically Undetermined Specimens.
32410. The centrum of an immature “ pectoral” vertebra; from
the Kimeridge Clay of Boulogne, France. This centrum is
short and has a prominent hemalridge. Purchased, 1857.

47169. An imperfect associated cervical and “ pectoral” vertebra ;
from the Cornbrash (Lower Jurassic) of Stilton, Northamp-
tonshire. These specimens belong to a small but adult
individual, and have the centrum of medium length.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

32702. The imperfect centrum of a late cervical vertebra; from the
Oxford Clay of Vaches-Noires (Calvados), France.

Tesson Collection. . Purchased, 1857.
R2

244 " SAUROPTERYGIA,

47169 a. The centrum of a large cervical- vertebra; from the
Cornbrash of Stilton. The centrum is elongated, and the
specimen seems to indicate a species closely allied to
C. plicatus. Sharp Collection.

47169 b. The centrum of a later immature cervical vertebra ; from
Stilton. This specimen is relatively rather shorter than
the posterior cervicals No. 36173 (p. 239) of C. plicatus.

| Sharp Collection.

32719. The centra of three small and immature associated dorsal
vertebrae ; from the Oxford Clay of Vaches-Noires. The —
shortness of the centra suggests reference to C. plicatus.

Tesson Collection.

27488. A similar specimen; from Vaches-Noires.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

47169 c. An antericr dorsal vertebra, wanting the greater portion
of the neural arch; from the Cornbrash of Stilton. This
specimen closely resembles the anterior dorsal No. 47880
(p. 239), referred to C. plicatus. Sharp Collection.

47169 d. An imperfect later dorsal vertebra of similar type: from
Stilton. Sharp Collection.

47169 e. An imperfect dorsal vertebra of the same general type :
from Stilton. Sharp Collection.

47169 f. The centrum of an immature anterior caudal vertebra ;
from Stilton. Accords very closely with the caudal of
C. richardsoni, No. R. 1263 a. Neither the ribs nor
chevrons were anchylosed. Sharp Collection.

47169 g. A rolled caudal centrum of similar type ; from Stilton.
Sharp Collection

Cimoliosaurus, sp.

Very imperfectly known. Of the approximate dimensions of
C. truncatus, to which it may be very closely allied.
Hab. Kurope (France and (?) England).

32718. Two associated imperfect cervical vertebre : from the In-
ferior Oolite (Lower Jurassic) of Harcourt (Kure), France.
These specimens comprise a middle and a posterior cervical.
The dimensions of the former are :—length 0,068

PLESIOSAURID®, 245

(2-67 inches), height 0,053 (2:1 inches), width 0,075
(2:95 inches). Its contour closely resembles that of the
cervicals of C. truncatus.

Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

R. 256. An imperfect ‘“ pectoral” vertebra, which may belong to a
smaller individual of the same form as the preceding ; from
the Great Oolite (Lower Jurassic) of Oxfordshire.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

44904. The greater portion of a mandible which is not improbably
specifically identical with the preceding; from the Great
Oolite of Essendine, near Stamford, Lincolnshire. The
symphysis is entire and of the usual shortness, but the

crowns of the teeth are broken off.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1874.

Cimoliosaurus (?) sp.
(Cf. Plesiosaurus erraticus, Phillips’.)
The undermentioned specimens indicate a much smaller form than
the preceding, for which, if it proves distinct from all the Liassic

species of Plesiosaurus, the above specific name may be adopted.
Hab. Europe (ingland).

R. 272. An imperfect anterior or middle cervical vertebra; from
the Stonesfield Slate (Lower Jurassic) of Stonesfield,
Oxfordshire. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

47995. Anearly entire “pectoral’’ vertebra ; from Stonesfield. The
anchylosis of the arch to the centrum indicates maturity.
Presented by the Hon. R. Marsham, 1877.

31818. A right humerus, agreeing in relative size with the pre-
ceding; from Stonesfield. Purchased, 1859,

Serial Position Uncertain.

Cimoliosaurus hoodi (Owen ’).
Syn. Plesiosaurus hoodi, Owen *,
Described on the evidence of a single cervical vertebra. ~
Hab. New Zealand.

! Geology of Oxford, p. 183 (1871).—No description.
* Geol. Mag. dec. 1, vol. vii. p. 53 (1870).—Plesiosaurus,
3 Loc. cit.

246 SAUROPTERYGIA.

47345 a. Cast of a cervical vertebra. The original was obtained
from the Cretaceous of Waipara, South Island, New
Zealand, and is preserved in the Museum at Wellington. —
It is the type, and is figured by Owen in the ‘Geol. Mag.’
dec. 1, vol. vii. pl. 111. figs. 1-3, and also by Hector in the
‘Trans. N. Zealand Inst.’ vol. vi. pl. xxvii. fig. B. The
terminal faces of the centrum are somewhat cupped.
Presented by the Director of the Wellington Museum, 1876.

47345. Cast of an imperfect ‘‘ pectoral ” vertebra, perhaps belonging
to the present species. ‘The original was obtained from
the same locality as the preceding, and is likewise pre-
served in the Wellington Museum.

Presented by the Director of the Wellington Museum, 1876.

GENUS non cet.

R. 1473. Casts of two fragments containing four phalangeals,
probably belonging to a Sauropterygian. The originals
were obtained from the Cretaceous of Hundorf, Bohemia,
and are preserved in the Museum at Prague.

Purchased, 1888.

List oF SpreciFic NAMES APPLIED TO Post-Liassic FORMS
NOT MENTIONED ABOVE.

It is probable that a considerable number of the following names
are synonyms of the species mentioned above, but some may be
generically distinct. Those that must be reckoned as purely MS.
names have an asterisk prefixed.

a. rom the Cambridge Greensand.

* Plesiosaurus cycnodirus, Seeley '.

* Plestosaurus microdirus, Seeley °.

* Plesiosaurus euryspondylus, Seeley *.
* Plesiosaurus platydirus, Seeley *.

* Plesiosaurus ophiodirus, Seeley °.

* Plesiosaurus pecilospondylus, Seeley °.

1 Index to Aves &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. xvii (1869).
2 Ibid. p. xvii. 3 Loe. cit. * Loe. cit.
5 Loe. cit. 8 Loe, cit.

PLESIOSAURID, 247

b. From the Cretaceous of North America.
| Cimoliosaurus grandis, Leidy *.
3 Syn. Brimosaurus grandis, Leidy *.
| Polycotylus latipinnis, Cope *.
Elasmosaurus orientalis, Cope *.
Oligosomus grandevus, Leidy °.
Plesiosaurus gulo, Cope *.
Plesiosaurus lockwoodi, Cope’.
Uronautes cetiformis, Cope *.
Orophosaurus pauciporus, Cope *.
Piptomerus megaloporus, Cope”.
Piptomerus. microporus, Cope".
Piptomerus hewagonus, Cope».
Trinacromerum bentonianum, Cragin '%,

ce. From the Cretaceous of Australia.

*Plesiosaurus macrospondylus, M‘Coy ™.
* Plesiosaurus sutherlandi, M‘Coy ”.

d. From the Cretaceous of New Zealand.
Plesiosaurus holmesi, Hector *°.
Plesiosaurus traversi, Hector ™.
Plesiosaurus mackayi, Hector '.
Mauisaurus latibrachialis, Hector ’’.

e. From the Greensand of Ltussia.

Spondylosaurus fahrenkohli, Fischer *°.
* Plesiosaurus nordmanni, Eichwald *'.

1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1854, p. 72.—Brimosaurus. 2 Loe. cit.
3 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv. art. 1, p. 36 (1870). * Ibid. p. 55.

5 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1872, p. 39.—See also Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Terr. vol. i. p. 286 (1873).

6 Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. vol. ii. p. 88 (1875).

7 Quoted loc, cit.

% Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1876, p. 346 (1876).

® Amer. Nat. vol. xxi. p. 565 (1887).

10 Jbid. p. 564. 11 Jbid. p. 565. Loc. cit,

13 Amer. Geol. vol. ii. p. 405 (1888).

14 Paintree, Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc. vol. xxviii. p. 278 (1872).

15 Loe. cit. :
16 Trans. N, Zealand Inst. vol. vi. p. 344 (1874).
17 Loc..cit. 18 Thid, p. 345. 9 Ibid. p. 850,

20 Bull. Soc. Mose. vol. xix. pt. iii. p. 103 (1846).
2! Quoted by Whidborne in the Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc. vol. xxxvii , table
facing p. 480, with an incorrect reference,

248 SAUROPTERYGTA.

f. From the Portlandian of France.

Plesiosaurus suprajurensis, Sauvage |.
Syn. Pliosaurus suprajurensis, Sauvage *.

g. From the Kimeridgian of France.

Heematosaurus lanceolatus, Sauvage °.
Polycotylus suprajurensis, Sauvage +.
Plesiosaurus morinicus, Sauvage °.
Colymbosaurus dutertrer, Sauvage °.

h. From various Continental Jurassic Beds.
* Plesiosaurus pentagonus, Cuvier ’.
* Plesiosaurus (?) trigonus, Cuvier *.
Plesiosawrus suevicus, Quenstedt °.

Genus ERETMOSAURUS, Seeley *

Allied in the characters of the axial skeleton and limbs to Pleszo-
saurus, from which it is chiefly distinguished by the pectoral girdle.
In the latter (fig. 76) the coracoids are not produced in advance of
the glenoid cavity ; the scapule are very large, meeting in the middle
line, and articulating by their whole width with the coracoids,
leaving only a minute coracoidal foramen; omosternum present,
fused with the ventral pines of the scapulz, which may also anchy-
lose with the coracoids ”

In the type species ite radius and ulna are elongated a separated
by a wide interval, and neither the ulna nor fibula are reniform.

The accompanying figure shows the pectoral girdle as restored by

1 Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. sér. 6, vol. vii. art. 6, p. 12 (1879). me
referred to Plesiosaurus in Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 8, vol. viii. p. 545.

LOC RCIE.

3 Mém. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 2, vol. x. art. 2, p. 53 (1874); referred to
Sauropterygia in Bull. Soc. Géol. France, op. cit. p. 545.

4 Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. op. cit. p. 23 (1879).

5 Ibid. p. 23. 6 Jbid. p. 29:

7 Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. li. p. 486 (1824). 8 Loe, cit.

9 Die Jura, p. 216 (1858).

10 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxx. p. 445 (1874).

11 See also Tate and Blake, ‘The Yorkshire Lias,’ pl. 1, fig. 7 (1876).

, ah (pl

PLESIOSAURID. 249

Seeley ; another pectoral girdle figured by the same writer in the
‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. p. 446, as referable to this genus,
-is noticed under the head of Plestosaurus (p. 277). The contour of
the anterior border of the pectoral girdle is suggestive of affinity
with Thaumatosaurus.

Eretmosaurus rugosus.—Diagram of the pecioral girdle; from the Lower Lias.
Greatly reduced. s, scapula; ¢, coracoid ; g, glenoid cavity. (From the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)

This genus is represented in the Upper Lias by Plesiosaurus
dubius, Blake’, which is probably identical with P. macropterus,
Seeley ”.

Eretmosaurus rugosus (Owen *).

Syn. -Plesiosaurus rugosus, Owen *.

The type species ; of medium size. Skull unknown, but (judging
from the size of the anterior cervical vertebrz) probably small.
About 35 cervical vertebre, in which the centra are of medium
length, with ellipsoidal and moderately cupped terminal faces and
double costal facets. External surface of vertebre and limb-bones
extremely rugose ; the rugosities at the end of the centra forming a
kind of network. Radius and ulna much elongated, and carpals
and tarsals very large; four bones in distal row of carpus and
tarsus.

This species was founded upon vertebre in the Museums at
Bristol and York, and in the collection of the Earl of Enniskillen
(Viscount Cole). The Upper Liassic specimens probably belong toa
distinct species. Although the vertebre of the undermentioned
specimens are more rugose than those of any species of Plestosaurus,
it does not appear absolutely certain that they are identical with
the types, in which case the species must date from the description

1 Tate and Blake, loc. cit. p. 246.

2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 50 (1865).

3 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 82 (1840).—Plesiosaurus.
4 Loe. cit.

250

SAUROPTERYGIA.

of the undermentioned skeleton. In describing the latter, the bone

figured as the pisiform is really the broken extremity of the ulna,

the corresponding bone in the pelvic limb being that of the fibula.
Hab. Kurope (England).

14435, Slab showing the ventral aspect of the nearly entire skeleton,

(Fig.)

wanting the skull; from the Lower Lias near Granby,

Nottinghamshire. Described and figured by Owen in —

his ‘Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), pt. 11. p. 34;
pls. xiv., xv. (1865); and a restoration of the pectoral
girdle given by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxx. p. 445, fig. 9 (reproduced in fig. 76). <A large

number of the vertebrae have been displaced, and several —

of them have been thrown upon the pectoral girdle, which
is thus considerably obscured. In the anterior cervical
vertebre the ribs are anchylosed to the centra, but in the
hinder part of the series they are separate. The effects
of pressure have caused the division of the cote facets
to be very indistinct.

Presented by His Grace the Duke of Rutland, K. G., 1841.

2051*. Eleven inperfect associated cervical vertebre ; from the

Lower Lias, locality unknown. These specimens clearly
show the division of the costal facets; the rugosity is very

strongly marked, and there is a prominent hemal ridge,

as in the cervical of the preceding specimen figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. xv.
Hawkins bonebier Purchased, 1834.

2053*. An imperfect later cervical vertebra ; from the Lower Lias

of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. The terminal faces have
become more ellipsoidal and somewhat less cupped than
in the preceding specimen, and the hemal ridge is some-
what more prominent. The dimensions of the centrum
are:—length 0,042 (1°65 inches), height 0,044 (1-738
inches), width 0,053 (0,021 inches). Hawkins Collection.

44158. A series of six imperfect caudal vertebre provisionally re-

ferred to this species ; from the Lower Lias of Cheltenham,

Gloucestershire. These specimens, which have lost their
neural spines and ribs, appear to agree very closely with

the caudals of No. 14453. The terminal faces are some-
what quadrangular and rather deeply cupped, and the

PLESIOSAURID®, 951

external surface is markedly rugose. In the more anterior
specimens the chevron-facets are confined to the posterior
border, but in the hinder vertebre they occur on both
borders. Purchased, 1873.

Eretmosaurus (?) sp.

The following vertebre are provisionally referred to this genus,
and indicate a larger form than the type.
Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1360. A series of twelve associated cervical vertebra, in a some-
what crushed condition; from the Lower Lias of Char-
mouth, Dorsetshire. These specimens are placed in at
the anterior extremity of the cervical region of the
skeleton of Plesiosaurus conybeari, No. 40140 (p. 270),
under which heading they are again noticed.

Purchased.

Genus PLESIOSAURUS, Conybeare’.

Skull small or moderately large, with short or somewhat elongated
rostrum and mandibular symphysis. Teeth generally slender, not
carinated, and the anterior ones usually not enlarged to any marked
extent. Neck more or less elongated, with the anterior vertebree

Plesiosaurus hawkinsii.—Ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle; from the Lower
Lias of Dorsetshire. About }. ost, omosternum; sc, scapula; p.cor,
veutral (precoracoidal) plate of do.; gl, glenoid eavity ; vor, coracoid.
In reality the extremity of the omosternum is wedged in between the
extremities of the coracoids,

* Trans. Geol. Soe, ser. 1, vol. v. pt. 2, p. 560 (1821).

a
<2 ary : Bee:
.

252 SAUROPTERYGIA.

small or not very large. Vertebree with the arches and cervical
ribs firmly attached to the centrum, but with the suture not oblite-
rated ; zygapophyses slightly curved, and zygosphenes not strongly
developed. Cervicals usually with moderately long centra, generally
having double costal facets (fig. 78), and the terminal faces trans-
versely ellipsoidal and more or less cupped. JDorsals without
distinct forward overhang of centrum. Pectoral girdle (fig. 77)
with the scapulz small, and widely separated in the middle line,
where they rest upon the omosternum; ventral plate of scapula
narrow, and set at right angles to, and not larger than, the dorsal,
which gives off a long projection ; coracoids long and narrow, with
a median anterior production ; coracoidal foramen large and open
anteriorly ; omosternum of moderate size, consisting of two elements,

Fig. 78.

vical vertebra; from the Upper Lias of Curcy. 3. Letters as in fig. 69,
p. 225.

in shape like a subequilateral triangle, with a narrow and deep
anterior notch. In pelvis ischia moderately elongated ; pubes with
distinct acetabular production. Humerus either rather shorter than
or nearly equal in length with the femur, and articulating distally
only with the radius and ulna (fig. 79), which are more or less
elongated, and separated by a distinct interval; ulna and fibula
reniform, the former more slender and sometimes longer than the
latter.

PLESIOSAURID®. 253

A. Macrospondyline Group.

Skull (when known) small, with short mandibular symphysis.
Cervical vertebre (fig. 78) with the centra much elongated, with
elliptical and more or less flattened terminal faces and double
costal facets. Caudals elongated. Pectoral girdle unknown.

The close resemblance between the centra of the cervical vertebre
of this group and those of the typical group of Cimoliosaurus suggests
the descent of the latter from the present group.

Plesiosaurus homalospondylus, Owen!.

Of medium size. Skull very small, of nearly equal width through-
out, the premaxille being very broad; neck very long, the length
of the skull being contained 64 times in the interval between the
atlas and the pectoral girdle. About 38 cervical vertebra, in which
the centra are very broad and flattened inferiorly, with the costal
facets much elongated antero-posteriorly, while the neural spines
are extremely tall and wide. Six bones in carpus and tarsus ;
radius and ulna elongated.

Hab, Europe (England and France).

36184. Slab showing the nearly entire skeleton ; from the Upper
(Fig.) Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire. The type specimen ; described
and figured by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ Sauro-
pterygia, p. 12, pls. v.-vii. With the exception of part of
the caudal region, the entire vertebral column is shown; in
the cervical region from the dorsal, and posteriorly from
the right lateral aspect. Of the limbs only the propodial
bones are shown ; and only a moiety of the right side of
the pectoral girdle is exhibited. A radius and a tibia,
as well as several of the more distal bones of the paddles
are preserved separately. Purchased, 1861.

36184 a, Casts of the 13th and 14th cervical vertebrex of the pre-
ceding specimen. ‘The dimensions of the larger centrum
are :—length 0,049 (1:93 inches), height 0,034 (1:34
inches), width 0,048 (1°88 inches), The fourteenth is
figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. v. figs. 2-4.
Made in the Museum.

R. 1334. Two later contiguous imperfect cervical vertebra ; from
the Upper Lias of Whitby. The neural spines and ribs
are wanting; and the double costal facets are very clearly

* Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.)—Sauropterygia, p. 12 (1865).

254. SAUROPTERYGIA.

shown. The dimensions of the larger centrum are :—length
0,064 (2:5 inches), height 0,042 (1°65 inches), width
0,057 (2:24 inches). Presented by E. Charlesworth, Esq.

40118. The imperfect centrum of a later cervical vertebra ; probably
from Whitby. The double costal facets are very beautifully
shown. The dimensions of the centrum are:— length 0,069
(2:7 inches), height 0,052 (2:05 inches), width 0,065
(2°75 inches). Purchased.

32717. Five imperfect associated late cervical vertebre ; from the
(fig.) Upper Lias of Curcy (Calvados), France. The first of the
series, which is figured with the spine restored in fig. 78,
although slightly larger, agrees very closely with the pre-
ceding specimen; the dimensions of the centrum being,
length 0,069 (2°74 inches), height (posterior face) 0:056
(2:2 inches), width 0,074 (2-9 inches). The pod, costal
facets are clearly shown.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

R. 1366. Two middle caudal vertebrz united by matrix, and wanting
the greater portion of the neural spines; probably from
Whitby. ‘The length of the centrum of the hinder of the
two is 0,047 (1°85 inches), and its width 0,054 (2-14
inches). These specimens accord closely with the middle
caudals of the type, and are relatively much larger than
those of any other species of the genus. The anterior one
has chevron-facets on the posterior border only, the hinder
on both borders. No history.

R. 1367. Two very similar specimens; from Whitby. Each
centrum has chevron-facets on both borders. No history.

Plesiosaurus, sp.
(Cf. Plesiosaurus dewalquit, Van Beneden’.)

Imperfectly known. Smaller than the preceding ; cervical
vertebre relatively shorter, with the terminal faces of the centra
more cupped, the hemal surface less flattened, with a distinct carina,
the costal facets less narrow, and the neural spines probably shorter.
The cervical vertebra from the Lower Lias of Luxemburg, described
and figured by Van Beneden in the ‘Mém. Ac. R. Belg.’ vol. xliii.
art. 12, p. 41, pl. iv. (1880), under the name of P. dewalquu,

1 Bull, Ac. R. Belg. sér. 2, vol. xxi. p. 15 (1871).

PLESIOSAURID.©. 255

although somewhat smaller, present a marked resemblance to the
undermentioned specimens, which may perhaps belong to the same
species.

Hab. Europe (England and [?] Luxemburg).

R. 1440. Three imperfect cervical vertebra, cemented together by
matrix ; from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, Leices-
tershire. The neural spines and portions of the arches
are wanting, but there is a natural cast of the neural
canal. ‘The dimensions of the centrum of the hindmost
specimen are:—length 0,035 (1°38 inches), height 0,032
(1:26 inches), width 0,037 (1-45 inches); the correspond-
ing dimensions of one of the cervicals of P. dewalquir
being 0,024 (0°96 inch), 0,021 (0°83 inch), 0,028 (1-1
inches). Presented by Mrs. R. Etheridge, 1888.

R. 1335. Three larger imperfect cervical vertebrae, cemented together
by matrix ; from the Lower Lias, locality unknown. The
neural spines are wanting, and the hindermost centrum
has been transversely cut and polished. No history.

B. Typical Group.

Skull either small or comparatively large, with short mandibular
symphysis. Cervical vertebree (fig. 80), with the centra of moderate
length, having more or less distinctly cupped terminal faces and
double costal facets ; neural spines of moderate height or short.

The characters of the cervical vertebre of this group are such that

those of the Coelospondyline group of Cimoliosaurus might well
have been evolved from them.

Plesiosaurus dolichodirus, Conybeare’.
. Syn. Plestosaurus cliduchus, Seeley ?.

The type species; of moderate size. Skull small, with a short
V-shaped mandibular symphysis (fig. 47, C). Neck very long, the
length of the skull being contained about six times in the interval
between the atlas and the pectoral girdle. Vertebrae with rugosities
at the extremities of the centra. Ceryicals some 41 in number,
with the centra relatively long, having the costal facets widely
separated from the neuro-central suture, the terminal faces slightly
cupped, and the hemal foramina separated by a very slight ridge,

1 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol.i. pt. ii. p. 389 (1824),
* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xvi. p. 356 (1865),

256 SAUROPTERYGIA.

{he neural spines being tall and squared at the summits. Dorsals
with comparatively long and slightly cupped centra, with a tall
and pyriform neural canal. Humerus and femur rugose at the
extremities. Ulna and fibula relatively long and narrow. Carpus
with 4 proximal and 3 distal bones.

P. cliduchus was separated mainly on the rugosity of the vertebre,
a character which is well marked in the type of the present species.

Hab. Europe (England).

22656. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a nearly entire skeleton,
(fig.) ina somewhat disjointed condition; from the Lower Lias
of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. The type specimen; dis-
covered in 1823, and formerly in the collection of the
Duke of Buckingham. Described and figured by Cony-
beare in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. i. p.. 381,
pl. xlviii.; and noticed by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’
Sauropterygia (Mon. Pal. Soc. 1865), p.1. The skull is
somewhat damaged. The vertebre show distinct rugosities
at the borders of the centra, and also the double costal
facets. The pectoral girdle is wanting, but the pelvis is
in good preservation. The left pectoral and the right
pelvic limb are nearly entire. The postaxial bone of the
proximal row of the carpus shown in Conybeare’s figure is
now wanting. Purchased, 1848,

R. 1313. Slab showing the nearly entire skeleton of a somewhat
(Fig.) larger individual; from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Buck-
land in his ‘Geology and Mineralogy’ (Bridgewater
Treatise), pl. xvi. fig. 2, and noticed by Owen, loc. cit.
The skull is seen from the ventral aspect, and exhibits
the entire mandible and the broken palatal region of the
cranium. The anterior cervical vertebre are thrown out
of place, but the later ones are in apposition and seen
from the left side. The dorsal and caudal regions are
seen from the right side. The right paddles are nearly
entire ; in the pectoral limb the postaxial proximal carpal
is visible, although it is omitted from Buckland’s figure.
Small portions of the pectoral and pelvic girdles are visible.
The vertebre are distinctly rugose, and they appear to
agree precisely with those of the imperfect vertebral
column figured by Seeley in the ‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’
ser. 3, vol. xvi. pl. xv., under the name of P. cliduchus.
No history.—In Museum before 1832,

(4ig.)

.

e- — err = 1

‘ R. 1314.

PLESTOSAURID 257

36183. Slab exhibiting an imperfect skeleton; from Lyme-Regis.

Figured by Owen in his ‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ Sauropterygia,
pls.i., ii. The skull and entire series of cervical vertebre
are shown; the skull and anterior cervicals being ex-
hibited from the left side, and the later cervicals from the
right side. The ventral aspect of the body is exposed,
and shows the imperfect pectoral and pelvic girdles, the
proximal portion of the right pectoral limb, and fragments
of one pelvic limb. In the pectoral limb the postaxial
carpal of the proximal row is shown. 37 true cervical
vertebre are apparent. Purchased, 1861.
Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the anterior part
of the dorsal region of the vertebral column and the right
pectoral limb; from Lyme-Regis. The fourth bone in
the proximal row of the carpus is present. Length of
humerus 0,197 (7°8 inches), width of distal extremity of
humerus 0,092 (3°6 inches), length of radius 0,084 (3-3
inches), width of radius in middle of shaft 0,031 (1:2
inches). No history.

39490. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the skull, and the left

(fig-)

lateral aspect of the first eight cervical vertebre ; from
Lyme-Regis. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. i. fig. 1.
The skull is crushed flat, but shows both the upper and
lower teeth. The atlas and axis are anchylosed together,
and there is also anchylosis between the arches and centra
of the other cervicals. Purchased, 1865.

41101. Slab exhibiting the palatal aspect of a crushed cranium,

apparently specifically identical with the preceding ; from
Lyme-Regis. With the exception of some germs and a
single broken one, the teeth are absent. In this specimen
the palatines are seen to be separated in the median line
by the pterygoids, which articulate anteriorly with the
vomers. The small infraorbital foramina are very clear.
Purchased, 1868.

39491. The dentary portion of a mandible probably belonging to

(Fig.)

28332. F

PART II.

this species ; from Lyme-Regis. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
pl. iii. fig. 2. The first tooth of the left side remains.
This specimen is also figured, with restoration, in fig. 47,
(p. 150). Purchased, 1865.
ragment of matrix showing the ventral aspect of the sym-
physial extremity of a similar mandible; from Lyme-

Regis. Six teeth are shown on the right side.
Purchased, 1853.

5

258 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 255. Slab showing the palatal aspect of a similar mandible; pro-
| bably from Lyme-Regis. gerton Coll. Purchased, 1882.

R. 1316. An imperfect cervical vertebra from the hinder part of the
(Fig.) neck; from the Lower Lias of Charmouth, Dorsetshire.
Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. 11. figs. 4-6. This specimen
closely resembles the 27th cervical of No. 36183, and is
indistinguishable from the later cervicals of No. R. 13815.
The dimensions of the centrum are :—length 0,035 (1:36
inches), height 0,032 (1°25 inches), width 0,040 (1°66
inches), The heads of the ribs are attached to the

centrum. No history.

37396. A crushed cervical vertebra of similar type; from Lyme-

Regis. Purchased, 1863.

33287. An imperfect dorsal vertebra, referred by Owen to this
(fig.) species; from Charmouth. Figured by Owen, op. cit.

pleiv, fas. 2. Purchased, 1858.
R. 1316 a. A series of cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae associated
with No. R. 1316. No history.

R. 1316 b. Two caudal vertebre associated with the preceding.
(fiy.) Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. iv. figs. 3-8. No history.

2054*. An imperfect cervical vertebra in a somewhat crushed con-
dition ; from Lyme-Regis. Hawkins Collection.

23175. An imperfect immature late cervical vertebra, probably

belonging either to this or the next species; from Lyme-—

Regis. The dimensions of the centrum are:—length 0,301
(1:2 inches), height 0,026 (1:02 inches), width 0,034
(1°35 inches). This specimen differs from the cervicals
noticed as P. hawkinsi (p. 265) by its relatively longer
centrum; its smoother surface as compared with the pre-
ceding specimens may indicate reference to P. eleuther-
axon. Purchased. About 1849.

33286. A laterally crushed late cervical vertebra which may belong
to this species; from Lyme-Regis. The relatively long
antero-posterior diameter eel not improbably be due to
pressure, Purchased, 1858.

R. 983. An imperfect middle dorsal vertebra probably belonging to
this species; from Lyme-Regis. The neural spine and
the greater part of the right transverse process are want-
ing. ‘The dimensions of the centrum are :—length 0,034

ail
?
4
f

PLESIOSAURID. 259

(1:35 inches), height 0,035 (1°38 inches), width 0,042
(1:66 inches). This specimen appears indistinguishable
from some of the detached dorsals of the type skeleton,
showing the same tall and pear-shaped neural canal.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

31876. An imperfect dorsal vertebra of the same general type, but

R. 1330.
(fg.)

with a relatively shorter centrum, and therefore from a

different part of the series; from Lyme-Regis. The

rugosity of the outer surface is distinctly shown.
Purchased.

Slab showing the impression of the right lateral aspect of
part of the hinder region of the skeleton of a small
Plesiosaur, provisionally referred to this species; from the
Lower Lias of Elston, near Newark, Nottinghamshire.
A plaster cast has been taken from the impression to
show the contour of the bones. This specimen is de-
scribed and figured by W. Stukeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans. ’
for 1719, pp. 936-8, pl. 1., by whom it was suggested that
it might be either Crocodilian or Cetacean. It shows the
hinder part of the dorsal and the anterior part of the
caudal region of the vertebral column, together with por-
tions of the pectoral limb. The long and slender contour
of the fibula suggests reference to the present species
rather than to P. hawkinsi.

(?) Presented by the Council of the Royal Society.

Plesiosaurus eleutheraxon, Sceley’.

Imperfectly known. Distinguished from the preceding by the
smooth vertebree and limb-bones, the separation of the short atlas
and axis, and the presence of eight carpal bones.

This species was founded upon an imperfect skeleton, in which
the skull is wanting, from the Lower Lias, preserved in the Wood-

wardian

Museum at Cambridge, and figured in pl. xiv. of the

volume cited.
Hab. Europe (England),

41102. Slab exhibiting a pelvic (?) limb; from the Lower Lias of

Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. There are eight tarsal bones,
and the dimensions of the femur are :—length 0,215 (8°5
inches), width at. the distal extremity 0,101 (4-0 inches),

1 Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xvi. p. 353 (1865).
$2

260 SAUROPTERYGIA.

these dimensions agreeing very closely with those of the
femur of the type. There is, however, the normal
number of phalangeals in the fifth digit, indicating that
the distal ones have been lost in the type. |

Purchased, 1868.

R. 227. An anterior cervical vertebra probably belonging to this
species; from Lyme-Regis. In the relatively long cen-
trum this specimen agrees with P. dolichodirus, but the
outer surface is smooth.

Presented by Dr. H. Woodward, 1882.

39851. Three associated imperfect dorsal vertebre which may,
perhaps, belong to this species; from Lyme-Regis. The
centra are relatively longer than in the dorsals resembling
those of P. hawkinsz mentioned on p. 265 ; their dimensions
being :—length 0,032 (1:25 inches), height 0,035 (1:48
inches), width 0-042 (1°65 inches); and the external sur-
face is quite smooth. In adetached dorsal in the skeleton
No. 2022* of P. hawkinsi, while the dimensions of the
terminal faces of the centrum are almost identical with
those of the present specimen, the length is only 0,024
(0°95 inch). Purchased, 1865.

Plesiosaurus hawkinsi, Owen’.

Syn. Plestosaurus triotarsostinus, Hawkins”.
Including Plesvosaurus etheridge, Huxley °*.

Nearly of the size of P. dolichodirus, but with a much shorter
neck, the length of the skull being contained about 33 times in the
interval between the atlas and the pectoral girdle. Cervical
vertebree 30 or 31 in number, of the general contour of those of the
type species, but externally smooth, with relatively shorter centra
and neural spines, and in immature individuals with the upper costal
facet approximated to the neuro-central suture. Dorsals with shorter
and more distinctly cupped centra, and a lower and more rounded
neural canal, the height of the arch and spine being less than twice
the height of the centrum. In the pectoral girdle the anterior pro-
jection of the coracoid relatively long and extending far over the
omosternum ; and the omosternal extremity of the ventral plate of
the scapula wider than the glenoidal. Limb-bones smooth; ulna

1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1889, p. 57 (1840).
2 Memoirs on Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri, pl, xxiv. (1834).
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 281 (1858).

2

PLESIOSAURID. 261

and fibula relatively shorter and wider than in the type species ; 6

bones in carpus (fig. 79) and tarsus. The author follows Owen and
Huxley in regarding No. 2022* as the adult of the present species.
That skeleton differs from the type in that the skull is shorter in
proportion to the limb-bones and vertebral column, in the relatively
larger carpals and tarsals, and the longer interval between the costal
facets and the neuro-central suture of the cervical vertebrae. In
regard to the first point it is well known that in Crocodiles the

-Plesiosaurus hawkinsit.—Ventral aspect of the right pectoral limb; from the

Lower Lias of Street. 3... 7, radius; w, ulna ; r', radiale; 72, inter-
medium ; w', ulnare,

‘length of the skull becomes relatively less in the adult’; the

second point is evidently due to immaturity ; while the value of
the third difference may be inferred from the case of P. macro-
cephalus (p. 266). The specific name triotarsostinus, although the

1 Theobald, ‘Catalogue of Reptilia of India,’ p. 36, states that the length of
the skull and body in two individuals of Crocodilus palustris are as follows:
—length of head 26 inches, length of body 18 feet; and ength of head 246
inches, and of body 12 feet. In the former instance the proportion vf the head
to the body being }, and in the latter }. ‘This indicates the slight value which
can be attached to the so-called “ cephalic index” of Sollas (Quart. Journ, Geol,
Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 468) as a means of distinguishing the species of DPlesio-
sauride.

. 262 SAUROPTERYGIA.

earliest, has been rejected on account of its uncouthness'. ‘The
name P, etheridget was applied to a small skeleton differing from
the type in having 30, in place of 31, cervical vertebrae, and in
some other slight details ; since, however, an instance has been
published of a variation in the number of presacral vertebree among
the Crocodilia *, it appears highly probable that a similar variation
would occur still more frequently in the present order, where there
is great specific variation in the number of the cervical vertebra.
The specimen, No 48001, mentioned on p. 238, indicates, moreover,
either the incipient division of a single cervical centrum into two,
or the imperfect coalescence of two distinct centra.

While P. dolichodirus appears to have been the commoner form
at Lyme-Regis, the present species seems to be more abundant at

Street.
Hab. Kurope (England).

2018*. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a nearly entire immature
(Fig.) skeleton ; from the Lower Lias of Street, near Glaston-
bury, Somersetshire. The type specimen. Figured by
Hawkins in his ‘ Memoirs on Ichthyosauri, &c.’ and
‘Sea Dragons,’ pl. xxiv., as P. triotarsostinus ; by Buck-
land in his ‘Geology and Mineralogy’ (Bridgewater
Treatise), pl. xvil., as P. dolichodirus; and by Haughton
in his ‘Manual of Geology,’ fig. 40, under the latter name.
Noticed by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’
vol. xiv. p. 284. The distal portion of the left. pectoral
limb is wanting, and the tarsus of both sides is imperfect.
In the pectoral girdle the omosternum is damaged, and the

caudal part of the vertebral column has been displaced.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

9019*. Cast of the preceding specimen, with the left pectoral limb
restored. Hawkins Collection.

2020* (14551). Slab showing the ventral aspect of the nearly entire
(Fig.) skeleton of animmature individual ; from Street. Figured
by Hawkins, op. cit. pl. xxvu., and noticed by Huxley,

op. cit. p. 284 (as No. 14541). The distal portion.

of the left pectoral limb.is wanting, and both the pectoral
and pelvic girdles are imperfect. The displacement
of the cervical ribs exhibits very clearly the double costal
facets. The upper costal facets throughout the series

1 In the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839, Owen proposed to reject this name as
being incorrect.

2 Baur, Zool. Anz. vol. ix. p. 689 (1886), records 25 in ee of the normal 24
presacral vertebrae in Garialis gangeticus.

i
a
:
Ny
t
-
oh
Bat.
144
a
nM
¥

PLESIOSAURID&. 263

are closely approximated to the neuro-central suture. This
specimen indicates a slightly larger individual than the
preceding. The right limbs and three cervical vertebrae
are also figured by Owen in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2,
vol. v. pls. xlii. and xliv. fig. 4; the right pectoral limb
(fig. 79) being again figured by the same writer in his
‘ Liassic Reptilia,’ Sauropterygia, pl. xvi. fig. 2.

Hawkins Collection.

2021*. Slab exhibiting the left lateral aspect of an imperfect skeleton;

(4ig.)

R. 1331.

from the Lower Lias of Walton, Somersetshire. Figured
by Hawkins, op. cit. pl. xxy., without specific name, and
noticed by Huxley, op. cit. pp. 284, 285 (as No. 2000), and
provisionally referred to P. etheridgex. ‘The hinder part
of the cervical and the whole of the dorsal region of the
vertebral column are well preserved and in apposition ;
but the caudal region, of which the extremity is wanting,
is dislocated. The two scapule are perfect, and exhibit
very clearly the dorsal portion (see Hulke, ‘ Proc. Geol.
Soc.’ for 1883, p. 56, fig. 15). One humerus and one
femur remain, as well as portions of the pelvic girdle.
Hawkins Collection.

Slab showing an imperfect limb apparently referable to
this species; from Street. Hawkins Collection.

2022* (14549). Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of the

(fig.)

somewhat imperfect and dislocated skeleton of an adult
individual; from Street. Figured by Hawkins, op. cit.
pl. xxviii. (without name), and the skull by Owen in the
‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser 2, vol. v. pl. xlv.; noticed by
Huxley, op. cit. pp. 284, 285. The sixth vertebra from
the skull has-lost its anterior half, and Huxley suggests
that a vertebra may be missing here; there is a gap in
the dorsal series, one of the vertebrae being separated from
its position, and one of its terminal faces exposed. The
pectoral and pelvic girdles are dislocated. In the cervical
vertebree the costal facets are separated by a considerable
interval from the neuro-central suture. The skull is of
the same length as the humerus, instead of being longer
as in the type. Hawkins’ Collection.

14550. Slab showing the palatal aspect of the imperfect cranium

and the left side of the greater portion of the remainder
of an apparently similar skeleton; from Street. Noticed
by Huxley, loc. cit. The skull has been displaced and is

264

R. 45, A

SAUROPTERYGIA.

situated near the commencement of the tail. The greater
part of the vertebral column is well shown, but some of
the anterior cervicals are absent, the dorsal region is
dislocated, the hinder part of the column overlapping the
anterior, and the greater portion of the caudal region lost.
The dorsal part of the left scapula is well shown. The
femur is preserved on either side, together with other
parts of the pelvic limbs. In size this specimen accords
closely with No, 2022*, and has the same relative pro-
portions between the tibia and femur. The skull is noticed
by Sollas in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvil.
p. 479. Hawkins Collection.

split slab of rock showing part of the skeleton of a small
Plesiosaur not improbably belonging to this species; from
the Lower Lias of Bennington, Leicestershire. Referred
to in Nichols’s ‘ History of Leicestershire, vol. 1. p. cev.
This specimen shows the middle portion of the dorsal
region ; fragments of the pectoral, and the greater portion
of the pelvic girdle ; the humerus of both sides; and the
right femur. Although no decisive parts of the skeleton
remain, the resemblance of the humerus and femur to the
corresponding bones of the type is so close that there is a
great probability of the specific identity of the two speci-
mens. Presented by Major Harlowe Turner, 1880,

Plesiosaurus, sp.

The undermentioned specimen differs from P. hawkinsi in its
rather larger dimensions, and the relatively taller spines of the
dorsal vertebree, which exceed double the height of the centra.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1329.

Slab showing part of a dislocated skeleton ; from the
Lower Lias of Street, near Glastonbury, Somersetshire.
Parts of the cervical and dorsal regions of the vertebral
column are shown, together with one humerus and the
ulna of either side. The humerus agrees in size with that
of the skeleton No. 2022* of P. hawkinsi, and the ulna is
of the short and broad type characteristic of that species.
The vertebra are, however, larger than in that skeleton,
and the dorsals have relatively taller neural spines, al-
though exhibiting the same short centra, with distinctly
cupped terminal faces and a broad and low neural canal.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

,

PLESIOSAURID. 265

Most of the following specimens probably belong either to P. hawkinsi
or to the above-mentioned unnamed form.

2055*. Two imperfect late immature cervical vertebre; from the
(fig.) Lower Lias of (?) Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. In the speci-

| men figured in the accompanying woodcut the dimensions
of the centrum are:—length 0,029 (1°16 inches), height

0,028 (1:1 inches), width 0,037 (1°45 inches). . In size

these specimens accord with the later cervicals of No. 2020*,

Fig. 80.

Plesiosaurus (cf.) hawkinst.—Anterior and left lateral aspects of a later cervical
_ vertebra; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. 3. Letters as in fig. 69, p. 225.

but the costal facets are placed lower down on the cen-
trum, in which respect they resemble Nos. 2021* and
14550. The arches and ribs are not anchylosed to the
centra. Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

2055* a. A similar, but rather smaller imperfect cervical vertebra ;
from Lyme-Regis. The neuro-central suture is distinct
and the ribs are wanting. Hawkins Collection.

R. 227 a. Two imperfect anterior cervical vertebra, apparently re-
sembling those of the skeleton No. 2022*; from Lyme-
Regis. The neuro-central suture is obliterated, and the

ribs are firmly anchylosed to the centrum.
Presented by Dr. H. Woodward, 1882.

266 SAUROPTERYGIA.

2060*. An imperfect dorsal vertebra ; from Street. In its ventral
aspect this specimen closely resembles the dorsals of the
skeleton No. 2020*. The dimensions of the centrum are :
—length 0,025 (0:96 inch), height 0,033 (1:3 inches),
width 0,039 (1:54 inches). The distinctly cupped centrum
and low and broad neural canal are well seen.

Hawkins Collection.

R. 654. An entire late dorsal vertebra of similar general type;
from Lyme-Regis. In general characters this specimen
agrees very closely with the detached dorsal in No. 2022*,
but the neural spine is taller, exceeding twice the height
of the centrum, and thus resembles the unnamed skeleton
No. R. 1329. Presented by J. HE. Lee, Hsq., 1885.

43061. Slab showing the posterior aspect of a crushed dorsal
vertebra of similar type; from Lyme-Regis. The height
of the arch and spine is about two and a half times that
of the centrum. Purchased, 1871.

2039*. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a mandible not improbably

| belonging to this species; from Street. This specimen
agrees approximately with the mandible of No. 2022*.

Hawkins Collection.

Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, Owen‘ (ev Conybeare).

Syn. Plestosaurus brachycephalus, Owen ?.

Of comparatively large size, the length of the skeleton of the type
of P. brachycephalus being 10 feet 6 inches. Skull relatively large,
wide posteriorly, but with the premaxillary region much narrowed,
its length being contained about two and a half times in the interval
between the atlas and the pectoral girdle. Neck short, with some
30 vertebre*; cervicals short, with the upper costal facet in
immature specimens confluent with the facet for the arch; terminal
faces slightly cupped, and hemal aspect with very slight ridge;

1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 62 (1840), and Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v.
pt. 3, p. 515 (1840, read 1888).

2 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 69 (1840).

3 Owen gives the number of cervicals in P. macrocephalus as 29, and states
that at least 28 are cervical in P. brachycephalus. Sollas (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soe. vol. xxxvii. p. 479) states that in the latter the 29th is certainly cervical,
and that the 30th and 31st are probably also referable to theneck. In the type
of the former there is no reason why there should not be a similar number of
cervicals, since the sides of the 30th and 31st vertebre are not exposed.

PLESIOSAURID®. 267

neural spines comparatively short, with squared summits. Pectoral
girdle not exposed. Humerus much shorter than femur. Radius
and ulna and tibia and fibula relatively very short; 8 bones in
carpus and tarsus.

P. brachycephalus was distinguished solely on account of the
lower position of the costal facets of the later cervical vertebree—a
character which may apparently well be due to maturity, the type
being in all other respects identical with the immature type of the
present species.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1336. Slab exhibiting the dorsal aspect of the skull and paddles
(fig.) and the right lateral aspect of the vertebral column of a
half-grown individual ; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-
Regis, Dorsetshire. The type specimen. Described by
Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1839, p. 62, and
described and figured by the same writer in the ‘ Trans.
Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. v. pp. 515-535, pls. xliii.—xly.
Also figured by Buckland in his ‘ Geology and Mine-
ralogy’ (Bridgewater Treatise), pl. xix. fig. 1, and by
Haughton in his ‘Manual of Geology,’ fig. 39, facing
p. 274. The head and neck are twisted round to the
left ; the greater part of the caudal region and the right
pelvic limb are wanting. In the cervical region the ribs
are displaced, permitting the junction of the costal with
the neurapophysial facets to be beautifully shown. The
eight carpal bones are shown in both limbs, but only six
tarsals remain in the pelvic limb. With the exception
of the left scapula, only the borders of the pectoral
and pelvic girdles are visible. The length of the cranium
is about 0,215 (85 inches), and that of the mandible
0,269 (10-5 inches). The humerus has a length of
0,101 (4:0 inches), and the femur of 0,120 (4-7 inches).
The resemblance of this specimen to the larger type
skeleton of P. brachycephalus figured by Sollas in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvii. pl. xxiv. fig. 2, is
so close as to render it almost certain that the one is the
immature condition of the other. The adult skeleton
indicates an individual somewhat less than twice the size
of the present specimen, the length of thé skull being
0,354 (14 inches), that of the humerus 0,227 (9:0 inches),

and that of the femur.0,247 (9°7 inches).
Purchased from the Earl of Enniskillen.

268 SAUROPTERYGIA.

28307. Slab exhibiting the right lateral aspect of the posterior
cervical and anterior dorsal region. of the vertebral
column and the two humeri of a nearly similar immature
individual ; from Lyme-Regis. Thirty vertebrae remain,
some five of which are cervical, the latter showing the
characteristic junction of the costal with the neura-
pophysial facets. As in the posterior cervicals of the
type, the two costal facets have coalesced. The humerus
is slightly larger than that of the type. Purchased, 1853,

49202. The skull and anterior cervical vertebrae of an adult indi-
vidual ; from Lyme-Regis. The frontal region has been
crushed, thus causing the vertical diameter of the orbit
to be much shortened ; but in other respects the specimen
is fairly perfect. The anterior cervical vertebree show the
characteristic union of the upper costal with the neura-
pophysial facet, although the arches have become anchy-
losed; they have a small hemal carina. The characters
of the skull accord closely with those of the smaller
crushed skull of the type; and the specimen is indistin-
guishable from the skull of P. brachycephalus figured
by Sollas, both specimens showing the contracted pre-
maxille, expanding into a spoon-shaped termination, and
traversed by a distinct median ridge. The length from
the extremity of the premaxille to the occipital crest is
0,291 (11°5 inches). Purchased, 1878,

31887. The centrum of an anterior cervical vertebra of a larger
individual; from Lyme-Regis. The union of the upper
costa] facet with that for the neurapophysis is very clearly
shown. Purchased from the Earl of Enniskillen,

31883-—84, -—85, —86, -88, -90 to —98. A number of centra of
‘‘ pectoral,” lumbar, and caudal vertebre associated with
the preceding. Purchased from the Karl of Enniskillen.

33285. Slab showing three later cervical vertebrae, referred by
Owen (and apparently rightly) to the present species ;
from Lyme-Regis. These specimens indicate an adult
individual, the dimensions of one of the centra being:—
length 0,028 (1°1 inches), height 0,038 (1°5 inches), width
0,046 (2-0 inches). The centra closely resemble those of |
No. 28307, but the upper costal facet is less completely
connected with the facet for the arch. Purchased, 1858.

PLESIOSAURID®. 269

Plesiosaurus conybeari, Sollas!.

Syn. Plestosaurus laticeps, Owen, MS. ”
? Plesiosaurus latispinus, Van Beneden? (non Owen).

The largest species. Skull (if rightly referred) of moderate size,
its length being contained about three and a half times in the
interval between the atlas and the pectoral girdle. Neck long,
with 38 vertebre. Cervical vertebre of moderate length, with nearly
flat terminal faces to the centra, and the hemal surface With a low
and blunt ridge between small foramina; neural spines compara-
tively tall, with squared summits. Anterior prolongation of coracoids
short, and consequently a large part of the omosternum exposed ;
omosternal end of ventral plate of scapula narrower than coracoidal.
Radius and ulna relatively long and narrow; 6 bones in carpus
and tarsus. The length of the entire skeleton was probably about
16 feet.

The dorsal vertebre from the Lower Lias of Luxemburg,
described by Van Beneden and identified by him with the Cre-
taceous Cimoliosaurus (Plesiosaurus) lutispinus, may, from their
large size, be referable to the present species.

Hab. Europe (England and [?] Luxemburg).

R. 1338. Cast of a laterally compressed skull, apparently belonging
to the type specimen. The original was obtained from the
Lower Lias of Charmouth, Dorsetshire, and is preserved in
the Museum at Bristol. It is figured by Sollas in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvil. pl. xxiii. fig. 1, in
conjunction with the type skeleton, and separately in
pl. xxiv. fig. 1. The evidence does not appear to be
absolutely decisive that this skull was found with the
skeleton, although such was probably the case. In length
and the proportions of the different parts the cranium
closely accords with that of P. rostratus, but the symphysis
of the mandible is much shorter, having a length of only
three inches. Purchased.

39514. A crushed and imperfect skull, apparently resembling the
(Fig.) preceding specimen; probably from the Lower Lias of
Lyme-Regis. Described and figured by Owen in his
‘ Liassic Reptilia’ (Mon. Pal. Soc.), Sauropterygia, p. 28,
pl. xiii., and provisionally referred to P. fostratus. In’

' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 440 (1881).

Davies, Geol. Mag. dec. 1, vol. iv. p. 144 (1867).—Undefined,
3 Mém. Ac. R. Belg. vol. xliii. art. 12, p. 33, pls. iii. (1882).

270

R. 1370.

R. 1339.

SAUROPTERYGIA.

the shortness of the mandibular symphysis this specimen
differs from the mandible of the type skeleton of the
latter, and agrees with the preceding specimen. Owen
states that the locality is Charmouth. No history.

Part of the parieto-frontal region of a skull, apparently
agreeing with the corresponding portion of No. R. 1338;
from the Lower Lias, locality unknown. The ridge
dividing the supra-temporal fosse is nearly entire, while
the parietal foramen is quite perfect. No history.

Two casts of the opposite sides of a slab showing the
greater portion of the skeleton, without the head. The
original specimen is the type, and was obtained from
Charmouth; it is preserved in the Museum at Bristol,
and is figured by Sollas, op. cit. pl. xxiii. Nearly the
whole of the vertebral column is shown, together with
the greater portion of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and
the entire pectoral limbs. Of the pelvic limbs only the
femora are shown. No history.

40140. Slab showing the two sides of an imperfect skeleton; from

Charmouth. As exhibited in the case the slab shows the
oblique right lateral and ventral aspects, the left side of
the vertebral column being shown by a cast. There
remain 13 cervical vertebree in advance of the omosternum,
but to the extremity of this series there are appended
12 cervicals of another species, which are noticed under
the head of Hretmosaurus (p. 251). An imperfect cranium
is attached to the specimen, which may really belong to
it. The whole of the remaining portion of the vertebral
column is shown, together with the pectoral and pelvic
girdles, and the left humerus and femur. The specimen
is noticed by Sollas, op. at. pp. 470, 471, who remarks its
close resemblance to the type, and also that there is pro-
bably some malarrangement in the cervical region, although
it was not suggested that the earlier vertebrae were speci-
fically distinct. The anterior extremities of the coracoids
are wanting, but it is evident that, as in the type, these
bones did not overlap the omosternum to such an extent
as in P. hawkinsi. This skeleton is noticed by Davies in
the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 1, vol. i. p. 144, .as the type of
P. laticeps. Purchased.

PLESIOSAURID. yi

2056*. An imperfect late cervical vertebra, apparently referable to
this species ; probably from Lyme-Regis.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

C. Longirostrine Group.

Skull comparatively large, with long mandibular symphysis.
Cervical vertebra of moderate length, with the terminal faces of

Fig. 81.

Plesiosaurus rostratus.—Left lateral and posterior aspects of a middle cervical
vertebra ; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. 4. Letters as in fig. 69, p. 225.

the centra deeply cupped, the costal facets either single or double;
and the neural spines very short. Pectoral girdle unknown.

This group is represented in the Upper Lias by P. longirostris,
Blake ?, which is probably identical with P. cwlospondylus, Owen ”®.
It is not improbable that Peloneustes may be directly descended from
this group.

Plesiosaurus rostratus, Owen ’*.

Of comparatively large size, the length exceeding 12 feet. Skull
with the premaxillary region produced into a spatulate rostrum.
Neck probably of considerable length, the number of vertebree being
unknown. Cervical vertebre with the cupped terminal faces of
the centra bevelled at the edges, and the hemal surface with a
prominent ridge flanked on either side by a deep pit; in the
anterior region the apparently single costal facet placed low down

1 In Tate and Blake’s ‘ Yorkshire Lias,’ p. 250 (1876).

2 Liassic Reptilia (Mon. Pal. Soc.), Sauropterygia, p. 12 (1865).—Insufli-
ciently characterized, 7

3 Ibid. p. 20 (1865).

72 SAUROPTERYGIA.

on the centrum ; neural spines with anterior border curving back-
wards to form a pointed summit, and the height from above the
postzygapophysis less than that of the latter above the centrum.
Posterior cervicals and anterior dorsals with very short centra, in
which the terminal faces are extremely elliptical. Humerus and
femur nearly equal in length. Radius and ulna comparatively long
and narrow ; 6 carpal and tarsal bones.

The number of cervical vertebre is given by Owen as 24, but
since there are 33 in the closely allied P. longirostris, this is primd
facie improbable. ‘That some are missing in the type is shown by
plate xi. fig. 2 of Owen’s memoir, where there must obviously have
been a gap between the narrow centra described as the 16th and 17th,
and the broad one regarded as the 18th, which is evidently much
later in the series. The existence of a larger number of vertebre is
also shown by No. R. 1337. In the figures of the 15th vertebra
given by Owen on pl. x. it appears that the contour of the terminal
faces has been drawn from one of the later cervical or early dorsal
vertebree.

Hab. Europe (England).

38525. Slab showing the dorsal and part of the right lateral aspect
(Fig.) of the nearly entire skeleton; from the Lower Lias of
Charmouth, Dorsetshire. Described and figured by Owen —
in his ‘ Liassie Reptilia,’ Sauropterygia, p. 20, pls. ix.—xii.
The cranium is much crushed, and is dislocated from the
neck ; the mandible, which is laterally flattened, and can
be removed from the matrix, exhibits the teeth in very
perfect preservation. ‘There are several dislocations in the
cervical region, and, as already mentioned, some vertebre
are missing after the 17th; reference has also been made
to the incorrect contour of the terminal faces of the middle
cervicals in Owen’s memoir. The terminal face of an
early dorsal is exposed. The whole of the limbs are com-
plete, but only the borders of the pectoral and pelvic
girdles are visible. Purchased, 1863.

R. 37. The broken muzzle of a skull much obscured by matrix,
probably referable to the present species ; from the Lower
Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. Many of the teeth are
well shown. Purchased, 1880.

R. 1337. Slab showing the left lateral aspect of an imperfect
skeleton ; from the Lower Lias, probably of Lyme-Regis.
This specimen, which has evidently been much waterworn,
exhibits a part of the skull in a greatly damaged condition,

PLESIOSAURID &. 273

a large part of the cervical and dorsal regions of the
vertebral column, one entire and one broken propodial
bone, and some other fragments of the limbs. In the
skull the size of the supratemporal fossa accords precisely
with that of the type; but no other comparisons can be
made. The division between the cervical and dorsal
regions of the vertebral column cannot be determined ;
but apparently at least 30 cervicals may be counted.
These cervicals have comparatively short centra, in which
the terminal faces are deeply cupped at the centre, with
bevelled edges, the hemal surface having a prominent
ridge flanked by a deep pit on either side; the costal
facets are very low down on the centrum and may be
undivided; and the neural spines are very short and
broad, with the characteristic terminal contour. The
dimensions of the centrum of the 11th vertebra remaining in
the series are :—length 0,034 (1°35 inches), height 0,040
(1°56 inches), width 0,046 (1°8 inches). In all these
respects these vertebre agree with those of the type, and
since they are quite different from the corresponding
vertebree of P. macrecephalus and P. conybeari, there can
be little doubt that the specimen belongs to the present
species. The early dorsals have the transversely expanded
terminal faces of the exposed dorsal of the type, but their
absolute size has been reduced by the exposure to which
the specimen has been subjected. The vertebre accord
very closely with the description of those of P. longtrostris
(caelospondylus). No history.

39849. A slightly imperfect middle cervical vertebra ; from Lyme-

(fig.)

Regis. This specimen (woodcut, fig. 81) closely resembles
the 12th or 13th of those in apposition in the preceding
specimen ; and is quite indistinguishable from the 15th of
the type skeleton, of which a correct lateral view is given
by Owen, op. cit. pl. x. fig. 1. The peculiar contour and
extreme shortness of the neural spine is well shown, and
the costal facets appear to be single. On the hemal
aspect the pits flanking the median ridge are very
distinct. The dimensions of the centrum are :—length
0,043 (1:69 inches), height 0,044 (1°72 inches), width
0,050 (1:96 inches), the total height of the specimen
being 0,104 (4:1 inches). Purchased, 1866.

28318. An associated series of sixteen somewhat imperfect ver-
PART Ll, T

O74 SAUROPTERYGTIA.

tebre; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. These
specimens comprise one late cervical, four ‘ pectorals,”
and seven dorsals. The late cervical and the pectorals
agree closely with the corresponding vertebre of the
type skeleton figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. xi.; the
summit of the neural spine in the cervical is unfortunately
broken. off, but sufficient remains to show the charac-
teristically short and pointed contour. The costal facets
show traces of a division, and have become vertically
elongated, in place of the longitudinal elongation shown
in No. 39849. The dimensions of the centrum of the
cervical are:—length 0,044 (1°74 inches), height 0,052
(2:05 inches), width 0-063 (2:48 inches).

Purchased, 1853.

Of the following teeth rt is probable that some belong to the present
or the next species, while others may be referable to P. conybeari.

41284. A crushed tooth, in matrix ; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1869.

42015. A very similar tooth ; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1870.

43059. A smaller tooth, in matrix; from Lyme-Regis.
| Purchased, 1871.

32747. A large tooth; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1857.

R. 1371. A tooth of similar type, in matrix; from Lyme-Regis. |
No history.

PlesiosaurusS, sp.

Apparently allied to P. rostratus, but of somewhat larger dimen-
sions. Cervical vertebre with the ridge on the hemal surface more
prominent, the costal facets distinctly double, and in the anterior
part of the region the pits on either side of the hemal ridge not
distinctly developed. Terminal faces of the dorsal centra heart-
shaped.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1328. The centrum of a posterior cervical vertebra; from the
Lower Lias, locality unknown. The dimensions of this
specimen are:—length 0,051 (2:0 inches), height 0,054
(2:13 inches), width 0,068 (2:66 inches). It agrees in
general characters with the 30th or 31st vertebra of the

eS, eee

R. 1368.

R, 1315.

PLESIOSAURIDZ. Zia

skeleton No. R. 1837 of P. rostratus, but is of larger size ;
in which respect it agrees with the dcrsals of the next
specimen. The costal facets are distinctly double and
pedunculated, in which respect it differs widely from the
later cervicals of the type and of No. 28318 of P. rostratus.
The terminal faces are distinctly cupped, with well bevelled
edges, while the hemal ridge is much more prominent
than in No. 28318, and has very deep pits on either
side. The general characters of the hemal surface accord
with those of the late cervical of P. rostratus figured by
Owen in his ¢ Liassic Reptilia,’ pl. xi. fig. 2, in conjunction
with the 16th and 17th as the 18th, but which, as men-
tioned above, is really much later in the series. The
resemblance of this specimen to the 30th and 31st vertebree

of P. rostratus, No. R. 1337, indicates that those vertebre

are cervical. No history.

A mass containing four imperfect cervical and three
“ pectoral ” vertebree; from the Lower Lias, locality
unknown. The cervicals, which are from the middle part
of the series, agree with those of P. rostratus in their
extremely short neural spines, but differ by the more
depressed form of the centrum, and the more prominent
hemal ridge, which has no distinct pit on either side,
The costal facets show a double articulation, although the
two branches are closely pressed together. The ‘pectorals”
are larger than in the type of P. rostratus, and the dorsals
have the terminal faces of the centra more heart-shaped.
The dimensions of one of these centra are :—length 0,048
(1°89 inches), height 0,071 (2-8 inches), width (about)

0,089 (3°52 inches). No history.

Slab showing the ventral aspect of the middle portion of
a skeleton provisionally regarded as that of a young indi-
vidual of the present species; from tae Lower Lias of
Keynsham, near Bath. The pectoral girdle is shown in
a perfect condition ; in advance of this are 26 cervical
vertebrae with very prominent double costal facets, to
which the ribs were attached only by cartilage. The
proximal portion of the left pectoral limb is in its natural
position, and there are three detached phalangeals. Pos-
teriorly to the coracoids a few dorsal vertebra, ribs, and
some of the abdominal ribs are apparent. The cervical
vertebrae have short centra and the posterior ones closely

TZ

276 SAUROPTERYGIA.

resemble No. R. 1328, although the hemal ridge is much less

developed—a character which may be due to immaturity.

In the pectoral girdle the portion of the coracoid in advance
of the glenoidal facet is a fraction more than one fourth
the entire length of bone, whereas in P. hawkinsi the
former dimension is rather more than one third the length
of the latter. In this respect, and in the circumstance
that the omosternal extremity of the scapula is narrower
than the coracoidal, this specimen agrees with P. conybeart.
The omosternum is seen to have its posterior extremity
embraced by and passing beneath the anterior part of the
coracoids—a feature supporting Hulke’s view that the
former does not represent the clavicle and interclavicle.

| Purchased.

Specifically undetermined specimens from the Lias, mostly
referable to Plesiosaurus.

R. 1372. The crown of a tooth of medium size, in matrix; from the
Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire. No history.

43059 a. A smaller tooth; from Lyme-Regis. This tooth is of the
- game type as the preceding. Purchased, 1871.

43059 b. A still smaller and specifically distinct tooth, in matrix ;
from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1871.

R. 1375. The conjoint atlas and axis vertebree of a comparatively
small species; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

39262. A series of six associated imperfect dorsal vertebree united
by matrix; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. These
specimens indicate an individual agreeing approximately
in size with P. conybeare. Purchased,

33285. A dorsal vertebra of similar type, wanting the neural spine
and transverse processes; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1858.

R. 321. A polished slab showing a longitudinal section of six dorsal
vertebra of a medium-sized form; from Lyme-Regis.
Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 321 a. A fragment of rock which has been cut and polished to

exhibit a longitudinal section of three dorsal vertebre
agreeing approximately in size with No. 33285,
Enniskillen Collection.

PLESIOSAURID®. 277

39850. A medium-sized vertebra from the “pectoral” or lumbar
region, with the summit of the neural spine displaced ;
from Charmouth. Purchased.

R. 807. Four imperfect vertebre from the “ pectoral” region of a
medium-sized species ; from Lyme-Regis. These specimens
have the left lateral aspect covered by matrix. No history.

R. 1376. A vertebra from the “ pectoral ” or lumbar region, wanting
the neural spine ; from Lyme-Regis. No history.

18970. The centrum and base of the arch of a “ pectoral ” or lumbar
vertebra of a large species; from the Lower Lias of
Watchet, Somersetshire. The centrum is relatively short.

Purchased, 1853.

2046*. Two later caudal centra of a comparatively large form ; pro-
bably from Lyme-Regis.
Hawkins Collection. Purchased, 1834.

2041*. Slab showing the imperfect anterior portion of the left side
(Fig.) of the pectoral girdle and the humerus of the same side
of a small form; from the Lower Lias, probably of Street,
Somersetshire. Described and figured by Seeley in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxx. p. 446, fig. 10, and
referred to Eretmosaurus. The distal portion of the
humerus underlies the scapula, and the latter has been so
crushed down upon the former as to be almost welded with
it, although its lateral borders can be distinctly traced.
The postaxial border of the distal extremity of the scapula
is in contact with the antero-external angle of the coracoid,
and owing to the effects of pressure appears as though it
articulated with it. In the figure and description the
humerus and the anterior part of the scapula have been
regarded as a single bone and described as the scapula ;
the proximal portion of the scapula being figured as a part
of the coracoid. The suture between the scapula and the
coracoid is plainly visible, the division drawn in the figure
in the middle of the former being merely a fracture; the
small foramen described in the coracoid is likewise merely
a vacuity on a line of fracture. The specimen may be
referable to P. hawkinsi. Hawkins Collection.

R. 1373. The right scapula of a comparatively small form; from
Lyme-Regis. This specimen, of which the ventral surface
is imperfect, not improbably belongs to P. dolichodirus.

No history.

278 SAUROPTERYGIA.

32396. A rather smaller and more imperfect right scapula; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1857.

2034*. Slab showing the outer aspect of the imperfect right scapula
of a small form (? P. hawkinsi); probably from Street.
Hawkins Collection.

R. 1374. Slab showing the coracoid of a small form; probably
from Street. (?) Hawkins Collection.

R. 1391. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the dislocated right
pectoral limb of a comparatively large form; from Lyme-
Regis. The dimensions of the humerus are :—length
0,278 (11 inches), width at distal extremity 0,139 (5°5
inches). ‘The entire contour of the radius is shown, but
the greater portion of the ulna is concealed; the length
of the former is 0,105 (4:1 inches). No history.

R. 1377. The left humerus of a comparatively large form ; from
the Lower Lias, locality unknown. From its peculiar
contour and rugose surface there is every probability that
this specimen belongs to Hretmosaurus rugosus.

No hastory.

28322. A right humerus agreeing approximately in size with the
preceding, but belonging to a different species ; from Lyme-
Regis. Purchased, 1858.

41390. A larger left humerus, imperfect proximally; from the
Upper Lias of Frittlingen, Wiirtemberg. This specimen
is somewhat smaller than the corresponding bone in the
skeleton of P. homalospondylus, but it is not improbable
that it may belong to a smaller individual of that
species. Purchased.

29887. An apparently immature left humerus ; from Lyme-Regis.

This specimen agrees in length with the humerus of

P. dolickodirus, but is relatively much thicker. The
rugosity of the distal extremity indicates immaturity.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1858.

R. 1882. A small left humerus ; from Lyme-Regis. This specimen
probably belongs to P. dolichodirus, agreeing closely in
size and contour with the corresponding bone of the type
skeleton. No history.

=

PLESIOSAURID&. 279

46486. A left humerus of a more slender type; from Lyme-Regis
or Street. Not improbably referable to P. hawkinsi.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

R. 1379. Slab exhibiting the dorsal aspect of a right humerus of
the same general type as the preceding, but rather longer ;
probably from Lyme-Regis. No history.

R. 1381. A humerus of similar general type, with the proximal
extremity crushed ; locality unknown. No history.

41859. A crushed left humerus, probably belonging to P. dolichodirus;
from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 1870.

R. 1383. A crushed right humerus; from Lyme-Regis. Closely
resembles the preceding specimen, but is slightly shorter.

No hastory.

R. 1385. A smaller and broader left humerus ; probably from Street.

No history.

32393. A crushed left humerus, rather smaller than No. 41859 ;

from Lyme-Regis. Purchased ?

R. 1386. A small and apparently immature left humerus ; locality
unknown. No history.

82395. Two specimens of humeri, one of which is very small and
immature ; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased.

40119. A smaller immature humerus; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased ?

2143*. Slab showing one side of a small immature humerus; from
Lyme-Regis or Street. Hawkins Collection.

28304. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of the right side of the
pelvis, together with the femur and portions of abdominal
ribs, of a species agreeing approximately in size with
P. dolichodirus or P. hawkinsi; from Lyme-Regis. The
greater part of the pubis is concealed by the abdominal
ribs. Purchased, 1853.

R. 1392. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a left pubis; from
Street or Lyme-Regis. Closely resembles the corresponding
bone of the type skeleton of P. hawkinszi. No history.

R. 1394. Slab showing one side of a rather larger left pubis ; pro-
bably from Street. This specimen agrees approximately
in size with the pubis of the largest skeleton of P. hawkinsi.

No history.

280 SAUROPTERYGIA.

R. 1395. Slab showing one side of a left ischium agreeing nearly
in relative size with the preceding specimen; probably
from Street. No hastory.

R. 879. A right (?) ilium; from Lyme-Regis. Agrees approxi-

mately in size with the ilium of No. 28304. No history.
R. 1393. A considerably larger ilium ; locality unknown. Indicates —

an animal of the approximate size of P. rostratus.
No hastory.

28323. The left femur of a large species; from Lyme-Regis. This
specimen might belong to an immature individual of

Thaumatosaurus arcuatus, since it agrees in contour, and ~

also in its extremely rough articular surfaces, with the
corresponding bone of that species. Purchased, 1852.

R. 1390. The left femur of a large species; from Lyme-Regis.
Apparently agrees well with the femur of P. rostratus.

No hastory.

41252. The associated right and left femur of a form agreeing

approximately in size with P. dolichodirus; from the

Lower Lias of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire.
Purchased, 1869.

R. 671. A slightly smaller left femur of the general type of the
preceding specimens ; from Lyme-Regis.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

32393 a. A smaller left femur; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased.

32393 b. A right femur apparently associated with the preceding ;
from Lyme-Regis. _ Purchased.

32393 c. A slightly larger left femur ; from Lyme-Regis.
| Purchased.

32393 d. A rather longer left femur; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased,

R. 1388. A left femur; probably from Street. This specimen,
which is longer than the last, is remarkable for the great
prominence of the rugosity for muscular attachment at
the proximal extremity of the dorsal surface. No history.

R. 1387. Slab showing the ventral aspect of a left femur of similar
type; from Street or Lyme-Regis. No hastory.

32393 e. An imperfect right femur of the same general type; from
Street. or Lyme-Regis. Purchased.

en P as

PLESIOSAURIDZ. 281
40122. A rather smaller femur; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased.
R. 1389. A still smaller femur; probably from Street. No history.

R. 672. A small and immature femur ; from Lyme-Regis.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

40123. A very small immature femur; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased.

32723. A rolled femur of a comparatively small species; from the
Upper Lias of Hortot (Manch), France.
Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

R. 1396. A radius or tibia of a large species; probably from Street.
This specimen is probably the radius of Thaumatosaurus
arcuatus. No history.

39498. An equally large but specifically distinct radius or tibia ;
from the Lower Lias of Charmouth, Dorsetshire.
Purchased, 1865.

40120. A large tibia remarkabie for its great relative width; from
Lyme-Regis. This specimen may perhaps belong to P.
conybearr. Purchased.

44908. A tibia of the same type as the preceding specimen; from

the Lias, locality unknown.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1870.

28333. A radius of a medium-sized form; from Lyme-Regis. This
specimen would agree approximately with the corresponding
bone of P. rostratus. Purchased, 1853.

28333a. A smaller radius of similar type; from Lyme-Regis.
Might belong to P. dolichodirus. Purchased, 1853.

R. 1398. A more elongated radius; locality unknown. No history.

40123. A tibia of the approximate size of that of P. rostratus ; from
Lyme-Regis. Purchased,

R. 1397. A slightly larger and relatively wider tibia; locality
unknown. No history.

28333 b. A somewhat similar tibia; from Lyme-Regis.
Purchased, 1853.

32396. A smaller tibia ; from Lyme-Regis. Purchased, 18538.

282 SAUROPTERYGIA.

11903. An ulna indicating an individual of the approximate size
of P. dolichodirus ; from Lyme-Regis. Mantell Collection.

R. 1399. A fibula; from Lyme-Regis. This specimen indicates an

individual about the size of P. rostratus. No history.

Serial Position Uncertain.

Plesiosaurus costatus, Owen’.

Of large size, but very imperfectly known. Cervical vertebre
witb centra of moderate length; their terminal faces subcircular,
deeply cupped, and without bevelling of the edges ; two costal facets,
of which the upper is approximated to the neuro-central suture ;
hemal surface with a very prominent ridge, on either side of which
is a deep ovoid pit; margins of external surface of centrum rugose.

This species was founded upon the evidence of an anterior cervical
vertebra from the Rheetic of Aust Cliff, near Bristol, of which the
dimensions are:—length 0,038 (1°5 inches), height 0,046 (1:8
inches), width 0,051 (2:0 inches). A very similar vertebra from the
Rheetic of Autun (Sadne-et-Loire), France, is described and figured
by Sauvage in the ‘Ann. Sci. Géol.’ vol. xiv. art. 3, p. 24, pl. vi.
fig. 5 (1883).

Hab. Europe (England and France).

31882. A somewhat imperfect late cervical vertebra; probably from
the Rheetic > (Upper Trias) of the neighbourhood of Bristol.
The neural spine is wanting, but the right side of the
arch and centrum is well preserved. The dimensions of
the centrum are:—length 0,049 (1:95 inches), height
0,059 (2°32 inches), width 0,069 (2:74 inches). This
specimen agrees in all its characters with the type, showing
the same deeply cupped terminal faces, the approximation
of the upper costal facet to the neuro-central suture, the
prominent hemal ridge, and the rugosity of the borders
of the free surface of the centrum. Purchased, 1859.

Of the following specimens some may belong to the present and
others to the next species.
49. The crown and part of the root of a large tooth, in matrix ;
from the Rhetic bone-bed of the “Old Passage,” near

Bristol. Presented by Sir Henry Delabeche.

1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1839, p. 80 (1840).

2 The matrix and mineral condition of this specimen differ from those of
Lower Liassic specimens, and Mr. Etheridge has little doubt that it is really
Rheetic.

PLESIOSAURID®. 283

23812. The imperfect crown of a very similar tooth, in matrix ;
from the Rhetic near Bristol. Purchased, 1842.

23353. The imperfect crown of a tooth of similar type, in matrix ;
from the Rhetic near Bristol. Purchased, 1842.

44832. The centrum of an anterior or middle caudal vertebra of a
comparatively large species; from the Rhetic of Aust
Cliff, near Bristol. The terminal faces are somewhat
polygonal ; the chevron-facets being confined to the pos-
terior border. Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

R. 72. The centrum of a smaller and relatively shorter caudal ver-
tebra; from Aust Cliff.
Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, 1881.

48041. A bone of the paddle which is probably either an ulnare or
fibulare ; from the Rheetic of Aust Cliff.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1860.

Plesiosaurus bitractensis, Sauvage’.

An imperfectly known form of considerable size. The centra of
the cervical vertebrae are comparatively short, with the terminal
faces deeply cupped, and the hemal surface devoid of any ridge or
pits, and its two foramina very minute and widely separated; the
external surface is nearly smooth.

This species was founded upon a cervical and a dorsal vertebra
from the Rhetic of Autun (Sadne-et-Loire), France. The dimen-
sions of the centrum of the former are :—length 0,042 (1°65 inches),
height 0,072 (2°85 inches), width 0,080 (3°15 inches).

Hab, Europe (France and [?] England).

40117. Two vertebre belonging either to the ‘‘ pectoral” or lumbar
region of a Plesiosaur either identical with or closely allied
to the present species; from the Rheetic (Upper Triassic)
of “ Old Passage,” near Bristol. ‘These two specimens are
joined together by matrix; the dimensions of the larger
centrum being :—length 0,042 (1°65 inches), height 0,054
(2°12 inches), width 0,068 (2°67 inches). The costal arti-
culations are single and placed partly on the arch and partly
on the centrum. These vertebre present all the general
characters of the cervicals of P. bitractensis, but if belonging
to the “* pectoral ” region indicate a small individual.

; Purchased, 1866.

| Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. xiv. art. 3, p. 20 (1883).

284 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Plesiosaurus posidonice, Quenstedt’, of the Lias, may be identical
with one of the species mentioned above.

Family LARIOSAURIDA.

Skull short, with the pterygoids (where known) diverging poste-
riorly, and infraorbital vacuities on the palate. Vertebree resembling
those of the next family. Pectoral girdle of the general type of the
latter, but, at least in the type genus, without a notch at glenoidal
extremity of the coracoid. Humerus somewhat shortened and ex-
panded, with or without distal foramen; femur elongated, its length
exceeding that of propodials and metapodials collectively ; terminal
phalangeals with claws. |

The members of this family appear to connect the marine Plesio-
sauride with the freshwater or terrestrial Nothosauride.

/

Genus LARIOSAURUS, Curioni ”.
The type genus. Under surface of skull unknown. Cervical ribs
present; humerus without distal foramen; epipodials moderately
long and thick; phalangeals of pes short and thick.

The type skeleton is figured by Curioni in the ‘Mem. I. R. Ist.

Lombard.’ vol. ix. pls. v.-vii. (1863); while a second imperfect

skeleton is figured by Deecke in the ‘ Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.’

vol. xxxiii. pls. iii., iv. (1886).

Lariosaurus balsami, Curioni ’.

The type and only known species. Length of head-and body to
root of tail about 0,445 (18 inches); length of skull about 0,089
(3°5 inches), of humerus 0,051 (2:0 inches).

Hab. Europe (Italy).

R. 1482. Cast of a slab showing the dorsal aspect of the entire
skeleton. The original was obtained from the Lower Trias
of Perleno, Como, Italy, and is preserved in the Museum
at Munich. It agrees precisely with the imperfect type
skeleton figured by Curioni in the ‘Mem. I. R. Ist. Lom-
bard.’ vol. ix. pl. vi. (1863). The skull differs from those
figured of Conchiosaurus by Meyer by its shorter form and
the much shorter supratemporal fossze.

Presented by Prof. K. von Zitiel, 1889.

1 Handbuch d. Petrefact. 2nd ed. p. 210 (1885).
2 Giorn. I. R. Ist. Lombard. vol. xvi. p. 166 (1847), vol. viii. p. 478 (1847).
3 Loe: eat.

err
ney: :
fll 2

’

- i!

>,

“et

hy |

iw)
io/8)

LARIOSAURID-E.

Genus NEUSTICOSAURUS, Seeley’.
Syn. (?) Pachypleura, Curioni *.

Cervical ribs either very small or absent: humerus (at least
typically) with a distal foramen ; epipodials very long and slender ;
phalangeals of pes long and slender.

The characters by which the type of Pachypleura differs from
that of the present genus do not appear to be of more than specific
value, although the figured specimens do not show whether the
humerus had a foramen.

Neusticosaurus pusillus (Fraas °*).
Syn. Stmosawrus pusillus, Fraas*.

The type species. Skull comparatively short and wide; neck
relatively long. Length of head and body to root of tail about 0,215
(8°5 inches) ; length of skull 0,030 (1°17 inches) ; length of humerus
0,022 (0°88 inch).

So far as the writer can see, the skeleton of Neusticosaurus (Pachy-
pleura) edwardsi, Curioni’, only differs from that of the present
form by its more slender skull and larger neck, the other distinc-
tions mentioned by Deecke not being apparent.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

R. 53. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the greater portion of the
(Jig.) skeleton; from the Lower Keuper or Lettenkohle® of
Hoheneck, near Ludwigsburg, north of Stuttgart, Wiir-
temberg. One of the types; figured by Fraas in the
‘Jahresh. Ver. Nat. Wiirtt.’ vol. xxxvii. pl. i. fig. 1, and
also by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxviil.
pl. xiii. fig. 1; the limbs of the right side being figured
on an enlarged scale on pp. 362 and 364 of the latter
volume. The greater part of the caudal region and the
whole of the left pelvic limb are wanting ; but, with the
exception of some imperfection in the other limbs, the
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxviii. p. 350 (1882). This name being
derived from Neustikos is not a synonym of Neustosaurus, Raspail, ‘Sur un
Saurien fossile,’ Paris (1842), which comes from Neustes.
2 Giorn. I. R. Ist. Lombard. ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 55 (1854). Preoccupied
by White, ‘Cat. Coleoptera Brit. Mus.’ pt. vii. p. 27 (1853).
3 Jahresh. Ver. Nat. Wiirtt. vol. xxxvil. p. 319 (1881).—Simosaurus,
4 Loc. cit. .
5 Giorn. I. R. Ist. Lombard. ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 55, pls. i., ii. (1854); and Mem.

I. R. Ist. Lombard. vol. ix. pl. vii. fig. 2 (1863).
6 For the serial position of these beds see Geikie, ‘ Text-book of Geology,’

Ist ed. p. 768 (1882).

286 : SAUROPTERYGIA.

rest of the skeleton is nearly entire. The slab with de-
tached bones from the Muschelkalk of Silesia figured by
Meyer in the ‘Saurier des Muschelkalk,’ pl. Ixvi. fig. 1,
belongs either to the present or a closely allied form.
Purchased, 1881.

R. 54. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of a skeleton wanting the
(Fig.) skull and anterior cervical region, the left pelvic limb, the
termination of the caudal region, and the distal portions
of the other limbs. The second type; portions figured by
Fraas, op. cit. figs. 2-4, and the entire specimen by Seeley,
op. cut. pl. xii. fig. 2. ' Same history.

Note on MacRoMEROSAURUS PLINII, Curioni’.

This reptile from the Italian Trias is referred by Baur, in the
‘Zool. Anzeiger,’ vol. ix. p. 247° (1886), to the present family ; but
Deecke, ‘ Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxviii. pp. 190, 191, con-
siders it to be more nearly allied to the Rhynchocephalia or Protero-
saurla. The pectoral girdle appears to be of a Sauropterygian type.

Nothosaurus, sp.—Ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle ; from the Trias. os¢
omosternum ; sc, scapula; g/, glenoid cavity ; cor, coracoid. Reduced.

* Giorn. I. R. Ist. Lombard. vol. xvi. p. 161, and plate (1847), or vol. viii.
p. 473 (1847).—Macromirosaurus.

* The family name was here given as Macromerosauride, but is changed to
Lariosauride on p. 3238.

SS ee. a

NOTHOSAURID. 287

Family NOTHOSAURID 4.

The skull long or short, with the pterygoids either diverging
posteriorly, or developing ale overlying the basicranial axis and
meeting in the middle line (fig. 83); no infraorbital foramen on
the palate. Anterior pectoral vertebre with the upper costal arti-
culation on the arch and the lower on the centrum; cervicals with
double costal facets; dorsals usually with very short transverse
processes, having vertically elongated articular surfaces. Scapula
with small ventral (precoracoidal) plate ; coracoids with short median
symphysis, and a notch in glenoidal border (fig. 82); omosternal
barslender. Pubis with foramen ; obturator notch open. Humerus
and femur elongated; the former only slightly expanded distally,
and with ectepicondylar groove; terminal phalangeals clawed.
Apparently of terrestrial habits.

Genus PISTOSAURUS, Meyer’.

Skull with the preorbital portion longer than the postorbital, and
forming a narrow rostrum gradually narrowing towards the orbit ;
ale of pterygoids not uniting beneath the basisphenoid; upper
teeth not numerous, the second and third maxillary being somewhat
enlarged. The dorsal vertebre, figured by Meyer in the ‘Saurier des
Muschelkalk,’ pl. xxvi. figs. 1-6, and provisionally referred to this
genus, differ from those of the next genus by their longer transverse
processes. The base of the skull is more like that of the Plesio-
sauride than is that of Nothosaurus, and it is therefore quite pro-
bable that the vertebre were likewise more like those of the former
family.

Pistosaurus longzvus, Meyer’.

The type and only described species; somewhat smaller than
Nothosaurus mirabilis. The parietal foramen is remarkable for its
great size, and there are 19 upper teeth.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

R. 19736. Cast of the cranium. The original was obtained in 1843
from the Muschelkalk of Baireuth, Bavaria, and is pre-
served in the Museum at Berlin. It is described by Meyer
in the ‘Neues Jahrb.’ 1843, p. 587, and described and
figured in his ‘Saurier des Muscheikalk,’ p. 23, pl. xxi.
figs. 1-3. In the figure of the palatal aspect the occipital
condyle has been introduced. Purchased, 1845.

t Neues Jahrb. 1839, p. 699.
2 Loc. cit.

288 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Genus NOTHOSAURUS, Minster’.

Syn. Dracosaurus, Munster ?.

Skull long and narrow, with the postorbital portion larger than
the preorbital, and with very long and narrow supratemporal fossa ; ~
ale of pterygoids uniting beneath the basisphenoid; upper teeth
numerous, with the 5th and 6th maxillary much enlarged; man-
dibular symphysis of moderate length, with 5 teeth. Dorsal ver-
tebree with very short transverse processes.

Nothosaurus mirabilis, Minster’.

Syn. ? Plesiosaurus speciosus, Minster *.
Dracosaurus bronni, Auct.?

The type species. Of moderate size; the length of the cranium
averaging about 0,343 (13°5 inches). Premaxilla not laterally ex-
panded, with the four teeth nearly in the same antero-posterior
line ; last lower symphysial tooth not recurved ; 41 upper teeth.

Fig. 83.

Nothosaurus mirabilis.— Palatal aspect of the cranium; from the Muschelkalk.
1, pmax, premaxilla; nar, posterior nares ; vo, vomer; mz, maxilla; pal,
palatine; pt, pterygoid; a, ala of do.; 0, quadratic ridge of same; qu,
quadrate ; oc, occipital condyle. The posterior extremity of pal was pro-
bably formed by a transverse bone, but the suture is not visible.

Hab. Europe (Germany and France).

The species is typically from the Muschelkalk (Middle Trias),
but the specimens from the Lettenkohle of the Lower Keuper
(Upper Trias) are probably not specifically distinct.

1 Neues Jahrb. 1834, p. 525.

? Ibid. p. 526.

3 Ibid. p. 525. 4 lbid. p. 526.

5 Commonly quoted as Minster, op. cit. p. 526, but only the generic name
appears there. ;

NOLTHOSAURID.E. 289

42829. The nearly entire cranium, wanting the crowns of most of

(f1g.)

the teeth ; from the Muschelkalk, probably of Baireuth,
Bavaria. This specimen, of which the palatal aspect is
shown in the accompanying woodcut, closely resembles the
slightly smaller example figured by Meyer in his ‘ Saurier
des Muschelkalk,’ pls. ii., i. In the restoration of ‘the
palate given in pl. i. of that work, the pterygoids are re-
presented as extending forwards to unite with the pre-
maxille, but the present specimen shows most distinctly
that the vomers intervene and form the median bar
dividing the apertures of the posterior nares. The lateral
borders of the channel of bone overlying the basicranial
axis are clearly formed by alee of the pterygoids, after the
manner of the Chelonian Podocnemis; but it seems from
the presence of a median suture shown in several of
Meyer’s figures, and of which there appear to be traces in
the present specimen, that these alee united mesially as far
back as the occipital condyle. In Podocnemis, where the
occipital condyle is situated posteriorly to the articular
surface of the quadrate, these bones diverge posteriorly
to expose the basioccipital and basi- and presphenoid. The
ridge of bone marked in the figure clearly corresponds
to the vertical ridge of the pterygoids in Podocnemis,
which articulates with the quadrate; this representing
the entire posterior portion of the pterygoids of Lizards.
The entire absence of infraorbital foramina on the sides of

the palate is well shown.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

38633. Portions of the two rami of a mandible in matrix, probably

PART II.

belonging to this speices; from the Lettenkohle of the
Lower Keuper * of Hoheneck, near Ludwigsburg, north of
Stuttgart, Wirtemberg. ‘This specimen is broken off an-
teriorly at the commencement of the symphysis, the last
of the large symphysial teeth still remaining ; posteriorly
the greater portion of the dentary is preserved. This
specimen agrees closely with the nearly entire anterior
portion of the mandible from the Muschelkalk figured
by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xiil. Purchased, 1864.

1 See note 6 on p, 285.

290 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Of the following specimens, which agree mre or less n2arly in relative
' size with thz skull, som2 probably belong to this, the commoner
species, while others may be distinct.

1104, 1092a. Two crowns of teeth in matrix; from the Mus-
chelkalk of Baireuth. Purchased.

40130. The crown of a smaller tooth in matrix ; from Baireuth.
; Purchased.

R. 253. The crowns of two teeth in matrix ; from Baireuth.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

43626. The imperfect crown of a similar tooth; from the Sandstone
of the Lettenkohle of Bibersfield, Wurtemberg. This bed
immediately overlies the Muschelkalk. Purchased, 1859.

33088. The crowns of four teeth in matrix ; from the bone-bed of
the Upper Muschelkalk of Crailsheim, Wurtemberg.
Purchased, 1848.

44823. The crown of a tooth in matrix; from the Muschelkalk of
Baireuth. Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

48201. A slightly imperfect cervical vertebra, wanting the greater
part of the neural spine; from Baireuth. The dimensions
of the centrum are:—length 0,025 (0-96 inch), width
0,026 (1:02 inches), height 0,022 (0°86 inch). In general
characters this specimen closely accords with the cervicals
of the vertebral column figured by Meyer, op. cat. pl. xxiii.,
and referred to Nothosaurus mirabilis; but it is smaller
than the cervicals figured on pls. xxiv. and xxv. under
the same name, and also differs by the absence of a
heemal ridge on the centrum. Purchased, 1877.

48201 a. A nearly entire but somewhat crushed anterior ‘ pectoral ”
vertebra, wanting the greater part of the neural spine ;
from Baireuth. This specimen, which was probably asso-
ciated with the preceding, agrees generally with the cor-
responding vertebre of the above-mentioned column, and
shows the Crocodilian feature of having the upper costal
facet on the arch and the lower on the centrum.

Purchased, 1877.

1094. The crushed centrum of a very early dorsal vertebra ; from
Baireuth. Purchased. About 1836.

NOTHOSAURID. 291

1093. The centrum of a rather later dorsal vertebra ; from Baireuth.
The contour of the terminal faces is transversely ellip-
tical, asin all the preceding specimens. Purchased, 1877.

38704. A late dorsal vertebra, partly imbedded in matrix, with the
centrum and arch laterally flattened by pressure; from
Baireuth. This specimen accords well with the posterior
dorsals of the vertebral column figured by Meyer; the
height of the neural spine being 0,098 (3°85 inches), and
the length of the centrum 0,029 (1:14 inches). Its re-
semblance to the dorsal figured on pl. xxiv. fig. 3 is also
strongly marked. The contour of the terminal faces of
the centrum is vertically elliptical. Purchased, 1869.

1031. The arch and spine (wanting the summit) of a dorsal vertebra,
in matrix; from Baireuth. This specimen, of which the .
posterior aspect is exposed, closely accords with the arch
of the entire dorsals figured by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xxiv.
figs. 4,5. The diameter across the transverse processes
is 0,065 (2°56 inches). Purchased. About 1836.

R. 253 a. An imperfect anterior caudal vertebra, in matrix; from
Baireuth. Agrees with the specimen figured by Meyer,
op. cit. pl. xxv. fig. 11. Egerton Collection.

48202. A laterally crushed late caudal vertebra, wanting the neural
spine; from Baireuth. Resembles the specimen figured

by Meyer on pl. xxv. fig. 5. Purchased, 1877.
33082. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of an imperfect right scapula ;
from the dolomite of Hoheneck. Purchased, 1848.
33088 a. An imperfect rib, in matrix ; from the Upper Muschel-
kalk of Crailsheim. Purchased, 1848.
42811. Slab showing an abdominal rib; from the Muschelkalk of
Baireuth. Van Breda Collection.

35679. Slab showing a smaller abdominal rib; from Baireuth.
Purchased, 1859.
R. 1405. Slab showing a still smaller abdominal rib ; probably from
Baireuth. No history.

38674. Fragment of rock showing the dorsal aspect of a crushed
right scapula from the Lettenkohle of Hoheneck. This
specimen agrees in size with the scapule figured by Meyer,
op. cit, pl. xxxiv. Purchased, 1864.

v2

292 SAUROPTERYGIA.

38676. A crushed coracoid, agreeing in size with the restoration
of the same element in the above-quoted figure; from
Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

38672. An imperfect coracoid belonging to the side opposite to that
to which the last specimen pertained ; from Hoheneck.
Purchased, 1864.

48203. The symphysial portion of a coracoid in an uncrushed con-
dition ; from the Muschelkalk of Bavaria. Purchased, 1877.

1083 a. An imperfect right humerus; from the Muschelkalk of Bai-
reuth, This specimen, which has lost the two extremities,
agrees approximately in size with the entire example
figured by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xliv. fig. 1, of which the
length is 0,268 (10°6 inches), The entepicondylar foramen
is preserved, although filled with matrix, and there is also
a portion of the ectepicondylar groove. (See No. 40052,
p. 296.) Purchased. About 1836.

42831. ‘The proximal half of a nearly similar right humerus; from
the Muschelkalk, probably of Wiirtemberg.
Van Breda Collection.

1083 b. A right humerus, wanting the distal third; from Baireuth.
Purchased. About 1836.

R. 253 b. The imperfect distal extremity of a similar right humerus ;
from Baireuth. igerton Collection.

38675. Slab exhibiting the left side of the pelvis; from Hoheneck.
The ventral aspect is shown of the pubis and ischium in
their natural position; the former has an imperfectly
closed foramen at its ischial articulation, and the obturator
notch is widely open. The matrix has been cut away to
exhibit the whole of the ilium and the contour of the
acetabulum. Purchased, 1864.

38676. A right ilium, agreeing closely with the corresponding bone
of the preceding specimen ; from Hoheneck.
Purchased, 1864.

38678. A right pubis, in matrix; from Hoheneck. This specimen
closely resembles the corresponding bone of No. 38675,
and may haye belonged to the same individual.

Purchased, 1864.

NOTHOSAURID®. 293

33076. Slab exhibiting the ventral aspect of a rather smaller and
perhaps specifically distinct left pubis ; from Hoheneck.
Purchased.

33079. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of a similar left pubis; from
Hoheneck. Purchased.

38680. A flattened ischium, closely resembling the corresponding
bone of No. 38675; from Hoheneck. ~ Purchased, 1864.

1085. An imperfect ischium of somewhat larger size; from the
Muschelkalk of Baireuth. Purchased. About 1836.

38679. Slab showing both sides of the articular head and one lateral
surface of a smaller ischium; from Hoheneck.
Purchased

46732. A femur, wanting the terminal epiphyses; from Baireuth.
This specimen, which would agree in relative proportions
with the above-mentioned specimens of the humerus, is
intermediate in size between the two femora figured by
Meyer, op. cit. pl. xlviii. figs. 1, 2. Purchased, 1874.

1084. A crushed femur of similar type, belonging to the opposite
side, which has likewise lost its epiphyses ; from Baireuth.
Purchased. About 1836.

38690. An epipodial bone ; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

38691. An epipodial bone, not homologous with the last; from
Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

, Nothosaurus giganteus, Miinster '.

Syn. Dracosaurus giganteus, Auct.

(?) Nothosaurus aduncidens, Meyer °.

Imperfectly known, but apparently attaining dimensions double
those of the type species. This species was founded upon fragments
of a skull from the Muschelkalk figured by Meyer in his ‘Saurier
des Muschelkalk,’ pl. xi. It is not apparent how the hinder portion
of a cranium and fragment of a mandible figured in pl. lxvii. as
N. aduncidens can be specifically distinguished ; the last symphysial
tooth of the latter is recurved.

Hab. Europe (Germany and France).

’ Neues Jahrb, 1834, p. 525.
* Saurier des Muschelkalk, p. 85 (1847-55).

294 SAUROPTERYGIA.

The following specimens would agree, in respect of size, with the skull
of the present form, but some of them may be referable to Simo-
saurus, while of Nothosaurus aduncidens be a distinct species,
they might equally well belong to that form.

1103. The centrum of a “pectoral” vertebra; from the Muschel-
kalk of Seineck, near Baireuth, Bavaria. The dimensions
are :—length 0,043(1°68 inches), width 0,058(2°28 inches),
height 0,056 (2:2 inches), The lower costal facet, although
somewhat obscure, is seen on the centrum, but closely
approximated to the neuro-central suture.

Purchased. About 1836.

42832. A late dorsal vertebra, wanting the neural spine; from the
Muschelkalk, probably of Wirtemberg. This specimen
would agree approximately in relative size with the pre-
ceding, and also with the earlier dorsal centrum figured
by Meyer in the ‘Saurier des Muschelkalk,’ pl. xxiv.
figs. 8, 9, under the present specific name. The dimen-
sions of the centrum are:—length 0,047 (1:45 inches),
width 0,052 (2:05 inches), height 0,053 (2:08 inches),
and the diameter across the transverse processes 0,094
(3:7 inches). On the left side the vertically elongated
articular face of the transverse process shows traces of a
division into two portions.

Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 187].

1092. The arch of a rather smaller dorsal vertebra; from Baireuth.
The diameter across the transverse processes is 0,077
(3:05 inches). This specimen should perhaps be referred

to the smaller NV. adriani, Meyer, or to Szmosaurus.
Purchased. About 1836,

38706. The crushed neural arch of a very large dorsal vertebra ;
from the Lettenkohle ' of the Lower Keuper of Hoheneck,
near Ludwigsburg, north of Stuttgart, Wurtemberg. The
transverse diameter across the costal articulations 1s 0,119
(4:7 inches), but this is considerably exaggerated by pres-
sure. Purchased, 1864.

R. 309. One longitudinal half of the centrum of a dorsal vertebra,
agreeing approximately in size with No. 42832; from
the Muschelkalk of Breslau. The inner surface has been
polished. By exchange, 1883, —

1 See note 6, p. 285.

NOTHOSAURID. 295

38708. Two slabs, one containing an anterior, and the other a
posterior rib of a very large animal; from Hoheneck.
Purchased, 1864.

38708 a. The proximal portion of a rib agreeing in size with the
preceding ; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

38694. A specimen which appears to be part of a very large abdo-
minal rib; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

42830. An imperfect left humerus ; from the Muschelkalk, probably
of Wurtemberg. This specimen appears to accord fairly
well in relative size with the imperfect coracoids figured
by Meyer, op. ci: pl. xxxvn. fig. 1, and pl. xxxix. fig. 1,
and provisionally referred to NV. guganteus.

Van Breda Collection.

Genus CONCHIOSAURUS, Meyer’.

Closely allied to Nothosaurus, but with the crowns of the cheek-
teeth clavate as in Simosaurus. —

Conchiosaurus clavatus, Meyer *.
Syn. Nothosaurus venustus, Minster °.

The type and only known species ; about one half the dimensions
of Nothosaurus mirabilis.

The type cranium is figured by Meyer in his ‘ Saurier des Mus-
chelkalk,’ pl. x. figs. 2-4; and that of the so-called WV. venustus in
figs. 5-6 of the same.

The undermentioned specimens being the remains of the smaller
forms found in the German Muschelkalk, and agreeing more or less
nearly in relative size with the crania, it is probable that at least a
moiety of them are referable to the present species ; although some
of the smallest may belong to Lariosaurus.

Hab, Europe (Germany).

40051. Ten imperfect and apparently associated vertebra ; from
the Muschelkalk of Nurnberg, Bavaria. ‘Two of the
detached centra (No. 40051 a) belong to the anterior
part of the cervical region, the larger having a length of
0,012 (0-46 inch); they show very distinctly the double
costal facets, of which the uppermost join the surface for
the attachment of the arch. The two specimens in which
the arch is still retained apparently belong to the pos-

1 Museum Senckenberg, vol. i. p; 8 (1834), 2 Loe. cit.
3 Neues Jahrb, 1834, p. 524,

296

SAUROPTERYGIA.

terior part of the “ pectoral” region; the dimensions of
their centra are:—length 0,018 (0°58 inch), height 0,009
(0°35 inch), width 0,009 (0°35 inch). The remaining
centra are from the dorsal and lumbar or anterior caudal
regions. Purchased, 1866.

1096. Three centra of dorsal vertebra ; from the Muschelkalk of

Baireuth, Bavaria. Purchased.

R. 1406. The arch of a dorsal vertebra agreeing approximately in

size with the preceding; from the Muschelkalk. The
diameter across the transverse processes is 0,033.
No history.

40054. A coracoid, in two portions and somewhat imperfect ; from

Nurnberg. This specimen appears to have been associated
with the vertebrae No. 40051. Its relative proportions to
these specimens and also to the type skull are approxi-
mately similar to those obtaining between the corre-
sponding elements of Veusticosaurus. The antero-posterior
diamcter at the median symphysis is 0,037 (1°45 inches).

Purchased, 1864.

(?) Conchiosaurus clavatus.—Ventral aspect of the right humerus; from the
Muschelkalk of Nurnberg. 3. emt.f, entepicondylar (ulnar) foramen ;
a, ectepicondylar groove.

40052. A right humerus, associated with the preceding. Figured

Cs)

in the accompanying woodeut. The length is 0,103
(4:05 inches). The specimen has been somewhat water-

NOTHOSAURIDZ. 297

worn, which exposes part of the long proximal epiphysis
extending nearly to the middle of the shaft. The entepi-
condylar foramen is distinct, and the ectepicondylar groove
is also well shown. Purchased, 1864.

40053. A femur, associated with the preceding. Length 0,118
(4:65 inches). Purchased, 1864.

40054 a. Part of a rib, associated with the preceding.
Purchased, 1864.

38685. Slab containing a coracoid intermediate in size between
No. 40054 and the next specimen; from the Triassic
dolomite of Hoheneck, Wiirtemberg. Purchased, 1864.

R. 1407. Slab showing one surface of a coracoid of somewhat
smaller size than No. 40054; from the Muschelkalk,
locality unknown. ‘The antero-posterior diameter of the
symphysis is 0,028 (1-1 inches), and the transverse diameter
of the entire specimen 0,051 (2-0 inches). This specimen
would agree in relative size with the skull on which
Nothosaurus venustus was founded. No history.

_R. 1408. Slab showing the corresponding .aspect of a slightly
smaller but otherwise similar coracoid; from the Mus-
chelkalk of Querfurt, Prussian Saxony. The symphysial
extremity is imperfect. No history.

R. 1408. A right humerus in matrix, agreeing approximately in
relative size with the preceding ; fromthe Muschelkalk,
Length 0,067 (2°64 inches). No history.

R. 1410. A femur in matrix, wanting the distal extremity ; from
_ the Muschelkalk. This specimen would accord in relative
size with the preceding. No history.

Specimens of which the genus cannot be determined.

38667. The crowns of two comparatively large teeth, in matrix
from the Lettenkohle of Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

1108. The centrum of a medium-sized late “ pectoral” or lumbar
vertebra; from the Muschelkalk of Baireuth. Purchased.

1109. The centrum of an early pectoral vertebra ; from Baireuth.
Purchased,

298 SAUROPTERYGIA.

48201 x. The centra of two smaller dorsal vertebrae; from Baireuth.
Purchased, 1877.

38707 a. The centrum of a vertebra probably belonging to the
lumbar region ; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864. —

33085. The centrum of a comparatively small cervical vertebra ;
from the Middle Triassic bone-bed of Crailsheim. .
Purchased, 1848.

33085 a. The centra of two dorsal vertebree, which may have heen
associated with the preceding; from Crailsheim.
Purchased, 1848.

33085 b. The centrum of a larger dorsal vertebra; from Crailsheim.
Purchased, 1848.

33085 c. Three larger vertebral centra belonging either to the

“* pectoral ” or lumbar region ; from Crailsheim. ;
Purchased, 1848.

1106. The centrum of a comparatively small dorsal vertebra; from
Baireuth. Purchased. About 1836.

38670. The middle portion of the omosternum of a large form ;
from Hoheneck. This specimen evidently belongs to an
animal generically distinct from that to which the next
example pertained. Purchased, 1864.

38669. The right side of the anterior porticn of the pectoral girdle ;
from Hoheneck. This specimen, which shows the sca-
pula, and the right lateral and mesial elements. of the
omosternum, agrees precisely in contour with the larger
example figured by Meyer in his ‘Saurier des Muschelkalk,’
pl. xxxiv.; it probably belongs to Nothosaurus. The
figure of the pectoral girdle given on p. 286, is partly
based on this specimen. Purchased, 1864.

40666. Slab exhibiting one surface of a large coracoid, with the
scapular extremity imperfect; from Hoheneck. This
specimen agrees approximately with the one figured by
Meyer, op. cit. pl. xxxvili. fig. 2; the antero-posterior
diameter at the symphysis being 0,125 (4:94 inches), and
the transverse diameter 0,218 (86 inches). Purchased.

38673. A split slab containing a smaller coracoid, which has been
mesially slit; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

NOTHOSAURID. 299

38689. A comparatively large and flattened right humerus, wanting
the middle of the shaft. There is no trace of the entepi-
condylar foramen. Purchased, 1864.

38666. A flattened right humerus, wanting the distal extremity ;
from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

38677. An imperfect ilium ; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

38683. A medium-sized ischium, in matrix ; from Hoheneck.
Purchased, 1864.

38681. A smaller ischium ; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.
38682. A nearly similarischium; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.
38692. A medium-sized femur; from Hoheneck. Purchased, 1864.

List or GENERA AND SpecrEs oF TRIASSIC SAUROPTERYGIA NOT
MENTIONED ABOVE.

a. From the Keuper dolomite of Molsdorf.

Nothosaurus bergeri, Meyer *.

b. From the Muschelkalk of Germany or France.

Nothosaurus andriani, Meyer *.
Nothosaurus muensteri, Meyer *.
Nothosaurus mougeoti, Meyer 4.

Syn. Simosaurus mougeoti, Meyer ’.
Nothosaurus angustifrons, Meyer °.
Simosaurus guillardoti, Meyer *.
Simosaurus guillvelmi, Meyer”.
Nothosaurus schimperi, Meyer ®.

ce. Horizon uncertain.
Plesiosaurus profundus, Zenker ™.
Plesiosaurus jenensis, Zenker "'.

1 Saurier des Muschelkalk, p. 150 (1847-55).

* Neues Jahrb. 1839, p. 559. 3 Loe. cit.

4 Ibid. 1842, p. 196.—Simosaurus. 5 Loe. cit.

® Beitrage pil. Wiirttembergs, p. 47 (1844).

7 Neues Jahrb. 1842, p. 196. For synonymy see Gervais’s ‘Zool. et Pal.
Frangaises, Ist ed. p. 268.

* Saurier des Muschelkalk, p. 72 (1847-55). ® Thid, p. 134.

10 Beitrige z, Naturg. Urwelt, p. 64 (1833). 1 Thid. p. 65.

300 SAUROPTERYGIA.

Family MESOSAURIDA.

Skull long and slender, but its palatal structure unknown.
Vertebre with a notochordal canal and relatively small centra,
apparently of the same general structure as those of the Notho-
sauride. Ribs very thick and apparently anchylosed to the vertebre.
Pectoral and pelvic girdles and limb-bones of the general type of
those of the latter; five distinct tarsalia in pes, of which the fifth
digit is the longest. The structure of the pes would seem to indicate
a webbed foot like that of Frogs.

The so-called Stereosternum, on account of the presence of five bones
in the distal row of the tarsus, has been made by Baur (‘ Morphol.
Jahrb.’ vol. i. p. 103, 1887) the type of a distinct order, under the
name of Proganosauria ; there can, however, be no question but that
such a character cannot be allowed to outweigh its manifest affinity to
the Nothosauride (vide Seeley, ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1888, pp. 104, 105).

Genus MESOSAURUS, P. Gervais".
Syn. Stereosternwm, Cope”.

The type and only known genus, Stereosternum presenting no
characters by which it can be distinguished *.

Mesosaurus tenuidens, P. Gervais’*.

The type species. Length of mandible 0,064 (2°53 inches), and
of humerus 0,026 (1:02 inches). The size of the entire animal is
approximately the same as that of Sphenodon.

Hab. South Africa.

49659. A cast taken from a slab of shale showing the impression of
the ventral aspect of the anterior half of the skeleton.
The original specimen is the type, and was obtained from
the Karoo system (probably Lower Mesozoic) of Griqua-
land West, and is preserved in the Paris Museum. The
cast in relief is figured by P. Gervais in his ‘ Zool. et Pal.
Générales,’ sér. 1, pl. xlii., and the left pectoral limb in
the accompanying woodcut. The skull and both pectoral
limbs are well preserved, but the characters of the pec-

' Zool. et Pal. Générales, sér. 1, p. 223 (1867-69).

* Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 7 (1886).

* The detached coracoid figured by Cope, op. cit. pl, i. fig. 8, must belong to
a different reptile. 4 Loe, Cit.

MESOSAURIDE. 301

toral girdle are imperfectly displayed. Between the
vertebral column and the right pectoral limb is a body
regarded by Gervais as probably Crustacean.

Presented by the Paris Museum of Natural History.

49971. Slab of shale showing the impression of the dorsal aspect of
part of the dorsal region of the vertebral column and ribs ;
from the Karoo system of Kimberley, Griqualand West.
A plaster cast in relief has been taken from this specimen.

Presented by M. Marcus, Esq., 1878.

49972. Fragment of shale showing the impression of the ventral
; aspect of part of the dorsal region of the vertebral column
and ribs; from Kimberley. A plaster cast exhibits the

features of this specimen in relief.
Presented by W. Benstead Snuth, Esq., 1878.

Fig. 85.

Mesosaurus tenuidens.—Ventral aspect of the left pectoral limb; from the
Karoo system of Griqualand West. }. ent./, entepicondylar foramen of
humerus; 7, radius; w, ulna.

49973. Slab of shale showing a lateral impression of the anterior
caudal region, together with a few of the vertebrae them-
selves ; from Kimberley.

Presented by Captain J. Scott Helps, 1878.

49974. Fragment of shale exhibiting the impression of the ventral
and left lateral aspect of part of the anterior caudal region,

302

49974 b.

SAUROPTERYGIA.,

together with that of the ventral aspect of the left pes ;
from Kimberley. A plaster cast in relief has been taken of
the caudal vertebre. Although rather smaller this speci-
men closely resembles the corresponding regions of the
skeleton of the American form figured by Cope. ‘The
five rows in the distal row of the tarsus are distinetly
shown ; and the fifth digit, which is incomplete in Cope’s
specimen, is entire. ‘The numbers of the phalangeals in
the five digits are 2, 3, 4, 5, 4; the fifth digit being the
longest. - Presented by Captain J. Scott Helps, 1878.

Slab of shale showing an impression of part of the caudal
region and of the distal extremity of the right pes of the
same individual. Presented by Capt. J. Scott Helps, 1878.

Mesosaurus tumidus (Cope ').

Syn. Stereosternum tumidum, Cope °*.

So far as can be seen at present there appear to be no characters
by which this form can be specifically distinguished from the type
species ; but since it has received a distinct name and is from a widely
distant locality it is provisionally allowed to stand as a species.

Hab. South America.

R. 536. Slab showing the ventral surface of the dorsal and part of

the caudal region, together with the impression of the
dorsal aspect of the imperfect limbs and the anterior
part of the caudal region; from beds which are probably
of Lower Mesozvic age at San Paolo, Brazil. A plaster
cast has been taken from this specimen, which shows the
limbs in relief. This specimen agrees precisely with the
type skeleton figured by Cope in the ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc.’ vol. xxii. pl.i. The distal row of the tarsus is not
clearly shown; the humerus, allowing for the circumstance
that the dorsal aspect is seen in the one and the ventral in
the other specimen, is absolutely indistinguishable from
that of the type skeleton of M. tenwidens, the entepicondylar
foramen being clearly shown. A skeleton from the same
deposits is described by Cope in the ‘ Amer. Nat.’ vol. xxi.
p. 1109, which shows the skull. The foramen on the

humerus is described as being ectepicondylar, which

1 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 7 (1886).—<Stercosternum. ° Loc. cit.

-
. oo
‘ Ks ¥ ‘
a oad
acs

MESOSAURID&E. 303

would appear to be an error. There is no sufficient evi-
dence to support the view taken by Cope as to the probably
Carboniferous age of the beds from which these specimens
were obtained. Purchased, 1885.

R. 537. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the imperfect dorsal
region ; from San Paolo. Purchased, 1885.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMS.

Baptanodon, 60.
discus, 60.
natans, 60.
Brimosaurus, 180.
grandis, 247.

Cimoliosaurus, 180.
australis, 220.
bernardi, 185.
biangulatus, 227.
brachistospondylus,

200.
brevior, 243.
cantabrigiensis, 183.
chilensis, 222.
constrictus, 212.
durobrivensis, viii.
eurymerus, 205.
grandis, 247.
haasti, 215,
hoodi, 245.
latispinus, 222.
limnophilus, 224.
magnus, 211.
neocomiensis, 225.
oxoniensis, 209.
planus, 217.
plicatus, 234.
portlandicus, 227.
richardsoni, 240.
smithi, 215.
tenuis, 188.
triangulatus, 227.
trochanterius, 190.
sp., 210, 211, 227, 244,

245.
truncatus, 250,
valdensis, 188.

PART II.

| Conchiosaurus, 295.

Colymbosaurus, 180.

dutertrei, 248.
megadirus, 190.

clavatus, 295.

Discosaurus, 180.
vetustus, 211.

| Dracosaurus, 283.

bronnii, 288.
giganteus, 293.

Elasmosaurus, 180.
constrictus, 212.
orientalis, 247.
platyurus, 215.

Eretmosaurus, 248.
rugosus, 249.
sp., 251.

Gryphus, 12.

Hematosaurus, 248.

lanceolatus, 248.

Ichthyosaurus, 12.
acutirostris, 73.
advenus, 114.
aqualis, 113.
angustidens, 113.
atavus, 115.
australis, 113.
bonneyi, 114.
brachyspondylus, 54.
breviceps, 52.
campylodon, 15.
carinatus, 113.
ceramensis, 113.
chalorodirus, 113.
chiroligostinus, 94.

Ichthyosaurus (co7/.).

chiroparamecostinus,
55.
chiropolyostinus, 41.
chirostrongulostinus,
83.
communis, 41.
eoniformis, 113.
conybeari, 53.
cornalianus, 114.
crassicostatus, 115.
crassinanus, 105.
cuvieri, 22.
dilatatus, 30.
doughtyi, 114.
entheciodon, 82.
gaudensis, 113.
giganteus, 94.
grandipes, 83.
hectori, 113.
hexagonus, 115.
hildesiensis, 30.
hygrodirus, 113.
indicus, 22.
ingens, 115.
integer, 71.
intermedius, 55.
laticeps, 89.
latifrons, 89.
latimanus, 53.
leptospondylus, 31.
lonchiodon, 92.
longifrons, 76.
longipinnis, 73.
longirostris, 89.
macrophthalinus, | 13.
marathonensis, 11+).
megalodirus, 113.
microdon, 73.
nordenskioeldi, 11+}.
xX

306

Ichthyosaurus (covt.).
normanniz, 22.
ovalis, 29.
planartus, 114.
platymerus, 114.
platyodon, 94.
polaris, 114.
polyptychodon, 16.
posthumus, 22.
quadriscissus, 73.
rheticus, 114.
sinuatus, 83.
strombecki, 16.
tenuirostris, 83.
thyreospondylus, 54.
trigonodon, 105.
trigonus, 22.
triscissus, 114.
walleri, 114.
zetlandicus, 76.

Ischyrodon, 120.
meriani, 131.

Lariosaurus, 284.

— balsami, 284.

Liopleurodon, 120.
bucklandi, 160.
ferox, 145.
grossouvrei, 130.

Lutkesaurus, 172.
Sjoag TD

Macromérosaurus,
286.
plinii, 286.
Mauisaurus, 180.
gardneri, 212.
haasti, 215.
latibrachialis, 247.
Mesosaurus, 300.
tenuidens, 300.
tumidus, 302.
Mixosaurus, 114.
Murznosaurus, 180.
brachyspondylus, 190.
leedsi, 234.
manseli, 170.

Neusticcsaurus, 285.
edwardsi, 28).
pusillus, 285.

Nothosaurus, 288.
aduneidens, 293.
andriani, 299.
angustidens, 290.
bergeri, 299.
giganteus, 29.
mirabilis, 288.
mougeoti, 299.
muensteri, 299.
schimperi, 299.

INDEX.

Nothosaurus (conz.),
venustus, 295.

Oligosomus, 180.
Ophthaimosaurus, 8.
cantabrigiensis, 9.
icenicus, 9.
Syoke 2,
Orophosaurus, 182.
pauciporus, 247.

Pachypleura, 285.
edwardsi, 285.

Peloneustes, 151.
iequalis, 152.
philarchus, 154.

Piptomerus, 180.
hexagonus, 247.
megaloporus, 247.
microporus, 247.

Pistcsaurus, 287.
longeevus, 287.

Plesiosaurus, 251.
affinis, 190.
arcuatus, 163.
australis, 220.
balticus, 185.
bernardi, 185.
bitractensis, 283.
brachistospondylus,200.
brachycephalus, 266.
brachyspondylus, 139,

90.

carinatus, 168, 227.
chilensis, 222.
cliduchus, 255.
ecelospondylus, 271.
constrictus, 212.
cony beari, 269.
costatus, 282.
cramptoni, 16].
crassicostatus, 220,
cycnodirus, 246.
deedicomus, 2380.
degenhardti, 224.
dewalquii, 254.
dolichodirus, 255.
eleutheraxon, 259.
ellipsospondylus, 172.
erraticus, 245.
etheridgei, 260.
eurymerus, 205.
euryspondylus, 246.
gardneri, 212.
giganteus, 123.
grandis, 123.

gulo, 247.

gurgitis, 223.
hawkinsi, 260.
helmerseni, 212.
hexagonalis, 254,

Plesiosaurus (cont.).
holmesi, 247. —
homalospondylus, 253.
hoodi, 245.
ichthyospondylus, 185.
indicus, 160.
infraplanus, 234.
jenensis, 299.
lzevis, 139.
laticeps, 269. -
latispinus, 222, 269.
leedsi, 234.
limnophilus, 224.
lockwoodi, 247.
longirostris, 271.
mackayi, 247.
macrocephalus, 266.
macrodirus, 190.
macrospondylus, 247.
manseli, 190.
megacephalus, 166.
megadirus, 190.

neocomiensis, 183, 223. _

nordmanni, 247.
ophiodirus, 246,
oxoniensis, 209.
pachyomus, 185, 217.
pentagonus, 248.
philarchus, 154,
planus, 217.
platydirus, 246.
plicatus, 250, 234.
pecilospondylus, 246.
posidoniz, 284.
profundus, 299.
propinguus, 170,
recentior, 139.
rostratus, 271.
rugosus, 249.
simpsoni, 170.
smithi, 215.
sp., 264, 274.
speciosus, 288.
sterrodirus, 152.
subdepressus, 230.
suevicus, 248.
suprajurensis, 248.
sutherlandi, 247.
trayersi, 247.
trigonus, 248.
triotarsostinus, 260.
trochanterius, 190.
truncatus, 230.
validus, 190.
winspitensis, 227.
Pliosaurus, 120.
aqualis, 152.
archiaci, 147.
brachydirus, 125.
brachyspondylus, 140.
evansi, 128.

Pliosaurus (cvit.).
ferox, 148.
gamma, 140.
giganteus, 151.
gigas, 212.
grandis, 131.
grossouvrel, 130.
macromerus, 131.
nitidus, 140.
pachydirus, 145.
planus, 145.
portiandicus, 127.
simplex, 140.
suprajurensis, 248.
trochanterius, 10).
wosinskii, 130.

Polycotylus, 1X0).

latipinnis, 247.
suprajurensis, 248.
tenuis, LS&.

INDEX. 307

Polyptychodon, 172.
arebiaci, 147.
continuus, 179.
ferox, 145. Thaumatosaurus,
interruptus, 175. 159.

Proteosaurus, 12. arcuatus, 163.

carinatus, 168.

Rhomaleosaurus, cramptoni, 161.

158. indicus, 160.
cramptoni, 161. megacephalus, 16.

mosquensis, 14).

odlithicus, 160.

philarchus, 154.

propinguus, 170.
guillelmi, 299. zetlandicus, 167.
mougeoti, 299. Trinacromerum, !2v.
pusillus, 285. | bentonianum, 247.

Spondylosaurus, 120.
fahrenkohhi, 247.
fearsi, 130,

Stereosternum, SU.
tumidum, 302.

Sauranodon, (0.
Simosaurus, 2).
guillardoti, 299.

Uronautes, | 82.
cetiformis, 247.

END OF PART II.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

‘aN iy Ay hae cone Aen at
+ AG te Be ON ih Eh UStat he
7 4 ‘ WN |

Cie FOL
i

.

NVINOSHLI

NOLLMLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS

LIBRARIES SMITHSON

NOLLNLILSNI

_ SMITHSON INSTITUTION

INSTITUTION
saiuvugi

Vos tev w Git &

iv

SMITHSONIAN
NVINOSHLINS

WVYIINWVOPTALE

SMITHSONIAN

[ES

r .: z = z 5 «
os 2 oO: ae oO 3 BS
Zz at <= oe = =
> 7 mee 2 Pe eS ae S
~ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3
3 Wi z 7 Z =
n - ae a: aa: Lu
+ 4 “4 a ies
= oe . a = : = _& {3
oq roe Cc a & = é
=i = =
3 2 | S = rs} =
Zz Jeera, Be a 2 age
NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ IN:
6 ee E oe
ja w — w — ty aa
a me a Ps) i Gy, a /s
- = - 2 OF fe
WwW m Ww Pa ae) ¥ Ze - <3

INSTITUTION NOILNILILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3

Pw wo za 7

i ar = OS = = 4

6 - S Wa = 5 -

Y) n nO e LRA Tr) ” ee,

a oe eee oO i eo

= > = “Ss = = >

” = Ls aw Fe =
_NVINOSHILIWS SSIUVYRIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN —IN:

“ a s = S aa

7 oe ee a ul os

J-iam Div IN VIIVWOPILISGO Joe It CAEVGU ai ft BF RPENFVYIN FLD - wiv PORE TTPVED = =6f GWE

i > rt ii 2. re’
oO _ wo ont o
7 = Ps} bs > a]
- Se 3° .
o” eS | ae < ae)
INSTITUTION NVINOSHLINS S43lI
on ca °? « wn z 2)
im < = < =
= z ~4 » — . 4
= 8 oO SSS i Td | re
z Ee Sw Zz. = 2y 7
oo: = NN >’ = >"
Zz “a vais = ” =
NVINOSHLIWS SS'1YVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INST

ma if S ” ) =
| uu Lu

a = ie Yb in a

rae << a < Bl a

re \ . Cc / ro a

a SS 2 = a GY fF

. = SS Es 2 ie Oo

al =
S SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I

ae ia z on z

= Ad = o =

o, “ 5 a) 3

= tt K a =

. ris Pe) Pe Ps) 7s

D! z : - m >

a. pies, ” =
JILSNI NYINOSHLINS S3IYVYRIT ,

oF). = ; ” =< w” z
“ * = os = ary
z = Zz = z
2 a y e aX
i Z Ee 2 EN

= > = > =

q 7) Zz 7) 5, ee a
ARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31

_ a” soos “ re SS _

a . a oc a NS cc

<x pa < ve tat SS * x

ac 4 me > S\ -

ee Cai re 5 XX o
Dara 7 ro mal is wo Vee
JILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S31YVYUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INS

ee ail aster a ek

wo = a — Gy @

> - > ri GP Lif, >

aN - A — Vi Ky »

PS oe bs Ss

5. z : z s

ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31

2 z 7) z 7)

= < = < =

4 z A a Z 5

a oO SSA = ; O EE

2 ” se wn on) wo
. \ae - men, \ ri = zy.

AF Pad = aS >’ = >
Re A 77) oe 2 77) are
JLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S23 1YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INS

\ bl — w~— —